HE SUNDAY SCHOOL CENTURY WILLIAM EWING BX 7122 .E9 Ewing, William, 1853-1932 The Sunday-school century THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL CENTURY President and Vice-President for Thirty-one Years THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL CENTURY CONTAINING A HISTORY OF THE CONGREGATIONAL SUNDAY-SCHOOL AND PUBLISHING SOCIETY BY REV. WILLIAM EWING, D.D. MAR 10 191 P THE PILGRIM PRESS BOSTON CHICAGO Copyright 1918 By frank M. SHELDON THE PILGRIM PRESS BOSTON DEDICATED IN MEMORY OF THE INSPIRING LIFE OF SAMUEL B. CAPEN, LL.D. FOR SEVENTEEN YEARS PRESIDENT, AND FOURTEEN YEARS VICE-PRESIDENT, OF THE CONGREGATIONAL SUNDAY-SCHOOL AND PUBLISHING SOCIETY AND THE DELIGHTFUL FELLOWSHIP AND COOPERATION FOR THIRTY YEARS OF ITS SECRETARIES, FIELD WORKERS AND EDITORS INTRODUCTION By Rev. Albert E. Dunning, D.D. The organizations through which Congregational churches have carried on their general benevolence have been their main bond of union. These societies have been formed by groups of individuals rather than by direct action of the churches, but they have expressed in their administration the will of the churches and therefore have been adopted by them as their agencies for advancing the Kingdom of God. Hence the history of these societies is to a large extent the history of the denomination. Dr. Ewing has done an important service in searching out and recording the origin and growth of the organizations which have from time to time been merged in The Congrega- tional Sunday-School and Publishing Society, and its progress to the present day. It has occupied a more important posi- tion, both in promoting the usefulness of the local churches and in extending the influence of the denomination, than is generally recognized. It has been a potent influence of the churches in creating their literature, in guiding the education of their children and youth, in shaping their theology, and in developing their polity. This volume deserves to be studied by those who would understand the genius of Congregationalism, and by those who would preserve and develop it. They will find in it encouragement from the records of faithful men and women who labored as pioneers without thought of being remem- bered by future generations, and who often builded better than they knew. The changes now in progress in the administration of Congregational churches as a denomination, and in their re- viii Introduction lation to other denominations make this record of increased interest, by way of comparison, and as an introduction to the new Congregationalism which is evolving from the older type. Brookline, Mass. August, -1918. FOREWORD No organization connected with the Christian Church has anything hke the membership which is found in our modern Sunday-schools. When they were first started, there was Httle thought of their welfare demanding the best effort of each denomination, much less of organizations national and world-wide, for their development. In the last century each of the active, growing denominations has built up its own strong society for planting, fostering and improving its Sun- day-schools, and furnishing them with suitable literature. This activity has been especially marked in the last half of the century and it has every promise of vastly greater de- velopment. The Sunday-school work of the Congregational churches, as of other denominations, is inseparably con- nected with organizations formed for its promotion. The following pages give the history of various organizations be- cause they reflect the Sunday-school work of the Congrega- tional churches, which has made a vast contribution to the world's welfare. The evolution of an effective organization for good is always a fascinating story. It is all the more interesting in propor- tion to the difficulties that beset it. The Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society had its roots back in what seemed very small beginnings. The changes and dif- ferent names assumed indicate how its progenitors struggled towards an ideal. They no sooner organized to meet their present necessities than it was found necessary to reorganize and face still greater responsibilities. From a state organiza- tion to one that is national, and from the publication of a few juvenile books for the Sunday-school to the putting forth of a vast variety of high-class publications, and the issuing of a series of helps for the Sunday-schools which would have made our fathers stare with amazement, suggest the evolution that has taken place. This is the history that is set forth in the following pages. It discloses what a large and wide-reaching X Foreword Sunday-school work has been accomphshed by the Congrega- tional churches, and the important part that has been borne by their Sunday-School Society. It is interesting to note the development of a tiny bud into a full-grown flower, which takes days or weeks in the course of nature, but by the "movie" camera one can see the process in a few moments. It required a century for the evolution of the Sunday-School Society. It is attempted here by the " movie " plan to show the results in a book which can be read in a few hours. The story undertaken is of the first hundred years of Sunday- school work in which Congregationalists, as such, took re- sponsibility. At the end of that time new emphasis is given by the organization of the Sunday-School Extension Society, affiliated with the Church Extension Boards, intended to give a new Sunday-school emphasis to all the home missionary operations of the denomination. At the same time the Education Society, one of the oldest and most highly honored Congregational organizations, takes the responsibility of furthering the educational work which hitherto had been associated with Sunday-school extension, thus bringing the best religious educational methods to the entire denomina- tion. The statistical data are included up to 1916 which, at the time of writing, is as far as tabulated. Special items of interest in regard to the work are, as far as possible, brought up to the date of publication. The new and larger operations upon which the denomination has entered are left for the second hundred years of Congregational religious educational history. The writer is indebted to the librarians of Boston for their courtesy and assistance in research, especially those of the Congregational Library and the Massachusetts Historical Society. He would also express his thanks to Dr. F. K. Sanders for valuable data which he kindly furnished, and to Dr. M. C. Hazard, Dr. A. E. Dunning, Rev. Parris T. Farwell, and many others, for suggestions and co-operation. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction A. E. Dunning, D.D. vii Foreword ix Chapter I. Sunday-School Beginnings 1 The Family and Selectmen The First Sunday Schools Educational Beginnings The Sunday School as a Pioneer Agency Chapter II. Beginnings of Organizations 8 The Boston Society for the Moral and Religious Instruction of the Poor The American Sunday School Union The Massachusetts Sabbath School Union Chapter III. Beginnings of Denominational Effort 17 The Congregational Society Organized Meeting Denominational Needs The First Charter Years of Development Forerunners of Children's Day, World Service, and Denominational Support First Field Workers, and Results East and West The Effect of the Civil War Temperance Instruction Restored Prosperity Chapter IV. The Consolidation which Formed The Congregational Sabbath-School and Publishing Society 30 The Congregational Board of Pubhcation The Work Strengthened by Union United Society Incorporated The Call to Become National Fear of a National Council The Compositeness of the New Society Chapter V. Years of Experiment 39 Shortening the Name of the Society Transfer to the Home Missionary Society The Conferences at Chautauqua Review of Transfer by Dr. Capen Retransfer to the Sunday-School Society xii Contents PAGE Chapter VI. Reorganization and Advance 46 General Secretaries: A. E. Dunning, D.D. Rev. Asa BuUard George M. Boynton, D.D. Frank K. Sanders, D.D. William Ewing, D.D. Chapter VII. Departmental Divisions 53 Missionary and Extension The Business Department The Chicago Agency The Editorial Department Organizing the Department Dr. Hazard Dr. Winchester The Congregationalist The Educational Department Chapter VIII. Executive Officers and Directors 66 The Presidents Board of Directors Treasurers Chapter IX. Financing the Society 70 Grants from the Business Department Individuals' Gifts Women's Societies Legacies Annuity Gifts Permanent Funds Financial Growth Chapter X. Children's Day 74 Chapter XI. Foreign Work 78 Abroad At Home Chapter XII. Slate Development 82 New England Massachusetts Connecticut Rhode Island Maine New Hampshire Vermont Central States Illinois Wisconsin Ohio Indiana Contents xiii PAGE Central States, continued Iowa Michigan Nebraska Kansas Northwestern States South Dakota North Dakota Minnesota Mountain States Colorado Wyoming Montana Idaho (Northern) Idaho (Southern) Utah Arizona and New Mexico Pacific Coast States Washington Oregon California (Southern) California (Northern) The Southwest Missouri Oklahoma The " Panhandle " Louisiana The South New York District Alaska Hawaii Porto Rico Canada Chapter XIII. Achievements and Outlook 131 Opportunities Adjustments and Larger Things Appendix A. Statistics. Appendix B. List of workers, writers and others connected with the Society. ILLUSTRATIONS Samuel B. Capen . Frontispiece Hon. William Reed . opposite page Rev. Asa BuUard . . [ 13 Hon. Charles Theodore Russell \^ Rev. Clarence F. Swift, D.D. . .' .' *■'•••>.. Xo Secretaries .... Rev. A. E. Dunning, D.D ^2 Rev. Frank K. Sanders, D D Rev. Frank M. Sheldon Rev. George M. Boynton, D.D Rev. William Ewing, D.D. Early Superintendents Rev. John L. Maile *6 Rev. Jeremiah E. Piatt Rev. Harlan P. Case Rev. Jeremiah D. Stewart Rev. John R. Reitzel Editors M. C. Hazkrd," Ph.D.' S6 Rev. Benjamin S. Winchester, D D Rev. Howard A. Bridgman, D.D Sidney A. Weston, Ph.D. First Educational Secretaries Rev. James P. O'Brien, D.D °^ Rev. Robert W. Gammon, D.D Rev. Miles B. Fisher, D.D Rev. Milton S. Littlefield, D.D. Eastern Representatives . Rev. Gabriel H. DeBevoise ^^ Rev. Francis J. Marsh William A. Duncan, Ph.D. Captain Geo. W. Lane Rev. Arthur W. Bailey Central Superintendents Rev. H. T. Sell, D.D. ^^ Rev. E. W. MiUer Rev. George C. Haun Rev. W. F. McMillen, D.D. Rev. O. L. Robinson xvi Illustrations OPPOSITE PAGE Iowa Superintendents 95 Rev. James R. Knodell Rev. Otterbein O. Smith Rev. Henry W. Tuttle, D.D. Rev. Charles A. Towle Rev. Augustus C. Hacke Northwestern Superintendents 100 Rev. W. B. D. Gray Rev. C. M. Daley Rev. E. H. Stickney, D.D. Rev. R. P. Herrick, D.D. Rev. S. H. Buell Mountain State Superintendents 104 Rev. Charles N. Fitch Rev. Herbert E. Lee Rev. Franklin J. Estabrook Rev. Allen S. Bush Rev. Gregory J. Powell, D.D. Pacific Coast Superintendents 113 Rev. Samuel Greene, D.D. Rev. John H. Matthews Rev. Charles H. Curtis Rev. Loyal L. Wirt, Ph.D. Rev. Edwin J. Singer Rev. Howard N. Smith Southwestern Superintendents 118 Rev. W. L. Sutherland Rev. G. W. Chatfield Rev. C. G. Murphy, D.D. Rev. H. E. Ingham Rev. J. B. Gonzales Southwestern and Mountain State Superintendents 121 Rev. Henry C. Cronin Rev. Herbert A. Deck Rev. Ludwig Thomsen Rev. John C. Huntington Rev. S. Edward Lynd, Ph.D. Central and Southeastern Superintendents 124 Rev. John F. Blackburn Rev. James M. Graham Rev. Charles L. Fisk Rev. George B. Waldron Rev. William O. Berckman Southern Superintendents 126 Rev. Almon T. Clarke, D.D. Rev. Elmer W. Butler Rev. Charles T. Rogers Rev. Asher W. Curtis, D.D. Rev. William Shaw THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL CENTURY Chapter I SUNDAY SCHOOL BEGINNINGS The Family and Selectmen Not until about the year 1816 did Sunday-school activity become general among Congregational churches of America. From that time may be dated the Congregational Sunday- school century. The Pilgrim churches, however, had not been unmindful of moral and religious instruction of children and also adults, in the family, the church, and pubhc schools. This was a regular part of the work of the " pastor and teacher," and so important was it considered for the welfare of the community that it was frequently the subject of legisla- tion. In 1642 a law was passed by the Massachusetts Colony requiring the selectmen to see " that all masters of families do, once a week at least, catechise their children and servants in the grounds and principles of rehgion; and if any be unable to do so much, that then, at least, they procure such children and apprentices to learn some short orthodox catechism without book, that thej'^ may be able to answer unto the ques- tions that shall be propounded to them out of such catechism, by their parents or masters, or any of the selectmen, when they shall call them to a trial of what they have learned in that kind." Similar laws were passed in Connecticut, They were frequently considered at town meetings, and were from time to time reenacted with specific directions. The record of the meetings of the selectmen of Woburn, Massachusetts, states: " The Selectmen mette the 5: day of Octob. 1674; and agreed 2 The Sunday-School Century on the 15 : day of this instant mo. to goe throo the Town and examin the family s about catechizing." Many of the leading divines issued treatises for the religious instruction of the young, and the Westminster Shorter Cate- chism was introduced into New England soon after its publica- tion in 1647, and was almost universally used. As time went on, it became difficult to maintain old methods. There is a memorandum of May 19, 1808, supposed to be taken from the town records of Lexington, Massachusetts, enjoining " that the Sacred Scriptures and the Assembly's Catechism be in future introduced into all our (public) schools." At the beginning of the nineteenth century there was a breaking away from the old customs, which had proved good for the early Colonial conditions, and the important question was what should take their place. In this period of rapid national transition and expansion the Sunday-school movement began. It was exposed to many dangers: it might be adopted by one section of the Christian Church, and not by another; it might follow narrow denomina- tional lines, and perpetuate differences which already separated religious people. But it is one of the tokens of divine guidance that the Sunday-school development received inspiration and impulse from noble men and women in nearly all denomina- tions in many lands, and has been from the beginning a unifying agency among all Christians. The First Sunday-Schools It is difficult to ascertain where the first Sunday-schools of the new world were formed, or even the first of the Pilgrim faith, but, as nearly as can be determined, the first Congrega- tional school was organized in 1805 in Bath, New Hampshire, by Rev. David Sutherland. Its modernity can be realized by the fact that his grandson, Rev. W. L. Sutherland, was until 1917 a superintendent of The Congregational Sunday-School The Family and Selectmen 3 and Publishing Society, and is now pastor at Medford, Minne- sota. In 1810 schools were organized in Beverly and Con- cord, Massachusetts. The first Sunday-school in Boston was established in 1812 by Miss Lydia Adams, a teacher of a week-day school. While on a visit to Beverly she heard of the Sunday-school which had been organized there, and on her return to Boston she immediately set about organizing such a school. The plan was her own, but her pastor. Dr. Charles Lowell, gave his sanction and hearty cooperation. Charles Walley, Esq., made a donation to this school of six Bibles, twelve Testaments, twelve Watts' Shorter Cate- chisms, twelve Watts' Divine Songs for Children, and twelve Hymn Books for Infant Minds. This gift constituted the first Sunday-school hbrary in Boston. In 1822 this school united with the one established that year in the West Parish, of which Dr. Lowell was pastor. In 1812 two Sunday-schools were established in Salem, Massachusetts, one by the ladies of the South Church, of which Dr. Hopkins was pastor, and the other in the Taber- nacle Church. A school which reflects the character of the work of the period was organized in 1814 in Newburyport by three young ladies. They secured the use of the building formerly occupied by Dr. Spring's church, but went forward without direct aid from any of the churches. The first year they enrolled about one hundred. The school prospered, and in 1827 it reported eight hundred pupils. Teachers' meetings were held, and at three successive sessions there were sixty-six, sixty-five, and eighty-four teachers present. At one of these meetings the teachers voted " that the Evan- gehcal and Famihar Catechism for Sunday School in New York, abridged from Rev. Joseph Emerson's, and the Assembly's Shorter Catechism be taught in the school." At another session the question was discussed whether the presence of black children might prevent the attendance of white, and it was voted " that, for the present, no blacks be admitted." 4 The Sunday-School Century At the next meeting the vote was reconsidered, and it was decided " that the blacks be admitted." From the beginning Sunday-schools were organized and sustained by earnest Christian people, who for the most part were connected with the churches. It was, however, some time before any denomination, or even any group of churches, assumed responsibihty for directing or extending Sunday- school work. Many of the schools were gathered in school- houses, or halls, independently of any church, and in some cases were opposed by the churches. Those who were most actively engaged felt the need of combining for improving and extending the work, and very soon the name " Sunday- School Society " became common, used either in connection with an individual school or a group of schools associated for mutual helpfulness and for establishing other schools. In 1814 Dr. Lyman Beecher of Litchfield, Connecticut, preached a sermon on " The Waste Places of New England," calhng for united action and more organization for the advancement of religious instruction. The sermon was widely circulated, and did much to stimulate the multiplying of Sunday-schools. To such an extent did different organizations develop that fourteen years later Dr. Beecher stated that what he had pleaded for had been in large measure accomplished. Congregational churches, like those of most other denomina- tions, did not for some time consider it necessary to form a distinct Society for Sunday-school work. Dr. Beecher and many of the Congregational ministers of his time, with pro- phetic vision, commended and encouraged Sunday-school organizations. It is to the credit of the Pilgrim churches that they were quick to adopt this new method of religious instruc- tion, and to cooperate in a truly catholic spirit for its extension. Educational Beginnings The need of constant improvement in Sunday-school methods was early recognized. In 1817 the Sunday School The Family and Selectmen 5 Guide, by Rev. John Angell James, published in England, was reissued in New York. The Boston Recorder quotes from it a brief account of the origin, progress, and improvement of the Sabbath-school system of education. In the same issue there was an editorial defending Sunday-schools from objec- tions urged against them, such as that they were a novelty; were unnecessary; interfered with the sanctity of the Sabbath; and deprived children of their only time of relaxation. In many sections of the country educational ideals were low and educational methods poor. The Sunday-schools suffered in consequence, and at first were often occupied in teaching children or adults to read, and in giving the most rudimentary education. The real leaders, however, were quick to see that the Bible as a text-book furnished a treasure of inestimable value, and soon Bible study became the su- preme object. Ingenious and sometimes pecuhar methods of Bible study were adopted. One girl is reported to have se- lected ninety passages of Scripture to '' prove the depravity of man," and others found from sixty to seventy passages to prove that " mercy is God's darhng attribute." Remarkable feats were exhibited in memorizing Scripture. It is recorded that in a Sunday-school conducted by Mr. Patterson in Philadelphia, " one little boy about seven years of age recited 1360 New Testament verses, which he had learned during the week, besides attending to his other studies every day at school." Asa Bullard, in his book, Fifty Years with the Sabbath Schools, tells of Abigail Follensbee, a girl ten years of age, in Newburyport, Massachusetts, who, in less than six months, committed to memory the book of Matthew and the One Hundred and Nineteenth Psalm, together with twenty-two other sections consisting of fifty-four verses, twenty hymns, forty-four Scripture proofs, and one tract, also the principal part of the Assembly's Shorter Catechism. The annual re- port of this school for the year 1818, gives the number of 6 The Sunday-School Century verses committed to memory during the first four months of the season as nearly one hundred thousand. The defects of mere memorizing were soon discovered. Sometimes in a class of six or eight so many chapters had been committed to memory that not more than one-half of the members had time to recite, and there was no time for explana- tion, or remarks. The first annual report of the Maine Sabbath School Union in 1827 states: " The practice of hearing long lessons, and estimating the merit of the scholar by the quantity committed to memory, has been discarded to a considerable extent; and many advantages have been found to result from limited recitation, accompanied with full and easy explanations from the teachers." The effort, thus early, to use good pedagogical methods was of great help in Sunday-school extension. Striving for better things furnished a bond of union between churches in the same denomination, and did much to bring different denomina- tions into active co-operation. This fraternal bond was indispensable to the progress of the work, and has helped to produce such organizations as the American Sunday-School Union (1824), The National Sunday-School Association (1834), which became the International in 1875, the World's Sunday- School Association, July 1, 1889, and the Sunday-School Council of Evangelical Denominations in the United States and Canada, October 27, 1910. From the beginning the denominations worked in the closest co-operation, and gave promise of that which is now taking place, the uniting of the Sunday-school forces of the world for improved methods and world-wide service. From the first the evangelistic opportunity furnished the greatest of all incentives. Early reports frequently indicated how many had become " hopefully pious." The main object has always been to bring the pupils into the Christian fife and into the church, and to develop Christian character and The Family and Selectmen 7 service. This has demanded the combination of missionary- zeal with the best known educational methods. The Sunday-School as a Pioneer Agency The prominent part that pioneering was to have in Sunday- school extension was foreshadowed from the beginning. Rev. Samuel Goddard in the year 1830 wrote of his early Sunday- school experiences in Vermont: " It is now about twenty years since I was first settled in the ministry in one of the new towns in the north part of this state. They had never before had a minister, and the youth and children were growing up in ignorance, and the Bible had been neglected by the parents. " I had never seen and rarely heard of a Sabbath school. I, however, attempted to engage the children to study the Scriptures, and collected a few together in what I called a Bible school. At first I could obtain only the children of two or three famiUes. For several years I could not per- suade an individual to assist in the instruction; but the school increased, and one after another was induced to assist. In a few years there were teachers enough, and the children of every family but one in town were members of the Sabbath school, and I have seen a child of that fanaily sorry because her father would not permit her to attend. " After I left that people, who were very poorly able to support the gospel, they were much disheartened, and ready to despair of ever seeing another minister settled among them. But these Sabbath-school . children were not satisfied. Their anxiety to have the Sabbath-school and their soUcitations with their parents were the very efficient means in establishing again the preached gospel among them; and many of these scholars are now hopefully in the kingdom of Christ." In this and similar ways began the long and honored career of pioneer Sunday-school service. Frequently it has been conducted, as in this case, by individual effort, but more often through organizations which have sent forth large numbers of noble workers who have gathered Sunday-schools in thousands of destitute communities in all sections of our land. Chapter II BEGINNINGS OF ORGANIZATIONS The Boston Society for the Moral and Religious Instruction of the Poor In 1816, when little was known of Sunday-school work in this country, the Boston Society for the Moral and Religious Instruction of the Poor was organized. The Society collected information respecting Sunday-schools in England, investi- gated conditions in Boston, and discovered great need of religious instruction among the poor. It was found neces- sary to remove numerous objections that were made to this form of Christian effort; but these were gradually overcome, and for twelve years one of the chief objects of the Society was Sunday-school instruction. It distributed literature and sent circulars to pastors and churches. New methods were tried in the schools under the care of the Society, and the benefit of the experience was given to others. These results contributed in no small degree toward shaping Sunday- school operations and extending them far and wide. In 1817 the Boston Recorder, the predecessor of The Congrega- tionalist, contained a notice signed by Mr. Thomas Vose, Secretary of the Society, announcing that the Anniversary Meeting would be held in the Old South Church, with a sermon by Rev. Dr. Huntington, the children of the Sabbath school of that church were to be present, and a collection would be taken for the work. In 1826 this society had under its patronage fourteen schools, which enrolled an aggregate of 179 teachers and 1,604 pupils. Each school, contrary to the custom of the time, consisted of both boys and girls. The schools met at 8 a.m. in summer and 8.30 in winter, and at one, or half-past, in the afternoon Beginnings of Organizations 9 through the year, continuing their instruction at both ses- sions until public worship commenced. Each school had one superintendent, with whom a number of teachers were asso- ciated, and the schools were generally held in the public schoolhouses. Much of the instruction would be called secu- lar, but the sessions were opened with prayer and closed with singing. Fort Hill School, which reported 24 teachers and 154 pupils, secured a library of nearly 150 volumes. Children who conformed to rules respecting punctuality, diligence and good behavior were entitled to use the library. The annual report states: " We have endeavored to impress the children with the beHef that this is no small privilege, and the effect has been to produce very perceptible and happy improvement in the order and regularity of the school. One Sabbath in the month is devoted to committing to memory the Ten Com- mandments, forms of prayer, and the rules and regulations of the school, and to imparting such miscellaneous instruction as carmot conveniently be given along with the weekly Scripture lessons." The Boston Society for the Moral and Religious Instruction of the Poor was the first organized effort of any importance by the Congregational churches for sustaining and enlarging the Sunday-school work. The date of its organization, October 16, 1816, fittingly marks the beginning of the first Congregational Sunday-school century. The Society did an important work in its day. In 1829 it transferred its Sunday-school work to the Boston Sabbath School Union, an auxiliary to the Massachusetts Sabbath School Union, which became a part of the Massachusetts Sabbath School Society, the immediate and most important forerunner of the Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society. The American Sunday-School Union Organized cooperation was found necessary in starting, maintaining and improving Sunday-schools. This gave rise 10 The Sunday-School Century to many local organizations which were called unions, or associations. The combination of local unions frequently became state- wide in effort, and as early as 1820 the New York Sunday-School Union proposed a national society. In 1817 the local Sunday-school unions in Philadelphia joined in forming The Sunday and Adult School Union, which within seven years became the largest Sunday-school organization in America, uniting over seven hundred affiliated schools and auxiliaries. As a result of this and other movements, in 1824 a national organization was formed, The American Sunday- School Union, of which the Philadelphia Sunday and Adult School Union was the principal factor. Its object as stated was " To concentrate the efforts of Sabbath School associa- tions in different sections of the country; to circulate moral and religious publications in every part of the land; and to endeavor to plant a Sunday-school wherever there is a popula- tion." In order to unite the churches in support of the Union, the leading evangelical denominations were given, as far as possible, a proportionate representation in its control. Many Sunday-school organizations in different parts of the country became auxiliary, but the denominations, as such, did not assume responsibility for the American Sunday School Union. It, however, received the financial support of a large number of churches and individuals. In the first five years it issued over six milHon copies of Sunday-school literature, including two hundred different publications for libraries; started a Teachers' Magazine and two other periodicals, and expended annually over $75,000. In this period it had in its connection 6,000 schools, with 60,000 teachers, and over 400,000 pupils. In 1833 it reported that 2,607 teachers and 5,121 pupils had professed Christ in that year. In these early years the Union found difficulty in securing financial support and at the end of fifty years it was burdened with a heavy debt. In 1882 a vigorous financial campaign Beginnings of Organizations 11 was begun, and in fifteen years the Society was placed on a strong financial basis. Congregationalists were interested in the organization of the American Sunday-School Union and as individuals and churches contributed liberally toward its support. Among those who loyally sustained this union work was the Massachusetts Sabbath School Society. When that organization, in consequence of the development of Congrega- tional Sunday-school work, was called upon for a nation-wide service, difficulties were encountered. The objection was made that the American Sunday-School Union, in collecting funds and in the general prosecution of the work, duplicated the efforts of the Massachusetts society. There was also difficulty in regard to the distribution of the publications of each organization. Many were convinced that planting and fostering Sunday-schools could be promoted most effectively in connection with organizations created by the churches. The result was that in 1839 the auxiliary relationship between the Massachusetts Sabbath School Society and the Ameri- can Sunday-School Union was dissolved. Many Congrega- tionalists, however, as individuals and churches, continued their loyal support to the American Sunday-School Union. The Massachusetts Sabbath-School Union Notwithstanding the good work done through the American Sunday-School Union and different union efforts, the convic- tion grew that each denomination must come into direct relationship with, and assume responsibility for, its own Sunday-school work. Very soon after the establishment of the first Sunday-schools, the different branches of the Method- ist denomination made the Sunday-school work a part of their regular church polity; but neither this nor any other denomination of the country created a distinct society for Sunday-school work until 1827, when the Methodist Episcopal 12 The Sunday-School Century Sunday-School Union was formed. In the same year a society was formed by the Protestant Episcopal churches, with which a part of the denomination co-operated. In 1838 the Pubhshing Society of the Presbyterian Church was established, and in 1840 that of the Baptist denomination. The General Association of Congregational Churches in Massachusetts in 1817 recommended " the establishment of schools for the pious education of children and youth," but the efforts of Congregationahsts at this time, in planting and fostering schools, were largely undenominational. On account of enormous distances and primitive means of transportation, a national organization did not seem feasible. State or dis- trict societies in different parts of the country, with affiliated relationships, seemed as far as it was possible to go. In October, 1824, the superintendents and teachers of the evangehcal Sunday-schools in Boston held a meeting to con- sider the propriety of forming a state Sabbath-school union. A committee appointed at that time reported favorably, and a meeting was called of delegates from the Congregational, Baptist, Episcopal, and Methodist Sunday-schools. This convention was held May 25, 1825, and organized the Massa- chusetts Sabbath-School Union. The Methodists and Episco- pahans, however, did not cooperate, and the organization became the recognize^ ichannel for the Sunday-school work of the Congregational and Baptist churches. The constitution provided : "That it should be auxiliary to the American Sunday School Union; that its object should be to promote the opening of new, and increase the prosperity of the old Sabbath schools, and to form depositories for supply- ing schools with suitable books at the lowest terms, to stimulate and encourage each other; that each subscriber of one dollar or more annually should be a member; that any Sabbath school in the state, by paying one dollar, and sending an annual report to the Secretary, should be recog- nized as auxiliary; that the surplus revenue of the Society, after bearing the incidental expenses, should be transferred to the American Sunday School Union." Hon. WILLIAM REED First President Rev. ASA BULLARD Fifty-Four Years Secretary Hon. CHARLES THEODORE RUSSELL First President of United Society Rev. clarence F. SWIFT, D.D. President, 1915 Beginnings of Organizations 13 The Boston Society for the Moral and Religious Instruction of the Poor was an important working factor in the newly- formed Union. Hon. WilUam Reed of Marblehead was elected President. The first annual meeting was held in the Old South Congre- gational Church, Boston, in the afternoon of June 1, 1826, and in Park Street Congregational Church in the evening. Each cooperating Sunday-school was called an auxiliary, and of the fifty-five represented, forty were Congregational. At this time many churches refused to establish Sunday- schools, thinking other methods were better; but, on the other hand, interest was widespread and rapidly growing. Among the resolutions adopted was one presented by Dr. Lyman Beecher, expressing the hope that " the time is not far distant when the benign and happy influence of the Sunday-schools will extend to every son and daughter of the human family." The Society employed seven agents, all students of Andover Theological Seminary, to promote the establishment of " Sabbath schools in those places where they do not at present exist, as well as to encourage and strengthen those which are in a languishing state." The report indicated that the col- lections for the year were $106.92, and that the expenditure was $57.08. If the financial base was small, it was certainly safe. The reports do not indicate how the agents were sus- tained financially. It may be presumed that they were not wholly dependent upon the Sabbath-School Union. These agents visited 133 towns and parishes. Fifty-five of the schools were estimated to contain 879 teachers and 6,883 pupils. The Union was interested in educational improvement as well as in extending the work. It issued a book of suggestions in which the position was taken that the instruction should be more definitely rehgious, and that " the Bible alone should be used in classes capable of reading and committing to memory, each class in the school reciting the same lesson, which should 14 The Sunday-School Century not exceed ten or fifteen verses. The smallest classes may recite hymns or the Catechism, or be taught to read in the Sunday-school Spelhng Book." The same pamphlet con- tained a series of " Select Scripture Lessons for Sabbath Schools," covering the life of Jesus in forty-nine selections from the four Gospels, and a table of fifty-two lessons from Genesis and the Gospels, recommended by an association of teachers of Hartford, Connecticut. The second annual meeting showed that the schools had increased to 220, containing 23,869 pupils. Twenty-two " agents " were employed during the year, one of whom, John S. C. Abbott, afterwards became famous as a minister and writer. The Union prospered, and in 1826 it established a depository in the Hanover Street Congregational Church, Boston, where during the first year 2,600 books were sold, to the value of $1,800. The benevolent contributions amounted to $340.25. The third year one hundred and thirty-four schools num- bered more than three hundred members each, one hundred and fifty-four reported Sunday-school libraries, and one hundred and twenty-two " auxiliaries " were added. Mr. Samuel N. Tenney was employed as agent of the depository, and reported sales amounting to $6,826.42. The year was also marked by the employment of Rev. Artemus Bullard as general agent, to organize new auxiliaries and assist those already gathered. In 1829 the Union expended in missionary effort about $1,000, and its sales were doubled. The depository was removed from the Hanover Street Church to larger quarters in the Federal Street Baptist Church. A monthly periodical, The Sabbath School Treasury, was begun in July of that year. During the fifth year the auxiharies were formed into more than twenty subordinate unions, which were expected to hold annual meetings, to be attended as far as possible by the general agent. Messrs. Norris E. White and Joseph S. Clark, Beginnings of Organizations 15 theological students at Andover, were employed as special agents during vacation. Rev. Artemus Bullard was commissioned in 1830 to make a tour of the Mississippi Valley, to determine in what practical ways Sunday-schools could be estabhshed within two years in every neighborhood. On arriving in Ilhnois he. found that a Sabbath-school union had been recently formed, and he recommended that the Massachusetts union help this or- ganization. It was voted to pay the American Sunday- School Union one thousand dollars, to be invested in books to assist in starting a depository in Illinois, and also one thousand dollars toward the support of a general agent for that state. The sixth annual meeting was held in Park Street Church. Before the exercises commenced the house was packed, and many were unable to obtain standing room. It is stated that there were " several performances of the juvenile choir." At this meeting it was reported that Maine, Connecticut, and Rhode Island had organised Sabbath-school unions, appointed agents, and estabhshed depositories. The resources and the work of the Massachusetts union steadily increased, and the two denominations supporting it worked in harmony. The denominational character of each was recognized, and in the depository some books were carried that were acceptable to the Baptists but not to the Congrega- tionalists, and the reverse; hence, there was kept a Congrega- tional section, a Baptist section, and one acceptable to both. It began, however, to be felt by the secretary and others that larger things could be accomphshed if each denomination sustained a Sunday-school Society of its own. A committee of the board was appointed to consider the expediency of amica- ble separation. This committee reported that, after mature consideration, it was deemed expedient that such a division should take place, and that after examining the resources from which the funds and property were derived, the committee considered that equitable terms of division would be: — 16 The Sunday-School Century " After paying all debts, to appropriate one-third of all the property remaining on hand to the Baptist denomination, and two-thirds to the Congregational." This recommenda- tion was approved by the Board, and at the annual meeting in 1832 the recommendation was unanimously adopted and carried into effect. The record states: " It was evidently in some respects a matter of general regret that the last anni- versary of the Union, composed of denominations which had progressed with the utmost harmony together, had now ar- rived; but the reasons for the separation, drawn from the prospect of more efficiency and greater success in promoting Sabbath-school education, were so apparent to every mind as to induce a unanimous acquiescence in the measure." The wide-reaching character of the undertaking entered upon was reflected at this meeting, when the hope was ex- pressed that the new organizations about to be formed would be " highly auspicious to the cause of Sabbath schools in this Commonwealth and throughout the world." The union plan was not abandoned from any narrow-minded- ness or want of Christian spirit, but simply because it had been outgrown, and the time had come for the denominations concerned to assume direct responsibihty in providing the best means for enlarging and improving the Sunday-school work of their respective churches, and for carrying it into regions as yet unreached. In the language of Dr. Edwards, " It seemed that the Union, though nominally divided, was really doubled." Rev. Artemus Bullard, who had rendered a very important service, accepted a call from the American Board and be- came its agent, with headquarters at Cincinnati, Ohio. A far-sighted vision for the nation and world was apparent in the organization which was the beginning of The Congrega- tional Sunday-School and Pubhshing Society. The other branch formed an important part of the Baptist Board of Publications, with headquarters in Philadelphia, a society which has grown to even larger proportions. Chapter III BEGINNINGS OF DENOMINATIONAL EFFORT The Congregational Society Organized When the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Union, with the best good-will, divided, or, as it was happily stated, "doubled," the Congregational delegates met in Park Street Church, May 30, 1832, and elected for president Hon. William Reed, who had served the union organization in this office dur- ing the seven years of its history. The new board, consisting of twelve managers, contained ten who had been members of the former board; hence the Society was in very large mea- sure a continuation. On account of the continuity of this service there is some ground for dating the organization of The Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society at 1825, instead of 1832. But if 1832 is questioned, it is worthy of consideration whether the year 1816, when the Boston Society for the Moral and ReHgious Instruction of the Poor was established, could not be claimed, since its most important work during the first years was in organizing and fostering Sunday-schools. In these two organizations Con- gregationalists predominated, but provision was made for individuals or churches of different denominations to par- ticipate; hence, these societies did not claim to be strictly Congregational. It has also been suggested that the Congregational Sunday- School Society might date from 1829, when the American Doctrinal Tract and Book Society was formed, which after- wards became an important part of the organization. In the beginning of the Sunday-school movement, however, the pub- lishing of Sunday-school literature did not occupy the prominent place given to it in later years, and the American 17 18 The Sunday-School Century Doctrinal Tract and Book Society did not have any direct relation to Sunday-school work during the first years of its existence. The date of its organization cannot, therefore be claimed for the Sunday-School Society. ' The Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society was formed by representatives of Congregational churches. The plans adopted from the first and embodied later in the charter, in 1841, made provision for missionary, extension, educational' and publishing interests. Although it took a state name, its plans were nation and world wide; and therefore 1832 is rightly regarded as the date of the origin of the Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society. At once the society placed itself at the disposal of the churches of the denomination and those cooperating with them. The " plan of union " with the Presbvterian churches entered into by the American Home Missionary Society, was still in operation. A broad, undenominational character was maintained, but in making grants of literature pref- erence was given to Sunday-schools connected with Congre- gational and Presbyterian churches, which were placed upon the same basis. The Baptist organization retained the monthly publica- tion, The Sabhath School Treasury, and the Congregational Society issued a new magazine. The Sabbath School Visiter. A depository was established at 24 Cornhill, Boston- Mr Christopher C. Dean, who had occupied a similar position with the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Union, was appointed agent, and Rev. Christopher Marsh was elected secretary general agent, and editor of The Visiter. ' Enthusiasm marked the beginning of the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society. Its first annual meeting was held in Park Street Church, May 30, 1833. The house was full, and the audience listened with great interest to the addresses' It was reported that the sales of the depository for the year were about $7,500 and that more than $1,000 had been given Beginnings of Denominational Effort 19 for the work in the West. Desire for union effort was still strong, and it was resolved: " That this Society learns with great pleasure that the American Sunday-School Union, at their late annual meeting, passed a resolution that they would, by the blessing of God, endeavor to establish, and for five years support, Sabbath schools in every neighborhood where the people desire it, and in other respects it is practicable, within the bounds of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, the District of Columbia, and the territory of Florida; and that this Society will co- operate with them in carrying the Resolution into effect." To aid in this, cards were circulated, and although it was not intended as an appeal to the citizens of Boston, more than $1,000 was subscribed by clergymen and others. In 1834, a prosperous year, $12,328.69 was received through the depository and for general expenses; and in addition $2,341.06 was devoted to the American Sunday-School Union for the work in the South and West. After two years of good service, Rev. Christopher Marsh resigned as general secretary, and was succeeded by Rev. Asa Bullard, general agent of the Maine Sabbath-School Union, a brother of the former secretary. Rev. Artemus Bul- lard. Mr. Bullard began in 1834 his notable career of fifty- four years with the Society, forty years as Secretary and Editor, and fourteen years as Honorary Secretary. His life work marked an era in the growth of the Society and in Sunday-school development in America. The fourth annual report in 1836 gives an intimation of the scope of the work upon which the Society had entered. It was noted that during the four years, in addition to support given to the American Sunday-School Union, about $2,268 had been contributed by the Sunday-schools of Massachusetts to furnish needy schools in the West, the South, and in Canada, with publications of the Society, and to send books to foreign lands. Field missionary work had also been done in Massa- 20 The Sunday-School Century chusetts by the Secretary and Mr. C. C. Beaman, a student of Andover Seminary. In 1837 the society mourned the loss of Hon. WilHam Reed. He was the zealous, devoted superintendent of the Sunday- school at Marblehead, and was remembered lovingly by old and young. It was said of him in relation to the young people: " For their good it seemed to be his meat and drink to labor, and with the promotion of this object he was liter- ally engaged as his very last act." It meant much to the society that its first president was a man of rare character and devotion. He was succeeded by Alfred D. Foster, Esq., of Worcester, who served one year. In the fifth year thirty-five new books were issued, and the circulation of The Visiter increased to nearly nine thousand. The Question Book on Romans, one of the publications issued, circulated widely, reached its sixth edition, and was replaced by a simpler one. The secretary made a careful investigation in regard to the truth of the proverb, " The children of ministers and deacons are worse than other children." Statistics were collected, and it was demonstrated in the report at the annual meeting that the proverb " is unjust and false." Sunday-school conventions and Fourth of July Sunday-school celebrations became common. Revivals in Sunday-schools occupied a large share of the Society's attention, and figures were given which showed that a large number of pupils had " made a public profession or become hopefully pious " during the year. Business depression marked the year which ended in 1838. On account of this and because the paper was placed upon a " paid in advance " basis, the circulation of The Visiter decreased. The Society issued only fifteen new book publica- tions, and the income of the depository was reduced to about $19,000. Hon. Samuel T. Armstrong was elected president, and served the Society with fidehty until his death in 1850. Beginnings of Denominational Effort 21 Meeting Denominational Needs The termination of the auxiliary relations with the American Sunday-School Union in 1839 helped to give the society self- consciousness, place it upon a solid basis and strengthen its na- tional outreach. A new educational emphasis was added, and special attention was given to classes for little children, young men, adults, and parents; also maternal associations, teachers' meetings, Sunday-school concerts, organizations for teach- ing benevolences, and enlarging the scope of Sunday-school libraries. Between thirty and forty of the books published were histories of various missions and benevolent societies. They set forth the general appearance, geography, soil, products and climate of the countries, the manners, customs, habits, government, literature, and religion of the people, and gave an account of the origin, progress, and prospects of the missions. The society also pubhshed church histories, suitable for Sunday-school use. The Sabbath School Visiter was sent to the pastors, thus making a bond of connection between the churches and the Board. Special attention for the improve- ment of Sunday-school music resulted in the introduction of the song book, The Sabbath School Harp. Temperance and Sunday-school evangelism were made prominent. The so- ciety encouraged reports from individual schools, and these were often published in connection with the annual minutes. Groups of schools united for mutual improvement and en- larged service, and became district organizations auxiliary to the Massachusetts society. The reports indicate steady progress, in the course of which foundations were laid in nearly every department for future development. The benevolent work in aid of schools in the West and South, in Canada and in foreign fields, did much to cultivate both national and international brotherhood. In 1840, business depression caused diflEiculty in collecting 22 The Sunday-School Century funds, and necessitated delay in several contemplated publica- tions. The Society, however, issued twelve small volumes of the Infant Series; twenty-nine new books in all. The work in Missouri aroused special interest, and in response to earnest appeals for assistance, aid was given in the employment of Mr. Ashley Samson in that state. A donation of $400 worth of the Society's pubHcations was sent to the depository in St. Louis. The First Charter In the year 1841 the society adopted the Act of Incorpora- tion passed at the previous session of the legislature, stating that the organization was, " for the purpose of estabhshing and aiding Sunday-schools, supplying Sunday-school hbraries, and otherwise promoting Sunday-school education." This incorporation made provision for the missionary, extension, educational, and pubhshing departments, all of which were destined to grow in importance and mutual helpfulness. Years of Development In 1842 the tenth annual meeting of the society was held with much enthusiasm. According to the custom of the time, resolutions were introduced, with a good deal of formality. On motion of Rev. James Means of Concord, seconded by Rev. J. S. Clark, secretary of the Massachusetts Home Mis- sionary Society, it was " Resolved: That the child is father of the man." And on motion of Rev. William A. Stearns of Cambridgeport, seconded by Rev. Alexander W. McClure of Maiden, it was " Resolved: That the spiritual prosperity of the Sabbath-schools connected with this Association, calls for devout gratitude to God, and for new engagedness and patience in carrying forward this important enterprise." These motions were supported by Rev. A. A. Wood and Rev. A. R. Baker. Beginnings of Denominational Effort 23 The entire number of the society's pubhcations for the first ten years was 475, of which 256 w^ere bound volumes, and 25 were question books and catechisms. It was then stated that the pubhshing committee had taken measures to obtain each year a few standard books of high order, and that they meant to spare no reasonable effort to improve the character of all the publications. The supporters of the society emphasized the importance of the influence which it could exert in helping to establish a genuine democracy. In the year 1843, on motion of Hon. Charles T. Russell of Boston, seconded by Rev. D. Kimball of Ipswich, it was " Resolved: That Sabbath-schools are peculiarly adapted to the wants of a republic, and in the present moral aspect of our country, have an established moral claim to the support of friends of free government." Dr. Lyman Beecher, Dr. Horace Bushnell, Prof. Calvin E. Stowe, Rev. Henry Ward Beecher (a brother-in-law of Rev. Asa Bullard), Dr. Henry Wilkes of Canada, and other eminent religious leaders were frequently among the speakers at annual meetings. The secretary, who had made a tour of the West to gain information in regard to the wants of schools in that section, reported that the destitution was very extensive, and that the limited circulation of money throughout the whole region was such that this destitution could not be relieved except by charitable assistance. The report recommends, " that inas- much as the needs existing within the Congregational and Presbyterian denominations are far more than sufficient to absorb all the aid that our churches and schools will be likely to furnish for this object, we feel it our duty to confine this aid at present to these." In 1845 the Massachusetts General Association commended the Sabbath-School Society to the patronage and cooperation of the ministers and churches of the state. Benevolent contributions increased to $4,000, three-fourths of this sum 24 The Sunday-School Century coming from Sunday-schools, juvenile societies, and young people. Most of this was appropriated for libraries aJnd literature sent to the missionaries and churches of the American Home Missionary Society. This period marked the extension of Sunday-school mis- sionary work by other denominations. The Sunday-School Union of the Methodist Episcopal Church endeavored to increase its Sabbath-school fund to one hundred thousand dollars per year. The Presbyterian and Baptist societies laid the foundations for their large Sunday-school work. The Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society had confined its benevolent operations largely to the West, but it became ap- parent that schools in the East also needed assistance, and that the entire work should be put upon a broader basis. Sunday-school interest was quickened, and about twenty thousand pupils over eighteen years of age were reported in the Congregational schools in Massachusetts. Forerunners of Children's Day, World Service, and Denominational Support In 1846 plans were devised for taking an offering in con- nection with the Fourth of July celebrations, and each school was asked to contribute a sum equal to two cents per member, the gifts to be called an " Independence Offering." The first year about 140 schools contributed .$800. The appeal was made for Sunday-school missions in the West, and the ob- servance was in many respects a forerunner of Children's Day. In the annual meeting of 1848 the oft-repeated ques- tion was discussed: " Why does the West need so much aid in sustaining the cause of Sabbath-schools? " and " How long will they probably continue to need it? " The prophetic answer was given : " This need arises principally from the scarcity of books in that section of our country, and of money with which to procure them elsewhere. But both these Beginnings of Denominational Effort 25 sources of want in a few years will, to a great extent, be removed. So soon as the channels of communication be- tween the East and the West, which are now rapidly increasing, shall furnish a market for the immense quantities of produce in the Great Valley, money will become more plenty in the newer portions of the land, and books too will then be ac- cessible. When this shall be the case, the churches now re- ceiving aid from the East will begin to make returns, by supplying the wants of those in the great West beyond them, ' towards the setting sun,' or by sending the gospel to those of the great East beyond us, ' toward the rising sun.' " In 1846 the Vermont Sabbath-School Union had become an auxiliary, and in 1848 the General Association of New Hamp- shire and the General Conference of Maine recommended that their Sunday-schools make an annual report through the Massachusetts Society. The General Association of Massa- chusetts, in assigning particular months for presenting the various benevolent objects to the churches, gave the Massa- chusetts Sabbath-School Society a place. This was an im- portant step in placing the support of the Society upon the churches by denominational action. In 1849 the activities of the Society extended to Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Ten- nessee, Ohio, Indiana, Ilhnois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Mississippi, Alabama, California, the Choctow Nation, Persia, Africa, and the Sandwich Islands. At this time the Society worked through the pastors, home mission- aries, churches already on the ground, and teachers of the " Ladies' Society for the Promotion of Education at the West." Notwithstanding the excellent service rendered in this way, requests came with renewed persistence that agents be em- ployed for extending Sunday-school work in the new parts of the country. There was a strong sentiment in favor of com- plying, but funds did not seem to warrant it at that time, and the pohcy was continued of aiding almost exclusively through 26 The Sunday-School Century correspondence, occasional visitations, and grants of literature. Up to the year 1851, the whole number of the Society's publications was 1,033. of which 608 were bound volumes, and 4§ were text books. The Wellspring was established in 1844, and although restricted in its circulation by exorbitant postal rates, exerted a wide influence. Hon. Samuel T. Armstrong, who had been the devoted president since 1838, with the exception of a single year, died in 1850, and was succeeded by Hon. Samuel H. Walley, of Roxbury, who took a deep interest in the work during his presidency of eighteen years. At the annual meeting of 1851, the venerable Rev. Dr. Lyman Beecher, of Cincinnati, spoke of his long continued interest in Sunday-schools, and of his labors in behalf of the West. First Field Workers, and Results East and West Requests continued to come from both East and West for the employment of field workers, that the Sunday-schools might be strengthened and the literature of the society more generally used. In 1852 steps were taken by the Board of Managers to ascertain the desires of the churches in this respect. A Sunday-school in western New York made the offer of an annual gift of $150, on condition that workers be employed. The Albany convention, held in the autumn of that year, made it clear that this enlargement should be undertaken. In 1853 the society commissioned Rev. James Hall, of North Scituate, Rhode Island, for Wisconsin, and Rev. D. B. Nichols, of Warren, Iowa, for Iowa and northern IlHnois. In 1854 Mr. Hall, during eight months, traveled 2,954 miles; gave 139 addresses; revived or organized 13 Sunday-schools; sold books to the value of $59.86; donated the value of $209; and obtained 375 subscribers for The Wellspring. Because of Beginni7igs of Denominational Effort 27 the independence of the Congregational churches, the society had not had the loyal support which was given to most pub- lishing houses by their own denominations, and the employ- ment of workers seemed in a measure to remedy this, since the depository, in spite of prevailing business depression, increased its business to $28,976 for the year. The society appointed two additional field workers. Rev. Samuel Beane for Ohio, and Rev. James O. Barney to take the place of Mr. Nichols, who had been transferred to special work in Chicago. In 1855 Mr. J. D. Foote began work in western New York, and Rev. Eben Colman in Ilhnois. In 1856 the Society was aroused to the seriousness of the Sunday-school situation. Statistics were gathered in New Hampshire, showing that out of 90,000 children between the ages of four and twenty-one, not more than 30,000 were con- nected with any Sunday-school, and in Massachusetts there were 150,000 between the same ages unreached. The So- ciety suggested as a remedy that the churches survey the fields and estabhsh branch schools under the charge of members of the home church for those who were too far away to attend the sessions of its Sunday-school. Similar conditions or even greater needs were apparent in the West. This survey led to the enlargement of the field force, and in 1857 the following were in the employ of the society: Rev. WilHam B. Hammond, Iowa; Rev. James Hall, Wisconsin; Rev. A. O. Wightman, Ilhnois; Rev. Wilham Hall, Indiana; Rev. G. W. Newcomb, Michigan; Rev. P. A. Beane, Ohio; and Mr. J. D. Foote, in western New York. In 1858 Mr. K. A. Burnell began work in Minnesota and Wisconsin. The campaign which was begun in 1856 for increasing membership and starting branch schools gave encouragement and stimulated further activity. In 1859 the society called a convention of the Congregational churches of Massachusetts in the interests of Sunday-school work, which led to beneficial 28 The Sunday-School Century results both within and beyond the state. An increasing number of churches were beginning to look to their own de- nomination and their own society for cooperation in Sunday- school efforts. Many others who had not come to realize the necessity of denominational fellowship and activity depended upon union or interdenominational organizations in Sunday- school enlargement and improvement. The steps taken by the convention for enlarging the service of the society marked an advance both East and West. The Effect of the Civil War What the result would have been if the enlarged effort had been unhampered, it is impossible to tell. All was changed by the disturbed conditions prior to and resulting from the Civil War. The services of field Sunday-school missionaries were almost wholly discontinued, and attention was given very largely to furnishing literature to needy schools and to the " boys " at the front. The society supplied 324 libraries, containing 17,000 volumes, to the American Seaman's Friend Society. An interesting series of six volumes, called The Pocket Companion, and other literature for soldiers, was pre- pared and widel}'- circulated. At the close of the war valuable service was rendered in connection with the Freedman's Bureau and other organiza- tions in the South, and through the different missionary agencies that were being adjusted to meet the new conditions throughout the country. Appeals came for reappointing field workers, but the demand for literature seemed to call for all available funds. New England, which had up to this time borne in large measure the financial support of the society, had undertaken many responsibilities in connection with the readjustment of missionary activities; and requests for a field force were left in abeyance for a time. The society continued to carry on the work principally through the Beginnings of Denominational Effort 29 missionaries of the American Home Missionary Society, the American Missionary Association, and in foreign fields through the American Board. The year 1864 completed thirty years of service of the secretary, Rev. Asa Bullard. During that time he had traveled more than 160,000 miles; made 2,227 visits to 749 different towns, and preached 4,268 times. In connection with his visits to state and county conferences of churches and Sabbath-school conventions, he addressed not less than 1,200,000 persons. For ten years he edited The Sahbath School Visiter, and for twenty years, The Wellspring. Other interesting facts in regard to his wide service were given in the report of the year. Temperance Instruction The report for 1865 states: " The Massachusetts Sabbath School Society, from its organization, has ever been laboring to give the young thorough instruction in regard to the evils of intemperance, and the duty of abstinence, as taught by the Bible, the laws of health, and the results of experience." Restored Prosperity and First Business Department Grant In 1867 the business of the society was prosperous, the sales of the depository amounting to $134,675.78, and the Board made an appropriation of $5,000, the first grant made by the business department for missionary Sunday-school work. The reports continually emphasized the fact that the society employed no collecting agents, and that all contribu- tions were secured through The Wellspring, the regular visits of the secretary, and by means of circulars. Chapter IV THE CONSOLIDATION WHICH FORMED THE CONGREGATIONAL SABBATH-SCHOOL AND PUBLISHING SOCIETY The Congregational Board of Publications An event of great importance took place in 1868, when the Congregational Board of Publication united with the Massa- chusetts Sabbath-School Society, forming the Congregational Sabbath-School and Publishing Society. It is of interest to trace the development of the publishing branch of the society. On June 24, 1829, a number of leading Congregational ministers, with strong religious doctrinal convictions, held a meeting at Taunton, Massachusetts, and estabhshed The Doctrinal Tract and Book Society. They associated with themselves laymen and ministers representing the theology called Edwardsian, Hopkinsian, or The New Eng- land Theology. The object of the Society, as stated, was " To procure and circulate such tracts and books as are adapted to explain, prove, and vindicate the peculiar and essential doctrines of the Gospel, and to discriminate between genuine and spurious religious affections and experience." They chose Hon. David L. Morrill, M.D., LL.D., for president and Rev. Jonas Per- kins as secretary. Seven tracts were published during the first year, each numbering 3,000 copies, and the expenditures were $431.11. The publications were sold when possible, but as the society was considered a strictly charitable organiza- tion, sales were meager and funds were solicited to enable the society to publish and distribute gratuitously. There was apparently no thought at this time of the Doc- trinal Tract and Book Society becoming denominational or 30 The Consolidation 31 national. There was a similar society in New Jersey, and two in New York state. During the first few years the work of the organization was practically restricted to issuing and circulating tracts in New England. In 1831 the election of Rev. Leonard Woods, D.D., of Andover, for president, marked an enlargement of the Society. The number of tracts increased, including " The PersonaHty and Offices of the Holy Spirit "; " Sinners Wilful and Perverse"; "The Plea of the Sinner Against Eternal Punishment." In 1832 the name was changed to The American Doctrinal Tract Society. The annual fee, which had been fifty cents, was raised to two dollars, and the fife membership fee was raised from five to twenty dollars. In 1834 bound volumes of tracts were issued, and one hun- dred volumes of these were presented to the American Board to be distributed among its missionaries; and tracts to the value of two hundred dollars were voted to the Massachusetts Missionary Society. From 1836 to 1847, forty-five different tracts were pubhshed and circulated, and also issued in bound volumes. In 1847 steps were taken for an enlargement of the operations of the Society by issuing a series of standard works on theology. Rev. Sewall Harding was elected agent, and raised about $20,- 000 for a permanent fund, the object being, " To stereotype, pubhsh, distribute, and perpetuate a class of books generally needed to give vigor and stability to the churches." The society desired to place these works within reach of ministers with small salaries, and the general reading community. The society was hard to satisfy with a name, and in 1850 changed back to its original title. The Doctrinal Tract and Book Society. The report for 1851 mentions the pubhcation of "The Memoir of Dr. Nettleton," the works of Bellamy and Jona- than Edwards, and those of Dr. Samuel Hopkins in process of 32 The Sunday-School Century publication. In the following year it was resolved to publish the works of " the most distinguished Congregational theolo- gians, beginning with John Robinson." The same year the society planned for larger service, and the report makes mention of a " design to make this Society for the Congregational churches of our land, what the Presby- terian Board of Publication is for the Presbyterian churches," and the name The Congregational Board of Pubhcation was suggested. In 1853 the number of volumes issued had increased to twenty-six, including the works of Thomas Shepard and Leonard Woods. This year, among other grants, the society presented a small library to every Congregational church in Michigan. Rev. Leonard Woods, who had served as president for twenty-three years, died in 1854, and was succeeded by Rev. Jacob Ide, D.D. In the same year, by act of the legislature of Massachusetts, the name was changed to The Congrega- tional Board of Pubhcation. Two colporteurs were employed for the circulation of literature. Among the pubHcations of 1856 was an edition of " Lectures to Young Men," by Joel Hawes, which was widely circulated and of great value. In 1857, in addition to the secretary, a depository agent was appointed; seven new books were published, and also a revision of the works of Dr. Emmons. The society offered a prize for an essay on slavery, and selected one entitled, " The Error and the Duty in Regard to Slavery." The re- port states that it was " at once philosophical and Scriptural, finely harmonizing the Old and New Testament, ethics and the Bible, theory and practice, philanthropy and common sense." In 1858 the society published " The Church Polity of the Pilgrims," by Rev. J. W. Wellman, D.D., Sketches of the History of the Congregational Churches in Massachusetts from 1620 to 1858, by Rev. J. S. Clark, D.D., Porter's " Re- vivals of Religion," and thirty-one new tracts. The Consolidation 33 The work of the society was brought into prominence in 1859 by the pubhcation of a large volume on the Atone- ment, by several New England writers, with an introductory essay on The Edwardsian Theology, by Prof. Edwards A. Park, of Andover. This book called forth a strongly polemic .pamphlet, directed against the general management of the society, as well as against the book, by Rev. Parsons Cooke, D.D., one of its vice-presidents. The discussion occupied a large place in the religious thinking and writing of theolo- gians of the time. Soon, however, the practical and burning questions thrust upon the nation, which resulted in the Civil War, greatly modified the doctrinal preaching and writing of the denomination, to the exclusion, in a marked degree, of speculative theology. The society, like all the other benevolent organizations of the denomination, started in a small way and very largely from individual effort; and onty as it vindicated its usefulness did it win a recognized place in the Congregational fellowship. Its first depository was estabhshed at 114 and was transferred in 1853 to 156 Washington Street, Boston. These quarters proved too small, and it was moved to Tremont Temple, where it remained until 1858. In that year the business was transferred to 2 Chauncy Street, in the Congregational Library Building, " where the different Congregational chari- table organizations were accommodated, and where the brethren of the Congregational family, visiting Boston, found a kind of home and place of social resort." During the time under review there had been great de- velopment in Sunday-school work. The meager pub- lications of the earlier days did not meet the demands for Sunday-school literature. Congregational publishing interests, divided between the Congregational Board of Publication and the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society, made impossible a strong publishing house. Indepen- dent publishers, both within and without the denomina- 34 The Sunday-School Century tion, found a large constituency in the Congregational churches. This situation led thoughtful men to advocate uniting the publishing and Sabbath-school interests. The largest and most stable demands for religious publications were for Sunday- schools. In most other denominations the planting and educational improvement of Sunday-schools and the pubhsh- ing of literature had either grown up together, or if separately, had been united. As the first step toward union, in 1862 the depository of the Congregational Board of Pubhcation was removed to 13 Cornhill, where the Sabbath-school depository had been located since 1835. The two societies, however, still operated under different boards. The receipts of the Congregational Board of Publication greatly diminished and in 1863 were but $416.23. Efforts were put forth for enlarging the constituency by increasing the membership of the board of directors and by the election of corporate members. In 1867 Rev. Rufus Anderson, D.D., became president, and the sales for that year amounted to $2,400. Notwithstand- ing this renewed effort, the operations of the Congre- gational Board of Pubhcation again diminished and no printed reports can be found of the last seven years of its existence. The Board of Pubhcation, under different names, had done an important work during most of the thirty-nine years of its operations. The Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society, adhering to its original name, had united the organized Con- gregational Sunday-school activities of the different states, and by natural development had become helpful to the entire denomination. When the two societies were organized, there was little that was common in aim or method. But the growth of the Sunday-school movement, with its demands for a large literary output, made clear the wisdom of union. It was, therefore, a matter of great significance when the two societies united in 1868, with the hearty approval of all The Consolidation 35 concerned, and there was formed The Congregational Sabbath- School and Pubhshing Society. The Work Strengthened by Union The organization formed by the union encountered very strong competition from independent pubhshing houses, in a constituency trained to individual rather than cooperative action. Many Congregational churches and laymen were still supporting other Sunday-school organizations rather than their own. More than one-half of the Congregational churches west of the Mississippi did not have Sunday-schools under their control, but sustained union schools, and hence there was lacking a loyal constituency. Notwithstanding these difficulties, the society made progress and improved the quahty of its hterature, and soon gave promise of that which has since been reahzed — publications unsurpassed in the Sunday-school world United Society Incorporated An Act of Incorporation of the new society was authorized by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, entitled "An Act to Unite the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society and the Congregational Board of Pubhcation." The new organiza- tion was entitled, The Congregational Sabbath-School and Publishing Society, and was given all the rights, powers, and privileges which either of the corporations had, and was entrusted with the responsibihties of each. Hon. Samuel H. Walley, who had been president of the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society for eighteen years, desired to be released, and the society placed on record an expression of its regard and gratitude. Hon. Charles Theo- dore Russell, of Cambridge, was elected the first president of the united society. The annual meeting was held in Tremont Temple, with a large and enthusiastic audience. Rev. Edwards A. Park, D.D., of Andover, opened the meeting 36 The Sunday-School Century with prayer. Interest was given by the participation of the juvenile choir of Chambers Street Chapel, under the direction of H. W. Alexander, organist, and Loring Lothrop, superin- tendent of the Sunday school. The report states that " the Sabbath School Society, hav- ing flourished in its independent operations during thirty-six years, and having a history honorable and dear to its members, did not feel prepared to relinquish its name and identity, or to lose the continuity of its existence in a wholly new or- ganization. It therefore proposed to receive as members the present membership of the Board of Pubhcation, and to take the name of The Congregational Sabbath-School and Pub- lishing Society." Six members were added to the board of managers, making nineteen, and arrangements were made for two secretaries, one for the Sunday-school department, and the other for general publications. At the time of merging, the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society was prosperous; the business was steadily increasing, and amounted for the year to $137,011, an advance of $2,335 over the preceding year. The Call to Become National The new name of the united society relieved it from provin- ciaHsm, and gave it a denominational and national outlook. The denomination had been hindered by hesitation in planting Congregational churches in any great numbers west of the Hudson River. Sunday-school contributions of Massachu- setts had to a large extent gone to the building up of Presby- terian churches. The report of 1869 pointed out that our churches formed a partnership with the Presbyterians for home missionary work, which instead of securing the exten- sion of Congregational churches, had caused some two thou- sand formed by Congregationahsts to be transferred into the The Consolidation 37 Presbyterian denomination. In a similar way Congregational patronage had been freely given to other publishing houses while their own denominational press had not been loyally supported. A clear call was given for the society to become truly national. The report states: "Congregationalism can be made a success only by nationalizing it. Its genius as a church government, its difficulties, and wants, and duties, and modes of propagation and extension, must be regarded as a unit extended across the country. To meet the religious exigencies of the times, and fill our mission as the apostolic order of churches, we must so reconstruct our machinery of benevolence and adjust our forces, as to act as a unit. We must so na- tionalize ourselves as to feel at home wherever we may hold our anniversaries." Fear of a National Council The report of 1869 continues: " We need an annual national gathering. We fear, and with reason, a stated National Council. But we could make up an Anniversary Week of our own five or six national societies, which would serve all the ends of these other Assembhes and Conventions. Indeed, it would serve much better, since we do all our legislating and trying of cases at home, and could give our effort to the higher Christian work of planning for home and foreign evangeliza- tion, and stimulating the churches up to a higher plane of consecration and labor. " We could thus constitute one great annual week of Con- gregationalism. It would bring face to face, once a year, the leading piety and talent and wealth and zeal of our order." The Compositeness of the New Society The Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society was the result of a large number of movements which found 38 The Sunday-School Century expression in different organizations. The first of these, in point of time, was the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, organized in 1805. It rendered a useful service in publishing and circulating literature. In the year 1870 it disbanded, donating $5,000 of accumulated funds to the Sunday-School Society, the income to be used for the circu- lation of books. This fund has been kept sacred, and its income used in the way specified. The Boston Society for the Moral and Religious Instruction of the Poor, estabhshed in 1816, embraced several depart- ments of service, and finally became the Boston City Mission- ary Society, which has had an honored history and still renders a great and noble service under the direction of Rev. D. W. Waldron, who has been its secretary for forty-six years. In its early history, an important part of its work was organizing and stimulating Sunday-schools, until this department, by different steps, became a part of the Massachusetts Sabbath- School Society, which was the principal factor in The Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society. A very important tributary was the Congregational Board of Publication, an evolution from the Doctrinal Tract and Book Society. To this the Evangelical Society of Publication, in 1850, transferred its good will and the few hundred dollars in its treasury. Other publishing interests of a similar character, estabhshed in several states, disbanded at different periods, and the Congregational constituency connected with them looked to the Congregational Board of Publication for a continuation of the service which they had rendered. The union of the Sunday-school and the Publishing Socie- ties was by a natural process of evolution. The principal work of at least half a dozen different societies were thus advantageously united. Chapter V YEARS OF EXPERIMENT For six years before the formal union, the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society and the Congregational Board of Pubhcation had occupied the same depository and employed the same business manager. After the union, an effort was made for a time to keep the departments separate, and two secretaries were employed. Rev. Asa Bullard devoted his time largely to planting, encouraging and improving schools, also editing The Wellspring and other Sunday-school publica- tions. Rev. William Barrows devoted his efforts to the publication and circulation of general and theological litera- ture. After four years Dr. Barrows resigned to accept the secre- taryship of the Massachusetts Home Missionary Society, and Rev. Asa Bullard continued as the general secretary. Larger responsibility was placed upon the business manager and com- mittees in the publication of literature. Many difficulties had to be overcome, as the denomination had not yet reached a full consciousness of the necessity of sustaining its own organizations. At this time the leading denominations were assuming responsibility for their own Sunday-school work, and strengthening their pubUshing houses. The society was receiving about $12,000 per year for grants of literature to needy schools and for strengthening the Sunday-school work by correspondence and visitation. The events which followed indicate that this would have been an opportune time for the Society to have entered fully into its field work. At this critical period Rev. Asa Bullard, who had served 39 40 The Sunday-School Century the Society with signal devotion for forty years, was made honorary secretary, in 1874, and Rev. John O. Means, D.D., of Roxbury, was called to the secretaryship. Dr. Means was given httle opportunity for executive work, but by his excellent literary ability, did much to improve the quality of the Sunday-school output. Shortening the Name of the Society In response to a request for shortening the name, it was changed in 1870 to the Congregational Publishing Society. The Board of Directors expressed regret at parting with the familiar designation, but gave assurance that the Sunday- school work would be continued in full force, and that the name was changed simply in the interest of brevity. Transfer to the Home Missionary Society In accordance with the recommendation of the National Council of 1874, the missionary work of the Sunday-School Society was transferred to the American Home Missionary Society, not, however, without serious protest on the part of many who were connected with both societies. When the transfer was made, the income diminished, and the special Sunday-school work practically ceased. In 1880 Dr. Means resigned to accept a secretaryship of the American Board, and Rev. Mortimer Blake, D.D., was elected secretary for the board of directors. The transfer of the missionary work of the Society had been made but a short time before agitation was begun for its restoration. The Conferences at Chautauqua A significant movement was started at the Lake Chautauqua Assembly, in New York, which was a center of Sunday-school activity. At a meeting held August 7, 1878, of which Rev. Years of Experiment 41 Frank Russell, D.D., was chairman, and Rev. C. C. Creegan, D.D,, clerk, the following resolution was adopted: "Resolved: That as informal representatives of Congregational Churches in several states, we hereby express our sense of the imperative necessity of associated action in our general Sunday-school work. " We therefore recommend that local and State Associations of our churches organize institutes and conventions for securing more efficient cooperation. We also recommend the calUng at an early date of a de- nominational Sunday School Convention to secure more perfect system and greater efficiency in our Congregational Sunday schools." The following were appointed as a committee to devise appropriate methods for carrying out the resolution: Rev. Frank Russell, Mansfield, Ohio; Rev. G. W. Bainum, Bunker Hill, lUinois; Rev. J. D. Stewart, Little Valley, New York; Rev. John L. Maile, Portland, Michigan, and W. A. Duncan, Syracuse, New York. At a larger meeting, among other actions taken, it was " Resolved: That the committee urge the appointment of a National Secretary." A resolution on the same subject was presented by President J. H. Fairchild, of Oberhn, at the Lake Side, Ohio, Sunday School Assembly, and unanimously adopted by sixty repre- sentative Congregational Sunday-school workers present from three states. A second Chautauqua gathering of Congregationalists was held August 13, 1879. On motion of Dr. Lyman Abbott, of New York, Mr. Joseph Cook, of Boston, was elected chair- man, and Mr. C. M. Nichols, of Springfield, Ohio, secretary. It was stated by Mr. Cook that the chief object of the meeting was to take steps to secure the appointment of a general secretary for Sunday-school work. The following recommendations were adopted: " Whereas, This movement has received the hearty support of the Ohio State Conference, the Michigan State Association, and other state bodies and many local Conferences and Associations, also of our church 42 The Sunday-School Century papers, The Congregationalist and The Advance, also of many leading clergymen and prominent Sunday-school workers all over the land, " Therefore, Resolved, That we reaffirm the resolution passed by the CongregationaUsts at Chautauqua last year, 1878, also the one pre- sented by President Fair child at the Lakeside Assembly, July 29, 1879." It was resolved to hold a Sunday-School Conference at Chautauqua the following year. Rev. O. F. Presbrey, Rev. J. L. Maile, Mr. W. A. Duncan, Mr. C. W. Nichols, and Rev. J. D. Stewart were appointed a committee to arrange a pro- gram for the meeting. The proposed conference met with hearty response. Rev. R. S. Storrs, D.D., of Brooklyn, wrote: " I shall be very glad to meet and address the proposed Congregational Sunday-School Congress, 1880." Mr. Joseph Cook promised to render all possible cooperation. Rev. C. L. Goodell, D.D., of St, Louis, responded: " I am greatly pleased with the idea of a forward march in Sunday-school work in our denomination. I am thankful for the proposed Congress next summer, and for the hope of a General Secre- tary. I go for them heartily." The congress was held in Chautauqua, and was in every respect a gratifying success. Among the speakers were Mr. Joseph Cook, of Boston; Rev. WilKam Potter, D.D., of Washington, D. C; Rev. A. F. Beard, D.D., of Syracuse; Rev. C. L. Goodell, D.D., of St. Louis; and Rev. R. C. Hutchins, D.D., of Columbus. A great impetus was given to the work, which resulted in the election of Rev. A. E. Dunning, D.D., as Sunday-School Secretary, the reorganiza- tion of the society, and the renewing of field work by the appointment of superintendents and missionaries. A Review of Transfer by Dr. Capen This period in the history of the society was reviewed in an address by Dr. Samuel B. Capen, at Hartford, May 25, 1899. In it he states : " In 1874 the National Council recommended that the Secretaries Rev. albert E. DUNNING. D.D. Rev. GEORGE M. BOYNTON, D.D. Rev. frank M. SHELDON Rev. frank K. SANDERS, D.D. Rev. WILLIAM EWING, D.D. Years of Experiment 43 missionary Sunday-school work be transferred to the Home Missionary Society, which was done in 1876. This transfer was made against the judgment of many of the officers of both Societies, and was a most disastrous act of denominational infanticide. It nearly destroyed the Sunday-school mission- ary work, and if it had been allowed to stand, would have severely crippled the denomination. " The receipts for Sunday-school work to the Home Mis- sionary Society were very small, and those of the Publishing Society fell from $12,224 in 1873 to $1,464 in 1879. Shorn of what little missionary work it had done, the Society had small hold upon the denomination, and that little was almost wholly in New England." Dr. Capen calls attention to these additional facts : " The increase in church membership fell from 6,886 in 1879 to 1,792 in 1880, and to only 1,353 in 1881, and the reason was apparent. From 1878 to 1882, the total gain in Sunday- school membership was 18,837, or an average of only 4,709 per year. At this time it was stated that more than one-half of the Congregational churches west of the Mississippi River had no Sunday schools under their control. As the growth of the churches comes so largely from the young, it is no wonder that our church growth was at such a low ebb. We would not have had a denomination much longer if we had continued that policy. But in 1882 the reorganization of our missionary Sunday-school work was begun, and the gain was most remarkable. In the next four years, 1883 to 1887, the total gain in our Sunday-schools was 67,504, or an average of nearly 17,000 per year, or a gain of 350 per cent, over the previous four years. " In the judgment of some of our wisest men, this appoint- ment of a Sunday-school secretary, with the remodeling of the Society to do active pioneer Sunday-school work, was the turning-point in the life of the denomination during the latter part of the century." 44 The Sunday-School Century The denomination suffered by this transfer and inactivity in its Sunday-school work at a period of great growth and development in the country. In addition to other losses, grants of literature to the schools of the American Missionary Association and the American Board almost entirely ceased, and very little aid was given to the needy schools under the care of the Home Missionary Society. Retransfer to the Sunday-School Society Although agitation began for readjustment soon after the transfer had been made, this was not fully accomplished until six years of unrest and loss had been suffered. In May, 1882, the missionary work was by mutual agreement restored, and the next year the National Council passed the following resolution in relation to the Sunday-School Society: ''Resolved: That this Society has a field peculiarly its own and is the legitimate channel for our national Sunday-school work, and that we are decided in our opinion that contributions for Sunday-school work should be forwarded to its missionary treasury." Memorials were sent to the Board by state, territorial and local Congregational associations asking for the appointment of superintendents in Colorado, Wyoming, Nebraska, Wash- ington, Oregon, Wisconsin, Michigan, New Mexico, Minne- sota, South Dakota, North Dakota, New York, Pennsylvania, and many other parts of the country. Among those who were the most appreciative of the restora- tion and the appointment of field workers were the superin- tendents of the Home Missionary Society. In 1889, eleven days before the death of Rev. George H. Atkinson, D.D., superintendent of the Home Missionary Society for Oregon and Washington, he wrote to the Sunday-School Society: " We rejoice in the growth of your Sunday-school work in the new states and territories of the West. It is in many respects Years of Experiment 45 the pioneer of the Home Missionary church, and the nucleus of its organization, and the center of its effective work in new settlements of heterogeneous population. Had you be- gun ten or twenty years sooner, we would have had many more churches in Oregon. We did what we could with your choice Sunday-school helps, but there was needed long ago one or more agents to find the places, plant the Sunday schools, and watch over and help them in active and steady operation. Division of Home Missionary labors adds much to their power for good." Similar testimonials were received from other superin- tendents covering nearly the entire central and western states and territories. Chapter VI REORGANIZATION AND ADVANCE General Secretaries The assurance that the missionary, as well as the educa- tional work, would be taken up by the Sunday-School Society raised up friends and gave a quickened impulse. A. E. Dunning, D.D. In January, 1881, Rev. A. E. Dunning entered the service of the Society as Sunday-School Secretary, stimulating churches by correspondence and by addresses at state asso- ciations and other gatherings. By mutual agreement the Home Missionary Society committed to the Sunday-School Society special responsibility in regard to the missionary Sunday-school work, and this was assumed in May, 1882. This action on the part of the two Societies was ratified by the National Council at its meeting in 1883. The name of the Society, which had been changed for the sake of brevity to The Congregational Publishing Society, was again changed by act of legislature, February 21, 1883, to The Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society, that it might be expressive of the work in which it was engaged. It is un- officially stated that a reward was offered to any one who would give a shorter, satisfactory name, but the reward was not claimed. The employment of field workers greatly increased the demands for Sunday-school literature, and its quality was im- proved. The business department quickly felt the impulse of the reunited society in the enlarged patronage of the churches 46 Early Superintendents Rev. JOHN L. MAILE Rev. JEREMIAH E. PLATT Rev. HARLAN P. CASE Rev. JEREMIAH D. STEWART Rev. JOHN R. REITZEL Reorganization and Advance 47 and Sunday-schools. The capital, however, was insufficient, and between 1883 and 1886, under the leadership of Secretary Dunning and President Capen, about $20,000 was contributed for putting the business on a better financial basis. In 1883 Mr. M. C. Hazard was secured as western secretary, with headquarters at Chicago. Here Dr. Hazard rendered valuable service, devoting part of his time to editorial work, and after two years became editor with headquarters at Bos- ton. In 1884 Dr. Blake resigned as secretary of the board, and Dr. Dunning was made general secretary. In 1886 a branch house was permanently established in Chicago, and the agency, which had been under the care of Rev. E. J. Alden, was transferred to the business management of Mr. J. H. Tewksbury. In the same year W. A. Duncan, Ph.D., who had served as superintendent for New York and Pennsyl- vania since 1884, was made field secretary, in which capacity he served for twenty years. He was instrumental in securing increased gifts from churches and individuals, and extended widely the influence of the Home Department, of which he was the founder and foremost promoter. During this period of great activity, the Pilgrim Teacher was established in 1885, and soon took its place in the front rank of Sunday-school magazines; other publications of the society were improved. The society in every department was greatly strengthened by the strong leadership of Dr. Dunning, and the entire denomination felt new life and hope through greatly enlarged Sunday-school and church member- ship. The first year after the reorganization the income increased from $1,200 to $6,057, and in the next six years reached $45,463. In 1888 Dr. Dunning resigned to accept the editorship of The Congregationalist. The seven years of his official service made a lasting impression upon the Society and the de- nomination. 48 The Sunday-School Century Rev. Asa Bullard The honorary secretary, Rev. Asa Bullard, continued his activity during the larger part of the administration of Dr. Dunning. Few men have been given the privilege of so long and useful a service in any department of Christian activity. His connection with the Society dated from 1834 until his death, April 5, 1888: for forty years as Secretary, and fourteen years as Honorary Secretary. He was always enthusiastic and untiring, visiting the schools and churches in New Eng- land, and occasionally making long journeys into the interior of the country, which was then considered the far West. Mr. Bullard performed the duties of corresponding and recording secretary, kept the records of the board of managers and of its various committees, prepared the annual reports, and had large responsibility in regard to the publications. In addition to the regular editorial duties, he prepared many books especially for httle people. But the work in which he had the greatest joy was in visiting Sunday-schools and churches, large and small, stimulating the earnest study of the Bible, cultivating the benevolence of the Sunday-schools, strongly advocating total abstinence, and carrying every- where a benign countenance and winsome personality. Many who are still living remember this tall, dignified, Christian gentleman, who, when they were children, was wont to place his hand lovingly upon their heads with kindly benediction. The period of honorary secretaryship rounded out a life of singular usefulness. George M. Boynton, D.D. The magnetic leadership of Dr. Dunning enabled the so- ciety to take its place with similar organizations of other denominations. So largely had the work grown that in 1888 Rev. George M. Boynton, who had served for seven years on the directorate, was elected Associate Secretary, and on the Reorganization and Advance 49 resignation of Dr. Dunning, became General Secretary. The society had grown rapidly and furnished a great opportunity for the wise, methodical leadership for which Dr. Boynton was especially quahfied. The different departments which were developing needed to be clearly defined and closely organized. In the first five years of Dr. Boynton's adminis- tration the income increased from $45,463 to $65,699, and ten years later to $73,484. The bequests which during the period of transfer and for some time afterwards were neghgible, now became an im- portant addition to the income. As a wise business policy the equalizing legacy fund was estabhshed, which gave stability to the work by providing against sudden fluctuations in receipts. When Dr. Boynton entered the service, superintendents were at work in Nebraska, Kansas, Southern California, Colorado, Michigan, Washington, South Dakota, Iowa, Ilhnois, Wisconsin, North Dakota, Ohio, and Indiana. Dur- ing his administration the work was enlarged to include the entire western, interior, and southern states; and also valua- ble service was rendered in New England and other eastern states. The superintendents were selected in consultation and on recommendation by state representatives. They carried on the work in closest connection with ministers, churches, local and state associations, and representatives of the Home Mis- sionary Society. The duties of the workers were defined to be: 1. "To improve the conditions of existing Sunday-schools and to bring them into closer relations with the churches. 2. " To plant Sunday-schools in places where there is promise of the organization of Congregational churches. 3. " To plant mission schools in neighborhoods where they can be cared for by Congregational churches. 4. "To reorganize Sunday-schools in places where they have 50 The Sunday-School Century been abandoned by churches, and where churches themselves have died out." Many of the states a^ked not only for superintendents but for missionaries to cultivate districts, and strengthen the work until it could be turned over to the care of the Home Missionary Society or became self-supporting. The rapid growth of both missionary operations and pubhshing interests demanded vigorous but cautious business management. This rare combination Dr. Boynton furnished during the fifteen years in which he was General Secretary, and continued for two years as Missionary Secretary, until he resigned in 1907 on account of failing health. Dr. Boynton had unusual discrimination in the selection of workers, was devoted to them, and had the loyal support and affection of his associates. He rendered for the churches of the entire fellowship a great and lasting service, which will tell in the hves of a vast multitude of children and young people, and also adults, who were furnished with the advan- tages of religious training by means of the organization which he so wisely directed. Fra^nk K. Sanders, D.D. The selection, in 1905, of Rev. Frank K. Sanders, D.D., dean of Yale Divinity School, as general secretary, was in accordance with the demands made for Sunday-school educa- tional improvement. Dr. Sanders had won a wide reputation as a Bible teacher, Sunday-school writer, and leader in move- ments for religious education. The National Council and other Congregational organiza- tions gave hearty endorsement to the efforts of the Society for improving its literature and the quality of Sunday-school instruction. The plan of having district educational secre- taries to cooperate with the field workers was begun, and the formation of a distinct educational department was outhned. Reorganization and Advance 51 During the three years of Dr. Sanders' service the number of workers was increased, and the income of the society enlarged. In 1908 he resigned to accept the presidency of Washburn College. William Ewing, D.D. On the retirement of Dr. Boynton, Rev. William Ewing, who had been superintendent for the Society in North Dakota and Michigan, was called to the missionary secretaryship. Dr. Ewing brought to the service a wide experience and inti- mate knowledge of the fields, the work, and the workers. New educational demands, and especially the introduction of graded courses of instruction, called for educational leader- ship. The number of field educational secretaries was enlarged, and Sunday-school institutes and conferences, which had always been an important part of the service of the field workers, increased in number and scope. To describe more fully the work of the Missionary Depart- ment, the term " Extension " was added in 1910, and the field missionary, extension, and educational work was con- ducted under the designation, the Missionary and Extension Department. In addition to the enlarged emphasis placed upon the im- provement of schools, the calls continued for pioneer mission- ary work in the new states of the West. Changes in popula- tion and the incoming of foreign peoples in the interior states and the East demanded and received increased effort, and the rapid growth of cities called for the organization of Sunday- schools, by which Christian forces were united and foundations laid for strong churches. The co-operation of the workers of different denominations made possible in certain sections effective combinations, which led to fewer schools, though larger in membership and more efficient. There had been a serious dechne in membership of Congregational Sunday- schools, as in those of other denominations. Many of the 52 The Sunday-School Century field workers secured the co-operation of their state organiza- tions in vigorous campaigns for the improvement of schools and for increasing their membership. For the decade, closing 1916, the average number of new schools organized was 284. During the same period the Sunday-school membership in- creased from 678,620 to 773,028. Chapter VII DEPARTMENTAL DIVISIONS Missionary and Extension The efforts of the society from the beginning were for the promotion of rehgious education through Sunday-schools already established or by organizing others in places where they were needed. The work of the society during the first half century of its history is included in the missionary, extension, and educational activities. The publication of literature and the establishing of agencies centered around the propagation and improvement of Sunday-schools. The larger demands made by the denomination for pubHcations, and in- creased business in the various book agencies, led to the establishing of large and well-equipped bookstores in Boston and Chicago, the development of agencies in other centers throughout the country, and the purchasing of The Congrega- tionalist and later The Advance. The high ideal, however, was ever kept, that the entire business of the Society was not commercial, but educational and missionary. The Business Department When the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society was organized, a depository was at once established at 25 Cornhill, Boston, and after three years removed to 13 Cornhill, where it remained until 1873. The depository of the Congregational Board of Publication transferred its business to the same place in 1862 and the two depositories were brought under the direction of one agent, but their accounts were kept separate for six years until the two societies united. In 1873 the united society took up its abode in the newly acquired £3 64 The Sunday-School Century Congregational House, secured by the American Congrega- tional Association as Congregational Headquarters, at the corner of Beacon and Somerset Streets, Boston, where a convenient and attractive bookstore was estabhshed. This proved to be a very great advantage to the Sunday-School Society, as to other Congregational agencies. With the growth of the denomination larger accommodations were needed, and a new Congregational House was erected at 14 Beacon Street, where the Society removed in 1897. The pleasant and convenient quarters proved an important factor in the enlarging and strengthening of the operations of the Society in every department. In the early days of Sunday-school effort the hterary ma- terial was Kmited and was prepared and circulated almost wholly as a benevolence. Little attention was given to conducting the enterprise so that it would be financially profitable. The Sabbath School Visiter, issued monthly, was at first the only periodical, but soon a larger Hterary output was found necessary and a variety of question books and other material was gradually added. The first agent, Mr. C. C. Dean, who had occupied a similar position with the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Union, was elected in 1832 and served until his death in 1854. In these days of small beginnings foundations of vast importance were laid, and the agent had large opportunities, in co-operation with the secretary, for securing fitting Hterature and seeing that it was helpfully distributed by sale, when possible, and by gifts to needy schools. After the merging of the Con- gregational Board of Pubhcation with the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society in 1868 a new impetus was given to the business department. On the death of Mr. Dean, Mr. Moses H. Sargent was elected agent and treasurer, and held both offices until 1877. On the retirement of Mr. Sargent, Mr. George P. Smith was chosen agent, having special charge of the bookstore at Departmental Divisions 55 Boston, and held the position until his death in 1896, faith- fully serving the society for fifty years. On account of the growth of the business. Rev. M. M. Cutter was associated with Mr. Smith in 1885 and 1886. In 1886 Mr. W. F. Whittemore was elected business man- ager, serving successfully for ten years, during which time the business grew from $134,700 to $250,000. The Chicago Agency As the result of different efforts in the West, an agency was estabhshed in Chicago in 1873, under the charge of Mr. John Fairbanks. On account of the strong competition of independent pubHshers and the want of denominational loyalty, together with the business depression of the time, the undertaking met with many difficulties, and was continued but a brief period. The society then made use of agencies in different parts of the country for circulating its literature. Among these was the business of Rev. E. J. Alden of Chicago, estabhshed in 1881; and in 1886 Mr. Alden became the Chicago agent. With the rapid development of the society, the Chicago agency required the services of a man of business experience, and Mr. J. H. Tewksbury was made the Chicago business manager. He continued in this position until the death of Mr. Smith in 1896, when he was given general oversight of other agencies, and in 1889 was made business manager. During his administration the pubhcations of the society were kept abreast of the time, and the imprint, " Pilgrim Press," was adopted, which helped to increase their circula- tion among other denominations. On the resignation of Mr. Tewksbury, Mr. L. H. Cary was called as business manager. Mr. Cary had the benefit of experience with the society in Chicago as a young man, and had built up a successful business in San Francisco as the 56 The Sunday-School Century representative of the Presbyterian and Congregational Sunday-School Societies. During the period of Mr. Gary's service the literature of The Pilgrim Press maintained its high standard and the business of the society rapidly increased. Through the generous provision made by Mr. J. J. Arakelyan an extensive printing plant was donated to the society, which greatly increased the number of its publications. These in larger measure than ever before met the needs of the denomina- tion, and also secured a recognized place in the markets of the country. The Editorial Department The beginning of the modern Sunday-school movement marked an epoch in the publishing of religious literature, which at this time was largely doctrinal and controversial. The broad, fraternal spirit of the entire Sunday-school work eliminated to a great extent controversial literature. The call for Sunday-school material was at first met in a measure by such organizations as the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, tract societies, and independent pub- lishing houses. The American Sunday-School Union soon found it necessary to publish. When the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society was organized, it published the first year twenty-one new Sabbath- school books, and the Sabbath School Visiter, which began with a circulation of five thousand. The election of Rev. Asa Bullard brought into the Congre- gational editorship one of the most voluminous Sunday-school writers of his time. Under his leadership the Sabbath School Visiter was continued, with increasing usefulness, until 1844, when it became The Congregational Visiter. In the same year The Wellspring was estabhshed with Mr. Bullard as editor, and in five months had a circulation of eighteen thousand. It became at once a marked feature in the publications of the Editors MARSHALL C. HAZARD, Ph.D. Ret. BENJAMIN S. WINCHESTER., D.D. Rev. HOWARD A, BRIDGMAN, D.D. SIDNEY A. WESTON, Ph.D. Departmental Divisions 57 society, and has continued to be a leading Sunday-school paper, with ever-widening circulation and influence. The Congregational Visiter answered a useful purpose in stimulat- ing the best Sunday-school methods of that period, and laid the foundations for The Pilgrim Teacher, quarterlies, and other pubhcations which have been circulated by hundreds of thousands. A large editorial work was done by prominent ministers. Rev. John A. Albro, D.D., of Cambridge, was the author of several of the society's valuable library books and a large number of popular question books. He edited the Bibhcal and Theological Dictionary issued by the Society, a hymn book entitled Vestry Songs, and translated several books from the French. An historical sketch states: " During the first seven years the Society pubhshed 352 works, of which 203 were for libra- ries, 17 were question books, and 3 were singing-books. At the date of its union with the Congregational Board of Publica- tion, it had issued 750 publications of different classes, of which 700 were bound volumes suitable for Sunday-school hbraries. They were by our best writers; and no simpler and clearer statement, or in purer style, of the essential doctrines and duties of the gospel can be found." An examination of these books kept in the Congregational Library, Boston, proves that this estimate in regard to many of them is well founded. Organizing the Department During the first years of the Doctrinal Tract and Book Society its literary material was selected by committees, and either purchased or reprinted; hence, the editorial position did not for some time occupy a prominent place. The first secretary, Rev. Jonas Perkins, and his successor. Rev. Sewall Harding, were given editorial responsibility, shared by lead- 58 The Sunday-School Century ing ministers of the denomination, and in this way a large service was rendered of which no adequate record can be made. With the merging of the Congregational Board of Publica- tion and the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society, a divi- sion was made between Sunday-school publications, and those that were theological and general, each having its own com- mittee of examination and selection. Under the direction of these committees, hterature for Sunday-schools was secured from such writers as Rev. R. R. Meredith, D.D,, Rev. Charles B. Rice, D.D., and other prominent ministers. With the election of Rev. A. E. Dunning, D.D., in 1881, a new impetus was given to the issuing of Sunday-school literature. Rev. Mortimer Blake, who was secretary of the board, had oversight in regard to general publications until 1883, when Dr. Dunning was made general secretary, which included editorial responsibility. Doctor Hazard The development of the pubhcations of the Society called for the organization of a distinct editorial department. The Society was fortunate in securing in 1884, as its first editor. Dr. M. C. Hazard, who had gained wide experience as editor of the National Sunday-School Teacher, and in a leading edi- torial position on the Sunday-School Times. As western secretary he had been brought into close connection with the Sunday-school needs and opportunities of the Congregational churches. His own literary output was large, and he secured the services of an able company of writers for the different departments and grades of the Sunday-school. Mrs. JuHa H. Boynton became editor of The Wellspring in 1884, and for ten years kept it at its high standard. Mrs. Boynton was succeeded by Willis Boyd Allen, a noted writer of literature for young people. After this it was put in the Departmental Divisions 59 regular editorial department under the care of Dr. Hazard and his successors. Provision was made for the younger people by such writers as Mrs. WilHam Barrows and Mrs. W. F. Crafts, who edited the Little Pilgrim, a variety of Question Books, Notes, and Teachers' Quarterlies. In 1885 the Monday Club Sermons were issued, giving a discourse by prominent ministers on each of the International Lessons for the fifty-two Sundays of the year. These were widely circulated, and have been issued each year since that time. The Sunday-school hterature was extended in circulation, and Sunday-school libraries were greatly improved, and as- sumed more importance in the operations of the society. A Normal Course was issued in connection with the International Sunday-School Association, in which " Bible Studies," by Dr. Dunning, were widely used. In 1889 Rev. John L. Kilbon became editor's assistant, and afterwards managing editor, when this office was created. During thirteen years Mr. Kilbon did scholarly work of much value to the Society. In 1902 he was succeeded by Mr. Charles A. Brand, whose facile pen and artistic ability added many attractive features to the Hterary output. The Pilgrim Teacher, which from its beginning ranked high among similar pubhcations, was enlarged, made more attractive, and its influence greatly increased. A Pilgrim Series of practical educational leaflets was issued, including Decision Day and How to Use It, Little Parishes of Eight, and Joining the Church. These and others of similar character did much for the improvement and enlargement of the Sunday schools. In carrying out the plans for educational improvement, the editorial force was still further strengthened by the addi- tion of Sidney A. Weston, Ph.D., instructor in BibHcal Htera- ture at Yale University. On the retirement of Mr. Brand in 1909, Dr. Weston was made managing editor. 60 The Sunday-School Century During the leadership of Dr. Hazard the editorial depart- ment was put in position to provide helps demanded for all de- partments of the Sunday-school, and they were of such quahty that they were generally used by the denomination. Much was done for the improvement of the music of the schools and churches by issuing Sunday-school and church hymnals of high grade. Special occasions such as Easter, Children's Day, Rally Day, and Christmas were provided with exercises of excellent quality. A series of graded literature was issued, and steps were taken for a completely graded curriculum. This did much to prepare the way for the adoption of graded courses by the leading denominations and the International Association. Dr. Winchester "When Dr. Hazard retired in 1910, and became editor emeritus. Rev. Benjamin S. Winchester, D.D., was called to the editorship. The demands made by the National Council, state conferences, and individual churches for a larger educa- tional emphasis were borne in mind and Dr. Winchester was called as editor and educational secretary. The issuing of the graded series of Sunday-school lessons was carried through and met with general acceptance. A more elaborate series than had hitherto been provided for teacher training was issued. The Pilgrim Hymnal for churches was revised, and Worship and Song, which marked an advance in Sunday-school hymnology, was pubHshed. The Pilgrim Standard and many educational leaflets were widely circulated. Dr. Winchester cooperated with the field force of the Mis- sionary and Extension Department for the improvement of the entire Sunday-school work. Cooperation between the Sunday-school societies of different denominations was strengthened by such organizations as the Religious Educa- tion Association, the Sunday School Council of Evangelical Denominations of the United States and Canada, and the Departmental Divisions 61 . International Sunday School Association. In all of these movements Dr. Winchester had an important part. In 1915 Dr. Winchester resigned to accept a professorship in the Department of Rehgious Education in the Yale School of Religion. On the retirement of Dr. Winchester, Sidney A. Weston, Ph.D., became the editor of religious publications. The services of Dr. Weston as a practical Sunday-school worker and teacher have done much for the improvement of the literature from the standpoint of religious education. The Congregationalist The oldest rehgious newspaper in the country was The Boston Recorder, estabhshed in January, 1816, by Dea. Na- thaniel Willis, with Mr. Sydney E. Morse as its first editor. In 1817 Rev. Richard S. Storrs of Braintree took the place of Mr. Morse, and was succeeded in 1825 by Mr. Gerard Hallock, who was proprietor of The Telegraph, a pubhcation estabhshed a year previously, which he merged with The Recorder. In 1849 The New England Puritan, which had been estabhshed in 1840, by Rev. Parsons Cooke, united with The Recorder, under the new title. The Puritan Recorder. In 1841 the Hartford Congregationalist was purchased and absorbed by The Puritan Recorder. In 1858 the paper took its original name. The Boston Recorder, which it retained until it merged with The Congregationalist. The Congregationalist was established in 1849, and absorbed the Boston Reporter, its first proprietors were Dea. Galen James and Dea. Edward W. Fay. Its first editors, Rev. Edward Beecher, D.D., Rev. Joseph Haven, Jr., and Rev. I. N. Tarbox; with Rev. E. D. Moore office editor. In 1850 Mr. Haven was succeeded by Rev. Richard S. Storrs, Jr., and in 1851, Rev. H. M. Dexter took the place of Mr. Tarbox, who became secretary of the American Educa- tion Society. In 1851 the Christian Times was merged with 62 The Sunday-School Century The Congregationalist. In 1853 Dr. Beecher retired, and Rev. A. L. Stone succeeded him. Dr. Dexter served as associate editor until 1866, when he retired for one year, and then re- sumed his connection on the editorial staff and became one of the proprietors. In 1856 Messrs. C. A. Richardson and W. L. Greene were admitted as junior partners. Mr. Richardson became man- aging editor, and Dr. Dexter editor-in-chief. A large num- ber of pastors and others were reHed upon for editorial, as well as for general articles. This arrangement continued for ten years. In 1867 The Boston Recorder and The Congregationalist were consohdated, bearing the name The Congregationalist and Boston Recorder, under the proprietorship of Messrs. W. L. Greene & Company. At different times there were merged with The Congregationalist, The Maine Evangelist, New Hampshire Congregational Journal, Christian Reporter, Western Independent, Christian Mirror, and several other pubHcations. The Congregationalist had many points of contact with The Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society. For a number of years Mr. W. F. Whittemore, pubhsher of The Congregationalist, was also business manager of the Sunday-School Society. In 1889 Rev. A. E. Dunning, D.D., secretary of The Congregational Sunday-School and Publish- ing Society, was selected as editor of The Congregationalist, in succession to Dr. Dexter. Both institutions were intimately associated in a business way with the Thomas Todd printing establishment. At the beginning of the twentieth century a denominational consciousness called for a closer relationship between all the Congregational agencies. In accordance with this, a move- ment was initiated by a number of prominent laymen and ministers for the purchase and conduct of The Congregational- ist by one of the societies of the denomination. By common Departmental Divisions 63 consent it was agreed that this should be the Sunday-School and Publishing Society. This action was recommended by such representative laymen as Samuel B. Capen, LL.D,, Charles A. Hopkins, Herbert A. Wilder, Henry H. Proctor, George E. Keith, Frankhn P. Shumway, Arthur H. Wellman and others. By this connection the oldest religious newspaper in America, published at the birthplace and home of the de- nomination in this country, was given a secure denominational standing. Its editor for eleven years. Rev. A. E. Dunning, D.D., was immediately chosen his own successor, and continued his brilhant and sagacious editorial career. Rev. Howard A. Bridgman, D.D., who joined the editorial staff in 1887 be- came managing editor in 1889. Mr. J. H. Tewksbury, busi- ness manager of the Sunday-School Society, became the publisher. The new staff consisted of Dr. Dunning, Dr. Bridgman, Rev. Isaac O. Rankin, George P. Morris, Miss Anne L. Buckley, and Miss Florence S. Fuller. In 1911 Dr. Dunning requested to be released from editorial responsibility. His twenty-two years of distinguished service in a time of change and transition made a large contribution through rehgious journalism for the advancement of the Kingdom and the denomination. He was succeeded as editor by Dr. Bridgman, long connected with The Congregationalist. Mr. Rolfe Cobleigh, formerly associated with the Springfield Republican, became managing editor. In 1913 Rev. Parris T. Farwell became hterary editor. From the beginning of its management the society sought to deal liberally with the paper, to maintain its best traditions, and keep it in the fore- front of American religious journalism. The Congregationalist has always been ably represented by correspondents in different centers throughout the country and abroad. Its western editors and correspondents at Chi- cago have been such men as Rev. Simeon Gilbert, D.D., Rev. 64 The Sunday-School Century Franklin E. Williams, D.D., Rev. J. H. Chandler, George H. Anderson, Rev. J. A. Adams, D.D., and Rev. R. W. Gammon, D.D., all of whom have rendered distinguished service. In 1867 Miss Ellen M. Stone was added to the staff, the first woman to have a place on The Congregationalist, and probably the first woman journalist in Boston. Since that time a goodly company of ladies have been connected with the paper, including Miss Sarah K. Bolton, Miss Frances J. Dyer, Miss Ida E. Kittredge, Miss Mary Barrows, Miss Henrietta H. Stanwood (Mrs. Charles B. Rice), Miss Anne L. Buckley, Miss Florence S. Fuller and others. That the Congregational public approved the passing of the paper from private to denominational ownership is evidenced by the cordial support given in all parts of the country. The move was in line with modern Congregational tendencies, whereby important enterprises are brought under denomina- tional control. The board of directors has conducted the paper by choosing each year the editor, a publisher, and a committee for general counsel. By recommendation of the National Council of 1917 The Advance, of Chicago, was purchased and merged with The Congregationalist under the name The Congregationalist and Advance. The Educational Department The first charter of the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society, secured from the legislature in 1841, made provision for educational improvement as an important feature in connection with the operations of the society. The reorganiza- tion of the society in 1882 arose from the desire for improved instruction, as well as extension of Sunday-school work. The first article defined the work of the field force to be " to improve the condition of existing schools." The en- couragement of normal work, teacher training, and Sunday- First Educational Secretaries Rev. JAMES P. O'BRIEN, D.D. Rkv. ROBERT W. GAMMON, D.D. Rev. miles B. FISHER, D.D. Rev. MILTON S. LITTLEFIELD. D.D. Departmental Divisions 65 school institutes was considered a part of the service of each superintendent and missionary. It was generally acknowledged that for a quarter of a century the Uniform Lessons marked an advance in Sunday- school instruction. Nevertheless, there was a growing convic- tion among rehgious educators that a more scientific method for Sunday-school courses and organization was called for. The matter of an advance in Sunday-school instruction was brought to the attention of the denomination at the National Council in Syracuse in 1895. At the meeting of the National Council at Portland, Maine, in 1901, a committee was ap- pointed " to secure, in connection with the Congregational Sunday-School and Pubhshing Society, better Sunday-school instruction," and at Cleveland in 1907 it was unanimously voted to endorse the purpose of the directors " to enlarge and organize the educational work of the Society and to secure and disburse funds for that special purpose." This action and that of various state conferences, and requests from many churches, led the society to devise plans for greater educa- tional emphasis. In 1911 Rev. B. S. Winchester became educational secretary in connection with his duties as editor. In addition to four district educational secretaries, Miss Margaret Slattery was secured for special service. Assistance for institute work was given by Prof. Edward P. St. John of the Hartford School of Rehgious Pedagogy, Miss Frances W. Danielson, Miss Frederica Beard, and others. Courses of study and standards for Sunday-school methods were devised and commended to the churches. This plan contemplated the improvement of the literary output, and the securing of the best educational methods by close co-operation of the editorial, business, and the missionary and extension departments. The five years' service of Dr. Winchester did much to put an educational impress upon the work of the society. Chapter VIII EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS The Sunday-School Society, during its eighty-five years, has been served by ten secretaries. Most of the time there has been but one, and only for short periods have there been associate secretaries for different departments. These offi- cers have been closely associated with every department of the work, and their service, as far as can be recorded, is found in the regular narrative. The Presidents The society has been fortunate in the character and ability of its presidents. Many of them served for long terms, and with distinction. During the first sixty-seven years the presidents were laymen. The first, Hon. William Reed of Marblehead, showed his deep interest in Sunday-schools as president of the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Union during the seven years of its history. His fitness for the task seemed so apparent that, although the society was union, he, a Con- gregationalist, was reelected each year. With the forming of the Congregational society he was selected for the presidency, and served for five years until his death in 1837. Mr. Reed was succeeded by Alfred D. Foster, Esq., for one year and was followed by Hon. Samuel T. Armstrong, who served successfully for twelve years. He was succeeded by Hon. Samuel H. Walley, a most devoted friend of Sunday-school work, who gave time and ability to the presidency for eighteen years, having previously served thirteen years as director. During the next ten years Hon. Charles Theodore Russell of Cambridge, prominent and successful in all good work, served with devotion and ability until his death. For the 66 Executive Officers and Directors 67 next few years the presidency was filled by J. Russell Brad- ford, Ezra Farnsworth and Samuel Johnson, all distinguished business men. When the readjustment of the society took place, in 1882, the choice of a president was felt to be of great importance. There is clear indication of divine guidance in the selection of Samuel B. Capen, one of the most earnest and active of Bos- ton's laymen. He entered heart and soul into the hfe of the society in all its departments, giving generously of his energy and abihty in applying the best business methods to the pub- hshing department, and entering with devotion and enthusiasm into the missionary work, which had recently been restored. He was dehghted to meet any superintendent or missionary who visited headquarters, and when on business trips or attending Congregational gatherings, became acquainted with workers, their fields and their problems, and always imparted encouragement and inspiration. For seventeen years Mr, Capen gave most valuable service as president, and in the following fourteen years, as vice- president, was ever ready by voice, pen and counsel, to for- ward the interests of the society in its missionary, educational, and business enterprises. On the election of Dr. Capen as president of the American Board, Rev. Willard Scott, D.D., who, representing the Chi- cago District, had been vice-president, was elected president, and served for nine years. On the retirement of Dr. Scott, Dr. Henry Churchill King of Oberhn was president for two years, and was succeeded by Rev. Frederick H. Page, who had served on the board of directors for eight years. Mr. Page's familiarity with every phase of the work of the Society, his devotion to it, and his generous contribution of time to its interest made his presidency an important factor in the ever- widening work committed to its care. At the meeting of the National Council of Congregational Churches in New Haven, Conn., in 1915, when control of the 68 ' The Sunday -School Century Society passed to that body, Rev. Clarence F. Swift, D.D., who had been active as a director for eight years, was elected president. Dr. Swift, being widely acquainted with the work of the Society, east and west, and deeply interested in its extension and educational departments, has rendered valua- ble service by his wise, sympathetic counsel and leadership. Board of Directors The Sabbath-School Society and the Board of Pubhcation have had men of rare ability and devotion, who gave unspar- ingly of their time and means, as managers or directors. On the board of directors of the Sunday-School Society, eighty-four laymen have served. In the company of devoted laymen, Alpheus Hardy, the well-known Christian philan- thropist, was a member for fourteen years; Moses L. Hale, thirty-four; Charles Kimball, forty-one; Charles Scudder, nineteen; and many others, who were honored in the business world and by the churches, served for long periods. Among the ministers. Dr. John A. Albro, of the First Church of Cambridge, was a member for twenty-six years; Dr. Alonzo Quint, twenty; Dr. S. C. Herrick, of Mount Vernon Church, eleven, and Dr. J. W. Wellman, thirty-three. The longest term is that of Rev. B. F. Hamilton, D.D., who was elected in 1873, and served continuously as an active member until 1908. Since that time he has been faithful as an honorary member of the board, thus rendering a service of rare wisdom and devotion for forty-five years. Dr. Hamilton was ever ready to work and speak for the society, keeping young in heart because of his great love for the youth of the land, to whom he believes the organization brings rich blessings. A strong company of ministers and laymen served the society as directors for the interior at Chicago, Among these were Rev. G. S. F. Savage, D.D., Rev. E. P. Goodwin, D. D., Executive Officers and Directors 69 Rev. E. F. Williams, D.D., and Mr. I. N. Camp, Mr. O. B. Taft, Mr. G. H. Case, Gen. J. B. Leake, Mr. R. E. Jenkins, Mr. E. W. Lyman and others, who gave the work much time and consideration. Treasurers The first treasurer was Mr. Charles Scudder, who served for ten years, and was succeeded by Mr. C. C. Dean, as agent and treasurer for twelve years. After his death Mr. Moses H. Sargent served for twenty-three years, until 1877. At this time the offices of agent and treasurer were separated, and Mr. Edward Gay served for three years, to be succeeded in 1881 by Mr. E. Lawrence Barnard for sixteen years, followed by Mr. Charles F. Wyman for two years. Then the secretary of the society. Rev. George M. Boynton, D.D., was also made treasurer, and served for six years. He was succeeded by Mr, J. H. Tewksbury, the business manager, until his retirement in 1906. Mr. Phineas Hubbard held the office for one term, and was succeeded in 1907 by Henry T. Richardson, Esq., who faithfully served for eight years. He was succeeded in 1915 by Mr. Samuel F. Wilkins. The treasurers for forty-five years served at a nominal salary, giving large amounts of time and business abihty with- out compensation. Chapter IX FINANCING THE SOCIETY When the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society was organized, its object was wholly for the extension and im- provement of Sunday-school work, with little thought of extensive publications. It was sustained by hfe membership fees, contributions from individuals and Sunday-schools, but for some time churches did not contribute to any extent. The other branch, The Congregational Board of Pubhcation, devoted its efforts to issuing doctrinal works deemed essential for the welfare of the churches, prepared especially for minis- ters and missionaries. In both organizations the pubhshing was considered a pure benevolence, and when literature was sold, the proceeds were used to augment the funds for benevo- lent purposes. When the society was reorganized, in 1882, a new impulse was given to the publishing interests, and funds were solicited for providing necessary capital. Since that time no appeal has been made by the business department, but the capital has been augmented by modest profits, and all donations have been devoted to the missionary, extension, and educational work. When the schools became loyal to their society, its business department was able to furnish a literature unsur- passed by any, and in turn to give aid to the missionary, extension and education departments. Grants from the Business Department In 1867 the business department made an appropriation of $5,000 toward the missionary work. On account of uncer- tainty and reorganization, the business department was not able to make any further appropriation until 1890, when 70 Financing the Society 71 $2,500 was contributed. Since that time, with the exception of the years 1898 and 1907, until 1916, annual appropriations were made in sums varying from $2,500 to $7,500, aggregating $117,316.44. Individual Gifts From the beginning, Sunday-school work aroused a pecu- har interest on the part of generous men and women. The early history of the society reveals many instances of rare and touching devotion. When the society was reorganized, some of the strongest men in the denomination came to its support by personal gifts, and others aroused their churches for spe- cial effort. Among these may be mentioned Mr. M. T. Dill, of Wisconsin; Dea. H. E. Ranney, of New York; Mr. E. K. Warren, of Michigan; Samuel B. Capen, Mr. J. J. Arakelyan, the Whitin brothers of Massachusetts; and many other generous givers of money and personal interest. Anonymous donors of amounts large and small have been numerous. A modest layman supported a co-worker on the field, with whom he corresponded, without allowing his name to be published. Another called at the office, and, stating that he wished to leave a small gift because of his interest in the work, laid down a sealed envelope which contained several hundred dollars, but before any clue to his identity could be obtained, the stranger had vanished. Another sent $6,000, but in such a way that his name should not appear. Equally worthy are a host with more modest means. A widow in Michigan sent for many years, with love and prayers, three dollars each quarter. A veteran minister in Oregon, past four-score years, sent his monthly gifts regularly for a period of years. A number of churches have taken special responsibility in supporting workers on the field. The Old South of Boston and the Second Church of Holyoke each provided for years the support of a worker. Many others have a share in some 72 The Sunday-School Century specific field. Large numbers pay the expense of starting a new school which they maintain at least a year. Women's Societies The society has had the generous cooperation of the Women's Home Missionary Unions. The Woman's Home Missionary Association of IMassachusetts and Rhode Island, the Unions of Illinois, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Connecticut, and Vermont have all had a share in the support of one or more workers in different fields, with whom helpful and happy correspondence has been maintained. Other Women's Home Missionary Unions in different states have helped generously. Legacies During the early years, the society was not aided by be- quests. Its first legacy was five hundred dollars, received in 1881 from the estate of Peter Smith, of Andover, Massachu- setts. Since the reorganization, when the future of the society seemed assured, legacies have steadily increased. The first large gift from this source was that of the Joseph H. Stickney estate, of Baltimore, in 1895, amounting to S20,000. Many small bequests have been made by those who have been inti- mately associated with the society, some designated for in- creasing the permanent funds, and others for the current work. Mrs. Vilroy C. Lord, of Springfield, Massachusetts, made the Sunday-School Society, together with the American Board and the Massachusetts Home Missionary Society, on equal terms, residuary legatees. The share of the Sunday- School Society from this estate amounted to about 818,000. Miss Philomela A. Wilhams, of South Deerfield, Massachu- setts, made a similar bequest which resulted in about an equal amount. The late Samuel T. Johnson, of Syracuse, New York, made provision in his will for the largest amount yet bequeathed to the society. A goodly number have inti- Financing the Society 73 mated that the society is remembered in their wills. There is every prospect that with favorable conditions the income from this source will constantly increase. It was found expedient, for the purpose of equahzing, that there should be a Legacy Fund, to which the gifts of each year should be added and a third of the total amount ap- propriated for the year. The average amount available for three years up to 1914 was S5,597.69; the average for the next three years was $13,677.61. The equahzing legacy fund has furnished means for tiding over the " dry months " without paying large sums for interest, and the three year plan has been strictly adhered to. Annuity Gifts An annuity account was estabhshed by which those who donated certain sums received an annuity during their life time or that of those who might be designated. These funds have been kept apart from others while subject to the annuity, and when released have been placed in the legacy account. The annuities have always been paid with promptness and the annuitants have found much satisfaction in this form of gift. Permanent Funds The first fund given to the society to be held permanently was S5,000 in 1870, to be known as the Christian Knowledge Fund, the income to be used in circulating literature. In recognition of the long and devoted service of the Rev. Asa Bullard, the Congregational Superintendents' Union of Boston resolved to establish a fund which would commemorate his memory and provide in large measure for the support of a field worker. This amount has been added to the permanent funds, and the income is used for the support of the Asa Bul- lard Missionary. The permanent funds now amount to about S55,000, and are still being added to by special gifts or 74 The Sunday-School Century bequests. The income from this fund helps to give stability, and aids in tiding over the months and years when the income is below normal. This permanent fund is kept entirely separate from all other funds and has never been used, even in security for loans, but gives business standing and confi- dence in the conduct of the society. Financial Growth The gifts the first year of the Massachusetts Sabbath- School Society were $768 from life members, and $411 do- nated for work in the Mississippi Valley, a total of $1,179. This amount increased until 1873, when it reached $12,224. The work was then transferred, and the contributions three years later were $1,461. After the society was reorganized the donations steadily increased. The income for benevolent purposes in 1885 amounted to $25,255; in 1895, $64,566; in 1905, $71,903; in 1915, $85,632. The amount of $100,000 in direct gifts annually was recommended by the National Council and reaffirmed at several sessions. Chapter X CHILDREN'S DAY The germs of Children's Day can be found much earHer than the date assigned for its general observance. Many churches had special occasions in recognition of the rights of childhood in the church, even before the days of the modern Sunday-schools, but the organization of Sunday-schools gave a new meaning to such occasions. It is impossible to determine how or when the definite modern observance of Children's Day originated. Inde- pendence Day, observed for some years in Sunday-schools, beginning about 1846, was in some respects a forerunner. Among the founders of the modern observance was Rev. Richard S. Storrs, D.D., of Brooklyn. In the New York Observer is found a description of the observance in the Church of the Pilgrims: " Dr. Storrs stood by the communion table, on which lay a piled-up heap of flowers, flanked by Kttle white packages, tied with dainty ribbons. Calling by name each child of the church who had reached the age of seven years, the pastor presented each one with a kiss, a bouquet of flowers, and a well-bound Oxford Bible, inscribed with the date of the child's birth and the date of presentation, and the pastor's signature." The pastor of the Kirk Street Church of Lowell, Massa- chusetts, in 1870 arranged an interesting program for children, called The Rose of Sharon. The day continued to be observed in this church and attracted attention. In different places the observance received such designations as Rose Sunday, Christening Sunday, Children's Sunday, or Children's Day. The custom became common in Congregational churches, and in 1883 the National Council and nearly all the state 75 76 The Sunday-School Century bodies of the denomination passed resolutions commending the observance of Children's Day, the second Sunday of June, and recommending that offerings be taken at that time for The Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing So- ciety for the extension of Sunday-school work. In 1885 Children's Day material was furnished as a help toward a fitting observance of the day, and offerings of con- siderable amounts were received. The first complete service was issued in 1886, entitled Jesus, the Good Shepherd. Since that time services of high order have been provided each year, such as The Children and the Kingdom, The Child in the Temple, My Country, The Child in the Midst, The Child in the Church, Temple Praises, America, Our Comrades, Agomen, True Patriots, The Children and the Flowers, The Children and the Church, The First Children's Day, The Church of To-day and the Church of Tomorrow, Forward, Children at Home, Young Crusaders, and Chil- dren of the Pilgrims. These services have contained choice music and gems of literature suitable for interesting young and old in the child- life of the home church, and also for arousing an intelligent interest in reaching the children and youth in new and needy parts of our country and other lands. The services have been called for in large numbers, and usually over 100,000 have been furnished each year free of cost to all the Sunday- schools and churches agreeing to take an offering on Children's Day for the missionary, extension and educational work of the Sunday-School Society. The offerings on Children's Day the first year were $3,402, and increased until they amounted to as much as $25,000 in a single year. When the day was first observed, a large number of churches made their only offering in connection with the Sunday-school on Children's Day, and the gifts were subject to the popularity of the ser- vice, weather, or other conditions. With the adoption of the apportionment plan, less stress was placed upon the offering; Children's Day 77 but the day still furnished an excellent opportunity for interesting a very large number in the joyful work of giving the benefits of the Sunday-school to children and young people, especially in new and needy places. Hence, the offering of Children's Day still has an honored place, and perhaps no other society of the denomination has had so numerous a constituency. Nearly 500,000 Httle Children's Day envelopes have been used annually. The day is observed in the most primitive communities on the frontier, and in the most influential churches of the city. No institution inaugurated by the denomination has so largely bound the churches and Sunday-schools in one common cause at the same time. The prominent features have been the baptism of children, the presentation of Bibles to those who have reached the age of seven during the year, and exercises by the children, either individually or as classes, or departments. Children's Day has been of great value in deepening the love of the children for the church, and the love of the church for the children. The churches are made beautiful by flowers and other decora- tions, and the effort is always made to have the day full of gladness in which young and old may unite. Exercises by which pupils in graded schools are promoted to higher de- partments are frequently used. Much is made of music, and in this way the hymnology of the Sunday-schools has been improved. An earnest effort has been made to secure the best talent in the preparation of the services. The field workers of the Sunday-School Society have done much to make the observance general in all the Sunday schools and churches. One of the great benefits has been the gathering of large numbers of children and adults who were strangers to the Sunday-school and church. Many of these have been interested and have become regular attendants. The institu- tion gives promise of being a permanent feature in the life of the churches of all denominations. Chapter XI FOREIGN WORK Abroad Among the early objects of benevolence of the American Doctrinal Tract Society were gifts of books for the use of the missionaries in foreign lands. In 1834, one hundred bound volumes were presented to the American Board, to be dis- tributed among its missionaries. When the two Societies united, forming The Congregational Sabbath-School and PubHshing Society, aid was continued as occasion and re- sources warranted. With the development of the Sunday-school work in the fields of the American Board, a goodly number of these schools were provided with literature. Most of the churches were poor, and grants were made to them in the same way that mission schools are aided in the homeland. In the year 1914 there were ninety-one grants made in foreign lands to fifty- one different schools. Disaster caused by the World War has interfered with the work, but it is expected that when peace is restored, the opportunities for co-operation and assistance will be greater than ever before. Modern Sunday-school methods are being adopted, and the workers in foreign fields are anxious for the most improved plans and the best litera- ture. The society has been able to assist by sending samples of its lesson material, from which translations have been made, and advance copy has also been furnished, to assist in issuing up-to-date quarterlies. A grant was made for a number of years for printing Po- mucka, a Bohemian lesson paper at Prague, under the supervi- sion of missionaries of the American Board. During the year 1894, Dr. W. A. Duncan, the field secretary, found such eagerness in the city of Rome for illustrated Sunday-school 78 Foreign Work 79 papers, that aid was given by which L'Amico dei Fanciulli was sent to about four thousand ItaHan children. Delegations visiting the stations of the American Board have made mention of the value of the help furnished them. When the delegation of 1913 made its itinerary, including India, China, and Japan, Pres. Samuel B. Capen, one of the vice-presidents of the Sunday-School Society, and Secretary W. E. Strong of the American Board were requested to act as a committee to report on the work that was being done and willingly accepted the commission. To the great sorrow of all Dr. Capen passed away while on the journey. Dr. Strong reported the appreciation of the missions for the past and present grants of hterature, and the co-operation of the society in the work of the Board. It seems very probable that the advance of Sunday-school work in foreign fields may be even as far-reaching in its results as in our own land. At Home The workers of the society have always been interested in reaching foreign peoples. This has been done mostly through the regular Sunday-school work, in which literature in the English language is used. A large service, however, has also been rendered by providing literature in different languages. In 1884 there was an earnest call for literature to explain Congregational principles in the German language. To meet this need, a manual and a catechism were printed, and the manual was also translated into Swedish. In 1888 the society assisted in the publication of two Ger- man papers, Der Kirchenbote (The Church Messenger) and Die Segensquelle (The Spring of Blessing). In 1889 the two German and a Bohemian paper were aided, also a French paper, Le Citoyen Franco-Americain, Aid was continued to these and other papers, and in 1892-3 the following were assisted: German, Der Kirchenbote, and 80 The Sunday-School Century Die Segensquelle; Bohemian, Pravda; Danish-Norwegian, Evangelisten; French, Le Citoyen Franco-Americain; ItaHan, La Tromba EvangeUca and L'Amico dei Fanciulh; Holland, De Evangeliebode. These were widely circulated in our country and to some extent in the lands from which the different peoples had come. French, Italian, Swedish and Greek papers, published in New England since that time, have received assistance at different periods, both for their publica- tion and circulation. To be helpful to our brethren who have come from other lands, workers have been selected who could speak different languages. Mr. Soderquist worked among the Swedish people in Minnesota, followed in that state by Rev. J. F. Okerstein, and Rev. L. A. Sahlstrom did a similar work among the Swedes in North Dakota. In 1907 Rev. Herman Sell was elected superintendent for German work in North Dakota and the northwestern states, where he has rendered a valuable service. He has also been helpful to the German settlers in the Canadian Northwest. Rev. J. C. Schwabenland did a good work in Oregon, Wash- ington, and Idaho, especially in bringing the German and English people into sympathetic and helpful co-operation. He afterwards labored in Colorado and adjoining states, and was esteemed by both Germans and Americans. Miss Anna Keranen and Rev. Wilhelm Leeman labored with encouraging results among Finnish people of New Hampshire and northern New England. Superintendent H. P. Case of southern California acquired a working knowledge of the Spanish language that he might interest Spanish and Mexican peoples, of whom there are vast numbers in his field. Other field workers have followed a similar course in reaching those of different nationalities. The largest work, however, among foreign peoples is being done by strong men of broad vision and wide sympathies who, by personal effort and through the Sunday-schools, are Foreign Work 81 winning especially the children and youth of dijEferent lands irrespective of creed or nationality. American workers and American Hterature have provided the best permanent means for helping fellow citizens from other lands. For a long time, however, the employment of foreign speaking missionaries will need to be continued. There are clear indications that the preparation and circulation of literature in different languages should be greatly enlarged. Chapter XII STATE DEVELOPMENT The nation-wide work of the Sunday-School Society was one of the influences which helped to develop a denomina- tional consciousness. Responsibihty was left, as largely as possible, in the states with which the society co-operated; but, for the sake of economy and efficiency, common interests were bound together in a national organization. The movements which led to the reorganization of the Society in 1882 began simultaneously in many states. Rev. A. E. Dunning, as secretary, solicited the appointment of cooperating state committees. Almost invariably these committees asked for the appointment of state superin- tendents, and these were selected in consultation with the representatives of state conferences and associations. The state representatives shared the responsibility for the direc- tion and support of the work. National officers aided irrespec- tive of state boundaries, and, in the interest of economy, districts were sometimes made by grouping small, or Con- gregationally weak, states into one field, or dividing a state or territory when found expedient. Hence, it is difficult to give with absolute accuracy the statistical record of each separate state. It is, however, of interest to trace the de- velopment, as far as possible, according to state lines. NEW ENGLAND Massachusetts The earliest Sunday-school effort in which Congregational- ists, in any united way, were engaged was in Massachusetts. This was continued through the Boston Society for the Moral 82 Eastern Representatives Rev. GABRIEL H. DeBEVOISE Captain GEORGE W. LANE WILLIAM A. DUNCAN, Ph.D. Rev. FRANCIS J. MARSH Rev. ARTHUR W. BAILEY State Development 33 and Religious Instruction of the Poor, the American Sunday- School Union, the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Union sustained by Congregationahsts and Baptists, and then by the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society. This society by steady natural growth became national, although it re- tamed Its state name until 1868. During that period the history of the state organization, to a large extent, is identical with that of the national society. Among the earliest workers were theological students of Andover Seminary, who as Sun- day-school missionaries, in the early days did much for destitute communities. To these and to more favored places also they brought high ideals and the best methods of religious education of their time and rendered an important service to the commonwealth. The agents and secretaries of the Massachusetts Sabbath- School Society, such as Rev. Christopher Marsh and Rev Asa Bullard, Mr. C. C. Dean, and all connected with the society, gave generously of their time and effort to strengthen and improve the work in the state. The early annual meet- ings were important events, and greatly stimulated interest. With the reorganization of the society in 1882, Massachu- setts gave generous financial support for the missionary and extension work, and in addition contributed about $20 000 to mcrease the capital of the business department, making it possible to improve its Sunday-school hterature. The Congregational Association of Massachusetts heartily co-operated and asked for the employment of a Sunday-school worker, and nominated Rev. G. H. DeBevoise, who was elected m September, 1884, and did much in a short term of service for the Sunday-schools of the state, and increased the gifts for the national work. In 1893 Rev. Francis J. Marsh was elected New England Secretary. During the twelve years in which he labored there were few of the churches of Massachusetts that were not en- couraged and helped by the personal visits and correspon- 84 The Sunday-School Century dence of Mr. Marsh. He labored to improve and enlarge the Sunday-school work of all the churches in his district, while stimulating gifts for extending it in all parts of the country. Rev. Silas P. Cook, in connection with the Home Mission- ary Society, devoted a part of his time for nine years to the Sunday-School Society. Miss Zillah Grant, Miss Martha Nichols, and Miss Grace E. Stanley were employed in different years, largely in connection with special missionary Sunday- school enterprises in the vicinity of Boston. The national secretaries, Rev. Albert E. Dunning, Rev. George M. Boynton, Rev. Frank K. Sanders, Rev. William Ewing, and Rev. B. S. Winchester, also Miss Margaret Slattery, and the editors and their associates, Dr. M. C. Hazard, Mr. 0. A. Brand, Dr. S. A. Weston, the business managers and their assistants, while having interests which were nation-wide, have done as much as possible to aid the schools near at hand. Since 1889 sixty-six Sunday-schools have been organized in Massachusetts by the aid of the society, and 1,616 grants of hterature made, at a cost of $6,906.17. For these grants of Uterature and missionary service in the state, $20,869.52 were expended. There were generous gifts for the missionary and also the business department of the society previous to 1889. Since that time there have been contributed $482,- 910.71 for the state and national work, besides $81,055.24 in legacies. No state in the Union has given so much and no state has so fully realized the truth that it is more blessed to give than to receive. Its own Sunday-school membership has grown from 94,977 in 1882 to 129,189 in 1916. Connecticut The churches of Connecticut very early became auxiliary to the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society, and took an active part in developing the national Sunday-school work. State Development 85 They welcomed the representatives of the Society, and when superintendents were employed in the West, gladly received their visits to the East. They were stimulated in their own work by the thrilling messages which were given, and in turn imparted encouragement to the workers at the front by gener- ous gifts. Since the reorganization of the society, Connecti- cut has contributed $202,004.77 in regular donations, and $19,255.72 in legacies. The Woman's Home Missionary Union has taken a deep interest, and for many years made special appropriations toward the work in southern California, conducted by Superin- tendent H. P. Case, at a time when it was new and needy. Appropriations were made for North Dakota and other parts of the West. Mr. Marsh in 1893, as New England superintendent, en- tered heartily into the Sunday-school hfe and was helpful to many of the schools during his twelve years of service. Rev. F. L. Hall, a worker in Nebraska, represented the so- ciety and quickened the interest of Sunday-schools during the last two years of his theological course in Yale. In 1911 Rev. W. R. Stewart was transferred from Vermont and entered work under a special trust left in charge of the church of New Canaan, and continued his connection with the Sunday-School Society. The Yale Divinity School, the Hartford Seminary, and the Hartford School of Rehgious Pedagogy have been generous in their co-operation for strengthening the educational side of the Sunday-school work. Connecticut welcomed the special educational work of the society under the direction of Secre- tary Winchester. Miss Frances W. Danielson, of Danielson, one of his associates, exerted a wide influence through the beginners' and primary departments. 86 The Sunday-School Century Rhode Island Rhode Island was one of the fields of Sunday-school mis- sionary effort in the active days of Asa Bullard. Many of the older members of the churches can remember his Sunday- school addresses and the literature which bore the name of the society which he represented, and his kindly greetings. The state has always been loyal and heartily co-operated with Secretary Marsh and other representatives of the Society. Although Rhode Island is small geographically, it furnishes a field for missionary and extension work. A representative of the Home Missionary Society in 1916 stated that about one- third of Rhode Island should have the field service of a representative of the Sunday-School Society for a part of each year, and especially a worker who understands how to reach new Americans, who furnish more than one-half the population of the state. Maine Maine was among the earliest New England states to or- ganize definitely for Sunday-school extension, Rev. Asa Bul- lard serving as a Sunday-school missionary while a student in the seminary, and as secretary from 1832 to 1834. The work was undenominational, according to the custom of the time, but was largely sustained by Congregational churches. When Mr. Bullard was elected to the Massachusetts Sab- bath-School Societj^, Maine, as well as all other states where there was Congregational work, received the help of this organization. A helpful cooperation was maintained be- tween Maine and the national Congregational Society in the different stages of its development. In 1887 Capt. George W. Lane, finding great destitution among the people of the islands and coast, became a Sunday- school missionary for them, making use of his gospel boat. The Alert, which was provided by the Sunday-School State Development 87 Society. For seven years he carried on this work, reaching large numbers, especially in the summer season. The Captain also during some of the winters served the society in North Carolina, of which state he was a native. Rev. Francis J. Marsh, in the twelve years of his secretary- ship, visited helpfully most of the associations and many of the Sunday-schools. Rev. Josiah Poeton was an assistant during 1902-04, and in 1909 Rev. J. J. Yost spent some time exploring, and found many needy places to which he gave valuable help. In response to earnest invitations, in 1912 Rev. Arthur W. Bailey was elected northern New England superintendent, his field comprising Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. His work was largely to help in meeting the educational problems arising from the use of graded literature, and the demands for improved Sunday-school methods. In this service Mr. Bailey represented the missionary extension and the educa- tional departments, by institutes and conferences, grants of Hterature to needy schools, and by planting new ones as opportunity offered. New Hampshire New Hampshire, like the other states of New England, received a large amount of Sunday-school planting through the agency of the American Sunday-School Union, largely sustained by Congregational gifts. It also received aid through the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society, and the Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society, sharing the services of Secretary Marsh and other representa- tives. From 1911 to 1915 Rev. Wilhelm Leeman, connected with the Home Missionary Society, devoted part of his time to Sunday-school work among the Finnish people. This in- teresting work was still further helped by the successful service of Miss Anna Keranen. The work in the state was strengthened by the employment 88 The Sunday-School Century of Supt. Arthur W. Bailey. An active Sunday-school propa- ganda is needed to meet the children of the new Americans and to keep alive the interest in many of the decadent hill towns. New Hampshire, like all the New England states, has been generous in the support of the society. Vermont The Sunday-school work took early and deep root in the churches of the Pilgrim faith in the Green Mountain state. It became a part of the regular church work, and was earnestly fostered by pastors and laymen. The state was loyal to the national Sunday-School Society in its different stages of development. When Secretary Marsh became New England Secretary he found much that needed to be done in Vermont. Rev. Frank F. Lewis was secured in connection with the Domestic Missionary Society for a year, in developing Sunday-school, Christian Endeavor, and church work in the needy places in the state. When Secretary Marsh retired, in 1905, Rev. Wilson R. Stewart was appointed in connection with the Domestic Missionary Society, to devote part of his time to special Sunday-school work. For six years Mr. Stewart stimulated and encouraged the churches for larger effort, planted schools where needed, and helped to keep alive many small churches through their Sunday-schools while they were temporarily without pastoral oversight. Mr. Stewart resigned in 1911, to accept a similar position in Connecticut. The service of Rev. Arthur W. Bailey found a ready wel- come in Vermont and helped to strengthen the work, especially by encouraging improved educational methods. A foreign population is beginning to occupy the land where formerly dwelt the enterprising sons and daughters of New State Development 89 England, who have gone to wider fields. Many of the churches have been depleted by this exodus, and by Sunday-school efforts are reaching the children of the " strangers within their gates." The Vermont Woman's Home Missionary Union has taken an active interest in specific workers of the society, and has helped generously in their support. New England Contributions New England has sent out a noble company of her sons and daughters who have had an honored share in the religious pioneering of the West, and has helped in its development by generous gifts. From 1889 to 1917 New England contributed to the missionary work of the Society $823,678.30 in donations, and $115,503.73 in legacies; a total of $939,182.03. During that time there was expended $9,311.10 in grants of literature to aid her new or needy schools, A large amount of missionary, extension, and educational work has been carried on by the national secretaries of the Society in connection with their other duties. These and the local representatives employed have had an important part in developing the Sunday-school work of New England and extending it to other parts of the world. CENTRAL STATES Illinois IlHnois was among the states assisted by The Massachu- setts Sabbath-School Union, sustained by Congregationalists and Baptists. In 1831 the sum of one thousand dollars was granted by that organization for literature, and an equal amount for the services of a worker. When the Massachu- setts Sabbath-School Society was organized in 1832, assis- 90 The Sunday-School Century tance was continued, principally by grants of literature and visits by its representatives. A large amount of literature was sent, during the first fifty years, through Chicago agencies or directly to the Sun- day-schools and churches. The work of Dr. Hazard, who in 1883 was made western secretary, did much in connection with Dr. Dunning in shaping the Congregational Sunday- school interests for the Interior. When after two years of efficient service Dr. Hazard was appointed editor and removed to Boston, aid was continued by literature and correspondence through the Boston office and different Chicago agencies. As a result of earnest requests from the interior states, Rev. H. T. Sell, of Cortland, New York, was called in 1887 to the superintendency for IlHnois and Indiana. In 1888 Indiana was transferred to the Ohio field, and Wisconsin united with Illinois in sharing the services of Mr. Sell. He had deep interest in educational improvement, and while gathering schools in needy places, gave an educational uplift to the Sun- day-school work of the two great states. He did much to stimulate the churches and individuals for the splendid finan- cial support which they have since given. Mr. Sell was as- sisted in IlHnois in 1889 by Mr. H. A. Cotton, and in 1891 and 1892 by Rev. E. L. Hill. On the retirement of Dr. Sell in 1892, he was succeeded by Rev. W. F. McMillen, who had served the Society with ability for five years in Ohio and Indiana. Wisconsin was made a separate field, and Dr. McMillen retained the care of his for- mer district, Ohio and Indiana, in addition to Illinois. Secre- tary McMillen, during the eighteen years of his service in the Chicago office, was aided at different periods by Rev. H. S. Wannamaker, Rev. J. J. Watson, Rev. D. M. Brown as a correspondent in southern IlHnois, Mrs. Mary J. Bryner in educational work, Rev. James Hayes, Rev. H. T. WilHams, Rev. W. A. ElHott, Rev. F. L. Fisk, Rev. A. J. SuHens and Rev. B. M. Southgate. Central Superintendents Rev. henry T. SELL. D.D. Rev. WILLIAM F. McMILLEN. D.D. Rev. GEORGE C. HAUN Rev.IELISHA W. miller Rev. ORRIN L. ROBINSON State Development 91 Dr. McMillen was untiring in his devotion and loyalty to the society, and labored incessantly until, broken in health, he laid down his Ufe. A movement was started to create a fund to perpetuate his work, and deserves to be completed as a memorial to the noble service rendered for the children and youth, foreign and native, poor and rich, to whom he devotedly ministered. Dr. McMillen was succeeded in March, 1911, by Rev. Robert W. Gammon, pastor of the Congregational church, Decatur, Illinois. Dr. Gammon was nominated by the Com- mittee on Sunday-school Work of the lUinois Congregational Conference, because of his executive ability, missionary zeal, and special equipment for leadership in religious education. He had shown marked ability as a leader in Bible study in different educational institutions and summer schools. Earnest calls came from other states for help in meeting the new educational demands incident to the use of graded litera- ture and improved methods of religious education. Ohio was made a separate field and the Chicago district secretary was given larger opportunity to render assistance in the Cen- tral Western States. Dr. Gammon assisted in this wide field in local and state associations and by special Sunday-school conferences and institutes. He led the Congregational Summer Sunday-School Conference at Frankfort, Michigan, and assisted in similar gatherings in other states. Miss S. A. McDermott, as assistant to Dr. Gammon, aided schools, large and small, in successfully meeting their new educational opportunities. Under the administration of Dr. Gammon, the Chicago office grew in importance, and its influence extended through- out the Middle West. Wisconsin Wisconsin was among the early states to receive a worker. Rev. John R. Reitzel was selected because of interest in the 92 The Sunday-School Century religious training of the young, and his famiharity with the German language. Mr. Reitzel's service, which began in 1884, was brief, and on his resignation the work was carried for a time from the Chicago and Boston offices, until 1887, when Rev. H. T. Sell took the superintendency in connection with IlHnois. Two strong men, who afterwards rendered distinguished service, were employed while students, under the direction of Mr. Sell, Otto C. Grauer, in 1889, and George C. Haun, for two summer vacations, while pursuing their theo- logical courses at Chicago Seminary. The services of Superintendent Sell did much to give the work standing among the ministers and laymen of the State. Rev. George C. Haun was elected superintendent in 1892, and carried missionary Sunday-school extension to the most re- mote corners of the great, rapidly-developing commonwealth. Robust and vigorous in mind and body, winsome in spirit, and with burning missionary and evangeHstic zeal, Mr. Haun made a deep impression upon the state, and rendered it a very large service. His sudden death in 1903, caused by unusual exposure in pioneer missionary effort, brought great sorrow to multitudes who were interested in his promising life and work. Wisconsin became noted as one of the most liberal states for the support of the Society, the donations reaching $3,714.43 in 1903. In addition to the regular contributions there were some special gifts, one generous donor contributing $5,000 at one time. During the superintendency of Mr. Haun, Rev. John Willan entered the service, in 1897, as a joint missionary, and con- tinued in this relation until 1915. During an interval after the death of Mr. Haun, Mrs. Haun, who had been a devoted helper to her husband, cared for the work. In 1904 Rev, O. L. Robinson was elected, a worthy successor to Mr. Haun. Rev. Fred Dahlberg, a product of the missionary effort of the Sunday-School and Home Missionary Societies, and the Christian Academy at Ashland, was commissioned in 1905, State Development 93 and rendered excellent service for three years in northeastern Wisconsin and northwestern Michigan. In addition to Mr. Willan and Mr. Dahlberg, Mr. Robinson had for brief periods the assistance of Mr. F. G. Wangehn and Mr. A. H. Parmelee, and for four years from 1912 the services of Miss Helen M. Jones as a joint missionary. Wisconsin was one of the first to organize a state confer- ence, with plans for taking large responsibility in relation to all departments of missionary work. An arrangement was entered into with the Sunday-School Society by which joint responsibility was assumed in relation to the employment and direction of workers; monthly reports and percentage of receipts going to the national society, which arranged for the grants of literature, made acknowledgment of receipts, and aided in the educational work in the state. Ohio In 1887 Rev. W. F. McMillen, a recent graduate of Oberhn Seminary, after a pastorate at Lyme, Ohio, was elected superintendent, and entered with enthusiasm into his life work. He kindled new zeal and helped to plant branch schools around the country and village churches, and gave inspira- tion and help for improving and extending religious education in the state. A Sunday-school planted at Hough Avenue, Cleveland, and fostered by Superintendent McMillen, soon developed into one of the prominent churches of the city. Similar service was rendered in other parts of Cleveland, and in several of the growing cities and towns. Mr. W. E. Wheeler, Mr. T. J. Collier, Rev. C. J. Dole, and Rev. George Gadsby assisted for brief periods, and after the removal of Dr. McMillen to Chicago, Rev. Norman Plass served for a short time as joint missionary in Ohio, while Mrs. Mary J. Bryner rendered a large educational service here, as in other parts of the field 94 The Sunday-School Century under Dr. McMillen's direction. In the following years assis- tance was also given by Rev. O. R. Newcomb and Rev. A. J. Sullens. In 1908 Rev. B. M. Southgate was appointed as- sistant superintendent especially for the Ohio field, with head- quarters at Toledo, and carried the work successfully for two years. Dr. McMillen had aided in the neighboring states of Kentucky and West Virginia, and with the appointment of Mr. Southgate these states were added to the Ohio district. A large proportion of the children and young people in the Congregational Sunday-schools of Ohio knew and loved Dr. McMillen, and mourned his death. In 1911, on the nomination of the Ohio Sunday-school Committee, Rev. Charles L. Fisk, of Sabetha, Kansas, was elected superintendent. He had shown marked interest and ability in missionary and educational Sunday-school work during pastorates in Chicago and Kansas. Kentucky and West Virginia were still retained in connection with Ohio, and western Pennsylvania was added to Mr. Fisk's field. Indiana Indiana was one of the fields cultivated by the Massachu- setts Sabbath-School Society, when it aided alike Presby- terian and Congregational schools. Those in Indiana to a large extent became Presbyterian. When Rev. W. F. Mc- Millen was elected to the superintendency in Ohio in 1887, Indiana soon became a part of his field, and when he removed to Chicago it still remained under his care, receiving a part of his time and that of his helpers. Among these Mrs. Bryner gave valuable assistance in improving the schools. Dr. McMillen was one of the first to begin Christian work in Gary and planted the first Sunday-school there. His helper. Rev. A, J. Sullens, took an active part and was called to become the first pastor of the church which grew out of the Sunday-school. Indiana was retained in connection with Illinois when Dr. Iowa Superintendents I Rev. JAMES R. KNODELL Rev. CHARLES A. TOWLE Rev. henry W. TUTTLE, D.D. Rev. OTTERBIEN O. SMITH Rev. AUGUSTUS C. HACKE State Development 95 Gammon became superintendent, and assistance was given by Miss S. A. McDermott. Between the years 1882 and 1917 there were organized 76 schools, and 506 grants of literature were made to aid the schools. Iowa In 1884 Rev. James R. Knodell, pastor at Eldora, Iowa, was elected superintendent with large promise of usefulness, but, breaking in health, he resigned after a year of service. He was succeeded in 1886 by Rev. Charles A. Towle, pastor at Monticello, who for thirteen years did a steady strong, and constructive work, until he passed away in 1899, honored and beloved. Mr. Towle carried the work alone except for a brief period in 1889, when he was assisted by Mr. L. E. Herrick. On the death of Mr. Towle, Rev. Otterbein O. Smith was elected superintendent and carried forward the work for six years, being assisted in 1901 and 1902 by Rev. H. H. Burch. In 1905 Superintendent Smith accepted a pastorate and was succeeded by Rev. Henry W. Tuttle, D.D. For a period Superintendent Tuttle also had responsibilities in connection with the work of the Home Missionary Society, but by the recommendation of the state committee it was arranged that the Sunday-school work should be under separate leadership, the superintendent giving it his entire attention. Dr. Tuttle was closely identified with Grinnell College and the educational interests of the state. In connection with a strong committee, he made the educational as well as mission- ary^ features prominent. In this rich agricultural state the efforts were primarily in cultivating the neighborhoods around the country churches, many of which are inhabited by peoples of other lands, or their descendants. Generous quantities of literature have been circulated, Sunday-schools strengthened, and people differing in language, social and religious customs 96 The Sunday-School Century brought into harmonious and helpful Christian fellowship. In 1915 Dr. Tuttle resigned the superintendency to accept a position in connection with Grinnell College. He was suc- ceeded by Rev. A. C. Hacke, as director of religious education, elected by the state conference which had organized to take responsibility for the work in the state. Michigan In the early settlement of Michigan the state received generous gifts of books from the Congregational Board of Publication, and Sunday-school literature from the Massa- chusetts Sabbath-School Society, and also the services of one of the early workers. Rev. G. W. Newcomb. Michigan was among the first states to take action in regard to the reorgani- zation of the Sunday-School Society, and for improving and strengthening its Sunday-school work. In 1881 the State Association secured a visit from Secretary A. E. Dunning, and a state committee of three was appointed for co-operation. In 1883 a memorial was presented from the Kalamazoo Association to the State Association, requesting that it " take up this work in the state in co-operation with the Congrega- tional Publishing Society, and that a State Secretary be em- ployed who shall give his whole time to the work." The committee appointed for the purpose of carrying for- ward this arrangement consisted of Mr. E. K. Warren, of Three Oaks, Mr. George W. Keyes, of OHvet, and Rev. E. W. Miller, of Clinton. Rev. E. W. Miller was elected superin- tendent in 1884, and conducted the work with devotion and success. There were few rural communities, lumber villages or mining camps which he did not visit in the great develop- ing commonwealth. The foundations of many useful churches were laid in both the Upper and Lower Peninsulas. A vast quantity of literature was distributed; schools were encouraged State Development 97 and helped to procure books, and exchange hbraries were passed on from school to school. After seven years Mr. Miller reentered the pastorate, and in 1891 Supt. William Ewing of North Dakota was trans- ferred to Michigan. There had been great activity in mis- sionary extension, and a developing, strengthening, and educational work seemed necessary. A large number of branch Sunday-schools were organized, and workers were encouraged to foster these schools and bring them into affiliation with the churches. Emphasis was placed upon Sunday-school institutes and conferences in local associa- tions. Triennial Sundaj'^-school conferences were held at Lansing, Greenville, Grand Rapids, Detroit, and Pontiac, bringing together the strong ministers, Sunday-school workers and educators in the state, and also experts in Bible study and religious education from theological seminaries and prominent educational institutions. These conferences had a large influence in deepening interest in the best methods of rehgious education. Action was taken by the State Association in 1895, in favor of graded instruction, and a committee was appointed, of which the state superintendent was chairman, to further this object. An outline graded course of supple- mental lessons was prepared and endorsed by the Congrega- tional State Association and issued under the title, The Graded Sunday School and Course of Lessons for Teachers. Several editions of the outline were published, received wide circulation, and helped to start the movement for completely graded courses. The gifts for the society increased and Michigan became a generous contributor to the national work. Rev. W. A. Elhott assisted in the years 1892-93, to be followed by Rev. Joel Martin from 1894 to 1896; Rev. Fred Bagnall, 1900 to 1904; Rev. Fred Dahlberg, 1905 to 1908; all of whom labored principally in the Upper Peninsula. 98 The Sunday-School Century Assistance was also given for brief periods by Rev. E. S. Shaw and Rev. Daniel Truman. On the retirement of Secretary George M. Boynton, D.D., in 1907, Superintendent Ewing was called to Boston and became missionary and extension secretary. With the reorganization of the Michigan Congregational Conference, it assumed responsibility for directing the Sunday- school work, in co-operation with the national Society. Rev. C. H. Harger was employed as Sunday-school missionary for four years, beginning 1909, and was succeeded by Rev. F. W. Sass, in 1913, who for four years did much to foster and strengthen the needy schools of the state. Nebraska Almost coincident with the appointment of Rev. John L. Maile, in Colorado, Rev. Jeremiah D, Stewart, pastor at Hastings, became superintendent for Nebraska, January 1, 1883. Mr. Stewart had taken a deep interest in general educa- tion, and had pursued the Chautauqua Normal and other Sunday-school courses, for the improvement of Sunday- school instruction. Mr. Stewart served as superintendent for thirty years, a longer period than any other worker in this office in one field, and during this period there were organized 632 Sunday-schools. Institutes, conferences, and normal classes occupied a prominent place in his administration. A goodly number of faithful men were associated with him as helpers: Rev. J. E. Storm, 1888-89; Mr. H. D. Jackson, 1890; Mr. C. D. Thompson, 1891; Rev. Charles G. Murphy, from 1898 until he was called to the superintendency in Oklahoma in 1900; Rev. E. L. Wismer, 1900-02; Rev. J. H. Beitel, 1901-05; Rev. L. O. Pearson, 1902-11; Mr. A. E. Gunderson, 1902; Rev. J. T. Haight, 1903; Rev. Harry Tweedy, 1905; Rev. J. C. Noyce, 1906-09; Rev. W. D. King, State Development 99 1910; Rev. F. L. Hall, 1912; also Miss Lillian M. Benker, 1904-09. When Mr. Stewart desired to be released from the superin- tendency, he was requested to continue as acting superin- tendent, and did so until his successor was appointed. On the nomination of the State Committee of Nebraska, Rev. Seth H. Buell, of Grand Island, was elected to succeed Mr. Stewart. Mr, BueU had shown missionary interest and executive ability, as well as special adaptation for deepening interest in religious education. At the request of his successor and the state committee, and in accordance with the wishes of the society, Mr. Stewart remained in the service as a Sunday-school missionary during the summer months for three years, until suddenly summoned by death, in the midst of his activities. The value of the work upon the plastic communities, in material improvement as well as social and reUgious uplift, is beyond computation. Only eternity can reveal the results of his thirty-three years of state-wide leadership and service which had to do with spiritual Hfe and Christian character. Mr. BueU made happy use of the fellowship and co-operation of his predecessor, which proved a valuable asset in the en- largement of the work. Kansas Kansas was among the earhest states to request the services of a worker, and Rev. Jeremiah E. Piatt, a professor of the State College, at Manhattan, was elected superintendent in 1883, and in 1892 the newly opened Oklahoma Territory was added to his field for two years, when he resigned the work in Kansas to devote his entire time to the territory of Oklahoma. During Mr. Piatt's second year in Kansas he organized 21 Sunday-schools, with a membership of about 1,175. In 1886 ten Sunday-school institutes were held with very satis- factory results. This pioneering and educational work by 100 The Sunday-School Century Professor Piatt indicates the character of the service. He had the missionary zeal of a Christian pioneer, and the educational instincts of a college professor. On the transfer of Superintendent Piatt to Oklahoma, Rev. William L. Sutherland became superintendent for Kansas, in connection with Missouri, and when it became necessary to have a superintendent for each state, Mr, Sutherland was transferred to Kansas, where he served with great acceptance until conditions of health and an earnest call to a pastorate led to his resignation. Rev. Allen Shaw Bush, well equipped from Yale University and Divinity School, a successful pastor in Kansas, was as- sistant to Mr. Sutherland from 1895 until called to the superin- tendency in Colorado. Mr. Sutherland was followed in 1902 by Rev. J. Edward Ingham, who gave special attention to the increase of Sunday- school membership in all the schools of the state. Many institutes and conferences were held for improving the work and for winning the young people to Christian life. In 1909-12, Miss A. L. Trabue aided in a speciallj'- needy region in southeastern Kansas. In 1917 Mr. Ingham was transferred to Idaho and Rev. Fred Grey was elected district secretary for the state. NORTHWESTERN STATES South Dakota The work in that part of the territory which became the state of South Dakota was undertaken in 1886 by Rev. W. B. D. Gray. This was in the days when Dakota was in the making, and frontier conditions prevailed. Mr. Gray aroused interest in the East, as well as in the territory, for enlarging the work and soon secured a choice band of workers, laymen and ministers, the forerunners of a splendid company who Northwestern Superintendents Rkv. WILLIAM B. D. GRAY Rev. ROBERT P. HERRICK. D.D. Rev. EDWIN H. STICKNEY. D.D. Ret. CHARLES M. DALEY Rev. SETH H. BUELL. State Development 101 helped in developing one of the best states in the Union. Among the laymen were Mr. H. M. Osgood, Mr. L. E. Her- rick, Mr. John Colvin, Mr. G. W. Crater, and Mr. B. P. Gray; and ministers. Rev. William S. Bell and Rev. Charles M. Daley, who afterwards became successful superintendents, and Rev. William McCready, whose special field was in the Black Hills region in the southwestern part of the state. Superintendent Gray and the Sunday-school interests were closely associated with the young and growing Yankton College. In 1893 Mr. Gray yielded to the invitation of this institution to devote himself to it for a time, and was succeeded by Rev. Charles M. Daley, who served as superin- tendent until 1908. In 1898 Mr. Daley, as chaplain, accom- panied a South Dakota regiment to the Philippines and rendered noble service to the boys at the front. The place in his absence was filled by the former superintendent, Mr. Gray. Mr. Daley had associated with him, at different periods. Rev. John Sattler for work among the German peoples. Rev. Harvey Lyman, Rev. J. E. Hughes, Rev. A. C. Miller, Rev. F. W. Hart, Mr. T. B. Lathrop, and Rev. L. P. Putnam. After sixteen fruitful years Mr. Daley was trans- ferred to Wyoming, to be again associated with Superin- tendent Gray, and the superintendency was transferred to Superintendent Herrick in connection with Minnesota. The plan of employing a number of district workers was adopted for meeting the special emergencies resulting from the rapid influx of immigration. This plan included Rev. J. B. Reese, Rev. Emil Dietrich, Rev. J. E. Evans, Rev. A. C. Miller, Rev. V. Vavrina, Rev. G. E. Green, Rev. M. C. Haecker, Rev. D. W. Davis, Rev. D. M. Brown, Rev. Alec Russell, Rev. H. C. Van Valkenburgh, Rev. T. F. Gait, and Rev. R. B. Holden. 102 The Sunday-School Century North Dakota While the vast territory of Dakota was undivided, and had its territorial capital at Yankton, the northern part had for many years no railway connection with the southern, and was more separated from it than some of the adjoining states. The early settlements were in the southern portion, and it was not until 1887 that the Sunday-School Society was represented by a worker in the part of the Territory which became the state of North Dakota. At the North Dakota Territorial Association, in 1886, a vote was passed requesting the Sunday-School Society to place a superintendent in the field, and nominated Rev. Wil- Uam Ewing, of Fargo. He accepted the position in 1887, and began at once to improve the work by means of institutes, conferences, and good literature. Superintendent Ewing was assisted by Rev. L. E. Brown, and students, Messrs. W. H. Gimblett and W. H. M. Adams. The territory was being settled with great rapidity by Scandinavians and Americans from the older states. Many communities were entirely destitute of religious services, and large numbers of Sunday-schools were established, averaging about three to each Congregational church. In 1891, after nearly five years of service, in which the territory had come to statehood, and Congregational work had developed rapidly, Mr. Ewing was called to the superin- tendency in Michigan. Rev. Edwin H. Stickney, who had been his associate since 1889, was elected superintendent and continued uninterruptedly the aggressive Sunday-school work in the state. Superintendent Stickney has had the assistance of Rev. E. E. Saunders, Mr. C. H. Gordon, Mr. F. S. Brewer, Mr. A. G. Young, Mr. Milton King, Rev. L. J. Pederson, Rev. N. C. Barrie, Rev. I. C. Miller, Mr. I. E. Finney, Rev. C. C. Fair- banks, Rev. L. A. Sahlstrom, Rev. E. S. Shaw, Rev. E. E. State Development 103 Smith, Rev. J. S. Rood, Rev. W. K. Bloom, Rev. Christian Foss, Rev. J. G. Dickey, and Mr. C. R. Dierlamm. Minnesota Minnesota furnished one of the great fields for Sunday- school effort, and in its early history received grants of htera- ture from the Sunday-School Society. Rev. Robert P. Herrick, a graduate of Dartmouth College and Hartford Theological Seminary, combining literary ability and a pas- sion for missionary service, was chosen superintendent in 1889. His zeal did not diminish during the twenty-seven years of his continuous superintendency, even when faiHng health called for some cessation of effort; and hfe suddenly closed while he was making plans for pressing forward the cause which he supremely loved. Dr. Herrick made selection of a number of workers who were destined to occupy a large place in other states, as well as in Minnesota. Among these Rev. W. L. Sutherland served for two years from 1891, until called to the superintendency of Missouri and Arkansas, and afterwards of Kansas. He returned to the state in 1911, where he served with devotion and abiUty as assistant superintendent, and at the death of Dr. Herrick, as acting superintendent. Rev. John C. Huntington served for six years, and was transferred to the superintendency of Texas and Louisiana, where he completed his life's work. Dr. Herrick took a deep interest in the Scandinavian people, who comprise a large percentage of the population, and secured the services of Rev. J. F. Okerstein, who labored among his Scandinavian brethren from 1895 to 1911. There were em- ployed for different periods Mr. H. K. Wingate, Rev. C. J. Sage, Rev. Carl Soderquist, Rev. J. A. Dahlgren, Rev. S. Stone, Rev. L. J. Pederson, Rev. E. C. Lyons, Rev. Allen Clark, Rev. C. E. Ebersol, Rev. T. W. Howard, R^v. A. S. 104 The Sunday-School Century Parks, Rev. J. H. Clark, and several temporary workers. Rev. W. J. Conard, as a joint district missionary, entered the service in 1903, and did hard work faithfully until 1914. With the exception of Washington more schools were organized in Minnesota than in any other state. Grants of literature were made to large numbers of foreign peoples, whose first insight into American Christian life was through the work of the Sunday-School Society. The sum of $110,- 508.13 expended has had much to do with laying Christian foundations in this great commonwealth. Churches and individuals have been generous in donations, which aggregate $49,957.33. MOUNTAIN STATES Colorado The " centennial state " was the first to receive a superin- tendent after the reorganization of the society. Rev. John L. Maile, commissioned August 14, 1882, began service November, 1882. Mr. Maile had been deeply interested in the im- provement of Sunday-school work in Michigan, where he was an honored pastor. He attended the Sunday-school institutes in connection with the original Chautauqua Assembly, and was active in arousing the denomination to enlarge and improve its Sunday-school work. The first Sunday-school organized by the society under the new regime was gathered by Mr. Maile in Elyria, a suburb of Denver, in January, 1883. The first meetings were held in a tent secured for the purpose. Special services were held every evening for two weeks, and several conversions occurred, and a Sunday-school of twenty-four members was organized. The tent was blown down and destroyed, but the interest awakened by the Sunday-school led to the building of a chapel, and a church of sixteen members was organized, which in Rev. CHARLES N. FITCH Rev. HERBERT E. LEE Mountain State Superintendents I Rev. franklin J. ESTABROOK Rev. ALLEN S. BUSH Rev, GREGORY J. POWELL. D.D. State Development 105 eight months increased to eighty, while the Sunday-school numbered over two hundred. Thus, in a community without religious services, in sixteen months there grew a church of influence in the neighborhood. The work auspiciously begun by Mr. Maile was soon inter- rupted because he could not endure the high altitude, and he was transferred to Missouri in April, 1883. Mr. Maile's ability and standing are an index of the character of the men who were appointed to represent the society. The work in Colorado was continued by Rev. Harlan P. Case, who was called from the pastorate at Maysville and began his service in May, 1883. In five years he planted sixty schools with a membership of twenty-five hundred, and gave them constant fostering care. He also did valuable pioneering, and planted several schools in the territory of Wyoming. Suffering a breakdown in health, he made a visit to southern California, where he entered upon a successful career of over thirty years. Mr. Case was succeeded by Rev. George C. Woodruff, ap- pointed 1888, who served for one year and was followed by Rev. Charles N. Fitch, from 1889 to 1897. In 1889 Mr. Fitch was assisted by two Yale students, Mr. S. C. Brooks and Mr. A. W. Hitchcock, afterwards an honored pastor in New Eng- land, and in 1892 by Rev. F. H. Davis. Mr. Fitch was succeeded in 1897 by Rev. Allen Shaw Bush, who had already given splendid proof of his fitness by experience in Kansas. In 1906 assistance was given to Mr. Bush by Rev. G. A. Ellis, and in 1907 Miss Lucy A. Ward, in Routt County, nearly as large as the state of Massachusetts, did a brave and unique work. This service enlisted the interest of the Woman's Home Missionary Union of New York State, which devoted its gifts for some years to this field. The work in Routt County was taken in 1908 by Rev. Kate H. Haus, who continued until Utah was united with Colorado, under the supervision of Superintendent Bush, and special care was given 106 The Sunday-School Century to Routt County, from 1910 to 1913, by Miss M. Alice Isely and Miss Anna N. Lewis, in connection with their work in Utah. Of the 535 Sunday-schools organized in the state by the assistance of the society, 313 were gathered during the ad- ministration of Mr. Bush. After seventeen years of most successful work, in which Mr. Bush greatly endeared himself to the entire state, he desired a respite from his strenuous labors. On the nomination of the state committee Rev. Franklin J. Estabrook, a member of the Committee on Religious Educa- tion of the National Council, who had occupied a prominent place in promoting religious education in the state, was elected state superintendent. Wyoming Rev. H. P. Case, on his appointment as superintendent for Colorado in 1882, was given supervision of the work in Wy- oming. Long rides were taken by stage and on horseback to Douglass, Lusk, Horse Creek, Little Laramie, and other points where Sunday-schools were organized and foundations laid which afterwards became prominent in Wyoming Congrega- tional history. When Mr. Case removed to Cahfornia, in 1887, his suc- cessors in Colorado, Rev. G. C. Woodruff, Rev. C. N. Fitch and Rev. A. S. Bush assisted in this state of great mountain ranges and immense distances. In 1893 Rev. A. T. Lyman, who succeeded Mr. McCready in the Black Hills of South Dakota, was given responsibility in northwestern Wyoming. In 1899 Rev. W. B. D. Gray, who had served with marked success in South Dakota, became superintendent for the Sunday-school and Home Missionary Societies for Wyoming. For three years Rev. J. M. Babcock and Rev. O. E. Reads assisted Mr. Gray until obliged to retire on account of im- State Development 107 paired health, induced by hardships in the service. Mr. Gray was also assisted by his wife, Rev. Annette B. Gray, who for two years devoted part of her time to Sunday-school work. In 1910 Rev. Charles M. Daley, previously associated with Mr. Gray in South Dakota, came as assistant superin- tendent, and his wide experience proved of great value for three years, in which he frequently took the place of Superin- tendent Gray when he was called to represent the Societies in other sections of the country. When Mr. Daley was trans- ferred to Montana, assistance was given in Wyoming by Rev. L. P. Putnam and Rev. D. W. Tracy. The state has large numbers of small communities separated by mountain barriers and great distances, offering large opportunities for Sunday-school missionary effort, which will continue for many years to come. The vigorous leadership of Mr. Gray for nineteen years made a lasting impression on the state. Montana When Rev. William Ewing entered the service in North Dakota in 1887, Montana Territory, which then had four newly organized Home Missionary churches, was included in his field. A few schools were organized, and the workers encouraged for two years until Rev. William S. Bell was elected superintendent for the Sunday-School and Home Missionary Societies, in 1889. At this period ranching and mining were the principal industries; the territorj^ had but a meager permanent popula- tion, and lawless frontier conditions prevailed. During the seventeen years of Mr. Bell's superintendence, the number of churches became nineteen, besides twenty-three mission Sunday-schools. He was assisted for brief periods by Mr. E. C. Ford, in 1902, and by Mr. V. W. Roth, in 1906. Mr. Bell was succeeded in the Sunday-school work by Rev. E. H. Stickney for two years in connection with North Dakota. 108 The Sunday-School Century The territory had become a rapidly growing state, and was ready for Sunday-school expansion. Rev. Joseph Pope was an assistant to the superintendents for seven years and made a deep impression for righteousness, temperance, and the en- forcement of the law. On these issues he was elected to the legislature, where he wielded a most wholesome influence. Rev. E. E. Smith, of North Dakota, assisted in southeastern Montana from 1907 to 1909, when he was transferred to northern Montana, until his removal to California in 1913. Rev. E. S. Shaw also gave part of his time to meet special needs in northeastern Montana. Rev. W. J. Spire spent part of 1909 in a vast, new region just opened for settlement. During the superintendency of Dr. Stickney, a large number of Sunday-schools were organized, from which churches grew with great rapidity. It became clear that a resident superin- tendent was needed in Montana, and in 1909 Rev. G. J. Powell was chosen joint superintendent for the Home Missionary and Sunday-School Societies. The rapid expansion was accelerated by the superintendency of Dr. Powell and the splendid company of workers selected by him. On the retirement of Mr. Pope, Rev. H. O. Johnson was elected for evangehstic and Sunday-school service. A valua- ble work was accomplished in 1914 by Rev. J. K. Arnot, who was aided by the Society in securing an automobile which enabled him to reach and help in a large region around his church at Musselshell. Rev. C. M. Daley, a veteran of the society in South Dakota and Wyoming, was transferred to Montana, where he continued the work with unabated energy until 1916, when he closed his twenty-eight years of most successful work with the society, and Rev. C. K. Stockwell became his successor. Rev. George N. Edwards, who had shown deep interest and ability in Sunday-school work in Oregon was called to assist Superintendent Powell as a joint worker. This vast state, the third in size in the Union, has required State Development 109 to have a large number of schools reorganized because of its changing population connected with ranching and mining interests. Since the work began 367 schools have been gathered by the workers of the Sunday-School Society. With few exceptions the ninety-four churches now in existence have grown from these schools. There have been expended $55,327.70 in planting and developing Sunday-schools. When it is remembered how much this means for all time in "Mighty Montana," which is destined to be one of the great states of the Union, it may well be considered a splendid investment in Kingdom building. Idaho (Northern) The state of Idaho extends from Utah to the Canadian hne, a distance of over six hundred miles. For lack of rail- ways and because of the mountain ranges, the northern part is united with Washington, as it is more accessible than from the southern part of the state. Dea. G. R. Andrus, when a missionary in eastern Washington, organized Sunday-schools at important centers, and when Rev. Samuel Greene was appointed superintendent for Washington, he was also given responsibiUty for northern Idaho. In 1891 Mr. W. G. Trower labored here for a time. On the resignation of Deacon Andrus, Rev. Edwin J. Singer took his place, until called to the superin- tendency of northern California, in 1898. Rev. J. T. Percival, appointed in 1898, divided his work between eastern Washing- ton and northern Idaho. In 1899 Rev. George Kindred labored for a few months, and in 1900 Rev. A. R. Johnson took up the Sunday-school tasks with great earnestness in northern Idaho, where he spent five and one-half years, and laid down his life in the service, deeply regretted by all. His work was taken in 1906 by Rev. R. D. Nicholls, and after two years he was succeeded by Rev. C. W. Bushnell for three years. In 1910 Rev. J. N. Pendleton began a successful service in 110 The Sunday-School Century northern Idaho and eastern Washington, which continued with increasing influence for five years. On the resignation of Dr. Greene, in 1910, Rev. John H. Matthews took the superintendency of northern Idaho in connection with Washington. The conditions have been of a frontier character, but many of the settlers in mining camps, lumber communities, and agricultural districts are people of culture, and receptive of the best things. Each worker has been a strong character; many difficulties have been met, and much has been accomplished. Idaho (Southern) In 1897 Rev. Herbert A. Lee was commissioned for south- ern Idaho, a territory larger than the whole of New England. Mr. Lee and his devoted wife, with the " outfit " furnished by the Sunday-School Society, visited hundreds of communi- ties, leaving always good literature and a gospel message. After thirteen years of devoted work Mr. Lee retired and was succeeded by Rev. Ludwig Thomsen as joint superintendent for the Sunday-School and Home Missionary Societies in southern Idaho and eastern Oregon. Mr. Thomsen brought to the service a well-trained mind and a rich experience in preaching and teaching. After five successful years he re- entered pastoral and educational work in Utah, and was succeeded in 1916 by Rev. Arthur J. SuUens, in connection with Oregon. Utah Through the workers of the New West Educational Com- mission, later the Congregational Education Society, Utah was helped by grants of literature and encouragement in Sunday-school extension. Frequent appeals were made for more direct field service, which led to the appointment of State Development 111 Miss M. Alice Isely in 1909 for Utah and Routt County, Colorado, under the direction of Superintendent Bush, who was given supervision for Utah in connection with Colorado. Miss Isely was a successful teacher of the Education Society, knew and loved the people of Utah, Gentiles and Mormons, and was respected and trusted by both. After two years of efficient service, the care of aged parents made it necessary for her to discontinue. Miss Isely was succeeded by Miss Anna N. Lewis, who, for a year and a half, as a helper to Superintendent Bush, gave special attention to the improving of existing schools and the cultivation of teacher training, in Utah and Colorado. The work in the state is difficult, and progress is slow, but sure foundations have been laid. The Mormon Church has an elaborate, graded Sunday-school system, and a successful Sunday-school work requires the best possible educational equipment, and use of the best literature. The workers of the society have kept in touch with " Gentiles " surrounded by Mormons and tried to foster their Christian life by cor- respondence and hterature. By the aid of the Society there have been 13 schools or- ganized, and $2,349.58 expended in 555 grants of literature. The new state has shown its appreciation of the service ren- dered by contributing $1,275.95 toward the $8,237.50 which have been expended for missionary service and hterature by the Society since 1882. Arizona and New Mexico The territories of New Mexico and Arizona had a few interesting fields under the care of the Home Missionary Society and a number of schools of the Congregational Educa- tion Society, which were aided for some years with grants of literature by the Sunday-School Society. In 1896 Supt. H. P. Case of southern Cahfornia made an 112 The Sunday-School Century extended journey to Arizona, and from that time the territory received his attention, in connection with southern California, until the appointment of Rev. George W. Chatfield in 1907, who served for two years as superintendent for Arizona, New Mexico, and the " Panhandle " of Texas. Upon the retirement of Mr. Chatfield, Superintendent Case again had responsibihty for Arizona, and Superintendent Murphy of Oklahoma, Rev. W. H. Hurlbut, and other helpers from the " Panhandle " of Texas gave what assistance they could to New Mexico. During the superintendency of Mr. Case, he and his associates organized 29 schools, each of them in a community which was destitute of Sunday-school privileges. In 1897-8, Mr. Juan Soza, a missionary among Spanish- speaking peoples, devoted part of his time to Sunday-school work. In 1906 Rev. Edmund Owens began service in a large and destitute region around Humboldt, Arizona, and continued for two years, in the midst of many changes and difficulties. Mr. Elmer Elmquist for a time served the Humboldt group of Sunday-schools, and was followed by Rev. A. L. Seward, from 1912 to 1915, when the work was taken by Rev. P. L. Perry. This large and interesting district around Humboldt, some fifty miles in extent, in which the Sunday-school work has an important part, was left to the care of the Congrega- tional denomination. Rev. A. J. Benedict began his labors for the society in 1909, and has strengthened and encouraged the Sunday-school work, in connection with the small and scattered churches in the southern section of Arizona, often ministering to those who were far removed from any other religious privileges. For twelve years the Christian work of the territories, which became states in 1912, has been greatly strengthened by Rev. J. H. Heald, D.D., superintendent for the Home Missionary and Education Societies, who most heartily cooperates with the Sunday-school workers. Yielding to his and other en- ■jte ^ M :W^^ i Pacific Coast Superintendents Rev. SAMUEL GREENE, D.D. Rev. LOYAL L. WIRT, Ph.D. Rev. JOHN H. MATTHEWS Rev. EDWIN J. SINGER Rev. CHARLES H. CURTIS Rev. HOWARD N. SMITH State Development 113 treaties, in 1912 the society appointed Rev. Herbert A. Deck superintendent for the two states, in conjunction with the Home Missionary Society. Mr. Deck did an excellent work until 1915, when he was constrained to take a pastorate. These states have a large percentage of Spanish peoples, and offer an unlimited opportunity for greatly needed Sunday- school work. The difficulties are great and the progress slow, but the adjoining Mexican repubhc, as well as the two states, can be helped if the work is well sustained. PACIFIC COAST STATES Washington On the Pacific Coast, as in many other sections of the country, the first to ask earnestly for the appointment of field workers were the superintendents of the Home Mission- ary Society. Rev. George H. Atkinson, superintendent for Oregon and Washington, early applied for the assistance of the Sunday-School Society. He was furnished with grants of literature and workers were appointed for brief periods in his field. With the beginning of the great rush into Washington Territory, in 1885, Dea. G. R. Andrus was appointed and proved a faithful missionary, working in the eastern section of the state until he closed his labors in 1890. Rev. Samuel Greene was called into the service in 1887 and soon became one of the most prominent Christian statesmen in the development of this great territory. In addition to Washington he had supervision in northern Idaho; he also rendered assistance in Oregon at different periods. It would be difficult to over-estimate the devoted services of Dr. Greene for twenty-three years in the territory and new state. With unflagging zeal he devoted his splendid executive ability and foresight to organizing Sunday-schools and bringing 114 The Sunday-School Century Christian training to multitudes of young people. Many of the schools which he planted have become the most useful churches in the state. Among those who served with Dr. Greene for brief periods or for a number of years, and with profit to the state, were Rev. R. A. Rowley, Rev. E. J. Singer, Mr. W. G. Nelson, Rev. W. E. Young, Rev. O. L. Fowler, Rev. G. H. Lee, Rev. W. L. Dawson, Rev. W. C. Wise, Rev. H. W. Young, Rev. G. P. Merrill, Rev. H. F. Burgess, and Rev. J. T. Percival, who was " Asa Bullard Missionary " from 1898 to 1909. Rev. J. M. Dick began service in 1903, and was made " Asa Bullard ]Missionary " on the retirement of JVlr. Percival, and did honor to this position. Rev. J. L. Hershner did a strong work from 1906 to 1912, especially on the northern shore of the Columbia River. Rev. C. W. Bushnell began work in Wash- ington in 1907, and was transferred to northern Idaho in 1908. Rev. J. N. Pendleton in 1910 entered upon his fruitful service in eastern Washington and northern Idaho, continuing until 1916. On the retirement of Dr. Greene, who, because of advancing years, desired release from the heavy burdens, Rev. John H. Matthews, on the nomination of the State Committee of Washington, was elected superintendent for Washington and northern Idaho. Mr. Matthews had speciaHzed in Sunday- school methods and leadership, and after the period of rapid development and the strong aggressive missionary activities of Superintendent Greene, the field was ripe for his efforts in strengthening and developing as well as extending the work. There have been 951 Sunday-schools organized in the state by means of the workers of the Society. This number is in excess of that in any other state. There have been 8,479 grants of Hterature at a cost of $22,739.03 and $122,831.60 expended in missionary service, a total of $145,570.63. This new state has contributed to the society $33,674.20. A visit to the weU-equipped Sunday-schools and the beauti- State Development 115 ful churches which have grown from this judicious planting is a clear proof of the T\isdom of the large investments made in this great new state. Oregon The wise interest of Dr. Atkinson, superintendent of the American Home ]Missionar>' Society, led to early ser^^ce in this state by gi-ants of hterature and assistance by a number of workers. Dr. Atkinson was among the first to see the need of special representatives of the Sunday-School Societj'. In 1886 Rev. Amos X. Bower was elected superintendent, but served only a brief period. Until 1890 the work was associated with TTashington, and Rev, G. A. Rockwood, ^Mr. A. B. Snider, Rev. W. F. Rose, Rev. Joseph Wolfe, and Rev. E. P. Roberts were employed at different periods. In 1890 Rev. Charles H. Curtis, of Lysander, Xew York, was elected superintendent, and served four j'ears. He had for assistants Mr. J. B. Hughes, Rev. H. F. Burgess, Mr. W. A. Bond, Rev. Wilham Smith, and Rev. J. L. Hershner. On the resignation of ^Ir. Curtis to accept a pastorate. Rev. Ralph A. Rowley was transferred from "Washington, and served until 1902. During this period Rev. ^Martin Burhn- game and Rev. J. W. Br^-ant were emploj-ed for a short time, and Rev. :M. C. Munson from 1895 to 1907. Rev. Howard X. Smith was called to the superintendency in 1902, and with fidehtj' served for twelve years. At different times during this period Rev. Richard Brown, Rev. H. C. Cleveland, Rev. 0. A. Stillman, and Rev. Wilham Upshaw were his assistants. In 1906 Rev. ^Nlark C. DsLvis began his unique and useful work for the southwestern section of the state. By means of bicycle, motor-c^'cle, and many long journeys on foot when no swifter means could be pro\'ided, he ministered to many communities which otherwise were entirely destitute of reHgious pri^'ileges. In the fertile but 116 The Sunday-School Century lonely valleys he often held the first religious service in settle- ments which had been established from ten to fifty years. In the interest of economy Oregon and Washington were again united in 1914, Supt. J. H. Matthews and Rev. J. M. Dick sharing their services between the two states. California (Southern) In 1887 Rev. H. P. Case, superintendent for Colorado, broken in health, made a visit to southern California for the purpose of rest. He found, however, work at hand, and en- tered earnestly into it. Finding great benefit from the cli- mate, and receiving urgent requests to remain, he took the superintendency in California, May, 1887. There was no representative of the Society in the northern part of the state, and he cooperated with the Northern Congregational Asso- ciation, until the appointment of Rev. Loyal L. Wirt, in 1890. Mr. Case then devoted his entire efforts to southern Cali- fornia until 1896, when the territory of Arizona was added to his field. For twenty-five years he carried the work alone, apart from service for a short period by Rev. L. N. Barber, in 1893-4. During this time Mr. Case assisted in organizing 461 Sunday- schools, and aided these and other needy schools with 3,218 grants of literature. In these years southern California passed through many transitions, with rapid developments and times of depression succeeding each other. The changes necessitated the or- ganization of a large number of schools, many of which re- quired frequent reorganization, Mr. Case resigned the superintendency in 1913, and the state was put under the direction of Rev. Miles B. Fisher, with Mr. Case remaining a missionary of the society which he has served so long with love and devotion. State Development 117 California (Northern) The entire state of California received the attention of Superintendent Case when he was transferred from Colorado in 1887. He organized five schools in Fresno and Tulare Counties, and aided the schools of many newly organized churches. It was early recognized that this vast state should be divided Congregationally, and Rev. Loyal L. Wirt, who had served the society as a student in vacations, became superintendent of northern California in 1890. He found a great field ripe for the work of the Sunday-School Society. Hundreds of communities were destitute of religious services, and, with a passion for missionary pioneering, Mr. Wirt organized large numbers of schools. Many of them could not be followed by churches of the Congregational, or any other, denomination, but the seed was sown, and good hterature was placed in thousands of homes. Mr. Wirt was aided for short periods by Mr. R. W. New- lands, Mr. Howard Patterson, Miss Florence Yarrow, Miss Grace Scott, and from 1892 to 1896 by Rev. W. H. Cooke. In 1898 Mr. Wirt accepted the joint superintendency for the Sunday-School and Home Missionary Societies, in the terri- tory of Alaska. He was succeeded by Rev. E. J. Singer, who had gained experience in Washington. Mr. Singer had as assistants at different times Rev. R. B. Cherington, Rev. R. C. Day, Rev. J. A. Benton, and Rev. Miles B. Fisher. When Mr. Singer resigned in 1908, the appointment of Rev. Miles B. Fisher met the demands for improved methods, and also for Sunday-school extension. Mr. Fisher had speciaHzed in rehgious education in Sunday-school work, and at once took a leading place in this department. In 1910 he was made educational secretary for the Sunday-School Society for the Pacific Coast, in connection with the superin- tendency for northern California and Nevada. He also gave instruction in the Pacific Theological Seminary, helping 118 The Sunday-School Century to equip the ministry for greater efficiency in religious educa- tion. Mr. Fisher was assisted by Rev. WilHam Louch, Rev. Huber Burr, and Rev. E. J. Singer, who re-entered the service in 1913. There was also an important Sunday-school work done among foreign peoples, jointly with the Home Mission- ary Society, by Rev. G. Gazarian among the Armenians, and Rev. J. G. Eckhardt among the German people. On the readjustment of the work in southern California in 1913, Mr. Fisher was given supervision of the entire state. This he carried on successfully until called to the missionary secretary- ship of the national organization in 1917. THE SOUTHWEST Missouri Among the early undertakings of the Massachusetts Sab- bath-School Society, grants of literature and missionary ser- vice were given in the Southwest, especially in Missouri. In 1830, Rev. Artemus Bullard made a visit to the Mississippi Valley, and stimulated interest both east and west. In 1839 the managers of the Missouri Sunday-School Union requested the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Society to aid them in extending their operations. At a special meeting of the board it was voted to comply with the request. The General Congregational Association of Massachusetts en- dorsed the action of the board, and funds were solicited for the purpose. The report of the society for 1841 states: " Those who have contributed to aid the cause of Sabbath- schools in the newer and less favored portions of our beloved country have good reason to believe that they have been laboring in a good cause. They have helped, not only to revive and encourage many schools already existing in Missouri, but to establish between fifty and sixty new schools." Southwestern Superintendents Rev. WILLIAM L. SUTHERLAND Rev. J. EDWARD INGHAM Rev. CHARLES G. MURPHY, D.D. Rev. GEORGE W. CHATFIELD Rev. JOHN B. GONZALES State Development 119 In 1883 Rev. John L. Maile was transferred from Colorado to Missouri, and served with much success for a year and a half. During the period he organized eleven new schools, with nine hundred members, and from these, five churches developed. He held many Sunday-school institutes, and gave addresses in all parts of the state, which aroused and deepened interest in Sunday-school work. In 1888 Rev. H. C. Cronin was made superintendent for the field including Missouri, Arkansas, and Indian Territory, and served until 1894. On his retirement, Rev. Wilham L. Sutherland, connected with the society in Minnesota, was appointed superintendent, and Kansas was added to this field. With fidehty and abihty he served until, the work having developed, it was made clear that a division was neces- sary. Mr. Sutherland was appointed for Kansas, and Rev. James P. O'Brien, pastor of the Tabernacle Church, Kansas City, was called to the superintendency, in 1901, for Missouri and Arkansas, and supervision of Indian Territory until it was united with Oklahoma. In meeting the special needs in the Ozark region. Superin- tendent O'Brien was aided by Rev. H. W. Lambert, Miss Olive B. Wygal, and Miss Emma A. Kautsky. Under the leadership of Dr. O'Brien, those associated with him, and the Missouri Sunday-School Committee, many of the schools reached a high standard of efficiency. Schools of methods were conducted, institutes held, and the Sunday- school work brought into close connection with the best educational institutions. In 1908 Dr. O'Brien was made educational secretary for the Southwest and South. In all parts of this vast field by addresses and correspondence, and in cooperation with the strongest leaders in the different states, he did an important work which gives large promise for the future. 120 The Sunday-School Century Oklahoma In the early settlement in Oklahoma Territory, Superin- tendent J. E. Piatt of Kansas did successful pioneering, and aided in planting a number of schools. He was transferred to the territory in 1894, and labored there until his death in 1899. In the busy, rushing days of preparation for statehood in 1899, Rev. Joel Harper gave valuable assistance. Rev. Charles G. Murphy, who had served the society in Nebraska, was called to the superintendency in 1900, and gave his time wholly to the Sunday-school work until 1907. In that year, on account of special conditions, he was constrained to accept the joint superintendency for the Sunday-School and Home Missionary Societies, and in the following year the " Pan- handle " of Texas was also placed under his care. This arrangement continued until 1912, when, by mutual agree- ment, it was considered best that each society should have the entire time of a superintendent, and Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana were united in one field for the Sunday-school work, under the care of Superintendent Murphy. To meet the marvelous growth of the new state a number of helpers were employed: Rev. S. H. Seccombe, 1905; Rev. L. J. Parker, 1906-11; Rev. W. O. Rogers, 1907-08; Rev. W. H. Hurlbut, 1907-09; Rev. J. W. Foster, 1909-12. Oklahoma and Indian Territory united in becoming a state in 1907. In the period immediately leading up and subse- quent to statehood, there were many and rapid transitions, almost unprecedented. Churches had much to do in shaping the political and educational, as well as moral and religious, institutions. In this the representatives of the society, especially under the lead of Dr. Murphy, had their full share in elevating the standard of religious education, and bringing into closer co-operation the workers in different denomina- tions. The marvelous development of Oklahoma is like a Southwestern and Mountain State Superintendents Rev. henry C. CRONIN Rev. JOHN C. HUNTINGTON Rev. LUDWIG THOMSEN Rev. HERBERT A. DECK Rev. S. EDWARD LYND, Ph.D. State Development 121 romance and the Sunday-School Society had a worthy part in transforming a wilderness into a progressive and enter- prising Christian commonwealth. Texas In Texas, as in most of the other states, grants of hterature were made and occasional service given before a regular worker was appointed. In 1899 Rev. J. C. Huntington, who had been a missionary of the Society in Minnesota for six years, was made superintendent for Texas and Louisiana. Mr. Huntington proved a faithful pioneer, and endured hardship as a good soldier, until his earthly labors closed in 1906. He is remembered in many communities with love and gratitude. In this vast field there was at this period a rapid develop- ment in Sunday-school work. During the superintendency of Mr. Huntington many workers were employed, who reached communities which hitherto had little or no Sunday-school privileges: Rev. W. Z. Whiddon, 1899-1900; Mr. A. F. C. Kirchner, 1901-04; Mr. W. R. Newton, 1902-03; Rev. J. C. Calhoun, 1904-07; and for short periods. Rev. E. H. Kuhl, Rev. S. H. Seccombe, Rev. J. C. Dazey, Rev. H. L. Saunders, Rev. A. J. Smith, Rev. G. A. Smith, and Rev. George Wil- hamson. In 1907 Rev. John B. Gonzales was made joint superin- tendent for the Sunday-School and Home Missionary Societies for Louisiana and Texas, with the exception of the " Pan- handle." During his administration a number of joint workers were employed in Texas: Rev. W. H. Weatherby, 1906-07; Rev. Clarence Beard, 1906-08; Rev. T. H. Triplett and Rev. H. J. Hefner, 1907-08. The " Panhandle " The distances in Texas are so enormous that it seemed expedient to separate the northwestern part, called the 122 The Sunday-School Century " Panhandle," and associate it with New Mexico and Arizona. In 1905 Rev. George W. Chatfield became superintendent, and for three years did the work of a faithful missionary. After planting and fostering a goodly number of schools, Mr. Chatfield resigned to accept a pastorate. In 1908 Rev. Charles G. Murphy was given charge of the " Panhandle " in connection with Oklahoma. By the gener- ous gifts and personal interest of Mr. E. K. Warren, of Michi- gan, excellent workers were employed: Rev. L. J. Parker, in connection with Oklahoma, 1906-11; Rev. Fred Dahlberg for a brief period; Rev. W. O. Rogers, 1910-11; Rev. W. A. Hensel, 1911-13; Rev. W. H. Hurlbut and Mrs. W. H. Hurl- but, who began service in 1909 and continued; Rev. 0. T. Wattenbarger, 1913-15; Rev. C. J. Kellner, 1913-14; and Rev. K. K. Clark, 1914. Some of these workers were pastors of the new churches which have been the result of Sunday-school effort. They adjusted their work especially to interest the children and youth of the entire community and supplied Sunday-school nurture as widely as possible in the new settlements by which they were surrounded. The plan adopted in the " Pan- handle " was to cultivate intensively a few fields, making Sunday-school and church work of such quahty as to unite all kinds of people. The generous benefactor who provided so largely for the work is emphatically a Sunday-school man, and desired the Sunday-School Society to take in large measure the re- sponsibiHty even when it passed beyond the elementary Sun- day-school stage. A strong, helpful work was accomplished in the midst of peculiar difficulties, and foundations laid which give promise for all time. In 1911 the Sunday-school work of Texas was united and placed under the supervision of Dr. Murphy, in connection with Oklahoma and Louisiana. This vast field requires strong State Development 123 leadership that an intellectual and spiritual uplift might be given to the entire work through local associations, state conferences, and institutes with groups of churches. The region is so vast that there will be opportunity for Sunday- school extension and improvement for generations to come. Louisiana Although Louisiana is a southern state, it has been asso- ciated for Sunday-school work with the Southwest. The first worker to be employed was a student, Mr. C. B. Martin, engaged for the summer, in 1889. The first superintendent was Rev. J. C. Huntington, who was appointed in 1899 in connection with Texas, continuing until his death. Mr. A. Lawless served for the summer in 1906; and Rev. W. Z. Whiddon seven months in 1899 and five months in 1900; Mr. A. F. C. Kirchner for three months in 1901 ; Rev. J. C. Cal- houn, 1904-07; and Rev. C. C. McCoy for five months in 1906. Rev. John B. Gonzales became joint superintendent for the Sunday-School and Home Missionary Societies in 1907 for Louisiana and Texas, and for four years did a strong, aggressive work for Sunday-school extension and improvement. In 1911, on the retirement of Mr. Gonzales to re-enter the pastorate, Rev. Charles G. Murphy became superintendent for the district, including Louisiana. White and colored Sunday-schools alike soon looked to him for leadership and help. Under his direction Mr. Edward H. Phillips, a con- secrated layman, gave much time for the encouragement and help of the colored schools. The society helped to organize 119 Sunday-schools in desti- tute communities in the state, and gave aid by means of 416 grants of Hterature. The schools were subject to change, and some of them were short-lived, but earnest efforts were put forth in the midst of difficulties and good results have been manifest. ^24 The Sunday-School Century The South The work in the South was early in the plans of the Sunday- School Society, and churches were helped by grants of htera- ture and occasional visits. The schools of the American Missionary Association and other societies were early aided in this way. But the first superintendent of the Society was Rev. Wilham Shaw, elected for Georgia, Alabama, and Florida in 1888. In these states the Congregational churches were few and weak. The churches of the South, of all denominations, had depended largely upon evangelistic effort rather than educa- tional methods. The Society was greatly needed for strength- ening the Congregational churches and institutions, and it was also helpful to the interdenominational work. Mr. Shaw was in thorough sympathy with the South and its rehgious sentiments, and labored faithfully for nine years He did much to stimulate the Sunday-schools and bring the Congregational churches into touch with the denominational life through its hterature and contact with the workers from different parts of the country. In Alabama he was assisted for a time by Rev. S. P. Brown, and in Florida and Georgia by Rev. C. W. Frazer. On the termination of the services of Mr. Shaw in 1897, a change in poHcy was inaugurated, and Rev. A. T. Clarke was appointed in Alabama, and Rev. J. F. Blackburn in Georgia, to devote part of their time to Sunday-school interests with the title of Correspondent. This arrangement continued until 1902. Rev. Mason Noble did a similar work in Florida from 1899 to 1900. This plan as a temporary expedient was successful. In 1902 an arrangement was made for joint superintendents in connection with the Home Missionary Society: Rev. A. T. Clarke, D.D., was employed for Alabama, and Rev. J. f' Blackburn for Georgia. In 1907 Mr. Blackburn's field was Central and Southeastern Superintendents Rev. JOHN F. BLACKBURN Rev. GEORGE B. WALDRON Rev. CHARLES L. FISK Rev. JAMES M. GRAHAM Rev. WILLIAM O. BERCKMAN State Development 125 enlarged to include Florida; and in 1912 Florida became a separate field under the direction of Rev. George B. Waldron, and North and South Carolina were added to Georgia, under Superintendent Blackburn. The states of North and South Carolina had previously received assistance in 1895 from Rev. Caleb C. Collins. North Carolina was served several winters by Captain George W. Lane, a native of the state, while doing work for the society on the coast of Maine in the summers. In 1898 Rev. Asher W. Curtis, D.D., was appointed cor- respondent, and made superintendent in 1901, holding that ofiice until advancing age led to release, and the superin- tendency for the two states was taken by Mr. Blackburn. Dr. Curtis, however, continued as a correspondent with the schools with which he was so familiar, and aided them in procuring Hterature. In Alabama, in 1902, Rev. A. T. Clarke, D.D., who had been correspondent, was made superintendent and served for five years, having also the supervision of Mississippi. In 1907 Dr. Clarke retired, and the place was taken by Rev. Elmer W. Butler, and in 1910 Tennessee was added. He served the three states until 1913, when he accepted a pastor- ate, and the superintendency for Alabama, Tennessee, and Mississippi was transferred to Rev. J. M. Graham, a graduate of Atlanta Theological Seminary. Mr. Graham did a strong work for three years and was called to take a professorship in his Alma Mater, and was succeeded by Rev. Charles T. Rogers. The first work in Tennessee was done by Mr. John Farrar, who labored with great zeal for a few months each year from 1885 to 1889. He found a needy field, and as a result of his work, 188 Sunday-schools were formed. A similar work was done in Kentucky by Rev. M. N. Sumner in the years 1888-89. The first superintendent elected was Rev. Gilbert Walton in 1893, in connection with the American Missionary Association. He resigned in 1907 126 The Sunday-School Century and was succeeded in Tennessee first by Rev. Elmer W. Butler, and later by Rev. J. M. Graham. On the retirement of Rev. Gilbert Walton the work in Kentucky was placed with that of Ohio under the direction of Dr. McMillen, who was aided by Rev. B. M. Southgate from 1908 to 1910. After the death of Dr. McMillen in 1911, Rev. Charles L. Fisk was made superin- tendent for Ohio, with the oversight also of Kentucky. Later Rev. W. O. Berckman was added as a joint worker for the mountain regions of Kentucky and Tennessee. In the states of Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky, North and South Carolina, 1,004 schools were organized, 3,073 aided, with 6,471 grants of literature. In many parts of this field Sunday-school work was entirely new, and in all parts needed to be fostered. The Sunday-school work has done much to unite the Christian sentiment of North and South. While the workers for the most part have been from the North, and cherished its best ideals, they have been thoroughly identified with the South. Rev. J. M. Graham is a worthy son of the Southland by birth and training. Rev. J. F. Blackburn was born in Springfield, IlHnois, next door to the home of Abraham Lin- coln, and the great future president often took him, when a baby, affectionately on his knee, but by mutual adoption he is a genuine representative of the South. The first district educational secretary appointed by the Society, Rev. J. P. O'Brien, D.D., was given responsibility in the South as well as the Southwest and secured the interest and cooperation of the southern churches, irrespec- tive of race or color. Much has been accomplished in each state, and foundations laid for needed extension of religious education, which is eagerly welcomed by the South. New York District When New York was considered a part of the great West, the Massachusetts Sabbath-School Union aided its Sunday- ■ -4^^"* ,1^^l « ^^^^^^^1 ^^K^ . V, JML^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^k K/' i M jfT fl^^^H PJ uf f ^sn y ^Bjk^ -^ ^^^^^^B||^ Southern Superintendents Rev. ALMON T. CLARKE, D.D. Rev. ASHER W. CURTIS. D.D. Rev. CHARLES T. ROGERS Rev. ELMER W. BUTLER Rev. WILLIAM SHAW State Development 127 school work with Hterature and visitation. It gave assis- tance to Congregational and Presbyterian churches ahke. The gatherings at Chautauqua Lake, in 1878 and 1879, in which many prominent Congregational laymen and ministers from New York took part, were among the potent influences which led to the election of Rev. A. E. Dunning and the reorganization of the society. In 1884 Mr. W. A. Duncan was elected superintendent for the states of New York and Pennsylvania. In 1886 Dr. Duncan was made field secretary, but still retained special responsibility for New York, Penn- sylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. He was untiring in effort in his own large district, and wider field, until he retired, after twenty-two years of devoted ser- vice. During this period he developed the Home Department, and with the avenues open to him in connection with the Sunday-School Society and the International Sunday-School Association, made it a power for good throughout the entire nation and the world. In 1911 Rev. Milton S. Littlefield, a Sunday-school special- ist of wide reputation, was appointed district secretary, with headquarters at New York. Pennsylvania, with its mining and industrial interests, has had and will continue to have a vast, changing foreign popula- tion with rapidly growing cities, as well as rural districts, which will always furnish an inviting field for Sunday-school plant- ing and fostering. The situation is somewhat different in the District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia, and New Jersey, where the Congregational churches are few, but for the most part are urban and vigorous. Secretary Littlefield and representatives of the national society were in demand for assistance in improving and strengthening the Sunday- schools. On the appointment of Rev. Charles L. Fisk for the Ohio District in 1911, western Pennsylvania, for convenience, was 128 The Sunday-School Century placed under his care, while the remaining part of the state continued with the New York District. The entire district under the care of Dr. Littlefield has about five hundred Sunday-schools. Important Sunday-school in- stitutes are held with many of the strongest churches as well as with the smaller schools. Dr. Littlefield is called upon for leadership in summer schools in his own and other districts, as well as in the regular sessions of the churches. Alaska With the opening of Alaska, the Sunday-School Society took its part by grants of literature and other assistance, through Superintendent Greene and workers in Washington Territory. In 1898 Rev. Loyal L. Wirt, superintendent for northern California, was transferred to Alaska as joint superin- tendent for the Sunday-School and Home Missionary Socie- ties. He found large numbers of young men homeless, and in need of the influences which would save them from the tempta- tions incident to a newly settled country, and the vices so prominent in mining communities. Mr. Wirt aroused wide interest in providing institutions to meet the special needs. At Douglas, where there was no other Protestant work, a library and reading room were established, which reached large numbers of men connected with the Treadwell Stamp Mills. At Nome a reading room and hospital were erected, and the Sunday-school there was the only one in the place during the first long winter. The Christian Endeavor Socie- ties of the denomination were asked to sustain the Alaska mission, and in very large measure provided the funds for getting the work under way. After two years of romantic service, in which much was accomplished, Dr. Wirt resigned. The society continued its assistance with Rev. Wilham Davies in charge at Nome, and Rev. J. Hammond Cole at Douglas. State Development 129 Good beginnings were made in the years when help was greatly needed. Hawaii Aid was given to the Hawaiian Islands by grants of litera- ture through the missionaries of the American Board when it was clearly a foreign field, and the society has continued its assistance. The schools requiring aid have been almost wholly Japanese, Chinese, or native Hawaiian. Americans and the people of different races are anxious for the best things in Sunday-school work. Invitations have been given for representatives of the society to visit the Islands in the interest of improved Sunday-school work. Porto Rico The work in Porto Rico is largely cared for by the American Missionary Association. The Sunday-School Society, how- ever, has given grants of literature and cooperation through the pastors and teachers of the Association for enlarging and improving the work. Canada As early as 1851 cooperation was extended to Canada, where the Sunday-school work was in a primitive condition. As the country and its churches developed, the need for assistance from the United States diminished, and financial aid to Canada was discontinued; but hearty cooperation and fellowship remained. The literature of the society has found a place in the Canadian churches, and in times of special need, grants have been provided in different provinces of the Dominion. At the time of the most rapid settlement of the new Cana- dian Northwest, the Sunday-School Society, through Sec. F. K. Sanders, was asked for the services of a worker to ex- plore and report to the Congregational Canadian Missionary 130 The Sunday-School Century Society and the Colonial Missionary Society of England. Sec. William Ewing, who was then superintendent for Michi- gan, rendered this service in 1906, enhsting helpful cooperation between the Canadian brethren and the workers of the Con- gregational Sunday-School and Home Missionary Societies in the United States, as well as outhning plans of operation for the British societies. Chapter XIII ACHIEVEMENTS AND OUTLOOK It is only one hundred years since Congregational churches in this country made use, to any extent, of Sunday-school organizations. During the century, Sunday-school methods have changed the order of church services, have modified almost every phase of church activity, and revolutionized church architecture. The full story of the Congregational Sunday-school century would reveal in a remarkable way the genius of our churches, whose aim has been to advance the Kingdom rather than to build up a denomination. Con- gregationahsts, as individuals and churches, were ready for any union movements which gave promise of help to those in need. They generously supported the American Sunday- School Union; were wilHng to unite with Methodists, Episco- pahans and Baptists for bringing the churches into more helpful relation to the Sunday-school work. When others withdrew, beheving that more could be accomplished by denominations working separately, the Congregationalists still cooperated as far as possible, and only when it was clear that greater results could be achieved by separate effort, did they organize independently. For a long time the society, supported largely by Congregational churches, aided without distinction Congregational and Presbyterian schools. They had a worthy part in forming state, national and international Sunday-school organizations, and later, the Religious Educa- tion Association and the Sunday-School Council of the Evan- gelical Denominations of the United States and Canada, which, working with and through the International Sunday School Association, practically united all the forces of religious educa- tion in the two great nations. Congregationahsts work happily 131 132 The Sunday-School Century in far-reaching movements, and have an honored place in the Sunday-school councils of the world. Their union efforts were not in vain and did much to lift the Sunday-school above narrow sectarian influences, and their Hterature found circulation among all denominations. Their desire for union caused them to hesitate in sending out field workers. When it became clear that a field force was necessary it was efficiently organized, and Presbyterians, Methodists and representatives of other denominations fre- quently commended the Congregational organization as a model for imitation. The field force from the beginning was given responsibility in regard to educational improvement as well as Sunday-school extension. When scientific methods were introduced the field workers did much to improve the schools by making popular the best instruction in psychology and pedagogy. This brought great changes which have been worked out by those in actual touch with the vital spiritual needs of the young people. The early records laid emphasis upon the number of teachers* or scholars who were " con- verted " or became " hopefully pious." A peculiar form of religious experience was often emphasized, and those who did not attain it feared to claim their Christian privileges. The wider vision resulting from right intellectual and spiritual experience brought more healthful standards, although these have not been lowered. The workers of the Sunday-School Society emphasize education, not as opposed to but a part of real evangelism. It is estimated that at least eighty-five per cent, of the accessions to Congregational churches are through their Sunday-schools. Opportunities The frontier experiences of the noble army of men and women commissioned by the Sunday-School Society in such states as Colorado, the Dakotas, Wyoming, Montana and Achievements and Outlook 133 other new states would furnish fascinating volumes. Great results have come from their efforts. The real frontier has changed, but greatly widened, and is now found not only in the new states but in the old. It is in New England, the Central States, the Southland and in the great cities as well as in the mountain states, the Pacific coast, Hawaii, Alaska and our insular possessions. The frontier is wherever there are primitive conditions or spiritual needs. The multitudes who have come, and the greater numbers who are to come from many lands, make an appealing call for missionary zeal, the very best Hterature and the very best methods of religious education. The Congregational churches have had a splendid field force who have carried with them the high ideals of religious education. The work which they have done is fittingly de- scribed by Dr. F. W. Gunsaulus as " giving the best educational ideals impelled by the great missionary motives." In this way they have ministered to thousands of communities in all parts of our land in the plastic period of their develop- ment, and to hundreds of thousands in the impressionable period of their lives. Adjustments and Laeger Things The background of nearly a hundred years of effort and achievement led the denomination to seek earnestly for larger things in connection with religious education as in other departments of service undertaken by the societies. The adjustment of the Sunday-School Society was con- sidered in connection with the report of a special Commission at the National Council at Kansas City and referred to the Commission on Missions, which Commission reported to the National Council at New Haven in 1915. The report recom- mended that the transfer of the Sunday-school extension work of the Sunday-School and Publishing Society to the 134 The Sunday-School Century Church Extension Boards be referred to the Directors of the Rehgious Education Boards in conference with the Directors of the Church Extension Boards and the Commission on Missions, these directors being under instructions to arrange the transfer if the way be open. Report of progress and further action was taken by the Na- tional Council at Columbus in 1917. By this action the re- sponsibility for planting new Sunday-schools was transferred to the Church Extension Boards, while the educational pro- gram of the Sunday-schools was retained by The Congrega- tional Sunday-School and Publishing Society from Boston, in conjunction with the Congregational Education Society. The deep interest taken by the National Council and its different Commissions indicate clearly the importance at- tached to the Sunday-school as an extension agency and as an instrumentaUty for developing intelhgent Christian life and service through all the churches. The denomination has set itself for larger things in Sunday-school extension and rehgious education. The achievements of a hundred years give assurance for greater things in the coming days and vindicate the wisdom of the loyal support of the entire de- nomination. APPENDIX 136 The Sunday-School Century APPENDIX A Financial Statement from 1882-1916 Number Number of Years of Service s.s. S.S. of Grants States Workers yrs. mos. Organized Aided of Litera- ture Alabama 5 26 1 254 616 1,003 Alaska 3 3 6 6 39 79 Arizona 8 31 64 144 281 Arkansas 1 14 18 52 102 California (No.) 15 48 1 617 1.219 2,231 California (So.) 2 28 468 1,495 3.347 Colorado 13 37 1 512 912 1,484 Connecticut 1 4 6 48 77 District of Columbia 1 4 2 22 39 Florida 5 18 3 116 242 392 Georgia 3 26 7 302 645 1,072 Idaho 11 28 10 302 648 1,338 Illinois 16 61 1 360 1,018 2,389 Indiana 5 25 76 231 506 Iowa 6 31 10 323 687 1,401 Kansas 4 29 377 668 1,275 Kentucky 4 19 9 67 138 300 Louisiana 9 25 5 114 236 403 Maine 5 22 2 83 287 421 Maryland 1 4 2 14 32 Massachusetts 6 23 4 66 628 1,513 Michigan 9 46 2 397 1,343 3,014 Minnesota 17 78 8 814 1,465 2,695 Mississippi 2 8 17 22 Missouri 4 29 195 558 1.400 Montana 9 43 8 337 422 664 Nebraska 16 75 7 639 1,593 3.198 Nevada 3 29 15 21 42 New Hampshire 4 20 27 78 126 New Jersey 1 4 1 26 40 New Mexico 3 5 38 100 194 New York 2 6 41 248 492 North Carolina 3 20 6 80 914 2,622 North Dakota 21 56 8 715 1,127 2,041 Ohio 10 27 8 145 391 1.033 Oklahoma 8 43 10 382 1,153 2,369 Oregon 22 63 4 740 1,895 4,536 Pennsylvania 3 30 18 143 272 Rhode Island 1 12 3 32 67 South Carolina 3 20 6 19 114 266 South Dakota 28 165 1 694 945 1,600 Tennessee 5 13 10 154 275 534 Texas 25 49 9 268 463 780 Utah 3 9 12 214 534 Vermont 4 22 49 143 263 Virginia 1 4 5 40 71 Washington 19 89 10 920 2,978 8,355 West Virginia 1 4 1 5 6 Wisconsin 10 54 1 504 1,140 2,498 Wyoming 8 33 5 161 245 420 Foreign Lands 2 774 1,490 369 1,565 11,511 28,851 61,329 Appendix 137 APPENDIX A Financial Statement from 1882-1916 Value of Grants Cost of of Literature Service Total Receipts Legaciet $1,713.22 $8,937.68 $10,650.80 $2,276.20 326.56 5,448.51 5,775.07 307.96 391.45 5,869.21 6,260.66 1,127.74 334.40 1,779.69 2.114.09 400.50 5,917.69 67,831.22 73.748.91 29,796.41 $225.00 6,380.05 48,858.00 55,238.05 23,440.95 2,990.04 50,527.70 53,517.74 15,956.10 203.24 7.081.77 7,285.01 188,862.37 17,281.14 128.17 314.48 442.65 6,338.13 799.51 9,259.86 10,059.37 3,159.05 1,737.05 15,538.91 17,275.96 2.583.73 2,715.21 34,022.69 36,737.90 2,994.72 50.00 11,572.56 94,837.89 106,410.45 42,401.01 1,255.55 1,965.28 9,803.71 11,768.99 4,839.50 4,530.66 46,844.52 51,375.18 59.327.31 4,517.46 44,226.99 48,744.45 19.486.99 641.90 3,573.82 4,215.72 639.89 881.58 9,611.65 10,493.23 1,589.77 1,174.43 11,063.55 12,237.98 22,565.09 1,344.00 79.64 104.84 184.48 1,218.42 20,097.50 6,429.97 13,963.35 20,393.32 448,462.39 57,838.37 6,866.89 58,916.65 65,783.54 83,309.48 7,038.86 97.771.51 104,810.37 44,453.20 39.31 1,759.51 1,798.82 65.11 6,710.49 43,931.36 50,641.85 26,898.84 200.00 1,675.85 47,299.91 48,975.76 5,176.15 6,946.23 63,366.84 70,313.07 38,074.99 40.27 524.16 564.43 221.47 234.69 6,969.26 7,203.95 42,885.63 12,658.77 136.31 1,308.07 1,444.38 15,524.00 100.00 488.61 2.017.48 2,506.09 562.56 1,805.73 9,523.19 11,328.92 87,310.36 6.929.21 2,438.97 3,365.22 5,804.19 1,718.80 4,239.90 65,333.05 69,572.95 17,629.89 6,808.56 46,343.04 53,151.60 81,467.32 6.103.23 4,168.76 35,205.84 39,374.60 6,098.74 9,437.42 69,125.29 78,562.71 12,235.85 25.23 947.31 1,966.15 2,913.46 11.431.52 215.71 884.75 1,100.46 18,097.68 350.63 445.40 796.03 138.82 3,928.54 74,902.08 78,830.62 20,618.16 1,777.89 8,332.65 10,110.54 1,236.90 1,624.13 33,006.95 34,631.08 3,347.57 2,278.55 5,447.16 7,725.71 1,197.66 509.66 9,454.51 9,964.17 44,755.28 135.60 104.84 240.44 404.73 22,458.68 116,883.34 139,342.02 30,936.76 18.83 206.82 225.65 510.70 5,504.39 50,740.67 56,245.06 66,843.43 3,692.50 914.42 37,304.05 38,218.47 3,546.04 4,207.36 4,207.36 $1,541,318.31 193.25 $159,378.62 $1,381,939.69 $1,544,665.12 $127,800.50 138 The Sunday-School Century APPENDIX B Persons connected with the work of the Society Abbott, Rev. Lyman, 41. Adams, W. H. M., 102. Albro, Rev. J. A., 57, 68. Alden. Rev. E. J., 47, 55. Allen, W. B , 58. Andrus, Dea. G. R., 109, 113. Arakelyan, J. J., 56, 71. Arnot, Rev. J. K., 108. Atkinson, Rev. G. H., 44, 113, 115. Babcook, Rev. J. M., 106. Bagnall, Rev. Fred, 97. BaUey, Rev. A. W., 87, 88. Barber, Rev. L. N., 116. Barney, Rev. J. O., 27. Barrie, Rev. N. C, 102. Barrows, Rev. William, 39. Barrows, Mrs. William, 59. Beaman, C. C, 20. Beane, Rev. P. A., 27. Beane, Rev. Samuel, 27. Beard, Rev. A. F., 42. Beard, Rev. Clarence, 121. Beard, Miss Frederica, 65. Beecher, Rev. Lyman, 4, 13, 23, 26. Beitel, Rev. J. H., 98. Bell, Rev. W S., 101, 107. Benedict, Rev. A. J., 112. Benker, Miss L. M., 99. Benton, Rev. J. A., 117. Berckman, Rev. W. O., 126. Blackburn, Rev. J. F., 124, 126. Blake, Rev. Mortimer, 40, 47, 58. Bloom, Rev. W. K., 103. Bond, Rev. W. A., 115. Bower, Rev. A. N., 115. Boynton, Rev. G. M., 48, 50, 69, 84, 98. Boynton, Mrs. Julia H., 58. Brand, C. A., 59, 84. Brewer, F. S., 102. Brooks, 8. C, 105. Brown, Rev. D. M., 90, 101. Brown, Rev. L. E., 102. Brown, Rev. Richard, 115. Brown, Rev. S. P. , 124. Bryant, Rev. J. W., 115. Bryner, Mrs. Mary J., 90, 93, 94. Buell, Rev. S. H., 99. Bullard, Artemus, 14. 16, 118. BuUard, Rev. Asa, 5, 19, 29, 39, 48, 66, 73, 83, 86. 1 14. Buroh, Rev. H. H., 95. Burgess, Rev. H. F., 114, 115. Burlingame, Rev. Martin, 115. Burnell, K. A., 27. Burr, Rev. Huber, 118. Bush, Rev. A. S., 100, 105, 106, 111. Bushnell, Rev. C. W., 109, 114. Butler, lev. E. W., 125, 126. Calhoun, Rev. J. C, 121, 123. Cary, L. H., 55. Case. Rev. H. P., 80, 85, 105, 106, 111, 116, 117. Chatfield, Rev. G. W., 112, 122. Cherington, Rev. R. B., 117. Chicago Directors, 68, 69. Clark, Rev. Allen, 103. Clark, Rev. J. H., 104. Clark, Rev. K. K., 122. Clarke, Rev. A. T., 124, 125. Cleveland, Rev. H. C, 115. Cole. Rev. J. H., 128. Collier, T. J., 93. Collins, Rev. C. C, 125. Colman, Rev. Eben, 27. Colvin, John, 101. Conard, Rev. W. J., 104. Congregationaliat Editors and Publishers, 61, 64. Cook, Joseph, 41. Cook, Rev. S. P., 84. Cooke, Rev. W. H., 117. Cotton, H. A., 90. Crafts, Mrs. W. F., 59. Crater, G. W., 101. Creegan, Rev. C. C, 41. Cronin, Rev. H. C, 119. Curtis, Rev. A. W., 125. Curtis, Rev. C. H., 115. Cutter, Rev. M. M., 55. Dahlberg, Rev. Fred, 92, 97, 122. Dahlgren, Rev. J. A., 103. Daley, Rev. C. M., 101, 107, 108. Danielson, Miss F. W., 65, 85. Davies, Rev. William, 128. Davis, Rev. D. W., 101. Davis, Rev. F. H., 105. Davis, Rev. M. C, 115. Dawson, Rev. W. L., 114. Day, Rev. R. C, 117. Dazey, Rev. J. C, 121. Dean, C. C, 18, 54, 69, 83. DeBevoise, Rev. G. H., 83. Deck, Rev. H. A., 113. Dick, Rev. J. M., 114, 116. Dickey, Rev. J. G., 103. Dierlamm, C. R., 103. Dietrich, Rev. Emil, 101. DiU, M. T., 71. Dole, Rev. C. J., 93. Duncan. W. A., 41, 47, 78, 127. Dunning, Rev. A. E.. 42, 46, 48, 58, 59, 62, 82, 84, 90, 96, 127. Ebersol, Rev. C. E., 103. Eckhardt, Rev. J. G., 118. Edwards, Rev. G. N., 108. Appendix 139 Elliott, Rev. W. A., 90, 97. Ellis, Rev. G. A., 105. Elmquist, Elmer, 112. Estabrook, Rev. F. J., 106. Evans, Rev. J. E., 101. Ewing, Rev. William, 51, 84, 97, 102, 107, 130. Fairbanks, Rev. C. G., 102. Fairbanks, John, 55. Fairchild, Pres. J. H., 41. Farrar, John, 125. Fisher, Rev. M. B., 116. 117. Fisk, Rev. C. L., 94, 126, 127. Fisk, Rev. F. L., 90. Fitch, Rev C. N., 105, 106. Foote, J. D., 27. Ford, E. C, 107. Foss, Rev. Christian, 103. Foster, Rev. J. W., 120. Fowler, Rev. O. L., 114. Frazer, Rev. C. W., 124. Gadsby, Rev. George, 93. Gait, Rev. T. F., 101. Gammon, Rev. R. W., 64, 91, 95. Gazarian, Rev. G., 118. Gimblett, W. H., 102. Gonzales, Rev. J. B., 121, 123. GoodeU, Rev. C. L., 42. Gordon, C. H., 102. Graham, Rev. J. M., 125, 126. Grant, Miss Zillah, 84. Grauer, Rev. O. C., 92. Gray, Rev. Annette B., 107. Gray, B. P., 101. Gray, Rev. W. B. D., 100, 106. Green, Rev. G. E., 101. Greene, Rev. Samuel, 109, 110, 113. Grey, Rev. Fred, 100. Gunderson, A. E., 98. Hacke, Rev. A. C, 96. Haecker, Rev. M. €., 101. Haight, Rev. J. T., 98. Hale, M. L., 68. HaU, Rev. F. L., 85, 99. Hall, Rev. James, 26, 27. Hall, Rev. William, 27. Hamilton, Rev. B. F., 68. Hammond, Rev. W. B., 27. Hardy, Alpheus, 68. Harger, Rev. C. H., 98. Harper, Rev. Joel, 120. Hart, Rev. F. W., 101. Haun, Rev. G. C, 92. Haus, Rev. Kate H., 105. Hayes, Rev. James, 90. Hazard, M. C., 47, 58, 60, 84, 90. Heald, Rev. J. H., 112. Hefner, Rev. H. J., 121. Hensel, Rev. W. A., 122. Herrick, L. E., 95, 101. Herrick, Rev. R. P., 101, 103. Herrick, Rev. S. C., 68. Hcrshner, Rev. J. L., 114, 115. HUl, Rev. E. L., 90. Hitchcock, A. W., 105. Holden, Rev. R. B., 101. Howard, Rev. T. W., 103. Hughes, J. B., 115. Hughes, Rev. J. E., 101. Huntington, Rev. J. C., 103, 121, 123. Hurlbut, Rev. W. H., 112, 120, 122. Hurlbut, Mrs. W. H., 122. Ingham, Rev. J. E., 100. Isely, Miss M. A., 106, 111. Jackson, H. D., 98. Johnson, Rev. A. R., 109. Johnson, Rev. H. O., 108. Jones, Miss H. M., 93. Kautsky, Miss E. A., 119. Kellner, Rev. C. J., 122. Keranen, Miss Anna, 80, 87. Keyes, G. W., 96. Kilbon, Rev. J. L., 59. Kimball, Charles, 68. Kindred, Rev. George, 109. King, Milton, 102. King, Rev. W. D., 98. Kirchner, A. F. C, 121, 123. Knodell, Rev. J. R., 95. Kuhl, Rev. E. H., 121. Lambert, Rev. H. W., 119. Lane, Capt. G. W., 86, 125. Lathrop, T. B., 101. Lawless, A.. 123. Lee, Rev. G. H., 114, Lee, Rev. H. A., 110. Leeman, Rev. Wilhelm, 80, 87. Lewis, Miss Anna N., 111. Lewis, Rev. F. F.. 88, 106. Littlefield, Rev. M. S., 127. Louch, Rev. William, 118. Lyman, Rev. A. T., 106. Lyman, Rev. Harvey, 101. Lyons, Rev. E. C, 103. Maile, Rev. J. L., 41, 98, 104, 119. Marsh, Rev. Christopher, 18, 83. Marah, Rev. F. J., 83, 85, 87. Martin, C. B., 123. Martin, Rev. Joel, 97. Matthews, Rev. J. H., 110, 114, 116. McCoy, Rev. C. C, 123. McCready, Rev. William, 101, 106. McDermott, Miss S. A., 91, 95. McMiUen, Rev. W. F., 90, 91, 93, 94, 126. Means, Rev. J. O., 40. Meredith, Rev. R. R., 68. Merrill, Rev. G. P., 114. MiUer, Rev. A. C, 101. Miller, Rev. E. W., 96. Miller, Rev. I. C, 102. Munson, Rev. M. C, 115. Murphy, Rev. C. G., 98, 112, 120, 122, 123. Nelson, W. G., 114. Newcomb, Rev. G. W., 27, 96. Newcomb, Rev. O. R., 94. Newlands, R. W., 117. Newton, W. R., 121. Nichols, Rev. D. B., 26. Nicholls, Rev. R. D., 109. 140 The Sunday-School Century Nichols, Miss Martha, 84. Noble, Rev. Mason, 124. Noyce, Rev. J. C, 98. O'Brien, Rev. J. P., 119, 126. Okerstein, Rev. J. F., 80, 103. Osgood, H. M., 101. Owens, Rev. Edmund, 112. Parker, Rev. L. J., 120, 122, Parks, Rev. A. S., 104. Parmelee, A. H., 93. Patterson, Howard, 117. Pearson, Rev. L. O., 98. Pederson, Rev. L. J., 102, 103. Pendleton, Rev. J. N., 109, 114. Percival, Rev. J. T., 109, 114. Perry, Rev. P. L., 112. PhUlips, E. H., 123. Pinney, I. E., 102. Plass, Rev. Norman, 93. Piatt, Rev. J. E., 99, 120. Poeton, Rev. Josiah, 87. Pope, Rev. Joseph, 108. Powell, Rev. G. J., 108. Presidents of the Society in order of service : Hon. William Reed, 13, 17, 20, 66. Alfred D. Foster, Esq., 20, 66. Hon. Samuel T. Armstrong, 20, 26, 66. Hon. Samuel H. Wallev, 26, 35, 66. Hon. Charles T. Russell, 23, 35, 66. J. Russell Bradford, 67. Ezra Farnsworth, 67. Samuel Johnson, 67. Samuel B. Capen. LL.D., 42, 47, 67, 71, 79. Rev. WUlard Scott, D.D., 67. Pres. Henry C. Kmg, LL.D., 67. Rev. F. H. Page, 67. Rev. Clarence F. Swift, D.D., 68. Putnam, Rev. L. P., 101, 107. Quint, Rev. Alonzo, 68. Ranney, H. E., 71. Reade, Rev. O. E., 106. Reese, Rev. J. B., 101. Reitzel, Rev. J. R., 91. Rice, Rev. C. B., .58. Roberts, Rev. E. P., 115. Robinson, Rev. O. L., 92. Rockwood, Rev. G. A., 115. Rogers, Rev. C. T., 125. Rogers, Rev. W. O., 120, 122. Rood, Rev. J. S., 103. Rose, Rev. W. F., 115. Roth, V. W., 107. Rowley, Rev. R. A., 114, 115. Russell, Rev. Alec, 101. Russell, Rev. Frank, 41. Sage, Rev. C. J., 103. Sahlstrom, Rev. L. A., 80, 102. St. John, Prof. E. P., 65. Samson, Ashley, 22. Sanders, Rev. F. K., 50, 84, 129. Sargent. M. H., 54, 69. Sass, Rev. F. W., 98. Sattler, Rev. John, 101. Saunders, Rev. E. E., 102. Saunders, Rev. H. L., 121. Schwabenland, Rev. J. C, 80. Scott, Miss Grace, 117. Scudder, Charles, 68. Seccombe, Rev. S. H., 120, 121. Sell, Rev. Herman, 80. Sell, Rev. H. T., 90, 92. Seward, Rev. A. L., 112. Shaw, Rev. E. S., 98, 102, 108. Shaw, Rev. William, 124. Singer, Rev. E. J., 109, 114, 117, 118. Slattery, Miss Margaret, 65, 84. Smith, Rev. A. J., 121. Smith, Rev. E. E., 103, 108. Smith, Rev. G. A., 121. Smith, G. P., 54, 55. Smith, Rev. H. N., 115. Smith, Rev. O. 0., 95. Smith, Rev. William, 115. Snider, A. B, 115. Soderquist, Rev. Carl, 80, 103. Southgate, Rev. B. M., 90, 94, 126. Soza, Juan, 112. Spire, Rev. W. J., 108. Stanley, Miss Grace E., 84. Stewart, Rev. J. D., 41, 98. Stewart, Rev. W. R., 85, 88. Stickney, Rev. E. H., 102, 107. Stillman, Rev. O. A., 115. Stockwell, Rev. C. K., 108. Stone, Rev. S., 103. Storm, Rev. J. E., 98. Storrs, Rev. R. S., 42, 61, 74. Sullens, Rev. A. J., 90, 94, 110. Sumner, Rev. M. N., 125. Sutherland, Rev. W. L., 2, 100, 103, 119. Tewksbury, J. H., 47, 55, 63, 69. Thompson, C. D., 98. Thomsen, Rev. Ludwig, 110, Towle, Rev. C. A., 95. Trabue, Miss A. L., 100. Tracy, Rev. D. W., 107. Triplett, Rev. T. H., 121. Trower, W. G., 109. Truman, Rev. Daniel, 98. Tuttle, Rev. H. W., 95. Tweedy, Rev. Harry, 98. Upshaw, Rev. William, 115. Van Valkenburgh, Rev. H. C, 101. Vavrina, Rev. Vaclav, 101. Waldron, Rev. D. W., 38. Waldron, Rev. G. B., 125. Walton, Rev. Gilbert, 125. Wangelin, F. G., 93. Wannamaker, Rev. H. S., 90. Ward, Miss Lucv A., 105. Warren, E. K., 71, 96, 122. Watson, Rev. J. J., 90. Wattenbarger, Rev. O. T., 122. Weatherby, Rev. W. H.. 121. WeUman, Rev. J. W., 32, 68. Weston, S. A., 59, 61, 84. Wheeler, W. E., 93. Appendix 141 Whiddon, Rev. "W. Z., 121, 123. Whittemore, W. F., 55, 62. Wightman, Rev. A. O., 27. Willan, Rev. John, 92. Williams, Rev. H. T , 90. WUliamson, Rev. George, 121. Winchester, Rev. B. S.. 60, 65, 84. Wingate, H. K., 103. Wirt, Rev. L. L., 116, 117, 128. Wise, Rev. W. C, 114. Wismer, Rev. E. L., 98. Wolfe, Rev. Joseph, 115. Woodruff, Rev. G. C, 105, 106. Wygal, Miss O. B., 119. Yarrow, Miss Florence, 117. Yost, Rev. J. J., 87. Young, A. G., 102. Young, Rev. H. W., 114. Young, Rev. W. E., 114. Bate Di Ill iii'i'liMNi! f,l|'li'l 11' 1 10 111 III 111 Jlill 2 01035 3300