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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
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 Princeton Theological Seminary Library 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/historyofgreatbr02andr 
 
HISTORY 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 DEATH OF HENRY VIII. 
 
 TO THE 
 
 ACCESSION OF JAMES VI. OF SCOTLAND TO 
 THE CROWN OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BEING A CONTINUATION OF 
 
 DR. HENRY'S HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN, 
 
 AND WRITTEN ON THE SAME PLAN. 
 
 THE THIRD EDITION. 
 
 BY JAMES PETTIT ANDREWS, F. S. A. 
 VOL. II. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED FOR T. CADELL AND W. DAVIES, STRAND 
 BY J. m'creery, BLACK-HORSE-COURT, fleet-street. 
 
 1806. 
 
CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Pau;e 
 
 History of the Constitution, Govern- 
 ment, and Laws of Great Britain, 
 from A. D. 1547, to A. D. 1603. 
 
 Sect. 1. History of the Constitution, Go- 
 vernment, and Laws, of England, from 
 A. D. 1547, to A. D. I603. — 
 
 Sect. 2. History of the Constitution, Go- 
 vernment, and Laius, of Scotland, from 
 A. D. 1542, to A. D. 1603 — 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 History of Learning, of Learned Men, 
 and of the chief Seminaries of 
 Learning that were founded in 
 Great Britain, from A. D. 1547, to 
 A. D. 1603. 
 
 a 2 Sect. 
 
iv CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 Sect. 1. History of Learning, of Learned 
 
 Men, and of the chief Seminaries of Learn- 
 ing that were founded in Great Britain, 
 from A. D. 1547, to A. D. 1603, 53 
 
 Sec. 2- History of the most Learned Per- 
 sons who flourished in Great Britain, from 
 A. D. 1547, to A. D. 1603, — 72 
 
 Sect. 3. History of the Principal Semina- 
 ries of Learning that were founded in 
 Great Britain, from A. D. 1547, to A. D. 
 1603, _____ m 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 History of the Arts in Great Britain, 
 from the Accession of Edward VI. 
 A. D. 154 7, to the Accession of 
 James I. A. D. 1603. 
 
 Sect 1 . History of the Arts in Great Bri- 
 tain, from the Accession of Edward VI. 
 A. D. 1547, to that of James I. A. D. 
 1603, — — 119 
 
 Sect. 2 History of the Fine Arts, Sculp- 
 ture, Painting, Poetry, and Music, in 
 Great Britain, from A. D. 1547, to 
 A. I). 1603, — — - 1CS 
 
 GHAP. 
 
CONTENTS. v 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 The History of Commerce, Coin, 
 and Shipping, in Great Britain, 
 from the Accession of Edward VI. 
 A. D. 1547, to that of James I. 
 A. D. 1603, ------- 913 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 History of the Manners, Virtues, 
 Vices, Remarkable Customs, Lan- 
 guage, Dress, Diet, and Diversions 
 of the People of Great Britain, from 
 the Accession of Edward VI. A. D. 
 154 7, to that of James I. and VI. 
 A. D. 1603, ------- £>63 
 
 APPENDIX 34 
 
 D 
 
 Hi STORY 
 
• 
 
 HIST RT 
 
 o* 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 CHAP. III.— PART IL 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 JilSTORY OF THE CONSTITUTION, GOVERNMENT, AND 
 LAWS, OF ENGLAND, FROM A. D. 1547, to A. D. l603. 
 
 ALTHOUGH in examining: the state of the Cent.XVL 
 English constitutional] during the latter slow pro- 
 half of the sixteenth century, we shall find no S iess of 
 
 . . . .. the com- 
 
 vanation in the great outline, yet some useful mon s ia 
 
 observations may be made on the slow gradation im P or ~ 
 -cr „ ° tance. 
 
 Vol. II. b of 
 
 NOTES. 
 [1] An author is hardly justified in calling that system 
 of government a constitution which is every instant violated. 
 Such was the case of the English government under the 
 Tudors ; let whatsoever statute be enacted, the proclamation 
 from the monarch, and even the decree of council during a 
 minority, annulled the helpless law, and derided the subject 
 irho claimed its protection. Hist, of English Law. 
 
2 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIK. Book VII. 
 
 Ceut.xvi. f the commons towards national importance. 
 Browbeaten, fined, and imprisoned, by the most 
 stern of sovereigns, they had yet gained, before 
 the close of Elizabeth's long reign, a sort of 
 passive courage, which rendered them awful to 
 her less resolute successors. 
 
 Change There was something worth notice in the con- 
 
 , orm at sultation which was held in 1547 by the coun- 
 tne coro- t m J 
 
 nation of sellors of the late kino- concernino- the form of 
 v the young Edward's coronation. It had been usual, 
 they agreed, to shew the new king to the people 
 at the four corners of the stage, and to demand 
 the consent of those there assembled to his coro- 
 nation.* The ceremony was judged too tedious 
 for the tender years of Edward to support, and, 
 in consequence, some parts were left out, and the 
 terms used at the presentation of the king to his 
 people, [2] left to the discretion of the primate. 
 
 The despotism of Henry VIII. which, though 
 Weakness ■ , , . , • ,, 
 
 f o-o- odious, had vigor and enterprise, was succeeded 
 
 vernraent. D y a kind of nerveless aristocracy. A few potent 
 
 noblemen, throughout the reign of Edward, 
 
 struggled 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [2] To make alterations in a ceremony so awful was cer- 
 tainly a bold measure. It appears that the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury was ordered by the council ' to demand the consent 
 of the people, and yet in such terms as should shew that he 
 (Edward) was no elective prince.' It seems strange that n« 
 form for this address should have been preserved from forma' 
 coronations for the primate's direction. 
 
 ♦ Hist, of Ref. vol. ii. p. 12. Collection* of Ditto, N. 4. 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. § I. CONSTITUTION &C. OF ENGLAND, 3 
 
 struggled for power and profit, and left the people c ^™) 
 to be plundered and ruined by bribed senators 
 and iniquitous judges. Edward undoubtedly had 
 good dispositions; but, except the spirited Lati- 
 mer, who attempted by his plain but satirical dis- 
 courses to open his eyes, he seemed hardly to have 
 a single person about him who was not a party in 
 supporting the wretched system of corruption 
 then prevailing. The mildness of Cranmer ren- 
 dered his advice ineffectual ; and Somerset, though 
 not a bad man, was notoriously greedy, and was go- 
 verned by his wife, the vainest of women. 
 
 Great attention was paid by those who governed Supre- 
 
 , r , . macy of 
 
 to maintain the supremacy ol the crown in every foe crown 
 
 point. Every person in office was made to resign effectually 
 , . . . , -ii- ir • i ' maintain- 
 
 nis commission, and provide himsell with a new e( j. 
 
 one in the name of the young king. Even the 
 bishops were not exempted from this ordinance ; 
 nor were these new powers granted without a 
 special note that they were held only during the 
 king's pleasure;* nor without a positive aver- 
 ment, that all manner of authprity, whether ci- 
 vil or military, is derived from the crown. t 
 
 Little can be said for the state of the English, Judges 
 during the reign of Edward VI. as to their se- ""se- 
 curity in person or property. Somerset, the pro- 
 tector, setting aside his unbounded depredations 
 
 b 2 on 
 
 * Hist, of Ref. vol. ii. p. 5, 6. 
 + Strype's Cramuer, p. 141. 
 
* HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII, 
 
 F*SJ5 0n ^ ie cnurcn ' ^ or which, perhaps, his hatred to 
 popery furnished to his ready conscience soma 
 plausible extenuation, was an honest pious man. 
 He saw the depraved state of the administration of 
 civil justice ; but, having neither resolution nor 
 capacity to reform the courts, he attempted a mea- 
 sure which, though perfectly well intended, was 
 illegal, and hastened his downfal. He erected 
 in his own palace* a ' Court of Requests,' to 
 which the injured suitors, or the distressed poor, 
 unable to pay counsel, might apply for redress. 
 The corruption of the judges, although it was 
 connived at by the great, or passed by as incurable, 
 could not escape the piercing eye of the good 
 Hugh Latimer, who, having been appointed 
 preacher to the king, could make his counsel be 
 heard where, only, redress could be had. 
 Dr. Lati- There h no point which this honest preacher 
 rifed^e-" P resse d more closely on the young monarch, and 
 bukcs. on Somerset, than the necessity of reforming the 
 conduct of his profligate magistracy : I must 
 desire,' says he, ' my Lord Protector's grace to 
 hear me in this matter, and likewise, that your 
 grace would hear poor men's suits yourself; put 
 them to no other to be heard ; let them not be 
 delayed. , The saying is now that " Money is heard 
 every where;" if a man be rich there shall 
 soon be an end of his matters. Others are fain 
 
 to 
 
 * Strype, vol. ii. p. 183. 
 
Ch. Ill- Pt. II. § I. CONSTITUTION, &C. O* ENGLAND. £ 
 
 to go home with tears for any help they can have CentXVL 
 
 from any judge's hand. Hear men's suits yourself, 
 
 I require you in God's behalf! and put them not in 
 
 the hearing of those velvet coats and up-skips ; 
 
 now a man can scarce know them from the ancient 
 
 knights of the county.' He proceeds : ' And 
 
 you, proud judges, hearken what God says in his 
 
 holy book: " Hear the poor," he says, " as well 
 
 as the rich!" Mark that sentence, thou proud 
 
 judge ! The devil will bring this sentence at the 
 
 day of doom. Hell will be full of such proud 
 
 judges.'* 
 
 1 Now-a-days,' says he in another place 4 c the j, ist i ce [\\ 
 
 judges are afraid to hear a poor man against the admini- 
 J . ,° , ... ., • i • nisterod. 
 
 rich; they will either pronounce against him, or 
 
 drive the suit so that he shall not be able to 2:0 
 
 through with it. But the greatest man in the realm 
 
 cannot hurt the judge so much as a poor widow, 
 
 such a shrewd turn she can do him.' He then 
 
 relates the tale of a judge who was skinned for 
 
 taking bribes, and his skin nailed to a chair for 
 
 future judges to sit in; and adds, with bitterness, 
 
 * surely it was a goodly sign, the sign of a judge's 
 
 skin. I pray God Ave may once have the sign of 
 
 the skin in England !' 
 
 Again he advances with spirit : ' Themagistrat.es Dread of 
 
 shew favor to some, and will not suffer them to tlie S rcat ' 
 
 be rooted out or put to shame : " Oh ; he is such 
 
 a one's 
 
 * Gilpin's Latimer, p. 105. 
 
HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 a one's servant, we may not meddle with him. 
 Oh ! he is a gentleman, Ave may not put him to 
 shame." 
 
 Again, ' If there be a judgment between a poor 
 man and a great man, what 1 must there be a cor- 
 ruption of justice? "Oh! he is a great man, I 
 dare not displease him." Fie upon thee ! Art 
 thou a judge, and wilt be afraid to give right 
 judgment? Fear him not be he ever so great a 
 man, but uprightly do true justice.' 
 
 In one point, at least, the rough satireof Latimer 
 was successfully employed. He inveighed bit- 
 terly against those who bought or sold offices 
 under the king. ; Oh that your grace,' said the 
 nervous preacher, ' would seek through your realm 
 for men meet for offices, yea, and give them liber- 
 ally for their pains, rather than that they should 
 give money for them ; you should seek out wise 
 men, and men of activity, that have stomach to 
 do their business, not milk-sops, nor white-livered 
 knights, but fearers of God ; for he that feareth 
 Sale of God will be no briber.'* It was probably in con- 
 oHices sequence of this that a very strict ordinance was 
 
 forbid- . . . . . . ... r _ 
 
 d cn# made in parliament against the selling ol any orhce 
 which might be connected with the administration 
 or execution of justice. t Except this act, no 
 notice appears to. have been taken of the spirited 
 
 orator's 
 
 * Gilpin's Latimer, p. 114. 
 
 + Stat. 2 and 3 Edvr. VI. cap. 2G. 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. § I. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF ENGLAND. 7 
 
 orator's reproofs ; but it speaks in favor of one F^JJ^J" 
 of the worst-principled courts which history can 
 produce, that so bold and sarcastic a monitor was 
 not driven from his pulpit, and pursued by mini- 
 sterial vengeance. 
 
 When the faction of Warwick overpowered 
 that of the Protector, matters went on still worse ; 
 and the execution of martial law on the most tri- 
 vial occasions, and on the slightest evidence, ren- 
 dered the possession of life extremely precarious. 
 tt i i i • • p Incon- 
 
 Under the same administration, an act ol par- s i s tent 
 
 liament was promulgated, teeming with perilous statute « 
 and contradictory folly. It enacted, that whoever 
 should style the king, or any of his heirs, (named 
 in stat. 35 Henry VIII.) heretic, schismatic, 8cc. 
 should, for the first offence, forfeit goods and 
 chattels ; for the second, incur a premunire ; and 
 for the third, the penalty of treason. At this pe- 
 riod, it is to be noted, the king and his next 
 heir were of opposite religions. The same house 
 of commons, though so careless in this great 
 point, had refused to renew the cruel statutes of 
 Henry VIII. concerning treason, which Edward 
 in his first year had repealed. 
 
 The first act of Mary's reign, which abolished Popular 
 
 all treasons except those in the famous act of Ed- $tatutc °* 
 
 . Mary. 
 
 ward III. and all felonies except those that were 
 so before Henry VIII. would have been popular; 
 bad not the clauses of a riot act, passed under Ed- 
 ward 
 
8 HISTORY OF GHEAT BltITAI>\ Book VII. 
 
 Cent.XYi. -ward VI. which re-instated many penalties, been 
 revived before the end of the sessions. [3] 
 
 Honor of i t appears that, at this period the office of a 
 magis- .' • . 
 
 trates magistrate was in danger of becoming an ap- 
 proved, pendage to the train of opulent and potent noble- 
 men. It was to prevent this, that in the reign of 
 Philip and Mary a bill was passed, that ' no man's 
 servants, wearing their cloth, shall be justices of 
 the peace, but * the king's and queen's. '+ 
 Rules for The conveying of landed property from one to 
 conveying an other, seems to have been transacted nearlv in 
 
 landed , •1111 
 
 property, the same manner as m the 1 7 th and I8lh centuries. 
 
 The following verses, printed in ljS6,as' Oldc 
 
 English rules for purchasing lande,' will give no 
 
 bad specimen of the science, whatever they may 
 
 of the poetry, of its composer. 
 
 4 Whoso'll be wise in purchasing, 
 
 Let him consider the points following : 
 
 See 
 
 NOTES. 
 [3] A curious anecdote is related of an act passed at this 
 period, declaring Mary, though a queen, to have all the pri- 
 vileges usually held by the kings of England. Gardiner, who, 
 setting aside his bigotry, was no bad patriot, contrived that 
 law, that it might confine her within the same bounds as had 
 been prescribed to her predecessors. This he thought neces- 
 sary, as he found that the Imperial ambassador had given her 
 the copy of a plan to render her despotic. This scheme she 
 spiritedly threw into the fire with disgust, after shewing it to 
 Bishop Gardiner. But that wily old statesman probably fore- 
 saw that she might not always be of the same mind, and 
 brought about the act now spot; n of. 
 
 ♦ Except. -J- Stat. 2 and 3. P. and M. 
 
Cll. III. Pt. II. § I. CONSTITUTION, &C. 0* ENGLAND. 9 
 
 See that the land be cleare Cent.XVI. 
 
 In title o' th' sellere ; 
 
 And that it stand in dano;ere 
 
 Of no woman's dowrie, 
 
 If the tenure be bond or free, 
 
 Release of every feoffee. 
 
 See that the sellere be of age, 
 
 And that it lye not in mortgage ; 
 
 Whether a taile be thereof found, 
 
 And whether it stand in statute bound. 
 
 Consider what service 'lon^'th thereto, 
 
 And what quit-rent thereout must go. 
 
 And if it be come of a wedded woman, 
 
 Thinke thou then of " covert baron." 
 
 And, if thou may'st in anywise, 
 
 Make thy charter by wairantise, 
 
 To thee, thine heires, assignes also. 
 
 Thus should a wise purchaser do.'* 
 The judges who presided during the reign of 
 Elizabeth were probably more attentive to their 
 duty than those who disgraced the indolent reignof 
 Edward, and less sanguinary than those of Mary; 
 but the country magistrates seem to have deserved 
 little approbation. A justice of the peace was de- T ust j CMO f 
 scribed, towards the close of Elizabeth's reijjn, by the peace 
 a member in the lower house, as an ' animal who 
 for half a dozen of chickens would readily dispense 
 
 with 
 
 * Boofce of the Art and Mannar, &c. &c. by Lctmard 
 Mascal, 1586. 
 
10 HISTORY Or GREAT BRITAIN. Book VIL 
 
 ^■■^3* with" a dozen penal laws ;'* and Elizabeth herself, 
 in an earlier juncture, complains bitterly of negli- 
 gence in the magistrates. She had good reason, 
 if we may trust to a sensibly-written account of 
 the state of Somersetshire at that period, preserved 
 by Strype, and written by an eminent magistrate 
 of that county. This avers, that ' forty persons 
 ■were executed in a year within the shire for rob- 
 beries and other felonies ; thirty-five burnt in the 
 hand; thirty-seven whipt ; and 1 83 discharged. 
 These last were all desperate rogues ; none would 
 employ them, nor would they do work if they 
 Wretch- had it. That not the fifth part of the felonies 
 police, committed in the county were brought to trial, 
 so negligent or so fearful were the magistrates ; 
 that the innumerable vagabonds terrified the 
 country people and forced them to watch their 
 flock, herds, corn, woods, kc. all the night. 
 That other counties fared as ill or worse ; that 
 500 or 400 vagabonds infested every shire, and 
 met in bodies of sixty rogues together, that they 
 might plunder with impunity. That if all the 
 felons of this sort were assembled, they would give 
 strong battle to the most potent enemy the queen 
 has; that the magistrates dreaded them, and that 
 instances might be given that some have been in- 
 timidated by the confederates of the condemned 
 felons into an interposition to prevent the execu- 
 
 tioa 
 
 • D'Ewcs's Journals, p. 661, 664. 
 
Ch. III.Pt. II. § I. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF ENGLAND. ** 
 
 tion of a sentence which they themselves had \^t^j 
 
 pronounced .'* 
 
 Yet this accumulation of villany Avas by -no Severe 
 
 means OAvino- to the want of penal [4] statutes. P enal 
 . laws. 
 
 These increased wonderfully; the stealers of 
 
 horses, + the cutpurses or pickpockets, the breakers 
 into houses, and the violators of female chastity, 
 were declared felons without benefit of clergy; 
 perjury and forgery;!; were punished by loss of 
 ears; and clipping coin was made high-treason. 
 The process of outlawry in the distant and detach- 
 ed districts, such as Wales and Cheshire, Avas ren- 
 dered more easy and more effectual ;§ vagabonds 
 ivere made slaves, ]| and gypsies felons. H 
 
 It 
 
 NOTES. 
 [4] It is a fact very little known, that ' the gallies' are 
 mentioned in a statute late in the reign of Elizabeth, as a 
 punishment not uncommon. Lord Coke, too, in his In- 
 stitutes, speaks of them in the same light. There were three 
 in the navy, even when the larger ships w r ere but nineteen: 
 * The Speedwell, the Try-ryght, and the Black Galley,' 
 
 [ Bar. on Statutes. 
 Another singular and very terrific species of punishment 
 
 we read of in ' Harrison's Description of Britain :' ' Such as 
 having wals and banks near the sea, and doe suffer the same 
 to decaie, after convenient admonition, whereby the water 
 entereth and drowneth up the country ; are, by a certayne 
 custome, apprehended, condemned, and staked in the breache ; 
 where they remayne for ever as parcell of the new wal,' 
 
 ScC 8CC. [HoUNGSHED. 
 
 * Strype's Annals, vol. iv. p. 290, &c. 
 + Stat. 2 and 3 Ed. VI. c. 23. J Stat. 5 Eiiz. c. 9 and 14. 
 jj Stat. 1 Ed. VI. cap. 10. 5 and 6 Ed. VI. cap. 26. 
 || Stat. 1 Ed. VI. cap. 3. % Stat. 5 Eliz. cap. 20. 
 
14 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. It will probably astonish those who look for the 
 perfection of civilization under Elizabeth, to hear 
 that the ' trial by combat' might be legally de- 
 manded during her reign, and that in 157 1, on the 
 18th of June, the judges of the common pleas 
 actually sat in Tothill-fields, Westminster, to de- 
 cide on a fight between ' George Thorne, a big, 
 broad, strong fellow,' the champion for Thomas 
 Paramore ; and Henry Nailor, ' a proper slender 
 man,' who came to fight for Simon Lowe and 
 John Kyme.* 
 
 The person of the Englishman, of the 16th cen- 
 tury, was no better protected against the malice 
 of the informer, than were his goods against the 
 interested rapacity of a corrupt judge. 
 Martial The power of exerting that summary species of 
 law * judicature styled Martial Law was allowed to re- 
 side in the sovereign, and seems to have been in- 
 tended against the remains of subdued rebel cities, 
 or of revolters conquered in the field. The exe- 
 cutions in the West ; in the reign of Edward, by 
 Kingston, and in the North by Bowes, had the 
 resentment of recent outrages committed by a 
 military force to excuse them, if any thing can 
 excuse inhumanity. 
 Ixerted But it was not only in rebellious countries, or 
 » peace. j n t j me f warj tliat tliis odious law was exer- 
 cised. During the minority of Edward VI. the 
 
 bailiff 
 
 * Antiquarian Rep. vol. 1. p. 11 (J. 
 
Gl. HI. Pt. II. ^ I. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF ENGLAND. IS 
 
 bailiffof Rnmford, in Essex, a worthy and respect- Cent.xvfc 
 ed man, was executed on a gibbet before the door 
 of Stowe, the historian, in London; he had been 
 accused of treasonable words (which words he 
 utterly denied) by Sir Stephen, the zealous but 
 fanatical curate of Cree-church; had been tried 
 by martial law, and sentenced to be immediately 
 hanged. His malicious accuser was obliged to 
 leave the place, and shrowd himself in obscurity 
 from the reproaches of the people.* 
 
 It cannot be supposed that the daughter of 
 Henry VIII. would be sparing in the use of an or- 
 dinance so well suited to her despotic turn. A 
 letterf still exists in her own hand, reproaching 
 Lord Sussex for not exerting this law after the 
 Northern rebellion had been quelled. But she, 
 too, thought that its advantages ought not to be 
 limited to times of war and rebellion ; and when 
 Peter Burchet wounded the navigator Hawkins, 
 Elizabeth would fain have exerted martial law 
 against him, but was dissuaded by her coun- 
 sellors.^: She was not always so cautious ; we 
 have (in Strype's Collections) a proclamation of 
 hers, ordering martial law to be used against such 
 as import bulls, or even forbidden books or 
 pamphlets, from abroad.§ ' any law or statute to 
 
 tli« 
 
 * Preface to Stowe' s London. 
 
 $ MS quoted in Hume's Tudovs, p. 718. 
 
 X Camden, p. 4-39. 
 
 fl Strype, vol. iii. p. 570. 
 
14 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Centxvi. the contrary in any wise notwithstanding.' And 
 another time she was so much irritated at the 
 slow proceedings of the star-chamber, (none of the 
 mildest of courts) in the punishment of the va- 
 gabonds with which the metropolis abounded, [5] 
 that she gave to Sir Thomas Wilford the com- 
 mission of provost-martial, ordering him to seize 
 such persons as the justices of the peace should 
 point out to him as worthy to be executed by 
 martial law, and to execute them on the gallows 
 or gibbet, openly, near the place of the of- 
 fence.* 
 Liberty & cannot be supposed that when a Tudor reign- 
 ofperson e d j the liberty of the subject should be better se- 
 cured, cured than his property, or his life. Numberless 
 snares were indeed laid for his freedom, and the 
 practice of 'pressing', [6] as then managed, (com- 
 
 , prehending 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [5] It is a striking observation, and made by one of our best 
 historians, that the despotism of Elizabeth was not accompani- 
 ed with that exactness of police, and, in consequence, security 
 of private property from vulgar plunderers, which sometimes 
 consoles the subjects of arbitrary princes for the evils of their 
 administration. He knows not how to account for this, unless 
 from the extreme scantiness of her resources, which did not 
 enable her to pay or reward a sufficient force to support the ci- 
 vil power. [Hume. 
 
 [6] The first record of impressing seamen is found in the 
 
 29th of Edward III. but the term used is ' to make choice and 
 
 take up in the counties of Kent, 8cc. thirty-six mariners,' &c. 
 
 The 
 * Ryia. Feed. torn. xvi. p. 279. 
 
Cll III. Pt. IT. ^ I. CONSTITUTION, 8CC. OF ENGLAND. 15 
 
 prehending the forcing employments on persons ^^23 
 who wanted them not) was one of the easiest 
 
 methods 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 The story of Read, a rich citizen, pressed, and made to serve 
 in Scotland as a private soldier, because he would not lend Hen- 
 ry VIII. 1001. has been told before. 
 
 In a proclamation, dated March 29, 1557, appears, for the 
 first time, the term ' Press' applied to sea-faring men. It re- 
 cites, that 'divers ship-masters, mariners, and sea-faringe men, 
 lately presled and reteyned to serve her Majesty,' &x. Sec. 
 
 Shakspeare intimates that ship-wrights were also liable to the 
 press: 'Why such impress of sea-wrights?' And though this 
 »cene is laid in Denmark, yet it should be recollected that the 
 Bard of Avon generally transfers the manners of England to 
 every country which he makes his scene of action. Fishermen 
 are expressly excepted from the press by a statute. * 
 
 But it was not only for the defence of the country, nor for 
 the punishment of individuals, that pressing was used. Parents 
 were liable to have their children torn from their arms to be- 
 •ome choristers in the royal chapels. Read the complaint of 
 * Thomas Tusser, Gentleman/ who, writing of his own child- 
 hood, sings, 
 
 ' Then for my voyce 
 I must (no choyce) 
 Away, of force, 
 Like posting horse, 
 For sundry men 
 Had placards, then, 
 Such child to takee 
 The better breste, 
 The lesser reste 
 To serve the queen ; 
 For time so spente 
 I may repente, 
 
 And sorrow e make' 
 
 In 
 * S Eliz. cap. 5, (J. 43, 
 
Vti BflSTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 C»t.XVl. me thods of putting obnoxious persons out of the 
 way. ' In case,' says Osborne, ' she (Elizabeth) 
 found any likely to interrupt her occasions, she 
 did seasonably prevent him by a chargeable em- 
 ployment abroad, or putting him on some service 
 at home, which she knew was least grateful.'* 
 
 It were indeed a curious task, to review the favo* 
 rite reign of Elizabeth, and to remark the despotic 
 power which she might have exercised over her 
 subjects. The observer would find more motives 
 of gratitude for her forbearance of evil, than for 
 all the splendid glories of her active reign. 
 
 Arbitrary The court of star-chamber, whose members 
 held their places at the will of the sovereign, might 
 fine, imprison, and punish [7] corporally, by 
 
 whipping 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 In 1550, Strype tells us, there was a grant of a commission 
 to Philip Van Wilder, gentleman of the privie chamber, in 
 anie churches and chappells within England ' to take to the 
 king's use such and so many singing children and choristers as 
 he and his deputy thought good.' And again, in the following 
 year, the master of the king's chapel has licence * to take up, 
 from time to time, as many children to serve in the king's cha- 
 pel as he shall think fit.' 
 
 An ordinance for pressing minstrells (ministrallos) may be 
 found in the days of Henry VI. [Strype apuu Warton. 
 
 [7] The jurisdiction of this court seems to have extended it- 
 »elf to domestic as well as criminal concerns. In Ben Jonson'a 
 * New Inn,' the Lord Beaufort, fancying that he has been 
 drawn in to marry a girl of low birth, exclaims, 
 
 4 There 
 • Osbourne, p. 392, 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. § I. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF ENGLAND. 17 
 
 whipping, branding, slitting nostrils and ears. Centxvi. 
 The sovereign, if present, was sole judge. 
 
 The high-commission court has been described. High- 
 Its powerful vengeance was aimed at errors in m i ss f on 
 doctrine or worship, or, more fairly, against any court, 
 deviation from what the sovereign thought right 
 in religious matters. ' No man,' wrote the ortho- 
 dox Elizabeth to Archbishop Whitgift, ' should 
 be suffered to decline either to the right or left 
 hand from the drawn line limited by authority.'* 
 
 The short but sharp operations of martial law 
 have been already amply described; and the great 
 Lord Bacon thought that Essex and his friends 
 had great indulgence shewn to them in not being 
 instantly put to death by that judicature. + 
 
 It does not seem needful that the sovereign 
 should be possessed of any farther means [8] of 
 
 Vol. II. c doing; 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 "* There is a royal court o' th' star-chamber 
 Will scatter all these mists, disperse these vapours, 
 And clear the truth.' 
 
 [S] The awe in which the unlimited sway of Elizabeth kepi 
 her courtiers, is unutterable. Sir Robert Cary writes to his fa- 
 ther, the queen's cousin and favorite general, who had staid a 
 day or two too long in London, ' She grew into a grate rage, be- 
 gynynge with God's-wondes, that she wolde sett you by the 
 feete,' Sec. 8cc. Another time he says to his father, ' Should I 
 go without her lycense, it were in her power to hang me on my 
 
 retourne ; 
 
 * Murden's Papers, p. 183. 
 
 4- Bacon's Works, vol. iY. p. 510. 
 
)8 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. doing ill; yet had Elizabeth (and her predeces- 
 sors had the same) a power to give her secretaries 
 and privy-counsellors the exercise of unlimited 
 despotism. Each of* these might, by his sole 
 warrant, imprison any one whom he thought a 
 suspicious person for as long a time as he thought 
 proper,* and, at his own discretion, (are Ave read- 
 me: of En<rl3nd or of Morocco !] might stretch 
 
 him on the rack ![9] 
 
 In 
 
 NOTES. 
 rctourne; and, for any thing I see, it were ill trusting her.' 
 The dread of her anger was indeed great enough to extort the 
 most humiliating concessions, and on occasions apparently 
 trivial. In 159 4, two young officers, Sir Nicholas Clifford 
 and Sir Anthony Shirley, who had behaved themselves with 
 singular bravery in France, and for that cause had had the 
 knighthood of St. Michael conferred on them by Henry IV. 
 displeased Elizabeth so exceedingly, by appearing at court with 
 the ensigns of the order, that she threatened them severely, 
 and obliged them to write to France, and renounce the knight- 
 hood. [Camden. 
 
 [9] That the use of the rack was too familiar to the mind of 
 Elizabeth, the following story told by Lord Bacon will prove: 
 ' And another time when the queen could not be persuaded that 
 it (a treatise) was his writing whose name was to it, but that it 
 had some more mischievous author, and said, with great indigna- 
 tion, " t that she would have him racked to produce his author." 
 I replied, " Nay, madam, he is a doctor, never rack his per- 
 ' son, but rack his style; let him have pen, ink, and paper, and 
 kelp of books, and be enjoined to continue the story where it 
 breaketh off, and I will undertake, by collating the styles, to 
 judge whether he were the author or no." [Cabala, 
 
 * M a den's Papers, p. 632. Haynes's Ditto, p. 196* 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. § I. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF ENGLAND. 1$ 
 
 In running through the oppressive powers df Cent.xvt 
 Elizabeth's reign no mention has been made of Courts of 
 ' the Court of Wards,' which gave to the sove- Wardand 
 
 i r i Purvey- 
 
 reign the possession 01 estates during the mino- ance. 
 rity of the heir, and authority to dispose of heir 
 or heiress in marriage ; nor of * Purveyance,' by 
 virtue of which she might victual not only her 
 court, but her fleets* and armies, at the cost of 
 suffering individuals, not regularly taxed, but 
 partially marked out[ 10] for oppression. ' When 
 
 the 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Thus, had it not been for the humanity and wit of Lord 
 Bacon, a man of letters had been tortured by the rack for a 
 political pamphlet. 
 
 [10] The conduct of the Purveyor, in every age, added 
 insolence to oppression. In earlier times the inhabitants fled 
 the country when he approached, armed with the usual powers 
 of providing for the royal train. In the reign of Edw. Vf. 
 Ascham's letters afford a proof that a refined inhumanity was 
 sometimes added to his usual rapacity. The president of Peter- 
 house, Cambridge, had a favorite pad which he used for the 
 recovery of his health; the purveyor seized this nag, nor. would 
 any other satisfy him, although many more were grazing in the 
 field. This officer must certainly have stretched the limits of 
 his commission, since we are told he was only the king's pur- 
 veyor of Jlsh . [RoGERl ASCHAM EpIST. 
 
 A speech made by Lord Bacon, explaining all the oppressions 
 of purveyance, which is recorded in his works, vol. iv. p. 
 305, 306, ought to be read by every Englishman of the 18th 
 century, that he may relish the blessings of the constitution by 
 which he is protected. 
 
 • Camden, p. 388, 
 « 2 
 
*0 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. XVI. the queen's majesty doth remove,' says a contem- 
 porary writer, ' from one place to another, there 
 are usually 400 carewares, which amount to the 
 summe of 2,400 horses, appointed out of the 
 countries adjoining, whereby her carriage is con- 
 w veyed safely to the appointed place.'* 
 
 to stop the Elizabeth was praised in parliament for not imi- 
 fus'tice ° tatm g tne practice, common among her predeces- 
 sors, of stopping the course of justice by special 
 warrants. t Each time that she refrained from 
 this gross abuse of her power she was certainly 
 laudable. But there remain still, in the public re- 
 cords, warrants signed by her, exempting certain 
 persons from all suits and prosecutions : ' These 
 warrants,' she says, ' she grants from her royal 
 prerogative, which she will not allow to be dis- 
 puted. '.J 
 
 The crown of England had indeed, in the 16th 
 century, every power[ll] which the most uncon- 
 troled despotism could wish for, except that of 
 regular and legal taxation. * This limitation,' 
 
 says 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [ll] The particular fetters which pinioned the press are not 
 added to the catalogue of Elizabeth's penal powers in this place. 
 They were frequently connected with the exertions of the eccle- 
 siastical ; and the stationer's stores were oftener ransacked by 
 the high-commission court than by the star-chamber. Both 
 were despotic. 
 
 * Harrison's Descr. of Britain, p. 220. + D'Ewes, p. 141. 
 
 X Rym, Feed. torn. xv. p. 6S9, 708, 777. 
 
Ch. HI. Pt. II. § I. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF ENGLAND. *1 
 
 says an ingenious[ 12] historian, ' unsupported by < -^^*; 
 other privileges, appears rather prejudicial to the 
 people ; since it engaged to the queen to erect mo- 
 nopolies, and grant patents for exclusive trade;' 
 schemes so very pernicious, that, had they pro- 
 ceeded, they must have rendered the industry -of 
 England useless, and her soil barren for want of 
 cultivation. 
 
 Nor did the sovereign stop here. When the 
 patent and the monopoly gave not a sufficient 
 supply, the loan was at hand ; a loan which 
 none could safely refuse, and which, even if re- 
 paid after a time, which was seldom the case, was 
 yet injurious to the lender; as he had no interest 
 for his money. 
 
 What then, it mav be fairly asked, was the duty The duty 
 
 of the parliament during; the dynasty of the Tu- ° P arIia * 
 r ° ■ J , J ment m 
 
 dor family? The members were not to meddle the 16th 
 with state affairs or the succession, nor with the centul 7* 
 church. This last subject they were expressly di- 
 rected to avoid, in every speech which, during 
 
 Elizabeth's 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [12] Mr. Hume, to whose admirable observations on the 
 reign of Elizabeth, the author owns with gratitude, that he 
 owes more than one paragraph. That elegant writer has con- 
 solidated into an essence, those powers with which the then 
 existent constitution had armed the crown; apparently with the 
 laudable intention that the reader should feel double pleasure, 
 in the blessings and privileges which a more liberal form of go- 
 vernment, in the 18th century, confers, in opposition to the 
 despotism of a reign which will yet remain, in brilliancy, un- 
 rivalled in the English annals. 
 
%% HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cknt.XVL Elizabeth's reign, opened the session. They 
 might, however, direct the tanning of leather or 
 the milling of cloth; they might attend to the 
 preservation of the game, to the repair of bridges 
 and highways, and to the punishment of vaga- 
 bonds and beggars. It is true that the court could 
 do all that was necessary by proclamations, which 
 were allowed to have the force of acts of parlia- 
 ment, and which were much more strictly exe- 
 cuted ; but they were not so durable, and wer« 
 
 Monopo- sooner forgotten.* 
 
 In the year 1601, the list[H] of commodities 
 which were granted out by patent from the queen 
 
 to 
 
 Jies innu 
 merable. 
 
 NOTES. 
 [13] These were, salt, currants, iron, powder, cards, calf 
 skins, felts, poldavies, (canvas) ox-shin bones, train oil, lift* 
 of cloth, pot ash, anniseeds, vinegar, sea-coal, steel, aqua vita?, 
 brushes, pots, bottles, salt-petre, lead, accidences, oil, calamint 
 stone, oil of blubber, glasses, paper, starch, tin, sulphur, new 
 drapery, dried pilchards ; transportation of iron, horn, beer, 
 leather; importation of Spanish wool and of Irish yarn. These 
 are but a part of the commodities consigned over to monopolists, 
 and we may judge how much the public suffered by this cruel 
 practice by the price of salt, which was in some places raised 
 from sixteen pence a bushel to fourteen or fifteen shillings. An 
 incident during the same session deserves notice. Sir Andrew 
 Noel, being sheriff of Rutland, returned himself, together 
 with Sir John Harrington, as knights for said county. On this 
 being questioned in parliament, Sir Edward Hobby said, that it 
 might well be so, since the bailiffs of Southwark had, in • the 
 21st of the queen's reign, returned themselves and were re- 
 ceived.' However, a new election was ordered. 
 * Hume's Tudors, p. 526. 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. § I. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF ENGLAND. S3 
 
 to her greedy courtiers, was read over to the Cent.xvi. 
 house of commons, and excited, even among 
 those broken-spirited legislators, a temporary re- 
 sentment. ' Is not bread among them ?' said an 
 indignant member, ' If it be not now, it will be 
 in the catalogue before next parliament.' In this 
 place it would be unpardonable not to repeat the 
 arguments which were used in defence of the 
 queen's conduct ; which, as they were found in 
 the months, by turns, of the country-gentlemen 
 as well as of the courtiers, and admitted on all 
 sides, must be allowed to compose the political 
 creed of the times. 
 
 ' The queen, it was affirmed, possessed an en- Summa- 
 larging and a restraining power ; by her preroga- r ^ ° , l e 
 tive she might set free what was limited by statute power. 
 or otherwise, or she might restrain what was free.* 
 The royal prerogative was neither to be canvass- 
 ed, nor disputed, nor examined. t It could ad- 
 mit of no limitation.^: Absolute princes, as the 
 sovereigns of England, were a species of divini- 
 ties.^ By her dispensing power, the queen might 
 annul any statute ; and she could even make void 
 a clause inserted by that very dispensing power. || 
 
 ' A conversation,' writes the indignant repor- 
 ter, ' more worthy of a Turkish Divan than of 
 an English house of commons'.' 
 
 On 
 
 * D'Ewcs's Journals, p. 644, 675. + Ibid. p. 644, 649. 
 X Ibid. p. 646, 651. j) Ibid. p. 649. 
 
 || Ibid. p. 640, 646. 
 
£4 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvr. Q n ^jg occasion the queen most strangely re- 
 laxed from her usual severity ; and instead of 
 sending the foes of monopolizers to prison, she 
 promised immediate redress ; and the astonished 
 
 _ , house thought no phraseology too hieh to ex- 
 Prophane , • r , , • , 
 
 gratitude, press the merits of such condescension, and ap- 
 plied to their frail, and almost expiring, sove- 
 reign, those epithets which are usually appropri- 
 ated to the Creator. Her message was ' gospel 
 or glad tidings ;' she had, ' like the Deity, been 
 herself the agent,' they praised her ' preventing 
 grace,' and affirmed that, like the Divinity, she 
 was ' all truth,' and like him too, ' performed 
 all she promised.' 
 
 Thus stood, or rather, thus servilely crept, 
 the last parliament of Elizabeth's despotic reign. 
 Let us close the account with an instance of dis- 
 qualifying oratory. 
 
 It was usual (the custom still lasts) for the mem- 
 ber proposed as Speaker of the lower house, to 
 urge his own incapacity. Yelverton was singularly 
 
 2 uallfi ^ a " eloquent on this subject in 159". ' Your Speaker,' 
 tions of a 1 J , 
 
 Speaker, said he, ' ought to be a man big and comely, 
 stately and well-spoken ; his voice great, his car- 
 riage majestical ; his nature haughty, and his 
 purse plentiful and heavy. But, contrarily, the 
 stature of my body is small, myself not so well 
 spoken, my voice low, my carriage lawyer-like 
 and of the common fashion; my nature soft and 
 bashful, my purse thin, light, and never yet plen- 
 tiful.' 
 
Ol. III. Pt. II. ^ I. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF ENGLAND. 2$ 
 
 tiful.' The house lent no ear to this modest apo- CentxvL 
 logy ; and Yelverton filled the chair with suffi- 
 cient dignity.* 
 
 It may now be asked, what was the power, and Trivial 
 what the use, of parliaments, when such despotic po JT. er _ 
 powers were lodged in the crown ? The parlia- ment. 
 ment entirely regulated the taxation of the subject ; 
 a power which was only valuable from becoming, 
 under an irresolute monarch, the means of ex- 
 torting, gradually, all those privileges which form 
 the basis of that admirable constitution of which 
 Great Britain boasts in the 18th century. 
 
 The parliament had no real legislative power. 
 So long as there existed an authority which could 
 dispense with the penalties of its acts, such acts 
 were futile. 
 
 The forms of parliament were little altered 
 from those of the preceding reigns ; the sons of 
 peers appear to have been first elected to sit in the 
 lower house about 1550. In the same year the 
 first journal of the house's proceedings appears to 
 have been taken down. 
 
 In the year 1555 a singular circumstance oc- Secession 
 curred in consequence of a dispute between the 
 two houses of parliament- Several members of the 
 lower house seceded, and would not attend their 
 duty. The queen proceeded against them. Six 
 
 submitted 
 
 * D'Ewes's Journal, p. 519. 
 
£6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 9^^^ submitted and paid their fines ; the rest traversed, 
 
 and the death of Mary stopped the whole process. 
 
 The extreme delicacy of Elizabeth concerning 
 
 Elizabeth u cr supremacy of the church, was a source of 
 jealous ol . . 
 
 hersupre- perpetual vexation to her commons, as it excited 
 
 jnacy. k er to res i s t with great sternness every attempt 
 which they, who almost all Puritans, incessantly 
 formed against her much favored cap and robes. 
 These, as has been already shewn, she guarded 
 with care from their attacks ; nor was she less 
 attentive to her own lucrative prerogative of 
 granting patents and monopolies. 
 Harsh In 157 1 Robert Bell, a noted Puritan, who 
 
 oTamem- ^ad spoken against an exclusive patent of ruinous 
 ber. consequence, granted to a merchant of Bristol, 
 drew upon the house a command from the queen 
 ' to spend little time in motions, and to avoid 
 long speeches.' Bell himself was sent for by the 
 council, and so severely reprimanded, that, on 
 his return to the house, ' his amazed counte- 
 nance'" terrified the members from freedom of 
 speech for some space of time. 
 An early It was in this session that a bribe of four pounds 
 was proved to have been given by a member of 
 the lower house to the mayor of a borough, in 
 order to secure his seat.4- 
 Intrepidi- In the session of 1576 Peter Wentworth, the 
 Went- most sturdy of the Puritan members, uttered a 
 worth. speech 
 
 * D'Ewes's Journal, p. 212. -j- Ibid, p, 181, 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. § I. CONSTITUTION, &,C. OF ENGLAND. tj 
 
 speech fraught with such principles oflibertv, and CentxvL 
 such strong intimations of the extreme den >u m 
 of the court„and servility of the senate that the 
 commons, standing aghast at his intrepidity, com- 
 mitted him prisoner to the serjeant at aims, and 
 ordered him to be examined by a committee: 
 which, chusingtomeet in the star-chamber, seem- 
 ed disposed to add the powers of that arbitrary 
 court to their own. But the discerning, Puritan re- 
 fused to plead before any court except a commit- 
 tee acting exclusively as members of parliament ; 
 and Elizabeth, not liking the perverse steadiness 
 of the mar gave up the point ; and, with great ap- 
 parent mildness, restored him to his liberty and 
 place in parliament.* It was on this occasion that 
 Sir Walter Mildmay, in a celebrated speech to the 
 house, extolled the benevolence of the queen, and 
 told the commons that they must not speak all 
 they thought, since such freedoms had frequently 
 been punished, both in past ages and in the pre- 
 sent That gentleman, with a Mr. Fleetwood, and 
 Sir Humphry Gilbert, (a man designed by nature Mean sc _ 
 for a hardy mariner, not a court flatterer) made nators. 
 on all occasions such servile adulatory speeches, 
 so fraught with the doctrines of passive obedience, 
 and so menacing to that part of the commons which 
 harbored any ideaof freedom in speaking, that they 
 exposed them to the most cutting raillery from 
 
 their 
 
 f D'Ewes's Journal, p. 244, 
 
2S HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 S^^S their opponents, who dared to speak of them, al- 
 though themselves terrified at any whisper ' that 
 the queen or the council would be displeased.' 
 
 Liberty of It were endless to record the repeated humi- 
 
 speech Nations to which the parliaments of Elizabeth were 
 
 much m r 
 
 abridged, bound to submit ; one farther instance only shall 
 be adduced. In 1593, Puckering, the lord keeper, 
 in his answer to the speaker's three usual demands, 
 explained liberty of speech to be no more than a 
 liberty of aye and no.' * This was the text. A 
 proper comment soon appeared ; for Peter Went- 
 worth, and three other members, were sent to pri- 
 son for most respectfully proposing that the queen 
 should be intreated to settle the succession of her 
 crown. After a fortnight had passed, the house 
 was moved to petition the queen for the release of 
 their members ; but being told by the courtiers, 
 that Elizabeth would like to take her own time, 
 the cautious senate humbly acquiesced. + 
 
 The ranks of society continue nearly as they had 
 been during the former part of the century, ex- 
 cept the unhappy denomination of slaves. That 
 
 ,vW r J,rr order, disgraceful to the ages in which it had exist- 
 edj was nearly[l4] annihilated; even the word 
 
 was 
 
 NOTES. 
 [14] But not totally; for, in the Fcedcra, vol. xv. p. 715, 
 may be found a solitary instance of a regular manumission by 
 Elizabeth in favor of her home-born villain in the manor of 
 
 Taunton 
 * D'Ewes, p. 460, 469. + Ibid. p. 470. 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. | I. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF ENGLAND. 29 
 
 was banished, and only to be found in an imprac- ^^; 
 ticable act of parliament as a bugbear to vaga- 
 bonds. 
 
 In their room arose to notice, a division of the Care of 
 
 .... 11,1 > T- tlie P 00r * 
 
 community emphatically styled ' the poor. r or 
 these Judge Blackstone writes, that he finds no 
 legal or compulsive provision set apart in early 
 times. Their maintenance, then, fell chiefly on 
 the ecclesiastics; and a fourth, part of the tithes 
 was originally set apart for that purpose. When 
 gradually the tithes became the property of mo- 
 nasteries, the support of the poor became their 
 duty. In the reign of Henry VIII. the first act* 
 was passed which immediately affected this divisi- 
 on of the people. The magistrates were directed 
 to search for the poor, and to give begging licences 
 to all weak, old, and impotent persons ; but such as 
 were ' whole and mighty in body,' and yet were 
 found idling away their time, were to be severely 
 whipped and sent to their parishes. 
 
 And here it should be observed, that this regu- Poor's 
 lation took place some years before the dissolution ratcs , car " 
 
 . . rJ . her than 
 
 of religious houses. This remark confutes at once the refor- 
 the favorite system of those who date the com- matlon * 
 
 mencement 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Taunton Dean. An order may be also seen p. 751, where- 
 by Lord Burleigh and Sir W. Mildmay are directed to agree 
 with the queen's bondsmen in the Western counties for their re- 
 demption. 
 
 * Stat. 22 Hen. VIII. cap. 12. 
 
SO ftlSTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VIL 
 
 Cent.xvi. mencement of the poor's rates from the destruc- 
 tion of monasteries. [15] 
 Inhuman Early in the reign of Edward VI. an act passed* 
 pealed, whose extreme inhumanity shortened its own du- 
 ration. First, vagabonds were averred to be more 
 in number in England than in other regions ; the 
 servants out of place, w r anderers, 8c. were all hud- 
 dled together under the name of vagabonds, and 
 were decreed to become slaves for two years, and 
 to be driven to work by dint of blows, and kept 
 to it by chains. If such oppressed being should 
 absent himself fourteen days, he might be brand- 
 ed with a hot iron, and became a slave for ever. 
 Any child found in such vagabond's company, 
 incurred the same penalty. 
 
 The free and o-enerous nature of the English 
 revolted at this cruel law. It was found to be 
 useless from its inhumanity, and a new one w r as 
 framed in its stead. 4- By this and another subse- 
 quent act, collectors were appointed to gather 
 
 alms 
 
 NOTES. 
 [15] c Neither am I moved,' says Fynes Moryson, a 'con- 
 temporary, treating of the subsistence of the poor, ' with the 
 vulgar opinion, preferring old times to ours; because it is ap- 
 parent that the cloysters of monkes, (who spoyled all that they 
 might be beneficial to a few) and gentlemen's houses, (who 
 nourished a rabble of servants) lying open to all idle people for 
 meate and drinke, were cause of greater ill than good to the 
 commonwealth.' [Itinerary. 
 
 * Stat. 1 Ed. VI. cap. 3. 
 + Sta>* 5 and 6 Ed. VI. cap. 2. 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. | I. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF ENGLAND. 31 
 
 alms for the relief of the poor ; and if any one Cent.xvi. 
 would not add what appeared to be his fair quota 
 to the contribution, he was to be reprimanded by 
 the bishop ; who might also, if he found him 
 obstinate, take order for the reformation of his 
 conduct. 
 
 In the fourteenth of Elizabeth a statute ap- 
 pears which directs ' assessments to be made in 
 every parish for the relief of the poor.' This was 
 for a limited time; and (says Mr. Barrington*) 
 was probably suffered to expire from its great 
 severity against vagabonds: who, if above four- 
 teen, were to be whipped, burned in the ear with 
 a hot iron to the compass of an inch, and for the 
 second offence Xo suffer death. 
 
 The important act which passed in almost the Laudable 
 last-f year of Elizabeth, at a period when she, from regu a " 
 the gloom which over-shadowed her once active enacted. 
 mind, could have little merit in the composition 
 of a law so voluminous and intricate, is extremely 
 and judiciously particular, and appoints not only 
 the method of raising a tax for the support of the 
 poor, and the persons who are to collect it and 
 to distribute it, but also those who are to oversee 
 and criticise on that distribution ; a task allotted 
 with the most discerning propriety to the neigh- 
 boring justices of the peace. It regulates also the 
 settlement of the poor, that is to say, it appoints 
 
 t® 
 
 • Ots. ou Statutes, p. 477. x Stat, 43 Eliz. Gap. 2. 
 
32 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. £ w hat parishes, families, circumstanced as de- 
 scribed by the act, have a right[l6] to apply for 
 relief. The whole act is allowed to possess great 
 merit ; nor have the attempts to explain and im- 
 prove it, always succeeded. 
 Honor England is the only country which has provid- 
 
 due to eel for the laborer when his strength has forsaken 
 former mm ' anc ^ wnen the merits of a life spent in in- 
 
 care of dustry, call loudly on the more opulent members 
 the poor. _ . . . . . . 
 
 lor support ; nor can the short account whrch has 
 
 been given of this most meritorious institution be 
 better concluded than by the words of the humane 
 and intelligent Barrington: ' If merits in an indi- 
 vidual are sometimes supposed to be rewarded in 
 this world, I do not think it too presumptuous to 
 suppose that national virtues may likewise meet 
 with their blessings ; England has, to its peculi- 
 ar honor, not only made its poor free, but hath 
 provided a certain and solid establishment to pre- 
 vent their necessities and indigence when they arise 
 from what the law terms " the act of God." And 
 are not these beneficent attentions to the miseries 
 of our fellow creatures, the first of those poor pleas 
 
 which 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [16] We find, by a letter of the antiquary Aubrey, that 
 this statute was not for some time carried into general execution, 
 particularly in Wiltshire. Nor are the poor's laws executed 
 to this day in some counties of North Wales, though this sta- 
 tute expressly extends to the principality. 
 
 [Bar. on Stat. 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. § 1. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF ENGLAND. S3 
 
 which we are capable of offering in behalf of our ^"J*"*^ 
 imperfections to an all-wise and merciful Creator.'* 
 
 We have no very clear lights as to the revenues Revenue 
 of Edward VI. Great sums were spent by war, °[ E , d yj 
 and still more by the carelessness of his ministers. 
 The parliament, as it usually did to every new 
 prince, gave him tonnage and poundage for his 
 life ; besides the duties on wood and leather,! 
 expressly for the guard of the seas. The French 
 king had paid him 400,000 crowns for Boulogne ; 
 the companies of London had given him 20,0001. 
 as a composition;^: he had the produce of many 
 chantries which were publicly sold ; and the 
 bishoprics were robbed of many manors for his 
 vise, or rather to supply the exigencies of his 
 rapacious courtiers.[l7] Besides this, a large 
 sum was raised for the treasury by the worst of 
 all methods, that of debasing the coin. Yet he 
 died indebted more than three hundred thousand 
 pounds to his subjects and others. [18] 
 
 His 
 
 NOTES. 
 [17] So thoroughly had the peculations of Edward's ill cho- 
 sen ministers ruined the stores left by Henry VIII. that it was 
 now judged right to destroy the two courts ' of the Augment- 
 ation' and ' of the Surveyors ;' there being now hardly business 
 enough left to employ the court of Exchequer. [Carte. 
 
 [18] We may judge in some degree of the king's revenue 
 as well as of the value of money during his reign, by the 
 
 amount 
 * Obs. on Statutes, p. 481. + Stat. 1 Ed. VI. cap. 13. 
 t Heylyn, apud Carte, vol. iii. p. 271. 
 
 Vol. II. d 
 
54 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Centxvi. jj[j s s i s t er Mary was by no means scrupulous in 
 Of Mary, the methods of increasing her revenue. She put 
 in practice ' forced loans ;'* she made the mer- 
 chants buy off embargoes on their goods,+ and she 
 sometimes seized all the leather and the wood of 
 a whole county. These extortions aided her not ; 
 her debts[l9] were considerable at her death; 
 and were left, as well as those of her brother 
 Edward, to be discharged by their more cecono- 
 mical successor Elizabeth. 
 Of Eliza- It is not easy to state the revenue of Elizabeth 
 ' with any kind of exactitude, as she had so many 
 ways of increasing the usual perquisites of the 
 crown. Her ordinary income appears to have 
 
 been 
 
 NOTES, 
 amount of the annual presents which he gave to his friends, and 
 to men of literary merit. Accordingly we find that, in 1549, 
 Edward granted a pension of 1661. 13s. 4d. to Sebastian Cahot, 
 the navigator, and 1001. per annum each to Bucer and Peter 
 Fagius ; also 3791. per annum (during pleasure) to ' his faith- 
 ful friend, Otho, Duke of Brunswic' 
 
 The salary of the lord high admiral was 1331. 6s. 8d. Malm- 
 sey wine cost three half-pence the pint. [Anderson. 
 
 [19] The salary given by Mary to her physician (Dr. Huisj 
 was 1001. per annum, besides diet, wine, wax-lights, Sec. Her 
 apothecary had 40 marks, her librarian only 20. She likewise 
 granted a little after, to Thomas Hussc, a gentleman, for his 
 * competent exhibition and support' while he studied the law, 
 131. 6s. 8d. By this rule we may judge of the price of pro- 
 visions in 1553. [Anderson. 
 » Carte, vol. iii. p. 330. + Ibid. p. 333. 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. § 1. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF ENGLAND. 35 
 
 been under 500,0001. per annum. The customs ^^^ 
 of London, one of the firmest of its branches, 
 flourished so luxuriantly,[20] that she raised the 
 annual rent from 14-0001. to 50,0001.* She was 
 presented, during her long reign, with only twenty 
 subsidies, and thirty-nine fifteenths. The value 
 of a subsidy was changeable, sometimes 120,0001. 
 sometimes* no more than 80,0001. On the 
 whole, Mr. Hume supposes the queen to have re- 
 ceived not more than three millions from her 
 people, in regular taxes, during forty-five years. 
 But she had innumerable ways of raising money, 
 the produce of which can no way be estimated. 
 She took from the Roman Catholics above Herva- 
 
 20,0001. annually, by selling them licences and nous 
 i. • r i»- i ti sources of 
 
 dispensations from attending the rrotestant ser- wealth. 
 
 vice \% and she received almost as much every 
 new-year's day in donations. Once being disgust- 
 ed with the small share which she might fairly de- 
 mand of a rich Spanish prize taken by Raleigh, 
 in 1592, the proprietors soothed her with a pre- 
 sent of 8 0,000l. in addition to the 20,0061. to 
 which alone she had a just claim : ' The largest 
 
 d 2 gift 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [50] ' In the 12th year of her reign,' says Cotton, in his 
 Posthuma, ' the yearly profits of the kingdom', (meaning those 
 of manors, lands, custom, escheats, fcc.J ' besides the wards 
 and the Duchy of Lancaster, was 188, 19/1. 4s.' 
 
 * Camden, p. 558. + D'Ewes's Journal, p. 630. 
 
 % Carte, p. 102. 
 
S(> HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 C^XVL gift ever made/ says Sir Walter, 'by private 
 persons to their sovereign.' Add to this the vast 
 suras accruing from the pillage of bishoprics,* 
 (and from receiving their whole revenues, as she 
 did that of Ely during nineteen years+) from 
 exclusive patents, monopolies, 8cc. and the amount 
 of the whole must be inconceivably extensive. 
 
 She needed, indeed, vast sums, if, as some have 
 written,^ she had four millions of pounds to pay, 
 at her accession, for the debts of her predeces- 
 sors ;[2l] this however is incredible. 
 Foreign ^ n one P 0lAt Elizabeth set a good, example to 
 Loans. a ll her successors. When money was wanted it 
 had been usual for the English princes to borrow 
 at Antwerp ; and so low was their credit, that 
 even, with the weight of the city of London on 
 their side, 'they never paid less than ten or twelve 
 per cent. But she, more ceconomical, gained so 
 good a character for paying the intere st of her loans, 
 that she went no farther than her own subjects for 
 
 pecuniary 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [21] Mr. Hume thinks this impossible; first, as the debts 
 of the crown, in 1553, were only 300,0001. and because Eli- 
 zabeth never could have paid that large sum from her revenue. 
 Probably a cypher is added, by mistake, to the real amount of 
 what she discharged, since it is impossible that Mary could have 
 increased the sum in so monstrous a proportion. 
 
 * Strype, vol. iv. p. 213. -i- Ibid. p. 351. 
 
 X D'Ewes's Journal, p. 473. 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. § l. r CONSTITUTION, &C. OF ENGLAND. 3? 
 
 pecuniary aid ; and, by the interference of the Cent.xvi. 
 active and enterprizing Gresham, the queen found 
 means to borrow what she wanted, on more rea- 
 sonable terms, of the company of English mer- 
 chant adventurers. 
 
 CHAP, 
 
38 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 CHAP. III. SECTION II. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CONSTITUTION, GOVERNMENT, AND 
 LAWS, OF SCOTLAND, FROM A. D. 1542, to A. D. 1603. 
 
 Si^^S A ^ ^ ie comniencement of this period, and 
 
 Aristo- ■**• for many succeeding years, aristocracy, in 
 
 valenfin" * ts most ocuous form, bore the sway in Scotland. 
 
 Scotland. It had not there, as in most parts of Europe, been 
 
 undermined by the progress of commerce and its 
 
 concomitant opulence. The successive kings of 
 
 Scotland had exerted every means in their power 
 
 to weaken the ascendant of the nobility, but in 
 
 vain, as repeated minorities gave to that order 
 
 time and opportunity to recruit its vigor. 
 
 ,. When the kins: was of aee, and in possession of 
 
 Necessary , ft m . . 
 
 policy of the resources with which his station naturally fur- 
 1 e in £* nished him, he could, by his influence in parlia- 
 ment, in some degree counteract this dangerous 
 power ; and the deadly feuds which reigned among 
 these fierce, untractable barons, afforded to a po- 
 litic prince a still easier way of lessening their con- 
 sequence. But repeated minorities, and, at length, 
 a sceptre swayed by a female, not resolute and 
 politic, like the English Elizabeth, but delicate, 
 timid, and susceptible, would have deprived the 
 monarchy of every prerogative, had not James VI. 
 been endowed with a certain kind of nerveless but 
 enduring policy, (he called it 'King-craft) which, 
 by fair and mild means, preserved the influence of 
 the crown against not only contending factions of 
 
 the 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. §2. CONSTITUTION &C. OF SCOTLAND. 3$ 
 
 the nobility, but against the most bold and assum- PjJJJJJ 
 ing hierarchy which ever emulated the powers of 
 the court of Rome. 
 
 It is not during the turbulent governments of 
 Arran, or of Mary of Guise, the widow of James 
 V. that we are to seek for any changes in Scottish 
 constitution ; nor yet in the short and ill-starred 
 reign of Mary Stuart ; nor in the precarious re- 
 gencies which ensued ; when the ecclesiastical and 
 military force united, and governed the realm, un- 
 der the concealed but firm direction of the wise 
 Elizabeth ; it is to the administration of James, 
 the son of Mary, that recourse must be had for 
 observations on a government which needed years 
 of tranquillity before it could demand attention 
 as a political system. 
 
 In a former book we have seen the parliaments, 
 or conventions, and the assemblies of the church, 
 alternately proceeding on the same plan ; for- 
 warding reformation, opposing the interest of 
 France, and supporting the authority of the infant 
 James against that party which espoused the un- 
 fortunate cause of his mother Mary. 
 
 On the arrival of that period when James VI. 
 was capable of holding the reins of government, 
 he found it necessary to pay particular attention to 
 the formation of parliament, which had, in general, Par1 ^" 
 been merely an assemblage of bishops, abbots, formed 
 and greater barons, with a few commissioners 
 from counties, who met in one house, and trans- 
 acted 
 
40 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Ceat.xvi. ac ted the business of the nation ; nor did the lesser 
 barons, think their influence in parliament an ob- 
 ject worth the cost which an attendance on the 
 house must have occasioned, at a time when a nu- 
 merous train of vassals and dependants would 
 have accompanied the senator to the capital, and 
 have been supported at his charge during the 
 session. On very great occasions these inferior 
 members came forward in vast numbers (for the 
 feuds, originally great, being now split into small 
 divisions, the freeholders were numerous, and 
 each had a vote) from the most remote districts, 
 and filled the house with that 'honest but unde- 
 sirable clamor which ill-regulated zeal always 
 produces. 
 
 James I. of Scotland [22] had tried, long be- 
 fore, to persuade this well-meaning but confused 
 mob of patriots, to be contented with electing re- 
 presentatives, and by them to form a lower 
 house as in England ; but they could not be re- 
 conciled to this measure, although three succes- 
 sive 
 
 NOTES. 
 [22] In every advantageous change of legislative system, 
 England appears to have been the object of imitation to its, 
 Northern sister. From many causes it happened that govern- 
 ment was sooner brought to perfection in the South. James I. 
 of Scots drew all his excellent ideas of improvements from the 
 observations which he had made during his mild though unjust 
 imprisonment at Windsor. Burgesses and knights of shires 
 were denominations borrowed from England. [Robertsox. 
 
 3 
 
Cll. III. Pt. II. § 2. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF SCOTLAND. 41» 
 
 sive monarchs approved the system, and endea- Cent.xvi., 
 vored to support it. 
 
 To enforce so salutary a regulation was the A lower 
 earnest wish of James VI. and in 1587, as soon as es ° t XiKh- 
 he became of age, he caused this plan of his an- ed. 
 cestorsto be introduced again to the consideration 
 of parliament. The noblemen extremely disap- 
 proved* of a system calculated to reduce their con- 
 sequence by forming a constitutional balance to 
 their authority; but, as the king had it in his 
 power to carry any point by convoking the lesser 
 barons and out-voting them, they gave way; and 
 the burghs, as well as the counties, sent represen- 
 tatives to parliament from that time to the 
 union. [23] 
 
 There was another branch of the legislature, of 
 great importance to the regal authority, in which 
 the policy of James suggested an alteration. 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [23] It was not long after this that George Buchanan pub- 
 lished a dialogue, ' De Jure Regni apud Scotos,' which was 
 composed expressly to prove all government to be derived from 
 the people. He had written this for the use of his royal pupil 
 James VI. on whom it had little effect. The parliament was 
 offended, and passed an act ' anent slanderers of the king,' 8cc. 
 declaring the book ' to conteyne sundry offensive matters worthy 
 to be deleete.' And whoever had them was ordered to bring 
 them to the secretaries office, under the paine of two hundredth 
 pundes of everie person failzeing therein,' 
 
 [Nicholson's Kist. Lib. 
 " Spotiswood, p. 365. 
 
42 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 ?JJ25 ^he Lords °^ the Articles (like the triers of 
 
 Lords of petitions once known in England) had been long 
 
 Articles, usec [ t receive supplications, and to prepare for 
 
 Low com- rr m l l 
 
 posed. the house of parliament such bills as they thought 
 
 worthy of regard ; nor could any laws even be 
 debated on without their sanction first obtained. 
 These were usually composed of eight spiritual 
 and eight temporal lords ; of eight representatives 
 and eight great officers of the crown. Of this 
 body, which in fact engrossed the essence of par- 
 liamentary power, the first and the last divisions 
 ■were sure to vote for the court ; and as it was 
 improbable that the other sixteen could be all unit- 
 ed under the standard of opposition, the king may 
 be said to have possessed a complete command of 
 the legislative body ; and, by means of the Lords 
 of Articles, to have been able to put a decided 
 negative on every proposed law, even before 
 it was brought forward or known to the people. 
 Restrain- But although it appears that all the members of 
 
 ed in their ^ s verv important selection were Generally cho- 
 authonty. l . . ° ' 
 
 sen and appointed immediately by the royal [24] 
 
 authority, before the meeting of parliament, yet 
 
 James VI. anxious lest an appointment on which 
 
 the 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [24] As in 1566, when, as appears by authentic records, 
 Mary, either by herself or with the advice of her privy coun- 
 cil, elected the Lords of the Articles five days before the meet- 
 ing of parliament. [Keith apud Robertson. 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. § 2. CONSTITUTION, SCC. OF SCOTLAND, 43 
 
 the whole regal importance depended, should Ce,,t,XVI * 
 escape From his direction, contrived an act* which, 
 under pretence of the vast overflow of petitions 
 for new laws, created a new power; this was 
 decreed to reside in four persons only out of each 
 estate, who should meet twenty days before the 
 sitting of parliament, to receive all supplications, 
 Sec. and, rejecting what they thought frivolous, 
 should recite in a book what they thought worthy 
 the attention of the Lords of the Articles. As 
 these commissioners were naturally left to be cho- 
 sen by the king, they formed a restriction on those 
 lords, should they at any period prove refractory 
 to the royal behest. And in this position affairs 
 appear to have rested, when the accession of James 
 to the English throne, invested him with power 
 to carry on the Scottish government as he pleas- 
 ed, without having recourse to the arts of policy. 
 
 No particular change in the courts of judica- g tateo f 
 ture appears to have taken place during the pe- courts of 
 riod here treated of. During the latter part of 
 the century, the civil and the ecclesiastical 
 branches of authority were frequently engaged 
 in disputes, particularly concerning the popish 
 peers; who, having the wishes of the irresolute 
 king in their favor, set the laws at defiance. 
 
 The Scottish criminal code was voluminous Scottish 
 and severe, especially towards the beginning of the ve re. 
 
 reformation ; 
 
 •■ Stat. 218, Pari. 8 Jac. VI. 
 
44 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. reformation ; when affectation of extreme purity 
 of manners, joined to the rigid spirit of the stern 
 Knox, swelled follies into vices, and hunted down 
 a juvenile frolic with a rancor which could only 
 have been justified by the supposition of an enor- 
 mous crime. 
 
 Adultery The first essay of the reformers' legal acrimony 
 
 and form- seems to have pointed very justly at the violators 
 cation. . * . _ 
 
 oi the nuptial tie; lor, in 1500, they caused 
 
 Sanderson, deacon of the fleshers, (president of 
 the butchers) to be carted for adultery through 
 the streets of Edinburgh. A riot was the conse- 
 quence, and the culprit w r as liberated by force ;* 
 but the magistrates were brought to a severe ac- 
 count for their negligence. 
 
 The less guilty fornicator was treated with equal 
 harshness. His punishment was a month's im- 
 prisonment on bread and water, and then a severe 
 whipping [25]+ 
 
 Soon after this, adultery was made a capital 
 crime ;% it was divided into three distinct degrees, 
 1. That of having children : procreat' between 
 the parties. 2. That of keeping ' company and 
 
 bed 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [25] By a statute passed in 1567, 'those who committ the 
 
 filllne vice of fornication are, after being half starved, to be 
 
 taken to the deipest and foulest pule of water of the town, there 
 
 to be dowked thrise, and thereafter banished from the parish/ 
 
 [Public Acts. 
 • Maitland's Edinburgh, p. 20. -f Ibid. p. 24. 
 
 % Stat. 74. Pari. 9 Marie. 
 
Ch. III. Pt- II. § 2. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF SCOTLAND. 45 
 
 bed togedder, notoriously knovven ;' and, 3. The Centxvi. 
 beino- ' suspect of adulterie, giving sclander to the 
 kirk, and being excommunicate' in consequence. 
 Yet it appears needless to have made these dis- 
 tinctions, since ' all these three, and every one of 
 them, shall incur and suffer the pain of death.'* 
 Some time after this, a very rational law decreed 
 any marriage between the divorced wife and her 
 gallant (supposing them to have eluded the capi- 
 tal punishment) to be null and void, and incapa- 
 citated the children of such couple from inherit- 
 ing the goods from either party. + 
 
 It may be presumed that swearing was not a Swear- 
 vice peculiar to the southern district of the island ; m S* 
 since we find, in 159 1? an act against those who 
 swear ' abhominable aithes, execrationes, and 
 blasphemationes of the name of God, swearand 
 in vain be his precious blud, bodie, passion, and 
 wounds, devil stick, cummer, gore, roist or riefe 
 them, and sik uther oueisum aithes.' See. And in 
 I58 1 the same act appears again renewed, with an 
 increase of penalties, and a strong intimation that 
 the fair sex had its share in the charge, ' and wo- 
 men to be weyed and considdered conforme to 
 their bluide and estaite of their parties that they 
 are cupled with.'j: 
 
 Destroyers of parks and inclosures, for the 
 third fault, are punished with death. § 
 
 Carrying 
 
 * Stat. 105. Pari. 7 Jac. VI. + Stat. 20. Pari. 16 Jac. VI. 
 ± Stat. 103. Pari. 7 Jac. VI. (J Stat. 84. Pari. 6 Jac. VI. 
 
4') HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. Carrying arms without licence, having been ac- 
 counted felony, escaped any punishment, as death 
 seemed too heavy a penalty. It was therefore 
 changed to a severe fine.* 
 
 Begging. Beggars were treated harshly ; ' sik as make 
 themsels fules, and are bairdes,'[26] are to be 
 kept in irons while they have any thing left to 
 live upon ; after that they are to have their ears 
 cut off and be banished ; and if they return into 
 the country they are to be hanged. + 
 
 Seditious The respect due to the regal person had al- 
 
 j*^ *" ways been great, nor could any thing be more 
 closely guarded in Scotland than the honor and 
 safety of the king. This is proved by the fol- 
 lowing act, which is supported by many others: 
 ' Publicly to declaime or privately to speake or 
 write any purpose of reprocht or slander of the 
 king's persone, estaite, or government ; or to 
 deprave his lawes or actes of parliament ; or mis- 
 construe his proceedings whereby any mislike can 
 be mooved betwixt his hienesse and his nobilitie, 
 loving subjects,' Ice. k.c. is declared a crime wor- 
 thy death ; and 'the said paine of deathe sail be 
 
 execute on them with all ris;or.'; 
 
 But 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [26] This extremely humiliating mention of bards refers 
 merely to the most wretched ballad-singers. Minstrels, when 
 spoken of in the Scottish laws or records, are always treated 
 with a considerable degree of" respect. 
 
 • Stat. 87. Pari. 6 Jac. VI. + Stat. 74. Pari. 6 Jac. VI. 
 t Stat. 10. Pari. JO Jac. VI. 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. § 2. CONSTITUTION, &C OF SCOTLAND. 47 
 
 But an act ' against leasin^-makine;, or raising; Cent.xvx 
 slanders against the kins-,' 8cc* far exceeded that 
 above mentioned in severity ; since it denounced 
 the penalty of treason to all such as might hear 
 * such leasings, calumnies, kc. and not apprehend 
 the person,' or at least give evidence of his of- 
 fence to the proper magistrate. 
 
 Except the instances above recorded, the cri- 
 minal laws of Scotland differed little from those 
 of its Southern neighbors. 
 
 The criminal law was in general ill executed, Borderers 
 especially on the borders ; for there the inhabi- 
 tants, strangers to the arts of peace, and looking 
 on industry as a species of dastardly fatigue, sub- 
 sisted entirely by spoil and pillage ;[2?] and, 
 
 being 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [27] The inhabitants of the Northern and Western moun- 
 tains, called Highlanders, although as expert in thievery as 
 their lowland countrymen, were not equally trained to arms; 
 but they were more ingenious, polite, and inclined to the com- 
 position of poetry. Duncan Laider, or the Strong, head of 
 the M'Gregors, a ' notable lymmer,' executed towards the 
 close of the 16th century, by order of Sir Colin Campbel of 
 Inverary, seems to have expressed his remorse in very tolerable 
 verses, allowing for the age he lived in. Like Spenser he per- 
 sonifies the vices. The poem is called his ' Will,' and still 
 exists in the Breadalbane library at Taymouth. 
 
 ' Ouhen 
 
 * Stat. 209. Pari. 14 Jac. VI. 
 
48 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 *k nt *^ being powerfully connected and confederated, set 
 the common ministers of justice at defiance. 
 
 Contemptible as these hereditary plunderers may 
 appear, there were few of the Scottish monarchs 
 who did not find themselves obliged to make 
 expeditions in person against them; and the aid of 
 their lawless bands was always sought by the ba- 
 rons when in arms against their kins;, or against one 
 another, and almost always ensured victory. A 
 constant warfare was indeed carried on between 
 the martial inhabitants of the separate districts, 
 which, by keeping their military faculties in con- 
 tinual exercise, fitted them for sudden enterprizes; 
 nor were their bows unbent until 1595 ; when 
 J. i James VI. of Scots, dreading lest his succession to 
 ia 1595. the English throne might be endangered by this 
 
 habitual 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 ' Quhen passlt was the tyme of tender age, 
 And Youth with Insolence maid acquentance, 
 
 And WIckitness enforc'd evill courage, 
 
 Ouhile Might with Crueltie maid alliance; 
 Then Falshed tuke on him the governance, 
 
 And me be taucht ane houshald for to gyde, 
 
 Call't evil comp'nie, baith to gang and ryde. 
 
 My maister-houshald, heicht Oppressioun; 
 
 Reif, my steward, that cairit af na wrang ; 
 Murthure, Slauchtir, of ane professioun, 
 
 My cubiculares bene thes yeares lang ; 
 
 Recept, that aft tuik mony by ane fang, 
 Was porter to the yeltes to appin wyde, 
 And Covalice was chamb'lane at all tyde.' 
 
 [Pennant. 
 
Ch. Ill Pt. II. | 2. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF SCOTLAND. 49 
 
 habitual enmity, severely prohibited the Scots, f*"* ,] *y*; 
 by proclamation, from continuing their incur- 
 sions ; and, the same care being exerted on the 
 English border, the ' debateable land,' as it was 
 used to be called, was no longer manured by the 
 blood of its inhabitants or the ashes of their man- 
 sions. It was then for the first time that the sis- 
 ter kingdoms received from their insular position 
 all its due advantages. But it was some time be- 
 fore the predatory spirit of the borderers could 
 be totally subdued ; and the removal of one whole 
 clan, or sept, was found a necessary step to the 
 complete restoration of tranquillity. [27] 
 
 The revenues of the Scottish crown would Revenue. 
 have received a large addition in 1561, when one 
 third of the rich estates possessed by the Roman 
 Catholic clergy was settled on the queen, on con- 
 dition of her ennao-inor for the subsistence of the 
 unprovided Protestant preachers. But that third 
 
 was 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [27] The name was Graeme or Grahme. They claimed a 
 high descent, and appeared to have remained almost unmixed 
 from the date of the Roman incursions into the North. The 
 Graemes, distinct from each nation, always chose that party 
 which promised the most profitable captures. Towards the 
 close of the 16th century they sided with the English. James, 
 on his English accession, prudently took measures to break their 
 strength, by changing their abode, and discouraging that pecu- 
 liarity as to name and alliance, which had contributed to sup- 
 port the savageness of their manners. 
 
 [Border History, Sec. 
 
 Vol. II. e 
 
60 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 CentxvL was re duced to so low an ebb, by the enormous 
 peculations of the great barons and powerful 
 leaders, who had dispossessed the bishops and 
 abbots, that it scarcely could afford a wretched, 
 hungry pittance to the reformed clergy; nor did 
 Mary, who then governed the realm, venture to 
 look closely into the account. [28] 
 
 During the minority of James no savings ap- 
 pear to have been made ; for, almost immediately 
 after his taking the government into his own 
 hands, we find his treasury empty, and himself 
 necessitous, craving, and submitting to the will of 
 his politic neighbour Elizabeth, in consideration 
 of sums apparently trifling. The same extreme 
 want of money attended on this incautious prince 
 during the whole life of the English queen ; and 
 it is probably to the precarious state of his reve- 
 nues, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [2S] More than one of the Roman Catholic sovereigns of 
 Europe thought themselves bound to aid the failing revenues of 
 Mary ; and the Pope at one time shipped 8,000 crowns of gold 
 for the port of Leith. This ship was cast away on the coast of 
 Northumberland, and the earl seized the money. Sir James 
 Melvill was deputed by Mary to ask restitution; but he was 
 denied ; and had only the satisfaction of hearing the claims of 
 the earl read to him by an advocate, in an old Norman dialect, 
 so very uncouth that neither the earl nor Melvill could compre- 
 hend a single sentence, 
 
 [Memoirs. 
 
Ch. III. Pt. II. § 2. CONSTITUTION, &C. OF SCOTLAND. 51 
 
 nues, which, preventing him from setting his be-^"^ XVI * 
 nefactress at defiance, preserved the connection 
 between the kingdoms, that that union is owing, 
 which has doubled the power, security, and hap- 
 piness of both. 
 
 e 2 HISTORY 
 
53 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 BOOK VII, 
 CHAP. IV.— PART. II. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 JTISTORY OF LEARNING, OF LEARNED MEN, AND OF 
 THE CHIEF SEMINARIES OF LEARNING THAT WERE 
 FOUNDED IN GREAT BRITAIN, FROM A. D. 1547, TO 
 A. D. 1603. 
 
 r I \HE extreme avidity of Edward's ministers, Cent.xvi. 
 ■*■ which tempted them to impoverish every ec- j>^ e uni _ 
 clesiastical foundation for their own benefit, had versities 
 well nigh destroyed all the good effects which e( j. 
 might be expected to accrue to England both as to 
 literature and education. Exhibitions and pen- 
 & ns were taken from the students of the universi- 
 ties, [ l] and at Oxford the public schools were ne- 
 glected, and even applied to the lowest purposes. 
 
 How 
 
 NOTES. 
 [1] Ascham, in a letter dated 1550, laments the ruin of 
 grammar-schools throughout England, and predicts the speedy 
 extinction of the universities from this growing calamity. 
 
 Of 
 
64 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Ce»fcXVi. How far the system of education then adopted 
 Education in the most accomplished and noblest houses 
 j ls / 7 might be expected to supply the place of public 
 tered. discipline, we may be enabled to judge by an ex- 
 tract from Roger Ascham's ' Schoolmaster,' 
 which will give a striking instance of parental 
 harshness in the case of the amiable and unfor- 
 tunate Lady Jane Gray. He visited her at her 
 father's seat in Leicestershire, and found her 
 
 studying 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Of these schools near twenty had been created during the reign 
 of Henry VIII. and under the patronage of Wolsey, whose fa- 
 vorite school at Ipswich rivalled those of Winchester and Eton. 
 
 But one of the greatest losses sustained by the lovers of lite- 
 rature, and occasioned by the meanly-greedy agents of the re- 
 formation, was the ruin of the library given by the good and 
 learned Humphry of Glocester to the university of Oxford, in 
 or near the year 14 10. This princely collection contained 600 
 volumes; of which 120 alone were valued at 10001. These 
 books were called in the university register, ' Novi Tractatus,' 
 4 New Treatises,' and are said to be ' admirandi apparatus.' 
 They were the most splendid and costly copies which could be 
 procured, finely printed on vellum, and elegantly embellished 
 with miniatures and illuminations. These books which, being 
 highly ornamented, looked like missals, and conveyed ideas of 
 Popish superstition, were destroyed or removed by the pious 
 visitors in the reign of Edward VI. whose zeal was equalled 
 only by their ignorance, or perhaps by their avarice. 
 
 [Waktom. 
 
 The gallant Essex, who favored literature, did his best to 
 replace this loss, by sending to the university the whole library 
 of Cardinal Ossorio, which fell into his hands at the taking of 
 Faro in 15DG. 
 
Ch. IV.Pt. II. § 1. LEARNING, &C. '55 
 
 studying the Phaedon of Plato. ' After saluta- Cent .xvi. 
 tion,' he writes, ' and dewty clone, and after 
 some other tauke, I asked her, " Why she wolde 
 leese such pastime in the parke ?"* Smiling, she 
 answered me, " I wisse all their sport in the 
 parke is hut a shadoe to the pleasure that I find 
 in Plato. Alas, good iblkes ! they never felt 
 what trewe pleasure meant !" "And how came 
 you, madam," quoth I, " by this knowledge of 
 pleasure? And what did ehieflie allure you to it : J 
 Seeinge not many women, and but very fewe men, 
 have attained thereunto." " I will tell you," quoth 
 she, " and tell you a truth which perchaunce ye 
 will marvell at : one of the greatest benefites that 
 God gave me is, that he sent me so sharpe and 
 severe parentes, and so jentle a schoolmaster. 
 For, when I am in presence eyther of father or 
 mother ; whether I speake, keepe silence, sitt, 
 stand, or go ; eate, drink, be merie or sad ; be 
 sowying, playing, dauncing, or doing anie thing 
 else, I must do it, as it were, in suche measure, 
 weighte, and number, even so perfetlie as God 
 made the world, or else I am so sharplie taunted, 
 so cruellie threatened, yea, presentlie, sometimes, 
 with pinches, nippes, bobbes, (and other waies 
 which I will not name for the honor I bear them) 
 so without measure misordered, that I thinke 
 myselfe in hell till time come that I must go to 
 
 Mr 
 
 * Where the rest of the fumily were pursuing' a staj, 
 
56 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. Mr. Elmer, * who teacheth me so pleasantlie, so 
 jentlie, and with such faire allurements to learn- 
 inge, that I thinke alle the times nothing whiles 
 I am with him. And when I am called from him, 
 I fall on weepynge,' &cc. 8cc. 8cc. It is, perhaps, to 
 this affecting scene that we owe the great attention 
 which Ascham shews, in the above-cited work, 
 to the dictates of humanity ; [2] and the pains he 
 takes to render his plan of education desirable to 
 the master, and pleasant to the pupil ; and this 
 is the more singular as the treatise is visibly 
 written with the stern pen of a Puritan. [3] 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 [2] The pleasant and didactic Thomas Tusser thus adds his 
 complaint to the general mass of schoolboy lamentation, in an 
 odd kind of metre : 
 
 * From Ponies I went, to Eaton sent, 
 To learn straightwaies the Latin phrase, 
 Where fifty-three stripes given to me 
 
 At once I had ; 
 
 The fault but small, or none at all, 
 It came to pass, that beat I was ; 
 See, Udal, see ! the mercie of thee 
 
 To me poor lad.' 
 
 [3] A treatise on education, compiled by Edward Hake, 
 and published A. D. 1574, should not pass totally unnoticed. 
 It is ' gathered' into English metre, as the author expresses 
 it, professing himself the disciple of John Hopkins; nor, from 
 the specimen beneath, will he appear to have disgraced his 
 master. 
 
 He 
 * Afterwards Bishop of London, under Elizabeth. 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 1. LEARNING, #C, 57 
 
 The English language was much neglected indent, xvi. 
 
 the middle of the sixteenth century, but a double Latin 
 
 share of attention was bestowed on classical know- niU j , 
 
 studied. 
 
 ledge ; nor was any rank deemed so exalted as to 
 exclude the necessity of a thorough acquaintance 
 with the learned tongues. Four successive sove- 
 reigns might justly be styled proficients in litera- 
 ture. Henry VIII. wrote a grammar, and com- 
 posed several pieces in Latin.* Edward VI. be- 
 sides a clear knowledge of his own tongue, has 
 left several specimens of his Latinity. + Of Queen 
 
 Mary, 
 
 NOTES. 
 He speaks of the Latin tongue : 
 
 ' Whereto, as has been sayde before, 
 
 The fables do invite, 
 With morall sawes, in covert tales 
 
 Whereto agreeth rite, 
 Fine comedies with pleasure seen ; 
 
 Which, as it were, by plaie, 
 Do teach unto philosophic 
 
 A perfitt, ready waie. 
 So as, nathelesse we carefull be 
 
 T' avoyde all baudie § rhymes, 
 And wanton jestes of poets vayne, 
 
 Which teache them fylthe crym§s ; 
 Good stories from the Bible chargde, 
 
 And from some civil style, 
 As Ouintus Curtius, and such like, 
 
 To rede them other while.' 
 
 * Walpole's Royal Authors, vol. i. p. 8, 9. Holland's 
 Heroologia, p. 5. 
 
 * Royal Authors, vol. i. p. 18. jl Licentious. 
 
58 HISTORY OP GREAT BRITAIN". Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. Mary, Erasmus says, ' Scripsit bene Latinas [4] 
 
 epistolas.' * 
 
 T . The classical erudition of Elizabeth is beyond a 
 
 Learning ' 
 
 cncou- doubt ; her extemporary answers to the poetic 
 ' insolence of the ambassadors from Fhilip II. and 
 the Polish monarch, have been already record- 
 ed. [5] Yet the Latin written in the reign of 
 that princess, is inferior to that of Henry VIII. 's 
 reiffQ, when the novelty of classical literature ex- 
 cited a general emulation to imitate the Roman 
 authors ; and so very much was the taste of the six- 
 teenth century vitiated towards the close, that Pa- 
 lingenius, Sedulius, and Prudentius, modern clas- 
 sics, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [4] Greek was not yet familiar to an English ear. At the 
 outset of Trinity College, Oxon, ' My lord card mall's (Pole) 
 grace,' says the founder in a letter, ' has had the over-seeingc 
 of my statutes ; he advyses mee to have the Greke to be more 
 taught there than I have provyded. This purpose I well lyke; 
 but I fear the tymes will not bear it now.' [Warton. 
 
 [5] To these testimonies of her neat style of expression, we 
 may add her answer to one who requested her opinion as to the 
 comparative merits of Buchanan and Walter Haddon. ' Buchan- 
 anum omnibus antepono; Haddonum neraini postpono.' 
 
 [Royal Authors. 
 
 Haddon was a celebrated civilian; who, having been in exile 
 for his religion, re-appeared at the accession of Elizabeth, and 
 was by her made ' master of requests.' His writings, which 
 were partly on the civil law, and partly polemical against 
 Ossorius, are held in great esteem. [Berkenhout. 
 
 * Erasmus, lib. xix. ep. 31. 
 
Cll. IV. Pt. II. | 1. LEARNING, &C. 59 
 
 sics, and inferior in merit as in antiquity, were Cent.xvr. 
 recommended by the learned Grindal to be stu- 
 died, in a school which he had founded. 
 
 Elizabeth was a greater proficient in learning By Mary 
 [6] than her sister Mary; she was expert in the ^abeth.'" 
 Greek tongue, and translated into English the f 
 orations of Isocrates. Her example had a great 
 effect ; the advantages of learning gradually be- 
 came as much the property of the laity as of the 
 clergy ; and very soon after the reign of that in- 
 teresting princess, men attained to that state of 
 general improvement, and those situations with 
 respect to literature, in which they have ever 
 since persevered. 
 
 The great erudition of Lady Jane Gray has 
 
 been already mentioned. It was a singular effort L ac jy 
 
 of that amiable princess's wit, almost in her last J ane , 
 ... , . . . , Gray's 
 
 moments, which prompted her to write with a profici- 
 pin in her prison : euce ' 
 
 * Non 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [6] { She was accustomed,' says Ascham, with some degree 
 •f triumph, speaking of her avocations during a long residence 
 at Windsor castle, ' to read more Greek in a day than some 
 prebendaries of that church did Latin in a week.' 
 
 There is in the Bodleian Library, among Hatton's MSS a 
 long translation from the ' Hercules CEtceus' of Seneca by Oueen 
 Elizabeth; which does more credit to her literature than to her 
 powers of versification, if we may judge from Mr. Warton's 
 specimen of its beginning: 
 
 ' What harming hurle of Fortune's arme?' &c. 
 
 [Hi$t. of Poetrv. 
 
60 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. XVI. <>Jon aliena putes, homini quaeobtingerepossunt 
 
 Sors aliena mihi, tunc eril ilia tibi.' 
 
 And 
 
 ' Deo juvante, nil nocet livor malus ; 
 
 Et non juvante, nil juvat labor gravis. 
 
 Post tenebras spero lucem.' 
 
 Learning n ran k s or employments in the state were 
 
 a pass- . 
 
 port to held, in the age of Elizabeth, inaccessible to the 
 
 cvtr J learned. Sir Thomas Smith was raised from a 
 
 rank. 
 
 professorship at Cambridge to be, first, ambassa- 
 dor to France, and afterwards, secretary of state. 
 The dispatches of those times, and, among others, 
 those of Burleigh, are frequently interrupted by 
 quotations from the Greek and Latin classies. 
 Even the ladies of the court valued themselves 
 on their science ; many of these understood the 
 antient as well as the modern languages, and 
 » valued themselves more on their erudition than 
 
 on their birth or rank. * A farther account of 
 those of each sex whose abilities adorned this 
 period of British history, will appear a few pages 
 onwards. 
 Physic The arts of physic and surgery improved by 
 
 and sur- s i ow degrees, anc j apparently more by strong na- 
 tural sense of some among the professors than 
 through any very regular train of study, or 
 course of useful experiments. Lectures on sur- 
 gery were, however, established at the lately- 
 founded 
 
 * Hume's Tudors, vol. ii. p. 738. 
 
Cll. IV. Pt. II. | 1. ^EARNING, &C. 61 
 
 founded College of Physicians, by the munifi- s^^j 
 cence of LoVd Lumley and Dr. Richard Caldwell. 
 
 Among the treatises written on medical sub- 
 jects during the sixteenth century, one of the 
 most interesting and amusing was the ' Dietarie Andrew 
 of Health,' written by the most eccentric of« DieU . 
 physicians, Andrew Borde ; it abounds with lic -' 
 good and rational advice, not only as to diet, 
 but as to building a house, regulating a family, 
 chusing a good air to dwell in, kc. 8cc. It is a 
 book which, with a little modernising, might be 
 perused with pleasure and advantage in an im- 
 proved age. ' I have gone round Chrystendome 
 and overthwart Chrystendome,' 8cc. k,c. says this 
 odd scribe, ' and yet there is not so much plea- 
 sure for harte and hinde, bucke and doe, 8cc. 8cc. 
 as in Englande. And although the flesh be dys- 
 praysed in physycke, yet I praye God to sende 
 me parte of the fleshe to ete ; physycke not- 
 withstandinge.' 
 
 There was also a Christofer Langton who, Christo- 
 
 about the same time, wrote an ' Introduction into ^cfr?" 
 ' ton s In- 
 
 Physycke,' [7] containing some idea of anatomy, troduc- 
 
 ' *" , tion.' 
 
 and 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [7] Writers of medical books had little notion in the l6th 
 century of the respect due to the art of which they treated ; 
 one that was published in 1599 was called, ' The Key to 
 Unknown knowledge,' or a shop with ' five windowes,' its 
 motto was, 
 
 ' Which 
 
62 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. anc ] a good many unexceptionable maxims as to 
 diet,' sleep, Sec. Until at length the author be- 
 wilders himself in a superstitious treatise on 
 dreams, 8cc. 
 
 This writer had little esteem for the phy- 
 sicians of his time ; for he personifies Physic 
 addressing them in very harsh terms, and com- 
 plaining, ' For whereas before I was authour of 
 helthe to every man sekynge for me ; now I am 
 not onely a commune murtherer and a commune 
 thefe, but also a mayntayner of parricydes, moche 
 more vyle than the stynkynge whore of Baby- 
 lone. For you that be my mynysters and phy- 
 sycyons, to you I speke.'* 
 
 One disease, and that a very dreadful one, the 
 sweating sickness, (a pest peculiar to the English 
 nation, and inveterately pursuing the natives 
 whithersoever they might fly) seems to have 
 been systematically attacked by the learned Dr. 
 Caius with ample success ; t insomuch that, to 
 
 use 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 * Which if you do open — to cheapen and copen, 
 You will not be willing — for many a shilling, 
 To part with the profit — which you shall have of it.' 
 The contents are, ' five necessarie treatises, namely, 1. The 
 judgement of vrines. 2. Judicial rules of physicke. 3. Ques- 
 tions of oyles. 4. Opinions of curing harquebush shot. 5. A 
 discourse of human nature. Translated from Hippocrates by 
 M. John cle Bourges, physician.' 
 
 [Ames's Hist, of Printing. 
 * Preface to Langton's Book. 
 4- Aikin's Biog. Mem. p. 125. 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 1. LEARNING, &C. 63 
 
 use Lord Bacon's words, ' it might be looked Centxvi. 
 upon rather as a surprise to nature, than obsti- 
 nate to remedies.' 
 
 The partiality in favor of Jewish [8] physicians Jewish 
 was unaccountable, and probably ill-founded; yet l^!. . 1 " 
 Elizabeth chose to trust her health in the hands teemed, 
 of the Hebrew, Rodrigo Lopez, rather than have 
 recourse to many English students in medicine, 
 of considerable abilities, who attended her court. 
 She had nearly suffered for her ill-placed con- 
 fidence ; as Lopez was fairly convicted of an 
 attempt to poison his partial protectress. 
 
 A few sketches of the lives and studies of 
 those who practised physic and surgery, in the 
 sixteenth century, will throw a farther light on 
 the progress of the art of healing. 
 
 In 1549 died an ingenious but eccentric phy- Dr. An- 
 
 sician and poet, Andrew Borde, or, as he loved ^ revr . 
 
 • • 1 ■ a 1 n ti Borde. 
 
 to Latinize his name, ' Andreas Perforatus.' Bred 
 
 at Oxford, he became early in life a Carthusian, 
 
 but soon abandoned his order to ramble through 
 
 Europe 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [8] The same fantastic preference had made Francis I. when 
 indisposed with a tedious complaint, apply to Charles V. for 
 an Israelite, who was the Imperial physician. Accordingly 
 the person whom he sought for visited Paris ; but the king, 
 finding that he had been converted to Christianity, lost all con- 
 fidence in his advice, and applied to his good ally, Soliman II. 
 who sending him a true hardened Jew, the monarch took his 
 fcounsel, drank asses milk, and recovered. 
 
 [Ann. Francoises. 
 
46 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. XVI. Europe and Africa, after having attained some 
 degree of proficiency in the science of medicine. 
 He then returned to the Carthusians, and prac- 
 tised the austerities of that order, residing chiefly 
 at Winchester, where he appears to have acted 
 as physician to Henry VIII. He had parts and 
 learning, but was probably prevented, by the 
 fantastic turn of his genius, from using either to 
 advantage, for he died in the Fleet prison, with 
 some suspicion of having taken poison. He 
 seems to have valued himself on a pedantic and 
 quaint style. His ' Breviarie of Health,' ad- 
 dressed to the college of physicians, begins thus : 
 ' Egregious doctours, and maysters of the exi- 
 mious and archane science of physicke ! Of your 
 urbanitte exasperate not yourselves,' 8cc. The 
 tales of the ' Wise Men of Goatham' are his, 
 and have survived his more serious perform- 
 ances, few of which are now to be found. He 
 will be met again under the head of Poetry. 
 
 The bitter biography of Bishop Bale sets the 
 character of Dr. Borde in an odious light ; but 
 no man's censures ought to be received with so 
 much caution as those of that narrow-minded, 
 though ingenious, prelate. 
 Sir Thos. Towards the beginning of Edward VI. s reign 
 EIyot " flourished Sir Thomas Elyot, a knight eminently 
 learned, and a patron to men of literature. He 
 wrote, among other treatises, one called the 
 1 Castell of Health.' In this work he lays down 
 
 a severe 
 
 $ 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 1. LEARNING, &C. 65 
 
 a severe regimen, nor does he confine his rules f^^T' 
 merely to eating and drinking. [9] Colds, he 
 writes of, as having lately been introduced to 
 England. Their becoming common the ^ood 
 knight imputes to ' banquettings after supper, 
 and drinking much (specially wine) a little after 
 sleep.'* He disapproves too of covering the head 
 too much, a practice in his days so prevalent, that 
 he tells us, ' Now-a-days, if a.boy of seven years 
 of age, or a young man of twenty years, have 
 net two caps on his head, he and his friends will 
 think that he may not continue in health ; and 
 yet, if the inner cap be not of velvet or sattin, a 
 serving-man feareth to lose his credence.' 
 
 Sir Thomas was the author of a Latin and Eno;- His trea- 
 lish Dictionary: ' A stock on which Bishop dicaland" 
 Cooper grafted his work, and, if not the first, the miscella- 
 best, of that kind in that age,' says Fuller. + That 
 quaint biographer proceeds to mention a work in 
 Latin, composed by this voluminous author, styl- 
 ed, ' The Defence of Good Women.' ' These,' 
 
 proceeds 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [9] Nothing can be more ludicrous than the directions of 
 this busy knight, when he treats of a delicate subject, con- 
 cerning which mankind are little accustomed to seek regulation. 
 Prior's Paulo Purganti seems to claim descent from this origi- 
 nal. [Medical Biography. 
 
 * Dr. Aikin's Medical Biog. p. 62, 63. 
 
 + Cambridgeshire, p. 168. 
 
 Vol. II. f 
 
66 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. p roC eeds the sarcastic scribe, 'some will say are 
 hardly found, and easily defended.' 
 
 In one of his medical work's the observant 
 knight remarks, that ' the pallid faces and rivelled 
 skins of even the young, in the cider-drinking 
 counties, prove the unwholesomeness of their fa- 
 vorite beverage.' 
 
 Early Thomas Vicary, who lived nearly at the same 
 
 anato- . . , rnT 
 
 m ist. time, and was serjeant-surgeon to Henry Vlll. 
 
 and his three successors, is recorded by Dr. Aikin 
 
 as the first author of any anatomical work in the 
 
 English tongue. There seems to have been no- 
 
 thins: else in his life or actions that merited re- 
 
 cord. A rude engraving of a skeleton prefaces 
 
 his book.* 
 
 Dr.Caius. In 1573 died Dr. John Kaye (known by the 
 
 name of Caius) an eminent physician, and a sage 
 
 and voluminous author. He was born at Norwich 
 
 in 1510, and bred at Gonvile-hall, Cambridge, 
 
 which, by his munificence, was promoted to the 
 
 rank of a college in 1557-S. He studied deeply, 
 
 travelled much, and wrote (by his own account) 
 
 thirty-two books, besides collating, correcting, 
 
 and publishing at least as many more. One of 
 
 his works is on the sweating sickness, a disease 
 
 which seems to have been wholly unaccountable, 
 
 on rational principles, to modern as well as more 
 
 antient writers. In another he attempts to prove, 
 
 that Cambridge was founded by Cantaber 394 
 
 years 
 
 Dr. Aikin's Medical Biog. p. 65. 
 
Chap. IV. Pt. II. § 1. LEARNING, &C. 67 
 
 years before the Christian sera. He had been, Cent.xvr. 
 indeed, provoked to this by an Oxonian name- ^^ 
 sake, who had asserted, in a treatise, that his 
 own college (All Souls) had owed its rise to 
 some Grecian philosophers, comrades of Brutus, 
 and that Alfred had only restored it. Dr. Kaye, 
 by his manoeuvre, not only routed the Oxford 
 writer, but gained a superiority of 1267 years 
 for Cambridge. He was physician successively 
 to Edward VI. Mary, and Elizabeth. Towards 
 the close of his life he was teazed about religious 
 matters, and (from some Popish vestments, k.c. 
 which were found in his chambers, and publickly 
 burnt) it is probable he was a concealed, although 
 a very moderate, Roman Catholic. Among other 
 subjects, he wrote a curious treatise on the dogs writeson 
 of Britain. In his writings he is apt to digress British 
 insufferably ; in the direction for the diet proper ' 
 to be used by sufferers from the sweating sickness, 
 he employs many pages in an enumeration of all 
 the luxuries brought to the tables of the e;reat, 
 of the process used in malting," and in brewing 
 beer and ale ; he likewise adds a copious pane- 
 gyric on temperance, from the antients. Over 
 the body of this really great man there is written 
 only ' Fui Caius.' 
 
 In 1576 died Dr. William Bulleyn, a medical Dr.Bul- 
 writer of eminence, born early in the reign of le ^ n " 
 Henry VIII. in the isle of Ely. He was bred 
 
 at 
 
 * Med Biogr. p. 126. 
 F 2 
 
OS history or great Britain. Book VII. 
 
 C"*- XVI - ( at Cambridge chiefly, and practised in the North 
 until 1560, when he removed to London. He 
 was there persecuted by a William Hilton, for 
 the murther of his brother, the Lord Hilton, who 
 had been his patient and his patron, and to whom 
 he had dedicated a book, but who had died under 
 the doctor's hands of a malignant fever. Hilton, 
 failing in this attempt, endeavored to have Dr. 
 Bulleyn assassinated, and actually threw him into 
 prison for a debt, and detained him there a long 
 space. A strange* cloud, indeed, envelops this 
 whole transaction. 
 
 Dr. Bulleyn was a firm Protestant. In one of 
 his books he speaks of the waters of ' Buckstone' 
 as having; done ' great cures both to the sore and 
 the lame.' He bitterly laments the increase of 
 witchcraft, k more hurtful in this realm than quar- 
 tan, pox, or pestilence ;' and grieves that witches 
 should walk at large, while so many ' blessed 
 men are burned.' This marks the aera, and shews 
 that the good doctor would only have changed 
 one species of persecution for another ; and while 
 he spared the Protestant, would have burned the 
 witch. One of his 'publications, ' A Dialogue, 
 bothplesaunte and pytyfulle,' is singularly amus- 
 ing, and bears some resemblance to Chaucer's 
 Canterbury Tales. 
 
 The 
 
 * Wales, p. 12, apud Fuller's Worthies. 
 
Cll.IV. Pt.II. § 1. LEARNING, &C. 69 
 
 The title of liis works, collected together, Cent.xvi. 
 runs thus: ' Bulleyn's Bulwarke of Defence His 'Bul- 
 against all Sickness, Sorenes, and Woundes, that jj a f ' e , 
 doe daily assaulte Mankinde, which Bulwarke is 
 kept with Hillarius the Gardiner, Health the 
 Physician, with their Chyrurgian, to helpe the 
 wounded Soldiers.' In this hook is a dialogue 
 between ' Soreness and Surgery.' Dr. Bulleyn 
 was an ancestor to the late Dr. Stukely. 
 
 In 1586 was living (and we know not when J ohn Gal « 
 he died) John Gale, a sensible, rational surgeon, 
 who attended on the army of Henry VIII. when 
 in France. In his ' Office of a Ghirurgeon,' he 
 gives a woeful picture of military practice." Being 
 at Muttrel (as he styles Montreuil) the soldiers 
 who had very slight wounds died so fast, that the 
 Duke of Norfolk thought it rio;ht to send Gale, 
 with other chosen men, to inspect the army-surge- 
 ons. 'We found,' says Gale, 'many who took up- combats 
 on them the names of surgeons, and the wages al- em P incs * 
 so. We demanded of them, with whom they were 
 brought up? They, with shameless faces, would 
 answer, one cunning man or another which was 
 dead. We then demanded, what chirurgery stuff 
 they had to cure men with? And they would shew 
 us a pot or a box, which they had in a budget, 
 wherein there was such trumpery as they did use 
 
 to 
 
 - Med. Biogr. p. 99. 
 
7© HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. j- g re ase horses heels with ; and others, that were 
 coolers and tinkers, they used shoemakers wax, 
 with the rust of old pans, and made therewithal 
 " a noble salve," as they did term it. In the end y 
 this worthy rabblement was committed to the 
 Marshalsea, and threatened by the duke's grace 
 to be hanged for their worthy deeds, except they 
 would declare the truth, what they were, Ice. 
 And in the end they did confess as I declared to 
 you before ; i. e. ' some sow-gelders, some horse- 
 o-elders, with tinkers and coolers.' 
 Dr. Tur- Dr. William Turner was an ingenious physi- 
 ncr cian,* divine, and natural philosopher. Being a 
 
 zealous Protestant, he was favored by Edward VI. 
 exiled by the dread of Mary, and re-instated by 
 her successor. He wrote on many subjects. Of 
 his religious works, if we may judge by his 
 { New Book of Spiritual Physick, for the Dis- 
 eases of the Nobility and Gentry of England,' 
 they were rather curious that valuable. 
 
 Dr. Turner published the first English herbal; 
 writes on * .... 
 
 botany, and avers, that botany was in his time at so low 
 
 an ebb, that he could find no one physician in 
 
 Cambridge (about the year 1527) who could 
 
 name the plants he produced, in Greek, Latin, 
 
 or English. 
 
 The 
 
 * Med. Bios- p. 80. 
 
CIl. VI. Pt. II. § 1. LEARNING; &C. 7i 
 
 The progress of medical knowledge in Scot- 9^*^*; 
 
 land, although not so exactly marked out, ap- Scotland. 
 
 pears to have proceeded proportionally with 
 
 111 1-11 College 
 
 that of England, although with slower steps. f p ny . 
 
 A College of Physicians was created in 158I sicians 
 J , . lounded. 
 
 by the king's letters patent, with exclusive 
 
 powers to regulate the practice of physic within 
 
 Edinburgh and its neighborhood, and to fine 
 
 such as should take on them to act as physicians 
 
 without warrant from the college. 
 
 That, however, there was a considerable de- 
 ficiency in the chirurgical branch of medicine, 
 appears from the following circumstance, which 
 stands on the council-books of Edinburgh, and is 
 dated A. D. 1595- Awin, a French suigeon, was 
 in that year prohibited by the common council 
 from practising surgery, except ' cutting for the 
 stone, curing ruptures, couching cataracts, curing 
 the pestilence,' 8cc. t 
 
 The complaint against this useful interloper, Corpora- 
 had been made by the corporation of surgeons : tlon 
 
 J l . surgeons. 
 
 this company (conjunctly with the barbers, as in 
 most European nations) had been formed in 
 1506, % and been greatly assisted as to privileges 
 by Queen Mary in 1567. James VI. afterwards 
 confirmed these advantages. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 * Maitland's Edinburgh, p. 376. 
 + Counc. Registr. vol. x. fol. 37. 
 X Ibid. vol. i. fol. 50. Arnot's Edinburgh, p. 524. 
 
72 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VIII. 
 
 CHAP. IV. SECT. II. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE MOST LEARNED PERSONS WHO 
 FLOURISHED IN BRITAIN, FROM A. D. 1547, TO A. 
 D. 1603. 
 
 Cent. XVI. 
 
 nr^HOSE liberal and candid principles which, 
 Increase * n consequence of the reformation, illu- 
 
 of learn- minated the Northern hemisphere, by encou- 
 ed men. . . , ,. „ n .. 
 
 raging the eoual distribution ol literary merit 
 
 between the clergy and laity, wonderfully in- 
 creased the catalogue of persons eminently dis- 
 tinguished in every branch of science. And if, 
 before this period, the historian has been some- 
 times at a loss to find a number of literati, suffi- 
 cient to fill the section, his only care now must 
 be to chuse, among the many which present 
 themselves, such whose memoirs may join en- 
 tertainment to instruction. 
 Edward Edward Hall, who died A. D. 1547, was a 
 Hall. Londoner, bred at Eton, and at King's college, 
 Cambridge ; afterwards, becoming eminent in 
 the profession of the law, -was made one of the 
 judges in the sheriff's court, A Chronicle of the 
 Wars between the White and the Red Rose, 
 which he wrote, is much esteemed. Fuller calls 
 it elegant ; and Anthony a Wood says, ' he had 
 a great command of tongue and pen.' Hall 
 was descended from Sir Frank van Halle, a cruel 
 3 pillager 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. §«. LEARNING, &C. 73 
 
 pillager of France, under the banner of Ed- Centxvi. 
 ward III. 
 
 In 1550, Polydore Virgil, born at Urbino, re- polydore 
 turned to his native country. He had been sent Vir S l1 * 
 by Pope Alexander VI. to collect the papal reve- 
 nues of England, and, having been made Arch- 
 deacon of Wells, he had taken up his residence 
 in the island." His employment becoming a 
 sinecure at the reformation, he was permitted to 
 return to his native soil, and was indulged with a 
 continuance of the income accruing from his be- 
 nefice. He had been twelve years engaged in 
 writing; 3 Historv of England in Latin. The 
 purity of his language is generally allowed, but 
 his work is charged with great partiality, and 
 even falsehood, by Sir Henry Savil, and by Hum- 
 phrey Lloyd, who call him, ''homo ignotus^ ' in- 
 vidia & odio tumensf ' in/amis homunculus,' ' os 
 impudenS) 8cc k.c. Polydore is accused of bor- ofdu- 
 rowing books from public libraries, and not re- bi° us 
 storing them; of pillaging conventual MSS, Sec. ; 
 cf sending ship-loads of curious plunder to Italy ; 
 and of destroying many records because they 
 contradicted his English history. 
 
 Among his works we find treatises ' De Rerum 
 Invent or ibus ;' ' De Prodigiis & Sortibus ;' ' De 
 Veritate & MendacioJ &c. &c. 
 
 In 
 
 * Wood's Fasti, vol. i. p. 5, &p. 
 
74 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. J n 1552 died John Leland, once canon of 
 John Christ-Church, Oxford, a learned antiquary, and 
 Leland. n0 inelegant Latin poet. He was bred under 
 William Lilye. and studied successively at Cam- 
 bridge, Oxford, and Paris. To him is owing the 
 security of numberless MSS which the libraries 
 of religious houses contained, and which Leland 
 (who was antiquary and librarian to Henry VIII.) 
 had an opportunity ,: of saving from destruction, 
 by accepting the office of visiting such libraries, 
 Sec. at the dissolution, [lo] The Collectanea and 
 Itinerary of Leland (the MSS of which are in 
 the Bodleian collection) are invaluable perform- 
 ances. This great man was insane some time be- 
 fore his decease, which happened opportunely, 
 as Leland had been too active in monastic re- 
 searches to have escaped the resentment of the 
 bigot Mary, especially as he was a Protestant. 
 His verses on the munificence of his royal patron 
 Prophc- are ne ^ tner destitute of harmony nor sensibility, 
 tic We have extant two prophetical lines by Leland,+ 
 
 relative to Beeston-castle in Cheshire, which do 
 
 little 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [10] His labours, he says, were directed ' to bring owte a 
 deadlye darkness into livelye lighte,' -whatever might answer 
 the purpose of his commission. He affirms that he has * con- 
 served many good autors, the which otherwise had been lyke to 
 have perischid.' [New Year's Gvfte. 
 
 * Life of Leland, Hearne, Sec. p. 12. + Ibid. p. 30. 
 
Ch. IV. Part II. § 2. LEARNING, &c. 75 
 
 little credit to the poet's sagacity, [ll] He Cent.xvi. 
 was a personal enemy to Polydore Virgil, who 
 had attacked the existence of Prince Arthur 
 and his round table ; but generously acknow- 
 ledged the great excellence of his style, though 
 he totally denied any credit to his history. 
 
 In 1557, concern for a recantation, which sir J°hn 
 
 Cheke. 
 harsh treatment had forced him to make, is sup- 
 posed to have killed Sir John Cheke, a learned 
 knight, who, at twenty-six years of age, after 
 being bred at St. John's college, had been elected 
 Greek professor at Cambridge, his native place. 
 It was he who, with Sir Thomas Smith, forwarded 
 greatly the knowledge and credit of the Greek 
 tongue at that university, and took particular 
 pains to regulate its pronunciation, which, as well 
 as the language, was then very imperfectly under- 
 stood in England.* When Lady Jane Gray was 
 crowned, he acted as her secretary during the 
 nine days of her reign. For this he was thrown 
 into prison, and deprived of almost the whole 
 
 of 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [ll] ' Tempus erit quando rursus caput exeret altum ? 
 Vatibus antiquis, si fas mihi credere vati.' 
 
 Imitated. 
 If I, no stranger to prophetic lore, 
 May trust to holy prophets famed of yore, 
 These awful towers shall rear their heads again, 
 And, in embattled state, frown o'er the subject plain. 
 
 J. P. A. 
 * Strype'sLife of Cheke, p. 119, &c. 
 
76 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII, 
 
 Cent. xvi. of his estate. In 1554 lie gained his liberty and 
 leave to travel, but was way-laid on his return ; 
 and, by order of the bigot, Philip of Spain, 
 through whose Flemish dominions he passed, 
 seized [12] near Brussels, and hurried onboard 
 a vessel, which conveyed him to a cruel im- 
 prisonment in the Tower of London. 
 
 His works are numerous, and chiefly compos- 
 ed in elegant Latin. Dr. Walter Haddon wrote 
 an epitaph on his learned friend, the two last 
 lines of which were these : 
 ' Gemma Britanna fuit ; tarn magnum nulla 
 tulerunt 
 Tempora thesaurum, tempora nulla ferent.' 
 Imitated. 
 ' Hail, Britain's boast! so bright a gem as thee 
 We have not seen, nor e'er again shall see.' 
 
 J. P. A. 
 
 Sir Thos. Sir Thomas Pope died in 1559- He is placed 
 
 Pope. among; men of learning rather as an amateur than 
 
 a proficient. Fuller allows him no patrimonial 
 
 advantage, but calls him, ' Faber suae fortunae.'* 
 
 Employed by Thomas Cromwell in overseeing 
 
 the 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [12] The credulity of the age had tempted Sir John Cheke, 
 
 who had a firm belief in astrology, to pay great attention to the 
 
 selection of a lucky hour for his journey to Brussels. He was 
 
 bitterly deceived. [Berkekhoht, 
 
 * Worthies, London, p. 223. 
 
Ch. IV. Part II. §<2. learning, &c. 77 
 
 the dissolution of religious houses, he acted with Ceut.xvi. 
 singular candor and moderation, and amassed a 
 splendid fortune without staining his private 
 character. Great part of his gains he bestowed on 
 an exemplary and judicious foundation in Ox- 
 ford, of which more will soon be said. He was 
 not only steady but wonderfully fortunate, if it 
 be true that in the four last reigns of the Tudor 
 dynasty he never changed his faith, and yet re- 
 tained the favor of his sovereigns. To him the 
 abbey at St. Alban's owes its exemption from ruin 
 and demolition. Mary employed him to watch 
 over the actions of her sister Elizabeth; a deli- 
 cate task, which he yet performed so as neither 
 to excite suspicion in Mary, nor resentment in 
 Elizabeth. [13] 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [13] It was a descendant (probably a son) of Sir Thomas 
 Pope, whose infant daughter was presented to James I. when on 
 a progress, with these pleasant verses in her little hand : 
 
 4 See this little mistress here, 
 Who never sat in Peter's chair, 
 Nor e'er a triple crown did wear, 
 And yet she is a Pope. 
 
 No benefice she ever sold, 
 
 Or did dispense with sins for gold ; 
 
 She hardly is a se'nnight old, 
 
 And yet she is a Pope. 
 No king her feet did ever kiss, 
 Nor had from her worse look than this; 
 
78 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. The most voluminous of writers, John Bale, 
 Bishop Bishop of Ossory in Ireland, returned to England 
 Bale. from exile for religion in I56O, and died soon 
 afterwards. After beino- bred a Roman Catholic 
 at Jesus College, Oxon, he became at once the 
 most zealous of Protestants ; and was in frequent 
 danger 1 ' of assassination in consequence of his 
 religious fervor. Eighty-five volumes owe their 
 being to this prelate's proliferous pen. Some for 
 the Pope and some against him ; some in verse 
 and some in prose ; and many of them in Latin. 
 Bale's ' Catalogus Scriptorum ' testified his ex- 
 tensive reading and knowledge ; but his un- 
 bounded acrimony, which led him into the most 
 gross scurrility, exceedingly injured the charac- 
 ter of his writings. 
 
 Although he is not introduced here as a dra- 
 matic poet, yet as his plays are almost number- 
 less, it were hard not to give one specimen of his 
 verse. Abraham is pouring out a grateful rhap- 
 sody to his Creator in a piece entitled, ' God's 
 Promises.' Allowance must be made for the 
 quaintness and ungraciousness of the language: 
 
 4 Merciful 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Nor did she ever hope 
 To saint one with a rope, 
 And yet she is a Pope. 
 A female Pope, you'll say; a second Joan! 
 No, sure — She is Pope Innocent or none.' 
 
 [Fuller's Worthies. 
 * Bale's i Vocacyon,' p. 28. 
 
Ch. IV. Part II. § 2. learning, &c. 79 
 
 1 Merciful Maker, my crabbed voyce dyrecte, ^i^T*,' 
 
 That it may breake in some swete prayse to thee; 
 Suffer mee not thy due lawdes toneglecte, 
 
 But let me show forthe thy commendacyons free. 
 
 Stoppe not my windpipes, give them liberte 
 To sounde thy name, which is most graciouse, 
 And in it to rejoyse with hart melodiouse.'* 
 
 The varied erudition of Sir Thomas Chaloner, sir Thos. 
 who died in 1565, gives him a place among the Chalouer « 
 authors of Elizabeth's as;e, although he is most 
 known as a warrior. He was much favored by 
 the protector Somerset, and had been knighted 
 for his distinguished valor in the field at Mussel- 
 burgh, whither he had accompanied his patron. 
 Pie was born in London about I515. Having 
 been sent by Henry VIII. in the train of the am- 
 bassador to Charles V. of Germany, he accom- 
 panied that prince on his unlucky expedition 
 against Algiers ; there he was shipwrecked, and 
 with difficulty avoided drowning,^ by keeping 
 hold of a cable with his teeth, many of which 
 he lost by the exertion. He was an excellent 
 scholar, and wrote a book of good credit, ' Oa 
 the right ordering the [14] English Republic;' 
 
 he 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [l4] ' De Republica Anglorum instauranda,' a poem, 
 Chaloner wrote many other treatises, translated the ' Moria? 
 
 Encomium' 
 * Bale's ' God's Promises,' act 3, sc. ult. 
 + ' Voyage to Algier,'apudHukluyt, vol. J. 
 
80 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book Vlt, 
 
 Ctnt.xvr. ^ translated also a work from the Latin of Cog- 
 notus, for the use of his servants. Beino- en^a^ed, 
 in 1561, to manage an ill-omened negotiation 
 ■with Philip of Spain, he obtained his recal by- 
 addressing the susceptible heart of Elizabeth 
 with an elegy written in the style of Ovid. As he 
 was equally great in arms, science, and arts, he 
 was much lamented, and his funeral w r as honored 
 by an interesting and affectionate attendance.* 
 Sir Thos. The deeply-learned Sir Thomas Smith died 
 Smith. j n 1578 He had been born in 1512, and bred 
 at Cambridge, where he read Greek lectures, and 
 taught a new method of accentino; the language. 
 The protector, Somerset, made great use of his 
 abilities. He was in I54S, made secretary of 
 state and knighted. In 155 1 he went as ambassa- 
 dor to France. Mary deprived him of his places, 
 but allowed him lOOl. perannum; and Elizabeth 
 restored him again to power and confidence. 
 He had great knowledge in physic, chemistry, 
 
 and 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Encomium' of Erasmus, and, like Csesar, indited his own com- 
 mentaries. [Eerkenhout. 
 The son of Sir Thomas was a great naturalist; and by close 
 observation on the alum-works at Puzzoli, found means to intro- 
 duce that profitable manufacture to England, much to his coun- 
 try's advantage. 
 
 * Beikenhout's Lives, p. 501. 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 2. LEARNING, &C. 8 1 
 
 and mathematics ; [15] he was an excellent his- Cent.xvi. 
 torian and a o-ood linguist. He wrote a treatise 
 on the ' Commonwealth of England.' To him 
 collegiate bodies are indebted for a statute which 
 orders the third part of the rent on college leases 
 should be reserved in corn at the low price 
 which it then brought. It was not only the 
 Greek language to the propriety of which Sir 
 Thomas attended ; he formed a new alphabet for 
 the English tongue. It had twenty-nine letters ; 
 of these four were Greek, nineteen Roman, and 
 six English. He formed a system of orthography 
 easy to be comprehended, as it only prescribed 
 the writing down words according to their pro- 
 nunciation. His parts were shining, and his 
 attainments great ; yet could he be led by the 
 folly of his age to pursue with eagerness the fal- 
 lacious joys of alchymy, and to be an active per- 
 secutor of fancied witches/' 
 
 Nearly at the same juncture the historian loses Ralph 
 his faithful and entertaining guide, Ralph Ho- s i iec j. °" 
 
 lingshed, 
 
 NOTES. 
 [15] Sir Thomas was probably also acquainted with natural 
 philosophy in general. On his tomb, in the church of Theydon 
 Mount, Essex, are inscribed these four lines: 
 
 ' What earth, or seas, or skies contain, 
 What creatures in them be, 
 My minde did seeke to know, 
 
 My soul, the heavens continuallie.' 
 * Berkenhout, p. 495. 
 
 Vol. II. g 
 
82 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Centxvi. lingshed, of whom, and of his fellow-laborer, 
 William Harrison, we know nothing, except 
 that they were both clergymen. There are ge- 
 nerally above forty pages wanting in their Chro- 
 nicle, from page 1491 to I536; these are called 
 the Castrations. They relate chiefly to grants 
 made to the Lord Cobham, who falling into a 
 fatal disgrace, the printer thought this narrative 
 would be unseasonable. It was unkind and un- 
 just in those who knew the lives, education, and 
 conversation, of two persons to whom succeeding 
 ages owe so much instruction and amusement, 
 not to have noted them, when so many insigni- 
 ficants escape oblivion. 
 
 Reginald Reginald, the son of Sir Thomas Scot, of 
 Scot. ° 
 
 Scots-hall, Kent, died in 1599- He had been 
 
 bred at Hart-hall, Oxon, and thence retiring to 
 the country, studied so efficaciously as to con- 
 vince himself of the folly of crediting magic, 
 possessions, 8cc. the favorite nonsense of his age. 
 His ' Discovery of Witchcraft,' written as an 
 antidote to the absurdity of the times, had a 
 great effect on the magistrates and clergy. But 
 the preface to the Dsemonology of King James 
 brought them back to their prejudices, and 
 witch-burning went on again. [16] 
 
 In 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [16] Had our ancestors' minds been accessible to the attacks 
 of real humor, the poor, persecuted beldames of the 17th cen- 
 tury 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 2. LEARNING, &C. 83 
 
 In I568 died the eccentric but ingenious Centxvi. 
 Roger Ascham, who was born in Yorkshire" in Roger 
 1515, and bred at St. John's College, Cambridge. Ascham - 
 
 He 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 tury might have carried their white hairs clown to the grave in 
 peace. Hear Scot's description of the mythology of a nurse : 
 *' In our childhood our mother's maids have so terrified us with 
 an ugly devil, having homes on his head, fire in his mouth, 
 and a taile in his breech ; eyes like a bason, fanges like a dog, 
 clawes like a bear, a skinne like a negro, and a voice roaring 
 like a lion; whereby we start and are afraid when we hear one 
 cry, bough ! And they have so frayed us with bullbeggars, 
 spirits, witches, urchins, elves, hags, fairies, satyrs, Pans, 
 Fauns, Syrens ; Kit with the can'stick, tritons, centaures, 
 giants, dwarfes, imps, callcats, conjurors, nymphes, change- 
 lings, incubus, Robin Goodfellow, the spoorne, the mare, the 
 man in the oke, the hell-wayne, the fire- drake, the puckle, 
 Tom Thumbbe, Hob Goblin, Tom Tumbler, Boneless, and 
 such other bugges, that we are afraid of our own shadowes. 
 Insomuch that some never fear the devil but of a darke night, 
 and then a polled sheepe is a perillous beast, and many times 
 is taken for our fatlter's soul, especially in a church-yard,' 
 Sec. &c. The stories which our facetious author relates of 
 ridiculous charms which, by the help of credulity, operated 
 wonders, are extremely laughable. In one of them a poor 
 woman is commemorated who cured all diseases by muttering 
 a certain form of words over the party afflicted; for which 
 service she always received one penny and a loaf of bread. 
 At length, terrified by menaces of flames both in this world 
 and the next, she owned that her whole conjuration consisted 
 in these potent lines, which she always repeated in a low voice 
 near the head of her patient : 
 
 « Thy 
 * Grant de Obitu Rog. Ascham, p. 4, &c. 
 
 C 2 
 
84 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. j-j e distinguished himself so much by his excel- 
 lence in the Greek and Latin tongues, that 
 Henry VIII. and Edward VI. successively al- 
 lowed him a pension to enable him to travel. In 
 I548 he directed the studies of the great Eliza- 
 beth ; not liking this employment, he returned 
 abruptly to his college ; yet he was in great 
 favor with that lady when queen, although she 
 never enlarged his old pension of 20l. per an- 
 num. Ascham wrote an entertaining; Memoir on 
 the Long-bow, and an excellent Treatise on Edu- 
 cation. His attachment to dice and cock-fighting 
 kept him miserably poor. This poverty is no- 
 ticed by Buchanan, in an epigram which has 
 been, perhaps unjustly, charged with displaying 
 more wit than friendship. [17] Ascham had 
 
 the 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 * Thy loaf in my hand, 
 
 And thy penny in my purse, 
 Thou art never the better — 
 And I — am never the worse.' 
 
 Another tale or two, equally sarcastical and diverting, arc 
 unluckily too ludicrous for admission. 
 
 [Scot's Discovery of supposes Witchcraft. 
 
 [17] Let the reader judge for himself: 
 
 ' Aschamum extinctum patriae, Grajaaque Camaenae 
 Et Latias, vera cum pietatc, dolent ; 
 Principibus vixit carus, jucundus amicis 
 Re modicii. in mores dicere fama nequit.' 
 
 Far a- 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 2. LEARNING, &C. 85 
 
 the singular good fortune that, although known f ent * xvr ; 
 to be a Protestant, he escaped the anger of Queen 
 Mary, and even enjoyed her favor; Elizabeth, 
 too, when she heard of his death, exclaimed, that 
 she would rather have lost ten thousand pounds! 
 A strong testimony of that ©economical princess's 
 good-will. His talents were so blended with ac- 
 tivity, that he wrote for Mary, in the space of 
 three days, letters to forty-seven princes, the 
 meanest of whom was a cardinal. ' In a word,' 
 says his biographer, ' his Toxophilus was a good 
 book for young men, his Schoole-master for old 
 men, his Epistles for all men.' 
 
 Ascham was an elegant poet : but his verses 
 are not to be found in the best edition of his 
 works. 
 
 Humphrey Lloyd, Esq. of Denbigh, a cele- Hum- 
 brated antiquary, deceased in 1570. He studied yoyd 
 physic at Brazen-nose college, Oxon, but did 
 not practised He loved the arts, (music in par- 
 ticular) formed a map of England, and published 
 
 several 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Paraphrased. 
 The Attic and the Latian Muse deplore 
 
 The fate of Ascham, once their joy and pride ; 
 His lays shall charm the list'ning croud no more, 
 
 Esteem'd by kings, lov'd by his friends, he died. 
 Fortune denied her treasures — Juster Fame 
 Ilonor'd his worth, and spread abroad his name. 
 
 J. P. A. 
 
8G HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. several curious treatises. James I. purchased 
 many' books which Lloyd had collected, and 
 they are now in the British Museum. 
 
 Camden styles him ' a learned Briton ;' who, 
 for knowledge in antiquities was reported to 
 carry with him, after a sort, all the credit and 
 honor.* Perhaps the warmth of temper natural 
 to a Cambro- Briton carried him too far, when he 
 so severely epigrammatized an entertaining [18] 
 Scot ; the elegance of whose diction might at least 
 extenuate the errors of his credulity. 
 
 ' Hectoris historic! tot quot mendacia quaeris ? 
 Si vis numerem, lector amice, tibi ; 
 Idem me jubeas ductus numerare marinos, 
 Et liquidi stellas dinumerare poli.' 
 
 Imitated. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [18] Among those narratives which have injured the credit 
 of Boethius, one of the least extraordinary is that of an enor- 
 mous goose-footed otter, resident on the banks of Lough Gar- 
 loel, and described by Sir Duncan Campbel. Oaks could not 
 withstand the strokes of his tail, yet the affrighted fishermen 
 escaped his fury by taking refuge in trees. His sea-monks at 
 the Isle of Bass, and the wild Norwegians who could root up 
 the tallest fir like a turnip, are still stranger than his otter. 
 All these stories Boethius received from credible persons ; but 
 the story of the clack-goose or barnacle being completely formed 
 as a bird in the shell of a sea animal, he declares upon his own 
 knowledge, [Boethius' Scottish Histort. 
 
 • Camden's Eliza, 1568. 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. ^ 2. LEARNING, 8CC. 
 
 Imitated. 
 £ To count Boethius' lies you vainly ask, 
 'Twere a less arduous, less laborious task, 
 To number ocean's billows as they roll, 
 Or tell the stars that gild the liquid pole.' P. 
 Yet Erasmus, who knew him well, says 
 8 Boethius knew not what it was to lie.' 
 
 The fantastical pseudo-science of alchymy has Alchymy. 
 in all ages had its numerous votaries — in none 
 more than in that of Elizabeth. The play of 
 the ' Alchymist,' which closely followed her 
 reign, would have appeared totally destitute of 
 humor and of common sense to a nation which 
 had not some turn for the pursuit of this gaudy 
 meteor, and some knowledge of its terms of art. 
 A singular fanatic of this tribe we find in the per- 
 son of Thomas Charnock, born * in the isle of Thomas 
 
 Thanet. A.D. 1524, of aereditable family. Eao;er cll ^ r " 
 
 nock. 
 in his chace of the great secret, he pursued every 
 
 track of Rosicrusian knowledge from county to 
 
 county. In 1554 he received important lights 
 
 and intimations from an adept [19] at Salisbury. 
 
 A conflagration, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [19] And thus, with more gratitude than harmony of versi- 
 fication, does he express his acknowledgments : 
 ' I could find never man but one 
 
 Which could teach me the secrets of our stone, 
 And that was a priest in the close of Salisbury, 
 God rest his soul in heaven full merie !' 
 
 [Enygma Alchym.e. 
 * Fuller's Worthies, Kent, p. 82. 
 3 
 
gg HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. BOOK VII. 
 
 Cent xvi. A conflagration, the next year, destroyed his 
 works'; and again, in 1557, when he was ad- 
 vanced within one month of projection, he was, 
 by the malice of a neighbour, pressed to serve 
 as a soldier, which once more made his labor 
 vain. His woiks were all mysterious and alchy- 
 mistical, as appears by their titles, one being 
 styled ' The Poesie of the Rolle,' and another 
 4 Knock the child on the Head.' He wrote 
 too ' On the Philosopher's Dragon, which eateth 
 up her own Tail.' Some of his MSS and many 
 mysterious fragments of painting, by his own 
 hand, were in being at Comadye, Somersetshire, 
 in the time of Antony a Wood. 
 
 More a philosopher than a poet, it is thus that 
 he bespeaks, in its titlepage, his favorite work, 
 ' The Breviary :' 
 1 Forsatisfy'ne the minds of students in this art, 
 Thou' rt worthy of as many books as will lie in 
 a cart.' 
 He appears to have practised surgery * for his 
 maintenance. After 1574 he is heard of no more. 
 His education had probably been mean, as he 
 styles himself ' the unlettered scholar.' 
 Blanch Blanch Parry, born in 1508, and mistress of a 
 
 PanT * large estate, was the patroness of eccentric phi- 
 losophers. She venerated the studies of Dr. 
 
 John 
 
 * Theatrum Chymicum, p. 176. 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 2. LEARNING, &C. *Q 
 
 John Dee, and assisted in protecting him when Centxvi: 
 persecuted as a conjurer. She was not free from 
 an attachment to astrology and alchymy, but in- 
 dulged herself more freely in the pursuit of an- 
 tiquarian knowledge, and that of heraldry, in 
 both which sciences she was a great proficient. 
 She is ranked with the learned women of her 
 age, and had the honor of Queen Elizabeth's 
 particular favor. Her death, in I589, deprived 
 the poor of a beneficent friend, but she consoled 
 them by ample legacies.* 
 
 The pursuit of astrology, equally delusive with Astro- 
 that of the philosopher's stone, produced in the Io §y' 
 sixteenth century, one extraordinary character. 
 
 Dr. John Dee, born in London A D. 1527, Dr. John 
 
 Dee. 
 and bred at St. John's college, Cambridge, was 
 
 deeply skilled in the mathematics. Astronomy 
 and astrology were in his days frequently reci- 
 procally mistaken for each other. 
 
 The uncommon depth of the doctor's science, 
 and his close attention to the astronomical part 
 of his studies, made him be reputed a conjurer, 
 and drew upon him many, in some measure, un- 
 merited disgraces. [20] In 1583, his library, 
 
 consisting 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [20] The circumstance which occasioned his ill-name at 
 Cambridge was perfectly harmless; he had contrived a piece 
 of machinery to illustrate a scene in the Eipjjto? of Aristo- 
 phanes, 
 * Ballard's Ladies of Gr. Britain, Art. Parry. 
 
CO HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Centxvi. consisting of 4000 books, and 700 MSS at his 
 -^^' , ' house at Mortlake, in Surrey, -was, upon this 
 frivolous pretext, seized on, and taken from him. 
 This insult, and the scandal under which he lay, 
 tempted him to leave the kingdom, and to travel 
 to Bohemia, * in company with Edward Kelly, 
 a strange would-be magician. He returned in 
 1 92, and, in 1594, finding his former bad 
 reputation pursue him, requested of Elizabeth 
 either a trial, or licence to quit the realm. In 
 consequence, being indulged with a hearing, he 
 made his innocence, and the lawfulness of his 
 studies, appear so plainly to the queen, that he 
 was made Warden of Minchester in 1596 ; where 
 he was involved in many disputes, 8cc. with the 
 fellows. He died, very old, soon after the ac- 
 cession of James I. Some of his works are curious, 
 but perfectly unintelligible, particularly a large 
 folio volume, containing particulars of the doc- 
 tor's conversations with angels and spirits. 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES, 
 phanes, by representing the Scarabacus flying up to Jove with 
 a man, and a basket of victuals on his back. 
 
 [Dee's Camp. Rehearsal. 
 The doctor cannot be so well cleared as to the absurdity of 
 consulting the stars to find a propitious day for Elizabeth's co- 
 ronation. Yet we must not wonder at his giving way to the 
 folly when Leicester and Pembroke applauded him, and when 
 the queen herself (as there is reason to believe) approved of his 
 research. [Ibid. 
 
 * Theatrum Chyrn. p. 480. 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. | €. LEARNING, &C. 91 
 
 The fate of Edward Kelly, alias Talbot, was Centxvi. 
 connected with that of Dr. Dee ; he was an ec- sir Ed- 
 centric adventurer, born at Worcester in 1555, JY a .j 
 and bred at Glocester-hall, Oxford ; who, bavins 
 lost his ears in Lancashire, (not probably for the 
 ridiculous causes intimated by Weaver*,) fled to 
 Germany in the train of that supposed mage ; in 
 which his credulous age allotted him the fan- 
 tastical post of ' skryer,' descryer, or seer of 
 visions. [2l] He was probably an ingenious 
 impostor; for the German emperor, Rodolph II. 
 thought him worthy the honor of knight iOod, 
 on his promising to aid him in his alchymical 
 researches. Kelly (now Sir Edward) quitted 
 Dr. Dee, and, by the aid of a vase of elixir, 
 (which he professed himself to have found in 
 the ruins of Glastonbury Abbey) appeared to 
 effect the transmutation of a brazen warming- 
 pan into pure silver. It seems, however, by the 
 Oxford antiquary's account, that this deception 
 
 cost 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [21] The conjurations of Dr. Dee having induced his fami- 
 liar spirit to visit a kind of talisman, Kelly was appointed to 
 watch and describe his gestures. The stone used by these im- 
 postors is now in the Strawberry-hill collection ; it appears to 
 be a polished piece of canal coal. To this Butler refers when 
 he writes, 
 
 ' Kelly did all his feats upon 
 The devil's looking-glass, a stone.' 
 
 [Hudibras. 
 Kelly gave out, that his corresponding angels had recom- 
 mended to him a plurality of wives. [Grainger. 
 * Fua. Monuments, p. 45. 
 
§S HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. cos (; hi m his liberty and his life.* The Ger- 
 man emperor put him in confinement at Prague ; 
 while Elizabeth, to whom a piece of the metal 
 had been sent, anxious to recover so useful a 
 subject, tempted him to return to England so 
 forcibly, that, at the peril of his life, he tried 
 to scale his prison-walls, but fell, broke his 
 leg, and died A. D. 1595- The extravagance of 
 Kelly is said to have known no bounds during 
 the high-tide of his favor at the Imperial court. 
 At the marriage of a servant he is said to have 
 expended 40001. in presents. He wrote some 
 account of his discoveries, wrapt in unintelligible 
 language. [22] 
 
 State of Scotland, in the sixteenth century, was too 
 
 Scottish . . . .. . . . . 
 
 learning much molested by civil broils to keep an equal 
 
 pace in the paths of literature with her more pa- 
 cific sister. Like all other nations, she had seen 
 before the reformation, the little learning which 
 
 the 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [22] His work begins thus : 
 * All you that fair philosophers would be, 
 
 And night and day in Geber's kitchen broyle, 
 Wasting the chips qf antient Hermes' tree, 
 Weening to turn them to a pretious oyle ; 
 The more you work, the more you lose and spoyle. 
 To you I say, " How learn'd so'er you be, 
 Go ! burn your books, and come and learn of me." 
 
 [Fuller's Wortiiils. 
 * Ath. Oxon. vol. i. col. 279, 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 2. LEARNING, &C. 93 
 
 the realm afforded, monopolized [23] by the Centxvi. 
 clergy ; whose members found it their interest to 
 add the reputation of science, to that weight which 
 their wealth and landed possessions conferred 
 upon them. Yet the studies on which they va- 
 lued themselves, were little else than barbarous 
 and uninstructive'polemics ; and equally destitute 
 of philosophy and true taste. 
 
 The reformation itself did little service at first Not im- 
 to the cause of letters. The clangor of arms "jedbV 
 frighted away the Muses ; and the barbarous (al- therefor- 
 though perhaps useful) policy of John Knox, in 
 demolishing the pompous trappings of supersti- 
 tion and bigotry, at the same stroke, either de- 
 stroyed or drove into exile almost every vestige 
 of antient learning [24] which Scotland con- 
 tained. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [23] Notwithstanding the establishment of universities of 
 Scotland, in the beginning of the fifteenth century, it had been 
 found necessary, from the great averseness which the military 
 spirit of the times manifested as to literature, to enact a sta- 
 tute,"- in 1494, compelling every baron or freeholder of sub- 
 stance to put his eldest son and heir to school, and there to keep 
 him until he should acquire a thorough knowledge, first of 
 Latin, and afterwards of the law of the land, ' that they may 
 have knowledge to do justice,' saith the act, ' and that the puir 
 people sulde have no neede to seek our sovereign lordis princi- 
 pal auditor for ilk (every) small injurie.' 
 
 [*2 1] The learning of Knox's followers by no means kept 
 pace with their zeal. It was. soon after the reformation, 
 
 found 
 ♦ Stat. 64, Pari. 5,Jac.4. 
 
Q4 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. tained. Some records and other curious MSS 
 Destruc- were lately existing in the Scots college" at Paris, 
 
 turn of re- fo^ i conveyed thither by archbishop Beaton and 
 cords, ace. L - J l 
 
 others at the commencement of the religious 
 
 commotions. Most of those which were left be- 
 hind fell a sacrifice to the tasteless and madly 
 zealous followers of the unfeeling; Knox. Among; 
 these unfortunately ' was,' says Mr. Pennant, 'a 
 curious collection of MSS gathered oether by 
 the indefatigable monks of Jona, one of the He- 
 brides. Boethius affirms, that Fergus, a north- 
 ern chief, having joined Alaric, at the sack of 
 Rome, in A. D. 4 10, brought away, as his share 
 of the plunder, a chest of books, and gave them 
 to that monastery. ./Eneas Sylvius Piccolomini 
 (afterwards Pope Pius II.) meant to have searched 
 that library for the lost works of Livy, but was 
 prevented by the death of James I. of Scotland. 
 In 1525, a small parcel had been brought to 
 Aberdeen, and carefully examined ; but what 
 MSS were decyphered seemed rather to belong 
 to Sallust than to Livy. Unhappily, the mis- 
 judging 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 found necessary to restrain the giving orders to illiterate men, 
 * unless they were found qualified hy the General Assembly To 
 discharge the ministerial office by reason of their singular graces 
 and gifts of God.' [Book of Universal Kirk. 
 
 [25] The Scottish college was founded at Paris, A. D. 1325, 
 by a Bishop of Murray. 
 
 * Nicholson's Sc. Library, p. CO. 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 2. LEARNING, &C . 95 
 
 judging zeal of a passionately-reforming synod Cent. ^vi.. 
 6\vept away these, and many other valuable ma- 
 nuscripts and records, to a promiscuous destruc- 
 tion.' 
 
 Notwithstanding these disadvantages, several Prodigies 
 persons eminent in literature, and two, univer- ^ ur( ! eu " 
 sally allowed to have been prodigies of science 
 and accomplishment, flourished during the reign 
 of James VI. and triumphed over every impedi- 
 ment which civil discord, domestic penury, and 
 the contemptuous neglect of a tasteless court, 
 could place in the way to embarrass their pro- 
 gress towards the temple of Fame. Yet, to en- 
 courage the growth of these shoots of literature, 
 it was found necessary to transplant them to a 
 less turbulent climate. However, the admirable 
 Crichton, with Boyd, Buchanan, and Lesley, 
 Bishop of Ross, all living at the same period, 
 form a quartetto perhaps unequalled by the an- 
 nals of any other nation than Scotland. 
 
 The elegant Mary Stuart set a bright example 
 to her subjects. Not contented with light and 
 graceful accomplishments, with which the court 
 of Catherine de Medicis could supply her, she 
 studied the dead languages ; and, at a very early 
 age," astonished the king and court, by pro- 
 nouncing an oration, composed by herself, in 
 
 classical 
 
 * Preface to Jtapin's Comparisons. 
 
96 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Centxvi. classical Latin. Her skill in poetry was great, 
 
 and her elegiac compositions truly affecting. 
 The ad- James Crichton, better known as ' The Ad- 
 Crichton. mirable Crichton,' was the son of Robert Crichton 
 of Clunie, who had commanded a division of 
 Queen Mary's troops at the decisive fight of 
 Langside. He was born in 1551, and bred at 
 Perth school, and at St. Andrew's" college, un- 
 der John Rutherford. [26] Before the age of 
 twenty he had run through all the circle of the 
 sciences, could speak and write to perfection in 
 many different languages, and was an excellent 
 proficient in v'ery graceful accomplishment. 
 
 He now be^an his travels, and reaching- Paris, 
 dazzk- the eyes of those who taught in that ce- 
 lebrated . live- ; ity by the splendor of his talents. 
 * They found him,' says an eye-witness, ' though 
 so young, expert in every science. In vocal 
 and instrumental music none could exceed him; 
 in painting and drawing he met with no equal; 
 he was such a master of the swore' th?t none 
 could fight him ; for he would throw himself 
 on his antagonist by a jump of twenty-four 
 
 feet, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [26] Aldus calls Crichton first cousin to James VI. and 
 says, that he was educated with him under Buchanan, Ruther- 
 ford, Sec. 
 
 * Dempster's Eccles. Hist. p. 1876. Urquhart's Vindica- 
 tion, &c. 
 
Ch. IV. Ft. II. § 2. LEARNING, See. 07 
 
 feet, and disarm him.' In short, it was agreed by 9*"^*^*; 
 the most learned men that, ' should a student 
 spend a hundred years without eating, drinking, 
 or sleeping, he could never attain to the pitch of 
 Crichton's knowledge.' He disputed with un- 
 wearied success on medicine, civil and canon law, 
 and theology. In every science he appeared to 
 know more than human nature would bear ; and, 
 after he had completely defeated in a religious 
 debate four chosen doctors of divinity, the univer- 
 sity smoothed every difficulty by attributing his 
 vast success to preternatural aid, and determin- 
 ing the accomplished Scot to be Antichrist. 
 
 Not the least astonishing circumstance in His in- 
 
 Crichton's singular life, seems to have been the consist " 
 
 encc. 
 extreme dissipation in which his time was daily 
 
 spent. Instead of cultivating his mind by a close 
 application to study, he devoted his hours to 
 ' hunting, hawking, tilting, vaulting, balls, con- 
 certs, cards, dice, and tennis.' So that when he 
 had publicly posted up a challenge, offering to 
 dispute ' de omni scibili,' on any or every 
 science, in any of twelve different languages, he 
 was insulted by a pasquinade ; which, written 
 close beneath his challenge, proclaimed, that 
 i whoever wished to discourse with this monster 
 of erudition might be sure of finding him at the 
 " Bordello." 
 
 The dispute, however, proceeded, and lasted 
 Vol. II. h from 
 
gg HISTORY O* GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Centxvi. f rom n i n e in the morn till six at night; when 
 His tri- Crichton, completely victorious, received a dia- 
 umphs. m0 nd ring and a purse of gold, accompanied by 
 a very florid eulogium from the president of the 
 university. This honor befel him in 157 1- The 
 limits of this work will not permit the historian 
 to accompany this prodigy to Rome and to Ve- 
 nice. At each of these cities he astonished the 
 wise and terrified the vulgar, who thought that 
 only an evil spirit could inspire such apparently 
 preternatural exertions. Boccalini, the historian 
 of Parnassus, records the challenges of Crichton; 
 and Aldus Manutius, the celebrated printer of 
 Venice, bears witness to facts which, without such 
 a respectable testimonial, might perhaps have 
 been doubted. 
 
 At Mantua, in 15 81, this bright but short-lived 
 
 Appoint- me t eor was extinguished. A prize-fio-hter pro- 
 ed tutor & r ° * 
 
 to the tected by the duke had slain three antagonists, 
 
 Ma t °a' an ^ ^ ls noble patron wished to be rid of so dan- 
 son, gerous an inmate. Crichton offered to fight him 
 before the Mantuan court, slew him, and, by 
 dividing the rich prize which he gained by his 
 success amonp; the widows of the slain cham- 
 pions, raised the applauses of the people even to 
 adoration. He became the darling of the Italian 
 ladies, and was chosen by the duke to be tutor to 
 his only son Vincentio Gonzaga, a youth unhap- 
 pily of a ferocious, profligate disposition. 
 
 To 
 
Cll. IV. Pt. II. § 2. LEARNING, &C. 9i> 
 
 To maintain the fame he had gained, the inimi- ^nt xvi. 
 table Scot composed a drama in the Italian lan- 
 guage, humorously exposing the follies and frail- 
 ties of every profession in life. It had fifteen 
 characters, and the wonderful Crichton acted 
 every part himself; and succeeded so completely 
 as to enchant the whole court, and almost cause 
 the death of the spectators by laughing. [27] 
 
 h2 ■ A tragic 
 
 NOTES. 
 [27] Crichton had the fortune to find a biographer as 
 extraordinary as himself, Sir Thomas Urquhart; who, after 
 having traced his own genealogy from Adam with the most 
 scrupulous exactness, turned his thoughts to our hero, and 
 recounted his adventures in a style which has no parallel. 
 Listen to the effects of Crichton's drama: ' The logo-fascinated 
 spirits of the beholding hearers and auricularie spectators, 
 were so on a sudden seized upon, in the risible faculties of the 
 soul, and all their vital motions so universally affected in this 
 extremity of agitation, that, to avoid the inevitable charmes of 
 liis intoxicating ejaculations, and the accumulative influences of 
 So powerful a transportation, one of my lady dutchess chief 
 maids of honor, by the vehemence of the shocks of these incom- 
 prehensible raptures, burste forth into a laughter, to the rup- 
 ture of a veine in her bodie,' &c. kc. Another poor young lady, 
 * not being able to support the well-beloved burthen of so 
 excessive delight and intransing joyes of such mercurial exhila- 
 rations, through the ineffable extasie of an over-mastered appre- 
 hension, fell back in a swoon, without the appearance of any 
 other life in her than what, by the most refined wits of theolo- 
 gical speculators, is conceived to be exerced by the purest parts 
 oi the separated entelechies of blessed saints, in their sublimest 
 ionversations with the celestial hierarchies,' kc. kc. 
 
 [Urquhapt's Vindication of Scotlanb, 
 
100 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvl A tragic scene too soon succeeded to this co- 
 medy. Crichton was beloved by a lady of youth, 
 rank, and exquisite beauty, on whom Vincentio 
 had in vain harbored designs. The happy lover 
 was assailed at his mistress's door by a party of 
 masqued bravos. He repulsed their united efforts 
 with ease ; when the leader losing his sword, beg- 
 ged for life; and, unmasquing, shewed the face of 
 And fo{ s p U pi) ; the young duke. Awed at the sight, 
 Crichton fell on his knees, and holding his 
 sword by the point, presented it to the worthless 
 youth ; who, guided by the most diabolical ma- 
 lice and envy, stabbed him with his own weapon 
 to the heart. 
 
 The admirable Crichton, although he wrote 
 many treatises and other works, has left us no- 
 thing except two poems, both extant in the 
 1 Delicis Poetarum Scoticorum.' 
 Mark Another prodigy of knowledge and accom- 
 
 Alex- plishments was Mark Alexander Boyd, born* in 
 Itoyd. Galloway, A. D. 1562, and reported to have en- 
 tered the world provided completely with teeth. 
 In versatility and excellence of genius this youth 
 nearly equalled the ' admirable' Crichton. He 
 studied at Glasgow, but quarrelling with his mas- 
 sters, he cudgelled them both, burnt his books and 
 took to the profession of a soldier in the service 
 of France. He returned, however, to his studies, 
 and became so expert in the knowledge of tongues 
 
 as 
 
 * Prodromus Hist. Natur. Scoticc, lib. iii. pars 2, p. 2, 3, 4. 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 2. LEARNING, &C. J01 
 
 as to dictate to three scribes, in three different Ian- CentxvL 
 o-uag-es, at the same time. He wrote eleg-ies like 
 those of Ovid; [28] made Psalms and Hymns 
 like a David, and turned Caesar's Commentaries 
 into Greek in the style of Herodotus. His per- 
 son was engaging, and he was as great at the 
 sword as the pen. Sir R. Sibbald calls him the 
 best Scottish poet of his age. He led the greater 
 part of his unsettled life in France, but died at 
 his father's seat, Pinkhill, in 1601.* 
 
 A more sedate and consistent, if not so bright, George 
 
 a fame as the two preceding;, had the celebrated Bucha " 
 r ° nan. 
 
 Latin poet, George Buchanan, born A. D. 1506, 
 at Kiikerne, a small village in Scotland. Being: 
 one of a numerous and distressed family, he listed 
 with the French auxiliaries in Scotland, but could 
 not support the fatigues of a military life. In 
 1524 he was invited to St. Andrew's by Professor 
 Maiz, Avhom he accompanied to France. He 
 passed some years in deep study, chiefly at Paris, 
 and in extreme penury, not daring to return to 
 Scotland for fear of persecution, as he was an ea- 
 ger advocate for reformation. In I565, his great 
 talents becoming known, he was appointed pre- 
 ceptor 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [28] ' In M. A. Bodio, Scoto,' writes an eminent critic, 
 ' redivivum spectamus Nasonetn ; ea est in ejusdem epistoiis 
 heroi'dum, lux, candor, dexteritas.' 
 
 [Olaus Borrichius m Poetis, 
 * Grainger, vol. i. p. 267, 
 
102 HISTORY OF GREAT IRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvr ce ptor [29] to James VI. of Scotland. His 
 Psalms in Latin verse, and his History of Scot- 
 land, are read as classics. His severe remarks on 
 the errors of the unfortunate Mary Stuart, raised 
 him many foes, and are by no means laudable, as 
 they bear the marks of self-interest, partiality, and 
 malice against a woman in distress. 
 
 Buchanan said of himself, that he was born 
 ' nee ccelo, nee solo, nee saeculo erudito ;' ' neither 
 in a climate, a soil, or an age of learning;' yet, by 
 great abilities and application, he gained the pre? 
 cedence of all his contemporaries in purity of 
 style and knowledge of the Latin tongue. 
 
 Although Buchanan was a reformer, a historian 
 and a psalmodist, [30] yet that he did not disdain 
 to sport in the gayer walks of Parnassus, the fol- 
 lowing epigram is a proof, among numberless 
 light pieces of poetry ; 
 
 'Ilia, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [29] It is scarce worth while to turn to Mackenzie for a 
 ludicrous story of Buchanan and the Lady Marr. The tutor 
 made his royal scholar respect him, and spared not manual 
 chastisement when merited. 
 
 [Life of Buchanan apud Mackenzie. 
 
 [30] The most elegant of Buchanan's translations is suppos- 
 ed to be that of the 104th Psalm. Eight other Scottish bards 
 have vied with the venerable reformer. One Dr. Eglisem pro- 
 nounced himself victor in the contest. 
 
 [Graincsji. 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 2. LEARNING, &C. 103 
 
 ' Ilia, mihi semper, presenti dura, Nejera, Cent. xvi. 
 
 Me, quoties absum, semper abesse dolet ; 
 ]Non desiderio nostri, non mceret amore, 
 
 Sed se non nostro posse dolore frui.' 
 
 ^feaera, present to my vows unkind, 
 
 When absent, still my absence seems to 
 mourn ; 
 
 Not mov'd by love, but that my tortur'd mind 
 With anguish unenjoy'd by her, is torn. P. 
 
 The Hendasillabg: of the same ingenious Scot 
 are much more playful ; some of them, although 
 apparently improper to follow the Psalms of 
 David, might have been a proper supplement to 
 the Song of his royal successor.* 
 
 The latter days of Buchanan were employed 
 jn completing his well-known Scottish History, 
 fie died in 1572, [31] in more affluence than 
 men of wit and learning commonly attain, having 
 considerable posts in Scotland, and a pension from 
 Elizabeth. ' His happy genius,' writes one of 
 his most judicious countrymen, t ' equally formed 
 to e\cel in prose or verse, more various, more 
 original, and more elegant than that of almost 
 
 any 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [31] After having shewn to his old tutor an unpardonable 
 
 neglect, James VI. condescended to send a nobleman to en- 
 quire after his health. ' Tell his Majesty, 5 quaintly replied 
 (as they say) the irritated sage, ' tell him that I am going to A 
 place where king's flesh is venison.' 
 
 -•'• Buchanani Opera, Elz. edit. p. 312, 313, 314. 
 
 4 Robertson, vol. ii. p^256, 257. 
 
104 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VH, 
 
 Cent.XM. anv t ner modern who writes in Latin, reflects, 
 with regard to this particular, the greatest lustre 
 on his country.' 
 John The earliest Scottish historian within the pe- 
 
 ^ ajor * riod now under observation, was John Major, 
 born in 1469 at Haddington, in East Lothian. 
 He appears to have studied some time both at 
 Oxford and Cambridge." After visiting Paris and 
 other foreign universities, he returned to Scot- 
 land, and taught theology at St. Andrews. Dis- 
 gusted at the disputes among his countrymen, he 
 re-visited Paris, where he read lectures with 
 great applause. Du Pin and Launoy have writ- 
 ten high commendations of the abilities of Major 
 in polemic divinity, and his pupils in that (then 
 fashionable) science, are said to have become men 
 of eminence. He once more sought his own 
 country in 1530, and died at St Andrew's in 1547, 
 
 aged 78. 
 
 John Lesley, a faithful adherent to the most 
 
 Bishop ' 1 r • 
 
 Lesley, unfortunate of queens, was the son ot an eminent 
 lawyer. He was born A. D. 1526, and bred a 
 divine at the university of Aberdeen.4- His 
 warm attachment to the Roman Catholic faith 
 occasioned his being frequently employed in ne- 
 gotiations between Mary Stuart and those of her 
 peers who followed her religion. As he had 
 
 considerable 
 
 * Ath. Oxon. vol. i. col. 54. 
 + Mackenzie, vol. ii. p. 502. 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 2. LEARNING, &C. 105 
 
 Cent.XVL 
 
 considerable abilities, and great learning, he rose Cent.xvr. 
 
 by quick steps to ecclesiastical dignity, and be 
 came in 1565-6 Bishop of Ross. His trans- 
 actions as the secretary and confidant of Mary 
 have been recited, as well as that ill-omened con- 
 fession which, drawn from the timid prelate 
 through fear of the rack and the axe, cost his 
 hapless queen her life. Permitted to quit Eng- 
 land, he retired to Brussels, where he died, after 
 fruitlessly endeavouring to excite the princes of 
 Europe to espouse the cause of Mary. His book, 
 4 De Origine, Moribus, et Gestis Scotorum,' is 
 ranked among the best histories, both in style and 
 materials. The Latin of Bishop Lesley was pure, 
 and he wrote, says Bishop Nicholson, ' like one 
 neither swayed by his own passions, nor by the 
 crroundless reports of others.'* 
 
 David Chambers was a learned Scottish histo- David 
 
 rios;rapher, born in Ross-shire about 1530, and cliaav 
 
 bers. 
 bred at the university of Aberdeen. After 
 
 spending some time in travelling through France 
 and Italy he returned to his country, and was by 
 Queen Mary preferred in the church, and em- 
 ployed in digesting the Laws of Scotland. He 
 was afterwards appointed one of the Lords of 
 Session ; but the misfortunes of his royal patro- 
 ness having involved him, and her other adherents 
 in their vortex, he retired first to Spain, and 
 
 then 
 
 * Scot. Hist. chap. 1. 
 
106 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 WJ then to France, in each of which countries he 
 was kindly received. He died at Paris 1592, 
 much regretted, it is said, hy those who knew 
 him.* The History of Scotland, which he wrote 
 in French, he presented to Charles IX. Kino- 
 of France. In all his works his attachment to 
 Mary Stuart, and his veneration and preference 
 of his native country are ever the leading features. 
 Cheyac. ^ r ' ^ ames Cheyne v. as the son of a Laird of 
 Arnagies, in Aberdeenshire, at which place he 
 was born about 1545- Fie was bred at the uni- 
 versity of Aberdeen, and took orders in the Ro- 
 mish church ; but the reformation under John 
 Knox and his associates advancing with swift steps 
 in Scotland, Gheyne retired to France, and taught 
 philosophy in Paris. Thence he removed to 
 Douay in Flanders, where taking the degree of 
 doctor, he was appointed professor of philosophy 
 in the Scots college, of which he afterwards be- 
 came rector; also canon and grand penitentiary 
 of the cathedral at Tournay, at which place he 
 died in 1602. He was esteemed one of the first 
 mathematicians and philosophers of his age.* 
 Ladies Several other men of science [32] flourished a( 
 
 iotite- this period both in England and Scotland, whose 
 Taturc. names 
 
 NOTES. 
 [32] In England, Wotton, Broke, Ridley, Tonstal, fcc (Sir 
 Philip Sidney will class with the poets.} In Scotland, the tw« 
 Barclays, Adamson, Arbuthnot, and Blissat. 
 
 '• Mackenzie, vol. iii. p. 3S0. -[ Ibid. p. 4b9. 
 
Ol. IV, Pt. II. § 2, LEARNING, &C. 107 
 
 names cannot here be brought forward, as the Cent - XVI - 
 author is conscious that the space allotted to this 
 department is already far too large, and there 
 yet remains the irresistible claim of many learn- 
 ed females for admittance. 
 
 He will begin with Margaret,* a lady whose Magare* 
 maiden surname is not certain, allied to, and bred 
 up in, the family of Sir Thomas More. She cor- 
 responded with the great Erasmus, who commends 
 her epistles for their good sense and chaste Lar 
 tin. She honored Sir Thomas More almost to 
 idolatry. She would commit faults purely to be 
 chid by him; such moderation andhun anity did 
 he use in his anger. The shirt in which he suf- 
 fered, stained with his blood, and his hair-shirt, 
 she preserved as relics. In 153 1 she married her 
 learned tutor, Dr. John Clement, with whom she 
 left England on account of her religion, and 
 settled at Mechlin, in Brabant ; where she died 
 A. D. 1570. 
 
 Another Margaret, daughter to Sir Thomas Margaret 
 More, and afterwards the wife of William Roper, More « 
 Esq. of Eltham, was the most learned woman of 
 her time* She shared with the former Margaret 
 the praises of Erasmus, and was so deeply read in 
 the fathers, that she restored (as is acknowledged 
 by two commentators, J. Costerus and Pamelion) 
 a depraved passage in St. Cyprian, reading, 
 
 1 Nervos 
 
 * Ballard's Ladies, Sec. Art. Margaret. 
 
108 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. <■ Nervos sinceritatis,' 
 
 for 
 
 * Nisi vos sinceritatis.* 
 
 She translated Eusebius's History from the 
 
 Greek, but never printed the work, there being 
 
 already a good translation by J. Christopherson. 
 
 The tender affection which this accomplished 
 
 lady bore to her father survived his catastrophe ; 
 
 she purchased his head from those who guarded 
 
 it on the tower of London-bridge,+ and was 
 
 interred with that melancholy relique in her 
 
 arms. [33] 
 
 Daugh- "j/lie house of Sir Anthony Cooke of Essex 
 
 Sir An- was fruitful! in exemplary females. Mildred, 
 
 thony t | ie eJde^ was married, in 1546, to Sir William 
 Cooke. 
 
 Cecil, afterwards Lord Burghley, a minister 
 
 highly esteemed in the court of Queen Elizabeth. 
 Her learning, piety, and charity, were exem- 
 plary ; she died in 1589, after having lived 42 
 years a happy wife; and her husband's ' Me- 
 ditation on her Decease' does honor both to her 
 and himself. 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 [33] The skull may still be seen in a vault at St. Dunstan's 
 church at Canterbury, where Margaret Roper was buried. 
 
 [Gostung's Walk, 
 * Fuller's Worthies, London, p. 209. 
 -1- Ibid. p. 210. 
 % Ibid. Essex, p. 32&. 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 2. Learning, &c. 109 
 
 The sense and erudition of Sir Anthony's se- CentXVL 
 cond daughter, Anne, caused her to be appointed 
 governess to Edward VI. At the age of twenty- 
 two she published twenty-five sermons, translated 
 by herself from the Italian tongue. She after- 
 wards became the wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon. 
 
 Catharine, another child of this fortunate pa- 
 rent, was celebrated for her knowledge of the 
 Hebrew, Greek, and Latin languages; she mar- 
 ried Sir Henry Killigrew of Cornwall. There 
 needs no farther testimony of her skill and taste 
 in Latin poetry than the elegant and tender epistle 
 which she addressed to her sister Mildred, [34] to 
 desire her interest with her husband, Cecil, Lord 
 Burghley, that Sir Henry might be excused from 
 a critical and perilous French embassy, and be 
 permitted to quit the court, and visit Cornwall : 
 
 ' Si mihi quem cupio, cures Mildreda remitti, Epistle in 
 
 Tu bona, tu melior, tu mihi sola soror. Latlu 
 
 bin male cunctando retmes, vel trans mare mittas, 
 
 Tu mala, tu pejor, tu mihi nulla soror. 
 It si Cornubiam, tibi pax sit et omnia laeta; 
 
 Sin mare, Cecili, nuntio bella, vale !' 
 
 Beneath 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [34] The accomplishments and virtues of this lady have 
 been celebrated by the elegant Buchanan in four successive 
 poems. The name ' Mildreda' is indeed much better formed 
 for a poet's use than that of her father, to whom he addresses 
 an epigram by the style of ' Antonius Cucus,' 
 
110 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book Vlf . 
 
 Cent-XVL Beneath is Dr. Fuller's translation, which, 
 though it rivals not the elegance of the original, 
 is by no means deficient in expression: 
 * If, Mildred, by thy care he be 
 Sent back, whom I request ; 
 A sister good thou art to me, 
 Yea better, yea the best. 
 
 But, if with stays thou keepst him still, 
 Or sendst where seas do part, 
 
 Then unto me a sister ill, 
 
 Yea worse, yea none, thou art. 
 
 If go to Cornwall he shall please, 
 
 I peace to thee foretell ; 
 But, Cecil, if he's sent to seas, 
 
 I war denounce. Farewell.' 
 
 CHAP. 
 
Ch. IV. Part II. 1 3. learning, &c. Ill 
 
 CHAP. IV.— SECTION III. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE PRINCIPAL SEMINARIES OF LEARN- 
 ING THAT WERE FOUNDED IN GREAT BRITAIN, 
 FROM A. D. 1547, TO A. D. l6f)3. 
 
 T 
 
 HE flux and reflux of superstition's billows Cent.xvr. 
 
 seem to have had little effect on the Arm- Disad- 
 
 minded and beneficent well-wishers to literature vanta S es 
 
 of lite- 
 
 in Great Britain. Wealth and leisure were found rature 
 
 to erect six colleges in Oxford and Cambridge, "" dcr 
 
 . -^ Mary* 
 
 besides several schools in other parts of Eng- 
 land. Nor was Scotland, although involved in 
 almost unremitting turbulence, without her ad- 
 ditions to the general stock of literature. 
 
 It is true, that the bigot Mary, although she 
 enriched both the universities with considerable 
 benefactions, meant the encouragement of super- 
 stition, rather than of learning. Yet, in the very 
 centre of her bloody deeds, and at a period when 
 the elegant studies were beginning again to yield jv ewco ]_ 
 to polemics, there arose a college at Oxford, leges in 
 avowedly destined by its founder, Sir Thomas 
 Pope, A. D. 1554, for the improvement of 
 classical literature. In the statutes a lecturer is 
 particularly appointed, and enjoined to ' exert his 
 utmost diligence in tincturing his auditors with 
 
 a just 
 
112 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book Vll. 
 
 Cent. xvi. a j U st relish for the graces and purity of the Latin 
 tongue.' And such rules are ojven, and such 
 exercises peculiarly pointed out, that it seems 
 impossible for the student to escape a thorough 
 knowledge of Latin literature. [35] 
 
 Trinity This was Trinity college ; a president, twelve 
 
 college, fellows, and twelve scholars, were appointed by 
 the founder ; the whole number of members are 
 about seventy, and the Bishop of Winchester is 
 the visitor. [36] 
 
 St. John's St John's college (placed on the site of Ber- 
 
 college • 
 
 ' nard's college, erected in 1437 by the munificent 
 Chicheley) was founded, in 1557, by Sir Thomas 
 White, alderman and merchant-taylor of London. 
 It had a president, fifty fellows, three clerks, three 
 
 chaplains, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [35] Yet, in 1563, there were only two divines at Oxford 
 who were capable of preaching before the university. And, 
 in 1570, Home, Bishop of Winton, enjoined to his minor 
 canons, tasks almost beneath the abilities of an ordinary school- 
 boy. 
 
 The very low state of public education, in the middle 
 of Elizabeth's reign, may be collected from a provision in 
 Archbishop Parker's foundation of three scholarships at Cam- 
 bridge, dated 1567. They are to be supplied by the most con- 
 siderable schools in Kent and Norfolk, and are to be ' the best 
 and aplest schollers, well instructed in the grammar, and (if it 
 tnay be J such as can make a verse.' 
 
 [36] The civil war between Charles I. and his parliament 
 having occasioned great devastation in Oxford, a president, Dr. 
 Ralph Bathurst, expended near 20001. in rebuilding the chapel. 
 Trinity college has met with no other benefactor. 
 
 4 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 3. LEARNING, &C. 1 It 
 
 chaplains, and six choristers. Since that year the Cent.xvi. 
 number of its benefactors has been considerable ; 
 and we find among them Sir William Paddy, 
 who founded and endowed the present choir; 
 Archbishop Laud, who erected most part of the 
 second court ; Archbishop Juxon, who gave 
 70001. to augment the fellowships ; Dr. and Mrs. 
 Holmes, who allotted 15,0001. to augment the 
 officers' salaries, 8cc. ; and Dr. Rawlinson, who 
 gave to t he college a large landed estate in 
 reversion. 
 
 Since the foundation, an organist, five singing- 
 men, and two sextons, have been added, and one 
 chaplain and three clerks appear to have been 
 discarded. 
 
 About seventy students reside at St. John's col- 
 lege, and the bishop of Winchester is the visitor. 
 
 Jesus college owes its foundation to Queen y esus co j„ 
 Elizabeth who provided for a principal, eight Ie S e « 
 fellows, and eight scholars. Since her time it 
 has received so many benefactions from Charles I. 
 Sir Leeline Jenkins, Dr. Mansel, and others, that 
 its numbers are augmented to nineteen fellows, 
 eighteen scholars, and, in all, to ninety persons. 
 
 Cambridge could boast of as many new founda- £ am _ 
 tions as Oxford, if Gonvil and Caius college is bridge. 
 allowed as one. It was 200 years after its origi- Gonvil 
 
 nal foundation that Dr. John Caius, by buildino- and Caius 
 
 J t # ° college. 
 
 a new court to that edifice, and by endowing it, 
 
 in 1557, with demesnes, manors, and advowsons, 
 
 to a great amount, was thought to merit the honor 
 
 Vol. II. 1 of 
 
114 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 C«nt,XVL of having his name joined to that of the original 
 founder in the appellation of the structure, which 
 before was only known as Gonvil-hall. The so- 
 ciety has a master, twenty-six fellows, seventy- 
 one scholars, and four exhibitioners. The visitors 
 are, the provost of King's college, the master of 
 Benedict college, and the senior doctor of physic. 
 
 Emanuel Emanuel college had for its founder, in 15 84, 
 
 college. sir \y a i ter Mildmay, Chancellor of the Dutchy 
 of Lancaster, and of the Exchequer, under Eli- 
 zabeth. It rose on the site of the Dominican 
 convent of black preaching friars. It began hum- 
 bly with a master, and only three fellows and 
 four scholars; but at the close of the 1 8th cen- 
 tury, having fortunately met with numerous be- 
 nefactors, it counts fifteen fellowships, fifty scho- 
 larships, ten sizer's places, and thirty-seven ex- 
 hibitions. 
 
 Sidney- Sidney-Sussex college, founded A. D. 1594? 
 
 Sussex k t k e j^o-yyanrer of Thomas Radcliffe, Earl of 
 college. ' ° ... 
 
 Sussex, has had a like good fortune with its sister 
 
 Emanuel college ; and, having been aided by a 
 variety of benefactions, has, from a small com- 
 mencement, increased so far as to have sixty- 
 one fellowships, besides many exhibitions, to be-> 
 stow. [37] 
 
 Edward 
 
 NOTES. 
 [37] In 1577, a very large property, nearly equal to a 
 new foundation, was offered to Ptterhouse, Cambridge, by 
 Alary Ramsey, the widow ol" a Lord Mayor of London. Un- 
 luckily, 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 3. LEARNING, &C. 115 
 
 Edward VI. incorporated Bethlem and Bride- Cent.XVi. 
 well hospitals in the metropolis, including a Bridewell 
 school for poor boys, under certain regulations, scno ° 1, 
 under the patronage of the city of London. 
 
 In 1,590 Elizabeth formed an establishment at West- 
 Westminster for forty boys in every species of sc h«»l* 
 classical learning. The progress of Westminster 
 school has been steady and fortunate ; its masters 
 have been, and are still, as much distinguished 
 for their learning, as the students for spirit and 
 urbanity. 
 
 The extreme turbulence of the times in the Scotland. 
 
 North might have excused Scotland, had she 
 
 made no new efforts in favor of literature during 
 
 the period now under consideration. But she 
 
 had no need to plead this excuse ; and, greatly to 
 
 her honor, three capacious establishments arose 
 
 to aid the student and reward the proficient. 
 
 The university of Edinburgh was founded, in Univer- 
 
 sity of 
 
 1580, by James VI. on the supplication of the Edin- 
 magistrates ruling that metropolis; who, with^S^ 
 the most opulent citizens, were the benefactors 
 
 1 2 and 
 
 NOTES, 
 luckily, the lady made the change of its name into ' Peter 
 and Mary's College' an indispensable condition, and to this 
 Dr. Soams, the master, refused to consent. ' Peter,' said the 
 humorist, ' has been too long a batchelor to think of a female 
 comrade in his old age.' ' A dear jest,' says Dr. Fuller, ' to 
 lose so good a benefactress !' For Lady Ramsey, disgusted at 
 the refusal, turned the stream of her benevolence into a differ- 
 ent channel. [Filler's Worthies. 
 
Il6 HISTORY Of GREAT BRITAIN. Book Vlf. 
 
 Cent.xvt. an J endowers, aided by donations of religious 
 houses and lands. These are accordingly the 
 sole patrons and visitors, although James seems 
 to have wished to be sole patron, andto have 
 it called ' King James's college.'* 
 
 The foundation supports a principal or war- 
 den, a professor of divinity, four regents of phi- 
 losophy, a regent of humanity or classical learn- 
 ing, a professor of the Hebrew tongue, and a pro- 
 fessor of the mathematics. The library was 
 founded by Clement Little, a commissary of 
 Edinburgh, about fifty years after the erection of 
 the college. t 
 Marischal The Marischal college at Aberdeen was found- 
 college, e d 5 ; in 1594, by George, Earl Marischal, [38] 
 deen. who endowed it with a considerable landed estate. 
 The town of Aberdeen was chiefly at the charge 
 of the building ; and Charles I. settled on it 
 one third of the bishopric's rents, while such see 
 should remain vacant. There were many minor 
 benefactors. 
 
 It 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [38] On one front the founder engraved this strange in- 
 scription : 
 
 4 They have seid' — 
 44 Quhat say thay ? 
 14 Let yame say." 
 Probably alluding to some scoffers at that time. 
 
 [Pennant. 
 * Arnot's Edinburgh, p. 387, 388. 
 + Spotiswood, p. 29. % Spotiswood, p. 28. 
 
Ch. IV. Pt. II. § 3. LEARNING, &C. 117 
 
 It maintained at first a principal, and three Centxvi. 
 professors of philosophy ; since which have been 
 added a fourth professor of philosophy, a pro- 
 fessor of divinity, and one of mathematics, and 
 twenty-four poor scholars. There are (at the 
 close of the 18th century) about lf>0 students 
 attending on the college, which is described by 
 Mr. Pennant,* in 1774, as a large old building, 
 with many good pictures, and a curious, if not 
 a large, library. 
 
 The university of Glasgow, although founded Univer- 
 in 1453, was at the reformation reduced to the Glasgow, 
 lowest state of desolation. It was however re- 
 founded and restored, in 157 7, by the attention 
 of those who then regulated the minority of 
 James VI. It had the tithes of a parish settled 
 upon it; and, in 1617, had still more benefac- 
 tions added to its store. A principal, three re- 
 gents in philosophy, four bursars, a provisor, a 
 janitor, a servant, and a cook, were the establish- 
 ment appointed by its royal protector. 
 
 * Pennant's Sc. Tour, 8vo, p„ 114. 
 
 HISTORY 
 
119 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 CHAP. V.— PART I. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE ARTS IN GREAT BRITAIN, FROM 
 THE ACCESSION OF EDWARD VI. A. D. 1.547, TO 
 THAT OF JAMES I. A. D. 1603. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE NECESSARY AND USEFUL ARTS. 
 
 r I ^HE cessation from civil war, which England Cent.xvi. 
 ■* had now enjoyed during full fifty years, had j mDr ^". 
 not hitherto produced the advantageous effect ments 
 which might have been expected either in manu- ar *' 
 factures or in agriculture. The suppression of 
 religious houses (although of great and general 
 use to the community) at first was the cause of 
 some distress to the lower ranks, as many idle 
 persons had been used to draw their support from 
 those establishments, who now became a burthen 
 on their friends, and increased the clamour of 
 poverty and discontent. There was little ability 
 
 in 
 
120 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. j n tjjg SU perior to direct, and as little readiness 
 in the inferior to follow. Insurrection appeared 
 a shorter road to riches than hard and constant 
 lahour ; and, from the close of Henry's firm, 
 although capricious government, to the com- 
 mencement of Elizabeth's steady dominion, the 
 peasant neglected the improvement of the loom, 
 and found no new tracts to pursue with his 
 plough. 
 
 Inclosurcs The species of farming which had gained 
 
 cause ground in England since the reformation, and 
 
 comma- ° . 
 
 tions. which, by turning arable land into pasture, had 
 
 deprived [l] many labourers of bread, caused 
 great commotion among the peasants, who had 
 likewise another and a juster cause of complaint. 
 The vile policy of Henry VIII. and Edward 
 VI- s reign had so far debased the coin, that 
 when the husbandman carried his wages to mar- 
 ket, it would not purchase necessaries for his 
 family. The tumults which such oppression oc- 
 casioned only added wounds and punishments to 
 penury and discontent. Gradually, however, the 
 eyes of the landholders were opened ; books of 
 husbandry were printed and studied ; and a 
 system of farming was introduced which was 
 equally beneficial to landlord and tenant. 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [1] Alluding to this, Sir Thomas More writes, ' that a 
 sheep is become in England a more ravenous animal than a 
 lion or a wolf, and could devour whole villages, cities, and 
 provinces.' [Utopia. 
 
Ch.V. Pt.I. §1. ARTS. 121 
 
 The vast addition which the general stock of Cent - XVL 
 aliment gained by the discovery of potatoes, in Potatoes. 
 the 16th century, is too important to be slightly 
 passed over. Captain Hawkins is said to have 
 brought this excellent root from Sancta Fe in 
 New Spain. A. D. I565. Sir Walter Raleigh 
 soon after planted it on his lands in Ireland ; 
 but, on eating the apple that it produced, which 
 is nauseous and unwholsome, he had nearly con- 
 signed the whole crop to destruction. Luckily 
 the spade discovered the real potatoe, and the 
 root became rapidly a favorite eatable. It conti- 
 nued, however, for a long time to be thought ra- 
 ther a species of dainty than of provision; nor, 
 till the close of the lSth century, was it supposed 
 capable of guarding the country where it was 
 fostered from the attacks of famine. 
 
 For these improvements the men of the l6th T j lomas 
 century were partly indebted to Thomas Tusser, Tusser : s^ 
 a pleasant poet as well as a good farmer, whose busbau- 
 Georgics may be read without disgust by those dry. 
 who have studied the works of Hesiod, or even of 
 the Mantuan bard. His work was entitled, 'Five 
 Hundred Pointes of good Husbandi ie,' and was 
 first printed in 1557- [2] As the book is, though 
 
 not 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [2] There were other treatises on agriculture published, but 
 none either so clear or so interesting as that of Tusser. Barnaby 
 Cooge wrote ' Foure Bookes of Husbandrie.' 
 
122 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. n ot scarce, very little known, and extremely en- 
 tertaining, the reader will permit a few extracts 
 to be here introduced. The farmer and family's 
 diet is fixed to be ' red-herrings and salt-fish in 
 Lent.' * At other times ' fresh beef, pork,' Sec. 
 At Christmas ' o-ood drinke, a £ood fire in the 
 
 CD * O 
 
 hall, brawne, pudding, and souse, and mustard 
 withall, capon or turkey, cheese, apples, and nuts, 
 tuithjolie carols.' t The prudent housewife is ad- 
 vised to make her own candles. Servants are di- 
 rected to go to bed at ten in the summer and 
 nine in the winter, and to rise at five in the winter, 
 and four in summer. % The holidays throughout 
 the year are appointed for the working men. 
 The oraiest °f these festivals seems to be the wake- 
 day, or vigil of the parish saint, ' when everie 
 wanton maie danse at her wille.' § 
 Hop The directions which Tusser gives for the cul- 
 
 plantmg. £ ure Q r a hop-garden [3] are remarkably judici- 
 ous. They finish thus, with a neat point : 
 * The hop, for his profit, I thus do exalt, 
 It strengthened! drinke, and it favoreth malt ; 
 And, being well brewed, long kept it will last, 
 And drawing abide — if ye draw not too fast.' 
 
 It 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [3] The planting of hemp and flax had met with more en- 
 couragement from government than that of hops ; yet it appears 
 to have totally failed. 
 
 * Tusser, 4to ed. chap. 12. + Ibid. chap. 30. 
 
 X Ibid. chap. 52. 4 Ibid. fol. 138. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. 1. 1 1. arts. 123 
 
 It should be remarked, that the hop was now a Cent.xvi. 
 
 favorite object with the English farmer. 
 
 The following stanza is allowed by modern 
 
 farmers to give good advice, although it is sel- 
 dom attended to : 
 
 * In Jan'ry, good husband that pouches the grotes, 
 Will break up his lay, or be sowing of otes ; 
 For otes sown in Janu'ry laie by the wheate, 
 In May, by the haie, for the cattel to eate.' 
 His directions for hay-making are excellent, 
 
 and o-iven with fire : 
 
 * Go ! muster thy servants, be captain thyselfe, 
 Providing them weapons and other like pelfe ; 
 Get bottels, and wallets, keepe fielde in the 
 
 heate, 
 The feare is as much as the danger is great. 
 
 With tossing and raking, and setting on cockes, 
 Grasse, lately in swathes, is haie for an oxe ; 
 That done, go to carte it, and have it away, 
 The battle is fought, ye have gotten the day 1' 
 
 This entertaining and instructive bard was born Life of 
 in 1527, at Rivenhall, in Essex. He was placed 
 as a chorister (having a fine voice) at the colle- 
 giate church of Wallingford, Berks, whence he 
 "was impressed for the royal chapel. He then sang 
 at St. Paul's, under Bedford, a celebrated musi- 
 cian. Afterwards he became a scholar at Eton, 
 where he once received fifty-three strypes from 
 the rod of a severe but acute master, Nicholas 
 Udall. In 1543 5 he was admitted to King's col- 
 lege, 
 
124 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Centxvi. l eQ ;e, Cambridge. He afterwards became by turns 
 musician, farmer, grazier, and poet; but always 
 unsuccessfully, although guilty neither of vice nor 
 extravagance. Tusser's ' Five Hundred Pointes 
 of good Husbandrie' may be perused even now 
 with pleasure. His directions are entertaining, as 
 they shew the customs of his age. From the an- 
 tiquity of his diction he may properly be styled 
 the English Varro. He died in 1582, it is 
 feared, in distressed circumstances. 
 
 These observations on agriculture may well be 
 closed with the venerable Harrison's description 
 of a farmer of his times: ' He will thinke his 
 gaines very small towardes the end of his terme if 
 he have not six or seven years rent lieing by him, 
 therewith to purchase a new lease ; beside a fair 
 garnish of peAvter on his cupboard, with as much 
 more in odd vessels going about the house; three 
 or four feather beds ; so many coverlets and car- 
 pets of tapestrie ; a silver salt ; a bowle for wine, 
 if not a whole neast; and a dozen of spoones'to 
 furnish owte the sute.' * 
 Prorluc- The land of England was certainly in general 
 tivefarm. k t n c heap and productive. In this and all other 
 cases we may believe the good Hugh Latimer ; and 
 he, in a sermon, tells us wonders concerning the 
 produce of a small farm. ' My father,' says he, 
 
 ' was a yeoman, and had no land of his own ; only 
 
 he 
 
 * Harrison's Description of England, p. 188, 
 
Ch.V. Pt. I. § 1. ARTS. 125 
 
 he had a farm * of three or four pounds by the Cent.xvr. 
 year at the utmost ; and hereupon he tilled so 
 much as kept half a dozen men. He had a walk 
 for an hundred sheep ; and my mother milked 
 thirty kine,' 8cc. * He kept his son at school till 
 he went to the university, and maintained him 
 there ; he married his daughters with five pounds 
 or twenty nobles a-piece ; he kept hospitality 
 with his neighbours, and some alms he gave to 
 the poor ; and all this he did out of the said farm.' 
 We may the less wonder at this narrative, when 
 we find that, by an act t of parliament passed but 
 a few years before the good bishop preached, 
 one hundred acres of arable land, and as many of Cheap- 
 pasture, at Maddingly in Cambridgeshire, are ! ies s , 
 declared to be ' letten to farm for the yearly 
 value of ten pounds' (which is at the rate of one 
 shilling an acre), to pay the fees and wages for 
 the knights serving in parliament for the county 
 of Cambridge. 
 
 If the land was grateful to the tiller, [4] he, 
 
 on 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [4] In Dr. WiMiam Bulleyn's book ' of simples,' we have 
 the strange instance of a crop which owed nothing to the tiller. 
 ' Anno salmis 1555, at a place called Orford, in Sussex, be- 
 tween the haven and the mayn sea, (whereas never plough came, 
 nor natural earth was, but stones only) there did pease grow 
 
 whose 
 * Gilpin's Life of Latimer, p. 2. 
 -j- Stat. Ken. VIII. A. 35, cap. 24. 
 
126 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. on his part, according to the observant Paul 
 
 Hentzner, was not wanting in acknowledgment, 
 
 Singular although somewhat ill directed. Our traveller 
 
 kind of metj as j ie te j^ s USj some country people ' cele- 
 
 home. bratina; their harvest-home, near Windsor. Their 
 last load of corn they crown with flowers, having 
 besides an image richly dressed,' (by which per- 
 haps they would signify Ceres) ' this they keep 
 moving about, while men and women, men-ser- 
 vants and maid-servants, riding through the 
 streets in the cart, shout as loud as they can, till 
 they arrive at the barn.' He adds that the corn 
 is not tied up in sheaves as in Germany, but 
 mown and carried as hay." 
 
 Cattle were not plentiful in England at the 
 beginning of Elizabeth's reign. In I563 it was 
 enacted, that no one should eat flesh on Wed- 
 nesdays or Fridays on forfeiture of three pounds, 
 unless in case of sickness or of a special licence, 
 neither of which was to extend to beef or veal.t 
 
 Great 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 whose rootes were three fadome long; and the coddes did grow 
 upon clusters lyke the chats or keys of ashe trees, bigger than 
 fitches, and less than the field peason; very sweet to eate 
 upon, and served many poore people dwelling there at hand, 
 which els should have perished for hunger, the scarcity of bread 
 was so great. 1 [Bulleyn apud Dr. .Aikin. 
 
 * Hentzner apud Dodsley's Fugitive Pkces, vol. ii. p. 299. 
 
 + Stat, 5 Eliz. cap. 4. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 1. ARTS. 1*7 
 
 Great pains were taken in the act to prove that Centxvi. 
 it was a political, not a religious measure. 
 
 ' As for the difference that is between summer Culture of 
 
 i • i > tt • * t i summer 
 
 and winter wheat, says Harrison, ' most nus- anc j w ; n . 
 
 bandmen knew it not ; yet here and there I find ter wheat 
 of both sorts, specially in the North and about 
 Kendal.' It should seem by this, that both the 
 common wheat, and the bearded or cone wheat, 
 were known to our ancestors. To close this sub- 
 ject, it ought not to pass unobserved that, slow as 
 was the progress of agriculture, it had yet before 
 the close of the age, almost secured England 
 from those famines which had so usually deso- 
 lated the kino-dom. Yet there was a great differ- 
 ence in the price of wheat in different years. In 
 1551 wheat was sold at eight shillings the quar- 
 ter ; and in 1595, by reason of an imprudent 
 exportation, the same measure rose to the great 
 price of two pounds thirteen shillings and four- 
 pence ; and in the next year, on account of a wet 
 harvest, to four pounds, which almost amounted 
 to a dearth, and caused some commotions in the A dearth 
 
 ,. in 15%. 
 
 metropolis. 
 
 The land was certainly by no means cultivated 
 to its utmost advantage, and Harrison complains 
 of the vast number of parks in the kingdom ; not Parks 
 less he says, than an hundred in Essex alone, noxious 
 
 1 ' 'to agn- 
 
 •' where almost nothing is kept but a sorte of culture. 
 wilde and savage beastes, cherished for pleasure 
 
 and 
 
 * Description of Britaine, p. 169. 
 
1C8 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. anc j delight.' And pursuing; the same subject 
 
 he says, that ' if the world last a while after this 
 
 rate, Avheate and rie will be no graine for poore 
 
 men to feed on.'* 
 
 Scotland. The civil dissentions, and even anarchy, which 
 
 Improve- prevailed in Scotland until a late period in the 
 
 inents in s i x teenth century, operated as a harsh check on 
 
 agncul- J \ 
 
 tme tar- every improvement in agriculture. Even the 
 
 y* total expulsion of ecclesiastical landholders in- 
 
 creased this evil ; as the monks were easy land- 
 lords, and frequently not uninstructed in georgi- 
 cal knowledge. 
 Husband- The tillers of the earth in Scotland had at least 
 
 men pro- (^q'h- £ u \\ s hare of their country's misfortunes, 
 
 tected. . / 
 
 w r hen private vengeance for private wrongs, su- 
 perseded the regular but timid proceedings of 
 public justice. A statute was then formed for 
 their particular benefit, whereby t the ' slayers 
 and houchers (houghers) of horses and uther 
 cattel,' with their employers and maintainers, are 
 declared i to incurre the paine of death, and con- 
 fiscation of alle their 9-udes movvabil.' 
 
 A second act passed in I5S7 for the farther 
 protection of husbandmen ; declaring all such as 
 destroyed or maimed horses, oxen, 8cc. cut or de- 
 stroyed ploughs or plough-gear, (in time of til- 
 ling) or trees and corn, should suffer death | 
 
 Several 
 
 * Description of Britaine, p. 168. 
 + Stat. 110, Pari. 7jac. VI. 
 t Stat. 83, Pari, lljac. VI. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 1. ARTS. no 
 
 Several acts of parliament were made to pro- ^"^*J*; 
 tect the farmers from petulant tithe-gatherers; the Tythe- 
 proper times of notice were herein pointed out, ^™?" 
 and liberty given to the tiller of the land to pro- ed. 
 ceed in his work if this notice was neglected. 
 The last* confirmed and explained the others. 
 
 Although great attention was paid during the England. 
 reign of Elizabeth to the size of horses turned^ 
 out on forests, commons, Sec. yet it was found lowered 
 necessary to lower the standard appointed by £ ' 
 Henry VIII. for stallions, from fourteen hands 
 to thirteen. This modification, however, was 
 only to take place in the counties of Cambridge, 
 Huntingdon, Northampton, Lincoln, Norfolk, 
 and Suffolk. -f 
 
 Harrison extols the height and strength of the Strength 
 English draught horses ; five or six of them, he height of 
 says, will with ease draw three thousand weight d rau g nt 
 of the greatest tale for a long journey. As to the 
 numbers of horses in the realm, some judgment 
 may be formed from the quota which Elizabeth, 
 when she moved her place of residence, demand- 
 ed from the country in the neighbourhood of her 
 palace. This was 24,000 ; ' a far less traine,' 
 says the reverend writer, ' than those of the kings 
 of other nations.'? 
 
 An English traveller, who visited Scotland in Scotland. 
 1598, observed a great abundance of all kind of 
 
 cattle, 
 
 * Stat. 84, Pari. 11 Jac. VI. + 8 Eliz. cap. 8. 
 
 X Description of Britaine, p. 220. 
 
 Vol. II. k 
 
130 HISTORY Or GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. ca ttle, and many horses; not large, [5] but high- 
 Horses spirited and patient of labor.* Great care, in- 
 
 not large c [ eec ] was taken by the Endish, while the king- 
 but ac- ' } ° ° 
 tive. doms were separate, to prevent the Scots trom 
 
 improving their breed by Southern stallions ; it 
 
 was even made felony to export horses thither 
 
 Their ex- from England.4- This un-neighbourly prohibi- 
 
 portation t j on was answered by a reciprocal restriction in 
 
 prohibit- ' „ „ ... 
 
 cd. 1567 as to the exportation ol Scottish horses ; ? 
 
 but France, rather than England, seems to be 
 pointed out by that statute. One circumstance, 
 pointed out by a curious antiquary,§ is a con- 
 vincing proof, of the modern improvement in 
 the breed. For many years past eight nails have 
 been used to each horse's shoe in the North ; six 
 used to be the number. 
 Limited The proper season for turning horses to grass 
 as to W as thought a consideration worthy the attention 
 COm ' of the Scottish government, avowedly to prevent 
 the waste of corn. All horses were, therefore, 
 ordered to be put to grass from May 15 to Oc- 
 tober 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [5] It is worth remark that William Paton, who wrote an 
 account of the Duke of Somerset's expedition into Scotland in 
 1547, docs not bestow the name of horses on the Scottish char- 
 gers, but calls them ' prickers.' Nay, he will not allow that 
 the Scots rode, but only pricked along. 
 
 [Transac. of Scot. Antiquar. Society, Vol. I. 
 
 * Moryson's Itin. Part 3, p. 15 1. +. 1 Eliz. cap. 7. 
 
 X Stat. '22 Pari. 1 Jac. VI. 
 
 (j Paper apud Transactions, of Sc. Ant. Soc. vol. i. p. 171. 
 
Ch.V. Pt. I.§1. ARTS. 131 
 
 tober 15, on pain of forfeiting each horse or its Centxvr* 
 value to the king. Gentlemen of 1000 markes, 
 yearly rent, and all upwards are excepted.* The 
 first of June was substituted, in a subsequent 
 act,+ for the 15th of May. 
 
 The gardens of England, in the age of Eliza- England. 
 beth, seem to have been both magnificent and • arden " 
 
 ' ° ing. 
 
 pleasing. 
 
 At Nonesuche (says Hentzner) there were None- 
 * groves % ornamented with trellis work, cabinets sucilc - 
 of verdure, and walks so embrowned with trees, 
 that it seemed a place pitched on by pleasure to 
 dwell in, along with health.' 
 
 He adds, ' in the pleasure and artificial gardens 
 are many columns and pyramids of marble, two 
 fountains that spout water one round the other 
 like a pyramid, upon which are perched small 
 birds that stream water out of their bills,' 8cc. 8cc. 
 
 In the gardens of Hampton Court he saw 
 rosemary [6] nailed over the walls, so as to cover 
 them entirely. ' This,' he says, ' is a method 
 exceeding common in England.' 
 
 k 2 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [6] The natural stock of English aromatics was much in- 
 creased by the Netherlander, who, flying in 1567 from the 
 racks and wheels of Alva, brought to England their favorite 
 flowers, particularly gilly-flowers (giroflees) carnations, and 
 Provence-roses. [Meterani Hist. Belg. 
 
 - Stat. 122 Pari. 7 Jac. VI. + Stat. 56 Pari, 11 Jac. VI. 
 % Hentzner, apud ' Fugitive Pieces,' p. 297. 
 
balds. 
 
 132 HISTORY OP GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvL TJ ie same minute observer describes Lord Bur- 
 Theo- leigh's gardens at Theobalds,* as surrounded by 
 a piece of water, on which he went in a boat 
 rowing among the shrubs. He speaks of a great 
 variety of trees and plants, of labyrinths made 
 with great labor, of a jet d'eau, and of ' a summer- 
 house commanding stews full of fish.' 
 
 The description which Sir Philip Sidney gives 
 of a pleasure ground belonging to a man of 
 fashion in Arcadia, was probably applicable to the 
 most elegant gardens of his age ; at least it is the 
 portrait of such a one as he would have approved. 
 ' The backside of the house was neither field, 
 garden, nor orchard, or rather it was both field, 
 garden, and orchard ; for, as soon as the descend- 
 ing of the stairs had delivered them down, they 
 came into a place cunningly set with trees of the 
 most taste-pleasing fruits ; but, scarcely had they 
 taken that into their consideration, ere they were 
 suddenly stept into a delicate green ; of each side 
 of the green a thicket ; and beside each thicket 
 aaain new beds of flowers, which beino- under the 
 trees, the trees were to them a pavillion, and they 
 to the trees a Mosaical floor. In the midst of 
 all the place was a faire pond, whose shaking 
 crystal was a perfect mirrour to all the other 
 beauties ; so that it bare shew of two gardens, 
 
 the 
 
 * Htntzncr, apud * Fugitive Pieces,' p. 277. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 1. arts. 133 
 
 the one in deed, the other in shadows; and in one P"P^ 
 of the thickets was a fine fountain,' 8cc. 8cc* 
 
 Statues too were abundant. When Sir Francis Statins. 
 Bacon first walked in Lord Arundel's garden, he 
 started, and exclaimed, ' The Resurrection I'-i- 
 
 It was usual both in England and in Wales, for 
 the nobility and gentry to build ornamental sum- 
 mer-houses, or rather drinking-rooms, in their 
 gardens, at some little distance from their man- 
 sions, with cellars beneath them. ' These,' says 
 Pennant, ' were used as a retreat for the jolly 
 owners and their friends to enjoy, remote from 
 the fair, their toasts and noisy merriment.'^ 
 
 What has been above said relates chiefly to the 
 ornamental parts of horticulture ; but there is 
 every reason to think that the produce of the gar- 
 den, as to fruits, [7] herbs, and roots, equalled 
 that of the 18th century, although probably not 
 at such early periods as those at which the mo- 
 dern gardener has taught his productions to ripen. 
 
 The citizens of Loudon were always wealthy 
 and luxurious. Old Kno'well is described by Ben 
 
 Jonson, . 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [7] la a survey of ' Bothool Baronrie in Northumberland, 
 
 dated 1576, ' orchettes' are mentioned, ' wharin growes all 
 
 kind of hearbes and flowers, and fine appiles, phunbes of all 
 
 kynde, peers, damsellis, nuttes, wardens, cherries too, the 
 
 black and reede ; wallnutes and also licores Yerie lyne ; worthe 
 
 by the yeare xxl.' 
 
 * Arcadia, vol. i. p. 14, 15. + Apophthegms of Bacon. 
 
 If Pennant's Scottish Tour, vol. i. p. 24, 4to ed. 
 
134 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 P"^*^3* Jonson, in a play acted in 1598, as ' numbering 
 Apricots, over his green apricots o' the North-west wall.'* 
 P ums, g ut t h ere j s to ^ e f ounc | J n Hakluyt's Patriotic 
 
 Instructions to the Turkey Company's Agents, 
 a circumstantial account of the introduction of 
 many plants to England. + The damask rose he 
 gives to Dr. Linacre ; the musk rose, and many 
 kinds of plums, are owed, he writes, to Lord 
 Cromwell ; the apricot to a French gardener of 
 Henry VIII. Various flowers, among which he 
 specifies ' the Tulipa,' had lately come from the 
 East by the way of Vienna ; the tamarisk had been 
 brought from Germany by Archbishop Grindal, 
 and < many people have received great health 
 by that plant.' The currant bush he speaks of 
 as lately brought from Zante ; ' and although.' 
 says he, ' it bring not its fruit to perfection, yet 
 it may serve for pleasure, and for some use.' 
 Vines. How the culture of the vine, which did for- 
 
 merly enable it to supply a considerable part of 
 the wine which was drank in England, was lost, 
 is a mystery. It appears, however, that good 
 wine was made at some English vineyards in or 
 about 1578; [8] and those of the Lords Cob- 
 
 i ham, 
 
 — ' — * ^^ 
 NOTES. 
 [8] The contest concerning indigenous vines is much too vo- 
 luminous for this history. Consult the Archasologia, Vol. III. 
 for Mr. Barrington's paper on English vineyards, and a very 
 particular and curious letter signed L. G. in Gent. Mag. Vol. 
 XLV. p. 516. 
 
 • Every Man in his Humour, act i. sc. 2. 
 i Hakluyt, vol. ii. p. 1645. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 1. ARTS. 135 
 
 ham, and Williams of Thame, are expressly men- Cent.xvi. 
 tioned in Barnaby Googe's ' Foure Bookes of 
 Husbandry.' 
 
 The great abundance of parks, and their bad 
 consequence as to the farming interest of the 
 kingdom, has already been remarked. 
 
 So very little appears to have been written con- Scotland, 
 cerning gardening by any Scottish writer, that it 
 is not easy to suppose that much improvement 
 was made in that art during the 16th century. 
 Among the numerous acts pointed at those who Acts to 
 do wanton mischief to their neighbours grounds, P. , ° 1 ? ct 
 
 o <=> ' planta- 
 
 plantations, and inclosures, orchards are indeed tions. 
 mentioned, and ' zairdes, parkes, and policies,'* 
 as places to be protected. Fynes Moryson, who 
 visited in Scotland in 1598, observes, that the 
 houses of the nobility and gentry are generally 
 surrounded with little groves of trees. These Groves 
 were probably the ' policies' or improvements j " 
 intended to be guarded bv the act above-cited, houses. 
 Parks were certainlv abundant. 
 
 The same traveller remarks, that the Scots con- Vege- 
 tal 
 Pi 
 
 snmed great quantities of coleworts and cabbages. 4- ta i° e .% i 
 & 1 -"> plentiful. 
 
 This naturally implies that attention must have 
 been paid to the management of the kitchen 
 garden. Yet he says that Berwick was the 
 market of the South-Eastern Scots for pease and 
 beans. 
 
 Some 
 
 * Title to Stat. 84, Pari. 6 Jac. VI. 
 Itinerary 4 p. 155. 
 
tecture. 
 
 136 HISTORY OF GEE AT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 pnt.xvi. Some regard seems to have been paid by the 
 Scottish government to the growth of national 
 timber, as there appears an act, in 1555, to 
 compel the inclosing and ' parking' the wood of 
 Falkland, which is said to have been neglected 
 and ruined." 
 
 Archi- A mixed system of building was adopted to- 
 
 wards the close of the 16th century by those who 
 erected palaces. Perhaps the magnificent house 
 of Elizabeth's celebrated secretary, Cecil, may be 
 named as the finest example of this new order. 
 
 Glass, which now became common and cheap 
 enough to be generally used in windows, [y] add- 
 ed much to the conveniences of life. 
 
 ' The antient manor-houses of the gentlemen,' 
 Harrison (a reverend associate-historian with the 
 exact Hollnsished, at the close of the 16th cen- 
 tury) observes, ' were for the most part built of 
 strong timber ; howbeit,' he adds, ' such as be 
 latelie builded are commonlie either of bricke 
 or hard stone, or both. Their roomes large and 
 comelie, and their houses of office-f farther distant 
 from their lodgings,' 8cc. 8cc. ' So that if ever 
 
 curious 
 
 NOTES. 
 [9] The most eccentric contrivances had been used to let 
 in the light. At Sudely-castle thin flakes of the beryl-stone 
 are said to have stood in the place of glass. Some of these 
 were existing when Harrison wrote his ' Description of Eng- 
 land.' 
 
 * Stat 48, Pari. 6 Marie, -J- i. e.*)fficei. 
 
Ch.V. Pt.I. %u ARTS. 137 
 
 curious buildine; did flourish in England, it is in Cent.xvi. 
 these our yeares, wherein our woikemen excell, Skilful 
 and are in manner comparable [,10] in skill to builciers » 
 Vitruvius, Leo Baptista, and Serlo.' He pro- 
 ceeds to mention one great alteration, in point 
 -of convenience to the middling people, which 
 had taken place in his time, viz. ' The multi- Improve- 
 tude of chimneies lately erected; whereas in their doaiestic 
 young daies there were not above two or three, if conve- 
 
 i t i r i i nience. 
 
 so many, in most upJandisn townes ot the realine, 
 (the religious houses and manour places of their 
 lordes alwaie excepted, and peradventure some 
 great personages) but eche one made his fire 
 against a rere dosse in the hall, where he dined 
 and dressed his meat.' This honest picture of the 
 
 inconveniencies 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [10] Notwithstanding this high encomium on English archi- 
 tects, Mr. Walpole, whose accuracy in assisting the researches 
 of Vertue is uncontrovertible, finds very few in the reign of 
 Elizabeth that merit notice. John Shute, who having studied 
 in Italy, at the cost of the Duke of Northumberland, in 1550, 
 published, in 15G3, a book in folio, containing ' The first and 
 chief Groundes of Architecture,' &c. Robert Adams, surveyor 
 of the Queen's works, and Rodulph or Ralph Simmons Adams, 
 who has left only a Military Plan for the Defence of the 
 Thames from Tilbury to London. Simmons has the two col- 
 leges of Emanuel and Sidney-Sussex, at Cambridge, still re- 
 maining to testify his abilities. There is, be ides, one Master 
 Stickles, mentioned by Stowe as an ' excellent architect,' 
 who, in 1596, built for a trial, a pinnace which might be 
 taken in pieces, and was therefore most probably a naval 
 architect. 
 
 [Anecdotes of Painting. 
 
138 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Ccnnxvi. inconveniencies attached to the middle orders of 
 
 life, and lasting so late as to the days of Elizabeth, 
 
 is little known, and will hardly meet with credit. 
 
 Ecclesi- Ecclesiastical architecture most certainly im- 
 astical ar- J 
 
 chitec- proved not in the age of Elizabeth. The de- 
 lecterT 5 struction of all religious foundations had pre- 
 and why. vented any increase of temples dedicated to di- 
 vine worship, by laying open to the public a 
 much greater number of abbeys, ehape's, k.c. 
 than could be kept in order, at least as the dis- 
 position of the English then was directed; else 
 such numbers of beautifully constructed edifices 
 as appear in every county would not remain 
 stripped of their coverings, and exposed to 
 every insult of the weather. 
 
 Military architecture was now on a rapid de- 
 cline. It had already descended from the lofty 
 Decline J J 
 
 el mili- towers of Edward I. which, displayed at Caer- 
 tary ar- narvonj Conway, and Caerphilly, awed the be- 
 ture. holder; to the watch-boxes of Calshot, Hurst, 
 Sandown, Sandgate, k.c. erected by Henry VIII. 
 And even such as these were doomed within a 
 few years to shroud their insignificance within 
 delusive banks of turf; so vast has been the 
 revolution in the defensive system of war. 
 Whereas, in the offensive detail the cannon has 
 only taken place of the catapulta, and the mu 
 quet of the bow, with scarcely more power of 
 action, and a much more uncertain aim. 
 
 Little was left for Elizabeth to do towards for- 
 tifying her shores, except to repair those castles 
 
 with 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 1. ARTS. 139 
 
 with which her father had lined the Southern CentxvL 
 
 coast of England. The great activity of her 
 
 sea-officers, and the readiness with which her 
 
 subjects flew to arms in her defence, rendered 
 
 even her father's fortifications unnecessary. 
 
 There were few buildings of a public nature Civil ar- 
 
 produced in the reio-n of Elizabeth, The Royal c: " tec " 
 * & 7 ture. 
 
 Exchange, built by Sir Thomas Gresham, and 
 named with great ceremony* by Queen Eliza- 
 beth, perished by the fire of London in 1666. 
 
 Colleges which were erected within her pe- 
 riod have been described, and there only remain 
 to be slightly mentioned the exertions of private 
 persons in providing themselves with conve- 
 nient, and sometimes magnificent, habitations. 
 
 Among these Burghley-house has already been 
 mentioned; Hatfield-house owes its origin to the 
 same great minister, Lord Burghley ; and Osterley- 
 house to the patriotic Sir Thomas Gresham. [l l] 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [ll] It was at Osterley that the opulence and gallantry of 
 Sir Thomas rivalled the wonders of romance^ Elizabeth had 
 visited that superb mansion, and, on quitting the window to 
 seek her bed, had remarked aloud, ' how much more grace- 
 fully the court-yard would appear, if divided in two by a 
 wall.' The words were caught up by Sir Thomas, who in- 
 stantly, on quitting the royal presence, sent hastily to his 
 masons and bricklayers, assisted them with innumerable 
 laborers, worked all the night, and completed the wall 
 
 according 
 * Holingshed, vol. ii. p. 1224. 
 
140 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. yh c Scottish historians, still inattentive to 
 Scotland, aught but religion and politics, leave posterity to 
 discover as they can the progress of arts in the 
 North. Architecture of every kind (the erec- 
 tion of colleges, which has been already men- 
 More edi- . . ill 
 fkesde- tioned, excepted) appears to have been almost at 
 
 stroyed a s tand. The rapid destruction of abbeys was 
 than * ] 
 
 erected, more profitable, as well as entertaining, than the 
 slow employment of rearing them ; and the no- 
 bility, and leadeiy of factions, took much more 
 pleasure in burning their neighbour's house* or 
 Ecclesi- castle than in raising dwellings for their own 
 astical domestic convenience, or fortresses to protect 
 
 archi- . x 
 
 lecture, their country. 
 
 In order therefore to do justice to the taste 
 
 and munificence of our Northern sister, we must 
 
 have recourse to the research of an accurate 
 
 antiquary into the general state of the antient 
 
 religious edifices throughout the country. 
 
 Elegance ' The ecclesiastical buildings of Scotland' (says 
 
 of the one w j 1Q j^j narr owly attended to them) con- 
 Scottish , J , ' 
 abbeys, sidered as works of art and magnificence, are in 
 
 c * point of execution by no means inferior to those 
 
 of 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 according to the queen's wishes before she had risen from her 
 bed. The courtiers were chagrined at the knight's alert- 
 ness; and one of them consoled himself with a conceit, viz. 
 ' That it was no way strange that one who could build a 
 'change could change a building.' 
 
 [England's Gazetteer. 
 
 * Spotiswood, p. 259, &c. &c. 
 
Ch.V. Pt.I. § 1. ARTS. HI 
 
 of England. The ruins of the abbey of Kelso Cent xvi. 
 exhibit a specimen of the style commonly called 
 Saxon, not to be equalled by any building of 
 that kind in the South. 
 
 ' The abbey of Melross, in point of beautiful 
 tracery in the windows, high finishing in the 
 foliage, Sec. seems carried to the utmost decree of 
 perfection, of which the art is capable. 
 
 ' The general design and decorations of the 
 church of Elgin are elegantly conceived, the 
 parts are likewise finished with great neatness 
 and precision. The abbey of Jedburgh is a beau- 
 tiful pile, well designed, and finely executed. 
 The abbeys of Dunfermline and Paisley will 
 give pleasure to every lover of that beautiful 
 style of architecture, degraded with the appel- 
 lation of Gothic. What the abbey of Arbroath 
 wants in neatness and decoration, is compensated 
 for in the Greatness of its dimensions. Dundren- 
 nan and New Abbeys appear to have been very 
 handsome edifices ; as do many more which I 
 have not here room to particularize.'* 
 
 A solitary instance occurs of a temple raised 
 to divine worship during a most disastrous period. 
 
 The collegiate church of Biggar was founded Church at 
 and richly endowed by Malcolm Lord Fleming, Bl SS ar « 
 in 1545, and is still a handsome building. It 
 has the air of much greater antiquity than is here 
 
 assigned 
 
 • Grose's Antiq. of Scot. Introduction, p. xvii. xviii, 
 
142 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. aS signed to it.* This seems to have been one of 
 the last edifices of the kind which the horrors 
 of civil and religious dissentions gave good men 
 leisure to erect. 
 
 Churches Indeed it appears that most of the large 
 churches which escaped the devastations of re- 
 form, were, before the close of the 16th age, 
 divided by walls within, and formed into two 
 or more places of divine worship. This mea- 
 sure, although apparently meant for the congre- 
 gation's convenience, destroyed the whole inter- 
 nal elegance of each structure. [l£] 
 
 Residence The manses or parsonage-houses belonging to 
 
 of the the clero-y of Edinburgh (which was originally 
 clergy. & . 
 
 but one parish) stood together in a close like those 
 
 of English cities. But the politic James VI. who 
 
 saw what convenience this situation afforded to the 
 
 ecclesiastical demagogues for plotting against his 
 
 authority, 
 
 NOTES. 
 [12] F.Moryson, who visited Edinburgh in 1598, remarks, 
 that in the great church there was a considerable wooden seat 
 built up for the king. There was another, very like the royal 
 allotment, situated exactly opposite to that of the king. Into 
 this Moryson and his friend most inconsiderately went and sat 
 down, but were soon driven from it by the screams and hisses 
 of the congregation ; who, though in the midst of divine ser- 
 vice, could not bear to see them profane a station, meant only 
 for the exposure of girls who had failed in point of rigorous 
 chastity. [Itinerary, 
 
 * Grose's Anticj. of Scotland, vol. i. p. 35. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 1. ARTS. 143 
 
 authority, having laid the metropolis, in 1597, CcntXVI - 
 under an interdict, made it one of the conditions 
 of pardon, and that the manses should be deli- 
 vered up to him, and that the preachers should 
 live dispersed in various quarters of the city. 
 
 There are a few instances among the nobility 
 of Scotland of persons who, in a time of extreme 
 turbulence, raised buildings which still do ho- 
 nor to their taste and munificence. 
 
 A magnificent castle was built in or about Hoddera 
 1575, by John Lord Herries, one of the most cas 
 steady of Mary Stuart's friends, on the ruins of 
 Hoddem castle in Annandale; a much older 
 building, which had been demolished by the 
 English in their incursion nnder the Lord Sus- 
 sex five years before, much about the same 
 time was built. 
 
 The Tower of Repentance, which stands near Tower of 
 
 Hoddem castle, was built nearly at the same Re P eu_ 
 
 J tance. 
 
 time, as an atonement either for the murther of 
 
 prisoners in cold blood, or for the demolition of 
 
 many churches. Both these reasons are given by 
 
 tradition. The word ' repentance,' which may, 
 
 •perhaps, have been the family motto, is carved 
 
 on the tower between a serpent and a dove/' 
 
 At Kirkcudbright the wild reformers demolish- Castle of 
 , , -r i ii • i i i • ■ Kirkcud- 
 
 ed a beautuul collegiate church, and on its ruins bright. 
 
 was erected by Thomas M'Lellan of Bombay, a 
 
 castle. 
 
 * Grose's Scottish Antiquities, vol. i. p. 142- 
 
144 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent xvi. castle, whose remains still shew that it was once 
 
 an elegant as well as a large structure.* 
 Additions The regent Marr added considerably to the 
 
 toStirling , , . r , r . ,. „ 
 
 Castle, already magnihcent castle ol Stirling. Une 
 building of good workmanship is known to be of 
 his erection ; and he is supposed to have testi- 
 fied his contempt for the censures thrown on 
 him, for having employed the stones of a dis- 
 solved abbey in the work, by the following two 
 lines, which are still legible on the gate ; 
 ' Speak furth, and spare nocht, 
 Consider well — I care nocht.t 
 
 An English traveller, who visited Edinburgh 
 in 1598, commends highly the ' fair streetes' of 
 that metropolis ; one of which he describes as 
 consisting of large houses all built of free-stone, 
 and extending to the length of a mile. He la* 
 ments, however, that wooden galleries, project- 
 ing from the second stories, lessen the good 
 effect of these respectable edifices.^: 
 
 There are specimens of the buildings in the 
 
 fifteenth and sixteenth centuries still remaining 
 
 in the capital, which do honor to the architects 
 
 of those times. [13] 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 [13] Particularly a house on the South side of the High* 
 street, which has a handsome front of hewn stone, and niche* 
 
 in the wall for the images of saints. 
 
 [Arnot's Edinburgh. 
 * Grose's Scottish Antiq. vol. ii. p. 188. + Ibid. p. 241 , 
 X Moryson's Itinerary, part iii. p. 150. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 1. arts. 145 
 
 The Tolbooth at Edinburgh was built by the Cent.xvi. 
 citizens, at the express command of Queen Mary 
 Stuart, in I56I. It was intended as a Parliament- 
 house and a prison. The building, which still 
 remains, has nothing in its appearance of grace 
 or dignity. 
 
 In I56I the good fortune of the men of Kes- England, 
 wick pointed out the discovery of a most abun- 
 dant mine near their town of pure copper. A Mining. 
 vast store of that valuable mineral, ' lapis calami- 
 naris,' being found in the neighbourhood, brass 
 works were soon begun upon the spot.* 
 
 The charter of the 'mines royal' was granted Charter 
 
 in 1565 to Humphries and Shute, who at the ° . 
 
 1 mines 
 
 head of twenty foreign laborers had exclusive pa- royal. 
 tents to dig and search for various metals, and to 
 refine the same in England and Ireland; they had 
 also the exclusive use of the lapis calaminaris. 
 This charter was not completed until 1568, when 
 the Duke of Norfolk and others were added to 
 the governors, and the whole was styled, The 
 Society of the Mineral and Battery Works. + 
 
 The foreigners above-mentioned introduced to mjii s f or 
 England the method of drawing out iron wires Jcngthen- 
 by mills ; and not, as before, by human strength w fre. 
 alone. 
 
 There appears a letter in Hakluyt's collection, Lead used 
 
 dated not Ions; after this period, by which it seems 
 
 » I?/ silver. 
 
 to refine 
 that 
 
 * Camden, apud Anderson, vol. ii. p. 116, 117. -i- lb. p. 123. 
 
 Vol. II. l 
 
146 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. t j i;it t h e refining of silver, by means of quicksilver, 
 was then a new discovery ; and lhat lead had 
 been used for that purpose long before the advan- 
 tage of that voluble metal had been found out. 
 
 Scotland. Scotland at this aera, produces, on behalf of 
 her possessing the most valuable metals beneath 
 her barren mountains, an English witness* named 
 Thomas Atcheson, or Atkinson. He was assay- 
 master of the Edinburgh mint under James VI. 
 
 Gold He pointed out many places where native gold 
 
 there ma y ^ e nac ^ ' anc ^ ^ ias Deen ^ ie foundation and 
 support of some other works on the same subject, 
 particularly the ' Narratio de Metallis et de Mi- 
 neralibus,' said to be written by Colonel J. Borth- 
 wick, but really compiled from the book above- 
 mentioned. It does not, however, appear that, 
 positively as these assertions are made, they have 
 ever tempted either kings or private adventurers 
 to form any association which might bring such 
 precious stores to light. 
 
 Dundorc. There is, however, a circumstance mentioned 
 by Bishop Lesley, in his ' Historia Scotiae,' which 
 merits observation. A hill, he says, in the North 
 of Scotland, not very far from Aberdeen, and now 
 called Dunadeer, was then named Dund'ore, or 
 ' the golden mountain,' from its abounding in 
 . gold. The tradition still remains among the peo- 
 ple of that neighbourhood, and they still believe 
 
 that 
 
 * Nicholson's Scottisli Library, p. 10. 
 
Ch. V. Parti. § 1. arts. 147 
 
 that there needs only a sufficient acquaintance Cchlxvi. 
 with the powers of magic to compass treasures 
 beyond those of the Indies. 1 ' 
 
 The woollen manufacture proceeded steadily England, 
 on without any other aid than now and then an Manafac- 
 
 act of parliament to regulate the length, breadth, turco * 
 
 1 ,° ° wool, 
 
 -weight, 8cc. of the pieces. Such a one passedt 
 
 in 1552, and was supposed to have been so ex- 
 actly composed as to prevent the need of future 
 ordinances. But it was not so; and a very few 
 years proved the necessity of still farther restric- 
 tions ; for with every clause a new species of 
 fraud found means to gain admittance. 
 
 Still the clothing trade of Eng-land increased 
 with the industry of the natives, and although it 
 is fact that, in 1551, no less than sixty ships 
 sailed from Southampton^ laden with unmanu- 
 factured wool for the use of the Flemish looms, 
 yet, when proper restrictions were laid on such 
 ruinous exportation, princely fortunes were gain- 
 ed by the makers of cloth and woollen-drapers; 
 and immense charities to the poor, as well as 
 magnificent dwellings [14] for themselves and 
 
 l 2 their 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [14] The numerous and well-appointed charities of John 
 "Winchcomb (more known as Jack of Newbury; still speak 
 
 loudly 
 * Cardonnel's Antiq. of Scotland, p. 32. 
 + Stat. 5 and 6 Edvv. VI. cap. 6. 
 % Rym. Feed, apud Anderson, vol. ii. p. 89. 
 
148 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. t } ie | r f am ilies, were proofs of their well-earned 
 opulence. In 15S2, when the trade with the Han- 
 
 seaticswas put on a footing: advantageous to Enff- 
 
 1 000 
 
 land, it was proved before the Diet of Germany 
 
 that 400,000 cloths were annually exported from 
 
 England to the continent. 
 
 , , The art of dying; woollen-cloth must have been 
 
 Logwood _ J o 
 
 decried, ill understood in 15 81, when we find a statute* 
 containing a Philippic against ' certain deceitful 
 stuff called " Logwood or Blockwood," whose 
 colours are represented therein as " false and de- 
 ceitful at home, and discreditable beyond sea/' 
 This prohibition was twice renewed, nor were 
 the real virtues of that useful substance acknow- 
 ledged until A.D. 1661. 
 
 The manufacture of silk, which was dailv graining; 
 Manufac- . / & a 
 
 ture of ground in the South of Europe, had made no pro- 
 silk. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 loudly to his praise. Newbury supplied another manufacturer 
 
 of wool, Doleman by name, so rich and so little inclined to 
 thrift, that he laid out the enormous sum of ten thousand 
 pounds, on building a vast and strong house near his native 
 place. Fearful of the lashes which he expected to receive 
 from the envy of his neighbours, he inscribed more than one 
 apposite sentence, both in Greek and Latin, above his superb 
 stone porch ; as spells against those ill-willers whose peculiar 
 malice he dreaded. The house is named Shaw; and will again 
 stand forward in history, when the fields round Newbury are 
 doomed to be stained with the blood of brethren in arms 
 against each other. 
 
 [Ashmole's Berks, Vol. II. &x. Slc 
 * Stat. 23 Eliz. cap. 9. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 1. ARTS. 149 
 
 gress in England. Henry II. of France is said Centxvi., 
 to have been the first who wore a pair of silk 
 stockings, and to him they came from Spain. 
 More will be said of this under the head of 
 dress, k.c. [15] 
 
 Great attention was paid by the Scots to the Scotland 
 manufacture of wool. During the reign of James 
 V. a very good regulation had been made, ap- 
 pointing proper persons in every burgh to seal 
 each piece of cloth.* The next reigns abound 
 with statutes to prevent the exportation of Scot- 
 tish wool to any foreign country. Against Eng- 
 land many acts are particularly pointed, as the 
 manufacturers there were probably eager to pro- 
 cure at any rate a commodity of a finer quality 
 than their own.f The English cloth was also 
 prevented by statute % from being imported into 
 Scotland. 
 
 « Although 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [15] It was probably the extreme scarcity and dearness of 
 silk that occasioned the following severe prohibition in the 
 1st and 2d of Philip and Mary, cap. 2. ' Whoever shall 
 wear silk in or upon his hat, bonnet, girdle, scabbard, hose, 
 shoes, or spur-leathers, shall be imprisoned and forfeit ten 
 pounds, except great persons, mayors, aldermen, fee. And 
 whoever does not discharge any servant offending in this guise, 
 within fourteen days, shall forfeit 1001.' 
 
 * Stat. 112, Pari. 7Jac. V. 
 
 f Stat. 45, Pari. 6" Marie, fee. &c. 
 
 % Stat. 23. Eliz. c. 9. 
 
meats. 
 
 >.30 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. Although fond of war, stout and active in their 
 England, persons, [16] daring and successful in battle, and 
 forward in enterprise, the English were, never- 
 theless, much behind their neighbours on the 
 continent in military improvements and disci* 
 
 , T pline. The musquetll/1 was almost unknown 
 
 No great l 1 L ' J 
 
 improve- among the native troops during great part of the 
 sixteenth century. The protector Somerset, who 
 knew the importance of fire-arms, had above 
 3000 foreigners in his pay of whom the greatest 
 part were musqueteers. [IS J The ill-advised 
 
 Mary 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [16] Hear what Roger Ascham writes of the English: 
 ' England need fear no outward enemies, the luslie I ds verilie 
 bee in England; I have seen on a Sunday more likelie men 
 walking in St. Paul's chinch than I ever yet saw in \ugusta, 
 (Augsburgh) where lieth an emperor with a garrison, tine" 
 kings, a queen, three princes, a number of dukes,' &x. &;c. 
 
 [l7] It must ha e been the aukwurd make and cumber- 
 some size of the musquet which made it creep so slowly on- 
 wards. Sir Roger Williams, an old and valiant soldier." wrote 
 a much-commended treatise on the preference of fire-arms to 
 bows and arrows. Yet we find long-bows and sheaves of ar- 
 rows still used in the equipment ol Elizabeth's navy, even to 
 the close ol her reign. 
 
 [18] Sir Peter Meutas, and Sir Peter Gamboa, distinguished 
 themselves at the fight of Musselburgh. Baptista Spinola fought 
 successfully against the rebels in the West: and Malatesta, in 
 the same year, (1549) was actively employed in Norfolk. 
 
 * Read Davila's ' Guerre Civili di Francia,' p. 758. How 
 ( Rugiero Villein, valoroso colonello,' defended a bastion which 
 fie had taker, from the gallant ' Amiral Villars,' and with a 
 pike in his hand, aided only by an ensign and a serjeant, main- 
 tained it against a strong detatchment of the garrison of Roan, 
 until he received succors. 
 
Ch. V. Part II. § 1. arts. 151 
 
 Mary added as little to the military strength of Centxvi. 
 the realm, as she did to its glory; unless, indeed, 
 by an explanatory act as to the quantity of arms, 
 8cc. with which each person should be provided, 
 according to his rank. This statute directed, 
 ' that a man worth lOOOl. per annum should 
 keep six horses fit for demy-lances, and ten for 
 light horsemen, with furniture and weapons be- 
 fitting them. Also forty corslets, kc. forty pikes, 
 thirty long-bows, thirty sheaves of arrows, as 
 many steel caps, twenty halberts, harquebuts, and 
 morions or helmets.' This was the highest class. 
 The lower ones were in a like proportion. Every 
 establishment * was bound to contribute. We 
 find, not long after, the deanery of Canterbury 
 (which was rated at 2001. per annum) directed, 
 on the rumour of a rebellion, to supply ' two 
 corslet, two almayn rivets, plate cotes and bri- 
 gandines, one pike, two iong-bowes,.two sheafFs 
 and arrowes, two steel caps, two harquebut, and 
 one morion or sallet.' 
 
 There existed now no difficulty in raising men Men 
 
 for the military service. The pay and clothino- easi \ 
 ' l J a raised. 
 
 allowed to recruits was such as might well tempt 
 them to enlist when the cheapness of living is 
 considered. Every private man had three shillings 
 paid to him weekly, without any deduction; be- 
 sides which, twenty -pence per week was laid out 
 
 for 
 
 Tod's Deans of Canterbury, p. IG. 
 
lo2 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Ceutxvi. f or ^^ i j n g 00C l apparell of different kinds, 
 some for the summer, and some for the wynter.' 
 The captain of each hundred men had twenty- 
 eight shillings paid him every Saturday, the 
 lieutenant fourteen, and the ensign seven. The 
 serjeant, the surgeon, the drum, and the fife, 
 five shillings weekly. This was the pay of Es- 
 sex's army when he was sent to subdue Tyrone.* 
 ~ On sudden occasions, where speed was ne- 
 
 times cessary, force was sometimes used ; as when the 
 
 ° lge Spaniards had taken Calais, an immediate de- 
 to serve. r 
 
 mand of 1000 men was made by the queen of 
 the Lord Mayor of London, and they were pro- 
 duced almost in an instant by the simple ma- 
 noeuvre of shutting up the doors of St. Paul's 
 during; divine service. 
 
 The most numerous force which Elizabeth 
 ever mustered by land was in the armies of 
 1588. They amounted to about 76,000 foot 
 and 3000 horse, besides garrisons. 
 
 The long wars in the Netherlands, in which a 
 corps of English soldiers were continually em- 
 ployed, not only formed many good officers, such 
 as Vere, Norreys, 8cc. but gradually inured the 
 troops to a strictness of discipline with which 
 Not al- they had been totally unacquainted. But it was 
 \vayswellf ar otherwise with such as issued raw from home 
 plined. on foreign service. Indeed the enterprizes under- 
 taken 
 
 * Nugae Antiquae, vol. ii. p. 17. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I.§ 1. arts. 153 
 
 taken under Elizabeth's auspices were apt to fail Cent.XVL 
 when the troops or seamen landed. They be- 
 haved always with desperate bravery ; but either 
 rushed on, without waiting the word of com- 
 mand; or, if not employed, fell by excesses into 
 epidemic complaints. 
 
 Robert Gary, Lord Hunsdon, when, as cap- Military- 
 tain of a company, he accompanied a detach- uxur >'* 
 ment to France, carried with him ' a waggon with 
 five horses to draw it, five great (dressed or ma- 
 naged) horses, and one little ambling nagge.' 
 He kept too a table which cost him thirty 
 pounds per week.* 
 
 The first foundery for cannon in England had i ron 
 been formed in 1535 by one Owen; in 1 5 4 7 , cannon, 
 Pierre Baudet, a foreigner, erected another near 
 the metropolis. 
 
 Iron balls are first spoken of in Rymer's Foe- 
 dera,t A. D. 1550. 
 
 The art of fencing gained no honor from its Fencing, 
 first introducer to the notice of England. His 
 name was Yorke ; he was a convicted traitor, 
 and signalized, in the service of Spain, his 
 unnatural detestation of his country. 
 
 The military strength of England, if exerted Military 
 to the utmost, was very great. Harrison, in his E U gi an d. 
 description of Britain, has stated the number of 
 men capable of bearing arms at 1,172,674; Sir 
 
 Walter 
 
 * Life of E. of Monmouth, p. 24, 25. 
 ■j- Rym. Feed. vol. xv. p. 18. 
 
154 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Hook VII. 
 
 ^^- Walter Raleigh, in his ' History of the World/ 
 at 1-, 172,000; and Peck has preserved a paper* 
 which confirms the account, by specifying that 
 musters were then made. 
 
 ^ T , These computations were made between l"i7") 
 
 Number l t 
 
 of the and I585; from them some idea may be formed 
 peop e. Q £ t j ie state Q £ Eugliglj population at the close 
 
 the sixteenth century; and it may be fairly ar- 
 gued that, according to the usual rules of poli- 
 tical arithmetic, there were at that period, in 
 the English territories, about 4,688,000 men, 
 women, and children. A strong support to the 
 exactness of the foregoing statement may be 
 found in the account certified to the privy coun- 
 cil by the bishops in 1603,** of persons who 
 attended church service, fcc. in I603. This 
 amounts to 2,065.033. As these must be above 
 the age of sixteen, their number, joined to a 
 fair average of the younger ones, will nearly 
 tally with the computation given above. ^ 
 
 English -^ Llt ** was ni tne nlar ^ ne branch of military 
 
 fleet science that the reign of Elizabeth was distin- 
 
 by Mary, guished. At the close of Mary's life, the navy 
 
 of England, either by a fatal ceconomy or a tolal 
 
 neglect, was fallen so low, that ten thousand 
 
 pounds 
 
 •'•'• Desid. Curiosa, vol. i. p. 74. 
 + MS. Hail. Brit. Mus. No. 2S0. 
 X Mr, Chalmers's Estimate, p. 34, 35. 
 
©l. V. Pt. I. § i. ARTS. • 155 
 
 pounds a year was looked on to be a sufficient Cent.xvr. 
 allowance to keep it in proper order. 
 
 Elizabeth, at her accession, found herself sur- 
 rounded with powerful and inveterate foes ; and 
 conscious that a standing land force, adequate to 
 repel every invasion, would soon exhaust her ex- 
 chequer, she contrived to guard at the same time 
 and to enrich her dominions, by giving every 
 possible encouragement, consistent with cecono- 
 my, to her merchants to build large ships, and to 
 prosecute naval expeditions and discoveries. It Revives 
 
 was in consequence of this policy, that she found "?• r 
 1 l J Eliza- 
 
 means to equip such a fleet as sufficed to baffle beth. 
 
 the vast Armada of the presumptuous Philip. 
 
 The papers of Sir William Monson, preserved 
 in the Ilarleian collection of voyages, abound 
 with curious particulars respecting both the land 
 and sea forces of England. The queen's prepa- 
 rations to encounter the vast fleet and army of 
 Spain are [l<j] mentioned with exactness and in- 
 terest; and the proper methods of defending the 
 
 places 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [19] It is impossible to omit a quotation here, which may 
 be, perhaps, judged extraneous to the point in hand. Mr. 
 Chalmers's very curious and interesting ' Estimate of the Com- 
 parative Strength,' kc. contains a calculation of the privateers 
 fitted out by Liverpool alone to cruize against the enemy during 
 the American contest; and their burthen amounts to 30,787 
 tons, which is only 1200 tons less than the whole naval force 
 luted out by Elizabeth to oppose the vast Armada of Spain! 
 
156 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. places on the coast most liable to an attack are 
 treated of with striking ability. Monson, who 
 was equally great as a commander and a histo- 
 rian, speaks of the naval abuses in his time, of 
 discipline on board the navy, [20] of the attach- 
 ment of sailors to privateers, (then styled ' ships 
 of reprisal) and of the means of preserving the 
 health of the seamen, k.c. k.c. in a manner so 
 consonant to modern ideas, that one would think 
 him a well-informed naval writer of the ei<j:h- 
 teenth century. 
 
 , T At the death of his lamented sovereign, Sir 
 
 Her navy ° ' 
 
 in 1588. William Monson acquaints us that her navy 
 consisted * of 
 
 Tons. Men. Mariners. Gunners. Soldiers. 
 
 2 ships of 1000 500 of whom were 340 40 120 
 „ nnA c 500 
 
 3 90 ° Uoo 
 
 3 800 400 268 32 100 
 
 350 
 
 400 
 
 350 
 
 300 
 
 4 500 250 88 12 30 
 2 400 200 
 
 1Q <350 <160 70 1Q o 
 
 We 
 
 2 700 £ 
 
 4 600 
 
 200 ( 100 
 
 9 smaller vessels. 
 
 39 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [20] If punishment could ensure good order, the captain 
 had abundance in his power. ' He might,' says Sir William 
 
 Monson, 
 * Monson' s Papers in theHarleian Voyages, vol. iii. p. 188. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 1. ARTS. 157 
 
 We are left in the dark as to the number of Centxvfc 
 guns which these vessels carried, but sixty seems 
 to be the highest number of pieces on board any 
 of them. 
 
 The pay of the navy, during the period we Pay of 
 treat of, was by the month, as follows: 
 
 
 C 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 C 
 
 s. dr 
 
 u 
 
 2 
 
 To the Captain, 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 6 
 
 12 G 
 
 CO 
 
 Lieutenant, 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 to 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 IB 
 
 in 
 
 Master, 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 to 
 
 3 
 
 o o yjsi 
 
 Boatswain, 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 to 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 £P 
 
 Surgeon, 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 i V 
 i 3 
 
 * Common man, 15 J 
 
 At the close of James Vth's unfortunate rei<m Scotland. 
 Ave find the Scots, depressed by the wretched and 
 impolitic conduct of their king, yet intrepid, 
 and ready to rush into the field at the first alarm; 
 and although not always fortunate in war, yet 
 meriting success by patiently enduring hardships, 
 when led by those on whom they could rely. 
 
 In 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Monson, ( set the offender in the bilboes during pleasure; 
 keep him fasting ; duck him at the yard arm ; haul him under 
 the ship's keel ; fasten him to the capstane and whip him there; 
 or hang weights about his neck until his heart and back be 
 ready to break; or gagg him; or scrape his tongue for blas- 
 phemy. This/ adds the experienced seaman, ' will tame the 
 most rude and savage people in the world.' 
 
 [Monson's Papers. 
 * Monson's Papen in the Harleian Voyages, vol, iii, p. %\Q. 
 
158 HISTORY OF CREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Ont.xvi. J rl Patten's very minute journal of the pro- 
 Manner tector's invasion, in 15AS, may be found a cir- 
 ? 'S' 11 " cumstantial account of the arms and manner of 
 
 Ulg. 
 
 lighting used by the Scots. Their swords, he 
 describes as broad and thin. Every man has a 
 pike, (limited by act of parliament to the length 
 of 18 feet 6 inches) and ' akercher wrapped twice 
 or thrice about his neck, nut for cold but for 
 cutting.' After painting with great exactness, and 
 some prolixity, the manner of their drawing up 
 and arming; their front against an enemy, he thus 
 finishes the picture: ' As easily shall a bare fin- 
 ger pierce through the skin of an angry hedge- 
 hog, as aney encounter the front of their 
 pikes.' [21] 
 
 Ord- The most sudden change for the worse ; in the 
 
 nance. ... , .. r .-, . . , , , 
 
 military detail 01 Scotland, seems to -have been 
 
 found in the artillery department. At the field 
 of Flodden, in 15 13, the train of cannon which 
 accompanied the Scottish army was the admira- 
 tion of Europe. Yet, in little more than thirty 
 years afterwards, the regent could muster only 
 two pieces of ordnance to attack a castle (St. 
 Andrew's) of the first importance to the state. 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [21] The great advantage which the spear, spoken of above, 
 possessed above the cutting sword, was never more clearly 
 proved than in 1562, when the Prior of St. Andrew's, with a 
 handful of lowlandmen, armed with lances, totally defeated the 
 numerous Highlanders who, under the Earl of Huntley, af- 
 Vicked him with certainty of success. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § l. arts. i;,<) 
 
 The change of religion -which took place in Cent.xvr. 
 
 the North was detrimental to the military spirit of Military 
 
 the nation. No longer exercised in repelling or s P ,nt d(i " 
 
 ° . creases. 
 
 returning the sudden assaults ol' their neighbours, 
 
 the commonalty became indeed industrious and 
 
 inoffensive, but by no means so terrible in war : 
 
 and, except a few borderers, whose martial turn 
 
 "was kept up by reciprocal pillage and slaughter, 
 
 the soldier sank into the unmilitary citizen. The 
 
 perpetual ascendency of Elizabeth's counsels, and 
 
 the peaceful turn, as well as the failing treasury, 
 
 of James the Sixth, all operated against every 
 
 rising military inclination among a people more 
 
 inured to war than most nations of Europe. 
 
 The Scots, incapable as affairs now stood of 
 making any improvement in military skill at 
 home, rendered themselves famous abroad for in- 
 trepidity. The high esteem in which Kirkaldie 
 of Grange was held in France, and the gallant fall 
 of Norman Leslie at Renty, are evidences, among 
 a thousand others, of their reputation as soldiers. 
 
 During the reign of the pacific James VI. his 
 most anxious endeavors seem to have been ex- 
 erted to prevent his subjects from carrying arms. 
 Almost every session afforded a statute to aid this 
 purpose. ' Quiverings, Dagges, Pistolets,* and 
 Hagbuts,'! seem to have been the most dreaded 
 arms. But, in a later act, great apprehension is 
 
 expressed 
 
 Stat. S7, Pail, tf, Jac. VI. + Stat. 6, P,vrl. 16. Jac. Vf. 
 
l60 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. expressed of such as wear ' Jackes, Secreats, and 
 Corselets,' privately within the Icing's palace.* 
 
 Printing. The art of printing became every day more 
 important, and now strode forth into the fields of 
 controversy, from its gentler paths of history, 
 ro ance, and acts of parliament. It was un- 
 
 Contro- doubled) v of great service to the reformation, 
 
 versy in a§ , t diffused knowledge with more velocity than 
 
 iavor or ° J 
 
 reforma- any i ther way that coald have been found out. 
 A few, among the many titles of polemical books 
 which appeared between the years 1546 and 
 1553, (when the stern rule of Mary commenced) 
 will shew what kind of treatises were then most 
 grateful to the common readers, and yielded 
 most profit to the press. 
 
 + ' The Seconde Course of the Hunter at the 
 Romishe Fox.' 
 
 ' Have at all Papistes! by me Hans Hitpricke.' 
 
 ' Wyckclyffe's Wycket, with the Testament 
 of William Tracie, Esq. Wherein thou shalt 
 perceive with what charitie the Chancellour of 
 Worcester burned, when he toke up the dead 
 carkas, and made ashes of it after it was buried.' 
 
 ' A Ballet, declaringe the Fal of the Hoore 
 of Babylon, intituled, " Tye thie Mare, Tom- 
 boy." 
 
 ' An Answer to a Papystyeall Exhortation, 
 Sec. " Every py'd Pedlar— Will be a Medlar". 
 
 With 
 
 * Stat. 26, Pari. 16, Jac. VI. + Ames on Printing, p. 506. 
 
Ch.V. Pt. I. § 1. arts. 16 i 
 
 With the complexion of the court, that of the Cent.xvi. 
 press also changed; and, in 1554, we find the of Po- 
 followine; titles : P ei 7- 
 
 * * A Godly Psalm of Mary, Queen, which 
 
 brought us comfort all, 
 Thro' God, whom wee of duety praise, that 
 
 give her foes a fall.' 
 1 A Homily on the Grownde of these Lutheran 
 Factions.' 
 
 ' Boke against certain Heretikes,' k.c. 
 The Protestants had still some presses in their 
 possession, and thence they sent forth a few sar- 
 castical pamphlets against their foes, such as 
 
 + ' The hunting of the Fox and the Wolfe, be- 
 cause they make havocke in Christe's Flocke.' 
 
 At the end is a picture of Truth, a poor woman 
 in the stocks. Subtlety as a Jesuit holds a rod up 
 to her, while a monk is ready to strangle her. 
 1 An Answer made by Bar. Traheron to a 
 privie Papiste, which crepte among the English 
 exiles under the visor of a favourer of the 2:0s- 
 pel, but at length bewraied himself to be one of 
 the Pope's asses thorough his slouch ears, and 
 then became a laughing stocke to all the compa 
 nie whom he had amased before with his maske,' 
 Sec. Sec. 
 
 The 
 
 * Ames on Printing, p. 513. + Ibid. p. 514. 
 
 Vol. II. M 
 
162 
 
 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Book VII. 
 
 Cent. XVI, 
 
 New sub- 
 jects for 
 the press, 
 
 Mono- 
 poly of 
 printing 
 music, 
 fcc. 
 
 Episco- 
 palian 
 and Pu- 
 ritan con- 
 troversy. 
 
 The accession of Elizabeth swept away all this 
 species of controversy, [22] and brought forward 
 the contest between the square cap and tippet, 
 and the black coif and band ; a contest managed 
 with as little temper, and as much scurrility, as 
 that which concerned Transubstantiation and the 
 Seven Sacraments. 
 
 * Sometimes the press was recreated with 
 printing music, as we find by a patent for that 
 purpose in 1573* Every thing was at that pe- 
 riod thrown into monopolies. The printing of 
 the English Accidence was included in this im- 
 politic pale. 
 
 Most of the books that were printed, during 
 the latter part of Elizabeth's reign, had relation 
 to the disputes between Episcopacy and Puritan- 
 ism. Many of their titles, equally ludicrous 
 and abusive, have been given in another place. 
 
 Some 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [22] An abridgement, * bref abstract, or short sume,' of 
 some books of the Bible, was printed early in Elizabeth's reign, 
 with this modest apology in the title-page for casual errors: 
 * Such faltes as you herein may finde, 
 I pray you be content ; 
 And do the same with will and myndc 
 That was then our intent. 
 
 The prynters were outlandish men, 
 
 The faltes they be the more 
 Which are escapyd now and then — 
 
 But hereof are no store.' 
 
 * Ames on Printing, p. 536, 53". 
 
Ch.V.Pt.I.|l. arts* 163 
 
 Some publications there were of an eccentric ^-^P; 
 
 kind, utterly unworthy of such controversial 
 
 comrades. 
 
 * ' The pleasant History of Two Angry Wo- Miscella- 
 
 ncous 
 men of Abingdon, with the humourous Mirthe of art i c i es . 
 
 Dick Coomes and Nicholas Proverbes, as it was 
 
 lately played by the Honourable the Earl of 
 
 Nottingham his Servantes.' 
 
 ' Dyet's Dry Dinner, consisting of eight se- 
 veral Courses; 1. Fruites, 2- Herbes, 3. Fleshe, 
 4. Fishe, 5- Whitemeats, 6. Spice, 7- Sause, 
 8. Tobacco. All served in order of Time uni- 
 versall.' 
 
 t ' A true Report of the tryumphant and ryall 
 Accomplisment of the Baptisme of the most 
 excellent right high and mighty Prince, Henry 
 Frederick, by the Grace of God Prince of 
 Wales ; [23] as it was solemnized August 30, 
 
 *594.' 
 
 ' 1594, printed in Quarto, by Thomas Creed, 
 at the Catharine Wheel, Thames Street.' 
 
 During the virulent controversy between the A wan- 
 Episcopalians and the Puritans there was a wan- "^ 
 dering press, which shifted its quarters when in 
 
 hazard 
 
 NOTES. 
 [23] It appears strange that a book should have been so 
 openly published with such a title, under so jealous a sovereign 
 as Elizabeth. 
 
 * Ames on Printing, p. 568. + Ibid, p, 426. 
 
 M 2 
 
164 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. hazard of discovery, with great alacrity. From 
 its first station, Moulsey, in Surrey, it migrated to 
 Fawsley, to Norton, to Coventry, to Woolston, 
 and to Manchester. In its course it swept away 
 the lives of some, and the fortunes of many, and 
 particularly that of two knights named Knightly 
 and Wiastone * who had harbored its dangerous 
 ingenuity. 
 
 John Day. John Day, a printer of Elizabeth's age, merits 
 notice. He was originally from Suffolk ; and, 
 under the protection of Archbishop Parker, 
 became one of the first printers and booksellers 
 in London. As he was deeply engaged with the 
 Episcopalians, a fanatical printer, named Asplin, 
 raving with Puritanism, contrived to be taken 
 into the house of Day, and endeavored to assassi- 
 nate both him and his wife, excusing the attempt 
 by the pretence of an inspiration, t John Day 
 died A. D. 1584, after having had twenty-six 
 children, with the character of a liberal patron to 
 men of literature, and a bountiful friend to the 
 poor. The good old Fox, the martyrologist, is 
 believed to have owed much to this generous 
 artist's hospitality. The epitaph on Day refers 
 to this circumstance in the true fantastic manner 
 of die times: 
 
 1 Here 
 
 * Ames on Printing, p. 423. + See Ecclesiastical History. 
 
Ch. V.Pt. I. § 1. arts. 165 
 
 ; Here lyes the Day that darkness could not^^-^J- 
 blinde, His epi- 
 
 When Popish fogges had overcaste the simne ; tap ■ 
 This Day the cruel nighte did leve behinde, 
 
 To view and showe what blodi actes were donne. 
 
 He set a Fox to wrighte how martyrs runne 
 
 By deathe to lyfe ; Fox ventured paynes and 
 helthe 
 
 To give them lyghte ; Day spent in print his 
 we 1 the ; 
 But God, with gayne, return'd his wealthe 
 agayne, &cc. 8cc. 
 
 There appears no exact period when the black 
 letter quitted the English press. A book printed 
 at the close of 1558, giving an account of the 
 ceremonies used at the reception of Elizabeth in 
 London, at her accession, is printed almost en- 
 tirely in the Roman character ; whereas Islip's or 
 Speght's edition of Chaucer's works, published 
 in so late a year as 1603, has only the title-page 
 and the preface in Roman letters, and all the rest 
 in the old black characters. * 
 
 One can hardly avoid lamenting the final de-uiumi- 
 
 struction of illumination, which was completed " atloa 
 
 ' m r lost. 
 
 in the 16th century. That beautiful art, how- 
 ever, owed its extirpation to the two greatest be- 
 nefits with which, in latter ages, mankind have 
 been honored— printing, and the reformation. 
 
 The 
 
 * Ames on Printing, p. 233. 
 
j56 history of great Britain. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. XVI. The art of printing appears to have been in- 
 Scotland. troduced to Scotland before A. D. I509. A 
 f Breviary printed in that year, and composed by 
 printing. William Eiphinston, Bishop of Aberdeen, for 
 the use of his cathedral, is still preserved in the 
 Advocate's library. This early antique is even 
 adorned with a wooden engraving. * 
 Earliest Nevertheless, the name of no Scottish printer 
 printer. j g preservec i earlier than A. D. 1541- 
 
 In that year, some new acts of parliament 
 were published by Thomas Davidson the kings 
 printer. This book too is preserved in the same 
 collection, and is beautifully printed on vellum, 
 with an engraved frontispiece and tailpiece. A 
 translation of Boethius appeared soon after by 
 the same printer. These, and several other 
 books, were as fairly and well executed as any 
 other books printed at that time in any other 
 part of Europe, t The catalogue, however, of 
 pieces published in Scotland, during the 16th 
 century, is not very numerous until towards the 
 close, when it became larger and more miscel- 
 The press l an eous. 
 e< j. An act X to restrain writings from the press, 
 
 unless licensed, passed in 1551- [24] 
 
 Most 
 
 NOTES. 
 [24] In this, as in many other places, there is occasion to 
 remark, that the expression ' English' was applied to the 
 
 dialect 
 * Arnot's Edinburgh, p. 432. + lb. p. 433. 
 
 J Stat. 25 Pari. 5 Queen Marie. 
 
Ch.V. Pt. I. § 1. ARTS. i0Y 
 
 Most of the productions of the day tended ^xvi. 
 towards religion. Some politics, and some po- 
 etical works, indeed, intervene ; among which 
 
 we find 
 
 1 The Lamentation of Lady Scotland, compy- 
 lit be hirself, 8cc. Printed at St. Androis, be 
 R. Lekprevik.' 
 
 ' My Lord Methwenis Tragedie. Finis with 
 the dytone, quoth Sempill.' 
 
 Nothing particular occurs farther to remark, 
 unless that the Scottish press seems to have a 
 much larger supply of Latin pieces than that of 
 England. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 dialect of the Scots. ' Ass well in-Latine as in the English 
 toung,' is an expression twice repeated in the act here quoted. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
16S HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN- Book VII. 
 
 CHAP. V. SECTION II. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE FINE ARTS, SCULPTURE, PAINTING, 
 POETRY, AND MUSIC, IN GREAT BRITAIN, FROM 
 A. D. 1547, TO A. D. 1603. 
 
 v2JS COMETHING more than a mere repose from 
 Slow pro- *~* civil broils was necessary to tempt the na- 
 
 CT ppcc OF 
 
 The Hue tives °f Britain to the cultivation of the more 
 
 arts in elegant but less necessary arts of peace. Expe- 
 Britain. ,. . . . , , . r , 
 
 clitions against the opulent subjects ol the Spa- 
 nish Philip, were more suited to the most active 
 spirits, than sedentary studies ; while those of a 
 more studious turn exerted their abilities in the 
 various branches of religious controversy. A 
 more intimate connection with the neighbouring 
 districts of Europe (a connection only to be ac- 
 quired by reciprocal travelling and a familiar 
 state of commerce) alone could introduce that 
 taste for the arts which, natural to Italy, had 
 made some progress in France and Germany, but 
 waited for a milder season to pass the British 
 Straights. 
 Sculp- Sculpture seems to have been remarkably tardy 
 
 in her progress ; for, notwithstanding the number 
 of ornamented monuments [25] which the latter 
 
 part 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [25] In the ' Lady's Chapel' at Warwick are the singularly 
 beautiful monuments of the Dudley family, erected in the reign 
 of Elizabeth. Numberless others might be mentioned. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 2. arts. 169 
 
 part of the sixteenth century produced, yet we ^*^^* 
 find only one sculptor of any eminence recorded 
 by Mr. Walpole during the reign of Elizabeth, 
 and he was not an Englishman, although named 
 Richard Stephens. He was a statuary, a painter, 
 and a medallist. The monument which he raised 
 for * Thomas Ratcliffe, Earl of Sussex, at Bore- 
 ham in that county, has many figures in a good 
 style. Some of this artist's medals of private Medals, 
 persons are mentioned by the noble author of 
 the ' Anecdotes of Painting,' 8cc. 
 
 Some good medallions were struck, during 
 Elizabeth's reign, on great public occasions ; par- 
 ticularly on the defeat of the Spanish Armada. 
 As the artists names are not known, there is lit- 
 tle reason to suppose them Englishmen. + 
 
 In Scotland nothing could be expected in favor Scotland, 
 of an art, the destruction of whose fairest works 
 was one among the most prominent objects of 
 John Knox's system of reformation. An active 
 demolisher of monuments would have gained his 
 living under the tasteless apostles of Caledonia 
 with much more ease than the most expert 
 statuary. 
 
 That branch of sculpture which looks toward 
 medals, produced more than one scene from the 
 eventful history of Mary Stuart ; among these, 
 
 the 
 
 ■'■ Anecdotes of Painting, &c. vol. i. p. 160. 
 •j- Evelyn on Medals, p. 91, Sec. 
 
170 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. tne following is truly pathetic. The queen ap- 
 pears as low as the waist, holding her breviary ; 
 the motto, ' O God grant patience, in that I suf- 
 fer vrang.' On the reverse is read 
 
 ' Quho can compare with me in grief? 
 I die, and dar nocht seik relief.' 
 
 Beneath is a hand ready to join one heart to 
 another, with this motto : 
 
 ' Hourt not the heart 
 Quho's joy thou art.' 
 
 The piece is of silver, and weighs two ounces ; 
 
 but the merit of it cannot be attributed to the 
 
 artists of Scotland, as the name of the engraver 
 
 is not known.* 
 
 Tainting. Painting lay dormant in England during the 
 
 short reign of Edward VI. [26] Under Mary 
 
 Sir Anto- **• was enlivened by the presence of Antonio 
 
 »io More. More,+ a native of Utrecht, who was sent over to 
 
 London that he might paint the portrait of the 
 
 intended bride of the Spanish Philip. For this 
 
 work he had an hundred pounds, a gold chain, 
 
 knighthood, and a pension of a hundred pounds 
 
 per 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [26] Mr. Walpole mentions a catoptric portrait of Edward 
 VI. which lay among the stores of old pictures at Somerset 
 House. It is remarkable that Paul Hentzner, in his account of 
 Whitehall, describes this very picture. 
 
 * Nic. Scot. Hist. Lib. p. 95. 
 
 ■J- Walpole's Anecdotes, vol. i. p. 122. 
 
Ch.V.Pt.I. |2. ATtTS. 171 
 
 per quarter as painter to their majesties. He c^^ 
 stayed in England during the reign of Mary and 
 was much employed. [27] 
 
 Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire,* who, Earl of 
 after a long confinement in the Tower, died by shire 
 poison at Padua, was, if we mvy credit Strype, 
 [28] no mean proficient in this elegant art. 
 
 Elizabeth encouraged painting because she was 
 never tired of seeing portraits of herself; [29] 
 
 and 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [27] Intoxicated with the familiarity in which Philip in- 
 dulged him, More one day returned a friendly tap on the 
 shoulder from the king's hand with the blow of a stick. For 
 this offence he was banished from Spain. The king soon 
 recalled him; but the artist, who probably knew the dark 
 depth of Philip's mind, declined the invitation. [Walpole. 
 [28] ' Facile et laudabiliter, cujuscunque imaginem, in 
 tabula exprimeret.' [Memorials. 
 
 [29] ' A pale Roman nose, a head of hair loaded with 
 pearls and powdered with diamonds, a vast ruff, a vaster far* 
 dingale, and a bushel of pearls, are the features' by which we 
 recognise Elizabeth. 
 
 There exists a family piece in which Henry VIII. , Edward, 
 Mary and Philip, and Elizabeth (as the principal figure, and 
 too large in proportion to the rest) appear. Circumscribed in 
 golden letters are these verses, suspected by Mr. Walpole to 
 be written by the queen. 
 4 A face of much nobility, lo ! in a little room ! 
 
 Four states and their conditions here shadowed in a show; 
 A father more than valiant ; a rare and virtuous son; 
 
 A daughter zealous in her kind ; the rest the world doth 
 know ; 
 
 And 
 * Walpole's Anecdotes, vol, i. p. 128. 
 
172 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. and happily our age possesses not only her like- 
 ^^^^^ nesses, but those of every celebrated man in her 
 court. Numbers of foreign [30] artists now 
 found encouragement in England, but the na- 
 tive painters were very few indeed. Of these * 
 Hilliard. Nicholas Hilliard, the queen's jeweller, was one 
 of the most celebrated. He was a neat painter, 
 and Dr. Donne sings of him, 
 
 ' A hand or eye 
 By Milliard drawn is worth a history 
 By a worse painter made.' 
 Yet Mr. Walpole says, that ' he arrived at no 
 strength of coloring, and that his faces are pale, 
 and void of any variety of tints.' In his age, how- 
 ever, his performances were greatly valued. 
 
 Hilliard 
 
 NOTES. 
 And last of all a virgin queen to England's joy we see, 
 Successively to hold the right and virtues of the three.' 
 On the foreground is written : 
 
 ' The queen to Walsingham this table sent, 
 
 Mark of her people's and her own content.' 
 [30] Among these was Frederic Zucchero, a caustic portrait- 
 painter ; who, when employed by Pope Benedict XIII. having 
 been insulted by the servants of that pontiff, painted them with 
 asses' ears, and exposed the picture in the most public place in 
 Rome. This sally of resentment drove him from his office. 
 Also Cornelius Ketel, a native of Gouda. This wild performer, 
 after gaining great fame by painting in the common stile, laid 
 aside his brushes and painted with his fingers, and afterwards 
 with his toes; and is said to have executed these pieces with un- 
 common excellence. 
 
 [Walpole. 
 * Walpole's Anecdotes, vol. i. p, 1-18. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 2. arts. 175 
 
 Hilliard died in 1619; in a MS of his, dis- ^™- 
 covered by Vertue, he highly praises the per- 
 formances, chiefly in black and white, of John 
 Bolsam, an artist whose works have entirely dis- 
 appeared. 
 
 The value set on the art was not high. There 
 appears, in the fifteenth volume of the Foedera, 
 a salary of ten pounds per annum granted to 
 William Heme, the queen's serjeant-painter. 
 
 Isaac Oliver, * an excellent miniature painter, Isaac 
 probably of foreign extraction, flourished in the 
 days of Elizabeth. Every one of his numerous 
 performances which are now extant are extremely 
 valuable ; fortunately, besides their own merit, 
 most of them have the additional value of repre- 
 senting the most distinguished characters of the 
 age. Oliver lived to shine in the days of Eliza- 
 beth's successor. 
 
 The age afforded one gentleman who at- Sir Na- 
 
 tained the perfection of a master: [31] Sir ^ ianiei 
 r *- -J Bacon. 
 
 Nathaniel Bacon, + Knight of the Bath, half 
 
 brother 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [31] ' But none, in my opinion, deserveth more respect and 
 admiration for his skill and practice of painting, than Master 
 N. Bacon, (younger son to the most honorable and bountiful- 
 minded Sir Nicholas Bacon) not inferior, in my judgment, to 
 our skilfullest masters.' 
 
 ["Peacham on Limninc. 
 
 The bust and tomb of this accomplished knight are to be seen 
 in the church of Culford, Suffolk. 
 
 * Walpole's Anecdotes, vol. i. p. 152. t Ibid. p. 163. 
 
374 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. XVI. brother of the great Sir Francis. He studied 
 painting in Italy, but his coloring approaches 
 nearer to the style of the Flemish school. 
 Hans England ought not to lose the deserved honor 
 
 Holbein, f fostering and nobly rewarding the labors of 
 Hans Holbein, an excellent artist, "who died 
 in 1554, probably at the house of his patron the 
 Duke of Norfolk in Duke's Place, London ; 
 he was born at Basil in Switzerland (as Vertue 
 believed) in 1498. 
 
 Erasmus was the first who patronised his merit. 
 The Lord Arundel admired his skill, and advised 
 him to visit England. He did so in 1526, tempted 
 by the pleasure of leaving a froward wife, and 
 of receiving a larger price for his painting. The 
 people of Basil (enchanted with a fly which Hol- 
 bein had drawn on a portrait so naturally, that 
 many attempted to brush it off) endeavored in 
 vain to detain him. In England he was received 
 and encouraged by Sir Thomas More, until 
 Henry chancing to see his performances seized 
 on the artist for himself; and settled on him a 
 pension of 200 florins, besides paying him for 
 each picture he drew. 
 
 Once, Holbein is said to have precipitated 
 down stairs a peer who had intruded on him when 
 he was drawing a lady's portrait for the king. 
 The painter rushed to Henry and told his tale, 
 which was received with a frown ; and he was 
 ordered to the royal closet. Next came the peer 
 
 loudly 
 1 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 2. arts. 175 
 
 loudly complaining, and misrepresenting the Cenuxvi. 
 story. But Henry, after reprimanding him for his 
 want of candor, thus addressed him: ' It is me, 
 not Holbein, whom you have insulted. I can make 
 seven peasants into as many lords ; but I cannot 
 make one Holbein. Begone ! and remember 
 that / protect him.' The behavior of Henry 
 Mr. Walpole observes, is the most probable part 
 of the anecdote. 
 
 The king employed Holbein abroad as well as 
 in England, and paid him so well, that the mu- 
 nificent offer made by Basil of ' fifty florins a year 
 for two years certain,' could not lure him back 
 to his family. There are in Kensington Palace 
 eighty-nine fine drawings [32] of this master. 
 
 The want of some historian or biographer to Scotland, 
 have noted the artists of Scotland, is still severely 
 felt by him who wishes to record their merits. It 
 is with difficulty, and from a private correspon- 
 dent, that Mr. Walpole, the most diligent of 
 searchers, has gained some particulars concernino- 
 George Jamisone, * the Vandyke of Scotland, 
 who began to be known towards the close of the 
 sixteenth century. But the account of him will 
 come more properly a little later in this work. 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [32] These have since been engraved in a masterly style and 
 published. 
 
 * Walpole's Anecdotes, Appendix to vol. iii. p. 2. 
 
176 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. The practice of engraving; seined considerable 
 
 Ena-rav- strength towards the close of the 16th age. 
 
 ln S« Archbishop Parker was its especial patron," and 
 
 kept two persons in his house, Hogenberg, and 
 Lyne an Englishman, employed chiefly in en- 
 graving genealogies. A large piece of this kind, 
 engraved in 1574 by one of these artists, compre- 
 hending the lineal descent of the Eno-lish mo- 
 narchy, was existing (says Ames in his Typo- 
 graphical Antiquities) in the manor-house of 
 Ruckholts, in Essex. 
 
 This art (says Mr. Walpole) when once dis- 
 covered, could not fail to spread in an age of 
 literature. 
 
 Praise of Ortelius, who published the ' Theatrum Or- 
 
 Enghsh D j s Terrarum,' employed more than one artist 
 artists. l J . 
 
 from England in the engravings for his work ; 
 
 and gives particular [33] commendation to En- 
 glish engravers. 
 , Christopher Saxton was the first regular en- 
 maps, graver of county maps which England had seen. 
 His map of Yorkshire is allowed by Thoresby 
 to be ' the best that was ever made of that county.' 
 He -i had a patent from the queen for his under- 
 
 taking. 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [33] He expressly names Antony Jenkinson who flourished 
 in 156% and Robert Leeth as skilful in taking the plot of a 
 country. [Walpole. 
 
 * Ames on Printing, p. 540. + Ibid. p. 542. 
 
Chap. V. Pt. I. § 2. arts. 177 
 
 The people of England under Elizabeth seem ^-^; 
 
 to have been as fond of portraits of remarkable Engraved 
 
 persons as they are in the eighteenth century. P oltra)ts 
 r J o J common. 
 
 * By this time,' says Stowe, speaking of the Duke 
 D'Alenson, ' his picture, state, and titles, were 
 advanced in every stationer's shop, and many 
 other public places.' 
 
 In the Cecil papers, the queen appears much 
 displeased at certain bookbinders who had print- 
 ed the face of her majesty, and of the king of 
 Sweden (who courted her) together, and orders 
 such engravings to be seized and taken away. [34] 
 
 An art (that of poetry) now comes in view, Poetry* 
 
 which, as most adapted to the taste of a warlike 
 
 and not highly polished nation, not only at this 
 
 epoch boasted most votaries, but had never 
 
 quitted the island even in the most barbarous 
 
 times. 
 
 The age of Elizabeth has been styled ' the 
 
 golden age of English poetry ;'* an epithet 
 
 which every reader of taste will controvert when 
 
 he has studied its history, and convinced himself 
 
 of the extreme inequality of its writers, and of the 
 
 real 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [34] * Had Elizabeth been always thus circumspect, 5 says 
 Evelyn, ' there had not been so many vile copies multiplied 
 From an ill painting as, being called in and brought to Essex 
 house, did for several years supply the pastry -men with peels 
 for the use of their ovens.' [Art of Chalcography., 
 
 * Hist, of Poetry, vol. iii. p. 490, 
 
 Vol. II. n 
 
1*8 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. rea i scarcity of good poets. Yet that a sudden 
 Improves improvement in every species of poetry, and par- 
 in ^ n S~ ticularly in that appropriated to the stage, ap- 
 peared towards the close of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, must be allowed. 
 Andwhy. The judicious historian of English poetry im- 
 putes that predominance of fancy and fiction 
 which now glittered in every poetical produc- 
 tion, partly to the very classical education uni- 
 versally allowed by people of rank to their chil- 
 dren of both sexes ; and partly to the importa- 
 tion and translation of numberless Italian novels, 
 the reveries of a fashionable but false philosophy, 
 * a degree of superstition sufficient for the pur- 
 poses of poetry, the adoption of the machineries 
 of romance, and the frequency and improvement 
 of allegoric exhibitions in the popular spectacles.'* 
 At the beginning of the period which we now 
 read of, two kind of dramatic spectacles, the 
 
 Mysteries Mystery and the Morality, had possession of the 
 
 and Mo- „. , . 
 
 ralities. stage. 1 hese were composed in a tragi-comic 
 
 style, and had yet a strong tendency towards de- 
 votion. [35] The mystery always exhibited some 
 
 scripture 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [35] c New Custorne,' a morality published in the year 
 J 573, had the following Dramatis Persona;, from whose names 
 its tendency may be easily discovered: 
 
 Perverse Doctrine, An old Popish Priest. 
 
 Ignoraunce, Another, but older. 
 
 New 
 * Hist, of Poetry, vol. iii. p. 401. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 2. arts. 179 
 
 scripture story, most absurdly and ludicrously Cent. xvr. 
 (although with no profane intention) versified ; 
 the morality had more contrivance, and some- 
 times shewed a boldness of thought worthy of a 
 brighter age. A very striking instance of this 
 we shall find in the ' Coventry Play ,' or ' Ludus 
 Coventrice,* sive Ludus Corporis Christi.' This, 
 in a gross and rude style, has forestalled the idea 
 of our great Milton. But such flights of genius 
 were not often to be expected in a kind of com- 
 position which avowedly set order and common 
 sense at defiance. 
 
 ' Gammer Gurton's Needle' is usually styled Gammer 
 the first English comedy ; for it appeared not ^ U1 '*° n ' s 
 until A. D. 1575? although Chetwood, in his 
 4 British Theatre,' speaks of fancied editions much 
 earlier. The humor, though extremely low, is 
 abundant ; and the strict rules of the antient co- 
 medy are more minutely attended to in its compo- 
 sition than a modern critic would expect. 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 New Custome, A Minister. 
 
 Light of the Gospel, Another. 
 
 Hypocrisie, An olde Woman,, 
 
 Creweltie, A Ruffler. (a) 
 
 Avarice, Another. 
 
 Edification, A Sage. 
 
 Assurance, A Vertue. 
 
 Godde's felicitv. A Sage. 
 
 * See Appendix. 
 
 (a) A cheating bully, 
 
 N 2 
 
180 HISTORY OF CHEAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. The tragedy of Gorboduc, which was acted 
 Tragedy before Elizabeth at Whitehall, in I56I, deserves 
 of Gor- notice, as having been perhaps the first specimen 
 of our language of an heroic tale, written in blank 
 verse, divided into acts and scenes, and clothed 
 with all the formalities of a regular drama. It 
 was written by Thomas Sackville, Lord Buck- 
 hurst; with some assistance, as is said, from Tho- 
 mas Norton, the coadjutor of Hopkins and Stern- 
 hold in the translation of David's Psalms." 
 
 The following lines, in which Prince Ferrex 
 imprecates curses on himself, if he ever meant ill 
 to his brother Porrex, are not without animation: 
 ' The wrekefull Gods pour on my cursed hede 
 Eternal plagues, and never-dying woes ! 
 The hellish prince adjust my dampned ghoste 
 To Tantal's thirste, or proud Ixion's wheele ; 
 Or cruel gripe to gnaw my growing harte, 
 To durynge tormentes and unquenched flames ; 
 If ever I conceived so foule a thought 
 To wishe his ende of life, or yet of reigne.' 
 £ p ; c# That the epic branch of poetry had reached to 
 
 an amazing height in the reign of Elizabeth there 
 needs no other evidence than what a perusal of 
 ' The Faerie Queen,' or indeed only of ' The 
 Cave of Despair,' painted in the ninth canto, will 
 afford. 
 
 The 
 
 * Hist, of Poetry, vol. iii. p. 355. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § I. ARTS. 181 
 
 The irregular ode, or sonnet, was exceedingly Cent.xvi. 
 wild, and somewhat unharmonious, at the com- Sonnet. 
 mencement of the period we treat of. During 
 the latter part of the century that species of com- 
 position was much attended to, and improved 
 more perhaps than any other. 
 
 A new kind of poem, thehallad, had now sue- B a n ac j 
 ceeded to the minstrel's song and was become 
 common and very popular. [36] Ballad-singing 
 was indeed so much in vogue, and the employ- 
 ment so lucrative, that two celebrated treble- 
 singers, named" ' Out-roaring Dick,' and ' Wat 
 Wimbars,' are said to have gained twenty-shil- 
 lings a-day by chanting ballads at Braintree fair 
 in Essex. 
 
 The first drinking song that appeared in the 
 English tongue is connected with ' Gammer Gur- 
 ton's Needle,' and was published in 1551. 
 
 A singular 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [36] Ballads, as has been the case in modern times, were, 
 sometimes made the vehicle of satire. We find that Thomas 
 Deloney was committed to the Counter, in 1596, for ridiculing 
 the queen, and the book of orders concerning the dearth of corn, 
 in a ballad. Deloney was a collector of inferior antiquities. 
 Among other books he had published the ' History of Jack ot 
 Newbury,' collected from traditions of the time, and containing 
 several curious ballads and reliques of old customs. Little 
 more is known of this writer except that he had satirized Kempi 
 the comedian in what he calls ' Abhominable Ballets.' 
 * Hist, of Poetry, vol. iii. p. 292, note c. 
 
184 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Centxvi. A singular attempt was made, early in Eliza- 
 Latin beth's reign, by the accomplished Sir Philip 
 measures Sidney, to introduce the use of Hexameters and 
 Pentameters in English poetry. It had little 
 prospect of applause, when out of twenty lines, 
 the two following only could be reckoned to- 
 lerably harmonious. 
 ' Fortune, Nature, Love, long have contended 
 about me, 
 Which should most miseries cast on a worm, 
 
 as I am.' 
 The experiment succeeded still worse, when 
 pointed at an imitation of the Sapphic : 
 ' If mine eyes can speak, to do hearty errand, 
 Or mine eye's language, she do hap to judge of, 
 So that eye's message be by her received; 
 Hope, we do live yet 1'* 
 
 Some account of the poets of the age, and of 
 English their works, will naturally follow what has been 
 said of their art. It shall be as concise as pos- 
 sible, but the subject is copious. 
 
 Edward VI. was too much engaged in the 
 study of languages, and his sister Mary I. too 
 devout, for the due attendance on a study pe- 
 culiarly adapted to minds unfettered and clear 
 of any impetuous pursuit. 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 * Arcadia, vol i. p. 140, 141, 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 2, arts. 183 
 
 Elizabeth, born to exceed her father [37*| in Ccnt.xvi. 
 every accomplishment, as well as in every ex- E ii za - 
 ertion of royalty, was, as we have seen, far from beth » 
 an indifferent poet. 
 
 One of her most distinguished ministers, Lord 
 Thomas Sackville, Lord Buckhnrst, had the Buck " 
 suffrage of his ao-e's best critics in favor of his 
 1 Gorboduc' But, as he lived to the reign of 
 James I. it is there that he will properly he 
 noticed. 
 
 Another 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [37] The throne of England has frequently added to the list 
 ©f bards. We have verses by Richard Cceur de Lion, by Ed- 
 ward II. Edward III. and by Henry VI. ; which last, as 
 they are very curious, and little known, will be inserted here, 
 although undoubtedly quite out of their place. They seem, 
 to have been composed during the depth of his calamities, 
 
 ' Kingdomes are but cares, 
 State ys devoid of staie ; 
 Ryches are redie snares, 
 And haotene to decaie. 
 
 Plesurc ys a pryvie pryke 
 
 Whych vyce does styll provoke; 
 Pompe unprompt, and fame a flayme,^ 
 
 Pow'r a smouldrying smoke. 
 
 Who meeneth to remoofe the rocke 
 
 Owte of the slymie mudde, 
 Shall myre himselfe, and hardlie scape 
 
 The swellynge of the floodde.' 
 
 [Nuca Antique. 
 
184 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Centxvi. Another favorite of Elizabeth, Sir Philip Sid- 
 Sir Philip ney, must undoubtedly be ranked among the 
 Sidney. p 0€ t s f ner a g e . 
 
 This amiable young man (for he was hardly 
 thirty when he was slain) had been equally the 
 delight of Elizabeth's court and army, as his 
 person and endowments were only equalled by 
 his valor and humanity. After his thigh-bone 
 had been broken by a musquet-shot, in the agony 
 of his w T ound he called for water. Some was 
 brought to him, but, as he was lifting it to his 
 lips, the ghastly looks of a dying soldier struck 
 his eye. « Take this,' said he, holding the water 
 to him, ' thy necessity is yet greater than mine: 
 He died with the resignation of a saint; and, so 
 general was the grief for his loss, that it was 
 looked upon ' as a sin' to appear in gay clothes 
 at court for several months after. Elizabeth 
 lamented his death, and James of Scotland wrote 
 his epitaph. As a writer Sidney appears rather 
 a man of great literature than of bright genius. 
 His Arcadia,* so highly admired in its age, is now 
 little esteemed. What follows is by no means his 
 worst poetrA- He speaks of a capricious mis- 
 tress, who, like Buchanan's Neaera, pretends an 
 attachment, that he may not quit her in despair : 
 
 « No! 
 
 * Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors, vol. ii. p. 16 J, 
 
Ch. V. Part I. | <2. arts. 
 
 ' No ! — She hates me — Well away 1 
 
 Feigning love, somewhat to please me. 
 For she knows, if she display 
 
 All her hate, death soon would seize me, 
 And of hideous torments ease me.'* 
 John Hey wood was a sprightly bard, bred at JohnHey- 
 Oxford. His wit introduced him to Sir Tho- w 
 mas More, and could even enliven the hours of 
 that gloomy bigot Queen Mary. After her 
 death, buffoon as he seems to have been, Hey- 
 wood chose to quit his country rather than live 
 among triumphant heretics. He repaired to 
 Mechlin, where he died in 1565- 
 
 In one of his poems Heywood interwove all 
 the proverbs used in England into a comic but 
 silly tale. The following is a specimen. Neigh- 
 bours were censurine: an old woman for u;oincr to 
 be married : 
 ' One said, " A well-favored old woman she is;" 
 " The divell she is," said another; and to this 
 In came another, with his five egges, and said, 
 " Fifty yeares past I knewe her a trimm mayde." 
 " Whate'er she were then," cries one, " she is 
 
 nowe 
 " To bee a bride, as meeete as a sowe 
 *' To beare a side-saddle In this marriage 
 " Shee is comelv as a cowe in a cape* 
 
 * Astrophel and Stella, p. 114. 
 
]SG HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. « Q e " u pp w jih a gaVd backc Gill! Come up to 
 supper ; 
 " What! My oulde marc, woulde have a new 
 
 crupper /'- Sec. kc. 
 This prolific poet wrote 600 epigrams, be- 
 sides numberless plays, and several longer pieces, 
 almost all now in oblivion. 
 
 Richard j n j-gg ^ied Ri c l ial d Edwards, an amiable 
 Edwards. 
 
 and ingenious bard, Lorn in Somersetshire,* and 
 
 bred at Corpus Christi College, Oxon. He was 
 one of our earliest dramatic writers, was cele- 
 brated for his knowledge of music, (which he 
 studied under Dr. Etheredge) and had a patent 
 to regulate the children of the royal chapel as 
 comedians. ;t 
 
 Just before his death he was honored with the 
 queen's presence in Christ Church Hall at Ox- 
 ford, to view his favorite tragedy, ' Palamon and 
 Arcite.' Thi^ was much applauded, but Eliza- 
 beth delighted most in the imitation of a pack 
 of hounds in full cry. The young scholars 
 were taken in, and cried out, * There ! There ! 
 He's caught ! he's caught !' and the queen ex- 
 claimed, ' Oh, excellent ! These boys, in very 
 troth, are ready to leap out of the windows that 
 they may follow the hounds l'§ 
 
 On 
 
 * Heywood's Proverbes, 2d part, chap. i. 
 
 \ Hist, of Poetry, vol. iii. p. 2S3, 284. % Chetwood. 
 
 jl Ath. Oxon. ad Art. Edwards. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 2. arts. 187 
 
 On his death-bed he composed a pathetic ^nt.™- 
 poem, entitled, ' Edwards's Soul's Knell.' He 
 published a collection of his own poems under 
 the quaint title of A Paradise of Daintie De- 
 vices.' One of them begins thus : 
 ' In youthful yeares, when first my young desires 
 began 
 To pricke me forth to serve at court, a slender, 
 
 tall young man, 
 My father's blessing then I asked on my knee, 
 Who, blessing me with trembling hand, these 
 words 'gan say to mee, 
 f* My sonne, God guide thy way, and shielde 
 thee from michaunce ! 
 And make thy juste desertes at court thy 
 
 poore estate advaunce !" kc. 
 In 157 8 died George Gascoigne, a gentleman G 
 well skilled in poetry. He had been bred to Gas 
 
 A J m rnio 
 
 the law at Gray's Inn ; had behaved well in the 
 Low Country wars; and, both in his winter 
 quarters and after his return to England, had 
 followed the Muses. He published his poems as 
 ' Flowers,' ' Herbs,' ■ Weeds,' kc. An account 
 of his ' Well-employed Life and Godly End' 
 was published by a Mr. George Whetstone. 
 Gascoigne styles what follows ' The Dole of Des- 
 pair.' It is written to a false mistress:" 
 
 ' I must 
 
 eorge 
 as- 
 coidne. 
 
 * Muses Library, p. 168, kc. 
 
HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 4 I must allege and thou canst tell, 
 How faithfully I vowed to serve, 
 And how thou seerndst to like me well, 
 And how thou saidst, I did deserve, 
 To be thy lord, thy knight, thy king, 
 And how much more I list not sins:. 
 
 And canst thou now, thou cruel one, 
 Condemn desert to deep despair? 
 Is all thy promise past and gone ? 
 Is faith so fled into the air ? 
 IF this be so, what rests for me 
 But in my song to say of thee : 
 
 If Cressid\s name were not so known, 
 
 And written wide on ev'ry wall, 
 If bruit of pride were not so blown 
 Upon Angelica withall ; 
 For high disdain you might be shee, 
 Or Cressid for inconstancy!' 
 
 Ceorgc George Ferrars died In 1579, a man of family, 
 
 a lawyer, a historian, and a bard. He had some 
 share in the ' Mirrour of Magistrates,' which was 
 a joint composition of the best poets of the 
 time. The most remarkable circumstance of 
 his life was his beino; arrested for debt when 
 serving in parliament for Plymouth in 33 Henry 
 VIII. From this incident, and the succeedina; re- 
 sentment of the house, sprung that freedom from 
 arrests which representatives have ever since en- 
 joyed. Ferrars was employed as a man of wit to 
 
 amuse 
 
 Ferrars. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 2. arts. 189 
 
 amuse Edward VI. at a time when the accusation Cent.xvi. 
 and consequent death of his uncle Somerset gave 
 him great concern. He was also ' Lord of Misrule' 
 at Greenwich, to divert the same prince. From 
 his ' Gomplaynte of the Dutchess of Gloster, 
 exiled to the Isle of Man,' the following lines are 
 taken, as a specimen of his talent for description: 
 ' There felt I first poor prisoners hungry fare : 
 Much want, things scant, and stone walls hard 
 and bare.' 
 ' The chaunge was straunge from silk and clothe 
 of golde, 
 To rugged fryze my carcass for to clothe, 
 From prynces' fare, and daynties hot and colde, 
 To rotten fishe, and meate that one wolde 
 lothe ; 
 
 Diet and dressinge moche alike were bothe ; 
 
 Beddinge and lodginge all alike were fyne ; 
 
 Such downe it was as served well for swyne.' 
 
 In 1.592 perished Christopher Marloe, an ele- . 
 gant poet, but a very bad man, if we may believe pher 
 Antony a Wood, who charges him with profli- Marloc * 
 gacy, blasphemy, and atheism. 
 
 Some idea of his fanciful Muse may be formed 
 from what follows: 
 
 6 A stream of pureness rare, 
 
 Brighter than sunshine, for it did acquaint 
 The dullest sight with all the glorious prey 
 That in the pebble-paved channel lay. 
 
 Upon 
 
190 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. Upon its brim the eglantine and rose, 
 v ^ s ' The tarn' risk, olive (and the almond-tree, 
 
 A kind companion, in one union grows) 
 
 Folding their twindrins: arms, as oft we see 
 Turtle-taught lovers either other close, 
 Lending to stillness, feeling sympathy. 
 
 And as a costly vallance o'er a bed, 
 So did their garland tops the brook o'erspread 
 With leaves which differ'd both in shape and 
 shew, 
 Tho' all were green, yet diff'rence such in 
 green, 
 Like to the chequer'd bent of Iris's bow,' 8cc.&:c. 
 
 Marloe wrote the beautiful and well-known 
 song, ' Come live with me, and be my love,' and 
 the answer to it. 
 
 He fell in a quarrel about a common prosti- 
 tute, in a filthy brothel. His antagonist was, 
 as Antony a Wood quaintly expresses it, ■ A 
 bawdy serving-man ; one rather fitter to be a 
 pimp than an ingenious amoretto,* as Marlowe 
 conceived himself to be.' The warm religionists 
 represented the death of Marloe as an imme- 
 diate judgment of heaven. 
 
 The year 159b or 15QS deprived England 
 
 Spenser, of the great Edmond Spenser. + He was born 
 
 in London, and educated at Pembroke College, 
 
 Cambridge. 
 
 cr" 
 
 • Ath. Oxon. vol. i. p. 338. + Muses Library, p. 253. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. §C. ARTS. 1Q1 
 
 Cambridge. He quitted the university on a dis- Cent.xvi. 
 appointment in standing for a fellowship. Soon 
 after this his poetical vein began to expand itself 
 in complaint of his Rosalind's cruelty. His 
 animated Lines on Despair gained him the patro- 
 nage of Sir Philip Sidney; and he acquired the 
 praise and favor of his queen by his picture of 
 the ghastly visit paid by Duessa, a potent sorce- 
 ress, to ' Night.' For this stanza Elizabeth is 
 said to have ordered him one hundred pounds : 
 ' What !' said the ceconomical Burleigh, ' all this 
 for a song?' ' Give him then what is reason,' said 
 the queen, who had already repented of her ge- 
 nerosity. Spenser, to whom this colloquy had 
 been told, waited for some time with patience, 
 but at length presented this petition: 
 ' I was promis'd on a time — to have reason for 
 my rhyme ; 
 From that time unto this season — I've received 
 
 nor rhyme nor reason.' 
 The queen perused the sarcastic complaint, 
 frowned on Burleigh, and ordered the IGOl. to 
 be paid. Soon after fortune smiled on our bard. 
 He wedded a rich wife, was made secretary in 
 Ireland, and had a laro;e grant of lands. During 
 his residence there he finished his admired Fairy 
 Queen. Desmond's revolt utterly rooted up hh 
 happiness. His plantations were destroyed, his 
 house and one of his children in it burnt, and 
 
 himself 
 
192 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. himself forced to fly to England. Even thither 
 misfortune accompanied him. Sidney was dead, 
 and Spenser had no other patron, and is believed 
 to have languished and died in actual penury. [3 8] 
 The subsequent affecting lines, in ' Mother Hub- 
 bard's Tale,' are supposed to have given disgust 
 to Lord Burleigh: 
 ' Full little dost thou know that hast not try'd 
 What hell it is, in suimj Ions; to bide. 
 To speed to-day ; to be put back to-morrow ; 
 To feed on hope ; to pine with care and sorrow ; 
 To have thy prince's grace, yet want her peer s ; 
 To gain thy asking, yet wait many years ; 
 To fret thy soul with crosses and with care; 
 To eat thy heart thro' comfortless despair ; 
 To fawn, to crouch, to wait, to ride, to run ; 
 To spend, to give, to want, to be undone.' 
 Tasper Jasper Heywood, D. D. the son of the epi- 
 
 Hey- grammatist John," before spoken of, died at Na- 
 ples in 1597-8. He had been bred at Merton 
 College, Oxon, whence his profligate conduct had 
 
 driven 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [38] Camden's account of Spenser has been here, perhaps, 
 too implicitly followed. Mr. Malone, in his interesting re- 
 marks on Shakespeare, edit. 1790, gives good reasons for 
 doubting both the distress of the poet and the date of his de* 
 cease. What then will be the explication of 
 
 { The thrice three Muses, mourning for the death 
 Of learning, late deceas'd in beggary,' 
 in the * Midsummer Night's Dream?' 
 
 * Hist of Poetry, vol. iii. p. 388, Sec. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 2. ARTS. 193 
 
 driven him. He then became a Jesuit, [39] and Cent.xvr. 
 was sent on a mission to England ; where, with 
 many of his brethren, in 15 85, he was thrown 
 into prison, whence he escaped with life by the 
 unexpected favor of Elizabeth. He was learned, 
 and translated three plays into English with sense 
 and spirit, but in a most uncouth kind of metre, 
 as will appear by the following specimen, taken 
 from his introduction : 
 " Oh, thou Megaera!" then I said, " if might of 
 
 thine it be 
 " Wherewith thou Tantal drou'st from hell that 
 
 thus disturbeth mee, 
 " Enspire my pen. 
 
 ' This said, I felte the furye's force enflame me 
 more and more ; 
 And ten times more now chafte I was than 
 
 ever was before. 
 My hair stode up, I waxed wode, my synewes 
 
 all did shake ; 
 And, as the fury had me vext, my teeth began 
 
 to quake, 
 And thus enflamed,' kc. 8cc. 
 
 There 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [39] The turn of compliment in the age was certainly sin- 
 gular. Jasper Heywood, in his preface to a vision of Seneca, 
 meaning to pay respect to a promising youth lately deceased, 
 the son of Sir John Mason, says, ' He lives with Jove, another 
 Ganimede.' 
 
 Vol. II. o There 
 
194 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN* Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. There died in 1600 Thomas Nash, a native * of 
 Thomas Leostoff in Suffolk, and bred at St. John's Col- 
 Nash. lege, Cambridge. He wrote three or four plays, 
 but his chief performance was ' Piers Penniless,' 
 a sharp satire on the world for its unkind treat- 
 ment of this irritable bard. His feelings, indeed, 
 seem to have been painfully acute, as may be 
 judged from the subsequent extract, which rivals 
 Spenser's picture of despair. 
 ' Why is't damnation to despair and die, 
 
 When life is my true happiness's disease? 
 My soul, my soul ! thy safety makes me fly 
 The faulty means that might my pains 
 appease. 
 Divines and dying men may talk of hell, 
 But in my heart her several torments dwell. 
 
 Forgive me, God ! altho' I curse my birth, 
 
 And ban the air in which I breathe, a wretch ; 
 Since misery has daunted all my mirth, 
 
 And I am quite undone by promise-breach. 
 Oh, friends ! no friends who then ungently 
 
 frown 
 When changing fortune casts us headlong 
 
 down.' 
 There are other poets who deserve notice. 
 Grimoald, Kendal, Goulding, Drant, Church- 
 yard, and many more ; but, conscious of having 
 already exceeded his due limits, the author quits 
 
 the subject. 
 
 In 
 
 * Muses Library, p. 181, 
 
Ch. V. Pt I. § 2. ARTS. 193 
 
 In recitino- the progress of arts in Great Bri- Cent.xvi. 
 tain, the excellence of the Welch in poetry ought Wales. 
 by no means to be omitted. In that small coun- 
 try verse seems to have been interwoven with 
 both the civil and military system. The bards Poetry 
 
 had possessed a rank not allowed to their roman- connected 
 l _ with state 
 
 tic race in any other country, if Ave except Scan- and war 
 dinavia and Iceland. They had counselled the ^Jf 
 princes, led the armies to battle, held the first 
 places at court, and reprimanded the judges, [40] 
 if their conduct gave them displeasure. So high 
 (although so pernicious) a compliment had never 
 been paid to any set of men as Edward I. had 
 bestowed on the poets of Wales, when, by cutting 
 them off, he believed that he had extinguished 
 the whole fire of patriot bravery which had long 
 defended the Welch frontier against every effort 
 of successive Saxon and Norman efforts. The 
 songs and music of their bards, indeed, seem to 
 have rendered the Cambro-Britons, if not invin- 
 cible, yet insensible of the evils of war; and it is 
 probable that the astonishing exertions of Owen 
 
 o 2 Glendwr 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [40] It was in the century before Elizabeth that Davydd ap 
 Edmwnt, a celebrated bard, gained additional honor, by com- 
 posing an elegy on ' Sion Eos,' or 'John the Nightingale,' a 
 brother poet, who had been executed for slaying a man. In 
 this the irritated Briton severely assails the judges in Wales 
 and at Westminster, wishes all the jurymen hanged, and bit- 
 terly laments that his friend was not tried by the good laws of 
 Hoel Dha ; referring to a large sum which was offered to save 
 the life of the ill-fated Sion. [Jones's Dissertation, 
 
396 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvr. Glendwr were well seconded by the veno-eful 
 
 ^^^ descendents of Edward's martyrs. 
 
 Declines. At tne period now treated of, the spirit of 
 Welch poetry was on the wane. There was no 
 need of the bard in war, nor even in private 
 feuds, which after great difficulty were now 
 nearly suppressed. The English tongue insen- 
 sibly crept over the borders, and the poet now 
 found it his interest to repair to the capital, and 
 there exert his talents. 
 
 Scotland. Poetry was not one of those arts which the 
 
 r clamor of battle frighted away from Scotland. 
 State of ... 
 
 poetry. The same fertility of fancy, the same variation 
 
 of imagery, which adorned its Northern votaries 
 
 in an earlier season, still attended on it. The 
 
 lyre of the Muse was heard in the palace and in 
 
 the cottage. 
 
 fames V. James V. the father of Mary, was unquestion- 
 ably a poet, although there is some doubt * whe- 
 ther any of the pieces attributed to him are 
 
 Mary. clearly proved to be his own.t Mary of Scots 
 was not probably enough versed in the language 
 of her native island to make use of it in poetry ; 
 but she wrote verses with harmony and sensi- 
 
 Jam«VI. bility in the French tongue. James VI. her son, 
 was a considerable versifier, and not on the 
 lowest form of his class. 
 
 Sir David Sir David Lindesay, a courtier, much employed 
 say * in the household of James V. and afterwards ap- 
 pointed 
 
 » Antient Scottish Poems, vol. i. Essay, p. ci, Note ». 
 4 Ibid. p. exist 
 
Ch.V. Pt.I. §S. arts. 197 
 
 pointed ' Lion King at Arms,' has been already Cent.xvi. 
 celebrated as having exerted his great powers [4 1] 
 of satire in favor of the reformation, and in ridi- 
 cule of the absurd superstitions of his country. 
 
 In his ' Dreme,' after severely scourging the 
 manners of the age, and particularly of the 
 higher circles, he thus paints a fancied court, 
 purified from vice and folly : 
 
 ' Justice holds her swerde. on hie, 
 
 With her ballance of equitie. 
 
 Dame Prudence has thee by the he id, 
 
 And Temperance does thy brydill leid, 
 
 J see dame Force make assistaunce, 
 
 Beirand thy targe of assuraunce. 
 
 And lustie ladie Chastitie 
 
 Has banish'd Sensualitie. 
 
 Dame Riches takes on thee sike cure, 
 
 I pray God that she long indure ; 
 
 That Poverte dar nocht be sene 
 
 Into thie hows, for baith her ene ; 
 
 But fra thy grace, fled mony mylis 
 
 Amangs the hunteris in the ylis.' 
 
 Dr- 
 
 NOTES. 
 [41] It were to be wished that the extreme ludicrousness of 
 the sting in each of the four lines did not prevent the historian 
 from inserting here the celebrated sarcastical counsel of Sir 
 David to his king, on his attachment to the Ladies Sandilands, 
 Weir, and Oiiphant. 
 
 [Description of Aberladie, apud Sc. Antiq. 
 Transactions, Vol. I. 
 
198 HISTORY OF GRJiAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. J) r# Mackenzie s;ives the credit of introducino- 
 Introdu- dramatic poetry into Scotland to Sir David 
 
 ces dra- XJ nc [esay. Bishop Douglas, indeed, is said to 
 
 matic \ r ° ' 
 
 poetry to have written ' Comaediae Sacrae' long before, but, 
 cot an . jf | ie ^^ they were never acted.* 
 Sir Ri- As an apt successor to Lindesay, we are now 
 
 Maitland. tQ s P ea ^ of Sir Richard Maitland, a worthy and 
 ingenious knight,+ born in 14 96 ; who, amidst 
 the troubles of the Scottish court, in which he 
 held a conspicuous post, amused himself with 
 the study of poetry, and endeavored, with well- 
 intended, and not inharmonious lays, to inspire 
 his countrymen with a love of justice and inde- 
 pendence on foreign nations. 
 
 This patriotic bard detested the English, who 
 certainly were in his days no friends to Scotland. 
 He wrote an ode to congratulate France on the 
 capture of Calais. He therein heartily prays to 
 God that the Scots may take Berwic, ' our march is 
 for to mend.' And then, with a commendable 
 philanthropy, he wishes that 
 
 ' The weiris (wars) had an end, 
 * And we to leif in peas and unitie.' 
 Soon after he appears to have discovered how 
 very little good either of the contending nations 
 meant to Scotland. It was then that he com- 
 posed the interesting ballad which follows. 
 
 'In 
 
 * Essay on Antient Sc. Poems, Essay, p. cvi, 
 f Ibid. p. cxiv. 
 
Ch.V. Part I. § 2. arts, 
 
 I. 
 
 * In this new zeir, I sie hot weir, * 
 Na cause their is to singr. 
 I cannot sing- for the vexation 
 Of Frenchmen, and the congregation, 
 That has maid trowbill in the nation, 
 
 And mony bair biging. 4- 
 In this new zeir, 8cc. 8cc. 
 
 H. 
 
 I have no will to sing or danse, 
 For fear of England and of France ; 
 God send them sorrow and mischance 
 
 In cause of their cumming. 
 In this new zeir, 8cc. 8cc. 
 
 III. 
 We are so rewlit, rich and puire, 
 That we wot not quhair to be suire, % 
 The bourdour, § as the borrow muir, 
 
 Quhair some perchance will hing. 
 In this new zeir, 8cc 8cc. 
 
 IV. 
 
 And zit I think it best that we 
 Pluck up our hairt and mirrie be ; 
 For thoch Ave wod lay doune and dee, 
 
 It will us help na thing. 
 In this new zeir I see but weir, 
 Na cause their is to sing.' 
 
 * I see only war. -f Many a roofless building. 
 
 X On what to depend. $1 The borderer. 
 
 We 
 
200 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. \y e £ nc l the names of seven other Scottish 
 Other bards mentioned in the poems of Sir David Lin- 
 poets, desay as his contemporaries, viz. Culrose, Kyd, 
 Stewart, Stewart of Lorn, Galbreith, Kinloch, and 
 Ballentine. Little is now known of any among 
 this list, and their works have perished with 
 Alexan- them. Alexander Scot, * who flourished a'x)ut 
 derScot. 1550, is styled the Anacreon of the Old Scottish 
 Poetry, and the head of the minor poets. Of his 
 pieces only seven appear to have been published, 
 though several more are known to remain in 
 MS collections. 
 F eland. ^ n attachment to music seems to have been 
 Music hereditary in the Tudor family; Henry VIIL 
 Ed ' d was a com P oser as well as a performer. Edward 
 VI. VI. was spoken of by Cardan as understanding 
 
 music ; besides which, his own journal recites 
 that he played on the lute to Monsieur St. Andre 
 the French ambassador. The number of his 
 band, and the appointment for its support, were 
 equal to those of any among his predecessors. 
 Mary I. That the gloomy bigot Mary understood music 
 we may fairly infer from a letter written to her by 
 her mother Catharine, soon after her separation 
 from Henry ; in which, after exhorting her to 
 suffer cheerfully, to trust in God, ' and keep her 
 heart clene, she bids her ' sometimes, for your 
 
 recreation, 
 
 * Essay, p. cxii. 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. % 1. arts. 201 
 
 recreation, use your virginals [42] and lute, if Cent.xvi. 
 you have any.' 
 
 Elizabeth was a very considerable performer Eliza- 
 on the lute and on the virginals ; she is also sup- et * 
 posed to have played on the violin [43] and on 
 the poliphant, an instrument, says a writer on 
 music, ' not much unlike a lute, but strung with 
 wire.' She loved too to hear loud music, and used Delights 
 to listen, clunng her meals, to ' twelve trumpets sounds 
 and two kettledrums, which, together with * fifes, 
 cornets, and side-drums, made the hall ring for 
 half an hour together.' 
 
 Sir James Melvill records a curious anecdote of 
 this princess's skill and coquetry. He had told 
 her that his mistress, queen Mary, l sometimes 
 recreated herself in playing on the lute and the 
 virginals,'and that she played reasonably well for 
 a queen.' That afternoon the Lord Hunsdon 
 
 introduced 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [42] An ill-shaped clumsy box, much inferior to a spinet, in 
 loudness and sweetness ; apparently the first known among the 
 tribe of keyed instruments; but, in the 18th century, totally 
 laid aside. 
 
 [43] An instrument like a violin, but with a neck so thick, 
 and so loaded with ornaments, that no hand could grasp it, was 
 bought at a sale in London. It had the crest of Elizabeth's 
 favorite Leicester engraved upon it, and was dated 15/8. There 
 was a hole in the neck for the thumb to pass through, but the 
 confinement of the hand prevented any possibility of shifting. 
 
 * Hentzner's Itin. Strawb. Hill. edit. p. 57. 
 
•02 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. introduced him to a private gallery that he might 
 hear Elizabeth play on the virginals, although he 
 said that he durst not avow it. 
 
 Her ex- ' After I had hearkened a while,' says Melvill, 
 
 cellence < j t j t j ie tapestry tnat nun2; before the door 
 in music, * t r j » 
 
 of the chamber and stood a prettie space, hear- 
 ing her play excellently well. But she left off 
 immediately as soon as she turned her about and 
 saw me. She appeared to be surprized to see me, 
 and came forward, seeming to strike me with her 
 hand ; alleging, she used not to play before men ; 
 but when she was solitary, to shun melancholy.'* 
 ' If,' says Dr. Burney, ' she was ever able to per- 
 form any of the pieces preserved in a MS. which 
 goes under the name of ' Queen Elizabeth' s Vir- 
 ginal Book,' she must have been a very great 
 player. Some of them are so difficult, that it 
 would be hardly possibly to find a master in 
 Europe who would undertake to play one of 
 them at the end of a month's practice.' 
 Compo- The constant encouragement given by so 
 fi U Tbt" man y successive royal patrons should, one might 
 not ele- imagine, have introduced to the art of music, in- 
 ^ an ' vention, taste, and elegance. On the contrary, no- 
 thing, at the period now treated of, seems to have 
 been thought necessary for keyed instruments, 
 but variations on old tunes ; in which all the har- 
 mony was crouded which the fingers could grasp, 
 
 and 
 
 * Melvill's Memoirs, p. 105, 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § fi. arts. 203 
 
 and all the rapid divisions of the times which ^"^*y** 
 they could execute. Even nominal ' Fancies' 
 were without fancy, and confined to the repeti- 
 tion of a few dry and unmeaning notes in figure 
 or imitation. 
 
 The instrumental music of Elizabeth's reign 
 seems to partake of the pedantry and foppery 
 of the times ; and eternal fugues upon uninter- 
 esting subjects were the means of establishing 
 the reputation of a composer. 
 
 The royal example was followed by the majo- Music a 
 
 rity of private families, and a knowledge of music c , ons d " 
 / ■ * © domestic 
 
 appears to have been, during the latter part of the amuse- 
 sixteenth century, an indispensible accomplish- 
 ment in family life. ' Being at a banquet,' says 
 Morley in his " Plaine and easie Introduction to 
 Practical Music," ' supper being ended, and music 
 books brought to table, the mistress of the house, 
 according to custom, presented me with a part, 
 earnestly intreating me to sing ; when, after many 
 excuses, I protested unfeignedly ' that I could not ;' 
 every one began to wonder, yea, some whispered 
 to others demanding how I was brought up.' 
 
 * When you come to an inn,' says Fynes Mo- 
 ryson, ' you shall be offered musicke, which you 
 may freely take or refuse.' * 
 
 Nor were the lower ranks without their parties 
 of music suited to their inclinations. ' Small and 
 popular musicks, sung by these " catabanqui" 
 
 upon 
 
 * Itinerary, p. iii. p. 3, 150. 
 
204 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII . 
 
 Cent. xvi. upon benches and barrel heads; their audience 
 boyes and country fellowes that pass by them in 
 the streets. Blind harpers, and suche taverne 
 minstrells, that gave a lit of mirth for a groate ; 
 their matter being for the most part stories of old 
 times, as the tale of Sir Topaz, Bevis of South- 
 ampton, Guy of Warwicke, Adam Bell, Climm 
 oftheClough,'8cc. * 
 
 The expence of a band was probably reasonable 
 enough. Edward Bassano, a performer of emi- 
 
 Musi- nence, had little more than thirty pounds t a 
 
 paid. y ear ' an d a salary of forty pounds was thought 
 adequate to the merits of the great Dr. Bull, 
 
 Among the musicians who flourished under the 
 latter Tudors, the following deserve most notice : 
 
 Dr. Tye. Dr. Christopher Tye, has already been men- 
 tioned as a poet. In that line he ranges with 
 Sternhold and Hopkins ; but as a musician he is 
 spoken of by Dr. Burney with respect. 
 
 Thomas Thomas Tallis was a venerable aged organist ; 
 
 Talks. an( j one f the g reatest musicians, not only of 
 this country [44] but of Europe. The most ex- 
 traordinary of all his labors was a song of forty 
 
 parts, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [44] When the celebrated Ceminiani heard a favorite 
 anthem composed by Tallis which begins thus, • I call and 
 cry,' he exclaimed, ' The man who made this must have been 
 inspired!' 
 
 * Puttenham's Art of Poesy, p. 69. 
 ■f Rym, Feed. vol. xv. p. 756. 
 
Ch.V.Pt.I. §2. ARTS. 205 
 
 parts, which still exists. This the English histo- £ent«xvi. 
 rian of music, styles ' a stupendous, though per- 
 haps Gothic, specimen of human labor and in- 
 tellect.' Tallis died in 1585, and was interred 
 in the Old Church at Greenwich ; which having 
 been demolished in 1720 to be rebuilt, the me- 
 morials of all its dead were confounded in its 
 ruins Strype had, however, preserved his epi- 
 taph, one stanza of which runs thus: 
 
 4 He serv'd long time in chappel with great 
 prayse, 
 Fower sovereigns reignes, a thinge not often 
 seen; 
 I mean King Henry and King Edward's daies, 
 Queene Marie, and Elizabeth our queene.' 
 On another occasion Dr. Burney humorously 
 remarks, that the martyrdom of Testwood, and 
 the peril of Marbeck, two musicians, little af- 
 fected the fraternity; for that, however the creeds 
 of the monarchs differed, their musicians had 
 constantly tuned their consciences to the court 
 pitch, i. e. in perfect unison with their sove- 
 reign, the head of the church. 
 
 The names of Bird, Porter, and Bull, will be 
 attended to with more propriety in the next 
 reign. 
 
 Thomas Morley, one of the gentlemen of the T , 
 queen's chapel, had more merit, as the author of Morley. 
 a Treatise on Music mentioned before, than as a 
 performer or a composer, although eminent in 
 
 both 
 
206 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. }j th these branches of science. On his work, the 
 intelligent Historian of Music observes, that, al- 
 though redundant in some particulars, and defi- 
 cient in others, it is still curious, and justly al- 
 lowed to have been excellently well adapted to 
 the wants of the ap-e in which it was written.'" 
 
 The burial service set by Morley, which is 
 supposed to be the first that was composed after 
 the reformation, still continues to be used in 
 Westminster Abbey on great and solemn occa- 
 sions. This ingenious and studious musician is 
 supposed to have died nearly at the accession of 
 James I. to the English crown. 
 
 Such was the state of music under Elizabeth ; 
 nor does it seem to have been contemptible in 
 depth of composition and alacrity of execution, 
 when compared with that of either of the suc- 
 ceeding centuries. Taste in the composer and 
 performer, and excellence of instruments, ap- 
 pear to have been the only deficiencies of the six- 
 teenth as;e. 
 
 Wales claimed a style of music peculiar to it- 
 Welch , i-i • 
 Music. self; and has the singular advantage of still pos- 
 sessing several original melodies of high antiquity. 
 Some of these still convey to the ear, ideas of the 
 manners and conviviality, cultivated by the an- 
 tient protectors of those who played on the harp. 
 
 * Dr. Burner's Hist, of Music, vol. iii. p. 99, 105. 
 
 Meetings 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. $ 2. arts. 207" 
 
 Meetings of the bards, which had maintained Cent.xvr.. 
 the interests both of poetry and music, had been 
 regularly supported until the reign of Elizabeth; 
 at that period they began to droop ; and, after a 
 solemn synod or ' Eistedvodd, held from I56S 
 to 1570, under[45] the auspices of William Her- 
 bert, Earl of Pembroke, it was more than an hun- 
 dred years before another assemblage of the same 
 kind was convoked. 
 
 The harp was the national instrument of the 
 Welsh, but it was an instrument much inferior to 
 that which, at the close of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury, is honored by the touch of the fairest hands 
 in Europe. It had, in the days of Elizabeth," only 
 one row of strings, consisting of thirty-three; it 
 measured about four feet nine inches, and was 
 made of Sycamore wood. It was necessary to tune 
 it afresh when the key was changed ; but, when 
 any accidental sharp or flat was needed in the 
 middle of an air, the performer contrived to 
 form the half-note by stopping the top of the 
 
 string 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [45] Commissioners were appointed to examine, at this 
 meeting, each hard ; to grant proper degrees and exclusive pri- 
 vileges to those whose skill merited encouragement : and to 
 oblige the undeserving to betake themselves to some occupation 
 in life, on pain of being accounted and treated as vagabonds. 
 
 [Evans' Welch Poetry. Pennant's Tour. 
 
 * Dissertation on Welch musical Instruments by Mr. Jones, 
 p. 103. 
 
208 HISTORY Or GREAT BRITAIN. Book VLf. 
 
 Cent. xvi. string with his thumb. The body was highly 
 polished ; the strings were made of fine and 
 glossy hair ; and the bards speak with affection of 
 their favorite instrument, as of a beloved mis- 
 tress. Syon Phylip, a poet of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, thus describes his harp : 
 
 Imitated from Mr. Jones's prose version of 
 the Welch. 
 Fair is my harp, high-polish'd to the sight, 
 Form'd like a heart, and station'd near my 
 breast ; 
 Gorgeous in figure, yet of burthen light; 
 How sweet the sounds by each fair string ex- 
 prest ! 
 To form this charm divine four things unite : 
 Thin wood, skin supple, hair so glossy bright, 
 And bone applied with art to keep the fabric 
 tight. J. P. A. 
 
 On the other hand, the buffoon-physician, 
 Andrew Borde, makes a Welchman say : 
 c If I have my harpe I care for no more ; 
 It is my treasure, I keep it in store ; 
 For my harpe it is made of a good mare's skynne ; 
 The strynges bee of horse haire, it maketh a 
 
 good dynne : 
 Mysonge, and my voice, and my harpe, doth agree, 
 Much lyke the buzzynge of an humble bee ; 
 Yet in my country doe I make pastyme, 
 In tellynge of prophecies, whyche bee not in 
 rhyme,' k.c. 
 
 [Inthoduction of Knowledge. 
 
 Besides 
 
Ch. V. Pt. I. § 2. arts. 20a 
 
 Besides the harp the Welch possessed the^^^y** 
 
 ' Crwth,' a kind of violin with six strings, which 
 
 were played on by a bow; the ' Pibhorn' or 
 
 hornpipe, a reed pipe tipped with horn at each 
 
 end; the Pibau' or bagpipe; the ' Tabrwdd,' 
 
 the tabret or drum ; and the ' Corn Buelin,' or 
 
 buo-le-horn. These were seldom heard, as the 
 
 rational preference obtained by the harp silenced 
 
 inferior instruments. 
 
 The reformation, which raged in Scotland Scotland. 
 
 like a torrent, swept away the cathedral music of 7/he re- 
 
 the North alone: Avith the other o-oro-eous trap- f° rmatIon 
 
 ■r, „ . a foe to 
 
 pings ol the Roman Catholic faith. Some of Music. 
 
 the lighter airs were preserved only as food for 
 ridicule, and were completely burlesqued by be- 
 ing adapted to ludicrous words. 
 
 :: When the new faith was established, the old 
 church tunes were again brought forward, and 
 were sung in divine worship. A translation of 
 David's Psalms was soon formed to suit them; 
 and the book of psalmody patronized by John 
 Knox,"called ' The Common Tunes,' is still sung 
 in the Northern churches. 
 
 Not contented with this the ill-judajns; fana- 
 tics (all reformations, religious and civil, pro- 
 duce some fanatics) of the times sought to en- 
 large the circle of psalmody, by fantastically and 
 
 Vol. II. p profanely 
 
 * Tyller's Dissertation on Sc»ts Music, in Antiquarian Trans- 
 actions, vol. i. p. 491. 
 
210 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. profanely attempting to sanctify licentious bal- 
 lads, and by intermixing" holy sentiments with 
 unmodified obscenity. [46] 
 Prophane A collection of these, entitled, ' A Compen- 
 burlesque. diousBook f Godly and Spiritual Songs, col- 
 lectit out of sundry parts of the Scripture, with 
 sundrie of other ballats changed out of pro- 
 phaine sanges for the avoiding of sinne and har- 
 lotrie,' is now in being, but extremely scarce ; 
 and, were it utterly obliterated, we may pre- 
 sume, from the specimen of it given in Mr. 
 Tytler's Dissertation, neither religion nor de- 
 cency would suffer any loss. Music indeed, dis- 
 gusted at the preposterous treatment it had re- 
 ceived, seems for a space to have deserted its 
 once highly-favored Scotland ; for a statute, pas- 
 sed in 1579? directing the re-establishment of 
 musical schools, laments that ' the art of music 
 and singing is lyke to falle into grate decaye.'-f 
 
 Character It it impossible to quit the subject of Scottish 
 
 ofScottish • 1 , . . . . 1 ., 
 
 TO „ • music without loinins; with the very ingenious 
 
 writer just mentioned, in avowing that the na- 
 tional music of Scotland exhibits strong expres- 
 sions of the passions, particularly of those which 
 
 had 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [46] The well known tunes of ' John, come kiss me now,' 
 * Kind Robin lo'es me,' and ' John Anderson my Jo,' are said 
 to be of this number. [Tytler's Dissertation', 
 
 * Tytler, p. 492, + Stat. 98. Pari. xx. Jac. VI. 
 
Cfa. V. Pt. I. § 2. ARTS. 211 
 
 had a melancholy turn. Indeed it highly de- CentXVI. 
 serves what was said of it by Tassoni, (the ele- 
 gant writer of ' La Secchia Rapita') ' that it was 
 plaintive and pathetic, and different from ail 
 other music' But this commendation entirely 
 refers to secular compositions. It was the 
 shepherd soothing his solitude by harmony, and 
 celebrating the charms and the constancy of his 
 mistress, or lamenting her cruelty, [47] not the 
 monk raising his orisons to heaven, which 
 stamped the character. The church music was 
 probably like that of England, grand and sono- 
 rous, but generally deficient in taste. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [47] It may amuse the reader to know that the nicely dis- 
 criminating genius of Mr. Tytler has attempted to range the an- 
 cient Scottish ballads according to the dates of their composi- 
 tion. And the following are those which he conjectures were 
 composed during the reigns of James IV. James V. and during 
 the reign and life of Mary: ' Busk ye, busk ye, my bonny 
 Bride;' * Hero and Leander;' ' Willie's rair and Willie's 
 fair;' ' Cromlet's Lilt ;' 'The Flowers of the Forest;' ' Gil- 
 deroy;' ' Balow my Boy ;' ' The Gaberlunzie Man;' ' The 
 bonnie Earl of Murray ;' ' Leeder Haughs and Yarrow ;' 
 ' Absence will never alter me;' ' Tak your auld Cloak about 
 ye.' [Tytler's Dissertation. 
 
 r 2 HISTORY 
 
213 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 CHAP. VI.— PART I. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF COMMERCE, COIN, AND SHIPPING, 
 IN GREAT BRITAIN, FROM THE ACCESSION OF 
 EDWARD VI. A. D. 1547, TO THAT OF JAMES I. 
 A. D. 1603. 
 
 nr^HE period was now arrived when, the ge-Cent.xvi. 
 -*■ neral interests of nations being better un- Com- 
 derstood, commerce began to be estimated at me rce 
 its due value, and to be guarded and encou- bevalued- 
 raged by treaties as the establishment which 
 could best supply wealth for imposts, and mari- 
 ners for foreign expeditions. 
 
 It was not however in a reign like that of Ed- 
 ward VI. soured by domestic turbulence, nor 
 like that of Mary, when bigotry and rapacious- 
 ness by turns guided the state, that any atten- 
 tion was likely to be paid where so much was 
 due. Yet under the narrow-minded consort of 
 
 2 Philip. 
 
214 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Centxvi. Philip, the adventurous mariner pursued his way 
 to wealth and knowledge totally without encou- 
 ragement from his needy monarch, hut unmolest- 
 ed by her avidity ; a fate milder than that of the 
 manufacturer, whose property lay always in her 
 view, and afforded perpetual temptation to the 
 rapacity of despotism. 
 
 The close of 155* introduced a new reign and 
 Elizabeth new encouragements to commercial enterprizes 
 rages 1 " and discoveries. Elizabeth, conscious whataddi- 
 com " tion both to the strength and wealth of the nation 
 must accrue irom the extension ol her trade, ap- 
 pears to have wished sincerely well to the cause 
 both of commerce and of manufacture ; although 
 her private interest, and the incessant persecu- 
 tions of her avaricious favorites, betrayed her 
 into the fatal measure of granting monopolies, 
 and of creating exclusive companies with exclu- 
 sive privileges, fatal to the interests of her most 
 industrious subjects. 
 
 To her marine adventurers she was more just, 
 and sometimes, with caution, even liberal. In 
 consequence we find the English commerce, under 
 fhediap- hel * auspices, branching itself out with such vigor 
 ter. and variety, that, to prevent confusion, it will be 
 
 proper to treat of it under different heads, to 
 point out the progress and success of each sepa- 
 rate commercial enterprize, according to the date 
 of its commencement, and to touch at the close 
 on the less productive subjects of manufactures, 
 discoveries, and colonies. 
 
 The 
 
Ch. VI. Pt. I. § 1. COMMERCE, &C« 215 
 
 The Hanse towns, or Easterlings, as they boast P^^f* 
 the earliest connection with England, demand the Com- 
 preference in history. Their traders had long m frce 
 enjoyed a lucrative station in London. They had Hanse- 
 fbstered the avidity of the sovereign by advancing towns * 
 loans of money, and the indolence of the merchant 
 and mechanic by finding an immediate vent for 
 his manufactures. As these men paid no more 
 duty than one per cent, were buyers and sellers, 
 brokers and carriers, (for none but Hanseatic ves- 
 sels were employed in the traffic) their profits were 
 vast ; so vast indeed, that they tempted foreign- 
 ers of opulence to reside in a city where yet they 
 knew themselves to be exposed to the constant 
 abuse of an unbridled populace, and to still more 
 decisive injuries, whenever a dearth, a pestilence, 
 or even a severe impost, should sour the minds of 
 the citizens. 
 
 The short-lived ministry of Warwick, under Regt^. 
 Edward VI. shook off' these harsh fetters from the ed by Ed- 
 commerce of England. The Hanseatic privi- 
 leges were declared to be forfeited, and many 
 reasons were given for the strong and decisive 
 measure of placing an impost of 20 per cent on 
 all their imports and exports, [l] Scarcely had 
 
 the 
 
 NOTES. 
 [1] Perhaps the most effectual reason for the proceeding 
 remained untold. During the year before this regulation 
 the Easterlings had exported 4i,000 pieces of English cloth, 
 
 and 
 
£16 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book -VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. the strangers time to complain of this severity ere 
 the accession of Mary, and her marriage with the 
 son of the German emperor, restored them to 
 their privileges ; a measure dictated probably 
 more by caprice than reason, since it appears* 
 that she revoked her concessions not long after 
 she had granted them. 
 the Han- It does not seem that the demise of Mary made 
 seatics any alteration in favor of the foreign merchants. 
 with Eli- They presented, indeed, repeated remonstrances 
 zabeth. to the throne : and. finding no redress, withdrew 
 from the English commerce, hoping that neces- 
 sity would occasion their recal. This weak step 
 only tended to convince the English merchants 
 that they could carry on their own trade without 
 the help of foreigners. They formed companies, 
 'built ships, and soon found the sweets of those 
 additional profits which this new independence 
 afforded them. 
 jEndea- Alarmed at these exertions, which menaced de- 
 expel the struction to their most profitable branch of trade, 
 English the Hanseatics employed all their influence in the 
 from diet t0 prevent the importation of English cloth 
 Germany, j n j 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 and the English merchants only 1100. Besides, from the port 
 of Southampton only, there had sailed for the Netherlands, 
 sixty ships laden with unmanufactured wool ; a commodity of 
 which these engrossers had beat down the price to eighteen- 
 ,pence the stone. [Anderson. 
 
 * Wheeler's Treatise on Commerce, p. 100. 
 
Ch. VI. Pt. I. § 1. COMMERCE, &c. 217 
 
 into Germany; and contrived, by their intrigues, Centxvi. 
 to oblige the subjects of Elizabeth to remove their 
 ' staple,' or cloth market, from port to port, until 
 they found a kind reception at Hamburgh ;* from 
 whence, in spite of prohibitions, and every pre- 
 caution which the enemies of the trade could 
 take, the excellence of the fabric made the Eng- 
 lish cloth be received on the continent, in greater 
 quantities than ever. 
 
 The formation of the ' Eastland Company' in Their 
 1580, with powers from Elizabeth to trade in P nvlIe g^ 
 
 n 1 ■ 1 • • in E n S" 
 
 the Baltic, and, in 1597, the shutting up of the land abo- 
 Steel-yard, long known as the residence of the llsne< *« 
 Easterlings, completed the emancipation of Eng- 
 lish commerce from the Hanseatic bondage. 
 Nor could repeated supplications, in 1602 ancj 
 1604, obtain a renewal of privileges so noxious 
 to native industry. 
 
 The exports from England to the Hanse Exports 
 towns were wool, cloths and fringes, saffron, lead anc * ira " 
 and tin, sheep and rabbit skins, beer, cheese, and 
 Mediterranean wines. While she received from 
 them, jewels, bullion, wrought silks, cloth of 
 gold and silver, spices, drugs, linen, serges, 
 tapestry, madder, hops, glass, salt fish, arms, 
 ammunition, and household-furniture. t 
 
 Russia, 
 
 * Anderson's Com. Diet. p. 192. 
 t Luigi Guiccardini's Description of the Netherlands, passim. 
 
218 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvr. Russia, the terror of the continent in the eigh- 
 Tradeto teenth century, was in the sixteenth a vast, but 
 Russia. narc lly civilized state, unconscious of its own 
 power, insulted by the scarcely more savage 
 Tartars, and totally unknown to any Europeans 
 except to a few Flemish traders, who cautiously 
 preserved the secret, and enjoyed in silence the 
 sweets of an exclusive commerce. 
 
 Sir Hugh Willoughby, one of the few adven- 
 turous mariners of the sixth Edward's reign, ani- 
 mated by a liberal subscription of 60001. suppli- 
 ed by forty-nine sharers, sailed from Gravesend, 
 in May 1553, with three small vessels, in search 
 of a short passage toChina (then termed ' Cathay) 
 Enter- by the North East. The gallant knight, after dis- 
 Ikeof™ 1 covering the isle of Spitzbergen (or Greenland) 
 Sir Hugh met with such distress from storms and floating 
 Whby. mountains of ice, that, forced into the cruel lati- 
 tude of seventy-two North, he found himself, 
 with two of his ships, obliged to pass the winter 
 on the snowy coast of Nova Zembla; where, in a 
 ere ekamong the rocks, the ill-fated commander, 
 with the seamen of both ships, were found by the 
 wandering Laplanders frozen to death. [2] 
 
 Captain 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [2] ' jYocumenta^ says the quaint Dr. Fuller, ' prove docu- 
 menta, and the shipwrecks of some, prove the sea marks of 
 ot j iers# ' [Worthies of Devonshire. 
 
 The 
 * Adams' Account, apud Hakluyt, vol. i. p. 243. 
 
Cll. VI. Pt. I. § I. COMMERCE, &C. 219 
 
 Captain Richard Chancellor, who commanded Cent.xvi. 
 
 the third vessel, had better fortune. Providence Port of 
 
 steered his bark to the harbor where Archangel ,",. 
 
 & angel dis- 
 
 lias since been built. The monks at the abbey covered. 
 of St. Nicholas, which stood near the coast, shew- 
 ed hospitality and even respect to their famished 
 guests ; and aided the resolute Englishman to 
 pass on sledges the snowy deserts which lay be- 
 tween them and Moscow. As lie was provided 
 ^ith general letters from Edward VI. to any 
 princes whom he might visit, he advanced with 
 intrepidity to the palace ; and presented them to 
 the sovereign of Russia.* 
 
 John Basilowitz, who then reigned in Russia, 
 although a fierce and barbarous despot, had yet 
 strong and clear reason, and saw in the bold ad- 
 venturer the character of his nation. He eag;erlv 
 sprung forward to meet the advances of the Eng- 
 lish, who, he foresaw, would introduce his coun- 
 try to the wished-for commerce of Europe : and 
 he sent back Chancellor loaded with honors and 
 presents. Nor did he forget to return letters to 
 King Edward, who was unhappily dead before 
 they could reach hirn.-r 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 The remains of this intrepid mariner were found in his cabin; 
 and near him his diary, which he had continued almost to the 
 hour of his death. 
 
 [Adams' Account, apuo Hakluyt. 
 " Stowe's Annals, p. 629. Holingshed, p. 1132. 
 + Hakluyt, ubi supra. 
 
 1 
 
220 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent XVI. The prospect of an exclusive trade with a great 
 ^^^ nation, abounding in furs and other desiraL 1 in- 
 jects of commerce, soon allured the enterprizing 
 and the wealthy ; and a charter was granted in 
 1554 to a company of merchant-adventurers for 
 ' the discoverie of lands, countries,' 8cc. kc. This 
 was the parent of the Russia company. Soon af- 
 ter it was formed, two ships were dispatched. 
 Commer- w ith the enterprizing Chancellor as their com- 
 ciaUreaty missioner? to the new f oun d port. Again he 
 
 Russia, landed, crossed Lapland, found the Czar at Mos- 
 cow, and was amply compensated for the fatigues 
 of his way by the advantageous privileges which 
 he obtained for his principals. The close of the 
 story is painful : the gallant seaman set sail for 
 England with a Russian nobleman as ambassador, 
 and bales of rich presents for his sovereign, under 
 his care. On the coast of Scotland, a violent gale 
 drove his vessel on a reef of rocks : careless of his 
 own safety, Chancellor only thought of his im- 
 portant charge; and actually perished in the 
 waves in the act of preserving the life of the Rus- 
 sian, who was received on shore [3] with that hos- 
 pitality 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [3] We will rather trust to Holingshed, who at least inti- 
 mates (p. 1132) his kind reception in the North, than to the 
 sour and prejudiced borderer Lord Wharton ; who, in a letter 
 preserved in ' Mr. Lodge's Illustrations' writes, ' he may 
 thanke God that he escaped from their (the Scots] crewel co- 
 vetouse wyth his lief. 
 
€h. VI. Pt. I. $ 1. commerce, Sec. 221 
 
 pitality which has always distinguished the Scot- ^!^J 
 
 tisli character, and forwarded to London with 
 proper respect to his dignity. 
 
 The intercourse between the nations was now 
 kept up with attention ; and Anthony Jenkinson, 
 the active agent of the new company, had, after 
 frequent voyages to Russia, found means to pene- 
 trate through Moscow to the Wolga, down that 
 vast river to the Caspian Sea, and thence to Per- 
 sia ; the English had even sent goods to the port 
 of Narva, in the Baltic Sea; when the company, 
 now become of importance to the nation/" asked 
 and obtained a confirmation of their exclusive 
 privileges by act of parliament. This statute, 
 dated in .1566, permitted York, Newcastle, Hull, 
 and Boston to join in the undertaking if the inha- 
 bitants should desire that privilege. 
 
 The adventurers were not fortunate in their Trade to 
 early vears. The ever ill-fated project of an in- 6 r !* 
 land trade with Persia, led them into deep ex- nate. 
 pences ; and a rich cargo of silks, spices, and 
 pearls, the produce of live laborious years travel, 
 was intercepted on the Wolga, and plundered by 
 the pirate cossacks, t Soon after, the English were 
 involved in the national calamities of Russia ; they 
 lost all their stores when the country was ravaged 
 and Moscow burnt by the invading Tartars ; and 
 for these damages, although an indemnity was re- 
 peatedly 
 
 * ILikluyt, iirst edit. p. 365. 
 Camden's Annals, A. D. 1565. 
 
23C HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 s^s^/ peatedly promised, little was received. The Eng- 
 lish even gradually lost their exclusive privileges ; 
 and Horsey, an agent who was sent by the Russia 
 company to strive for their recovery, had the mor- 
 tification to find his vessel saluted in the harbor 
 of Archangel (as it was now styled) by French 
 and Flemish vessels, as well as by those of Eng- 
 land. The eyes of the Russian prince were 
 indeed now open to the advantages of receiving 
 the ships of rival nations ; and the English were, 
 from that period, obliged to be contented with 
 little more advantage over the traders of other 
 countries than what the goodness of their wares, 
 and the superior industry of their workmen could 
 2;ive them. 
 Exports The imports from Russia were chiefly hides, 
 ports. furs, k.c. kc. The exports thither from Eng- 
 land were cloths ; and, what is remarkable, coarse 
 linen, which is in the eighteenth century brought 
 in great quantities from Russia, made, in the six- 
 teenth, a large part of the exports thither. 
 Trade The first genuine account of any intercourse 
 
 J? i between England and the dominions of the Otto- 
 Turkey. ° f 
 
 mans, occurs in 1553? when Anthony Jenkinson 
 is reported by Hakluyt to have obtained of Sultan 
 Selim, then at Aleppo on his march against Per- 
 sia, a licence to trade at any Turkish port on the 
 same terms, as to customs, with the French and 
 
 Venetians." 
 
 It 
 
 * Hakluytj vol. ii. 
 
Ch. VI. Pt. I. ^ 1. commerce, Sec. 223 
 
 It was not, however, until 1575, that a regu- p"t- xv L 
 lar commercial treaty was established with the 
 Porte ; and that, in consequence, a company was ^ com . 
 
 formed by charter to trade thither. Its term P a »y 
 
 11 i , , .„ formed, 
 
 was only to last seven years (renewable, il re- 
 quired) and it might be dissolved by jone years 
 notice. 
 
 The agents sailed to Constantinople in 1582, 
 carrying with them excellent instructions from 
 the indefatigable patriot Hakluyt,* as to the 
 lights which might be obtained in the East for 
 the benefit of English manufactures, gardens, and 
 woods. This patent, we are to observe, Avas not 
 renewed until 1593 5 and then only for twelve 
 years. 
 
 The consequences of the direct trade to Turkey Ac *van- 
 
 tages to 
 soon appeared to be highly beneficial to England. England, 
 
 The Venetians and Genoese, who had hitherto 
 monopolized both the sale of Indian goods and 
 the carrying trade, gradually were dispossessed of 
 both by the ships of England. To complete the 
 settlement of factories in the Syrian ports, 8cc. 
 Harebone, a man of activity, was sent in a frigate 
 of thirty-four gnns ; he visited the whole African 
 and Asiatic coast which bordered the Mediter- 
 ranean ; and concluded an advantageous treaty ' 
 with the piratical states of Barbary. 
 
 From this time to the close of Elizabeth's rei^n, 
 the Levant trade proceeded with great advantage 
 
 * Hakluyt, vol. ii. p. 164. 
 
G24 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. to the merchants and to the nation ; not, how- 
 Expences ever, without heavy complaints of the vast pre- 
 large. S ents (to the amount of £0001.) given annually to 
 the piratical states to avoid a perpetual warfare 
 with their corsairs." 
 Exports Woollen cloths and calf-skins were the chief 
 ports " ex P orts from England to Turkey. The imports 
 were ' silks, camblets, rhubarb, rich wines from 
 Cyprus, oil, cotton, carpets, galls, and spices.' 
 To Barbary, cloth and linen were sent, and the 
 returns were sugar, dates, almonds, and melasses. 
 Trade to Some attempts had been made, during the reign 
 Africa. f M ar y ? t open a trade with Guinea, but the 
 first adventurers only brought home one ship out 
 of three. And although some caro-oes, both of 
 gold dust and of elephants teeth, were carefully 
 brought to England in succeeding years, yet no 
 steady and dependible branch of commerce ap- 
 peared for a long space of time. 
 Negro At length the negro trade, that much repro- 
 
 trade. bated source of wealth and of contention, was 
 opened in I562 by Captain John Hawkins of 
 Devonshire; who, assisted by a liberal subscrip- 
 tion, fitted out three ships, and sailed to the coast 
 of Guinea, whence he carried 300 negro slaves 
 (acquired by methods not to be too closely scru- 
 tinised) to Hispaniola.t He exchanged his lading 
 
 there 
 
 * Captain Carlisle's Treatise on Trade, passim. 
 + Hakluyt, vol. iii. p. 500. 
 
Ch. VI. Pt. I. § 1. COMMERCE, &C. 226 
 
 there for hides, sugar, ginger, and pearls, and re- ?JJ**2; 
 turned in opulence A. D. 1563. No more is heard Voyages 
 of this species of traffic during several years. 
 
 A ship and pinnace of London made a pros- 
 perous voyage to Benin, in Africa, in I58S ; and 
 the queen, in the same year, granted a patent to 
 certain merchants of London and of Exeter, for 
 ten years, to trade exclusively to the rivers Sene- 
 gal and Gambia. 
 
 In 1590 we find the same ship and pinnace 
 sailing again from London to Benin, and again 
 leturnino- with success. 
 
 The exports to Africa were at that time linen Exports 
 
 and woollen cloths, hard ware, ornaments, such im ~ 
 
 ports. 
 
 as copper bracelets and glass beads, hawks-bells, 
 
 hats, toys, 8cc. The imports, elephants teeth, 
 
 palm oil, cloth of cotton, and of the bark of 
 
 trees.* 
 
 The trade to the East-Indies was, from the vast Trade to 
 
 distance of its object, and the preat capital which tne East " 
 
 Indies. 
 
 was required to carry it on, the last of those vari- 
 ous commercial shoots which sprung from the 
 fertile soil of the adventurous industry of Eng- 
 land. It was not until 1600 that a company was re- Acom- 
 
 g-ularly formed, with George Earl of Cumberland P an y . . 
 ■ ;■ . formed in 
 
 at their head, and 215 knights, aldermen, and 1600. 
 
 merchants, in the list of proprietors. They had 
 
 been encouraged to this undertaking rather by 
 
 - the 
 
 * Anderson, vol. ii. p. 175. 
 
 Vol. II. ft 
 
C36 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. th e successes of the Portuguese and of the Dutch, 
 than of their countrymen ; since the only English 
 voyage hitherto attempted to those parts, and exe- 
 cuted by Captain James Lancaster, had been sin- 
 gularly unfortunate. [4] 
 
 Its rules. This charter," which was renewable at the 
 end of fifteen years, and which actually existed 
 through various vicissitudes until 1708, when it 
 sank into that of the ' United Company of Mer- 
 chants trading to the East-Indies,' was much on 
 the plan of that which was renewed towards the 
 close of the 18th century. The governor and de- 
 puty-governor, the twenty-four directors, annu- 
 ally elected and formed into committees, the al- 
 lowance of time for the payment of customs, the 
 re-exportation of Indian merchandise after it has 
 
 paid 
 
 NOTES. 
 [4] He had sailed in 1591 with three ships on a privateer- 
 ing, rather than a mercantile account, to the East-Indies. A 
 sickness, which assailed his crew near the Cape of Good Hope, 
 obliged one ship to return homewards; another, with Captain 
 Raymond, or Riman, was separated in a storm beyond the 
 Cape, and heard of no more. Lancaster's ship alone reached 
 the coast of Malabar. Nothing succeeding which he attempted 
 in the East, he quitted those shores, and sailed to the West- 
 Indies ; but thither his ill-fortune pursued him. Going on 
 shore with a party to search for provisions on an unknown 
 island, those on board basely abandoned him, and left him, and 
 most of their comrades, exposed to hunger and wretchedness. 
 Three years elapsed before the unfortunate captain, with a few 
 or his men, whom famine had spared, could find their way back 
 to England. [Hakluyt. 
 
 * Rym. Feed. vol. xv. 
 
Ch. VI. Pt. I. $ 1. COMMERCE, &C. 22? 
 
 paid the duty, and almost all the other conditions Cent.xvi. 
 of the charter, have been handed down, ' litera- 
 tim k. verbatim,' from the adventurous merchants 
 of Elizabeth's school to their fortunate and opu- 
 lent successors. 
 
 The first stock of a company doomed in future Its mode- 
 time to govern a country more extended, better ra 
 peopled, and possessed of more and richer com- 
 modities and treasures than the Roman empire at 
 its greatest pitch of splendor, was only 72,OOOl. 
 And their first fleet consisted of four large ships, 
 under the conduct of the same Captain Lancas- 
 ter, whose disasters in the East had been repaired 
 by a fortunate and lucrative expedition to the 
 coast of Brasil. 
 
 Neither the success of this expedition, nor the 
 valuable though small addition to his country's 
 dominions, atchieved by Lancaster on his return 
 from the Indies, fall within the compass of this 
 volume. Elizabeth, the inspirer and encourager 
 of every adventure, had paid the last debt to na- 
 ture before either vessel (for they returned sepa- 
 rately) reached her coasts. 
 
 Every transaction of importance to the com- Treaties, 
 inerce of England, during a period so interesting 
 to its rise and progress, has now been cautiously 
 traced. Other negotiations of the same date there 
 are, but they have little or no reference to the 
 subject. The ministers of Edward VI. in the same 
 
 q 2, treaty 
 
CIn HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN*. Book VII. 
 
 Cent xvi. t rea ty which sold Boulogne to France, stipulated 
 for a mutual intercourse of trade. But this treaty 
 was short-lived, and does not seem to have been 
 renewed in its commercial tendency, when a new 
 one was brought forward in I559. Disputes on 
 the African coast occasioned a treaty with Por- 
 tugal. Duties which Elizabeth thought unrea- 
 sonable were sometimes the cause of transient 
 agreements with Denmark ; and the only treaties 
 not hitherto mentioned, those with Holland, re- 
 lated to mutual defence, and not in the least to 
 matters of commerce or trade. 
 
 Manufac- The short and unsettled reigns of Edward VI. 
 and Mary I. produced [5] not that confidence in 
 government which could tempt the opulent to 
 supply manufactures with the necessary funds. 
 Mary was indeed led by her love for an unde- 
 serving husband to treat her mercantile subjects 
 with bitter injustice. She would ask unreasonable 
 loans, and would revenge the denial by stopping 
 
 exportation, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [j] One aet of Mary's sterile administration deserves to 
 be exqepted from the censure which, in general, it merits. She 
 abolished that part of the code of laws relative to the woollen 
 trade, which prevented any person from making cloth, unless 
 after having served full seven year? at the business. It appears 
 strange to read that her liberal-minded successor should have 
 renewed a prohibition which is generally accounted impolitic 
 by the adepts iu the truce. It still remains in force. 
 
Ch.VI. Pt. I. § 1. COMMERCE, 8cc. £29 
 
 exportation, and even by seizing the cloth which Cent.xvi. 
 had been sold to foreigners. Once she raised 
 50,0001. by an extortion of this kind. The loss 
 of Calais, whence much cloth was exported into 
 Flanders, hurt the woollen manufacture. 
 
 The activity with which the government of 
 Elizabeth was inspired, seems to have transfused 
 itself into the breasts of every rank among her 
 people. We observe those who had superior 
 powers distinguishing themselves by voyages of 
 discovery, by forming new commercial connec- 
 tions, and by endeavouring to plant colonies in 
 distant climes. While those whose abilities 
 took a mechanical turn, enriched their country 
 and themselves by enlarging [6] the circle of its 
 manufactures. 
 
 That of knives," now so widely extended, ap- Knives. 
 pears to have commenced in London A. D. 1563, 
 under the auspices of one Thomas Matthews of 
 Fleet-bridge ; this, however, was rather a revival 
 
 than 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [6] Before the sixteenth century ends, we find that luxury 
 had obtained a firm footing in the house of the mechanic. ' We 
 were shown,' says a traveller, ' at the house of Leonard Smith, 
 a taylor, a most perfect looking-glass, ornamented with gold, 
 pearls, silver, and velvet, so richly as to be estimated at 500 
 ecus de soled.' [Paul Hentzner. 
 
 Add to this the evidence of Fynes Moryson, who observes 
 that, towards the close of Elizabeth's reign, there were few 
 among the better sort of the English gentry and traders that 
 had not cupboards of silver plate to the value of 2001. 
 * Present State of Great Britain, 1683, p. 77. 
 
230 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi- th an a new manufacture, since, in the days of 
 Chaucer, Sheffield was, as it still continues to be, 
 famous for its cutlery. ' A Sheffield whittle bare 
 he in his hose.' * 
 
 Needles. That of 4- needles [7] was commenced in I566, 
 and directed by Elias Grouse, a German. 
 
 Woollen Felt hats were not made in England in 1571, 
 as a statute was then enacted which ordered an 
 English woollen cap to be worn in preference by 
 every person above the age of seven, on pain of 
 forfeiting 3s. 4d. Ladies, lords, gentlewomen, 8cc. 
 
 are 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [7] Needles had appeared in Cheapside during the reign of 
 Mary. A Spanish negro had made them, but as he refused to 
 discover his art, the nation received little benefit from him. The 
 pin had been known in England ever since the close of Henry 
 VIII. 's reign; where it had afforded to the ladies a pleasant 
 substitute for ribbons, loopholes, laces with points and tags, 
 clasps, hooks and eyes, and skewers made of wood, brass, silver, 
 and gold. This minute implement was thought sufficiently im- 
 portant to merit parliamentary regulation. Accordingly, by 
 * stat. 37 Hen. VIII. cap. 13, all ' pinncs' are prohibited from 
 being sold, unless they be ' double-headed, and have the heads 
 soldered fast to the shank of the pinne, well smoothed, the 
 shank well shaven, the point well and round filed, cauted, and 
 sharpened.' This long process, which must have rendered the 
 pin expensive, was dropped in about three years, and the pin 
 became what it now is. [Stowe, &e. 
 
 * Chaucer's Works. Reves Tale. 
 + Stowe's Chron, an. 1566, 
 
Ch. VI. Pt. I. § 1. COMMERCE, &C. ^81 
 
 are excepted. * This restriction, we are told, had Cent.xvi. 
 very little effect. 
 
 The manufacture of glass had been probably Glass. 
 brought to some perfection in London in 1575 ; 
 for Holingshed, after he has spoken of the de- 
 struction of a glass-house by fire, adds, ' the same 
 house which had consumed great quantities of 
 wood in making fine drinking glasses, is now 
 itself consumed,' 8cc. k.c. t 
 
 A loom for the weaving of silk stockings was g^ 
 erected in 1600, under the patronage of William stockings. 
 Lee of St. John's College, Cambridge. 1 
 
 But nothing aided the progress of manufacture Flemish 
 
 in England so much as her just and prudent at- emi " 
 
 . ° i grants 
 
 tention to the persecuted strangers whom the bi- enrich 
 
 gotry of Spain expelled from their habitations. Eu S lailcl * 
 
 Some families had, in the days of Edward VI. 
 
 quitted their homes, and followed their teachers 
 
 to the English coast. These had already erected 
 
 their looms, when the accession of Mary obliged 
 
 them to pursue liberty of religious worship, to a 
 
 colder climate. 
 
 With Elizabeth more liberality of sentiment 
 
 came forward, and some of the exiled strangers 
 
 returned. But it was to the wheels and gibbets 
 
 of the Duke D' Alva that England is most indebt- 
 
 ad. 
 
 * Stat. 13 Eliz. cap. 19. 
 
 + Chron. of England, p. 1261. 
 
 % Howel's Hist, of the World, vol. ii. p. 222, 
 
232 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII, 
 
 Cent.xvi. ec j. Scared by his inhumanity, the Flemish manu- 
 facturers fled thither in shoals, and were received 
 with humanity and hospitality. They repaid this 
 politic kindness by peopling the decayed streets 
 of Canterbury, Norwich, Sandwich, Colchester, 
 Maidstone, Southampton, and many other towns, 
 with active and industrious weavers, dyers, cloth- 
 dressers, linen-makers, silk throwsters, 8cc. They 
 taught the making of bays, says, and other stuffs ;* 
 and many of their posterity now enjoy large 
 estates and respectable titles in the counties 
 which, with so much good sense, opened their 
 arms to shield them from their pursuers. It was 
 from this period that England may begin to date 
 that superiority in the works of art which has 
 rendered her in the eighteenth century the mar- 
 ket of Europe ; and even extended the sale of 
 her manufactures to the savage shores of Kams- 
 chatka. t 
 Fisheries In a country intersected by numerous harbours, 
 protected. SU rrounded by a prolific ocean, and situated near 
 large shoals abounding with cod, herrings, 8cc. it 
 would have been unpardonable in the rulers to 
 neglect that which would, at the same time, afford 
 food for the natives, a desirable article of com- 
 merce to strangers, and the means of preserving 
 a naval superiority over the rest of the world. 
 
 ••' Meterani Historia Belgica, torn. iii. 
 •f Cook's last Voyage, vol. iii. p. 2<W. 
 
Ch. VI. Pt. I. § 1, COMMERCE, &C. 233 
 
 Neither the administration of England or Scot- Centxvi. 
 land were blameable in this branch of their duty. 
 In the former, Ave find not less than twelve sta- 
 tutes passed during the reign of Elizabeth, all 
 tending to the encouragement of the fisheries on 
 the English coast ; and the fishermen appear to 
 have been the only people of their rank who 
 were, by an express act of parliament/' exempted 
 from the press, unless when pointed out by their 
 county magistrates. 
 
 It should not pass unobserved that, in 1553, Tribute 
 Philip of Spain obtained a licence for his sub- s pa ia 
 jects to fish on the North coast of Ireland during 
 twenty-one years, on consideration of one thou- 
 sand pounds yearly ; ' which sum,' writes Sir J. 
 Burroughs, ' was accordingly brought into the 
 Exchequer of Ireland. '+ 
 
 The importance of the Newfoundland fishery Fishery 
 began to be known to the European states about r T v " 
 the middle of Elizabeth's reign. Hakluyt men- land, 
 tions the number of ships sent by each nation in 
 157S. The English had but 15 ships on the 
 banks, but they were stout and large, and ^ave 
 law to the 100 Spanish, 50 Portuguese, and 150 
 French vessels which attended the fishery. They 
 protected the whole fleet from pirates, and levied 
 a tax in salt on each foreign bark for their good 
 services. 
 
 No 
 
 -'•'- Stat. Eliz. 5. cap. 5, fo. 43. 
 + Treatise on the Sovereignty of the British Seas, p. 80. 
 
•34 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII* 
 
 Cent xvi. No progress, nay, scarcely a beginning, was 
 Whale- made in the whale-fishery under Elizabeth, That 
 fis,ierj C the English had little knowledge of the methods 
 
 scarcely ° ° 
 
 known used in carrying it on, appears plainly from a 
 English P a P er m Hakluyt's Collection, dated 1575; 
 wherein it is expressly directed, that the whole 
 care of the enterprise should be entrusted to 
 Biscayners, as the only persons who understood 
 the business.* Some whales were Killed by these 
 enterprizing Spaniards on the Newfoundland 
 banks in 157 8; but only for their blubber, as 
 the value of whalebone was then unknown. 
 
 Scotland. In Scotland great and unremitted attention 
 Great at- ^ vas P R id to every kind of fishery ; and the kinds 
 tention were various. The white fish, which included 
 
 paid to 
 
 the fishe- cod, ling, and herring ; the red fish or salmon, 
 ries * and the black fish, which seems to have been a 
 kind of trout, were each protected by many and 
 repeated statutes. Some containing very parti- 
 cular rules for the salting f and packing of the 
 fish ; some enjoining all manner of obstructions 
 to be removed which might prevent the free 
 egress and regress of the salmon ; and some to 
 prevent the exportation of salt. It was also with 
 a view of enlarging the fisheries, as well as civi- 
 lizing the inhabitants, that an act passed in 1597 
 for the building of three borough-towns % in Kin- 
 tire, 
 
 * Mokluyt, vol. i. p. 413, 414. 
 + Stat. 141, Pari. 8Jac. VI. 
 % Stat. 267, Par. 15 Jac. VI. 
 
Ch.VI. Pt. I. § 1. COMMERCE, &c. 235 
 
 tire, in Lochaber, and in the Isle of Lewis. Yet, 9^*^; 
 though such attention was paid to the acquisition 
 of a commodity which constituted the most valu- 
 able of the Scottish exports, a due care was taken 
 that the people of the country should be served 
 before foreigners. On this account, and on that 
 of preserving to the king his customs, a statute,* 
 in 1578, orders all white fish to be brought to 
 certain free ports in Scotland, and not to be sold 
 without examination by the proper officers. 
 
 As the making of salt in the best manner was 
 of the utmost consequence to the existence and $ a i t j m _ 
 success of the fisheries, the improvement of it P rovec h 
 was by no means neglected. Accordingly, in 
 I5G3, it was announced by parliament, + that 
 ' certaine strangers of excellent incrine' had 
 brought a new and improved method of making 
 salt into Scotland ; and that, during fifty years, 
 these persons might make such salt exclusively. 
 It does not however appear that any great ad- 
 vantages attended on this invention. 
 
 Salt was so scarce and dear in 1573, that its 
 exportation was prohibited X during three years 
 ' at least.' 
 
 To conclude this subject, too much praise can strictness 
 scarcely be given to the great attention paid by astomn " 
 
 the casks. 
 
 * Stat. 60, Pari. 5 Jac. VI. 
 + Stat. 71, Pari. 9 Qu. Marie. 
 t Stat. 56, Pari. 4 Jac. VI. 
 
236 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII, 
 
 Cent. XVI. the legislature of Scotland, to the just and proper 
 ^* size of the barrels in which the salted fish were 
 to be exported. Many statutes are to be found 
 on this subject in the Scottish code ; particularly 
 an effective one * in the same year as that last- 
 mentioned. 
 England. Although those English mariners who at- 
 Discove- tempted to discover new lands, and supposed 
 countries, straights, under the auspices of Elizabeth, were 
 uniformly unsuccessful, they owed their ill for- 
 tune neither to want of spirit or perseverance. 
 
 The earnest wishes of the merchants prompted 
 
 them to believe that there must be a nearer Avay 
 
 to Japan, China, and the East Indies, than the 
 
 long and extraneous course round the Cape of 
 
 Vain Good Hope. It was to the North-west that it 
 
 trials for was fancied this passage lay; and several of the 
 
 a N.W. . ,. 
 
 passage to first mariners of the age, Sir Humphry Gilbert, 
 
 India. t j ie C a ptains Frobisher, Pet, and Jackson, with 
 
 many others, attempted it in vain. 
 And for Another passage to the same countries, less 
 °. ne zj plausible, but much shorter, had its supporters. 
 It was supposed to lie on the North coast of 
 Nova Zembla, and to reach China in a North- 
 eastern direction. The unfortunate Sir Huoji 
 Willoughby had, in 1553, lost his life in search- 
 ing for this'passage ; but the most Northern port 
 of Russia had been discovered by his mishap. 
 
 Some 
 
 * Stat. 57, Tarl. 4Jac.VI. 
 
CH.VI. Pt. I. §1. COMMERCE, <5fC. 237 
 
 Some other attempts were made on the same^"^*^** 
 coast, particularly one by Captain Stephen Bur- 
 roughs/" but without even a prospect of success ; 
 since the vast fields of ice which occupied the 
 Northern sea, effectually barred the passage. 
 
 The experience of two ages, which have passed 
 since these unsuccessful enterprizes, has proved 
 that no such passage exists to the North-west ; 
 and, that that to the North-east, though existing, 
 is totally blocked up with ice. 
 
 These enterprizes were not totally fruitless. 
 
 In 1567, Captain Frobisher, in his pursuit of the 
 
 North-west passage, fell in with the straights 
 
 which lead to Hudson's Bay, and discovered the 
 
 Western coast of Greenland. + Thence he c.reen- 
 
 brou&ht a savage, and ten vears afterwards a ,. ' * 
 . J discover- 
 
 load of shining ores, whence it was generally ed. 
 
 supposed gold would be produced. Unfortu- 
 nately, on a trial being made, the ores proved to 
 be utterly worthless;:}; while the poor savage, un- 
 conscious of the advantage of civilization, pined 
 away through regret for his native snows. [8] 
 
 New 
 
 NOTES. 
 [8] There have been doubts formed concerning the abilities 
 of those to whom the examination of these promising ores were 
 submitted ; and a story is told of a quantity which chanced to 
 be left untried ; and which, many years afterwards, in the 
 hands of a skilful chymist, produced pure gold. 
 
 [Campbell's Life of Frobisher. 
 * Hakluyt, vol. i. p. 282. t Ibid. vol. iii. p. 26, 96. 
 
 1 Stowe's AnnaJs, p. 680, C81, 68?. 
 
238 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 v^'l^' ^ ew Albion, or, as it is now called, California, 
 
 AudNewwas discovered in 1.579 by Sir Francis Drake, 
 
 Albion. w j 1 i[ e ] ie was endeavouring to find a passage back 
 
 from the South-west coast of North America into 
 
 the European seas. He took formal possession 
 
 of the country, which appeared to be an island, 
 
 and erected a column to the honor of his queen. 
 
 Passage A discovery of great use to mariners was made 
 
 r?ca shor- * n x ^ 02 ^y Captain Gosnold, an expert English 
 
 tencd. seaman. He first found the way of crossing the 
 
 Atlantic to North America without deviating to 
 
 the West Indies, and passing the dangerous 
 
 Gulph of Florida.* 
 
 Colonies The season for planting colonies with success 
 
 inAme- was not 5 et arr ^ ve< ^' A very able treatise had 
 rica. indeed been written on the subject, in 1582, by 
 Captain Carlisle, the son-in-law of Sir Francis 
 Walsingham. He had enlarged on the great 
 advantages which colonies mio-ht brine; to the 
 mother country with art and spirit, the con- 
 sumption of manufactures, employment for idle 
 persons, 8cc. 8cc. To prove his faith in his own 
 reasoning, Carlisle joined heartily with Sir Wal- 
 ter Raleigh t and others, in raising a fund which 
 might enable a number of settlers to occupy 
 lands in America ; and Elizabeth readily granted 
 a charter for so patriotic an undertaking. A 
 voyage undertaken at this juncture by the Cap- 
 tains 
 
 • Anderson, vol. ii. p. 211. 
 + Hakluyt, vol. iii. p. 208. 
 
Ch.VI. PtI. § 1. COMMERCE, &C 20^ 
 
 tains Amidas and Barlow, (who successfully ^"^^ 
 traded with the American natives, and brought 
 home pearls and the new luxury of tobacco) 
 strengthened the interest of the promising de- 
 sign. Accordingly the celebrated Sir Richard 
 Grenville, in I584, sailed for the American 
 coast, and settled a colony in a district which 
 the maiden queen had honored by the name of 
 Virginia. Her auspices, however, availed little. 
 Famine and discord assailed the new settlers as 
 soon as Grenville had left them ; and the very 
 small residue returned to England in I585, en- 
 tirely cured of all wishes for emigration.* This 
 plan and those of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, for 
 the settling Florida and Newfoundland, [9] 
 which proved equally abortive, completed the Abortive, 
 
 history 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [9] The enterprizing knight, having obtained a patent, had 
 sailed to Newfoundland, and formally taken possession of the 
 island; he had even discovered, as he believed, a rich silver 
 mine. He quitted the coast to fetch settlers from England, but 
 was unhappily lost in his passage. It was the romantic turn of 
 this gallant officer's character which hastened his end. He 
 had fought in Ireland with great applause, and could not bear 
 the whisper which he believed to be circulated, ' that he was 
 fearful at sea.' To shew his firmness, he would sail, in spite 
 of his friends' intreaties, in his smallest ship ; and sunk beneath 
 the tempestuous waves, calmly repeating to his men, ' Cou- 
 rage, my lads '. we are as near to heaven by sea as by land !' 
 
 [Worthies or Devon. Hayes, apud Hakluyt. 
 * Hist, of Virginia, apud British America, vol. i. 
 
werp. 
 
 240 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book Vlt. 
 
 Cent. xvi. history of colonization during the days of Eliza- 
 beth. 
 Scotland. The commerce of Scotland was not inconsi- 
 The nort derable in 1544- Lord Herbert speaks of the 
 of Leith harbor of Leith as containing more riches ' than 
 could have been easily imagined.' 1 ' And Drake 
 relates, that not long after this, the English took 
 twenty-four Scottish ships, fraught with rich 
 merchandize, as they returned from France, 
 Flanders, Denmark, and other countries.t 
 Scottish ^ n t ^ ie description °f tn e Netherlands, by Luigi 
 commerce Guiccardini, Antwerp, it is said, ' has no great 
 commerce with Scotland, as England and France 
 chiefly supply her wants ; yet Antwerp exports 
 thither some spicery, sugar, madder, wrought 
 silks, camblet, serges, linen, and mercery. In 
 return, Scotland sends to Antwerp vast quanti- 
 ties of peltry of many kinds ; leather, wool, and 
 indifferent cloth ; fine large pearls, though not 
 equal to those from the East.' 
 And Stephen Perlet asserts that the Scots traded 
 
 deaux "with Bourdeaux and Rochelle for wine, and 
 carried merchandize from their own country, 
 and not money in return, t This is confirmed 
 by an English traveller in the reign of Eliza- 
 beth, who says that the Eastern Scots exported 
 to France (probably from Glasgow, 8cc.) coarse 
 
 clothes, 
 
 * Antiqu. Repertory, vol. i. p. 237. 
 
 + Life of Henry VIII. p. 508. 
 
 X Drake's Historia Anglo Scotica, p. 351. 
 
Ch. VI. Pt. I. § ]. COMMERCE, &c. 241 
 
 clothes, linen and woollen ; wool, goat-skins, 8cc. Cent.xvi. 
 and brought back from thence wines and salt." 
 
 Acts, to prevent the import or export of mer- Laws 
 chandize without paying the proper duty, are re- a ^ a ) n !_ 
 peatedly inserted in the Northern code. But in s;e- hand tra- 
 neral the prohibition seems chiefly levelled at such 
 who either took wool or hides, unmanufactured, 
 out of the realm. Coals, candles, and linen cloth, 
 are sometimes, with less good policy, included. 
 
 In I58 1 the Western coast of Scotland seems 
 to have been infested with contraband traders; as 
 an act of that year prohibited all trading, except 
 at appointed harbours, on pain of confiscation of 
 ship and cargo. + 
 
 The chief commercial intercourse between Scot- Regula- 
 
 land and the continent was still carried on through trac j e 
 
 the medium of Campveere, a town in the United with the 
 
 Nether- 
 Provinces ; and regulated by a conservator, whoi anc j s# 
 
 had great powers allotted to him for that pur- 
 pose. No less than six statutes were framed in 
 1597, for the proper conduct of the trade, the oath 
 to be taken by the traders, the duties to be levi- 
 ed, and the obedience and attention due to the 
 conservator. y The Scots exported little else than 
 wool, hides, salmon and other salted fish in bar- 
 rels, and a small quantity of coal; for, so ill were 
 
 the 
 
 * Fynes Moryson's Itinerary, p. 155. 
 
 + Stat. 120, Pari. 7jac. VI. 
 
 J Stat. 259, 60,61, 62, 63, 64. Pari. I5jac. VI. 
 
 Vol. II. r 
 
242 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. the principles of mechanism understood, that to 
 drain the water from the mines was thought im- 
 practicable; [lo] and the government seems to 
 have been under perpetual terror lest the coal 
 should fail or become unattainable by the nation. 
 On this account the exportation was always dis- 
 couraged, and in 1597 entirely prohibited. 
 
 Imports. The articles of importation from the Nether- 
 lands were innumerable : iron, lead, haberdasher's 
 ware, furniture, were among them ; even wooden 
 dishes and cart-wheels. The purchase of spears 
 and other military instruments was enjoined by 
 government. 
 
 The lights which fall on the state of Scottish ma- 
 nufactures in the sixteenth century are very faint* 
 
 Manufao A paper ill the ' Transactions of the Scottish 
 
 tures . . . . 
 
 little spo- Antiquarian society, recounts the rise ot the 
 ken of. Edinburgh corporations of ' Hammermen,' as 
 happening in 1582. Particular circumstances are 
 added as to the gradual accession of various 
 branches of the trade, such as the ' Dalmascars,' 
 or ornamenters of sword blades, in the same year ; 
 the Gaird-makers in I583, 8cc. Each subdivision, 
 when it joined the general body, produced an 
 
 essay 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [lO] The first engine for drawing water from mines in Scot- 
 land was invented by a predecessor of the Earls of Balcarras; 
 and was secured to him by a patent from James VI. during 
 twenty-one years. [Arnot. 
 
Ch. VI. Pt. I. § 1. COMMERCE, &C. 24* 
 
 essay of its art ; and, from the account given in the Cent kvt, 
 paper above-mentioned, their performances of va- N y sU . 
 
 rious kinds appear to have been ingenious and tules{or 
 
 . ill- tne ' r e!1_ 
 
 Well-finished ; but no more is known, and the his- coiffage- 
 
 torian's best guides, the acts of parliament, are en- ment * 
 tirely silent as to any protection or encourage- 
 ment to manufacturers. What few acts there are 
 which affect any trades, are rather of a hostile sort. 
 An exclusive privilege to salt-makers, another to 
 a silk-maker; * a statute ' in favor of Gold- 
 smiths,' has only its title printed; -f but one in 
 1592, which forbids all ' craft' to be exercised in 
 the suburbs of any burrow whatever, % must have 
 been fatal to manufacturers, Avho generally chuse 
 the suburbs for their residence ; or, more proba- 
 bly, proved that there were but few to annoy It 
 has been, indeed, already said that, except salted 
 fish, Scotland exported only the raw materials of 
 trade, wool, hides, k.c. Of consequence it is not 
 probable that she had any flourishing manu- 
 factures. 
 
 In 1555 the first general statute for mending England. 
 the highways of the kino-dom is to be found; sur- Inve °- 
 
 rt ' a / tions and 
 
 veyors are thereby ordered to be appointed, and improve- 
 
 labour to be done, as in the eighteenth centurv. ™? n , ts * 
 
 j High- 
 
 Insurance of merchandize at sea, by a joint ways 
 
 contribution of opulent traders, is first mentioned meu e ' 
 
 by 
 
 * Stat. 25, Pari. 7jac. VI. 
 + Stat. 59, Pari. 11 Jac. VI. 
 X Stat. 156, Pari. 12 Jac. VI, 
 n 2 
 
244 
 
 HISTORY OT GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Book VII . 
 
 Cent. XVI. 
 
 Insurance 
 of ships 
 and 
 goods. 
 
 Italian 
 book- 
 keeping. 
 
 London 
 supplied 
 with 
 water. 
 
 New 
 fruits and 
 flowers 
 ntro- 
 duced. . 
 
 by [11] ' Luigi Guiccardini,' who published in 
 I56O ' A Description of the Netherlands.' This 
 salutary institution did not reach London until 
 the close of the sixteenth century, when it soon 
 acquired such importance as to demand the aid of 
 a statute * towards its regulation. 
 
 The Italian method of book-keeping was 
 taught in England by James Peele, A. D. 1569- 
 His work, printed in the black-letter, is still ex- 
 tant ; and its instructions, although verbose, are 
 practicable. The preface speaks of the art as new 
 in England, but as having been long used by 
 foreign merchants ; and affirms that many mer- 
 chants of London took instructions from him, 
 and sent their apprentices to be taught. 
 
 In 1582 a supply of water was brought by 
 Peter Morris, a freeman of London, to the 
 highest part of the city. He laid pipes over the 
 tower of St. Magnus. 
 
 In the same year the currant bush from Zante, 
 and the tulip from Vienna, were introduced to the 
 soil and climate of England. The tulip had 
 been known at Vienna but a little while. It came 
 thither from Constantinople. 
 
 In 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [ll] Yet we are told that all the policies of insurance made 
 at Antwerp have a clause inserted to declare that their condi- 
 tions, in case of dispute, shall be governed by the regulations 
 usual in ' Lombard-street, London.' 
 
 [Malynes* Lex Mercatoria. 
 • ElLz. 43, cap. 12. 
 
Ch.VI. Pt.I. § 1. COMMERCE, &C. 24.5 
 
 In I588 ' the Chest at Chatham' was establish- Centxvi. 
 ed, which, by means of a small deduction from the Chest at 
 pay of every seaman, provides an annual allow- Chatham, 
 ance for such as may chance to be wounded. 
 
 No attempt to place the important article of 
 * weights and measures' on an equal footing 
 throughout the realm, appears. Strict regula- Weights 
 tions took place by statute, respecting the stand- measures# 
 ard weight of goldsmith's work,* the measure- 
 ment, of leather, t the weight and measure of 
 honey, | and a very few other things ; but no ge- 
 neral reformation was attempted. 
 
 There appears no considerable regulation in Scotland. 
 Scotland concerning ' weights and measures' 
 during the latter part of the sixteenth age, un- 
 less in the article of fish. But, probably, this 
 might be rendered less necessary, as much at- 
 tention had been paid to this subject by James 
 the Fourth in an early part of the century. § 
 
 Until the reign of Elizabeth, few merchant- England, 
 ships of considerable bulk were built in England ; 
 and those adventurers who wished to use large ^ 3 ' 
 vessels, bought them of the Hanse-town ship- 
 wrights. Thus we find Captain Hawkins sailing 
 to America in the ' Jesus of Lubeck,' the only 
 
 large 
 
 * 19 Eliz. cap. 15. f 1 Eliz. cap. 9. 
 
 t 23 Eliz. cap. 8. {1 Stat. 90, Pari. 6 Jac. IV, 
 
246 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Centxvi. ] ar g e ship f H£ s squadron. And, among the 
 Scarcity reasons given for a statute, in i5.jQ. which per- 
 Hsh'shi s m * ts mi P orts anc ^ exports in foreign ships, is the 
 ini.559. deficiency of English vessels to carry out the 
 merchandize of their country.* 
 
 The active and adventurous Earl of Cumber- 
 land is celebrated as the first English subject who 
 built a ship of 800 tons burthen. + 
 
 The merchant ships of England, although not 
 Increase , , , , , , n . 
 
 of vessels. lar S e ' soon became, towards the close ol the cen- 
 tury, numerous, and did special service to their 
 country on many occasions, particularly against 
 the Spanish Armada in 1588. Size and bulk could 
 not be expected in merchant vessels, when Eliza- 
 beth herself, having engaged to supply the Dutch 
 with thirty or forty ships of war, stipulates, that 
 half of them shall bear 200 tons burthen, and the 
 Other half between 100 and 200. % 
 Number ^ n V582 a kind of' census" was taken under the 
 of ships inspection of the Lord Admiral Clinton, that the 
 
 and men .. . ,. . . . , , 
 
 in the mercantile strength ol the nation might be pro- 
 merchant perly estimated. It was then found that the mer- 
 
 service 
 
 A. D.' chants could supply the royal navy with 1-1,295 
 
 1582. mariners, and 1293 ships, of which 217 were 
 
 above 80 tons. § 
 
 That 
 
 ■• l Stat. 1 F.liz. cap. 8, Anderson, vol. ii. p. L92. 
 
 J Rym. Feed. torn. xvi. p. 340. 
 (I Sir W. Monson's Tracts, apud Harleian Voyages, vol. 
 iii. p. C 21S. 
 
Ch. VI. Pt. I. § 1. COMMERCE, &c. 247 
 
 That Scotland had many ships employed in ^"^^*; 
 the merchant service we are certain, although Scotland. 
 only from collateral accounts. 
 
 In September 1557? some ships of Hull took 
 the admiral and the vice-admiral of the merchant 
 ships of Scotland." This implies a large fleet of 
 
 trading vessels. 
 
 The statute enacted under James III. of Scot- 
 land, (and which was often afterwards renewed) 
 which forbad all merchant ships to tempt the dan- 
 ger of the seas ' between the feast of St. Simon and 
 Jnde, and Candlemass-day,' must have contributed 
 to dishearten the Northern seamen, by opening 
 their eyes to a sense of their danger in that tem- 
 pestuous clime. + Both Sir Andrew Wood and 
 Sir Patrick Spence, [12] two of the most celebrat- 
 ed Scottish commanders, perished by storms. 
 
 That 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [12] Accordingly in an ancient ballad we find this veteran 
 officer, much distressed on receiving orders he put to sea in the 
 winter season. 
 
 ' O, quha is this has done this deed, 
 This ill deed unto me? 
 To send me out this time o' zeir 
 To sail upon the se?' 
 He was in consequence cast away; and the bard proceeds: 
 ' Have owre, have owre to Aberdour ! 
 Its fiftie fadom deip : 
 And their lies guid Sir Patrick Spence, 
 Wi' th' Scots lords at his feit.' 
 
 [Riliques of Ancient Poetry, Vol. I, 
 * Talbot Coll. of Letters at Herald-Office, No. 149. 
 \ Stat. 15, Pari. 3jac. III. 
 
*48 
 
 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Book VII. 
 
 Cent.XVI. 
 ^^ .--■*■• 
 
 England. 
 
 Bad siate 
 of coin at 
 the acces- 
 sion of 
 Edvv. VI. 
 
 His first 
 coinage. 
 
 False 
 coiners. 
 
 That wretched debasement of English coin, 
 which the necessities of Henry VIII. unsatiated 
 with the plunder of half his kingdom, had occa- 
 sioned, is believed to have given pain to the sus- 
 ceptible mind of Edward VI. at the very early 
 a£e when he received his crown. 
 
 His first coinage, nevertheless, emulated the 
 worst of his father's.* The pound of gold made 
 thirty pounds in tale, though but twenty carats 
 fine; and the pound of silver produced forty-eight 
 shillings by tale, though but one-third fine. Thus 
 every pound of fine silver made seven pounds four 
 shillings in money; and the king's profit on each 
 such pound was four pounds four shillings. 
 
 As base money is most easily to be counter- 
 feited, many false coiners were known to take 
 advantage of the public calamity. Even one 
 of the mint-masters, Sir William Sherrington, t 
 was attainted by confession of counterfeiting tes- 
 toons [13] to the value of 20001. ; and Francis 
 
 Digby, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [13] Sherrington had the command of the Bristol mint, and 
 supplied the Protector's brother with a large sum of money. It 
 is him of whom the good Latimer speaks rather too favorably, 
 when he mentions, in a sermon, the restitution which a courtier 
 had made. [Latimer's Discourses. 
 
 * Leake's Hist. Account of English Coins, p. 211. 
 + Stat. 2 and 3 Ed. cap. VI. cap. 17. 
 
Ch.VI. Pt. I. § 1. COMMERCE, &e. 249 
 
 Digby,* a gentleman, was convicted of counter- Cent.xvi. 
 
 felting ' shillings, groats, rials, and crowns.' 
 
 In the third year of Edward, the standard of Standard 
 
 sold was somewhat amended ; and, in his fourth, ° 8 
 «= ' nnprov- 
 
 it was brought to its original purity, viz. twenty- ed. 
 three carats, three grains and an half, fine, and 
 half a grain alloy. But the silver grew worse ; 
 for shillings were coined at the rate of seventy- 
 two to the pound; and twelve ounces of fine 
 silver were arbitrarily raised to the value of 
 fourteen pounds eight shillings. 
 
 In the same year, however, the base money 
 ■was lowered by proclamation, first to three- 
 quarters, and then to hall its nominal value. + 
 
 In 1551, crown and half-crown pieces of silver 
 became for the first time current money ; the six- 
 penny piece too is believed then to have first 
 appeared in England. 
 
 The year 1552 witnessed a great improvement silver 
 
 in the silver coin. The pound, which contained coin . 
 
 - 1 m somewhat 
 
 eleven ounces, one penny-weight, fine, and nine- purer, 
 teen penny-weights, alloy, was coined into no 
 more than three pounds by tale. This wasj done 
 by indenture, % and the silver threepence then 
 made its first appearance. 
 
 The 
 
 * Ryra. Feed. torn. xv. p. 292. 
 + Stowe's Annals, p. G05, 606. 
 X Lownds, p. 47. 
 
250 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 " t. 
 
 xvi. fhc natural consequence of good monevfloat- 
 
 Gold coin ing along with base coin is. that the good will be 
 
 0U S lu bought up for melting;, and must soon be lost to 
 
 up. O I O' 
 
 the country. To prevent this catastrophe, which 
 was approaching with hasty steps, severe punish- 
 ments were denounced by parliament * against 
 such as should ' exchange any coined gold or 
 silver, receiving or paying more than the value 
 placed on the same by the king.' 
 Some Queen Mary had no sooner mounted the 
 
 amend- throne than she sought popularity, by issuing; a 
 
 ment un- . . 
 
 der Queen proclamation which promised speedy relief for 
 
 ar ^* the inconveniences which so much base coin had 
 brought upon the nation; and announcing that 
 ' she had ordered her mints to form a coinage of 
 silver, in fineness of the standard sterling 
 of gold, in which the sovereign was to value thirty- 
 shillings, the half-sovereign or royal fifteen 
 ling's, the ang;el ten, and the half-angel five. The 
 silver coins were the groat, half-groat, and penny. 
 Base money was directed to pass at half its no- 
 minal, value. '+ But the ' standard sterling' here 
 mentioned was not so fine as the old standard by 
 two penny-weights. Besides, the base coin con- 
 tinued to be current : and, although reduced to 
 half value, was exceedingly detrimental to the 
 commerce and credit of the nation. 
 
 The 
 
 * Stat. 5 and 6 Edw. VI. cap. 19. 
 I Kennet's Oueen Mary I. p. 335. Stowe's Annals, p. 616 
 
Ul.VI. Pt. I. § 1. COMMERCE, &C. 251 
 
 The attempts to free England from its abun- Catxvi. 
 daht base money had, during the reigns of Ed- 
 ward and Mary, been laudable, though insufficient. 
 It was reserved for the firm hand of Elizabeth to 
 restore the true standard to her coin and credit, 
 in consequence of the measure, to her country. 
 
 During the two first years of her active govern- Elizabetk 
 ment she coined so much money, both gold and ^ e °Sn. 
 silver, all of the right sterling standard, that she 
 found herself enabled to utter a proclamation, in 
 1560, ::: by which the bad coin [14] was reduced 
 to its real value ; viz. the best testoon to four- 
 pence halfpenny, the second best to twopence 
 farthing, and the third sort to nothing; the old 
 groat to twopence, 8cc: Sec. And as this regula- 
 tion was at first severely felt by the holders of 
 base money, the queen condescended, in her 
 edict, to apologize for the measure, and to state 
 how far the honor of the nation was concerned 
 in clearing from its currency that inundation of 
 false coin which had overwhelmed its credit in 
 foreign countries. 
 
 There was now a separate mint in the Tower, 
 to which the bad money was brought in heaps, as 
 it was no longer the interest of the holders to 
 
 keep 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [14] Camden affirms that the queen, some time before she 
 destroyed the bad coin, caused it all to be marked with ' a grey- 
 hound, a port cluse, a lion, harp, rose, or fleur de lys.' 
 
 [Remaines. 
 
 • -■•'• Stowe's Annals. l. r >GO. 
 
£52 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. keep it in circulation. [15] At the close of 
 
 ' 1561, •when the operation of melting it all was 
 
 completed,, the following computation of the 
 
 work and its cost is given by Stowe,* who lived 
 
 at the time : 
 
 Total of base money, 631,950 pound weight. 
 
 Which was current money, according to the 
 rates of their several standards, 638,1131. 13s. 6d. 
 
 Total of the mass of fine monies, 244,416 
 pound weight. 
 
 Which is, in current money, at 60s. the pound 
 weight, 733,2481. 
 
 The charges of coinage amounted to near 
 13,0001. [16] 
 
 'Next 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [15] All foreign coins were, at the same time, forbidden 
 to be any longer current in England, and were ordered to be 
 melted down, except only the Flemish, and the French golden 
 crown. Vast quantities of Spanish gold were, in consequence 
 of this order, brought to the mint ; 26001. was sent in during 
 one single week. [Stowe's Annals. 
 
 [16] Mr. Hume, on the authority of a MS in the Paper 
 Office, asserts that, to supply the necessary funds for the coin- 
 age, Elizabeth employed Gresham to borrow 200,0001. for her 
 at Antwerp. He adds, that she herself afterwards was so 
 impolitic as to make an innovation in the coin in 1601, by 
 dividing a pound of silver into sixly-lwo shillings instead of 
 sixty, the former standard. ' This,' he writes, ' was the last 
 time that the coin has been tampered with in England.' 
 
 [Hist, of the Tudors, Vol. II. 
 
 The 
 * Survey ef London, vol. i. p. 97, 98. 
 
Ch. VI. Pt. I. ^ 1. COMMERCE, &c. 255 
 
 1 Next to the reformation of religion,' says an^^-*^* 
 
 ingenious and accurate modern writer,* ' nothing Thanked 
 
 could be more glorious or beneficial to the kino;- b Y } ie 
 & ° nation. 
 
 dom than the reformation of the money.' The 
 parliament congratulated Elizabeth upon it; and 
 it makes a striking part of the laudatory inscrip- 
 tion on her tomb at Westminster. 
 
 After she had accomplished this great work, 
 the queen proceeded to coin, from time to time, 
 the necessary quantities of money to supply the 
 currency of the kingdom; nor varied (except once, Punisn ' 
 
 3 . .' . T \ ment of 
 
 in the forty-third year of her reign, a very little) clippers 
 
 from the proper standard. The o-oodness of the . 
 
 r i b coiners. 
 
 metal frequently tempted the essays of clippers ; 
 and in 1578, Jean de Loy, a Frenchman, and 
 
 five 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 The table beneath, taken 
 
 from Bishop 
 
 Fleetwood 
 
 's « Chro- 
 
 nicon Pretiosum,' will shew 
 
 ' at one view, 
 
 all the variations of 
 
 the coin during the sixty years which have been the 
 
 subject of 
 
 this volume : 
 
 
 
 
 
 Money by tale 
 
 Fine 
 
 silver in 
 
 
 in a 
 
 lb, Troy. 
 
 a lb 
 
 . weight. 
 
 Alloy. 
 
 
 oz. 
 
 oz. 
 
 dwt. 
 
 oz. dwt. 
 
 Last year of Henry VIII. 
 
 48 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 3d Edward VI. 
 
 72 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 3 
 
 5th 
 
 72 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 6th 
 
 60 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 1st Mary I. 
 
 60 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2d Elizabeth - 
 
 60 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 43d 
 
 62 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 * Leake's Hist. Account, p. 232. 
 
454 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. BookYII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. fj ve English gentlemen,* were arraigned and 
 executed for offences of this kind, inconsequence 
 
 of a statute + which had passed two years before, 
 declaring clipping and coining to be treason. 
 
 The judicious Dr. Davenant estimates the va- 
 lue of the silver coin in England at the death of 
 Elizabeth at 2,500,0001. sterling. If therefore, 
 with Dr. Campbell,^ we reckon the golden coin 
 at 1,500,0001. more, the stock of coined money 
 in the realm, at the accession of James I. will 
 amount to 4,000,0001. sterling. 
 
 Scotland. The death of James V. made a considerable 
 
 alteration in the current money of Scotland. 
 
 Change Groats, half-groats, pennies, and halfpennies, are 
 of coins . . . T 
 
 a f ter never mentioned in any subsequent statutes. It 
 
 James V. ' 1S supposed that this was occasioned by the rise 
 
 of silver in value, and by the new practice of the 
 
 Scots; who, like their allies, the French, [17] 
 
 began to drop the smaller coins, and only name 
 
 those which were larger. § 
 
 The standard of money in Scotland had been 
 
 continually varying. In the 16th of James V. 
 
 1529, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [17] * Thus in France,' says Bishop Nicholson, ' the deniers 
 
 perished and were forgotten, and the sols and livres succeeded 
 
 in their room.' [Scot. Hist. Library. 
 
 * Stowe's Annals, p. 684. + Stat. 18 Eliz. cap. 1. 
 
 X Lives of Admirals, vol. i. p. 391. 
 
 (J Nic. Sc. Lib. p. 94. 
 
Ch. VI. Pt. I. § 1. COMMERCE, &c. 2$5 
 
 1529, a pound weight of gold, when coined, na df^^V 
 produced 108 pounds of current money. But, 
 under Mary of Guise's administration, A. D. 
 1556, a pound weight of gold, although the 
 quantity of alloy was considerably increased, 
 produced 144 pounds current money. In 1529, 
 a pound weight of silver, when coined, produced 
 9l. 2s.; but, in 1556, it produced 13I. current 
 money.* 
 
 The short reign of Mary Stuart produced Coinage 
 chiefly a coinage of testoons ; a piece which an- 
 swered in bulk and appearance to the English 
 shilling, but had only one-fifth of its value. On 
 her marriage with Lord Darnley she struck silver 
 coins, which weighed each an ounce, and were 
 impressed with two thistles, and c Maria k. Hen- 
 ricus, Dei. Gra. R. 8c R. Scotorum.' The reverse 
 of these pieces was remarkable; a tree (supposed 
 to relate to a remarkable yew in the park of the 
 Earl of Lenox, father to Darnley) crowned, and 
 the motto ' Dat gloria vires.' The value of this 
 coin was thirty shillings. There were others of 
 twenty shillings, and some of ten, all with the 
 same impression, t 
 
 In I563 it was found necessary to exert the 
 powers of government, and, by two severe sta- 
 tutes, to prevent the exporting bullion, and im- 
 porting false coin from abroad.'^: A coinage to 
 
 no 
 
 * Ruddiman's Pref. to Anderson's Diplorn. p. 80. 
 
 + Nic. Sc. Lib. p. 95. 
 
 X Stat. 69 k 70 Purl. 9 On. Mary. 
 
256 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII, 
 
 Cent. xvi. no very great amount was executed in ljG7, and 
 the next four years. [IS] 
 
 Money The profligate administration of Morton, in 
 
 ader the *580, brought a sudden increase of corruption on 
 
 regent the Scottish coinage, "which had already degene- 
 rated much from its purity. That unprincipled 
 statesman at once added a fourth part of alloy to 
 every pound of silver ; and the value of the coin 
 sunk in proportion. This was an evil which 
 demanded an immediate remedy ; and, in con- 
 sequence, soon after the fall of that regent," a 
 statute passed, ■which, after enlarging much on 
 the evil suffered throughout Scotland, by the high 
 price of the last coinage of silver, prohibits the 
 seven persons there named, who had been entrust- 
 ed with the coinage, to proceed any farther in it; 
 and directs all that silver, to the weight of two 
 hundred eleven stone, and ten pound weight, 
 
 Called in. which had been coined, to be brought in again, and 
 recoined in ' ten shilling pieces of eleven-penny, 
 fine, [19] conteinand foure in the unce, havand 
 
 on 
 
 NOTES. 
 [18] Among the coins of James VI. is found a silver piece, 
 dated 15G7, weighing an ounce, and valued at thirty shillings. 
 It has impressed, a drawn sword, with a crown on the point, 
 circumscribed with the celebrated speech of Trajan, ' Pro me. 
 Si merear, in me.' The choice of this motto is ascribed to 
 George Buchanan. 
 
 [19] By this expression, ' eleven-penny, fine/ must be un- 
 derstood ' eleven ounces, fine, to a pound, Troy,' and not 
 
 ' eleven 
 * Ruddiman's Pref. to Anderson's Diplom. p. 74. 
 
Ch. VI. Pt. I. § L COMMERCE, &C. <25? 
 
 on the ane side the portraiture of his majestie's ^^•^^* 
 bodie armed, with ane crown on his head, and 
 ane sword in his hand,' k.c. 8cc* The king's 
 master-coiner has this task imposed upon him, 
 andt he ' Takkesmen,' or coiners, are released 
 from their contracts. 
 
 In a subsequent statute, which confirms certain Value 
 regulations made at Dundee, great complaint is [ e £"f 
 made of the scarcity and exorbitantly high price 
 of gold and silver coin. A fixed value is therein 
 appointed, which was on no account to be exceed- 
 ed. Besides this, all good subjects were encour- 
 aged to bring forward their plate, and send it to 
 be coined at the mint ; ' only the thretty-pennie 
 thereof being retained for his majestie's profit.'+ 
 
 The last notice taken of the Scottish coinage, Affirmed* 
 [2o] before the accession of James to the crown 
 
 of 
 
 NOTES. 
 * eleven penny-weights to an ounce ;' since that supposition 
 must not only leave the silver plate very base, but it would 
 also be much disproportioned to the fineness of the gold plate, 
 Which was fixed at twenty-two carats. 
 
 [Anderson's Origin of Commerce, Vol. II. 
 
 [20] In 1597, the proportion of Scottish money to that of 
 
 England was as ten to one ; the Scots having in that year coined 
 
 fifty shillings from an ounce of silver, and thirty pounds out of 
 
 an ounce of gold. 
 
 [RuddimaN's Preface to ' Diplomata 8c Numismata, &c, 
 * Stat. 106, Pari. 7 Jac. VI. 
 t Stat. 253, Pari. 15 Jac. VI- 
 Vou II. * 
 
tot HISTORY OP GREAT BRITAIN. Book Vll. 
 
 Cent. xvi. of England, appears to have been in 1600, in 
 which a statute passed, 5 " promising that there 
 shall be no alteration made in the value or fine- 
 ness of the coin during that session. 
 
 High The price of silver, in spite of all endeavors to 
 
 price of £j ie con t r ary, continued to increase. Sixty shil- 
 
 silver, ,. . . 
 
 A. D. lings were paid for an ounce of that metal in 
 
 3 ' 1603 ; and the ' mark pieces' coined in 1601, 2, 
 
 3, and 4, are proportioned in value to that rate. 
 
 There were half-marks, quarter, and half-quarter 
 
 marks also coined ; the last was the smallest silver 
 
 piece (as Bishop Nicolson thinks) ever minted in 
 
 Scotland. Its value was, in 1603, twenty pence 
 
 Scots, and about three halfpence English. And 
 
 these ' marks,' with their sub-divisions, were the 
 
 last pieces coined by James VI. before he quitted 
 
 Edinburgh to ascend the throne of England.-f 
 
 En land ^ a PP ears 5 ^y the very exact memorials corn- 
 Rate of piled by Bishop Fleetwood, that, in 1550, wheat 
 A D anc ^ oats were at tne a verage price of eight shil- 
 1550. lings the quarter; malt five shillings and a pen- 
 ny; Malmsey wine fourpence the quart; a load 
 of straw five shillings, and of charcoal twelve ; 
 sea-coal was not commonly used. 
 
 From this one might suppose the cost of living 
 to be then at least five times cheaper than in the 
 
 eighteenth 
 
 * Stat. 9 Pari, lo Jac. VI. 
 •J- Nic. Scot. Hist. Lib. p. 97. 
 
Cll. VI. Pt. I. I 1. COMMERCE, &C. 259 
 
 eighteenth century ; yet the extreme debasement Cent.xvi. 
 of the coin, in 1550, obstructs the calculation. 
 
 House rent was cheap in proportion. The 
 comptroller of the king's household occupied at 
 the same period a mansion in Channel-Row, 
 Westminster, near Whitehall, at the yearly rent 
 of thirty shillings. 5 " 
 
 In 1559, the physician in ordinary of Eliza- A. D. 
 betht had a pension of one hundred pounds per *' 
 annum, besides diet, wine, wax, 8cc. The pro- 
 fessorships at both universities continued at forty 
 pounds a year, as in the days of Henry VIII. ; 
 but, as the money had been reformed by the 
 queen, the amount was really much greater than it 
 had been. Wheat was sold then at nearly eight 
 shillings the quarter ; a load of hay cost twelve 
 shillings and sixpence ; and Bourdeaux wine was 
 bought at fifty shillings the hogshead. 
 
 Towards the close of the century it was enacted, ^ D 
 that wheat X might be exported when not more L594. 
 than twenty shillings the quarter ; peas and beans 
 thirteen shillings and fourpence; and barley and 
 malt twelve shillings. As these were certainly 
 looked on as moderate prices for the commodities, 
 it may reasonably be said that the same sum of 
 money would purchase, in 1594, four times as 
 
 s 2 much 
 
 * Life of Sir Thomas Smith, apud Anderson, vol. ii. p. 86. 
 4 Ryra. Feed. vol. xv. p. 532. J Stat. 35 JEliz. cap, 7. 
 
t60 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Csnt.xvi. muc h of the necessaries of life as it would do in 
 1794. A difference easily to be accounted for, 
 from the subsequent increase of population and 
 of coin. 
 
 In the same year the queen fixes the salary of 
 her ' Keeper of the royal library, at Whitehall,' 
 at I3I. Gs. Sd. per annum ;* a sum nearly equal 
 to sixty pounds in the eighteenth century. 
 
 Scotland. "-["he price of provisions in Scotland, as settled 
 Rate of D y parliament in 1551,+ was very moderate, when 
 A. D.' the difference between the current money of the 
 l551, sister-nations is considered, which seems to have 
 been at that period pretty nearly as one English 
 pound to four [21] Scottish. 
 
 The swan and the crane are prized at 5s.; 
 the black game 6d. ; a tame goose l6d. ; a capon 
 12d. ; a common fowl 8d. ; a chicken 4d. ; and a 
 pig Is. 6d. Wines had also their allotted price : 
 Bourdeaux wine was limited to 161. the ton, or 
 Sd. the pint; and wine of Rochelle to I3I. the 
 ton, and 6d. the pint. 
 
 In 
 
 NOTES. 
 [21] By a record in the Foedera it appears that, only eight 
 years before, the settlement on the Lady Margaret Douglas, 
 the niece of Henry VIII. was 6800 marks Scottish money, or 
 J 700 marks sterling; a difference of about four pounds t<* 
 one. 
 
 * Rym. Feed, vol xvi. p. 5264* 
 4 Stat. 12, Pari. 5 Qu. Marie. 
 
Ch, VI. Pt. I. § 1. COMMERCE, &C, t6l 
 
 In 1584 a life-guard of forty soldiers was Cent. xvi. 
 raised for the* protection of the kind's person ; Stipends 
 
 r 1 • r 
 
 to each of these was appointed a stipend [22] ° 1 ?" 
 of 2001. per annum, amounting at that time men. 
 to little more than twenty-five pounds English ; 
 so much had the money of Scotland decreased 
 in its value. 
 
 At the same period the stipends of preachers Of cler- 
 throughout Scotland were varied from 400I. S)' me n« 
 down to 1001. ; that is, from about lOOl. sterl- 
 ing to 25I. ; and some few produced only 1G1. 
 10s. per annum. + 
 
 The venerable but ill-founded prejudices England. 
 against the lending of money for interest, con- interest of 
 tinuing to operate during the sixteenth century, lllone > r * 
 produced in England repeated statutes to con- 
 demn and endeavour the abolition of that 
 practice. The good sense of Elizabeth soon 
 discerned the necessity and use to the commu- 
 nity, of the only means which could induce 
 the miser to unlock his treasures, and permit 
 them to rove abroad to the encouragement of the 
 
 bold 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [22] It is an odd circumstance that the king should order 
 the first fruits of church-benefices, and the produce of vacant 
 livings, to be set aside expressly for a fund for the payment of 
 this guard. [Act a^ove cjted. 
 
 * Sat. 137, Pari. 8 Jac. VI. 
 
 •r Arnot's Edinburgh, p. 97. 
 
26S HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 CentXVl. bold adventurer and the industrious trader. 
 Ten per Accordingly, an act passed in 1571 which, after 
 f ent 'jV bitter denunciations against ' usury,' permits 
 statute, money to be borrowed and lent at the rate of 
 
 ten per cent, per annum.* 
 The same The same consideration induced the legisla- 
 inScot- ture of Scotland, by two successive acts, to 
 allow the same interest, ten per cent, to be taken 
 in the Northern district of the island. t 
 
 * 13 Eliz. cap. S. 
 * Stat. 251, Pari. 15 Jac. VI. and Stat. 7, Pari. 16 Jac. VI. 
 
 HISTORY 
 
263 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 CHAP. VII.— PART. I. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE MANNERS, VIRTUES, VICES, RE- 
 MARKABLE CUSTOMS, LANGUAGE, DRESS, DIET, 
 AND DIVERSIONS, OF THE PEOPLE OF GREAT 
 BRITAIN, FROM THE ACCESSION OF EDWARD VI. 
 A. D. 1547, TO THAT OF JAMES I. AND VI. A. D. 
 1603. 
 
 T 
 
 HERE is no epoch in the History of Eng- Cent.xvi. 
 
 land which merits so much and such ac- character 
 
 curate consideration as to character and manners ° ,. e . 
 
 English 
 
 as that now before the reader. He will find under 
 himself, when he contemplates the reign of? f a " 
 Elizabeth, unless he is somewhat more than a 
 superficial observer, equally deceived in his 
 idea of the queen and of her people ; and, 
 dazzled with the brilliant glory of the one, 
 and the romantic bravery of the other, will 
 .paint to himself a faultless monarch at the 
 head of a simple, virtuous, invincible nation. 
 
 We 
 
264 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Ccnt.XVL ^Y e have already sat in judgment on Eliza- 
 v *^v*w . . . 
 
 beth ; her magnanimity has met its due praise, 
 
 her despotism and caprice their censures ; the 
 nature of those whom she governed is now to 
 be investigated. Fortunately, the turn of the 
 age led to ■ vindications, letters, papers, apoph- 
 thegms, 4 kc. which have furnished as ample 
 materials for an account of the manners of the 
 people, as are afforded by the chronicles of the 
 day for their political history. 
 
 The period now treated of is not in general 
 favorable to the English character. Constancy 
 of sentiment, in the days of Mary, was, indeed, 
 the just praise of many martyrs ; but the ma- 
 jority of the nation changed faith four times 
 in twenty years, without a thought of remorse. 
 
 Religion, The religion of Elizabeth's reign was all in 
 extremes. On the one side fanaticism and super- 
 stition ; on the other sourness ai d hypocriti- 
 cal parade. If these were pompous beyond 
 reason in their worship, those were sullen and 
 slovenly. Both papist and Puritan, when up- 
 permost, made use of persecution. But there 
 the Protestant party shewed most moderation ; 
 ' because,' writes a sarcastic author, ' they were 
 less governed by the priesthood than the Ro^ 
 man Catholics.' 
 
 Bravery, Undaunted valor, and a forward spirit of en- 
 terprize, distinguished the soldier and the mari- 
 ner of Elizabeth ; subordination appears not to 
 have marked his character. 
 
 4 They 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. 263 
 
 ■ They- are powerful in the field,' says P&ul^*^ 
 Hentzner, ' successful against their enemies, and Activity. 
 impatient of any thing like slavery.' 
 
 ' Theyt are,' he adds, ' good sailors, and better Unjust 
 
 pirates.' [l] And Fynes Moryson, in his travels charge of 
 
 . piracy. 
 
 on the continent, % avers, that such was the ge- 
 neral opinion of the Germans ; ' for that which 
 we call " warre at sea," and " the royal navy," 
 they terme " robbery and pirate ships," neither 
 have they patience to hear any justification 
 or excuse.' Scaliger, too, joins in this calumny ; 
 ' Nulli melius piraticum exercent quam Angli.' § 
 This censure was unjust. The English only 
 plundered those who were at open war with 
 their nation ; and they treated their prisoners 
 with humanity. It may however be said, with 
 too much appearance of truth, that the preda- 
 tory enterprizes against the most defenceless 
 Spanish colonists, headed by younger brothers 
 or needy elder ones, tended little to increase the 
 stock of national honesty. 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [l] Conceit had station among the follies of the English; 
 for the observant German traveller adds, " If they see a fo- 
 reigner particularly well made and handsome, they say, " it is 
 pity he is not an Englishman!" [Hentzner. 
 
 * Hentzner, apud Fugitive Pieces, vol. ii. p. J01. 
 + Ibid. p. 300. 
 % F. Moryson, part i. p. 37. 
 jj Scaligerana, p. 226. 
 
*G6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. Xhe picture which Bishop Latimer draws of 
 
 Latimer's his own times is odious ; the corruption of each 
 
 character judge; murtherers unpunished; [2] adultery, [3] 
 
 age. covetousness, bribery, insolence to the poor, and 
 
 neglect of paying their wages; [4] these were, 
 
 according to the good prelate, the prominent 
 
 features of his day. Some allowance must, 
 
 however, be made for the' excusable exa^sera- 
 
 tion of a zealous orator ; striving to awaken and 
 
 terrify an infant king, and a greedy, indolent, 
 
 pelf-interested ministry. 
 
 To the vices of the age, the sway of Mary 
 added bigotry and inhumanity ; but these were 
 the crimes of a few, and affected not the na-< 
 
 tional character. 
 
 Among; 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [2] ' A searcher in London displeased a merchant : they had 
 words, and the merchant kills him. They that told me this 
 tale say it is winked at; they look through their fingers and will 
 not see it ; whether it is taken up with a pardon or not,' Sec. &c. 
 
 [Latimer's Sermons. 
 
 [3] The sourest of satirists, Philip Stubs, charges the gen- 
 tlewomen of London, in the most gross terms, with possessing 
 gardens in the suburbs, walled round and locked up ; but pro- 
 vided with arbors, bowers, turrets, and banqueting-rooms, for 
 the reception of their paramours. [Anatomie of Abuses. 
 
 [4] ' For the love of God let poor workmen be paid ! 
 They make their moan that they can get no money; the poor 
 .labourers, gun-makers, powder-men, bow-makers, arrow- 
 makers, smiths, carpenters, and other crafts, cry for their 
 wages. They be unpaid, some of them three or four months, 
 •some of them half a year,' &c. 
 
 [Latimer's S&rmons. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. 36$ 
 
 Among the favorites of Elizabeth, besides the C ^ XVL 
 most extreme servility, there was to be found so Envy 
 rank a crop of envy, that it choked the fairest at court> 
 plants ; the minds of Nottingham, Raleigh, even 
 of Essex, abounded with this vile weed. 
 
 Those who have been accustomed to hear of Eflemi- 
 the hardy manners of Elizabeth's age, will won- 
 der at the following remark of Dr. Cains, which 
 charges those fancied patterns of sturdy manli- 
 ness with effeminate delicacy ; ' The olde manly 
 hardiness, stoute courage, and painfulness of 
 Englande, is utterly driven away ; in the steade 
 whereof men now-a-daies receive womanliness, 
 [5] and become nice ; notable to withstande a 
 Waste of wynde, Sec.'* 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [5] That, however, the court ladies could in their turn put 
 on manliness, we have a striking instance in Mr. Lodge's in- 
 teresting and curious ' Illustrations of British History.' Mary, 
 Countess of Shrewsbury, in consequence of a quarrel between 
 the family of Cavendish (to which she belonged] and that of 
 Stanhope, sent in 1592 the following letter to Sir Thomas Stan- 
 hope of Shelford, by a special person; who declared, when he 
 delivered it, that if he erred in any thing, it was ' in speaking 
 it more mildly, and not in terms of such disdain as he was 
 commanded. ' My lady has commanded me to say thus much 
 to you. " That though you be more wretched, vile, and mi- 
 serable than any creature Jiving ; and, for your wickedness, 
 be become more ugly in shape than the vilest toad in the 
 world; and one to whom none of reputation would vouch- 
 safe 
 
 * The Booke of Ceunseil, Sec. by Dr. John Caius, fol. 23. 
 
£68 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 ^^^v ^ ne ^ as ^' 0n °f revenging private "wrongs by- 
 somewhat very like assassination, "was too com- 
 mon amono; the sreat as well as the inferior ranks 
 of society. [6] 
 Other The memoirs of Cary, Earl of Monmouth, af- 
 
 fblKes m ^ 0rc ^ an mstance °f the prevalence of gaming at the 
 prevalent, court of Elizabeth. 'I had no mind,' says lie, 
 ' to stay in the court ; but having given out some 
 money to go on foot in twelve days to Ber- 
 wick, I performed it that summer, which was 
 
 worth, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 safe to send any message ; yet she hath thought good to 
 send thus much to you ; that she be contented that you should 
 live, (and doth no waies wish your death) but to this end, 
 that all the plagues and miseries that may befall any man, 
 may light on such a caitiff as you are ; and that you should live 
 to have all your friends forsake you ; and, without your great 
 repentance, (which she looketh not for because your life has 
 been so bad) you will be damned perpetually in hell fire." 
 With many other opprobrious and hateful words, which could 
 not be remembered, because the bearer would deliver it but 
 once, as he said he was commanded.' 
 
 [G] In a letter from Mr. Gilbert Talbot to the Earl of 
 Shrewsbury, dated February 13, 1578, an account is given of 
 ' one Wyndam, who shot! a my Lord Rytche' while riding in 
 the streets ; and of Lodowykc Grevell's attack on Sir John 
 Conwaye, [in the street also) [first with a ' cougell,' where- 
 with he stunned him : and then with a sword while he lay on 
 the ground. ' I am forced,' says the letter writer, ' to trouble 
 your honor wyth these Iryflynge mailers, since I know of no 
 greater.' It was a savage age when these matters were account- 
 ed ' tryflynge.' [Lodge's Illustrations; 
 
Ch. VII. Part I. | 1. MANNERS, &c. %6<J 
 
 worth to me two thousand pounds ; which hetter- Centxvi. 
 ed me to live at court a good while after.'* 
 
 The probity of the inferior people appears in 
 no favorable light, nor did the administration of 
 the police [7] contribute much to the extirpation 
 of profligacy. 
 
 Drinking had its votaries in abundance. Much Drunken- 
 time was spent by the citizens of London at their 
 numerous [8] taverns. In the country, if a bitter 
 
 writer 
 
 NOTES. 
 [7] ' The thirst after this authority,' says the Lord Keeper, 
 speaking of country magistrates, ' proceedeth from nothing hut 
 an ambitious humour of gaining of reputation among their neigh- 
 bours ; that still, when they come home, they may be present- 
 ed with presents.' 
 
 [Townshend's Hist. Collections. 
 
 [8] The taverns of London were many and much frequented. 
 An old bard has favored us with a list of them in ' Newes from 
 Bartholomew fayre,' a black letter poem, the titlepage ©f which 
 is torn off: 
 * There hath been great sale and utterance of wine, 
 Besides beere, and ale, and ipocras fine, 
 In every country, region, and nation, — 
 But chiefly in Billingsgate, at the Salutation ; 
 And the Bore's head near London-stone ; 
 The Swan at Dowgate, a taverne well knowne ; 
 The Miter in Cheape ; and then the Bull Head ; 
 And many like places that make noses red ; 
 Th' Bore's Head in Old Fish-street, Three Crowns in the 
 
 Vintry ; 
 And now, of late, St. Martin's in the Sentree; 
 
 The 
 * Cary's Mem. p. 24- 
 
270 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. writer of the time" may find credit, every public 
 house was crowded from morn to night with de- 
 termined drunkards. 
 
 Camden, who allows the increase of drunken- 
 ness [9] among the English, imputes it to their 
 familiarity with the Flemings in the Low Country 
 
 wars. 
 Swear- t The practice of perpetual swearing [lo] can 
 
 only seek for extenuation in recurring to the 
 
 general custom of Europe. 
 
 Credulity 
 
 wz 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 The Windmill in Lothbury ; the ship at th' Exchange, 
 
 King's Head, in New Fish Street, where roysters do range; 
 
 The Mermaid in Cornhill; Red Lion in the Strand, 
 
 Three Tuns Newgate Market; Old Fish Street at the Swan.' 
 
 [Annotations on Old Plays. 
 
 [9] Among other satires on the English propensity to drink, 
 
 Ave find Gascoygne's ' Delicate Dyet for daintie-mouthed 
 
 Droonkards.' ' The Almaynes,' says he, ' with their smale 
 
 Rhenish wine, are contented : but we must have March beere, 
 
 double beere, dagger ale, bracket, &c. S:c. Yea, wine itself is 
 
 not sufficient, but sugar, lemons, and spices, must be drowned 
 
 thereinne !' He oroceeds to execrate the folly of permitting the 
 
 wife, Sec. to follow her mate to the alehouse, and even to invoke 
 
 her as a pretence for a bumper. ' Before your maistresse and 
 
 my beloved wife, pledge me this cup full.' 
 
 [JO] The example set by the sovereign certainly had some 
 effect. Elizabeth never spared an oath in public speech or 
 private conversation when she thought it added energy. See 
 * Harrington's Nugaa Antique,' kc. &x. The wretched French 
 priest who saw England in 1503, adds his blundering tes- 
 timony 
 • Stubs' Anatomic of Abuse, p. 73. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt I. | I. MANNERS, 8CC. 27 i 
 
 Credulity reigned throughout Great Britain Centxvi. 
 with unlimited sway. But this was the favorite Credu- 
 folly of Europe; and when the firm mind of y * 
 Elizabeth could descend to court the science of* 
 Dr. Dee ; and while the column used by the 
 wicked, wise, and accomplished Catharine di 
 Medici s to consult her mages, still exists ; we 
 must not wonder at the ' christened cat'-f of 
 James, nor the entire belief of witchcraft, both in 
 England and Scotland, in the sixteenth century. 
 
 That we may not judge too hardly of the Eng- 
 lish from the foregoing picture of their manners, 
 it were but just to compare their faults with those 
 of the other Europeans of the sixteenth century. 
 Inhumanity and rapacity will then be found to 
 have ruled the continent ; and the massacres of 
 
 France, 
 
 NOTES. 
 testimony, 'In their cups they will swear " blood and death" 
 that you shall drink, kc. saying, " Bi God, drink iou, goud 
 ouin." [Voyage D'Estienne Perlin. 
 
 The stage (which always presents the truest picture of the 
 times] produces, in Gammer Gurton's Needle, a clown, of not 
 more than common brutality, who swears ' by Gog's bones, 8 
 * soule,' ' harte,' ' breade, 'sacrament,' ' woundes,' and 'ma- 
 lison,' all within two short scenes. 
 
 [Dodsley's Old Plays, Vol. II. 
 ' If they speake,' writes the bitter Stubs, speaking of the 
 English, ' but three or four words, yet they must be interlaced 
 with a bloudie oath or two.' 
 
 [Anatomie of Abuses. 
 * Eerkenhout's Biography, p. 425, note c. 
 + See before p, ]97. 
 
272 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII* 
 
 Cent.xvi. France, the gibbets and wheels of the Nether- 
 lands, the assassinations countenanced by Spain, 
 and the poisonings encouraged in many Italian 
 states, will hide the foibles of Great Britain, in 
 their gloomy and murtherous shade. 
 Scotland. j n p ; n t f national character, the Scots seem, 
 National in the latter half of the 15th century, to have 
 ' had the advantage of their Southern neighbours. 
 Their zeal for religion was sincere, although in- 
 considerately fervent, and their blind attachment 
 to their teachers sprung from a laudable eager- 
 ness to hear their doctrines uninterruptedly. 
 Spirit of The spirit of Chivalry had reigned, a very 
 iva ry. snort t j me b e f ore the reformation, as decidedly in 
 Scotland as in any part of Europe ; and the war 
 which James VI. waged against his brother- 
 in-law, Henry VIII. had no foundation except 
 his romantic and fancied attachment to the queen 
 of France, ' whom he had never seen, and yet 
 whose letters' (as his consort, Margaret of Eng- 1 
 land, tenderly urged) ' had more influence on his 
 conduct than the tears of his wife, and the remon- 
 strances of his people.'* 
 Peace At length the long peace which followed the 
 
 produ accession of Elizabeth to the English throne, and 
 sangui- which terminated in a fcederal union of the sister 
 dissaa. kingdoms, in some degree changed the manners of 
 tions. t ne Scots ; directed that ferocious valor which used 
 
 td 
 
 * Druramond's Sc. Hist* p* 72, 74. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &c. 273 
 
 to harrass their rival neighbours against each P^JJ*" 
 one's domestic foe ; and kindled among the once 
 peaceable districts a spirit of revenge and plunder 
 which had hitherto only been known to the bor- 
 derers, or the least civilized highland clans. 
 Murthers[ll] and conflagrations, the natural 
 consequence of deadly feuds, were now too often 
 perpetrated ; nor could the weak efforts of the 
 pacific James VI. protect the houses and families 
 of his subjects. 
 
 It was rather among the lower than the higher Corrup- 
 orders of society that virtue wa& to be sought in * l ° e "° l ie 
 the North. The men of rank were almost uni- 
 formly unprincipled, ambitious, and corrupt. 
 There was a race run between the favorites and 
 ministers of James VI. for the gold of Elizabeth ; 
 gold which was avowedly lavished on these de- 
 spicable beings to procure the most important se- 
 crets of State. 
 
 A general 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [11] The practice of assassination, it should be observed, 
 
 conveyed not, in the sixteenth age, that idea of horror which 
 modern times have annexed to it. Buchanan relates the mur- 
 thers of Cardinal Beatoun, and of Rizzio, without expressing 
 those feelings which seem natural to a man, or that indignation 
 which became a historian. Knox too talks of the death of 
 Beatoun, and of the Duke of Guise, not only without censure, 
 but with exultation. On the other hand, Lesley, Bishop of 
 Ross, mentions the assassination of the Earl of Murray with 
 some degree of applause ; and Blackwood dwells upon it with 
 the most indecent triumph, and ascribes it directly to the hand 
 of God. 
 
 [Robertson's Hist of Scotland > 
 
 Vol. II. t 
 
274 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VIL 
 
 S^^ii A general exercise of brotherhood, and of that 
 Charity charity which relieves the needy, must be allow- 
 eulatcd ec ^ *° tne Scots, who maintained their poor by 
 voluntary contributions, not by legal assessments. 
 But of the other species of charity, which makes 
 allowance for those of a different faith, the na- 
 tion was destitute. And those, whether Episco- 
 palians or Papists, who differed in their senti- 
 ments from the tenets of the national church, 
 were stigmatized from the pulpits as ' children of 
 the devil.' 
 All ranks One excess, that of the bottle, the Scots were 
 
 given to . Till- r i 
 
 drinking, perhaps introduced to by their exercise ol hospi- 
 tality. A traveller, who speaks kindly of his 
 reception in the North, points out the courtiers, 
 the country gentlemen, and the merchants, as 
 hearty votaries to the cause of drinking.* 
 
 Credu- Credulity, supported by ridiculous traditions, 
 
 ous as to as much the foible of the a«;e as were bigotry 
 
 witches, ° o / 
 
 &c and narrowness of mind. [12] The Scots were 
 
 n® 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [12] Perhaps the most ungenerous instance of narrow sen- 
 timent that ever sullied the annals of a corporation is the fol- 
 lowing ; which can indeed only be paralleled by that act of 
 Henry VIII. of England, which rendered the most delicate of 
 concealments treason, in any lady whom he might court. 
 
 The common council of Edinburgh enacted, in 1583, (at 
 it stands in the 7th volume of their council-book) that 
 whereas hitherto the freedom of the city had been the por- 
 tion 
 * Fynes Moryson's Itinerary, p. 56. 
 3 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C 275 
 
 no more exempted from this imbecility than their Cent.xvl. 
 Southern neighbours. [13] We find, in I56O, 
 Robert Henderson, a surgeon, receiving from the 
 Scottish council twenty marks for restoring to 
 life a man and woman run through the bodies by 
 the French, and a woman who had Jain two days 
 in her grave.* 
 
 Witchcraft 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 tion of the daughters of each citizen: now, if such unmarried 
 daughters were not reputed pure virgins at the time of their 
 marriage, they and their husbands should forfeit their right to 
 
 any such freedom. 
 
 [Maitland's Edinburgh. 
 [13] On all the old houses still existing in Edinburgh there 
 are remains oftalismanic or cabalistical characters, which the 
 superstition of earlier ages had caused to be engraven on their 
 fronts. These were generally composed of some text of scrip- 
 ture, of the name of God, or perhaps of an emblematic repre- 
 sentation of the resurrection. 
 
 [Arnot's Edinburgh. 
 Nor were the inhabitants of the country less disposed to 
 superstition than those of the capital, although they seem to 
 have varied in their choice of a protector, as the following anec- 
 dotes will prove : 
 
 In 1594, the elders of the Scottish church exerted their ut- 
 most influence to abolish an irrational custom among the hus- 
 bandmen, which, with some reason, gave great offence. The 
 . fanners were apt to leave a portion of their land unfilled and 
 uncropt year after year. This spot was supposed to be dedi- 
 cated to Satan, and was styled • The good man's croft,' viz. 
 ' the landlord's acre.' It seems probable that some pagan ce- 
 remony had given rise to so strange a superstition. 
 
 [Book of Universal Kirk, apud Arnot, 
 * Maitland's Edinburgh, p. 24, from the Council-Book. 
 
 T % 
 
27G HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VIL 
 
 Cent. xvr. "Witchcraft was made a capital crime very early 
 after the reformation.* That practice was indeed, 
 under one name or another, in universal credit 
 throughout Europe. It flourished most in the 
 North, where there were ' matron-like witches, 
 and ignorant witches.' It was to one of the supe- 
 rior sort that Satan, being pressed to kill James 
 VI. thus excused himself in French, ' II est 
 homme de Dieu.'t 
 
 England. It was peculiarly unfortunate for the English 
 The Ian- tongue that, for a long space after the invention 
 guagene- f printing, every person who aimed at display- 
 ing his powers of writing, thought that he must 
 use the Latin tongue in his compositions. Ac- 
 cordingly, the vernacular style, instead of being 
 strengthened and refined by numerous composi- 
 tions, was only corrupted with new barbarisms, 
 for want of that attention and practice which it 
 might fairly claim from Englishmen. The judi- 
 cious historian of English poetry thinks that 
 ; (except^ Sir Thomas More, whose " Dialogue 
 of Tribulation," and " History of Richard III." 
 were esteemed standards of style as low as the 
 reign of James I.) Roger Ascham was perhaps 
 the first of our scholars who ventured to break 
 the shackles of latinity, by publishing his " Tox- 
 
 ophilus" 
 
 * Stat. 73, Pari. 9 Maria. 
 + Spotiswood p. 384. 
 ;■ Hist, of Eng. Poetry, vol. iii. p. 320. 
 
Ch. VII. Part I. § 1. manners, &c. 277 
 
 ophilus" in English; chiefly with a view of giv- Ceatxvi. 
 ing a v pure and correct model of English com- 
 position, or rather of shewing how a subject might 
 be treated with grace and propriety in English 
 as well as Latin.' It appears, however, that the 
 art of writing well in English was attended to in 
 some degree in 1553? since Dr. Thomas Wilson, Dr. Wil- 
 [14] the interesting author of a ' Treatise on Rhe- f 0I Y 
 toric,' published at that period these remarks : rhetoric. 
 * When we have learned usuall and accustomable 
 wordes to set foorthe our meaninge, we ought to 
 join them together in apte order, that the eare may 
 delite in hearynge the harmonic I know some 
 Englishmen,' he proceeds to say, ' that in this 
 poinct have such a gifte in the Englishe, as fewe 
 in Latine have the lyke; and therefore delite the 
 wise and learned so muche with their plesaunte 
 composition, that many rejoice when they maye 
 heare suche, and thynke muche learninge is gotte 
 
 when 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [14] Dr. Wilson was bred at King's College, Cambridge, 
 where he was tutor to the two sons of the Duke of Suffolk, who 
 fell by the sweating sickness. After narrowly escaping the 
 snares of the Inquisition at Rome, he was much employed bv 
 Elizabeth in embassies and other stale business, and became 
 Dean of Durham, secretary of state, and privy counsellor. He 
 died in 1581. He used uncommon dispatch in public busi- 
 ness, and had a singular strength of memory. Seven ora- 
 tions of Demosthenes were by him translated into the English 
 language. [Hist, of Postry. 
 
27S HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. AV l ie n thei maie talke \vith them.' He owns, 
 however, that faults were sometimes to be found 
 in English compositions, and particularly cen- 
 Allitera- sures the excess of alliteration ; ' Some,' says he, 
 ' use overmuche repetition of one letter, as " piti- 
 full povertie prayeth for a penie, but puffed pre- 
 sumpcion passeth notapoynct; pampering his 
 panche with pestilent pleasure, procuring his 
 passeporte to poste it to hell pitte, there to be 
 ~, r punished with paynes perpetuall." Others he 
 impro- blames for the affectation of ' ending their senten- 
 troduced ces a ^ an ^ e 5 making their talk rather to appear 
 rymed metre, than to seme plaine speache.' One 
 preacher he heard who had not a dozen sentences 
 in his whole sermon but what ended in rhyme. 
 So that some, not the best disposed, wished the 
 preacher a lute ; ' that soe with his rymed sermon 
 lie mighte use some plesaunte melodie ; and so 
 the people might take pleasure divers waies, 
 and daunce if they liste.' * 
 
 These intelligent remarks describe plainly e- 
 nough theconvulsive throes of a manly, expressive 
 language, struggling to produce sense and grace- 
 fulness, but ill assisted by her literary gossips. 
 
 The English tongue wanted not for misleaders, 
 shaded by the plausible cloak of improvement. 
 
 In Elizabeth's reign the taste of speaking the 
 language (if not of writing it) had nearly been led 
 
 away, 
 
 * Wilson on Rhetoric, fol. 85, 86. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C, 279 
 
 awav. from strength and dignity to accumulated Ceat.XYL 
 
 Antithesis, by one John Lilly ; whose pedantic Antithc- 
 
 compositions so infected the court, that it be- l ls : 
 r John 
 
 came the fashion, among people of politeness, to Lilly, 
 study and imitate his turgid measure. Of the 
 merit which attracted those imitators let the fol- 
 lowing extract bear witness. 
 
 ' He caused the sees to breake their boundes, 
 sith men had broke their vowes; and to swell as 
 i'arre above their reach, as men had swerved be- 
 yond their reason. Then might you see shippes 
 sayle where sheepe fed ; anchors cast where 
 ploughes goe ; fishermen throwe their nets where 
 husbandmen sowe their corne ; and fishes throwe 
 their scales where fowles do breed their quilles.' 
 
 Yet it was of this unnatural bombastic writer Ridicu- 
 
 that Mr. Blount (no despicable author) ridicu lousl y 
 
 com- 
 lously says, in his { Epistle Dedicatorie,' ' For this mended. 
 
 poet sate at the sunne's table; Apollo gave him 
 a wreath of his own bayes without snatching; the 
 lyre he played on had no borrowed stringes.' 
 ' She,' he adds, 4 who could not " parier Eu- 
 phuism," was as little regarded as she who can- 
 not speak French.' In this he referred to a book 
 of Lilly, entitled, £ Euphues and his England,' 
 scarcely to be paralleled for antithesis, alliter- 
 ation, and absurdity. 
 
 The many extracts from Scottish poets and Scotland. 
 
 the past . 
 
 . Lan- 
 
 history, guage, 
 
 prose writers, which have accompanied the past 
 
280 HISTORY OP CREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. history, render any description of the language 
 useless. The men of northern shires of England, 
 and the lowlands of Scotland, spoke a dialect 
 
 Derived which, being derived from the Saxon tongue, was 
 
 from the near l v the same. The Highlanders did then (and 
 Saxon. % • ° v 
 
 do still) use the Erse or Ersh language; but the 
 
 tongue of the lower shires of Scotland seems to 
 have been always called English. [15] 
 Neglect- This language, like that of England, sank for a 
 ec '' long time under a classical oppression. Nor did 
 
 any author think of writing in a tongue so little 
 calculated to express his thoughts with energy 
 or delicacy ; while the Latin, nervous, concise, 
 and perspicuous, courted his pen. l While this,' 
 says an elegant modern, ( was almost the only spe- 
 cies 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [15] An act, passed in the fifth parliament of Mary Stuart, 
 ordains, that none shall print without licence, ' outher in La- 
 tine, or in English toung.' 
 
 1 Oh, reverend Chawser ! rose of rhetoures alle ! 
 Was thou not of out Inglis alle the licht?' 
 
 [Dunbar's Golden TcReE. 
 1 Alas ! for ane, quhilk lamp was in this land, 
 Of eloquence, the flowand balmy strand ! 
 And in our Inglis rhetorick the rose, 
 As of rubeis, the carbuncle bin chose.' 
 
 [Lyndsay's Papingo. 
 " Oiiis non labored, non manducel." 
 This is in Inglische, toung or leit, 
 M Ouha labouris nocht, he shall not eit." 
 
 [Lyndsay's Satyre of the three Estaitj. 
 
Cll. VII. Pt. I. § 1, MANNERS, &C. 281 
 
 cies of composition, and all authors, by using one ^°^^J 
 common laniniao-e, could be brouirht to a nearer 
 comparison, the Scottish writers were not inferior 
 to those of any other nation. The happy genius 
 of Buchanan, equally formed to excel in prose or 
 verse, more various, more original, and more 
 elegant, than that of almost any other modern 
 who writes in Latin, reflects, with regard to this 
 particular, the greatest lustre on his country.'* 
 
 But, although it seems probable that the dia- i ts mc . 
 lect of Scotland, had the nations remained sepa- rUS - 
 rate, might, like that of England, have purified 
 itself, and become the language of the historian 
 and the poet, yet the accession of James to both 
 crowns prevented each chance of celebrity. 1 he 
 court being withdrawn from the capital, no do- 
 mestic standard of propriety and correctness of 
 speech remained. The few compositions which 
 Scotland produced were tried by the English 
 standard, and every word or phrase which varied 
 from that, was pronounced barbarous. t An un- 
 just decision; since, doubtless, the lowland Scot- 
 tish dialect retained more of the Saxon tono-ue, 
 unmixed with any Norman idiom, [16] than the 
 
 English ; 
 
 NOTES. 
 [16] On this subject the ingenious Dissertation on the 
 Scoto-Saxon Dialect, sent by Dr. Geddes to the ' Antiquaries 
 of Scotland,' merits a perusal; he writes as a man well skilled 
 
 in 
 * Robertson's Scotland, vol. ii. p. 256. + Ibid. p. 258. 
 
28C HrSTOItY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent xvi. English ; and the expressions in Chaucer and 
 Lydgate, which puzzle the most learned com- 
 mentator, could be frequently better compre- 
 hended by the simple swain who tends his flocks 
 on the banks of Tweed. 
 
 Letters The use of the ' W seems to have been little 
 
 varying k nown j n tne North in 1549; for we find ' Ved- 
 
 trom the 
 
 English, derburne's Complainte of Scotlande, vyth an 
 
 exortatione to the three estaits to be vigilante ia 
 the deffens of their public veil.' The letter ' Z' 
 continued its usurpation on the ' Y,' as in c zeir,' 
 * zounge,' ' zouthe,' &:c. Lc. And the ' Qii' uni- 
 versally supplied the place of the ' W when the 
 1 V was not admitted. 
 
 It 
 
 NOTES. 
 hi polemics. He supports the ' sal, bus, peris, polis, deminis,' 
 Jcc. of the Scots, against the Southern ' shall, bush, perish, 
 polish, diminish,' kc. The sounds, ' admeer, reteer, surveeve, 
 and requeer,' he with some justice affirms to be softer than the 
 4 admire, retire, survive, and require,' of the South. And he 
 lays great stress on the power of forming expressive diminu- 
 tives, as man, manny, manniky, and mannikin ; and lass, lassy, 
 lassiky, and lassikin; words no more confounded with each 
 other than the capello, capelletto, cappellino, cappellone, and 
 eapellaccio, of the Italian. It is an undoubted fact, that the 
 Scots have resisted the inroads of the Norman tongue with 
 much more success than the English, who content themselves 
 with applying, with the Norman, to a butcher (boucher) for 
 veal, (veau) beef, (boeuf) or mutton, (mouton) or perhaps 
 roast a fowl (poule.) But the Scot goes with the Saxon to the 
 c flesher,' buys flesh, or dresses a hen. 
 
 [Transactions of Scottish Antiquaries. 
 
Cll. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. 28S 
 
 It ought not to pass unobserved that, besides Centxvi. 
 the English language, and the Scottish dialect Three 
 
 of the same tongue, there were spoken, within txm f x * t 
 
 t, . . . . spoken in 
 
 the island of Great Britain, in the sixteenth Great 
 
 century, three distinct tongues, or at least two Bntam * 
 languages and a dialect, each capable of ex- 
 pressing the beauties of poetry or prose with 
 grace and energy. 
 
 Of the Cornish we now hear little. It has 
 expired as a spoken tongue ; but Dr. Borlase has 
 preserved a few proverbs, such as 
 
 ' Tau tavas ' Hold thy peace, tongue!' 
 
 ' Guei yw guetha vel goofen.' ' It is better to 
 
 save than to beg.' 
 The Cornish say, that in sweetness of sound Tne 
 they excel the Welch ; as in the word ' stone," Cornish, 
 which they call ' Leh,' and the Welch ' Lech.' 
 A lake too is in the more guttural Welch 
 ' Llwch,' but in Cornish ' Luh.'* 
 
 The Welch, on their side, by no means sub- Thc 
 mit to this award. ' Our language, 1 says the Welch. 
 reverend author of a treatise on the subject, ' is 
 possessed of native ornaments and unborrowed 
 treasures ; it rivals the Greek in its aptitude to 
 form the most beautiful derivatives ' as well 
 as in the elegance, fertility, and expressive- 
 ness, of an infinite variety of compounds, and 
 deserves the praise that has been given to it by 
 
 an 
 
 * Nat. Hist, of Cornwall, p. 314. 
 
284 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. an enemy. Notwithstanding the multiplicity of 
 ^^^^ gutturals and consonants with which it abounds, 
 " it has the softness and harmony of the Italian, 
 with the majesty and expression of the Greek.*" 
 The following epigram on the silk worm, con- 
 sisting of vowels, affords an example of astonish- 
 ing melody of chosen words to those that can 
 pronounce it with propriety. 
 
 * Oi wiw wy i weu e a, a'i weuau, 
 Oi wyau y weua ; 
 E' weua ei we aia', 
 A'i weuau yw ieuau ia.' 
 
 Thus translated by Mr. Jones: 
 I perish by my art, 
 
 Dis; mine own grave ; 
 I spin my thread of life, 
 My own death weave.* 
 The Erse. j.^ £ rse Qr £ rsn language is said to have 
 
 oreat powers of expression, both of the majestic 
 and of the tender kind. It is still spoken 
 throughout a large district of the North ; and, 
 from the great attention which has been shewn 
 towards the reliques of its antient poetry, there 
 happily appears no danger of its being lost. 
 
 The modern composition which follows, is 
 driven by Mr. Pennant % as a specimen of the 
 
 tongue. 
 
 f The 
 
 * Walter's Dissertation on the Welch Language. Printed at 
 
 Cambridge. 
 
 + Jones's Dissertation on Welch Music, 8cc. p. 54. 
 
 X Scottish Tour, Appendix, No. 4. 
 
Ch.VIL Pt.I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. 285 
 
 Cent. XVI. 
 
 The celebrated epitaph by Ben Jonson on the c 
 
 countess of Pembroke : 
 
 Galic. 
 ' An sho na luighe fo Lic-lighe, 
 
 Ha adh-bheann nan uille bhuadh, 
 Mathair Phembroke, Piuthar Philip, 
 
 Ans srach Daan bith' orra luadh. 
 A, Bhais mann gearr thu sios a coi-meas, 
 
 Beann a dreach, sa h' Juil, sa Fiach 
 Bristidh do Bhogh, gun Fhave do shaighid 
 Bithi-mar nach bith tu riamh.' 
 Epitaph. 
 ; Underneath this marble hearse 
 Lies the subject of all verse. 
 Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother: 
 Death, ere thou hast kili'd another, 
 Fair and learn'd, and good as she, 
 Time shall throw a dart at thee.' 
 The taste for feasting and hospitality still con- English 
 tinued to rei<m amons; the English who could ,10S P ltu ~ 
 
 o a o l lt y # 
 
 afford it. [17] 
 
 Those 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [17] The Londoners did not always return with graci- 
 •usness the hospitable reception their country friends had 
 bestowed on them; on which ' the olde countrie clerkes framed 
 this saeing, 
 
 1 Primus jucundus, 
 Tolerabilis estque secundus ; 
 Tertius est vanus, 
 Sed fcetet quatridianu?.' 
 
 [Description of Britaike. 
 Paraphrased. 
 
280 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. XVI. Those of high rank had superb services of 
 plate at their meals when they entertained visi- 
 tors of importance. At other times they had 
 complete sets of pewter to supply its place. 
 Those of inferior rank sometimes had plate. 
 
 The men of quality, probably to excite them 
 to hospitality, had each permission to import a 
 considerable quantity of wine free from impost.* 
 
 ... A scurrilous Frenchman, who visited London 
 
 Silver 
 
 vessels, in 1553> and grossly abuses the whole nation, 
 owns that ' the English use silver vessels in 
 common to drink in; the servants, 5 he says, ' wait 
 On their masters bareheaded, and leave their caps 
 on the buffet. Their bread,' he owns, ' is whiter 
 than that of France, and as cheap.' He adds, 
 * That they are fond of eating with their beer soft 
 saffron cakes stuck with raisins, which add to its 
 
 flavor. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Paraphrased. 
 Four days to spend 
 With asking friend, 
 
 In London fair, I reckon'd : 
 The first in glee 
 Past merrily, 
 
 Not quite so well the second; 
 The cold third day 
 I saw display 
 
 A conge so explicit, 
 I left the place, 
 Nor gave him space 
 
 To bid me end my visit. J. P. A. 
 * Lodge's Illustrations, vol. ii. p. 27. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &c. 237 
 
 flavor. The artisans,' he says, such as hatters Cent XVh 
 and joiners, ' he perpetually sees on holidays, 
 feasting in taverns on rabbits, hares, and such 
 sorts of meat.' 
 
 A more candid traveller, who wrote about 
 thirty years later, says that ' the English are 
 more polite than the French in eating, devouring 
 less bread but more meat, which they roast in 
 perfection. They put,' he adds, ' a great deal of 
 su<xar in their drink.' 
 
 That decent and cleanly utensil, the fork, was n forks, 
 yet to be discovered. At every meal the fingers 
 were used to keep the meat steady, and to convey 
 it to the mouth. Spoons and knives seem coeval 
 with Edward the Confessor," but forks were little 
 known before the restoration. 
 
 Silence at table during the meal, is spoken of 
 as a mark of good breeding. 
 
 Table cloths were made of very valuable linen. Fine table 
 Mrs. Otter in Ben Jonson's ' Silent Woman,' linen - 
 mentions a damask table-cloth which cost eio;h- 
 teen pounds. The good man of the house sat at 
 the upper end of the board, 'with a fay re napkyn 
 layde before him on the table, lyke a master.'^ 
 
 Lamb, 
 
 * See the print of Earl Godwin's death, in Strutt's Cus- 
 toms, Sec. 
 
 '+ Hist, of John Winchc-omb. 
 
288 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. e Lamb, and a great variety of delicate [18] 
 Delicate meates,* from all quarters of the country,' seem 
 meats. to mar jj. t } ie l llxur y f Elizabeth's reign. ' Now- 
 a-days,' writes the most caustic of puritans, 'if 
 the table be not pestered from one end to the 
 other as thick as one dish can stand by another, 
 and to every dish a several sauce, appropri; te in 
 its kind, it is thought unworthy the name of a 
 dinner.' ' And at the third course beside, other 
 sweet junkets, and delicate confections of spice- 
 ries, and I cannot tell what.' ' A good peece of 
 beefe is now thought too 'jrosse for thevr tender 
 stomachs to dis£est.'-f 
 Desert. A kind of desert was not unusual. Dr. Caius 
 
 writes, that one should eat ' after mete quinces 
 or marmalade, pomegranates, oranges sliced, eaten 
 with sugar ; succate of the pi lies or bark thereofT, 
 and of pomecitres ; olde apples and peres ; 
 prunes, raisons, dates, and nutts,' 8cc. 8cc.| 
 
 In 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [18] Among these, brawn stood foremost. When Calais 
 was taken by France, the quantity of that meat which was 
 found in store puzzled the victors. They judged it to be a 
 dainty: but in vain did they roast it, bake it, and boil it, still 
 they oould not make it eatable. Harrison, who tells this story, 
 laughs at the friars who took it for fish, and at the Jews who 
 would not believe that it was part of a hog. 
 
 [Description of Britaine. 
 * Harrison apud Holingshed, p. l66. 
 + Stubs' Anatomie of Abuses, p. 69. 
 t Booke of Counseil, &x. by Dr. John Caius, fol. 24. 
 
Cll. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. 289 
 
 In a still older work guests, when fasting, are Cent.xvi. 
 to be presented with ' butter, plommes, damsons, 
 cheryes, and grapes. After mete, peres, nuttes, 
 strawberyes, myrtle beryes, and hard chese ; also 
 braundrells or pepyns, with careways in con- 
 fetes.'" ' Jellies of all colours, codinats, mar- 
 milatSj suger-bread, ginger-bread, and florentines,' 
 are added by Harrison to the desert. 
 
 The degrees of bread were these : first, the Different 
 manchet, which was the finest ; next the chete sorts of 
 or wheaten bread ; then the ravelled bread, some- 
 what coarser ; and then the brown bread, of two 
 sorts, the one much inferior to the other. 
 
 Breakfast was little used. If any thing was taken 
 it was a glass of ale and a slice of bread. [19] 
 
 The hour of dinner with people of fortune was Hours of 
 eleven before noon ; and of supper, between five meals. 
 and six in the afternoon ; while the merchants 
 (contrary to modern ideas) took each of their 
 meals an hour later ; and the husbandman one 
 hour still later than the merchants. We have rea- 
 son to suppose that the dinners of the great were 
 
 prolonged 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [19] Sir Lionel Rash, in Green's ' Tu Quoque,' a pleasant 
 comedy of Elizabeth's age, says, ' I have sent my daughter 
 this morning as far as Pimlico to fetch a draught of Derby ale, 
 that it may fetch a colour into her cheeks.' 
 
 » Boke of Kervynge, fol. 1, B. 
 
 Vol. II. u 
 
CgKD HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII . 
 
 rent. xvi. prolonged to a considerable space of time. [20] 
 Clearing When the dinner, desert, 8cc. were completely 
 
 , , ended, a wooden knife was used instead of a 
 
 table. 
 
 cloth, to clear away the remnants, crumbs, 8cc. 
 from the table. [21] 
 
 Hospitality is never supposed, by a poetical 
 fancy, to be confined to the house of the great ; 
 and Warner, a bard of Elizabeth's age, thus de- 
 Rural scribes the reception of an earl in a cottage ; he 
 ' Did house him in a peakish grange, within a 
 forest great ; 
 
 Where, 
 
 food. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [20] ' An Italian,' says Dr. Wilson, ' having a suit to the 
 Archbishop of York, attempted to speak to his Grace, but 
 unhappily chanced on a time when he was giving a state dinner 
 to his prebendaries. At eleven he was just sat down to the 
 splendid meal, nor could the Italian, although he called again 
 at twelve, at one, and at two, prevail on the porter to let him 
 see the prelate, who was still at dinner. Disgusted at the 
 holy epicure, the suitor left his business in the hands of a friend, 
 and returned to Italy. Three years after this, meeting an Eng- 
 lishman at Rome, and becoming his acquaintance, he asked 
 him one day if he knew the Archbishop of York? ' Perfectly 
 well/ said the Briton. ' Then tell me,' said the Italian, ' I 
 beseech you, has he yet finished his dinner?' and related the 
 story.' [Wilson on Logic and Rhetoric. 
 
 [21] Enter three or four serving men, one with a voyder 
 and a wooden knife to take away. 
 
 Stage Direction in 'A Woman Killed with Kindness.' 
 
 Enter Gustus with a voiding knife in his hand. 
 
 [Lincua, Act 5, Scene 13. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. 291 
 
 Where, known and welcomed as the place and ^^ 6 
 
 persons could afforde, 
 Browne bread, whig, bacon, curds, and milke 
 
 were set him on the borde. 
 A cushion made of lists, a stool half backed with 
 
 a hoope, 
 Were brought him, and he sitteth down beside a 
 
 sorry coope. 
 The poor old couple wish'd their bread were 
 
 wheat, their whig were pery ; 
 Their bacon beef, their milk and curds were 
 
 creame to make him mery.' 
 
 In wines, the English of Elizabeth's age were Wines, 
 uncommonly luxurious. Harrison mentions fifty- 
 six sorts of French wines, and thirty-six of Spa- 
 nish, Italian, Greek, Canarian, 8cc. which, to the 
 quantity of 30,000 tons, were yearly imported. 
 The strongest of these were always accounted the 
 best. 
 
 ' Furthermore,' says Harrison, ' when these 
 have had their course that nature yeeldeth, sun- 
 drie sort of artificial stuffe must succeede in their 
 turn, such as ypocras and wormwood wine, beside 
 stale ale and strong beer.' To these we may add 
 clarey or claret, [22] and braket. 
 
 'The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [221 To amuse the epicure, the method of composing thes'e 
 favorite beverages shall be inserted from ' Arnold'* Chronicle 
 if London,' quoted by Mr. Strutt. 
 
 U2 The 
 
 - . 
 1 
 
292 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. t Th e strongest wine used,' says the same writer, 
 ' to be called " Theologicum ;" and the laymen, 
 when they wished to spend a singularly jovial 
 hour, used to send for wine to the parson of the 
 parish." 
 
 One custom of the sixteenth century deserves 
 particular mention, since it is now upheld in Bri- 
 tain only among all the nations of the earth. 
 
 As 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1 The crafte to make Ypocras. 
 
 1 Take a quarte of red wyne, an unce of synamon, and half an 
 unce of gynger ; a quarter of an unce of greynes and of longe 
 pepper, wythe half a pound of sugar ; broie all these not too 
 smalle, and then putte them in a bagge of wullen clothe (made 
 therefore) with the wyne, and lette it hange over a vessel tylle 
 the wyne be runne thorow. 
 
 N. B. It is presumed that the wine should be poured in 
 boiling hot, else it would gain little of the spicy flavor. 
 4 The crafte to make Clarre (or Claret.) 
 
 * For eighteen gallons of good wyne take half a pounde of 
 gynger, a quarter of a pounde of longe pepper, an unce of saf- 
 fron, a quarter of an unce of coliaunder, two unces of " calo- 
 mole dromaticus," and a thyrd of as moche honey that is cla- 
 ryfyed as of youre wyne ; strayne thym thro a clothe, and doo 
 it into a clene vessel.' 
 
 ' The crafte for Braket. 
 
 ' When thou hast good ale, draw out a quart of it, and put 
 it to the honey, and set it over the fyre, and let it seethe 
 well, and take it of the fyre and scume it wel, and so againe, 
 and then let it keele a whyle, and put therto the peper, and set 
 hvm on the fyre, and let him boyle togyder, with esy fyre, but 
 clere. To four gallons of good ale, put a pynte of fyne tr/ed 
 honey, and a saucer full of pouder of peper.' 
 
 * Harrison, apud Holingshed, p. 166. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. §1. MANNERS, &C. 293 
 
 1 As for drink it is not usually set on the Centxvi. 
 
 table in pots and cruses, but each one calleth for Method 
 
 ofd * 
 ing. 
 
 a cup of such as he listeth to have, or as necessity 
 
 urgeth ; so that when he hath tasted of it, he de- 
 livereth the cup again to one of the standers-by, 
 who, makyng it cleane, restoreth it to the cup- 
 board from whence he had fetched the same.'" 
 ' By this device,' adds the author, ' much idle 
 tippling is furthermore cut off; for, if the full 
 pots should continually stand at the elbow, or 
 near the trencher, divers would alwaie be dealing 
 with them ; whereas now they di hike seldome, 
 and onelie when necessitie urgeth ; and so avoid 
 the note of great drinking, or often troubling of 
 the servitours with filling of their boles.' [23] 
 This peculiar custom is confirmed by the account 
 given by Fynes Moryson. t- 
 
 The beer used at the houses of noblemen, 8cc. g 
 was commonly a year old ; sometimes two, when 
 it came to the master's table. It was called 
 March beer, from the time of its brewing. The 
 beer for the servants was seldom more than a 
 
 month 
 
 NOTES. 
 [23] Our learned intelligencer, Harrison, proceeds to de- 
 rive this salutary mode from the practice of Mnestheus of 
 Athens, who, he ' says, brought up the custom in conservation 
 of the honor of Orestes,' who had not yet expiated the slaugh- 
 ter of his mother, Clytemnestra. 
 
 [Description of Britain*. 
 ♦ Harrison, p. 167. + Itinerary, part iii. p. l£0„ 
 
294 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 ®ent.xvi. month old. ' Ech one,' says Harrison, ' coveting 
 to have the same as stale as he may, so that it be 
 not sowre; and his bread new as possible, so that 
 it be not hot.' 
 r .. Cider or Pomage, and ' Pirrie,' seem to have 
 
 &c. been confined to their own native counties. And 
 
 our intelligent author speaks with great contempt 
 of a ' kind of Irish-swash,' [24] made in Essex, 
 and called Mead. 
 
 Glasses (which came from Venice at a great 
 expence) were more fashionable at great tables 
 than silver cups. 
 
 Scotland Those vast sources of hospitality and encou- 
 
 „ . . lavements to indolence, the relia;ious houses, were, 
 Ecclesias- ° .... . 
 
 tic hospi- in Scotland, the first victims to the reformation. 
 
 tality. j n Qne monas t er y a t Perth, [25] where only eight 
 monks resided, the followers of Knox discovered 
 eight puncheons of salt beef; wine, beer, and 
 ale, in proportion, besides abundance of bed 
 clothes, and of table linen, singular in delicacy 
 
 of 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [24] The Cambro-Britons had always been partial to this 
 liquor; Dr. Andrew Borde makes his Welchman say, 
 1 I do love " cawse boby," good toasted cheese ; 
 ' And swyshe metheglin I loke for my fees.' 
 [25] The very nature of the ecclesiastical revenues prompted 
 the monks to hospitality. The abbey of Holy rood received 
 annually (besides money, wheat, barley, and oats) 500 capons, 
 24 hens, 24 salmon, 12 loads of salt, and large quantity of 
 swine. [Arnot's Edinburgh. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. 20$ 
 
 of texture. This plervtiful store was meant to Cent.xvi. 
 be shared with the hungry and weary traveller.* 
 
 That the general hospitality of the Scots was no Expen- 
 way inferior to that of the English, there is every S1 j e . a "' 
 reason to suppose. And such was the national censured 
 turn to luxury, that, immediately after a severe i^JSll 
 restriction by act of parliament, placed ' on the 
 excesse of coastelie cleithing,' -f another statute | 
 follows, complaining of superfluous banqueting/ 
 [26] not only of sik, stuffe as grows within the 
 realme, bot alsoe of drogges, confectoures, spice- 
 ries brocht from the pairi.es beyond sea, and sauld 
 at dear prices to monie folke that are verie unabil 
 to sustene that coaste ;' and laying a heavy fine 
 (twenty pund) not only on the master of the 
 house, but on every one of his guests, partakers 
 of such banquet. Exceptions are made in favor 
 of prelates, peers, and such as can spend 2000 
 jnarkes annually. 
 
 It 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [26] Nor was this the earliest law against table luxury. In 
 1551, an act had restrained, by very minute directions, the 
 pleasures of the meal. In this an unkind distinction is made 
 between the ' small persones' and people of rank. The former 
 are fined, while the man of quality only suffers by being ' re- 
 pute and haldane as ane man given to his voluptuousnes, and 
 eontemnar of authority, and not to the common weil.' 
 
 [Stat, 2, Parl. 5 M\rik, 
 
 * Arnot's Edinburgh, p. 81. 
 
 f Stat. 113, Pari. 7 Jac. VI. 
 
 t Stat. 114, Pari, 7 Jac. VI. 
 
«96 
 
 HIMORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Book VII. 
 
 rent. XVI. 
 
 Custom 
 of board- 
 ing pro- 
 hibited. 
 
 Young 
 cattle 
 preser- 
 ved. 
 
 It must not however be concealed, that, in 15 80, 
 either from their sufferings by civil contests, or 
 from their former extravagance in household ex- 
 pences, the country gentlemen of Scotland had 
 in some parts found house-keeping too costly, and 
 had boarded themselves out in ' burrows, townes, 
 clauchannes, and aile-houses, with their house- 
 haldes ;' others remaininp- in their own houses 
 ' buirded themselves and others, to their awin ser- 
 vands, as in hostillaries.' A statute,* made on this 
 occasion, sets this practice forth as ' an unhonest 
 forme, and a great abuse, contrair the honor of th» 
 realme,' and lays a heavy fine on all persons (ac- 
 cording to their rank) that practise the same. 
 
 The luxury of the table must have suffered by 
 a seasonable restriction in I584, when, ' in respect 
 of the dearth and scarcity of all kind of fleshes,' 
 the prohibition of eating meat, during the season 
 of Lent, is renewed by act of parliament ; and all 
 persons are forbidden to kill or eat either ' lambes 
 or young vealles' before Whitsunday each year, 
 under a heavy penalty, which was extended ' ass 
 weil against the eaters as ag-ainst flesshoures, 
 cuikes, hostellares, and uthers, preparers there- 
 of. '+ 
 
 The military men were no way deficient in 
 good living. After the fight of Pinkie or Mussel- 
 burgh, the victors found in the Scottish camp ' oat- 
 meal, 
 
 ♦ Stat. 116, Pari. 7 Jac. VI. + Stat. 225, Pari. 14 Jac. VI. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. W 
 
 meal, oat-cakes, butter, cheese, ale, and wine;' ^^^J 
 and in some tents ' silver plate and chalices.' * 
 
 The Scots, says an English traveller of Eliza- Abun-^ 
 beth's age, ' drink pure wines, not with sugar, as w ine. 
 the English do; at feasts they put comfits in their 
 wine as the French do..'+ He proceeds to dj- 
 scribe the plenty and variety of wines at a Nor- 
 thern table, and the hearty use which is made of 
 them, in a manner more to the honor of the hospi- 
 tality, than the moderation of the entertainers. 
 
 Yet his description of the cookery and tables 
 of the Scottish gentlemen is not flattering. [27] 
 1 They eat,' he says, ' little fresh meat, and salt 
 their seese and their mutton, but not their beef.' 
 And there appears, in the board which he de- 
 scribes, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [27] The following account of a sportsman's hasty meal 
 was perhaps grounded on one of those half-intended mistakes 
 which foreigners, and particularly the French, are apt to make, 
 when describing the manners of other countries : 
 
 M. de Montmorenci was told by the Vidam de Chartres, 
 afterwards poisoned by Catharine di Medicis, (who resided 
 some time in the North, and was very popular there) that, after 
 hunting, the Scots were used to take part of their game, and, 
 after cutting it into thin slices, to squeeze it between hasel rods 
 until it was thoroughly dry, and that then they used to eat it 
 with bread, but with no farther dressing. 
 
 [Brantome. Vic. de Chartrks. 
 * Holingshed's Eng. Chron. p. 988. 
 •j- Fynes Moryson's Itinerary, p. 156. 
 
598 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII, 
 
 Ceat.xvi. scribes, a great want of variety y though not of 
 
 quantity. [f>S] 
 
 "England ^ ne close of the eighth Henry's reign had left 
 the fantastical [29] Englishman in profession of 
 
 Press. t j ie ( l ou blet, the petticoat, and the breeches, dis- 
 graced by the ' braguette,' and stuffed out to an 
 enormous size with horse-hair and cotton. The 
 
 modern 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [28] That the Caledonian board may have fair play, here 
 follows a list of the dainties and delicacies protected by act of 
 parliament, each by name, and (as there is good reason to be- 
 lieve) plentiful throughout the land: ' Fallowe deare, daes, 
 3-aes, hares, partridges, moore fowles, blacke cockes, aith 
 hennes, (a) termagants, (b) wyld dukes, teilles, atteilles, gold- 
 ings, mortyns, schydderenis, skaildrak, (c) heron, butter,' 
 &x. Sec. [Stat. 23, Parl. 16 Jac. VI. 
 
 [29] An eccentric bard of the age thus satirizes the change- 
 able nature of the Englishman as to dress ; he draws him naked 
 with cloth in one hand, but uncertain how he shall shape it with 
 the sheers which he holds in the other. Beneath are these lines: 
 1 I am an Englishman, and naked I stand here, 
 
 Musynge in my mind what raymente I shall were ; 
 
 For now I wyll were thys, and now I wyll were that, 
 
 And now I wyll were I cannot tell what. 
 
 What doe I care if alle the worlde me fayle ? 
 
 I will have a garment reache to my tayle. 
 
 Then am I a mynyon, for I wear the new guise, 
 
 The next yeare after I hope to be wyse; 
 
 Not onely in wereing my gorgeous araye, 
 
 But I wyll goe a learnynge a whole sumer's daye,' &x. 
 
 [Introduction of Knowledge by Dr. Andrew Borde. 
 
 fa) Heath. [b] Ptarmigans. {c) Sheldrake. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. 299 
 
 modern beef-eater (as he is vulgarly styled from Cent.xvi. 
 * buffetier') dresses nearly in the same mode, 
 though with less indecency and absurdity. 
 
 To exemplify beyond a doubt the enormous Gar- 
 and cumbersome folly of the fashion, an inp-e- ments e " 
 
 ' „ nonnous- 
 
 nious modern writer produces evidence from a ly stuffed, 
 MS in the Harleian collection to prove that 
 there actually was a scaffold erected round the 
 inside of the parliament-house for the accommo- 
 dation of such members as wore those huge 
 breeches ; and that the said scaffold was taken 
 down* when, in the eighth of Elizabeth, those 
 absurdities went [30] out of fashion. 
 
 Numberless 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [30] This foolish mode, though it sunk in 1565, yet rose 
 again in the commencement of the next age, when it was 
 lashed by a ballad, entitled ' A lamentable Complaint of the 
 poore Countryeman agaynste Greate Hose, for the Loss of their 
 Cattelles Tales.' The following extract from this piece will 
 show its tendency, and testifie its humour. 
 
 ' What hurt, what damage, doth ensue, 
 And fall upon the poore, 
 For want of wool and flax of late, 
 Which monstrous hose devoure. 
 The haire has so possess'd of late 
 
 The bryche of ev'ry knave, 
 That not one beaste nor horse can tell 
 Whyche waye his taile to save.' 
 It closes thus : 
 
 ' I woulde that such as weare thys haire 
 Were well and truly bound, 
 
 Wyth 
 * Strutt's Customs, &c. voL iii. p. S5. 
 
300 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 ^!"^^Zj Numberless were the jokes made upon this 
 Ridiculed preposterous dress. ' A man,' says Bulmer,* 
 ' beins: cited to answer for offending against the 
 sumptuary law which prohibited such garments, 
 declared that they formed his safest storehouse; 
 and produced from within, sheets, two table- 
 cloths, ten napkins, four shirts, and abundance 
 of linen and other necessaries; saying, he had 
 yet great store behind. So the judge laughed 
 and dismissed him.' 
 
 The cloak, which surmounted the whole, was 
 varied as to shape and materials according to the 
 wearer's fancy. It was made of silk, satin, or 
 stuff, and was either buttoned or tied over the 
 shoulder. Before the close of the century it 
 became usually ornamented with silk, gold, and 
 silver embroidery. 
 
 The hat had but just superseded the woollen 
 cap and the hood, and had not acquired any cer- 
 tain fashion, 
 large The beard, in the reign of Mary I. throve 
 
 learJs. abundantly ; [3 1] those of Bishop Gardiner and 
 
 of 
 
 NOTES. 
 "With every haire a louse to have, 
 
 To stuffe their bryches oute; 
 And then I truste they woulde not weare 
 Nor beare suche bagges aboute.' 
 [31] The beard was sometimes used in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury as a tooth-pick case. The celebrated Admiral Coligny 
 
 always 
 * Pedigree of the English Gallant, p. 548. 
 
 1 
 
Gh. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. 301 
 
 of Cardinal Pole, in their portraits, are of a Cent.xvi. 
 most uncommon size. The lawyers alone had a 
 regulation imposed on this important feature.* 
 
 Shirts were articles of great expence, and ele- 
 gance. They were made of ' camericke, Hol- 
 lande, lawne, or els of the finest cloth that may 
 be not.' And were so wrought with ' needle- 
 worke of silke, and so curiously stitched with 
 other knackes besides, that their price would 
 sometimes amount to ten pounds. But this 
 luxury was not at its height t until near the 
 close of the century. 
 
 No part of the English dress varied more sud- 
 denly than the shoes, which, during the short 
 reign of Mary, were increased so unreasonably 
 in breadth at the front, that (says Bulmer in his 
 ' Pedigree of the English Gallant') ' if I remem- 
 ber aright, there was a proclamation came out 
 that " no man should weare his shoes above sixe 
 inches square at the toes." 
 
 Towards the close of the century the dress was Change 
 again altered in many respects. The hat became ° on *l n ~ 
 more gay in appearance ; it was covered with 1566. 
 silk or velvet, but the beaver hat was the most 
 
 expensive, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 always ' wore his tooth-pick,' says Brantome, c in his mouth, 
 his ear, or his beard, whence the Italians used to say, ' Dio mi 
 guarda del animo e stecco del amiraglio.' 
 
 [Vie de Conde par Brantome. 
 
 * Dugdale's Orig. Judiciales, apud Graigner, vol. i. p. 288. 
 
 + Stubs' Anatomie of Abuses, p. 27- 
 
302 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. expensive, as it cost from thirty to forty shillino-s. 
 There were taffeta hats worn, with ' monsters, 
 antiques, beastes, fowles, and all manner of pic- 
 tures,' embroidered with silk, gold, and silver.* 
 
 The crown of the hat now grew high, and nar- 
 rowed towards the top, and had sometimes a rich 
 hat-band, adorned by goldsmith's work and pre- 
 cious stones, [32] which, with a feather and a 
 scarlet cloke, marked the man of distinction. 
 The wearing of felt hats was a much more an- 
 tient custom than is in general supposed. They 
 are spoken of in Lydgate's ' London Licke- 
 pennie ;' [33] a poem made at the close of the 
 fifteenth century. 
 
 A hat of black velvet, with a red feather and 
 band, was fashionable in 157 i.+ 
 
 The hair was now cut close on the top of the 
 head, and grew long on the sides4 
 
 Jewels 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [32] ' My hat-band. A row of diamonds of a thousand 
 Inarkesi' [The Witts. 
 
 ' I had on a new cable hat-band, of massie goldsmith's work, 
 then new come up, which I wore about a murrey French hat, 
 the brims of which were thick embroidered with gold twist 
 and spangles.' [Every Man out of his Humour. 
 
 [33] ' Where Flemynges began on me for to cry'c : 
 " Master what will you chepen or bye? 
 Fine felt hats or spectacles to rede ? 
 Lay down your sylver and here you may spede." 
 
 [Lydgat£ 
 * Stubs' Anatomie of Abuses, p. 25. 
 + Antiquarian Repertory, vol. i. p. 117. 
 I Hentzner apud Fugitive Pieces, v«l. ii. p. 300, 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C, S0| 
 
 Jewels were sometimes worn in the ear by Cent.xvL 
 shewy young men, [34] an d sometimes ribbands. 
 
 The beard was exceedingly lessened, [35] and Beards 
 gradually dwindled into mustachos [36] or whisk- 
 ers. 
 
 An old historian thus descants on the various Satirized. 
 beards of his ae:e : ' Some are shaven from the 
 chin lyke those of the Turkes ; not a few cut 
 short like the beard of Marques Otto; some made 
 
 round 
 
 NOTES. 
 [34] Master Matthew, in * Every Man in his Humour,' pro- 
 poses to ' pawn the jewel in his ear' to pay for the warrant 
 against Downright. Fastidio, in * Every Man out of his Hu- 
 mour,' boasts of his mistress favors, ' this scarf, or this ribband 
 for my ear or so.' The poet Gascoigne, as he draws his own 
 picture, presenting his book to Elizabeth, has a still different 
 ear ornament, a pen ; and thus he sings : 
 * Beholde, good queene, a poett with a speare, 
 
 (Straundge sightes well mark'd are understode the better) 
 A soldier armde with pensyle in his eare ; 
 
 With pen to fighte, and sworde to write a letter.' 
 
 [Frontispiece to Gascoigne's Translation 
 
 of ' The Hcremyte.' 
 
 [35] Yet the Reverend John More of Norwich continued, 
 
 during the reign of Elizabeth, to display a most enormous 
 
 beard ; ' That no act of my life,' said he, * may be unworthy 
 
 of the gravity of my appearance.' 
 
 [36] Very early in the 17th century, M. de Bouteville, con- 
 demned to lose his head for a duel at Paris, was severely repri- 
 manded by the priest who attended his last moments, for taking 
 great pains to lay his mustachos on the block in such a position; 
 that the axe might not discompose them. 
 
 [Essais de Sr. Forx, 
 
304 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. round like a rubbing brush, others with a pique 
 devan ; Oh, fine fashion ! others being suffered 
 to grow long; the barbers being growen as cun- 
 nynge in this behalfe as the tayiours. And there- 
 fore if a man have a leane and streight face, a. 
 Marquis Otton's cut will make it broad and 
 large ; if it be platter-like, a long slender beard 
 will make it seem the narrower ; if he be weasel- 
 beaked, then so much haire left on the cheekes 
 will make the owner look big like a bowdled 
 hen, and so grymme as a goose,' 8cc* 
 Ruff en- The ruff became large, but not so much so as 
 larged. ^at f fa e l ac Jj es . ^ was sometimes double, 
 sometimes wired, and sometimes stiffened with 
 yellow starch. It exceeded all bounds so far 
 that at length it caught the eye of the exact Eli- 
 zabeth; who, equally displeased with that mon- 
 strous s;arb, and with the length of the rapier 
 
 Ifc C17f* 
 
 reflated. °f the ^ a y> directed officers to attend, and to 
 clip the ruffs and shorten the swords of offen- 
 ders against her rules. + 
 
 Stuffed The thick and stuffed o-arment now was dimi- 
 
 clothes ° 
 
 axe seen nished to a long jacket [36] like a waistcoat, made 
 
 of 
 
 no more. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [36] Yet of this reformed garment the querulous Stubs com- 
 plains, as being ' so hard-quilted, stuffed, bombasted, and 
 sewed, as they can neither worke nor yet well play in them;' 
 nor can the wearer, * bow himself to the ground, so stiff and 
 sturdy they stand about him.' [Anatomie of Abuses. 
 
 "• Harrison's Description of Britaine, p. 172. 
 + Townshend's Journals, p. 250. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. 305 
 
 of silk or satin, with a large cape and long Cent.xvi. 
 close sleeves. The petticoat disappeared; and 
 the breeches, having discarded their indelicate 
 and burlesque appendage, ended far above the 
 knee, [37] where they were met by a stocking;, 
 not woven to fit the leg, but cut out by a tay- 
 lor from ' silk, velvet, damaske, or other pre- 
 cious stoffe.'* The cost of this part of the 
 dress was incredibly high. 
 
 The venerable Harrison is laudably severe on 
 the pains necessarily taken to make this ungo- 
 vernable hose sit smoothly on the leg. ' Then,' 
 says he, ' must the long seames of our hose be set 
 by a plumb-line ; then we puffe, then we blow, 
 finally we sweat till we drop, that our clothes 
 may stand well upon us.' 
 
 Roses of very high prices were frequently 
 worn on the shoes of fashionable men. Some- 
 times the shoes had buckles of silver or copper 
 <nlt.-f- The garters cost no more than six shil- 
 lings the pair, which in the next reign was 
 hardly bought for five pounds. . The corked 
 shoes, pantofles, or pinsnets, were often of velvet, 
 
 embroidered 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [37] ' Nailor came through London apparelled in a doublet 
 and galey-gascaigne (a) breeches, all of crimsin sattin, cut and 
 raced.' [Antoiuar. Repert. Vol. I. 
 
 * Anatomie of Abuses, p. 30. 
 + Stowe's Chron. p. 1039. 
 
 (a) Hence the ludicrous word * Gallygaskins,' 
 
 Vol. II. x 
 
506 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VIL 
 
 ^l^J; embroidered with gold or silver ; and it was the 
 mode to let the heel project an inch or two be- 
 yond that of the pantofle,* much to the incon- 
 vience of the wearer. 
 
 The swords and daggers were richly gilt, the 
 blades damasked, and the scabbards covered with 
 velvet. 
 
 The dress of the servant seems to have de- 
 pended more on the master's caprice than on the 
 fashion. [38] 
 Head- The head-dress of the ladies varied much 
 
 d r e f during; the ap-e of Elizabeth, 
 ot the . 
 
 ladies. The fly-cap, which was fashionable in 1770, 
 
 when formed of pearls, was the exact head-dress 
 
 of 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [38] A runaway page was thus described in the reign of 
 Elizabeth : 
 
 ' These are to pray you, &:c. to macke hew and cry for a 
 yonge stripling aged twenty-two years, with one doblet of yel- 
 low million fustion, the one half buttoned with peche coloured 
 buttons, the other half laced downwards. One payer of peche 
 coloured hose, laced with small tawnye lace. A graye hat, with 
 a copper edge round it ; a pair of watched stockinges. He hath 
 two clokes, the one of vessey collor, garded with two yards of 
 black cloth and twisted lace of carnacyon collor, and lined with 
 trimsone bayes ; the other is a red shipp russet colour, striped 
 about the cape; and down the fore face twisted with two rows 
 of twisted lace ; russet and gold buttons afore and upon the 
 sholdier, being of the clothe itself, set with the said twisted 
 lace, and the buttons of russet silk and gold.' 
 
 [Antio_u. Repertory, Vol. II. 
 * Anatomie of Abuses, p. 32. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § I. MANNERS, &C. 307 
 
 of her court* ladies. Some ladies had a small Centxvi. 
 cap with a veil, which was thrown behind the 
 neck. Some had [39] vast loads of false hair ; 
 others wore the hair entirely uncovered and 
 braided behind. Aldermen's f wives had bon- 
 nets of velvet, large and shewy. A favorite 
 covering for the head was the ' French hood,' 
 which appears to have been a gauze or muslin 
 hood, shewing the hair on each side, and drawn 
 from the back of the head down the forehead. % 
 The ' Minever cap,' which was white and three- 
 cornered, and whose peaks stood three inches 
 above the head, was chiefly worn by citizens' 
 wives. Chains and bracelets were ornaments 
 used mostly by women of rank. 
 
 The ruffs, made of lawn and cambrick, were y ast m ^ 
 immoderately large, and stiffened with [40] 
 
 x 2 „ yellow 
 
 NOTES. 
 [39] About 1595 such quantities of false hair were worn, 
 that women were on the watch to seduce children who had fine 
 hair to private places, that they might poll their locks. 
 
 [Stubs' Anatomie of Abuses* 
 
 ' Stowe informs us that women's periwigs were first brought 
 
 into England about the time of the massacre of Paris, A.D. 
 
 1572.' [Mr. Steevens' Notes on Timon of Athens. 
 
 ' That beaver band, the colour of that periwig, 
 
 (A mad world, my masters.)' 
 [40] A Mrs. Dingen Van Plesse introduced both yellow 
 starch and the use of lawn for ruffs . It was so very fine that 
 
 « it 
 « See Frontispiece to Cary Earl of Monmouth's Memoirs, 
 + Strutt's Customs, &x. vol. iii. plate 12, fig. 5 and 9. 
 X Ibid. vol. iii. plate 22, fig. 9. 
 
308 history Of great britaih. Book VII. 
 
 Centxvi. yellow starch. They reached to the upper part 
 of the head behind, and the ' poking of them' 
 gracefully was a most important attainment. [4 l] 
 The waist became enormously long ; and the 
 bodice or stays finished with a most extended 
 point in front at bottom. To set this deforming 
 fashion in a more glaring light, the upper part 
 of the gown, near the shoulders, appears to be 
 enlarged considerably by wool or other stuffing. 
 _, ,, The fardingale, a Spanish petticoat, bulky 
 
 gale. over the hips, now went out of fashion; it had 
 probably been introduced during the connection 
 of Philip and Mary ; the most fashionable ones 
 were the Scottish fardingales. Howel intimates 
 that this fashion was invented to screen unli- 
 censed pregnancy ; and translates the Spanish 
 ' guard-infanta' by the term ' cover-infant;' pro- 
 bably an error, as ' infanta' in the Spanish tongue 
 
 means ' princess-' 
 
 Of 
 
 NOTES. 
 ' it became a bye-word,' says Stowe, " That shortly they 
 would wear ruffes of a spider's web." Soon after the ladies 
 began to send their daughters and kinswomen to learn the art of 
 starching; she received four or five pounds for teaching these 
 to starch, and twenty shillings for teaching them ' to seethe 
 starche.' 
 
 [41] The ill-natured Puritans of the day exult in picturing 
 * a shoure of raine to catch them (the wearers of such ruffs) 
 before they can get harbour; then theyre great ruffes strykesayle, 
 iind downe they falle, as. dish-clouts fluttering in the winde.' 
 
Ch. VII. Pt.I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. 309 
 
 Of this part of female attire the humorous Cent.xvi. 
 Heywood thus sings : 
 
 'On the Fashion of wearing Verdingales. 
 ' Alas! poor verdingales must lie i' th' streete; 
 To house them no doore i' th' citee's made 
 
 meete. 
 Syns at our narrow doores they cannot win,* 
 Send them to Oxfprde at Brode-gate to get in.' 
 Perfumed gloves, ornamented with tuftes of Gloves, 
 rose-colored silk, were so much the delight of 
 Elizabeth that she would always be drawn with 
 her favorite pair (presented by Vere, Earl of 
 Oxford, returned from Italy) on her hands. Silk 
 stockings, too, came in with Elizabeth: + Mrs. 
 Montagu, her silk-woman, having presented her 
 "with a pair of black s.lk hose in I5G0, she would 
 never wear cloth stockings again. Her father 
 Henry had worn cloth hose, and her brother 
 Edward; unless once when Sir Thomas Gresham 
 gave him a pair Spanish black silk. Knit 
 
 stockings were first introduced to the English 
 court by William, Earl of Pembroke. A pair 
 had been presented to him by William Rider, an 
 apprentice near London-bridge, who made them 
 in imitation of a pair brought from Mantua. 
 
 The pocket-handkerchiefs of the ladies were 
 frequently wrought with gold and silver, and 
 
 their 
 
 * Go in. -i- Howel's Hist, of the World, vol. ii. p. 22 1 ?, 
 
310 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII, 
 
 Cent.XVl. their shifts were richly embroidered. [42] The 
 chopine [43] or chiopina is sometimes men- 
 tioned ; it was an Italian shoe, with a heel ridi- 
 culously hi^h. 
 
 The travelling; dress of a lady was a large 
 
 cloke and a safe-guard [44] or huge outward 
 
 petticoat. 
 
 Dress of When Paul Hentzner saw Elizabeth (she was 
 
 lza eth - n j ier g^ y ear ^ t s h e h a j m h er ears two pearls 
 
 with very rich drops. She wore false hair, and 
 that red ; her bosom was uncovered, as all the 
 English ladies,' says Hentzner, ' have till they 
 
 marry. 
 
 NOTES. 
 [42] In the old ballad of George Barnwell, it is said of 
 
 Milwood : 
 
 ' A handkerchief she had 
 
 All wrought with beaten gold ; 
 Which she to stay her trickling tears 
 Before her eyes did hold.' 
 
 [Rel. of Ant. English Poetry. 
 And in the antient ditty of Lord Thomas and fair Annette, 
 
 that lady says, 
 
 ' My maids go to my dressing-room, 
 
 And dress me to my smock ; 
 The one half is o' th' Holland fine, 
 The other 0' needle wo'k.' 
 
 [Strutt's Customs. 
 
 [43] ' As if her new chopines would scorn to bruise 
 
 A silly flower.' [Ram Alley, Act 5. Sc. 1. 
 
 [44] ' The gentlewomen in cloaks and safeguards.' 
 
 [Stage Direction. Mirry Devil of Ep- 
 monton, Act i. 
 ' On with your cloak and safeguard, you arrant drab !' 
 
 [Ram Alley, Act 1. Sc. 1, 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § I. MANNERS, &C. 311 
 
 marry. She was dressed in white silk, bordered Cent- xv i. 
 with pearls of the size of beans ; and over it a 
 mantle of black silk, shot with silver threads ; 
 [45] and, instead of a chain, she had an oblong 
 collar of gold and jewels.* 
 
 At her death, that lady had in her possession, 
 3000 complete habits. 
 
 The dress of Lord Darnley, as taken from an Scotland. 
 original painting by Vertue, dated 1563, consists 
 of a close-bodied coat, covering his whole neck ; Royal 
 with sleeves stuffed at the shoulders like those of 
 Elizabeth's courtiers. He has a small Spanish 
 ruff, short curled hair, and a jewel hanging from 
 his neck as low as his stomach. 
 
 At the wedding of Queen Mary with Lord 
 Darnley, x ' she had upon her back the great 
 mourning gown of black, with the great wide 
 mourning hood,' which she soon abandoned, and, 
 ' beino- committed to her ladies, changed her 
 garments. '+ 
 
 David Rizzio, who was probably, as being often Court 
 admitted to the company of the queen, a model ress ' 
 
 of 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [45] { Wherever she turned her face,' adds Hentzner, { as 
 she went along, every one fell down on his knees; 5 her father 
 had been treated with the same deference; James I. suffered his 
 courtiers to omit it ; one instance (among a thousand, of the best 
 of the Tudor's superiority in despotism to the most imperious 
 ©f the Stuarts. [Bacon Papers. 
 
 * Hentzner apud Dodsley, vol. ii. p. 274. 
 -r Robertson's History, Appendix, p. 26, 
 
312 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. f ^ Tess to ^g Scottish cour t, < had upon his 
 back, when he was slayn, a night-gown of da- 
 mask, furred, with a sattin doublet and a hose of 
 russet velvet ;' of these velvet hose he had twen- 
 ty-eight pair in store. ' We hear also,' says the 
 letter writer, < of a juill that he had hanging 
 about his neck of some price,'* Lc. 
 Dress of ' The husbandman of Scotland, the servants, 
 ranks anc ^ almost a ^ tne country,' says one who visited 
 that realm in 1598, ' did Avear coarse cloth, 
 made at home, of grey or sky color, and flat blew 
 caps, very broad. The merchants in cities were 
 attired in English or French cloth, of a pale 
 colour, or mingled black and blew. The gentle- 
 men did wear English cloth, or silke, or light 
 stuffes, little or nothing adorned with silk lace, 
 much less with lace of silver or o-old. Gentle- 
 women married did wear close upper bodies, 
 after the German manner, with large whalebone 
 sleeves, after the French manner, short cloaks 
 like the Germans, French hoods, and lar^e 
 falling bands, about their necks. The unmarried 
 of all sorts did go bare-headed, and wear short 
 cloaks, with most close linen sleeves on their 
 arms like the virgins of German v. The inferior 
 sort of citizens' wives, and the women of the 
 country, did wear cloaks of a coarse stuff, of 
 two or three colours in checker work, vulgarly 
 called " Plodan." The men, he adds, in general 
 
 follow 
 
 * Robertson's History, Appendix, p. 32. 
 1 
 
Ch.VII. Pt.I. §1. MANNERS, &C. 313 
 
 follow the French, and the women of German Cent.xvr. 
 fashion, with ' naked heads, and close sleeves on 
 their arms.'* 
 
 The gayest dress of a considerable farmer's Of a rich 
 wife may be well made out from a poetic tale, a f' Iiers 
 supposed to be written by William Dunbar about 
 the middle of the sixteenth century. 
 ' Scho castis on ane kyrtyl of fyne reid, 
 
 Ane quhyt curchey scho cast upon hir ueid ; 
 
 Hir kyrtyl belt was silk and silver fyne, 
 
 With ane proud purs, and key is gingling syne; 
 
 On ilkane fyngar scho wars ringis tuo, 
 
 Scho was als proud as ony papingo. 
 
 And of ane burde of silk, richt costlie grein, 
 
 Her tusche was with silver weil besene,' 8cc. 
 
 Modernized. 
 
 ' In a rich scarlet robe her form she diojit, 
 While o'er her head she cast a hood so white. 
 A belt with silver wrought, her gown attended, 
 Whence a gay purse and ginglins; keys de- 
 pended. 
 Each taper finder two bright rings bestride, 
 Tso plum'd macaw can match the dame for 
 
 pride. 
 A sash of <rrass-2Teen silk surrounds her waist, 
 With high embroidery of silver grae'd,' k.c. 
 
 J. P. A. 
 Stephen 
 
 * Moryson's Itinerary, part iii, p. 179, 180. 
 
314 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. Stephen Perlet, who travelled through Scot- 
 land in 1553, found no difference between the 
 common people of England and of Scotland, as 
 he expresses it, ' in dress, conditions, or sta- 
 ture.'* 
 
 England. Coaches and caroches are both mentioned as 
 Caroches. being in use. Though apparently synonymous, 
 these were different [4G] vehicles, the one larger 
 than the other. 
 
 Coaches, it has already been said, were intro- 
 duced to England [47] by the Earl of Arundel. 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [46] ' May'st draw him to the keeping of a coach 
 For country, and caroch for London.' 
 
 [Green's " Tu Ouoque.'* 
 * In horse-litters, coaches, or caroaches.' 
 
 [Ram Alley, or Merry Tricks, Act 4, Sc. 1. 
 [47] The following quotation from a late ingenious ' Inquiry 
 into the Origin, 8cc. of Heraldry in England,' by Mr. Dalla- 
 way, deprives the earl of this species of merit, and carries the 
 use of coaches kept by dignified clergymen, and painted, as now, 
 with the arms which they could claim, back to A. D. 1327: 
 ' Iste turn abbas suo cun u lioiwrijice ornato cum armis ejusdem 
 eccleslce depictis, eum a castello de Berkeley adduxit, et ad 
 monasterium Glouc. est delatus.' This is taken from the ma- 
 nuscript register of the abbey of Gloucester. 
 
 Taylor, the water poet, attributes the introduction of coaches, 
 in 1564, to William Bloomer, a Dutchman, who became coach- 
 man to Ouecu Elizabeth. 'Indeed,' quoth Taylor, ' a coach was 
 a strange monster in those days, and the sight of it put both 
 
 horse 
 -'•'■ Antiquarian Repertory, vol. i. p. 236. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, 8CC. 815 
 
 The novelty and convenience of the plan gave Cent.xvi, 
 so much pleasure to the people of fortune, that, 
 in 1601, the number of them becoming enor- 
 mous, an act was proposed ' to restrayne the im- 
 moderate use of " Coches;" it failed however at 
 the second reading. But these luxurious ma- 
 chines were only used by the rich ; and hackney 
 coaches were not known till fifty years afterwards. 
 
 Numbers of domestics were still in request, Nume- 
 , , , . . . rous do- 
 
 although retainers were not permitted. mestics. 
 
 ' The English,' says Hentzner, ' are lovers of 
 shew, liking to be followed wherever they go by 
 whole troops of servants, who wear their master's 
 arms in silver, fastened to their left arms.' 
 
 The post-horses of England astonished the Conveni- 
 German traveller by their swiftness. ' Their ve nj nff " 
 bridles,' he observes, ' are very light, and their 
 saddles little more than a span over.'+ 
 
 It has been said before that the first general p; rs t s ta- 
 statute for repairing the highways of England tute [ or 
 
 . *"" mending 
 
 passed in 1555-t Six more acts in Mary's high- 
 
 reign, wa ^ s * 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 horse and foot into amazement. Some said it was a great crab- 
 shell brought out of China; and some thought it one of the 
 Pagan temples in which the Cannibals adored the divell. But 
 at last all these doubts were cleared up, and coach making 
 became a substantial trade.' 
 
 * Hentzner in Fiig. Pieces, vol. ii. p. 300. 
 
 + Ibid. p. 241. 
 
 X Stat. 2 and 3 Philip and Mary, cap. 8. 
 
316 
 
 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. r eign, and nineteen in that of Elizabeth > on the 
 
 same subject, prove the difficulty of bringing the 
 
 highways into good order. 
 
 r No species of commodity was more apparent 
 
 dious fur- in England than that in the article of furniture, 
 
 1 ure ' and particularly in what related to beds. 
 
 ' Our fathers, yea and we ourselves,' writes 
 Harrison, ' have lien full oft upon straw pallets, 
 on rough mats, covered oniy with a sheat, under 
 coverlets made of dogswayne or hop-harlot, and 
 a good round leg laid under their heads insteed 
 of a bolster or pillow. And if the good man of 
 the house, within seven yeares after his marriage, 
 purchased a matteress or a flock bed, and thereto 
 a sacke of chaffe to rest his head on, he thought 
 himself as well lodged as the lord of the towne. 
 As for servantes, seldome had they anie sheat 
 under their bodies to keepe them from the prick- 
 ing strawes that ran through the canvas of the 
 pallet, and rased their hardened hydes.' This, 
 and the extreme rusticity and deficience of all 
 furniture the observant historian contrasts with 
 the ' great provision of tapestrie, Turkey worke, 
 joined beds, with tapestrie and silk hangings/ 
 
 English 
 inns de- 
 scribed. 
 
 The English inns are spoken of with great 
 approbation by Hentzner. Fynes Moryson too, 
 a traveller of established veracity, makes their 
 simple eulogy as follows : 
 
 •As 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, SCC. 317 
 
 ' As * soone as a passenger comes to an inne, Ccnt.xvr. 
 the servants run to him, and one takes his horse 
 and walkes him till he be cold, then rubs him down 
 and Q-ives him meat. Another servant o-ives the 
 passenger his private chamber, and kindles his 
 fire ; the thirds pulls off his bootes and makes 
 them cleane ; then the host or hostess visits him; 
 and if he will eate with the hoste, or at a common 
 table with others, his meale will cost him six- 
 pence, or in some places but four-pence ; but if 
 he will eate in his chamber he commands Avhat 
 meate he will according to his appetite ; yea the 
 kitchen is open to him to order the meate to be 
 dressed as he likes beste. After having eaten what 
 he pleases, he may, with credit, set by a part for 
 the next day's breakfast. His bill will then be 
 written for him, and, should he object to any 
 charge, the host is ready to alter it.' 
 
 The same traveller complains not of the inns j nns r 
 in Scotland, but says, that ' the beds were like Scotland, 
 cupboards in the wall, and that they had only 
 one sheet, open at the sides and top, and closed 
 at the bottom ;' viz. a long sheet doubled over. 
 
 On the interesting subject of courtship, there c ourt . 
 appears a remark in a MS belonging to the Har- » ni P- 
 leian library, which possesses a delicacy which we 
 unwillingly allow to the sixteenth century: ' By 
 the civil law, whatever is given " ex sponsalitia 
 
 largitate. 
 
 Moryson's Itinerary, part iii, p. 151. 
 
318 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Centxvi. l ar gjtate, betwixt them that are promised in mar- 
 riage," hath a condition, for the most part silent, 
 that it may be had again if marriage ensue not ; 
 but if the man should have had a kiss for his 
 money he should lose one half of what he gave. 
 Yet with the woman it is otherwise ; for kissing 
 or not kissing, whatever she gave, she may have 
 it again.'* 
 , Among people of condition, weddings ap- 
 
 dings. pear to have been solemnized with shew and 
 gaiety. In the ' Silent Woman' of Ben Jonson, 
 Lady Haughty reproaches the bridegroom thus : 
 4 We see no ensigns of a wedding here, no cha- 
 racter of a bridale here. Where be our skarves 
 and our gloves ? I pray you give them us ; let us 
 know your bride's colours and your's, at least.' 
 Then she proceeds : ' You to offend in such a 
 high point of ceremony as this ! and let your 
 nuptials want all marks of solemnity ! What 
 plate have you lost to-day! [48] what gifts! 
 what friends ! and all through your rusticity.' 
 She adds, ' I intimate all your errors to you; no 
 gloves, no garters, no skarves, no epithalamium, 
 no masque,' k.c. k.c. 
 
 Of 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [481 Hence it seems to have been usual to make presents to 
 the married pair, in proportion to the gay appearance of their 
 Wedding. 
 
 * Extract, apud Strutt's Customs, vol, iii. p. 155. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. 319 
 
 Of an inferior couple we * are told, ' the bride Ce»»t.xvi. 
 being attired in a gown of sheep's russet, and a inferior, 
 kertle of fine worsted, her hair attired with a'bil- 
 liment of gold, and her hair as yellow as gold 
 hanging down behind her, which was curiously 
 combed and plaited after the manner of those 
 days; she was led to church between two sweet 
 boys, with bridelaces and [49] rosemary tied 
 about their silken sleeves. There was a fair 
 bride-cup [50] of silver, gilt, carried before her, 
 wherein was a goodly branch of rosemary, gilded 
 very fair, hung about with silken ribbands of all 
 colours.' Musicians came next, then a groupe of 
 maidens, some bearing great bride-cakes, others 
 garlands of wheat finely gilded ; and thus they 
 passed on to the church.' 
 
 The thorough rustic wore, on his wedding day* 
 * a leather doublet with long pointes, and a pair 
 
 of 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [49] Rosemary was supposed to strengthen memory, and was 
 not only carried as funerals, but worn at weddings. 
 
 [Mr. Steevens' Notes on Hamlet, Act 4, Sc. 5. 
 
 * Besides, the same rosemary that serves for the funeral will 
 serve for the wedding.' [The Old Law, Act 4, Sc. 1. 
 
 4 fliis. Your master is to be married to-day ? 
 Trim. Else all this rosemary is lost.' . 
 
 [The Fair Quarrel, Act 5, Sc. 1. 
 [50] The cup had wine in it, which was to be drank in the 
 church. 
 
 ' And Peter, when we are at church, bring wine and cakes.' 
 
 [Dekker's Satiromastix. 
 
 * Hist, of Jack of Newbury, 4to, chap. ii. not paged. 
 
3 l 20 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvr. f breeches pinn'd up like pudding-bags, with 
 yellow stockings, and his hat turn'd up with a 
 silver clasp on the leer-side.'* 
 
 Early ^ne m, g nt suppose, by the invectives used by 
 
 mam- a satirical writer,-!- against early marriages, that it 
 ages. . 11 i 
 
 was the custom, among all ranks, to marry at an 
 
 age ridiculously early. [5 l] But this is not con- 
 firmed by any of his contemporaries. 
 
 Scotland. In Scotland nothing could be freer from cere- 
 
 Wed- mony than a wedding. Sir George Mackenzie, 
 
 dings free who wrote in an early part of the seventeenth 
 from ce- . § • 
 
 remony. century, says, ' It is not necessary that marriage 
 
 should be celebrated by a clergyman. The con- 
 sent of parties may be declared before any ma- 
 gistrate, or simply before witnesses. And though 
 no formal consent should appear, marriage is pre- 
 sumed from the cohabitation, or living together 
 at bed and board, of a man and a woman who ai e 
 generally reputed husband and wife. One's ac- 
 knowledgement of his marriage to the midwife 
 
 whom 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [51] c You shall have every saucy boy of ten, fourteene, 
 sixteene, or twenty yeares of age, catch up a woman and 
 marry her, without any feare of God at all, or respect had 
 either to her religion, wisdom,' Sec. ' Xo, no, it maketh no 
 matter for these things, so he have his prettie pussie to hugglc 
 withal, for that is the only thing he desireth.' 
 
 [Anatomie of Abuses. 
 * Tonson's Tale of a Tub. 
 + Stubs' Anatomie of Abuses, p. 65. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. ^ 1. MANNERS, &C. 321 
 
 whom he called to his wife, and to the minister ^™* 
 who baptized the child, was found presumptive 
 evidence of a marriage, without the aid either of 
 cohabitation or of ' habite and repute.'* 
 
 Among the customs of the sixteenth century Tobacco, 
 there was not one more prominent, nor more 
 lasting, than that of smoking, or (as it was the 
 mode to call it) taking tobacco. 
 
 This herb, introduced by the Spaniards to Eu- 
 rope about the middle of the age, was called, in 
 France, ' Nicotiana,' from Nicot, the ambassador 
 to Portugal,* who presenting a specimen of it to 
 Catharine di Medicis, it gained the additional 
 title of ' the Queen's Herb.' 
 
 It reached England in 1586, imported by the 
 remains of Sir Walter Raleigh's unfortunate set- 
 tlers in Virginia. Sir Walter himself was one of 
 its first admirers, but for some time preserved 
 great secresy in his attachment. By a ridiculous 
 accident [52] the foible was discovered ; J Sir 
 
 Walter 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 £52] Sir Walter, as his biographers relate, was enjoying 
 his pipe in solitude, forgetful that he had ordered his servant 
 to attend him with a goblet of ale. The faithful domestic 
 suddenly entering the study, and finding, as he thought, his 
 
 master's 
 
 * Principles of Laws of Scotland, edit. 1764, p. 6. 
 
 + Chambers' Dictionary, Art. Tobacco. 
 
 % Applebee's Journal, Sept. 18, 1731. 
 
 Vol. II. y 
 
2'13 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. Walter then ' took' tobacco publicly, and gra- 
 dually it became a general favorite; and when 
 Stowe, a few years after its introduction, wrote 
 of it, ; it was commonly used by most men and 
 many women;' yet the severe annalist calls it 
 ' that stinking weed, so much abused to God's dis- 
 honor.' James of Scotland detested the custom, 
 and it appears that his example and influence, 
 together with the severity of his sarcasms [53] on 
 its followers,* prevented its obtaining many vo- 
 taries in the North. 
 
 Tilth*"-. r ^ ne taste ^ or ^ ts anc ^ tournaments had not quit- 
 ted England. A romantic compliment to Eliza- 
 beth contributed to its duration. Sir Henry Lee, 
 knight of the garter, had vowed that he would, 
 
 each 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 master's brains on fire, and evaporating in smoke and flame 
 through his. nostrils, did his utmost to extinguish the con- 
 flagration, by emptying his goblet on Sir Walter's head ; and, 
 rushing out of the room, alarmed the family with an account of 
 the frightful scene he had witnessed. When, many years 
 afterwards, the gallant knight's fate drew near, he smoked two 
 pipes publicly on the scaffold. 
 
 [53] After the prolix monarch has given six copious rea- 
 sons why tobacco may be said to resemble the infernal regions, 
 he adds, ' were I to invite the devil to a dinner he should have 
 these three dishes ; 1. a pig, 2. a poole of ling and mustard, 
 and 3. a pipe of tobacco for digesture.' 
 
 [Apophthegms! 
 * Apophthegms of K. James, p. 5, printed 1071. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. S23 
 
 each year of his life, until disabled by age, pre- ^"^^^J' 
 sent himself annually at the tilt-yard as his 
 sovereign's knight. This e;ave rise to annual 
 contentions in the lists. Twenty five of the 
 first persons in the nation, among whom were 
 Lord Leicester, Sir Christopher Hatton, kc. 
 formed a society of arms. In 1590, Sir Henry 
 Lee, yielding to age and infirmities, resigned his 
 honorable post, and solemnly invested the cele- 
 brated Earl of Cumberland with the envied dig- 
 nity." This was the last effort of expiring chi- 
 valry. The successor of Elizabeth neither loved 
 arms nor warlike sports. 
 
 Pageants and shews of the most costly kind 
 were the favorite amusements of the court ; nor 
 had Elizabeth more amusement in the sights, than 
 her subjects in the narration. The chronicles of 
 Speed and Holingshed are full of these pompous 
 digressions, and the ' Princely Pleasures of Ke- 
 nelworth Castle' have found materials for a con- 
 siderable book. 
 
 The queen could however sometimes descend Eliza- 
 to more trivial sports, and could join the lowest more 
 of her people in their taste for the most bai barous homely 
 of amusements; but this was not until that pe- i 
 riod, when in the decline of life, she wished to 
 seem juvenile, sprightly, and healthful. 
 
 y 2 ' Her 
 
 * Pennant's London, p. 103, 
 
324 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 ^!*^^i ' ^ er rna j est y/ sa y s Rowland White in the 
 Sidney Papers, ' says she is very well. This day 
 she appoints a Frenchman to doe fentes upon a 
 rope in the conduit court. To-morrow she hath 
 commanded the beares, the bull, and the ape, to 
 be bayted in the tilt-yard; and on Wednesday 
 she will have solemne dawncing.' [54] 
 
 It 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [54] Selden, in his Table Talk, thus describes this amuse- 
 ment: ' The court of England is much altered; at a solemn 
 dancing first you had the grave measures, then the coranfoes 
 and the galliards, and this kept up with ceremony ; and at 
 length to Treochmore * and the cushion dance. Then all the 
 company dances, lord and lady, groom and kitchen maid, 
 no distinction. So in our court, in Queen Elizabeth's time, 
 gravity and state were kept up; in King James's time, things 
 were pretty well: but, in King Charles's time, there has been 
 nothing but Trenchmore and the cushion dance; omnium 
 gatherum, troly poly, hoity toity !' 
 
 [Article, ' King of England.' 
 Another more elegant dance, the La Volta, is thus painted 
 by Sir John Davies in his ' Orchestra,' and may be supposed 
 not unlike the German Waltz: 
 
 * Yet there is one, the most delightful kind, 
 A lofty jumping, or a leaping round, 
 Where, arm in arm, two dancers are entwin'd, 
 
 And whirl themselves, in strict embracements bound, 
 And still their feet an anapest do sound ; 
 An anapest is all their music's song, 
 Whose first two feet are short, the rest are long.' 
 Look to Harrington's ' Orlando Furioso,' for a more ludi- 
 crous exemplification of the La Volta. Book XV. Stanza 43. 
 *Or Fienchmore. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. 325 
 
 It does not appear that Elizabeth copied her Cent.xvi. 
 father in that warm attachment to hawking* which 
 had nearly cost him his Kfe. [55] She hunted 
 however sometimes; and her presence once at a 
 chase, in her park at Oatlands, inspired the un- 
 der-keeper, John Selwyn, with such activity 
 that, riding hard, and overtaking the stag, he 
 sprung from his horse on the beast; and, after 
 gracefully maintaining his position some time, 
 he drew his sword, and being near the queen, 
 plunged it in the throat of the animal,+ so that 
 it fell down dead at the feet of Elizabeth. [56] 
 
 The sports of the field were much followed by 
 the nobility and gentry, but not with the same 
 glee as when a prince was at their head. The 
 taste, as well as the sexual propriety of Eliza- 
 beth, led her rather to patronize the gay splen- 
 dor of pageants and spectacles, than the more 
 masculine perils of the chase. 
 
 But 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [55] When, absorbed in the pursuit of his sport, he fell 
 into a muddy ditch, and had nearly been stifled. 
 
 [56] Tradition and sculpture unite to prove this feat cf 
 agility. On his monument, in the church of Walton, Surrey, 
 John Selwyn, is pourtrayed in the act of stabbing the beast. At 
 his death, iu 1587, he had five sons and six daughters living. 
 » Hall's Union, fol. 130, B. 
 + Antiquarian Repertory, yoI. i. p. 27. 
 
326 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. j} u t justing; in the lists, pageants, and shows, 
 hunting, hawking, 8cc.were the amusements chief- 
 Sports of iy of the polished ranks of society. The middling 
 chss°in- and lower people were savage and inhuman in 
 human. t i ie ; r S p or ts. Baiting of animals, and even more 
 pointedly cruel [57] scenes, formed their chief 
 pleasures; until the refined amusements of the 
 drama, possessing themselves by degrees of the 
 public taste, if they did not mend the morals of 
 the age, at least forced brutal barbarity to quit 
 the stage. While it lasted it sometimes met with 
 sharp reprimands from the satirists of the time; 
 and Crowley, a poet of whom little is known, 
 
 lashes 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [571 Paul Hentzner, a traveller frequently quoted in this 
 work, after describing the baiting of bulls and bears, adds, 
 * To this entertainment there often follows that of whipping 
 a blinded bear ; which is performed by five«.or six men, stand- 
 ing circularly with whips, which they exercise on him without 
 mercy, as he cannot escape from them because of his chain. He 
 defends himself with all his force and skill, throwing down 
 all those that come within his reach, and are not active enough 
 to o-et out of it; and tearing their whips out of their hands, 
 and breaking them. At this spectacle, and every where else, 
 the English,' he adds, ' are constantly smoking tobacco.' 
 
 A much more harmless recreation we find recorded by the 
 same writer. They are ' vastly fond of great noises that (ill 
 the ear, such as the firing of cannon, drums, See So that it is 
 common for a number of them that have got a glass in theii 
 heads, to go up into some belfry and ring the bells for hours 
 together, for the sake of exercise.' 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, 8CC. 597 
 
 lashes the imprudence rather than the cruelty Cent.xvi. 
 of bear-baiting with some spirit. 
 
 The variegated persecutions of the wretched Other 
 bears were not, how r ever, the only amusements t^e'lower 
 of the lower classes. There is extant* a licence ranks, 
 dated 1572, permitting one John Swinton Powt- 
 ter to use ' playes and games on nine severall 
 Sondaies ;' and because ' greate resorte of peo- 
 ple is lyke to come thereunto,' he is to have 
 proper persons to keep peace and quiet ' during 
 the contynuance of such playes and games,' 
 such as ' shotynge with the brode arrowe,' ' the 
 leppinge for men,' ' the pytchynge the barre, 
 and the lyke.' 
 
 In an old moralitie we find two or three other 
 games of the sixteenth century : 
 
 ' Give them that which is meete for them — a 
 racket and ball, k.c. 
 
 ' Playing at coytes or nine hooles, or shooting 
 at buttes,' Scat 
 
 But the games of the age seem to be most 
 aptly thrown together by Randal Holme of 
 Chester, who has included the sports of the 
 younger race ; some of them are unintelligible: 
 1 And they dare challenge for to throw the Cata . 
 sledge ; logue of 
 
 To jumpe or lepe over ditch or hedge; sports. 
 
 To wrastle, play at stool-balle, or to runne; 
 
 To pitch the barre or to shote ofTe the eunne: 
 
 To 
 
 * Warton's Hist, of Eng. Poetry, vol. iii. p. 328, note e. 
 + Dodsley's Old Plays, vol. ii. New Custom, Act. 1. Sc. 1. 
 
328 HISTORY Otf GREAT BRITAIN. Book VIL 
 
 Centxvi. j" pl a y a t loggets, nineholes, or ten piunes; 
 To trye it oute at foteballe by the shinnes; 
 At ticke taeke, seize noddy, maw, or ruffe; 
 Hot cockles, leape frogge, or blindman'sbuffe; 
 To drinke the halfer pottes, or deale att the 
 
 whole caniie ; 
 To plav at cliesse, or pue, and inke-horenne ; 
 To dauncethe morris, playe att barley breake ; 
 At alie exploytes a man canthynke or speake ; 
 Att shoye-grpte, venter poynte, att crosse and 
 
 pyle; 
 Att " Beshrewe him that's last att any style;" 
 Att lepynge ovir a Christmas bon fyer, 
 Or att the "drawynge dame owte o'themyre;" 
 At " Shoote cock, Greg'ry," stoole-ball, and 
 
 what not; 
 Picke-poynt, top, and scourge to make him 
 
 hotte.'* 
 When we have added to these the games of 
 which Richard JBrome's Meriel+ speaks with such 
 pleasure, viz. ' See my gossip's cock to-day?' 
 ' Mould cockle-bread,' ' Dance clutter de pouch 
 and hannykyn booby,' and ' Binde barrels,' we 
 shall probably know at least the names of the 
 favorite amusements in the sixteenth century. 
 But the sports of the - Lord of Misrule,' the 
 t Maie-games,' the ' Church-ales,' and the 
 
 ' Wakes/ 
 
 * MS. Harl. Libr. No. 2057, apud Strutt's Customs, Sec. 
 + Jovial Crew, Act. 2, Sc. 1. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C 3<29 
 
 { Wakes,' are still wantipg ere the catalogue be ^j* J^- 
 complete. The first-named of these was cele- 
 brated with a costly solemnity which proved at 
 the same time its antiquity, and the favor in 
 which it stood. The heads of each parish chose 
 the ' lord,' and he then appointed from 20 to 
 100 guardsmen. Each oi these put on a livery 
 of an uniform colour, and adurned himself with 
 rings, baubles, and bells. With these comrades 
 the Lord of Misrule paraded, his band of music 
 preceding, to the church, (for Sunday was the 
 favorite day for the procession) and triumphed 
 in drawing the attention of the congregation 
 [oS] from the preacher. The day was con- 
 cluded with feasting and dancing. The ' Maie- 
 games' were celebrated with somewhat more 
 ceremony than in modern times ; the Wakes, 
 &c. are still in use, exactly as in the days of 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 We 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [5S] Nothing, the theatre excepted, galled the Puritan party 
 so much as this wild and hardly defensible sport. Stubs em- 
 ploys a double portion of acrimony against it. ' Rich handker- 
 chiefs in their hands, borrowed, for the most part, of their 
 pretty Mopsies and loving Bessies.' ' Then have they their 
 hobby-horses, their dragons, and other antiques, together with 
 their baud ie pipers and their thundering drummers, to strike 
 up the devil's daunce withal.' ' Their pypers pyping, their 
 belles jyngling, their hankerchiefs fluttering about their heads 
 like madmen, their hobbie-horses and other monsters skirmish- 
 ing among the throng,' Sec. kc. See. [Anatomie of Abuses. 
 
330 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII, 
 
 Cent. xvi. \y e now come to a species of amusement 
 The stage winch furnished pleasure to all ranks; that of 
 the stage. The mysteries and moralities have 
 been spoken of in another section : their extra- 
 vagances were too glaring even for the unpo- 
 lished audiences of Elizabeth's age, enlighten- 
 ed as they began to be by printing and the re- 
 formation. These solemn absurdities sunk sradu- 
 ally into oblivion; although some of the least 
 eccentric were performed by the children of St. 
 Paul's school, after the company of parish clerks 
 had given them up, as late as theyear 1618. 
 
 When the regular dramatic pieces had once 
 gained possession of the stage, their progress 
 was rapid. The people hailed them as mines of 
 pleasure, and were never satiated with the ores 
 they produced. 
 
 The earliest patent for acting { comedies, tra- 
 gedies, enterludes,' 8cc. which Mr. Steevens (the 
 most accurate and diligent of searchers into 
 scenic antiquity, and to whose ' Prolegomena' 
 the author owns with gratitude that he owes 
 most of the following intelligence), can produce, 
 is dated in 1574; yet, very early in the next 
 
 ^ U111C ," century, at least fifteen licensed theatres [59! 
 rous the- ' ' a L J 
 
 atres. were open to the inhabitants of London. 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [59] Besides these public exhibitions in the dramatic line, 
 (here were many noblemen who kept, or at least protected, 
 
 companies 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS. &C. 331 
 
 The best plays (particularly those of Shake- < ^^ 
 spear) were acted chiefly at the ' Blackfryars 1 
 theatre, where were the most polished audiences, 
 or at the ' Globe' on the southern bank of the 
 Thames, which lying close to the bear-garden, 
 had the manners of its audience much contami- 
 nated by that brutal neighbourhood The ' For- Size of 
 tune' also was a large house. [60] That in Salis- ' heatrcs - 
 bury-court was small. [61] 
 
 A flag was hoisted on the front of each theatre, 
 probably only during the performance. 
 
 The price of admittance to the best places Prices of 
 at the superior theatres was, as late as 1614, only paces * 
 one shilling ; and at the inferior ones one penny 
 or two pence would gain admission to an indif- 
 ferent j)lace. 
 
 Some 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 companies of players that sometimes performed at their houses, 
 and sometimes at the common theatres. Shakespear's Romeo 
 and Juliet -was acted by ' the Lord Hunsdon's servants' in 159C. 
 Even as lately as the year 1715, Griffin's ' Injured Virtue, or 
 the Virgin Martyr,' was advertised as ' acted at the Richmond 
 Theatre, by the Duke of Southampton and Cleveland's ser- 
 vants.' 
 
 [GO] i A roaring girl, whose notes till now ne'er were, 
 
 Shall fill with laughter our vast theatre.' 
 
 [Prologue to The Roaring Girl. 
 [6l] ' When other's fill'd rooms with neglect disdain yc, 
 My little house with thanks shall entertain ye.' 
 
 [Prologue to Tottenham Court, 
 acted at Salisbury Court. 
 
3<23 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 CentXVL Some of the genteelest spectators, particularly 
 the critics, [62] sat on the stage, and paid iron* 
 six to twelve pence for their stools ; they were 
 attended by pages, who furnished them with pipes 
 and tobacco ; the stage was strewed with rushes. 
 [63] The curtain drew not up, but was drawn 
 back on each side. [C4] At the back of the stage 
 there was a kind of gallery, eight or ten feet 
 higher than the floor, whence the actors often 
 spoke. 
 Sir Philip Whether or no there was a change of scenes 
 Sidney's j s D y no means a clear point. The humorous 
 raillery of Sir Philip Sidney would lead us to sup- 
 pose that there was none. ' Now,' says he, de- 
 scribing the state of the stage, ' you shall see three 
 ladies walke to gather flowers, and then we must 
 believe the stage to be a garden. By and by we 
 heare newes of a shipwracke in the same place ; 
 then we are to blame if we accept it not for a 
 rocke. Upon the back of that comes out a hi- 
 deous monster with fire and smoke ; then the 
 
 miserable 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [02] ' And though you be a magistrate of wit, and sil on the 
 • '<ige at Blackfriars to arraigne plaies, &x. 
 
 [Preface to the first Folio Edition of 
 
 SlIAKESPEAR. 
 
 [63] ' On the verie rushes where the coraedie is to daunce.' 
 [Decker's Gull's Hokn-book. 
 [64] ' Now draw the curtaines for our scene is done.' 
 
 [Epilogue to Tancred and Gishunda. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &c. 335 
 
 miserable beholders are bound to take it for a ( ^;^*; 
 cave. While in the mean time two armies fly 
 in, represented with four swords and two buck- 
 lers; and then what hard heart will not receive 
 it for a pitched field.'* 
 
 It appears probable that the deficiency of scenes 
 was supplied by the names of each place being 
 written in laro-e characters of the staere on each 
 change. [65] 
 
 The sta^e was lighted with branches like those Lights. 
 now hung in churches. 
 
 Before the exhibition began, three flourishes, Music. 
 soundings, [66] or pieces of music were played ; 
 and music was likewise played between the acts. 
 The instruments chiefly used were trumpets, cor- 
 nets and hautboys. 
 
 The person who spoke the prologue was 
 ushered in by trumpets, and usually wore a long 
 black velvet cloak. [67] An epilogue was not 
 looked on as a necessary appendage to a play. 
 
 Perukes 
 
 NOTES. 
 [65] ' What child is there that coming to a play, and 
 seeing Thebes written upon an old door, doth believe that it 
 is Thebes. 
 
 [66] ' Come, let's but think ourselves what may be found 
 To deceive time with till the second sound.' 
 
 [Notes from Blackfriars, 1617. 
 [67] < As he 
 
 That with a little beard, a long black cloak, 
 * Defence of Poesie, 1595, Sign. H 4. 
 
 With 
 
and 
 masques 
 
 334 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. Perukes and masques were part of the stage 
 Perukes paraphernalia, and the female parts were per- 
 formed, during -he first hundred years of the 
 English, stage, by young; men.* 
 Habits The stige dresses were bat indifferent : those 
 
 mean. even at the Globe and at Blackfriars were scan- 
 tily furnished. [OS] 
 
 One dramatic piece composed the whole enter- 
 tainment of the day. 
 
 The amusements of the audience before the 
 play began were various ; some read or played at 
 cards ; others drank ale or smoked tobacco. 
 Hours of Plays, in the early days of the drama, began 
 acting about one [69] in the afternoon, and lasted gene- 
 rally about two hours. 
 
 Although there were no newspapers, yet the 
 p • . lis were visible every where ; and the play, 
 with all the circumstances of its horrors or its 
 
 gaieties. 
 
 early. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 With a starch'd face and supple leg, has spoke 
 Before the plays this twelvemonth.' 
 [68] ' O curiosity ! You come to see who weares the new suit 
 to day, Sec. Sec. what king playes without cufl'es and his queen 
 without gloves; who rides post in stockings and dances in boots/ 
 Sec. 
 
 [Induction to 'Jon son's Staple of News.' 
 [60] ' Fuscus doihrise at ten, and at eleven 
 
 He goes to Gyl's, where he doth eat till o?ie, 
 Then sees a play.' [Epigrams by Sir. J. Davits. 
 * Prolegomena to Shakespear, p. 29- 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &c. 33.5 
 
 gaieties, was brought before the public eye upon Cent.xvr. 
 posts [70] and public places. 
 
 When an author sold his play to the stage, the Price of a 
 customary price was twenty nobles," or six P y * 
 pounds thirteen shillings and four-pence. On 
 the first day of a new piece the price of admission 
 was raised. [7 l] 
 
 Dramatic poets had entrance to the theatres 
 gratis. [72] 
 
 The custom of passing a final sentence-*- on a Catcalls. 
 play on its first exhibition began with the theatres, 
 and the assistance of the catcalls [73] was even 
 then invoked by the critics. 
 
 Plays 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 70] 'Master Field the player riding fast up Fleet-street was 
 called to by a gentleman, and asked " what was the play?" 
 He, angry at being stopped for such a trifle, cried, " You may 
 see it on every post." "Cry you mercy!" said the gentle- 
 man, " I took j/ou for a post, you rode so fast.' 
 
 [Taylor, the Water Poet's ' Wit and Mirth.' 
 [71] 'So when the Fox had ten times acted been, 
 
 Each day was first, but that 'twas cheaper seen.' 
 [Verses by J. Mayne, to the Memory of 
 Ben Jonson. 
 [72] ' They grace you with a chayre upon the stage, 
 And take no money of you, nor your page.' 
 
 [Notes from Blackfriars, 1617. 
 [73] Decker, in his ' Gull's Hornbook,' advises the snarling 
 critic to ' whew' at the children's action, to whistle at the songs, 
 and to mew at the passionate speeches.. 
 
 * Prolegomena, p. 43. t Ibid. p. 4(5. 
 
336 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent.xvi. Plays were performed on Sundays [74] only, 
 Acting or. for some time; bul after 1579 they were acied 
 Sundays. ( Q Sundays and other days indiscriminately.* 
 
 h Mas the state of the English stage at the 
 commencement of the seventeenth century. It 
 flourished apparently ; but it had for its foes a 
 race of men, stern, inflexible, and unforgiving; 
 who, by incessant obloquy and reproach (not al- 
 ways unmerited) pursued it first to unpopularity, 
 and at length to annihilation. 
 Manners The prejudices of the Puritans against drama- 
 atres re- ^' c en ^rtainments were from the beginning very 
 prehensi- strong, and not altogether ill-founded, if we may 
 trust to the representation of Stowe, Holingshed, 
 8cc. The licentiousness of the stage was indeed so 
 great, that it became necessary (after the lord- 
 mavor and other magistrates had in vain tried to 
 reform it) to obtain an order of the queen and 
 council to mark the proper restrictions for the 
 conduct of the actors ' But,' says Stowe, 'these 
 orders were not so well observed as they should 
 be; the lewd matters of pla)S increased,' and they 
 were thought dangerous to religion, the state, ho. 
 nesty of manners, and also for infection in the time 
 of sickness. On these accounts they were after- 
 wards. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [74] ' And seldom have they leisure for a play 
 Or masij.e except upon God's holiday.' 
 * Prolegomena, p. Ji. 
 
Ch.VII. Part I. § 1. manners, &c. 377 
 
 wards, for some time, (within the limits of the Cent.xvi. 
 city of London) totally suppressed.* This sup- 
 pression was probably very short. 
 
 In another place he acrimoniously remarks of 
 the theatres, 
 
 * Here maids and good citizens children were 
 inveigled and allured to private and unmeet con- 
 tracts ; here were publicly uttered popular and 
 seditious matters ; unchaste, uncomely, and un- 
 shamefaced speeches; and many other enormi- 
 ties.' And again, 
 
 ' The people assembled at the whore-ater (the 
 the-atre I would say) were so amazed that they 
 made haste to be gone.' Thus wofully and pu- 
 ritanically puns the well-meaning Holingshed, 
 speaking of the shock of an earthquake felt at 
 London in I580.+ But these censures were can- 
 did and gentle compared to those which abound- 
 ed in the treatises of the day. [75] 
 
 In 
 
 NOTES. 
 [75] * If,' says one of the most acrid, 4 you will learne 
 falshood and cosenage; to deceive and to play the hypocrite; 
 to cog, to lie, and falsifie ; if you will learne to jest, to laugh, 
 to fleere, to grinne, to nodde and mowe ; to play the vice, to 
 sweare, teare, and blaspheme both heaven and earth ; if you 
 will learne to become a baud, uncleane, to devirginate maides, 
 to defloure honest wives ; if you will learne to murther, slay, 
 
 picke, 
 * Survey of London, Book V. p. 246* 
 + Holingshed, 1311, 30. 
 
 Vol. IL z 
 
358 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent. xvi. j u a pamphlet printed in 1649 is the earliest 
 Company notice of the young company of comedians formed 
 
 of > L ; n S of the royal choristers. It is called the ' Chil- 
 
 couiecu- J 
 
 ans. dren of the Chapel, stript and whipt,' and says, 
 ' Plaies will never be supprest while hermajestie's 
 unfledared minions flaunt it in silkes and sattens. 
 They had as well be at their Popish service in 
 the divell's garments.' The work proceeds with 
 language still more scurrilous. 
 
 Scottish If we are to judge of the attachment of the 
 Scottish gentry to the sports of the field, by the 
 number of laws made to secure their game, it 
 must be great indeed, since the prohibitory acts 
 passed by the legislature, during the latter half 
 of the sixteenth century, are numerous and se- 
 vere. One of the earliest promulgated in the 
 infancy of Queen Mary, A. D. 1555," very ra- 
 tionally forbids the treading down fences, young 
 wood, corn, 8cc. and directs that no partridge 
 should be killed before St. Michael's day. 
 
 Game The last act of the prohibitory kind, before the 
 
 accession of James to the English crown, is found 
 
 in 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 picke, steal, rob and rove; if you will learne to play the 
 whoremaster, the glutton, drunkard, or incestuous person, &c. 
 &c. 8cc. you neede go to no other school.' 
 
 [Stubs' Anatomie of Abuses. 
 Stat. 51, Pari. 6, Marie. 
 
Ch. VII. Pt. I. § 1. MANNERS, &C. 339 
 
 in 1690. * It is remarkably minute, and describes Cent.xvi, 
 by name nineteen sorts of game which are neither 
 to be bought or sold on penalty of one hundred 
 pounds. It closes with a limitation as to the 
 time of beginning ' to eate moor poute, or par- 
 tridge poute ;' before which period ' for youth 
 neither are they habite to give pastime, and for 
 quantity can be no wise ane great refreshment.' 
 
 Barclay, in his treatise ' Contra Monarchoma- Royal 
 chos,' gives an interesting account of a costly 
 hunting match contrived in I563 by the Earl of 
 Athol, (a prince of the blood-royal) for the 
 amusement of the unfortunate Mary Stuart. Two 
 thousand highlanders were employed to drive all 
 the deer from the countries around ; and two 
 thousand red deer, besides roes and fallow deer, 
 and some wolves, were brought together. The 
 leading stag of the herd, taking fright, burst 
 through the crowd, and was followed bv the 
 whole corps of animals. Several of the high-rjangei 
 landers were wounded, and two or three slain ous « 
 outright. The rear, however, of the herd being 
 cut off, there fell 360 deer, five wolves, and some 
 roes. 
 
 The traditional tales of Robin Hood had passed Robin 
 the borders, and supplied the Scots with a sport Hood ' 
 probably too riotous to be licensed ; since we find 
 z 2 a severe 
 
 NOTES. 
 Stat. 23, Parl.l5Jac. VI. 
 
S40 HISTORY OP GREAT BRITAIN. Book VII. 
 
 Cent, xvi a severe act made against all such as shall ' chuse 
 or be chosen Robin Hude or Little John, Abbot 
 of Unreason, or Queen of the May.' [76] Women 
 were, by the same statute, forbidden to ■ make 
 perturbation about summer trees singand' on pain 
 of being ' taken, handled, and put upon the auck> 
 stule.'* 
 Game of The § ame °f ' Golf ' appears to be peculiar to 
 Golf. the Scots, -f and to have been of very antient 
 practice among them. Even as early as A. D. 
 I457, there was a law enacted % to restrain that 
 game, and foot ball, as lessening the attention to 
 archery. It is played commonly on rugged 
 broken ground, covered with short grass and 
 bents, in the neighbourhood of the sea-shore. A 
 field of this sort is, in Scotland, called { Links.' 
 The game is generally played in parties of one or 
 two on each side. Each party has an exceed- 
 ingly hard ball, somewhat larger than a hen's egg : 
 
 this 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [76] In 1561, the men of Edinburgh were so much dis- 
 gusted with the prohibition of this favorite spectacle, that 
 they flew to arms, robbed passengers, rescued a comrade 
 condemned to death, and broke in pieces the gibbet on which 
 he was to have suffered ; confined their magistrates in the tol- 
 booth, and in the end obtained an indemnity by force. It is 
 probable that this riotous game continued unmolested, since the 
 General Assembly, in 1592, complain of the profanation inci- 
 dent to the Sabbath, by ' making of Robin Hood.' 
 
 * Scat. 61, Pari. 20 Jac. VI. + Arnot's Edinburgh, p. 360. 
 t Stat. 64, Pari. 14. Jac. II, 
 
Ch. VII. Part I. § 1. manners, &c. 54J 
 
 this they strike with a slender and elastic club, Ce»»t.xvi. 
 about four feet long, which is made heavy by an 
 addition of lead. A ball struck by this club will 
 fly 200 yards ; and the game is gained by the 
 party which can, with the fewest strokes, direct 
 the ball to a mark or hole in the ground. 
 
 Theatrical representations, chiefly drawn from Dramatic 
 the Scriptures, had been as frequent in Scotland as t ^ ts ' 
 in the South ; they had descended thence to sub- 
 jects of a more familiar kind, which were brought 
 forward with the most gross indelicacy. [7 7] 
 
 The 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 [77] A MS comedy, written by Sir David Lyndsay, was 
 preserved in the extensive collection of the late Mr. Garrick. 
 The subject was, the ingenuity of a wanton wife and her gal- 
 lants in outwitting the jealousy of a husband, aided by a fo- 
 reign precaution. This gross plot was treated with consistent 
 indelicacy; the husband, however, after much suspicion, satis- 
 fied of his wife's chastity, closes the drama thus: 
 ' By my good faith, Bess, that is true, 
 That I suspected you, sore I sue ; 
 I trow there be no man in Fife 
 That ever had so good a wife. 
 My own sweetheart, I hold it best 
 That we sit down and take our rest.' 
 The prologue to this play is ingeniously contrived to act as a 
 play-bill for the next performance. It says, 
 
 ' Our purpose is, on the sev'nth day of June, 
 (a) If weather serve, and we have rest and peace, 
 We shall be seen into our playing place, 
 In good array, about the hour of seven,' Sec. kc. 
 (a) By the second line it may be observed that the piece was 
 performed ' sub dio' in the open air, and that probably the scene 
 of acting was not totally out of the reach of civil commotion. 
 
345 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Book VIL 
 
 S^^T*-' T" ie P^ ace where these performances -were exhi- 
 bited was called ' the Play-field.' Few towns of 
 note were without them; that of Edinburgh was 
 at the ' Greenside well,' that of Coupar, in Fife, 
 was on their Castle-hill/ :;: 
 
 Abolish- One of the first operations of the reformers was 
 
 cd by the 
 
 reform- to prohibit all plays which were founded on Scrip- 
 ers ' tural stories ; and, when they gained more power 
 
 in the cabinet, as well as over the minds of their 
 hearers, they abolished all kind of dramatic enter- 
 tainments * But this gloomy cessation lasted not 
 Favored ] on2 - • James VI. tired of the ungracious restric- 
 
 byjames . & . . .« \ • r ^ 
 
 VI. tion, determined to gratify his taste lor the stage, 
 
 and wrote to Elizabeth for a company of English 
 comedians. Pleased to have the power of ob- 
 liging him, she sent instantly a detachment from 
 her own players. In vain did the clergy menace 
 the strangers with excommunication. The kin?; 
 supported the actors, and reprimanded the petu- 
 lance of the preachers ; and, the love of pleasure 
 superseding the dread of clerical censure, the 
 theatre was crowded every evening. Little more 
 is heard of these emigrants, so that it is probable 
 that they returned to London, when their royal 
 patron took possession of the English throne. 
 
 At the close of this volume, when history is 
 hastening to a new and still more polished period, 
 
 let 
 
 * Arnot's Edinburgh, p. 76. 
 
 i Book of Universal Kirk, p. 145, 161 
 
Ch. VII. Part I. § 1. manners, &c. 343 
 
 let a moment's grateful recollection be given to Cent.xvi. 
 the liberal spirit which enlightened the sixteenth 
 century. An aera which rescued literature from 
 oblivion, and the arts from neglect, and which 
 relieved a large district of Europe from fetters, 
 forged by superstition, and riveted by ambition. 
 It has brought forward the o-ood fortune of the 
 German Charles and his son Philip, which added 
 the continent of America to their vast dominions 
 in Europe; the generous fervor of the Gallic 
 Francis, vying with the taste and ! ounty of Leo 
 X. in the protection of arts, and the encourage- 
 ment of their professors ; the persevering intre- 
 pidity of Gustavus Vasa, which redeemed Sweden 
 at the same time, from the tyranny of the Roman 
 pontiff, and of the inhuman Ghristierii of Den- 
 mark; the ferocious valor of the Russian John 
 Basilowitz (himself a gross barbarian) emancipat- 
 ing his countrymen from the yoke of the Tartars, 
 still less civilized than the men of Russia; and, 
 lastly, in England, it has shewn the impetuous ca- 
 price of Henry VIII. the honest zeal of Edward, 
 and the steady policy of Elizabeth, form and per- 
 fect a reformation in religion, on principles so 
 rational as to have produced a respected and ve- 
 nerable system, remaining; firm and unshaken to 
 the present day, and acknowledged (even by the 
 general foes of episcopacy) to bo the most mode- 
 rate of ecclesiastical establishments. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
t 345 ] 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 No. I 
 
 H^HE following extract is taken from a very 
 ■*• antient dramatic piece, entitled ' Ludus Co- 
 ventrise, sive Ludus Corporis Christi ;' and will 
 give some idea of the ' Mysterie' so much fol- 
 lowed by the first and rude admirers of the stage. 
 In one of the scenes the angels appear sur- 
 rounding the celestial throne, and singing Holy I 
 Holy ! Holy ! 8cc. 8cc. 8cc. 
 
 Then says Lucifer, 
 * To who's worshyp synge ye thys songe ? 
 
 To worshyp Godde, or to reverence mee? 
 But * ye worshyp mee, ye doo mee wronge, 
 For I am the worthiest that ever may bee.' 
 
 The 
 
 * Except. 
 
346 APPENDIX. 
 
 The angels reply, 
 
 ' Wee worship Goclde, of myhte most stronge, 
 
 Whych has formed both us and thee ; 
 Wee may never worshyp hym too longe, 
 For hee's most worthy of magestee. 
 On knees to God we falle ; 
 Our Lorde worship wee, 
 In no wyse honowr thee ; 
 A gretter Lord may never none bee 
 Than he that made us alle.' 
 Lucifer now asserts his own importance ; and, 
 to evince his power, sits down on the throne of 
 his Maker. A chorus of evil angels sings, 
 ' Goddes myhte wee forsake, 
 
 For more w T orthy wee thee take ; 
 Thee to worship, honor wee make ; 
 Ande falle downe at thy fete.' 
 The Supreme being then enters, and, after a 
 menacing speech, exiles the impious spirit, and 
 those who took his part, to the infernal shades." 
 
 * MS in Cotton's Library, apud Strutt's Customs, part il £ _ 
 p. 138. 
 
 No. 
 
APPENDIX. 347 
 
 No. II. 
 
 1 HE catalogue beneath Is copied from ' a very 
 merie and pythie commedie,' entitled ' The 
 longer thou livest, the more Fool thou art.' It 
 comprehends, probably, nearly all the beginnings 
 and burthens of the favorite ballads during the 
 reigns of Edward VI. Mary I. and Elizabeth. 
 
 ' Here entreth Moros, counterfayting a vaine 
 gesture and a foolish countenance, synging the 
 foote of many songes, as fooles are wont. 
 Moros. 
 
 " Brome, Rrome, on Hive-hill ; 
 
 The gentle Brome on Hive-hill; 
 
 The Brome stands on Hive-hill-a." 
 
 " Robin, lende me thy bowe, thy bowe, 
 
 Robin lende me thy bowe -a." 
 
 " There was a mayde come out of Kent, 
 Deintie love, Deintie love. 
 
 There was a mayde come out of Kent, 
 Dauno;erous bee. 
 
 There was a mayde come out of Kent, 
 
 Faire and proper, smaile and gent, 
 
 As ever upon the ground ywent, 
 For so should it bee," 
 
 "By 
 
348 APPENDIX. 
 
 " By a banke as I lay, I lay, 
 Musing on thinges past, heyho !" 
 
 " Tom 6 Lyn and his wyfe, and his wyfe's 
 
 mother, 
 They went o'er a bridge all three together ; 
 The bridge was broken, they all fell in, 
 The devill go with all, quoth Tom 6 Lin." 
 
 41 Martin Swart and his men, Sodledum, So- 
 
 dledum, 
 Martin Swart and his men, Sodledum Bell." 
 
 " Come over the bourne, Besse ! my pretty 
 
 little Besse ! 
 Come o'er the bourne, Besse, to me." 
 
 " The white dove sate on the castle wall, 
 I bende my bo we, and shoot her I shall ; 
 I put her in my glove, feathers and all." 
 
 " I layde my bridle upon a shelfe ;" 
 
 If you will any more, sing them yourself. 
 
 Moros proceeds, after an interruption, 
 
 4 I have twenty moe songs yet, a fonde woman 
 
 to my mother, 
 As I war wont in her lappe to sit, she taught 
 
 me these and many other. 
 I can sing a song of " Robin Redbreast,'* 
 And " My little pretie Nightingale." 
 
 " There 
 
APPENDIX. 349 
 
 " There dwells a jollie for'ster here by the West," 
 And " I come to drinke some of your Christmas 
 ale." 
 
 When I walk by myself alone, it doth me good 
 
 my songs to render, 
 Such prettie thinges would soon be gone, if I 
 
 should not sometime them remember.' 
 
 Moros, after another interruption, says, 
 ' Before you go let's have a sorige, I can reach up 
 to solfa and past." 
 
 Idleness. 
 
 * Thou hast songes good store, sing one, 
 
 And we three the foote will beare.' 
 
 Moros. 
 
 * Let me study, it will come anone, 
 
 Pe pe, la, la, la, it is too hye there.' 
 
 After some tuning (not without humor), Moros 
 sings, 
 
 1 I have a pretie titmouse 
 Come picking on my toe ;' 
 
 Chorus. 
 4 Gossupe, with you I purpose 
 To drinke before I o-oe.' 
 
 o 
 
 Moros. 
 1 Little pretie nightingale, amonge the braunches 
 green,' 
 
 Chorus. 
 1 Geve us of your Christmasse ale, in honor of 
 St. Ste'en.' 
 
 Moros. 
 
350 APPENDIX. 
 
 Moros. 
 c Robin Redbreaste, with his notes. 
 Singing alofte in the quere,' 
 
 Chorus. 
 1 Warneth to get you freeze cotes, 
 For winter draweth nere.' 
 Moros. 
 " My bridle lyeth on the shelfe. ,? 
 
 ' If you will have any more 
 Vouchsafe to sing it yourselfe, 
 For here you have all my store.' 
 
 Wrath. 
 6 A song much lyke th' author o'th' same, 
 It hangeth together like fethers in winde.' 
 
 Moros. 
 4 This song learned I of my dame, 
 
 When she taught me mustard-sede to 
 grinde.'* 
 Add to these what follow from the ' Letter 
 describing the Pleasures of Kenelworth Castle.' 
 ' Sa wo is me begon, Molly lo.' ' Over a whinny 
 Meg, Hey ding-a-ding.' ' My bony one gave 
 me a bek,' *kc. Sec. 
 
 * Apud ' A Dissertation on Antient Songs and Music. 1 
 Printed A. D. 1792. London. 
 
 No. 
 
APPENDIX. 351 
 
 No. III. 
 
 1 HE following stanzas taken from a satirical 
 ballad, written by the acute Sir Richard Maitland, 
 will enable the reader to form some idea of the 
 miseries sustained by the industrious and pacific 
 inhabitants of the Northern counties of each 
 sister-kingdom, before the accession of James of 
 Scotland to the English crown. The humane 
 and patriotic bard condescends to mention, by 
 their ' nick-names,' the most celebrated among 
 those sons of rapine. 
 
 ' Thay ieif richt nocht quhairever thay ga ; 
 
 Thair can na thing be hid thame fra ; 
 
 For gif men wald 
 
 Thair housis hald, then waxe thay bald, 
 
 To burn and slae. 
 
 The thief that steals and tursis hame,* 
 
 Ilk ane of them has ane to-name ;t 
 
 " Will of the lawis," " Hob of the schawis," 
 to make bare wawis, % 
 They think no shame. 
 
 Thay 
 
 Bundles up stolen goods. + Nick-name. X Walls. 
 
352 APPENDIX. 
 
 Thay spuilzie * puir men of their pakis,t 
 Thay leve them nocht on bed or bakis, 
 Baith hen and cok, with reel and rok, the 
 " Landis Jok," 
 All with him takis. 
 
 They leif not spendil, spone nor spit, 
 Bed, bolster, blanket, sark, nor sheit ; 
 John of the Parke, rypis % kyste and arke, for 
 all sik warke 
 He is richt meit.' 
 
 No. IV. 
 
 J. HE eccentric song beneath is given as a 
 specimen of those compositions which offended 
 Mary Queen of Scots, and brought on ' all bal- 
 lads, rhimes,' ice. 8cc. a severe prohibition by 
 statute. § 
 
 *With 
 
 * Spoil or plunder. t Packs, goeds« 
 
 X Breaks open chest and box. 
 
 fl Stat. Pari. 5, cap. 27, Qu, Marie. 
 
APPENDIX. 35ft 
 
 ; With hunts up, with hunts up, 
 
 It is now perfect day ; 
 Jesus our king is gone a hunting, 
 
 Who likes to speed they may. 
 An cursed fox, lay hid in rocks, 
 
 This long and many a day, 
 Devouring sheep, while he might creep, 
 
 None might him shape away. 
 
 It did him good to lap the blood 
 
 Of young and tender lambs ; 
 None could him miss, for all was his, 
 
 The young ones with their dams. 
 
 The hunter's Christ, that hunts in haste, 
 
 The hounds are Peter and Paul ; 
 The Pope is the fox, Rome is the rocks 
 
 That rubs us on the gall. 
 
 That cruel beast, he never ceast, 
 
 By his usurped power, 
 Under dispence, to get our pence, 
 
 Our souls to devour, 
 
 Who could devise such merchandise 
 
 As he had there to sell, 
 Unless it were proud Lucifer, 
 
 The oreat master of hell. 
 He had to sell the Tantonie bell, 
 
 And pardons therein was, 
 Remission of sins, in old sheep-skins, 
 
 Our souls to bring to grace, 
 Vol. II. A a With 
 
554 
 
 APPEKDfX. 
 
 With bulls of lead, white wax and red, 
 And other whiles in green, 
 
 Closed in a box, this used the fox, 
 Such poultry was never seen. 1 
 
 No. V. 
 
 EPITAPH, written by James VI. on his Chan- 
 cellor, Sir John Mai t land, of Lethington : 
 
 * Thou, passenger, that spies with gazing eyes, 
 This trophie sad of death's triumphant dart, 
 Consider, when this outward tomb thou sees, 
 How rare a man leaves here this earthly part ; 
 His wisdom, and his uprightness of heart ; 
 
 His piety ; his practice of our state ; 
 His quick engine,* so verst in every art, 
 As equally that all were in debate. 
 
 Thus' 
 
 * Ingene, ingenuity. 
 
APPENDIX. 355 
 
 Thus justly hath his death brought forth of 
 late 
 An heavy grief to prince and subjects ail 
 That vertue love, and vice do bear at hate, 
 Though vitious man rejoices at his fall. 
 So for himself most happy did he die," 
 Though for his prince it most unhappy bee.' 
 
 No. VI. 
 
 1 HE following animated description of an in- 
 human sport + appears in a letter to Mr. Martin, 
 
 a mercer 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 * Pronounced, in Scotland, ' dee.' 
 
 + The following spirited censure on bear-baiting was written, 
 by one Crawley, an unpolished, and almost unknown, bard of 
 Elizabeth's age : 
 
 ' What folly is this? to keep with danger 
 A great mastiff dog, and a fowle ouglie bear. 
 And to this an end, to see them two fight, 
 With terrible tearings, a ful ouglie sight ! 
 And methinkes those men are most fooles of all, 
 Whose store of money is but veri small ; 
 
 A a 2 And 
 
356 APPENDIX. 
 
 a mercer in London, by an officer attendant on 
 the court, ' on the Soomer's Progrest,' A. D. 
 1575- The work is very scarce, and has, besides 
 
 its 
 
 NOTES. 
 And yet everi Sunday they wil surely spend 
 One penyor two, the bearvvards living to mend ! 
 At Paris-Garden, each Sunday, a man shall not fail 
 To find two or three hundred for the bearward's vail. 
 One halfp'ny a piece they used for to give, 
 When some have not more in their purse I believe. 
 Well ! at the last day their conscience will declare, 
 That the poor ought to have al that they may spare ; 
 If you therefore give to see a bear fight, 
 Be sure God his curse upon you will light!' 
 It fell out, not long after the species of prophetic warning, 
 given in the last line, was published, that the whole building 
 fell down at the time of a baiting, and on a Sunday. The ex- 
 ultation of the Puritan ' Stubs,' on this event, is equally un- 
 charitable and boundless. He records with triumph the death 
 of seven, and the wounds and bruises of near 300 spectators. 
 ' Some,' says he, k had their brains dashed out, some their 
 heads alto quashed, some their legges broken, some their armes, 
 &x. This heavie judgement the Lord sent down from heaven 
 to showe,' &c. 8cc. [Anatomie of Abuses. 
 
 Had the fanatics of the day pointed their censures at the in- 
 humanity practised on the poor, over-matched bear, their scur- 
 rility might have had somewhat to plead in its excuse; but 
 a catastrophe at a dramatic theatre, which bruised and maimed 
 many, is related with equal joy ; and even the graceful, and 
 generally innocent, exercise of dancing, is styled • the noble 
 science of heathen devilrie ;' and the censures which follow 
 this denunciation are much too gross for a decent historian to 
 insert. 
 
APPENDIX. 357 
 
 i ts vivacity, an additional merit ; as it presents 
 the reader with the true London dialect and or- 
 thography at that period: 
 
 1 Well, Syr, the beerz wear brought foorth 
 into the court, the dogs wear set too them, tq 
 argu the pointz cum face to lace. They had 
 learn'd counsel also a'both partis. Very feers both 
 t'one and t'other, and eager in argument. If the 
 dog in pleadyng woold pluck the bear by the 
 thrate, the bear with travers woold claw him 
 again by the scalp. Confess an he list, but avoi/d 
 a'coold not, that waz bound too the bar. Thear- 
 fore thus, with fending and prooving, with pluck- 
 ing and tugging, skratting and bytyng, by playn 
 tooth and nayll, n' t'one side and t'oother, such 
 ex pens of blood and leather waz thear between 
 them, as a month's licking, I ween, will not re- 
 coover. 
 
 ' It waz a sport very pleazaunt of theeze beastz, 
 to see the bear with his pink nyez leering after 
 hiz enmie'z approch ; the nimbleness and Wayt 
 (waiting) of the dog too to take hiz avauntage ; 
 and the fors and experiens of the bear agayn to 
 avoyd the assault. If he wear bitten in one place, 
 hoow he woold pynch in anoother, too get free; 
 that if he wear taken onez, than, what shyft with 
 bytyng, with clawyng, with roryng, tossing, and 
 tuinblyng, he woold woorke too wynde hymselfe 
 from them. And when he was lose, to shake 
 
 his 
 
358 APPENDIX. 
 
 his ears twyse or thryse with the blud and slaver 
 about his fiznamy, waz-.a matter of a goodly re- 
 leef, 1 Sec. 
 
 •- 
 
 
 No. VII. 
 
 1 HOSE who wish to know the height to which 
 the love of peagants and shews was carried in the 
 reign of Elizabeth, may consult a treatise, entitled 
 k The Princely Pleasures of Kenelworth Castle.' 
 There were on the pool (now no more) floating 
 islands, the lady of the lake, Tritons riding on 
 mermaids eighteen feet long, plays, bear-baiting, 
 running at quintain, *kc. There was Arionon a 
 huge dolphin ; a bridge, seventy feet long and 
 twenty wide, built on purpose for the queen ; 
 and all the Pagan deities, with suitable presents. 
 "Nor was Elizabeth ungrateful for these showy 
 homages she knighted some friends of Leicester, 
 and she conferred on Kenelworth a weekly mar- 
 ket and a yearly fair. 
 
 An entertainment made for her at Norwich, 
 in 1578, was profusely magnificent. Some parts 
 
 of 
 
APPENIHX. 359 
 
 of it were eccentric. Mercury paraded before 
 her in a l coch, the whole whereof was covered 
 with birds and naked spirits ; hanging l>y the 
 heeles in the aire, and cloudes cunningly painted 
 out, as though by some thunder- crack e they had 
 been shaken and tormented/ 
 
 The patience of the queen must have been 
 great if she lent her ear to the diffuse composi- 
 tion of the Norfolk bards. Their songs were 
 moral and loyal, but they were very prolix. 
 They honored their sovereign by praising chas- 
 tity. Some of their verses were not contemptible ; 
 for instance, 
 
 4 Lewd life is laugh'd to scorne, 
 
 And put to great disgrace ; 
 In hollow caves it hides the head, 
 
 And walks with muffled face. 
 Found out, 'tis pointed at, 
 A monster of the minde ; 
 A canker'd worme, that conscience hates, 
 Which strkies clere senses blinde.* 
 The good-natured reader will be sorry to hear 
 that a thunder-storm destroyed the finest part of 
 the pageant, and that the city of Norwich was 
 half ruined by the loss of 4 velvets, silks, tinsels, 
 and cloth of golde.' The chronicler* speaks 
 feelingly, as he was wet to the skin, he tells us, 
 
 on the occasion. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 * Holingslxed, vol. ii. p. 1237. 
 
INDEX 
 
 TO THE 
 
 SECOND VOLUME. 
 
 ABBEYS in Scotland, their extreme elegance, F. 140. 
 Aberdeen, its university, P. 116. 
 
 Africa, its commerce with England imports and exports , 
 P. 224, &c. 
 
 Agriculture, its state in England, P. 120, kc. 
 
 < in Scotland, P. 128. 
 
 Alchymy, its delusions followed, P. 87. 
 
 Alliteration, P. 278. 
 
 Anecdote of Bishop Gardiner's caution, P. 8. N. 3. Of pu- 
 nishments, P. 11, N. 4. Of Elizabeth's anger, P. 17, N. 
 8. Of threatened torture, P. 18, N. 9. Of purveyors, 
 P. 19, N. 10. Of a wreck on the Northumberland shore, 
 P. 50, N. 28. Of a severe education, P, 54, 55. Of pe- 
 culation, P. 53, N. 1. Of witchcraft and its absurdities, 
 P. 82, N. 16. Of Dr. Dee, P. 89, N. 20. Of extreme 
 admiration, P. 99, N. 27. Of G. Buchanan, P. 103, N. 
 
 31. 
 
362 INDEX. 
 
 .V7 . Of an expensive indulgence of caprice, P. 116, N. 37. 
 Of a providential harvest. P. 125, N. 4. Of Ost 
 house} P. 139, N. 11. Of Fyues Moryson, P. 1 12. N. 12. 
 
 Of a rich clothier, P. 1 47, N . 14. Of Lard Hunsdoo's mi- 
 litary expences, P. 153. Of a petulant painter, P. 171, 
 N.27. "ttshbard r P, 195, N.40. Of Eli- 
 
 sabeth's coquetery, P. 501. Of a corporation law, P. 27 t a 
 . 15. Of an angry lady, P. 267, N. 5. Of assassinations, 
 Ibid, N. 6. Oi superstition, P. 275, N. 13. Of brawn, 
 P. 288, N. 18. Of a fongmeal, P. 290, N.20. Of a 
 hasty meal, P. 297, N. 27. Of a tooih-piefc, p. 300. N. 
 33. Of a beard, P. 303, N. 35. Of mustache, Ibid. 
 A . 36. Of mffs, P. S07, N.40. 01" despotism, P. 311, 
 X. 45. Of an early coach, P. 314. N. 47. Of delicacy 
 in the laws of courtship, P. 317, 318. Of Puritan ztal 
 arnst early marriage, P. 3 : 20^ N. 51 . Of tobacco, P. 321, 
 N. 52. Of dainties, P. 322, N". 53. Of a feat of acti- 
 vity, P. 325. Of cruelty, P. 316. N. 57. Of the Lord 
 of Misrule, P. 329. Of a poet, P. 335. N. 70. 
 
 Antithesis Supported by John Lillys P. 279, 
 
 Archangel, its harbour discovered by England, P. 219. 
 
 Architecture in England, domestic, P. 137. Ecclesiastic, P. 
 138. Military, Ibid. Civil, p, 139. 
 
 Aristocracy prevalent in Scotland, P. 38. 
 
 Arts fine, their slow progress in Great Britain, P. 168. 
 
 Ascham Roger, his humane plan of education, P. 56. 
 commendation of his < ten, P. 150, N. 16. 
 
 Assassination not. seed with horror, P. 27-^, N. 11. 
 
 Gait Dr. John, Bishop of Ossory, account of iiim and el 
 
 works, P. 78, 79. , 
 Ballad on tlie border thieves, Appendix, No, III. 
 Ballads English, a list oC most of d.tui. Appendix, No. II. 
 
 Balhd* 
 
INDEX. 363 
 
 Ballads Scottish, list of them, P. 21 i, N. 47. A fanatical 
 
 one, Appendix, N. IV. 
 Ballad-singing fashionable and lucrative, P. LSI. 
 Basilowitz John, Czar of Russia, receives the English with 
 
 hospitality, P. 219. 
 Bear-baiting, account of it, Appendix, No. VI. 
 Boarding, a custom prohibited by law in the North, P. 296. 
 Book-keeping Italian first taught in London, P. 211. 
 Borde Dr. Andrew, his ' Dietarie,' P. 61. Some account of 
 
 his life, P. 63, 6 I. 
 Borderers untamed, P. 47. Quieted "in 1.595, P. 48. 
 Boyd Mark Alexander, wonderful in learning, P. 100. 
 Buchanan George, his life and works, P. 101, 102, 103. 
 Bulleyn Dr. William, some account of him and of his works, 
 
 P. 67, 68. 
 
 Cains or Kaye, Dr. John, his life and works, P. 66, 67. 
 
 Cambridge, new colleges there, P. 113, Sec. 
 
 Caroch. See Coach. 
 
 Century the sixteenth, its eulogy, P. 312, 313. 
 
 Chaloner Sir Thomas, his history, P. 79. 
 
 Chambers Dr. David, account of his life, Sec. P. 105. 
 
 Chancellor Captain Richard, his enterprizes and death, 
 
 P. 219, 220. 
 Character of the English nation, P. 263, Sec. 
 
 • of the Scots, P. 272, 8cc. 
 
 Charnock Thomas, his absurdities, P. 89. 
 
 Chase, a splendid one in Scotland, P. 33£). 
 
 Cheke Sir John, some account of his life and works, P. 75. 
 
 Chest at Chatham founded, P. 215. 
 
 Cheyne Dr. James, his memoirs, P. 106. 
 
 Chivalry, spirit of it in Scotland, P. 272. 
 
 Clement Margaret, account of her, P. 107. 
 
 Coaches 
 
364 INDEX. 
 
 Coaches, account of their introduction, P. 314, N. 47, 
 Coals not well understood in Scotland, P. 241, 242. 
 Coin, its state and alterations in England, P. 248, S:c. 
 
 ■ in Scotland, P.254, 8ec. 
 
 Coke Sir Anthony, his daughters all learned, P. 108, kc. 
 
 Colonies attempted by England, but succeed not, P. 238. 
 
 Combaf, trial by, P. 12. 
 
 Comedy, an early one, P. 179. 
 
 Commerce, its progress in England, P. 213, 8cc 
 
 in Scotland, P. 240, &c. 
 
 Compliment, uncouth one, P. 193, N. 39. 
 
 Constitution of England, what its state was in 1547, See. 
 
 P. 1. 2. 
 Constitution of Scotland, P. 38. 
 Corruption of the great, P. 273. 
 
 Credulity and superstition, odd instances of, P. 275, N. 13. 
 Crichton James (styled the ' admirable') his history, P. 96, 
 
 100. 
 Currants, when introduced to England, P. 134. 
 
 Dancing, account of it, P. 321, N. 54. 
 
 Davidson Thomas, the earliest Scottish printer, P. 166. 
 
 Day John, account of his life and exertions in printing, P. 164. 
 
 Dec'ineof military architecture, P. 138. 
 
 Dee Dr. John, a fancied adept, account of him, P. 89. 
 
 Deloney Thomas, a ballad writer, P. 181, N. 36. 
 
 Desert, its description, P. 288, 289. 
 
 Discoveries of countries, P. 236. 
 
 Dogs, treatise on them by Dr. Caius, P. 67. 
 
 Drama. See Theatre. 
 
 Dress in England, P. 298, kc. In Scotland, P. 311, Sec. 
 
 of David Rizzio, P. 311, 312. 
 
 Drinking song, the first in English, P. 181. 
 
 Drunkenness 
 
INDEX. 365 
 
 Drunkenness prevalent in England, P. 270, N. 9* 
 Dundore, a mountain containing gold, P. 146. 
 
 East India, its commercial connections with England com- 
 mence, P. 227. 
 
 Edinburgh, an university founded there, P. 115. Its build- 
 ings praised by a traveller, P. 144. 
 
 Education harshly administered, P. 54. 
 
 Edwards Richard, some account of his life and works, P. 186, 
 187. 
 
 Elizabeth, her vast power as a sovereign. Martial law, P. 12. 
 Impressing, P. 14. Star-chamber, high-commission court, 
 ice. P. 17. Summary of her prerogatives, P. 23. En- 
 courages learning, P. 58. Her proficiency in Greek and 
 Latin, Ibid. N. 5, N. 6. Fond of loud music, and great 
 in execution, P. 201, &:c. Her expence in restoring the 
 English coin, P. 252. Particulars of her dress, &c. P. 310. 
 Eager for sports, P. 299, 300. 
 
 Elyot Sir Thomas, some account of him and his works, P. 64. 
 
 Emigrants. See Flemish. 
 
 English, strength of their army in 1588, P. 152. Numbers 
 able to carry arms, P. 153. Whole number, P. 154. 
 Charged unjustly as pirates, P. 265. 
 
 English ladies, &;c. how dressed, P. 306, &c. 
 
 Engraving, its state in England, P. 176, 177. 
 
 Epitaph by James VI. Appendix, No. V. 
 
 Erse, some account of that language. P, 284, 285. 
 
 Euphuism what, P. 279. 
 
 Fardingale, error concerning It, P. 308. 
 
 Ferrars George, some account of his life and works, P. J 88, Sec. 
 Fisheries protected in England, P. 232. In Scotland, P. 234. 
 Fleet. See Navy, Ships. 
 
 Flemish 
 
366 INDEX. 
 
 Flemish emigrants enrich England, P. 231. 
 
 Fox John, the martyrologist, protected by a printer, P. 164. 
 
 Fruits, new ones introduced, P. 133, N. 7- P« 211. 
 
 Gale John, some account of his life and writings, P. 6<), 70. 
 
 Galic. See Erse. 
 
 Gallygaskins, whence derived, P. 305, N. 37. 
 
 Gardening, its progress in England, P. 131. 
 
 — in Scotland, P. 135. 
 
 Gascoygne George, his life and specimen of his poems, P. IS7 ( 
 188. 
 
 Geddes Dr. his remarks on the Scottish tongue, P. 281, N. 16. 
 
 Gilbert Sir Humphrey, his enterprize and catastrophe, 
 P. 239, N. 9. 
 
 Glasgow, its university re- founded, P. 117. 
 
 Glass made in London, P. 231. 
 
 Gold in a Scottish mine, P. 146. 
 
 Golf, the game of described, P. 340, 341. 
 
 Gorboduc, extracts from, P. 180. 
 
 Grahme, Graham or Graeme, an antient clan, P. 49. 
 
 Gray, Lady Jane, severely educated, P. 54, 55. Her lite- 
 rature, P. 59, 60. 
 
 Greenland found by Captain Frobisher, P. 236. 
 
 Haddon Walter, some account of him, P. 58, N. 5. 
 
 Hall Edward, account of him and his chronicle, P. 72. 
 
 Hanse towns, their commerce with England, imports and 
 exports, P. 215, &x. 
 
 Harp, poetical description of it, P. 20S. 
 
 Harrison William. See Holingshed. 
 
 Harvest-home, how celebrated, P. 126". 
 
 Henry Frederic, Prince of Scotland, his birth strangely re- 
 corded in England, P. 163. Ibid. N. 23. 
 
 Heywood 
 
INDEX. 3f>7 
 
 Heywood John, his life and works, P. IS5. 
 Heywood Jasper, some account of him and his poems, P. l*¥2. 
 Highways amended by one general statute, P. 213, 315. 
 Hoiingshed Ralph, some account of him and of hn associate 
 
 W. Harrison, P. 82. 
 Horses, their size and strength in England, P. 129. 
 
 in Scotland, Ibid. 
 
 Hose awkwardly fitted, P. 305. 
 Hospitality of Scottish monks, P. Ztyl. 
 Hour of meals, P. 289. 
 
 Jewish physicians much esteemed, P. 63. Ibid. N. 8. 
 Illumination lost, P. 165. 
 
 Impressing, what it was under Elizabeth, P. 14, 15, Sec. 
 Improvement in furniture, &c. P. 316. 
 Inciosures cause commotions in England, P. 120. 
 Indies. See East Indies. 
 Inns English, minute account of their accommodations, P. 
 
 316, 317. 
 Insurance of ships, Sec. commences, P. 243. 
 Interest of money in England, P. 261. 
 
 ■ in Scotland, P. 262. 
 
 Inventions and improvements in England, P. 2 13. 
 
 Kelly Edward, account of his impostures, P. 91, 92. 
 Knives, when introduced to London, P. 229. 
 
 Ladies eminent in literature, P. 107, Sec. 
 
 Lancaster Captain James, his ill-fortune, P. 226. 
 
 Land, poetical advice as to its conveyance, P. 8. Cheap and 
 
 productive, P. 125. 
 Langton Christopher, sarcastical on physicians, P. 62. 
 Language of England neglected, P. 276. Of Scotland, 
 
 P. 280, Sec. 
 
 Languages, 
 
36*8 INDEX. 
 
 Languages, three spoken within Great Britain, P. 285. 
 Latimer Hugh, Bishop of Worcester, extracts from his ser* 
 
 mons, P. 4, 5, &c. 8. Account of his father's small farm, 
 
 P. 125. 
 Learning, its state in England, P. 53, 8cc. In Scotland, 
 
 P. 02, &c. 
 Leland John, his life and works, P. 74. 
 Lesley John, Bishop of Ross, account of his life, &c. P. 104, 
 
 105. His story of a gold mine in Scotland, P. 146. 
 Lilly John, a turgid and fantastic reformer of language, P. 279. 
 Lindsay Sir David, sketch of his life and works, P. 197. 
 
 The first Scottish dramatist, P. 198. 
 Liverpool, its naval strength compared to that of Elizabeth ir> 
 
 1688, P. 155, N. lp. 
 Liquors, receipts to make those most used, P. 291. N. 22. 
 Lloyd Humphry, some account of him, P. 85. 
 Logwood decried, P. 148. 
 Luxury of tradesmen, 229, N. 6. 
 
 Magistracy protected by a statute, P. 8. 
 
 Magistrates venal, P. 9. 
 
 Maitland Sir Richard, his life and works, P. 198, kc. 
 
 Major John, some account of him, P. 104. 
 
 Manner of drinking in England, P. 293. Whence derived, 
 
 Ibid, N. 23. 
 Manufactures, their state and improvement in England, P. 
 
 229. 
 « their state and improvement in Scotland, P. 
 
 242. 
 Marlowe Christopher, story of his life and specimen of his 
 
 poems, P. I89, &x. 
 Martial law, P. 12, &c. 
 
 Mary 
 
INDEX. 369 
 
 Mary I. of England directs what arras her subjects shall keep 
 
 in their houses, P. 151. Enacts one good regulation, 
 
 P. 228, N. 5. 
 Mary of Scots, her literature, P. 96. An affecting memorial 
 
 of her misfortunes, P. 170. 
 Meals, manner, time, kc. respecting them in England, 
 
 P. 286, kc. 
 Mining, its progress in England, P. 145. In Scotland, 
 
 P. 146. 
 Money borrowed at Antwerp by English princes, P. 36. 
 Monopolies, a list of them, P. 22, N.-13. 
 Morality described, P. 178. Its persons, Ibid. N. 35. 
 More Margaret, her learning and duty, P. 107, 108. 
 More Sir Antonio, his story, P. 170. 
 Music, its state in England, P. 200. Practised In all families, 
 
 P. 203. 
 
 in Wales, P. 206, kc. 
 
 in Scotland, P. 209, kc. 
 
 Musical instruments in England, P. 200, N. 42, 43. 
 
 in Wales, P. 208, 209. 
 
 Mysterie described, P. 178. That called the ' Coventrie 
 
 Play,' Appendix, No. I. 
 
 Nash Thomas, sketch of his life and works, P. 194. 
 
 Navy of England neglected by Mary I. P. 154. Improved 
 by Elizabeth, P. 155. Its strength in 1588, P. 156. Pay 
 of the seamen, P. 157. Marine punishments, P. 156, 
 N. 20. Increased, P. 246. Calculation of the number of 
 ships, Ibid. 
 
 Navy of Scotland, P. 247. 
 
 Needles. See Pins. 
 
 Newfoundland, account of its fishery, P. 233. 
 
 Number of the English in 15S5, P. 153, 154, 
 
 Vol. II. B b Oxford, 
 
370 INDEX. 
 
 Oxford, account of its new colleges, P. 111. 
 
 Page how dressed, P. 306, N. 38. 
 
 Pageants, Sec. account of, Appendix, No. VII. 
 
 Parliament of England, its duty in the sixteenth century, 
 
 P. 21. A member returns himself, P. 22, N. 13. The 
 
 members abject, P. 27. 
 Parliamentary secession in 1555, P. 25. Early bribe, P. 26. 
 Parry Blanch, account of her, P. 88, 89. 
 Passages by N. W. and by N. E. to India attempted, 
 
 P. 236, &c. 
 Persia, attempts to trade thither through Russia unsuccessful, 
 
 P. 221. 
 Physic and surgery, their progress in England, P. 60, Sec. In 
 
 Scotland, P. 71, Sec. 
 Physicians, college of, in Scotland, P. 71. 
 Pins and needles, their history, P. 230, N. 7. 
 Poetry, its state in England, P. 177, Sec. In Wales, P. 195. 
 
 in Scotland, P. 19(5, kc. 
 
 Police, its wretched state under Elizabeth, P. 10. 
 
 Poor, laws for their relief, P. 29, 30, 31. 
 
 Pope Sir Thomas, his life, P. 76. 
 
 Printing, its progress in England, P. l60. In Scotland, 
 
 P. 166. 
 Prodigies of literature in Scotland, P. 96, 100. 
 Psalms, strange version of them in Scotland, P. 210. 
 
 Rate of living in England, P. 258, Sec. 
 
 in Scotland, P. 260, Sec. 
 
 Revenue of Edward VI. P. 33. Of Mary I. P. 31. Of 
 
 Elizabeth, Ibid. 
 Revenue of Mary Stuart, P. 4p. Of James VI. P. 50. 
 Rhetoric, a treatise on it, P. 277- 
 Rhyme introduced in a sermon, P. 278. 
 
 Rizzio 
 
INDEX. S71 
 
 Rizzio David, his dress, P. 311, 312. 
 
 Robin Hood, a riotous sport in the North, P. 339, 340, N. 
 
 76. 
 Russia, its commerce with England, imports and exports, 
 
 P. 218, &c. 
 
 Scots inclined to aristocracy, P. 38. Their parliament how 
 formed, P. 39. They institute a house of commons, P. 
 41. Their ' Lords of Articles' described, P. 42. Their 
 laws harsh, P. 44. Their antient buildings beautiful, P. 
 140. How they were armed in 1548, and their ordnance, 
 P. 158. Their poetry, P. 196, &c. Attentive to their 
 fishery, salt and measure of casks, P. 235. Cautious of 
 their coal-pits, P. 241. Prudent in their charity, P. 274. 
 Apt to drink and credulous, Ibid. Superstitious, P. 275, 
 N. 13. Their lowland tongue neglected, P. 281. Cen- 
 sured for excessive banqueting, P. # 295. 
 
 Scot Reginald, some account of him and his works, P. 82. 
 Ibid. N. 16. 
 
 Sculpture, its slow progress in England and Scotland, P. 169. 
 
 Sermons, extracts from Latimer's, P. 266, N. 2, 4. 
 
 Ships. See Navy. 
 
 Sidney Sir Philip, account of his character and works, P. 
 184. 
 
 Silk, its manufacture slow in progress, P. 148. Prohibition 
 of silk ornaments, P. 149, N. 15. 
 
 Silk stockings woven in London A. D. 1600, P. 231, 309. 
 
 Silver, its high price in Scotland, P. 158. 
 
 Slavery expires gradually, P. 28. 
 
 Smith Sir Thomas, his life and works, P. 80, 81. 
 
 Soldiers English, their pay and apparel, P. 152. Their cha- 
 racter, Ibid. 
 
 Speaker, how he should be qualified, P. 24. 
 
 Spence 
 
572 INDEX. 
 
 Spence Sir Patrick lost in a storm, P. 247, N. 12. 
 Spenser Edmond, sketch of his life and works, P. 190, &x. 
 Sports of the English, P. 322, kc. List of their names, 
 
 P. 327, 328. 
 Sports of the Scots, P. 33S, &c. 
 Stage. See Theatre. 
 Star-chamber, court of, P. 17. 
 Statute inconsistent, P. 7 • Popular, Ibid. 
 Stuffed garments enormous, P. 299. Ridiculed, Ibid. N. 30. 
 Supremacy of the crown attended to, P. 3. 
 Surgeons incorporated in Scotland, P. 71. 
 Swearing enormous in England, P. 270, N. 10. 
 
 Tallis, Thomas, account of him and his musical works, P. 
 204, 205. 
 
 Theatre, that of England described, P. 330, &c. Size and 
 prices, P. 331. Lights and music, P. 333. Habits and 
 hours, P. 334. Manners reprehensible, P. 336. Bitterly- 
 censured, 337, N. 75. 
 
 Theatrical amusements in Scotland, P. 341. Favoured by 
 James VI. P. 342. 
 
 Titles of controversial books, P. 160, l6l. 
 
 Tilting prevalent in England, P. 322, 323. 
 
 Tobacco, account of it, P. 321, &c. 
 
 Treaties commercial revised, P. 227, 228. 
 
 Turkey, its commerce with England, imports and exports, 
 P. 222, 
 
 Turner Dr. William, his life and works, P. 70. 
 
 Tusser Thomas, account of his didactic works and his life, 
 P. 121, 123. 
 
 Verses on purchasing land, P. 8. On a lad imprest to sing, 
 P. 15, By Duncan Laider, P. 47, N. 27. On education, 
 
 P. 56, 
 
1XDEX. 373 
 
 P. 56, N. 2. On the same, Ibid. N. 3. On a title-page, 
 P. 61, N. 7. Prophetic, P. 7o, N. 11. On Sir John 
 Cheke, P. 76. On a little Pope, P. 77, N. 13. By 
 Bishop Bale, P. 7.9- On Sir Thomas Smith, P. 81, 
 N. 15. A spell, P. 82, N. 16'. On Roger Ascham, P. 84. 
 N. 17- On Boethius, P. 86, 87. On alchymy, P. 87, 
 88. On ditto, P. 92, N. 22.- By G. Buchanan, P. 103. 
 To a sister, P. 109, 110. On Stirling Castle, P. 144. 
 Apologetical, P. 162, N. 22. On John Day, P 16'5. 
 On a royal picture, P. 171? N. 29- From Gorboduc, P. 
 180. Heroic and Sapphic, P. 182. By Henry VI. P. 
 183, N. 37. By Sir P. Sidney, P. 185. By John Hey- 
 wood, Ibid. By Richard Edwards, P. 187. By George 
 Gascoigne, P. 188. By George Ferrars, P. 189. By 
 Chr. Marloe, P. 190. By Edmond Spenser, P. 192. By 
 Jasper Heywood, P. 193. By Thomas Nash, P. 194. By 
 Sir David Lindesay, P. 197. By Sir Richard Maitiand, 
 P. 199. On T. Tallis, P. 205. On the harp, P. 208. 
 On Sir Patrick Spence, P. 217, N. 12. On the taverns 
 of London, P. 269, N. S. On language, P. 280, N. 15. 
 Welch, on a silk-worm, P. 284. Galic, P. 285. On town 
 hospitality, P. 285, N. 17. On cottage fare, P. 290, 29 1, 
 On dress, P. 298, N. 29, P. 310, N. 42. On stuffed 
 hose, P. 298, N. 30. On fardingales, P. 309. On a 
 farmer's wife, P. 313. On dancing, P. 324, N. 54. 
 On sports, P. 327. A play-bill versified, P. 341, N. 77. 
 A mysterie, Appendix, No. I. Ballads, Appendix, No. 
 II. No. III. No. IV. Epitaph, Appendix, No. V. 
 On bears, Appendix, No. VI. At a pageant, Appendix, 
 No. VII. 
 
 Vicary Thomas, an early anatomist, P. 66. 
 
 Virgil Polydore, account of him and his works, P. 73. 
 
 Voyding knife what, P. 290, N. 21. 
 
 Universities in England oppressed, P. 53. 
 
 War, 
 
•574 INDEX. 
 
 War, art of, its state in England, P. 150. In Scotland, 
 
 P. 157. 
 Weddings in England, P. 318, 319. 
 
 in Scotland, P. 320. 
 
 Weights and measures in England and Scotland, P. 245. 
 Welch, some account of their poetry, P. 195. It declines as 
 
 civilization increases, as war was its support, P. 196. 
 
 Their attachment to the harp, 8cc. P. 208. Account of 
 
 their language, P. 283, 284. 
 Westminster school founded, P. 115. 
 Whale fishery scarcely known to England, P. 234. 
 Williams Sir Roger, the testimony of D'Avila to his gal- 
 lantry, P. 250, N. ■"■ 
 Willoughby, Sir Hugh, his enterprise and fall. P. 218. 
 Wilson, Dr. Thomas, some account of him, See. P. 277- 
 
 N. 14. 
 Wines, those used in England, P. 291. In Scotland, P. 29/. 
 Woollen manufacture, its state in England, P. 147. In 
 
 Scotland, P. 149. 
 
 END OF THE SECOND VOLUME. 
 
 Printed by J. M'Creery, 
 BIwk'Horse-Court, Fleet-Stneet, London.