THE LIVING CHRIST ^^""" LATIN AMERICA 11 .XH.M!5 LEAN BV 2830 .M34 1916 c.l McLean, James Hector. The living Christ for Latin America K/ (V.;- CipsTiglit )iy Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. Market Day, Barranquilla, ColoinI)ia 'V^ The Living Christ FOR Latin America ^ J. H. McLEAN Missionary of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. Santiago, Chile Prepared nnder Editorial Supervision of THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY'S AND WOMAN'S BOARDS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS PHILADELPHLA THE PRESBYTERLAJV BOARD OF PUBLICATION AND SABBATH SCHOOL WORK 1916 Copyright, 1916, by the Trustees of The Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath School Work TO MY WIFE, DEAREST OF ALL THE HONORED COMRADES WHO COOPERATE IN HEROIC AND SELF-EFFACING LOYALTY TO EXTEND THE B^NOWLEDGE OF CHRIST, AND TO MY CHILDREN, NEAREST OF ALL THOSE TO WHOM LATIN AMERICA SIGNIFIES BIRTHPLACE AND HOME, THESE STUDIES ARE INSCRIBED. Ill CONTENTS PAGE Preface vii I. The Land and Its Possibilities 1 II. The Heritage of a People 27 III. Latin America To-Day 50 rV. Latin America, a Mission Field 87 V. Protestant Pathfinders 109 VI. A Half Century of Evangehsm 130 VII. Pan-American Brotherhood and Service . . 163 Appendix A 183 Appendix B 184 Appendix C 185 Appendix D . 188 PREFACE Mr. McLean writes as one who has lived, and is return- ing to live among the Latin American people. Li a real sense he has made them his people. For ten years he has been in Chile and for some time, at the request of the Chil- ian educational leaders, has been teaching in the Univer- sity of Chile, and has enjoyed in an unusual degree the inti- macy and confidence of the educated class. He writes, as every writer must, out of his own experience and from his own point of observation, and he has not been re- strained in the free expression of his own strong personal- ity, either in the form or in the substance of what he has written. Especially has he spoken with freedom his enthusiastic personal convictions regarding the women of Latin America. In deaHng with the prevailing rehgious institution and with the moral and religious ideals and practices among great bodies of the men of the Latin American nations, he has spoken with positiveness but with the effort to set forth with judgment and truth some of the conditions which good men throughout Latin America realize as clearly as anyone and are seeking earnestly to change. All of our American nations. North and South, our own as well as the Latin American lands, have their great problems to deal with, and we should all be eager to know the truth, that the work of patriotism and friendly service may be done with fruitfulness and power. The opening of the Panama Canal, the enlarged com- mercial relations of the American nations and their increasing friendliness and political good understanding, the pressure of the European War, the community of interests and endeavor in North and South America, vii PREFACE and many other influences have united to strengthen at this time our interest in our neighboring peoples. The Panama Congress of Christian Work in Latin America has drawn attention afresh to the duty of the churches of the United States and Canada to draw nearer in sym- pathy and helpfuhiess to the evangelical churches in Latin America and to the peoples among whom they are doing their work. New books on Latin America are, accordingly, opportune and Mr. McLean has taken advantage of the wealth of new material which the reports and discussions at Panama have made available. This book is issued to meet the special needs of Pres- byterian Mission Study classes. The agreement by which our Boards have from year to year joined with the Mission Boards of other denominations to promote the use of the output of the United Study Committee and the Missionary Education Movement leaves all the Boards free to issue special denominational courses, when these would serve a larger purpose, without being in any way disloyal to the interdenominational organ- izations. The present is such a time. Our Woman's Boards desire to center attention upon the study of Latin Amer- ica, and the plans of the United Study Committee do not provide such a course. Li the second place, our mis- sions in Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela, Chile and BrazU call for special study which could not be provided in a general interdenominational course on South America such as is issued by the Missionary Education Movement. For these reasons the Assembly's and Woman's Boards of the Presbyterian Church are cooperating to issue this book and are jointly recommending it for the use of men, women, and young people. It is desired that it should be made clear that the issue of a separate textbook is not a sign of dissatisfaction with the interdenomina- tional agencies or their publications. Quite otherwise. viii PREFACE These publications are recommended for use as reference material bearing upon the subject matter of this book. It is a good thing to have books for our Mission Study classes which are based on a deep and thorough belief in the Latin American peoples; which recognize the good in their racial character and poHtical and rehgious inher- itance, and anticipate for them a great and broadening future, and which, at the same time, seek to see the facts of the present as they are, and to set them forth in love and truth. Only so can we discover our own duty and be able to enter with sympathy and seriousness into the efforts of the Latin American people to work out the mission to which God is calling them in the Hfe and service of his Kingdom. 156 Fifth Ave., New York Robert E. Speer April 8, 1916 ix THE LIVING CHRIST FOR LATIN AMERICA CHAPTER I THE LAND AND ITS POSSIBILITIES We of Anglo-Saxon America are to explore Latin America together. On her soil and among her peoples, the Old World of the Csesars fused with the New World of the Indian. Four centuries after the first rude impact, we face a new civilization with elements both classic and crude, unique in its character. In general terms we speak of two Americas. In reality there are four — ^Northern, Southern, Central, and Oce- anic. The Rio Grande is Latin America's northern boundary; southward it stretches to the Antarctic Ocean. Anglo-Saxon America contains 6,577,800 square miles and 115,667,117 inhabitants; Latin America has a total area of 8,459,081 square miles, a population of 80,203,902* and comprises about three fifths of the entire Western Hemisphere. Its political divisions are twenty republics — ten to the north and ten to the south of Panama. They form within one vast territory, the largest group of the world's democracies. (The Guianas, Trinidad, British and French West Indies are under European control.) Latins gave to these lands their tone, while the abo- rigines furnished volume and color. One remarkable fact which we must ever bear in mind is that "aU the European blood from the Caribbean to Cape Horn probably does not exceed that to be found within the area * Statesman's Year Book, 1915. 1 THE LIVING CHRIST FOR LATIN AMERICA inclosed by lines connecting Washington, Buffalo, Duluth, and St. Louis."* When we consider the further projection of Latin America into our own Southwest, California and Florida, we begin to realize how great was that ancient empire over which lordly Philip II held sway. Almost half of Latin America (3,219,000 square miles) was discovered, colonized and molded by Portugal. Brazil, or Portuguese America, is larger than the United States (without Alaska) and outranks all the rest of South America in size. Between 1581 and 1641 the scepter of Portugal passed into the grasp of imperial Spain so that i the whole of Latin America was included in the over-sea dominions of the mighty Phihp. Oceanic Latin America lies within the Caribbean Sea — the American Mediterranean. Cuba, Porto Rico, Haiti and Santo Domingo which formed the old Dominican Republic are more or less alike in physical features — islands with low, unbroken coast line rising to the rocky, central ridges and covered with dense, tropical growth. Central America slopes east and west from the Sierras in a curved horn that tapers to the narrow width of Panama. South America's skeleton is a huge, inverted right- angled triangle. Mountain Systems. — The chain of mountains which extends from Alaska to Cape Horn determines the curve of the western shore. The Andes of Peru and Chile he directly south of the Atlantic seaboard of the United States so that most of South America Hes east of the longitude of New York. This massive bulwark not only gives shape to the lands • E. A. Ross, "South of Panama." THE LAND AND ITS POSSIBILITIES along the Pacific; it modifies both climate and soil. Only the Himalayas rise beyond the height of the majestic Andes. Half of the tallest peaks in the world are found in Latin America. Aconcagua, near Valparaiso, Chile, is 22,868 feet high and towers above them all. Whole nations live on the higher slopes and till the valleys that nestle among the clouds. Cities two miles above sea level are only halfway up the Cordilleras. The eastern hills and coast ranges are less rugged and forbidding to man and can be utilized almost to their summits. But he who considers Latin America must think in terms of hillsides, rocky passes, mountain torrents, lofty tablelands, and shimmering snow fields, of stony wastes and rainless, barren sands, ere he pictures to himself the fertile plains and the watered fields. River Systems. — There are no great rivers on the west- tern slope — only hissing floods that leap and sHde from their glacier beds to the sea, altering their tortuous channels with each freshet. But the gradual descent to the Atlantic shore is a mighty watershed. The Amazon taps the snows of Peru, three hundred and twenty-five miles from Lima, and flows eastward across Brazil draining a million square miles more than the Miss- issippi. Its basin is the heart of a continent, its volume three times that of the "Father of Waters." For one thou- sand miles from its mouth it is navigable by large ocean steamers; its waterways will float steamships of medium size for twenty-five thousand miles, and boats of lesser draft for double that distance. Its tributaries have not all been explored; ex-President Roosevelt began his search too late in Kfe. The La Plata system, which com- prises the river Parana with its affluents on the north- west, drains a territory equal to one fourth of the United States, is the only outlet for the isolated tract of Para- guay, and sweeps past the second port of the New World to the broad estuary where the ships of all nations are 3 THE LIVING CHRIST FOR LATIN AMERICA filling their holds with the grain that ripens along her banks. The La Plata, or River Plate, has a discharge seven times as great as that of the St. Lawrence. Sea- going vessels can go one thousand two hundred miles up the river from Buenos Aires and smaller ships three thousand miles into the interior. Nor must we omit the mighty Orinoco, one thousand five hundred miles long, which is the main artery of the northeast. If we included rivers like the Mag- dalena (seven hundred miles in length) or the San Fran- cisco (seven hundred and fifty miles long) our fist would be wearisome to the reader. Coast Outline. — ^The Pacific Coast, on account of its rugged backbone, is difficult of approach toward the south and good harbors are rare except where the roadsteads are sheltered by promontories or where the widened mouth of a river affords protection. Inlets and bays abound around the Caribbean but they are not suitable for landing or lading on a large scale. Low, marshy banks are exceptional. In Central America the best ports are on the Pacific side; in South America we find them on the Atlantic shore. Comparisons. — The size of Latin America can best be grasped by comparison. Argentina is one third the size of the United States; Colombia is twice the area of the German Empire; Peru would cover the west- ern half of Europe; Mexico is seven times as large as Italy. Chile looks thin on the map yet its surface is double that of California. It would stretch from Washington to San Francisco. Brazil has more than five thousand miles of coast line. Salvador, the midget state, is half the size of Switzerland, and Paraguay is nearly twice as large as the British Isles. Ecuador is larger than all New England; Venezuela and BoHvia could each contain two states the size of Texas.* • Shepherd, "Latin America," p. 107. 4 THE LAND AND ITS POSSIBILITIES The six Central American republics have an area equal to that of France; Guatemala is larger than Spain and Portugal. It is six thousand five hundred miles from New York to the Straits of Magellan. Liverpool and Havre are only a week's sail from New York, but one requires twenty-two days to reach Valparaiso or Rio and twenty- four days for a cruise to Buenos Aires. Climate. — Latin America lies almost wholly within the tropics. About half of Chile, Argentina and Uruguay are within the temperate zone. The tip of Patagonia approaches the frozen circle round the South Pole. The rest is tropical or semitropical. A territory so immense with a topography so varied must present some very interesting phases of climate. Moisture, prevailing winds, ocean currents, and height above sea level modify what one might be led to expect from the latitude of a given section. An American mining engineer whose friends were treating him with the utmost sympathy because his work took him to a point only two degrees north of the equator smiled as he remarked: *T do more shivering than sweating away up three miles high among the clouds." The cholos of BoHvia are toasted with the sun at noonday, yet they provide themselves with the heaviest of woolen garments for the night. The southwest coast of South America is cooled by the Hum- boldt current that sweeps inshore from the south polar sea and lowers the temperature twenty degrees. Buenos Aires and Santiago are almost opposite one another on the map yet they are quite unlike in climate. There are large rainless areas which are an exception to rule. The snow-capped peaks send a chill through every perspiring tourist. On the steep ascents one has only to move his residence to obtain any degree of heat or cold he desires. An elevation of a mile near the equator will give the 5 THE LIVING CHRIST FOR LATIN AMERICA mean temperature of a point one thousand miles north or south at sea level. Moreover, humidity and air pres- sure affect one's sensations quite as much as heat and cold. The European or North American, if prudent in the care of his mind and body, can retain his vitality in the temperate cHmates. Tropical Latin America, at sea level, however, can never become the permanent home of the white man.* Presbyterian Mission Fields in Latin America. — A closer look at the countries in which our representatives are'working will be of interest to our students. Mexico. — Mexico covers an area of 785,881 square miles and the census returns for 1910 give its population as 15,160,369 — a density of 7.7 to the square mile. Between 1900 and 1910 its population increased almost two millions. Mexico lies within the tropics but its hot cHmate is tempered by winds, high mountains, and lofty tablelands * See exhaustive article by E. H. Huntington in Clark University address, 1913, p. 360. THE LAND AND ITS POSSIBILITIES SO that sections of Mexico are most desirable as health resorts on account of the equable temperature. The products of Mexico are varied and highly useful to mankind. Her fertile areas yield cereals and fruits and her foothills provide grazing for immense herds of cattle. About one sixth of Mexican soil is cultivated. Her mineral deposits of gold, silver, copper, and petro- leum are extensive; exports from her mines in 1910 amounted to almost two hundred million dollars. Guatemala. — Guatemala has an area of 48,290 square miles and a population of 2,119,165; 43 to the square mile as compared with 29.6 in the United States. It is a land of mountains, many of which are volcanic. "A land of perpetual spring and inexhaustible soil — such is Guatemala," says one writer. Guatemala City, the capital, lies inland on a high ridge of hills. It is one hundred and ninety miles from Puerto Barrios and sixty miles from San Jose. Communications with the United States are maintained across the Gulf of Mexico ^by steamship hues and with Mexico by rail. The coast cHmate is hot and enervating but, as one rises, he passes through a variety of climates until he reaches Tierra Fria where the elevation is eleven thousand feet and the air is bracing and cold. Venezuela. — ^According to the data furnished by the Director General of the Venezuelan Bureau of Statistics, the country has an area of 393,976 square miles and a population of 2,811,046 — less than eight to the square mile. There are three zones: the extensive plains and river valleys known as the llanos, where pasturage is abundant; the mountain section formed by three ranges; and the dry and healthful tablelands. Its principal exports are coffee, cacao beans, hides, tobacco, cabinet woods, medicinal plants, and asphaltum. 7 THE LIVING CHRIST FOR LATIN AMERICA The climate of Venezuela is balmy and vegetation is luxuriant. Less than ten per cent of Venezuelans are of pure Spanish ancestry. Negro and Indian have blended freely along the coast but the inhabitants of the interior are almost wholly of Indian descent. Vene- zuela and her sister Colombia are lands where the natives are "fed by gra\dtation and clothed by sunshine." Caracas, the capital (seventy-five thousand), is only seven miles as the crow flies from La Guaira, the seaport, but the railway connecting them covers twenty-three miles of track space. Looldng up the mountain side from La Guaira one may catch a glimpse of the old fortress men- tioned by Charles Kingsley in "West- ward Ho" as the prison of "The Rose of Devon." Frequent earthquakes have demolished Caracas. MI "» — ■ , Tresbj-tt, .«^ ^ lX^.A'. Misaions"'^ Colombia. — Colom- bia has an area of 438,436 square miles and a population of 5,472,604 — 12.5 to the square mile. In natural resources there is not a richer republic in South America. The tropical lowlands that lie along the coast of the Caribbean are admirable for fruit-raising; the plateaus and mountain regions are fertile tracts for coffee and cocoa plantations; there are wide stretches for grazing and interminable transandean forests where the most valuable woods abound. The hinterland of Colombia is the rubber-raising district. Her mines produce gold, coal, and iron and there are valuable deposits of petroleum and asphalt. The land is well-watered and well-drained. Nature 8 THE LAND AND ITS POSSIBILITIES \ / CAMlUlRjt >10C0PILLA &HANWM fM.t)ERA copmto "VALLtNdR. , has been generous with Colombia but man has been lacking in both energy and invention. Few countries on the earth's surface are more backward than Colombia. Between the Andes and the two oceans there are a number of valleys drained by the Cauca, Magdalena, and San Francisco rivers. Bogota, the capital city of one hundred thou- sand, is nearly five hundred miles from the seacoast and is reached by river steamers. Colombia has less than four hundred miles of railroads, all of which are due to the efforts of foreigners. Ml "TV I trnit. "CliRXO CH1LU^I tftKGQ , / S feONCEPClOH.- X T f TRftlQUtN I Chile.— The Republic of Chile con- tains 291,500 square miles, its length is 2,627 miles and its width varies from one hundred to two hundred and forty-eight miles. The popula- tion is 3,505,317 or twelve per square mile. Its long, narrow strip of land between the mountains and the sea reaches from the tropics to the Ant- arctic Circle. There are four zones. 1. From 18°-27° South Latitude— the great nitrate region of Atacama which is sandy and rainless. 2. From 27°-33° South Latitude— the mineral section which yields copper, silver and iron. Vegetation depends on irrigation. 3. The Agricultural Zone from 33°-42° South Latitude, also known as 9 THE LIVING CHRIST I'OR LATIN AMEIUCA the Central Valley where the land is fertile and well- watered, resembling the Sacramento Valley in California. 4. The Arctic South Coast and Archipelago end of South America where rain is abundant, forests are dense, and the uplands are excellent for pasturing cattle and sheep. The southern end shades off into the canals of Patagonia and the Straits of Magellan where the glacier cataracts have been described as frozen Niagaras. The north of Chile has a warm, dry climate; the center is temperate and bracing, while that of the south grad- ually grows damp and cold. COLOMBIA.:^. %] PreabTteriftn U.S.A. MiBsioM ^■ Presbvterisu U.S. Missions « ,(. Brazilian Presbyterian Church . SO ValpsralS,Oii I" Brazil. — What a mighty empire is Brazil! Its area is 3,218,130 square miles; its population is 24,000,000— 7.1 per square mile. It is two hundred thousand square miles 10 Ci.pyriglit hy Uinlerw.x.d & Underw.iod, N, T. Old Spanish Mine Still Yielding Its Treasure, Cerro de Pasco. Peru THE LAND AND ITS POSSIBILITIES larger than the United States without Alaska. In the interior of Brazil there are two hundred and fifty tribes of Indians speaking almost as many dialects. (The language of Brazil is Portuguese.) Lying entirely within the tropical and temperate zones, its climate is mild and warm but modified by the river and mountain systems. The extensive stretches and the fertile plains produce all tropical fruits. The forest wealth of Brazil has hardly been tapped and it is said that no other region in the world contains such a variety of useful and ornamental timber and medicinal plants. Coffee, rubber, cacao, and the excellent red dyewood known as ''Brazil wood" are the principal articles of export, while cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, yerha mate, oranges, and other fruits are exported. Iron and manganese mines, and diamond fields are among her treasures. Mineral Resources. — Good soil, abundant rainfall, and a genial climate must be ranked first among the resources of Latin America. Her mountains, which cover about one third of her area, are surcharged with treasure. Fully one half of the interior has never been explored and the mining engineers have only begun their task. Bolivia ranks above the Straits Settlements as a pro- ducer of tin. Mexico and Peru furnish large deposits of high-grade petroleum. Chile exported nitrate worth one hundred and twenty million dollars in 1913, smelted twenty-five thousand tons of commercially pure copper in a single estabHshment, and has a mountain of the richest iron ore near Coquimbo which even the Bethlehem Steel Company could not resist. The cobalt tinge runs along whole ranges of scarred hills in Peru and Chile. The old Incas extracted their fabulous riches from mines that are still worked. Moderate quantities of gold fail to tempt the pros- pector whose quest is silver or copper. Platinum, the modern precious metal, exists in Colombia where 11 THE LIVING CHRIST FOR LATIN AMERICA emeralds also are found. The waters of the blue Carib- bean cover fortunes in pearls. Chile boasts of mountains of pure sulphur and coal mines that run far out under the sea. Honduras is the richest in minerals of all the Central American states. The asphalt of our streets once lay at the bottom of pitch-black pools in Venezuela and Trinidad. Travelers to Bolivia are either teachers, merchants, or mining experts. Latin America's mineral supply appears inexhaustibly great. I Forest Wealth. — The forests of Latin America yield a rich variety of valuable and useful woods. Brazil and Costa Rica supply the North American market with mahogany, cedar, rosewood, ebony, Hgnum-vitae and other rare materials for fine furniture. There are a hun- dred species of trees, all of them remarkable for their texture and grain, that are known only to the natives and have never been offered for sale. / Latin America is the richest of all countries in plants and shrubs of commercial worth. Rubber trees are abundant near the headwaters of the Amazon, notably along the Putumayo. This vegetable gum has become so valuable of late that these regions are as coveted as Golconda. Even the guayule sap, so nearly akin to rubber, has become an article of commerce. Agrarian. — Europe has set high store upon those vast fertile expanses in Argentina and Uruguay from which she replenishes her larder. Agriculture and grazing are well developed on these pampas — the great granary and forage tract of Latin America. Argentina has trebled the acreage under cultivation { during the last fifteen years. In 1914 there were eighty million sheep pasturing on her uplands and her herds of horses, cattle, goats, mules, hogs, et cetera, numbered 43,612,000. 12 THE LAND AND ITS POSSIBILITIES What Latin America Supplies for Us. — The temporary isolation of central Europe has taught us our dependence on other countries for certain commodities. But blot out Latin America and what items of our daily lives would be touched? Our food, first of all. Coffee would rise to five dollars a pound within a month, because four fifths of the world's supply is raised in Brazil, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Mexico. Brazil is by far the largest coffee planter. She controls the market of the world and raises the Mocha that fills the breakfast room with its rich aroma. In 1914, 11,000,271 sacks of coffee beans left her ports. We cannot sweeten our morning cup without recalling our debt to the land where the knotted sugar cane nods and sways as the trade winds pass. Cuba's crop of sugar cane is the greatest in the world. Porto Rico also is one vast sugar plantation, ninety-five miles long and forty- five miles broad. The State of Pernambuco, Brazil, has forty-seven sugar factories. Let but the countries around the Spanish Main fail to yield their annual toll, and sugar would become a luxury. Ecuador, Venezuela, Brazil and Santo Domingo raise the cacao beans that are refined into chocolate and cocoa for us. Guatemala and Nicaragua can offer coffee, sugar, or fruit. The vegetable silk that looks so like the spinning of worms, is made from the fiber of a Paraguayan plant. Half our buttons once grew on trees in Colombia and Ecuador. Our fabrics are colored with BraziHan dye- woods. Our desserts are flavored with the vanilla pod that drooped over a Mexican or Peruvian plain. The farmers of Central America, Colombia and Vene- zuela marvel that so many bananas, pineapples, and breadfruit are consumed in North America. The United Fruit Company, only a generation ago, taught us their value as staple articles of food, organized five states into one vast tropical orchard, and a commercial fleet 13 THE LIVING CHRIST FOH LATIX AMERICA into an ocean express service so that the ripe, luscious, pulpy and citrous fruits are only a fortnight distant from the frozen lakes or the bleak prairies of the North- land. What of tobacco? Unholy Smoke! The world's supply of choice leaf is grown around the Caribbean. Fibrous plants of the hemp family help us tie our bundles and bind our sheaves. From the chinchona bark that grows in Peru and Bolivia, mankind is supplied with that most useful of all drugs— quinine. Bolivian coca plants have given the world cocaine. JVIedicinal roots and barks grow in profusion in all Latin America. Chile gave the world its wild potato and still provides the parent stock to keep American and Irish tubers from disease. Foreign Trade.* — Commerce provides life and growth for all peoples and has been aptly described as "the life- blood of nations." It depends upon natural resources such as we have described, upon the energy and intelli- gence of men, upon the facilities for shipping, and upon relationships with other parts of the world. Mild climates do not produce captains of industry and the genius for expansion in barter. The sons of hardier climes, in Latin America as elsewhere, have been obliged to supply much of the initiative, especially in tropical Latin America. They have improved ports and waterways, built docks, railways and refineries; they have created markets and provided ships that scour the seven seas. In 1913 the exchange of products between Latin Amer- ica and Great Britain amounted to $640,000,000; Ger- many, $410,000,000; United States, $800,000,000. The European War has so affected business with Great Britain and Germany that in 1916 the United States is not only the first trader in Latin America but exports and imports more than all other nations combined. • Pamphlets distributed free on application by the Pan-American Union, Washington, D. C, supply ample information on these topics. 14 The boundaiies of the countries as shown by the different shadings are unolHcial, the purpose being siiuply to give an approximate Idea of their general location. AREA 7,;!5 SQ.^ ILES 'OPULATION 1,2 5,835 IMPORTS t6, 173 ,545 EXPOBTS t9,S2 ,724 TOTAL t16,102 2 69 >BEA 25,000 80 MILE3 POPULATION