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 ^^ tl?t Ilfrologfra^ ^ 
 
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 PRINCETON, N. J. 
 
 ^-S^ 
 
 Division. 
 Section 
 
 BS1225" 
 
DEC 8 1B9 
 
 THE 
 
 flflRTFORD 5e"IN/1RT f^ECORD 
 
 ISSUED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF 
 
 THE FACULTY 
 
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 fartforti Cl^cological ^cminar^ 
 
 PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY 
 
 Vol. II. No. i— October, 1891 
 
 Q0NTENT5 
 
 Editorials 
 
 Contributed Articles 
 
 The P«5<ateuchal Analysis and Inspiration. Professor E(hi<iii Con 
 
 Book Notes 
 
 Soniu'iisc/u'iii's The Best Books .... 
 '' JMcRcalshaiii's " Romans Dissected . 
 Biirton\<: Moods and Tenses of N. T. Greek 
 Thompson's Divine Order of Human Society . 
 Camphcll, Knox, and Byrnes' Darkness and Dajiight 
 
 "The Pacific" 
 
 " The Presbyterian " 
 
 Alumni News 
 
 Western Massachusetts Association . 
 Personal Items 
 
 Seminary Annals 
 
 Opening of the Fifty-Eighth Year . 
 
 English Literature Prize 
 
 Roll of .Students for 1891-92 .... 
 
 IMiscellaneous Items ... 
 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 26 
 
 31 
 3.? 
 34 
 36 
 
 [Entered at the Hartford Post-Office as Second Cla^ Matter] 
 
 HARTFORD, CONN. 
 1891 
 
HflRTFORb 5EniNflRT RECORD. 
 
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 BREADTH OF THOUGHT. 
 
 By E. H. BviNGTON, on 
 
 OPEN-AIR PREACHING. 
 
 By Professor Zenos, on 
 
 INSPIRATION AND INERRANCY, Etc. 
 
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HARTFORD THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 
 
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 ],iteraturc, and Instructor in Syriac and Biblical Aramaic. 
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CYCLING FOR CLERGYMEN. 
 
 IT is now a well-established fact that the bicycle is a practical 
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 and women ; and costs less than a horse. 
 
 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 There is no better tonic for a man who 
 must think and study much, and whose 
 habits must be therefore sedentary, than 
 a spin upon the wheeL — Rev. Way land 
 Hoyt, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 I am not given to public testimonials. 
 This is my first one. But the bicycle 
 [Columbia] has been such a benefit to me 
 as a Minister of the Gospel that, unso- 
 licited, I desire to recommend it to my 
 fellow-ministers. It does for the nervous 
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 and with but a trifle of the expense. I 
 would not be without one. — Rev. M. W. 
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 I have ridden a bicycle for four sea- 
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 should, without hesitation, refuse the 
 offer. — Rev. Charles E. Stowe, Hartford, 
 Conn. 
 
 From my use of a cycle for the past 
 three years, I can conscientiously say 
 that it is the best mode of exercise, and 
 the most healthful means of real pleasure 
 that I can obtain, and that any one can 
 desire. — Rev. Robert Granger, Rector St. 
 John''s Church, Richfield Springs, N. Y. 
 
 .^.. 
 
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 HARTFORD SEMINARY PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 1 . Some Thoughts on the Scope of Theology and Theological 
 Education. By President Chester D. Hartranft. May, iSSS. 24 pp. {^Price, 10 cents.'\ 
 
 2. The Practical Training Needed for the Ministry of To-Day. 
 
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 3. The Relations of New Testament Study to the Present Age. 
 
 By Professor Andrew C. Zenos. January, 1889. 19 pp. [Price, 10 cents.] 
 
 7-8. Studies in the English Bible and Suggestions about Meth- 
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 9. The Nature of Public Worship. By Professor Waldo S. Pratt. Jan- 
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 10. A Religious Census of the City of Hartford. Being a reprint of a 
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 1887. 42 pp. [Price, So cetits.] 
 
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THE 
 
 HARTFORD SEMINARY RECORD 
 
 Vol. IL No. i — October, 1891 
 
 Published bi-monthly on the 15th of October, December, February, April, June, 
 and August. Subscription price, $1.00 per year, in advance. Remit to order of 
 The Record, Theological Seminary, Hartford, Conn. 
 
 Editorial Board: — Professor Waldo Selden Pratt, Professor Alfred 
 Tyler Perry, Rev. Franklin Samuel Hatch, Rev. John Luther Kilbon, Mr. 
 William James Tate. 
 
 With this number the Record enters upon its second 
 volume. The general plan and aim of the magazine remain 
 as heretofore. While seeking to act primarily as a medium of 
 intercommunication among the constituency of Hartford The- 
 ological Seminary, we shall continue to discuss topics of general 
 interest by means of editorial notes, articles, and book reviews. 
 We have made arrangements to devote most of the space at our 
 disposal for contributed articles to the discussion of the ques- 
 tions of Biblical inspiration and authority, and of their practical 
 applications, which are so much engaging the thought of Ameri- 
 can Christians as of their brethren over sea. The studies which 
 we shall present are all prepared especially for our pages and 
 will be the work of specialists. In accordance with this plan. 
 Professor Bissell in this number states and illustrates some of 
 the bearings of Pentateuchal criticism, as conducted in certain 
 c|uarters, upon the commonly received doctrine of the inspira- 
 tion of the Scriptures. The writer's acknowledged position as 
 an authority gives great weight to his views as here presented. 
 
 The air of popular discussion is full, apparently as never 
 before, of talk about the Bible. What is the Bible .'' In what 
 sense is it the Word of God.' Is it .sufficient.' Is it infallible.' 
 
 (O 
 
Is it supreme ? These and similar searching questions are to 
 be heard on every hand, urgently pressed, often by confessed 
 unbelievers, as if they had never been asked befoi'e. We do 
 not at all share the alarm that some good people feel about the 
 bluntness with which these and similar questions are sometimes 
 asked ; though we admit that bluntness may be heedless and 
 brutal as well as earnest. We rather welcome serious inquiry 
 about these vital subjects, both because it betokens a real inter- 
 est on the questioner's part, and because it forces the Christian 
 believer to give reasons both to himself and to others for the 
 faith that is in him. The net results of such questioning, — 
 setting aside those cases in which it is plainly insincere and 
 flippant, — in the long run can only be good. Truth is truth, 
 and the more of it that is fully ascertained and firmly seated in 
 the popular mind by means of persistent inquiry and discussion, 
 the better. 
 
 Our leading demominational newspaper devoted a large 
 part of one of its recent issues to a statistical and critical study 
 of the facts of Sunday observance, occupation, and travel in 
 and around the city of Boston on the first Sunday of August. 
 Decided skill was displayed both in commissioning competent 
 reporters and in properly combining their reports into a con- 
 secutive, well balanced, and readable statement. We are im- 
 pressed, however, not so much by the journalistic enterprise 
 and ability which this effort showed, as by the illustration it 
 afforded of a most essential prerequisite in systematic religious 
 work, namely, an energetic gathering of the facts of the field 
 under consideration. When we compare the methods of parish 
 analysis and investigation of too many of our really earnest 
 workers (not to speak of the entire lack of such methods among 
 half-hearted ones) with the check-lists of the politicians, the 
 personal visitations of the assessors, the police, and other 
 municipal officials, and even the peripatetic inquiries of 
 book-canvassers and plant-venders, — when we contrast the 
 aimless and wholly inaccurate study of many parishes for relig- 
 ious purposes with these and other persistent investigations, we 
 must confess that "the sons of the light" are not only appar- 
 ently but really far behind "the sons of this world." Aggress- 
 
ive Christian work, whatever its particular field, cannot be 
 intelligently done without a mastery of the actual topography, 
 population, customs, and peculiar circumstances of its field. 
 We welcome every attempt, by whomsoever made, to provide 
 such preliminary material. We rejoice, for instance, in the 
 capital studies of the Connecticut Bible Society. We applaud 
 the growing habit of making parish censuses, registers, and 
 maps. We thoroughly endorse the house-to-house canvasses 
 of the Evangelical Alliance. And we trust that soon such 
 investigations will be going on from so many centers that a 
 network of interlacing religious investigations will cover the 
 whole face of the land. Thus only can a sure basis be provided 
 for sound evangelistic progress. Toward this basis every pas- 
 tor, every church, every religious organization, and newspaper 
 should be contributing constantly and systematically. 
 
 The statement that the Bible should occupy a central posi- 
 tion in thought and education, without distinction of secular 
 and religious, conveys very different impressions to different 
 minds. To some, it seems to threaten a return to the intellect- 
 ual follies of the middle ages. The school-men held as their 
 favorite maxim that all other learning was but the handmaid of 
 theology. If the Bible be made central in all thought, in all 
 science, will it not be necessary to forsake the inductive method, 
 and return to a priori reasoning.'' No man in his right mind 
 would advocate deserting the inductive method, but the placing 
 of the Bible in this position of supremacy involves no such return 
 to mediaeval methods. To make the Bible central, or rather to 
 make Biblical theology central, in all thought and in all educa- 
 tion is simply to include the most important of all facts in the 
 inductions we make. We plead for an extension of the inductive 
 method, rather than for a limitation or desertion of its use. 
 
 Again, others suppose that the placing of the Bible in the 
 position suggested involves the acceptance of certain theories 
 of its composition or method. Yet certainly one need not 
 accept anything more than the doctrinal infallibility of Scripture 
 to be obliged by his very belief to urge the placing of the Bible 
 in the position which this infallibility gives it the right to hold. 
 He may believe that Moses wrote the Pentateuch, or he may 
 
contend that its present form cannot be older than the age of 
 Ezra ; he may accept the existence of two authors of the 
 prophecy of Isaiah, or may be able to see no sufficient evidence 
 that there was more than one ; he may maintain most strongly 
 that no mistake as to fact is to be found within the covers of 
 the Bible, or he may consider its historical statements as no 
 more credible than those of other books. His firm belief is 
 that the truth has been revealed by God to the prophets and 
 apostles, and that they have been inspired, in a way the student 
 is perhaps not ready to defiine, to record the revelations which 
 have been vouchsafed to them. 
 
 The belief we hold is simply this : that in studying nature, 
 which has been made by God ; in studying philosophy, which is 
 false if it does not result in a correct appreciation of God's 
 character and purposes; in studying the conditions and prob- 
 lems of human society, which is struggling, however blindly, 
 toward a God-appointed ideal, it is worse than foolish, it is abso- 
 lutely destructive of correctness in method and conclusion, to 
 refuse to give the central place in our thinking to the revelation 
 of God's thoughts which He has given in the Bible. That the 
 adoption of such a belief involves a radical change in the 
 methods of theological and general education, we admit, and 
 even assert. We have no fear of successful contradiction in 
 declaring that the present methods of education demand renew- 
 ing. There is an unrest among educators greater than that 
 among theologians, almost aa great as that among the laboring 
 men. May it not be that the satisfaction of theologian, of edu- 
 cator, and of laborer alike is to come through acceptance of the 
 supremacy of the Scriptures in thought, and obedience to its 
 teachings in life.'* It surely can come in no other way which 
 has yet been suggested. 
 
 We are glad to announce that in our next issue we shall 
 give one more installment of Mr. Byington's unique discussion 
 of Open- Air Preaching. 
 
H. c . -^vSE-clV 
 
 THE PENTATEUCHAL ANALYSIS AND 
 INSPIRATION. 
 
 The opinion is very commonly expressed that whether the 
 new theories respecting- Pentateuchal analysis prevail or not, 
 the matter of the divine inspiration and authority of the Bible 
 will be little, if at all, affected. So distinguished a scholar, for 
 instance, as Qheyne, pronounces the results of all the later bibli- 
 cal criticism " harmless," — harmless, that is, if they are accepted. 
 " Harmless, I call them," he says, "not insignificant ; they mean 
 reform as an alternative to revolution." * Prof. Driver writes to 
 the same effect : " It is a mistake to imagine, as is sometimes 
 done, that the critical view of the formation of the Pentateuch 
 is framed in the interests of unbelief, or has its foundation in 
 the premises of a negative theology. Particular critics may 
 indeed share these premises and employ arguments which the 
 present writer, for instance, would repudiate ; but the grounds 
 upon which in fact the critical position depends are neutral 
 theologically, and consist simply of the application to a particu- 
 lar case of the canons and principles by which evidence is esti- 
 mated and history judged."! I^'' the Presbyterian Review for 
 April, 1887, Prof. Briggs wrote: "Whoever in these times, in 
 the discussion of the literary phenomena of the Hexateuch, 
 appeals to the ignorance and prejudices of the multitude as if 
 there were any peril to the faith in these processes of the 
 Higher Criticism risks his reputation for scholarship by so do- 
 ing." Prof. S. I. Curtiss, in a recent article in the bidepciident 
 (July 30) says : " If we accept the views of modern critics 
 regarding the origin of the Old Testament as correct so far as 
 the evidence may seem overwhelming, we do not thereby rob 
 the Scriptures of their divine character." 
 
 It will be found, however, that persons who speak in this 
 way, if, like those just quoted, they know what they are talking 
 about, either tacitly or expressly modify for themselves the 
 ordinary epithets applied to the Bible, using them in a sense, it 
 would appear, not yet current in our churches. So it is with 
 
 ■''■ Contemp. Rev., Aus., 1SS9, p. 221. 
 
 \- CrUical Notes on the Intcrnat. S. S. Lessons, New York, 1SS7. 
 
 (5^ 
 
Driver, who adds in the context of the passage quoted from him : 
 " We are bound, indeed, as Christians, to accept the authority 
 of the Old Testament, and to see in it a divine preparation 
 for the revelation of Jesus Christ made in the Gospels ; but 
 there is no obligation upon us to accept a specific theory [i. e., 
 the ordinary one], either of its literary structure or of the 
 course of history which it narrates. . . . The fact of revelation 
 will not be affected ; we shall only have modified our view — 
 perhaps have obtained a truer view of the form in which it was 
 manifested, or of the course along which it advanced." Prof. 
 Curtiss, likewise, wishes distinctly to be understood as rever- 
 ently maintaining that " all Scripture is given by inspiration of 
 God," and that interpreted by the principles of the Gospel, "it 
 is the only infallible rule of faith and practice." He holds, 
 according to an editorial in the number of the Independent suc- 
 ceeding the one above quoted, "most firmly to the divine 
 character of Scripture as something which cannot be over- 
 thrown by any established results of criticism or scientific 
 investigation. So far as historical errors or imperfect ethics 
 and doctrine may appear in the Old Testament, he maintains 
 that this appertains to the human side of Scripture, because 
 God in His divine wisdom did not deem it necessary in making 
 a revelation that there should be anything more than an honest 
 attempt to transmit the facts of history ; and in the character 
 of Old Testament ethics and doctrine God has had respect to 
 the weaknesses and limitations of men who were not prepared 
 for the high demands of the New Testament." * 
 
 Such explanations and disclaimers, however, when made • — 
 they are unfortunately more frequently omitted — are generally 
 overlooked by readers, or fail to have the force they were 
 intended to have. In any case they fall far short of giving an 
 adequate impression of the extent to which current views of 
 the inspiration and inerrancy of the Bible will need to be 
 changed if the proposed analysis of the Pentateuch is adopted 
 on the grounds proposed. A hint at the true state of the case 
 is given by Prof. W. R. Harper in connection with a paper in 
 Hebmica.^ Among other similar things, he says : "If there is 
 an analysis, the sacred record can no longer be claimed to pre- 
 
 * Independent, July 30, 1891. 
 + Oct., 188S, pp. 6S-70. 
 
sent a perfectly accurate account of these early times ; for jCon- 
 flicting accounts stand side by side ; changes have been arbitra- 
 rily introduced into the text ; insertions and omissions have 
 been made ; the material cannot be called in a strict sense histori- 
 cal." Again, he says: "If there be an analysis there are two, 
 though, perhaps, not contradictory, conceptions of God, one of 
 which seems to border closely on polytheism. How is it pos- 
 sible for so low (this is the proper term) an idea of God to have 
 been incorporated in the sacred Scriptures ? " And he adds still 
 further : " If all this is true, the character of the Old Testa- 
 ment material, whether viewed (a) from an archaeological, (/;) 
 from an historical, and especially (c) from a religious point of 
 view, must be estimated somewhat differently from the method 
 commonly in vogue. It is composed of different stories of the 
 same event, joined together by an editor who did not have 
 insight sufficient to enable him to see that he was all the time 
 committing grave blunders, and yet felt no hesitancy in altering 
 the originals with which he was working ; it is not historical in 
 the ordinary sense of the word." 
 
 Without proposing directly to call in question here the 
 correctness and sufficiency of the grounds on which the current 
 Pentateuchal analysis rests, I wish to show in this paper what, 
 in the nature of things, some of its effects must be on the ordinary 
 view of biblical inspiration ; in other words, to point out more 
 definitely and in detail what Prof. Harper has so frankly admitted 
 in a general way. I would call attention, first, to the zvJwlcsalc 
 and intentional falsification which it presupposes. The material 
 is too abundant to be treated otherwise than by example. Let 
 us look at the work of the so-called Redactor in Genesis. Ac- 
 cording to the theory, that book was made up from three principal 
 documents or original histories (J., P., and E.), widely separated 
 in origin, and considerably degenerated in form from long cir- 
 culating independently, the first two appearing mainly in chapters 
 1-20, and the three intermingled in the remaining chapters. 
 The work of the Redactor was mostly compilation. His unique 
 method in this respect will be considered later ; we will look 
 now at his more original work. 
 
 In 7:3, 9, 23,* the account of the Deluge, there are 
 
 *! follow tlie analysis of Kautzsch and Socin, Die Genesis, etc., 2\.t Aufl., Freiburg, 
 .89.. 
 
8 
 
 three instances where he inserts in one of his authorities words 
 taken from, or only suitable to the other in (what has proven) a 
 futile attempt at harmony in two irreconcilable documents. 
 Other efforts to smooth over abrupt transitions, or to supply 
 additional information by the insertion of extraneous matter 
 appear in 9: 18, 19; 10: 9, 16, 18, 24. In 12: 17, he has 
 without authority added the words "and his house." In 13 : i, 
 he has likewise altered the documentary record by inserting 
 "and Lot with him." In 15: 7, 8, 12-16, 19-21, he has in- 
 troduced a large amount of matter into what was originally 
 a simple account of a sacrifice by Abraham, giving a wholly 
 different meaning to the transaction. In 16: 8-10, there is 
 another attempt at harmonizing conflicting statements by sup- 
 plying words which are put into the mouths of Hagar and of 
 Jehovah, In 17: 10, there is a similar insertion of unauthor- 
 ized material, and here, in what purports to be a direct promise 
 from God to Abraham. In 21: i and in 22 : 11 he has 
 changed the word EloJiini to JeJiovaJi. In the latter chapter 
 he is also responsible for verses 14-18, /. e., for the important 
 promises of Jehovah to Abraham and the naming of the place 
 where he offered Isaac, " Jehovah-jireh." In verse 20 he is 
 guilty of a gross chronological misstatement by putting in the 
 words, "after these things," which, if real, belong elsewhere 
 and to another document. In 24 : 6^, he has deliberately in- 
 serted the misleading words "his mother" and "his mother 
 Sarah." In 26: i, he asserts what he must have known to be 
 untrue, that the famine there described was a different one from 
 that which occurred in the days of Abraham ; and the context 
 contains three other falsifications of the record (verses 2-5, 15, 
 18). To make a smoother transition between chapters 27 and 
 28, and give an appearance of continuity, he forged verse 27 of 
 the former. In place of " Laban " he put in "Jacob" in 31 : 45. 
 Again, to give the appearance of a continuous narrative where 
 there was, in fact, merely a two-fold account of the same event, 
 he inserted the word "again" in 35 : 9. Throughout the his- 
 tory of Joseph (37 : 5, 8, 10; 39: i, 8, 20, 23 ; 42 : 7, 28 : 43 : 
 14 ; 45 : 19-21 ; 46 : i, 3, 5, 8-27 ; 47 : 4, 24 ; 48 : 7, 21 ; 49 : 
 28 ; 50 : 22), he did apparently his best by arbitrary insertions, 
 changing proper names, transferring matter from one source to 
 
another, and other, as from the basis of the theory must be 
 allowed, unwarrantable alterations to produce from his threefold 
 originals of the one story a pleasing verisimilitude which 
 should pass for truth. 
 
 But is not this a harsh and unfair judgment touching this 
 ancient editor ? May he not rather have been inspired to do 
 this work and may not the combination he has effected, supposing 
 it to be actual, be the very truth we are to believe? By no 
 means. That is the precise thing which the criticism, if it has 
 proven anything, has shown to be impossible. It is claimed as 
 one of its highest triumphs that it has succeeded in tracing 
 this man's blind and tortuous methods. It is the documents 
 which he manipulated that contain whatever of truth really 
 existed in the earlv records. To find out what that truth is 
 other tests are needful. We must, it is said, apply to each par- 
 ticular case "the canons and principles by which evidence is 
 estimated, and history judged " (Driver, as quoted above). 
 
 That this process is not as easy as might be supposed has been 
 sufficiently shown in another periodical by Dr. Green, who says: * 
 "These documents give, it is claimed, not only varying but 
 mutually inconsistent accounts of the persons and events which 
 they describe, and this not only in subordinate and unessential 
 particulars, but in matters of the greatest moment. And they 
 have been put together in such a manner as to give an entirely 
 different complexion to things from that which either of the 
 documents taken singly aimed to give. Their incompatible 
 statements have been harmonized in an unwarrantable manner, 
 and their divergent accounts of the same event have been con- 
 verted into distinct events, showing that the redactor misun- 
 derstood or misrepresented his sources. His misconceptions 
 would have been of less consequence if he had preserved the 
 documents entire and unaltered, so that adequate means would 
 have been possessed for forming an independent judgment of 
 their contents. But, on the showing of the critics themselves, 
 the documents have been preserved in a mutilated form, that 
 only being retained by the redactor which seemed to him suited 
 to his purpose ; and this was often modified considerably from 
 its original intent by the new connections in which it was 
 placed ; and certain passages were besides seriously altered or 
 
 * Old Test. Student, July, 1887, p. 316. 
 
lO 
 
 additions made which still further obscure the genuine significa- 
 tion. So that he who would arrive at the real truth respecting 
 the matters treated in the Pentateuch, must first ascertain and 
 expunge what has been inserted by the redactor, and restore 
 what he has changed to its previous form. He must then dis- 
 cover and correct the modifications to which the documents 
 have been subjected in the various editions through which they 
 are severally alleged to have passed. When this task has been 
 successfully accomplished, and what is left of the documents 
 has been restored in each case to its primitive form, these will 
 put the investigator in possession of all that now remains of 
 the traditions which were circulating about the Mosaic age six 
 or more centuries subsequently. From these mutually contra- 
 dictory legends he must evolve the facts. And this is the sort 
 of voucher we have for the revelations made to Moses, and the 
 institutions founded by him, which are the basis of the Old 
 Testament religion and the foundation on which the New Testa- 
 ment likewise rests." 
 
 In connection with the remaining four books of the Penta- 
 teuch attention will be called to the Redactor's * special effort 
 to make his work seem ancient, in fact, Mosaic. In Ex. - Num. 
 we will illustrate the point exclusively from the document known 
 as P.f. Its age is variously conjectured, a smaller circle of critics 
 placing it somewhat earlier than Deuteronomy (B. C. 621), but 
 most much later, dating it, in its completed form, subsequent 
 to the exile (B. C. 444). Only extremists among them hold to 
 actual, at least literal and formal, Mosaic history and legislation 
 in this source. To all outward appearance, however, as we shall 
 see, this is quite otherwise. 
 
 For example, there is the law concerning blasphemy (Lev. 
 24: 15, 16; Num. 15 : 30, 31) ; not only does it purport to be 
 the outcome of an event of the Mosaic history (Lev. 24 : 10- 
 14), but to have been given by Jehovah directly through Moses. 
 Elsewhere an entire chapter (Ex. 28) is devoted to a descrip- 
 tion of the priestly vestments. They are " for Aaron and 
 
 • For the purposes of this paper it is immaterial whether the editorial supervision of the 
 Pentateuch was in the hands of one person, or of many ; it is simply the nature and spirit of 
 such supervision that we are considering. 
 
 t The same three documents noted above are alleged to be at the basis of the first four 
 books of the Bible. 
 
II 
 
 his sons," and it is Moses who is represented as making the nec- 
 essary provision for them. To render the deception more com- 
 plete the Urim and Thummim are introduced, the existence and 
 use of which are never heard of after Abiathar or David's time, 
 five hundred years before the exile. So the consecration of the 
 priests (Ex. 29 : 1-22), the preparation of the anointing oil 
 (Ex. 30 : 22-33), the law for the ordinary priests (Lev. 10 : 8-1 1; 
 21 : 1-24), and that for the succession of the high priest 
 (Num. 25 : 10-13) 3.re all in the most explicit manner said to 
 have been mediated by Moses. Aaron, who is most directly 
 concerned, is also there, but only as a secondary figure even in 
 these priestly matters. Moses is not only put into the history 
 in an extraordinary manner, supposing him to have no right 
 there, but he is made to dominate it, voicing everywhere the 
 divine authority during the exodus period. Redetermined who 
 should eat of the sacrifices (Lev. 22: 1-16 ; Num. 18: 10 ff.), 
 prescribed not only the duties, but the prerogatives of the priest- 
 hood (Num. 6: 22-27; ^O- i-io)) ^I'^cl laid down the long list 
 of regulations under which the tabernacle was constructed and 
 used (Ex. chaps. 25-27 ; 36-38). 
 
 In short, every law contained in Leviticus and the first ten 
 chapters of Numbers, besides the great mass of the others 
 contained in the middle books of the Pentateuch, are repre- 
 sented as having been given during the period intervening 
 between the setting up of the Tabernacle and the departure 
 from Sinai ; that is, under the immediate supervision of Moses 
 (with Ex.40 : ly \ cf. Num. 10 : 11). There is not the slightest 
 hesitation on the part of leading critics in acknowledging 
 even more than this. For example, Kuenen says : * " On 
 the face of the whole legislation, of course, we* read that 
 the theatre is the desert ; Israel is encamped there ; the 
 settlement in Canaan is in the future. With regard to the 
 laws in Ex. xxv, sqq. ; Lev. i, sqq. ; Num. iv, sqq. ; xix., etc., 
 this is elaborately shown to be the case by Bleek ("Einl.," p. 
 29, sqq. ; 4th ed.), but it is also applicable in the main to Ex. 
 xxi — xxiii (see especially xxiii, 20, sqq.), and to Deuteronomy. 
 In other words, it is not only the superscriptions that assign 
 the laws to Moses, and locate them in the desert, but the form 
 of the leeislation likewise accords with this determination of 
 
 * The Hexateuck, p. 25. 
 
12 
 
 time and place. . . . The representation given in the Hex- 
 ateuch of the legislative activity of Moses involves tJie essoitial 
 unity of the Torn. . . . There can be no question, there- 
 fore, that if we place ourselves at the point of view of the Hex- 
 ateuch itself, we are justified in regarding the ordinances of 
 Exodus — Deuteronomy as t/ie several parts of a single body of 
 legislation, and comparing them with one another as such." 
 
 For this uniformly antique coloring, however, given to mat- 
 ter, dating all the way from David to Nehemiah, the Redactor 
 alone is responsible. With whatever intent — our critics are not 
 wanting in charitable judgment here — he simply masquerades 
 in the name and supposable character of Moses and his contempo- 
 raries. To say nothing of the conception of such a character 
 as Moses on the part of the Redactor, the conception of such 
 a character as the Redactor on the part of our critics, we may 
 remark in passing, is something surprising. So plumply, so 
 boldly, and with such consummate art does he present the matter 
 that not only did he succeed in duping the latest generations of 
 men until now, but left no trace of the fraud he perpetrated on 
 the history or traditions of his times. On the contrary, he 
 seemed to the people then, and seems to those instructed in 
 New Testament models, to have moved on the very highest 
 moral uplands. He has made universally the impression of 
 being governed by a moral and religious purpose so grand and 
 pure that it has never been excelled. Nevertheless his ostensi- 
 ble statement of facts, it is said, cannot be accepted. Indeed, 
 to all human appearance, he would have contributed vastly 
 more to the cause of truth and the reign of righteousness, if he 
 had left the laws he communicated without their " stolen livery " 
 of a bygone age. 
 
 Again, the "consensus of criticism" has assigned the book 
 of Deuteronomy to the period of King Josiah (B. C. 621), or 
 about eight hundred years after Moses.* It is unnecessary to 
 say that its claim to Mosaic origin is stamped on its every page. 
 
 * " Two points at least ought, I think, by the most skeptically inclined critic to be ac- 
 cepted as historical, viz. : (i) that the ' law-book ' was published in Josiah's reign with the view 
 of recommending certain reforms and establishing the national religion on a firmer basis ; (2) 
 that llilkiah, one of its chief promulgators, asserted that he had found it in the temple. The 
 view implied (probably) in 2 Kings xxii., and expressed in 2 Chronicles xxxiv., that the 
 ' book of Torah ' had the leader of the Exodus for its author, cannot from a critical point of 
 view be maintained, for these, among other reasons, that the Deuteronomist (if we may so for 
 
13 
 
 The book opens with the announcement: "These be the words 
 which Moses spake unto all Israel beyond Jordan," the place 
 and time being indicated with extreme exactitude. The great 
 lawgiver's name occurs thirty-seven times in the composition, 
 and, generally, with the aim of connecting him authoritatively 
 with its contents. As matter of fact, almost the entire book is 
 represented as uttered directly by him, he being left everywhere 
 to speak iji propria persona. He is even made responsible for 
 the literary form of the work after giving the substance of it as 
 an address, being declared to have written it "to the end " 
 (31:9) and, subsequently, to have committed it to the custody 
 of the Levites (3 1 : 24). He is depicted, moreover, as address- 
 ing himself to his hearers as though they had been actual con- 
 temporaries of the actual Moses. " We saw," he says, " the 
 sons of the Anakim " (i : 28) ; again, " In the wilderness thou 
 didst see how the Lord did bare thee as a man doth bear his 
 son" (1:31); and again, "The Lord thy God will raise up 
 unto thee a prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren, 
 like unto me" (18:15). Here, too, we shall be pardoned for 
 calling attention to the extraordinary art, if it be such, of this 
 ancient writer (Hilkiah }). The subtle coloring of the book is 
 wholly of the Mosaic age. There is no hint of such a city as 
 Jerusalem, although a principal purpose of its author was to 
 emphasize the centralization of worship. The great empire of 
 Assyria, already dominant for hundreds of years, casts not the 
 slightest shadow of itself on his page ; while the freshest remin- 
 iscences of Egypt are scattered thickly about. There are nearly 
 twoscore references to it by name. The boldness and freedom 
 of the author, too, are worthy of attention. He knows the story 
 of the Exodus ; but he is independent of it, shaping the rich 
 material in a way altogether his own. He dares to put his hand 
 upon the sacred code of Sinai, and even that central portion and 
 glory of it which was written in stone by the finger of God, 
 assuming the right to give it an altered form. He could not 
 have presumed upon more, if he had really been the original 
 law-jriver. And with how nice a tact he leaves Moses several 
 
 convenience refer to the author or joint-authors of the orisinal Deuteronomy) has (i) em- 
 ployed documents manifestly later than Moses, (2) made allusion to circumstances which only 
 existed long after Moses, and (3) expressed ideas whicli are not such as are, psychologically 
 speaking, possible in the age of Moses." Clieyne, Jeremiah : His Life and Times, p. 90. 
 
 Oct. — 2 
 
14 
 
 times to speak of his desire to enter the promised land : " I 
 must die," he says, " in this land. I may not go over Jor- 
 dan. But ye will go over to possess that good land " (4 : 22 ; 
 7: 23-29) ; and does not hesitate even to make conspicuous the 
 good man's serious lapse at Meribah (4: 21 ; cf. Num. 20: 10) 
 in order to cover up more completely his own identity. 
 
 Admitting that the book of Deuteronomy was the product of 
 the age of King Josiah, it does appear not a little strange that such 
 extraordinary, and, as it might be thought, disproportionate and 
 largely imnecessary means were made to impute it to Moses. 
 Would not a tithe of the effort have been even more effective ? 
 But that is not now the question ; rather, how much the 
 Spirit of God can have had to do with the conception and exe- 
 cution of such a work. Are Deuteronomy and its companion 
 books inspired .'' And in what sense and degree are they in- 
 spired } A definition of inspiration widely current is this : " It 
 is that divine influence which, accompanying the sacred writers 
 equally in all they wrote, secured the infallible truth of their 
 writings in every part, both in idea and expression, and deter- 
 mined the selection* and distribution of their material accord- 
 ing to the divine purpose." * It is clear enough that, if the 
 analysis is to be adopted, such a definition will answer no 
 longer ; and that Prof. Harper has put the facts altogether too 
 mildly when he says : " If all this be true, the character of the 
 Old Testament . . . must be estimated soviezvliat dijfer- 
 ently from the method commonly in vogue." The lamented 
 Dr. Dwinell comes nearer the truth: "The only inspiration pos- 
 sible under this theory is of a very equivocal order, morally 
 and spiritually ; for it is an inspiration that does not keep the 
 sacred writers from making up a pretended framework of his- 
 tory in which to set their characters and instructions. It does 
 not interfere with their asserting things to be facts which never 
 took place. It does not stand in the way of consciously ante- 
 dating and representing things as having occurred centuries 
 before which really occurred later, or of deliberately writing 
 after the events had taken place, and giving the writing the 
 form of prediction and passing it off as prophecy. It does not 
 stay the sacred authors from writing out of their own intui- 
 tions or experience or thoughts and reasonings, and claiming 
 
 * Hodge, Outlines of Theology, p. 67. 
 
15 
 
 that these teachinp^s came directly from God. A kind of inspi- 
 ration which admits of all these duplicities and falsities must 
 be accepted as true if this criticism is admitted. Surely inspi- 
 ration drops down to a low and ignominious plane on this the- 
 ory ! No wonder there is a cry all over the world from those 
 who follow the critics that the doctrine of inspiration must be 
 recast ! Yes, down-cast .' " * 
 
 But let us, secondly, glance at the material itself with which 
 the Redactor had to do, the original documents from which he is 
 supposed to have compiled. If his peculiar manipulation of 
 them, as cursorily described, has an important bearing on the 
 doctrine of inspiration, his alleged sources have a much more im- 
 portant bearing. If that shows "wholesale and intentional fal- 
 sification," these will show, we are quite sure, an almost innn- 
 nierable list of contradictions and a wholly indescribable confu- 
 sion of tJiought in the opening books of the Bible. \ 
 
 To begin at the beginning, there are two radically distinct 
 accounts of the Creation (Gen. 1-2 : 4^ ; 2 : 4''-23), resulting 
 from the juxtaposition of the two principal documents of Gen- 
 esis. One, P, represents the creation as proceeding from lower 
 to higher forms of life ; J, the reverse ; in P there is too much 
 water for vegetation ; in J, too little ; in P man and woman 
 were created together; in J the order is man, vegetation, animals, 
 woman ; in P man is given supreme authority over the earth at 
 once ; in J he attains it only after sin and punishment ; in P 
 man is created in God's image to rule over the earth ; in J it is 
 a sin for man to seek to be as God, to know the world ; in P 
 the universe is conceived of as a " diving-bell " in water ; in J the 
 earth is an indefinite extent of dry plain on which the water 
 must be poured by Jehovah. P is monotheistic, avoids the 
 anthropomorphic terms of J, exalts God far above man, attri- 
 butes to him especially power and benevolence, presents a pro- 
 gressive revelation culminating in the Sabbath ; while J does 
 not so rigidly exhibit monotheism, represents that God's rights 
 may be invaded by man, that the work of creation is hardly 
 from an infinite being, but a sort of demi-god, that man is on 
 
 ■'■■ Moses and His Recent Critics, Funk & Wagnalls, pp. 307, 30S. 
 
 + Any one desiring to see a definite scheme of the analysis and the arguments by which 
 it is supported from the hands of competent American scholars should consult Hebraica (The 
 Student Publishing Co., Hartford), from October, 18S7. 
 
i6 
 
 free and even confidential terms with God, capable himself of 
 gaining superhuman authority. Now, among many, one of the 
 most serious aspects of the case in this view of it is that the 
 weaker and more mythical document is the one that contains 
 what has been supposed to be the supremely important narra- 
 tive of the fall and the promise of man's recovery (Gen. 
 3 : 1-14). And if it be true, as Prof. Harper states, that its 
 view of God " borders closely on polytheism," is but " slightly 
 removed from paganism," and that it must dispute the claim 
 of being in any degree true with its far more recent and better 
 supported neighbor, what theory of inspiration must be adopted 
 in order to get the assurance of special divine authority for it .'' 
 
 The supposed history contained in chapters four and 
 five of Genesis is to be similarly decomposed and precip- 
 itated by the chemical tests of the criticism before a proper 
 estimate can be formed of its value. There are two dis- 
 tinct and variously discrepant narratives covering the same 
 ground (J: chap. 4, except 16^-24 ; P: chap. 5, except verse 
 28, "a son," and verse 29). The genealogies, though repre- 
 sented in the text as showing different lines, are really the same 
 thing in different forms. By some blunder they have become 
 attached to different ancestors. Here, too, the document J ap- 
 pears extremely weak compared with its neighbor. Its anthro- 
 pomorphisms are, as usual, excessive. It makes Jehovah assist 
 at child-birth, have a heated discussion with Cain, represents 
 that Cain should have had more knowledge than he exhibits 
 concerning sacrifice. Contrary to P, it would make out that 
 public worship, feasts, and sacrifices were common at this early 
 period, while the latter places them much later. 
 
 The narrative of the Flood (Gen., chaps. 6-9), is said to 
 show in a marked degree evidence of the combination of dupli- 
 cate accounts. According to P, the beginning of the flood 
 is dated by the life of Noah (7 : 6, 11, 13) ; the flood is caused 
 by convulsions of nature ; the waters prevail one hundred and 
 fifty days ; they disappear and the earth is dry after two 
 months (8 : 13^ 14). According to J the flood is announced 
 but seven days before its appearance (7 -.4, 10) ; the rain was on 
 the earth forty days and nights ; the ground dries up after one 
 hundred and one days (8:6, 8, 10, 12, 13''). P's ark has a 
 window system and a door in the side ; J's lias a window and a 
 
17 
 
 cover. J's distinction between clean and unclean animals is 
 foreign to P. J makes the flood local and limited ; P, univer- 
 sal. In theology the difference is the same as before. J looks 
 upon the Deity as a sort of demigod, who can have familiar inter- 
 course with men. He speaks of altars and sacrifices, etc., 
 while P regards them as first beginning with Moses. These 
 supposed duplicates, as is sufficiently plain from the examples 
 given of their differences, are totally irreconcilable with one 
 another. The fact of the flood is vouched for, indeed, by both ; 
 but for the details of it, it will require a master of historical re- 
 search to tell us where the truth lies, especially amid the maze 
 of similar stories outside the Bible.* 
 
 So throughout the biblical account of the Patriarchs there 
 is the same duplication of material and dubiety of impression, 
 until we come to the twentieth chapter of Genesis, when the 
 confusion is increased by the use of a new document containing 
 still another version of the events narrated. Did Abraham 
 have any quarrels in his family or not (Abraham with Lot, 
 Sarah with Hagar) ? Did Sarah actually go down with him 
 into Egypt ? The associated authorities differ on these points. 
 Can circumcision be dated from Abraham's time .-' It might be 
 thought of some importance theologically ; but the document 
 J, which is much the older, knows nothing of it. The facts 
 concerning Hagar and Ishmael are particularly muddled by the 
 two accounts. By one, Ishmael being unborn, Hagar is so 
 treated that she flees ; by the other, she is driven out with the 
 child on her shoulder.f By one, Hagar is at fault ; by the other, 
 it is Ishmael. The record, moreover, is inconsistent in repre- 
 senting that Ishmael is carried on the shoulder at all ; since he 
 is too old to be so treated (P and J, i6 : 1-16, except 8-io-R ; 
 1^ 21 :8-2i). The representation of a two-fold covenant with 
 Abraham (chaps. 15 and 17) is likewise false It is the same 
 event twice described, and the differences, which are by no 
 means few, it is necessary to charge, as so often before, to the 
 account of profit and loss. 
 
 *Cf. Preface to Rabbi Wise's excellent work jiict issued : "God only did create light out 
 of darkness ; man cannot produce truth out of fiction, unless in his self-delusion problematic 
 truth satisfies him. All so called gems of truth buried under the quicksand of fiction and 
 deception are problematic, at best, if not supported by authoritative corroborants. None can 
 speak conscientiously of Bible truth before he knows that the Bible is true, and especially in 
 its historical data." Pronaos to Holy Writ, Cincinnati, 1S91. 
 
 t The text of the LXX. is followed. 
 
i8 
 
 The double, and sometimes triple, reason given for proper 
 names, as that of Ishmael (J i6 : 1 1, 12 ; P 17 : 18, 21), of Isaac 
 (P 17 : 17; J 18: 12; E 21 : 6), of Edom (J 25 : 25 ; 25 : 30) of 
 several of Jacob's sons, of Mahanaim, Penuel, and of Israel 
 ( J 32 : 25-32 ; P 35 : 10) though it is assumed that only one of 
 them can be correct, might be considered trifling discrepan- 
 cies. Can the same be said of the representation that Isaac 
 and Rebecca's adventure with Abimelech was original with 
 them, when it was only a revamping of Abraham and Sarah's 
 under similar circumstances; of the contradictory statements 
 about the maid of Rebecca ( J 24 : 59 ; E 35 :8) ; Jacob's sons 
 (J E 35 : 16-18; P 35 : 23-26) ; Rachel's death (J E 35 : 19; 
 E 37 : 10) ; how Joseph came to be in Egypt, one account 
 stating that he was "stolen" ; the other that he was "sold," 
 etc., etc., to the end of Genesis and the end of the Hexa- 
 teuch ? 
 
 For let it not be forgotten that this method of composition, 
 if true anywhere, is true throughout ; and the documentary 
 theory as elaborated by our critics applies no less to the middle 
 books of the Pentateuch and to Joshua than to Genesis. There 
 is no pretense of establishing the three codes of laws, dating, 
 severally, B. C. 1000, 621, 444, except as based on the showing 
 that in a multitude of particulars they are in irreconcilable 
 contradiction with one another as products of the Mosaic age. 
 There is as little concealment of methods as of results in the 
 principal critical treatises of our times. This is as it should be. 
 The only ground for surprise is that with the really tremendous 
 change of attitude towards the Bible, necessitated by this treat- 
 ment of it, Christian scholars who are fully aware of this 
 change should speak of it as "harmless," as theologically 
 " neutral " in its effects ; should say that any one who thinks 
 there is " peril to the faith in these processes of the Higher 
 Criticism risks his reputation for scholarship " thereby, and is 
 still able to use, unmodified, the old formula that " all Scrip- 
 ture is given by inspiration of God." Undoubtedly these ex- 
 pressions are quite sincerely made. Our sole contention is 
 that the words "Scripture" and "inspiration" as thus used 
 have never as yet been naturalized among us. 
 
 What are just now seriously needed are clear ideas and all the 
 facts on this most important subject. There would appear to be 
 
'9 
 
 complete confusion in the public mind, as represented in platform 
 and press, as to the real nature and reach of the critical ques- 
 tions involved. The writer of this paper would be the last one 
 to raise a bar to the freest and fullest investigation of the 
 Scriptures by critics high or low. He has no sympathy what- 
 ever with that vehement and mostly indiscriminate denuncia- 
 tion of them which is coming to be altogether too common. 
 He believes that much good will result from these discussions, 
 especially if they can be conducted with mutual respect and 
 forbearance. He not only holds without abatement or mental 
 reservation, and " most firmly, to the divine character of the 
 Scriptures as something which cannot be overthrown," but, 
 essentially, still, to the old theory of their origin, not excepting 
 the Pentateuch. He does not hesitate to say that, in his judg- 
 ment, not hastily or superficially formed, the arguments used 
 by German critics and their followers for the analysis of the 
 latter are demonstrably fallacious, and hence wholly inadequate 
 to prove the theories based upon them ; and that, in no long- 
 time, they will be abandoned by their authors themselves. 
 
 But none of these matters come directly within the purview 
 of this article. Its one object is to serve, in some measure, to 
 disabuse the public mind — which seems to have become some- 
 what dangerously charged with the contrary sentiment — of 
 the idea that Pentateuchal analysis as conducted by our critics 
 is a sort of "harmless" by-play and amusement of theirs, 
 scarcely concerning the ordinary Christian ; a purely "literary 
 question," involving no serious doctrines of the Christian 
 faith. Within the narrow limits allowed us in this magazine, it 
 was only possible to present a bare specimen of the grave 
 results which are inevitable if it be established. An important 
 series of specifications touching the Messianic Hope* and 
 the changes which will be necessary in the ordinary view of 
 the relations between the Old and New Testaments has been 
 wholly omitted. 
 
 It is said, indeed, that one is carefully to distinguish be- 
 tween the analysis of our critics, and the conclusions which 
 
 * What value remains, for instance, to the so-called Protevangelium (C'len. 3:15) the tap- 
 root of all subsequent Messianic prophecy; of the subsequent promise to .Vbraham (Gen. 
 12:1-3); and, especially, of that notable prediction put into the mouth of Moses (Deut. 
 18 : 15), to which, as it is customary to suppose, our Lord directly referred in support of his 
 claims ( John 5: 46)? 
 
20 
 
 they themselves make from it. True ; but it is not possible to 
 accept the analysis without accepting, in their main features, 
 the arguments which are used in its support. No attempt has 
 been made, that we are aware of, to justify or defend the anal- 
 ysis on other grounds than those we have been considering, 
 viz. : the general unreliability of the text of the Bible in its 
 first five books, in which, along with not a little intangible 
 legend, there is mixed up an almost inextricable mass of con- 
 tradictions and misstatements. We are in fullest accord, 
 therefore, with the judgment of Prof. W. H. Green, expressed 
 in a recent article on a similar theme :* "It does not annul the 
 inherently vicious character or the evil tendencies of this hy- 
 pothesis that men rev^ered for their learning and piety have of 
 late signified their acceptance of it, and that they consider its 
 adoption compatible with whatever is essential to the Christ- 
 ian faith. It is a remarkable phenomenon that in European 
 universities eminent biblical scholarship has been to so great an 
 extent dissociated from faith in the Scriptures in any evangel- 
 ical sense. We may wisely employ the Philistines to sharpen 
 our spears and our swords ; but we cannot join them in an 
 assault upon the camp of Israel. No more perilous enterprise 
 was ever attempted by men held in honor in the church than 
 the wholesale commendation of the results of an unbelieving 
 criticism in application both to the Pentateuch and to the rest 
 of the Bible, as though they were the incontestable product of the 
 highest scholarship. They who have been themselves thor- 
 oughly grounded in the Christian faith may, by a happy incon- 
 sistency, hold fast their old convictions while admitting princi- 
 ples, methods, and conclusions which are logically at war with ' 
 them. But who can be surprised if others shall, with stricter 
 logic, carry what has thus been commended to them to its legit- 
 imate issue.''" 
 
 Edwin Coxe Bissell. 
 
 * Old Test. Student, July 1887, p. 31S. 
 
2500k I^OtCiBf* 
 
 The Best Books. A reader's guide to the choice of the best ai'ailable books 
 {about 50,000) in every departtnent of science, art, and literature, 
 with the dates of the first and last editions, and the price, size, and 
 publisher's name of each book. By William Swan Sonnenschein. 
 2d ed. London: Szvan Sonnenschein &= Co., New York; G. P. 
 Putnam's Sons, 1891. pp. cix, 1,009. 
 
 The above work is excellently described by its title, an uncom- 
 mon virtue to begin with, accompanied by the almost equally uncom- 
 mon merits of wide and catholic inclusion, judicious selection, prac- 
 tical classification, and sensible condensed annotation. 
 
 The section on theology occupies pages 1-120, say 6,000 titles, 
 classified under ten general heads and one hundred and twenty-four 
 sub-heads. There is a full index of authors and titles. The classi- 
 fication is by no disciple of Dr. Hartranft, and the selection by no 
 graduate of Hartford Seminary ; moreover, any bibliographer can 
 doubtless pick flaws typographical and otherwise. (For example. 
 Professor Bissell's initials are twice given as " C. C") But it is a 
 work which by its nature is to be judged on its positive side, and in 
 this aspect any bibliographer, who examines carefully, must heartily 
 declare its remarkable excellence, the product of extreme practical 
 intelligence and industry. Its predecessors — Bowling, Malcolm, 
 Hurst, Case — the various theological encyclopa.'dias, and the like, 
 have their own excellences, but this work is the first modern one 
 which furnishes a real usable guide to primary theological literature. 
 
 The method and quality of the work may be illustrated by the 
 following random samples : Three works by Dr. Bissell (described as 
 "Am. Cong.") are included ; the Apocrypha annotated "An original 
 work appended to Lange's commentary," the Biblical Antiquities 
 annotated "Student's book," and the Pentateuch annotated "an inter- 
 esting and thorough examination of recent theories." 
 
 The author mentions 27 works on the Pentateuch, annotating 
 more or less 18 of them. On miracles he mentions 14, starring, as 
 having special value, Bruce, Mozley, Steinmeyer, and Trench. 
 
 The book is too expensive for the ordinary theological student, 
 but a copy or two in every theological library, checked by the various 
 professors as to books really worth owning, and supplemented in the 
 class rooms, would be invaluable to all who are forming theological 
 libraries. [e. c. r.] 
 
 (21) 
 
22 
 
 Romans Dissected. A Critical Analysis of the Epistle to the Romans. 
 By E. D. McRealsham. Edinburgh : T. &= T. Clark ; New York : 
 Charles Scribner's Sons, 1891. pp. 95. 
 
 This little book of ninety-five royal octavo pages appeared at 
 nearly the same time in German (Erlangen and Leipzig), as in Eng- 
 lish. It was written as a travesty on current methods of Pentateuchal 
 criticism, and there is no denying that it has hit the bull's-eye. The 
 Epistle to the Romans is almost universally admitted to be a unit 
 and a genuine production of Paul. But employing the devices of 
 Pentateuchal critics without exaggeration, it is proven to be by four 
 different writers, no one of whom was Paul. 
 
 A critical analysis of the epistle discloses different points of view. 
 One writer (G', using the name of " God " for the Deity almost 
 exclusively) makes salvation depend on obedience to the law. A 
 second (G") makes it depend on faith in God. A third (JC, using for 
 the Deity the title " Jesus Christ ") makes faith in Christ's vicarious 
 death the chief thing. A fourth (CJ., who uses the title " Christ 
 Jesus ") shows that Christian life is a life in the Spirit, etc. 
 
 With the difference in the use of the divine names correspond 
 not alone the difference in doctrinal teaching, but in style and 
 language. The argument is entirely d propos and it is shown that 
 if it have weight in the Pentateuch it must have special weight here. 
 
 In a fourth and final chapter the alleged " conflict between facts 
 and theories " is considered. It is shown that the theory proposed 
 relieves one of many difficulties ; the indecisiveness of historical 
 testimony is dwelt upon ; and the facility of ancient writers in intro- 
 ducing forgeries. From various data it is concluded that G' wrote 
 between A. D. 80 and 90; G" between 100 and no; JC. between 
 115 and 125; and CJ. between 130 and 140. K Redactor brought 
 together the writings about A. D. 150, and already, in A. D. 175,. 
 Irenaeus apparently regards the composite as a genuine work of Paul. 
 
 This book should be widely read. For a little book it is a good 
 deal of a boomerang for the advocates of the current Pentateuchal 
 analysis. [e. c. b.] 
 
 Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek. By Ernest 
 De Witt Burton, Professor in Newton Theological Institution. Bart- 
 left cS^ Co., Boston, 189 1, pp. 44. 
 
 This is a published issue of what was first a privately printed 
 pamphlet for use in the author's classes. It does not aim to be ex- 
 
23 
 
 haustive in its treatment, nor does it lay claim to any " high degree 
 of originality " in what it presents. It is not intended for students 
 of historical grammar — but simply for those who have studied 
 classic Greek along the lines of Hadley or Goodwin and who wish 
 now to be interpreters of the Greek New Testament and translators 
 of it into English word and thought. It is practical, rather than 
 technically scientific. We believe, therefore, that it must be service- 
 able in the seminary class-room, though the student may feel he can 
 not dispense with his Buttman or his Winer. And we are not at all 
 surprised that, having tried it in his own work, the author now finds 
 himself under the pleasant necessity of placing it before the public 
 for general use. 
 
 We do not wish here to enter upon a discussion of the grammat- 
 ical merits of the brochure. There is doubtless but little that would 
 call for criticism. We would simply suggest that there is a more 
 definite service yet that the author can render the New Testament 
 student-class. And, as there is hinted in the announcement that " a 
 revised and enlarged edition " of the pamphlet is likely to be issued 
 within another year, we make bold to hope that the suggestion may 
 possibly be carried out. 
 
 There is needed in seminary study a grammar that will keep step 
 with the student as he reads. We understand of course that there are 
 differences between the Greek of the Epistles and the Greek of the Gos- 
 pels — between the Greek of the Synoptics and the Greek of John — 
 between the Greek even of Luke and the Greek of his fellow Evangel- 
 ists, Matthew and Mark — and we understand that these differences are 
 in the sphere of grammar, as well as vocabulary and synonymy. Now 
 it may not be within the author's purpose to enlarge his pamphlet to 
 ♦ an outline of New Testament grammar. But, even should he keep 
 along the confined lines that he has already marked out for himself, 
 could he not, after he has given the student a summary of general 
 rules, go with him into his Epistle and his Gospel and Acts exegesis, 
 and specialize his valuable data, so that it shall be a complete and 
 exhaustive help to the Tense and Mood study of each group of 
 books — or, if he will, to each particular book by itself.'' We sin- 
 cerely hope that this may be done. 
 
 The method of grammar teaching employed to-day is different 
 from the method employed a dozen years ago. Its new teaching 
 should be followed up into the seminary class-room. Such a work 
 as we have suggested to the author we believe would be helpful to 
 this end. . [m- ^v. j.] , 
 
24 
 
 The Divine Order of Human Society. Being the L. P. Stone Lectures 
 for 1 89 1. Delivered in Princeton Theological Seminary. By Pro- 
 fessor Robert Ellis Thompson., S.T.D., University of Pennsylvania. 
 Philadelphia, John D. Wattles, 1891. pp. 274. 
 
 It is a rare privilege to welcome an avowedly and distinctively 
 Christian treatise on the science of sociology. Appeals to and invo- 
 cations of the Bible and its Gospel are notably frequent in current 
 sociological literature, especially that of the communistic and social- 
 istic order. I'ut the power-literature of this science of many sciences 
 is almost exclusively agnostic, or avowedly anti-Christian. Comte 
 and Spencer are as yet by far the greatest names in the scientific 
 literature of the subject. And they do not hesitate to declare any 
 one who believes in a divine Providence thereby incapacitated for 
 the study of sociology. Prevision being essential to this materialistic 
 conception of all development, the admission of any volitional inter- 
 position, divine or human, is precluded a priori. It still remains to 
 be seen how long the Christian Church will continue to ignore the 
 apologetic, much more the practical, bearing of thus tacitly surrender- 
 ing into the hands of materialistic evolutionists the formulation of 
 the Science of Society, which has to do, not only theoretically, but 
 constructively, with the three normal forms of all institutional life, 
 the family, the state, and the Church itself. 
 
 But here is an author who, in full view of the wide range of soci- 
 ological literature, " needs make no apology for beginning with the 
 Bible," and for regarding it as the first source of a " higher sociol- 
 ogy " ; who maintains sociology to have been a science of evolution 
 long before Darwin ; who denies that progress and civilization are 
 the outcome of unvarying " natural law " or that the savage is the 
 normal man : and affirms the divine will and human freedom, the In- 
 carnation and regeneration to be more primal and potent, constant 
 and calculable forces in social development than heredity and envi- 
 ronment. Profoundly convinced that the present truth — the truth 
 demanded by the needs and the cravings of to-day — is the proclama- 
 tion of the Kingdom of God, /. c., the revelation of God to men in 
 social relations and social duties, the Stone Lecturer for 1891 has very 
 successfully accomplished the object of his course, namely, to put 
 his hearers and readers into the right attitude to appreciate the broad 
 outHnes of Christian sociology, the significance of the problems of 
 the family, the state, and the Church, and the bearings of proposed 
 solutions. The foundations of our Christian lectureships can be 
 invested in no way to yield a larger return to the Christianity of the 
 future than in the production by such studies as these of a scientific 
 Christian sociology. [(•,. x.l 
 
25 
 
 The Darkness and Daylight : or Lights and Shadoivs of JVew York 
 Life. By Helen Campbell., Col. l^homas W. Knox, and Lnspector 
 Thomas Byrnes. A. D. Worthington 6^ Co., Hartford, 1891. 
 
 pp. xii, 740. 
 
 The weird and alarming echoes awakened by that " exceeding 
 bitter " Cry of Outcast L.oiidon continue to resound throughout the 
 world. The same year that it was issued by the Congregational Union, 
 George R. Sims published, with sixty illustrations, his awful descrip- 
 tion of ILow the Poor Live. Pamphlets on Down in the Depths of Out- 
 cast London, One-Room Life in L^ondofi, etc., rapidly followed. Then 
 came W. T. Stead's heroic disclosures of the contribution of so-called 
 higher life to the wickedness of the depths. In 1889, Charles Booth, 
 assisted by a corps of seven other contributors, edited the most 
 scientific analysis of the Life and Labour of the People in Past Lon- 
 don that has ever been made of any population. Out of that district 
 itself came the Rev, and Mrs. S. A. Barnett's suggestive little volume 
 on Practicable Socialism. Last, but by no means least, perhaps 
 greater than all in its practical effect, arose the call to the people of 
 England to do something to save the " submerged tenth," uttered by 
 the General of the Salvation Army through that trumpet-voiced book, 
 Ln Darkest England and the Way Out. 
 
 In this country Dr. Josiah Strong clearly led the way along this 
 line of literature in convening an Inter-Denominational Congress in 
 the interests of City Evangelization at Cincinnati in 1885, whose dis- 
 cussions are published by Cranston & Stowe. "Our Country" soon 
 followed, and is yet to follow and to lead. Riis' Hoiv the Other Lfalf 
 Lives vividly portrays the condition of the poor in New York City, 
 and especially the horrors of the tenement-house system. Well 
 worthy to be classed with these epoch-making books in evangelistic 
 and philanthropic literature is the subscription volume recently pub- 
 lished in handsome form, with photographic illustrations, entitled 
 Darkness and Daylight of Are7ci York Life. The " Darkness " is de- 
 picted as none could more grimly fathom it than Inspector Byrnes, 
 Chief of the New York Police. The " Life " could hardly be more 
 graphically reproduced than by the journalistic pen of Col. Thomas 
 W. Knox, aided by flash-light photography. The " Daylight " is 
 that of Christian city evangelism and philanthropy, which none 
 know better how to describe than Mrs. Helen Campbell, author of 
 Ihe Problem of the L\)or, and Prisoners of Poverty, and the corre- 
 spondent of the New York Tribune on the social statistics of the de- 
 pressed classes. [g. t.] 
 
26 
 
 The Pacific. Vol. XL. Edited and Published by the Publishing Co. of 
 
 The Pacific. San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Congregational weeklies are now numerous from ocean to ocean, 
 but when the Pacific was established in early California days it had 
 no neighbor. It was a pioneer, has grown up with the country, and 
 completes forty years of useful life the present month. The first 
 impression on opening the Pacific is its admirable type and the 
 familiar names of its contributors. Published in a great city and 
 serving a region in itself an empire, its correspondence includes all 
 the great centers of religious life east of the Rockies. No paper 
 more truly cosmopolitan, in respect to its widely scattered contribu- 
 tors and the regions they represent, comes to our table. Its editori- 
 als are concise and timely, and both these and the news department 
 have a genuine western avoidance of all circumlocution. The way the 
 Pacific calls some sins by name and points them out to its readers 
 is likely, if practiced with even-handed justice, to "throw a cold- 
 ness " over its constituency, unless they are people in dead earnest to 
 improve their hearts and lives at every cost. A man may be par- 
 tially judged by his favorite books and newspapers. Our study of 
 the Pacific enlarges and exalts our conception of the growing Con- 
 gregational community to which it has so long ministered. 
 
 [f. s. h.] 
 
 The Presbyterian. Vol. LXL Published by Mutchmore 6- Co., Phila- 
 delphia, Pa. 
 
 Few things bring home to the mind such a sense of the varieties 
 of Christian thought and feeling among us as does the examination 
 of the religious papers representing denominations other than one's 
 own. Here is an excellent antidote for provincialism in religion. 
 Would that all our ministers and laymen could take and read two 
 religious newspapers, — the favorite denominational paper and a 
 representative journal of another Christian fellowship. 
 
 "Revision" and kindred subjects now agitating the body repre- 
 sented by the Presbyterian occupy several columns in that journal. 
 Other subjects are, however, widely represented, and the field of 
 religious intelligence, foreign lands not excepted, is well covered. 
 The editorials fill more than a fifth of the space, and are very gene- 
 rally colored by the condition of the Presbyterian Church of to-day. 
 Earnest, strong, and free from bitterness, though dealing some severe 
 blows, they are easily the first thing an intelligent subscriber would 
 read. The Presbyterian is a low-priced weekly, but it ought to be 
 printed upon better paper. The setting is wholly unworthy the 
 contents. [f. s. h.] 
 
3llumni i^ehj^ef* 
 
 WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS ASSOCIATION. 
 
 The Western Massachusetts Alumni Association held its annual 
 meeting, September 28, at Cooley's hotel in Springfield, with sessions 
 in the morning and afternoon. The attendance was good, both active 
 and corresponding members being well represented, and the Associa- 
 tion receiving as its guests Professor Taylor, of the Seminary, and 
 T. M. Hodgdon, '88, of West Hartford, on behalf of the Con- 
 necticut Association. There were also present several ladies from 
 the Women's Advisory Committee of Springfield. 
 
 The morning session was chiefly occupied by business and in- 
 formal discussion. In the absence of the President, C. S. Mills, '85, 
 who had already gone to his new work in Cleveland, the chair was 
 taken by the Vice-President, G. W. Winch, '75, of Holyoke, who 
 was appointed President for the ensuing year. Other officers 
 were elected as follows : Vice-President, A. B. Bassett, '87, of Ware ; 
 Secretary and Treasurer, E. H. Knight, '80, West Springfield; 
 Executive Committee, the above officers and J. P. Harvey, '80, 
 of Ware, and F. S. Hatch, '75, of Monson. Reports were made 
 by the chairmen of the committees on Instruction and Apparatus 
 and on Endowment, together with which informal statements 
 were made concerning the working of the plan for the admis- 
 sion of women to the Seminary, and concerning the Record. 
 By unanimous vote the Association expressed its hearty appreciation 
 of the labors of the editors of the Record, The interest taken in 
 these matters showed the advantage of having a place and time 
 where the friends of the Seminary may informally, but freely and 
 thoroughly, discuss all matters of current interest in relation to the 
 practical working of the Seminary. 
 
 After a recess for dinner, which made a highly enjoyable social 
 hour, the Association resumed its session for a discussion of the 
 question, " Does the common curriculum in our theological seminaries 
 need revision to meet the needs of the present age ? " The discus- 
 sion was opened by G. R. Hewitt, '86, of West Springfield, who gave 
 illustrations from the different seminaries to show what the common 
 
 (27) 
 
28 
 
 course is, and then proceeded to indicate how, in his opinion, this 
 course should be modified, laying special stress upon the study of 
 sociology as one of the great needs in equipping the minister of the, 
 present day. Professor Taylor followed in an address of great 
 power, in which he referred to various criticisms passed upon our 
 seminaries as not sending out men fitted for the times, showed how the 
 question under discussion came back to a more fundamental question, 
 namely, What is the aim of all theological education ? and gave illus- 
 trations from his own department of work which manifested its 
 exceedingly practical character and adaptation to the present age. 
 He also outlined three possible plans of theological study, which 
 might be called the medium, the minor, and the major course; the 
 medium being the usual regular course for candidates for the 
 ministry ; the minor, a short cut for those lacking in preparation 
 and the major, a post-graduate course for all who might wish to 
 pursue special studies farther than the regular course would carry 
 them. He asserted that Hartford Seminary had long felt the many 
 disadvantages in combining the medium and minor courses, so that 
 it had given up the minor course, and now insisted more rigidly than 
 ever on college graduation or its equivalent as a condition of admis- 
 sion ; but he propounded the query whether there might not be a 
 large field open to the Seminary in major courses which should 
 gradually present greater and greater opportunities to those desiring 
 to pursue special advanced studies. An informal discussion fol- 
 lowed, the general drift of which was that there might be certain 
 changes necessary in the common theological curriculum to adapt it 
 to present needs, but that the great essentials should remain the same 
 in substance, being more or less modified and adjusted in form, in 
 order to meet present exigencies. 
 
 Francis Williams, '41, having completed fifty years of painstaking 
 and successful ministry, the past thirty-three in a single pastorate at Chaplin, 
 Conn., retired from active service October i. His home will be in East 
 Hartford, where he has purchased a house. On September 20 he preached 
 a sermon in commemoration of the end of his half-century of ministerial 
 work. On October 22 he and his most estimable wife will celebrate their 
 golden wedding by a reception at their home in Chaplin. 
 
 Francis F. Williams, who lost his life in the burning of the hotel at 
 Palmer, Mass., Aug. 3, 1891, was born at Kennebunk, Me., July 31, 1824. 
 Mr. Williams became a Christian at an early age. He graduated from Bow- 
 doin College in 1845, and after teaching in the South for three years, he en- 
 
29 
 
 tered Bangor Seminary. He took the last year of his theological course at 
 East Windsor Hill, graduating in 185 1. He began his ministerial service 
 at Manchester, Conn., and was very successful. His health failed, how- 
 ever, and he was obliged to retire for a little while. When he resumed the 
 active work of the ministry, he was pastor successively at Boylston, East 
 jMarshfield, Scituate, Norfolk, and Holland, Mass. He retired from his last 
 pastorate a few years before his death, and was stopping for a time at 
 Palmer, when he was called home. 
 
 The efficient editor of the Puget Sound department of The Central 
 West, the Presbyterian organ of Nebraska and Colorado, is Benjamin 
 Parsons, '54, of Seattle, Wash. 
 
 H. W. Jones, '60, has changed his address from Vacaville to Pasa- 
 dena, Cal. 
 
 A. W. Field, '70, has resigned his pastorate at New Marlboro, Mass. 
 
 Vincent Moses, '71, after four years' charge of the churches in Patten 
 and Island Falls, Me., has resigned to accept a professorship in Lake Charles 
 College in Louisiana. 
 
 Nahabed Abdalian, '77, was mistakenly reported in the Alumni Reg- 
 ister of June as the Protestant pastor in Bardizag. He is a practicing phy- 
 sician at Gurun, Turkey. 
 
 V. E. LoBA, '79, has removed from Siloam Springs, Ark., to Noble, 
 Mo. He will have charge not only of church work, but of the academy in 
 his new field. 
 
 We clip the following from The Presbyterian : — "A little over a year 
 ago the first Presbyterian church of colored people was organized in the city 
 of Richmond, Va., with twenty members. Rev. J. E. Rawlins, from British 
 West Indies, a graduate of Hartford Theological Seminary, is its pastor. 
 At its communion, July 26, four persons were received into the fellowship 
 of the church, — three on profession of faith and one by letter. The present 
 membership is twenty-six. There is a good Sunday-school. Ten children 
 have been baptized since the organization. The work is connected with the 
 Freedmen's Board, but the Presbyterian pastors of the city and their 
 churches are also manifesting deep interest in it, and have given strong 
 assurances of practical co-operation. The erection of a suitable place of 
 worship is under consideration. Everything seems to give indication of a 
 prosperous future." 
 
 T. M. Price, '83, has added to his list of three churches a new work at 
 Hewitville, Minn., where a railroad station has recently been established. 
 
 During the past summer W. F. English, '85, and his wife have been 
 stationed at Gurun, Turkey, where they will remain at work until next April. 
 Mr. English received the degree of Ph.D. from the University of Omaha at 
 its last commencement. 
 
30 
 
 E. W. Greene, '85, has been elected Superintendent of Public Schools 
 for Cache County, Utah. In this election Mr. Greene received over a thou- 
 sand Mormon votes. 
 
 C. S. Mills, '8s, was installed on September 24, as pastor of the Jen- 
 nings Avenue Church in Cleveland, O. 
 
 C. H. Curtis, '86, of Portland, Oregon, was married in that cit}-, July 
 10, to Miss Anna Gilt. 
 
 A remarkable religious interest is reported in the church at Upton, 
 Mass., where A. J. Dyer, '86, is pastor. 
 
 D. P. Hatch, ^86, has just removed from Rockland, Me., to Paterson, 
 N. J., where he becomes pastor of a Presbyterian church, Mr. Hatch's pas- 
 torate in Rockland has been a highly successful one, and great regret is ex- 
 pressed over his removal from the State of Maine. 
 
 H. H. Avery, '87, has been compelled by ill health to close his work in 
 St. Francis and Bird City, Kan., and to rest for a time in the hope of regain- 
 ing strength. 
 
 W. A. George, '87, who has been at work at Lyndhurst, N. J., has 
 accepted a call to the Madison Ave. (Presbyterian) Chapel in Paterson, N. 
 J., beginning work November i. 
 
 A. F. Lyman, '88, is temporarily supplying the church in Abington, 
 Mass. 
 
 H. M. Lyman, '88, who has been for some time engaged as a civil engi- 
 neer in Tennessee, goes this fall to Chicago Theological Seminary for a year 
 of study. 
 
 Richard Wright, '90, after 'supplying the pulpit at Windsor Locks, 
 Conn., for more than a year, has accepted a call to become pastor. His in- 
 stallation took place on October 7, Professor Taylor preaching the ser- 
 mon. Mr. Wright spent several weeks in a trip to Great Britain during 
 the summer. 
 
 J. S. Porter, '91, was ordained to foreign missionary work at his home 
 church in Gilead, Conn., on September 16. Professor Bissell preached the 
 sermon, and C. H. Barber, '80, and F. M. Hollister, '91, took part in the ser- 
 vice. Mr. Porter soon leaves for his post in Austria under the A. B. C. F. M. 
 
 Those of the class of '91 who were not settled when our last number 
 was issued are rapidly entering upon their work. A. L. Colder becomes 
 pastor at Canton Center, Conn. Carleton Hazen takes charge of the 
 church at Rochester, Vt., while J. N. Perrin and W. S. Walker go to 
 Williamstown and Lunenburgh in the same State respectively. 
 
«f>eminarp 3ilnnal^» 
 
 OPENING OF THE FIFTY-EIGHTH YEAR. 
 
 The exercises of the new Seminary year were opened on Thurs- 
 day, September 17, by morning prayers. The schedule of pre- 
 scribed hours went into immediate operation, so that by evening all 
 the classes were at work. With hardly an exception all the students 
 were on hand, and all were evidently ready for duty. Probably never 
 in the history of the institution has the beginning of the year's work 
 been so prompt and so energetic. 
 
 The most noticeable features of the opening were, of course, the 
 inauguration of the elective system and the general raising of the 
 standard of admission and of promotion. In the effort to meet the 
 varied needs of the times and to enlarge the sphere of theological 
 education — in which the Seminary has been prominent of recent 
 years — the prescribed curriculum had become unwieldy. Either a 
 reduction or a change of system was imperative. Under these con- 
 ditions of necessity — the pressure of students' needs and of the de- 
 velopments of theological science — the elective system was adopted 
 by the Faculty and Trustees. The prescribed course was reduced to 
 12 hours per week for Juniors, 10 for Middlers, and 9 for Seniors, 
 with a requisition besides of 3 to 4 hours of elective work on Juniors, 
 and of 5 to 6 hours on both Middlers and Seniors. The exact bal- 
 ance of hours and of subjects between the prescribed and the elective 
 courses may not remain as it is. But the general timeliness of the 
 change is shown by the facts that every one of the twenty-two elec- 
 tives offered for the First Semester was chosen by a larger or smaller 
 class, and that, as soon as the schedule of hours could be arranged, 
 the various groups of students plunged enthusiastically into their 
 work. 
 
 In addition to the various prescribed courses in all departments, 
 the following elective courses are now in progress : — Professor Bissell, 
 The Post-Exilian Prophets (for Middlers and Seniors), Biblical 
 Aramaic (for Middlers), Arabic (for Seniors) ; Professor Walker, Gen- 
 eral History, 1648-1820 (for Juniors and Middlers), Select Topics in 
 Mediaeval Church History (for Seniors) ; Professor Bcardslee, Biblical 
 Ecclesiology and Eschatology (for Seniors) ; Professor Gillett, Apolo- 
 getics of the New Testament (for all classes). Historic Apologetics 
 (for Juniors"), English Philosophy (for Middlers and Seniors) ; Pro- 
 fessor 2'aylor, Special Homiletics (for Middlers), Special Homiletics 
 
 (31) 
 
32 
 
 and Evangelistics (for Seniors) ; Professor Pratt, Elementary Sight- 
 singing (for Juniors and Middlers), Intermediate Siglit-singing (for 
 Middlers), Musical Analysis (for Middlers), Vocal Expression and 
 Gesture (for Middlers), History and Theory of Church Music (for 
 Seniors), Advanced Elocution (for Seniors); Professor Per?y, Bibli- 
 ographical method (for Juniors). 
 
 Among the factors in the strength of the institutional life most 
 important is the return of President Hartranft in full vigor to his 
 post of leadership and instruction. His entire withdrawal for ten 
 months from active duty had been a serious crippling of the Seminary 
 staff, and a menace to its future. His return was therefore welcomed 
 by both teachers and students with hearty rejoicing. He at once 
 addressed himself to supplying the gap in one side of the Systematic 
 department left by Professor Zenos' withdrawal. The instruction in 
 the department of New Testament exegesis has been most acceptably 
 begun by Professor Jacobus, who has already won golden opinions 
 from all as a man, a scholar, a teacher, and an orator. It may be 
 doubted whether the institution ever received a new professor who 
 so immediately proved himself perfectly at home in his position. 
 
 It was expected that the number of students would show a dimi- 
 nution from that of last year. Some of those then enrolled were 
 dropped before the end of the year, some continued through only 
 on probation, and others were evidently keeping up only with difficulty. 
 Various providential reasons obliged a few to change their Seminary 
 relations. The absence of President Hartranft and the withdrawal 
 of Professors Zenos and Nash certainly diminished the apparent 
 resources of the Faculty. The sharp emphasis put upon suitable 
 preparation on the part of candidates for admission had the effect 
 of turning away several. More applicants were discouraged than 
 have been received. The result is a compact body of students, 
 unusually homogeneous and energetic. The full roll is given on a 
 later page. Three students undertook the entrance examinations on 
 September i6, on the basis of which a prize scholarship was awarded 
 to Mr. Ozora S. Davis, a graduate of Dartmouth College in 1889, 
 and for two years Principal of the High School at White River 
 Junction, Vt. 
 
 Among the new students it may not be improper to particularize 
 one or two. Mr. Abe is a Japanese pastor of several years' standing, 
 a graduate of the Doshisha, who comes here by advice of the mis- 
 sionaries on the field especially for the mastery of scientific methods 
 of exegesis. Dr. Barnes, who has been for sixteen years professor 
 in Iowa College, comes to supplement certain deficiencies in his 
 preparation for entering ministerial work, particularly in Hebrew and 
 in Systematic Theology. Several others come from work and ex- 
 
33 
 
 perience of uncommon interest. The average age of the new-comers 
 is over 29 years. Mr. Sleeper, who is under appointment to take 
 charge of the musical department of Beloit College, remains part of 
 the year for special studies in various musical subjects. 
 
 Viewed as a whole the opening of the year is felt to be highly 
 successful. The organization of the institution's work never was 
 more effective, the intellectual and spiritual tone of the whole frater- 
 nity never better, and the atmosphere of fellowship and good cheer 
 never more pervasive. 
 
 ENGLISH LITERATURE PRIZE. 
 
 The Faculty of Hartford Theological Seminary take pleasure in 
 announcing that Albert S. Cook, Ph.D., Professor of the English 
 Language and Literature in Yale University, has authorized them to 
 offer a prize of $50 for the best essay on ''English Literature in the 
 Schools as an Ally of Religion" under the following conditions : — 
 
 (i) The prize to be known as the " Hartranft Prize," in token of 
 the donor's obligations as a student of English Literature to Presi- 
 dent Hartranft of Hartford Theological Seminary. 
 
 (2) Competition to be open to any student in the regular course 
 of any Theological Seminary in New England. 
 
 (3) Essays to contain between 3,000 and 5,000 words. 
 
 (4) Essays to be sent to the Registrar of Hartford Theological 
 Seminary on or before April i, 1892, signed with a fictitious name, 
 and accompanied by a sealed envelope inscribed with this name and 
 containing the author's real name, together with a certificate from 
 the Dean of his Seminary that he is a student in the regular course 
 for the year 189 1-2. 
 
 (5) The prize to be awarded by a committee of three, namely, 
 Rev, Graham Taylor, D.D., Professor of Practical Theology in Hart- 
 ford Theological Seminary, Mr. Richard E. Burton, Ph.D., of the 
 Hartford Conrant, and Mr. Wilbur F. Gordy, Principal of the North 
 School, Hartford. 
 
 (6) The award to be announced and the prize paid about May 
 I, 1892, and all unsuccessful essays returned, if the writers desire. 
 
 (7) The successful essay to be pubUshed during the summer of 
 1892 in the Hartford Seminary Record, or some other periodical 
 of similar grade. 
 
(34) 
 
 ROLL OF STUDENTS FOR 1891-92. 
 
 FELLOWS. 
 
 Arthur L. Gillett 
 Morris W. Morse 
 Edward E. Nourse 
 
 Henry D. Sleeper 
 
 appointed in 1889. 
 " 1890. 
 
 " i8qi. 
 
 GRADUATE STUDENT. 
 
 Harvard University, . Hartford Seminary, 1S91. 
 
 Worcester, Mass. 
 
 Harry G. Bissell 
 James A. Blaisdell 
 Irving A. Burnap 
 Lyman P. Hitchcock 
 Henry Holmes 
 Ernest R. Latham 
 Henry B. Mason 
 William J. Tate 
 Gerhart A. Wilson 
 
 SENIOR CLASS. 
 
 Olivet College, 1S90. 
 
 Beloit College, 1SS9. 
 
 Amherst College, 1S88. 
 
 Syracuse University, 1889. 
 
 Carleton College, . 
 
 Olivet College, 1S88. 
 
 Trinity College, 18S6. 
 Lake Forest College, 1889. 
 
 MIDDLE CLASS. 
 
 Haig Adadourian 
 
 Central Turkey College, 1889. 
 
 Reginald V. Bury 
 
 LUTIE R. CORVVIN 
 
 William A. Estabrook 
 Hannah J. Gilson 
 Austin Hazen, Jr. 
 John O. A. Johnson 
 Benjamin W. Labaree 
 
 Marietta College, 1888. 
 
 Harootune H. Sargavakian 
 
 Euphrates College, 1884. 
 
 Nicholas Van der Pyl 
 
 Mt. Holyoke Seminary, 1868. 
 
 University of Vermont, 1885. 
 
 Fisk University, 1890. 
 
 Harry T. Williams 
 
 Oberlin College, 1890. 
 
 Hampton, Conn. 
 
 Beloit, Wis. 
 
 Fitchburg, Mass. 
 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 
 East Hampton, Conn. 
 
 Huntsburgh, O. 
 
 Reading, Mass. 
 
 Windsor Locks, Conn. 
 
 Ravenswood, 111. 
 
 Adana, Turkey. 
 
 Dublin, Ireland. 
 
 Cleveland, O. 
 
 West Dover, Vt. 
 
 Walpole, N. H. 
 
 Richmond, Vt. 
 
 Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Oroomiah, Persia. 
 
 Harpoot, Turkey. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 Moline, 111. 
 
Iso Abe 
 
 WiLLARD L. Beard 
 Thomas J. Bell 
 Frank S. Brewer 
 Herbert E. Carleton 
 Ozora S. Davis 
 DwiGHT Goddard 
 Paul L. La Cour 
 James A. Otis 
 James A. Solandt 
 Frederick A. Sumner 
 
 35 
 
 JUNIOR CLASS. 
 
 Doshisha College, 1SS4. 
 
 Oberlin College, 1891. 
 
 Atlanta University, 1891. 
 
 Beloit College, 1S91. 
 
 Carleton College, 1891. 
 
 Dartmouth College, 1889, 
 
 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1S81 
 
 Fisk University, 1885. 
 
 Doane College, 1S91. 
 
 Oberlin College, 1S91. 
 
 Oberlin College, 1891. 
 
 SPECIAL STUDENTS. 
 
 Fukuoka, Japan. 
 
 Birmingham, Conn. 
 
 Altamaha, Ga. 
 
 Ashton, 111. 
 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 
 White River Junction, Vt. 
 
 Holyoke, Mass. 
 
 Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Irvington, Neb. 
 
 Inverness, Quebec. 
 
 Eastford, Conn. 
 
 William J. Baker Chicopee, Mass. 
 
 School for Christian Workers, 1891. 
 
 Stephen G. Barnes, Ph.D., Litt.D. Grinnell, la. 
 
 Lafayette College, 1873. 
 
 Curtis M. Geer East Windsor, Conn. 
 
 Williams College, 1S87. Hartford Seminary, 1S90. 
 
 William C. Hawks 
 
 Amherst College, 18S5. 
 
 Edwin M. Pickop 
 Albert H. Plumb, Jr. 
 
 Fellows, 
 
 Graduates, 
 
 Seniors, 
 
 Middlers, 
 
 Juniors, 
 
 Specials, 
 
 Harvard University, 18S4. 
 
 Amherst College, 1891. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Hartford, Conn. 
 Bloomfield, Conn. 
 Roxbury, Mass. 
 
 3 
 I 
 
 9 
 II 
 II 
 
 6 
 
 41 
 
36 
 
 During the summer the members of the Faculty have not simply 
 rested. All have made more or less special preparation for this year's in- 
 struction ; some have done work of a more public character, which deserves 
 mention. Professor Bissell has prepared a second edition of his Hebreii} 
 Grammar and added to it, Part III, The Syntax; has written an article on 
 The Pentateuchal Discussion — Present Outlook, which appears in the 
 September number of the Homiletic Review — in addition to the article in our 
 present issue; and has printed a syllabus for work in O. T. Criticism with 
 a chart, of his own devising, illustrating the analysis of Genesis. He also 
 represented the Seminary at the inauguration of President Gates at Amhei'st, 
 June 24, and preached the sermon at the ordination of John S. Porter, '91, 
 as a Foreign Missionary on September 16. Professor Taylor on June 
 16 delivered the Commencement address before the Alumni of Rutgers 
 College — his Alma Mater — on The Place of Sociology in Practical Edu- 
 cation. At the Commencement of Dartmouth College, he gave the annual 
 address before the Y. M. C. A. He preached the sermon at the ordination 
 and installation of S. T. Livingston, '91, at South Egremont, Mass., on July 
 8; and took the same part at the installation of Richard Wright, '90, at 
 Windsor Locks, Conn., on October 7. Professor Beardslee gave a lecture 
 at the Summer School held at the School for Christian Workers, Spring- 
 field, Mass., on August 1 1 ; he also preached the sermon at the ordina- 
 tion of F. J. Perkins, '91, as a Foreign Missionary at the Presbyterian 
 Church, Hartford, on June 16; and gave the charge to the people 
 at the installation of T. M. Hodgdon, '88, at West Hartford on July 8. 
 Professor Pratt completed his work as musical editor of The Century 
 Dictionary in August; and read a paper before the Maine State Conference 
 on June 18, upon Music in Public Worship. Professor Perry, in con- 
 nection with C. S. Mills, '85, edited a new series of The Brookfi eld Services 
 upon the Parables. Professor Gillett supplied the church at Bristol, Conn., 
 during July and August. Professor Walker was engaged throughout the 
 summer in special studies upon a topic in his department. 
 
 The summer work by students is of value both in furnishing practical 
 experience and in revealing the need of careful preparation for future work. 
 Not a little good is accomplished, also, in the various fields in the way of 
 organizing new societies and in strengthening and reviving churches. The 
 Master's work is great and the need for earnest activity is pressing. This 
 year the geographical distribution of the work was less wide than formerly, 
 the majority of the men laboring in the Eastern and Middle States. In 
 New England there were 18 students. Of this number, Maine had 4; Ver- 
 mont, 2; Massachusetts, 2; Connecticut, 9; Rhode Island,!. Besides these, 
 4 men were employed in New York, and in Wisconsin and Kansas i each. 
 It would be interesting to record how wide an influence has gone forth 
 from the efforts made, but mere statistics do not suffice to tell the story of 
 earnest, consecrated effort in the Master's cause. 
 
37 
 
 The following is the list of students thus engaged : 
 H. Adadourian, New York City, preaching and other work. 
 H. G. BissELL, Hampton, Conn., pastoral work. 
 J. A. Blaisdell, Beloit, Wis., preaching in neighboring churches. 
 I. A. BuRNAP, Weathersfield Center, Vt., preaching. 
 R. v. Bury, Marlborough, Conn., pastoral work. 
 L. J. Davies, Holyoke, Mass., pastors assistant. 
 W. A. ESTABROOK, West Dover and Wilmington, Vt., preaching. 
 A. Hazen, Jr., Middletown, Conn., preaching; no church organization. 
 L. P. Hitchcock, North Waterford, Me., preaching. 
 H. Holmes, East Hampton, Conn., pastoral work. 
 J. Q. A. Johnson, Springfield, Mass., preaching. 
 S. V. Karmarkar, Hartford, Conn., gave several addresses. 
 E. R. Latham, Emporia, Kan., during June and July ; Eureka, Kan., during 
 
 August, preaching. 
 H. B. Mason, Freedom, Me., preaching. 
 C. D. MiLLiKEN, Hartford, Conn., teaching and preaching. 
 A. F. Newell, West Woolwich, Me., preaching. 
 E. M. PiCKOP, Bloomfield, Conn., regular pastor. 
 H. H. Sargavakian, Providence, R. I., work among Armenian young 
 
 men. 
 J. S. Strong, Rockport, Me., preaching. 
 W. J. Tate, Albion, Oswego Co., N. Y., preaching. 
 N. Van der Pyl, Buffalo, N.Y., evangelistic work; supplied the People's 
 
 Church one month. 
 J. E. WiLDEY, Hockanum, Conn., pastoral work. 
 H. T. Williams, Hartford, Conn., evangelistic work. 
 G. A. Wilson, Hartford, Conn., during June, teaching in Brooklyn, N. Y. ; 
 
 during July and August, preaching. 
 
 Work upon the new Case Memorial Library has been pushed steadily 
 during the summer, and the building is nearly ready for the inside finishing. 
 The roof is almost completed, the cement floors have been laid in the stack- 
 room, and the partitions in the second and third story of the front portion 
 have been put up. One can now get a very satisfactory impression of the 
 whole. The main library room is decidedly imposing, and many of the 
 special study rooms are exceedingly attractive. A considerable time must 
 elapse, however, before the building is ready for occupancy. 
 
 In connection with this statement in regard to the building, it may be 
 said that work upon the books has been carried on during most of the sum- 
 mer. The new classification has proved a large undertaking, but is well 
 advanced, and will undoubtedly prove of great value to all users of the 
 Library. 
 
 A new charging system has gone into effect in the Library, which, it is 
 hoped, will prove more efficient than the old. It is the same as that used at 
 Amherst College. New regulations have also been printed and distributed. 
 The Library is open, as heretofore, from 7.30 A. M. to 9.30 p. M. 
 
38 
 
 The Calendar for the First Semester is as follows: Sept. 17, Begin- 
 ning of the Semester ; Sept. 23, Informal talk by Professor Perry on The 
 Use of the Library j Sept. 30 and Oct. i, Addresses by Rev. Frank Rus- 
 sell, D.D., of the Evangelical Alliance on The Religious Conditioti of our 
 Cofumunities, 3.n(\. Remedies for this Condition; Oct. 5, School for Church 
 Musicians opens, and Choral Union rehearsals begin; Oct. 7, Missionary 
 Meeting, with an address by Rev. John T. Nichols on the work of the 
 "Yale Band" in Washington; Oct. 14-16, Recess for American Board 
 meeting; Oct. 21, Faculty Conference, led by Professor Bissell, having 
 for its subject, How is a wider popular knowledge of the Scriptiires to 
 be secured? Nov. 4, Missionary Meeting; Nov. 18, Faculty Conference, 
 led by Professor Taylor; Nov. 25-30, Thanksgiving Recess; Dec. 2, 
 Missionary Meeting; Dec. 9, Address by Rev. W. V. W. Davis, D.D., of 
 Worcester, Mass., on The Influence of Classical Rhetoric upon Christian 
 Preaching; Dec. 16, Faculty Conference, led by Professor Pratt; Dec. 
 24-Jan. 4, Christmas Recess; Jan. 6, Missionary Meeting; Jan. 15 and 
 16, Examinations and close of the Semester. 
 
 The regular recitation hours remain as last year : at 8 A. m., i i 
 A. M., and 3.30 p. M., with Morning Prayers at 9.05 ; but the large number 
 of electives chosen has necessitated the use of some additional hours. 
 There is but one prescribed hour for General Exercises during the week, — 
 on Wednesday evening at 6.30. This hour will be variously occupied, as 
 follows : the first Wednesday in each month by a Missionary Meeting; the 
 second by Senior preaching; the third by a Faculty Conference; and the 
 fourth by an address from some specialist. 
 
 Morning prayers during the First Semester will be led by the 
 Faculty in the following order : President Hartranft, who takes for his ex- 
 position Jeremiah; Professor Walker, y«7«^j-y Professor Bissell, /'j^z/z/zj'y 
 Professor Perry, The Parables; Professor Gillett, Galatians ; Professor 
 Beardslee, // Kings; Professor Pratt, selected liturgical passages of an 
 "impressive" character; Professor Taylor, The Words of Christ ; Professor 
 Jacobus, / Samuel. 
 
 The series of addresses by specialists was very pleasantly inaugurated 
 on September 30 and October i, by two lectures by Rev. Frank Russell, 
 D.D., Field Secretary of the EvangeHcal Alliance. After calling attention 
 to the great rehgious needs of all parts of the country, he showed most con- 
 clusively that the churches were not successfully meeting those needs be- 
 cause of ill-distribution, lack of organization, and unconsciousness of their 
 great mission. The remedy was found in an increasing systematic co-opera- 
 tion of Christian workers. 
 
 The Missionary Meeting of October 7 was addressed by Rev. John T. 
 Nichols on the peculiar methods of organization used by the so-called 
 "Yale Band," a company of seven Yale graduates settled in contiguous fields 
 in Eastern Washington. He made a strong plea for the prosecution of 
 home missionary work by similar groups of workers. 
 
39 
 
 On October 9, Rev. George W. Reed, '87, who is stationed by the 
 A. M. A. at Fort Yates, No. Dak., gave a stirring address on his work among 
 the Indians. 
 
 At a meeting of the Students' Association, held October i, the fol- 
 lowing resolution was adopted: "Inasmuch as God in His infinite wisdom 
 has removed from our number by death our brother Mr. H. G. Papazian, 
 we, the students of Hartford Theological Seminary hereby express our 
 appreciation of him, as a gentleman of strong Christian character, of sweet 
 disposition, and of manliness in his work. Deeply regretting his loss, we 
 have assurance that this summons was but the second call of the Master, 
 'Follow thou me.' " 
 
 On the evening of Friday, October 2, the Faculty gave a reception to 
 the students, the resident Trustees, and the ladies of the Women's Advisory 
 Committee. The Chapel and one of the adjoining rooms were thrown open 
 and verj^ tastefully decorated. President Hartranft and Miss Ida Berg 
 received, and Miss Cooley and Miss Allen presided at the refreshment table. 
 The occasion proved highly enjoyable to all who participated. 
 
 The Choral Union is already well launched on its twelfth season. Its 
 work is being prosecuted, as last year, by means of two choruses, the larger 
 for the broad effects of oratorio music, and the smaller for part-singing and 
 the niceties of expression. The former meets on Monday evenings, and the 
 latter on Wednesday. The conductorship of the Large Chorus, which a 
 year ago was to have devolved upon Mr. Homer A. Norris of Boston, but 
 which he was prevented from taking on account of a sudden and serious 
 illness, was not permanently filled until July. It will be remembered that 
 during last year this chorus was under the care first of Professor Pratt and 
 then of Mr. John S. Camp, who kindly volunteered to serve ad interim. 
 In July the directors unanimously chose Mr. Richmond P. Paine, of New 
 Britain, the permanent conductor. Mr. Paine is making a specialty of 
 chorus singing and is rapidly winning a reputation throughout New England 
 in that department. Under his leadership the chorus promises to regain 
 the size and efficiency of some years ago. The opening rehearsals have 
 been well attended and marked with much enthusiasm. The works now in 
 preparation are Mendelssohn's great oratorio, "St. Paul," and Sir Arthur 
 Sullivan's " Golden Legend," a brilliant modern setting of Longfellow's 
 well-known poem. Neither of these works has been sung in Hartford. The 
 list of subscribers to the next May Festival is already well under way, and 
 important negotiations for orchestra and soloists are pending. 
 
 The Small Chorus is again under the care of Mr. E. N. Anderson, of 
 Worcester, the popular vocal teacher in the School for Church Musicians. 
 Its membership is limited to experienced singers. The works now in 
 rehearsal comprise the unfinished " Christus " of Mende'ssohn, with selected 
 part-songs by Rhineberger, Co wen, and others. It is probable that a musi- 
 cale will be given in December. 
 
40 
 
 The School for Church Musicians enters upon its second year 
 under favorable auspices. Not only is it formally recognized by the Trus- 
 tees of the Seminary as an appendix to the Seminary apparatus and certain 
 privileges accorded to it thus, but it is backed by a special financial guaranty 
 furnished by a company of interested gentlemen and ladies, mostly in Hart- 
 ford. Its circular announcement gives the following list of instructors : 
 
 E. N. Anderson, Vocal Culture and Interpretation. 
 
 Conductor of the Small Chorus of the Choral Union. 
 
 Edward D. Hale, Piano-Playing, Advanced and Elementary. 
 
 Professor in the New England Conservatory, Boston. 
 
 William C. Hammond, Organ-Playing. 
 
 Organist, Holyoke, and Professor, Smith College. 
 
 Mrs. Virginia P. Marwick, Vocal Culture. 
 
 Church and Concert Singer. 
 
 Homer A. Norris, Composition, including Harmony, Counterpoint and 
 Orchestration. Organ-Playing. 
 
 Organist, Boston. Pupil of Dubois and Guilmant. 
 
 Richmond P. Paine. 
 
 Conductor of the Large Chorus of the Choral Union. 
 
 Waldo S. Pratt, History and Science. 
 
 Professor, Hartford Theological Seminaiy. 
 
 Henry Dike Sleeper, Sight-Reading, Harmony and Counterpoint. 
 
 Professor-elect, Beloit College. 
 
 It will be seen that this list fully sustains the high standard of ability 
 that was set last year. The advantages offered are evidently beginning to 
 be understood, and the lists of special pupils are steadily filling up. 
 
 The managers of the School have decided to hold the plans for a regular 
 three-years' course of study somewhat in abeyance until other work is better 
 established. Their efforts have been much assisted by the kind permission 
 extended by the South Baptist Church for the use, at least for the present, 
 of their fine three-manual organ for lessons. 
 
 As this issue goes to press, arrangements are being perfected for an 
 elaborate series of "University Extension" lectures and classes under the 
 leadership of the Seminary Faculty. The list of instructors already secured 
 includes the following names: — - Rev. S. J. Andrews, D.D., Professor S. G. 
 Barnes, Ph.D., Professor C. S. Beardslee, Miss Margaret Blythe, Mr. Rich- 
 ard E. Burton, Ph.D., Mr. Frederick H. Chapin, Mr. Edward D. Hale, Mr. 
 Frederick B. Hartranft, Rev. E. H. Knight, Rev. E. P. Parker, D.D., Hon. 
 Nathaniel Shipman, LL.D., Melancthon Storrs, M.D., and Professor Graham 
 Taylor,;D.D. 
 
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 The Genesis of Genesis. 
 
 A Study of the Documentary Sources of the First Book of 
 
 Moses in Accordance with the Results of Critical 
 
 Science Illustrated in the Presence of 
 
 BIBLES WITHIN THE BIBLE, 
 
 By Benjamin Wisner Bacon, 
 
 The %vork consists of three parts, in the first of which the 
 methods of the higher criticism are explained and illustrated ; in the 
 second part the results are laid before the reader, and in the third 
 part critical notes are added. There will be an introduction by 
 Prof. Geo. F. Moore of Andover Theological Seminary. 
 
 This work will furnish the reader with information compactly 
 presented, that can only be gleaned by a wide range of reading. It 
 will be issued in the coming autumn by 
 
 THE STUDENT PUBLISHING CO., 
 
 HARTFORD, CONN. 
 
The Hartford Theological Seminary announces the publication of 
 
 A PRACTICAL HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 By EDWIN CONE BISSELL, D.D. 
 
 Extract from t ho Preface: "This Grammar differs from other primary He- 
 brew Grammars chiefly in two respects: its compactness of form — attained, it is believed, 
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 study of the grammatical principles, a choice Hebrew vocabulary." " Among 
 
 other advantages of this method, it lias been found that, without any considerable increase of 
 the time required to master the principles of the Grammar, the student, while so eni^aged, has 
 also made a fair beginning in the much neglected departments of Hebrew etymology and syn- 
 onymy : and, still better, acquired a vocabulary sufficient to enable him to read at sight in the 
 historical books of the Bible." 
 
 Extract"* from Letters: From Prof. R. F. Weidner, D.D., Augustana Theo- 
 logical Seminary, Rock Island, 111. — " I have just finished the careful reading of your Hebrew 
 Grammar, and I wish to express to you how much I was pleased with it. It is an excellent 
 text-book, and I am not at all surprised that your class, after having gone through this work, 
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 From Prof. Henry A. Buttz, D.D., LL.D., President Drew Theological Seminary, 
 Madison, N. J. — " Its plan is at once scientific and practical. The clearness of its statements, 
 its exercises, list of synonyms, etc., must commend your book to all instructors in this 
 language." 
 
 From Prof. Milton S. Terry, D.D., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, Garrett 
 Biblical Institute, Evanston, 111. — "I have looked over the copy of your Hebrew Gram- 
 mar, and think it admirably adapted to its purpose. I doubt not it will be welcomed by many 
 teachers." 
 
 Several Professors of Hebrew have already signified their intention of adopting it 
 next year. 
 
 Ket price i^er copy, for any number of copies, $1.73. Single copies, 
 jiost-paid, $1.85. 
 
 Address 
 
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 INTROITS AND OFFERTORY. 
 
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 The Pentateuchal analysis and 
 
 ^ 1012 00039 5352