BV 2050 .F67 1919 Foreign Missions Conference of North America. Committee Foreign missions year book of North America, 1919 FOREIGN MISSIONS YEAR BOOK OF NORTH AMERICA 1919 Edited by BURTON ST. JOHN Director or the Bureau of Statistics and Research Issued Under Auspices of Committee of Reference and Counsel Committee of Reference and Counsel OF THE FOREIGN MISSIONS CONFERENCE OF NORTH AMERICA, Inc. 25 MADISON AVENUE NEW YORK Copyright, 1919, by COMMITTEE OF REFERENCE AND COUNSEL OF THE FOREIGN MISSIONS CONFERENCE OF NORTH AMERICA, INC. INTRODUCTION "The Foreign Missions Year Book of North America" is issued to meet an oft expressed need for a volume which would bring together annually, for mention at least, the chief events and the main developments that have marked the missionary movement during the year. Recognizing the need for such a volume, the Foreign Missions Confer- ence of North America at its meeting at Garden City in January, 1918, committed the question, with power, to the Committee of Reference and Counsel. After due investiga- tion, this Committee charged its sub-Committee on the Missionary Research Library in collaboration with the Director of the Statistical Bureau, Mr. Burton St. John, to prepare and issue such a volume. The present volume admittedly falls far short of the ideals of its editors. The fact that it is the first of the series, with all that this involves of unavoidable experiment; the further fact that the absorbing claims of war service limited greatly the time which its editors could contribute to this labor of love; and, finally, the necessity of limiting the volume to certain dimensions of size because of cost, — these all serve to explain limitations and imperfections, even deliberate omissions, which another year may help to remedy. The aim has been a world-wide survey of all of the main foreign missionary events and developments of the year 1918. Yet, while world-wide in its outlook, the survey is intended to preserve an American viewpoint, emphasizing such facts as affect more vitally North American missionary interests and activities. Furthermore the desire to make the volume readable and to avoid the impression of a mere enumeration of events, has made it necessary to sacrifice the mention of many most interesting although minor missionary events. As the volume went to press the first of December, events of that month could not be included. The use of this Year Book will extend to missionary leaders throughout the entire Protestant constituency of North America with its membership of more than 25,000,000 and its ministry of more than 170,000 leaders, for here will be found the main facts of the great forward movement of American Christianity in foreign lands, the year's record of an enterprise which engages upwards of 11,000 American workers and costs more than $22,000,000 annually. Officials of mission boards and societies will of course have a peculiar interest in this volume. In addition, libraries will desire the entire series, for here, as nowhere else, can the progress of the missionary movement be studied, for the records being prepared annually along similar lines will afford opportunity for a com- parative study of unique value. In conclusion, the hearty thanks of the Committee needs to be extended to those who have rendered inestimable service in preparing sections of the Year Book to which their names are attached. Charles R. Watson, Chairman Committee on Missionary Research Library. CONTENTS Introduction Charles R. Watson . Home Base, Canada and the United States Home Base, Great Britain Home Base, Continent J. W. Gunning . . . Field Reviews Latin America Argentine Republic . Bolivia Brazil Central America. . . Chile Colombia Cuba Mexico Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Webster E. Browning . Asia China ,. '. Lewis Hodous Chosen Enoch Bell French Indo-China India D.J. Fleming Japan Enoch Bell Malaysia D. J. Fleming. .'. . . Palestine B. Carter Millikin . Persia George T. Scott Siam , Syria Stanley White Africa Mohammedan North Africa. Abyssinia Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Egypt French Somaliland Italian Somaliland Morocco PAGE 3 9 12 13 Arabia and Mesopotamia William I. Chamberlain 25 , Samuel M. Zwemer. 43 43 44 44 45 46 : 46 PAGE Tripoli Samuel M. Zuemer 46 Tunis and Algeria 46 Negro Africa James Dexter Taylor 47 War Influences 47 Senegal to Kamerun 48 French Congo to South West Africa 50 South Africa 5 1 East Africa 53 Islands Netherlands East Indies /. W. Gunning 54 Philippine Archipelago Harry Farmer 55 Unoccupied Fields Charles R. Watson 57 Thirty Missionary Volumes Harlan P. Beach 61 Some Important Magazine Articles 64 Visualizing Missions S. W. Boggs . 71 Table of Countries 82 Religions of the World 84 Missionary Calls Vernon Halliday 84 Directory and Statistics Directory of Missionary Societies, Canada Statistical Bureau 90 Director of Missionary Societies, United States. . 93 Directory of Missionary Societies, Other Countries 119 Statistics of American Missionary Societies Table I. Incomes " 126 Table II. Missions to Europe . 132 Table III. Missions to Latin America " 132 Table IV. Missions to the Non-Christian World " 136 Index 149 THE HOME BASE THE NORTH AMERICAN HOME BASE Rev. Charles R. Watson, D. D. With the entrance of the United States into the War, it was expected that missionary societies would experience a shrinkage in their financial and personnel resources. The year, as indeed previous years also, has been marked by increased cost of operation, but the statistical records show no adverse effects in the columns of contributions and workers. The total receipts of American Societies for 1918 is $22,100,000 as against $20,400,000 for the previous year, and the number of foreign workers is 11,400 as against 11,300 for the previous year. Individual mission boards report remarkable advances in their receipts. The Church of England in Canada, the Methodist Church of Canada, the Seventh-Day Adventist Denomination, the Disciples of Christ, the American Friends, the Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities, the Moravian Church, the Presbyterian Church (North) and the Reformed Church in America are examples of such increases. Significant Movements More significant than actual achievements is the daring character of movements launched during the year for future realization. It is as if the War had stirred the imagination and challenged the courage of the Christian Church. The Methodist Epis- copal Church has adopted a program which aims at $80,000,000 to be secured in connection with its centennial movement during the next five years for its missionary work at home and abroad. The Methodist Episcopal Church, South, ratified plans for raising $35,000,000 for the centenary offering of the Church. The Southern Baptist Convention is aiming at a $2,500,000 goal, by 1920, for the work of their benevolent societies. The Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, North, includes the following additions to their current obligations: $250,000 for India; $100,000 for Guatemala; $100,000 for Syria and an increase in the regular budget of ten per cent; also $1,000,000 of annuities and one hundred twenty-five new missionaries. Increased Giving Among the outstanding causes for increased measure of giving are the following: the stimulus of higher standards of giving for War objects; the concrete character of the appeals and the obvious needs resulting from the War situation, such as increased cost of transportation, food, fuel and building material ; the keener interest of the public in foreign missions because so many of these very peoples were directly related to the War; the sense of crisis in the world's history and in the unfolding of the Kingdom of God. , Canadian Achievement Most remarkable are the missionary achievements in Canada where the burden of the War is much heavier because it has been borne longer. The Methodist Church of Canada, for example, reported from all sources, an increase of $91,000 over the preceding year, or an advance of twelve per cent. The Baptists of Western Canada gave $2.80 per member for missionary and educational work while nearly 8,000 heads of families were at the Front in the War. Cooperation Cooperation and even union have been emphasized strongly and repeatedly by condi- tions resulting from the War. In a sphere of service not far removed in its character and principles from that of foreign missions, seven different agencies engaged in War 9 Camp activities came tog-ether at the personal request of the President and in a united financial campaign succeeded in raising over $200,000,000. These agencies were the Young Men's Christian Association, the Young Women's Christian Association, the National Catholic War Council, the Jewish Welfare Board, the War Camp Community Service, the American Library Association and the Salvation Army. At the Annual Con- ference of Foreign Missions at Garden City in January, 1918, Mr. James M. Speers proposed that the American Foreign Missionary Societies unite in a common appeal to American Protestantism in behalf of their work. This suggestion was thought not to be practicable at that time, but the proposition has since been revived by action taken in November by the Executive Committee of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, South. The outstanding union movement consummated during 1918 is the union of three Lutheran bodies : the General Synod, the General Council and the United Synod of the South. This union took place in New York in November, 1918. The proposed union of the Methodist Episcopal Church, North, and of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, is reported by the Committee to have made "substantial and reassuring" progress during the year. A union of all Presbyterian bodies has been much discussed, but as yet has not come to fruition. Student Volunteer Movement The Student Volunteer Movement held a conference at Northfield, Massachusetts, at the beginning of the year, which was attended by seven hundred students and professors from all sections of the country. The program adopted by that gathering included the following points : to enlist at least 200,000 college men and women in a study and dis- cussion of the principles of Christ; to call students to a decision for Christ as Master of all of life ; to enlist a sufficient number of qualified men and women for the foreign mis- sionary program of the Church; and to contribute at least one-half a million dollars during 1919 from the colleges for the foreign missionary program of the Church. Laymen's Missionary Movement The Laymen's Missionary Movement has added to its staff for purposes of a trans- continental series of conventions, two men of outstanding platform ability : the Rev. Samuel M. Zwemer, D. D., the world renowned leader in missions to Moslems, and the Rev. E. M. Poteat, D. D., president of Furman University, South Carolina. Missionary Education Movement The Missionary Education movement has called as successor of Mr. H. W. Hicks, the Rev. E. M. Hall, D. D., to be General Secretary. It has also promoted a special campaign for funds with which to enlarge its publication activities. Foreign Missions Conference The Foreign Missions Conference of North America gives expression, as perhaps no other body does, to the united interest and life of the foreign missionary agencies of North America. Its twenty-fifth meeting was held at Garden City, Long Island, January 15th to 17th, 1918, and a special program reviewed its development across the quarter of a century which had passed. Where, at its first meeting, sixty-eight persons were in attendance, at its twenty-fifth anniversary the attendance reached three hundred twenty- five : where, at the start, only twenty-one Boards were represented, at its twenty-fifth meeting some fifty-five were represented. The Conference voted unanimously to accept the act to incorporate the Committee of Reference and Counsel, thus providing for itself a method by which it might legally hold property and administer the same. The Con- ference also adopted a budget of $70,539 for the support of its work during the ensuing year. One-fifth of this amount is distributed in appropriations to such national field organizations as the China Continuation Committee, the National Missionary Council of India and the Japan Continuation Committee. Approximately $10,000 goes to the work carried on by the Board of Missionary Preparation, the balance is expended under the direct supervision of the Committee of Reference and Counsel in the activities of the missionary headquarters at 25 Madison Avenue, New York City. 10 Missionary Research Library The Missionary Research Lihrary at 25 Madison Avenue, New York City, now con- tains over fifteen thousand books and bound volumes of reports and periodicals which have been carefully catalogued, constituting one of the most important, if not the most important, missionary research library in North America. The Library receives currently two hundred periodicals, and has partial or complete files of six hundred forty-one others. Statistical Bureau The Statistical Bureau, which periodically prepares such comprehensive statistical surveys as the Quinquennial Statistical Survey, issues annually the Home Base Statistics printed in this volume. In addition to this, it has served in most important investigations, preparing material for important questions which have been precipitated by the War and the Peace Conference. Board of Missionary Preparation The Board of Missionary Preparation has issued during the past year a number of most important and authoritative reports of a series intended to present to missionary candidates the problems of the different world reljgions. Amefng the reports which have appeared are the following : on Confucianism ; on Buddhism ; on Mohammedanism and on Preparation of Missionaries for Literary Work. Dr. F. K. Sanders, the Director of the Board, has completed an extensive journey to the mission fields of the Far East. Missionary Ammunition The sub-committee on Cultivation of the Home Church has continued the issuance of the popular series of leaflets for pastors under the heading of "Missionary Ammu- nition." This Committee also arranged for an important conference on missionary candi- dates held December 3rd and 4th, where the whole question of missionary personnel was discussed and important conclusions were reached with reference to missionary policy for the future. The Secretary The election of a secretary by the Committee of Reference and Counsel, who might give the major portion of his time to the direction of the work of the Committee, marks a distinct stage in the development of the work of this Committee which was made necessary by the increasing financial responsibilities and administrative work of the Com- mittee of Reference and Counsel. Mr. F. P. Turner was elected to fill this office. Committee on Cooperation in Latin America The Committee on Cooperation in Latin America, representing thirty-one mission boards, has emphasized during the past year cooperation in literature and cooperation in education for Latin America. The Committee's report reveals very encouraging and practical results of their campaign in these two directions. Emergency Committee A most important proposal brought before the Committee of Reference and Counsel during the year, and approved by it, subject to ratification by the Annual Conference in January, 1919, was the appointment of the "Emergency Committee of Cooperating Mis- sions." This proposal was the result of a conference held by Dr. J. R. Mott and Dr. C. R. Watson with representatives of missionary societies in Great Britain and France. The War created a situation of special urgency calling for the organization of some mission- ary agency with international contacts, which could deal with pressing problems developed by the War. The fact that the Continuation Committee was inactive and was to remain inactive by common consent during the War, prevented that organization from being used for the purposes named. It was proposed, therefore, to appoint the "Emergency Committee of Cooperating Missions" to be composed for the present of eight members representing the Foreign Missions Conference Boards of North America, or its Com- mittee of Reference and Counsel, six representing the Conference of Missionary Socie- ties in Great Britain and Ireland, or its Standing Committee, and one representing each other country, the missionary societies of which would be willing to appoint representa- tives : Dr. John R. Mott to be the chairman of the Committee, and Mr. J. H. Oldham and Mr. Kenneth Maclennan to be secretaries and ex-officio members of the Committee. The functions of the Committee are to be: (a) To consult regarding questions affecting the relations between Missions and Governments, in which the missionary societies are jointly interested. (b) To consult regarding the means by which provision may be made for the work of the missions which have suffered through the War. (c) To correlate constructive plans for meeting the present situation and for deal- ing with questions in which the missionary societies have a common interest in this crisis. The foregoing proposals were adopted by the Committee of Reference and Counsel and the following members were appointed to serve as the American Secretaries : John R. Mott, LL. D., Rev. James L. Barton, D.D., Rev. C. R. Watson, L>D., Rev. W. I. Chamberlain, D.D., Rev. A. J. Brown, D.D., Rev. F. M. North, D.D., Rev. Canon S. Gould, S.S., M.D., and Mrs. Henry W. Peabody. THE BRITISH HOME BASE Rev. Charles R. Watson, D. D. This report deals almost exclusively with missionary activities under the auspices of the Conference of Missionary Societies in Great Britain and Ireland. Information was not collected covering the work of individual missionary societies. The past year, how- ever, would seem to have been in general a year of financial prosperity, for the "Inter- national Review of Missions" is authority for the statement that out of fifteen missionary societies whose representatives were present at a meeting in London in April, 1918, thirteen reported incomes larger than those of previous years, and of these, ten reported the largest income on their records. War service has likewise claimed many mission- aries and even a greater number of those on the headquarters staffs of the several socie- ties, the Church Missionary Society, for example, reporting fifty-nine of the former and fifty-eight of the latter in war service. Conference of Missionary Societies The Annual Conference of Missionary Societies met June 19th to 21st in London, with an attendance of ninety-three representing thirty-eight missionary agencies. The work of the Conference is administered ad interim by the Standing Committee and a number of special committees. When it is remembered that at the time of the Edin- burgh Conference there was no national organization in Great Britain representing the missionary societies of Great Britain, the rapid development of this Annual Conference will appear the more remarkable. The activities of the Conference for the year ending March 31st, 1918, cost over $7,500, and a budget was adopted for the ensuing year amounting to over $14,000. This revenue is secured by contributions from the constituent societies at the rate of thirty-three shillings per 1,000 pounds of income, or approximately one-sixth of one per cent. The importance of the work carried on abundantly justifies the financial expenditure. Matters pertaining to the War and relationships between Missions and Governments held first place in the discussions of the Conference. Among these were the policy of the British Government towards missionaries of other nationalities, the safeguarding of religious freedom and missionary liberties in the Near East, the new legislation in Egypt, the obtaining of passages for women missionaries desiring to reach their_ mission fields, the disposal of German mission property and the care of certain business interests developed by German industrial missions such as the Basel Mission Trading Company in the Gold Coast and in India. Emergency Committee The Conference voted its approval of the proposal described in a previous section, to form an Emergency Committee of Cooperating Missions. The British members of this Committee are: the Bishop of Winchester, Rev. J. N. Ogilvie, D.D., Rev. J. H. Ritson, D.D., Mrs. Creighton, Rev. C. C. B. Bardsley and Rev. C. E. Wilson. 12 Headquarters The Conference decided to transfer its headquarters for cooperative work to London from Edinburgh where it had been officially located in order to relate it to the office of the Continuation Committee. Steps were taken to secure permanent headquarters. The Conference devoted much time to a discussion of the marked recent trend toward develop- ing in the larger mission fields inter-missionary agencies, such as the China Continuation Committee. It was felt to be a hopeful and necessary movement, but one which called for caution as to the scale of development and as to relationships. Evidently the Con- ference was disturbed by the extent of the program and budget of the China Continuation Committee. A brief account of the work of various Committees of the Conference follows : Board for Preparation of Missionaries The Board of Study for the Preparation of Missionaries lost its secretary, Dr. John Steele, by his resignation, and it was voted to limit the activities of the Board somewhat, allowing it only half time of a Secretary. The Board has organized special lecture courses during the year and vacation courses for the summer for missionary candidates. A Bulletin of Missionary Studies is issued every four months and a library of three hundred volumes has been developed. Committee on Home Base The Committee on the Home Base has issued a number of pamphlets setting forth the missionary opportunity. It defines the main lines of its activity as follows : to make the best missionary speakers of one society available to other societies ; to bring societies into consultation with each other as to their deputation work ; to plan for united adver- tisement of missionary work; and to prepare and publish special pamphlets desired by more than one society. Advisory Board on Medicral Missions The British Advisory Board on Medical Missions has helped to coordinate medical enterprises. The Hankow Medical College was closed and its students were transferred to Tsinanfu. The Board has also had before it for study various medical proposals, such as the proposed medical college for women at Vellore, the Women's Christian Medical College at Ludhiana, the Indian Medical Registration Acts, a scheme for dealing with blindness in India, resolutions of the Medical Missionary Associations in India and China and a proposal to establish in London a training home for women medical mission- ary students. Sundry Committees Other Committees are those on Christian Education, on Christian Literature, on Missionary Survey and Occupation and on Work among Moslems. The last named Committee is studying the problem created by pro-Moslem colonial policies and is seeking to find the solution for the difficulties resulting from such policies in British or other colonial possessions and protectorates. THE CONTINENTAL HOME BASE Rev. Dr. J. W. Gunning Zendingsdirector, Holland As the writer of this chapter has been abroad in the Dutch colonies for two and one-half years, and as periodicals have reached him very irregularly (from Germany the latest are those of March 16) it is impossible to give full information. France Nowhere can the situation have been so difficult in the past years as in Germany and France. In France almost all missionaries are university men. Here also missionaries and 13 missionary students had to go to the front. This must have hampered seriously the supply of new workers for the missionary field. Meanwhile the financial conditions in both countries were much better than the majority expected. The Societe des Missions fivangeliques in Paris ended 1915 and 1916 without deficit. Up to July, 1918, they received francs 72,029, while only francs 53,756 were received up to the same date in 1917. Germany It seems the more wonderful that there has been everywhere an increasing interest for missionary work. In Germany the greatest trouble may have been that almost all the students in the theological seminaries had to take up arms for their country, so that the seminaries were closed. In Barmen the seminary was reopened in September, 1917, with only ten students, of whom five were foreigners. The usual number enrolled is about seventy. The Rhenish Mission in Barmen reports that in 1917 for the first time since August, 1914, they received again as before the war more than 1,000,000 of marks. Scandinavian Countries An article in the "Algemeine Missionszeitschrift" of January and February, 1916, states that the interest for missions in the Scandinavian Countries has increased during the war. The Netherlands Even concernng his own country (the Netherlands) the writer has no full infor- mation. Since the direct communication between Holland and its Colonies was inter- rupted in March, 1917, most of the missionaries ready to sail were detained in Holland. Not before May, 1918, did it appear possible to reach Java by the way of America. This involved triple time and expenses in making this journey. It was difficult to raise the required money for the work, but the efforts were not unsuccessful. Meanwhile the diffi- culty is increasing. Up to July 31, 1918, only about one-fourth of the budget came in. In September, 1917, the training school of the cooperating missionary bodies was removed from Rotterdam to the Village of Oegstgeest, one mile from Leyden, the seat of the old University, where also the Government officials for the colonies are trained. In January, 1918, the monthly publications of the four cooperating bodies were consolidated into one. 14 FIELD REVIEWS EUROPE Owing to the unsettled condition in Europe and the inability to secure satisfactory reports on the Missions conducted by American Societies in several of the belligerent countries, it has been deemed best to omit from this survey the report on Europe. LATIN AMERICA Rev. Webster E. Browning, Pe. D. The Land Latin America includes all that part of the Western Continent which lies south of the Rio Grande, save the three colonies of Guiana, together with the three small re- publics of the West Indies.* The total area is about 9,000,000 square miles, or three times that of the United States, ex- clusive of Alaska, and the population is estimated at 85,000,000 The People This population is composed of three classes. First, the pure Indians, the descendants of the Aztec, Inca, Araucanian, Guarani, and many other smaller tribes. For the most part, these Indians lead an uncivi- lized life in the interior of the continent, untouched by the influence of the whites, save where modern civilization has rolled up from the coasts and taught them all its vices and few of its virtues. The en- tire pure Indian population of Latin Amer- ica would probably equal ten per cent of the whole, though no exact estimate can be made. Second, the mixed or Creole popula- tion. The members of this class consti- tute the proletariat and form, grosso modo, about eighty per cent of the whole popu- lation. They are the hewers of wood and the drawers of water; generally illiterate; often of illegitimate birth ; physically strong; not fond of hard labor; indulgent of most known vices. Third, the upper, rich, cultured, aristo- * For the purpose of reporting, statistically and otherwise, the Foreign Missions Conference and the Committee on Cooperation in Latin America include within "Latin America" the Guianas and all of the West Indies. The Editor. 17 cratic, landed families, comprising the re- maining ten per cent of the entire popu- lation. This class generally makes the large capitals its dwelling place; spends much time in Europe, especially Paris; lives from the income of its estates ; and largely controls the political situation in the respective countries. Under its influ- ence, republican forms of government have become largely oligarchical, in many states, and paternal in the administration of public affairs. Need of Mission Work In Latin America, the teachings of the Bible are practically unknown. The ignor- ance of the people dwarfs the spirituality. Many evil practices have crept into church life. Christianity is reduced to a formal- ism not unlike that of the Middle Ages. Illiteracy claims more than half of the entire population. The intellectual life and the ethical standards of conduct are utterly divorced from religion. The living Christ, with His Gospel in its en- tirety and purity, has not been revealed to the people, except as presented in the few and inadequate Protestant missions that have been established around the fringe of the continent. Cooperation in Christian Work Cooperation among the missions at work in Latin America has made steady pro- gress during 1918. The Congress of Pan- ama and the Regional Congresses, all held early in 1916, are still exercising a healthful influence, and are frequently re- ferred to by the Catholic press. Some of the revelations made at that time as to social and moral conditions prevalent south of the Rio Grande at first angered the authorities of the dominant church, but have eventually spurred them to a dis- cussion of these same conditions and, it may be hoped, to instituting reforms. Among the Evangelical missions, where- as there was formerly the inclination to preempt any particularly promising field, rather than allow some other body of workers to secure a foothold, now there is, for the most part, concerted action and fields are being occupied according to defi- nite and mutually acceptable plans. Young Men's Christian Association A short campaign in Montevideo, Uru- guay, at the end of 1917, resulted in the subscription of over a hundred thousand dollars for the erection of a Y. M. C. A. building. A number of the prominent men of the city served on the Committee and gave generously of their time. A similar sum was afterward raised in Rio de Ja- neiro, and, but for war conditions, the cam- paign would have been extended to other cities. The Association is doing a mag- nificent work in Buenos Aires, and there are loud and insistent calls that it go into other Latin American capitals. Its pro- gram is just what is needed to reach the young man of the Latin cities and could be made a great power in every one of these republics. Young men come to the Christian workers in the unoccupied cap- itals and beg that the Association come to them with its three fold program. They practically say, "No one careth for our souls !" Young Women's Christian Association This institution is also much needed in the development of Christian work in Latin America. At present, its representa- tion is limited to one Association in a few rented rooms, in Buenos Aires, but should be extended to every Latin Amer- ican capital as soon as possible. If the young man of Latin America is neglected and spiritually needy, the young woman is much more so. She is absolutely shut up to local standards, with no means of con- tact with ffesh and more invigorating Christian life and experience. Standardization of Schools Considerable progress has been made during the year in standardizing the mis- sion schools of South America and coor- dinating them with the local government programs. The four schools of Bolivia have all standardized on the primary pro- gram of the government, and the two large Boys' Secondary Schools have also adopt- ed the official course of study. In Peru the schools were standardized and lines of cooperation between the different mis- sions laid down. In Colombia the nine primary mission schools standardized with the adoption of the government's program as a basis of their work, and the second- ary schools have also adopted the official courses. Temperance Work and Progress In the matter of the prohibition of the sale of alcoholic drinks, some of the Latin American countries are making headway. Peru recently passed a law pro- hibiting the sale or consumption of alco- holic liquors on Saturdays and Sundays, and Porto Rico has gone completely "dry" by an overwhelming majority. In Montevideo, Uruguay, a national Anti-Al- coholic Congress was held in May, 1918, and plans are now being made to hold an International Congress in that city in, 1920. On the organizing committee of the local Congress, and on that appointed to organize the international gathering. Cath- olics and Protestants are mingled in about equal proportions. No distinction or ques- tion of creed is raised in this cooperative work, but all unite in the warfare against the evil of drink. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC Educational Conference The first Missionary Educational Con- ference to be held in Latin America met in Buenos Aires in January, 1918. There were delegates from Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. Fourteen re- ligious organizations were represented among the seventy-five workers in attend- ance, and the Findings reveal a close study of the existing conditions and needs of that vast territory. This Conference did 18 much to awaken interest in educational problems, and may be considered the fore- runner of others of a similar character which are to be held in other parts of the continent. In the city of Buenos Aires the Metho- dist Episcopal Church and the Disciples of Christ have united on a fifty-to-fifty basis in the work of the "Colcgio Ameri- cano" of that city. Other mission schools are to be linked up with this center, thus affiliating all the Evangelical institutions in one general forward movement. Philosophic Unrest The need of Christian education is most keenly felt in Argentina and Uruguay. In these countries, in particular, rationalism, materialism, and agnosticism are domi- nant. An Argentine leader recently di- vided his countrymen into three classes : — those who have no religious convictions, who support the Roman Catholic church ; those who have no religious convictions, but oppose the Church ; those who have no religious convictions and are indiffer- to all churches. Students in these republics are alienated and in most cases antagonistic to all re- ligion, while political, social, and intel- lectual leaders are scarcely less hostile to the Church. A bill has been presented to the Uru- guayan Congress, signed by the President and the Minister of Public Instruction, which provides for the exclusion of all ministers of religion from teaching in pri- vate primary schools. This bill is openly directed against the teaching orders of the Roman Catholic Church, but excepts no other religious organization. Work Under-manned The number of Roman Catholic priests is very small, in comparison with the pop- ulation, and the Protestant work is piti- fully under-manned and under-equipped. The great mass of the people do not know what Jesus Christ taught nor what the New Testament teaches. This condition should constitute a stupendous appeal to the churches of the United States. War's Effect "A world church as an outgrowth of the war" is a credible contingency, ac- cording to Bishop Oldham of South Amer- ica. Speaking on this theme he said : "This war has really been a help to us. It has stirred sluggish minds. And men- tal movements, you know, are always a help. "Take our case in Argentina. There was a regular separatist movement there before the war. They wanted a national Argentine Methodist Church. I met with some of the leaders and talked the tiling through. There was an actual racial and national feeling at work, so I suggested that they organize into a regional confer- ence, to be self-supporting. They organ- ized immediately into a regional mission- ary society. Then I called their atten- tion to the fact that an Argentine Church would not necessarily mean stopping at the border of Argentina. I argued till they saw that. Now they are working hard to get away from the parochial to the wider view. The Methodist Church, hence, has become a unifying force. This war is proving the utter futility of a church be- longing alone to this or that nation. It must be a world church." BOLIVIA This republic is developing very rapidly along material and educational lines. The exportation of tungsten and other metals has been unusually heavy during the war and many mining propositions are now be- ing promoted. The country is evidently just entering an era of great prosperity. Education The advance along educational lines has been commensurate with material prog- ress. The public school system was reor- ganized by a commission of Belgian ex- perts, who were employed for this pur- pose, and the Normal Schools of the lead- ing cities are equal or superior to any in South America. The annual budget for education is about $1,000,000, which is a great advance over past years. The Methodist schools of La Paz and Cochabamha are planning to keep pace with this progress in the State schools, and new properties have been acquired in both cities. The judgment of the General In- spector of Public Instruction, recently ex- pressed, was that these schools are supe- rior, in many respects, to all others in Bolivia. "Your schools," he said, "edu- cate, while ours merely instruct." 19 BRAZIL Education In Brazil a Union Seminary of high grade has been formed by joint action of most of the missionary forces of that coun- try, and its corps of professors has al- ready been named. In this country, too, there has been formed an Evangelical University Federa- tion, which has standardized and coordi- nated the principal missionary schools of the country and thus laid the foundation for the Evangelical University. A num- ber of the Faculties of this University are already at work, in the different mission- ary colleges, and when the organization is complete it will be not only an Evangel- ical University, but, also, the first National University of Brazil. This is due to the fact that the Republic of Brazil has no national university, but, rather, does its work through groups of Faculties scat- tered through the various States of the Union. Sympathetic Leaders Many of the prominent men of Brazil are sympathetic to Protestant views. Senhor Ruy Barbosa, who was prominent at the first Hague Conference, is some- times called a Protestant because of his expressed desire to see a Bible in the hands of every Brazilian. One of the speakers at the Regional Congress, held in Rio de Janeiro, was the editor and pro- prietor of the greatest Portuguese publi- cation in .the world, — O Jornal do Co- rn ercio. Self-Support One entire denomination, the Congrega- tional Union of Brazil, with over 2,000 communicants, receives no aid from ex- ternal sources. This is also true of a still larger organization, one of the branches of the Presbyterian church, which has over five thousand members. The number of self-supporting Baptist churches in the North Brazil Mission is three times what it was a year ago. The fourteen churches reported as self-supporting last year have now grown to forty-two. Of the thirty- five churches in the Campos field, South Brazil, twenty-eight are reported as self- supporting. The First Presbyterian Church of Rio de Janeiro, although it has lost many members who have gone to form other churches, still reports almost thir- teen hundred communicants. The Evan- gelical Hospital, the Y. M. C. A., and other interdenominational undertakings of the city draw largely on this church for workers and financial support. Christian Endeavor Societies Brazil is that country of Latin America in, which the Christian Endeavor Societies have been able to do their most extensive work. In October, 1916, thirty-five socie- ties were reported. Since that time they have more than doubled and there are now seventy-seven in all. Of this num- ber, thirteen are Junior Societies. In ad- dition, there are a number of Societies which are not enrolled in the national Union. This Union now has societies in all but four States of Brazil, and in these four States organizations are under way. The Bible Society The statistics of the Bible Society show that in 1917 it circulated in Brazil a total of 58,666 Bibles, Testaments, or portions. A notable event in Bible work in Brazil is the publication, during the year, of an Introduction to the Bible by Doctor Rod- riguez, already mentioned as the editor of O Jornal do Comercio. This is the first work of the kind to be published in the Portuguese language. CENTRAL AMERICA Cooperation Through the application of the princi- ple of cooperation, the six Central Amer- ican republics are now occupied by strong missionary Boards which should carry out an aggressive program. It is planned to map out an educational policy, and to standardize and affiliate the schools, thus paving the way, it may be, for the Inter- national Union College which should be established at Panama. The Baptists, in undertaking their re- sponsibilities in three states of Central America, have pointed out the following as essential elements in the presentation of the Gospel: "1. That the missionary message be one of life, positive, warm, loving, compelling, transforming. 2. That our program in- clude immediate provision for training native men and women for adequate Chris- tian leadership. And 3. That we have proper and dignified places of worship in which the growing church can be organ- ized, trained and developed." School Work in Guatemala The Presbyterian Board opened its school in Guatemala City in 1882, on the direct request of President Barrios, who sent his own children and recommended his officials to do the same. This school work has, in consequence of this official recognition, been particularly successful, but has recently had the misfortune to have its buildings wrecked by the great earthquake of December, 1917. The Earthquake Among the mission buildings destroyed were the large brick church, which accom- modated five hundred people, the residences of the missionaries, the girls' boarding school, the hospital and nurses' training school, and the new printing plant. The missionaries, however, are not discouraged and are already rebuilding and planning for a larger and more efficient work. There is good reason to believe that the earthquake will prove to have been a bless- ing in disguise and that from the ruins of the old buildings there will arise a new and greater work for the people of Guate- mala. CHILE Book Depositories The Presbyterians and Methodists have combined their book depositories in Chile, with the expectation that other bodies will join with them in this union effort. Education A Union Normal School, a school for the training of Christian workers, and a Junior College based on the two well- developed secondary schools in Santiago, are among other cooperative plans of the future. The Union Bible Seminary has been in operation for five years, with marked success. Self-Support The question of self-support has been of unusual interest in the work of the Evangelical Alliance in Chile. The Alli- ance Weekly states that when the Board decided to raise the missionaries' allow- ances twenty per cent, to meet the in- creased cost of living, the question of a similar increase for these Chilean workers had to be faced, as they needed it no less. But the Board felt it must hold firmly to the policy of laying this added burden upon the growing native churches in the case of their own pastors. This imposed for the time a real test upon both workers and churches, but they finally faced the matter bravely, and with results so gratifying that thirty per cent, was added to the pastors' salaries without any extra burden to Mis- sion funds, all concerned got a new bless- ing, and a big stride was made toward self- support which should be a stimulating ex- ample to other fields. The native offerings actually increased from $1,677.70 to $2,- 850.54, a gain of seventy per cent., and an average of over three dollars per mem- ber. Baptisims during the year were one hundred and thirty-three, bringing the membership up to nine hundred and thirty, with three hundred and fifty-three hopeful enquirers in addition. There are nineteen Sunday Schools with nine hundred and sixty-six scholars. This Mission now oc- cupies fifteen main stations and sixty-seven outstat'ions, a net gain of fourteen points in a year. Other missions at work in Chile are the Southern Baptists, the Methodist Episco- pal, and the Northern Presbyterians. The two last named carry on an extensive edu- cational program, in addition to evangel- istic work that covers practically all the country. COLOMBIA Opposition This is one of the most difficult fields in Latin America, due, in large part, to the influx of priests who are fleeing from Mex- ico and other countries. The Presbyterian Church in Antioquia was recently dyna- mited, and the missionaries were stoned in the suburbs of Bogota. Yet progress is being made. In past years the agents of the American Bible Society have been able to do almost nothing either in the city of Medellin or in the valley, where there are a number of towns. But lately, the So- ciety's representative sold several large boxes of Bibles and New Testaments. The Archbishop of Medellin sent out a pas- toral letter denouncing the Bibles and books in general, and was answered by one of the local newspapers and denounced in turn, as being un-Christian and intol- erant. The Society's Agents are also active in other important centers. A Presbyterian Field This republic is a special field of the Presbyterian Church (North), and has been occupied for over sixty years. The enormous distances and the lack of rapid means of communication make the work even more difficult of organization, and progress has been slow. There are twelve Evangelical Schools in the republic, or one to every 500,000 of the population, and there are but eight ordained missionaries to the population of 6,000,000. CUBA Interdenominational Secretary Three notable steps have characterized the movement toward cooperation in Chris- tian work in Cuba during the past year. First, the appointment of a Secretary to give his whole time to interdenominational work in the island. The Friends' Board kindly allocated the Rev. Sylvester Jones for this work, and the results have been remarkable. Union Depository Second, the opening of a union deposi- tory for literature in Havana. While lack of funds has not permitted this depository to occupy a good store-room in the main part of the city where books could be shown to the general public as was planned, the stock has been assembled and probably this year a central display-room can be opened. Adjustment of Territory Third, the readjustment of territory. The Disciples of Christ have agreed to turn over their work to the Northern Presby- terian Board, retiring from the Island. The Southern Presbyterians are considering do- ing the same. This will greatly simplify the problem of overlapping in Cuba. In fact, by the Northern Presbyterians' tak- ing over these two missions and with- drawing from some of the outposts which they now occupy in common with two or three other churches, the zone system will become practically effective all over the island, as it is now in Porto Rico. MEXICO Her Need In a recent address in Boston, 'a Latin American business man expressed the fol- lowing conviction concerning the needs of Mexico. He said : "The day on which you gentlemen of the United States will send into Mexico the Bible and missionaries, instead of sol- diers; when you will send school-teachers instead of armies, and transports filled with foodstuffs instead of rifles, that day you will do a great service to humanity, to Mexico, and to yourselves." Perhaps no better idea can be gained as to what the great upheaval in Mexico means, so far as religion is concerned, than that conveyed in words attributed to President Carranza in a recent speech. He is reported to have said: Government and Religion "Gentlemen and fellow citizens : The constitutionalists have been accused of be- ing opposed to religion. We have been held up to scorn in the foreign press be- cause of alleged abuses committed against the church and clergy. It has been said that we have viciously driven the priests out of the country, confiscated their prop- erty, violated nuns, destroyed holy edifices and issued drastic decrees forbidding the return of exiled priests arid prelates. "It seems to me that the time has come for us to define our attitude. These ac- cusations are false. We are not opposed to religion. Sad indeed would be the fate of any country without religion. We are no less Catholic now than we were be- fore the revolution. But let it be known and understood by all that what we are opposed to and what we will tight against and even shed our blood, if necessary, to prevent, is that the Roman Catholic Church should return to Mexico as a Political Power." Missionary Progress It is cheering to know that in spite of the revolution, the missionary work of the various Protestant groups has gone stead- ily forward. A few of the churches, es- pecially those in out-of-the-way places, have suffered material damage, but it is estimated that $3,000 will cover all of the actual losses due to the revolution. In a few instances congregations have been scattered, due to political conditions which have prevailed in some parts of the coun- try. Fortunately, the churches in the larger centers, like Mexico City, Guadala- jara, Puebla, Monterey, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosi, Tampico, Vera Cruz and Merida have had earnest native pastors who have steadily and skilfully guided their respective churches through the re- peated crises when the revolution was sweeping all before it. The conviction is general among the people that Mexico is now ready for a great forward movement. Never in all the history of Protestant work in that country have such crowds attended the preaching services. Last year a great revival in Mexico City re- sulted in the professed conversion of nearly 1,000. Cooperation In spite of the revolution, cooperation has gone forward recently by leaps and bounds. The missionary map of Mexico has been practically remade since 1914. By accept ing distinctive fields, overlapping and du- plication have been eliminated and great stretches of territory hitherto deprived of evangelical workers will now be occupied The Evangelical Seminary opened its doors in Mexico City two years ago, be- ing supported, by eight different Boards. Three professors give their whole time to the work. A commodious, well-located building has been secured with capacity for twenty-five students in the dormitories, which are already filled. It is hoped that the Seminary is the first stone in building an Evangelical University in Mexico. A plan has been approved by several Boards for a Union printing plant, book depository, and weekly paper. It is ex- pected that this will soon be in operation. PARAGUAY Cooperation One of the most notable agreements in the way of cooperative action in South America is the withdrawal of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church from a territory and two of the most important provinces of Argentina and from the Republic of Paraguay, in order that the Church of the Disciples of Christ may enter that field and work out its policies with entire liberty of action. Some of the workers- of this last named church are already on the field and plans are being made to in stall a high-grade educational institution in the Capital, La Asuncion. PERU Cooperation In Peru, also, the Methodist Episcopal, the Free Church of Scotland, and the Evangelical Union of South America have come to an agreement as to territorial re- sponsibility, and each of these bodies is now planning to develop its particular field in that very needy and most attractive re- public. Education In Lima, the Capital, these three organ- izations unite in the work of a Bible Sem- inary, similar to the institution carried on in Santiago de Chile, by the Presbyterian and Methodist Episcopal missions, and a third in Buenos Aires, Argentina, by the Disciples of Christ and the Methodists, and the attendance has been highly satisfactory. URUGUAY Cooperation The most pretentious cooperative work now planned for South America is the "Faculty of Evangelical Theology and School of Social Sciences" which is to be established in Montevideo. The Presby- terians (North), the Methodist Episcopal 23 Church and the Church of the Disciples of Christ have already agreed to cooperate in this work. bach of these bodies will furnish a professor and will share equally it) the general expenses of the institution. A President is to he chosen, in addition to the three professors, and it is possible that other Mission Boards may cooperate by the appointment of additional profes- sors. It is planned to open classes in March, to.v. This institution will till a great need in the preparation of high- grade candidates for the Evangelical min- istry ami is to he not only interdenomi- national hut also international in its scope. Religious Teachers A bill has been presented to the Uru- guayan Congress, signed by the President and the Minister of Public Instruction, which provides for the exclusion of all ministers of religion from teaching in pri- vate primary schools. This bill is openly directed against the teaching orders of the Roman Catholic Church, but excepts no other religious organization. VENEZUELA Few Missionaries The population of Venezuela is about three million. Four ordained missionaries ate trying to bring the Gospel to this great land, and", to assist in the education of the people, are carrying on two small primary schools whose total enrolment is but eighty-eight. Venezuela is one of the Latin American republics that lie nearest our own frontiers, but. to our shame be it said, has received less stimulus from our own Christian civi- li cation. Inadequate Schools How meager is our contribution may be judged if we remember that eighty-five per cent, of the population, or two and a quarter million, are analphabets. In the whole history of this republic there has been but one building erected for school purposes, either by Church or State, and that was a military academy. Statistics show that for every 1,000 inhabitants, but sixteen are in a school of any kind. -4 ASIA ARABIA AND MESOPOTAMIA Rev William I. Chamberlain, Ph. D. Its Significance The significance of Arabia and Mesopo- tamia from the missionary point of view lies in the fact that the former is asso- ciated with the beginnings of Mohamme- danism, with its sacred cities of Mecca and Medina, while the latter, including the valleys of the Tigris and the Euphrates, is so largely associated with Old Testament history. Missionary Occupation So far as aggressive missionary work is concerned. Arabia has largely been a neglected country. The United Free Church of Scotland has for nearly four decades maintained a Mission at the Southernmost point of Arabia, at Aden, which has been largely carried on through the agency of medical work. In Mesopo- tamia, at Bagdad, the Church Missionary Society has maintained evangelistic and medical work for many years. With these exceptions, no extended missionary work was carried on in these countries until the undertaking, in 1S89. of the establishment of a Mission in the Persian Gulf, more particularly in the cities of Arabia on the Western Coast of the Gulf. In that year, the Arabian Mission of the Reformed Church in America was organized and Rev. Tames Cantine sailed as its first missionary to establish stations in Eastern Arabia. He was followed in the suc- ceeding year by Rev. Samuel M. Zwemer. Together these two pioneer missionaries established stations at Basrah in the North, on the Island of Bahrein off the Eastern Coast of Arabia, and at Maskat in the Gulf of Oman. Later a station was established a few hundred miles South of Basrah at Kuweit. This Mission has now become thoroughly established in these several stations, maintaining a number of out-stations, one at Linga, in Persia, on the Eastern Coast of the Gulf. This Mis- sion now maintains about thirty-five mis- sionaries in its several stations, associated with whom there are about as many evan- gelists, teachers and Bible women. Methods of Work Schools are established in the stations, but with the exception of that at Basrah, they have not been largely attended. Im- portant medical work is carried on in each one of these stations, in all ot which, ex- cept Maskat, there are hospitals as well as dispensaries. Bible shops are the main dependence for evangelistic work. In these shops, in the center of the town, a supply of Scriptures and other Christian literature is kept. These give occasion for discussion with Arab visitors through which means a Christian propaganda is maintained. Arabic Scriptures have had a total circulation of 1.200.000 copies during the last twenty years. The hospitals have been a very important element in the mis- sionary work in Arabia. Prejudice has been broken down and the friendly atti- tude of important Arab tradesmen and chiefs has been thus secured. The pa- tients treated in one year approximate 40,000. Effect of the War The war has very greatly affected con- ditions in both parts of this mission field. The advance of the British Expeditionary Forces up the Valley of the Tigris and the Euphrates, and the occupation of Bag- dad, have opened the entire country of Mesopotamia to occupancy by missionary agencies, which, under Turkish rule, was only possible to a very limited degree. The Arabian Mission expects, as soon as the country is settled, to open new sta- tions in the territory thus laid bare to Giristian evangelism. Similarly, the con- ditions of war have brought about friendly relations between the Arab Chiefs of the Interior and Western Arabia with the po- litical representatives of the British Gov- ernment and the missionaries. The offi- cial recognition by England, France and Italy of the proclamation of the .Grand Sherif of Mecca as King of the Hedjaz is a far-reaching step, and invests a remark- able figure with singular interest. Hedjaz This province of Western Arabia to which the name of Hedjaz has been given extends along the Arab sea coast from the Gulf of Akaba to the south of Taif. It is bounded on the north by Syria, on the east by Nafud Desert and by Xejd, and on the south by Asir. In length it is about seven hundred and fifty miles, and its greatest breadth is about two hundred miles. Barren and uninviting mostly in its northern part, yet with many very fertile and well-cultivated portions in the southern* part, sustaining a brave and hardy, and fearless population, the chief claim of Hedjaz to fame is that it con- tains the Holy Cities of Mecca and Me- dina, to which Moslem Pilgrims come yearly from all parts of the world. The independence from Turkey of this section of Arabia has a very important bearing in the British Campaign in Mesopotamia, and in the future undoubtedly will affect mis- sionary work in Arabia. Through the friendship of King Hussein, of Hedjaz, with the great Chief of the Interior of Arabia in his Capital at Riadh, and the recent invitation of this Chief to one of the missionaries of the Arabian Gulf to visit him, an entrance has at last been secured to Interior Arabia. Helpful Influences Since the entrance of the British into Mesopotamia, they have evinced a spirit of sympathy toward the activities of Christian missions which has taken sub- stantial form, particularly in the" encour- agement of missionary, industrial and agricultural education. It is expected that with the restoration of peace, sixteen mil- lion acres of Mesopotamia- will be irri- gated. The population for this country, thus laid open to cultivation, will be drawn from the Bedouins of the Interior who will be made amenable to law and order. The Trans-Continental Railway will also soon be completed connecting the Persian Gulf with Europe, and placing Mesopotamia on the highway to India. Thus in spite of wars and ' rumors of wars, of multiplied temptations and in- creased difficulties, God has seen fit to show His power in Arabia as never before in the Mission's history. The prayers of many years are being answered in the opening, of the Inland country to the Gos- pel, and a new day is opening for both Arabia and Mesopotamia. CHINA Rev. Lewis Hodous, M. A. Political Situation The outstanding feature of the political situation was civil war between the North and South. At Peking the conservative republican government was functioning while at Canton the old Parliament was claiming to be the only genuine authority. Armies were marching and counter-march- ing across Szechuan. Hunan and Fukien, pillaging the people while bandits were robbing the countryside. In the province of Shantung alone it is estimated that 30,- 000 armed organized bandits were terror- izing the people. While the war is osten- sibly carried on between the conservative North and the radical republicans of the South, it is really between the selfish mili- tary governors who do not represent the people but who hope to increase their power and prestige and add to their pri- vate possessions. Opium Trade Revival This military government and the un- settled condition of the country favored the revival of the opium trade and the planting of the poppy. The opium traffic was stopped in March, 1917, with consid- erable stocks of opium left in the hands of the Opium Combine. The government planned to sell this through a syndicate with a view to acquiring money to carry on war and benefit certain men connected with the government. Thus far the pro- tests of the United States, the Chinese Merchant Guilds and Christian Churches have led to the modification and postpone- ment of these plans. 26 Loans The crop of poppy was exceeded only by the crop of loans to carry on the war It is difficult to learn how many loans were contracted from Japan. One estimate places the figure at 228,430,000 Yen (about $114,000,000) between the year 1014 and iQicS. In each case valuable natural re- sources were pledged and the money used without supervision. China and the War China declared war against Germany and Austria- Hungary because she had con- fidence in the United States. She was to supply labor and materials. The question oi military assistance was left in abeyance. I he civil war, the pervasive German prop- aganda and intrigue, the deep ignorance of the n oral issues of the war on the part of the n ass of the Chinese have made her conduct somewhat unsatisfactory. Still the Chinese did their bit. They supplied about 200.000 coolies for work behind the estern front. They subscribed to the J.il erty I oans and made contributions to the Red Cross and War Work. In the last War Work Drive $1,200,000 (Alex.) (about $1,000,000) came from China. Floods Disastrous floods of the previous year in the Province of Chihli affected 3,000,- coo people. The American Red Cross con- tributed $200,000 for flood relief. This, with the contributions raised in China, was used to build dykes and roads. The road between Peking and Tungchow will be a monument to the earnest workers. American engineers have begun surveys on the southern section of the Grand Canal which will improve the usefulness of this waterway and decrease the danger from floods ; n that district. An American company will carry out the plans of con servation. Trade In spite of the bandits and revolution, the trade of China has increased. Be- tween 1917 and 1918 the exports of Amer- ica to China have risen from thirty-seven to forty-three million gold dollars and im- ports from one hundred five to one hun- dred sixteen millions. There are now two hundred sixteen American firms out of about seven thousand doing business in China, Railways The section of the Canton-Hankow Railwaj between Wuchang and Changsha was opened to traffic. This will do more to weld the North and South than the vic- tory oi either side. Pneumonic Plague In the early part of the year the pneu- monic plague broke out in Mongolia and entered China by way of Shansi. There were a few cases as far south as Nanking. 1 he energetic act, on of western-trained Chinese physicians and their missionary colleagues saved China and the wond from this dreadful scourge. Election of President Cn September 4th Hsu Shih Chang was elected President by a large majonty of the newly-elected parliament at Peking. He was inaugurated on October iota. While President Hsu belongs to the con- servative party he is a peace man. He has outlined a policy which includes the union of China, establishment of constitutional law, relieving the present financial chaos, relating the central government to the provinces, and promoting commerce and industry. It is to be hoped that the legal question arising out of his election by .1 parliament which does not represent the whole country may be satisfactorily set tied. The election of the Vice-President has thus far been postponed, probably with a view of electing a southerner to the post and thus bringing about union between the two sections. There are signs of peace in China. Per- haps the greatest stimulus to peace is the approaching peace conference at which China desires to have a representative who will stand for a united country. The Allies and the United States are turning their attention to CI ina more earnestly because of t! e danger of Bolshevism and German ':■' ' : ue thn 11 h Siberia. Missions and the War The missionaries have made their con- tr'bnt'on to the world war. Long before the draft in Fng 1 arid all the sons of Brit- ish and Canadirn missionaries of military ase m China were in some form of serv- ice. The recruiting of the labor battalions was mad. possible through the confidence of the natives in the missionary.. The mis- sionaries went w'th the Chinese as over- seers. The physicians and nurses went 27 next, and then many missionaries went as Young Men's Christian Association work- ers to France and to Siberia for the Czecho-Slovaks. There has been virtually no increase in the medical staff of the hos- pitals for the past few years. War and Prices Prices have gone up rapidly in China and silver has reached phenomenal heights. The purchasing power of the American dollar is only forty per cent, of what it was in 1914. This has increased the ex- penses of the Missionary Societies and brought hardships to missionaries and na- tive workers. Many plans for building were held up and some schools were closed because of the high price of silver. The China Continuation Committee This Committee was organized as a re- sult of the Edinburgh Continuation Com- mittee's Conferences in China, held by Dr. Mott in 1913. It consists of sixty-five per- sons, at least one-third of whom are Chi- nese. It is the most representative com- mittee in China, having men from different nations, ecclesiastical families, and depart- ments of mission work. Heretofore the committee has been studying missionary problems and recording its opinions for the benefit of the missions and mission boards. The pressure of Chinese leaders and the missions is compelling it not only to record its findings but to give concrete expression to them. This will necessitate some reorganization. Its Work The Committee through its statistical secretary has been collecting statistics, in- terpreting and putting them into available form. The Evangelistic Secretary has re- lated evangelistic efforts all over China and has given a new impetus to all evan- gelistic work. The Committee has been carrying on valuable studies in the attitude of the Church toward ancestor worship, polyga- my, family worship, mission organization, theological education, administration of higher institutions, and many other ques- tions. The gift of $150,000 by friends of the Presbyterian Board toward a missions building in Shanghai, to house all union interests serving the Church of China, will enlarge the usefulness of all union agencies. The Committee is undertaking a survey of mission work and the conditions influ- encing it. This will not merely record the static condition of the work but will en- able the missionary societies to so apply their men and money as to obtain the larg- est results. Literature The China Continuation Committee has studied the literature produced by mis- sionaries and has made a catalogue and is now evaluating that literature. A Chris- tian Literature Council has been formed which is planning for a literature that will meet the needs of the different classes of people. Visit of Dr. Zwemer The visit of Dr. Zwemer has stimulated the interest in the Moslems of China, of whom there are eight to twelve millions. A committee appointed by the China Con- tinuation Committee is now producing lit- erature for the Moslems in China. Language Schools The last few years have been marked by the increased facilities given to new mis- sionaries in learning the language and be- coming related to their work. There are now seven language schools and several language classes with about two hundred missionaries enrolled as students. The new methods employed have enabled the new ' missionary to acquire the language more accurately in about half the time usually spent. The visit of Dr. Frank K. Sanders has stimulated the interest of the mission- aries in these schools and also in the bet- ter preparation of the missionary for his task. Education Christian education has been growing in power. There is now a strong China Christian Education Association with two foreign secretaries and a good periodical. Affiliated with it are nine district asso- ciations which cover the whole of China. These associations have promoted uniform curricula, uniform examinations and proper supervision of primary schools. They have done much to adapt western education to the Chinese. In 1916, there were in Christian schools in China, 181,166 pupils of all grades and the Chinese con- tributed $1,032,917 (Mex.) (about $600,- 000) toward Christian education. The growth of union has been very marked. Most of the universities, eighteen theo- logical schools and some colleges and high schools are union institutions. About fifty per cent, of the theological students are studying in union, schools. Church and Illiteracy The large illiteracy of the church mem- bers has been a matter of deep concern to church leaders. Although the literacy of the church members is higher than that of the same class of people outside of the church, it has been estimated that as high as fifty to seventy per cent, of the church members in certain sections cannot read. Romanized systems were developed in dif- ferent areas, but they have not been taken up enthusiastically by the Chinese nor by the missionaries. The Chinese govern- ment has now devised a system of phonetic writing. This is written the same way as the old characters, but is much simpler. The ordinary farmer or laborer can learn it in a month. A student can pick it up in a few hours. The government schools are teaching it and the missionaries in the Mandarin speaking areas have taken it up. A Christian literature including Scripture portions is being produced in it. This puts a new weapon into the hands of the Christian. What better can he do than teach his non-Christian neighbor to read? It gives the Christian leaders direct access to millions of people whom heretofore they were unable to reach by the simplest literature. Evangelism The nation-wide week of Evangelism has been observed for the second time more generally in spite of the disturbed state of the country. This is a week dur- ing the first month of the Chinese New Year when the members of the church are mobilized for personal evangelistic work. It is estimated that about one-half the churches of China observed the week. The Religious Tract Society of North and Cen- tral China sold 255,000 tracts printed for this week. Eddy-Buchman Campaign The evangelistic campaign conducted by Mr. Buchman and Dr. Eddy in twelve large cities had for its object to lead pre- pared men to make a decision for Chris- tianity and become active church members. It was a movement from the churches to win men by friendship and personal work. At Canton four hundred Chinese Chris- tian workers brought in eight hundred prepared non-Christian friends. On the last evening twenty-eight pastors of local churches sat on the platform. As the name of each church was called the pas- tor rose, then the Christians of that church rose and then the new converts. The sight of each pastor leading his flock of forty or fifty was most inspiring. Such scenes were repeated in each of the twelve cities. One of the indirect results of this cam- paign was the launching of two move- ments which may have large significance in the church and national life of China. The Chinese Christian leaders, such as Dr. Cheng of the China Continuation Committee, David Yui of the Young Men's Christian Association, Mr. Hsu Chien, former Vice-Minister of Justice in Peking and Dr. Mary Stone and Bishop Roots, in all numbering about one hun- dred thirty, met at Lily Valley. After a few days' conference, some of them were burdened with the conviction that the Christians of China have a definite respon- sibility in bringing home to themselves and to their nation their civic responsi- bilities and assisting in promoting the unity of the Chinese people. This group formed a committee which plans to raise $20,000 (Mex.) in order to conduct a press campaign for this purpose. The Ex- ecutive Committee of the China Continua- tion Committee agreed to the request of these men to make itself responsible for the use of such money. The other outgrowth of this conference was the organization of a Chinese Com- mittee which is proposing to send a com- mission of men and one of Chinese women to make a survey of conditions in south- western Hunan, in Kweichow, Yunnan and Kwangsi, to bring spiritual uplift to the existing Christian communities in these provinces and carry on evangelistic work amongst the non-Christians. It is hoped that this will result in the formation of a Chinese interdenominational home mis- sionary society through which various churches can share in the work for their countrymen. The society will be so or- ganized that those churches which desire to carry on their own home mission work may become affiliated with it. Church Union The year has witnessed the beginnings of far-reaching church movements. The Lutheran missionaries following the pro- visional union of the Lutheran churches in America, recently made permanent, 29 formed the Lutheran United Mission and are now making plans for a Lutheran Church in China. With the exception of the German Lutherans in the south, a few in Shantung, and the Danish Lutherans in Manchuria, the Lutherans are all in central China. They have a membership of 30,472. The Presbyterians formed a provisional General Assembly to include all the Pres- byteries organized under five Synods. This General Assembly will unite ten different Presbyterian bodies with a membership of 78,779. The representatives of the Amer- ican Board and the London Mission were invited to this meeting with a view toward the organization of a Church Federation to include all churches ready to unite with it. If such a union is consummated it will have a church membership of 102,780 well distributed through China. This will enable the different churches to cooperate in local and provincial matters as well as along national lines and do away with the isolation which has arrested the develop- ment of the churches. Such a Federation will discover and train Chinese leaders with a national vision to lead the Church out of its provincialism into a larger life. Chinese Bishop The consecration of the first Chinese bishop of the Anglican Church, Archdea- con Tsae Seng Sing, to be assistant to the Bishop of Chekiang, took place in the new Anglican Church at Shanghai. The im- pressive ceremony marks a new era in mission work in China. The successful home mission carried on by the Chinese of the Anglican Church of China in the province of Shensi has increased the spirit of service of the laity and broadened their vision. China and Peace Peace will bring into perspective the problems of the Far East. Throughout the East there has been a resurgence of democracy and nationalism. The old sys- tems of religion, custom and tradition are rapidly crumbling away under the impact of western civilization. It will be discov- ered that China is the key to the situa- tion. A China dominated by militarism will not only mean a setback for democ- racy in Asia, but will be a menace to the world. A strong democratic China will make democracy safe throughout the world. The diplomat, the merchant, the mis- sionary — all have important functions to perform in China. China must have its territorial integrity guaranteed by the Allies. Democracy must be recognized and militarism in all its forms put down. All should have a share in developing China quite apart from any special spheres of influence. With political stability as- sured the economic development will pro- ceed rapidly. While the economic prob- lems are very immediate and pressing, it should not be overlooked that the func- tion of the missionary and the Church is fundamental. The foundations of the an- cient culture of China which have enabled China to be the great power in the world are rapidly crumbling. There must be new foundations. Some of the old ma- terial will be used but the foundation must be new. The religion, traditions and cus- toms have been suited to an age already past. The individual must be re-educated not only physically but religiously and morally. This re-education must fit him to do his part in a free society. It means the awakening of personality and control of personality. The Church has been the training place for the republic. It has been teaching human brotherhood, service, patriotism, civic pride, and has been in its small units teaching men how to work together for altruistip ends. The Church at home must have clear vision of the function of the missionary and the Chinese Church, namely, the creation of a moral personality. This can only be done by the power of Jesus Christ working through the essential Church. The task of the Christian Church in making China fit for democracy and so making the world safe for democracy, is the greatest and most urgent task of the present age. CHOSEN Rev. Enoch F. Bell Japanese Influence adaptation to Japanese supremacy. The Koreans still show inertia relative to the Korea, or Chosen, as the Japanese call benevolent assimilation policy of their , is still passing through its period of rulers, yet they are giving evidence more 30 and more of a readiness to cooperate with the Japanese Government in conforming to the national system in the development of a uniform system of highways, rail- ways, telegraph lines, courts, currency and schools, and in bettering their own living conditions generally. The Japanese on their part are showing a growing under- standing of the Korean mind and are giv- ing a liberty undreamed of at first. Take the rights of woman, for example. The Korean woman, theoretically, is as free as the Japanese. We are told that she is acquiring new legal rights in court, includ- ing ownership of property and permission for divorce. She walks freely abroad and frequents shops and theaters at will ; she seeks an education and enters business ; she takes up nursing and practises medi- cine. To be sure, all this is yet on a very small scale, but if our reports are true, the rights of the Korean women are ac- corded them by Japanese law. New Adjustments While there is yet scarcely no inter- marriage between the Koreans and Jap- anese, there is nevertheless a growing tendency in other respects among the Koreans to yield to the Japanese insistence that the two races be identified. This is noticed in religious circles. For exam- ple, there is a movement of Koreans into the Independent Japanese Christian Church ; though this is not yet of big proportions, it is a significant movement and has governmental encouragement. The missionaries, on their part, are striving to adjust their methods to Japanese reforms in an earnest purpose to cooperate with the government. In every sound policy involving the welfare of the people, rap- prochement has been marked the past year. Missionary Progress The regular missionary work in Korea has gone on about as usual. Though the new Union Christian College at Seoul nat- urally has its problems, yet it has reason to feel encouraged. This is true also of other educational work throughout the field. The Bible and tract distribution, while affected by war conditions some- what, was a notable part of the year's progress. Bible study and Bible ' confer- ences were, as usual, conspicuous. One thousand conferences at least were held, attended by hundreds of Koreans, many of whom walked a hundred miles to at- tend, and all of whom met their own ex- penses. The Korean Church The Korean churches continue to ex- press themselves with a fervor and a de- votion that is the marvel of the day. The weekly prayer meetings continue to be wonderfully large and helpful. For the second time in its history, the Korean church has launched forth into definite Christian Work among the Chinese, the particular case in mind being Laiyeng in eastern Shantung. An Independent Fed- erated Native Church of Korea has been organized through the union of the churches of Presbyterian polity in the •country. FRENCH INDO-CHINA Missionary Occupation Though nearly a fourth larger than France itself and with a population of 16.090,229, its four protectorates and one colony have at present only three Protes- tant societies, located at Hanoi, Tourane and Song Khone as resident stations. Even thus interpretations of the treaty of 1874 prevent any except Roman Cath- olics from working freely. In the Colony of Cochin China, where there is more freedom, the Alliance hopes soon to estab- lish a station at Saigon where its work is now prospering. In Hanoi it has se- cured good property at last ; and its four hundred Sunday School scholars, its press from which a collection of one hundred hymns, beside tracts and gospels issue forth, and an increasing number of con- verts, are other proofs of progress dur- ing the year. Bible Translation and Distribution Two of its missionaries have translated portions of Scripture into Annamese ; and a Plymouth Brother, Mr. Audetat, labor- ing in the central-western part of Indo- China has almost completed translating for the Laos the New Testament, which they will soon print on their press. The British and Foreign Bible Society's col- porteurs, while restricted as to regions that they can visit personally, sold last year 16,756 copies of Scriptures, as con- 3i trasted with 4,230 the year before, which are carried far inland in some cases. Results While relatively little has been accom- plished in the few years since Protestants began work, the few reached are influen- tial as those in the Tourane Church sug- gest: "Two-thirds of the members are men, mostly young, two of them are re- lated to royalty, three are clerks in the French railroad offices, four are students, one an engineer, . . . another is a soldier in France, one is the preacher, another the Bible-woman and three are colporteurs. In all, ten of the members have an edu- cation in French, and twelve of them read the Chinese characters." INDIA Professor D. J. Fleming, Ph.D. The Indian Church I. In a missionary survey of India, inter- est centers in the growth of the Indian Church. Its evangelistic effort is shown by many home missionary societies with annual receipts ranging from one hundred to five thousand dollars. The National Missionary Society of India (established in 1905), interdenominational in its con- stituency and administration, but strictly denominational in its evangelistic work in any given area, carries on work in six fields, with thirteen Indian missionaries, a Christian community of 2,800 converts, and an income last year of $7,300. A simulta- neous Evangelistic Campaign throughout the Presbyterian Churches of India reached its climax in February, 1918. They report that the Gospel was preached to 400,000; 44,000 tracts and Gospel portions were sold ; 100,000 free hand bills were given out, and 6,000 inquirers secured. Self-Support A national survey of progress in self- support shows the highest figures in the church of Tinnevelly (an outgrowth of the Church Missionary Society), which provides at least sixty-six per cent, of the total expense of the pastors, primary schools, and evangelistic work of the whole district. Indigenous Initiative Highly promising indigenous method and initiative has been shown by Sadhu Sundar_ Singh, the greatest individual evangelistic force over north and south India to-day. This striking and attractive personality, clad in the orthodox yellow robe of the wandering sannyasi, carrying only his Hindi Bible, appeals to the wide- spread yearning for Christian self-expres- sion which is unmistakably Indian. The Indian National Missionary Society will utilize his leadership during the coming year. Rev. N. V. Tilak, the most eminent Christian singer and poet in the Marathi language, has resigned his mission con- nection, in order to become a Christian sannyasi, serving henceforth without pay in an effort to Indianize Christianity. "In- dia needs many such workers," he de- clares, "and if they are ready but need encouragement, my example may help them." Middle Class Movements New movements among the middle classes of western and southern India bring a fresh challenge to the evangelistic power of the Indian Church. We have been familiar since 1880 with mass move- ments among the outcasts. For a decade these great movements of groups of fam- ilies or of whole villages have been the dominating feature of missionary work in India, and continue to bring an almost overwhelming problem of decreasing per- centage of literacy and demand for Christian shepherding. But still more sig- nificant are signs of such movements among the energetic and thrifty middle classes. These conservative farmers, arti- sans, merchants, and weavers have been profoundly stirred by the danger of Brahman rule being thrust upon them, and are awakening 1 educationally, polit- ically and religiously in an unparalleled way. Christianity has heretofore touched them largely through missionary educa- tion, but they have also been deeply im- pressed with the wonderful changes which Christianity has wrought among the lower classes. The chairman of the Forward Evangel- istic Movement for South India reports that a large middle class community on the West Coast has publicly announced its intention of leaving Hinduism unless it casts aside its social exclusiveness ; in 32 Malabar conversion to Mohammedanism or Christianity has been openly suggested by many ; one correspondent in a Madras paper discusses the respective merits of the Brahmo Samaj and Christianity, and all through these middle class communi- ties there is a keen desire to inquire with open-mindedness into the merits of Chris- tianity. The Indian Workers The rising tide of national feeling is reflected in a growing discontent over the relation of Indian workers to foreign mis- sionaries. A conviction is spreading that Indian Giristians have not been given suf- ficient scope, influence, and responsibility in the church and in the missions, and that missionaries keep under their own control work that should have been handed over to the control of the Indian Church. The Bishop of Dornakal, the Indian chair- man of the committee on the Indian Church, reporting to the National Mis-, sionary Council, frankly stated that the most elaborate adjustments between mis- sions and churches by means of councils and officials "does not satisfy the legiti- mate desire for independence," and held that self-management should not be with- held simply because complete self-support is not yet attained. Two retreats have been held by groups of Christian leaders, both Indian and foreign, endeavoring through prayer and discussion to discover the roots of the mutual misunderstanding and lack of confidence, and the way in which racial pride and sensitiveness could be removed. Conference of Indian Christians The All-India Conference of Indian Christians (established 1914), an organ- ization neither political nor religious, but aiming at the moral, economic, and intel- lectual development of the community, has held its fourth annual session, making loyal representations to the Government, strengthening the various local Indian Christian Associations, fostering public opinion, and surveying the industries best suited to the Christian community. Statistics Statistics for 1917 for South India are available, including more than one-fifth (930,000") total Christian constituency in India. The increase for the year has been one per cent. ; while the increase of full communicants has been two and four- tenths per cent. The returns show a marked increase — six per cent. — of unor- dained Indian workers, both men and women ; and a decrease in Christians and pupils in some missions which are under- staffed because of the war. Many Chris- tians were removed to the various battle- fields chiefly as non-combatants, and as a result churches have not been adequately cared for, and outsiders have not been gathered into the church. Indian Christian Soldiers Indian Christian soldiers from the Pun- jab chiefly, but also from other provincial areas, have both fought and died in the war, and laborers by the hundred were recruited from all parts of India. Many noteworthy instances of aid to Red Cross and Belgium relief are on record. For example, after an appeal in Assam two hundred fifty dollars ($250) was collected which represented two days' work for every Christian in the Naga Hills. Famine In addition to high prices caused by the war, famine has come to certain areas in western and northern India. A cabled ap- peal to one Board asked for $30,000 to assist the pastors and Christians of their community. Missionary Councils II. The National and Provincial Mission- ary Councils for India, since their organiz- ation in 1912, have been gradually making careful surveys of the various matters connected with the Christ'ianization of In- dia. The National Missionary Council an- nounces the publication of an India Sur- vey Manual, giving the aims, limits, prin- ciples and methods of a systematic survey of missionary work in India, as carried out by a special staff working since the beginning of 1916, and also the publication of the firsf sectional report of the survey (Mysore State). The survey of all in- digenous Christian literature available in India, both in the vernaculars and in Eng- lish, is approaching completion, revealing the necessity for a higher estimate to be placed on the value of literature as a mis- sionary agency and for cooperation in its production and distribution. The National Missionary Council through its standing committee on Public Questions has taken steps for the drafting of a new Indian Christian Marriage Act, inasmuch as the present Act is cumbersome, inconsistent, 33 and difficult to understand. A hand book on legal questions affecting the Indian Christian community is being prepared, and the Committee is working on complex questions, such as the legal marital status of a Mohammedan husband and wife on becoming Christians. • Union and Cooperation Progress in union and cooperation is found in the new medical school for women at Vellore, South India, where twelve British and American missionary societies have planned an initial expendi- ture (including government grant) of $200,000 and an annual budget of $33,000; in the measures taken by the last General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of India to consult other denominations in regard to organic union and the forma- tion of a united church for all India; in the General Assembly's resolution advis- ing its Synod of Bombay and the Central Provinces to cooperate with the American Board Marathi Mission in the matter of theological education ; in the resolutions passed by 350 missionaries in the Telegu area, representing thirteen missions, asking their respective missions to make certain territorial adjustments in order to avoid overlapping in the crowded area; in the decision to establish a Union Language School at Madanapalle for the Telegu re- gion ; and in the action of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in handing over Bishop's College, Calcutta, after ninety years' control, to the Bishops of the Indian Province for meeting the needs of all the Indian dioceses for a common training in English of theological students of every language area. German Missions Several German Missions have already been sold or permanently transferred, and in view of the unlikely early return of the German missionaries to India, the Na- tional Missionary Council unanimously ad- vised those in temporary charge of Ger- man missions to consult with the Indian pastors in connection with these missions as to what the future of these churches should be. Effects of the War Indian Missions have naturally been greatly affected by the war. In South India the decrease of foreign workers for the years 1915-1917 has been twenty-five per cent. This serious decrease is having its effect on the Churches and schools. A great deal of the recruiting of Indian Christian labor was done through mission agency and at least a dozen missionaries, as supervisors or commandants, accom- panied Indian Christians to Europe and to Mesopotamia. In general it was thought best for missionaries to continue in their work, especially in the country districts. Addresses on war themes were given by missionaries in most of the prin- cipal languages of India. At least 100 en- tered active service as combatants, doc- tors, chaplains, or nurses. The magnifi- cent achievements of the Young Men's Christian Association in its war work de- partment ought to be a help to missions for years to come. Constitutional Reforms III. The proposed Indian Constitutional • Reforms undoubtedly constitute the domi- nating subject of discussion throughout In- dia during the past year. What has been officially referred to as "the most mo- mentous utterance ever made in India's chequered history" was the announcement in the House of Commons on the 20th of August, 1917, of a definite policy of "the increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration and the gradual development of self-governing in- stitutions with a view to the progressive realization of responsible government as an integral part of the British Empire." In April, 1918, the Secretary of State for India (Mr. Montagu) and the Viceroy (Lord Chelmsford) published a report cov- ering three hundred octavo pages, recom- mending far-reaching changes in the principles and framework of the Govern- ment of India, and which they describe as "the greatest political experiment ever undertaken in the world's history." Two dominating difficulties confront them. "One is that the immense masses of the people are poor, ignorant, and helpless far beyond the standards of Europe; and the other is that there runs through Indian society a series of cleavages — of religion, race, and caste, which constantly threatens its solidarity." The report recommends : (1) complete popular control in local bod- ies and the largest possible independence for them of outside control; (2) that the provincial governments should be the domain in which the most advanced ex- perimentation should be made toward the progressive realization of responsible gov- 34 ernment, and that immediate transfer be made to the provincial governments of as much independence in legislation, admin- istration, and finance as is compatible with the central government's discharge of its own duties; (3) that the central govern- ment should remain as at present wholly responsible to Parliament, but that the In- dian Legislative Council should be en- larged, made more representative, and its opportunities of influencing government increased, pending the result of experi- ence in the Provinces; and (4) that Pro- vincial home rule should be the proximate goal. Thus the reforms project the vision of a sisterhood of States — the United States of India — self-governing in all matters of purely provincial interest, and presided over by a central govern- ment increasingly representative of, and responsible to the people, and dealing with matters of common interest to all of them. Extreme Home Rulers, led by Mrs. Annie Besant, the last President of the Indian National Congress vehemently reject these proposals as inadequate. A strong non- Brahman movement fears the proposals as making a return of Brahman domination possible. The framers themselves recog- nize many dangers, and provide for a periodic inquiry into the growth of the electorates and their use of the franchise. Relatively less significant, and yet highly prized, is the decision of His Maj- esty the King-Emperor, to give a certain number of army commissions to Indians each year. This provision may apply not only to Indian officers who have distin- guished themselves during the war, but to selected candidates nominated from civil life. Social Reforms IV. While articulate India is insis- tently claiming political reform, the in- articulate masses desperately, need social reform. The National Social Conference held its thirty-first annual meeting in 1918. Both in this and in the various Provincial Social Conferences there is evidence that the idea of social reform is being ex- panded so as to include measures to re- move invidious distinction in the condi- tions of life, and the promotion of equal opportunity for self-development on the part of all classes and of both sexes. The All-India Depressed Classes Mission held its second annual conference in 1918, with the express object of bringing about the abolition of the custom of regarding cer- tain castes as untouchable. The Aryan Brotherhood Conference at its third an- nual meeting in November, 1917, set forth the evils of the caste system, and in five resolutions proposed means for eradicating the system. The Conference showed its sincerity by having a dinner at the con- clusion of the proceedings, at which peo- ple of all castes and of no caste were welcome. Many feel that an inevitable result of the return of thousands of In- dian troops from across the seas will be a weakening of caste. Political consid- erations for and against communal rep- resentation have awakened social forces which are sapping the foundations of the caste system. Startling instances of in- terdining or of otherwise bridging the gap between the middle classes and Chris- tians or the Pauchamas have occurred dur- ing the past year. Social Service Leagues Social Service Leagues are increasing in number and efficiency. Rajputana held its first Provincial Social Service Confer- ence last year. A Social Service Exhibi- tion at Calcutta attracted 5,000 people to see the charts, photographs and models collected on such subjects as sanitation, personal hygiene, child welfare, education, temperance, economics, and cooperation. An elaborate exhibition was held, also, by the League of Madura. In the New Year's Honor's List for 1918 four people (one a missionary) were selected because of social service rendered. Women's Improvement We may note, further, that Travancore has thrown open one hundred and forty- six girls' schools to all classes ; that the viceroy has for the first time been ap- proached by a deputation of Indian la- dies; that there is widespread dissatisfac- tion with the position of the Government in regard to temperance and that the first All-India Medical Conference was held in Calcutta in December, 1917, in which they urged the establishment of a national sanitary movement and the foundation of many more medical schools and col- leges for men and women. The Seva Sadan Society of Bombay (founded in 1008 by the Parsee Reformer, Mr. B. M. Mallabari) reports the free education of fifty widows, the medical relief of 1,500 women and children, the training of sixty Marathi primary school teachers, the hold- ing of literary classes for women, and provision for one hundred maternity cases. 35 The Bombay Pj-ovincial Political Confer- ence (1918) has taken the lead in advocat- ing the extension of suffrage to women. The question was raised at the previous Indian National Congress, but that body- did not feel free to deal with it in the absence of public opinion from the Provinces. Education V. In the realm of missionary educa- tion the topic arousing most discussion has been "the conscience clause," a widely advocated proposal that all missionary schools aided by public money should per- mit any student to absent himself on con- scientious grounds from regular Christian instruction. Missionary opinion is stead- ily concentrating on opposition to legisla- tion requiring a universal conscience clause, on the voluntary relief of con- science in areas where the mission has the single needed school, and as to the duty of public or private bodies to provide other schools where the number of con- scientious objectors warrants k it. Free Education While Mr. Gokhale's Bill for the Im- perial Legislative Council six years ago failed in its effort to secure permission for local bodies to declare education free and compulsory within their areas, sim- ilar bills are making progress in several Provinces (Bombay, Bengal, Behar, Pun- jab). Not a few municipalities have de- clared their intention to act on the pro- visions of such bills. In Bombay several have taken the first steps, and are resolved to apply the measure simultaneously to boys and to girls. Education of Women In Bombay Presidency, which is one of the two most advanced areas as regards female education, the percentage of girls at school to the total female population was one and five-tenths per cent for 1916- 17, an advance in five years of two-tenths per cent. "The Indian Social Reformer" calls attention to the fact that at this arithmetical rate of increase, it would re- quire over three hundred thirty-seven years for all girls of school age in the Bombay Presidency to be brought under instruction. Experiments in co-education in primary schools have been authorized in several places. The revision of educa- tional methods and of the curriculum for primary schools, especially in rural areas, is receiving serious attention. Mission- aries have a most inspiring opportunity to lead with modern methods. In Bombay and Madras (the two non- purdah Provinces) the number of girls in arts colleges rose from one hundred twenty to three hundred nine during the last quinquennium. Announcement has been made of the first non-Brahman Hindu lady graduate in the Madras Presi- dency (exclusive of Malabar and Travan- core). Moslem Jndia VI. Mohammedans in India number 70,000,000, the largest Moslem group in the world. The most striking political development of Islam in India has been the increasing participation of Moslems in the nationalistic movement, from which until recently they have sedulously held aloof. The "New Era," a Mohammedan week- ly published at Lucknow, attributes the acknowledged failure of Islam as a secu- lar force to the dead weight of conven- tion. A new Moslem College has been established at Vaniyambadi in Madras Presidency and the Islamic College at Peshawar is vying with the one at Lahore in its ambitious program for Moslem higher education. There are plans on foot for a new Moslem University at Hydera- bad, Deccan. In other centers also leaders of education are stirring their backward community to remove the reproach of ignorance and illiteracy which rests heav- ily on the Moslem population. The report on education for Bengal shows one Mos- lem girl for every five Moslem boys in school. The sixteenth session of the "As- sembly of M os l ern Theologians," held in Madras in 1917, aimed to encourage the study of Arabic, to encourage Pan-Islam- ism among the Sunni, Shiah, and Wahabi sects, and to revive something of the old Islamic driving power. Significant of the new spirit animating women of the East, was a manifesto signed by a number of educated and enlightened ladies of the All- India -'Muslim Ladies' Conference (La- hore, 1918) concerning the evils and hard- ships of polygamous marriages. 36 JAPAN Rev. Enoch P. Bell Moral Openness Perhaps never before has Japan been so open to the teaching of Jesus Christ as it is now. In the eighties the oppor- tunity was large, but that opportunity then was mostly due to a mistaken idea on the part of the people that taking over Western civilization involved the borrow- ing of the West's religion as well. It was then largely a matter of a change of cloth- ing. Now, however, the demand develops out of a growing sense of moral need, a grasping after a force to keep the state above the waters of demoralization, a hunger for power of the soul of the peo- ple to keep that soul true to its national ideals. How much of this openness is due to international expediency and how much to a comprehension of the internal needs of the nation, is not fully known. The need is recognized, however. There is a deep and growing' unrest and a re- ligious thirst among the Japanese. New Attitude This openness is seen in the attitude of officials, educators, business men and other leaders of importance toward rep- resentatives from Christian countries. It is also seen in the suppression of public utterances against Christianity, such, for example, as those contained in the short- lived magazine, "The Great Nation." It is manifested, too, in the way business men are taking up the study of the Bible, even when not connected with a Chris- tian church ; in the readiness of students to read the "Myojo," a Christian paper issued by the Christian Literature Soci- ety, 57,000 copies of which were distrib- uted last year and read by upwards of 200,000 Japanese in the schools; in the way the Japanese railway authorities have allowed Christian library books to be placed at various stations. A more di- rect evidence of this openness is that of the response to the evangelistic appeal of Mr. Kanamori, thousands hearing his mes- sage each night and hundreds deciding for Christ, the permanent power of the appeal being limited only by the ability of the churches to follow up the game. Then, too, there has been the work of the woman evangelist, — a growing demand for her as a Bible teacher in the national schools, in various philanthropic institu- tions, in hospitals, school dormitories, boarding houses or large manufacturing plants, and the like. Unprecedented Urgency Indeed, the situation in Japan utters a call of unprecedented urgency. Japan, be- cause of the war, is changing fundamen- tally. Its political system, its social struc- ture, its educational program is being mod- ified ; commercialism and industrialism are the solutions of the day. What this means to the individual, to the family life, to society generally, can only be conjec- tured. While the nation is in danger of becoming crazed by the lust for gold and torn asunder by past jealousies, there is a growing number of thoughtful men who are rising to the moral and spiritual needs of their country. The word "spiritual- ity" is heard on the lips of officials, edu- cators and others far more frequently than ever before. Many are turning to religion. Buddhism, for example, is be- ing galvanized to meet the modern needs. The Shin sect, for example, now has its Bible, its hymn book with Christian tunes, its Sunday Schools, its philanthropic and charitable associations, street preaching, tent evangelism, summer institutes, lecture system, and a United Evangelistic Cam- paign; young priests are being trained in the new education and in the reorgan- ization of the temple system. Not only is this confined to the Shin sect ; those of Nichiren, Jodo and Zen are similarly af- fected This religious thirst makes it in- creasingly clear that Christianity will some day come to its own as the only re- ligious hope of the nation in its new needs. The Year's Progress The year under review has brought loss to the missions through death and remov- als. Progress in the work, however, has been made ; new buildings, such as the Baptist Tabernacle in Tokyo, and the Young Men's Christian Association in Yokohama are proving centers of Chris- tian social service and are attracting the attention of thinking men throughout the Empire. The opening of the new Wom- en's University at Tokyo, on April 30, 1918, under Japanese auspices has been one of the great events of mission history in Japan. 37 Religious Education The work of religious education has re- ceived a great impetus during the past year. Churches everywhere are giving this more attention than formerly and some communions are making great strides forward. During the past five years three hundred new Japanese Sunday Schools have united with the National Sun- day School Association, twenty-six new District Associations have been organized, each year two successful normal training institutes are being conducted, and na- tional as well as district Sunday School conventions are held. Preparations are on foot now for the long anticipated World Sunday School Association's Convention in Tokyo. Bible distribution goes on as usual. Last year an entrance was made into the prisons, though with some op- position on the part of the local officials. The anticipated revised version of the New Testament has been published; the press is being used more and more as a means of getting the facts of Christian- ity before the people; evangelization by mail progresses. Japanese Leadership One of the marked features of the year has been the readiness on the part of the missionaries to acknowledge the leader- ship of the Japanese. This has been par- ticularly true of those missions that be- cause of their policy have not been so closely bound to the Japanese by organ- ization as other communions have. The Universalist Mission, for example, has "democratized" its government ; the North- ern Baptists have taken unprecedented steps forward toward closer cooperation with the Japanese ; the American Board has far-reaching plans toward integrating its mission into the Kumiai Church ; thus, throughout the field, the missionaries and Japanese are "keeping step together" as never before. Perhaps the most notable example of missionary readiness to exalt the native Japanese is that of the English Bishop Boutflower, who has resigned his See in South Tokyo to make way for the election of a Japanese diocesan bishop. Self-Support The Japanese have long been striving toward self-support, but this has been hard because of the poverty prevalent among the people. Now, however, Japanese Christians of wealth are beginning to ap- pear. Large gifts have been made dur- ing the year ; that of Mr. Katsuta of Kobe, of $100,000 for an administration building at Aoyama Gakuin, being the largest sin- gle gift to a mission by a Japanese. A similar sum has been set aside by Mrs. Hiro-Oka of Osaka for the establishment of a non-sectarian training institute, in- cluding a department of social service; $30,000 was given the past year by Mr. Yamamoto of Kyoto to Doshisha Univer- sity for a library. Other gifts have been made by Japanese Christians, not the least of which was that of $30.20 by the poor lepers of Palo Seco for a church building at Kusatsu. The Future Japan is a mighty potential force in the world to-day. It is the outstanding native power of Asia ; it is the one de- termined and intelligently constructive government in all lands bordering the Western Pacific. Japan's shadow is over all Asia; the lines of her policy are clear and far-reaching ; she intends to be the shaping power of the East. The question therefore arises : Shall this power be Christian or pagan, theoistic or agnostic, egoistic or altruistic, autocratic or popu- lar? With what faith and with what ideals shall Japan exercise her effective sway in this hour? Our aim must con- template the achievement of nothing less than a Christianized Japan, redeemed in- dividuals, a new social order and an en- listed nation. The Japanese Christians are calling for missionary help. Now is the time for a comprehensive, construc- tive missionary effort in closest coopera- tion with the native church. MALAYSIA Professor D. J. Fleming, Ph.D. Education Almost a million dollars in land and money have been secured through the ef- forts of the Methodist Episcopal Church for an Anglo-Chinese College at Singa- pore. It is noteworthy that half a mil- lion has been given outright by five wealthy, non-Christian Chinese million- aires. The school, of which the college is a development, has an attendance of over 2,000. Singapore is the most cosmopoli- tan city of Malayasia ; it is the great cen- ter of the East India trade ; and a great base for Mohammedan missionary propa- ganda. The new college should greatly strengthen the Christian forces of this im- portant center as well as having a reflex action upon South China. Opium Rev. E. L. Thwing of the International Reform Bureau has recently visited Siam, Singapore, Malay Federated States, Dutch Indies and Hongkong. In all these places he has found a surprising opium trade and a large number of opium smokers, show- ing that this evil is not dead yet. PALESTINE t. B. Carter Milli Free from the Turk All of Palestine is now free from the rule of the Turk! Late in 1917 General Allenby's army crossed the desert from the Suez Canal, piping water from the Nile and building a railroad as it- ad- vanced, drove the Turks from Lower Pal- estine, entered Jerusalem before Christ- mas, and established a line about twenty miles north of Jerusalem from the Med- iterranean to the River Jordan. During the early months of 1918 preparations were made quietly, but on a grand scale, for the final drive. "The day" fell on September 18th, and soon from the Mediterranean to the Con- stantinople-Mecca Railroad east of the Jordan, the victorious armies of General Allenby and his Arab Allies were advanc- ing at top speed. Out of three Turkish armies numbering about 105,000 men, 85,- 000 prisoners were sent back of the Al- lied lines. Great was the rejoicing in Jerusalem when the news came that Nablus (ancient Shechem) and Nazareth, Es Salt and Amman, Haifa, Damascus and Beirut were taken. The Suffering People The land and the people have suffered greatly from the war. Olive groves have been cut down for firewood and animals taken by the Turkish armies. Large num- bers of the people have died of starva- tion and disease behind the Turkish lines. Even in Jerusalem where the British have done excellent work, establishing law and order, cleaning the city, and providing for the population, the congestion of refugees from Northern Palestine and from be- yond the Jordan has been the cause of much suffering and loss of life. Relief Work The Syria and Palestine Relief Commit- tee organized by the Anglican Bishop in Jerusalem, and drawing largely on Ameri- can support through our Armenian and Syrian Relief Committee, entered when first Jerusalem was taken, and is render- ing heroic service. Thousands have been fed, housed and clothed, given medical care and furnished employment. The American Red Cross is doing a large work in Palestine. This includes hos- pitals and clinics in Jerusalem and med- ical units at a number of other especially needy points ; a large industrial work, giv- ing occupation to thousands of refugees ; orphanages caring for children otherwise entirely unprovided for ; extensive sanitary work in Jerusalem, and in many villages of Palestine; care of refugees, particu- larly those from across the Jordan. The American Zionists have a large medical unit with headquarters in Jerusa- lem, and out-stations at many points of need. This unit is doing a very impor- tant medical and sanitary work. Protestant Missions Aggressive Protestant missionary work in Palestine has been practically at a standstill during the War. Sunday Schools and native church services have been maintained. Practically all of the mission property in Jerusalem is now being used either by the American Red Cross or the Syria and Palestine Relief Committee. The property of all the mission boards, even including the English missionary so- cieties, is intact and ready for use at an early date. Many of the missionaries are now serving as members of the Red Cross Unit or the Relief corps. The Future The important service which America has been able to render to the people through these non-sectarian and well- equipped agencies has opened the way for 30 an important work by American mission- aries in the years to come. Men and women of large caliber, strong and broad human sympathies, fine Christian spirit, and breadth of vision and of education can achieve great things in the land of Palestine, which is so dear to the hearts of the Christian world. They must have behind them churches at home ready to rise above narrow sectarian lines for the uplift of the people of Palestine and the extension of the Kingdom of God. PERSIA Rev. George T. Scott The Suffering People Among the nations that have suffered severely during the great war Persia must be counted. As her economic health is largely dependent upon trade with the out- side world, the cutting off of commerce resulted in national anemia. Surrounded by India, Mesopotamia, Turkey, the Cau- casus and Turkestan, the country was a highroad and battleground for various bel- ligerents, some of whom, as the Turks and Kurds, committed wanton depreda- tions. To the woe and wastage of war has been added the blight of famine, caused chiefly by poor harvests in 1917 and rapacious hoarding of grain. Thou- sands starved to death, many subsisted upon the flesh of animals that died of neglect or disease, and even human flesh 'was eaten, one report stating that "two women were stoned to death for killing and cooking a child." Missionaries Help This dire extremity of the people has been God's opportunity to reveal to them his sacrificial love incarnate in Christian missionaries, who gladly rendered every conceivable sort of service to sufferers of every class and condition. Relief Com- mittees in America and Britain sent large sums for administration through the mis- sionaries, who made need, not creed, the basis of help. Mission compounds pro- tected in turn Turkish Moslems and As- syrian Christian refugees, while mission hospitals have at different times been over- flowing with wounded and diseased As- syrians, Kurds, Russians, Persians and Armenians. From this unselfish and deeply appreciated service the population of Persia 'has caught a fuller comprehen- sion of the Gospel of love. A Moslem of rank wrote a vigorous article in the leading newspaper of Teheran, commend- ing highly the remarkable work of Chris- tians for suffering Mohammedans, and asking pointedly why Islam failed so con- spicuously in charity. Opened Hearts For this emergency the American and British missionaries were well prepared; they had won the confidence of all classes and had trained in school and hos- pital many natives able to cooperate in meeting their country's urgent need. In spite of upset and unique conditions, evan- gelistic, educational, medical and social work was continued, the people having a readier and warmer welcome for the mes- sage and the messengers that had stood the acid test, probably as severe a trial as Christians have ever faced. Christian Martyrs Of the American missionaries in Per- sia during these war days eight have died, and in addition several children; dur- ing 1918 typhus claimed the Rev. Charles A. Douglas in February in Teheran and the Rev. Dr. Lewis F. Esselstyn in May in Meshed near the Afghan frontier; and in August, while he was guarding the flight of 60,000 Christian refugees south- eastward from Urumia, cholera took the Rev. Dr. William A. Shedd, who was bur- ied in a lonely grave on a desert moun- tainside. Miss Lenore Schoebel died in September. In saving others, themselves they could not save. SIAM The Land Siam, or Muang-Thai — "Kingdom of the Free," — is as large as the New England and Middle States, plus Indiana, and has a population of about nine millions. Presbyterian Missions Besides caring for their large field, the year has witnessed the full establishment of a Laos offshoot of the Presbyterian Board inside China's southern border where the language is similar to that spoken by Laos missionaries. It aims to reach 350,000 who are the Lu branch of the Tai race. Translation goes on en- couragingly, notably one of the Bible in Kamoo, using Laos characters, for tribes near the French border. Methods of Work The Presbyterian Press at Bangkok printed, during the year reported, 7,750,000 pages of Christian literature. The war has removed some Siamese lead- ers, including three teachers in the Bang- kok Christian College. Siamese aviators are among those sent to France. Red Cross activities have engaged the interest of young women in Christian boarding schools. Dr. Dunlap The missionary cause has met a great loss in the death in April of Rev. E. P. Dunlap, D. D., for forty-three years an in- defatigable worker there, — one of the most eminent missionaries of our time. Eleven months in the year he was itinerating, go- ing on elephant or pony back, in carts, canoes, aboard his schooner and afoot, out into the jungles and along the rivers, administering medicines, preaching, bap- tizing, teaching and helping in every way the people who so loved him that they built for him a home. In the capital, next to the King's Cabinet, no one had readier access to His Majesty, who often sum- moned him to learn details of his king- dom, since his reports and advice could be implicitly believed and followed. Reformed Buddhism While the new King's attitude toward Reformed Buddhism is favorable, the printed report that Christianity suffers in consequence is untrue. SYRIA Rev. Stanley White, D. D. Ever since Turkey entered the war Sy- ria has been shut out from contact with the outside world. The mining of the coast, the establishment of the Subma- rine Zone and the strict censorship of the mails has made it impossible to get any- thing but occasional word from either the people or the missionaries. It has been known, however, that the suffering was great especially among the Christian pop- ulations of the Lebanon. While it is not known, how many of these people have perished, it is believed that nowhere in the Turkish Empire has there been so large a percentage of deaths from star- vation.* In addition to this the Turks first devastated the land by the conscription of crops and all able-bodied male citizens and then drove down from the north thou- sands of Armenian refugees who became a burden on the already despoiled terri- tory. Work Continued All this has now been revealed by the successful offensive of General Allenby, beginning on September 18, 1918, which led to the capture of Damascus, the Sy- rian Capital, on October 1st and the oc- cupation of Beirut 160 miles north of Da- mascus by the French Naval Division on * Since writing the above the first letters from 1918 in one of which this statement is made: "Not has died of starvation." October 8th. Allenby's success has, how- ever, revealed another side of the story. When Dr. Finley, the head of the Pales- tine Relief Expedition, entered Beirut he found that during all these tragic days the missionaries had continued their work and he attended the opening exercises of the Syrian Protestant College when eight hundred students were gathered to pur- sue their studies. In addition he learned that with few exceptions the missionaries had continued their work, adding to it a blessed service of relief to the starving population and that the recognition of this by the people had opened opportunities such as they had never had before in the whole history of their work. He describes the missionaries as "somewhat thin be- cause of reduced rations but happy and filled with enthusiasm that their long night of sorrow had passed and that the new day was dawning." Relief Needed The immediate need of Syria is relief for the starving multitudes, including the care of more than 80,000 Turkish and German prisoners. Following this will be the work of re- construction and rehabilitation. This must 1 Syria have come dated as late as October 27, less than one-third of the population of Lebanon 41 be carried on along several lines. Syria is approximately the size of Italy, 114,530 square miles. With proper cultivation and irrigation it can be made one of the fail- spots of the earth. All that is needed is opportunity for the development of its na- tional resources. All the ordinary vege- tables and garden produce of temperate and sub-tropical climates will grow if rea- sonably cared for and watered. This will necessitate large plans for irrigation and also increase in the means of transporta- tion, such as railways, roads, etc. Sanita- tion will also demand immediate atten- tion. In Syria the sewers are open; there are swarms of flies which carry disease from the uncovered food in the stalls of the shops. Garbage is emptied into the streets. Diseases such as typhoid, Asiatic cholera, smallpox, malaria, tuberculosis and typhus are prevalent. In 1915, 300,- 000 persons, it is estimated, died from this latter disease alone in the Turkish Empire and Syria had her share, for within her border practically nothing has been done by the government to combat these conta- gious scourges. There is tremendous need of a systematic campaign of clean- liness, both physical and moral. Missionary Leadership In all these things the responsibility for leadership, which is also an opportunity, lies largely with the American missionary, for he holds a peculiar advantage. No other foreign nation can claim so disin- terested an attitude towards the people, Moslem and Christian alike, as America. The Turkish Government recognizes that the purpose has been purely humanitarian. This belief has played a large part in pre- venting Turkey from going to war with America. American philanthropy has not been misunderstood. College Influence Their three great colleges, the Syrian Protestant at Beirut, Robert College at Constantinople for men and the American College for Girls at Constantinople have always been granted peculiar privileges, and now is the day of their opportunity. Through them and the six hundred and seventy-five other American missionary schools in the Turkish Empire with their 34,317 pupils in association with the nearly seven hundred schools of the French and British, will flow as through open channels the beneficent influences that will trans- form this devastated land. Now is the hour when one of the world's greatest tragedies can be followed by one of the world's greatest and most beneficent con- tributions. Syria devastated can become Syria transformed. 42 MOHAMMEDAN NORTH AFRICA Samuel M. Zwemer, D. D. INTRODUCTORY Now that the War is ended the future of North Africa and East Africa will be definitely determined at the Peace Table. In the period of reconstruction that fol- lows, due emphasis will doubtless be given to the remarkable loyalty shown by the Moslem populations of French, British and Italian possessions. Throughout the entire period of the War not a single Christian in North Africa lost life, limb or property because of Moslem persecu- tion or fanaticism. The end of subma- rine warfare will open the way for send- ing reenforcements and also for the de- layed furloughs of missionaries and their families, long overdue. When the large bodies of natives, some of them Chris- tians, who were drafted into labor corps for service in Europe return to their homes they will bring with them a new vision of their strange surroundings, and become ambassadors in hundreds of vil- lages of Western civilization at its best and at its worst. The extensive economic development which will follow an open door policy after the war, and the opening of the new railways referred to below, will doubt- less expose the Moslem population more than ever to the demoralizing influences of the liquor traffic and other evils. Steps should be taken to secure restrictions or areas of prohibition at the Peace Confer- ence. The War has caused the construction of a number of railroads, most important among them being the line that crosses the Suez Canal from Egypt and binds Africa to Syria and the Near East. The effect of this line in bridging together two continents socially and politically cannot be overestimated. ABYSSINIA Religious Movement On September 27th, 1916, the Emperor, Liju-Yasu, who became a Moslem pervert through German influence, was deposed by public proclamation and the following year Waizeru Zauditu, a daughter of Menelik, was crowned Empress. This im- portant event was followed by a remark- able religious movement with which it doubtless has connection. A large num- ber of the Moslem population, some say ten thousand, have been baptized into the Christian Church. The apostle of this movement is an ex-Sheikh, Zaccaria, who has changed his name to Noaye Kristos, a person of great influence in Sokoto, in the Amhara country where he lives. The movement was due also to the Scriptures distributed by the British and Foreign Bible Society in Abyssinia. It is evangel- ical in character. Indeed these new Chris- tians are so dissatisfied with the dead forms of the Coptic Church that they are organizing classes for Scripture study and have mobilized some five hundred men, who are serving as teachers. Bible Society The Abuna or Head Bishop who con- trols one hundred thousand ecclesiastics, has shown a remarkably friendly spirit to the work of the British and Foreign Bible Society. They have established a depot at the Capital, Adis-Ababa, and the cir- culation of the Scriptures has been phe- nomenal. 43 THE ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan has grown larger by an entire Province, namely, that of Darfur, which was annexed because of the War. It has a population estimated at two millions. A happy relationship ex- ists between the government officials and the Missionaries. In the Mongalla Prov- ince the director of Education has wel- comed the work of the Church Mission- ary Society and encourages the natives to send their children to the schools. He has further provided that the Government will not establish any schools in this province that would serve as rivals if the Mission Society meets its opportunities. The proposal sent home by the Rev. A. Shaw, the Secretary of the Mission, is that a boarding school should be started for the sons of chiefs near the port of Rejaf, and on the lines of the high schools so successfully launched at Nemgo, Ng'ora, and other places in Uganda. This is to be under a European missionary, assisted by two Baganda masters. The Government has promised to encourage the chiefs to send their sons, and to provide a suitable site. The teaching will be entirely Chris- tian. EGYPT Changing Conditions Sultan Hussein Kamil died in 1917, and was succeeded by his brother, Ahmed Fuad Pasha. No other political changes took place during the year. The loyalty of the people which had been in many cases by persuasion or compulsion rather than by conviction has become more in- telligent and therefore more real since the successful completion of the Palestine Campaign, the subsequent fall of Damas- cus and the collapse of the Turkish Em- pire. Not least among these educative forces we must count the large numbers of Egyptian Labor Corps who helped in the building of railways across the Canal and who followed the army of General Allenby to Jerusalem. Perhaps we can best express the result of the War upon the Moslems of Egypt by saying that the Dar-ul-Islam, the House of Islam, has been so shaken by the earthquake that all the windows are wide open and the doors have fallen off their hinges. The oppor- tunity for tactful and loving presentation of the gospel is unlimited in Egypt. This is true of every grade of society, but the danger also is real, that unless these open doors are entered they may be closed again and doubly locked from the inside. Students The Student classes are especially ac- cessible, they crowd public meetings, ad- vocate social reforms and are eager not only for controversial but for construc- tive Christian Literature. Now is the time to present Christ in such a way that He will win the hearts of the future lead- ers of Egypt. The methods and program of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion in its marvelous work for the sol- diers of the Empire has evoked the ap- proval and even the enthusiasm of Copts and Moslems. The Press The daily press of Cairo, English and Arabic, has been used during the past year as an Evangelistic Agency. In one case the leading Arabic Daily published the Thanksgiving sermon preached at the American Mission. This paper has a cir- culation among over 18,000 readers, most of whom are Moslems. Probably not less than 25,000 Moslems saw the sermon and read more or less of its message. Since Dr. Zwemer's return from China, an increasing number of young teachers and students from government schools have been attending the Sunday evening services. The students from fhe Coptic College and Divinity School have also come freely, a fact almost as remarkable as the presence of Mohammedan students. One of the hopeful signs of the times is a spiritual revival among the Copts. In several cities of Egypt a reform move- ment has been started. The priesthood has remained stationary while hundreds of the younger generation have secured an education. They do not mince their words but hold their spiritual leaders up to the sharpest ridicule. These young men are restless. They do not respect the priests and they will not follow them. They are rebellious as they observe the intellectual inferiority of their leaders. But they will not break away from the mother church, 44 because they believe they can regenerate her, and restore to her something of her former glory. Sunday Schools The Sunday schools of Egypt and the Sudan made an offering last Christmas for the children in Bible lands who are suf- fering on account of the war. The splen- did total was $r 1,900, most of it in coins of less than a cent in value, many of them as small as one-eighth of a cent — a gift that meant real sacrifice. Educational Missions The educational work of the various missions has never been so encouraging as at the present. The American Mission schools are crowded with Moslem pupils. The words of Lord Cromer were never so true "That this is the most widely spread and most beneficent of all foreign agencies engaged in the diffusion of edu- cation on the Banks of the Nile." The plans for a Christian University have been in abeyance because of the war but are not less important and urgent. Missionary Conference In April a Conference of Missionaries was held at Mena House, near Cairo. The invitation was sent out by the Bishop in Jerusalem and by Dr. S. M. Zwemer, who presided. The purpose of the Conference was to draw together for mutual counsel and for hearing reports of the present con- dition of the work in Egypt, with regard to future developments and possible united action. It is the general opinion that the War has compelled people to consider Christ and Christianity as never before. They are face to face with a new world situa- tion which fills • them with dread. Moslems and the Bible The battlefield has changed in Egypt within the last decade as regards the line of opposition to gospel preaching. For- merly the arena of the conflict was the Koran and Tradition; now it is the Bible. Moslems are trying everywhere to prove from our Scriptures the incorrectness of our teaching and are trying to read Mos- lem truths into the Christian Gospel. The general opinion seems to be that at present there is a greater willingness to converse along religious lines and that the corrup- tion of the Gospels and the stumbling blocks of the Incarnation and the Atone- ment are less referred to than formerly. There is increasing interest in a compari- son of the cardinal points that distinguish the two religions. Increasing friendli- ness in the villages of the Delta is due, we are told, to their appreciation of mis- sionary character and the Christian minis- try of kindness. Nile Mission Press The Nile Mission Press not only is con- tinuing its work but has nearly doubled its output during the past year. In addi- tion Mr. A. T. Upson, its Superintendent, has conducted a Purity Campaign in the cities of Cairo and Alexandria which has met with considerable success. His evan- gelistic tour in the Bahr-Yusuf District marked a new departure in tract distri- bution among Moslems. This district had been long neglected but sixty-seven towns and villages welcomed the preacher. A Moslem Apostle Not only Egypt but also the whole Near East mourns the death of Sheikh Michail Mansur, a Moslem Convert and Apostle, mighty in the Scripture and learned in all the wisdom of the schools. For many years he addressed large gatherings of Moslems, three times a week, and by his life and work won many to himself and to his Master. The Cairo Study Center and the Theological Seminary with its school for Evangelists, are training a new leadership to meet the new Era. The Protestant Church has organized a Lay- men's Missionary Movement which has for its slogan "Self-support of all the Church- es, and Egypt for Christ." FRENCH SOMALILAND The railway from Djibuti in French Somaliland to the Capital, a distance of four hundred eighty-seven miles, has now been completed. The employees on this railway are many of them Copts from the American Mission Schools of Egypt. The time seems ripe for the occupation of this great field. 45 ITALIAN SOMALILAND This Colony has seen economic develop- ment during the past year, thirteen wire- less stations are in operation, steamship service has begun on the Juba river and the seventy-four miles of railroad to Mas- sawah are being extended one hundred two miles beyond to Keren and Agordata. No missionary efforts except that of the Swedish Evangelical Society at Massawah touches this region. MOROCCO No part of Africa has seen a larger eco- nomic development during the last few years than this country. In spite of Ger- man intrigue, the people remained firmly loyal to France and thousands of them vol- unteered for foreign service under the French colors. This was due in no small measure to the effective and kindly admin- istration of the Governor M. Grand-Cle- ment who also introduced new agricultural methods and reforms which proved a great benefit to the people. The work of paci- fication and reorganization in the hinter- land was carried on vigorously but in such a way as to make it unnecessary to resort to force. France has been a builder of roads. Four hundred eighty miles of rail- way are open to traffic and six hundred seventy miles are under construction. The Missionaries have carried on their work unhindered and the attitude of most of the officials is friendly. TRIPOLI The victory of British forces on the Egyptian frontier to the west over the Senusi Derwishes has had its distinct dis- integrating effect upon this movement throughout all Tripoli. The railway line now extends from the Coast to Henshir-el- Abiat. Three hundred twenty-one miles are in operation. We may look forward to the time when this line is linked up with the railway system of Egypt. The few Missionaries have been greatly hin- dered in their work by the disturbances of the War, but it would seem that a new dav is before them. TUNIS AND ALGERIA Friendly Officials In both of these countries there has been a distinct advance in the amicable rela- tions between the authorities and the Mis- sionary Societies. In Tunis the Moham- medan Governor, through the- influence of the French President, recently granted to the Methodist Episcopal Missionaries a formal right to hold property and conduct mission work. The new Governor General of Algeria, M. Jonnart, also has shown a friendly interest in the Educational and Industrial enterprises of the various Mis- sions. In both countries the native popu- lation remained loyal to their rulers. From Tunis alone no less than thirty-five thou- sand Moslem troops have served in Eu- rope under the French colors. The build- ing of roads and railways has continued. The fact that Algeria now has two thou- sand one hundred forty-two miles of rail- way in operation and no less than eigh- teen thousand miles of telephones, is not without significance for the kingdom. Unhindered Work The workers of the North Africa Mis- sion and those of the Methodist Episco- pal Church have continued their work un- hindered. There have been new develop- ments along the line of boarding schools and the preparation of literature in the colloquial. The Methodist Missionaries plan the occupation of new centers in the hinterland in connection with their Cen- tenary program. Christian Literature The prohibitive price of paper has in- terfered with plans for publication but we note with pleasure an additional colored picture series of books for children, among them the story of Saint Christopher, is- sued in memory of Nurse Edith Cavell by a cousin of hers. Much other literary ma- terial lies waiting for better days. Mean- while in Egypt with less publication diffi- culties at least some of this material is ap- pearing in print through the Nile Mission Press. NEGRO AFRICA Rev. James Dexter Taylor AFRICA AND THE WAR Introduction It is difficult for those whose entire at- tention has been so long centered on the Western Front to realize the very great importance of the military activities in Africa and their effect on mission work. Territories five times as great in area as the German Empire have been conquered from the enemy. Some 13,000,000 people have been freed from the oppressive rule of Germany and are thrown upon the al- lied nations as one of* the largest prob- lems of the new democracy. Thousands of Africans have left their homes to take part in the war. Native Christian trans- port companies rendered splendid service in the East African campaign, saving the situation there when the tsetse fly de- stroyed the animal transport and African rains and sand defeated motor transport. Native troops from West Africa assisted in the fighting in East Africa, as well as in Togoland and the Kamerun. Twenty thousand Bantu from South Africa served as a labor contingent in France. Another twenty thousand were drivers in German East Africa and about 167,000 natives served as carriers. Such are some of the items of Africa's share in the great strug- gle. Now that peace has come we may attempt to estimate some of the effects of the War upon African missions and some of the problems that African missions will face in the days of reconstruction just ahead. Christian Africans I. In so far as they have been permit- ted to have a part, the Christian and edu- cated Africans have justified the labor ex- pended upon them and have given a good account of themselves. That some of the ordained native chaplains with the South African Native Labor Contingent failed to measure up to what was expected of them and had to be repatriated does not detract materially from the record. These men were promised the rating and perquisites of non-commissioned officers and were then, doubtless through military necessity, reduced to the status of privates. Many of them had for years been accustomed to the homage paid to the minister as the educated "parson" of a largely illiterate community, a community accustomed to reverence their chiefs and medicine priests. The native clergymen failed to adapt them- selves to a hard and somewhat humiliat- ing requirement and thereby lost a great opportunity. The churches responsible for their training are very properly searching their hearts whether they have European- ized them and alienated them from the life of their people, but if we compare the incident with the protest of the Amer- ican chaplains against the order to remove all insignia of rank, there may be some- thing yet to be said by way of excuse for the native chaplain. Christian natives were the first to vol- unteer in South Africa. They followed their own missionaries devotedly in the East African transport service. They won the highest praise for efficiency and wil- lingness on the western front. German Missions With the exception of the societies in the South African Union, German mission work which was extensive in all the Ger- man possessions, has been entirely sus- pended during the war. In South Africa the German mission schools were placed under direct control of the Government Education Department, but otherwise Ger- man missions have continued their work unhampered except by financial conditions. In the conquered territories heavy burdens have been thrown upon American and British societies in caring for the congre- gations thus deprived of spiritual leader- ship. 47 Famine The difficulties of shipping have so raised the cost of living as to seriously handicap the efforts of the native church toward self-support and especially in the sub-continent has created distress and led to unsettled social conditions. War con- ditions together with floods or drought have led to actual famine in certain areas, notably Portuguese East Africa and what was German East. Broadened Horizon The mental horizon of the African has been immensely broadened by the war. Those who have journeyed have new con- ceptions 'of the world and those concep- tions will penetrate to the masses faster than the geography taught in the schools. They have formed new impressions of our civilization, usually under the most unfa- vorable conditions. Those who have re- mained behind have seen the aeroplane and the big gun far from the railway in the land of the lion and the elephant. Through the mission church and school and the re- cruiting meetings new and big ideas of world thought, of democracy, of self-de- termination of races have filtered through to the race most needing the blessings of the new age, least ready for its responsi- bilities. Problems of Peace II. Such measure of self-determination and self-government as he is capable of exercising must be secured for the Afri- can races by the Christian conscience of the world, not only in former German ter- ritories, but in all of Africa. The pro- posal of the 2,000 American negroes in New York who celebrated the armistice by a meeting in which they demanded that the German colonies be handed over to their native inhabitants is too Quixotic to be considered, but whether these territo- ries remain British and French or whether they are governed by an international league, or whether they come under the tutelage of America (as has been sug- gested, first by a Canadian missionary and later in the secular press), provision must be made for the education and Christian- ization of the natives, for security of land tenure, for industrial and social improve- ment that shall ensure their sharing in the prosperity which the development of their country's resources will produce, and provision for a gradual entry into the privileges of self-government and citizen- ship. Unrest Upon Christian missions will fall the responsibility for calming the fever of un- rest which the conditions of the war have produced. Training for Civilization The gap between paganism and civiliza- tion must be bridged by industrial educa- tion and training in social responsibility, while the dangers of civilization as he meets it in the European labor centers must be mitigated by the Christianization of his social contacts through the institu- tional church. Liquor Problem The liquor problem will loom larger than ever before and while the nations are in a mood to act on a high plane of Chris- tian idealism the dragon of drink should receive its death blow. SENEGAL TO KAMERUN Effects of the War The report of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society that outside the areas where fighting has occurred the effects of the war are mainly commercial will apply to all societies in these areas. West Coast industries and trade have suffered with re- sultant financial strain for the Missions and their people. The delay of mission- ary furloughs in these tropical regions has been a serious matter, especially for women missionaries. Schools have been handicapped by the high price of books and other supplies. Medical work has been hampered by inability to secure some of the most essential drugs. Building op- erations have been practically suspended. Togoland In Togoland all German mission work was suspended. In the British portion the United Free Church of Scotland has taken over by the request of the British Govern- ment. Kamerun In the Kamerun the natives have suf- fered severely by the depreciation of the German mark till it reached the low level of seven pence. The year has been one of readjustment for the Presbyterian Mis- sion in the Kamerun owing to the neces- sity of substituting French for German in the schools and the fact that it has been successfully accomplished speaks well for the elasticity of die native mind. Two hundred thousand persons are said to have lost their lives during the Kamerun cam- paign but the wonderful growth of the church has not been checked. Liberia Liberia obtained a loan of $5,000,000 from the United States on her declaration of war against Germany to enable the lit- tle republic to place herself in a state of greater efficiency. Proposals are abroad looking to the absorption of Liberia into a confederation of West African states. It would be a pity if the one African re- public were to lose its identity as a sov- ereign state. But if Liberia is to hold its own against the more efficiently governed territories which border it and free itself from the jealousy of those European neighbors it would seem that it should seek closer relations with the United States and benefit by the experience this country has gained in the uplifting of the Cubans and the Filippinos to efficient self- government. Political Conditions Affecting Mission Work Nigeria, which is, after India, the most important tropical dependency of Great Britain, by its enlightened policy of en- couraging the native populations to de- velop the country's resources affords a most promising experiment in bringing out the natural capacities of the African. A new and important sea port has been built during the war at Port Harcourt as an outlet to a newly discovered coal field in the Udi district. Twenty thousand na- tives are already at the port and similar conditions prevail at the coal field, offer- ing a new opportunity and a new problem in the Christianizing of new and unfamil- iar industrial and social conditions. Opposition from the French colonial au- thorities is being experienced by mission- aries in the French Gold Coast with the result that a promising new enterprise of the English Wesleyan Methodists is held up. In that portion of Togoland assigned to France educational work is handicapped by the withdrawal of government aid to the schools, it being contrary to French policy to aid schools maintained by re- ligious bodies. This taken with the diffi- culty of securing teachers able to teach French and the lack of interest on the part of the natives in vernacular educa- tion, has been a severe handicap to edu- cation. That the change of government in the British portion of Togoland has been for the benefit of the native appears from the fact that already they have thirty-three per cent, more land under cultivation than at any period under German rule. This is owing to the abolition of forced labor and the resumption of farming operations near highway and railroad, which had been abandoned under German rule to escape the unwelcome attention of the officials. The Christian and Missionary Alliance reports an advance into the French Su- dan with the full approval of the local of- ficials. Mass Movements Toward Christianity In most of the section of West Africa under review and especially in Nigeria a remarkable mass movement is in progress. The problem is no longer one of seeking converts but of training the hundreds and thousands who are seeking baptism and of building up the native church. In Sierra Leone the conservatism of the heathen is breaking down in the eagerness of the people for education and the con- servatism of the church is breaking down in a new zeal to reach the pagan communi- ties. In Nigeria the mass movement probably surpasses all records in the annals of mod- ern missions (C. M. S. Review, Dec, 1917)- The increase in baptisms reaches as high as 1600 per cent, in a ten-year period. The movement already exceeds the mass move- ments of India, from which it differs in that while the Indian movement is one of villages and communities, that of Yoru- baland is one of individuals. A further distinctive feature is that it is a movement largely of young men, the girls and women being yet hardly touched. The Qua Iboe Mission along with sev- eral others reports missionaries working at high pressure unable to deal with the sit- uation and thousands waiting for baptism. This softening of the hard crust of heathenism is accompanied in most of these fields by 49 Quickening in the Native Church The Liberian church of the American Episcopal body has progressed so far in self-support that consideration is being given to a proposal for the appointment of a Liberian bishop and the Bishop on the field declares that if sufficient aid could be received from the United States Li- beria would be evangelized in a few years. Ten thousand dollars has already been raised in Liberia toward the erection of a new College of West Africa under the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Southern Baptist Convention reports such eagerness among the young men ot a certain station in Nigeria to extend the Kingdom that it has created quite a prob- lem for the mission. Church buildings are overflowed. The Western Equatorial Diocese of the Anglican church in the Gold Coast reports great impetus given to evangelism by the introduction of more self-government and the principle of supporting new work by native funds only. The wonderful evangelistic revival in the Presbyterian Mission of the Kamerun continues. The pledging of time to evan- gelistic effort, which was so marked a fea- ture of the revival in Korea has become a means of great power here. Two stations, Efulen and Alum, have pledged days which total almost 26 years of time. Five, thou- sand of the 7,500 converts of last year were Avon by these volunteer workers. The church is making strides toward self- support also, having introduced a system of every member systematically giving. Unity and Cooperation In Nigeria the Primitive Methodist Mis- sion, finding itself ringed in, has been obliged to advance across occupied terri- tory or be content with a very restricted field. The Boundary Missionary Confer- ence consisting of the Anglican, Primitive Methodist, United Free Church of Scot- land, Qua Iboe, Wesleyan and Sudan United Missions has reviewed the whole situation with a purpose to avoid overlap- ping. It is proposed to establish a board of experienced missionaries to arrange for cooperative efforts. The establishment of the Union Theological School at Fourah Bay - College, Sierra Leone' (1917), has proven already a boon to the cooperat- ing missions. Mohammedanism Mohammedan priests have acted as chaplains of pagan battalions in the Egyptian Sudan and the natives, returning to their homes, have brought the faith with them. The prestige of the Mohammedan soldier has been increased by his part in the Kamerun campaign and in East Af- rica. The Wesleyan Mission reports that the Mohammedan propagandist builds on the missionary's foundations, coming in when religious desires have been awak- ened and diverting them to the mosque. The French government has forbidden the use of Arabic in the schools of the French Sudan and is concerned about the Mo- hammedan advance in the Shari-Chad dis- trict. It has been proposed that an Anglo- American missionary commission be ap- pointed to study strategic lines for stem- ming the Mohammedan advance. Liquor Traffic The Synod of Equatorial Africa has adopted resolutions calling upon the pow- ers dealing with Africa to see that the liquor restrictions of the Brussels Confer- ence are enforced and extended. Sir F. Lugard urges that as Nigeria has made good from other sources the revenue of £1,400,000 lost by the suspension of the importation of liquor she continue to do so. The Primitive Methodist Society's annual report cries out against the fact that while room is found on ships for rum to debauch the West Coast natives, mis- sionaries are held back who are urgently needed for the ripe fields of Nigeria. At the request of the Emir of Kano the sale of liquor has been prohibited in certain defined areas of his kingdom. FRENCH CONGO TO SOUTH WEST AFRICA Mass Movements The Mass Movements are in evidence even as far south as the Congo. The Bap- tist Missionary Society (British) reports 1000 converts on probation and perplexity as to how they can be handled. The Chris- tian and Missionary Alliance reports the largest number of communicants received in any one year in any of its fields. The Methodist Episcopal Church, South (a war mission, having been established in 1914) 50 is reported to be growing rapidly. The Southern Presbyterians report the largest increase in their history, over 3000 acces- sions, and the stiffening up of require- ments to ensure the quality of those re- ceived. Unoccupied Territory The Christian Missionary Alliance has determined to advance into French Congo as soon as the necessary workers can be found. The Africa Inland Mission has begun work amongst several unevangel- ized tribes in Eastern Belgian Congo. The American Board has entered upon an interesting and promising experiment in Angola by the commissioning of Rev. and Mrs. H. C. McDowell. They are mis- sionaries representing the colored Congre- gational churches of America. It is hoped as the movement grows among the colored churches to establish a new station en- tirely sustained by them in an unevan- gelized portion of the field. Cooperation and Unity The largest Conference of Protestant Missions yet held in the Belgian Congo met in February, 1918, at Luebo. Nine out of the fourteen societies in the prov- ince were represented. The union train- ing school of the British and American Baptists at Kimpese reports a good year. Liquor Legislation It is reported that the Government of the Belgian Congo has adopted the strong- est bone dry prohibition law for natives of any European possession in Africa. War Items Freight rates to the Congo have been prohibitive even when shipping was avail- able. Great ingenuity and resource has been manifested by the missionaries in the substitution of local products such as manioc, plantains, etc., for flour, and syrups have been produced for sugar sub- stitutes. The Native Church Progress in self-support is reported by the Congo mission of the American Bap- tists and the opening of new outstations under native leaders. SOUTH AFRICA Political and Social Conditions The outstanding fact in the Union of South Africa during 1918 has been the continued tension among the natives ow- ing to the uncertainties regarding the Na- tive Land Act and to stress of economic conditions due to the war. After clinging tenaciously to the Native Land Act through the whole period of the war thus far against the universal protests of the natives and almost equally universal pro- tests of religious bodies and of the Brit- ish section of the public of South Africa the legislation has at last been abandoned, at least for the present. This legislation inaugurated in 191 1 aimed to divide the entire country into European and native areas which should gradually become mu- tually exclusive, through the operation of the law that a person wishing to sell with- in an area of either sort could sell only to the class for which the said area was delimited. It must be admitted that the leg- islation had, in the hands of a select com- mittee of Parliament, taken on marked im- provements and held a promise of some beneficial reforms in the direction of self- government in native areas. These re- forms were secured largely by missionary influence. But when local delimitation commissions in the several provinces were set to review the work of the original com- mission it proved impossible to secure for the natives an equitable division of the lands against the powerful European sense of self-interest. The loyalty of the na- tives has been under severe strain through- out the war on account of their suspicion of this legislation and it is to their credit that they have remained quiet. The with- drawal of the Act does not solve the press- ing land problem of South Africa, and it is to be hoped that when more settled times have come new legislation will be framed, based not on the selfish interests of one section of the white race, as this Act was in its initiation, but based on a scientific study of the whole situation. Individual land tenure, training in agriculture and a measure of self-government are essen- tial for the natives if they are to develop with the rapid development of the South African State. The hardships of war prices on a pre- war scale of wages have led to a new de- velopment among the natives, strikes, which threaten to become countrywide. Harsh treatment was meted out by the local courts in Johannesburg to the strik- ers from the sanitary department, so harsh in contrast to the attitude shown toward white strikers a few days earlier that the European (white) press protested and a commissioner was appointed to investigate the natives' grievances. The government's good faith was shown in the selection of the chief magistrate of the Transkei, a grandson of Robert Moffat. The strike spirit has extended to Natal. Accusations are common that the natives have fallen into the hands of agitators. who are using them for their own purposes, but the true explanation is doubtless that the war has brought even to the African not only per- sonal hardships but a desire to share in the enlarging privileges of those who have so long been the under dog. Social unrest has been reflected in church life. There has been a resurgence of Ethiopian spirit especially in those churches most directly affected by the Rand. The situation for the State, the church and the natives is full of danger. An increasing interest is being shown by the leading white people of South Africa in native questions and a more favorable attitude toward missions and native edu- cation is emerging. Instances of the new attitude are to be found in the cordial re- ception of a recent native teachers' con- ference in Durban by the Governor-gen- eral and a committee of Durban's leading citizens, and the inclusion in the program of the South African Society for the Ad- vancement of Science of a study of na- tive education. In Rhodesia a long standing and impor- tant land question has been settled by the Privy Council. The decision was against the claims of the Chartered Company and the title to millions of acres of land in- volved is declared vested in the crown. The interests of the natives are thereby ensured. The Aborigines Protection Soci- ety, which has been conducting- the case for the natives, characterizes its work as the most important since the abolition of slavery. Liquor Legislation In the face of all the evidence of the evils wrought by Cape wines amongst the native and colored people of the Cape Province, evils so obvious that Judge Kotze at a recent session of the criminal court in Capetown took occasion to call public attention to them from the bench, a select committee of parliament has re- ported in favor of establishing canteens for the sale of beer and light wines to na- tives on the Rand. The only reason as- signed is the appalling increase in the con- victions for illicit liquor traffic on the Rand. To decrease the number of viola- tions of the law the law must be relaxed. In the face of an increase in the sales of native beer under the Durban monopoly system by four hundred per cent, since the system was introduced and in the face of the evidence above referred to the pro- posed relaxations of the law seem crim- inally stupid. The sale of native beer in Durban now amounts to over $10,000 per month. In Barotseland the King, Lilia, in March of the present year manifested his attitude toward intoxicants when, his na- tive police having seized twelve large pots of beer, the King took it on a canoe to the middle of the Zambesi and personally broke the pots and poured the beer into the stream. New Enterprises The Young Women's Christian Associa- tion has entered during 1918 upon definite work for colored and native women by the opening in Capetown of a hostel for their use. Cooperation The Wesleyan Conference has voted that its native ministerial training shall be done in connection with the native college (Inter-State), at Fort Hare and is pro- ceeding to erect a hostel for the purpose. Special The American Red Cross Unit proceed- ing to Palestine had an opportunity to see the mission work in South Africa and to bring the greetings and cheer of the great American republic to the younger state of South Africans. The retirement of the Rev. W. C. Wil- loughby following upon the death, first of Rev. A. J. Wookey and then of Rev. Cul- len Reed, both in 1917, leaves the London Missionary Society bereaved indeed. The General Missionary Conference of South Africa and the missionary cause gener- ally loses three outstanding personalities frt these men. Mr. Willoughby has just com- pleted a very valuable piece of investiga- tion for the Conference in the relation of native customs to Christianity. 52 EAST AFRICA New Enterprises The most noteworthy factor in the East African missionary situation is the re- markable number of new workers sent out by the Africa Inland Mission which is building up a chain of stations extending across British East Africa into the Bel- gian Congo and is also taking over a large number of stations of the German mis- sions in what was German East Africa. As a result of the public sympathy aroused with the personal losses of the group of missionaries who barely escaped with their lives in the loss of the ship City of Athens last year a new home base of this mission has been opened in South Africa. The Native Church The Uganda church of the Church Mis- sionary Society is developing strong mis- sionary zeal and capacity. Its mission in the Egyptian Sudan founded in 1915 is se- curing favor with Mohammedans. The vast unevangelized Gulu districts lying be- tween the Sudan and Uganda are begin- ning to feel the effect. To the southwest, the Kiziba district formerly occupied by the German Lutherans, has been taken over and the number of out stations has already been nearly doubled. In the Bu- kedi province with a population of 450,000, speaking seven languages, the Church Mis- sionary Society has recently established an important rural school system in four grades from village school to high school. The mass movements which have char- acterized Uganda and Nyassaland con- tinue. The Nyassaland Mission of the Dutch Reformed Church reports more than 2000 baptisms for last year. The Church Missionary Society reports the rapid growth among the Kavirondo as "cause for anxiety." War Items Nowhere has the suffering caused by the war been more general than in British Central Africa and German Bast Africa. All Church Missionary Society work in German East Africa was suspended. Na- tive teachers were roughly handled and beaten to make them testify to disloyalty on the part of their white missionaries but they without exception remained faithful. Practically all the native Christians suf- fered persecution at the hands of either the Askari or German soldiery. In spite of these conditions native work- ers, though receiving no salaries, kept the work of the Church Missionary Society going throughout the field. The Young Men's Christian Association established a hut for native and colored troops in Dar-es-Salaam and the negro secretaries made a worthy record. Famine conditions were reported in the early part of the year from the Africa Inland Mission's field in Nyassaland. Sim- ilar conditions resulting even in cases of cannibalism are reported from the Church Missionary Society field in Uganda. War demands have made Government Education Departments loath to give new or increased grants for native schools. Half the male force of the Church of Scotland mission was engaged in war serv- ice during 1917. Lack of workers is causing grave con- cern in the United Free Church of Scot- land in Livingstonia and in fact in many of the African fields. Cooperation and Union The Kikuyu Conference, already famous for its strong stand for union on the mis- sion field, met again in July of 1918 and voted "not to rest till all should share one ministry." It was resolved to organize united educational, medical and social work and to hold an annual conference of all the allied missions. This district em- bracing churches of several orders, e.g., the United Free Church of Scotland, An- glican, Friends, and Africa Inland Mis- sion, seems likely to set the pace for all Africa in church unity. Mohammedan Advance The threat of Mohammedanism is seri- ous in Uganda and Nyassaland. Where the missions delay to seize opportunities among pagan tribes Mohammedan propa- ganda enters and the opportunity is lost. The Church Missionary Society in Uganda reports the conversion of a powerful chief to Islam who had already asked for a Christian missionary. The latest menace is by the old caravan route from Zanzibar. 53 THE ISLANDS THE NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES Rev. Dr. J. W. Gunning * Zendingsdirector established with about 3,500 pupils. It would be easy to double the number on the coast, if only there were no want of native teachers and money. What then will occur when the interior becomes ac- cessible? On the Island Nias, on the West coast of Sumatra, where the Rhenish Mission has its work, there was a most remark- able and thoroughly spiritual revival among the native Christians, which also highly influenced the Non-Christians. Mohammedans Among the 40,000,000 Mohammedans of the Dutch Archipelago two movements should be noted. In one of them the re- ligious motive is perhaps not the only one but still it is the predominant one. It has spread over all the islands where Moham- medans are to be found and many hun- dreds of thousands have become members of the so called Sarikat Islam. The second movement, at this moment still confined to Java alone, has no religious motive. It is willing to cooperate with people of all creeds and is of a nationalistic character. Although willing to be influenced by West- ern civilization, at the same time it is anx- ious to maintain what seriously can be called the treasures of Javanese civiliza- tion. Some people believe that this move- ment will prove to be the stronger. As among the members of this movement, the Budi Utama (Beautiful Aims), many are longing for knowledge of what Christian- ity really means, the prevalence of this movement may prove to be the most fa- vorable for missionary work. Yet since it has comparatively few members and most of them are from among the upper classes * Dr. Gunning very kindly consented to write this section while stopping a few days in New York en route from the Netherlands East Indies to Holland. It was therefore prepared without having access to documents with which to refresh his memory. 54 Native Members of the Established Church There are now about 600,000 native Christians in the Dutch Archipelago. The majority belong to the established Prot- estant Church, to which several mission- ary bodies have entrusted the care of the native churches in totally Christianized areas. For the training of ordained Eu- ropean ministers for these native churches an arrangement was made during the past year between the established church and the two missionary seminaries in Holland. By this arrangement an improvement in the condition of the native churches is ex- pected. In Minahassa with about 200,000 native Christians the Dutch Missionary Society still supports 185 schools with nearly 10,- 000 children, and a seminary for teach- ers, which are highly important to the Church as the Government schools give no religious teaching. An arrangement has been made for cooperation in this educa- tional work between the Church and the Missionary body in order to hand over these schools gradually to the native church. This will not be accomplished fully for several years. Animistic Tribes In the areas where the missions have to deal with animistic tribes the work is most successful. Animism does not stand before the growing influence of civilization. The populations have to accept either Islam or Christianity. When Christianity is pre- sented to them at the right moment they are most inclined to accept it. So, for in- stance, in New Guinea in the last few years more than seventy schools have been it is questionable whether they will influ- ence the masses. Meanwhile mission work has always proved more successful among earnest believers, of whatever creed they might be than among agnostics. For this reason, it may be that the members of Sarikat Islam, though apparently opposed to Christianity, will prove to be the more accessible to the Gospel. In any case the moment for the presen- tation of the Gospel to the Mohammedans is much more favorable than at any pre- vious time. It is not to be expected that large numbers of the Mohammedans will become converted soon, but it is hoped that this whole movement will be influenced by the spirit of the Christian Message. Realizing this, the native churches in Java, which count among their number 28,000 converted Mohammedans, are expe- riencing a general awakening which seems hopeful and which manifests itself by in- creasing interest in evangelization, church organization and even in political affairs. The missionary leaders, also for the same reason are giving much attention to schools. Dutch Schools These leaders are aware that they must take advantage of the opportunity afforded by the very strong demand for Dutch schools for natives, and that at the same time measures must be taken not to lose hold of the Christian pupils, especially of those who have been studying in Govern- ment Schools. Generally speaking it can be said that the native Christians are much appreciated in Government and private service. The result is that they spread over all the is- lands of the Archipelago. It is a difficult task for the missions to strengthen them that they may be "Epistles of Christ." Elementary Schools During the past forty-five years the Government has tried to establish elemen- tary schools for the lower classes of the population. The fact was and is still that there is no demand for these schools. The result has been that only the children of the somewhat higher classes went to school and the Government was compelled to give more than the real elementary instruction. The course of the Missions was quite the opposite. They started with real elemen- tary schools and succeeded in creating in- terest for these schools. The number of pupils in the Christianized regions com- pared with the whole population is nor- mal. Meanwhile, since about twelve years ago, it seems that the Government found the means to propagate school education of the most elementary kind. Nearly 5,000 schools are now established with about 300,000 pupils. So the Government came into the territory where the missions had until lately a kind of monopoly. As at least 45,000 schools are needed and at this time their number is not more than 8,000, there is no fear for competition. This danger is less as the Government rightly prefers not to promote education in a com- pulsory way. This the missions, of course, have neither the inclination nor the power to ^accomplish. MISSION WORK IN THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO Rev. Harry Farmer, D. D. The Islands The Philippine Archipelago extends from 4 41' to 21° north latitude, and con- tains some 3,000 islands, of which more than 1,000 have already been named. Only twelve, however, are of any great impor- tance, and it is to these that the mission work has been limited. The Missions working in the Philippines have formed an Evangelical Union under which the ter- ritory has been divided, and there is lit- tle or no overlapping. The Episcopal Mission is the only one outside of this Union, and they work almost entirely among the Igorotes in the northern part of the Island of Luzon, and among the Moros in the Island of Mindanao. Ma- nila, the capital, is considered common to all Missions. Missionary Occupation The Methodist Episcopal Mission works in ten Provinces on the Island of Luzon ; the Christian Mission among the Ilocanos and the Tagalogs ; the United Brethren Mission in the Province of Union and among the island tribes of Benguet; the Presbyterian Mission in southern Luzon and the islands of Samar, Leyte, Bohol, Negros, and Panay; the Baptist Mission in 55 Panay and Negros ; the Congregational Mission in Mindanao. There remain, therefore, some parts of the Islands which have not been definitely occupied and some of the territory occupied has so few missionaries that they cannot begin to evangelize the people for whom they are responsible. The People There are in round numbers ten mil- lion people, made up of the civilized Fili- pinos who inhabit the lowlands for the most part, with the Igorotes in northern Luzon, the Negritos, or aborigines in western Luzon and Paragua, the Moros and a number of other tribes, about a mil- lion in all, in the Island of Mindanao. Mission work was begun on a small scale in 1900, although some preaching had been done by Army chaplains and lay preachers as early as 1898. The Roman Catholic Church has been in the Islands for four hundred years, but up to the time of the American occupation it was impos- sible for an agent of the Bible Society or a Protestant missionary to even enter the Islands. Educational Work The United States Government has among other wonderful accomplishments done such a great work through its pub- lic school system that very little work of a primary nature has been necessary on the part of the Missions. The Baptist Mis- sion has taken advantage of the fact that the public schools were unable to take care of all the children and has opened quite a number of primary schools which they have conducted with great success. The Silliman Institute; at Dumaguette, un- der the Presbyterian Board, is the most outstanding private school of its kind in the Islands. The Jaro Industrial School, under the Baptist Board, is doing a most unusual work of this kind and attracting considerable attention. Most of the Mis- sions have united in a Union Theological School, in Manila, which is educating preachers for the evangelical churches in all of the Islands. The Christian Mission has a Bible School in Vigan and another in Manila. The Woman's Board of the Methodist Church have schools in Linga- yen and Manila, while the Presbyterian Church has schools in Manila and Cebu, and the Baptist Church has a girls' school in Iloilo. All Missions are entering in a large way in the establishment of dormi- tories to take care of the young men and young women who are in attendance at provincial high schools and at the Univer- sity in Manila. Self-Support A great deal of attention has been given to self-support by all of the Mission bod- ies, the Methodists reporting in 1918 that 85 per cent, of all native churches were en- tirely self-supporting. Sunday Schools In 191 1 the Philippine Islands Sunday School Union was formed, and much has been done to cooperate and standardize this branch of church work in all fields. A Sunday School convention was held early in the year with 5000 in attendance. The Methodist Mission has its own Sun- day School missionary and they have in- troduced special lessons for children and are beginning to grade the Sunday Schools, besides establishing special courses in the Theological School and other Manila training schools, a normal course has been introduced successfully among Sunday School officers and teachers. Medical Work So much attention has been given to evangelistic work that the educational and medical ends have been largely neglected. The Presbyterians and Baptists unite in a hospital in Iloilo. The Presbyterians also have hospitals at Dumaguette and in Bo- hol and Leyte, while the Baptists have an- other at Capiz. The Christian Mission has hospitals in Vigan and Manila. The Woman's Board of the Methodist Church has a hospital in Manila and .the Episcopal Mission has a hospital there and also does medical work among the Moros and Igo- rotes. Christian Literature Publishing houses have been established at Iloilo, Manila, and San Fernando, Un- ion, and these have aided largely in all mission work. Weekly papers are pub- lished in Ilocano, Tagalog, and Visayan, and the Methodist Mission has maintained a monthly magazine in English for Fili- pino students. General Conditions ■ The Bureau of Health is in charge of an American Army officer and sanitary laws are enforced throughout the Islands. 56 Smallpox, cholera, and the Bubonic plague have been largely eradicated. The estab- lishment of a leper colony on the Island of Culion is one of the great philanthro- pies, and more than 3,000 men and women have been segregated here. A Filipino doctor has discovered a method of admin- istering chaulmoogra oil, which has re- sulted in the cure of more than two hun- dred victims of this dread disease. Since the American occupation the use of beer and whiskey has very largely increased; instead of one poorly equipped brewery of the Spanish regime, there are now three large wealthy concerns manufacturing beer in Manila, two of which are under the direction of Friar corporations. Effect of the War The Islands have been greatly affected by the European war, and while prices have greatly risen, the Islands have be- come prosperous because of the high prices received for hemp and sugar. With better shipping facilities this prosperity should continue. A division of 15,000 men has been enlisted and put under train- ing in order to back up the United States Government since it entered the war. There has been a large subscription to each of the Liberty Loans, and on the Fourth Liberty Loan, for which the quota was six million dollars, there was subscribed $12,- 128,000. UNOCCUPIED FIELDS Rev. Charles R. Watson, D. D. Effect of the War It cannot be denied that if the War has resulted in a suspension of aggressive mis- sionary plans in many sections, and a sus- pension of all missionary work in other areas, thus creating new unoccupied fields, it has had a peculiar significance in call- ing attention to and in opening up fields which were formerly regarded as unoccu- pied mission fields. Manchuria, for exam- ple, and Northern Mongolia have been di- rectly and indirectly affected by the mili- tary operations which moved along the Southern Manchurian and Trans-Siberian Railway. Afghanistan, at times an anxi- ety to the Allies, while also an ambition of Germany, has been the object of new interest. Mesopotamia, so long and to so great an extent hidden from view, has been thrown into the foreground of missionary thought. Arabia, the neglected, has be- come possessed of a strategic military im- portance, and a correspondingly increased significance for the Christian World. Sec- tions of Africa hitherto unexplored and unevangelized, have been penetrated by armed forces while still larger areas are coming under political observation as the world map is being restudied for its re- making. Add to this the awakening of the life of the peoples within these areas by the return to them of those who were drawn into the great struggle as laborers and workers, in a few instances as fight- ers. Mongolia Mongolia, where 2,000,000 were ac- counted as lying beyond the reach of all existing missionary agencies, has become by the events of the past year less of a sphere of influence for Russia and more of a sphere of influence for China and Japan. This may be said to simplify the missionary situation, although the country chiefly awaits the opening up which may come through railroads and commerce. Tibet Tibet, Nepal and Bhutan, at the heart of Asia, still maintain almost completely their isolation, although no political em- bargo is wholly effective against the pene- trating influences of the Christian evan- gelism, and especially of the Christian lit- erature, which have their source in the Christian missions established along the borders of these areas. Afghanistan Afghanistan is now the strongest coun- try politically in the Mohammedan world, and the only Mohammedan kingdom en- joying entire political independence. While no direct missionary influences are to be recorded, much encouragement may be de- rived from the known penetration during the past year of Western ideas and meth- ods and of Western machinery and ma- teriel into Afghanistan. French Indo-China French Indo-China still constitutes, from the missionary point of view, the 57 largest integral area of practically un- touched territory in Asia. No new mis- sionary developments are to be reported among the more than 20,000,000 Indo-Chi- nese for whom Protestant Christendom has yet to make provision. The War, however, has affected vitally this French possession, for thousands of natives from this area have touched Western life as they served in the labor battalions in France. Near East For the unoccupied fields of the Near East, which are practically all of them Mohammedan, the events of the past year have had very great significance. The es- tablishment of the new Arab kingdom of the Hejaz promises to introduce into the pilgrim centers of Islam at least the by- products of Christianity; education, jus- tice, commercial and industrial develop- ment and a measure of social reconstruc- tion. The close political relationship of the Hejaz to Egypt places a new emphasis on the importance of missionary work in Egypt. North Africa The unoccupied fields of North Africa have been more completely neglected than ever because of the arrest of missionary effort by war conditions, but unprece- dented opportunity for service in coming years has also resulted from the influence upon the whole of North Africa of those whose minds have been stimulated and whose life outlook has been broadened by their military service in France. Mesopotamia British victories in Mesopotamia have challenged Anglo-Saxon missions as re- gards a great stretch of country lying be- tween the Tigris and the Indus, for the most part unevangelized and in great part inadequately explored. Should the irriga- tion proposals of Sir William Willcock find realization, one of the most influen- tial centers for Christian missions will open up along the Euphrates. Negro Africa The unoccupied areas of Africa are so extensive, comprising an estimated popula- tion of over 50,000,000, and our knowledge of them is so limited that no survey of these areas can be attempted. For the most part, the past year has accentuated the need, for it has witnessed the suspen- sion of missionary activities in the major- ity of the areas contiguous to these unoc- cupied fields. Furthermore, the areas for- merly occupied by German Missions are now to be provided for. These aggre- gated in pre-war days over five hundred mission stations and more than seven hun- dred missionaries. Coordinated Effort As set forth at the Edinburgh Confer- ence, the missionary occupation of fields at present unoccupied, awaifs chiefly the coordination of Christian missionary ef- fort, so that some comprehensive program may be worked out aiming at the com- plete occupation of the whole world. The past year has contributed largely toward this end by bringing together the churches in a common service for the soldiers. 5S MISSIONARY LITERATURE THIRTY MISSIONARY AND RELATED VOLUMES PUBLISHED IN 1918 Prof. Harlan P. Beach, D. D. The books listed below are not necessarily the best ones published during 1918. The annotator has not seen all such volumes, and of those which he has examined another compiler might have chosen rejected books as superior to some found here. They are intended to represent varied aspects of this literature, some sections of which are only directly missionary in character. The year's output has not been equal in quality and quantity to the average .annual production, largely because of the high cost of material and labor and in some cases owing to government curtailment of printing. Of the books here given an undue proportion are intended for study text-books among various classes of the missionary constituency, simply because they seemed better worth mentioning than some other volumes left out. The annotations are briefly descriptive and not critical, owing to space limits which do not permit of any explanation of criti- cisms, which, if left unsaid, makes the note a dogmatic ipse dixit. Authorship has often been commented upon, as the value of books depends upon the strength of the author whose credentials the reader desires to know. It may be added in extenuation of the defects of this list that it was compiled on very short notice with no time to weigh the evidence for the inclusion of one book rather than of another. The order of the entries is alphabetical according to the names of the authors. Guilielma F. Alsop. — My Chinese Days. Pp. xi, 271. Boston, Little, Brown and Company. With the exception of a few of the incidents, such as the rescue of slave girls at Kaung Wan, these stories are taken from actual life as seen by the author in the neighborhood of Shanghai shortly after the recent Revo- lution; graphic and yet more highly col- ored than the average life and sorrows of that Republic; missionary background and love. William Archer. — India and the Future. Pp. 326. New York, Alfred A. Knopf. An up-to-date setting forth of leading aspects of Indian life as seen by a dis- criminating visitor who supports many of his opinions by a wide range of ex- pert testimony. Leading themes are : A bird's-eye view of the country, two sides of the racial medal, India's unity, Hindu . spirituality, caste and its concomitants, manners, the Indian opposition, art and culture, education, and an epilogue in which as a British writer he longs for the ushering in of a new day when rul- ers and subjects may see eye to eye and live together in amity. E. F, Benson. — Crescent and Iron Cross. Pp. 240. New York, George H. Doran Company. From blue books and other trustworthy sources, Mr. Benson gath- ers damning evidence of the sanguinary alliance of Germany and Turkey in the Levant up to July, 1917. It enables the reader who is interested in the Levant as a mission field to follow any discus- sion at the peace table with intelligence. Marshall Broomhall, M.A.— Heirs To- gether of the Grace of Life: Benjamin Broomhall, Amelia Hudson Broomhall. Pp. xv, 146. London, Morgan and Scott, Ltd. As a former missionary of the China Inland Mission and for years its editorial secretary, this intimate biog- raphy of his parents gives the reader at once the story of pious and gracious lives and pictures the influence of a missionary secretary upon a Mission and also upon British public opinion and leg- islation as to the opium traffic whose abolition owed much to Benjamin Broomhall. Edward G. Browne, M.A., M.B.. F.B.A.. F.R.C.P— Materials for the Study of the Babi Religion. Cambridge, Univer- 61 sity Press. Pp. xxiv, 380. Nearly thirty years of personal knowledge of Babi leaders and prolonged study of the move- ment and its literature make Professor Browne's book a notable addition to the literature of a faith which has its devo- tees even in American circles of intelli- gence and culture. Margaret E. Burton. — Women Workers of the Orient. Pp. 240. West Medford, Mass., Central Committee on the United Study of Missions. This text-book bears the marks of personal, as well as literary, acquaintance with woman's share in the old and new labors of Mos- lem lands, India, China and Japan. It is shot through with missionary threads, and is anything but a barren sociolog- ical discussion of its theme. John Wesley Butler. — History of fhe Methodist Episcopal Church in Mexico: Personal Reminiscences, Present Condi- tions and Future Outlook. Pp. 156. New York, The Methodist Book Con- cern. The son of the founder of the Mission and for more than forty years a prominent leader in it, Dr. Butler de- lineates the main forward steps of the enterprise from its beginnings forty-five years ago, with a minimum of the an- nalistic and an abundance of the per- sonal emphasis. It is the best produc- tion in its department, albeit too brief, in the literature upon Mexico. A. Mildred Cable.— The Fulfilment of a Dream of Pastor Hsi. Pp. 268. Lon- don, Morgan and Scott. Pastor Hsi, one of China's most conspicuous Christians, left a work undone that some ladies of the China Inland Mission, laboring alone for the most part, are here seen accom- plishing. His dream of a tree cut down and sprouting again was the Hwochow Church whose missionaries were mar- tyred in 1000 and whose prosperity to- day is a cause of thanksgiving. Mary J. Campbell. — The Power-House at Pathankot. Pp. 192. Philadelphia, Board of Foreign Missions of the United Presbyterian Church of North America. This story of "what some girls of India wrought by prayer" is one that tells of the author's campaign against intemper- ance in Northwestern India which won for her the rare distinction of wearing the Kaisar-i-Hind medal, and of the power of Christian friendship and faith brought to bear upon the personal life of holders of other beliefs. George William Carter, Ph.D. — Zoroastri- anism and Judaism. Pp. 116. Boston, Richard G. Badger. After outlining the two systems, the author gives their lead- ing religious, social and moral concep- tions, indicating under each heading something of the probable influence or relation of one system to the other. Of value to those having to do with Parsees in India. Its references to specific pas- sages in the sacred books of the two re- ligions are helpful. Samuel Couling, MA. — The Encyclopaedia Sinica. Pp. viii, 633. London, H. Mil- ford. This is the only great work of the year bearing upon Missions, and the China edition of it belongs to 1917. Its 641 large octavo pages are filled with trustworthy information upon all phases of "things Chinese," as well as men and missions of that land. Both the author as principal writer and editor and a goodly number of the foremost authori- ties on the themes they discuss are guar- antors of the value of this first volume in English of this class of literature re- lating to China. J. C. R. Ewing, D.D., LL.D.— A Prince of the Church in India: Being a Record of the Life of the Rev. Kali Charan Chat- ter jee, D.D. Pp. 128. New York, Flem- ing H. Revell Company. A sketch by the missionary who perhaps knew him best of forty-eight years' service in a Punjab pastorate of one of India's most eminent Christians and leaders, together with his early life and experiences. Sophia Lyon Fahs. — Red, Yellow and Black: Tales of Indians, Chinese and Africans. Pp. 215. New York, Metho- dist Book Concern. Two stories of the Indians, six of the Chinese and five of the Africans, told by Mrs. Fahs, who is a trained writer of books for children, constitute the best book of its class, per- haps, published during the year. Florence Griswold. — Hindu Fairy Tales Retold for Children. Pp. 213. Boston, Lothrop, Lee and Shepard. Ten stories from the great collection of the Jataka, —birth stories of Buddha, — are told with simplicity and charm by Mrs. Griswold as specimens of tales used for didactic and moral purposes in Buddhist coun- tries. Rev. and Mrs. Orramel Hinckley Gulick. — The Pilgrims of Hawaii. Pp. 351. New York, Fleming H. Revell Company. "Their own story of their pilgrimage from New England and life work in the Sandwich Islands, now known as Ha- waii, with explanatory and illustrative material compiled and verified from orig- 62 inal sources." Authoritative account of a completed work, but not interestingly written. Sidney L. Gulick, D.D. — American Democ- racy and Asiatic Citizenship. Pp. xii, 257. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. A fourth volume by one who was for nearly thirty years a missionary in Japan, written in the attempt to medi- ate between the two countries. The wrongs against Asiatic immigrants as compared with our treatment of Euro- pean immigrants are strongly set forth, with the plea that democracy demands a more just and Christian treatment than Asiatics have hitherto received. Edwin Taylor Iglehart, editor. — The Christian Movement in the Japanese Em- pire, Including Korea and Formosa: A Year Book for 1918. Pp. viii, 538, lxxxviii. Tokyo, Conference of Feder- ated Missions, Japan. The seventeenth annual issue of a work of the very first importance among those relating to that important Empire and its missions. The statistics and directories are also very valuable. Kenneth Scott Latourette. — The Develop- ment of Japan. Pp. xi, 237. New York, The Macmillan Company. Though Pro- fessor Latourette writes especially for students in college classes, his former residence in the Far East and his mis- sionary predilections make the volume a strong presentation of Japanese develop- ment from the earliest times to 1917. So valuable that, after writing it, the Japan Society asked to have it published un- der its auspices. James Hope Moulton. — The Treasure of the Magi : A Study of Modern Zoroas- trianism. Pp. 27^. London, Oxford University Press. Previous works on Zoroastrianism by Professor Moulton supplement this volume whose main ob- jective is to win Parsees from Zara- thnshtra's teachings to those of Jesus, to whose cradle Turanian Zoroastrians journeyed and some of whose teachings resemble those of Christ. On his home- ward journey from a mission to the Par- sees, the author fell a victim to Teuton torpedoes, leaving this posthumous vol- ume. W. Max Miiller, Ph.D. and Sir James George Scott, K.C.I.E.— The Mythology of All Races. Egyptian-Indo-Chinese. Pp. xiv, 450. Boston, Marshall Jones Company. This is the twelfth of a thirteen-volume series under the general editorship of Professor Louis Herbert Gray, Ph.D. It is in the second Part, dealing with the myths of the Indo-Chi- nese world, that friends of missions and missionaries are practically interested. Burma and Siam are included in the vol- ume, of course, and the foremost au- thority on the subject writes most in- terestingly and helpfully for Indo-Chi- nese missionaries and students of myth- ology. J. Lovell Murray.— The Call of a World Task in War Time. Pp. xi, 214. New York, Student Volunteer Movement. Though intended as a text-book for vol- untary study classes in college, this is perhaps the best comprehensive volume on the war and missions. Each of its six calls are clarion notes to immedi- ate action. Christopher Noss and Associates of the Tohoku Mission.— Tohoku, the Scotland of Japan. Pp. 302. Philadelphia, Board of Foreign Missions Reformed Church in the United States. This is in ar- rangement and interest perhaps the best study class text-book of the year, as it also is a most satisfactory presentation of Northern Japan and its missions, es- pecially the work of the Reformed Church. It is to be regretted that so fine a volume could not have been made a general one on all of Japan and its Mis- sions. W. F. Oldham.— Thoburn— Called of God. Pp. 188. New York, The Methodist Book Concern. Bishop Oldham was a former associate of Bishop Thoburn in Southern Asia and is a man of like spirit and world-embracing ambition. Hence this account, largely in Dr. Thoburn's own words, of a wonderful work and a fruitful missions theory is doubly valu- able; though the limits are so restricted that a great life, still among us, is be- littled in consequence. Rev. F. W. S. O'Neil, M.A., editor.— Dr. Isabel Mitchell of Manchuria. Pp. 224. London, James Clarke and Company. A most satisfactory picture of the fas- cinating life and work of a talented med- ical missionary, told largely in her own charming and intimate letters. Willard Price. — Ancient Peoples at New Tasks. Pp. xi, 208. New York, Mis- sionary Education Movement. The handiwork of our most breezy mission- ary journalist, editor of the World Out- look, after he had seen the working out of definite problems in a number of the countries studied. A single industrial situation in each of six mission lands is 63 intensively and absorbingly studied by members of young people's study classes under his guidance. Augustus Hopkins Strong, D.D., LL.D., Litt.D.— A Tour of the Missions: Ob- servations and Conclusions. Pp. xxii, 223. Philadelphia, The Griffith and Rowland Press. The Missions referred to are those of the Northern Baptists, and the observer who moves among his old students afield as his trustworthy guides is the ex-President of Rochester Theological Seminary. Japan, China, the Philippines, the Malay Peninsula, Java, India and Burma are visited and the work criticised — from the older, more conservative viewpoint. The author adds four general chapters on mission theory and modernism. Sir Rabindranath Tagore. — Mashi and Other Stories. Pp. 222. New York, The Macmillan Cornpany. India's poet laure- ate and Nobel prizeman of the world supplies fourteen prose stories of Indian life of to-day, which give the reader of missionary literature glimpses of facts and ideals that seem to the famous Brahmo Samaj educator worthy of being made known to Occidentals. S. Earl Taylor and Halford E. Luccock. — The Christian Crusade for World De- mocracy. Pp. 204. New York, Metho- dist Book Concern. Perhaps the best book of the year in the line of exploi- tation of Missions. The occasion is the celebration next April of Methodism's North American Missionary Centenary, and the constituency is made up of Methodist Sunday Schools and Epworth Leagues. Each chapter is a trumpet call to advance ; and the facts, figures and maps are powerful levers to lift the en- terprise before all the people of the De- nomination. Underwood of Korea. By His Wife. Pp. 350. New York, Fleming H. Revell Company. A missionary from his fourth year in childish desire, in mature life Dr. Underwood became a foremost leader in Korean missions as scholar, translator, evangelist, and educator. Be- ing the story of a pioneer, one has here the outlines of Korean missionary his- tory, so stimulating to mission theorists and to the Church at large. Maude Newell Williams. — The Least of These — in Colombia. Pp. 183. New York, Fleming H. Revell Company. Protesting that this is not a missionary volume, the wife of a missionary and herself an educator in Bogota, tells most winsomely of people whom she has known intimately among South Amer- ica's lowly ones. As a stylist, a keen ob- server, a lover of the common people and a mistress of the wise use of mis- sionary indirection, Mrs. Williams is unique. GUIDE TO IMPORTANT ARTICLES IN LEADING MAGAZINES OF THE YEAR 1918 Prof. Harlan P. Beach, D. D. Denominational missionary periodicals, with exceptions like the Church Missionary Review and the World Outlook, are purveyors of news with no extended articles, and its denomination alone is the constituency to which each ministers. Hence to prepare a guide for hundreds of periodicals, containing scarcely a single contribution more than a thousand words in length, and therefore relatively unimportant for the general Christian public, is plainly impracticable. In the list below only four general periodicals are used ; yet they are easily the fore- most ones printed in the English language. The International Review of Missions is the organ of the Edinburgh World Conference Continuation Committee, with offices in Edinburgh ; The East and the West is the best general periodical of England, and is published in London ; the Missionary Review of the World is the best general missionary periodical for all classes of users, its offices being in New York; and the Chinese Recorder is easily the foremost periodical published in mission lands, having Shanghai as its home. The latter is the only one of the four whose entire file for 1918 was unavailable for selection of articles, the last two issues not having come to hand. A Missionary Survey of the Year 1917. International Review of Missions, Jan- uary, pp. 3-58. Its editors, Mr. Oldham and Miss Gollock, annually provide the best review of world-wide missions. Missionary Principles : The Place of Prayer. International Review of Mis- sions, January, pp. 59-73. Mother Edith describes the place prayer has had in the High Church Anglican Sisterhood in which she is so prominent; a very striking testimony and argument for prayer as a method of work in Mis- sions. Leadership in the Mission Field. Interna- tional Review of Missions, January, pp. 74-83. The former Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal argues for placing certain In- dian leaders in positions of responsibility and trust equal to those occupied by thvr foreign missionaries themselves ; signifi- cant in view of the British Government's recent Report on India. China and Medical Education. Interna- tional Review of Missions, January, pp. 84-97. Dr. Cochrane, once so prominent in medical work in Peking, gives a very comprehensive survey of the present status in leading hospitals and medical schools, closing with five important items in the medical missionary pro- gram. The Advocacy of Foreign Missions at the Home Base: A Statement of the Ex- perience of Forty Missionaries. Inter- national Review of Missions, January, pp. 98-106; April, pp. 219-227; Octo- ber, pp. 501-509. An unrivaled discus- sion, based on experience, of various matters affecting efficient home promo- tion of Missions. The Christian and Hindu Conceptions of Sin. International Review of Missions, April, pp. 145-159. Professor Macken- zie of Wilson College presents the philo- sophical aspects of sin, with less refer- ence to popular notions ; a contribution to comparative theology. Saint Francis Xavier. International Re- view of Missions, April, pp. 177-185. Dr. Macnicol, basing his article on Miss Stewart's recently published life of the Saint, gives here a study of Romanism's famous missionary as a Christian exam- ple and as a promoter of unwise meth- ods. The Need of a New Policy in Jewish Mis- sions. International Review of Mis- sions, April, pp. 206-218. Mr. Webster, for twenty years a missionary to the Jews in Budapest, states the new outlook for missions to the Jews due to the War, especially as it affects the bulk of that race in Eastern Europe, plead- ing for emphasis of the work in great populous centers without forgetting Jewry throughout the world, and for a more serious conception of what is now often deemed the work of faddists. The Awakening among the Middle Class- es of South India. International Review of Missions, July, pp. 289-305. The Chairman of the Forward Evangelistic Movement Committee of the Madras Council of Missions describes lumi- nously the conditions and beliefs obtain- ing in South India and leading features of the recent awakening there. Stevenson's Ideal Missionary. Interna- tional Review of Missions, July, pp. 353- 362. Mr. Beal of the Jamaican Mission of the United Free Church of Scotland states the reasons pro and con which in- fluenced this great novelist of the South Seas in his estimate of missionaries and their work. Where China Stands To-day. Interna- tional Review of Missions, October, pp. 433-444. The world-wide student mis- sionary, Sherwood Eddy, from his re- cent visit, clearly presents the dark and dangerous situation there and shows that "never was there a time when things looked so dark politically or so bright religiously, so dark for the Government or so bright for the Christian Church in China as to-day." The Order of First Translations of Scrip- ture in Mission Fields. International Review of Missions, October, pp. 456- 469. An exceedingly valuable statement of a wide experience of Bible Societies, as to the actual and desirable order of translation of books of the Bible, by Dr. Kilgour of the Translating Depart- ment of the British and Foreign Bible Society. A Typical Mass Movement Church — 1806- 1918. International Review of Missions, October, pp. 470-480. Writing from In- dia's extreme southern tip, Dr. Cave of the London Mission gives the history of their South Travancore work from its first convert, a Pariah devil-worshiper, to its present status with a membership of 100,000, a movement prepared for and inspired almost wholly by Indian Chris- tians. The Organization of the Anglican Church in Uganda : A Study in Contrasts. In- ternational Review of Missions, October, pp. 481-491. The contrasts in that very remarkable Anglican Church are be- tween dependence and independence, na- tive and foreign, autocracy and democ- racy, centralization and decentralization, and the relative place of male and fe- male Christians— the basis of an impor- 65 tant study of missionary efficiency. Bishop Willis is the author and hence it is most authoritative. Some Curious and Edifying Letters from Jesuit Missionaries. International Re- view of Missions, October, pp. 510-523. Protestant missionaries can learn much from the experience of Jesuit mission- aries who have had a large place in the mission field ; and Miss Stewart, as in her life of Xavier, so here, has exhib- ited the strength and weakness of Jesuit Missions of the seventeenth and eigh- teenth centuries. The Appeal of Christian Brotherhood. The East and the West, April, pp. 105- 121. Mr. Brown, out of twenty-one years' experience in India, believes that the relative failure of Missions in Ben- gal is because missionaries have not lived the life of brotherhood, whole and in all its parts, discussing it in eight of its important aspects. An Indian Christian Poet. The East and the West, July, pp. 237-246. The reader of this article by Mr. Winslow, who as a missionary in Ahmednagar knows per- sonally this poet, Mr. N. V. Tilak, will be able to realize how large a part In- dian poets may yet play in the conver- sion of that Empire. Facts and Features of Mass Movements. The East and the West, October, pp. 310-323. Secretary Goudie of the Wes- leyan Missionary Society, with twenty- four years to his credit in India, speaks with authority of mass movements, which have their grave problems and causes for thankfulness, and whose need is for trained leaders from their own ranks or from higher classes of Chris- tians. Tenrikyo: A New Japanese Sect. The East and the West, October, pp. 332- 344. This variant of Shintoism has as its founder a woman who died in 1887 and who resembles Mrs. Eddy in other respects than her doctrine of healing. It has .made greater progress than any other Japanese religion, so that it now has 2,000 preaching places and 3.500,000 believers whose activities Mr. Foxley in- terestingly describes. Its missionaries are in England, America, China and the islands southeast of Asia. The Arya Samaj and Christianity. The East and the West, October, pp. 345- 354. The writer, Mr. Edwin, is of In- dian nationality, and describes this sect, barely forty years old, as the most fash- ionable cr^d among the educated classes of North India, while Christianity spreads mainly among the lower classes. Unlike the Brahmo Samaj, it is not a half-way house to Christianity, but is strongly antagonistic to it. Looking through the War Clouds. Mis- sionary Review of the World, January, pp. 11-15. A missionary outlook upon mission lands after three years of war, written by Dr. Robert E. Speer. A Continental Program for Africa. Mis- sionary Review of the World, January, pp. 29-36. A statesmanlike proposal for cooperation and strategy to win that im- portant field is given by Secretary C. H. Patton. The Moslems of Central China. Mission- ary Review of the World, February, pp. 91-96. A report of visitation among Moslems of Central China by Dr. Zwemer, the apostle of Mohammedan Missions. Lightening the Dark Continent. Mission- ary Review of the World, February, pp. 101-106. Professor Naylor, who has vis- ited Africa, tells of the different forces bringing civilization and Christianity to those peoples. A View of the Situation in Russia. Mis- sionary Review of the World, March, pp. 171-180. Dr. Mott, member of the special American Commission, gives rea- sons for Russia's withdrawal from the war and for continued faith in the Rus- sian people. Outlook for Missions in Mexico. Mis- sionary Review of the World, March, pp. 181-184. Mr. Wright, for many years a resident and worker in Mexico, tells of Missions in revolutionary times, with the relation of the laws to religion and Missions. The Women of Chosen. Missionary Re- view of the World, March, pp. 196-201. Dr. Griffis, expert in matters in the Far East, pictures Korean women and tells what is being done for them by Mis- sions. Touching the "Untouchables" in India. Missionary Review of the World, April, pp. 251-262. Mr. Badley, who has seen the work described and aided in it, writes of the extent and significance of mass movements in India. The Missionary Occupation of India. Missionary Review of the World, April, pp. 263-268. Professor Fleming of Un- ion Seminary, formerly an Indian mis- sionary, through diagrams, maps and a superlative massing of facts, gives the 66 best statement in print on the occupa- tion and lack of it in Indian Missions. The Gods of the Africans. Missionary- Review of the World, April, pp. 272-278. Professor Starr of Chicago University, who has studied religions in that con- tinent, gives an authoritative but popu- lar description of African ideas of re- ligion and tells of their forms of wor- ship. Trekking the African Continent. Mission- ary Review of the World, May, pp. 331- 338. Professor Du Plessis of South Af- rica, an authority .on African Missions, tells the story of his recent journey in which he crossed the continent three times. A Comparison in Missionary Statistics. Missionary Review of the World, May, PP- 350-359- With diagrams and figures, Mr. St. John, Director of the Statistical Bureau of the Foreign Missions Con- ference, gives striking facts of five years' missionary progress. A Modern Apostle of Siam. Missionary Review of the World, June, pp. 410-422. Secretary Brown tells the story of one of the greatest of present-day mission- aries, the late Dr. E. P. Dunlap, who was eyes to the King and a savior of the people of Siam. Dr. John W. Butler of Mexico, Mission- ary Review of the World, June, pp. 439- 445. His sister gives salient facts in the life of a missionary who for forty-four years was a prominent force in Mex- ican regeneration. Is Idolatry Dead in China? Missionary Review of the World, July, pp. 500-506. A specialist in Chinese religions, Presi- dent Kupfer of Kiukiang, describes present religious conditions in China and their superstitious worship. Leaves from a Physician's Notebook. Missionary Review of the World, July, PP- 5 2 3"5 2 7- A medical missionary in the Philippines, Dr. Thomas, pictures scenes witnessed in his first visit in 1904 and contrasts them with conditions to- day. The Centenary of Methodist Missions. Missionary Review of the World, Au- gust, pp. 571-582. Tyler Dennett out- lines the largest program ever under- taken by any missionary society in com- memoration of the centenary of the Methodist Board North whose anniver- sary comes in April, 1919. The Indians of Central America. Mis- sionary Review of the World, August, PP- 598-604. Bishop Taylor Hamilton of 67 the Moravian Church pictures the ab- origines of the five Central American republics, concerning whom we know very little, with special reference to their religion and their need of indus- trial education under religious teachers. The New Hebrides Since John G. Paton. Missionary Review of the World, Sep- tember, pp. 650-660. Dr. Gunn renews interest 'in far-away Pacific islands, where work made famous by John G. Paton is carried on with success and needs to be continued if the race is not to die out. National or International Churches — Which? Missionary Review of the World, September, pp. 661-669. Dr. Barton pleads for national churches, and Bishop Bashford of China for interna- tional churches, a very important ques- tion whose answer will greatly affect missions in the future. Industrial Training in the Far East. Mis- sionary Review of the World, Septem- ber, pp. 675-680. In Korea, where self- support is so prominent in the infant churches, and under a progressive rule like Japan's, the status and importance of industrial education as discussed by Mr. Underwood are most illuminating. Factors in China's Crisis. Missionary Re- view of the World, September, pp. 670- 674, October, pp. 754-759. Sherwood Eddy, whose wonderful evangelistic tours have brought him into contact with prominent Chinese in and outside the Christian Church, writes of outstand- ing factors that are critical. Stiffening the Backbone of the Indian Church. Missionary Review of the World, October, pp. 731-740. Exalting the dignity of manual labor and enrich- ing in various ways Indian Christian manhood through agricultural and indus- trial enterprises of the church are set forth by Mr. Olcott, vice-principle of Voorhees College, South India. French Indo-China as a Mission Field. Missionary Review of the World, Octo- ber, pp. 748-753- Dr. Zwemer, whose two passions are Mohammedan Missions and unoccupied fields, casts a flood of light on a practically unknown land. Mothers of Men in Colombia. Missionary Review of the World, November, pp. 826-831, December, pp. 917-920. South America has its Jean Mackenzie in Mrs. Williams of Bogota, who writes here most touchingly and fascinatingly of some of the needy ones among Colom- bia's women and girls. Nyasaland Contrasts — Terror and Peace. Missionary Review of the World, De- cember, pp. 897-901. Donald Fraser, one of Africa's most consecrated and suc- cessful missionaries, writes graphically upon this theme. Visits to Untainted Children of Lepers. Missionary Review of the World, De- cember, pp. 911-916. Young people will find very interesting this account of what a young woman, Lois Danner, saw in her father's official visitation of leper asylums in Japan, Korea, China and the Philippines. Democracy and Mission Work in China. Chinese Recorder, pp. 9-14. Dean Sar- vis, of Nanking University, discusses his subject under the heads of continuity of administration, specialization, education, socialization, brotherly fellowship, and equal opportunity. Some Effects of the Revolution on the Chinese Church. Chinese Recorder, January, pp. 14-20. Under ten headings, Dr. Woodbridge sets forth the changes and contrasts in Christianity's status wrought in six years of the Republic's life. A Great Walled City Taken by Surprise. Chinese Recorder, February, pp. 102-107. In his characteristically graphic way, Dr. Scott tells "a story of stubborn, changing China," where in Kao Mi the opposition of that "age-long, sin-en- crusted center" was changed to a wel- come to the Gospel and Christian civ- ilization. A Comparison Between the Distribution of Christian Literature in China and Japan. Chinese Recorder, March, pp. 158-166. Mr. Dovey, of the Mission Book Com- pany, Shanghai, under nine heads, clearly and suggestively compares work in the two fields. The Appeal of Buddhism to the Chinese Mind. Chinese Recorder, April, pp. 235-242, May, pp. 301-309. From Mr. McNulty, less than ten years in China, comes one of the most helpful articles on this important theme ever written for a practical missionary purpose; see the May instalment especially. The Appeal of Christianity to the Chinese Mind. Chinese Recorder, May, pp. 287- 296, June, pp. 371-380. T. C. Chao, of Soochow University, tells us in a philo- sophical and critical way of the nature and contents of the appeals made by Christianity to the Chinese mind. The Missionary Factor in the Diplomatic Problem of China. Chinese Recorder, June, pp. 381-388. Despite Mr. Hutchin- son's "language student" age in China, his statement of the missionary's rela- tion to securing the nation from exter- nal aggression and . from internal ex- ploitation is stimulating and constitutes a good missionary apologetic. Christian Literature in Chinese. Chinese Recorder, July, pp. 450-455. Perhaps the strongest factor in this symposium is the fact that all of the ten contributors are Chinese who ought to know better than Occidentals the sort of literature most needed by their countrymen to- day. The Church and Its Community. Chinese Recorder, August, pp. 505-513, Septem- ber, pp. 567-576. Professor Wilder, of Peking, gives specific suggestions as to enlightening the average missionary's ig- norance, of his Chinese social environ- ment and also as to making Occidental social amelioration effective in mission stations ; exceedingly valuable. The Present Condition of Mohammedan- ism. Chinese Recorder, August, pp. 514- 518. Mrs. Mateer translates an article that appeared in the first and only num- ber of a Moslem magazine, published in 1916 in Peking, in which an enlightened Chinese Mohammedan enlarges upon six dangers threatening the Moslem faith in China. Christian Illiteracy. Chinese Recorder, September, pp. 577-584. Six mission- aries, most helpfully Dr. Gibson, state the extent, seriousness, and remedies for the too prevalent illiteracy in the Chi- nese Church. Architecture of China. Chinese Recorder, September, pp. 594-606. Mr. Thompson has obligated those interested in archi- tecture here, quite as much as his mis- sionary friends, by this interpretative discussion of China's varied architec- ture, with its differing sources. How to Extend the Chinese Church. Chi- nese Recorder, October, pp. 635-645. Mr. Vale's translation of Rev. Hsu Sheng- yen's paper is an unexpectedly modern and seemingly practicable paper on a subject concerning which missionaries may well follow Chinese guidance. GENERAL INFORMATION VISUALIZING MISSIONS Mr. S. W. Boggs Importance "The intensity with which a thing is perceived varies directly with the number of channels through which it makes its appeal to the intellect." To visualize an idea to the physical eye is an invaluable aid to the mind in its in- stinctive tendency to vizualize "in the mind's eye" — to get a clear and concrete impres- sion. The facts of missions to-day are so voluminous as to make their graphic in- terpretation essential to those who are studying them every day and still more im- portant to those whose interest in missions is casual or nil. The war has helped people to become more accustomed to diagrams, charts and maps. Their uses for missionary ends are limitless. For the sake of the work they attempt to portray, those who construct mission charts and maps should know the alphabet of this eye language. Some practical suggestions are set forth in the following paragraphs. What Can Be Visualized for Missionary Purposes To give the imagination a running start, the following hints suggest the legitimate uses of graphics for missionary purposes : Organization — of mission boards, interdenominational missionary societies, missions on the field, churches, Christian associations, or student volunteer bands. Grozvth — or expansion of all sorts, e.g., number of Christians in mission fields at various periods, income or expenditure of missionary societies, missionary giving of any church, number of missionaries in any field. These are comparisons involving time, and such diagrams and graphs are historical in nature. Simple comparisons — of expenditure, number of missionaries, or results of work, by countries, by societies supporting the work, or by areas of missionary work ; com- parisons between home base facts with mission field facts, e. g., expenditures for luxuries, for war, or for church work at home, with expenditures for missions. This group of diagrams and graphs leaves out the time element. Comparisons are made between facts true at a given time. Non-statistical facts — which may be represented by "pictograms," or diagrams mak- ing use of pictorial illustrations. Geographical location or distribution — e.g., of missionaries of a church, of a mission board or society, or of a college volunteer band. General Suggestions I. Tell the truth— be accurate; check up your data before using it, and your diagram after making it. The cross in this diagram contains only 70 white squares, leaving 210 black squares, whereas the legend beneath indi- cates there should be 76 white squares and 204 black squares. Further, many of the white squares are not quite as large as the black squares. Moreover, the diagram does not tell the truth, because the eye cannot compare areas accurately, especially irregular ones. An illustration of the need of analysis of data is fur- nished in the statement, widely quoted in missionary period- icals and addresses, that it is estimated that "in witch-ridden Africa 4,000,000 people are killed every year in the endeavor to discover witches." Second thought reduces it to absurdity. Allowing thirty years to the generation, 120,000,000 people in Africa would lose their lives in this way in a single genera- tion. Assuming a population of 135,000,000 in all of Africa (part of which obviously does not suffer from this curse), this leaves only 15,000,000 who die natural deaths or from disease and from other causes in thirty years, or only 500,000 a year, as over against the 4,000,000 for witchcraft. The cir- culation of such statements should be nipped in the bud. 71 Our Responsibility 14.000,000 EACH SQUARE -A PARISH Of 50.000 76WHITE SQUARES CAN BE EVAN6CL- IZEO BY PRESENT STAFF. 204 BLACK SQUARES ARE UNREACHED. 2. Choose a method of visualization that is capable of only one interpretation, and that the right one. The illustrations given below are chosen with the purpose of pointing out this vital principle. 3. Choose the method that tells your story through the eye to the mind in the quickest possible way. Clearness should not be sacrificed to variety or novelty of method. The eye does not calculate; it reports. Diagrams are not puzzles, they are visualizations of predigested facts that tell their own story. 4. Every diagram, graph, or map should have an adequate descriptive title and date, so as to be as nearly self-explanatory as is practicable. The reader will doubtless recall charts with some such title as "Income of the Board of Missions," which indicate neither the communion which the mission board represents nor the time when the report was made. 5. Illustrations should accompany the text illustrated and not be relegated to an appendix. Where an "exhibit" of charts is planned, of course no text is illustrated. The arrange- ment of such charts in an exhibit is a matter to be studied carefully. See bibliography at end of this paper. 6. In drawing a diagram or graph which is to be printed or reproduced on another scale, all lines and lettering should be made in such proportion as to bear reduction or enlargement to the size intended. If illustrations are not prepared by a commercial artist, it is advisable to use a reduc- ing glass (or magnifying glass) in judging your drawing, or to consult your photo- engraver in advance. Organization Charts 7. Organization charts define relations and responsibility. They assist both the missionary administrator and the person who is quite unfamiliar with the organization of the board or society. Nothing shows up the strong and weak points of an organiza- tion so well as an organization chart. It calls attention to the need of revision of con- stitutions and by-laws (where such need exists), and to the requirements of the lay-out of offices and floor space, the routing of correspondence, etc. Below is given an organi- zation chart for the Foreign Missions Conference of North America. Foreign Missiokai?.y Societies op North Amewca FOREIGN MISSIONS CONFERENCE OF NORTH AMERICA Religious Needs Anglo- Anttrican Communities Board of Missionary Preparation COMMITTEE OF REFERENCE AND COUNSEL Review of the World" Members ofthe Executive day School'j SUB- COMMITTEES OF THE COMMITTSE OP REFERENCE AND COUNSEL Emergende Missions issions Finance -Missionary Cultivation b*nlroniiwfi>- Principles 8 Relation to Bureau d ArrangCTnenb Editing and I and Head- Research of -the. ulwUuiimi Methods of Similar Statistics for Annual Reference I |6oventmait?| | quarters | Library Home Church mtwulAjgEia (Admimstnlia^ Bodies 6 Research Conferences Report ThtMisaaiunj Research. library Organijation Chart af-the Foreign Missions Ccatfeienceo/Nbrth America 72 Diagrams Diagrams should read from left to right, or from top to bottom. i ( Native Missionary Staff per Million of Population. 1917 nmsO 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 Native Missionary Staff in the non-Christian World Reported by Missionary Societies in Canada and in the United States. g. Lettering should be placed at the left end of bars, or above them, or on the bars themselves. It should never be put at the right end. Figures at the right of the bars seem to lengthen the bars themselves. (bmmunicants tn i/ie Non-Christian Ubrld Communicants >n the Non-Cluistian^rld Correctly made. io. Time intervals should be propor- tionately represented. This principle applies to all sorts of dia- grams, graphs and charts. It is well il- lustrated in connection with paragraphs numbered 8, 12 and 14. 11. Comparisons of lines or of angles are better than comparisons of areas or of volumes. For illustration of the comparison of angles see paragraph numbered 13. The accompanying illustration makes it evident that the eye cannot compare areas accurately and easily. The ratio between the areas of the small white circle and the large black circle is 1 1518, but this ratio is so great as to make it impossible to make a good comparison in one dimension. Psychologically also, there is justification in representing the Christian community as a spot of light on a black background. Only in such instances is any exception to the above principle legitimate. Incorrectly made. Christian Community in Japan. Christian Community — 1 15.243. Population — 59,676,140. 73 Communicants per 10,000 Population CHINA-8 JAPAN-14 1ND1A18 AFRICA-53 Misleading to the eye — (areas proportionate to numbers represented). Many misleading "pictograms" are made on the principle of this illustration. It is impossible to tell whether the silhouettes were drawn to compare height, surface area, or "volume." Even if the chart states on which it was drawn, the eye is not satisfied with the explanation. Moreover, the point to be illustrated is that Africa has, not a larger communicant, but more communicants, than the other fields cited. The following illustration reduces the same comparison to lines, it preserves the originality and striking quality of the chart. At the same time mum CHINA- 8 llllllflllllli Communicants per 10,000 Population. JAPAN-14 mmmmmm INDIA 18 tMlffffflfffilfft^ Corrects faults of the above "pictogram." 74 12. Comparisons in irregular areas and volumes are by all means to be avoided. Irregular areas defy quick and accurate comprehension. Beneath are shown two diagrams incorrectly drawn; to the right of each is shown an acceptable means of correcting their faults. GROWTH OF MISSION GROWTH Of « SCHOOLS MISSION I&*. IX CHINA SCHOOLS IN CHINA 5.000 pupils in 1876 16.000 pupils in 1900 22.000 pup.ls .n 1910 110.000 pupils in 1916 M. Misleading — proportionate by heights, while eye sees areas also; not spaced to show time element. Corrects faults of "pictogram" to the left, at same time catching attention by the picture. Growth of Protestant Communicants in China. Misleading — although it states that heights, (not areas or volumes), are proportional. Time element disregarded. 190O 1907 Correct. By drawing a graph through tops of spires in the picture to the left, it may best be compared with this corrected diagram. 13. The parts of a whole are best illustrated by bars or by "pie diagrams. 1 75 PASTORAL SUPPORT $ 6,000 A Local Church. Budget I CARE of PROPERTY CHOIF —+- $ 3,000 -H i- $4,OC =n : z. — 3-^— 31.25% 15.63% -20.83^ HOME MISSIONS FOREIGN MISSIONS - $ 2,800 -HI- $ 3,4-QO Vt + 14.58%tt1 Nothing is simpler to construct than a bar diagram, and it tells its story admirably. "Pie diagrams" are so com- mon as to be almost universal- ly understood. They are some- times difficult to read, as it may be necessary to turn the diagram around to make out the lettering in the segments. A series of "pie diagrams" be- come monotonous and con- fuses the eye. The sectors of a "pie dia- gram" should not be filled with pictures of various sizes, be- cause the eye is tempted to compare these pictures rather than the angles. If there is a desire to distinguish between the sectors, they may be col- ored, or various shadings could be added by an artist (or, if to be printed, by the photo-engraver). Religions of the World Graphs 14. Graphs should read from left to right, and not from top to bottom. 1890 - $ -4.3Z2.O10 1895 $ 5,355,648 1900-$ 6,204,3S5 1905 - $ 8,459,653 1910 - $ 11,946,218 1915 - $ 16,939,7 1917 -$ 20,437,561 MILLIONS O \ \ \ \ s 16 18 20 22 Income of Missionary Societies in Canada and in the United States. Deceptive — income seems to have decreased to zero. 76 The "curve" on a graph attracts the eye to follow it from left to right. A glance at the accompany- ing graph, and at the one on the preceding page will prove it. It is interesting to com- pare these two illustra- tions with those shown with paragraph 8 and to note that while a bar dia- gram may read from top to bottom, a graph cannot be so read. 15. Always begin at the zero line. To begin above the zero line changes the propor- tions, as illustrated below to the left. The graph to the right corrects the fault. health o/V/~e United States, 1850-1918 ( J^eaJ •d 11 Columns 1-5 Physi- cians B 2 5z § a ■8 Is ii Columns 1-3 Physi- cians c n E is UNITED STATES (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 BAPTIST, SOUTHERN CONVENTION 104 13 7 15 38 3 II 15 3 2 12 3 28 •85 45 10 2 4 7 165 28 10 18 24 50 3 16 5 4 8 2 I 50 4 3 7 14 I 5 1 186 31 2 33 BRETHREN CHURCH (Progressive) Brethren For. Miss. Soc BRETHREN (Plymouth) 35 6 ' 36 CHRISTIAN AND MISS. ALLIANCE 37 CHRISTIAN CHURCH 39 CHURCH OF GOD Church of God Miss. Bd (0 4 5 3 2 4T CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES 41a Wo. Bd. Miss., Boston 41ft 42 3 2 10 36 3 («) 10 2 1 3 40 9 8 3 3 10 9 (m) 11 . 43 DISCIPLES OF CHRIST 44 Christian Wo. Bd. Miss 8 3i (.m) 23 38 45 EPISCOPAL, PROTESTANT Protestant Epis. Dom. and For. Miss. Soc. . FRIENDS (Orthodox) 2 121 51 65 52 55 HOLINESS CHURCH, INTER- NATIONAL APOSTOLIC Holiness Internat'l Apostolic Bd. For. Mi=s. LUTHERAN, UNITED Luth. Gen. Coun. Porto Rico and Latin Am. Lutheran Gen. Synod Bd. For. Miss MENNONITE and MENN., AMISH Mennonite Bd. Miss, and Charities MENNONITE BRETHREN IN CHRIST Men. Breth. Pa. Conf. Bd. For. Miss, (p) METHODIST EPISCOPAL 66 21 2 2 2 48 3 67 69 71 2 28 76 1 1 16 8 382 76a Methodist Epis. For. Wo. Miss. Soc Methodist Epis. Ho. Bd. Mis; 38 77 5 19 I S 1 4 78 Methodist Epis. Ho. Wo. Miss. Soc METHODIST EPISCOPAL, AFRICAN Methodist Epis. African Miss. Dept METHODIST EPIS., AFRICAN ZION 16 79 ™ 80 81 METHODIST EPISCOPAL, SOUTH 142 8 47 2 15 2 58 30 1 18 18 I 5 42 2 21 52 4 3 2 5 82 METHODIST, FREE Methodist Free Gen. Miss. Bd 89 MORAVIAN CHURCH 91 PENIEL MISSIONS 92 PENTECOST BANDS OF THE WORLD 93 PENTECOSTAL CHURCH Pentecostal Ch. Gen. Miss. Bd PRESBYTERIAN, ASSO. REFORMED Presbyterian Asso. Ref. Bd. For. Miss.* PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S. Presby. Exec. Com. For. Miss. (South) 4 1 17 2 4 4 1 20 " 94 6 97 17 x 1 no (*) Data for 1917. (f) Estimate. (**) No data available. (») $90,630 of this amount was contributed by the Brazilian churches. (J) No report for work available. (k) This society makes use of schools conducted by other organizations. (/) This includes two ordained women. (m) Among the wives and unmarried women are six recorded ministers. (») Includes both ordained men and ordained women. 134 (ft) Incomplete. Mexico, Central America, South America (Continued) NATIVE STAFF CHURCH Total Enrolled in Schools of All Grades MEDICAL 11 a c ■a n •■ o"3 ^ f-u M a S 3 6 £ 73 § x ft'E c B .2-" 0, a 0. S a .2 j 10 11 12' 13 14 15 16 17 IK 19 20 21 30 97 23 85 1 4 20,717 2.734 120 20,717 2,734 90 2,198 758 (») 101,280 8.709 175 31 33 5 „ 35 36 20 5 21 45 2 4 22 29 4 2,473 364 1,827 *3I9 646 *45 67 ik) 37 39 41 1. 156 1,156 650 t4,ooo 41a 416 42 43 3 2 25 44 3 2 10 1 7 50 32 10 (0) 12 6 4 "0 27 30 3 4 1,046 233 4,142 23,810 3,786 903 890 870 706 801 233 4,142 8,226 l,96i 755 890 580 238 245 15 45 1.518 2,942 952 no 1 1 19,041 445 332 tt8.469 44.750 44 2 4 45 51 15,584 1.825 148 tti.208 52 480 55 66 ♦170 431 *I20 37 *I50 154 616 67 4.52S 69 71 4 82 1.203 23,009 850 10,060 4.589 353 8.362 32 8,077 3.406 3.000 76 214 86 (q) 38 9 2 *S6 4 181 3 3 1 76a 77 12 14 *82 12 58 1 5 5 *54 9 266 5,413 3,070 2,343 6.815 78 280 790 600 3,226 5.748 79 1,779 480 21,465 438 22,135 1,779 400 17.805 128 6.397 362 3.987 80 2.931 15.738 80 729 310 81 1 82 89 91 92 178 146 93 6 26 7 275 193 82 94 97 23 61 14.341 , 7,914 4.490 1.837 1.834 5 2 6,760 26,203 Probably includes three or four Bible women. Work all under the Christian and Missionary Alliance. May include a few men teachers. This is an International society, with its main headquarters in Herrnhut, Germany. The report, except for income, is an arbitrary division indicating the approximate proportion of the work of the society which might be said to be supported by contributions from America. 135 Table III. Latin America. The West Indies, SOCIETY FOREIGN STAFF Included in 1 •d ° ?» Pt i! Columns 1-5 O CD 11 .a 3 1 Physi- cians a a I \i 1 a I 1 2 3 4 -I. 7 8 9 98 PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U.S.A. (North) 125 13 6 21 10 I 24 29 36 5 12 7 36 2 56 4 4 36 46 6 Si // 3 12 5 l 17 2 2 4 3 8 5 2 98a Presbyterian Wo. Bd. For. Miss. N. Y. . . . Presby. Wo. Occidental Bd. For. Miss Presbyterian Wo. For. Miss. Soc. Phila . . . Presby. Wo. Bd. For. Miss. Southwest Presby. Wo. Bd. Miss. North Pacific Presby. Wo. Bd. Miss. Northwest 2 3 5 98c 2 3 98d 98/ 2 II 2 3 3 8 12 2 3 19 5 6 99 100 1 108 SALVATION ARMY M i 2 2 109 SCANDINAVIAN ALLIANCE 113 UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST 116 INTERDENOMINATIONAL 48 131 W. C. T. U. World's 132 Y. M. C. A. Internat'l Com. For. Dept Y. W. C. A. Nat'l Bd. For. Dept.* INDEPENDENT (Except Educational) 30 f26 4 I 12 133 146 14 2 10 148 1 65 154 157 Inland-So. -America Miss. Un. Coun. (/).... Pan-Lutheran Latin Am. Miss. Soc* Steam's Church and Bible Classes INDEPENDENT (Educational) Makenzie College Trustees 2 2 19 2 167 i 2 IO I 6 173 184 ! 8 41 Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey 1 Grand Totals — Canada and U. S 9,571| 2,495 1,1941 3,091) 2,791|| 402| 190( 236|1 51.973 CANADA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | Totals — Canada 7941 199 761 255) 264|| 43 1 251 11 1| 2,257 2 2a 4 5 6 7 la 8 10 12 13 15 20 BAPTIST Baptist, Canadian For. Miss. Bd CHURCH OF ENGLAND Ch. of England Miss. Soc Ch. of England Wo. Aux. Miss. Soc CONGREGATIONAL Congregational Canadian Wo. Bd. Miss... HOLINESS MOVEMENT Holiness Movement Church MENNONITES Menn. Breth. Ont. Conf. Miss. Soc* METHODIST Methodist Church, Miss. Soc Methodist Ch. Wo. Miss. Soc PRESBYTERIAN Presbyterian Ch. Canada Bd. For. Miss. . . INTERDENOMINATIONAL Y. W. C. A. Canada For. Dept INDEPENDENT Ceylon and India Gen'l. Miss. Can. Br. (w) China Inland Miss. N. A. Can. Br.(w) Gwalior Presbyterian Miss. Bd. * Sudan Interior Miss.* 723 130 52S 120 (*) Data for 1917. (t) Estimate. is) A commissioned officer. (**) No data available. (ft) Incomplete. Only the missionaries sent out from America. 136 Mexico, Central America, South America (Continued) NATIVE STAFF CHURCH 1 E-Ww< MEDICAL Ji "•is d I o Hi 1 S O •a c 111 OCQU gB p. S3J 'a a S -I O u HS- g J3 3 c3°l 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 98 98a 29 91 103 12.404 11,222 450 732 3.247 . 2 1.978 23.336 986 98c 98d 98e 98/ 99 28 52 23 4.132 3.632 500 *I,I0O 403 100 2 4 33.761 108 109 113 4 I 13 42 4 5 1.952 1.452 500 2 116 131 132 133 146 148 55 10 4. SOI 3.913 588 1 2 1.500 154 157 167 125 125 150 173 184 ! in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania I 3,2411 34,0401 14,692111,619,3201 925,756| 253,066[ 410,498|| 573.18611 317) 61U| 3,964,986|| 1,341,107 10 12 13 14 15 17 67 1,529 661 78.878 41,558 24,858 12,462 24,3.3 32| 68 512,888! 24.965 1 2 2a 4 11 501 75 218 44 44 13,031 36,690 11,031 16,268 19,968 f2,000 454 9,500 970 6 3 10 4 58,811 17,644 2,920 tti.877 4 5 IS 27 6 2,499 1,400 1,000 99 200 1,500 6 7 7a 8 391 129 12Q t26 4 4.308 («) 1.522 (») 2,786 7,774 1,986 5.829 9 11 127,759 (m) 2,808 8 10 t29 t53S 20,876 9.863 3,890 7,123 13 26 279,102 17,860 12 13 15 1 16 20 1.474 1.474 90 29,572 (m) China only. In Japan affiliated with the Japanese Methodist Church. (w) Only missionaries sent out from Canada. 137 Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey SOCIETY FOREIGN STAFF Included »» 1 '3 £2 > •d Physi- cians i 2 o p a) I o 1 UNITED STATES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 '1 9 Totals— United States I 8,7771 2,2961 I,118| 2,8361 2,527|| 360| 1651 225|| 49,716 29 30 32 34 35 36 37 39 40a 41 41a 416 41c 43 44 45 4b 47 47,i ADVENT CHRISTIAN Advent Amer. Miss. Soc Advent. Wo. Ho. and For. Mh. Soc ADVENTIST, SEVENTH-DAY Adventist Seventh-Day Denom.* BAPTIST GENERAL Baptist Gen. For. Miss. Soc BAPTIST, NATIONAL CONVENTION Baptist National For. Miss. Bd BAPTIST, NORTHERN CONVENTION Baptist Amer. For. Miss. Soc Baptist Amer. For. Wo. Miss. Soc Baptist Free Wo. Miss. Soc BAPTIST, SCANDINAVIAN . Baptist Scandinavian Denom BAPTIST, SEVENTH DAY Baptist, Seventh Day Miss. Soc BAPTIST, SOUTHERN CONVENTION Baptist So. For. Miss. Bd BRETHREN CHURCH (Conservative) Brethren Gen. Miss. Bd BRETHREN CHURCH (Progressive) Brethren For. Miss. Soc BRETHREN IN CHRIST Brethren in Christ For. Miss. Bd.* ' BRETHREN PLYMOUTH Brethren Missionaries (z) CHRISTIAN AND MISS. ALLIANCE Christian and Missionary Alliance CHRISTIAN CHURCH Christian Church For. Miss. Bd CHURCH OF GOD Church of God. Miss. Bd CHURCHES OF GOD, GEN. ELDERSHIP Churches of God, Wo. Gen. Miss. Soc CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES American Bd. Comm. For. Miss Wo. Bd. Miss., Boston Wo. Bd. Miss., Interior Wo. Bd. Miss., Pacific DISCIPLES OF CHRIST Christian For. Miss. Soc Christian Wo. Bd. Miss EPISCOPAL, PROTESTANT Prot. Epis. Dom. and For. Miss. Soc EPISCOPAL, REFORMED Reformed Epis. Bd. For. Miss EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION Evangelical Assn. Miss. Soc Evangelical Assn Wo. Miss. Soc EVANGELICAL, UNITED Evangelical Un. Ho. and For. Miss. Soc. . . . EVANGELICAL SYNOD Evangelical For. Miss. Bd FRIENDS (Hicksite) Friends' Philadelphia For. Miss. Assn FRIENDS (Orthodox) Friends' Amer. Bd. For. Miss Friends' Ohio For. Miss. Soc HEPHZIBAH FAITH MISSION. ASSO. Hephzibah Faith Miss. Asso HOLINESS CHURCH, INTER- NATIONAL APOSTOLIC Holiness Internat'l Apos. Bd. For. Miss. . . . (*) Data for 1917. (t) Estimate. (x) Probably includes some women, (y) May include some hospitals, (z) No report for work available. *) No data available. 138 (ft) Incomplete. in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania (Continued) NATIVE STAFF CHURCH MEDICAL a c •d 3 cE C m ai J2 ■§.q o fe ■h 3 QZ •a 3g 5s c o °|5 c 3 | 3~ a'C .2-- t> a. ~ a r/; < '5. O p. Q c Contribut for Churc Work 10 11 12 j ,3 14 15 16 - - 19 20 21 3,174| 32,5111 14,03l||l,54),44;| 884.19JI 228,2081 4>S,036[| 548.323H 285| 5421 3.452,098|| 1,314,142 21 12 40 50 (.*) 863 2 8 1,200 1,100 tioo t75 1,000 ti.ooo 10,223 . 1 3 y)3o t3,6oo ti50 200 19 7,703 60 20,312 186,388 7,703 60 20,312 186,388 86,343 24 1,847 285 450 87,469 35,994 25 450 4.575 26 ** 46 26 331,591 73,042 166,685 256 4 5 6 525 197 Soo 135 25 62 300 221 100 29 4 1 I 4,947 375 30 57 6 364 170 138 73 T6 49,646 32 2,435 1,818 323 294 2,503 4 7 f20,000 648 33 25 1,650 1,050 1,575 35 394 9,258 1,530 7,077 1.244 2,181 6,154 5,889 12 5 84 202 1,218 39 9 5.282 5 tL500 286 67 83,048 67 83,048 41 292 88,798 34 3 2 56 4 4 t40o,ooo 66,540 383,203 43 367 374 257 557 40 15,579 633 34.no 15,579 633 8,248 1,301 11,817 10 4 8 23 8 170,255 53,258 4,686 tt3,28l 45 124 324 11.859 20,420 1,831 10 191,189 54,264 17 34 62 62 x 47 25 21 1,797 1.437 360 908 700 654 1 1 (6) 2,952 48 5i 16 1,527 609 918 1 2 11,739 3,413 49 50 277 51 3,531 934 5,96o 707 624 721 2,021 763 I.36I 149 4,570 118 2 3 20,836 5 311 51 53 • 113 33 24 7 135 503 249 323 5,825 204 60 1. 540 545 1 4 4 2,693 33,921 20 315 326 55 5 6 398 119 a) Educational work done through other agencies. 6) Hospital temporarily closed. c) Among the wives and unmarried women are two recorded ministers. d) Not including one woman working under the China Inland Mission. ) Includes five ordained women. 139 Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey SOCIETY FOREIGN STAFF I Included in o T3 •d 5 £ I, Columns 1-5 Physi- cians a ii a £ 1 UNITED STATES (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LUTHERAN BRETHREN 16 6 26 3 138 23 30 4§ 64 IQ 13 19 10 II 20 28 1,254 514 41 25 243 8o 7 II 21 12 50 6 20 38 9 6 3 ii 2 47 12 9 18 25 5 6 3 8 4 5 289 9 4 1 2 1 4 86 5 3 10 I 41 10 13 16 20 5 3 4 7 9 328 4 56 LUTHERAN, DANISH UNITED 58 LUTHERAN FREE CHURCH 5 1 59 LUTHERAN JOINT SYN. OF OHIO Luth. Ohio and Other States Joint Syn. Bd. 41 LUTHERAN, NORWEGIAN Lutheran Norwegian Bd. For. Miss LUTHERAN SYN. CONFERENCE Lutheran Missouri Syn. Bd. For. Miss LUTHERAN, UNITED Luth. Augustana Syn. China Miss. Soc Lutheran Gen. Coun. Bd. For. Miss Lutheran Gen. Syn. Bd. For. Miss Luth. Gen. Syn. Wo. Ho. For. Miss Luth. So. United Syn. Bd. For. Miss MENNONITE and MENN. AMISH 4i 4 13 18 18 3 A A 1 2 6 IC 55i 514 91 2S 3 e i 7 61 81 63 2 64 65 67 3 3 566 987 120 68 1 1 69 MENNONITE BRETHREN Mennonite Breth. Ch. of N. A., For. Miss. . MENNONITE BRETHREN IN CHRIST Menu. Brelh. Pa. Conf. Bd. For. Miss.(h) .... MENNONITE CONF. OF DEFENCELESS 70 71 73 MENNONITE GEN. CONFERENCE Mennonite Gen. Conf. Bd. For. Miss ...... MENNONITE (Krimmer Bruederge- meinde) 85 74 METHODIST EPISCOPAL 38 41 33 47 10 76a Methodist Epis. For. Wo. Miss. Bd METHODIST EPISCOPAL, AFRICAN Methodist Epis. African Miss. Dept METHODIST EPIS. AFRICAN ZION 79 34 60 19 2 2 6 4 19 1 9 12 2 6 20 2 2 6 1 4 6 72 25 2 2 7 3 24 2 6 10 2 85 80 4 12 2 81 METHODIST EPISCOPAL SOUTH 2 82 METHODIST, FREE 84 METHODIST PROTESTANT 87 85 Methodist Prot. Wo. For. Miss. Bd METHODIST WESLEYAN Methodist Wesleyan Am. Miss. Soc METROPOLITAN CHURCH ASSO. 87 88 1 20 89 MORAVIAN CHURCH l6l 91 PENIEL MISSIONS 92 PENTECOST BANDS OF THE WORLD 36 93 PENTECOSTAL CHURCH 94 96 PRESBYTERIAN, ASSO. REFORMED Presbyterian Associate Ref. Bd. For. Miss.* PRESBYTERIAN, CUMBERLAND » 20 97 PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S. (South) Pres. (South) Exec. Com. For. Miss 323 96 37 116 74 23 3 „ 2,724 (*) Data for 1917. (t) Estimate. (/) Includes some women. (g) (h) Work all under other boards. (i) Probably includes some men teachers. (**) No data available. India only. 140 (ft) Incomplete. in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania (Continued) NATIVE STAFF CHURCH MEDICAL >> II ■a a •d ° S 1 O £ 1 to* 213 o"o .4. HO? 'c 3 E | •d £ omo 0. Total Enrolled in Schools of All Grades "3. a 0, Q a Contributions for Church Work 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ! - 18 19 | 20 1 - 56 58 59 2 687 159 1,228 425 25c 24 18. ! SCO 35 294 4 5 3 15 1,800 (/) 9 1,044 1 1 21,075 1. 114 60 61 2 3 38 j 9 ; 82 12,821 6,044 3,756 3,02 4,046 3 4 17,387 4.241 63 64 65 67 8 3.409 570 27.647 61,503 240 293 14,268 19,209 1,468 37 10,779 35.786 1,70 24 (g) 2,60 6,50 [| 2,675 3 374 3 11,642 3 15,683 ! 1,655 j 3 4 2 51 82 5 4 5 47 o 163 120 2 9 3 41 3 42 1 2 2 1 3 3 4 20,52 25,84 13.48 12,31 j\ 203 I 2,741 / n,659 68 899 581 7,200 2,284 no 649 S81 tSO f20 6 2 8 3 318 70 2 5,00 20 5 345 70 400 2,084 60 73 i 2 25 tioo 74 75 S 4° 21 425 427 425 127 4 15.00 * j 3 30 522 I * fioo 76 799 7.15 7 5.275 . (i) 5.275 500,741 144,922 118,339 237.48 89,694 34 42 tt262,56 224,120 79 20,121 821 5,073 14 7 264 7.914 31,836 7.50C 17.463 4 11,85 4 1,892 6 9,791 t I0 > 000 81 88 r 2,547 6 7 66,9. 2 27,862 82 6 8 81 8,792 3,192 5, 6c )0 1,638 3 4.5 2,858 84 85 18 8 11 6 2C 2,225 526 I.77C t32( tic 4 ti '9 1,052 56 fn8 2,228 0) 1 (./) 0) 7,9 78 288 87 88 2 ] 89 91 56 9< 8,08. 2,88, 1 5,19? 5,05- L 13 i< 56 3 12 ( > 81 5 60 ) 1.83 j 16 i 43 5 40 5 6 18 25 70 38 36 10 93 94 5 6,5 2 il,5 ! 3 1,20 3 2 3 96 550 97 4 ) 2,2 49 42 5 69,89 3 33,42 3 3,52 2 32,9 S3 23,43 3 I 3 3 3 366,7 941 28,351 China only. This is an International society, with its main headquarters in Herrnhut, Germany. The report, exce.pt for income, is an arbitrary division indicating the approximate proportion of the work of the society which might be said to be supported by contributions from America. 141 Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey (*) (/) («) (n) (n; SOCIETY FOREIGN STAFF Included in o 1 Is 6s C 'ca •d ° s 5s Columns 1-5 1 h £ l! Physi- cians a c B V IS £ 1 c UNITED STATES (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 98 PRESBYTERIAN IN THE U. S. A. (North) 1,235 175 74 263 66 20 155 50 4 240 89 6 138 77 35 88 27 59 4 7 3 30 8 4 3 290 12 67 6 7 9 2 187 335 160 437 102 41 149 41 7 97 16 2 7i 303 73 29 100 25 12 52 16 89 89 2 46 18 (») 5 25 (0) 1 7 17 3 3 92 1 2 23 8 1 11 3 48 6,613 98a Pres. Wo. Bd. For. Miss. N. Y Presby. Wo. Occidental Bd. For. Miss Pres. Wo. For. Miss. Soc. Phila 98& 2 12 2 2 98c 98a 1 Pres. Wo. Bd. For. Miss. S. West Presby. Wo. Bd. Miss. North Pacific Presby. Wo. Bd. Miss. Northwest PRESBYTERIAN, REFORMED Presby. Ref. (Covenanter) Bd. For. Miss. . . PRESBYTERIAN, REFORMED GENERAL SYNOD Pres. Ref. Gen. Syn. Bd. For. Miss, (m) . . . . PRESBYTERIAN, UNITED 98e 1 4 12 2 61 2 6 19 98/ 101 102 « 5 1 8 8 3 3 1 49 103 4 3 6 4 2 103a Presby. United Wo. Gen. Miss. Soc PRESBYTERIAN, WELSH CAL- VINISTIC METHODIST Calvinistic Methodist Miss. Soc REFORMED IN AMERICA Reformed (Dutch) Bd. For. Miss 76 104 106 36 20 16 1 14 10 32 2 42 29 ti4 3i IS 776 178 107 REFORMED IN THE U. S. 108 SALVATION ARMY Salvation Army 109 SCANDINAVIAN ALLIANCE Scandinavian Alliance Miss 110 SCHWENKFELDER Schwenkfelder Ho. and For. Miss. Soc SWEDISH MISSION COVENANT Swedish Evangelical Miss. Covenant UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST 112 113 10 19 2 2 5 10 18 2 , 2 103 157 6 114 UNITED BRETHREN (Old Constitution) U. Brethren Dom. Fro. and For. Miss UNIVERSALIST Universalist Gen. Convention 115 8 115a Universalist Wo. Nat'l Miss. Assn 13 2 2 3 14 3 2 116 INTERDENOMINATIONAL (Excepting Educational) Lutheran Inter-Syn. Orient Miss. Soc. (p) . . . Sunday School Assn. World's (?) 285 126 2 130 131 W. C. T. U. World's 3 132 Y. M. C. A. Internat'l Com. For. Dept .... Princeton Missio7i* 160 9 ti30 3 4 132a 133 Y. W. C. A. Nat'l Bd. For. Dept.* INTERDENOMINATIONAL (Educa- tional) 67 134 , 2 3 135 Madras Women's Christian College(r) 7 4 54 136 3 2 4 3 2 3 2 139 Union Miss. Med. Col. for Women (r) INDEPENDENT (Excepting Educational) 141 21 55 57 145 Bible Faith Mission 80 147 2 28 71 1 5 4 13. 5 26 I 4 9 1 5 18 149 Ceylon and India Gen. Miss. Araer. Coun. . China Inland Miss. Coun. for N. A. f s) Churches of God Wo. Miss. Soc.(f) 9 27 150 3 152 153 2 1 2 4 3 5 154 Gospel Miss. Society* 1 156 | Holiness Nat'l Assn. Bur. Miss* 41 Data for 1917. (t) Estimate. (**) No One of these a physician of the Canton Medical Union. This report incomplete, as details are not in the hands t These women are commissioned officers. An associate missionary of the American Board. Work in abeyance on account of war. 142 data available. if the new secretary. (ft) Incomplete. in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania (Continued) NATIVE STAFF CHURCH MEDICAL O 0) £ s .S3 3 QZ c o g c 1 01 ~e«; 1 HO~ '2 3 1 ■a g cE .2-2 p. ^£« 'ft O X a p, 5 c £ 11 a ■£* XI 3 111 10 ii 12 ■ 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 98 98a 376 4.265 1,972 260,566 159,674 8,589 92,303 74.028 75 97 702,736 105,185 986 1 7 98c 98rf 98e 98/ 101 34 15 601 601 528 2 6 14 7 25 6 24,866 5,349 102,788 33,475 3,882 128,660 13,632 508 102 103 122 1. 178 300 76 8 311 39 46,627 46,627 30,565 3,890 167 14.985 1,560 8 3 1 12 4 61,825 103a 104 106 107 108 45 20 t7 420 119 36 23,208 8,596 30 7,H4 3,224 6 10,094 3,372 6,000 2,000 78 35,367 5,454 109 110 112 113 114 28 S 82 3,855 370 963 1 2 5,818 2,603 115 115a 116 5 273 7 126 130 1 2 131 132 132a 133 134 135 8 1 80 766 20 2,527 1,000 42 136 1 1 27 139 1 1 37,158 "27,606 141 770 2,800 38 245 2,800 24 525 145 3 72 5 147 14 149 150 152 4 5 5 5 II 200 200 « 80 61 153 154 156 19 22 300 300 64 1 In addition this society has special workers giving part time in several countries. These part-time workers are missionaries reported by other boards. The staff reported are those not under appointment as missionaries of the constituent societies. Only missionaries sent out from the United States. Not to be confused with the "Women's General Missionary Society of the General Eldership of the Churches of God." 143 Table IV. Non-Christian World. Turkey SOCIETY FOREIGN STAFF Included *' w o H *2 6s 5s > 'Eg Columns i-s j|- Physi- cians 1 o o II QZ a 1 (3 1 1 o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 'J 9 Independent (Excepting Educational) (Continued) 2 5 3 2 3 3 6 3i 37 16 50 48 31 i T i 2 i 3 2 2 9 Nyasaland Miss. American Coun. (s) Penn. Chr. Assn. Univ. For. Dept. (v) i I I 2 I 4 2 I 31 S 12 4 6 3 2 14 6 2 180 INDEPENDENT (Educational) Canton Christian College Trustees* Constantinople Girls' College Trustees I 18 2 43 IS 13 13 2 19 12 S9 3 8 3 I 23 31 40 16 187 Yale For. Miss. Soc 4 (*) Data for 1017. t Estimate. is) Only missionaries sent out from United States. (w) Work suspended on account of the war. in Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania (Continued) NATIVE STAFF CHURCH ill cfs MEDICAL .S3 3 QZ ■a .1 V 5 OS 73 _C '3 T3 ° s 5s 1 1 o"o 4 HO? a '5 3 g B T3 c OPQCJ '3. W a 0. 5 c a ■2j3 3 " J3 3 o°£ 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 159 I 2 4 162 4 4 1 1 8.953 166 168 172 2 2 24 24 18 1 173 174 178 10 9 Si 9 27 39 IS 4 182 8 16 217 SO 100 67 386 (w) 2,261 890 350 479 747 267 3 2 6 I 7,112 90,460 7.160 n8 t5oo 180 181 185 186 1 1 3 1 7,817 32,362 187 (v) This society also supports three missionaries under other boards. (w) Includes about 700 Zenana pupils. (x) Report for 191?. Later information delayed by the war conditions. 145 INDEX INDEX Abyssinia, British and Foreign Bible Society, 43 Abyssinia, Religious Movement, 43 Advent Christian Denomination (21). 93 Adventist, Seventh-Day Denomination (22), 93 Afghanistan, Encouragement, 57 Airica, Broadened Outlook, 48 Africa, Effect of World War, 43 Africa, Famine, 48 Africa, German Missions, 47 Africa Inland Mission (141), 114 Africa, Liquor Problem, 43, 48 Africa, Native Christians, 47 Africa, Railroads, 43 Africa, Part in World War, 47 Africa, Problems and Peace, 48 Africa, Training for Civilization, 48 Africa, Unoccupied Fields, 58 African Methodist Church (79), 104 Aintab College Uie), 97 Algeria, Christian Literature. 46 Algeria, Friendly Officials, 46 Algeria, Unhindered Work, 46 Algiers Mission Band (142), 114 Alliance Mission (30), 96 American Advent Mission Society (21), 93 American and Foreign Christian Union (i43)> American Auxiliary of the Primitive. Methodist Foreign Missionary Society (83), 105 American Baptist -Foreign Mission Society (25), 94 American Baptist Home Mission Society (26), 94 American Bible Society (116), 11 1 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (41). 97 American College, Constantinople (181), 118 American College, Madura (4 id), 97 American Committee for the Lebanon Hospital (163), 116 American Committee of the Nyasaland Mission of Central Africa of the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa (166), 116 American Committee of the Santal Mission (170), of the Women's Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India (140), 114 American Council of the Sudan United Mission (174), 117 American Friends' Board of Foreign Missions , (SO, 99 American Home Base, 9 American Home Council of the South Africa General Mission (171), 117 American Hospital at Konia, Asia Minor (162), 116 American McAll Association (164), 116 American Missionary Association (42), 97 American Ramabai Association (169), 117 American Tract Society (117), in American Waldensian Aid Society (177), 117 Amish Mennonite Church (69), 102 Anglo-Egvptian Sudan, Mission Schools, 44 Arabia, Effect of War, 2; Arabia, Hedjaz Accessible to Christians, 26 Arabia, Methods of Work, 25 Arabia, Missionary Occupation, 25 Argentina, Educational Conference, 18 Argentina, Effect of War, 19 Argentina, Philosophic Unrest, 19 Argentina, Work Under-manned, 19 Arthur T. Pierson Memorial Bible School of Seoul, Korea (138), 114 Associate Presbyterian Church (95), 107 Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (94), 107 Augustana Lutheran Synod (64), 101 Australasian Societies, 119 Australian Board of Baptist Foreign Mission, 119 Australian Board of Missions, 119 Baptist Church, Canada (1), 90 Baptist, General, Church (23), 93 Baptist Missionary Society, 119 Baptist National Convention (24), 93 Baptist Northern Convention (25), 94 Baptist Scandinavian Church (28). 94 Baptist Seventh Day Church (29), 95 Baptist Southern Convention (30), 95 Basel Evangelical Missionary Society, 121 Beirut College (186), 118 Belgian Congo, Cooperation and Unity, 51 Belgian Congo, Liquor Legislation, 51 Belgian Congo, Native Church, 5 1 Berlin Missionary Society, 120 Bible Faith Mission (145), 114 Bible Society (116), 11 1 Board of Directors of the Iconium College (183), 118 Board of Foreign Missions, Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States (60), 100 Board of Foreign Missions of the Associate Re- formed Presbyterian Church (94), 107 Board of * Foreign Missions of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and Other States (63). 10 1 Board of Foreign Missions of the General Con- ference of the Mennonites of North America (74). 103 Board of Foreign Missions of the General Coun- cil of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America (65), 101 Board of Foreign Missions of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America (67), 102 Board of Foreign Missions of the International Apostolic Holiness Church (55) 100 Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Epis- copal Church (76), 103 Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Protestant Church (84), 105 Board of Foreign Missions of the Norwegian Lu- theran Church of America (61), 100 Board of Foreign Missions of the Pennsylvania Conference of the Mennonite Brethren in Christ (71), 103 149 Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (98), 107 Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in America (106), 109 Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in the United States (107), 109 Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Episcopal Church (46), 98 Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Pres- byterian Church in North America (General Synod) (102), 108 Board of Foreign Missions of the Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian Church in North Amer- ica (Covenanter) (101), 108 Board of Foreign Missions of the Union Amer- ican Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and Canada (86), 105 Board of Foreign Missions of the United Pres- byterian Church of North America (103), 108 Board of Foreign Missions of the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South (68), 102 Board of Foreign Missions of the Yearly Meet- ing of Friends of New England, 100 Board of Foreign Missions, Presbyterian Church in Canada (8), 91 Board of Heathen Missions of the Christian Re- formed Church (105), 109 Board of Home Missions and Church Extension of the Methodist Episcopal Church (77), 104 Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (99), 108 Board of Management of the Gwalior Presby- terian Mission (15), 92 Board of Missionary Preparation, 1 1 Board of Missions for Porto Rico and Latin America of the General Council of the Evan- gelical Lutheran Church in North America (66), 102 Board of Missions of the Church of the Lutheran Brethren (56), 100 Board of Missions of the Friends' Church of California (52), 99 Board of Missions of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Australia, 119 Board of Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (81), 104 Board of Trustees of St. Paul's Institute (41I1), 97 Board of Trustees of the Gould Memorial Home and Industrial Schools, Rome, Italy (182), 118 Boat Mission of China (172), 117 Bolivia, Education. 19 Bolivia, Rapidly Developing, 19 Bolivian Indian Mission (146), 114 . Books, Missionary, 61 Brazil, Bible Society, 20 Brazil, Christian Endeavor Societies, 20 Brazil, Education, 20 Brazil, Self-Support, 20 Brazil, Sympathetic Leaders, 20 Brethren Church (Conservative) (32), 95 Brethren Church (Progressive) (33), 95 Brethren in Christ (Tunkers) (34), 95 Brethren Missionaries (35), 96 Brethren (Plymouth) (35), 96 British, Advisory Board on Medical Missions, 13 British and Foreign Bible Society, 120 British and Irish Societies, 119 British, Board for Preparation of Missionaries, 13 British Central Africa, War Items, 53 British, Committee on Home Base. 13 British Conference of Missionary Societies, 12 British Conference, Transfer of Headquarters, 13 British East Africa, Cooperation and Union, 53 British Home Base, 12 British Members' Emergency Committee, 12 British Societies, Financial Prosperity, 12 British Sundry Committees, 13 Broad Cast Tract Press and Faith Orphanage (147), 114 Bureau of Missions of the National Association for the Promotion of Holfness (156), 115 Bureau of Statistics and Research, 1 1 Burning Bush Mission (88), 106 Cairo University (134), 113 California Friends (52). 99 Calls for Missionaries, 84 Calvinistic Methodist Church (104), 109 Canada Congregational Women's Board of Mis- sions (4), 91 Canada, Increased Income, 9 Canadian Baptist Foreign Mission Board (1), 90 Canadian Committee of the Nyasaland Mission of the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa (18), 92 Canadian Committee of the San Pedro Mission to the Indians of South America (19), 92 Canadian Congregational Foreign Missionary So- ciety (3) 90 Canadian McAll Association (17), 92 Canton Christian College (180), 118 Cape Province, Liquor Legislation, 52 Cape Town, Young Women's Christian Associa- tion, 52 Central America, Cooperation, 20 Central American Mission (148), 115 Central Conference Mennonites (73), 103 Central Turkey College (4ie), 97 Ceylon and India General Mission, American Council (149), 115 Ceylon and India General Mission, Canadian Council (12), 92 Charts, 71 Chile, Book Depositories, 21 Chile, Education, 21 Chile, Self-Support, 21 China. Ancient Culture Crumbling, 30 China, Christian Literature Council, 28 China, Church and Illiteracy, 29 China, Church Union, 29 China, Continuation Committee, 28 China, Democracy, 30 China, Eddy-Buchman Campaign, 29 China, Education, 28 China, First Chinese Bishop, 30 China, Floods, 27 China, Influence of Railways. 27 China Inland Mission, Council for North Amer- ica (Philadelphia) (150), 115 China Inland Mission, Council for North Amer- ica (Toronto) (13), 92 China, Language Schools, 28 China, Loans, 27 China Mennonite Mission Society (75), 103 China Methodist Publishing House (127), 112 China Missionary Society of the Augustana Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of North America (64), 101 China, Missions and World War, 27 China, Mongolia, 57 China, Peace and, 30 China, Opium Trade. 26 China, Phonetic Writing, 29 China, Pneumonic Plague, 27 China, Political Situation, 26 China, President, 27 China, Signs of Peace, 27 China, Tibet, 57 China, Trade, 27 China, Union Headquarters in Shanghai, 28 China, Union Institutions, 28 China, War Prices, 28 China, World War, 27 ISO China, Dr. Zwemer's Visit, 28 Christian and Missionary Alliance (36), 96 Christian Association of the University of Penn- sylvania (Foreign Department) (168), 116 Christian Church (37), 96 Christian Church (Disciples) (43), 98 Christian Endeavor Union (118), 111 Christian Herald Missionary Fund (151), 115 Christian Missions in Many Lands, 119 Christian Reformed Church (105), 109 Christian Woman's Board of Missions (44). 98 Church Mission of Sweden, 121 Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East, 119 Church of- England, Canada (2), 90 Church of England Zenana Missionary Society, 119 Church of God Foreign Missionary Board (38), 96 Church of God, Independent Women's Mission- ary Societv (152), 115 Church of Scotland Foreign Mission Committee, 120 Churches of God, General Eldership (40), 96 Colombia, Opposition, 21 Colombia, Presbyterian Field, 22 Committee of Reference and Counsel, 11 Committee on Cooperation in Latin America(i23), hi, n Congo Inland Mission (73), '103 Congregational Churches (41), 97 Congregational Churches, Canada (3), 90 ^Constantinople Girls' College (181), 118 Continental Home Base, 13 Continuation Committee of the World Mission- ary Conference, Edinburgh (119). m Cooperation and Union of Boards, 9 Coordinated Eftort, 58 Council in Canada for the Inland-South-America Missionary Union (16). 92 Council in the United States of the Inland-South- America Missionary Union (157), 116 Cuba, Adjustment of Territory, 22 Cuba, Interdenominational Secretary, 22 Cuba, Union Book Depository of Havana, 22 Cumberland Presbyterian Church (96), 107 Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa, United States (166), 116 Dutch Societies, 121 East Africa, New Enterprises, 53 Eastern Canada, Women's, Presbyterian (8a), 91 Edinburgh Continuation Committee (119), m Educational Societies, Independent, 118 Educational Societies, Interdenominational, 1 13 Egypt, Contribution of Sunday Schools, 45 Egypt, Educational Missions, 45 Egypt, Effect of World War, 44 Egypt, Missionary Conference, 45 Egypt, A Moslem Apostle, 45 Egypt, Moslems and the Bible, 45 Egypt, Nile Mission Press, 45 Egypt, Opportunity of Christianity, 44 Egypt, Press, 44 Egypt, Spiritual Revival Among Copts, 44 Egypt, Students, 44 Egyptian Sudan, Mohammedanism, 50 Emergency Committee, 11, 12 Episcopal Church (45), 98 Episcopal Church, Reformed (46), 98 Euphrates College (4if), 97 Europe, 17 European Mission Statistics, 132 Evangel Mission (153), "5 Evangelical Association (47), 98 Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa and Other States (62), 101 Evangelical Missionary Society for German East Africa, 120 Evangelical National Society in Sweden, 121 Evangelical Synod (49), 99 Evangelical Union of South America, 120 Evangelical Union of South America, North American Branch (14), 92 Evangelical, United Church (48), 99 Executive Committee of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States (South) (97), 107 Danish Church Mission in Arabia, 120 Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (57), 100 Danish Mission to the Orient, 120 Danish Missionary Society, 120 Danish Societies, 120 Defenseless Mennonite Church (73), 103 Diagrams, 73 Directors of the Methodist Publishing House in China (127), 112 Directory of Missionary Societies, 89 Disciples of Christ (43), 98 Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (45). 98 Domestic, Frontier and Foreign Missionary So- ciety of the United Brethren in Christ (114), no Dutch Archipelago, Animistic Tribes, 54 Dutch Archipelago, Dutch Schools, 55 Dutch Archipelago, Elementary Schools, 55 Dutch Archipelago, Mohammedanism, 54 Dutch Archipelago, Native Members. 54 Dutch Archipelago, Prospects for Christianity, 54 Dutch Archipelago, Revival at Nias, 54 Dutch Archipelago, Schools, 54 Dut<-h Archipelago. Schools, New Guinea, 54 Dutch Reformed Church (106), 109 Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa, Canada (18), 92 Faith Missionary Association (179), n8 Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America fi2o), in Federation of Mission Boards (122), in Federation of Women's Boards of Foreign Mis- sions of North America (121), in Finnish Missionary Society, 120 Finnish Societies, 120 Foreign Christian Missionary Society (43), 98 Foreign Department of the Dominion Council of the Young Women's Christian Association of Canada (10), 91 Foreign Department of the National Board of the Young Women's Christian Association of the United States of America (133), 113 Foreign Department of the Young Men's Chris- tian Association (132), 113 Foreign Mission Board of the Brethren in Christ of the United States of America and Canada (Tunkers) (34). 95 Foreign Mission Board of the Christian Church (37), 96 Foreign Mission Board of the Evangelical Synod of North America (49), 99 Foreign Mission Board of the National Baptist Convention (24), 93 Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention (30), 95 Foreign Mission Board of the United Lutheran Church, 101 Foreign Mission Committee of the United Free Church of Scotland, 120 151 Foreign Mission of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, 120 Foreign Missionary Association of Friends of Philadelphia (50), 99 Foreign Missionary Society of the Brethren Church (33), 95 Foreign Missionary Society of the General As- sociation of General Baptists in the United States (23), 93 Foreign Missionary Society of the United Breth- ren in Christ (.113), no Foreign Missions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of England, 119 Foreign Missions Committee of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, 119 Foreign Missions Conference, Growth, 10 Foreign Missions Conference of North America (122), in Foreign Missions of the Conference of the Men- nonite Brethren Church of North America (70), 103 Foreign Sunday School Association of the United States of America (175), 117 France, Financial Condition, 14 France, Missionaries at the Front, 14 Free Baptist Woman's Missionary Society (25b), 94 Free Lutheran Church (59), 100 Free Methodist Church (82), 105 French Congo, Mass Movements, 50 French Congo, Unoccupied Territory, 51 French Gold Coast, 49 French Indo-China, Bible Distribution, 31 French Indo-China, Effect of War, 57 French Indo-China, Missionary Occupation, 31 French Indo-China, Results, 32 French Societies, 120 French Somaliland, Railroad, 45 French Sudan, Missionary Advance, 49 Friends' Foreign Mission Association, 119 Friends' Foreign Missionary Society of the Ohio Yearly Meeting (53), 99 Friends (Hicksite) (50), 99 Friends (Orthodox) (51), 99 General Baptist Church (23), 93 General Conference of the Seventh-Day Adventist Denomination (22), 93 General Council, Lutheran (65), 101 General Eldership of the Churches of God (40), 96 General Foreign Missionary Board of the Pen- tecostal Church of the Nazarene (93), 106 General Information, 69 General Mission Board of the Church of the Brethren (Tunkers) (32), 95 General Mission Committee of the Dutch Re- formed Church of South Africa, 121 General Missionary Board of the Free Methodist Church of North America (82). 105 General Society for Evangelical Protestant Mis- sions of Germany, 120 General Synod, Lutheran (67), 102 General Synod, Reformed Presbyterian (102), 108 German Aid Society for Christian Charity in the East, 120 German East Africa, War Items, 53 (German) Evangelical Synod (49), 99 German Orient Mission, 120 (German) Reformed Church (107), 109 German Societies, 120 Germany, Contributions, 13 Germany, Increased Interest in Missionary Work, 13 Germany. Theological Students at the Front, 13 Gospel Missionary Society (154), 115 Gossner Missionary Society, 120 Gould Home, Rome (182), 118 Graphs, 76 Guatemala, Earthquake, 21 Guatemala, School Work, 21 Gwalior Presbyterian Mission (15), 92 H Hannover Free Evangelical Lutheran Church Mis- sionary Society, 120 Harvard Mission (155), 115 Hephzibah Faith Missionary Association (54), 100 Herma,nnsburg Evangelical Lutheran Missionary Society, 120 Hicksite Friends Church (50), 99 Hildesheim Missionary Society for Blind Girls in China, 120 Holiness Association (156), 115 Holiness Church, International Apostolic (55;, 100 Holiness Movement Church, Canada (5), 91 Holiness Union, 121 Home and Foreign Board of Missions of the Schwenkfelder Church in the United States of America (no), no Home and Foreign Missionary Department of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (79), 104 Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the United Evangelical Church (48), 99 Home Base, American, 9 Home Base, British, 12 Home Base, Continental, 13 Home Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention (31), 95 Iconium College (183), 118 Income Statistics, 126 Increased Giving, War Responsible for, 9 Independent Educational Societies, 118 Independent Societies, 114 India, Army Commissions for Indians, 35 India, Belgian Relief Aided, 33 India, Christian Soldiers, 33 India Christians, Conference of, 33 India, Church, 32 India, Constitutional Reforms, 34 India, Education and the Conscience Clause, 36 India, Education of Women, 36 India, Effect of War, 34 India, Free Education, 36 India, Famine, 33 India, German Missions, 34 India, Hinduism Losing Ground in South, 32 India, Indigenous Initiative, 32 India, Middle Class Movements, 32 India, Missionaries' Part in War, 34 India, Missionary Councils, 33 India, Moslem, 36 India, Red Cross Aided, 33 India, Responsible Government, 34 India, Self-Support, 32 India, Social Reforms. 35 India. Social Service Leagues, 35 India Statistics, 33 India, Union and Cooperation, 34 India, Women's Improvement, 35 India, Workers, 33 Inland-South-America Missionary Union, Canada (16), 92 Inland-South-America Missionary Union, United States (157). 116 Interdenominational Educational Societies. 113 Interdenominational Societies (Excepting Educa- tional), in International Apostolic Holiness Church (55). i°o 152 International Committee of the Young Men's Christian Associations, Foreign Department (132), 113 International Medical Missionary Society (158), 116 International Missionary Union (159), 116 International Reform Bureau (160), 116 Inter- Synodical Evangelical Lutheran Orient Mis- sion Society (126), 112 Iowa, Lutheran Synod (62), 101 Italian Somaliland, Economic Development, 46 Jaffna College Uig), 97 James M. Taylor Interdenominational Missionary Work (178), 117 Japan, Attitude Toward Christianity, 37 Japan, Effect of War, 37 Japan, Future, 38 Japan, Non-Christian Religions, 37 Japan, Leadership, 38 Japan, Moral Openness, 37 Japan, Power in the East, 38 Japan, Religious Education, 38 Japan, Self-Support, 38 Japan, Year's Progress, 37 Jebail Settlement (161), 116 Jerusalem and the East Mission, 119 Jerusalem Union, 120 Kamerun, 48 Kamerun, Evangelistic Revival, so Konia College (183), 118 Konia Hospital (162), 116 Korea, Japanese Influence, 30 Korea, Missionary Progress, 31 Korea, New Adjustments, 31 Korea, The Church. 31 Krimmer Bruedergemeinde (75), 103 Latin America Committee (123), m Latin America, Cooperation in Christian Work, 17 Latin America Lutheran Mission (66), 102 Latin America Mission Statistics, 132 Latin America, Land, 17 Latin America, Need of Mission Work, 17 Latin America, People, 17 Latin America, Standardization of Schools, 18 Latin America, Temperance Work, 18 Latin America, Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, 18 Latin America, Young Women's Christian Asso- ciation, 18 Laymen's Missionary Movement (124), 112, 10 Lebanon Hospital for the Insane (163), 116 Leipzig Evangelical Lutheran Mission, 120 Liberia, 49 _ Liberia, Quickening of Native Church, 50 Liebenzell Mission, 120 Literature, Missionary, 61 London Missionary Society, 120 Ludhiana Women's Medical School (140), 114 Lutheran Board of Missions (59), 100 Lutheran Brethren Church (56), 100 Lutheran Danish (57), 100 Lutheran, Danish United (58), 100 Lutheran Evangelical Society of Finland, 120 Lutheran Free Church (59). 100 Lutheran, General Council (65), 101 Lutheran General Synod (67), 102 Lutheran Inter-Synodical Mission (126), 112 Lutheran, Joint Synod of Ohio (60), 100 Lutheran Norwegian Church (61), 100 Lutheran Synod of Iowa (62), 101 Lutheran Synodical Conference (63), 101 Lutheran United Church, 101 M McAll Association, Canada (17), 92 McAll Association, United States (164), 116 Mackenzie College (184), 118 Madras Women's College (135). "3 Madura College (4id), 97 Magazine Articles, 64 Malaysia, Education, 38 Malaysia, Opium Trade, 39 Mandingo Association, Inc. (165), 116 Maps, 79 Maritime. Women's, Baptist (ic), 90 Medical Missionary Society (158), 116 Melanesian Mission, 119 Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities (69), 102 Mennonite Brethren (70), 103 Mennonite Brethren Church, Canada (6), 91 Mennonite Brethren in Christ (71), 103 Mennonite Brethren in Christ Missionary Society, Ontario Conference (6), 91 Mennonites, Central Conference and Defenseless (73). 103 Mennonite Church (69), 102 Mennonite, General Conference (74), 103 Mennonite, Krimmer Bruedergemeinde (7O. 103 Mennonite Union for the Propagation of the Gos- pel in the Ultramarine Possessions of the Neth- erlands, 121 Mesopotamia, Effect of War, 26 Mesopotamia, Opportunity for Missions, 58 Mesopotamia, Sympathy Toward Missions, 26 Mesopotamia, Trans-Continental Railway, 26 Methodist Church, Canada (7), 91 Methodist Episcopal African Church (79), 104 Methodist Episcopal African Zion (80), 104 Methodist Episcopal Church (76), 103 Methodist Episcopal Church, South (81), 104 Methodist Free Church (82), 105 Methodist Missionary Society of Australia, 119 Methodist Primitive Church (83), 105 Methodist Protestant Church (84), 105 Methodist Publishing House, China (127), 112 Methodist Union American Church (86), 105 Methodist Wesleyan Church (87), 106 Metropolitan Church Association (88), 106 Mexico, Cooperation, 23 Mexico, Government and Religion, 22 Mexico, Missionary Progress, 23 Mexico, Need, 22 Mission Board of the Evangelical Church of the Brethren (89), 106 Mission Board of the General Eldership of the Churches of God (40). 9 6 Mission Board of the United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (58), 100 Mission Covenant (112), no. Mission of the Reformtd Churches in the Neth- erlands to the Pagans and Mohammedans, 121 Mission to Lepers, American Committee (123), 112 Mission to Lepers, Canadian Committee (9), 91 Missionary Alliance (36), 96 Missionary Ammunition, n Missionary Board of the Church of God (39). 96 Missionary Calls, 84 Missionary Education Movement, 10 Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada (128), 112 Missionary Research Library, n Missionary Society of the African Methodist Epis- copal Zion Church (80) , 104 153 Missionary Society of the Calvinistic Methodist Church in the United States of America (104), 109 Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada (2), 90 Missionary Society of the Evangelical Associa- tion of North America (47), 98 Missionary Society of the German Baptists, 120 Missionary Society of the Methodist Church, Can- ada (7), 91 Missionary Society of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection of America (87), 106 Missionary Union (159), 116 Missions Board of the Holiness Movement Church (5), 91 Missouri Synod, Lutheran (63), 101 Moravian Church (89), 106 Morocco, Economic Development, 46 N Nanking University (136), 113 National Armenia and India Relief Association for Industrial Orphan Homes (144). 114 National Association for Holiness (156), 115 National Baptist Convention (24). 93 National Bible Society of Scotland, 120 National Young Women's Christian Association (i33), 113 Nazarene Church (93), 106 Near East, Prospects, 58 Netherlands, Difficulties on Account of the War, 14 Netherlands Missionary Society, 121 Netherlands Missionary Union, 121 Neukirchen Mission Institute, 120 New England Friends, 100 New Jerusalem Church (90), 106 New York Council, Bolivian Indian Mission (146), .114 Nigeria, Christian Opportunity, 49 Nigeria, Liquor Traffic, 50 Nigeria, Unity and Cooperation, 50 Non-Christian Missions Statistics, 136 North Africa, Opportunity for Service, 58 North German Missionary Society, 120 Northern Baptist Convention (25), 94 Northern Methodist Church (76), 103 Northern Presbyterian Church (98), 107 Norwegian Lutheran China Mission Association, 121 Norwegian Lutheran Church (61), 100 Norwegian Mission Union, 121 Norwegian Missionary Society, 121 Norwegian Societies, 121 Nyasaland, Mass Movement, 53 Nyasaland Mission, American Committee (166), 116 Nyasaland, Mohammedan Advance, 53 Ohio Friends (53), 99 Ohio Lutheran Synod (60), 100 Old Constitution, United Brethren in Christ (114), no Ontario, Women's, Baptist (ia), 90 Orient Mission (126), 112 Orthodox Friends (51), 99 Pacific Coast Council, Bolivian Indian Mission (146a), 114 Palestine, Future, 39 Palestine, Protestant Missions, 39 Palestine, Relief Work, 39 Pan-Lutheran Missionary Society for Latin Amer- ica (167), 116 Paraguay, Cooperation, 23 Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, 120 Peking University (137), 113 Peniel Missionary Society (91), 106 Pennsylvania Conference (71), 103 Pentecost Bands of the World (92), 106 Pentecostal Church (93), 106 Peru, Cooperation, 23 Peru, Missionary Education, 23 Persia, Christian Martyrs, 40 Persia, Missionaries Help, 40 Persia, Missionaries Win Confidence, 40 Persia, Suffering, 40 Philippines, Christian Literature, 56 Philippines, Educational Work, 56 Philippines, Effect of World War, 57 Philippines, Health Bureau, 56 Philippines, Liquor Traffic, 57 Philippines, Medical Work, 56 Philippines, Missionary Occupation, 55 Philippines, Part in World War, 57 Philippines, Self-supporting Churches, 56 Philippines, Sunday Schools, 56 Pictograms, 71 Plymouth Brethren (35), 96 Porto Rico Lutheran Mission (66), 102 Presbyterian Associate Reformed Church (94), 107 Presbyterian Associate Synod (95), 107 Presbyterian Church, Canada (8), 91 Presbyterian Church in United States (South) (97), 107 Presbyterian Church in U. S. A. (North) (98), 107 Presbyterian Cumberland Church (96), 107 Presbyterian Reformed Church (101), 108 Presbyterian Reformed General Synod (102), 108 Presbyterian United Church (103), 108 . Presbyterian Welsh Calvinistic Methodist (104), 109 Primitive Methodist Church (83). 105 Primitive Methodist Missionary Society, 119 Princeton Mission (132a), 113 Protestant Episcopal Church (45), oS Protestant Methodist Church (84), 105 Ramabai Association (169), 117 Reformed Church Christian (105), 109 Reformed Church in the United States (107), 109 Reformed Episcopal Church (46), 98 Reformed in America (106), 109 Reformed Presbyterian Church (101), 108 Reformed Presbyterian General Synod (102), 108 Regions Beyond Missionary Union, 120 Religions of the World, 84 Rhenish Missionary Society, 120 Rhenish-Westphalien Deaconesses' Society, 120 Rhodesia, Land Question, 52 Robert College (185), 118 St. Paul's Institute (41I1), 97 Salvation Army, 109 San Pedro Mission (19), 92 Santal Mission (170), 117 Scandinavian Alliance (109), 109 Scandinavian Alliance Mission of North America (109), 109 Scandinavian Countries, Increased Interest in Missions, 14 Scandinavian Independent Baptist Denomination (28), 94 154 Schleswig-Holstein Evangelical Lutheran Mission- ary Society at Breklum, 120 Schwenkfelder Church (no), no Seoul Bible School (138), 114 Seventh-Day Adventist Denomination (22), 93 Seventh Day Baptist Missionary Society (29), 95 Siam, Christian Literature, 41 Siani, Death of Dr. Dunlap. 41 Siam, Part in World War, 41 Siam, Presbyterian Missions, 40 Siam, Reformed Buddhism, 41 Sierra Leone, People Eager for Education, 49 Significant Movements of Many Boards, 9 Society for Home and Foreign Missions Accord- ing to the Principles of the Lutheran Church, 120 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in For- eign Parts, 119 Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel Among the Heathen (89a), 106 South Africa General Mission (171), 117, 121 South Africa, Hardships of Natives, 51 South Africa, Loss of Three Missionaries, 52 South Africa, Political and Social Conditions, 51 South African Baptist Missionary Society, 121 South African Missionary Society, 121 South African Societies, 121 South American Missionary Society, 119 South China Boat Mission (172), 117 South India Women's Medical School (139), 114 South Sea Evangel Mission, 119 Southern Baptist Convention (30), 9s Southern Lutheran Church (68), 102 Southern Methodist Church (81), 104 Southern Presbyterian Church (97), 107 Statistical Bureau, n Statistics for European Missions, 132 Statistics for Latin American Missions, 132 Statistics for the Non-Christian World, 136 Statistics of Society Incomes, 126 Stearns' Bible Classes (173), 117 Stearns'. Rev. D. M., Church and Bible Classes (i73), "7 , Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Mis- sion (129), 112, 10 Synodical Conference, Lutheran (63), 101 Syria, College Influence, 42 Syria, Development of Resources, 42 Syria, Missionary Leadership, 42 Syria, Missionary Work Continued, 41 Syria, Relief Needed, 41 Syria, Sanitation, 42 Syria. Suffering. 41 Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, Syria (186), 118 Sudan, Contribution of Sunday Schools, 45 Sudan Interior Mission (20), 93 Sudan United Mission (174), 117 Sunday School Association, Foreign (175), 117 Sunday School Association, World's (130), 112 Swedenborgian Church (90). 106 Swedish Alliance Mission, 121 Swedish Baptist Foreign Missions Committee, 121 Swedish Evangelical Free Church of the United States of North America (in), no Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenant of Amer- ica (112), no Swedish Missionary Society, 121 Swedish Societies, 121 Swiss Evangelical Mission to Shangaan, 121 Swiss Societies, 121 Table of Countries, 82 Togoland, Mission Work, 48 Toronto Committee of the Women's Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India (n), 92 Tract Society (117), m Tripoli, Effect of World War, 46 Trustees of Central Turkey College, Aintab (4ie), 97 Trustees of Euphrates College Funds (4 1 f ) , 97 Trustees of Jaffna College Funds (4ig). 97 Trustees of Mackenzie College, Sao Paulo, Brazil (184), 118 Trustees of Peking University (137), 113 Trustees of Robert College (185). 118 Trustees of the American College for Girls at Constantinople (181). 118 Trustees of the Canton Christian College (180), 118 Trustees of the Endowment Fund of the Amer- ican College, Madura, India (4id), 97 Trustees of the University of Nanking (136), 113 Tunis, Christian Literature, 46 Tunis, Friendly Officials, 46 Tunis, Unhindered Work, 46 Tunkers Church (34). 95 Uganda, Mass Movements, 53 Uganda, Mohammedan Advance, 53 Uganda, Native Church, 53 Union Methodist Church (86). 105 Union Missionary Medical School for Women, South India (139), 114 Union University at Cairo (134), 113 Union University of Nanking (136), 113 Union University of Peking (137), 113 United Baptist Woman's Missionary Union of the Maritime Provinces (ic), 90 United Brethren Church (113), no United Brethren (Old Constitution) (114), no United Danish Church (58), 100 United Evangelical Church (48), 99 United Lutheran Church, 101 United Methodist Church Missionary Society, 119 United Orphanage and Mission Society (72), 103 United Presbyterian Church (103), 108 United States, Increased Income, 9 United Synod, Lutheran (68), 102 LTniversalist General Convention (115), no Universities Mission to Central Africa, 119 University of Pennsylvania, Christian Association (168), 116 Unoccupied Fields, Effect of World War, 57 Uruguay, Cooperation, 23 Uruguay, Philosophic Unrest, 19 Uruguay, Religious Teachers Opposed, 24 Utrecht Mission Union, 121 Vellore Women's Medical School (139), Venezuela, Dearth of Missionaries, 24 Venezuela, Inadequate Schools, 24 Visualizing Missions, 71 W Waldensian Aid Society (177), 117 Welsh Calvanistic Methodists' Foreign Missions, 119 Welsh Presbyterian Church (104), 109 Wesleyan Methodist Church (87). 106 Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, 1 19 Western Africa, Effects of World War, 48 Western Africa, Mass Movements, 49 Western Canada, Women's, Presbyterian (8b), 91 Winebrennarian Church (40), 96 Woman's Algerian Mission Band, American (142), 114 155 Woman's American Baptist Foreign Mission So- ciety (25a), 94 . TT . Woman's American Baptist Home Mission so- ciety (27), 94 Woman's Auxiliary of the Presbyterian Church in the United States (South) (97a), 107 Woman's Auxiliary to the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (45a), 98 Woman's Auxiliary to the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada (2a), 90 Woman's Board for Foreign Missions of the Christian Church (37a), 96 Woman's Board of Foreign Missions of the Pres- ' byterian Church. New York (98a). 107 Woman's Board of Home Missions of the Pres- byterian Church in the United States of Amer- ica (100), 108 Woman's Board of Missions (41a), 97 Woman's Board of Missions for the Pacific (41c), 97 Woman's Board of Missions of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (96), 107 Woman's Board of Missions of the Interior (41b), 97 Woman's Christian Temperance Union (13O, 112 Woman's Convention Auxiliary National Baptist Convention (24a), 94 Woman's Executive Board, Seventh Day Baptist General Conference (29a), 95 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Free Methodist Church of North America (82a), 105 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church (76a), 103 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Meth- odist Protestant Church (85), 105 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church (98c) 108 Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Re- formed Episcopal Church (46a). 98 Woman's Foreign Missionary Union of Friends in America (51a), 99 Woman's General Missionary Society of the Churches of God (40a), 97 Woman's Home and Foreign Mission Society of the Advent Christian Denomination (21a), 93 Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (79a), J04 Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (80a), 104 Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lu- theran Church in the United States of Amer- ica (67a), 102 , Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the United Evangelical Church (48a). 99 Woman's Home Missionary Society of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church (78), 104 Woman's Missionary Conference of the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South (68a), 102 Woman's Missionary Council of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (81a), 105 _ Woman's Missionary Society of the Evangelical Association (47a), 99 Woman's Missionary Society of the General Coun- cil of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America (65a), 102 Woman's Missionary Society of the Methodist Church, Canada (7a), 91 Woman's Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church in Canada (Eastern Section) (8a), 91 Woman's Missionary Society of the United Lu- theran Church, 101 Woman's Missionary Union (Auxiliary to the Southern Baptist Convention) (30a), 95 Woman's North Pacific Presbyterian Board of Missions (98c), 108 Woman's Occidental Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church (98b), 108 Woman's Parent Mite Missionary Society of the Afriean Methodist Episcopal Church (79b), 104 Woman's Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions of the Southwest (93d), 108 Woman's Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Northwest (98D, 108 Woman's Union Missionary Society of America (178), 117 Women Missionary Workers, Sweden. 121 Women's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of Eastern Ontario and Quebec (ib). 90 Women's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of Ontario (West) (ia), 90 Women's Christian College, Madras, Board of Governors, American Section (135;, 113 Women's Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Canada Committee (11), 92 Women's Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India (140), 114 Women's Federation of Mission Boards (121), 1 1 1 Women's General Missionary Society of the Churches of God (Independent) (152)1 i'5 Women's General Missionary Society of the United Presbyterian Church of North .America (103a), 109 . Women's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the Wesleyan Methodist Church (87a), 106 Women's Missionary Society (Western Division) Presbyterian Church in Canada (8b), 91 Women's National Missionary Association of the Universalist Church (115a), no World's Christian Endeavor Union (118), 11 1 World's Faith Missionary Association (179). 118 World's Sunday School Association (Interna- tional) (130), 112 World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union (13O, 112 Vale Foreign Missionary Society (187), 118 Yale in China (187), 118 Young Men's Christian Association (132), 113 Young Women's Christian Association, Canada (10), 91 Young Women's Christian Association, United States (133). "3 Zion Methodist Church (80), 104 156 Princeton Theological Seminary Libraries arv Libra 1 1012 01234 8308