tihrary of t:he trheolcjical ^tminaxy PRINCETON • NEW JERSEY BX 7260 .B3 K7 1887b Knox, Thomas Wallace, 1835- 1896. Life and work of Henry Ward Beecher Digitized by tine Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library http://www.archive.org/details/lifeworkofhenrOOknox r^w^/6^ -tr- LIFE AND WORK HENRY WARD BEECHER AN AUTHENTIC, IMPARTIAL AND COMPLETE HISTORY OF HIS PUBLIC CAREER AND PRIVATE LIFE from x\\t OTratiJc to tl)e o^rabc. REPLETE WITH ANECDOTES, INCIDENTS, PERSONAL REMINISCENCES AND CHARACTER SKETCHES. DESCRIPTIVE OF THE MAN AND HIS TIMES. By THOMAS W. KNOX, Author of " Overland through Asia," " The Oriental World," " Underground,' " Bov Travelers in the Rur East," " Life of Robert Fulton," etc., etc. .^'upcrbli? 3 Uiistratrb witl) a .5>tccl-ptatc portrait of .JHfir. '23cccl)cr, anb jf^umcrouj J^uH-paoc «'- fond of talking about the hypocrisy of the Church. God knows there is enough of it there ; but when compared with the hypoc- risy out of the Church, it sinks into nothingness. " The last step we shall take is in respect to that class of men in our nation which have gone steadily down from one step to another, till they can be no longer tol- erated in the community. They have gone down regu- larly from point to point ; their specific gravity has sunk them down and down into the abyss of crime, until they are appropriately called OUTLAWS. Now at last we have got at a class of men who will have nothing to do with this accountability. It was because they hated restraint that they went down. They loved progression, and they went down and down and down till they could get at a wider circle, where they might act out the innate depravity of their natures without any restraint from their fellow-men, and indeed it would seem that — now they have got be- yond the last bond of society — they will be freed from this principle of accountability. But, ah ! how mistaken. There are laws among thieves, and in the vilest bandit's den that ever darkened the mountain-side, and on the bloodiest deck of the pirate's ship there are masters and a rule more iron than the peaceful denizens of a Chris- 112 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. tian community can conceive of. So that when men by reason of their hatred of restraint have thrown them- selves vv holly out of society, they have found that they could not get rid of their own nature so easily as they could of human laws. They must be governed by these or by themselves. " I have attempted simply to prove, by reference to facts such as would be allowed in any scientific argument, that the law of accountability to God is carried out in all the relations of life. We have seen that it is carried into every sphere of human action, and hence it is unne- cessary that we should declare, as we do declare, that the law of accountability to God is the universal law of the universe, and that it is just as universal as breath is. " We now come back to the Bible, and ask ourselves. What does that teach ? It professes to be the exposition of man's character, and the revelator of God's principles of government, as they relate to man. And now it is not necessary to take text after text and chip and chip them to make them fit one another ; it is not necessary to put one text after another to torture in order to prove that man is accountable to God. We find that if there never had been a word spoken in the Bible in relation to this subject we could draw up this doctrine just as plainly from the facts as we now can. The Bible simply declares of that which existed before ; it was not the promulgation of an arbitrary law, it was simply the declaration of the HE BECOMES PASTOR OF PLYMOUTH CHURCH. II3 existence of that which God made when He made all things. And indeed it may be said that if the Bible, pro- posing to be a revelation of the laws of God to man, had omitted this doctrine, it would have cast a doubt, a shade, upon the sacred Word itself. What would you think of a Bible that forgot to say that there is a God ? and what would be said of a Bible that should attempt to teach the relations of God, and of man to God, and should leave out the doctrine of man's accountability to God. " I am now prepared, in the light of this subject, to discuss one or two points that are relevant. The first is the objection that is made by a certain class of reasoners. It is said if there be established such a law throughout society, it goes against your position — men will be pun- ished here and not hereafter. We say. Thank you. If men are punished here, it does not follow that they will not be punished in the life to come. This is a question of fact. I admit that there are punishments in every de- partment of the world. God has fixed natural and con- stitutional punishment as guards against the infraction of natural and constitutional laws. They are not aveng- ing punishments, however, but precautionary. If there is a precipice over which men will be likely to fall, the authorities place a bridge over it, not to punish, but to prevent, accident. If a man draws near to a poisonous sub- stance, an odor will meet him offensive to his sense, but it is that he may avoid the threatened danger. All these 114 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. evils are precautionary. And so throughout Nature ; but it is not necessary — indeed, it will not be possible — here to specify all these precautions and warnings which God has planted so thickly throughout all his creation. " Now if men are punished in this world for their sins, it can be shown that their punishment is graduated in proportion to the magnitude of their crimes. The fact, however, is not so, but contrariwise ; it is established that men never suffer so much as when they are the youngest and the newest in sin. When a man first be- gins to steal, he has more fear and more shame than when he has become an inveterate offender. I remember the time when I swore the first oath. It seemed as though every leaf on the trees and every blade of grass were vocal in their condemnation of my sin. The very sky seemed to lower upon me, and all Nature raised the note of reproof. But in after-days, under the demoraliz- ing influence of bad company, I became able to use pro- fane language without a blush — without the least remorse of conscience ; and finally, without being conscious of the language I employed. " How is it, when a man in an affray first draws the blood of his fellow-creature, his hand draws back, as if it were scalding hot, and dreams terrify him, and he is haunted for months by the bleeding victim of his rage. But let him go from fray to fray, and by-and-by butchery will become a mere excitement. In the lower parts of • HE BECOMES PASTOR OF PLYMOUTH CHURCH. II5 our own country, so much is this the case, that a fray is sought as a cup is sought — merely as a pleasant excite- ment wherewith to while away the time. It needs no argument to prove that in proportion as men go down in this world, just in that proportion they lose their sensi- bility— till at last it becomes seared as with a red-hot iron ; and this being the case, what becomes of the doc- trine of punishment in this life ? Just in proportion as their crimes increase, their punishment decreases ; the further they get from rectitude the lighter are their suf- ferings. According to this doctrine, a man should go the whole figure and commit crimes wholesale. They that nibble at transgression are the greater fools, and they that go deep into crime are the wise. This is a dreadful but still a true doctrine. This subject also affords some light to that popular and mischievous maxim that it makes no difference what a man believes if he is only sincere. Where can we find any such law as that except in the code of the reasoners ? Does it make no difference in the laws of Nature ? Suppose a man jumps from the top of a high building upon the pavement, and says, I believe those flag-stones as soft as downy pillows, does Nature any the less dash him in pieces ? Suppose a man should attempt to produce pleasure in himself by taking poisonous substances, or suppose he should breathe as well under water as in the air of heaven, and should plunge beneath the waves of the deep, what would Nat- Il6 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. ure care for his sincerity ? Try this principle under the civil law. Is it no matter what a man believes under the civil laws ? Will he be excused the commission of crime, if he only says he is sincere ? Can you find a judge who will charge a jury thus, or a lawyer who will urge such a plea in defence of a client, when it has been a maxim from time immemorial that ignorance of the law excuses no man ? Try the same principle in mercan- tile life. Let a man under your employment be sent to a distant point to transact some important business. He makes a blunder and loses hundreds of dollars, and his excuse for it is his sincerity; the blunder is repeated, and he loses thousands ; and when you reprove him for his carelessness, his only excuse is, ' I was sincere in believ- ing that I was acting in a manner which would best pro- mote your interests.' You would reply, ' Your sincerity is none the less ruinous, and I must discharge you.' " Try the same principle in respect to your own feel- ings. Suppose a man should say you are a knave, and upon your asking for an explanation he should say, * I admit that I said so, but I now acknowledge that I did wrong ; I was in a passion at the time, and said it in haste. I am sorry for what I have done, and I ask your forgiveness.' This would be a balm for your wounded feelings, and you would freely forgive him. But sup- pose that, instead of this, he should say, ' I did call you a knave, and I believed it, and I believe it now.' This HE BECOMES PASTOR OF PLYMOUTH CHURCH. 1 1/ would be the most venomous part of it. You would say, ' It is not enough that you be sincere ; you must substantiate your belief by proof. I will have recourse to the law.' And if you hold to the principle of saying what you think is true, regardless of the feelings and character of others, you shall bear the penalty of it. " Now here is a principle that is false in every depart- ment of life, till you come into morals — and that prin- ciple which business would not for a moment support is applied and insisted upon in arguing moral and re- ligious questions. It does make a difference what we believe. God will hold us accountable for our belief just as true as He will hold us accountable for our ac- tions. " The only inference I will attend to is this : that God will hold men accountable for their opinions under the Gospel and for what they know. Then it may be said it will be best for them not to know too much. But He will hold them accountable for what they do not know that they should know. "For example : a miserly and selfish guardian of a de- fenceless orphan appropriates to himself the whole estate of his ward, and upon the fact being known, a suit is brought by the friends of the orphan to recover the property. It is found to be a clear case of fraud, and the estate can be easily regained. The whole community is aroused, and all their sympathies are with the aggrieved Il8 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. orphan. At length the trial comes on — the jury is im- panelled and the case opened. And while the evidence is going on one juryman is reading a newspaper, another is talking to a friend, and several are asleep, as if they were in church. When they go out, they remember nothing about the merits of the case. They put one thing and another together, and come out and give a verdict, not in favor of the injured plaintiff, but in favor of the defendant. " Now what will the people say to these jurymen ? One of them some time after this occurrence is a humble seeker to serve the people by going to Congress. He is remembered, and it will be said. This is one of the men that served that infamous course on that jury. And he says, in extenuation of his conduct, ' It was my desire to render a verdict in accordance with the evidence, but / did not know wJiat it ivas ! ' ' Did not know what it was ! ' some sturdy old farmer would say to him ; ' what were you put there for, if it was not for the express purpose of hearing the evidence and rendering a just verdict ? Your excuse only stamps you with a deeper disgrace than your false verdict had already done, and is proof positive of your unfitness to fill any station requir- ing common watchfulness and honesty.' " Now God has given the light of Jesus Christ. God has stopped the career of His whole government and in- terposed a new system. God has rent the heavens in HE BECOMES PASTOR OF PLYMOUTH CHURCH. II9 twain that He might bring the truth to light and life and immortality. Star after star in bright constellations have beamed out and Jesus Christ has brought truth to light. Truth preached, truth sent through the Bible, and through a living ministry to the whole people. And now, if anyone seeks to evade it and avoid it, God will hold every such guilty man accountable for his ignorance. The truth is here, and it is your greatest interest to know it, and you are ignorant of it at your peril. " Finally, if this doctrine is true, what will be the account that we have to give to God ? " I remark that you will have to give an account be- fore God in respect to your relations to yourself, to one another, and to God. " Let us see how many points there are under each of these heads : " First, the duties which refer more particularly to ourselves. " Each of you will have to give an account to God for your time — for every hour, for every moment. You will have to give an account to God for every power of mind — for the use of every one, for the culture of every one ; for every power of thought and imagination ; for all your religious and social faculties. He will call you to account for all your passions and motives — for all your conduct. My friend, you may well feel some ter- rors when you reflect that all that conduct of which you I20 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. were so ashamed will be revealed by the Almighty in the dread Day of Judgment, and you will be compelled to look on it, and your neighbor will look on it, and all the assembled hosts of heaven and hell shall look upon it, and upon you as the author of it. And to those who do not now feel any terrors, I would say that there is a day of terror coming when God will call you to account for all the Divine efforts made in your behalf — for all the special Providences that have been sent to your door — for all the personal influences that have ever been brought to bear upon you in the sanctuary or out of the sanctu- ary. " Secondly : God will call you to account for all the duties which you owe to others — for the discharge of your public duties as citizens. " Are you an ofificer ? God will hold you to a strict account for the manner in which the duties of that of^ce are discharged. I am afraid, my friends, from the signs of the times, that this doctrine is not much preached or understood ; namely, that God will hold those in place to a higher account than those beneath them. God will call you to account for the manner in which in this life you discharge your duties to your family, your neighbor- hood, your town, your State, and your whole land. An inert citizen, an unpatriotic man, will have something to answer for at the bar of God. Every time you have voted those lots which were right and just God has HE BECOMES PASTOR OF PLYMOUTH CHURCH. 121 noted them down, though men have not. And you will be called to account for all the opportunities to do good that you have neglected to improve. If there is a young man in this world that might have been held back from intemperance by you, and you did not do it, God will hold you accountable for it. It is not a safe thing for a man to neglect to do good in this world. " For all of the influences you have exerted intention- ally or unintentionally, God will call you to account. There are many men who study to exert a malign influ- ence upon their fellows. Well, let them do it. They wag their empty heads, and swing themselves down through the streets independent and free to do what they choose. ' The world owes me a living,' say they, ' and I will have it. I care for no man. I care for no law, for no public opinion.' God has His eye upon them. No archer ever drew a surer bow upon his devoted game than God has done upon these men, and His avenging bolt will fall with tenfold terror on their heads when they shall find the grave yawning to receive them, and fearful will be their fate when the black billows of death shall sweep them resistless to their inexorable doom. " In a less degree it is no less true that a man's unin- tentional offences will have to be accounted for. Is there a man in this congregation who has children that he loves ? Have they ever heard the voice of prayer raised in grateful acknowledgment from before the family altar 122 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. to the Dispenser of all good ? That dear and beloved daughter, that son growing up now into man's estate, — has not the whole of your conduct been such as to prac- tically teach them that there is no God ? You may have told them of God. in a casual manner, the same as you have of Alexander; and you may have, in a formal, life- less manner, informed them that it is their duty to obey God, and to love and serve Him, But your life — your whole warm, spontaneous life — has ever preached a doctrine exactly the reverse ; and which do you suppose a child will believe first, a father's talk or a father's life? Most unquestionably the latter ; and if that has told your children that all that God requires from His children is lip-service, and they grow up without ever coming to a knowledge of God's saving mercy, and their souls are finally lost, God will hold them accountable in their meas- ure, but you will be held accountable also, as accessary to their guilt, and fearful will be the dread account which you will have to meet. "Lastly: for all our duties toward God we shall be brought to a strict account. " For the way in which we have treated the overtures of mercy made us through the Lord Jesus Christ, for the hardening of our hearts against the persuasive influences and efforts of our blessed Redeemer for our salvation, God will call us to account. Is there a man in this con- gregation who will say, I say I do not believe God will HE BECOMES PASTOR OF PLYMOUTH CHURCH. 1 23 punish me for all through eternity for my little sins ? Give me your hand on that. You have so many great sins that God will have enough to do to punish you for them alone, without taking into the account what you are pleased to style your little sins. For defiling your whole nature, for the prostitution of your powers, for turning yourselves who were the sons of God into base materials of the fiesh — for this destruction of yourselves God will call you to a strict account. And can you meet that account ? Dare any man say I am ready to make the venture ? " There are some men who will not go to heaven, be- cause they are so very moral ; they wish to go with the understanding that they are entitled to the favor or else not at all. They do not feel willing to accept heaven as a boon granted by the infinite love of a merciful God, but they desire to merit it through their own good works. They will not go up to heaven's gate and plead the aton- ing blood of the blessed Lamb of God as their passport into the Heavenly Land — the home of the redeemed — but they offer in exchange for the delights and pleasures of eternity the meagre catalogue of their own actions here on earth. Is it strange their offer is not accepted ? As for myself, I know what I will do when God calls my soul to judgment. I know when I shall look back upon my life it will be folly to attempt to justify anything that I have ever done. I will turn to Christ and say, Thou 124 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. hast promised to save me if I would trust in Thee, and I have trusted in Thee, and now I claim the fulfilment of Thy promise, O Lord ! Here I am, and my only hope is in Thee. And then Christ will throw around about me the shield of His righteousness, not because I am not a sinner, but because I am a sinner, loved and shielded of Christ. But you refuse to take this Christ at His word, you reject His promise, and therefore He will re- ject you. " My friends, I am speaking to some of you for the last time. You and I will meet again on the Judgment Day, and I am now telling you how much you stand in need of a Saviour, of that Saviour whom my soul has felt, and whom my soul loves. I offer Him to you, and I will do it with all that sincerity, and all that earnestness, with which I shall wish I had when I meet you at the bar of God. Oh, my friends, will you not begin now to be wise, before the saving influences of God's Holy Spirit are with- drawn from your hearts, and these things are hidden from your sight forever ? Death is coming, and after that the judgment, and after that eternity. My fathers, you who have experienced the benefits of God's mercy for many years, where will you be on that day ? Were God to call you hence this night, what would be your chances for heaven ? My dear friends, what would be your chances of heaven were you called hence to-night ? Jesus Christ is ready to take all who desire salvation, and I preach HE BECOMES PASTOR OF PLYMOUTH CHURCH. 125 Him once for all — Christ, the sinner's friend and your friend." Mr. Beecher created such a favorable impression by his two discourses that the opinion previously entertained of him by Messrs, Bowen and Cutler was generally in- dorsed, and the little congregation determined, if possible, to secure the pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church of Indianapolis, when the organization should have been completed. It was announced that morning that there would be a continued series of weekly prayer-meetings, commencing on the succeeding Friday evening, in the lecture-room. About thirty persons attended the meeting on the ensu- ing Friday, nearly all of whom expressed a wish to join the church at its organization. At the close of the ser- vices, which were conducted by Jira Payne, a business meeting was convened, and, to quote from the " Plymouth Manual," " On motion of David Hale, from New York, John T. Howard, Henry C. Bowen, Richard Hale, Charles Rowland, and Jira Payne were appointed a committee to make arrangements for the formation of a church ; to prepare and report Articles of Faith and a Covenant, a form of admission, ecclesiastical principles and rules, manual for business, etc. Also to give notice, the following Sabbath, to all persons who desired to be connected with the church at its organization to be pres- ent at the next Friday evening prayer-meeting. 126 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. " At the two subsequent prayer meetings," continues the " Manual," " twenty-one persons handed in their names to be organized into a church. On Friday even- ing, June nth, the committee appointed to prepare Arti- cles of Faith, etc., made their report, which, after some amendments, was adopted, and notice given that the church would be organized on the following Sabbath evening. " A council of ministers and delegates from other churches convened at the house of John T. Howard, on Saturday evening, June I2th, by invitation of the com- mittee, who presented to said council the Articles of Faith and Covenant adopted, also the credentials of those persons who expected to be organized into a church." The council consisted of — Rev. Richard S. Storrs, Jr., Pastor. Chandler Starr, Delegate. From the Church of the Pilgrims. Rev. I. N. Sprague, Pastor. A. B. Davenport, Delegate. From the Second Congregational Church. Rev. J. P. Thompson, Pastor. David Hale, Delegate. From the Broadway Tabernacle Church, New York. HE BECOMES PASTOR OF PLYMOUTH CHURCH. 127 Rev. D. C. Lansing, D.D., Pastor. Seymour Whiting, Delegate. From the Chrystie Street Congregational Church, New York. The council approved the actions of the committee, and accepted an invitation to participate in the public services of the organization, on the following evening (Sunday, June 13th), when the church was duly organized, and the opening sermon delivered by the Rev. R. S. Storrs, Jr. Several names for the new society had been suggested — The Cranberry Street Church, the Wyckliffe Church, and the Plymouth Church. A religious society, in conformity with New York State Laws, was formed on Monday evening, June 14, 1847, with a mem.bership of twenty-one ; Henry C. Bowen, John T. Howard, and Daniel Burgess were elected Trustees, to serve, each in the order written, for the term of one, two, and three years ; and the corporate name of the PLYMOUTH CHURCH was adopted by the society. The Certificate of Incor- poration was recorded in the Clerk's Office of King's County, September 27, 1847. The names of the original members were : 1. Howard, John T. 3. Bowen, Lucy Maria. 2. Bowen, Henry C. 4. Payne, Jira. 128 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. 5. Payne, Eliza. 13. Rowland, Charles. 6. Knight, Rachel. 14. Rowland, Maria. 7. Hale, Richard. 15. Webb, John. 8. Hale, Julia. 16. Webb, Martha. 9. Turner, Alpheus R. 17. Blake, Eli C. 10. Turner, Louisa. 18. Morse, John F. 11. Burgess, Benjamin. 19. Morse, Rebecca. 12. Burgess, Mary. 20. Cannon, Mary. 21. Griffin, David. On ihe evening of the formal organization of the so- ciety a uiianinious vote had been cast electing Rev. Henry Ward Beech er to the vacant pastorate, and a committee had been appointed to present him with the invitation to that office. After two months' deliberation — during which time the pulpit had been occupied by various ministers, generally from New England — Mr. Beecher, partly influenced by the entreaties of William T. Cutler, and partly by the continued ill-health of his family while resident in the West, almost reluctantly — for, as he had said, " his heart was with the West " — ac- cepted the call by letter. "Indianapolis, August 19, 1847. " Dear Brothers : I desire to convey through you to the Plymouth Church and congregation my accept- ance of the call to the pastoral office tendered by them to me. HE BECOMES PASTOR OF PLYMOUTH CHURCH. 1 29 " I cannot regard the responsibilities of this important field without the most serious dilifidence, and I wholly- put my trust in that Saviour whom I am to preach in your midst. I can heartily adopt the language of Paul, ' Brethren, pray for us, that the word of the Lord may have free course and be glorified.' " It will be necessary for me to remain yet for some time in this place ; but I hope to arrive in Brooklyn in the middle of October, or at the furthest, by the first of November. " I am, in Christian love, • " Most Truly Yours, " H. W. Beecher. "To John T. Howard, Henry C. Bowen, Charles Rowland, and others." Henry Ward Beecher entered upon pastoral duties in Plymouth Church on Sunday morning, October 10, 1847. Mr. Thompson records that " the evening services were fully attended, and to the astonishment of all, and dissatisfaction of some, he laid aside the doctrinal the- ologies of the morning in favor of the living issues of the times, and boldly and clearly defined the position he had taken and intended to hold in reference to slavery, temperance, war, and general reform." Alluding to his first sermon in Plymouth Church, 130 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. after accepting the call, Mr. Beecher, who, as previously stated, had delivered several anti-slaveiy sermons in In- dianapolis, observed to a friend : " In the first sermon that I preached on the Sun- day night in the new church, when I had accepted the call and came there in the fall, I made a proclamation of my sentiments on the slavery matter, on temperance matters, on war and peace, on all those great themes in which I have had zeal in all my public life, in the most explicit manner. I declared to them that if they con- tinued *to attend, or any of them wished to attend, my church on the supposition that I was going to be silent, or prudentially dumb, I wished to remove that impres- sion at once, for I intended to be positive, active, and en- ergetic on all those subjects. In 1847-48-49 I had become well known. My anti-slavery sentiments began to be well known in New York. Upon the establishment of The Independent I was invited by Mr. Bowen to furnish ' Star Papers ' for the paper, and in those I avowed such anti-slavery sentiments as made it a little uncertain whether the three adjunct editors of the paper — Dr. Leonard Bacon, Dr. Richard S. Storrs, and Dr. Joseph Thompson, of the Broadway Tabernacle — could sustain me. It was a time of very great caution and prudence, but I stuck right at it." He continued : " In 1850, when the controversy came up about Clay's HE BECOMES PASTOR OF PLYMOUTH CHURCH. 131 Omnibus Bill, including the Fugitive Slave Laws, I was thoroughly roused, and in the pulpit and with my pen I attacked with the utmost earnestness the infamous Fugi- tive Slave Bill. It was then that I wrote that article, * Shall we Compromise ? ' If anyone will compare that article with Mr. Seward's subsequent speech he will find that it was reducing to a mere minimum the article on ' Shall we Compromise ? ' This article was read to John C. Calhoun on his sick-bed by his clerk, and he raised himself up and said : ' Read that article again.' The article was read. ' The man who says that is right. Slavery has got to go to the wall. There is no alterna- tive. It is liberty or slavery.' And then, when Webster made his fatal apostasy on March 7, 1850, I joined with all Northern men of any freedom-loving spirit in de- nouncing it and in denouncing him. Forthwith, after a paralysis of a few weeks, his friends determined to save him by getting all the old clergymen — such men as Dr. Spring, Dr. Lord, of Dartmouth, and the Andover Pro- fessors. The effort was to get every great and influen- tial man in the North to stand up for Webster, and then it was that I flamed. They failed utterly. Professor Woolsey, of New Haven, Dr. Bacon, President of the Williamstown College in Massachusetts, and various other most influential men absolutely refused to sustain Webster." Public installation services occurred on Thursday 132 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. evening, November ii, 1847, which were conducted as follows : " Invocation and Reading of the Scriptures," by Rev. Dr. Heman Humphrey, of Pittsfield, Mass. " Sermon," by Kev. Dr. Edward Beecher, of Boston, Mass. " Installing Prayer," by the Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Hewit, of Bridgeport, Conn. " Charge to the Pastor," by Rev. D. C. Lansing, of New York. " The Fellowship of the Churches," by Rev. Richard S. Storrs, Jr., of Brooklyn. " Address to the People," by Rev. Joseph P. Thomp- son, of New York. ^* Concluding Prayer," by Rev. Dr. Horace Bushnell, of Hartford, Conn. "Thus was Plymouth Church founded," says Mr. Thompson, " and thus began a ministry which, by ear- nest and continued inculcation of sound common-sense doctrine, promulgation of tolerant principles, and advance- ment of liberal views, was eventually destined to partially liberalize the tenets of the entire Christian world." On the first day of June, 1848, the success of the new enterprise being insured, and its organization being com- plete, the property was duly conveyed by the owners to the society of Plymouth Church for its actual cost, with accrued interest to date. HE BECOMES PASTOR OF PLYMOUTH CHURCH. 1 33 In the fall of this year, Mr. Beecher scored " one of his most memorable evenings " (to quote his own words). It was at a meeting at the Broadway Tabernacle, in New York City, convened for the purpose of raising by sub- scription $2,000 for the redemption of two slave-girls, the Edmondston sisters. After several addresses only $600 was raised, and Mr. Beecher again took the plat- form, and by his inspiring eloquence and personal appeals to his friends in the vast assemblage, he succeeded in eliciting subscriptions in sums varying from $25 to $100, until the desired amount had been obtained. Alluding to the Edmondston case, Mr. Beecher ob- served to a friend : " Going home one day, I saw an old negro sitting on my outside stone steps. I asked him what he wanted. He said he wanted to see Mr. Beecher. I asked him into the house, and then he told me that his two daugh- ters had been sold to the slave-pen to be carried to New Orleans. They were very beautiful girls, and their destiny was very apparent. He had gone all around among the Methodists, I think, to whom he belonged, and he got sympathy, but no succor; so he called to see if I could not do something for him. A meeting was called in the Broadway Tabernacle. I agreed to be there and make a speech. I think that of all the meetings that I have at- tended in my life, for a panic of sympathy, I never saw one that surpassed that. I have seen a great many in my 6* 134 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. day. An amount of money was subscribed, and they were bought and set free. The mother was a very old woman. She had been the nurse of a great Richmond lawyer whose name has died out of my memory. He owed his conversion to her. He was famous in the days of Webster." Mr. Beecher's ministrations proved as attractive as ex- pected, and Plymouth Church rapidly increased its mem- bership and following, slowly at first, it is true, but surely. A blessing in disguise was the destruction by fire of the original church buildings in January, 1849, as it enabled the society to rebuild on a larger scale, and with a front on Orange Street instead of Cranberry Street. Mr. Thompson states, in his interesting little volume, " a com- mittee was appointed to devise the necessary plans, and Mr. Sherman Day, chairman of the committee, drew up a rough design which received the approbation of the pastor. The projected building was to be 105 feet in length, 80 feet in width, and 43 feet in height (floor to ceiling) ; with a rear addition, two stories in height and 50 feet by 80 feet ; the entire structure to be divided into eleven rooms, namely : an auditorium with seats for 2,050 persons (exclusive of aisle or wall chairs), ']6 feet by 92 feet ; a lecture-room 48 feet by 5 1 feet ; a Sab- bath-school room 24 feet by 64 feet ; four rooms for Bible and infant classes, each 10 feet by 16 feet ; two social circle parlors, each 24 feet by 32 feet ; a recap- HE BECOMES PASTOR OF PLYMOUTH CHURCH. 135 tion parlor and a pastor's study, each 14 feet by 32 feet. Mr. J. C. Wells, an English church architect, reduced Mr. Day's plan to exact proportions, the society adopted it, and May 29, 1849, was the day appointed for laying the corner-stone. In description of this interesting ceremony, quotations from the Brooklyn Daily Advertiser of May 30, 1849, are cited : " The day was dark, gloomy, wet — anything but pro- pitious— causing a serious disappointment to many who had anticipated uniting in the exercises of the occasion. Notwithstanding that the rain came down in copious quan- tities, there were several hundred persons assembled, and the services were performed in a highly interesting and devout manner. The services were commenced with the reading of a hymn by Rev, J. M. Sprague, and singing by the choir of the church and the congregation assem- bled. Rev. Dr. Cheever followed by reading a ver}'- beautiful and appropriate selection from the Scriptures. Prayer, by Rev. J. P. Thompson, of Broadway Taber- nacle. A very eloquent, brief, and impressive address was made by Rev. Mr. Storrs, of Pilgrim Church. His allusion to the origin of the church, the struggles of the Pilgrim fathers, the doctrines and principles which they inculcated, the sacredness and nobleness of the object which had called them together, the influence which this 136 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. church must exert in all departments of life, the great civil and religious blessings we enjoy, both as individuals and as a nation, were themes which the reverend gentle- man blended into a highly religious, dignified, and inter- esting address. " The Rev. J. L. Hodge enumerated a list of the vari- ous religious and secular papers enclosed in the box in- tended to be placed beneath the initial pillar of the foun- dation. " The Rev. Dr. Lansing then stated that he had been intrusted by the committee to lay the corner-stone of the church. The reverend doctor remarked that everyone knew the excitability of his temperament, and how gen- erally he was disposed to enlarge and amplify on occa- sions like the present.- He said he had therefore reduced his address to writing. He then read the address, which was listened to with great attention, " Rev. Mr. Thompson followed with a few remarks, alluding to the much-regretted absence of the Rev. Dr. Cox, now in Boston, who was expected to have been present on the occasion. " The services were concluded with singing the doxol- ogy, * Praise God,' etc., by the audience, in the tune of Old Hundred ; and a benediction by Rev. Mr. Sprague." The builders of the church were Solomon Conklin, mason ; Tappan Reeve, carpenter ; J. C. Wells, architect. The sum of $31,489 was subscribed in amounts varying HE BECOMES PASTOR OF PLYMOUTH CHURCH. 1 3; from $2 to $2,500 (total number of subscribers, 324) tow- ard the cost of the new edifice, and $31,127 was collected upon seven per cent, scrip, bearing interest payable in pew- rents, only, the principal payable from the surplus reve- nue of the church. The lecture-room and Sabbath-school room were provided for by donations to the amount of $10,800, and were furnished partly by the proceeds realized by Sunday-school festivals and partly by the pew-rent income of the Society. Their cost was about $13,000, and that of the church about $36,000. While the buildings were in course of erection, the Society were cordially invited by many of the neighbor- ing Societies to use their respective edifices for worship, and for about two months these invitations were thank- fully accepted. Their evening services were regularly held in the Church of the Pilgrims. In March, 1849, Mr. Beecher experienced a serious attack of illness, which confined him to his house for two months, and incapacitated him from preaching until the ensuing Sep- tember. In the meantime a Tabernacle, 100 feet in length and 80 feet in width, had been erected at an expense of $2,800, on land (munificently tendered free of rent by Lewis Tappan) on Pierrepont Street, and the churchless congregation occupied this temporary building until the first Sabbath in January, 1850, when they removed to their completed church on Orange Street. The Taber- 138 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. nacle was sold to Mr. A. G. Benson for $1,300, which amount, together with Sabbath collections and pew- rents, fully covered its cost and all attendant expenses. On completion of the church buildings, the entire prop- erty was mortgaged for $16,000, partly to pay off the original mortgage ($10,500), and partly to liquidate the floating debt. The opening services occurred on the first Sunday in January, 1850. The system of renting pews annually to the highest bidder was then adopted, and thus all members and reg- ular attendants were enabled to secure seats according to their respective means. The pastor's salary was, by common consent, increased to $3,500 per annum. He had originally been engaged on a salary of $1,500 (an increase of $700 over his stipend when in Indianapolis) for the first year, $1,750 for the second year, and $2,000 for the third year and succeeding years ; and David Hale and Henry C. Bowen had voluntarily guaranteed per- sonally the payment of his salary for the first three years. In two years and six months the Congregational Church, with only twenty-one original members, which many had prophesied would come to naught, had in- creased— notwithstanding its trial by fire, its subsequent migratory life, and the long-continued ill-health of its pastor — to a membership of three hundred and forty- three, sixteen of which number, however, had been lost HE BECOMES PASTOR OF PLYMOUTH CHURCH. 1 39 by death and removals, thereby leaving a real existing membership of three hundred and twenty-seven. Mr. Beecher was still suffering from the effects of his late illness, and a leave of absence from June to Septem- ber (1850) was cheerfully granted to enable him to rest from his labors, visit Europe, and, if possible, recuperate his delicate health. At the time of Mr. Beecher's death, Plymouth Church had very nearly two thousand five hundred members, more than one hundred times the number that formed the original society. CHAPTER VI. IN THE ANTI-SLAVERY CRUSADE. Back from His Health Trip to Europe. — Plymouth Church and Beecher become Synonymous. — The Leading Abolitionist. — Webster's Atti- tude in Regard to the Fugitive Slave Bill. — Mr. Beecher's Excoria- tion.— Black List of the Union Safety Committee. — He Personally beseeches Merchants to stand Firm by Their Priuciples* — How he helped Mr. Bowen. — His Declaration cf Principles. — The Fremont Campaign. — Wendell Phillips sheltered by Plymouth Church. — The Kansas Excitement. — Hostile Declarations from a Mob. — John Brown's Insurrection. — Beecher's Address. — John Brown's Chains rattled in the Tabernacle. — Few Reporters able to follow Beecher. — "Cross Fulton Ferry and follow the Crowd." — Rose Ward. — Rose Terry's Contribution. — Sarah is Redeemed. — Continuing the Anti- Slavery Crusade. Mr. Beecher returned from his brief trip to Europe much improved in health, and entered upon his ministra- tions in the new edifice on its completion, and thence- forth his name and that of the edifice became household and synonymous terms. Mr. Beecher led all the Abolitionists in his opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law, and he became one of the most prominent of the directors of the Underground Railroad Company. His congregation were nearly all stockholders of the line, and the church has been called IN THE ANTI-SLAVERY CRUSADE. 141 its Grand Central Depot. The deviation from the estab- lished rules of Gospel preaching, and the opening of the pulpit to political discussions, caused much excited de- nunciation in orthodox circles. The pluck of the Ply- mouth pastor in those times of excitement was unques- tioned. After Daniel Webster had delivered his famous speech in favor of Mason's Fugitive Slave Bill, and signi- fied his intention to vote for it, Mr. Beecher, in his pul- pit in Plymouth Church, declared that the " Law of God was higher than all other laws, Government or State, constitutional or unconstitutional, and must first be obeyed." He said from his pulpit : " The worst spectacle which this country now presents is not, I think, the governmental or political corruptions, though these are enormous ; but it is that of a religious body, like the one in New York, utterly refusing to open its mouth against the blackest iniquity of the age. " And for what, in the name of Heaven ? What reason do they give for this strange silence ? Why, because, if it does speak against sin, it will not be allowed to preach the Gospel. If every sin were as powerful as is this sin of slavery, what would these preachers of the Gospel do ? Keep silence in regard to them all, of course ; for, accord- ing to their views, only the smaller and least powerful sins can be safely hit. That ponderous body can bom- bard men bravely for using tobacco, but it can't say one word against selling men and women to raise it. It can 142 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. spend itself and exert its tremendous machinery against the awful sin of the dancing of young men and maidens, but can't utter a word when maidens are sold to prosti- tution, and young men are driven off, in chain-gangs, to the rice swamps of Georgia. " The use I make of such men, is to point the young men to them and say : ' These are men whom you- must shun to resemble.' The worst stamp of Pharisee- ism was not in our Saviour's day. It has, after years of monstrous growth, exhibited itself in the nineteenth century. " Our citizens have been lynched for the suspicion of holding free sentiments ; letters and papers have been re- fused a channel in the national mail ; it has been freely said, and it was no vain threat, that a lamp-post or tree should be that man's rostrum who dared to own abolition- ism in Southern territory ; free colored citizens have been kidnapped, carried into hopeless slavery from our midst ; our ships and boats could not carry colored cooks, stew- ards, or sailors, without having their service withheld from them ; our whole free colored population are denied the right of travel and residence in slave States, which the Constitution guarantees to all citizens ; they are ar- rested if found, and sold, if proved free, to pay jail fees. " Man cannot plant parchments as deep as God plants principles. The Senate of the United States is august ; IN THE ANTI-SLAVERY CRUSADE. 143 and such men as lead her counsels are men of might. But no man, and no senate of men, when once the eyes of a community are open to a question of humanity, can reason or enact them back again to a state of indifference, and still less can they enlist them along with the remorse- less hunters of human flesh. " We solemnly appeal to Christians of every name, to all sober and humane men, unwrenched by party feelings, to all that love man, to behold and ponder this iniquity which is done among us ! Shall an army of wretched victims, without a crime, unconvicted of wrong, pursuing honest occupations, be sent back to a loathed and detest- able slavery ? Here is no abstract question. We ask you, shall men now free, shall members of the church, shall children from the school, shall even ministers of the Gospel, be seized, ironed, and in two hours be on the road to a servitude to them worse than death ? " For our own selves, we do not hesitate to say, what every man who has a spark of manhood in him will say with us, that no force should bring us into such horrible bondage. Before we would yield ourselves to go away to linger and long for death through burning years of in- justice, we would die a thousand deaths. Every house should be our fortress ; and when fortress and refuge failed us, then our pursuers should release our souls to the hands of God who gave them, before they should 144 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. degrade them by a living slavery ! Who shall deny these feelings and such refuge to a black man ? " With such solemn convictions, no law, impious, infi- del to God and humanity, shall have respect or observ- ance at our hands. We desire no collision with it. We shall not rashly dash upon it. We shall not attempt a rescue, nor interrupt officers, if they do not interrupt us. We prefer to labor peaceably for its early repeal, mean- while saving from its merciless jaws as many victims as we can. But in those provisions which respect aid to fugitives, may God do so to us, yea, and more also, if we do not spurn it as we would any other mandate of Satan. " I will both shelter them, conceal them, or speed their flight ; and while under my shelter, or under my convoy, they shall be to me as my own flesh and blood ; and whatever defence I would put forth for my own children, that shall these poor, despised, and persecuted creatures have in my house or upon the road. The man who shall betray a fellow-creature to bondage, who shall obey this law to the peril of his soul, and to the loss of his manhood, were he brother, son, or father, shall never pollute my hand with the grasp of hideous friendship ; or cast his swarthy shadow across my threshold ! For such service to those whose helplessness and poverty make them pe- culiarly God's children, I shall cheerfully take the pains and penalties of this bill. Bonds and fines shall be hon- IN THE ANTI-SLAVERY CRUSADE. 145 ors ; imprisonment and suffering will be passports to fame not long to linger ! " It was about the time Mr. Beecher first began to de- liver set lectures out of town for $50 and his expenses that Charles Sumner was struck down in the Senate Chamber by Brooks, of South Carolina. The entire North was fired with indignation, and the solid mer- chants of New York thought that was going too far. A mass meeting of protest was called in the Tabernacle, and in order to make it significant no one was invited to speak who had ever countenanced the anti-slavery movement. It was entirely in the hands of conservatives. The chief speakers, resolution-readers, and fuglemen were Daniel D. Lord, John Van Buren, and William M. Evarts. The Tabernacle, which was so frequently in those days his rostrum, was packed with an earnest, enthusiastic audi- ence, which, in point of numbers and respectability, cult- ure and influence, has rarely been surpassed. For some reason Mr. Beecher, who had been advertised to lecture in Philadelphia that evening, was in the city. He had dined with his friend Mr. John T. Howard, and together they went to the Tabernacle to hear the speaking. As the meeting was about to be closed someone in the audi- ence called out " Beecher." The people took up the cry, and " Beecher, Beecher I " resounded through the church. Mr. Evarts, evidently annoyed, advanced to the front of the platform and said : '* The programme of the even- 146 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. ing is concluded, and the meeting will adjourn. [A voice — '* Beecher ! "] Mr. Beecher, I am told, is lecturing in Philadelphia this evening." " No, he isn't," called out one of the reporters ; " there he is behind the pillar." The greater part of the audience had risen and prepared to leave. Beecher was recognized and half led, half forced, to the platform, from which Mr, Evarts and his friends precipitately retired, John Van Buren, with the instinct of a gentleman, advanced, took Mr. Beecher by the hand, and led him to the speaker's place. The audience re- seated themselves, but for fully five minutes the house was in an uproar of enthusiastic greeting. With a wave of his hand Mr. Beecher secured silence and attention. For an hour he delivered the speech of his life. Every eye glistened. Such applause was never given before. The occasion was an inspiration. The opportunity was one he had never had before. But it is doubtful that he thought of either one or the other. He had the scene in the Senate Chamber in his eye. It was the culminating outrage in a series of horrors. He felt it. He foresaw its end. He made that audience feel what he felt and see what he saw, and when he closed he glowed like a fur- nace, while the people cheered with their throats full of tears. Such scenes occur once in a lifetime. The next day's papers reported Beecher verbatim, and gave the others what they could find space for. Mr. Beecher was aroused to a state of great indignation IN THE ANTI-SLAVERY CRUSADE. 147 by the threat at a meeting of the so-called Union Safety- Committee, held at Castle Garden, in 1856, that the merchants of New York would be financially ruined by those who refused to sell their principles with their wares. He addressed the merchants from his pulpit and urged them to maintain their principles and the honor of the country ; and he personally called on the more promi- nent and discussed the subject with them. Speaking to a friend of his course in regard to the "black list," jNIr. Beecher said : " It was about this time that the black list was made in that Castle Garden Union Safety Committee, and connected with that was a black list that was gotten up of all the merchants that were anti-slavery. It was to be sent all over the South to destroy their custom. Mr. Bowen was, of course, included in that black list, and threatened with the loss of all his Southern custom. He came to me and asked me if I would not write a card for him, and I undertook to do it, but my head not running very clear, the only thing I got at after making three or four different attempts was, ' My goods are for sale, but not my principles,' but I could not lick it into shape, and I gave the paper to him and said, 'You must fix it to suit yourself.' He took it to Hiram Barney, and he drew up the card in the shape in which it appeared, in- cluding that sentence, which was the snap of the whole thing." 148 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. Mr. Beecher always made it a practice now to discuss national affairs in his Sunday evening discourses, and in announcing the annual sale of pews he was in the habit " of clearly and unmistakably expressing his views upon slaveiy and other practical reforms of the day, for the especial purpose of forewarning all those who con- templated renting sittings for the ensuing year of the general tenor of his preaching, and the application he should make of it to the great issues of the time, so that none could have reasonable grounds for complaint or dis- satisfaction with his course." He said on one of these occasions : " The infidelity of the last twenty-five years has been that which has sought to emasculate religion by separat- ing it from practical life and lifting it so far above every- body's daily and familiar use that they might as well be without it. The pretence is, that religion is too sacred to be rendered useful in common matters. Over church doors men write : ' Religion is religion ; ' and over store doors : ' Business is business.' And the Church says to business : ' Don't you come in here ; ' and the store says to religion : ' Don't yoii come in here I ' " Man rejects the interference of the higher law in his business as impertinence. But when Sunday comes, he says, ' We've had enough of business all the week ; now let us have the blessed Gospel.' " And the minister confines himself to ' Christ and Him IN THE ANTI-SLAVERY CRUSADE. 149 crucified.' He mustn't mention love to God and man shown in business transactions, for he must preach the Gospel ; he mustn't exhort to temperance, for he must preach the Gospel ; he mustn't preach of justice, purity, and humanity, for he must preach tJie Gospel. " Why, if men catch ' the higher law ' on 'change, or in the street, they hoot at it, they chase it, they hit it, and drive it from among them, crying out : ' Here is the higher law escaped out of church, and out of Sunday.' " Speaking of this exciting period, Mr. Beecher remarked to a friend : "This takes down to 1853. Then came the bolt of the elder Van Buren and the Buffalo meeting and plat- form, which was anti-slavery, and that was really the originating cause of the Republican Party. The mate- rials were beginning to coalesce which constituted the Republican movement, and in 1856 Fremont was nom- inated as against Buchanan. Well, of course we felt all aflame. My church voted me all the time that I thought to be required to go out into the community and speak and canvass the State of New York. I went into that canvass, spoke twice and three times, sometimes, a week, having the whole day to myself; that is, making all the speeches that were made. I was sent principally to what we called the Silver Gray districts or counties — the old- time Whigs that were attempting to run a candidate be- tween Fremont and Buchanan. I generally made a three I50 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. hours' speech a day in the open air to audiences of from eight thousand to ten thousand people. I felt at that time that it was very likely that I should sacrifice my life, or my voice, at any rate, but I was willing to lay down either or both of them for that cause." " During the succeeding years of agitation," says Mr. Thompson, " Plymouth Church was one of the few tem- ples of free thought, opinion, and speech in this land of boasted liberty. So bitter was the hate for Abolitionists, that at one time it was impossible to obtain a hall in New York or Brooklyn wherein Wendell Phillips might speak. Mr. Beecher, becoming cognizant of the fact, immediately visited the trustees of Plymouth Church in person, and procured permission for Mr. Phillips to speak in the church — not because he was a believer in all the doctrine advanced by the great agitator, but because he zvas a believer in Free Speech. As disturbances were not only anticipated but threatened, the trustees, in accord- ance with a request of the pastor, attended the meeting armed with heavy canes, and the city authorities, in com- pliance with a demand, furnished a police force. Hap- pily, however, there was no trouble. " Throughout the Kansas settlement struggle the right of every * Free State' settler to defend himself and his rights, with arms if necessary, from the incursions and aggressions of the ' Border Ruffians,' was vindicated from Plymouth pulpit. The pastor himself subscribed a suf- IN THE ANTI SLAVERY CRUSADE. 15I ficient amount for the purchase of a Sharp's rifle and a Bible, and the congregation expressed its hearty concur- rence by a liberal subscription to aid in supplying all set- tlers with those commodities. " The hate of the lower and more ignorant classes of New York City for Plymouth Church and its pastor was intense; and one Sunday morning (June 8th) in 1856 the New York journals announced that a gang of roughs from Washington Market intended visiting Brooklyn that evening, for the especial purpose of ' cleaning out the d d Abolition nest at Plymouth Church,' and for- ever dispensing with the services of 'Beecher,' This startling intelligence naturally caused considerable excite- ment among the Plymouthites, and they determined to prepare for emergencies. The mayor and the chief of police were immediately notified of the threatened raid, and a large police force was ordered to report, in citizen's attire, at the church that evening. In addition to this, some fifty gentlemen, regular attendants, among whom were some of the trustees, also armed themselves with revolvers before going to evening services. Shortly be- fore the church doors were thrown open that night crowds of roughs congregated on the neighboring corners, but offered no remark or violence to anyone, and when the church was opened many of them entered and quietly seated themselves. Either there had been no intention to create any disturbance, or they had in some way 15:2 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. learned of the reception awaiting them and wisely con- cluded to give up or postpone their intended demonstra- tion ; for they soon passed into the street again, and, after muttering curses upon all ' Abolitionists and nigger- worshippers,' formed in procession and returned to New York. During the. services, while each one of the im- mense crowd was nervously watching and waiting for a something they knew not what, and at a moment Avhen the entire audience were held in breathless silence by the eloquence of the pastor, some object hurled from without struck a pane of glass in the rear window, on the east side of the pulpit, and broke it ; a bullet dropped upon the window-sill, probably by some mischievous boy, and for a moment there was a commotion among the people near the window, then all was again quiet. The services were not otherwise disturbed, and no more invasions were thereafter threatened." In 1859 occurred the unlawful invasion of a Slave State for the avowed purpose of liberating its slaves, by John Brown and his associates— an attempt, though really insignificant from a numerical point of view, which aroused and imbittered the entire South against the North, for pro-slavery men thereupon naturally con- cluded that Brown was secretly encouraged and abetted by the Abolitionists of the North. The erroneousness of this conclusion was clearly demonstrated in a sermon en- titled " The Nation's Duty to Slavery," in which Brown's IN THE ANTI-SLAVERY CRUSADE. 1 53 entire career was reviewed, and from which some extracts are here presented : " An old man, kind at heart, industrious, peaceful, went forth, with a large family of children, to seek a new home in Kansas. That infant colony held thousands of souls as noble as ever liberty inspired or religion enriched. A great scowling Slave State, its nearest neighbor, sought to tread down the liberty-loving colony, and to dragoon slavery into it by force of arms. The armed citizens of a hostile State crossed the State lines, destroyed the freedom of the ballot-box, prevented a fair expression of public sentiment, corruptly usurped law-making power, and ordained by fraud laws as infamous as the sun ever saw ; assaulted its infant settlements with armed hordes, ravaged the fields, destroyed harvests and herds, and carried death to a multitude of cabins. The United States Government had no marines for this occasion ! No Federal troops posted by the cars by night and day for the poor, the weak, the grossly wronged men of Kan- sas. There was an army there that unfurled the ban- ner of the Union, but it was on the side of the wrong- doers, not on the side of the injured. " It was in this field that Brown received his impulses. A tender father, whose life was in his son's life, he saw his first-born seized like a felon, chained, driven across the country, crazed by suffering and heat, beaten like a dog by the officer in charge, and long lying at death's 154 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. door ! Another noble boy, without warning, without of- fence, unarmed, in open day, in the midst of the city, was shot dead ! No justice sought out the murderers ; no United States attorney was despatched in hot haste ; no marines or soldiers aided the wronged or weak ! " The shot that struck the child's heart crazed the fa- ther's brain. Revolving his wrongs, and nursing his hatred to that deadly system that breeds such contempt of justice and humanity, at length his phantoms assume a slender reality, and organize such an enterprise as one might ex- pect from a man whom grief had bereft of judgment. He goes to the heart of a Slave State. One man — and with sixteen followers, he seizes two thousand brave Virginians, and holds them in duress ! " When a great State attacked a handful of weak colo- nists, the Government and nation were torpid, but when seventeen men attack a sovereign State, then Maryland arms, and Virginia arms, and the United States Govern- ment arms, and they three rush against seventeen men. ** Travellers tell us that the Geysers of Iceland — those irregular boiling springs of the north — may be trans- ported with fury by plucking up a handful of grass or turf and throwing it into the springs. The hot springs of Virginia are of the same kind ! A handful of men was thrown into them, and what a boiling there has been ! " But, meanwhile, no one can fail to see that this poor, IN THE ANTI-SLAVERY CRUSADE. 1 55 child-bereft old man is the manliest of them all. Bold, unflinching, honest, without deceit or evasion, refusing to take technical advantages of any sort, but openly avowing his principles and motives, glorying in them in danger and death, as much as when in security — that wounded old father is the most remarkable figure in the whole drama. The Governor, the officers of the State, and all the attorneys are pygmies compared with him. " I deplore his misfortunes. I sympathize with his sorrows. I mourn the hiding or obscuration of his rea- son. I disapprove of his mad and feeble schemes. I shrink from the folly of the bloody foray, and I shrink likewise from all anticipation of that judicial bloodshed which doubtless erelong will follow ; for when was cow- ardice ever magnanimous ? " If they kill the man, it will not be so much for trea- son as for the disclosure of their cowardice ! " Let no man pray that Brown be spared. Let Vir- ginia make him a martyr. Now, he has only blundered. His soul was noble, his work miserable. But a cord and a gibbet would redeem all that, and round up Brown's failure with heroic success. " Because it [slavery] is a great sin, because it is a national curse, it does not follow that we have a right to say anything or do anything about it that may happen 156 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. to please us. We certainly have no right to attack it in any manner that may gratify men's fancies or passions. It is computed that there are four million colored slaves in our nation. These dwell in fifteen different South- ern States, with a population of ten million whites. These sovereign States are united to us not merely by federal ligaments, but by vital interests, by a common national life. And the question of duty is not simply what is duty toward the blacks, not what is duty toward the whites, but what is duty to each and to both united. I am bound by the great law of love to consider my duties toward the slave, and I am bound by the great law of love also to consider my duties toward the white man, who is his master ! Both are to be treated with Christian wisdom and forbearance, . . . We must keep in mind the interest of every part. . . . It is harder to define what would be just in certain emergen- cies than to establish the duty, claims, and authority of justice. . _. . We have no right to treat the citizens of the South with acrimony or bitterness, because they are involved in a system of wrong-doing. Wrong is to be exposed. But the spirit of rebuke may be as wicked before God as the spirit of the evil rebuked. ... If we hope to ameliorate the condition of the slave, the first step must not be taken by setting the master against him. . , . " The breeding of discontent among the bondmen of IN THE ANTI-SLAVERY CRUSADE. 1 57 our land is not the way to l\elp them. Whatever gloomy thoughts the slave's own mind may brood, we are not to carry disquiet to him from without. . . . The evil is not partial. It cannot be cured by partial remedies. Our plans must include a universal change in policy, feeling, purpose, theory, and practice in the whole na- tion. . . . " No relief will be afforded to the slaves of the South, as a body, by any individual ; or by any organized plan to carry them off, or to incite them to abscond. . . . " We have no right to carry into the midst of slavery exterior discontent. . . . It is short-sighted human- ity, at best, and poor policy for both blacks and whites. " Still less would we tolerate anything like insurrec- tion and servile war. It would be the most cruel, hope- less, and desperate of all conceivable follies to seek eman- cipation by the sword and by blood." . . . INIr. Beecher created a great sensation by an address he delivered at the Broadway Tabernacle in New York City. The chains that had bound John Brown in his captivity were placed on the desk before him, and in- spired him to one of his most eloquent and thrilling ap- peals in behalf of human liberty. In the frenzy of his eloquence he seized the clanking irons and hurled them to the floor, and stamped upon them, and awakened a sentiment in his vast audience that filled the place in 7* ISS LIFE AND WORK OF. HENRY WARD BEECHER. every part, that was lasting, and which took flight across the whole anti-slavery section of the country. Fragmentary reports of Mr. Beecher's sermons ap- peared in the daily papers, but in his flights of eloquence the average reporter could not follow him, and often he was misrepresented or garbled to an exasperating degree. Mr. T. J. Ellinwood, a stenographer who was found to be able to follow him, was accommodated with a desk, and thenceforth until his death always reported him. The popularity of the church was now so well estab- lished throughout the land that crowds crossed the ferry from New York to attend. The usual answer given to strangers in New York, inquiring the way to Beecher's church on Sunday morning, was : " Cross Fulton Ferry and follow the crowd." Standing room was always at a premium, and scarcely a Sabbath passed when hundreds were not turned away for want of even standing room. Rev. Bishop Faulkner invoked Mr. Beecher's aid in raising the sum of $900 to purchase an intelligent-look- ing mulatto girl, about ten years of age, whom he brought from Washington, D. C, with him, with the owner's per- mission to make the sale. On Sunday, February 5, i860, she accompanied Mr. Beecher to church, and was placed by his side in the pulpit. Mr. Beecher presented her to the congregation, stated the facts of the case, and asked for a contribution suf^cient to effect her purchase. Among the audience was a lady named Rose Terry, who, IN THE ANTI-SLAVERY CRUSADE. l6l when the contribution-box was passed to her, drew a ring from her finger and dropped it in ; the pastor placed this ring upon one of the slave-girl's fingers, and, telling her it was her freedom ring, named her Rose Ward, after the donor of the ring and himself. The amount contrib- uted that morning, together with a collection taken up in Sunday-school that afternoon, was $i,ooo. A similar instance of the sympathy and generosity of the Plymouth congregation occurred on Sunday, June i, 1 86 1. A young slave woman, twenty years of age, named Sarah, having been informed by her owner that if she could raise $800 among her abolition friends he would accept of it and free her, had made the fact known to several anti-slavery men in Washington. They pledged her owner either her safe return or the required sum, and he allowed them to take her to the North. A few days after her arrival in New York she was taken to Mr. Beecher, and on the following Sabbath morning was escorted to his pulpit in Brooklyn. She was a woman of commanding presence, rounded features, and winning face and long, jet-black hair, and of course, under the cir- cumstances, attracted most eager attention and interest from the large and wealthy congregation assembled. She was requested to unloosen her hair, and as she did so it fell in glistening waves over her shoulders and be- low her waist. Robed in spotless white, her face crim- soned and form heaving under the excitement of the oc- l62 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. casion, she stood in that august presence a very Venus in form and feature. For a moment Mr. Beecher re- mained by her side without uttering a word, until the audience was wrought up to a high pitch of curiosity and excitement. And then in his impressive way he re- lated her story and her mission. Before he concluded his pathetic recital the vast audience was a sea of com- motion. Tears ran down cheeks unused to the melting mood, eager curiosity aud excitement pervaded the whole congregation, and as the pastor announced that he wanted $2,000 for the girl before him to redeem her promise to pay for her freedom, costly jewellery and trin- kets and notes and specie piled in in such rapid succession that in less time than it takes to write this down enough and much more was contributed than was necessary to meet the call that had been made. Since Mr. Beecher's death the sequel of the story has been ascertained. Mrs. Angelina Harris says that she has known the girl long and intimately. " I was in Plymouth Church," said Mrs. Harris, " the night Sarah was brought upon the platform and stood beside Mr. Beecher. The church was packed full of peo- ple. Sarah was then not more than twenty-two or twenty- three years of age. She was tall and finely moulded, and as white as any lady. Yes, before Mr. Beecher had said a word the money began coming out of folks' pockets. " After she was free, the ladies of the church wrote a IN THE ANTI-SLAVERY CRUSADE. 163 little book, in which a full account of her life was given. With the money that was obtained from the sale of this they bought a little place for her at Peekskill, where she raised fowls and sold eggs and butter for a living. She is living there still, I think, although I have not seen her for many years, but is now an old woman. She is about fifty years of age. Sarah was known as both Sarah Scheffer and Sarah Churchman. I have heard her called by both names. She never married. She was never tired of talking about how good Mr. Beecher and his family had been to her." Mrs. Harris said that she had worked for some time with Mrs. Scoville, Mr. Beecher's daughter, at Stamford, Conn. When the booming of rebel cannon in Charleston Har- bor resounded throughout the country, proving that the threats of armed disunion had not been — as was supposed —those of mere braggadocio, and that all predictions of peaceful settlement of existing difficulties were but hope- less dreams ; when many of the greatest minds of the North— almost staggered by the unexpected blow— were wavering in opinion whether to maintain the Union at all hazards, or " let the wayward sisters go in peace " then was the voice of Plymouth Church raised, Sunday, April 14, 1861, fearlessly denouncing the actions of the secessionists, and urging energetic and decisive measures on the part of the Administration, crying : " We must not stop to measure costs— especially the l64 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. costs of going forward — on any basis so mean and narrow as that of pecuniary prosperity. . . . There are many reasons which make a good and thorough battle necessary. The Southern men are infatuated. They will not have peace. They are in arms. They have fired upon the American flag. That glorious banner has been borne through every climate, all over the globe, and for fifty years not a land or people has been found to scorn it or dishonor it. At home, among the degenerate people of our own land, among Southern citizens, for the first time, has this glorious national flag been abused, and trampled to the ground. It is for our sons reverently to lift it, and to bear it full high again, to victory and national suprem- acy! Our arms, in this peculiar exigency, can lay the foundation of future union in mutual respect. The South firmly believes that cowardice is the universal at- tribute of Northern men ! Until they are most thor- oughly convinced to the contrary, they will never cease arrogancy and aggression. . . . Good soldiers, brave men, hard fighting, will do more toward quiet than all the compromises and empty, wagging tongues in the world. Our reluctance to break peace, our unwilling- ness to shed blood, our patience, have all been misin- terpreted. The more we have been generous and for- bearing, the more thoroughly were they sure that it was because we dared not fight ! . . . IN THE ANTI-SLAVERY CRUSADE. 165 " We have no braggart courage ; we have no courage that rushes into an affray for the love of fighting. We have that courage which comes from calm intelligence. We have that courage which comes from broad moral sentiment. " We have no anger, but we have indignation. We have no irritable passion, but we have fixed will. . . . "We must aim at a peace built on foundations so solid, of God's immutable truth, that nothing can reach to unsettle it. Let this conflict between liberty and slav- ery never come up again. Better have it thoroughly settled, though it take a score of years to settle it, than to have an intermittent fever for the next century, break- ing out every five or ten years. . . " Let not our feelings be vengeful or savage. We can go into this conflict with a spirit just as truly Christian as any that ever inspired us in the performance of a Christian duty. . . . " Let no man, then, in this time of peril, fail to asso- ciate himself with that cause, which is to be so entirely glorious. . . . Let every man that lives and owns himself an American take the side of true American principles — liberty for one, and liberty for all ; liberty now, and liberty forever ; liberty as the foundation of government, and liberty as the basis of union ; liberty as against revolution, liberty against anarchy, and liberty against slavery ; liberty here, and liberty everywhere, the world through ! " . . . l66 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. -^ Mr. Beecher never failed to deliver a stirring address or sermon on the terrible crime of human slavery when- ever the occasion offered, until the initiation of the re- bellion by the attack on Fort Sumter enlisted his sym- pathies in behalf of the war for the Union, when he devoted himself as enthusiastically to firing the Northern heart and sending regiments to the front as he had to the cause of the negro slave, whose cause he never forgot to urge in claiming that the war was waged by the South for the purpose of maintaining their " peculiar and vile institution." " Beecher developed from a local into a national char- acter," says Thomas G. Shearman, "in the year 1850. The slavery question was causing great excitement, and Clay had proposed his compromise, while Calhoun, on the part of the South, was strongly opposing all compro- mise. So also was the Northern anti-slavery party, and it was just at this time that Mr. Beecher became decid- edly famous. The Journal of Coi7imcrcc had published an article threatening that the clergymen who meddled with slavery would have their coats rolled in the dirt. That aroused all the spirit that was in Beecher. He challenged the editor of that paper to a debate in the newspapers, which was carried on for some time, Beecher writing in TJie Independent, which was at that time edited by Dr. Storrs and Dr. Leonard Bacon. His articles were so felicitous and effective that they attracted IN THE ANTI-SLAVERY CRUSADE. 167 universal attention, and John C. Calhoun had them read to him while on his death-bed, and pronounced them the ablest articles on the subject ever written, saying repeatedly, ' That man understands the subject. He has the true idea.' Of course, he did not mean to approve Beecher's views on slavery, but that he heartily approved of his argument that it was impossible to compromise the question. This occurrence was published soon afterward in a very graphic manner by Calhoun's private secretary, and it gave Beecher a really national reputation, making him known as well in the South as he had been in the North. " When Mrs. Stowe's ' Uncle Tom's Cabin ' was pub- lished in 1852, Henry Ward Beecher had become so well known that thousands of people in the country were foolish enough to believe that he had written the book for her. On the other hand, Mrs. Stowe's name became so famous in England, that for many years, when the English papers spoke of Mr. Beecher, they were accus- tomed to mention him as Mr. Beecher Stowe. "It was in 1856, when the slavery excitement was more intense than ever, that the famous Sharp's rifle scene took place. The people of Kansas had been left to fight out the question of slavery among themselves. The Missourians were naturally the first on the ground, and brought their slaves with them, but a number of colonies were organized in New England, Ohio, and the l68 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. West, who, of course, were strongly opposed to slavery. The Missouri emigrants regarded the Northern ones as intruders, and, being accustomed to the use of arms, pro- ceeded to drive them out. The Northern men there- upon appealed to their friends to send them arms for self-defence. A colony was being organized in Connecti- cut, and a great meeting was held at New Haven to raise subscriptions with the avowed purpose of providing the colonists with rifles. Mr. Beecher was there, and made a very stirring speech, insisting on the right of Northern men to stand up in self-defence. A subscrip- tion being called for, the Senior Class of Yale College announced that they would subscribe $50 to buy one rifle. Henry Killam, a carriage manufacturer, gave his name as a subscriber for another rifle. It was then that Mr. Beecher said, ' Killam ! That's a significant name,' a remark which brought out great laughter and applause, and which was the origin of many fierce attacks upon him for years afterward." CHAPTER VII. IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. Recruiting. — First Long Island Regiment. — The Brooklyn Fourteenth. — Pets of Plymouth Church. — The Boys Attend Service. — "The Na- tional Flag." — An Eloquent Patriotic Appeal. — Applause in Church Rebuked. — Plymouth Church Barracks. — The Maine Regiment. — Church Parlors Occupied as a Hospital. — Visits to the Boys in Camp. — A Welcome Visitor. — Patriotic Editorials. — Relations with Secre- tary Stanton. — The National Fast. — Freedom of the People. — An Intellectual Disquisition. — His Visit to England. — His Invaluable Services as a Defender of the Union. — The Fort Sumter Celebration. — A Pleasant Reunion of Old-Time Friends. — The Restored Union. — The Key-note to Beecher's Future Course in Regard to the South.— Startling News. — Lincoln's Assassination. — Beecher's Grief. — The Funeral Oration. — The Martyr President. Mr. Beecher not only spoke on every occasion in de- fence of the Union, but also actively engaged in organ- izing and equipping the First Long Island (Infantry) Regiment, known as the " Brooklyn Phalanx," which was largely recruited from the members of Plymouth Church. His son Henry was an officer of one of the companies. Two companies of the famous crack regi- ment of Brooklyn, the brave Colonel Wood's Fourteenth, were also recruited from Plymouth Church. These two companies attended service, and after an eloquent ad- I/O LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. dress on " The National Flag" by Mr. Beecher, $3,000 was raised by subscription to aid in completing the equip- ment of the regiment. This address is probably one of Mr. Beecher's most eloquent appeals, and was as follows : " A thoughtful mind, when it sees a nation's flag, sees not the flag, but the nation itself. And whatever may be its symbols, its insignia, he reads chiefly in the flag the government, the principles, the truths, the history that belong to the nation that sets it forth. . . . " This nation has a banner, too ; and until recently, wherever it streamed abroad, men saw daybreak bursting on their eyes. For until lately the American flag has been a symbol of Liberty, and men rejoiced in it. Not another flag on the globe had such an errand, or went forth upon the sea, carrying everywhere, the world around, such hope to the captive, and such glorious tidings. The stars upon it were to the pining nations like the bright morning stars of God, and the stripes upon it were beams of morning light. As at early dawn the stars shine forth even while it grows light, and then as the sun advances that light breaks into banks and streaming lines of color, the glowing red and intense white striving together, and ribbing the horizon with bars effulgent, so, on the Ameri- can flag, stars and beams of many-colored light shine out together. . . . It is the banner of Dawn, It means Liberty. . . . Beginning with the Colonies, and com- IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. l/i ing down to our time, in its sacred heraldry, in its glori- ous insignia, it has gathered and stored chiefly this su- preme idea : Divine right of liberty in man. "And displayed it shall be. Advanced full against the morning light, and borne with the growing and glow- ing day, it shall take the last ruddy beams of the night, and from the Atlantic wave, clear across with eagle flight to the Pacific, that banner shall float, meaning all the liberty which it has ever meant ! From the North, where snows and mountain-ice stand solitary, clear to the glow- ing tropics and the Gulf, that banner that has hitherto waved shall wave and wave forever — every star, every band, every thread and fold significant of Liberty! [Great applause.] I do not doubt your patriotism. I know it is hard for men that are full of feeling not to give expression to it ; yet excuse me if I request you to re- frain from demonstrations of applause while I am speak- ing. It is not because I think Sunday too good a day, nor the church too holy a place for patriotic Christian men to express their feelings at such a time as this, and in behalf of such sentiments, but because by too frequent repetition applause becomes stale and common, that I make this request. Besides, outward expression is not our way. We are rather of a silent stock. We let our feelings work inwardly, so that they may have deeper channels and fuller floods. . . . 172 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. " How glorious, then, has been its origin ! How glori- ous has been its history ! How divine its meaning ! . . . made by liberty, made for liberty, nourished in its spirit, carried in its service, and never, not once in all the earth, made to stoop to despotism ! "And now this banner has been put on trial ! It has been condemned. For what ? Has it failed of duty ? Has liberty lost color by it ? Have moths of oppression eaten its folds ? Has it refused to shine on freemen and given its light to despots ? No. It has been true, brave, loyal. It has become too much a banner of lib- erty for men who mean and plot despotism. Remember, citizen ! remember, Christian soldier ! the American flag has been fired upon by Americans, and trodden down because it stood in the way of slavery ! " And now God speaks by the voice of His providence, saying, 'Lift again that banner! Advance it full and high ! ' To your hand, and to yours, God and your country commit that imperishable trust. You go forth, self-called, or rather called by the trust of your country- men, and by the Spirit of your God, to take that trailing banner out of the dust and out of the mire, and lift it again where God's rains can cleanse it, and where God's free air can cause it to unfold and stream as it has always IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 173 floated before the wind. God bless the men that go forth to save from disgrace the American flag ! *' Nor is it enough that that banner shall stand and merely reassert its authority. It is time now that that banner shall do as much for each man in our own country as it will in every other land on the globe. . . . " You go to serve your country in the cause of liberty ; and if God brings you into conflict erelong with those misguided men of the South, when you see their miser- able, new-vamped banner, remember what that flag means — Treason, Slavery, Despotism ; then look up and see the bright stars and the glorious stripes over your own head, and read in them Liberty, Liberty^ LIBERTY ! " And if you fall in that struggle, may some kind hand wrap around about you the flag of your country, and may you die with its sacred touch upon you ! It shall be sweet to go to rest lying in the folds of your country's banner, meaning, as it shall mean, ' Liberty and Union, now and forever.' . . ." In the autumn of 1862 a Maine regiment arrived in Brooklyn en route to the front, and all the barracks in this vicinity being occupied, Mr. Beecher offered them the shelter of Plymouth Church. The steady increase of the Sunday-school, which kept pace with that in the church, had necessitated frequent additions, and in 1862 a new building was erected by a subscription of $10,800 on the 1/4 Lli-'E AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. property of the organization on Cranberry Street, giving a large parlor for the social meetings as well as larger school accommodations. The regiment was quartered here two days, sleeping on the cushioned seats in the church and occupying the parlors by day. The march of the regiment had been in a chilly rain, and many were sick from the effects of colds contracted, and they were quartered in the parlors for four weeks, at- tended by the surgeons. A sewing society was organized by the ladies of the church, to supply the army hospitals with various necessary articles, as well as for the desti- tute freedmen from the South, who were always remem- bered by Mr. Beecher in his prayers and sermons. This sewing society, it may be observed, has always been con- tinued in aid of the poor of the church, and a branch in- structs the children of the poor in sewing, both by hand and by machine. Mr. Beecher preached in Plymouth Church, May i, 1863, on the occasion of " The National Fast," a sermon on " The Freedom of the Common People." The text was as follows : " Go through, go through the gates ; prepare ye the way of the people ; cast up the highway ; gather out the stones ; lift up a standard for the people." He said that it seemed strange to hear sounding back, so far back, this declaration of the Christian doctrine of Democracy, "lift up a standard for the peopled IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 175 This nation, above all others, was raised up to expound and exhibit the prosperity of a free, intelligent common people. The ancient attempts at free government were based more on the liberty of the State than upon the elevation, by freedom, of individual citizens. There were almost insuperable reasons why, at a former period in other lands, this experiment could not be tried. Our ante-Revolutionary period might be considered the trial trip of Republicanism. Had European statesmen, with malign foresight, seen development of the spirit of liberty here, they would have saddled upon us institutions which would have crippled, if they had not ended, our experi- ment of free government ; but luckily they looked upon this country as a good safety-valve to Europe. When they saw the probable power developing on this continent, it was too late for them to interfere. Now, in the division of this empire against itself, they believed that to them was opened a new opportunity. Though they had stricken hands in substantial sympathy with the internal enemies of our country, it was a part of a scheme — too long de- layed for success — to estop the development of our great people. Should the experiment succeed, God had graciously given room enough for its expansion on a grand scale. It was fortunate that the populations of Europe did not at first swarm over here indiscriminately ; but now that our institutions were established, our industries organized, 1/6 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. they could come — they were mainly the young and en- terprising— and fall into this people as drops of water fall into the ocean, and in a moment are salt. We moulded them, not they us. The influence of this nation by ex- ample upon human rights was greater than all other agen- cies ; it was the silent voice of prosperity, that pleaded and had no respondent. One of our reasons of confession and repentance was that the people had ceased to regard this Government as a gift of God for the good of mankind, and had come to view it almost wholly from selfishness, and in its relations to their own immediate good. This was not patriotism, but was full of inevitable corruption. In fifty years this nation had plunged into gainful enter- prises with a power and success which had almost ma- terialized it. In some respects it had been beneficial ; for indirectly it had by industry, order, and prosperity promoted moral- ity. But it had tended to substitute the love of gain and wealth for right, for justice, for magnanimity. An incipient plutocracy was springing up, tending to augment the power of a class at the expense of the public good. One of the most alarming dangers to-day was the power and facility of bribn-y — the vote hung in the shambles. It corrupted national, state, and municipal legislation. The doctrine of liberty for the common people — an en- thusiasm, a fanaticism, almost, in our early history — had gradually decayed. The doctrine of liberty for the com- IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. \'J^ mon people had brought more threats to its champions than ever did all the tyranny of Europe. He claimed the right, in the name of his Lord and Master, to call the slave his brother. Talk about the abuse of slavery — it was not in the power of fiendish ingenuity to abuse it. Slavery never could be worked up to the pressure it was gauged for in the law. It says you may put so many pounds to the inch, but there was not an engineer in the South who would dare to run the system up to what the law allows. Four millions of human beings were by American law denuded of manhood. Children through the South as sweet as theirs, and as white, were brought up expressly for concubinage. There was but one class toward whom he could not feel pity— they were hoary and reverend presidents of colleges, who spent their years trying to make their pupils believe it was right to hold men in slavery — when they took Calvary for their infernal pur- pose, and the drops of blood — then, said Mr. Beecher, " I have no mercy, I am adamant, I curse them in the name of my God. [Applause.] What an awful terror must rest on their conscience, that they have taken the blood of atonement that they might sanctify and seal man over to the devil therewith." [Sensation.] God had opened the prison doors, and we had come to the times that would try men's souls. But if the people were true to the faith of their fathers, there would come emancipation, 178 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. and liberty would be fixed forever. The signs of the times were growing brighter. The sun of liberty had not risen, but it was daylight in the heavens. The services, which occupied about two hours, con- cluded with singing and benediction. The church was crowded to its utmost. Mr. Beecher visited the regiments he had been so active in equipping at their headquarters in the Army of the Po- tomac. His presence, it is almost needless to say, always excited great enthusiasm, and inspired the boys with pa- triotic ardor. He never missed an occasion to deliver a patriotic address, and often spoke at the out-of-door " war meetings," to the injury of his voice. He became the editor of T]ie Independent, to which he had long been a regular contributor. Mrs. Stowe says : " He wished this chance to speak from time to time his views and opin- ions to the whole country. He was in constant com- munication with the Secretary of War, in whose patriot- ism, sagacity, and wonderful efificiency he had the greatest reliance." The severe strain of his exertions in and out of his pulpit, and " the burden of the war upon his spirit," impaired his health, robust and vigorous as he had been since his Atlantic trip in 1S50, and the loss of his voice was threatened unless he permitted himself recreation. He was urged by his congregation to take a summer trip to Europe, and was absent from June, 1863, till the ensuing October. IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 1/9 It is not too much to say that when Mr. Beecher re- turned from England he could have claimed any reward in the gift of the Government. But he had his reward in the gratitude of the nation and the affectionate demon- strations of his fellow-citizens. He simply resumed his work in its several lines, and continued the successes of his life. The fourth anniversary of the surrender of Fort Sum- ter, Charleston Harbor, by Major Robert Anderson, was commemorated April 12, 1865, by raising the identical flao- that had been hauled down on that occasion. There was a large gathering on the ramparts of the battered old fort, many of the old-time Abolitionists being present, in- cluding, of course, many members of Plymouth Church. Mr. Beecher was invited to deliver the address. He made one of his most stirring addresses of congratulation on the proper and successful termination of the war, clos- ing with an eloquent appeal for the establishment of a re- stored union between the North and the South, which since the abolition of slavery by Lincoln's proclamation could not fail to come together again as brothers and per- petuate a great and prosperous country. For the im- poverished South he had only kind words. Returning home, when the steamer touched at Fort- ress Monroe the party, none more than Mr. Beecher, were horrified and shocked to be told of the assassination of President Lincoln. On the following Sabbath, April 23, l8o LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. 1865, Plymouth Church was crowded as it had never been crowded before, and Mr. Beecher preached an elo- quent sermon on the sad event. He took as his text the first five verses of the last chapter of Deuteronomy, and commenced his discourse by drawing a parallel between the history of Moses, after leading his people many weary years through the wilderness, obtaining only a vision and not a realization of the promised land and dying, and that of President Lincoln passing through toil, sorrow, and war, to come near to the promised land of peace, into which he might not pass over. The speaker went on to say that two such orbs of joy and sorrow never before came together as we had witnessed in one week. " The joy of the nation came upon us suddenly, with such a surge as no words could describe. Men laughed, embraced one another, sung and prayed, and many could only weep gladness. In one hour joy had no pulse. The sorrow was so terrible that it stunned sensibility. The first feeling was the least, and men wanted to get strength to feel. Other griefs belong always to some one in chief, but this belonged to all. Men walked for days as though a corpse lay in their houses. The city forgot to roar. Never did so many hearts in so brief a time touch two such boundless feel- ings. It was the uttermost of joy and the uttermost of sorrow — noon and midnight without a space between. We should not mourn, however, because the departure IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. l8l of the President was so sudden. When one is prepared to die, the suddenness of death is a blessing. They that are taken awake and watching, as the bridegroom dressed for the wedding, and not those that die in pain and stupor, are blessed. Neither should we mourn the man- ner of his death. The soldier prays that he may die by the shot of the enemy in the hour of victory, and it was meet that he should be joined in a common experience in death with the brave men to whom he had been joined in all his sympathy and life. " This blow was but the expiring rebellion. Epito- mized in this foul act we find the whole nature and dis- position of slavery. It is fit that its expiring blow should be such as to take away from men the last forbearance, the last pity, and fire the soul with invincible determination that the breeding system of such mischiefs and monsters shall be forever and utterly destroyed. We needed not that he should put on paper that he believed in slavery, 'vho with treason, with murder, with cruelty infernal, hov- ered around that majestic man to destroy his life. He was himself the long-life sting with which Slavery struck at Liberty, and he carried the poison that belonged to slav- ery ; and as long as this nation lasts it will never be for- gotten that we have had one martyr-President — never, never while time lasts, while heaven lasts, while hell rocks and groans, will it be forgotten that slavery by its minions slew him, and in slaying him made manifest its 1 82 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. whole nature and tendency. This blow was aimed at the life of the Government. Some murders there have been that admitted shades of palliation, but not such a one as this — without provocation, without reason, without temptation, sprung from the fury of a heart cankered to all that is pure and just by slavery. " The blow has failed of its object. The Government stands more solid to-day than any pyramid of Egypt. Men love liberty and hate slavery to-day more than ever before. How naturally, how easily, the Govern- ment passed into the hands of the new President, and I avow my belief, that he will be found a man true to every instinct of liberty, true to the whole trust that is imposed in him, vigilant of the Constitution, careful of the laws, wise for liberty, in that he himself, for his life long, has known what it is to suffer from the stings of slavery, and to prize liberty from the bitter experiences of his own life. Even he that sleeps has by this event been clothed with new influence. His simple and weighty words will be gathered like those of Washington, and quoted by those who, were he alive, would refuse to listen. Men will receive a new access to patriotism, I swear you on the altar of his memory to be more faithful to that country for which he has perished. They will, as they follow his hearse, swear a new hatred to that slavery against which he warred, and which in vanquishing him has made him a martyr and conqueror. I swear you by IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 183 the memory of this martyr to hate slavery with an un- abatable hatred, and to pursue it. They will admire the firmness of this man in justice, his inflexible conscience for the right, his gentleness and moderation of spirit, which not all the hate of party could turn to bitterness. And I swear you to his justice, and to his moderation, and to his mercy. How can I speak to that twilight million to whom his name was as the name of an angel of God, and whom God sent before them to lead them out of the house of bondage. O, thou Shepherd of Israel, thou that didst comfort Thy people of old, to Thy care we commit these helpless and long wronged and grieved. " And now the martyr is moving in triumphal march mightier than one alive. The nation rises up at every stage of his coming ; cities and States are his pall-bearers, and the cannon beats the hours in solemn progression ; dead, dead, dead, he yet speaketh. Is Washington dead ? Is Hampden dead ? Is David ? Disenthralled from the flesh and risen to the unobstructed sphere where passion never comes, he begins his illimitable work. His life now is grafted upon the infinite, and will be fruitful as no earthly life can be. Pass on. Four years ago, O Illinois, we took from your midst an untried man from among the people. Behold, we return him to you a mighty conqueror, not thine any more, but the nation's — not ours, but the world's. Give him place, O ye prai- ries ! in the midst of this great continent his dust shall 1 84 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. rest a sacred treasure to myriads who shall pilgrim to that shrine to kindle anew their zeal and patriotism. Ye winds that move over the mighty spaces of the West, chant his requiem ! Ye people, behold the martyr whose blood, as so many articulate words, pleads for fidelity, for law, for liberty ! " CHAPTER VIII. HIS VISIT TO ENGLAND IN 1863. His Greatest Oratorical Effort. — Going Abroad for a Vacation. — Three Months on the Continent. — Reluctantly consents to speak in Eng- land.— British Sympathy with the South. — Speech at Manchester. — Facing a British Mob. — Unsuccessful Attempts to silence Him. — How He Triumphed. — Speaking Plain Truths. — Shaking Hands with an Umbrella. — Speech at Glasgow. — Opposition of the Blockade- Runners. — His Address at Liverpool. — Inflammatory Placards on the Streets. — Scenes of Great Disorder. — Making Himself Heard. — Ar- rival in London. — Famous in Clubs and Social Circles. — Prostrated with Exhaustion. — Speech in Exeter Hall. — A Friendly Audience. — Immense Enthusiasm. — An Historical Narrative. — Change of Public Opinion. — Effect of Mr. Beecher's Speeches. In the spring of 1863 Mr. Beecher was beginning to feel the effect of the arduous duties he had imposed on himself, and fearing that he might break down under the severe strain on both his mental and physical powers, he made up his mind to tear himself away from the scenes of so much excitement and try the effect of a sea voyage and a short sojourn in Europe as a means of recuperation. Many people supposed at the time, and many still con- tinue to labor under the same false impression, that Mr. Beecher went over to England at the instance of the 1 86 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. United States Government. This is an erroneous idea. The trip at the outset had no significance beyond the immediate benefit he anticipated deriving from the change of air and scene, and possessed no interest out- side the circle of his personal friends and the members of nis congregation, who were the pressing instigators of their pastor leaving his flock, and who cheerfully bore the expenses he had to incur. Mr. Beecher was never a good sailor, and most of the time of a long and tedious voyage was passed by him on his back in his cabin. When he landed in England he was met by many re- quests to lecture, but to all he turned a deaf ear, having made up his mind that he would neither preach nor lect- ure during his stay in the country. At this time the feel- ing of the upper and middle classes in England was in favor of the South. These classes constituted the voting and ruling power of the land. The lower or unvoting class was strongly disposed toward the North. Mr. Beecher did not feel particularly friendly toward England for the attitude she had assumed on the war question, and after leaving Liverpool, where he had landed, he had only paid short visits to Glasgow, Edinburgh, Manchester, and London before he left for a three months' tour on the Con- tinent. He had steadily refused to open his mouth in public on British soil, but at a Temperance breakfast given to him in Scotland he had made a speech on the under- HIS VISIT TO ENGLAND IN 1 863. 187 Standing that nothing was to be reported. In London, likewise, he had been induced to break through his re- solve. The Congregational clergymen of that city had invited him to meet them at breakfast, and he took the opportunity afforded by expressing strongly his indigna- tion that they as a body of clergymen should have thrown their sympathy on the side of slavery. The Anti-Slavery Union after this endeavored to per- suade him to make some speeches, but their efforts were unavailing. On the Continent he wandered through France, Ger- many, Switzerland, and Italy, and finally returned to Paris, It was here that the news came to him of Grant's great victory at Vicksburg, and also the triumph at Gettysburg. At the same hotel where he was stopping in Paris there were a number of Southerners who had made a point of indirectly insulting him in various ways, but after the ar- rival of the news of these two great victories he saw them no more. They had crowed in the hour of triumph, but could not hold up their heads in adversity. On his return to England he was again met by the same pressing importunities to make some addresses. For a time he continued to decline, but he veered round with a strong determination to fight when he learned that a move- ment was on foot to turn the lower classes from their ad- herence to the cause of liberty. He finally consented to speak at Manchester, and soon afterward it was arranged 1 88 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. that he should speak at Liverpool, Glasgow, Edinburgh, and London. When he proceeded to Manchester to make what might really be called his first public speech in behalf of his cause, he expected to find very hostile demonstrations against him. Influential opinion throughout the country was strongly in favor of the South, and based on very flimsy and unreliable information as regarded facts, so that he met but very few who understood the conflict, and who took the side of the North. The few people of this mind that he had met, when they related their ex- periences in the endeavors they had made to change the popular sentiment of England, might have intimidated a weaker man. But fear had no part in Henry Ward Beecher's creed. He had been first surprised at the ig- norance generally displayed on the subject of the Civil War, then indignant at the manner in which the subject was treated, and had been somewhat inclined to treat with silent contempt a nation who could howl down any at- tempt to expound truth unto them. From this mood, however, he had been roused, and now that he had deter- mined to speak, any sign of oppcffftion only made his de- termination stronger, and he was fully resolved not only to speak, but to be heard. But, prepared as he was for hostile demonstrations, he could hardly have believed the excitement would have been so great. Blood-red placards were all over the HIS VISIT TO ENGLAND IN 1 863. 1 89 place denouncing Mr. Beecher and his principles, and his friends were down-hearted at the gloomy outlook. Se- renely and calmly he told them he was going to be heard all the same, and infused into them a little of the power- ful fighting incentive he had in himself to overcome diffi- culties. The Manchester address was delivered at the Free Trade Hall. The excitement had been naturally great, but it had been fostered and played with and intensified, and now it was at its highest pitch. As soon as Mr. Beecher appeared the scene baffled description ; the cheering, hissing, stamping, clapping, shouting, and groan- ing shook the hall almost to its foundations. He rose, a carefully prepared manuscript in his hand, and had got as far as " Mr. Chairman," when the cries of approval and disapproval burst forth anew. Ever quick at noting the temper of his audience, he quickly responded to the groans and hisses of his opponents by tossing his manu- script aside, and then set himself down to a regular fight. For two hours was he on his feet, making, not a speech — that would be too mild a term — but a triumphant prog- ress, interrupted by difficulties and obstacles, surmounted as fast as presented, dealing with facts, statistics, and arguments, without once having to refer to a note or being at a loss for a word. At the outset he had noticed that his earnest sympathizers and opponents were about evenly matched in point of numbers ; he decided, igo LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. therefore, not to address himself directly to either of these, but to endeavor to impart instruction and bring conviction to the large number who did not possess strong feelings either way. He discussed the value of freedom and the evils of slavery, and exhorted the man- ufacturing community in their own interest to stand by the cause of liberty. If his opponents had been able to accomplish what they endeavored to do that day — to break him down on his first speech— it would have been a great triumph for them ; but they did not know the man. With quick re- tort and ready repartee, he gazed on his audience calmly and determinedly, replying to questions hurled at him, smiling and laughing outright at ludicrous interruptions, patiently waiting the subsidence of tumult, but all the same, as opportunity offered, quietly and distinctly pro- gressing in his subject until the end came and the vote that was called off proved to each man in the audience and to the world at large the power of the advocate and the greatness of his cause. It was a great triumph, more especially when it is con- sidered that this was Mr. Beecher's first experience with an English mixed audience. He had dreaded it, and for a short time had felt a horrible feeling of timidity come over him, fearing that he might fail ; but he had cast it off, leaving the matter, as he himself said, " in the hands of God," and from that moment he had known no recur- HIS VISIT TO ENGLAND IN 1 863. 19I rence of the feeling. As he was leaving the hall he was congratulated on all sides. One big burly Englishman some distance away wanted to shake hands with him, but could not get near him on account of the crowd. Reach- ing over the heads of the people, he held out his um- brella and called out, " Shake my umbrella ! " Mr. Beecher did so, and the man shouted, " By Jock ! no- body shall touch that umbrella again ! " After the Manchester address came the speech at Glas- gow. Here he found his audience at the City Hall, in almost as great a state of tumult as that at Manchester, but he was now confident of his power, and had no fear of the result. A great favorite on the Glasgow plat- form, the Rev. Dr. William Anderson, had been ap- pointed to introduce Mr. Beecher, but he could not make himself heard. Mr. Beecher walked to the front and quietly descanted on the beauty of the Scottish scen- ery, the bravery and heroism of Scotland's warriors, the renown of its bards and poets, with so much eloquence that the enthusiasm of his audience was enkindled, and he was greeted with a spontaneous burst of applause. He then endeavored to bring in the all-burning question, but the marks of disapprobation were of so expressive a nat- ure that he said " he would sit down and rest until they got the hissing over." After a while he got a hearing and repeated his pro- gressive triumph at Manchester. The audience was as- 192 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. tonished at his quickness of retort and his fluency of speech, and they admired his pluck and good temper. Anecdote followed anecdote in quick succession in his endeavor to keep his audience in good humor, but calmly and firmly he insisted on informing them that the South would be brought back to their allegiance, and that the war should not cease so long as there was a slave in America on whom the sun of heaven could shine. To one man who cried, " We don't sympathize with slavery, but we go for the South because they are the weaker party," he replied, " Go, then, and sympathize with the devil — he was the weaker party also when he rebelled and was turned out of heaven. Yours is a good enough argument for school-boys ten years of age. Hold a string between them and see who is the strongest ; but when the principles of liberty and slavery are the ques- tions, it is a shame for a man of your age to talk that way." His questioners were at length silenced, and dur- ing the latter part of his address he had it all his own way, and he demonstrated the unity of labor the world over, and discussed the relations of the laboring man to government, and to the aristocratic classes, and how slavery made labor disreputable. He also insisted that it was a disgrace to them to be building ships to put down the laborers of America, and to cast shame and contempt on themselves and on every man on earth that earned his living by the sweat of his brow. HIS VISIT TO ENGLAND IN 1 863. 193 Mr. Beecher had more than made his mark in two im- portant cities, and the British people were now beginning to see the case more clearly ; the press, which had been generally vilifying and attacking him and his cause in slashing editorials, began now to modify and soften their remarks ; and a particularly significant act of the govern- ment stopped the blockade-runners that had been build- ing on the Mersey. There can be no doubt now that Mr. B.eecher's presence in England two years earlier would have prevented, to a large extent, British sympa- thy for the South. In Edinburgh he found a more educated audience, and discussed the effect of the presence of slavery on litera- ture and learning. The audience was a very large one, but there was less commotion than he had experienced at either Manchester or Glasgow. Glasgow and Liverpool were the last possible places Mr. Beecher could have looked to for sympathy in his cause, from the fact of the Clyde and the Mersey fur- nishing blockade-runners, and also other mercantile inter- ests that were involved. Consequently, in going to Liverpool he did not anticipate smooth sailing, Man- chester had been bad enough, but it was as peace to war in comparison to the popular feeling that now awaited him. The most scurrilous and abusive cards were plac- arded on the streets and in every available space, calling on the people to give the man that was coming " the 194 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. welcome he deserved." Some idea of this ink attack may be gathered from the following specimen of a poster, the original size being 25x38 inches : WHO IS HENRY WARD BEECHER? He is the man who said the best blood of England must be shed to atone for the Trent affair. He is the man who advocates a war of extermination with the South — says it is incapable of " regeneration," but proposes to re-people it from the North by " genera- tion."— See Times. He is the friend of that inhuman monster, General Butler. He is the friend of that so-called Gospel Preacher, Cheever^ who said in one of his sermons : " Fight against the South till Hell freezes, and then con- tinue the battle on the ice." He is the friend and supporter of a most debased Fe- male, who uttered at a public meeting in America the most indecent and cruel language that ever polluted fe- male lips, — See Times. Men of Liverpool — Englishmen I What reception can you give this wretch save unmiti- gated disgust and contempt ? His impudence in coming here is only equalled by his cruelty and impiety. Should he, however, venture to appear, it behooves all right- HIS VISIT TO ENGLAND IN 1863. 1 9/ minded men to render as futile as the first this second attempt to get up a public demonstration in favor of the North, which is now waging war against the South with a vindictive and revengeful cruelty unparalleled in the history of any Christian land. These placards and the agitation against the North that had been carefully fostered had the effect that had been desired. The highest state of excitement prevailed ; but this had no deterrent effect on the man against whom they were aimed. So great was the excitement that it is said that a number of men attended the meeting with weapons, which they were only deterred from using by an equal show of weapons on the part of certain of jNIr. Beecher's supporters. For a time all was confusion and turmoil, and it was over an hour and a half before he could obtain control of the audience. After that he had it all his own way ; but he had been compelled to stretch his voice to its utmost strength, and it was some time before he recovered the perfect use of it. Into this meet- ing he threw all. his force, and one gentleman who was present said he had never heard anything like it since the days of Daniel O'Connell, and that he thought not one of O'Connell's best things equalled Mr. Beecher's effort on that occasion. When Mr. Beecher returned to London he found him- self famous. He had been attacked and fully reported 198 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. in the papers, and had been the talk of the clubs. He had become the fashion. He used to tell an amusing story of his hotel experiences in London. He put up at the " Golden Cross " hotel when he first went there, and they gave him a little back room at the top of the house. On his return from the Continent he was received with a little more politeness, and was favored with a front room on the third story. On the third visit after his tri- umphant conquests in Manchester, Glasgow, and Liver- pool he was received with all deference by the landlord and his assistants, and was given the best suite of rooms in the house. Here trouble awaited him. He had had a most successful career in spite of tremendous difficul- ties, but the strain on his voice had been too great, and on his arrival he had to take to his bed. He had yet his most important work to perform — to address the meeting at Exeter Hall — and his voice had failed him. He com- mitted himself in this dif^culty to the hands of God, on whom he had so often depended. He said, " Lord, thou knowest this. Let it be as thou wilt." Next morning when he awoke he was almost afraid to speak. He felt well and strong, but his voice, though improved, was still husky. However, he gathered him- self together for a last mighty effort, and before the day was over all London had felt the presence of the mighty man that was in their midst. Exeter Hall was packed inside and outside, and even the adjoining streets were HIS VISIT TO ENGLAND IN 1 863. 199 thronged with a surging mass of humanity endeavoring, even if they could not enter the hall, to approach as close to the building as they possibly could. In order to get into the hall himself Mr. Beecher had to accept the aid of the police. When he rose to speak he was greeted with the most vociferous cheering. He began by asking forbearance on account of his hoarseness. " I expect to be hoarse," he said, " and I am willing to be hoarse, if I can in any way assist to bring the mother and daughter heart to heart and hand to hand together." This was the signal for a renewed outburst of cheering. He then proceeded to review in brief his course in Great Britain. He said that at Manchester he had attempted to give a history of the external political movement for fifty years before, so far as it was necessary to illustrate the fact that the Ameri- can Civil War was only an overt and warlike form of a contest between liberty and slavery that had been going on politically for half a century. At Glasgow he had undertaken to show the condition of work or labor ne- cessitated by any profitable system of slavery, demon- strating that it brought labor into contempt, affixing to it the badge of degradation, and that a struggle to extend servile labor across the American continent interested every free working-man on the globe. His sincere belief was that the Southern cause was the natural enemy of free labor and the laborer all the world 200 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. over. In Edinburgh he had endeavored to sketch how, out of separate colonies and States intensely jealous of their individual sovereignty there had grown up and had been finally established a nation, and how in the nation of the United States two distinct and antagonistic systems had been developed, and struggled for the guidance of the national policy, which struggle had at length passed and the North gained the control. Thereupon the South had abandoned the Union simply and solely because the Government was in future to be administered by men who would give their whole influence to freedom. In Liverpool he had labored under difficulties to show that slavery in the long-run was as hostile to commerce and to manufacturers all the world over as it was to free in- terests in human society ; that a slave nation must be a poor customer, buying the poorest and fewest goods, and the least profitable to the producers ; that it was the in- terest of every manufacturing country to promote free- dom, intelligence, and wealth among all nations ; that the attempt to cover the fairest portion of the earth with a slave population that bought next to nothing ought to array against it every true political economist and every thoughtful and far-seeing manufacturer, as tending to strike at the vital want of commerce — which was not cotton, but rich customers. He had endeavored to enlist against this flagitious wickedness and the great civil war which it had kindled HIS VISIT TO ENGLAND IN 1 863. 20I the judgment, conscience, and interests of the British people, and he would do his best to leave no vestige of doubt that slavery had been the cause — the only cause— the whole cause — of the war. He had already tried to show that sympathy for the South, however covered by excuses or softened by sophistry, was simply sympathy with an audacious attempt to build up a slave empire pure and simple. He had tried to show that the North were contending for the preservation of their Govern- ment and their own territory, and those popular institu- tions on which the well-being of the nation depended. He had so far, he said, spoken to the English from an English point of view, but he was now going to ask them to look at the struggle from an American point of view, and in its moral aspects. There had been some disagree- ment of feeling between America and Great Britain. He did not want to argue the question which was right and which was wrong, but if some kind neighbor would per- suade two people that were at disagreement to consider each other's position and circumstances, it might not lead either to adopting the other's judgment, but it might lead them to say of each other, " I think he is honest and means well, even if he be mistaken." This was greeted with loud cheering. " You may not," he went on, " thus get a settlement of the difficulty, but you will get a settlement of the quarrel. I merely ask you to put yourselves in our track for one 9 202 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. hour, and look at the objects as we look at them — after that, form your judgment as you please." His audience had been kindly disposed from the first, and his opening words, clearly and distinctly enunciated, notwithstanding his hoarseness, threw everyone into the proper frame of mind to give him a fair and dispassionate hearing. He then went on to narrate the history of the conflict from its earliest stages. He said the first issue between the North and South was on purely moral grounds. It was a conflict simply of opinion and of truths by argument, and by appeal to the moral sense it was sought to persuade the slaveholder to adopt some plan of emancipation. The South seemed to apologize for slavery rather than defend it against argument. It was said : "The evil is upon us ; we cannot help it. We are sullied, but it is a misfortune rather than a fault. It is not right for the North to meddle with that which is made worse by being meddled with, even by argument or appeal." That was the earlier portion of the conflict. The next stage was purely political. The South was attempting to extend their slave system into the terri- tories, and to prevent free States from covering the conti- nent by bringing into the Union a slave State for every free State. It was also the design and endeavor of the South not simply to hold and employ the enormous power and influence of the Central Executive^ but also to ingraft into the whole Federal Government a slave "St^iic policy. HIS VISIT TO ENGLAND IN 1 863. 203 They meant to fill all offices at home and abroad with men loyal to slavery — to shut up the road to political prefer- ment against men who had aspirations for freedom, and to corrupt the young and ambitious by obliging them to swear fealty to slavery as the condition of success. The South had pursued a uniform system of bribing and corrupting ambitious men of Northern consciences. A far more dangerous part of its policy was to change the Constitution, not overtly, not by external aggression — worse, to fill the courts with Southern judges until, first by laws of Congress passed through Southern influence, secondly by the construction and adjudication of the courts, the Constitution having become more and more tied up to Southern principles, the North would have to submit to slavery, or else to oppose it by violating the law and Constitution as construed by servile judges. They were, in short, little by little, injecting the laws, Constitution, and policy of the country with the poison and blood of slavery. Until the Civil War the North, although it had rid itself of slavery, was unable to touch slavery directly. The North could only contend against slave policy — not directly against slavery, and for this reason : slavery was not the creature of national law, and therefore not subject to national jurisprudence, but of State law, and subject only to State jurisdiction, A direct act on the part of the North to abolish slavery would have been 204 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. revolutionary. It would have been a violation of the fundamental principle of State independence. Each State, in respect to those rights and institutions that were local and peculiar to it, had undivided sovereignty over its own affairs ; but all powers, such as taxes, wars, treaties of peace, which belonged to one State and were common to all States, went into the General Government. The General Government never had the power — the power was never delegated to it — to meddle with the in- terior and domestic economy of the States, and it never could be done. It was only that part of slavery which escaped from the State jurisdiction, and which entered into the national sphere, which formed the subject of controversy. The Constitution of the States could not justly be touched, but only the policy of the National Government that came out beyond the State and appeared in Congress and in the territories. The great conflict between the South and the North until the w^ar began was, which should con- trol the Federal or Central Government and the territories. It was not " Emancipation " or " No Emancipation ; " Government had no business with that question. Before the war, the only thing on which politically the free people of the North and South took their respective sides was, " Shall the National "poWcy be free or'slave ? " Dur- ing a period of eighty years the North had held to her word, and with scrupulous honor had respected legal HIS VISIT TO ENGLAND IN 1 863. 205 rights, even when they were merely civil and not moral rights. The fidelity of the North to the great doctrine of State rights, which was born of her — her forbearance un- der wrong, insult, and provocation — her conscientious and honorable refusal to meddle with the evil which she hated, and which she saw to be aiming at the life of Government, and at her own life — her determination to hold fast pact and Constitution, and to gain her victories by giving the people a new National policy — will yet be deemed worthy of something better than a contemptuous sneer or the allegation of an " enormous national vanity." How, then, did the North pass from a conflict with the South and a slave policy to a direct attack upon the in- stitutions of slavery ? Because they beleaguered the National Government and the national life with the in- stitution of slaver}' — obliged a sworn President who was put under oath not to invade that institution to take his choice between the safety and life of the Government itself and the slavery by which it was beleaguered. As the fundamental right of individual self-defence could not be withdrawn without immorality, so the first ele- ment of national life was to defend life, and when a na- tion was assaulted it was a right and duty, in the exer- cise of self-defence, to destroy the enemy by which otherwise it would be destroyed. When the South threw down the gauntlet of war and said that by it slav- 206 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. ery was to be adjudicated, the North could do nothing else than take up the challenge. In this manner did Mr. Beecher continue, carefully ex- plaining and throwing light as he went along, making point after point in his favor with telling effect, to which the continued cheering which greeted almost his every sentence bore unmistakable evidence. He had oppor- tunity in the course of his speech to retaliate on the press, particularly the Times and the Daily TelegrapJi, for some of the attacks they had made on him after his Manchester and Glasgow speeches, and when he said he would have a different story to tell when he got back to America of the feeling of England to that which his countrymen had been able to gather from the English newspapers, the assembly rose en masse and hats and handkerchiefs were waved enthusiastically amid loud cheering. After speaking for over two hours, he had to ask his audience to permit him to stop, pleading exhaust- ion. Professor Newman then rose and moved the following resolution : ''Resolved, That this meeting presents its most cor- dial thanks to the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher for the admirable address which he has delivered this even- ing, and expresses its hearty sympathy with his rep- robation of the slaveholders' rebellion, his vindication of the rights of a free government, and his aspirations HIS VISIT TO ENGLAND IN 1 863. 20/ for peace and friendship between the English people and their American brethren ; and as this meeting recognized in Mr. Beecher one of the early pioneers of negro emanci- pation, as well as one of the most eloquent and success- ful of the champions of that great cause, it rejoices in this opportunity of congratulating him on the triumphs with which the labors of himself and his associates have been crowned in the anti-slavery policy of President Lincoln and his cabinet." Loud cheers greeted the reading of this motion, which was unanimously carried. That he won his oratorical battles in every place where he spoke, even his enemies declared. Every word he uttered was reported and printed. He displayed himself in all his best array. He made the people listen to his sober arguments, laugh at his wit, and weep when he mourned. The man who had hitherto been known as " Ward Beecher, a brother of Mrs. Beecher Stowe," now had his own firm foundation. Social attentions were showered on him, and he became the rage; but the same self-respect that had sustained him when he was literally ignored before now kept him from the abasement of recognizing aught that did not benefit the cause he served. The effect of Mr. Beecher's speeches was to entirely change the moral sentiment of Great Britain toward the North, and, both in themselves and in their results, it is 208 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. doubtful whether any greater oratorical triumph has evef - been recorded. Not long after his London address, about the middle of November, he took passage from Liverpool, and after a tedious passage of fifteen days arrived in his native land, where the news of his good work had long preceded him. CHAPTER IX. HIS CAREER IN POLITICS. His Temperament leads to Political Affiliation. — One of the Early Abolitionists. —Clay. — Calhoun. — Henry B. Stanton. — The Pulpit and Slavery. — Seward. — Greeley. — Buchanan. — The Drift of Senti- ment Previous to the War. — His Views at the Time. — The Fremont Campaign. — The " Political Parson." — He advocates Lincoln. — Belief that His Election would Precipitate War. — Visit to England. — His Valuable Service as a Defender of the Union in England. — Lincoln's Re-election. — After tlie War. — Jefferson Davis. — President Johnson. — General Grant. — A Southern Tour. — " The North and South." — General Fitzhugh Lee. — He becomes a "Mugwump." — Supporting Cleveland. — Old Ties Sundered. — Civil Service Reform. — Beecher and Curtis interview the President. — Democratic Resolutions. Mr. Beecher's sympathetic temperament naturally- made him a partisan, and led him into political discus- sion. His three anti-slavery sermons in the Second Presbyterian Church, in Indianapolis, Ind., at a time when the pulpit never referred to the questions of the day, caused him to be ranked among the leading Aboli- tionists. The subject was then unpopular excepting with affiliating coteries or organizations, and was re- garded as a political question rather than a humane proj- ect. Mr. Beecher took the bold ground that slavery was 9* 2IO LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. in defiance of the laws of God, and consequently a proper theme for the pulpit. Speaking of this period of life, he gave to a friend an interesting review of the con- temporaneous public men as follows : " When I was in Cincinnati Charles Hammond was the editor of the Cincinnati Gazette, one of the ablest men in the West, and the Cincinnati Gazette was by all odds — head and shoulder — the leading Whig newspaper. Henry Clay used, before any important movement, to consult with Charles Hammond." " Did you ever meet Henry Clay and hear him speak ? " " Yes. I thought he was the dullest old fellow I ever heard. It was at a barbecue in Indianapolis. He was jaded and tired. He was not wound up, and had nobody to stick a pin in him." " Do you think he was an eloquent man ? " " Yes ; if you take in his personal magnetism and the adaptation of himself to the currents of thoughts and feel- ings that were existing. Henry Clay was not a man that out of his own day was or ever will be so great as he was in his own age." " He was not as great a man as Webster ? " " No, nor as Calhoun, but a man that made passionate friends, and a natural born leader of men." " Magnetic ? " " To the last degree, and he had all the intuitions and HIS CAREER IN POLITICS. 211 that union of affectionate blandishment and indignation and threat to him. He could strike or he could caress, and with either blows or caresses was very powerful." " You adhered to your anti-slavery sentiment in the West ? " " Yes, although I saw that to do so was exceedingly un- popular in Cincinnati — that it would alienate everybody that I knew there — and that, among other reasons, con- firmed me in my tendencies, because I have always had a kind of irresistible impulse to defend the weak, espe- cially when I saw they were trodden down by men of in- fluence and power; to throw myself into the rescue of the wronged was as strong in me as life itself. So, when the mob rose in Cincinnati and destroyed Dr. Bailey's news- paper— Bailey was afterward editor of the New Era in Washington, in which Mrs. Stowe's ' Uncle Tom's Cabin ' appeared — when the mob rose and broke in and scattered his type, dragged his press down the main street and threw it into the Ohio River, and once again the riotous spirit foamed over and they threatened to shoot down the colored people in Cincinnati, and had got to that point that the mayor called for special policemen to pro- tect the city and the negro quarters, I was sworn in as a special policeman, and patrolled the streets for two nights armed to the teeth to defend the negroes. In the absence of its editor, who had gone to the General As- sembly in Philadelphia, I had taken the Cincinnati 212 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. Journal, the Presbyterian religious new school paper, and was editing it. In this paper I attacked this mob spirit, and with such a vehemence that Charles Hammond put the whole article into the Cincinnati Gazette. That was all along the same line of anti-slavery impulse. I then went to Lawrenceburg, twenty miles below Cincinnati. There was a Presbyterian Church there that would seat one hundred and fifty people. There were twenty mem- bers, one man and the rest women. With the exception of two, everyone was dependent for her livelihood on her industry." " What was your salary there ? " " Four hundred dollars. Two hundred and fifty dol- lars was paid by the American Home Missionary Society, and the balance was raised by people in my church." " That was the custom for this society to aid all feeble churches in the West ? " " All feeble churches would receive a portion of their salary in that way. The society was organized for that purpose, I do not believe there were in my Synod ten ministers that were not more or less assisted by that so- ciety, and now all through the West it is the same thing to-day, away to the Pacific Ocean." " The knot of recognized Abolitionists in those days was so very small — Mr. Tappan, Mr. Garrison, and Mr. Wen- dell Phillips — that I suppose all of necessity were known to you ? " HIS CAREER IN POLITICS. 213 " They were East, and I went back into Indiana as a missionary, and was working among the common people." " And you were on the field where the fight had to come sooner or later ?" " I was, and it may interest you to know that among the lecturers was Henry B. Stanton, who had studied theology under my father. After staying for two years and a little over at Lawrenceburg I was called to Indian- apolis. This was at the time when the division took place. The Presbyterian Church split on the rock of slavery. Theology was the mere occasion and pretence, but the root of the matter was slavery. The South was largely new-school, but the new school of the North was leavened with the anti-slavery tendency to a very great extent, and the understanding was, as I heard my father state it, that the new-school ministers of the South said to the Princeton men : ' We will sustain you as against the new school of the North if you will see to it that the Presbyterian Church at large does not meddle with the question of slavery in the South.' It was a league : it was an understood thing. It was carried out. The Southern Presbyterians, all for the sake of slavery, consented to up- hold the hands of the old-school Princeton, and the new school of the North was split off from them and organized by themselves, and they were, especially in the West, very generally anti-slavery. I don't know one man in the 214 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. Synod of Indiana who was not an open and avowed anti- slavery man." " This was about when ? " "About 1840-41. I went to Indianapolis, preaching in the upper hall or room of a little brick academy, which would not hold much over a hundred people, while the church was building. It is now owned by Governor Eng- lish." "Well, what then?" " After a year we were directed by the Synod to preach once a year on the duties of the Church to the en- slaved." "Did you do it?" " Yes. I waited until the United States Federal Court came there, with Judge McLean as the presiding judge ; and when all of our State Courts, Supreme Court, and Circuit, were in session and the Legislature was con- vened— so that all lawyers and public officers, men of every kind, thronged the city — to announce that I should preach on slavery. In the morning I discussed the nature of Hebrew slavery and the way in which it ceased. In the afternoon I preached on American slavery and the duty of the American church on that subject. Well, you may depend it was a bomb thrown, and they went streaming back to the hotel, and when they sat down to dinner someone said : ' Judge McLean, what do you think of that ?' ' Well,' said he, ' I think if every minister in HIS CAREER IN POLITICS. 215 the United States would be as faithful it would be a great advance in settling this question.' Well, that set- tled it. It gave the cue, and the lawyers, they, on the whole, sympathized too, and the members of the Legis- lature, and the consequence was that I had preached two flaming sermons with no reaction by a judicious adapta- tion to time and circumstance, I suppose that was the first anti-slavery sermon that was ever preached in the capital of the State of Indiana." " To that circumstance you probably owe the reputa- tion which preceded you to New York ? " " Yes." Mr. Beccher continued his anti-slaver)'' crusade in Plymouth Church more vigorously than ever, but did not take any prominent part in politics until the Fre- mont presidential campaign in 1856, when he boldly espoused the cause of the Pathfinder. Says an account : " Finally, after years of agitation, from the labors of the little coterie was born the Republican Party. Mr. Beecher wasone of its few fathers, and tended it carefully from its birth. When John C. Fremont was nominated as presidential candidate he took great interest in the campaign and addressed great audiences in Massachu- setts, New York, and Pennsylvania. He was then forty- three years old, and in perfect health. With the excep- tion of several months in 1849, when he was so seriously ill as to prevent his preaching from March until Septem- 2l6 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. ber, and three months in 1850, when he made a convales- cing trip to Europe, he had not been absent a Sunday from his pulpit. The national peril in 1856 seemed so great that he was induced by his political friends to accept a leave of absence from his church and travel through the Middle and Western States on a kind of oratorical pilgrimage. Wherever he went his fame pre- ceded him, and in that memorable fight he added laurels of imperishable renown to those already won. " The defeat of Fremont, by Mr, Beecher and many others, believed to be the work of Pennsylvania tricksters, consolidated the Republican Party, intensified the grow- ing hatred of the sections, and afforded the extremists on both sides of Mason and Dixon's line a never-ending theme of discussion. Plymouth pulpit had become a national institution. The streets of Brooklyn leading from the ferries were busy with processions of men from New York looking for ' Beecher.' The policemen never waited for a stranger to conclude his question, but invari- ably interrupted him and said : ' Follow the crowd.' That hundreds heard Mr. Beecher preach from Sunday to Sunday who hated him and his doctrines is undoubt- edly the fact. Some of the ' best people ' in the city refused to speak to him, and all over the land he was vilified and abused. All this made no impression on him. Some of his people I'eft his ministry, but where one went twenty new ones came. He demanded a free platform HIS CAREER IN POLITICS. 21/ for himself, and accorded it to others. His people did not servilely believe anything because he said it, for they often maintained opinions different from his to the end." Indulging in political reminiscences one day with a friend, Mr. Beecher, in answer to a question as to whom he regarded as the most influential leaders of public senti- ment, leading the Abolitionists on the one hand and the better grade of Whigs on the other, the point of focus as Republicans, said : " Well, I think Seward on the whole. Greeley was off and on. Horace Greeley was one of the ablest ad- vocates in public affairs. When wise counsel had laid down a good line, a good platform, and Mr. Greek)' mounted it in defence, there was no man so able as he, but when the work was not the defence of an agreed-upon platform, but the formation of it, he was a very unwise and uncertain counsellor. I do not know whether it is worth my while to tell the history of one thing that oc- curred about the time of the war. There was an assem- bly in an hotel in New York. There were fifty Southern oflficers in our army convened in an hotel in New York after secession was in full swing, to discuss what their duties as officers should be, and the point was this : If the South is to be organized into another government it is perfectly honorable for us to change our allegiance from the Government of the North to the Government of the South, but if that is not to be accepted or toler- 2l8 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. ated, then we are bound by our oath of allegiance to this Government, which has^ educated us, not to go over to the Southern army. On this morning appeared in the Tribune that wonderful declaration, ' Let the South go,' by Greeley ! These gentlemen said : ' All the South are agreed that there is to be this new government. The Democratic party of the North, we know, assents to it, and the only question remaining is. What are the anti- slavery men going to do ? ' And on that morning came out that declaration of Greeley, who was regarded wrong- fully as being the leader of the great anti-slavery move- ment, and they said, ' That settles it,' and in less than twenty-four hours every mother's son of them but one had left the North and gone pell-mell down South and offered his sword to the Confederates, because the Southern management would give these officers their rank in the order of their application, and it was impor- tant that they should get in first and not get near the tail. The last support, therefore, was kicked from under the vessel by a careless foot." " Do you share the belief that was quite general at the time that Fremont carried Pennsylvania?" " I do." " Do you believe that he was elected President ?" " I do." " Do you believe that his inauguration as President would have averted a civil war ? " HIS CAREER IN POLITICS. 219 " No." " Did you know President Buchanan ? " " No, nothing more than just by sight." " Do you beheve him to have been a square man ?" " I believe him to have been a man of honest inten- tions, but utterly unfit for the times which found him. He had neither courage nor any commanding discre- tion." " How do you regard Douglas ? " " I regard Douglas as a very able man indeed, but a dangerous man, because I do not think that he acted on great lines, but rather on the inner lines of political ex- pediency." " Do you think he was a thoroughly loyal man ? " " I think he was a thoroughly loyal man." " Do you think the election of President Lincoln pre- cipitated the rebellion ? " " Yes." " Do you think that his death and its manner, and at the time, was a great thing for him in history?" "Yes, sir; I think that his cofifin was more than the Presidential chair. It certainly gave to the whole of his career the influence of a kind of political saintship." " Do you believe that he would have carried out a different policy from that of Johnson ? " " I know that at the time that things were drawing to a consummation he had in an inchoate form the very 220 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. policy that Johnson undertook to carry out under a change of circumstances. I know it, because the Cleve- land letter that I wrote was the result of conferences with Governor Andrew and President Lincoln, just pre- ceding Lincoln's death, as to what were to be the next coming steps after the breaking down of the rebellion, and at that time, under the circumstances, it seems to me that they had, on the whole, very wise views. It may be said almost in a sentence what their policy was. It was to say to the leading public men of the South : ' Gentlemen, you took your section out of the Union ; you must bring it back. We hold you responsible. We will give you all the power necessary to do it. Slavery is gone, and as you went out with those men who have been defeated, now you must come back and we will trust you.' " "Whom did you regard as the significant men in our war — the political so-called generals ; that is, men like Butler, whose administrative qualities were called into use, or men like Grant, Sheridan, etc. ? " " The West Point men were the ablest men and the most efficient men by all odds. With one or two ex- ceptions only were men who became generals from civil life of any great noticeable success. Terry was and has remained so, a very able department commander, re- spected by all the army. Butler was not a military man. Every military element in him failed." HIS CAREER IN POLITICS. 221 "What do you think of him as an administrator ?" " Under the circumstances, as an administrator he was surpassing. You could not have got a better man for New Orleans. He was in his very element, in the place where his conscience worked in the direction of patriotism with remarkable shrewdness and success." " Did you work for Grant ? " " First, middle, and last." " You regarded him as a favorite with the people ? " " I am not in a situation to determine that. I only know that when his name was mentioned in any large audience where I was present he always carried the day with great enthusiasm." " How do you account for his non-renomination ? " " There were too many candidates with too strong a backing, and all combined they defeated him. What the enthusiasm of the public is and what the enthusiasm of the political managers is are two different things." " You knew Lincoln ? " " Very well." " In a sentence, what do you think of him ? " *' I think that Lincoln was to a remarkable degree both a statesman and a politician ; that he based his views of expediency on great principles, but that in exe- cuting expedient objects he was as shrewd and keen a politician as ever was in Washington. He had a broad sympathy for human nature, and he understood it very 222 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. well. He was as devoid of personal ambition and selfish- ness as any man of whom we have a record in our his- tory. He was a man who wanted to do that which was right and best for this whole nation, South and North, and was willing to go as near to the edge of doubtful ex- pediency as a man could go and not go over the preci- pice ; but he saved himself." It is almost needless to state that he was a champion of Lincoln when he received the nomination in i860. He believed that the election of Lincoln would precipi- tate a war between the North and South ; of course it was to be deplored, but he thought that the " impend- ing conflict " had better come then than to a future gen- eration. He took a very active part in the campaign, that resulted as he had predicted, both in and out of the pulpit. The democratic papers, notably the New York Day-book, the favorite organ of the South in New York City, styled him the " political parson," a title afterward freely bestowed on the redoubtable " Parson Brownlow " during his lecture tour. As the war wore on and the question of Presidential candidates came up, he was outspoken in advocacy of Mr. Lincoln's re-election, and in the following campaign did much to secure that end. When finally the war was happily ended and peace declared he was the first to stretch the hand of reconciliation across the bloody chasm, and in an ever-memorable discourse preached the HIS CAREER IN POLITICS. 223 doctrine of brotherly love. The reoccupation of Fort Sumter and the raising of the old flag was made an occa- sion of national rejoicing, and Mr. Beecher was chosen as the orator of the day. But grave and gay as were the festivities of that hour, they paled into insignificance be- fore the return of the patriotic party from their mission of re-establishment in the presence of a bereavement that sent the nations of the earth in mourning to our national capital. The death of Lincoln stirred the deepest depths of Beecher's nature, and wrung from him a tribute of love and esteem and thoughtful appreciation that will be for- ever embalmed in the literature of the age. Apprehen- sive of discord at Washington, Mr. Beecher was one of the first to declare in favor of universal amnesty and im- partial suffrage. Friends fell from him in consequence. There Avere many who could not forgive and forget. They were willing to say " I forgive," but they had suf- fered too much to pretend to forget. These frowned on Mr. Beecher and accused him of being a time-server. At this he laughed as heartily as when the same people charged him with being foolhardy in his anti-slavery campaign. He said he could afford to wait, and he did. It is not necessary to allude in this connection to his political services during the war, if, indeed, his patriotic course can be considered political. In his address at Fort Sumter, in 1865, he spoke of a restored union of the North and South, and predicted resultant prosperity. 224 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. and this was the theme of his speeches for several years. A friend says : After the war Mr. Beecher instantly appealed to the people of the North to ^eal generously and magnani- mously with the South. Immediately after the surrender of Richmond he expressed in strong terms his desire for a complete reunion of the people North and South, and his opposition to any schemes of punishment or imposi- tion of penalties other than the mere abolition of slavery. The majority of his people, however, had become so ex- cited by the events of the war as to receive this advice with disfavor, and on the assassination of Lincoln, which happened while Mr. Beecher was at Fort Sumter, and therefore could know nothing about it, this feeling on the part of most of his friends became quite intense, and es- pecially strong among those who had not been known as Abolitionists before the war. Many of them informed him on his return that they would not consent to his ad- vocating general amnesty, as he had intimated his inten- tion of doing. It was the first time in which any of Mr. Beecher's friends had thought him too conservative, and the opposition to his views was the most vigorous that he had ever met with in his own circle. It made, how- ever, little difference with him. He persisted in oppos- ing the execution of Jefferson Davis, the confiscation of rebel property, and every form of punishment. The ab- olition of slavery he never regarded as a punishment at ins CAREER IN POLITICS. 225 all, but rather as a benefit alike to the master and the slave. For more than a year this difference of opinion between him and the majority of his church continued, producing the only instance of what might be called alien- ation between them ever known in the history of the church. It was a singular fact, however, that in these views he was sustained by nearly every original Abolition- ist among his church members, and that the most strenu- ous opponents of his policy of conciliation were gentle- men who had been considered in former years as leaning somewhat toward the South. Says another account : His anti-slavery position was that of the Republi- can party — freedom national and slavery sectional. But while denying the right of the nation to interfere with slavery in the States, he insisted on the right of moral interference, and exercised it freely upon every fit occa- sion. In the trying times of 1866 he took sides with President Johnson in his controversy with the Repub- lican party, and rhetorically assigned to him a fame in history equal to that of Washington. His impetuous emotion betrayed him into many similar exaggerations. But his position at that time was an expression of his abiding faith that a policy of the largest clemency was the best policy of reconstruction. He had great compan- ions in this faith — Lincoln, and John A. Andrew, and General Grant. 10 226 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. In view of their friendship and political afBliations, it was generally expected that Beecher would support Hor- ace Greeley in the presidential campaign of 1872 ; but his gratitude to General Grant for many favors which he had enjoyed, as well as his high opinion of his abilities, led him to advocate his election. Mr, Beecher's friendly attitude toward the recon- structed South, and his wish to visit that section of the country, led to a lecture tour in 1882, when he delivered his lecture on " The North and the South " in Rich- mond, Va. According to the newspapers, Mayor Car- rington, of Richmond, gives the following account of Mr. Beecher's visit to that city : " One of the most dramatic events in the oratorical ca- reer of Henry Ward Beecher occurred in Richmond, in 1882, during his lecturing tour through the South. The announcement that he was to lecture at Mozart Hall on ' The North and the South ' filled the old building. It was his first appearance in Richmond since the war, and he was rather doubtful about the kind of reception he would get. When he walked out on the stage he saw before him a distinguished audience of Southerners, in- cluding several of the leading generals on the losing side. In the fourth row of the orchestra sat General Fitzhugh Lee, and just behind him, General Rosser, while near by were ex-Governor ' Extra Billy ' Smith and Governor Cameron. No applause greeted the great preacher as he HIS CAREER IN POLITICS. 22/ stepped before the foot-lights. The ladies levelled their opera-glasses at him with cold curiosity, and the men looked coolly expectant. Some hisses from a few row- dies in the gallery did not tend to dispel the chilliness of the reception. " Mr. Beecher surveyed the audience calmly for a mo- ment, and then stepping directly in front of General Lee, he said : ' I have seen pictures of General Fitzhugh Lee, and I judge that you are the man ; am I right ? ' " The general, slightly taken aback by this direct ad- dress, nodded stiffly, while the audience bent forward breathless with curiosity as to what was going to follow. " ' Then,' said Mr. Beecher, his face lighting up, ' I want to offer you this right hand which, in its own way, fought against you and yours twenty-five years ago, but which I would now willingly sacrifice to make the Sunny South prosperous and happy. Will you take it, gen- eral ? ' " There was a moment's hesitation, a moment of death- like stillness in the hall, and then Fitzhugh Lee was on his feet, his hand was extended across the foot-lights, and was quickly met by the warm grasp of the preacher's. " At first there was a murmur, half of surprise and half of doubtfulness, from the audience ; then there was a hesitat- ing clapping of hands, and before Beecher had unloosed the hand of Robert E. Lee's nephew — now Governor of Vir- ginia— there were cheers such as were never before heard 228 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECIIER. in old Mozart, though it had been the scene of many a war and political meeting. " But that was only the beginning of the enthusiasm. " When the noise subsided Mr. Beecher said : 'When I go back home, I shall proudly tell that I have grasped the hand of the nephew of the great Southern chieftain ; I shall tell my people that I went to the Confederate capital with a heart full of love for the people whom my principles once obliged me to oppose, and that I was met half-way by the brave Southerners, who can forgive as well as they can fight.' " Five minutes of applause followed, and then Mr. Beecher, having gained the hearts of his audience, began his lecture and was applauded to the echo. That night he entered his carriage and drove to his hotel amid shouts such as had never greeted a Northern man in Richmond since the war." Although Mr. Beecher had been associated all his life with the Republican Party, and had achieved his greatest successes as a political speaker in connection with that party, and his weightiest influence had been acquired with the members of that party, when Mr. Cleveland was nominated for the Presidency in 1884 he openly ex- pressed his preference for the Democratic candidate, and before the close of the campaign cut loose entirely from his old party affiliations and made a number of telling speeches in favor of the opposing candidate. Beginning HIS CAREER IN POLITICS 229 with a ringing speech at a great meeting in the Brookl}'n Academy of Music, he followed it up with equally telling efforts at a business men's open-air meeting down-town, and at other gatherings in this city. This breaking loose from old ties brought down on him, of course, the resent- ment of many of his old party associates, and subjected him to much bitter animadversion ; but in this case, as in the opposition he aroused by his policy of conciliation at the close of the war, he listened to abuse with indiffer- ence, and smiled serenely at the impotent wrath of his traducers. Parishioners who had never wavered in their allegiance in the darkest days now angrily deserted him. Said an excellent lady : " I would not have believed him guilty if he had declared himself so in the pulpit, but I believe it noxv." Such w^as the quality of partisan feeling. But, however unwise some of his public utterances, Mr. Beecher's support of Mr. Cleveland was one of the most deliberate, one of the least impulsive, actions of his life. In 1876 he was resolved, and openly declared, that if Blaine were nominated he would not support him. He never changed his mind. His course in 1884 proved his courage to the uttermost. But in this virtue he was never lacking. He was a consistent supporter of Presi- dent Cleveland's administration. In becoming a " Mug- wump," as has been shown, Mr. Beecher encountered opposition from his warmest friends in and out of his / 230 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. church. He had made Mr. Cleveland's acquaintance at Albany while he was governor, and it was mainly through him that General Horatio C. King's appointment on the governor's staff was secured. Governor Cleveland's famous letter to Mr. Beecher exonerating himself from certain grave and infamous charges convinced Mr. Beecher that he was maligned, and that the opposition were resorting to unfair weapons in employing scandal to encompass his defeat. He considered, besides, the most important issue in the campaign to be that of the Civil Service Reform advocated by Cleveland. Among the " Mugwumps " he found several old-time allies, including George William Curtis. It is to be related now, for the first time, that when there was a clamor on the part of the Democrats for a partisan appointment of the New York Postmaster, Mr. Beecher and Mr. Curtis saw President Cleveland on be- half of the incumbent, Mr, Pearson. President Cleve- land was on the horn of a dilemma between the Mug- wumps, advocating Civil Service Reform as expounded by himself — i.e., the retention in of^ce of proper, faithful, and competent men, without regard to party affiliations — and his party, demanding removals of republican officials and their places for partisans. President Cleveland re- quested Messrs. Beecher and Curtis to name some Demo- crat who would be acceptable to them. But they de- clined, saying that they sought the retention of Mr. HIS CAREER IN POLITICS. 23 1 Pearson in the office purely on the grounds of Civil Ser- vice Reform, not partisan or personal ; that he had proved himself an efficient and faithful official, whose removal under the circumstances was not justifiable for any other than partisan reasons, and to give his place to a Demo- crat. President Cleveland hearkened to their wishes and counsel, and reappointed Mr. Pearson. While Mr. Beecher's course in regard to the election of Cleveland alienated many of his followers in the Re- publican Party, which he had been instrumental in creat- ing, he gained many admirers in the ranks of the De- mocracy in the South as well as in the North, and many resolutions of regret at his death were adopted by po- litical bodies which years ago bitterly denounced him. The sentiment of the Democratic Party in regard to him was voiced by the resolutions and speeches of the Young Men's Democratic Club of Brooklyn. At a meeting on the evening after his death, Mr. David A. Boody, chair- man of the Executive Committee, first took the floor, and offered the following resolution : "We meet to-night under the shadow of a national sor- row. All over the land, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from Alaska to the Gulf, that shadow has spread. It has entered every hamlet with the announcement that " a prince and a great man has fallen." No matter what may be men's political affiliations, no matter what their religious creed, all feel to-day that they have been 232 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. touched by a personal sorrow. Henry Ward Beecher's great heart seemed to have grown too large for any party, for any creed. It beat for humanity. Wherever men have struggled for better government or better morals, or wherever they have taught a higher manhood, they have been encouraged and inspired by him whom we now mourn. Wherever human limbs have worn the shackles of oppression, or the human mind has been un- der the bondage of ignorance and superstition, there may be found the records of this great life. While Henry Ward Beecher lived for the world, and the world is to-day doing homage to his memory, it is peculiarly fitting that we, his townsmen, we who have seen him so frequently in the life, who have witnessed his cheerful bearing, who have known his patient endurance when the clouds of sorrow and defamation rolled over his head — we who have been swayed and thrilled by an eloquence and an imagery all his own, should place upon our records some token indicating our sense of bereavement; therefore, " Resolved, That the death of Henry Ward Beecher brings to us a personal grief, to our country a national affliction, and to the world an irreparable loss." Another member, Mr. E. M. Shepard, said : " As we are a political club and a Democratic body there was one element in Mr. Beecher's character that I should like to touch upon. He was not a politician, but a clergyman ; but he differed from all other ministers in HIS CAREER IN POLITICS. 233 one quality. He had an extraordinary prescience. Mr. Beecher always read the signs of the time in regard to future political movements. He always knew what was coming. Looking backward, we have to admit that his judgment in advance in regard to political questions proved to be sound. For instance, take the slavery ques- tion. On that question he was right. The Democratic party now sees it. The moral question involved was overwhelming and sure to prevail in the end. Mr. Cal- houn said, after he had read one of Mr. Beecher's earlier speeches on the subject : ' Mr. Beecher has the kernel of the subject. Slavery is morally wrong.' Then the War of the Rebellion came. I used as a boy to look with hostility upon political sermons. I would go to Mr. Beecher's church and burn with indignation while he preached upon political subjects.; but he was right. Then came the days of reconstruction, when we Democrats saw what we considered dastardly and tyrannical at- tempts to give suffrage to ignorant slaves. I still think it was wrong, but it had to be done in order to blot out sectional differences. He was again right. Then, again, when he stood upon the battlements of Sumter he struck the key-note when he said that the main thing to be done was to insist that the rights of white, as well as of the black, men should be regarded. He was in a very small minority, and this action caused intense bitterness against him ; but he was right. Then on the money question we 234 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. were far astray. Beecher was right then. It is not out of place to say that when Mr. Beecher died he was a Democrat. To be sure, at different times he was forced by his convictions to go against the Democratic Party, but its fundamental principles he always advocated. Mr. Beecher was sound on the question of tariff reform and Civil Service. He recognized as few men did that when the sentimental questions evolved by the war were set- tled but two questions remained for the consideration of the people, namely, the administrative question and that of taxation. There has never been a man outside of politics of so sound a political foresight. I say more : there have been few men in practical politics who were so intelligent, so patriotic, so beneficent as he." The resolution was unanimously adopted. *' His own party " has also adopted appropriate reso- lutions regretting his death, as shown by the action of the New York Republican Club in the following reso- lution : " This club has received with profound regret the in- telligence of the death of Henry Ward Beecher. He was throughout the anti-slavery struggle that resulted in the formation of the Republican Party one of the fore- most champions of liberty and equal rights. The early years of this party were largely supported by his great powers, and to few, aside from the chief generals in the field, did the cause of the Union owe more during the HIS CAREER IN POLITICS. 235' dark days of the Rebellion. Possessed of extraordinary powers as an orator and thinker, he was ever ready to use them, not only in the cause of religion, his chosen field, but in behalf of every movement that tended to the extension of the rights or the amelioration of the con- dition of humanity. This club, recognizing his great ser- vices to the party and to the country, desires to place on record this expression of its sense of the loss his death has occasioned to the entire civilized world." The following report from the New York Tribune, October 23, 1884, of a speech at a meeting in Brooklyn, in which Mr. Beecher explained his course in regard to Cleveland and his conversion to Mugwumpism, is inter- esting in this connection : At the Brooklyn Rink, last evening, Henry Ward Beecher told a crowded audience his reasons for supporting Cleveland in prefer- ence to Blaine. The meeting vi'as held under the auspices of the Brooklyn Independents. Mr. Beecher began by expressing his regrets that he found himself compelled to oppose the Republican nominee. " My appearance here to antagonize the organized action of the Republican Party," said he, " is a fact of very significant character. Before many of you were born I rocked the cradle of the Republican Party." He then briefly but eloquently sketched his work for the Republican Party, eliciting frequent outbursts of applause. Then he gave his reasons for opposing it. "I don't mean to be a pall-bearer to carry the coffin of the Republican Party to the grave. It is going down to destruction unless you switch it oiif on to a side-track." He next expressed the solemnity 236 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. of his feelings on finding himself opposed to the party he had so long fought for. " My whole spirit and whole soul is as solemn as on any day that I remember of my whole life. I am in dead ear- nest." Then followed a reference to the achievements of the Re- publican Party and a glance into the future. " There are two great dangers," he said, " that threaten our Government. One is the growing influence of wealth ; the other is the danger that comes from the corruption of power too long in the same hands." A ref- erence to the growing greed for wealth followed. " We are a money-making people," he said, " to an incredible extent. Protec- tion is a vast scheme of taxation. It rolls into the reservoirs at Washington four hundred millions of dollars every year, and one hundred millions of dollars lie pulseless and useless there to-day." Next was portrayed the extent of corruption — votes bought, judge- ships bought, and so on. " To-day," he said, " it is sought to buy a candidate into the Presidential chair with money. I have been credibly informed that between one and two millions of dollars have been rolled West to gild the State of Ohio, and another like stream is pouring into Indiana. The day is coming when we shall be honey-combed by corruption." He asked which candidate would be more likely to resist this canker of corruption, and fol- lowed with a series of sneering questions which, without directly stating, implied that Mr. Blaine was a very corrupt and unfit man. Mr. Beecher next gave an account of many of the good things and some of the bad things the Republican Party had done in the past. He dilated on the dangers of official corruption, and said many hard things of Mr. Blaine, and implied more, but gave him credit for possessing many personal and social attractions. " If you vote for Blaine," said he, " you vote for corruption ; if you vote for St. John, you vote into the air ; if you vote for Butler, you vote into the mud ; if you vote for Cleveland you vote for an honest man." HIS CAREER IN POLITICS/ 237 Mr. Beecher next touched upon Cleveland's moral character, and instantly people were, on the tiptoe of expectation. "The air is murky," he said, "with shameless stories of Mr. Cleveland's private life. To our sorrow and shame we find cocka- trice-eggs hatched by rash and credulous clergymen. They could not go to Mr. Cleveland with honest inquiry ; so they open their ears to the harlot and drunkard. They have sought by irrespon- sible slander to poison the faith of holy men and innocent women. Do these ministers ever reflect that the guilt of a vice or a crime measures the guilt of him who charges it falsely ? My honored and beloved wife, quite unbeknown to me, cut many clippings from the newspapers, all of which reflected on the life of Mr. Cleveland at Albany, and sent them to him with a letter that will not be published, but that would be a gem in English literature if it were published. As quick as the mail could return she received from Governor Cleveland a letter which I have had between two and three weeks, and which he meant to be private and marked ' private ; ' but such complexion has the canvass taken that I tele- graphed to him two nights ago to ask if he would allow me to use my discretion in regard to that letter. His reply was, ' Certainly, if it is your judgment.' Now I will read Governor Cleveland's letter." Mr. Beecher then read the famous letter, which is too well known to need repetition here. As he read the portion wherein Mr. Cleveland emphatically denied that he had been guilty of improper conduct during his residence in Albany, the audience indulged in vociferous and prolonged cheering. There was loud applause when Mr. Beecher finished reading the letter. When it had died away he continued, with much visible emotion : " When in the gloomy night of my own suffer- ings, in years gone by, I sounded every depth of sorrow, I vowed that if God would bring the day star of hope to me, I would 238 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. never suffer brother, friend, or neighbor to go unfriended, should a like serpent seek to crush him. [Applause.] That oath I will regard now, because I know the bitterness of venonious lies. I will stand against infamous lies that seek to sting to death a man, a magistrate worthy of a better fate. Men counsel me to ponder lest I stir again my own griefs. No, I will not be frightened. If I refuse to interpose a shield of well-placed confidence between Governor Cleveland and the swarm of liars that wallow in the mud of slander, may my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth and may my right hand forget its cunning ! I will imitate the noble example set me by Plymouth Church in the day of my calamity. They were not ashamed of my burden. They stood by me with God-inspired loyalty. It was an heroic deed. They have set my duty before me. I will imitate their example, and as long as I have breath I will not see a man attacked by serpents or venomous stinging insects, and not, if I believe him to be honest, stand with him and for him against all comers." [Loud applause.] CHAPTER X. HIS LITERARY LIFE. Journalistic and Literary Experience. — The New York Independent. — The Christian Union. — Star Papers. — List of His Books. — Reluc- tance at Literary Composition. — His First Work, " Lectures to Young Men." — Success of the Book. — Its Enormous Sale. — First ^Vork of an Indiana Author reprinted in England. — How He re- garded It. — Summary of the Lectures. — Industry and Idleness. — Pointed Sentences and Telling Truths. — A Forcible Style. — Dishon- esty and its Consequences. — Evils of Riches as Such. — "The Portrait Gallery." — Gamblers and Gambling. — " The Strange Woman." — The Theatre and Its Evils. — Views modified in Later Life. — Mr. Beecher and Henry Irving. Mr. Beecher's journalistic and literary work is in it- self a magnificent monument to his memory. As stated elsewhere, his first journalistic experience was as editor of the Cincinnati Journal, and he subsequently conducted, at Indianapolis, the Western Farmer and Gardener, as a matter of recreation. When the New York Independent was started he became a regular contributor to its col- umns, and from 1861 to 1864 he was its editor-in-chief. Finding his editorial duties somewhat onerous, he then resigned his position, and was succeeded by Theodore Tilton ; but he continued for several years to contribute at least one article weekly to the columns of the paper. 240 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. These articles were signed with an asterisk, and thus be- came known as " Star Papers," The most striking of them were afterward published in book form with the above title, and had a very wide sale. In 1870 he became editor of TJic Christian Union, a position which he held for three or four years ; after his retirement he contributed to the columns of the paper as he had contributed to T/l- Independent after resigning its editorial chair. By his work on these papers he exerted wide influence on the public thought of his time. Those journals under his charge were in fact foremost among the leading vital forces in American journalism. Few persons know what an immense amount of liter- ary work Mr. Beecher accomplished. The following is a list of the published works : Sermons, ten volumes of 475 pages each. Sermons, four volumes of 600 pages each. " A Summer Parish," 240 pages. " Yale Lectures on Preaching," first, second, and third series. " Lectures to Young Men," 506 pages. " Star Papers," 600 pages. " Pleasant Talk about Fruits, Flowers, and Farming," 498 pages. " Lecture Room Talks," 384 pages. " Norwood ; or, Village Life in New England," 549 pages. HIS LITERARY LIFE. 24 1 "The Overture of Angels." " Eyes and Ears ; or, Thoughts as They Occur." " Freedom and War." " Royal Truths." " Views and Experiences of Religious Subjects." " Life of Jesus the Christ." This is in addition to his writings on agricultural, po- litical, and general subjects, his routine work, and special trips for lecturing or speaking. He was always greatly interested in church music, more especially in the form of congregational singing, and one of the first things done by the new pastor from the West, when he took charge of Plymouth Church, was to compile a book of hymns and tunes for the use of his own and sister churches. A curious circumstance in connection with his literary work was that he disliked the effort of writing, and it was often hard work for publishers to get "copy" from him at a stated time. The writing of his novel " Nor- wood " was a particularly painful task, and he was sorry, during the continuance of the work, that he had ever be- gun it. His first volume was " Lectures to Young- Men," published in 1845, with a second edition in 1846, and of these two editions more than sixty thousand copies were sold. The " Lectures" in 1873 were added to a uniform edition of Mr. Beecher's works. Indiana people are specially proud of this book, as it was the first 242 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. book by an author residing in that State which was hon- ored with republication in England. Mr. Beecher says that the lectures were carefully written, and they cer- tainly bear internal evidence of his fidelity to his work in the early years of his life. A short time before his death he told a friend that he once contemplated revis- ing them for a new edition, but after a careful examina- tion he did not think he could materially improve them, and had consequently abandoned the idea. A summary of these lectures deserves a place in this memorial. The entire series may be read with pleasure and profit, not only by young men, to w'hom they were particularly addressed, but by everybody. They are re- markable for their freshness and originality, are clear as the day, and forcibly expressed. In the first lecture, " Industry and Idleness " are dealt with. The lecturer's aversion to the bustling do-nothings who can accomplish least with the loudest noise is very ap- parent. " The supine sluggard is no more indolent than the bustling do-nothing. Men may walk much, and read much, and talk much, and pass the day without an un- occupied moment, and yet be substantially idle ; because Industry requires at least the intention of usefulness." The lecture is divided into sections, the first dealing with the lazy man, whose failing, he says, is described by Solomon : " How long wilt thou sleep, O sluggard ? when wilt thou awake out of sleep ? . . . He is val- HIS LITERARY LIFE. 243 iant at sleeping and at the trencher; but for other courage, the slothful man saith, There is a lion without ; I shall be slain in the street. . . . His lands run to waste, his fences are dilapidated, his crops chiefly of weeds and brambles; a shattered house" completing the picture. " This is the very castle of Indolence." The second idler is as useless as the first, for, if active, it is in other people's business than his own. The third idler follows no vocation. " He defrauds his laundress, his tailor, and his landlord. He gambles, and swears, and fights— when he is too drunk to be afraid." The fourth in the list excites pity. Beginning life thriftily, he has become involved in other men's affairs, and has gone down in their ruin. He begins again, and is once more ruined. He then sinks into despondency, out of w^hich nothing can arouse him, and he lives and dies a discouraged man. The fashionable idler comes next, with " a fine form and manly beauty, and his chief end in life is to display them. . . . Gay and frivolous, rich and useless, polished till the enamel is worn off, his whole life serves only to make him an animated puppet of pleasure." The last picture is of the business man who wishes to subsist by his occupation while he attends to pleasure. After a few years he fails, and sinks to a lower grade of idleness and to ruin. Turning to Industry, the lecturer says a hearty Indus- 244 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. try, with the aid of health, good appetite, and good di- gestion, promotes happiness. " The slave is often hap- pier than the master, who is nearer undone by license than his vassal by toil." ..." Industry is the parent of Thrift, and is a substitute for Genius." Reference is made to scheming speculations which pro- duce among the young an aversion to the slow accumu- lations of ordinary industry. " But if the butterfly de- rides the bee in summer, he was never known to do it in the lowering days of autumn." Luck is disposed of in very few words. " I never knew an early-rising, hard-working, prudent man, careful of his earnings, and strictly honest, who complained of bad luck . . . the worst of all luck is to be a sluggard, a knave, or a tippler." " Indolence is a great spendthrift, and as surely runs to dishonesty as lying." Temptations to indolence are stated as the results of wretched training, youthful indulgences, and example. " The example of political men, office-seekers, and pub- lic officers, is not always conducive to Industry. . . . Had I a son able to gain a livelihood by toil, I had rather bury him than witness his beggarly supplications for office ; — sneaking along the path of men's passions to gain his advantage ; holding in the breath of his honest opinions ; and breathing feigned words of flattery to hungry ears, popular or official ; and crawling, viler than a snake. HIS LITERARY LIFE. 245 through all the unmanly courses by which ignoble wretches purloin the votes of the dishonest, the drunken, and the Vile. Lecture II. is devoted to "Dishonesty." Temporary prosperity in speculation and the sudden reverse of for- tune is given as the cause of the prevalence of dishonesty through the country in these days. " These times will pass away ; but likeoneswill come again. As physicians study the causes and record the phenomena of plagues and pestilences, to draw from them an antidote against their recurrence, so should we leave to another generation a history of moral plagues as the best antidote to their re- curring malignity." " Some men find in their bosom from the first a vehe- ment inclination to dishonest ways. Knavish propensities are inherent ; born with the child and transmissible from parent to son. ... A child naturally fair-minded may become dishonest by parental example. . . . Dishon- esty is learned from one's employers. . . . Extrav- agance is a prolific source of Dishonesty . . . and Debt is an inexhaustible fountain of Dishonesty." There are moral dishonesties, allowed by law, and political dis- honesties, which " breed dishonesties of every kind." " A corrupt public sentiment produces Dishonesty . . . and frequent executive clemency has been a temptation " thereto. We are advised to hope for a more cheerful future, and young men are implored to be worthy of them- 246 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER, selves and of their ancestry. " May you settle down, as did Israel of old, a people of God in a promised and pro- tected land — true to yourselves, true to your country, and true to your God." In Lecture III. we are warned against thinking that riches necessarily confer happiness, and poverty unhappi- ness ; against making haste to be rich ; against covetous- ness, which is both unprofitable and breeds misery ; against selfishness, seeking wealth by covert dishonesty, or by violent extortion, or any flagrant villany. " Riches got by deceit cheat no man so much as the getter. Riches bought with guile, God will pay for Avith vengeance. Riches got by fraud are dug out of one's heart, and destroy the mine. Unjust riches curse the owner in getting, in keeping, in transmitting. They curse his children in their father's memory, in their own wasteful habits, in drawing around them all bad men to be their companions. . . . For the love of money is the root of all evil, which, zvhile some have coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through ivitJi many sorroivsT " The Portrait Gallery," Lecture IV., is a series of vivid pictures of dangerous men, who, owing to the instinct of imitation, are often the cause of deadly injury even to strangers to them. In these are included the Wit, per- verted ; the Coarse Humorist ; the Cynic, " who never sees a good quality in a man, and never fails to see a bad one," HIS LITERARY LIFE. 24/ and who is termed a " human owl ; " the Libertine, who is " proud to be viler than other men ; " the artful, cunning, and pretending Politician, including the Demagogue, " who seeks to gratify an invariable selfishness by pre- tending to seek the public good ; " also, the Party Man, who, while preferring that " his own side should be vic- torious by the best means and under the best men, rather than lose the victory will consent to any means, and fol- low any man," " Evil men of every degree will use you, flatter you, lead you on until you are useless ; then, if the virtuous do not pity you, or God compassionate, you are without a friend in the universe." In " Gamblers and Gambling," Lecture V., we have a strong and earnest warning to young men against the vice of gambling, the " Rake's Progress " being graphically described from the first pack of cards and small stakes to the luxurious gambling hell, and later destitution, and ruin. " The wise man foreseeth the evil ; fools pass on and are pnnisJiedr " The Strange Woman " is the title of Lecture VI. It is an open warning against licentiousness, and a con- demnation of the criminal fastidiousness which would avoid the subject. Referring to the general subject, and to obscene books, he says: ''Men who, at home, allow Don Juan to lie within reach of every reader, will not allow a minister of the Gospel to expose the evil of such 248 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. a literature." The injunction of God to the young upon the ensnaring danger of beauty, and her wiles of love and dress, is set before the auditor in strong colors. But " it is too late ! He has gone in — who shall never return. He goctJi after Jicr straightzuay as an ox goctJi to the slaugh- ter ; or as a fool to the correction of the stocks . . . aud kiioiveth not that it is for his life.'" And then we are introduced to the five wards of Pleasure, Satiety, Dis- covery, Disease, and Death, and there is a final warning against indulging in morbid imaginations, evil compan- ions, evil books and pictures. The final lecture is a reprehension of unworthy pleas- ures, in which the circus, the theatre, gambling, cock- fighting, bear-baiting, pugilistic contests, and racing are dealt with in an original and characteristic manner, and discountenanced for their waste of time and money, and as being incompatible with the pursuits of every-day life. He says " Those who defend Theatres would scorn to admit actors into their society," and contends that the general fact is not altered by notable and honorable ex- ceptions. " In the bosom of that everlasting storm which rains perpetual misery in hell, shalt thou. Corrupter of Youth ! be forever hidden from our view, and may God wipe out the very thoughts of thee from our memory." In the later years of his life Mr. Beecher's views of the drama were somewhat modified, as he occasionally went HIS LITERARY LIFE. 249 to the theatre when the performance was of the best class, thereby securing the enmity of some of his Christian brethren. He admired Edwin Booth, John McCullough, Charlotte Cushman, and a few others of similar promi- nence and standing, but was outspoken as ever in his de- nunciation of sensational or indecent plays or perform- ances. When Mr. Beecher was in London in 1886 Rev. Dr. Parker gave a dinner, and the menu card is an inter- esting souvenir. It bears Dr. Parker's name, that of his wife, and those of Mr. Beecher, Mrs, Beecher, Henry Irving, and Ellen Terry. Mr. Beecher admired Mr. Irving as a great artist, and Mr. Irving admired him as a great orator. The two could meet on common ground and be entirely congenial. Miss Terry was a no less enthusiastic admirer of Mr. Beecher than Mr. Irving. CHAPTER XL HE WRITES FOR THE LEDGER. Sixteen Years a Contributor to the New York Ledger. — How His Connec- tion with the Paper Began. — "A Cannon-ball in the Hat." — Suggest- ions for a Novel. — How " Norwood " came to be Written. — Mr. Beecher's Dilatoriness. — His Outline of the Story. — Mr. Beecher's Fondness for Horses. — Riding behind Dexter. — Introducing Mr. Bon- ner to London Punch. — Comments on Edward Everett's Death. — How He Misspelled. — Answering Troublesome Questions. — De- nial of Current Rumors. — Never played Cards. — Visiting Bonner's Stables. Of the hundreds of men in all walks of life whom Mr. Beecher called his friends, there were probably few in whom he placed greater trust or to whom he imparted more of his confidence, than Robert Bonner. For nearly twenty years the two were intimate. Week after week, for sixteen years, Mr. Beecher's contributions were leading features of the Ledger. " In all my intercourse with men," said Mr. Bonner, " I never met a man like Henry Ward Beecher, and never expect to again. He was sui generis, and a genius, if ever there was one. In losing him the world loses a man whose individuality and personal influence have scarcely ever been equalled. As a friend he was gener- HE WRITES FOR THE LEDGER. 25 1 ous, noble-hearted, and self-sacrificing, and he was always doing or saying something to make him the more ad- mired and beloved by his friends." The acquaintance of Mr. Bonner and Mr. Beecher, which afterward ripened into warm friendship, was brought about through a letter sent in November, 1858, by the preacher to Mr. Bonner, calling his attention to a story in manuscript written by a young lady, and re- questing the publisher to read it, and, if he deemed it good enough, to print it in the Ledger. Mr. Bonner replied that he did not care for the young lady's efforts, but that he would like to number Mr. Beecher amono- o his contributors, and enclosed a good-sized check as an earnest of his disposition to pay liberally for anything from the preacher's pen. Out of this grew an arrange- ment by which Mr. Beecher became a regular weekly contributor to the Ledger s columns, beginning in Janu- ary, 1859, and continuing with few interruptions until 1874. The first article contributed by the already fa- mous preacher was one of a series which he called " Thoughts as They Occur, by One who keeps his Eyes and Ears Open," and was entitled " A Cannon-ball in the Hat," and is pointed to by Mr. Bonner as an excellent example of his free, off-hand, simple, and yet attractive style. It was in 1865 that Mr. Bonner suggested to the Ply- mouth pastor that he write a novel. It required little 252 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. urging to get him to consent to this, but it was quite another thing to get the manuscript or any evidence that Mr. Beecher intended to carry out his agreement. He was naturally dilatory, and would only write when driven to it by his wife or publisher. After waiting for nearly two years, the first instalment of " Norwood," which was the only novel ever written by Mr. Beecher, was placed in Mr. Bonner's hands, and was printed in 1867. For this story Mr. Beecher received $30,000, transferring all his right, title, and interest in it to Mr. Bonner for that sum. The latter, after running it serially in the Ledger, pub- lished it in book form, and realized a clear profit of $10,000 from its sale. There was a large demand for it in the Southern States. On January 3, 1866, in response to numerous inquiries from Mr. Bonner as to the progress he was making with the novel, Mr. Beecher sent him this sketch: " My dear Mr. Bonner : I know that you have a good right to know something of the story of which you kindly inquire, and will give you some insight into mat- ters. " I could have written a sketchy and superficial story with perhaps a few weeks' effort. But the more I re- flected the less I liked to do so. The very liberal terms which you proposed to me seemed to me to merit, not merely a story^ but, if I could, one that would be as good HE WRITES FOR THE LEDGER. 253 twenty years hence as on the day it appeared. To do this it was not enough that I should hdJVQ leisure, but that I should get my mind out of the run of public questions in which I have been so deeply concerned, and trained to a very different line of thought. " I propose to make a story which shall turn, not so much on outward action (though I hope to have enough to carry the story handsomely) as on certain mental or m- ward questions. I propose to delineate a high and noble man, trained to New England theology, but brought to excessive distress by speculations and new views. This I feel quite competent to manage. " The heroine is to be large of soul, a child of nature, and, although a Christian, yet in childlike sympathy with the truths of God in the autumn world, instead of books. " These two, the man of philosophy and theology and the woman of nature and simple truth, are to act upon each other, and she is to triumph. " I propose introducing a full company of various New England characters, to give a real view of the inside of a New England town— its brewing thought, its inventive- ness, its industry and enterprise, its education and shrewd- ness and tact. I purpose to introduce a Southerner of a rather noble type and show him off, faults and virtues, on this background of New England, and I may transfer the story in its close to the seat of war and introduce one of its campaigns. But it may so grow on my hands that I 254 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. shall leave that for a separate effort. I am convinced that I have been wise in waiting, and that I shall be far more likely to succeed than I should have done if I had plunged at once into the matter, without study and medi- tation. " As to time, I do not see that I can promise with any confidence to give you MSS. before May next. But by that time I hope to be so well assured of my work as to be willing to have the story begun, and also to have it so far advanced that you can be able to judge of its merits before beginning to print. " I am not neglecting you because I seem quiet, I as- sure you, and I hope to make haste much faster by and by for waiting hitherto. • " I am like a painter commissioned to execute a large picture, whose room is full of studies and sketches, and his big canvas is sketched out and ready — all done but the painting," " I have seldom met a man," said Mr. Bonner, " so passionately fond of animals, and especially of horses, as was Mr. Beecher. He was thoroughly in sympathy with nature. One of his chief delights was to be among horses, and to ride behind a swift stepper for an hour or two seemed to intoxicate him. He was almost as fond of Dexter as of one of his own children, and never missed an opportunity to take a ride with me behind that noble HE WRITES FOR THE LEDGER. 255 animal. Sometimes his glee was childish. I remember one afternoon we were driving through a street in Brook- lyn when he espied the Rev. Dr. Storrs soberly pacing the sidewalk. He could not resist the temptation to stop and tell him the name of the horse that was draw- ing us, point out his merits, and describe the manner in which he moved on a good road. The good Doctor seemed rather bored, but in his exuberance Mr. Beecher did not stop to consider whether Dr. Storrs was inter- ested in horses or not. " In nearly every letter he ever wrote to me — and I sometimes received three or four a week — he made some reference to my horses. Shortly after I had made his acquaintance he addressed to me what I regard as one of the best pieces of word-painting on a similar subject in the English language, and which I published at the time. It was written early in the spring, and soon after he had had a discussion with someone as to the humanity of fast driving. Listen 1 " And Mr. Bonner read this, en- thusiastically drawing attention to the parts which most caught his fancy : " My dear Mr. Bonner : You once promised me a ride with your never-to-be-excelled horses, and to-day is the very day for it. The sky is clear. It is a long while since we have had high, bright, clear days. They have been sad and cloudy. Sometimes snow, sometimes rain, 256 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. sometimes a miserable compromise between both. But to-day is of one mind, and that a good mind. Nature is in her sweet and grand mood. It is the first day on which she cared to have it known that her mind was made up to have spring weather. The secret is out now. Snow is melting. I saw grass with fresh growth of green this very morning. No birds yet. But the grass said birds as plainly as if it had spoken English. They cannot be far off. " Is not this a day for a ride ? No mud yet. The road is hard and moist. Just the kind for a spin. For I do not want any of your lazy, jogging gaits. I am entirely of your mind that, if a horse has had swiftness put in him, it is fair to give him a chance to develop his gifts. Of course there is a bound. Reason in all things. Even in trotting it is easier for some horses to go twelve miles an hour than for others to go three. They were made so. Does it hurt a swallow to go swifter than an ox ? Why not ? Because he was made so. It is easy to do the thing we were made to do easily. And a good horse was made on purpose to go fast . He does it when wild of his own accord. He does not lose the relish of speed even when domesticated. " Take a fine-bred horse, who in harness looks as if he were a pattern of moderation, a very deacon of sobriety, and turn him loose in pasture. Whew, what a change ! He takes one or two steps slowly, just to be sure you HE WRITES FOR THE LEDGER. 2$/ have let go of him, and then with a squeal he lets fly his heels high in the air, till the sun flashes from his polished shoes, and then off he goes, faster and fiercer, clear across the lot, till the fence brings him up. And then, with his eye flashing, his mane lifted and swelling, his tail up like a king's sceptre, he snorts a defiance at you from afar, and, with a series of rearings, running sideways, pawings and plungings, friskings and whirls, he starts again, with immense enjoyment, into another round of running. Do you not see that it is more than fun ? It is ecstasy. It is horse rapture ! " I never see such a spectacle that I am not painfully impressed with the inhumanity of not letting horses run. Fastness is a virtue. Our mistaken moderation is de- priving him of it. I drive fast on principle. I do it for the sake of being at one with nature. To drive slow, only and always, is to treat a horse as if he were an ox. Yoii may be slow if you think proper. But your horse should be kept up to nature. He would have had but two legs if it was meant that he should go only on a ' go-to-meeting ' pace. He has four legs. Of course he ought to do a great deal with them. *' Now, why do I say these things to yoti ? Not to convince you o{ your duty. But I feared lest, taking me out to ride, you would be disposed to think that / had scruples, and would jog along moderately, as if doing me a favor. Not at all. The wind does not go fast enough 258 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. to suit me. If I were an engineer of a sixty-mile-an- hour express train, I should cover twenty miles an hour more. " Let the horses be well groomed — well harnessed. Let the wagon be thoroughly looked to — no screw loose, no flaw just ready to betray us. Mount. I am by your side. The whip is not needed. Yet let it stand in its place, the graceful hint of authority in reserve, which is always wholesome to men and horses. " Now get out of town cautiously. No speed here. This is a place for sobriety, moderation, and propriety in driving. But once having shaken off the crowd, I give you a look, and disappear instantly in a wild excitement, as if all the trees were crazy, and had started off in a race, as if the fences were chalk-lines, as if the earth and skies were commingled, and everything were wildly mixed in a supernatural excitement, neither of earth nor of the skies ! " The wind has risen since we started ! It did not blow at this rate, surely ! These tears are not of sorrow. But really this going like a rocket is new to every sense. Do not laugh if I clutch the seat more firmly. I am not afraid. It is only excitement. Von may be used to this bird's business of flying. But don't draw the rein. I am getting calm. See that play of muscle! Splendid machinery was put into these horses. Twenty-horse- power at least in each ! And how they enjoy it ! No HE WRITES FOR THE LEDGER. 2 59 forcing here. They do it to please themselves, and thank you for a chance ! Look at that head ! Those ears speak like a tongue ! The eyes flash with eagerness and will ! Is it three miles ? Impossible ! It is not more than a mile and a half ! "Well, draw up. Let me get off now and see these brave creatures. What ! not enough yet ? No painful puffing, no throbbing of the flanks. They step nervously and champ the bit, and lean to your caresses, as if they said, ' All this we have done to please fou : now just let us go on to please ourselves ! ' " " Mr. Beecher was a ' man of infinite jest,' " continued Mr. Bonner. " He was full of funny stories and quaint and original witticisms, and in story, lecture, or sermon he seldom missed spinning a good yarn to point a moral. His letters were almost invariably in a jocular strain, and he never missed an opportunity to turn a point against the man who sent it. I remember on one occasion of sending him a proof-sheet of one of his articles and of making some comments on it which I suggested to him were funny enough to entitle me to a position on the London Punch. The messenger who took the proof brought a letter back which ran like this : " ' To THE Editor of London Punch : Robert Bon- ner desires an engagement on your paper. It gives me 26o LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. pleasure to testify to his good character. No other one man has made me laugh so much. Just to look at him would make one feel good-natured, and I would suggest that his picture be published. He has but one fault. Should he begin by contributing to the PuncJi he would in less than two years own and edit it ; but otherwise he may be trusted. H. W. Beecher.' " On December 19, 1873, he wrote to tell me of an accident that had befallen him in one of Brooklyn's streets in this somewhat terse style : " ' Got tumbled out of wagon last week. Didn't hurt. Horses ran away. Didn't hurt 'em. Wagon broke. Did hurt. Got to pay for it. My boys laugh at me. Say I'm getting old. Must take them along to drive for me. Wait ! ' " It was shortly after he had agreed to write ' Nor- wood' for me that this rather significant paragraph ap- peared in one of his letters to me : " ' I cannot remember a year for fifteen years in which I have not been told that I had reached the end of my influence. I surely must at length reach it, and it may be of use to the ends of humility to keep the fact daily before me, that I may not be puffed up.' "A letter bearing the date April 23, 1870, sent by him HE WRITES FOR THE LEDGER. 2ol to explain his reasons for sending his weekly manuscript earlier than usual, is characteristic and a fair sample of hundreds that I have filed away. He writes : "'I go to New Haven for my lecture before the Di- vinity School, and don't get back till Friday morning or noon — too late — so I send copy. Oh, that I could always take time by the forelock and work beforehand ! But, like Dexter, I can't trot in the stable. I must be brought out and put on the road, and have something behind me as well as a good road before me. There never was a horse so good as not to be better for a good driver.' "A note dated January i8, 1865, just after Edward Everett's death, contained this expression : " ' I really feel Everett's death more than I could have believed. Till within five years I have not been in sym- pathy with him. But since the Rebellion he has done so nobly that I remember only that, and feel that the country has lost a true patriot. You have also lost a faithful friend, true, honorable, and— thanks largely to the Ledger — a friend to the common people. It is not often that a whole land and its government are so heartily disposed to honor a departed statesman.' " One of the most peculiar things about Mr. Beecher's correspondence was its utter lack of sameness or formality. He addressed me in a half-dozen different styles, such as, 'My dear Mr. Bonner,' 'My dear Robert,' 'My dear Bonner,' and sometimes, when he wished to simulate 262 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. anger at some fancied slight, simply ' Robert Bonner,' He invariably jumped into the subject that was upper- most in his mind, and after disposing of that would deal in timely gossip. Sometimes his changes from subject to subject were rather startling. At the end of a common- place letter on business topics, dated September 12, 1866, he writes : 'Was ever a man so killed dead by his own folly as Johnson ? A Vice-President seems of necessity to be struck with insanity on the death of \\\s principle.'' " You will observe that he has misspelled the word principal in this instance. That cannot be taken as a criterion, for he was usually very accurate in his spelling, but somewhat weak in his grammar. His copy for the printers was written closely in a small, almost effeminate hand, but was legible, and seldom required much editing. Occasionally one would run across a word that could not be deciphered, but it could generally be easily supplied from the context. One of the greatest difficulties we had to contend with in his literary work was his habit of procrastination. His love of out-door recreation was in- nate. He was always contented when he could be in the open air, but to sit at a desk and write was irksome, laborious, and not congenial to his nature. It was only through the constant teasing of his wife and the frequent demands from me that he could be induced to furnish his quota to the Ledgers columns, and sometimes we failed in keeping him at work. He seemed to have no HE WRITES FOR THE LEDGER. 263 realization of the value of money, seldom hesitating to purchase any object which suited his fancy whether he could afford it or not. His wife took charge of the family finances and kept his accounts, or otherwise he would have been obliged, as he once said in one of his letters, to ' have gone into bankruptcy and pay five cents on the dollar,' several times in his career." Following is a characteristic letter which Mr. Beecher once wrote to Mr. Bonner in answer to some questions from the Ledger s readers : " Dear Mr. Bonner : You put into my hands a batch of questions, with a hint that I need not answer them unless I please, I do please. Of course I do not expect to put an end to such stories — certainly not to these particular ones. The first story, in the following letter, I have contradicted, in public and private, scores of times ; and the only effect, as far as I can see, is that it moves on more vigorously than ever. But here is the letter : " ' Dear Ledger : Will you please inform me, through your answers to correspondents, if some of the stories I hear about Henry Ward Beecher are so or not ? I have heard that he preached the sermon about being so damned hot. I have heard, also, that when asked by another minister what the difference was in their re- 264 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. ligions, that Mr. Beecher answered that there was a hell- fired sight of difference, meaning that the other preached that doctrine while he did not. Also, that he is a great card-player, and that the slang phrase of " How is that for high ? " was started by him while playing a game of old sledge or seven-up. I don't know as you will like to answer these questions, but they will do a great deal of good to confirm his good character out here. I don't believe one word of it.' " No. 1 never began a sermon by saying " it is d d hot," nor with any variation of the phrase, nor in any manner remotely like it. Now, I appeal to a generous community whether it is fair to keep that story on me any longer, when there are others waiting for their turn — for somebody will have to carry it. There is Brother Talmage, he ought to carry it a while. Why not try it upon Hepworth ? Of course, such a saddle would hardly fit the broad back of the good Dr. John Hall ; but why should he not have something else as good made up for him ? " The second story is made up out of the whole cloth — so far as I am concerned, I suspect that it was Dr. Chapin said it. Try it on him ! " As to cards, I have never played a game of cards in my life. My education in that direction was entirely neglected. Indeed, if card-playing is necessary to lib- HE WRITES FOR THE LEDGER. 265 eral culture, I am in a deplorable state ; for I do not know one card from another. I am afraid that many men ' on the plains,' or in the mountains out West, will not think so well of me now ; but the truth must be told. History is inexorable. Our young friend (for the letter was sent hither by a Kansas boy) is at liberty to read on the house-tops my renunciation and denial of these fiery stories ; and, if he ever hears anything else bad about me, deny it, and stick to it, and ninety-nine times in a hundred, five times over, he will be right ! Now for the next : " ' In your answer to correspondents please inform me whether Rev. H. W. Beecher ever prepares and delivers a sermon or prayer. I claim he does, and that the last sermon he preached last July, before his vacation, was a written one. Am I right ? ' " All wrong. Wrong every time. He does not write out his sermons, or, as it is said, ' deliver it on paper ; ' and the sermon of last July was not a written one. Mere outlines are made. Very brief briefs, as a lawyer would say. " I do not promise to answer all questions, or any more ; but being in the mood I have let fly at these croaking birds, as one returning from a hunt would fire at a crow to clean out his gun-barrels. " Henry Ward Beecher." 266 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD EEECHER. Previous to purchasing his farm at Peekskill, where he spent many happy days, Mr. Beecher counselled with Mr. Bonner and Mr. Derby. After the three gentlemen had walked up and down the hills, Mr. Bonner caused the divine to laugh heartily by remarking that there was but one objection to the farm, and that was absence of level ground for a mile track. Mr. Beecher admired the high- bred horse, and one day he said to the owmer of Dexter : " Robert Bonner, you are a very mean man." — " Why ? " — " How can you ask why, when you have never invited me up to your Tarrytown farm to see those fine horses you own." — " But I have never asked my own pastor. Dr. John Hall, to go up."—" What of that ? What does Dr. Hall know of the horse except what he has read in Revelations about the red horse and the white horse ? " A few years ago Mr. Beecher delivered the annual ad- dress before the graduating class of the American Veter- inary College. Chickering Hall was crowded with ladies and gentlemen, and the committee were on needles for a little while. The exercises were to commence at eight o'clock, and it was 8.30 when the orator walked in, with bent shoulders and a weary expression on his face. He had written out his address in full, and as he had been late in getting down to the task he was behind time. When he got before his audience his face brightened and the carefully prepared sentences were spoken with ani- mation. " Rank," he said, " is determined by the man HE WRITES FOR THE LEDGER. 267 who practises, not by the thing he practises on. The aurist, the oculist, rank with neurologists. A man need not be an ass because he cares for horses." He argued that there was a great future before the veterinarian in this country. " If ever an animal deserved itself the title of faithful and true, it is the horse. Loving liberty, how kindly he submits to bondage. With ten times his strength, how docile is he to his driver. How willing to learn, how anxious to please, how utterly he gives up his own life to serve the wants of others. In speed like an eagle ; in strength, a lion ; in gentleness, a lamb." Mr. Beecher delighted in nature, and had he not entered the pulpit he probably would have become a closer stu- dent of the breeding problem. As it was, he had a better knowledge of the qualities of the road-horse than any other man of his cloth. CHAPTER XII. HIS FIRST AND ONLY NOVEL. *' Norwood ; or, Life North and South." — Its Plot and Object. — Norwood and its Population. — Abiah Cathcart and his Peculiarities. — Rachel Liscomb. — A Love-making Scene. — How the Momentous Question was Asked. — The Country Doctor. — The Bachelor Uncle. — What constitutes a Gentleman. — Mr. Beecher's Views regarding Will- Power. — Doctoring through the Imagination. — Rose and Alice. — Negro Pete. — Polly Marble on getting Religion. — Tom Heywood's Letter. — The Battle of Gettysburg. — A Monument to Surgeons and Hospital Nurses. — Marriage Bells. In the preceding chapter we have learned the circum- stances under which " Norwood "was written. We will now take a brief survey of that famous novel. In the preface, Mr. Beecher informs his readers that it was written for the New York Ledger at the request of its editor. He had been but a moderate reader of fiction, and the work of writing a story seems at first to have been dreaded by him ; but he reflected that any real human ex- perience was intrinsically interesting, and that the life of a humble family even for a single day could hardly fail to win some interest. As the author says, " The habit of looking upon men, or the children of God and heirs of immortality, can hardly fail to clothe the simplest and most common elements of daily life with importance, and HIS FIRST AND ONLY NOVEL. 269 even with dignity. Nothing is trivial in the education of the King's Son ! " Here spoke the whole-souled, gener- ous heart of the man who could find nobility in all things created. This feeling permeates his story of Village Life in New England. Beginning with a brief description of the picturesque beauty of the villages of New England in general, and in particular of Norwood, a town of five thousand inhabi- tants, which had, " in a general and indistinct way, an upper, middle, and lower class, with a wholesome jealousy of their rights, and a suspicion among the poor that wealth and strength always breed danger to the weak, making the upper class politically weaker than any other," we are introduced to Abiah Cathcart and Rachel Liscomb. Abiah Cathcart is a finely drawn specimen of a New Eng- land farmer, who had to begin life with a healthy body and mind and a common-school education. With the aid of these, by diligent perseverance and hard work the sturdy New Englander carved out his own fortune ; and " who shall blame his honest pride afterward, when he was wealthy, that he had created his own fortune ? Wealth created without spot or blemish is an honest man's peer- age ; and to be proud of it is his right. It is not the empty pride of money, but pride of skill, of patience, of labor, of perseverance, and of honor, which wrought and secured the wealth." Rachel Liscomb, the daughter of a farmer and a dea- 270 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. con, was " one of the few women without gifts of speech whose bearing and looks are a full equivalent for speech," and from her early training was peculiarly adapted to be the companion and helpmate of Abiah in his journey through life. A silent understanding has existed between them that they are intended for each other, but it is not till awakened and encouraged by the text of a sermon that Abiah finds the courage to make the understanding more complete. " How strangely his voice sounded to him as, at length, all his emotions could only say, ' Rachel, how did you like the sermon ? ' Quietly, she answered, ' I liked the text.' — •' A new conunandnicnt I zvrite unto you, that ye love one another. Rachel, will you help me keep it ?' At first she looked down and lost a little color ; then raising her face, she turned upon him her large eyes, with a look both clear and tender. It was as if some painful restraint had given way, and her eyes blossomed into full beauty. Not another word was spoken. They walked home hand-in-hand. He neither smiled nor ex- ulted. He saw neither the trees nor the long level rays of sunlight that were slanting across the fields. His soul was overshadowed with a cloud as if God were drawing near. He had never felt so solemn. This woman's life had been intrusted to him ! Long years — the whole length of life — the eternal years beyond, seemed in an in- distinct way to rise up in his imagination. All that he could say as he left her was : HIS FIRST AND ONLY NOVEL. 2/ 1 " Rachel, this is forever — forever ! " No effusion and protestations of undying affection, no fervent words of love. Their hearts speak for them, and both are satisfied. " Outwardly, and in consonance with the customs of the neighborhood, he was gay and jovial at the wedding ; but down deep in his soul he was as solemn before Rachel as if God spoke and he listened." And then the author continues : " How wondrous are the early days of wedlock, in young and noble souls ! How strange are the ways of two pure souls wholly finding each other out ; between whom for days and months is going on that silent and unconscious intersphering of thought, feeling, taste, and will by which two natures are clasping and twining and growing into each other ! Happy are they who know, and well Cathcart knew, how to bring such wisdom with lov- ing, that selfishness, a poisonous weed, shall die out ; and love clothed with reverence shall grow and thrive with power and beauty all one's life ! For, if there be one root in which resides the secret of producing immortal flowers, it is Love." From such a marriage only happiness could result, and as years rolled on Cathcart grew to prosperity and into universal respect, and erelong we are introduced to two of his children, Barton and Alice, who come more prom- inently forward as they advance to young manhood and womanhood. 2/2 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. Dr. Reuben Wentworth is the next prominent charac- ter in " Norwood." By the favor of his uncle, in his youth he had passed through Harvard University, and then had come the trouble of deciding with his uncle the call- ing he should adopt. Uncle Ebenezer was an old bach- elor, spry, lean, and " chipper," but at heart a stern moral- ist, and loyal to the last degree in his conduct to honor and truth. " Well, Reuben," he said to his nephew, " you are pretty well stuffed with trash. It will take several years to forget what you ought not to have learned, and to get rid of the evil effects of foolish instruction. But that will come pretty much of itself. College learning is very much like snow, and the more a man has of it the less can the soil produce. It's not till practical life melts it that the ground yields anything. Men get over it quicker in some kinds of business than in others. The college sticks longest on ministers and school-masters ; next, to lawyers, not much to doctors, and none at all to mer- chants and gentlemen. You can't afford to be a gentle- man, and so you must choose among other callings." " Can't a man. Uncle Eb, be a gentleman in any re- spectable calling ? " " Oh, dear, no. My gentleman must take all his time to it, spend his life at it, be jealous of everything else. He is a kind of perfect man, a sort of chronometer for other men to keep time by. One is enough for a whole HIS FIRST AND ONLY NOVEL. 273 town. One is enough — two would be a superfluity, and a class of them simply a nuisance. A gentleman should have feeling— but should hide it. People of much senti- ment are like fountains, whose overflow keeps a disagree- able puddle about them. He should have knowledge, but not like your educated men of our day, whose knowl- edge sings, and crows, and cackles with every achieve- ment. His knowledge should be like apples in autumn, hanging silently on the boughs — rich, ripe, and still. A gentleman should be business-like by instinct. Affairs in his hands come to pass silently and without ado, as Nature compasses her results — the vastest range and round of spring work making less noise than one store or shop. I tell you, Reuben, a gentleman is a rare speci- men. He requires so much in the making that few are made. . . . He must be so fine that he accomplishes more while doing nothing than others do with all their bustle. He must be better than other men at the start, or he will grow rough in trying to mend matters, and so be like the best of common men, who only succeed in getting ready to live when it is time for them to die." There was a world of practical common-sense in old Uncle Eb, in spite of his crotchety ways and love of ar- gument. What a pity it is that he died a bachelor, and that he has left unrecorded his appreciation of the term — so provocative of argument and disagreement — a lady. The outcome of Reuben's consultation with his uncle 12 274 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. was that he became a doctor ; and at Uncle Eb's death he inherited a comfortable income and settled down at Norwood, and soon found his professional services in great demand. " His skill consisted in persuading men to get well. Sickness is very largely the want of will. Everything is brain. There is thought and feeling, not only, but will ; and will includes in it far more than mental philosophers think. It acts universally, now as upon mind, and then just as much upon the body. It is another name for life-force. Men in whom this life or will-power is great resist disease and combat it when attacked. To array a man's mind and will against his sickness is the supreme art of medicine. Inspire in men courage and purpose, and the mind-power will cast out disease. He was himself the best medicine, and often cured by his presence those whom drugs would have scarcely helped. These cures through the spirit of the patient he regarded as far the most skilful and philosophical. . . . ' Only the imagination ? ' he said to a nurse. * That is enough. Better suffer in bone and muscle than in the imagina- tion. If the body is sick, the mind can cure it ; but if the mind itself is sick, what shall cure that ? ' " The doctor prospered. Had he been a poor man his character would in time have brought him employment ; as he was independent of his profession, his services were sought by all, and " he furnished another instance of the i HIS FIRST AND ONLY NOVEL. 2/5 willingness of men to aid those not in need, while those who are likely to starve if not at once befriended are put on a long probation." For a house-keeper the doctor possessed a model in Agate Bissell, remarkable for her energy and conscien- tious fidelity, a very despot in her treatment of dirt and disorder, and, notwithstanding her hard manner and in- flexible precision, possessed of a depth of affection ready to be bestowed on all worthy objects. The village is interested in Dr. Wentworth's bachelor- dom, becomes excited over his marriage, and criticises his wife, before she is received and loved as the doctor him- self. Then little Rose Wentworth is born, and the event gives an opportunity to Uncle Tommy Taft, the village cooper, philanthropist, and character, whose wife is re- garded as second only in importance to the doctor on these occasions, to make himself known to the reader, and mildly exasperating to Parson Buell and Agate Bis- sell, the latter, in spite of the doctor's marriage, still reigning supreme in the household. While Barton and Alice Cathcart and Rose Went- worth are growing up, the latter being carefully guarded during many a mad open-air frolic by an honest, burly negro named Pete, many of the prominent villagers pass before our notice ; and we are regaled with many natural delights in flower-garden and forest, sunshine and shower. There is big Deacon Jerry Marble, full of fun and ner- 276 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. voLis risibility, whether in church or out of it, brimful of good-nature and light-heartedness. As an antidote, he has his wife, Polly — all nerve, bone, and skin — "so thin that smiles slipped off her head easily and left the same anxious, earnest face." Good hearts both, though of opposite temperaments. Then appears good-natured, jovial, heavy-weighted Deacon Trowbridge, between whom and Deacon Marble Hiram Beers, the practical joker and wit of the village, gets up a climbing contest at a nutting party, to the great amusement of everybody but Polly Marble, whose horror at her spouse's undignified position in the tree-top was not to be silenced. A night fishing scene, in which 'Biah Cathcart, Barton, Alice, Rose, and Pete take part is enthusiastically de- scribed, the description being in no way dampened, or the sport spoiled, either by Hiram Beers' banter or the thunder-storm which winds up the night's frolic. All are children of Nature, and remain unharmed, althoiagh Rachel Cathcart 's fears are excited on seeing the drenched condition of the fishing party on their return home. "'Oh, father! ' said Rachel, ' it is wild of you to have these children out on such a night ! Come in, my dar- lings! ' But Rose and Alice were evidently too much excited and happy to need pity. " ' Why, Rachel, do you suppose people catch cold when they are excited like these children ? ' HIS FIRST AND ONLY NOVEL. 277 " * But what would Dr. Wentworth say ? ' " ' Say ? Why, he would say that such an experience was better than a dozen volumes of books — that it would give life to the imagination, that it would give the children impressions which would enlarge their whole after-life — that's what he would say ! — and if he had been along him- self, he would have enjoyed it better than any of us. . . . I hope never to get over being young. I look back on this night as if I had been walking in a cave full of crystals. I shall never forget it, and I'll warrant the chil- dren never will. Such things clean off the drudgery and sameness of life, and reach toward a deeper meaning.' " Speaking of Rose and Alice, the author says : Is there in life a fairer sight than two maidens, just emerging from childhood, twined together in love, gentle, strong, sincere, and full of fancies ? who see real things as if they were visions and imaginary things as if they were real ? whose days and nights flow musical as a meadow- hrook, between green banks, and over a bottom rough, just enough to give flash and ripple to the surface ? All the simplicity of childhood is yet theirs, while dawning duties and social proprieties begin to jut out like the buds in early spring ! How beautiful the contrast be- tween Alice, sensitive, reserved, and full of innate dignity — whose cheek changed color to her feelings, shifting al- most as the colors flash from a humming-bird's back as he quivers among flowers — and Rose, fair-skinned, of a 2/8 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. brown hair that might be called suppressed auburn — free, frank, strong, and loving — who seemed conscious of the life and meaning of every living thing except herself. She had that perfect health which produces unconscious- ness of self. Alice accepted mirth, but never created it. Rose sparkled with it. Her thoughts moved in a brill- iant atmosphere. In certain of her moods, events, peo- ple, and even soulless objects, sparkled with gayety and humor. The two girls might be called, in the language of art, Light and Shadow. Dr. Wentworth delighted to narrate to the children fables of Nature — " fictions that under every form what- soever still tended in their imagination to bring Nature home to them as God's Avonderful revelation, vital with sentiment and divine truth." Rose's love of Nature seemed at times to be a great cause of anxiety to her mother and Agate Bissell. " There are many people who seem to regard anxiety as a religious duty. They seem to think that no state of mind is substantial which is not ballasted with cares." In conversation with Mrs, Polly Marble, Agate asked if the Lord in his Sovereignty might not deal gently with young people. Was not that the meaning of the Scrip- ture, " He will carry the young in His arms ? " "Agate," said Polly, " I always say that it's best to be on the sure side. It never does harm to find fault with your evidences, 'cause if they are real you won't hurt 'em, HIS FIRST AND ONLY NOVEL. 279 and if they are deceivin' you, you will be apt to find it out. People nowadays git religion too easy. I was un- der conviction nigh about two months. I was awfully striven with afore I give up. Young people now seem to git along too easy, I say. They don't bear any yoke, nor carry much of a cross. I have seen folks have measles light, and scarlet fever so easy they didn't hardly know it. But I shall never be made to believe that anybody took religion so easy that they didn't know they had it." " Don't you sometimes doubt the promises," said Agate, *' when you see how children turn out that's well brought up ? ... I don't know — it's a mystery to me ! " "A mystery!" said Aunt Polly Marble, . . . " there is no mystery about it. It's all election. That does it ! " And that was Mrs. Marble's solution of many a difficulty. Barton Cathcart, meanwhile, is growing apace, men- tally and physically, and after the exercise of a great deal of self-help in the acquirement of elementary knowl- edge, he at length, with the consent of his father, enters Amherst College. Before this, however, it has become apparent to both Rose and himself that something stronger than their childhood's affection for each other is coming to the surface. The author treats his readers to a chapter on Mental Philosophy dealing with the transitions of feelings from boyhood and girlhood to manhood and womanhood ; and after three years we are 28o LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECIIER. introduced to visitors at Norwood. There is Frank Esel, a young artist with plenty of money and a rare facility for spending, who had made a reputation for himself in Norwood by stopping Rose Wentworth's run- away horse and saving her life, and soon afterward makes the discovery that he is a fourth cousin to the Went- worths, and falls in love with Rose. Also Tom Hey- wood, from Virginia, comes before our notice, and it is not long before Barton Cathcart's heart begins to be troubled and to throb with uneasiness in view of the feel- ings which it is evident this gentleman entertains toward Rose. Barton has graduated from Amherst with suc- cess, and he is now in charge of the Norwood Academy. An extract from one of Tom Heywood's letters to his brother Hal is interesting as a Southerner's comparison between North and South, based on his own experiences. "I am studying," he writes, "this Yankee people with the utmost zest. Of course, many of them are like our own folks. Cultivated people are always more or less alike, the world over. On that very account one studies the middle and lower classes for distinctive characters, as there, if anywhere, is apt to be found originality and ec- centricity. I had an impression that the rigor of Puritan morals, and a coercive public sentiment, held everything here down to set patterns, and that I should find a dreary sameness of a kind not very interesting. But the under people here are rich in peculiarities. They open HIS FIRST AND ONLY NOVEL. 28 1 up well already. In the South there is more liberty of action, and in the North of thought. Law is not so strong among us. A population thinly scattered through wide territory are obliged to take their affairs into their own hands, and are less likely to wait for redress or op- portunity for the slow process of law. Men here live in attrition, yet universally respect the law. Among the lower classes Law is put instead of Religion. Yesterday a man had been aggrieved by a neighbor. I heard him say, in a great passion, ' I'll have the law of him if there's any justice in the land.' Had it been in Virginia, the man would have thrashed the offender on the spot, and settled his grievance without judge or jury." Rose saves Esel the pain of a refusal by desiring him to continue a friend, but Heywood probably had to in- cur the pain which had been sparecf to Esel. Then from the peaceful village scenes we are carried into the war. "The leading thoughtful political men of South Caro- lina . . . were fully determined at all hazards to separate from the North." Heywood, though deploring the contest, hurries off to take his place on the Southern side. The assault and evacuation of Fort Sumter takes place, and war is definitely declared. Norwood re- sponds nobly, and Barton Cathcart leads his company to add to the ranks of the North. Agate Bissell, with Rose and Alice, later take the field as nurses, the young girls being interested in both sides of the fight. Alice, 282 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. while praying for the safety of her brother, is obHged also to include Heywood, on whom she has secretly be- stowed all her young affections, while Rose is equally anxious for Barton, though by a misunderstanding he has not yet openly declared himself. An interesting description of the fight at Gettysburg follows, in which fight poor Tom Heywood, who had hated the war, but was forced into it, is killed. His body is discovered by Alice, and interred. Then, in spite of the grief at her heart and the hope that is gone, to re- turn no more, she goes back to her hospital duties and tender care of the sick and wounded. " It seems fit that among the testimonies of a nation's gratitude some recognition should be given to this rear- guard of humanity. At least it would be a wise and comely act for the (jovernment of this Nation, in the Capital, to rear a monument and inscribe it — TO The Heroic Surgeons and the Noble Women WHO Laid down their lives for the Nation. Barton, who is now General Cathcart, is taken pris- oner, and is rescued by Pete, the negro, and conveyed to the house of a Quaker farmer, and carefully tended, and where Rose and her father are erelong in attendance on HIS FIRST AND ONLY NOVEL. 283 him. On his return to consciousness Barton and Rose are soon of one accord on the important question be- tween them, and the long weeks of his recovery are shortened by the joys of love. After two years. The war is over, and we are back in Norwood to witness the ceremony that is to unite for evermore these two young loving hearts. And then the sudden decease of Agate Bissell astounds the neighbors. For scarcely are Rose and Barton united than Agate bravely takes her stand and becomes INIrs. Parson Buell. "Only Alice's presence was wanting to make the day perfectly happy." " Alice," said her mother, " is very heart-sore. Life goes wearily with her. But she has determined to give her life to the instruction of the poor black children. She has gone to Lynchburg, wher^ his parents lived, you know, and I hope she is happier now." " But the people are dispersing. The sun is just set- ting. Some linger, and seem reluctant to leave. If you, too, reader, linger and feel reluctant to leave "Norwood," I shall be rejoiced and repaid for the long way over which I have led you." The wish of the author has been attained. When one has read " Norwood," he wishes to return to it, and the oftener he returns the more charms he will find in the peaceful scenes and communings with Nature so beauti- fully delineated. CHAPTER XIII. HIS ART AS AN ORATOR. The Greatest Orator of the Century. — Characteristics of His Oratory. — Ex- temporizing a Sermon. — A Reporter's Experience. — Power with an Audience. — His Great Earnestness. — Thoughts Rarely committed to Paper. — Doctrinal Addresses. — Peculiarities of His Lectures. — Never the Same Successively. — Weakness in Statistical Matters. — His Mi- metic Skill. — His Last Public Address. — Congregational Singing. — Eloquence of His Prayers. — Always dealt with Questions of the Time. —Where Materials were Obtained. — A Curious Autograph. — His Great Lecture Tour in the West. — The New York Independent on Beecher. It is not too much to say that Mr, Beecher was the greatest orator that the century has produced. Others may have equalled him in fluency of speech, in earnest- ness of manner, or in other requisites of eloquence, but no man has equalled him in great range of thought, in the variety of topics considered, and above all in the ability to speak with swiftly flowing eloquence upon a subject which had been presented but a few moments before he rose to his feet. The following anecdote is an illustra- tion of his wonderful power in this direction. One of the reporters of the Brooklyn Eagle was sent one Sunday evening a few years ago to report Mr. ttiS ART AS AN ORATOR. 285 Beecher's sermon. The discourse was one of singular power, freshness, and force, and the reporter was more than charmed and interested. When the service was over he encountered Mr. Beecher at the foot of the pulpit stairs, and knowing the small store he set upon his manuscript notes, asked him if he would be good enough to give them to him, as he desired to preserve them as an auto- graphical prize and as a memento of the sermon. " Well," said the Plymouth Church pastor, as he fluttered over the half-dozen sheets of note-paper, "you can have them, but this is not the sermon I preached. I prepared this sermon intending to use it ; but when I got in the pulpit I got to thinking of' another subject and preached upon that." He gave the reporter the notes, however, very willingly, seeming to care nothing for them, so the young man has the notes of one of Mr. Beecher's unpreached sermons. The following is a careful analysis of Mr. Beecher's art as an orator by one who had studied him carefully : For more than half a century he spoke in public. His addresses were on diverse subjects — political, religious, educational, agricultural, charitable, and other. He was gifted with a massive frame, a fine presence, a powerful and well-modulated voice, and an impressive demeanor. Whatever he said bore the mark of earnestness. He threw himself into a subject impulsively. His diction was some- thing marvellous. Although he never spoke from manu- script, and in his most polished addresses relied only on 286 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. the briefest of captions, he was never at a loss for a word, never failed to get the most apt expression. He had above most orators the power to sway an audi- ence as he saw fit. He could touch and arouse, could move to tears and inspire to enthusiasm. In his lighter and more genial mood he would bring out smiles and bursts of most hearty laughter. His quaint conceits would often appear in his pulpit utterances, and on such occasions his enemies accused him of buffoonery solely because of some garbled extracts which found their way into print. Read, however, with the context as they were uttered, their true meaning and purpose were at once perceived. He dealt less in imagery or word-painting than in illustration and analogy, and rarely indulged in quotations. His appeals were to human feeling no less than to human reason. Ordinarily he spoke slowly and with deliberation, but he would now and again indulge in passionate outbursts in which the words came like a torrent. Stenographers and other reporters of his addresses never felt quite sure of him. He would proceed for some minutes at the rate of about one hundred and twenty words a minute, and then would suddenly rise to double that speed. The re- porters, however, had one compensation — Mr. Beecher never found fault with their reports. Nearly all of his addresses were extemporary'', in the sense that he had little or no notes to guide him. In his HIS ART AS AN ORATOR. 287 ordinary addresses, where he was one of several speakers at a meeting or assemblage, he would listen to those who preceded him, and taking as a text some one utterance, would construct an address upon that. He had, to a very marked degree, the ability to " think upon his feet," and as a consequence was not ruffled by interruptions. In fact, he often did better after being interrupted than before. An outside remark would spur him on, and he would often use it to the discomfiture of the person utter- ing it. Most effective instances of this were had from time to time in Plymouth Church itself. He prided himself on having made the pulpit of his church a free platform. From it spoke the heroes of the old anti-slavery fight, with Wendell Phillips in the van. There it was that they raised money to buy the liberty of slaves. It re-echoed with a welcome to Kossuth, and with appeals for the oppressed abroad and at home. From it came urgent calls for charity, for education, for freedom, and for humanity. No good cause ever found Mr. Beecher remiss. His heart, his purse, and his voice responded in no uncertain or half-hearted way. His doctrinal addresses, including his famous Yale lect- ures, were gems in their way. The thought was couched in vigorous language, the illustrations were most varied, and the logical sequence was perfect. He could dress an idea in most intelligible as well as striking garb, and his comparisons were fitting as well as admirable. 288 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. He was in great demand as a lecturer all over the country, and was always sure of a large and attentive au- dience. People would go to hear him deliver the same lecture again and again. But it was never the same lect- ure. The topic was the same, but the language, the illustrations, and the method of reasoning were different. He never committed a lecture to memory, but relied on the inspiration of the moment to guide him in his man- ner of viewing or discussing his subject. The lecture would not be the same on two successive evenings. He kept abreast of the times, took a lively interest in current topics, and would weave in his discourse illustrations or incidents suggested by the occurrences of the day. It was on festive occasions that his geniality in dis- course found full vent. At public dinners, notably those of the New England Society in New York for many years, he was looked upon as the especial guest. He would at one moment set the tables in a roar, and next moment would thrill them to the quick by an appeal to their sym- pathy. It was a tribute to his ability that the dinner com- mittee generally managed so that Mr. Beecher was the last speaker. Everyone waited to the end in order to hear him speak. Presidents, governors, and political magnates would precede him, but his advent would be anxiously waited for. He had no set speech for such occasions. At one time the burden of his talk would be good-natured raillery ; at another it would be some earnest plea for HIS ART AS AN ORATOR. 289 progress or for charity. Whatever it was, it was well said and well received. In his political addresses, Mr. Beecher rarely ventured on the domain of statistics, although when he did so he showed great art in his handling of figures. His appeals were usually to the feelings and the consciences of his auditors. He spoke in every Presidential campaign, and in many of the minor contests, among them that for muni- cipal reform in his own city. In recent years his most noted addresses of the kind were the memorable one in the Garfield campaign, in which he fairly flayed by his sarcasm the brood of calumniators whose argument con- sisted in chalking the figures 329 on pavements and cellar doors; that in the Cooper Union, wherein he urged the renomination of President Arthur, and his Brooklyn Rink speech in favor of Cleveland. Mr. Beecher had no fixed formula for beginning an address. He would sometimes open up his subject with his conclusion, and gradually show the train of reasoning leading to it. At other times he would begin by an- nouncing certain undisputed facts, and lead by easy stages to the result. He bound himself by no set rules, and he followed none. He used few gestures. His play of feature and his mimetic skill were so re- markable that it was often said of him that he would have been a wonderful actor had he chosen that calling. He felt too strongly what he said, however, to have sim- 290 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. ulated a passion. When he pleaded for a cause he did so with his whole being. His voice would grow husky, his frame would tremble, and tears would follow one another down his cheeks. His audiences, listening with rapt at- tention, would feel as he did, and be drawn the closer toward him. His spell was magnetic. Another writer says : His last public address was delivered, within the week in which he was stricken, in favor of the high license bill. He was " a temperance man ; " he had been generally " a total abstinent ; " but he saw with the general intelligent opinion of the community that the cause of temperance here and now could be best served by high license. This was a striking illustration of his good-sense and of that ready sympathy which was generally in accord with the best opinion around him. Indeed, the average good-sense, the humane impulse, the moral sentiment of th-e country, found its voice in him. His national pride was stirred by the consciousness that the American republic was " the reign of the common people." The people heard him gladly, because he was a sturdy, strong, inspiring preacher, not of theological doctrines, but of righteousness of life. When he took charge of Plymouth Church, the first thing he insisted on was congregational singing. The organ was not a very fine instrument, but it did its duty, and a large volunteer choir led the singing — at first, but after a while the congregation was the choir and the organ HIS ART AS AN ORATOR. ^91 the leader. Mr. Beecher had the pulpit cut away, and on the platform placed a reading-desk. In this way he was plainly visible from crown to toe, and whether preach- ing or sitting, every motion was in full view of the crowded assemblage. Instead of resting a pale forehead on a pallid hand and closing his eyes as if in silent prayer while his people sung, Mr. Beecher held his book in his red fist and sung with all his might. Although not a finished singer, he had a melodious bass voice, and he sung with understanding. As he did so his eyes would take in the scene before him, and it needed no wizard's skill to de- tect its power over him. Ever impressible and as full of intuition as a woman, he felt the presence of men and women. Time and again the tenor of his discourse was altered at the sight of a face. Incidents of the moment often shaped the discourse of the hour. He laid great stress on the influence of congregational singing. It brought the audience to a common feeling. It made them appreciate that they were not only in the house of worship, but that they were there as worshippers, part of their duty being to sing praises to the Most High. His prayers, too, attracted great attention. The keen- est eye, the most sensitive ear, never detected an approach to irreverence in Mr. Beecher's manner in prayer. He prayed, it is true, as a respectful son would petition a loving and indulgent father. It was noticed that he addressed his prayers very largely to the Saviour. In 292 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD EEECHER. his sermons it was the love of Christ on which he dwelt. It seemed as if he delighted to put away all thought of the Judge, and to keep always present the tenderness of the Father and the affection of the Elder Brother. The little church was always overcrowded. Hundreds ap- plied in vain for seats. It became the fashion to " go to hear Beecher," Thousands went to criticise and ridicule. Thousands went in simple curiosity. It was soon the affectation to look down upon him. He was called boor- ish, illiterate, ungrammatical, uncultivated, fit for the common people only, and a temporary rush-light. Dr. Cox, an old friend of Lyman Beecher, to whom the new-comer expected to turn for advice as to a father, said : " I will give that young man six months in which to run out." When the church was burned the trustees put up an immense temporary structure on Pierrepont Street, near Fulton, which they called the Tabernacle. There every Sunday immense crowds of strangers and visitors from other parishes assembled to listen to Mr. Beecher. Already the newspapers had discovered the pith of the preacher and made him noted in the land. His utter- ances were never commonplace, his manner was always fresh, his illustrations ever new. He never avoided is- sues. Indeed, it was charged that he was sensational be- cause he talked and taught about the topic of the hour. He rarely preached a doctrinal sermon, and when he did HIS ART AS AN ORATOR. 293 there was a kind of explanatory protest with it, as much as to say : " I don't really believe I know anything about this, but it can't do any harm." At first he dealt largely in practical lessons to the young men who formed a large part of his congregations. It was often remarked that while the proportion in other churches was five women to one man, in the Tabernacle, and later in the Plymouth Church, the proportion was reversed. This is accounted for by two facts — young men, clerks, students, and those who lived in boarding-houses, felt at home in that church, and the hotels of New York sent over hundreds every Sunday, who considered hearing " Beecher preach " one of the essentials of their business in New York. At all events, there they were, and Mr. Beecher made it a rule of his life-work to address himself to them. He never bombarded the Jews, he left the heathen to their normal guardians, he avoided a decision of questions raised in the Garden of Eden, and left the sheep and the goats of an- cient history to follow the call of their shepherd. His flock was before him. His duty was to care for the men and women who sat in the pews of his church and thronged its aisles and packed its galleries. He was human, and avowed his love for man. Their weaknesses were his, and he called on them to seek a common physician. The average person who came to New York for the first time, no matter what might be his religion (if he had any), would no more think of returning home without 294 LIl-E AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. hearing Mr. Beecher than he would neglect seeing Cen- tral Park or the Statue of Liberty. Men who had not been to church since their boyhood went to hear the great preacher. " I have known visitors to spend Saturday night in gambling hells and other wicked places," said an hotel clerk in New York, while speaking of this matter, " and then sit up for hours, so as to be sure to be in time to hear Mr. Beecher. At first it used to strike me as very odd to hear a man whom I knew to be a sport, and who held religion in contempt, talking about going to church. And they seemed to take such interest in it, too, and were so particular about being called in time. When they re- turned they talked about the sermon in such a way that I could see that Mr. Beecher had touched a tender spot in these hard hearts. I remember that this was the case a few years ago with Mike McDonald, the famous Chicago gambler. He had been out all night, and got in a little before daylight. He remarked that he had a great desire to hear Mr. Beecher, and he had made up his mind to do so that day; but he knew that if he should go to bed it would be hard work getting up. For that reason he sat up and opened several bottles of champagne as a means of killing time. I have no doubt but in this way Mr. Beecher reached a number of such sinners, many of whom he brought to a realization of their moral condition. I knew another instance where a man, while seeing New HIS ART AS AN ORATOR. 295 York one Saturday night by gas-light, got very much in- toxicated. He remembered that he had made up his mind to hear Mr. Beecher. He stopped drinking about midnight, so that he might sober up and attend Plymouth Church next morning. Had it not been for this, there's no telling to what excesses the man might have gone." General Horatio C. King of Brooklyn has in his col- lection of autographs an interesting scrap from Mr. Beecher's pen illustrating his manner of work. To it is attached a ticket to the platform of the Academy of Music, Brooklyn, on the occasion of the address of Mr. Beecher on " The Issues of the Canvass," Friday evening, October 9, 1868. The scrap of writing contains the head- ings made by Mr. Beecher for his address. They are written in a bold hand, apparently with a quill pen, and many of the words are underscored. The headings are as follows : I. — Origin of party — historic logic of our history ancl principles. II.— What has it done to de- serve well of the people ? III.— What charges are brought against it ? (i) — Not restoring the Union — delaying for party reasons. (2) — Oppressive taxes. (3) — It is refresh- ing to hear Mayor Hoffman express his conscience on ex- travagance in public moneys. IV. — By whom are they accused ? Who is it that proposes to take their place and finish the work of Liberty ? (i) — Their relation to every event and step gained by war. (2) — Their proposed remedy. Overturn all that Congress has done. Reverse 296 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. legislation. Throw down State enactments. Send back Senators and Representatives. Remand Southern States to turmoil and confusion. Upon the platform Mr. Beecher, with these few notes, under the inspiration of the moment, delivered a splendid address, talking two hours or more. His greatest lecture tour was through the West in the winter and spring of 1877. He was absent about two months, speaking in many of the leading cities of that section of the country. His trip was a tremendous ova- tion. The size of the audiences was measured by the ca- pacity of the halls in which he spoke. Instances were frequent of people travelling hundreds of miles to hear him lecture. During the trip bespoke at least once a day, and often three times. While in the city where he lect- ured, he would visit some public institution, and would be called upon for a short speech. In spite of the tre- mendous strain of constant journeying and speaking he preserved his health and strength, and returned home ap- parently as fresh as the day he went away. It was with- out exception the most wonderful lecture tour ever wit- nessed in this country. An editorial in the New York Independent pays the following tribute to his oratory : In the death of Henry Ward Beecher the American pulpit loses one of the greatest men that ever stood in it, and perhaps the greatest genius that America has yet produced. HIS ART AS AN ORATOR. 297 There lies before us the picture of the young, dark-haired man who came to Brooklyn from Indianapolis more than forty years ago. We recall the fervor and brilliancy of his oratory. He shot suddenly into the sky, brilliant as a meteor, but with a light fixed and steady as the sun. Plymouth Church became immediately famous, the Mecca of every pilgrim. That young man had intro- duced a newf style of preaching, had put a fresh genuineness into the Gospel, had discovered a manliness in religion ; and he uttered an appeal which went to every heart. For decade after decade there was no decay of his power. It is difficult to tell in what his power did or, rather, did not consist. It was in his whole nature. He was in every direction a genius. In the first place, he was a man of infinite common-sense. He looked all round things, and then he went to the centre of them. He said the plain, simple thing that everybody could understand. He was not deceived by the cant and conventionalities that sur- round a thought, an idea, a duty, or a religious service ; but he put his touch on the very core of things. He did not ask other men what was truth, but he looked for himself, and what he saw he told. It was always fresh, it was sometimes strange. Thus he had originality. He borrowed no judgments or opinions. He did not mind if he contradicted the world. He had that superb con- fidence that knew that his judgment might be worth more than the judgment of a million men. Because his head was higher than some other men's, his vision apparently was farther and truer than that of all the rest. So he spoke with authority that commanded assent. Not that every conclusion was true — that is not given to man ; but his conclusions carried almost more than mortal weight. Then there was his mighty enthusiasm. Enthusiasm is the chief qualification of a leader. It is not scholarship alone or sound judgment that makes progress or drives a captive world before it, 13 298 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. but enthusiasm. No other endowment is so important for a leader. Here is the magnetism we talk about. Mr. Beecher was overflow- ing with enthusiasm. What he knew or believed, he felt, and was determined that other people should feel it also. Here comes a good part of the courage which a leader has. Mr. Beecher had a leonine bravery. He was not afraid of man or the Devil. With what superb self-forgetfulness and might did he attack current notions which dishonored the character of God, or denounce the proud and apparently invincible monster of slavery ! How heroic was his defence of America before the mad mobs of England in the darkest hours of our civil war ! Not another man living did or could have done his service. And he did it all with such uncon- scious ease, with no apparent effort of logic, rhetoric, or oratory. What he said became evident when he said it, with no compulsion of argument and no illusion of eloquence. With this was joined the most exquisite poetic nature that ora- tor ever possessed. Every phase of nature was beautiful to him. Every trait in man was familiar to him. All this store of insight was part of the material of his thought. It was natural to him to speak in pictures. He never overlaid an argument with ornament. The ornament was in the argument. The two were fused together. The glory was in the gold. The spirit was in the wheels. It was worth crossing the ocean to hear him in his prime. Such a voice as he had ! It was sweet, mellow, most delicate and rich in its intonations, now moving steadily along a low level of tone, sinking into a tender pathos, bubbling over in some quick sally of mirth or humor, and then swelling out in a mighty volume of force that seemed to crash against the roof Every sympathy and noble passion was appealed to — reason, laughter, tears answered him in turn, with an infinite variety of sentiment and feeling. It is not con- ceivable that he could ever have wearied a hearer. Every moment HIS ART AS AN ORATOR. 299 was fresher than the last. There was an utter absence of formality, not the least suspicion of art, the utter naturalness which naturally said noble things, beautiful things, even comical things — not to be comical, but to lighten the thought, and make the good seem more true. When he was speaking no one thought of the man, but only of the thing he said, and everyone went home to wonder at the power that could do such marvels with such infinite ease. As we look back upon him, it is that infinite ease with which he worked that carries the evidence of his genius — simply, he did what other men could not, because he was gifted with the power. His impress is on the country, in religious thought, in method of preaching, in all the social and political progress we have made. The country can never forget Henry Ward Beecher. It has not yet recorded a greater name. The generation is fortunate that has seen the method of such genius. We follow him to the grave with infinite admiration and unspeakable sorrow. Much has he said of the love and the mercy of God. To the mercy and love of God he has committed his soul, and our prayer follows his bier. Allusion has been made in a previous chapter to the successful effort of Mr. Beecher to raise money necessary to secure the freedom of a slave child. The occurrence was a fine illustration of the power of his oratory, and is admirably told by a biographer of Rose Terry Cooke. The writer says : " Miss Terry happened to attend Plymouth Church one morning when the pastor brought upon the platform a little colored child who was to be returned to slavery un- less a certain sum of money could be paid for her at once — Mr. Beecher undertaking to raise that money in his 300 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. church and set the child free. As he told the story of her little life and wrongs, in his inimitable manner, every heart was harrowed, none more so than that of Rose, who was half wild with excitement, wrought to a fever of pity and horror ; and every purse flew open, and Rose had no purse about her. But on her hand — a white and tiny hand — -was a ring she valued, a ring with a single fine opal in its setting — if it had been the Orloff diamond it would have made no difference, it was all she had when the box came round, and she took it off and dropped it in. It chanced that the ring exactly fitted one of the fingers of the little brown hand, and Mr. Beecher gave it to the child in token of her freedom and her friends, as the money raised was amply sufficient to purchase her safety ; and presently advertising for information concerning the giver of the ring, he christened the child into the new life with the name of Rose. If the reader should ever see a painting by Eastman Johnson, called the ' Freedom Ring,' where a child sits on a tiger-skin and looks curi- ously and gladly at a jewel on her hand, it is this incident which it commemorates." One who knew him intimately writes as follows con- cerning him : He was the most remarkable preacher of his time, the most popular, the most influential. His spoken and his printed words have been heard and read by many mill- ions of his fellow-men. It is clear that he did not HIS ART AS AN ORATOR. 303 achieve his great success without much deliberate calcu- lation. He studied other preachers, but he studied still more carefully himself. Health seeming to him the prime condition of good preaching, he sought to realize the most perfect health imaginable in his own body, and his success was very great. He was particularly careful of the condition of his body on his preaching days. His Sundays were ascetic. He allowed himself only so much food as would prevent faintness. Those who met him Saturdays in the print-shops and picture-galleries often imagined that his Sunday sermon was already written, or that he would trust to luck for it. They were wrong in either case. It was not written. But Mr. Beecher was loafing upon principle. Saturday was always his most careless day. It was so that he prepared himself for the morrow's work. His Sunday morning sermon was not sketched (it was very seldom written) till Sunday morn- ing, nor his evening sermon till the afternoon. His system was to keep himself full by reading and by ob- servation, and then, the subject once chosen, it became magnetic to the multitude of observations and ideas with which his mind was stored. In looking over the vol- umes of "Plymouth Pulpit" the first impression we receive is of the astonishing variety of subjects treated ; the next is of the variety of treatment — the preacher's prodigality of perception and imagination. The sermons have little logical connection or organic unity. Their strength is in 304 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. the parts rather than in the wholes. They abound in illustrations, and there are bursts of stormy eloquence. These give the hearers their impression. Mr. Beecher was always given to illustrations, but he used fifty in his maturity where he used one in his youth. He was always seeking for analogies in his walks about town and in his rambles in the country, and they returned to him when needed, and became the spontaneous method of his thought. CHAPTER XIV. GEMS FROM PULPIT UTTERANCES. s Examples of His Oratorical Power.— Striking Passages culled from the Abundance. — How to speak of the Absent. — Ideal Faith. — The True Plan of Life. — " The Church has been so Fearful of Amuse- ments that the Devil has had the Care of Them."— Majesty in Anger. — Churches as Mutual Insurance Companies. — A Babe is a Mother's Anchor. — Overplus of Everything but Punishments. — Religion with some Men like a Church-bell, to be Rung only on Sacred Occasions. — The Bible and its Commentators. — Truths of the Bible Like Gold in the Soil.— Character, Like Porcelain, must be painted Before Glazing. — A Lie Always needs a Truth for a Handle. Mr. Beecher's first sermon to the congregation of Plymouth Church has been given in a previous chapter, and the last sermon he preached will be referred to in a later one. In the forty years intervening between these two productions his sermons and lectures abounded in thoughts and expressions such as have fallen from the lips of no man since the days of Shakespeare. To show the matchless character of his oratory, nothing could be better than a selection from these utterances. About the year 1856 a member of Plymouth Church conceived the happy idea of making notes of some of the most striking passages in Mr. Beecher's sermons. The 306 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. notes became so numerous that they were published in a volume under tlie title of " Life Thoughts." The book had an extensive sale and a wide popularity, and a second volume was issued a few years after the first. From these and other volumes a few of the most striking sentences have been selected. Unfortunately, there is so much of the best, so great a wealth of expression, so much of practi- cal value, that it is a difficult matter to endeavor to select any of the fruits when there are so many luscious and ripe hanging before our eyes. We must shake the tree and gather up those that fall. When the absent are spoken of, some will speak gold of them, some silver, some iron, some lead, and some always speak dirt, for they have a natural attraction tow- ard what is evil, and think it shows penetration in them. As a cat watching for mice does not look up though an elephant goes by, so they are so busy mousing for defects that they let great excellences pass them un- noticed. I will not say it is not Christian to make beads of others' faults, and tell them over every day ; I say it is infernal. If you want to know how the devil feels, you do knoiv if you are such an one. Our best actions are often those of which we are un- conscious, but this can never be unless we are always yearning to do good. GEMS FROM PULPIT UTTERANCES. 307 There are many people who are so refined in their tastes — and by their refinement I mean the passage of a thing from a gross form to its evanishing point in the im- material— that they live in the ideal rather than in the actual. Such have an aesthetical faith. They have so cul- tivated their eye for colors that they can almost see the gleaming of the precious stones in the wall of heaven ; and they have taught their ear so to appreciate harmonious sounds that they can almost hear the celestial bells ring- ing sweet invitation to them ; and they have so strength- ened and purified their social natures that the fiery edges of heavenly affection almost touch theirs, as cloud light- ning touches cloud lightning. How wretched will such be, when through death they really enter the realm of the invisible, to find that they have failed of the highest faith, the faith of the moral nature, which alone will ad- mit them to the companionship of God ! You know how the heart is subject to freshets ; you know how the mother, who, always loving her child, yet, seeing in it some new wile of affection will catch it up and cover it with kisses, and break forth in a rapture of loving. Such a kind of heart-glow fell from the Saviour upon that young man who said to Him, " Good Master, what good thing shall I do that I may inherit eternal life?" It is said, "Then Jesus, beholding him, loved him." 13* 308 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. In plan, include the whole ; in execution, take life day by day. Men do not know how to reconcile the oppug- nant directions that we should live for the future, and yet should find our life in fidelities to the present ; but the last is only the method of the past. True aiming in life, is like true aiming in marksmanship. We always look at the fore-sieht of a rifle through the hind-sisht. A noble man compares and estimates himself by an idea which is higher than himself, and a mean man by one which is lower than himself. The one produces as- piration ; the other, ambition. Ambition is the way in which a vulgar man aspires. An ambition which has conscience in it will always be a laborious and faithful engineer, and will build the road and bridge the chasms between itself and eminent success by the most faithful and minute performances of duty. All true ambition and aspiration are without compari- son. We are bound to be the almoners of God's bounty — not tax-gatherers, to take away what little others have. As a father stands in the midst of his household, and says, "What is best for my children ?" so we are to stand in the world, and say, " What is best for my brotherhood ? " GEMS FROM PULPIT UTTERANCES. 309 Our people, nomadic as the Arabs, impetuous as the Goths and Huns, pour themselves along our Western border, carrying with them all their wealth and all their institutions. They drive schools along with them as shepherds drive sheep, and troops of colleges go lowing over the Western plains, like Jacob's kine. The Church has been so fearful of amusements that the devil has had the care of them. The chaplet of flowers has been snatched from the brow of Christ and given to Mammon. There is an anger that is damnable ; it is the anger of selfishness. There is an anger that is majestic as the frown of Jehovah's brow ; it is the anger of truth and love. If a man meets with injustice, it is not required that he shall not be roused to meet it ; but if he is angry after he has had time to think upon it, that is sinful. The flame is not wrong, but the coals are. Never forget what a man has said to you when he was angry. If he has charged you with anything, you had better look it up. Anger is a bow that will shoot some- times where another feeling will not. If the architect of a house had one plan, and the con- tractor another, what conflicts would there be ! How 3lO LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. many walls would have to come down, how many doors and windows would need to be altered, before the two could harmonize ! Of the building of life, God is the architect, and man is the contractor. God has one plan and man has another. Is it strange that there are clash- inss and collisions ? There are hundreds of churches which are nothing but mutual insurance companies, seeking to take care of themselves and of one another, and to see that religion is protected. Religion protected ! It was given us for oiir protection, and we are not to carrj' it unused and shielded from blows, but to put it on like armor, and to go down with it to the battle. When Paul said, " Quit ye like men," he was not thinking of those Christians who are rocked in the cradle of a conservative church, by the slippered foot of a soft-speaking minister, to all delicate ditties ; but of a stalwart soldier, with his face as bronzed as his helmet, and ready for the fray. It is not a man's part merely to keep his armor bright ; to hang around the edge of the fight, and, whenever he sees it bulging out toward him, to retreat to a hill, and, if any dust has fallen upon his armor, to set to work at once to brush it off. It is a man's business to go down to the battle, and to use his sword when he gets there. Man was not meant to be an armor-keeper ; but there are GEMS FROM PULPIT UTTERANCES. jit men who go all their lives scrubbing up their armor — keeping their hope bright and their faith bright, but never using them. Miserable, scouring Christians 1 There is much contention among men whether thought or feeling is the better ; but feeling is the bow, and thought the arrow, and every good archer must have both. Alone, one is as helpless as the other. The head gives artillery ; the heart, powder. The one aims and the other fires. The aster has not wasted spring and summer because it has not blossomed. It has been all the time preparing for what is to follow, and in autumn it is the glory of the field, and only the frost lays it low. So there are many people who must live forty or fifty years, and have the crude sap of their natural dispositions changed and sweet- ened before the blossoming time can come ; but their life has not been wasted. A babe is a mother's anchor. She cannot swing far from her moorings. And yet a true mother never lives so little in the present as when by the side of the cradle. Her thoughts follow the imagined future of her child. That babe is the boldest of pilots, and guides her fearless thoughts down through scenes of coming years. The old ark never made such a voyage as the cradle daily makes. 312 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. At first babes feed on the mother's bosom, but always on her heart. God is a being who gives everything but punishment in over-measure. The whole divine character and ad- ministration, the whole conception of God as set forth in the Bible and in nature, is of a being of munificence, of abundance, and superabundance. Enough is a meas- uring word — a sufficiency and no more; economy, not profusion. God never deals in this way. With Him there is always a magnificent overplus. The remotest corner of the globe is full of wonder and beauty. The laziest bank in the world, away from towns, where no artists do congregate, upon which no farm laps, where no vines hang their cooling clusters, nor flowers spring, nor grass invites the browsing herd, is yet spotted and patched with moss of such exquisite beauty, that the painter who in all his life should produce one such thing would be a master in art and immortal in fame, and it lias the hair of ten thousand reeds combed over its brow, and its shining sand and insect tribes might win the 'student's lifetime. God's least thought is more prolific than man's greatest abundance. Looked at without educated associations, there is no difference between a man in bed and a man in a cof^n. And yet, such is the power of the heart to redeem the GEMS FROM PULPIT UTTERANCES. 31 3 animal life, that there is nothing more exquisitely refined, and pure, and beautiful, than the chamber of the house. The couch ! From the day that the bride sanctifies it to the day when the aged mother is borne from it, it stands clothed with loveliness and dignity. Cursed be the tongue that dares speak evil of the household bed ! By its side oscillates the cradle ! Not far from it is the crib. In this sacred precinct, the mother's chamber, lies the heart of the family. Here the child learns its prayer. Hither, night by night, angels troop. It is the Holy of Holies. If a bell were hung high in heaven which the angels swung whenever a man was lost, how incessantly would it toll in days of prosperity for men gone down, for honor , lost, for integrity lost, and for manhood lost, beyond con- trol ! But in times of disaster the sounds would inter- mit, and the angels, looking down, would say, " He that findeth his life shall lose it, but he that loseth his life for my sake shall find it." Some men think that religion is a mere ecstatic ex- perience, like a tune rarely played upon some faculty ; living only while it is being performed, and then dying in silence. And, indeed, many men carry their religion as a church carries its bell— high up in a belfry, to ring out on sacred days, to strike for funerals, or to chime for 3 14 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. weddings. All the rest of the time it hangs high above reach — voiceless, silent, dead. But religion is not the specialty of any one feeling, but the mood and harmony of the whole of them. It is the whole soul marching heavenward to the music of joy and love, with well-ranked faculties, every one of them beating time and keeping time. To be praised, and to have the reputation of liberality, is the way many people have of taking interest on what they lend to the Lord. The Bible is the most betrashed book in the world. Coming to it through commentaries is much like looking at a landscape through garret windows, over which gene- rations of unmolested spiders have spun their webs. Our real commentators are our strongest traits of char- acter ; and we usually come out of the Bible with all those texts sticking to us which our idiosyncrasies attract. How sad is that field from which battle has just de- parted ! By as much as the valley was exquisite in its loveliness, is it now sublimely sad in its desolation. Such to me is the Bible, when a fighting theologian has gone through it. GEMS FROM PULPIT UTTERANCES. 315 What a pin is when the diamond has dropped from its setting, that is the Bible when its emotive truths have been taken away. What a babe's clothes are when the babe has slipped out of them into death, and the mother's arms clasp only raiment, would be the Bible, if the Babe of Bethlehem, and the truths of deep-heartedness that clothed his life, should slip out of it. Sink the Bible to the bottom of the ocean, and man's obligations to God would be unchanged. He would have the same path to tread, only his lamp and his guide would be gone ; he would have the same voyage to make, only his compass and chart would be overboard. Many people regard the Bible as an old ruin. They think there may be some chambers in it which might be made habitable, if it were worth the while; but they take it as a young heir takes his estate, who says, " I shall build me a modern house to live in, but I'll keep the old castle as a ruin ; " and so they have some scientific or literary house to live in, and look upon the Bible only as a romantic relic of the past. The truths of the Bible are like gold in the soil. Whole generations walk over it, and know not what treasures are hidden beneath. So centuries of men pass over the Scriptures, and know not what riches lie under the feet 3l6 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. of their interpretation. Sometimes, when they discover them, they call them new truths. One might as well call gold, newly dug, new gold. The Bible, without a spiritual life to interpret it, is like a trellis on which no vine grows — bare, angular, and in the way. The Bible, with a spiritual life, is like a trellis covered with a luxuriant vine — beautiful, odorous, and heavy with purple clusters shining through the leaves. Dust, by its own nature, can rise only so far above the road : and birds which fly higher never have it upon their wings. So the heart that knows how to fly high enough escapes those little cares and vexations which brood upon the earth, but cannot rise above it into that purer air. As birds in the hour of transmigration feel the impulse of southern lands, and gladly spread their wings for the realm of light and bloom, so may we, in the death-hour, feel the sweet solicitations of the life beyond, and joyfully soar from the chill and shadow of earth to fold our wings and sing; in the summer of an eternal heaven ! Every man in a Christian church ought to feel that he uses the power of the whole, yet never so as to take away GEMS FROM PULPIT UTTERANCES. 317 from him the need of individual exertion. If we have experience, any brother has a right to come to us and say, " Put your experience, as a bridge, over that stream which I must cross. I want timber there to walk on." How hateful is that religion which says, " Business is business, and politics are politics, and religion is religion ! " Religion is using everything for God ; but many men dedicate business to the devil, and politics to the devil, and shove religion into the cracks and crevices of time, and make it the hypocritical outcrawling of their leisure and laziness. The whole earth is like a caldron, boiling and seething with human passiorls. Man is at war with man, and everywhere are rage and animosity. When, from God's fatherhood, shall come the truth of our brotherhood ? Lord Jesus, what hast thou done since thou wentest away ? Hast thou forgotten thine errand hither ? Art thou not weary of this globe, which swings about thy throne on its bitter path with anthems of pain and woe ? Hasten the time when the whole world, enchoired by love, shall go its golden way singing thy praise and its joy ! A man in a state of hot-brain nervousness is burning up. He is like a candle in a hot candlestick, which burns off at one end and melts down at the other. 3l8 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. People say, " How fortunate it is that things have turned out just as they have — that I was prepared for this ! " As if God did not arrange the whole ! One might as well say, " How fortunate it is that I have a neck beneath my head, and shoulders under my neck 1 " 1 Character, like porcelain ware, must be painted before it is glazed. There can be no change after it is burned in. When our cup runs over, we let others drink the drops that fall, but not a drop from within the rim, and call it charity ; when the crumbs are swept from our table, we think it generous to let the dogs eat them ; as if that were charity which permits others to have what we can- not keep ; which says to Ruth, " Glean after the young men," but forgets to say to the young men, " Let fall also some of the handfuls of purpose for her." Our children that die young are like those spring bulbs which have their flowers prepared beforehand, and have nothing to do but to break ground, and blossom, and pass away. Thank God for spring flowers among men, as well as among the grasses of the field. In the earlier ages of New England, the State was noth- ing but Congregationalism in civil affairs, and the Church " GEMS FROM PULPIT UTTERANCES. 3^9 was nothing but republicanism carried into religious af- fairs. They reflected each other. New Englandism is but another word for Puritanism in the Independent sense, and that is but another word for New Testament- ism. Conceited men often seem a harmless kind of men, who, by an overweening self-respect, relieve others from the duty of respecting them at all. A man will confess sins in general ; but those sins which he would not have his neighbor know for his right hand, which bow him down with shame like a wind-stricken bulrush, those he passes over in his prayer. Men are willing to be thought sinful in disposition ; but in special acts they are disposed to praise themselves. They there- fore confess their depravity and defend their conduct. They are wrong in general, but right in particular. Defeat is a school in which Truth always grows strong. The elect are whosoever will, and the non-elect whoso- ever won't. Flowers are the sweetest things that God ever made and forgot to put a soul into. 320 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. All things in the natural world symbolize God, yet none of them speak of Him but in broken and imperfect words. High above all He sits, sublimer than mountains, grander than storms, sweeter than blossoms and tender fruits, nobler than lords, truer than parents, more loving than lovers. His feet tread the lowest places of the earth ; but His head is above all glory, and everywhere He is su- preme. What cares the child, when the mother rocks it, though all storms beat without ? So we, if God doth shield and tend us, shall be heedless of the tempests and blasts of life, blow they never so rudely. A man living at an hotel is like a grape-vine in a flower- pot— movable, carried around from place to place, docked at the root and short at the top. Nowhere can a man get real root-room, and spread out his branches till they touch the morning and the evening, but in his own house. No man can tell whether he is rich or poor by turning to his ledger. It is the heart that makes a man rich. He is rich or poor according to what he is^ not according to what he has. The abetters of slavery are weaving the thread in the loom, but God is adjusting the pattern. They are asses GEMS FROM PULPIT UTTERANCES. 32I harnessed to the chariot of Liberty, and whether they will or no, must draw it on. A lie always needs a truth for a handle to it, else the hand would cut itself which sought to drive it home upon another. The worst lies, therefore, are those whose blade is false, but whose handle is true. In this world, it is not what we take up, but what we give up, that makes us rich. The most dangerous infidelity of the day is the infidel- ity of rich and orthodox churches. Any feeling that takes a man away from his home is a traitor to the household. There is always the need for a man to go higher, if he has the capacity to go. Liberty is the soul's right to breathe, and when it can- not take a long breath, laws are girdled too tight. With- out liberty man is in a syncope. There is always somebody to believe in anyone who is uppermost. 322 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. Death is the dropping of the flower that the fruit may swell. Of all earthly music, that which reaches the farthest into heaven is the beating of a loving heart. Reason can tell how love affects us, but cannot tell what love is. There is no harder shield for the devil to pierce with temptation than singing with prayer.- Many of our troubles are God dragging us, and they would end if we could stand upon our feet and go whither he would have us. A man might frame send let loose a star to roll in its orbit, and yet not have done so memorable a thing before God as he who lets go a golden-orbed thought to roll through the generations of time. Mr. Beecher began, in May, 1885, a series of sermons on evolution, which drew unusually large audiences to Plymouth Church. They were afterward bound to- gether in book-form. The series was continued until the summer vacation of that year. The object of the sermons was to show the moral evolution of man rather GEMS FROM PULPIT UTTERANCES. 323 than to give a scientific discussion of the theory. Mr. Beecher's idea was that man began on a very low basis, and that there was a long period when he was develop- ing so as to understand the existence and nature of God— a period of incubation, he described it. In closing his first sermon on the subject, clasping his hands, he said : " There shall come a day when life and all its troubles have passed away. There shall come a day when I shall know even as I am known, and as God the all-knowing looks through and through me and knows me altogether, I shall behold Him as He is, and shadows, figments, and partialities will have passed away forever and I shall know Him as I am known." Mr. Beecher touched lightly on the Darwinian theory, but went so far as to say : " I am inclined to be- lieve that man is, in the order of nature, in an analogy with the rest of God's work, and that there was a time when he stepped ahead of his fellow-animals." In the series Mr. Beecher spoke of evolution in connection with inspiration of the Bible, inherited sin, regeneration of man, design and evolution in the Church. While he was engaged in delivering these sermons he described his religious faith fully and concisely in the fol- lowing letter to the Rev. George Morrison, of Balti- more : " Brooklyn, June 13, 1885. " Dear Sir : I thank you for your friendly solicitude. I am sure that in the end you will not be disappointed, 14 324 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. though on some points you may not agree with me. The foundation doctrines, as I hold them, are a per- sonal God, Creator, and ruler over all things ; the hu- man family universally sinful ; the need and possibility and facts of conversion ; the Divine agency in such a work ; Jesus Christ the manifestation of God in human condition ; his ofifice in redemption supreme. I do not believe in the Calvinistic form of stating the atonement. I do not believe in the fall of the human race in Adam, and of course I do not hold that Christ's work was to satisfy the law broken by Adam for all his posterity. The race was not lost, but has been ascending steadily from creation. I am in hearty accord with revivals and revival preaching, with the educating forces of the Church, and in sympathy with all ministers who in their several ways seek to build up men into the image of Jesus Christ, by whose faithfulness, generosity, and love I hope to be saved and brought home to heaven. With cordial re- gards, I am truly yours, "Henry Ward Beecher." CHAPTER XV. INCIDENTS OF HIS LECTURING TOURS. Interesting Reminiscences and Anecdotes. — Major Pond's Story, — Beecher •' Democratic Through and Through." — Remembrance of Old Parish- ioners.— The Old Lady from Indianapolis. — His Profits from Lectur- ing.— Angry only Once. — Refused to go to Private Houses. — Fond- ness for Children. — Care for Two Children on a Railway Train. — Never wore a Silk Hat but Once. — "Playing Horse." — Beecher and Sir Samuel Cunard. — Preparing Lunch with His Own Hands. — The Drunken Man at the Lecture. — Fast Riding on a Train. — General King's Recollections. — Beecher as a Travelling Companion. — Sleep- ing under Table-cloths. — " Mutton or Beef ? " Major J. B. Pond travelled with Mr. Beecher for ten years, Mr. Beecher doing the lecturing and Major Pond managing their mutual venture. This lecture experience brought the two men into close contact under the trying ordeals of travel by steam, by car and boat, in wind and rain, and hail and snow, and likewise in sunshine and balmy air. Mr. Beecher found a genial, whole-souled companion in Major Pond, and certainly Major Pond had such opportunities to see the heart and mind of Mr. Beecher in a way that few others than the immediate members of Mr. Beecher's family have had the chance to enjoy. Major Pond in all these years saw Mr. 326 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. Beecher angry but once — at least, Mr. Beecher said he was, but there was doubt of the depth of his wrath. The preacher was always even-tempered and democratic, and only once did he wear a silk hat. In an interview during Mr. Beecher's illness, Major Pond ran over his experience with the great orator, and recalled much that throws a vivid light on his character and habits of life. About his room were many portraits of the pastor of Plymouth Church, Avhile several packages of his letters lay in convenient drawers, besides many sermons, includ- ing that of Mr. Beecher's last Thanksgiving address. These consisted of notes only, for Mr. Beecher did not write out his sermons. When the interviewer called, Major Pond was just writine letters to two of Mr. Beecher's old friends, in- forming them of his fatal illness. To one, Mrs. Drury, of Canandaigua, who was introduced to Mr. Beecher by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Major Pond wrote that on the previous Tuesday Mr. Beecher was in cheerful mood and talked animatedly of his " Life of Christ." Another friend was an old lady living in Lawrenceburg, Ind., who was one of the pioneer members of Mr. Beecher's church there, and who came on to Peekskill occasionally in the summer to visit her old pastor's home. Major Pond was performing this duty because he knew it would be in ac- cord with Mr. Beecher's wishes. " Mr. Beecher," said Major Pond, after scanning one INCIDENTS OF HIS LECTURING TOURS. 327 of the letters, " was democratic through and through. No matter what one's position, it was the man he looked at. There was never a more marked exhibition of this trait of his than at the dinner he gave at Indianapolis last year to his old friends and parishioners. The old lady- friend of whom I have spoken, in poor circumstances though she was, sat next to Mr. Beecher in the seat of honor. Rich and poor were intermingled down the table. His poor parishioners and their children and grandchil- dren were there, and Mr. Beecher's face beamed with hap- piness. I was just writing to the old lady that on Tues- day last Mr. Beecher was in high spirits and told me that before he plunged into his work on the ' Life of Christ ' he felt like first * going on a spree.' Do you know what * going on a spree ' meant with him ? Why, going around town to look at some bric-a-brac, stare in shop-windows, look at pictures, and things of that sort. "I first came in contact with Mr. Beecher in 1872, when the Redpath Bureau, in which I was a partner, en- gaged him fo deliver seventeen consecutive lectures for $12,000, $6,000 being in advance, he to have expenses paid and a special car. That was $700 a lecture. The bureau cleared $5,000. He went out as far as Chicago. In 1876 I took him personally. For the season 1876-77 he netted for himself $41,530; for 1877-78, $27,200; for 1878-79, $21,200; for 1879-80, when he did but little lecturing, $8,500, and he has averaged about the same 328 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. since, making a total of about $240,000 for the ten years for which I have his receipts. He delivered in that time over 1,200 lectures, and travelled 400,000 miles. He was a great hand to travel nights ; he was never fa- tigued if he could sleep afternoon, and his afternoon nap he always took, if possible, whether travelling or not. " I have seen Mr. Beecher under all circumstances, and I never saw him angry but once. The circumstances were most trying. In all his travelling, Mr. Beecher had one rule from which he refused to deviate ; he would never go to a private house, unless it might be that of some old friend. He was travelling in Iowa, and a friend of his, an ex-Congressman and then president of a rail- road, invited him to stop over in his place and preach on Sunday. Mr. Beecher consented, provided a special car should be sent to the place where he lectured on Satur- day evening so that he would not have to travel on Sun- day, and he should not be obliged to go to a private house. I wrote accordingly. The president came in his own private car and took Mr. and Mrs. Beecher and my- self to his town. On our arrival, at 2 A.M., he marched us to his own house. Mr. Beecher declined to go in. * I assured you,' he said to his would-be host, ' that I would not go to a private house.' I went back and tried to find an hotel. I could get into none, and so reported to Mr. Beecher, and told him that the best he could do was to remain at the house. He then turned to the rail- INCIDENTS OF HIS LECTURING TOURS. 329 road president and said : * I am very angry, sir ! ' Yet he had to stay there, and the next morning he was all right. He was splendidly entertained. " Mr. Beecher was the best traveller I ever knew after he got started. I had great difficulty in getting him to undertake long journeys, notably to California and to England the second time. I had to urge the desire of the people and his friends to see him, and work all possible motives for two or three years before he made up his mind to the California trip. When he was travelling he never complained ; he always found diversion. He would eat with the crowd at the poorest tavern, and took what was set before him ; he never had a m^al in his room. He made himself at home in the cars, and it would be only a few minutes after he had stepped into a car full of people before he would be a general favorite and everybody felt the better for his being there. " Mr. Beecher was wonderfully fond of children, and he always carried oranges and candies in his pockets to help entertain them on the cars. If he saw a poor mother with a baby crying in her arms he would go and comfort it and make it stop its crying whel^e others failed. In coming up from Washington one time a characteristic incident occurred. There were two little children, boy and girl, eight or nine years old, in the car, and they huddled close up together and appeared to be very fond of each other. We had breakfast at Wilmington, but the children did 330 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. not get off the car, and they had evidently travelled all night without anything to eat. When Mr. Beecher came back from breakfast his arms were laden with good things for the children. Then he talked to them. He found that they were from the South, that their parents had died, and that they were on their way to this city to find an uncle whom they expected to meet them. The train was late — what if the uncle should fail to meet them ? When the train arrived in Jersey City Mr. Beecher got out of the car with the children, walked slowly along, looking around to see if he could discover anyone looking for them, and got out between the two ferries and stood there waiting until both boats had gone. Soon a man came hurrying along in great distress and saw the two children, but as he expected to find them unaccompanied, he stopped in doubt. Mr. Beecher suspected that he might be the uncle, and asked him what he was looking for. " ' Two children.' " * Well,' said Mr. Beecher, * I guess they're here. These look like two children, don't they ?' " It was the uncle, and he was indeed grateful. Thank- ing Mr. Beecher, he said : "' Will you kindly give me your name ?' " ' My name is Beecher.' " ' Where do you live ? ' " ' In Brooklyn.' INCIDENTS OF HIS LECTURING TOURS. 33 1 " ' What ! Can you be the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher ? ' " ' I am inclined to think I am.' " Tears came into the man's eyes, and he explained to the little ones who it was who had befriended them. The two children soon after were seen in Plymouth Church, and they have since then listened to Mr. Beecher's ser- mons frequently. " In all his lecture tours Mr. Beecher gave only six dis- appointments, and two of them were at Lebanon, Penn., once because * Mackey's Guide ' got Lebanon, N. J., and Lebanon, Penn., mixed, and once because of a snow-storm, two years ago. Mr. Beecher might have got there one hour and a half late, but he would never endanger his health or the interests of his church, and he would have been in no condition to speak. The Lebanon Lecture Bureau recently began suit against Mr. Beecher for dam- ages for this. Once he disappointed the Young Men's Christian Association at Utica, and, being Christians, I suppose they will never forgive him. He disappointed the Boston people last fall, as the steamer from England arrived only two days before the time set for the lecture, and he had been sick. " Mr. Beecher has drawn larger audiences with higher prices than any other man in this country. John B. Gough was the next. Gough was a professional, but he could not get the price Mr. Beecher did. Mr. Beecher went twice to California, and passed all over the Pacific 14* 332 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. railroads. He has lectured in every State and Territory of the Union except Idaho, Arizona, and Mississippi, and never was man received with more cordiality than he. Every year he has lectured in Boston, Philadelphia, Balti- more, Washington, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Chicago. He never had a set lecture. He did have a subject which he adapted to the times, and that was : ' The Reign of the Common People,' and to this he tacked every theme ; it was a sort of advance-guard. Money was no tempta- tion to him. It was all I could do to induce him to go to England again, though he was anxious to see Dr. and Mrs. Parker. He needed a great deal of money, and he spent a great deal. Despite his dislike of long journeys, I took him the last time on a circuit of the country from the Northwest by the Northern Pacific to the Pacific slope, thence down and, back by the Southern Pacific. We started from Brantford, Ont., on July 9th ; he trav- elled and lectured six times a week and preached on Sundays until October 9th, when we reached Charleston, S. C, and we never saw a drop of rain till we got back to New York, and not one hot day till we reached San Antonio, Tex. " I had cancelled Mr. Beecher's lecture engagements for two years, so that he could give his time to his ' Life of Christ ' and his autobiography, which C. L. Webster & Co. were to publish. I think he was revising the * Life of Christ,' and that this work was very nearly done, INCIDENTS OF HIS LECTURING TOURS. 333 SO that it will soon appear. Nothing had been done on the autobiography. I shall publish his tour in England in a few days, with the title, ' A Summer in England with Henry Ward Beecher.' " Major Pond's attention was called to the statement which has been published, and which has been received with general credence, that Mr. Beecher never wore a silk hat. The major smiled, and then quickly exclaimed : " Only once. I must tell you about that. I was at Mr. Beecher's house one afternoon, and we were to leave the house at four o'clock in order to catch a train. Mr. Beecher, according to his custom of an afternoon, had lain down for a nap. I was in the library, when, as the hour approached, Mrs. Beecher called my attention to the fact and asked where Mr. Beecher was. I went up to call him, but he was not in his room. I went down- stairs and thought I would get my hat, which was a silk one. I could not find it where I had left it, in the hall- way. Just then Mrs. Beecher called my attention to the front of the house. Mr. Beecher had a cardigan jacket which he used to wear around the house at times, and you can imagine that it was not particularly becoming to his form. I went to where Mrs. Beecher stood and looked out. There in the middle of the street, with a lot of children around him, was Mr. Beecher in his cardigan, my silk hat on his head, and a stick in his mouth with strings attached, as children make bits, and he was pranc- 334 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. ing up and down and back and forth and playing horse with the youngsters. You would have died a-laughing seeing that sight. * Henry,' exclaimed Mrs. Beecher, ' what on earth are you doing ? Do you know what a sight you are ? You will lose the train.' " Mr. Beecher stopped, drew out his watch — he always carried a first-class time-keeper — and replying, as he put it back, ' No, I won't, I've got two minutes yet,' off he galloped with the children at his heels in high glee. He used up the two minutes, and we just caught the ferry- boat in time. Many a time have we barely caught the last boat ; but Mr. Beecher's watch was as true as steel, and he always calculated apparently to the second. When he got on the ferryboat he never stopped until he landed in the pilot-house. He had the key to them, and every pilot knew him, and there he would go and stay until the boat had got to her landing." A few years ago Major Pond visited Brattleboro', Vt., in company with Mr. Beecher, and the latter said that fifty years before that date he was engaged to deliver a Fourth of July oration in Brattleboro'. He lived ten miles away, and the committee offered him the choice between his expenses or ten dollars in cash. He took the cash and walked to and from Brattleboro'. One of his closest friends in Boston, to whom in the course of a long intimacy Mr. Beecher probably wrote INCIDENTS OF HIS LECTURING TOURS. 335 more letters than to any other one person, says that it was no uncommon thing for Beecher to appear in his counting-room a little after five o'clock in the afternoon when he was to lecture in Tremont Temple or Music Hall in the evening, and announce that he had just come from the New York train, and wanted a nap before he went to his hotel to get ready for the lecture. Here he felt sure of absolute privacy ; no one could get to him with a card or a request. He would throw himself down on the floor of the private office with his head on his valise and his travelling, shawl pulled over him, sleep soundly for a half-hour or an hour, then start up, go to his hotel, and write his lecture. " I remember finding him once," says his friend, " with the pages of his manuscript sown all over his table and the floor about him in his room at Parker's at 7.15 P.M., when he was to speak at 7.30 P.M. I began picking up the paper, hurrying him up and putting the pages to- gether for him. ' Oh ! there's time enough, time enough — plenty of time,' was all the answer he made to my re- monstrances. He was on his platform at the moment advertised, primed full of his subject. It would have made no difference, I really believe, if he hadn't written a word of it down, though he took his hastily prepared -manuscript with him." When Beecher was returning from his first trip to Eu- rope, he was asked to preach on board the Cunarder on 336 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECIIER. which he was returning. He refused. Sir Samuel Cu- nard and a number of clergymen of the English Church were coming over, and Beecher said that he was having a vacation and did not care to come before these people. An over-zealous American friend tried to induce Sir Samuel to press Mr. Beecher into the service. Then the steamship man made his famous six-word speech con- demning all Americans and the Collins line together. Out of this incident grew an absurd story which gained a good deal of newspaper currency at the time, that Beecher wished to preach on board ship and was not allowed a chance. " He had refused up and down to speak, and his inde- pendence made old Sir Samuel a little grouty," says the friend who made this ocean journey with him. " I shouldn't have brought up the old story, but it reminds me of a most Beecher-like speech that he made as a number of us sat on deck together. Dr. Chapin had been over as a delegate to the peace convention at Brus- sels, and someone asked Beecher why he had not gone too. ' Not I,' he replied ; * not I. Never but once did I try to preach on peace, and then my pump sucked. ' " Once he wrote to invite a Boston man and his wife, whom he knew very well, and who were spending a few days in a New York hotel, to come over and take tea at his house in Brooklyn. Not content with sending the note, he came for his friends, and escorted them to INCIDENTS OF HIS LECTURING TOURS. 33/ Brooklyn. Not until they were in his house did he tell them that Mrs. Beecher was away in the country, " up in Peekskill looking after the poultry," and that there was not a soul in the house but himself, not even a ser- vant. He gave his visitors some new pictures and books to look at, and presently they heard the street door close. After a short time he returned with a loaf of bread and invited them down to a picturesque repast. He had set the table himself, and had decorated it with vases and bric-a-brac in a most fantastic manner. After a lunch of olives and cheese and such other edibles as a house whose mistress was absent might furnish to guests, they were taken up-stairs, and presently people began to arrive. Mr. Beecher had invited a number of his parish- ioners to meet his Boston friends. He would not allow them to go back to New York after these people had gone. " But," says the lady who tells the story, " Mr. Beecher was not equal to the task of getting breakfast for us, and he went out and got us invited with him to the home of the Howards, not far away." " He was always the youngest member of his family," says another of his friends — " always the most sympa- thetic friend of his boys and his daughter. Nothing in which they were interested was too small to interest him, all through their babyhood and childhood. His farm, which he always tried to take seriously, but never quite succeeded in doing, was a great source of pleasure 338 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. to him. He was particularly fond of arboriculture, and was always making experiments with seeds and plants, expecting presently to produce something surprising. He was always buoyant, boyish, and happy, when re- lieved in the slightest from pressing cares. " Once in Saratoga," says a former president of the American Institute of Instruction, " Mr. Beecher was advertised to lecture before our body on the new edu- cation, A pretty preface, intended as a compliment to him, had been arranged. As he entered the church where the lecture was to be given, a dozen young girls were to sing a song for which they had been drilled in Boston, and which they had come to Saratoga to sing at the closing meeting of our convention. I went over to Mr. Beecher's hotel, and we started to walk to the church together. I spoke to him of the little plan about the singing. He stopped short on the pavement. ' Can't have any singing before I speak,' he said. Here was a dilemma. I urged it ; I explained ; I entreated ; all in vain. ' Can't have anyone sing before I begin. Let them sing afterward,' There was nothing to do but to leave him there and go on ahead and stop the per- formance of this part of the programme. Then I went back to the street. Beecher was nowhere to be found. I wandered up and down, back and forth, for several minutes. At last I found him in a quiet side-street, leaning over an orchard fence, evidently absorbed in INCIDENTS OF HIS LECTURING TOURS. 339 thought. He had forgotten about me and my errand completely. I stepped up and tapped him on the arm. 'Mr. Beecher,' said I, 'your audience is waiting for you. There will be no singing.' He rushed across the street and into the church, up the aisle, and into the finest lect- ure I ever heard him give. After it was over he was affable and cordial as ever. The danger of having his mind diverted by a bevy of singers once past, he was a good deal more at his best than if he had not had his combativeness aroused." Whenever he went to Boston, Mr. Beecher visited the Old Corner Bookstore, where he was wont to order charged every new book that took his fancy. He liked to stand about chatting with the frequenters of the place, sometimes joking about the slow sales of his own books of late years, and commenting upon other people's work in his own peculiar way. One day his attention was called by Mr. Cupples to a set of books put down in the front of the store ; every life of Christ by every author was put on sale. There were twenty or thirty different volumes, including the ones by Strauss and Renan, as well as Mr. Beecher's own. The first volumes of this much discussed work was there, the bulkiest one of all, " and the poorest one in the whole collection," said Mr. Beecher, modestly ; "Farrar's 'Life' is worth more than all the rest put to- gether." Mr. Beecher was speaking on " Communism " once in 340 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. Chicago when a rather dramatic and very characteristic thing happened. His lecture was half finished. He was standing before an audience of ten thousand people in the old Tabernacle building, a temporary structure on Frank- lin Street, put up to accommodate the vast audiences which thronged in those days to hear Moody and Sankey, then in the heyday of their early work and enthusiasm. The great room was packed. Beecher rolled out sentence after sentence in his most telling manner. Word after word fell forcibly upon the vast crowd, which grew more and more silent as he went on. A reporter at the table down in front of the platform dropped a lead-pencil, and one could almost feel the noise it made, so breathlessly were all in that audience listening to the orator's voice. He was telling the story of the rise of the power of the peo- ple. Presently he ended a ringing period with these words, pronounced in a voice so deep and fervid and full of con- viction that they seemed to have been uttered then for the first time : " The voice of the people is the voice of God." Into the absolute and intense silence of the instant that followed fell the voice of a half-drunken man in the gal- lery : " The voice of the people is the voice of a fool." Everybody fairly shivered. But Beecher was equal to the moment. He drew himself up, looked toward the place from which the disturbing voice came, and — " I said the voice of the people, not the voice of one man," he replied, with perfect simplicity and dignity. INCIDENTS OF HIS LECTURING TOURS. 34 1 It would be impossible to describe the responsive ex- pression of the audience. It was not a laugh, it was not a cheer. It was a movement, a sound like one great sigh of relief and delight. The lecture went on ; the air was full of electric sympathy tingling toward an explosion of some sort. Beecher knew it, and seemed waiting for a chance to put his finger on the key of the pent-up per- sonal enthusiasm which moved his audience. The drunken fellow suddenly gave him a chance. He stag- gered to his feet, feeling that the odds were against him, and mumbled out some unintelligible words. Beecher paused a second time in his lecture. Then he said, with that smile of his, at once winning and condemning, which so many people know : " Will some kind person take our friend out and give him some cold water — plenty of it — within and without ?" Two policemen had hold of the disturber by this time, and the audience had liberty to cheer — and such a cheer as it was ! The Tabernacle shook with it, and it is probable that at least nine-tenths of the people who clapped their hands supposed that they were cheering Beecher's wit, instead of that tremendous personal power which no one need try to analyze. While Mr. Beecher was lecturing before a large audi- ence in Canandaigua one June evening in 1877, a locomo- tive stood steaming before a handsome car at the depot, waiting specially to take the speaker and Major Pond, his 342 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. manager, to Rochester at the conclusion of the lecture. Rochester is twenty-nine miles west of Canandaigua, and it is the nearest point where a through sleeping car for New York can be reached. John Houghtaling, the oldest conductor on the New York Central Railroad, walked impatiently up and down the platform. The usual running time to Rochester is an hour and ten min- utes, the train to be caught was due in Rochester at 1 1.08 P.M., and it was already something more than a quarter past ten o'clock. Going up to where Mr. Beecher was seated talking with some friends, the lecture being over, the old railroad man said : "We have very little time left, Mr. Beecher." " Plenty of time — plenty of time, my friend," said Mr, Beecher. " And if we had only half as much, such an old hand at the business as yourself would bring us through all right." " We will have to run very fast to catch the train now," said the conductor. " None too fast to suit me," said Mr. Beecher, very coolly. " But then there are such things as coal trains and freight trains, and what not, in the way," urged the con- ductor. " And there are such things as telegraphs to get them out of the way," replied Mr. Beecher. " Well," said the veteran conductor, in despair, " if you INCIDENTS OF HIS LECTURING TOURS. 343 like to ride fast, you shall go from Canandaigua to Rochester quicker than ever a man went before, and I will see that the track is cleared." A t'mely despatch to headquarters sent two coal trains off on side switches, and left the twenty-nine miles of track clear for the flying special. It was 10.30 P.M. ex- actly Avhen the wheels began to move, and the gray- haired railroader stood his lantern in the aisle and seated himself with a thud, as if he would have said : " When you want to go fast I'm your man." In less than a minute the car was going like the wind. It rocked and swayed and jumped, and waiting pas- sengers rushed to the depot doors as it dashed through villages and towns, leaving their sight almost before they could set eyes on it. " We have just passed Pittsford," said Conductor Houghtaling, watch in hand, in a few minutes, " seven- teen miles ; time, nineteen minutes." It seemed almost the next moment when he added, proudly : " We've crossed the Rochester line, twenty-six miles from Canan- daigua, in just twenty-six minutes. I've run on this road since the first train went over it, and I never came from Canandaigua to Rochester as quick as that before." The engineer slackened up a little in going the next three miles, through the suburbs of the city, and the car stopped in Rochester depot at eleven o'clock precisely, or just thirty minutes after leaving Canandaigua. 344 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. General Horatio C. King says as follows : " As a trav- elling companion I never knew Mr. Beecher's equal. It was my good-fortune to travel with him for two weeks in that famous lecture tour of his, several years ago, throughout the West, when for over six weeks he lect- ured almost every week-day evening and preached on Sundays. He always spoke of this as the time when he built his house at Peekskill out of wind, for it was the receipts from this tour which enabled him to erect the beautiful house at Peekskill to which he looked forward as his haven of rest when he had retired from the pulpit. " About one thing he was especially pertinacious, and we speedily learned not to offer to carry his extra over- coat, a very heavy one with which he always travelled, or any of his paraphernalia. This would have been an evidence of weakness which he scorned to manifest. Simple in his tastes, and easily satisfied, he was no trouble to anyone, and indeed he was the equal of the youngest of us in agility, activity, and ability to bear fatigue. It was on this trip that, after his lecture at Dayton, he ac- cepted an invitation to visit the Soldiers' Home, nearby. After going through all the buildings, including the hos- pitals, where he had a kind and encouraging word for all the invalid veterans, all who were able congre- gated around the music-stand on the green, and there for about twenty minutes he thrilled the hearts of these wards of the nation with an eloquence which I have never INCIDENTS OF HIS LECTURING TOURS. 345 seen equalled. They were held spellbound, and before he closed there was not a dry eye in that assembly of at least a thousand men, varying in age from forty to sixty years. And when he attempted to pass through the crowd they rushed to grasp his hand and poured forth their thanks until Mr. Beecher, himself almost overcome with emotion, was compelled to break away. " His reception everywhere was an ovation, and en- thusiastic crowds greeted every lecture, even in Louis- ville, where the people had not then outgrown their old- time prejudice. On our way home I accidentally picked up his felt hat, the style he almost invariably wore, and put it on my head. Quick as a flash he seized mine, which was of the same pattern, pulled it on his head with some difificulty, and declared that it was an even ex- change. I was glad to accept the situation, and although it took several thicknesses of paper under the band to make it a respectable fit, I wore it home, and have it yet as a memento of that memorable trip." Another story of travelling experience comes from Mr. Beecher's own lips. " In 1877," said he, " I came through Loudonville, O., and was forcibly reminded of my stay there when on my first trip out West. We stopped late at night, and spent Sunday there. There were two coach loads of us, and the little two-story brick tavern was nearly full when we arrived. The best they could do for my brother Charles and myself was to give us a couple 34^ LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. of ' shakedowns ' in the dining-room. We slept late Sunday morning, but finally waking up, commenced to talk. I said, ' Charles, I'll bet you I can tell what they had at this hotel for dinner yesterday.' ' What was it ? ' he asked. ' Roast beef,' I replied, basing my judgment on a stale sort of odor that pervaded the room. ' No, you're mistaken,' said he, shaking his head and sniffing at the covering of his bed ; ' it was mutton.' We both stoutly maintained our respective propositions, and falling to a vigorous smelling of our bedclothes, found the land- lord had given us a couple of table-cloths for bedspreads, and Charles had got the mutton cloth and I the beef." United States Judge Hugh L. Bond relates that the first time " Mr. Beecher lectured in the South was on the evening of January 31, 1865, at the ISIaryland Institute. There was considerable objection to it among the timid. Chief Justice Chase, Mr. Stanton, and others sat upon the stand with him. A telegram was received while he was speaking announcing the passage of the Constitu- tional amendment abolishing slavery. This created what is known among men of the world as a ' high old time.' Mr. Beecher refused to allow us to pay any part of his expenses or to remunerate him in any respect, but, on the contrary, said he would come to our aid in such a cause as often as we called on him. This we did at a subsequent time, when he addressed the people at Front Street Theatre." INCIDENTS OF HIS LECTURING TOURS. 347 " When did you last see Mr. Beecher ?" *' At Lynchburg, Va., in 1886. He was to lecture there, and came to the hotel where I was stopping. He seemed to have some difficulty with the committee which had invited him. He was to lecture on ' Evolution and Revolution,' but as I understood him the committee said the people of Lynchburg were so orthodox that they would listen to nothing respecting evolution or Darwin- ism. He changed the title to ' The Reign of the Com- mon People,' but it was the same lecture." "Did you hear it ?" " Yes, I offered to introduce him to the audience. He asked if I was popular in Lynchburg. I told him I was quite as popular there as he was before he voted for Cleveland. So he thought, he said, but I had not con- sidered his topic. I suggested I could explain the physi- cal evolution theory to a country audience by the tadpole turning to a frog, but that when I came to mental evolu- tion, I should take his case and show what terrible throes of nature were required to make so good a Republican into the imperfect Mugwump. He was fond of humor, declined my proffered services, but asked me to sit on the platform." IS CHAPTER XVI. HORTICULTURIST AND FARMER. His Boyhood Gardening. — Early Love for Plants and Animals. — His Gar- den at Lawrenceburg, Ind. — His Encouragement of Societies. — Love for Domestic Animals. — "Cackling," His Last Article. — His Last Request. — The Floral Pall and Wreath. — A Work on Flowers, Fruits, and Farming. — Some Interesting Extracts. — Mistakes He had Made. — ^Winter Nights for Reading. — Shiftless Tricks. — Portrait of an Anti-Book Farmer. — Encouragement to Agricultural Writing. — Ad- vantages of Farm Education. — Spring Work for Public-Spirited Men. — The Farm at Peekskill. — A Costly Experiment. — His Summer Re- treat.— An Active Farm-Hand. Mr. Beecher acquired a love for gardening when he was a boy, and worked in his father's garden at his birth- place at Litchfield, Conn. He was a student of the for- est rather than of book-lore when at Rev. Mr. Langdon's school. When he established his home at Lawrenceburg, Lid., his pride was his garden attached to the humble house he hired on the outskirts of the flourishing little town. He tilled the garden himself. He secured the choicest seeds, and sent East for cuttings of rare flowers and fruit-trees. His love for flowers amounted to a pas- sion. His pulpit was always adorned with flowers. He had floral treasures displayed in his church on every oc- HORTICULTURIST AND FARMER. 349 casion. In accordance with his frequently expressed wishes, a floral pall was thrown over his coffin instead of the customary black cloth ; his bier was smothered in roses and greens ; a floral wreath was hung on the door- bell instead of the streamer of crape ; the church was profusely decorated with flowers contributed by loving hands. He never missed an horticultural or agricultural exhibi- tion in his neighborhood, and in his busiest days always found time to join in the meetings of the societies. His knowledge of horticulture, floriculture, and agriculture was extensive, and he was regarded as an authority on the sub- ject. In 1859 he published a volume, " Plain and Pleas- ant Talk about Fruits, Flowers, and Farming," which is regarded as a text-book, and in which he displayed va- ried and comprehensive practical knowledge. He availed himself of every opportunity to write on these themes, especially in the later years of his life. His sermons are replete with allusions to his favorite study and pastime, and many of his most brilliant figures of speech are of bo- tanical reference. He loved all domestic animals, and learned their care in childhood. He always claimed that he was thoroughly en rapport with all domestic animals, and evidently was a student of them and their ways. At agricultural shows he would pat the cows and fondle the chickens like a boy. He rarely passed a dog on the street without a kind word and perhaps a friendly pat 350 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. on the head. He was very fond of eggs and interested in the propagation of chickens. The last article he pub- lished was a humorous dissentation on the subject of a hen's cackle after laying an egg. This appeared in the Brooklyn Eagle, while his life was slowly ebbing away, and was as follows : " Cackling." Some words in the English language are susceptible of many shades of meaning, but cackling is a word confined to one animal and to one functional condition. The barn-yard fowl has, so far as we are informed, the sole prerogative of sounding out over all the neighborhood the arrival of a new &gg\ She is no braggart, boasting of what she is going to do. Indeed, her performances are meditated in profound secrecy. Let no one notice me, she seems to say, while stealing noiselessly under the cur- rant bushes or along a shaded thicket. Is she searching for a choice morsel ? It would seem so. A feather fall- ing through the air makes no more noise than she, hover- ing darkly about sheltered spots, stealing toward the mow with artful pretence of looking for a worm. Her nest ? It is curious to see what a selection of places she makes. It sometimes is behind a pile of wood, or beneath the edge of a hay-stack, or in some abandoned old wagon, or among the trumpery of a wood-house chamber, or under a barn, HORTICULTURIST AND FARMER. 35 1 not far into darkness even, or in a hole, but just where light melts into twilight. Although laying an egg is a daily operation, it is none the less a serious and meditative fact. On the nest she ponders ! The very secret of living organization is be- neath her. Science has proclaimed ab ovo omnia. She does not know this, but she feels it. Nature is working mightily within her. But no sooner is the nest richer by an eg^g than a new act in the drama of life is set. No more secrecy. No more silence or reserve. All the world must know the good deed done ! If the nest is on high the hen flies down with a queer outcry, between a scream and a cackle, but as her foot touches ground the proclamation begins in regular form : " I have done it." " I have done it." " Laid an Qgg ! " " Laid an egg ! " Far off the tidings roll. The distant barn-yards sympathize and send back congratulations. But at home ! Who can tell the joy which fills every feathered bosom ? The stately rooster expands his throat, cackle answers cackle, now the rooster, now the hen, and it is difficult to understand which of the two laid the Qgg. After a while the silence is restored until another hen comes out crying " I, too, I, too," and the unwearied rooster sings bass to her so- prano. Thus it goes on through the morning. Few birds lay their eggs except in the early part of the day. These barn-yard cries remain in our memories, associ- 352 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. ated with the coming on of spring, with bright days, after the snow has gone away. The crowing of a cock is asso- ciated with the idea of morning — the cackling of hens with mid-forenoon. It is noticeable that birds do not announce their achievements. They go off from their nests as silently as they go on. Do ducks, monkeys, quails, or pheasants, grouse of every name, publish their achievements ? Nor do we know of any animal that makes known the birth of its offspring. A calf or colt is born and no word said about it. The fox, the wolf, regard the fact as enough. The lion, perhaps, reflects that the birth of its whelp will be known soon enough. Man alone cackles — not at the birth of his offspring, but at his deeds and attainments, with often this difference : that a hen cackles when an egg is laid, while men often cackle most when least has been performed. When one has said a smart thing nothing will do but he must tell of it ; when one has performed a feat of run- ning, skating, batting, his household must speedily know it. The mother must sweetly cackle all the wonderful things that daily are developed in the baby. When two or three mothers get together the whole air resounds with the wonderful deeds of wonderful babies. Men cackle over their festivities, candidates cackle before their con- stituents, ministers cackle of their churches, and churches cackle of their ministers; merchants cackle in advertise- HORTICULTURIST AND FARMER. 353 ments ; newspapers cackle ad nauseam — of their sub- scribers, of their enterprise, of their various superiorities over all other newspapers. Indeed, by the natural opera- tion of the law of evolution, cackling has developed into a profession, and reporters are trained to await at the nests of events and publish to all the world what eggs the fecund world has laid every twenty-four hours ! Our cackle is ended, and we fly off from the nest with modest consciousness of the value of one egg. In the volume referred to, " Plain and Pleasant Talk," the breezy style shows that it was a work of love, and many of the articles will bear reproduction in this con- nection. We quote the following at random : Nine Mistakes. In so far as instruction is concerned, I esteem my mistakes to be more valuable than my successful efforts. They excite to at- tention and investigation with great emphasis. I will record a few. 1. One mistake, which I record once for all, as it will probably occur every year, has been the attempting of more than I could do well. The ardor of spring, in spite of experience, lays out a larger garden than can be well tended all summer. 2. In selecting the largest lima beans for seed, I obtained most luxuriant vines, but fewer pods. If the season were longer these vines would ultimately be most profitable ; but their vigor gives a growth too rampant for our latitude. If planted for a screen, however, the rankest growers are the best. 3. Of three successive plantings of corn, for table use, the first 354 Lli'E AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. was the best, then the second, and the third very poor. I hoed and thinned the first planting myself, and thoroughly ; the second I left to a Dutchman, directing him how to do it ; the third, I left to him without directions. 4. I bought a stock of roses in X\\& fall of the year. All the loss of wintering came on me. If purchased in the spring, the nur- serymen loses, if there is loss. 5. I planted the silver-leaved abele {Populns alba) in a rich sandy loam, in which it made more wood than it could ripen. The tree was top-heavy, and required constant staking. A poorer soil should have been selected. 6. I planted abundantly of flower-seeds — just before a drought. I neither covered the earth with mats nor watered it — supposing that the seeds would come up after the first rain. But, in a cheer- less and barren garden, I have learned that heat will kill planted seeds, and that he who will be sure of flowers should not depend upon only one planting. 7. In the fall of 1843, I took up the bulbs of tuberoses, and win- tered them safely upon the tops of bookcases in a warm study. Having a better and larger stock in 1844, I would fain be yet more careful, and packed them in dry sand, and put them in a closet beyond the reach of frost. On opening them in the spring all were rotted save about half a dozen. Hereafter, I shall try the bookcase. 8. We are told that glazed or painted flower-pots are not desir- able, because, refusing a passage to superfluous moisture, they leave the roots to become sodden. In small stove-heated parlors, the evaporation is so great that glazed or painted flower-pots are best, because the danger is of dryness rather than dampness in all plants groiving in sandy loams or composts. 9. I have resolved every summer for three years to cut pea- HORTICULTURIST AND FARMER. 355 brush during the winter and stack it in the shed ; and every sum- mer following, not having kept the vow, I have lacked pea-brush ; being too busy to get it when it was needed, I have allowed the crop to suffer. Winter Nights for Reading. As the winter is a season of comparative leisure, it is the time for farmers to study. It is a good time for them to make them- selves acquainted with the nature of soils, of manures, of vege- table organization — or structural botany. Farmers are liable to rely wholly upon their own experience and to despise science. Bookmen are apt to rely on scientific theories, and nothing upon practice. If these two tendencies would only court and marry each other, what a hopeful family would they rear ! How nice it would look to see in the papers : Married. — By Philosophical Wisdom, Esq., Mr. Practical Experience, to Miss Sober Science. [We will stand godfather to all the children.] Shiftless Tricks. To let the cattle fodder themselves at the stack ; they pull out and trample more than they eat. They eat till the^dge of appe- tite is gone, and then daintily pick the choice parts ; the residue, being coarse and refuse, they will not afterward touch. To sell half a stack of hay and leave the lower half open to rain and snow. In feeding out, a hay knife should be used on the stack ; in selling, either dispose of the whole, or remove that which is left to a shed or barn. It is a shiftless trick to lie about stores and groceries, arguing with men that you have no ii?ne, in a new country, for nice farm- 356 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. ing— for making good fences ; for smooth meadows without a stump ; for draining wet patches which disfigure fine fields. To raise your own frogs in your own yard ; to permit, year after year, a dirty, stinking, mantled puddle to stand before your fence in the street. To plant orchards, and allow your cattle to eat the trees up. When gnawed down, to save your money, by trying to nurse the stubs into good trees, instead of getting fresh ones from the nursery. To allow an orchard to have blank spaces, where trees have died, and when the living trees begin to bear, to wake up and put young whips in the vacant spots. It is very shiftless to build your barn-yard so that every rain shall drain it ; to build your privy and dig your well close together ; to build a privy of more than seven feet square — some shiftless folks have it of the size of the whole yard ; to set it in the most exposed spot on the premises ; to set it at the very far end of the garden, for the pleasure of traversing mud-puddles and labyrinths of wet weeds in rainy days. A lady of our acquaintance, at a boarding-house, excited some fears among her friends, by foaming at the mouth, of madness. In eating a hash (made, doubtless, of every scrap from the table, not consumed the day before), she found herself blessed with a mouthful of Jiard soap, which only lathered the more, the more she washed at it. It is a filthy thing to comb one's hair in a small kitchen in the intervals of cooking the breakfast ; to use the bread-trough for a cradle — a thing which we have undoubtedly seen ; to put trunks, boxes, baskets, with sundry other utensils, under the bed where you keep the cake for company ; we have seen a dexterous housewife whip the bed-spread aside and bring forth a loaf-cake. HORTICULTURIST AND FARMER. 357 It is a dirty trick to wash children's eyes in the pudding dish ; not that the sore eyes, but subsequent puddings, will not be bene- fited ; to wipe dishes and spoons on a hand-towel ; to wrap warm bread in a dirty table-cloth ; to make and mould bread on a table innocent of washing for weeks ; to use dirty table-cloths for sheets, a practice of which we have had experimental knowledge once at least in our lives. The standing plea of all slatterns and slovens is, that "every- body must eat a peck of dirt before they die." A peck ? that would be a mercy, a mere mouthful, in comparison of cooked cart- loads of dirt which is to be eaten in steamboats, canal-boats, tav- erns, mansions, huts, and hovels. It is a shiftless trick to snuff a candle with your fingers, or your wife's best scissors, to throw the snuff on the carpet, or on the polished floor, and then to extinguish it by treading on it ! To borrow a choice book ; to read it with unwashed hands, that have been used in the charcoal bin, and finally to return it daubed on every leaf with nose-blood spots, tobacco-spatter, and dirty finger-marks — this is a vile trick ! It is not altogctlier cleanly to use one's knife to scrape boots, to cut harness, to skin cats, to cut tobacco, and then to cut apples which other people are to eat. It is an unthrifty trick to bring in eggs from the, barn in one's coat-pocket, and then to sit down on them. It is a filthy trick to borrow of or lend for others' use, a tooth- brush, or a toothpick ; to pick one's teeth at table with a fork, or a jack-knife; to put your hat upon the dinner-table among the dishes ; to spit generously into the fire, or at it, while the hearth is covered with food set to warm ; for sometimes a man hits wiiat he don't aim at. It is an unmannerly trick to neglect the scraper outside the 358 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. door, but to be scrupulous in cleaning your feet after you get in- side, on the carpet, rug, or andirons ; to brnig your drenched um- brella into the entry, where a black puddle may leave to the house- wife melancholy evidence that you have been there. It is soul-trying for a neat dairy-woman to see her "man " water- ing the horse out of her milk-bucket ; or filtering horse-medicine through her milk-strainer ; or feeding his hogs' with her water- pail ; or, after barn-work, to set the well-bucket outside the curb and wash his hands out of it. Portrait of an Anti-Book Farmer. Whenever our anti-book farmers can show us better crops at a less expense, better flocks, and better farms, and better owners on them, than book farmers can, we shall become converts to their doctrines. But, as yet, we cannot see how intelligence in a farmer should injure his crops. Nor what difference it makes whether a farmer gets his ideas from a sheet of paper, or from a neighbor's mouth, or from his own experience, so that he only gets good, practical, sound ideas. A farmer never objects to re- ceive political information from newspapers ; he is quite willing to learn the state of markets from newspapers, and as willing to gain religious notions from reading, and historical knowledge, and all sorts of information except that which relates to his business. He will go over and hear a neighbor tell how he prepares his wheat- lands, how he selects and puts in his seed, how he deals with his grounds in spring, in harvest, and after harvest-time ; but if that neighbor should write it all down carefully and put it into paper, it's all poison ! it's book farming ! '■ Strange such a difference tliere should be 'Twixt tweedledum and tweedledee." HORTICULTURIST AND FARMER. 359 If I raise a head of lettuce surpassing all that has been seen hereabouts, every good farmer that loves a salad would send for a little seed, and ask, as he took it, " How do you contrive to raise such monstrous heads ? you must have some secret about it." But if my way were written down and printed, he would not touch it. " Poh, it's bookish ! " Now let us inquire in what States land is the best managed, yields the most with the least cost, where are the best sheep, the best cattle, the best hogs, the best wheat ? It will be found to be in those States having the most agricultural societies and the most widely disseminated agricultural papers. What is there in agriculture that requires a man to be ignorant if he will be skilful ? Or why may every other class of men learn by reading except the farmer? Mechanics have their journals ; commercial men have their papers ; religious men, theirs ; poli- ticians, theirs ; there are magazines and journals for the arts, for science, for education, and ivhy not for that grand pinsuit on which all these stand ? We really could never understand why farmers should not wish to have their vocation on a level with others ; why they should feel proud to have fto paper, while every other pursuit is fond of having one. Those who are prejudiced against book farming are either good farmers, misinformed of the design of agricultural papers, or poor farmers who only treat this subject as they do all others, with blun- dering ignorance. First, the good farmers ; there are in every country many industrious, hard-working men, who know that they cannot afford to risk anything upon wild experiments. They have a growing family to support, taxes to pay, lands perhaps on which purchase money is due, or they are straining every nerve to make their crops build a barn, that the barn may hold their crops. They suppose an agricultural paper to be stuffed full of wild fancies, 360 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. expensive experiments, big stories made up by men who know of no farming except parlor farming. They would, doubtless, be surprised to learn that ninety-nine parts in a hundred of the con- tents of agricultural papers are written by hard-workbig practical farmers ! that the editor's business is not to foist absurd stories upon credulous readers, but to sift stories, to scrutinize accounts, to obtain whatever has been abundantly proved to be fact, and to reject all that is suspected to be mere fanciful theory. Such papers are designed to prevent imposition ; to kill off pretenders by ex- posing them ; to search out from practical men whatever they have found out, and to publish it for the benefit of their brethren all over the Union ; to spread before the laboring classes such sound, well-approved scientific knowledge as shall throw light upon every operation of the farm, the orchard, and the garden. The other class who rail at book farming ought to be excused, for they do not treat book farming any worse than they do their own farming ; indeed, not half so bad. They rate the paper with their tongue ; but cruelly abuse their ground, for twelve months in the year, with both hands. I will draw the portrait of a genuine anti-book farmer of this last sort. He ploughs three inches deep lest he should turn up the poison that, in his estimation, lies below ; his wheat-land is ploughed so as to keep as much water on it as possible ; he sows two bushels to the acre and reaps ten, so that it takes a fifth of his crop to seed his ground ; his corn-land has never any help from him, but bears just what it pleases, which is from thirty to thirty-five bushels by measurement, though he brags that it is fifty or sixty. His hogs, if not remarkable for fattening qualities, would beat old Eclipse at a quarter-race ; and were the man not prejudiced against deep ploughing, his hogs would work his grounds better with their prodig- ious snouts than he does with his jack-knife plough. His meadow- HORTICULTURIST AND FARMER. 3^1 lands yield him from three-quarters of a ton to a whole ton of hay, which is regularly spoiled in curing, regularly left out for a month, very irregularly stacked up, and left for the cattle to pull out at their pleasure, and half eat and half trample underfoot. His horses would excite the avarice of an anatomist in search of osteological specimens, and returning from their range of pasture they are walking herbariums, bearing specimens in their mane and tail of every weed that bears a bur or cockle. But oh, the cows! If held up in a bright day to the sun, don't you think they would be semi-transparent ? But he tells us that good milkers are always poor ! His cows get what Providence sends them, and very little besides, except in winter— then they have a half-peck of corn on ears a foot long thrown to them, and they afford lively spectacles of animated corn and cob crushers ; never mind, they yield, on an average, three quarts of milk a day ! and that milk yields varieties of butter quite astonishing. His farm never grows any better, in many respects it gets annu- ally worse. After ten years' work on a good soil, while his neigh- bors have grown rich, he is just where he started, only his house is dirtier, his fences more tottering, his soil poorer, his pride and his ignorance greater. And when, at last, he sells out to a Penn- sylvanian that reads the Farmers' Cabinet, or to some New Yorker with his Cultivator packed up carefully as if it were gold, or to a Yankee with his New England Farmer, he goes off to Missouri, thanking Heaven that he's not a book farmer! Unquestionably, there are two sides to this question, and both of them extremes, and therefore both of them deficient in science and in common-sense. If men were made according to our no- tions, there should not be a silly one alive ; but it is otherwise ordered, and there is no department of human life in which we do not find weak and foolish men. This is true of farming as much 362 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. as of any other calling. But no one dreams of setting down the vocation of agriculture because, like every other, it has its propor- tion of stupid men. Why, then, should agricultural ivriters, as a class, be summarily rejected because some of them are visionary ? Are we not to be allowed our share of fools as well as every other department of life ? We insist on our rights. A book or a paper never proposes to take the place of a farmer's judgmoit. Not to read at all is bad enough ; but to read, and swallow everything without reflection, or discrimination, this is even worse. Such a one is not a book-headed but a block-headed farmer. Papers are designed to assist. Those who read them must select, modify, and act according to their own native judgment. So used, papers answer a double purpose ; they convey a great amount of valuable practical information, and then they stir up the reader to habits of thought ; they make him more inquisitive, more observing, more reasoning, and, therefore, more reasonable. Spring Work for Public-Spirited Men. Shade Trees. — One of the first things that will require your action is the planting of shade trees. Get your neighbors to join with you. Agree to do four times as much as your share, and you will perhaps then obtain some help. Try to get some more to do the same in each street of your village or town. Locusts, of course, you will set for immediate shade. They will in three years afford you a delightful verdant umbrella as long as the street. But maples form a charming row, and the autumnal tints of their leaves and the spring flowers add to their beauty. They grow quite rapidly, and in six years, if the soil is good and the trees properly set, they will begin to cast a decided shadow. HORTICULTURIST AND FARMER. 363 Elms are by far the noblest tree that can be set, but they will have their own time to grow. It is best then to set them in a row of other trees, at about fifty or a hundred feet apart, the interven- ing space to be occupied with quicker-growing varieties. The beech, buckeye, horse-chestnut, sycamore, chestnut, and many others may be employed with advantage. Now, do not let your court-house square look any longer so barren. Avemies may be lined with rows of trees, but squares and open spaces should have them grouped or scattered in small knots and parcels in a more natural manner. May-weed. — There was never a better time to exterminate this villanous, stinking weed than summer-time will be. Just as soon as the first blossonis show, " up and at it." Club together in your streets and agree to spend one da.y a'7Jiou>ifig. Keep it down thor- oughly for one season and it will no longer bedrabble your wife's and daughter's dresses, nor fill the air with its pungent stench, nor weary the eye with its everlasting white and yellow. Sidewalks. — What if your neighbors are lazy ? what if they do not care ? Someone ought to see that there are good gravel-walks in each village. You can have them in this way : Take your horse and cart and make them before your own grounds, and then go on, no matter who owns, and when your neighbors see that you have pubUc spirit, they will, by-and-by, be ready to help you. But the grand way to do nothing is not to lift a finger yourself, and then to rail at your fellow-citizens as selfish and devoid of all public spirit. Protect Public Property. — What if it does concern every- body else as much as it does you ? Someone ought to see that the fences about every square are kept in repair. Someone ought to save the trees from cattle ; someone ought to have things in such trim as that the inhabitants can be proud of their own town. Pride 364 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. is not decent when there is nothing to be proud of; but when things are worthy of it, no man can be decent who is devoid of a proper pride. The church, the school-house, fences, trees, bridges, roads, pubUc squares, sidewalks — these are things which tell tales about people. A stranger, seeking a location, can hardly think well of a place in which the distinction between the house and sty are not obvious ; in which everyone is lazy when greediness does not ex- cite him, and where general indolence leaves no time to think of the public good. When politicians are on the point of dissolving in the very fer- vent heat of their love for the public, it would recall the fainting soul quicker than hartshorn or vinegar to ask them — Did you ever set out a shade-tree in the street ? Did you ever take an hour's pains about your own village ? Have you secured it a lyceum ? Have you watched over its schools ? Have you aided in any ar- rangements for the relief of the poor ? Have you shown SLXxy prac- tical zeal for good roads, good bridges, good sidewalks, good school- houses, good churches ? Have the young men in your place a public library ? If the question were put to many distinguished village patriots, What have you done for the public good ? — the answer would be : " Why, I've talked till I'm hoarse, and an ungrateful public refuses me any office by which I may show my love of public affairs in a more practical manner." It was not, however, until Mr. Beecher, some fourteen years ago, located his famous summer retreat at Peeks- kill on the Hudson that he was able to fully indulge his tastes for horticulture and agriculture. Here he had a model farm ; all the choicest and rarest varieties of fruits HORTICULTURIST AND FARMER. 365 and flowers, all the latest improvements in stables, hen- houses, implements, and systems — an experiment and a pastime that cost him an outlay of over $300,000. He always passed his summers here, finding relief in the sa- lubrious atmosphere from the hay fever which he was annually afflicted with after his indisposition in 1850. It is hardly necessary to add that the scientific farming he pursued made the crops he grew, and the animals he bred, cost him more than he could have purchased them for in the neighboring markets. No school-boy ever passed a more congenial vacation than his summer sojourn here, as he always took an active interest in the farm-work. He paid the architect, superintended the erection of the finest residence of its type on the North River, fur- nished it richly with every known convenience and all at- tainable luxuries, and paid for every bit of it with money made since that time by lecturing from Maine to Califor- nia. The house stands on the crest of a lofty hill in Peekskill, and is reached by a long and winding drive through magnificent trees, which line it on either hand. From the broad piazzas can be seen the range of distant mountains and the silver thread of the Hudson not far off. Peace reigns in all the region round about, and in that deliciously restful atmosphere a visitor found the venerable pastor on his seventieth birthday, pen in hand, preparing data for his lecture duty near at hand. He was the picture of health, as with characteristic cor- 366 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. diality he rose and welcomed his guests to heart and home. His workshop and library are the beau-ideal of comfort and temptation to duty. Tables, books, electric lights, deep Turkish rugs, ample chairs, and all the para- phernalia of workmanship abound. He was a most hos- pitable host here, and since the annual encampment of the State militia in the vicinage, his residence was always a Mecca to the members of the Brooklyn regi- ments. He always visited the encampment, especially of the Brooklyn regiments, and always preached on Sundays to his own regiment (the Thirteenth). Speaking of the summer home at Peekskill, a visitor, writing to the Boston Transcript, alludes to his botanical knowledge and love for birds in the following narrative : " Mr. Beecher's summer home at Peekskill was a source of great delight to him. Here he had a very large and choice collection of fruit-trees, fliowers, and shrubbery, and in walking about the place with friends he would tell, without hesitation, the scientific names of each one of the numerous varieties, and his technical descriptions of them, given in an easy conversational way, were ex- ceedingly interesting. Indeed, many of his sermons were suggested by what he found in his ' breathing place,' as he called his Peekskill home. As an illustration of his generous nature may be cited an incident which occurred when he first moved to the place. Near the house were two or three cherry-trees, from which the fruit was freely HORTICULTURIST AND FARMER. 367 Stolen by birds. When his attention was called to this, he said : ' I will tell you how we will fix these birds. We will go right to work and plant fifteen or twenty trees, and then we shall have enough cherries for the birds and ourselves, too.' " " There is one curious place," said an old friend, " at Mr. Beecher's country home in Peekskill which I think very few people know anything about. I discovered it accidentally one summer, while making a journey on foot through the upper part of the State. It was late one afternoon that I found myself on a hill overlooking a country residence which I afterward discovered was the great preacher's. On a level piece of ground between me and the house was a high mound of small stones which had evidently been carefully placed there, and in a few minutes I discovered by whom. A short, fat man, clad in a long duster and a sun hat, came out of the house and walked over to the pyramid. Then he looked around on the ground and presently started off on a brisk walk for a distance of fifty yards, when he stooped down, and picking up a stone, carried it back to the mound. Then he started off after another one and kept that ex- ercise up for fifteen minutes, when his journeys brought him up to the tree behind which I had placed myself, and I saw that it was Mr, Beecher. He recognized me at the same time, and started the laugh, in which, of course, I joined. Then he took me to his ' monument,' as he 368 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. called it, and explained that he did all this work for ex- ercise. There were numbers of stones in the ground near him, but he wouldn't touch those, preferring to get his exercise and his ' monument ' at the same time. He made it a rule never to carry back more than one stone at a time, and when he showed me other similar mounds on various portions of his property I saw that he had col- lected enough of the small rocks to build a fence around his grounds." Another friend alludes to a visit to Mr. Beecher at Peekskill as follows : *' He put on a broad-brimmed felt hat and we walked through the lanes on the domain where the afternoon sun came golden through the gaps. He knew every tree and bird and flower; the very weeds and stones wore a new air of companionship on account of him. I think the birds came nearer to me during that walk than ever before. I could not escape the conscious- ness of closely fluttering wings. " For Nature, too, has her loves and her hates. Her timid songsters are closer to some than to others. Her little germs swell and grow with alacrity under certain eyes, and the mute beauties of the field do wave their tas- selled caps and blow their odorous kisses — only to their friends." CHAPTER XVII. YALE LECTURES ON PREACHING. Causes of Mr. Beecher's Success in the Pulpit. — Originality of Thought and Expression. — His Great Power of Will. — How the Yale Lectures were Delivered. — Advice to Young Preachers. — Constant Study of Nature and Men. — Aims to ennoble Hearers. — Opposed to Perfunc- tory Preaching. — External Forms Derided. — " Has the Pulpit lost its Power?" — Why the Question has Arisen. — Personal Emotion. — Earnestness, Faith, and Motive Power Essential to Good Preaching. — Criticism and Questions Invited. — "Show Sermons the Tempta- tion of the Devil." — Preaching Should be adapted to the Audience. — Antipathy to Pulpits. — Health very Important. — Extemporaneous Preaching. — System Absolutely Necessaiy. — Sunday-schools the Young People's Church. — Temptations of Praise. — Sorrow an Excel- lent Teacher. Mr. Beecher's success as a preacher undoubtedly arose from his marked originality of thought and expression, which he was able to exercise on all occasions and fre- quently in a most unexpected manner. Another charac- teristic of Mr. Beecher was his will-power : having made up his mind to succeed, he set himself to finding out by what means he could best attain his object. Taking Jesus Christ, and afterward St. Paul and the Apostles, as his guides, he studied the methods they had taken to achieve success, and the conclusion he arrived at was 370 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. this : " They were in the habit of looking for a common ground on which they and the people could meet ; they could get together a number of facts, information essen- tial for the people to know, and then bring to bear all their earnestness and ability in the presentation of their subjects." They knew what they were talking about, and they were sincere in their preaching — sincere to the ut- most fearlessness. With these guides before him, and recognizing also the advantages of presentation by parable as shown in the Bible, Mr. Beecher set himself the task of imitating their methods. His life was a continual study of nature and of men, and he acquired, in time, the use of analogy to such an extent that he was never at a loss for a picture to illustrate any subject on which he might be discours- ing. He studied originality, and keeping this object be- fore him, he was enabled to store up in his mighty brain an inexhaustible fund of information on every topic of human interest, to be drawn on as required for the bene- fit of his fellow-creatures. Through all his writings and sayings this originality and minute observation and thought permeates. We find it in " Norwood," in his public lectures, wherever he opens his mouth or takes up his pen. Numerous records have been left that the young minister can take up with profit to aid him in his onward course, but perhaps the most telling utterances in this respect will be found in YALE LECTURES ON PREACHING. 37 1 Mr. Beecher's course of lectures on " Preaching," deliv- ered at Yale College at the request of the founder of the Lyman Beecher Lectureship on Preaching in 1871. For the purposes of this work, it will sufifice to take a rapid glance at Mr. Beecher's general views on preaching and the qualifications of a preacher. He starts out with the principle that the real aim of a preacher should be the ennobling of his hearers. He has no sympathy to extend to perfunctory preachers, or those who only took up the duty for the sake of the sal- ary they were enabled to earn in the work. But there is plenty of encouragement and consolation in his per- sonal experiences for such sincere men who are earnest in their work and have the well-being of their fellow-creat- ures truly at heart. In regard to pomp and ceremony as aids to preaching, Mr. Beecher did not consider they were conducive to good preaching. He thought that where the Church looked for power in external forms preach- ing had a tendency to decay. There is as much differ- ence, in his estimation, between the man who administers ordinances and the man who preaches the Gospel as there is between the man who prints a chromo and the man who paints the picture which the chromo reproduces. Referring to the popular cry of the decay of power in the pulpit, Mr. Beecher says: " Has the pulpit lost its power ? Is it going to lose it ? Are there agencies of instruction in religion dispossessing it of the public ear ? 16 372 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. Was its power the fact that it rose in an ignorant age and that it has, therefore, by the very law of develop- ment, dug its own funeral and put itself out of power? What is the power of the pulpit primarily ? It is the power of preaching ; for though there is something else in the minister's life besides the preaching, this is its central and characteristic element, and the question may therefore be changed — not * Is the pulpit losing its power?' but 'Is preaching losing its power?' Now, I hold that preaching is simply the extension of that which has existed from the beginning, and in all forms in soci- ety, all conditions and institutions, it is the application of personal emotion and thought to living people. It is not teaching alone, though it may be teaching and should be teaching, but it is the power of one living man to lay himself, with his thought and his emotion, on the heart and intelligence of another living man. The man that means men, first and last and all the while — the man with strong, emotive, vitalizing life — is the one who will succeed. Earnestness, faith, emotive power, are all essen- tial attributes to good preaching. " I hold that emotion with intellect, emotion as the bow and the intellect as the arrow — that is preaching, that is the philosophy of it in a figure. A man must have faith, or everything falls dead or becomes a mere lectureship. There are many things on which a man speaking cannot YALE LECTURES ON PREACHING. 373 be a preacher. I could not gush if I were discussing the question of crystallography; I could not have any great emotion to send home if I were dealing with the higher mathematics. So, in regard to many kinds of truth, there cannot, in the nature of things, be anything that goes higher than lecturing. Lecturing is intellectual ex- position, legitimate, indispensable in its own place, and in regard to its own subjects ; but preaching is something higher than that : it is that that is in common between the preacher and the hearer; it is that that belongs jointly to the sphere of thought and of feeling, and it has in it a definite purpose or end in view, which it is seeking by thought and by emotion to create in the minds of all that are listening to it. It has in it, therefore, the ele- ment of thought and the element of emotion, and the element of persuasion, and the element of acquiescence in the audience, for they act back and fore, the preacher on the audience and the audience on the preacher. Now, with regard to this, I do not hesitate to say that it is the one power that cannot have a parallel, and that, beginning in the lowest conditions of social life, the family and the friendship and the school, it has its noble development in the church of Christ Jesus." Whenever and wherever the topic of preaching was taken up, Mr. Beecher never failed to impress on his au- ditors the expediency and advantage of originality — the art of dishing up old matter in new forms and with 374 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. fresh, vivid illustrations. Characteristic of his sermons and lectures were the criticisms and questions which he invited his audiences to address to him at the close of his addresses, and which he met fearlessly and unflinchingly, and with the utmost good-nature. On one occasion, after a long series of questions had been hurled at him, he re- plied : " Well, I just begin to wake up now. I am not afraid of the whole of you. I cannot answer one-half the questions you could put. All I have got to say is, I would like to see you come and stand here and let me put questions to you." Show sermons he characterized as the temptation of the devil, for " they do not lie in the plane of common, true. Christian ministerial work." Not only is a knowl- edge of theology essential to the good preacher, but it is incumbent on him to bring himself up to the ideal of the New Testament. His knowledge must be varied and practical, in order to enable him to put himself in sym- pathy with his audience, so that the needs and require- ments of all can be met. Again Mr. Beecher says : " I think that a man going into the midst of an intelligent audience does not need to preach in the same way that he would if he were going out into the street in the midst of a dragoniiadt\ or among poor and ignorant men. The lower down you go in humanity, the more need there is of emotion in preaching ; but as you go up, you come to a line of people who are not injured by suitable YALE LECTURES ON PREACHING. 375 emotion ; but it must be of a more refined kind. They demand something more than emotion. There is no reason why you should not feed them. And there be many that go up still higher. They are not only emo- tive and intelligent, but refined. There is a development of the element of beauty in their life and thought and feeling. The minister ought to preach the Gospel in the language in which these folks are born. There is no reason why a man should not preach to the philosophical in one way, preach to the lawyers in the temple as if they understood higher themes. I don't mean by that that there is one Gospel for the bottom, and another for the middle, and another for the top, but that the methods by which you bring to the minds of men, the doors through which you can enter to their moral con- science, are different. The unchangeable elements, love to God and love to man, require no speculative, emotive outpouring, but adaptation comes in." He had a strong antipathy to pulpits, as having a tendency to destroy the personal elements which he considered were so essential in preaching. To young preachers he advised rhetorical drill and a good general training to prepare them for their labors. He also laid great stress on the general question of health, in con- nection with which he recommended the exercise of great care in the selection of diet. A healthy-appearing preacher, he argued, must necessarily be more acceptable 376 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHEfe. to, and have greater influence over, his audiences than a weak, sickly-looking man. On the subject of extemporaneous preaching, he said, the only part that could be called extemporaneous was the external form ; the matter must be the result of pre- vious research and study. Prayer he considered a great adjunct to preaching, and, indeed, its secret of strength. The prayer-meeting was a great aid to the pastor, and besides helping to bring the people together, and devel- oping, power in the congregation, it helped the pastor to a knowledge of his people. On the question of system, he says : " Every man ought to have a system. He ought to have the high Calvinistic view, although it is measured the other way, I think. He ought to have the High Church view in all the different denominations, and the Low Church view, or any of them. Pick out any of them, but see to it that you get the heart right, for the heart is that element that, when it exists in reality and power, corrects all theology practically. It certainly is the case that it is the man and his life and his disposition that are God's theology in the ministry. And if to this you have added corrected intellectual ideas, frameworks, and systems, as every thinking man will and must for himself, why, all the better, but I tell you that hetero- doxy with a right heart under it is better than orthodoxy with a malign heart under it. Take the apostolic sieve. YALE LECTURES ON PREACHING. 377 Paul did not object to eloquence, nor to learning, nor to wisdom in any form, but he sifted them all out and kept saying to one and another and another, ' Though I have the tongues of men and angels and have not love, I am nothing.' Sift out that and sift out that. You might sift out two-thirds of all the glory among men, and if love is left behind you are rich ; and you might have all these things, and if love is left out they are no profit to you whatever. I am not, therefore, for undenominationalizing men. I believe in sects. I believe that the Baptists ought to be Baptists simply because they think so, and as a man thinketh so is he. I think that the Calvinist that is genuinely misled into that ought to stand by his guns ; I think the Presbyterian Church ought to be a Presbyterian, and the Methodist Church ought to be a Methodist, and the Episcopal Church ought to be Epis- copal, and the Congregationalist ought to be Congrega- tional ; they, of all men in the world, have reason to be proud of their Congregationalism and to stand by it. But let not Ephraim vex Judah, let not one mash against the other ; love men in that respect. There is one thing that belongs to them altogether — love with a pure heart fervently and I will trust any misleading doctrine or any ordinance or any worship if it stands with the burning bush of love showing that the Lord God Almighty is present within." Sunday-schools he considered the young people's 378 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. church, and religion should be made joyful to children. " There is no danger in religious excitement brought about by revivals, any more than there is in political ex- citements and business excitements, and the result ob- tained is frequently great, and they have a tendency to raise the tone of church piety, which is apt to become stagnant for want of stirring up." Young preachers are warned against the temptation of praise. " We all love praise, but praise should follow us and never precede us. If you have done right and men like it, then it comes under the category of things that are of ' good report,' which we are commanded to pon- der and to think upon ; but see to it that your aspira- tions are not for praise, but for the welfare of man and the glory of God, and then if praise comes, well and good ; but remember you are going into the midst of fire with imflammable garments on you, and there is nothing that weakens a man so quickly and is so dangerous to him as measuring everything by its relation to its popu- larity and to his success in life. It is dangerous even to damnableness ! And then he, the man, has his own church to try to spoil him. Of course, God raises up deacons by whom men are held in sometimes. Often- times in this world a thorn in the flesh is one thorn for a man's crown by-and-by ; but where there is one dea- con that is a vexatious intruder on your individual liberty there are a hundred old women or young women that are YALE LECTURES ON PREACHING. 379 praising you and flattering you, saying kind things to you and seeking to soften you. I believe in softness in the heart ; but I do not believe in having a man's head soft. That is one of the things you must watch against." He comforts those in suffering, sorrow, and disappoint- ment, and says : " There are many men that are not fit to be preachers until they have gone through the path of suffering and sorrow. Your mortification and ill-success, instead of dissuading you from the Gospel ministry, should lead you to say to yourself, " I am being baptized with the baptism wherewith He was baptized," and hold on. The day is short ; do not be troubled. But oh, my young brethren, my heart yearns for you when I look out and see into what varied experience you are going and what the work has been in this world. I have a father's feeling for his sons toward you, and I commit you to the care of Him who cared for me. Him who loves you and me ; and I say to you, whatever checkered way your life may have in it, there is one day that will not delay and that will surely come, when you shall go into the presence of your Father and my Father and there shall come from the multitudes of Heaven greeting voices saying to you, " But for you I had not known Christ, " glory and immortality shining from their faces and reckoning you their high priest under the great High Priest. Oh, one hour in heaven will be worth a whole 16* 380 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. century upon earth, and the commendation of God will be to you music that will never end, that will roll on for- ever and ever. You have entered or will soon enter the most glorious career, if you are fit for it, that can be open to men. Do not be tempted by any collateral business ; do not be tempted by any praise ; do not be tempted by any pride; do not be tempted by any discouragement: hold on and work to the end, and then shall come the great and glorious outpouring, and one hour in heaven will be worth ten thousand years of suffering upon earth. " I labored under great disadvantages in coming into the Christian ministry. My father was a very eminent the- ologian and preacher, and that is enough to beat the head in of any son of his that comes after him ; because we are all measured by the reputation of the father. I went off out of the city. I went out into the country. I really expected to live and die in Indiana, and it is in my heart to do it yet — I love the State. I went into the woods, and on the prairies and everywhere. I had very little to say. I had gone through the whole circle of debate and theology and so on. I had had a revelation of the nature of Christ, and at first it was no more than a start to me. It grew, however, more and more, but it was not until I had been preaching about four or five years that I had a horizon that extended around the whole circle. I preached in disquietude and in almost discouragement during that time, but at last I came to that feeling — " I YALE LECTURES ON PREACHING. 38 1 do believe that I shall now be a preacher." I began to see how I could do the thing by preaching that I set out to do, and it was a blessed finding out, too. I think it was Correggio who, when he made his first and only visit to Rome, having been a painter in his own province and comparatively unknown, went to see the works of Michael Angelo, Titian, and Raphael. All that he said as he looked round on them was, " I, too, am a painter." He did not say he was equal to them, but he saw in looking at their works that he had got hold of the element, and that he was a painter. " I remember the day when I said I was a preacher. I had with tears and sorrow labored to do something that would startle men. I sat down and took the Book of Acts and analyzed it to see what it was that enabled the apostles to produce such effects. I got an idea — it was a very imperfect one, it has been corrected since — but I got an idea about it, and said : " Now, I will construct on these lines not a repetition of this sermon, but I will make a sermon that shall be adapted to the state, the want and feeling of such communities as there are here." I knocked over thirteen men with that sermon. I never had had a fish bite before, and the moment that I came home I said : " Oh, I have got it ! I have got it ! I know now how it is going to be done." Well, I tried it again the next time, and I failed totally, and I had more tumbles down than I had standings up, but through poor sermons and 382 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. good sermons I pressed forward until I got to the degree of fluency that I have attained. And I want you to un- derstand one thing — I do not consider myself a good preacher. As God is my judge, my sermons are continu- ally condemning me, not in the mere matter of scope and thought, but in the soul qualities. I ought to live better and be better to enable me to make sermons that shall be worthy of my Master, Jesus Christ. Do not be discour- aged because you make poor work of preaching at first. Go on and try again." Mr. Beecher always preferred preaching contrition to attrition, and presents the following in support of his view : " If a man believes in the conscious torment of men, eternal, conscious torment in hell, if he ever smiles, if he ever gets married, if he ever goes into convivial company with jest and joke, he is a monster ! So far as my own personal belief is concerned, I work by hope and love, and inspire, as far as I can, these as the working forces in my people, and not fear — except in those words of fear that springs from love — filial fear, and so on ; but, as regards the future, I believe that Christ taught simply this : That moral character went on from this life into the other, bearing the same general tendencies with which men live here. In regard to the doctrine of hell as taught by the barbaric theologies of the Middle Ages, and as taught by the very many barbaric denominations, yet I say that it is YALE LECTURES ON PREACHING. 383 not according to the mind nor the will of the New Testa- ment. But I do believe our Lord taught us that living selfishly and corruptly here would bear such fruits in the life to come as to make it the interest of every man to live righteously and rightly. The doctrine preached by sin- cere, gentle-minded men wins my respect for them ; it is for the rancorous, red-mouthed men that are preaching hell fire and damnation, and going home to drink their wine and eat their bread and meat — it is for them that I have no allowance — because this doctrine is everything — it is everything if it be true, and the world ought to be in tears, and pleasures ought to be unknown, under such circumstances." CHAPTER XVIII. THE LIFE OF CHRIST. Mr. Beecher's Reasons for writing It. — The First Volume published in 1872. — Its High Literary Character. — Plans for the Work. — Author- ities Consulted. — Spirit in which the Author Wrote. — Meeting Objec- tions.— The Four Gospels. — Their Critics. — Accepting Their Truth. — Ministry of Angels. — The Time Ripe for Christ's Appearance. — The Annunciation. — Characters of Mary and Joseph. — Deprecation of Protestant Reaction from Mary. — Herod's Hatred. — The Flight into Egypt. — Childhood of Jesus. — John and the Voice in the Wilderness. — Discussion of Forms of Baptism. — Personal Description of Christ. — Miracles of the Four Gospels. — Marriage at Cana. — Judean Minis- try.— Lesson at Jacob's Well. — Early Labors in Galilee. — Discussion of the Sermon on the Mount. — End of the Volume. — Publication Suspended. — New Contract of 1886. Public attention has been drawn toward Mr. Beecher's " Life of Jesus the Christ " more than to any other of his published volumes. During many years he had loved, believed in, and taught his people concerning Jesus Christ, in whom all the vitality of his faith appeared to centre. To him Christ was everything, and he cared to know no more. His brother clergymen and his own people often asked him to explain his views of Christ. He resolved to put himself on record and to write a book THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 385 that would inspire a deeper interest in the life and sym- pathies of his Master. Writing himself about it, Mr. Beecher said : " I have undertaken to write a life of Jesus the Christ in the hope of inspiring a deeper interest in the noble Personage of whom those matchless histories, the Gos- pels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, are the chief authentic memorials. I have endeavored to present scenes that occurred two thousand years ago as they would appear to modern eyes if the events had taken place in our day. . . . Writing in full sympathy with the Gospels, as authentic historical documents, and with the nature and teachings of the great Personage whom they describe, ... I have not invented a life of Jesus to suit the critical philosophy of the nine- teenth century. The Jesus of the four Evangelists for wellnigh two thousand years has exerted a powerful in- fluence upon the heart, the understanding, and the im- agination of mankind. It is that Jesus, and not a modern substitute, whom I have sought to depict, in his life, his social relations, his disposition, his deeds and doc- trines." . . . In the latter part of 1872 Ford & Co. issued the first volume — first paying Mr. Beecher $10,000 cash for the completed work, yet to be written — and it was at once hailed with enthusiasm by eminent men the world around. Dr. Storrs, of the Church of the Pilgrims, Brooklyn, 386 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. pronounced it to be the " book which the masses of the Christian world have been waiting; for." The reheious press, without exception, accorded it a respectful wel- come, and scholars and the clergy vied with each other in its praise. A well-known English critic said that Beecher's " Life of Christ " would be welcome to Chris- tians, inquirers, sceptics, infidels, teachers, Bible classes, home circles, and intelligent readers of every name. That Mr. Beecher had put his best work in the first volume of the work, was evident to any critical reader, and the publishers gave it a frame worthy of the picture. Agents sold the book faster than it could be furnished, and that Mr. Beecher would make a fortune as well as fame was a moral certainty. The author informs us in his preface that he has fol- lowed, subject to slight variation, the " Gospel History Consolidated," published by Bagster, London, England ; Ellicott's '• Historical Lectures on the Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ ; " and Andrews' " Life of Our Lord upon Earth." Disclaiming a polemic spirit, and being anxious only to produce conviction without controversy, and writing in full sympathy with the Gospels as authentic historical documents, he has not attempted to show the world what the Evangelists ought to have heard and seen, but did not, nor what things they did not see or hear, but in their simplicity believed that they did. The object of the THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 387 work is to present scenes in the life of Jesus from the chief authentic memorials of the four Evangelists, adapted to modern inspection, in the hope of awakening a deeper interest in the noble Personage whom all men, while differing on every topic connected with the Christ, agree in estimating as a good man. While the aim of the work prevents any formal dis- cussion of the history of the text, the authenticity of the several narratives, and the many philosophical questions that naturally arise, the author has attentively considered whatever has been said, on every side, in the works of critical objectors, and has endeavored as far as possible so to state the facts as to take away the grounds from which the objections were aimed. While the primary records remain the same, the habits and requirements of plain people render it essential and necessary for the life of Christ to be rewritten for each and every age; for the Gospels, while peculiarly expressed in a mode fitted for universal circulation, are still, owing to the fact of their having been written by Jews, and with primary reference to certain wants of the age in which the writers lived, full of allusions, customs, and beliefs which have passed away or become modified. While Truth remains always the same, every age has its own style of thought and expression, its own needs and necessities, and it is for the purpose of meeting these changes of ideas in dif- ferent ages that men are ordained to study the Gospel, 388 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. and preach and interpret its meaning, and thus readapt the truth, from age to age, to men's ever-renewing wants. All critics of the Gospels are reduced to two classes: 1. Those who believe that the writings of the Evangel- ists are authentic historical documents, that they were divinely inspired, and that the supernatural elements contained in them are real, and to be credited as much as any other parts of the history. 2. Those who deny the inspiration of the Gospels, re- garding them as unassisted human productions, filled with mistakes and inaccuracies ; especially, as filled with superstitions and pretended miracles. " These latter critics," says the author, " set aside all traces of the supernatural. They feel at liberty to reject all miracles, either summarily, with philosophic contempt, or by ex- planations as wonderful as the miracles are marvellous. In effect, they act as if there could be no evidence except that which addresses itself to the material senses. Such reasoning chains philosophy to matter, to which state- ment many already do not object, but boldly claim that, in our present condition, no truth can be known to men except that which conforms itself to physical laws. There is a step further, and one which must soon be taken, if these reasons are logically consistent ; namely, to hold that there is no evidence of a God, unless Nat- ure be that God. And this is Pantheism, which, being interpreted, is Atheism. THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 389 " We scarcely need to say that we shall take our stand with those who accept the New Testament as a collec- tion of veritable historical documents, with the record of miracles, and with the train of spiritual phenomena, as of absolute and literal truth. The miraculous element con- stitutes the very nerve-system of the Gospel. To with- draw it from credence is to leave the Gospel histories a mere shapeless mass of pulp. " The ministry of the angels, the mystery of the Divine incarnation, and the miracles of our Lord taken away, nothing remains to save Jesus, who is acknowledged by all men to have been a good man, from the character of a gigantic impostor. And even Infidelity would feel bereaved in the destruction of Christ's moral character." Proceeding on these bases, the author goes on to say that the . moral fervor and intense spiritual yearnings among the best men in Judea had wrought men up to such a pitch of spiritual enthusiasm as to prepare them in some sort for the need of a new religious education, which, while they believed in its advent, was not appar- ent to them as regarded its nature and the time and place of its coming. " The day had come when a new manifestation of God was to be made. A God of holiness, a God of power, and a God of mercy had been clearly revealed. The Divine Spirit was now to be clothed with flesh, subjected to the ordinary laws of matter, placed in those conditions 390 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. in which men live, become the subject of care, weariness, sorrow, and of death itself." But while there was movement and holy ecstasy among the heavenly spirits in the anticipation of this glorious day, the earth and its dull inhabitants, with the exception of the few gifted to discern, could not conceive the wonderful dawn that was about to be heralded. In turn to Zacharias, to the mother of Jesus, to the shep- herds watching their flocks, did the angels announce the glad tidings, and the new era opened at Jerusalem. " The scene of the Annunciation will always be admir- able in literature, even to those who are not disposed to accord it any historic value. To announce to an espoused virgin that she was to be the mother of a child, out of wedlock, by the unconscious working in her of the Divine power, would, beforehand, seem inconsistent with delicacy. But no person of poetic sensibility can read the scene as it is narrated by Luke without admiring its sublime purity and serenity. It is not a transaction of the lower world of passion. Things most difficult to a lower sphere are both easy and beautiful in that atmos- phere which, as it were, the angel brought down with him." In order to appreciate the beauty and truthfulness to nature of such a scene, the reader is invited to carry him- self back in sympathy to the period of that Jewish maiden's life. " The education of a Hebrew woman was THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 39I far freer than that of women of other Oriental nations. She had more personal liberty, a wider scope of intelli- gence, than obtained among the Greeks, or even among the Romans. But above all, she received a moral edu- cation which placed her high above her sisters in other lands." To Mary all phenomena of nature were direct manifestations of the Lord's will, for at that period the path glowed with divine manifestations, and miracles blossomed out of every natural law. While to us God acts through instruments, to the Hebrew he acted im- mediately by his will. No surprise, therefore, was ex- perienced by Mary at the coming of the angels ; her only surprise being that sJic should be chosen for a renewal of those Divine interpositions in behalf of her people of which their history was so full. The author, while testifying to the beauty, the rever- ence, the affection, and esteem in which the name of Mary, the mother of Jesus, has been held for over a thousand years, experiences difficulty in speaking of her, " both because so little is known of her, and because so much has been imagined," and while " the doctors of theology have long hesitated to deify the Virgin, art has unconsciously raised her to the highest place. . . . A sweet and trusting faith in God, childlike simplicity, and profound love seem to have formed the nature of Mary. She may be accepted as the type of Christian motherhood. In this view, and excluding the dogma of 392 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. her immaculate conception, and still more emphatically that of any other participation in divinity than that which is common to all, we may receive with pleasure the stores of exquisite pictures with which Christian art has filled its realm. . . . The Protestant reaction from Mary has gone far enough, and on our own grounds we may well have our share also in the memory of this sweet and noble woman." Speaking of Joseph, the au- thor says he is called a just man, and he is known to have been humane. " For when he discovered the con- dition of his betrothed wife, instead of pressing to its full rigor the Jewish law against her, he meant quietly and without harm to set her aside. When in a vision he learned the truth, he took Mary as his wife." With the advent into Jerusalem of the pilgrims of the East, " Herod was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him." In connection with the guiding star, which was no plane- tary conjunction, but a miracle of divine ordination, at- tention is directed to " the superiority of spiritual power over sensuous, which is the illuminating truth of the New Testament." " Miracles," continues the author, " are to be accepted boldly or not at all. They are jewels, and sparkle with divine light, or they are noth- ing." Herod's hatred had to be avoided, and, stirred by a divine impulse, Joseph removed his family into Egypt, where uncertain tradition has placed their sojourn at Mataria, near Leontopolis. THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 393 The Ministration of Angels is dwelt on by the author as a faith that is " peculiarly grateful to the human heart." He says : " It is scarcely possible to follow the line of development in the animal kingdom, and to wit- ness the gradations on the ascending scale, unfolding steadily, rank above rank, until man is reached, without having the presumption awakened that there are intelli- gences above man — creatures which rise as much above him as he above the inferior animals. When the Word of God announces the ministration of angels, records their early visits to this planet, represents them as bending over the race in benevolent sympathy, bearing warnings, consolations, and messages of wisdom, the heart receives the doctrine even against the caution of a sceptical rea- son. . . . We could not imagine the advent stripped of its angelic lore. The dawn without a twilight, the sun without clouds of silver and gold, the morning on the fields without dew-diamonds — but not the Saviour with- out his angels." With the doctrinal theory of the divine and human nature of Jesus, the author is at variance, arguing that the beauty and preciousness of Christ's earthly life con- sisted in its being a true divine life, " a presentation to us, in forms that we can comprehend, of the very thoughts, feelings, and actions of God when placed in our condition in this mortal life. To insert two natures is to dissolve the charm." 394 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. In treating of the childhood of Jesus, the author avoids discussion of the suppositions relating to his brothers and sisters beyond stating that they may have been the chil- dren of Joseph by a former marriage ; or they may have been adopted ; or they may have been his cousins ; or they may have been the children of Joseph and Mary. It is sufficient that the child Jesus grew up and waxed strong in the company of other children, and then at the age of twelve his parents find him " in the temple, sit- ting in the midst of the doctors, both hearing them and asking them questions." From the reply to his mother, " Wist ye not that I must be about my Father's busi- ness ? " it is plain that " he was conscious of the nature that was in him, and that strong impulses urged him to disclose his power. It is therefore very significant, and not the least of the signs of divinity, that he ruled his spirit, and dwelt at home in unmurmuring expectation." The beauty of Nazareth and its environs affords ample opportunity for the exercise of the author's ingenious pen in picturesque description. In the treatment of John and his Voice in the Wilder- ness, no significance is attached to his baptism with water, beyond the fact that it was a symbolic act, signifying that one had risen to a higher moral condition. John's own explanation was clear and explicit : " I baptize you with water unto repentance." John's mission was criti- cised by the Sanhedrim priestly questioners, and the ef- THE LIFE OF CHRIST, 395 feet of his reply was without doubt an appeal from Ritual to conscience. " He came home to men with direct and personal appeal, and refused the old forms and sacred channels of instruction ; and when asked by the proper authorities for his credentials, he gave his name, A Voice in the Wilderness, as if he owed no obligation to Jerusa- lem, but only to nature and to God." The long silence is ended, and Jesus, walking in the footsteps of his people, " that in all things he might be like unto his brethren," is baptized by John in the Jor- dan ; and instantly a Voice spake from out of heaven, " This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased " (Matt. iii. 17). At every step the disclosure of the life of Jesus was a surprise, and " the mystery of that Divine Spirit which possessed the Saviour, the mystery of forty day's conflict in such a soul, the mystery of the nature and power of Satan, the mystery of the three final forms into which the Temptation resolved itself — these are be- yond our reach. They compass and shroud the scene with a kind of supernatural gloom. The best solution we give to the difficulties will cast but a twilight upon the scene." In following out the life of Jesus, we are not to take with us the conception of a formidable being, terrible in holiness, but we must clothe him in imagination with traits that made little children run to him. A chapter is devoted to the personal appearance of the 17 39^ LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. Christ, and another to the outlook at the time of the commencement of his mission, with references to the Pharisees and the Sadducees, and their respective schools. " If Jesus came to found a church, never were actions so at variance with purposes. There are no recorded in- structions to this end. He remained in the full com- munion of the Jewish Church to the last. Nor did his disciples or apostles dream of leaving the church of their fathers. . . . The captivity is drawing to a close. The Jerusalem of the Spirit is descending, adorned as a bride for the bridegroom. The new life in God is gathering disciples. They are finding one another. Not disdaining outward helps, they are learning that the Spirit alone is essential. All creeds, churches, institu- tions, customs, ordinances, are but steps upon which the Christian plants his foot, that they may help him to ascend to the perfect liberty in Christ Jesus." The first step of Jesus, in his ministry, was a return home to his mother, and from this we are led to the marriage at Cana, with a minute description of the scene of the feast, and the miracle of the changing of the water into wine ; in connection with which, the author argues " that the wine created by our Lord answered to the fer- mented wine of the country would never have been doubted, if the exigencies of a modern and most benefi- cent reformation had not created a strong but unwise dis- THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 397 position to do away with the undoubted example of our Lord." Although the motive of the doubt was good, it has failed to satisfy the best scholars. The reply of Jesus to his mother, interpreted according to the language of to- day, might imply a rebuke as well as a refusal ; but inter- preted through the impression produced on his mother, it was neither refusal nor rebuke, " for she acted as one who had asked and obtained a favor." The few disciples who had accompanied Jesus were drawn to him by the miracle at Cana with renewed ad- miration, and soon afterward he went down to Caper- naum with his disciples, and at this time Simon Peter and his brother Andrew were called ; and then we have recorded other miracles, such as the healing of the demo- niac, the paralytic, etc. In the First Judean Ministry, Baptism, and the dis- putes thereon among the disciples, are again discussed, and the author remarks that on this question " there came near being two sects. And Jesus seeing the danger, not only left the neighborhood, but ceased baptizing." We have then the Lesson at Jacob's Well and the ap- peal of Jesus to the Samaritan woman, expressive of his sympathy for mankind, and the tenderest compassion for those who have sinned and stumbled. In the Early Labors in Galilee, we are attracted chiefly by Jesus expounding the lessons of the Law and the Prophets in the synagogue, and the tumult thereafter, 398 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. when " Passing through the midst of them, he went his way ; " and the healing of the sick man on the Sabbath- day, and the collision with the Pharisees on account of his work on that day, whereon the principle is laid down, " TJic Sabbath was made for man, and not Dian for the Sabbathr A year and a half after the baptism of Jesus, we have a Time of Joy, when he returned into Galilee, and " he taught in their synagogues, being glorified of alir From The Sermon on the Mount and The Beatitudes, we arrive at The Beginning of the Conflict, His steps being followed by an enthusiastic multitude, the Temple party lurking around, determined to resist the reforma- tion and destroy the reformer, but restrained for a time by His wonderful miracles and the power of His teaching. Around the Sea of Galilee the discourses of Jesus grow deeper and richer, and although he had preached the Kingdom of Heaven from the first, that theme now seems to become his special subject of discourse, indicative of which we have eight parables. Political influences were now at work to destroy him, but " Every political party has one or two sensitive tests. If a man is sound or harmless in respect to them, he is regarded as safe." With the doctrine of immortality, as expounded by Jesus, and his numerous parables on the Kingdom of Heaven, the first volume is brought to a close. "The Voice ceased. The crowd disappeared. The THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 399 light that had sparkled along the waters and fired the distant hills went out. . . . With the darkness came forget fulness, leaving but a faint memory of the Voice or its teachings, as of a wind whispering among the fickle reeds." The Beecher-Tilton scandal which culminated in the great trial stopped the sale of the first volume — in the expressive language of Samuel Wilkinson, " The Life of Christ was knocked higher than a kite." Litigation 'followed, and the second volume remained unwritten un- til 1886, when Mr. Beechermade a contract with Charles L. Webster & Co. to complete the work, and also to write his autobiography. Nothing had been done upon the latter, but the Life of Christ was so nearly complete at the time of Mr. Beecher's death that it can easily be finished by another's hand. CHAPTER XTX. THE GREAT SCANDAL. Tilton a Reporter in 1851. — Attached to The Independent. — His Domestic Troubles. — Interviews and Correspondence. — The Tripartite Agree- ment.— "Our Mutual Friend.'" — The Church Investigates. — Eeecher Exonerated. — Commencement of tiie Libel Suit. — Complaint and An- swer.— How the Jury stood at the End. — Eminent Counsel on Both Sides. — Official Report of the Trial. — Tilton on the Stand. — His Remarkable Story for the Prosecution. — Cross-Examination. — His Version of the Various Interviews with Beecher. — Mrs. Victoria C. Woodhull's Connection with the Case. — Frank Moulton and His Testimony. — Other Witnesses for the Plaintiff. — The Prosecution rests Its Case. — Rulings of Judge Neilson. In 185 1, a bright young stenographer, only sixteen years of age, Theodore Tilton by name, came into Plymouth Church to take down Mr. Beecher's sermons for publica- tion, a practice which was then a novelty. He was en- gaged by Henry C. Bowen, one of the founders of the church, upon Tlie Independent, of which journal Mr. Bowen was a proprietor, and in 1861 he succeeded Mr. Beecher as editor-in-chief of the paper. He developed consider- able power as a writer and speaker, especially in the anti- slavery contest, and gained the warm friendship of Mr. Beecher, who regarded him as " one of my boys." Tow- THE GREAT SCANDAL. 4OI ards 1870 some difference arose between Mr. Bowen,then sole proprietor of Tlie Independent, and Mr. Beecher. Meanwhile Mr. Tilton's domestic life was not a happy- one. In December, 1870, Mrs. Tilton left her husband's house and sought her mother's protection, Mr. Beecher was consulted, and finally counselled a separation, and the rupture between Tilton and Mr. Beecher was complete. Mr. Tilton obtained possession of his infant child in its mother's absence, and then the mother returned to him. At this time Mr. Tilton had retired from the editorship of The Independent, to which, however, he still continued to contribute, and was editor-in-chief of the Brooklyn Union, of which Mr. Bowen was one of the proprietors. To Mr. Bowen came stories prejudicial to Tilton's moral character, and he meditated dismissing him. An interview was held on December 26, 1870, in the course of which the conversation passed from the im- mediate topic to the necessity of frequent notices of Ply- mouth Church and its pastor in the Brooklyn Union. Tilton objected, and charged Mr. Beecher with " dishon- orable conduct toward his wife." Bringing pen and paper, Mr. Bowen invited Tilton to write a letter demanding that Mr. Beecher resign from Plymouth Church and leave The Christian Union. Tilton did so. Mr. Bowen took the letter to Mr, Beecher, who read it and said : " This is sheer insanity ; this man is crazy." Soon afterward Til- ton was dismissed from both the positions which he held. 402 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. It was now necessary for him to submit evidence against Mr. Beecher or to confess himself a slanderer. He sought this from his wife. As to what the precise confession then obtained from her was the testimony conflicted. The letter was two years afterward destroyed. The progress of events was not rapid. Mrs. Tilton retracted in Mr, Beecher's presence every accusation made against him ; Francis D. Moulton appeared as the " mutual friend ; " Mr. Beecher made a tumultuous expression of grief and shame, of which Mr. Moulton took down a statement ; Mr. Tilton and Mr. Beecher met, and a reconciliation was effected. A new paper called TJie Golden Age was started, with Tilton at its head, for which purpose Mr. Beecher and friends of Mr. Moulton contributed sums of money. On April 2, 1872, the " tripartite covenant " between Beecher, Bowen, and Tilton was signed, promising silence as to the past and good-will for the future. But ugly rumors began to be heard. Tilton aided their distribution, Mr. Beecher's friends became uneasy, and in 1873 he broke silence with a card of denial. Tilton was charged in the church with being a slanderer of his pastor, and his name was stricken from the rolls. But more was de- manded. An ecclesiastical council was called, nominally in regard to the irregularity of this proceeding, really to make some attempt at an investigation. Its work amounted to nothing, except to deepen the uneasy feeling The great scandal. 403 that some great scandal was about to be brought to light. Then Tilton, to clear himself, published the Bacon letter, the first of the statements preceding the trial, in which he quoted from Mr. Beecher's alleged confession of January I, 187 1. Mr. Beecher at once took action and demanded an investigation, which six well-known members of Ply- mouth Church were appointed to conduct. Another ef- fort to compromise the matter was made in vain, and at last, in August, 1874, four years and more after the wrong was charged to have been committed, Tilton brought his suit, placing his damages at $100,000. The charge of adultery was first publicly preferred in July, 1874, and the complaint served in August, when issue was immediately joined. The trial was begun in January, 1875. Subjects were dealt with extending over five or six years. About two hundred and fifty documents were introduced and analyzed. More than one hundred different interviews were examined into, and in respect to many of them the sworn testimony of witnesses was in irreconcilable dis- agreement. Printed in small type, the testimony that was published filled three thousand foolscap pages, and the report of the proceedings would fill four or five large legal volumes. Over one hundred and fifty distinct rulings on points of law were made by the judge, which were noted by the defendant's counsel, and nearly as many questions were raised and decided during the defendant's presenta- tion of his case. 17* 404 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. Judge Neilson sat upon the bench. The most eminent counsel were employed on either side. For Tilton ap- peared Mr. Pryor, a man of wide learning and active mind, Mr. Fullerton, a master of the art of cross-ques- tioning, and Mr. Beach, a sharp, pithy, and forcible speaker. Mr, Beecher was represented by Mr. Evarts, who gained new laurels as an advocate before a jury ; Austin Abbott, distinguished for his legal learning and the pub- lications bearing his name, whose foresight and system were apparent in the presentation of the defendant's case ; Mr. Porter, quick to see and decide upon knotty points ; and Mr. Tracy, an effective orator. The positions of the persons interested, the differing characteristics of the multitudinous witnesses, the crowds of prominent men from all parts of the country who packed the court-room daily, and the wholesale publicity given by the press, all conspired to make this trial a striking and unprecedented event. From January until June the lawyers struggled, and a curious public gloated over the daily details of the great scandal. Then came the summing up on each side and the judge's charge. The deliberations of the jury continued for eight days. Fifty-two ballots were taken, the first and last being nine for Mr. Beecher and three for Tilton. On one ballot the jury stood eleven to one, and on another seven to five, in favor of Mr. Beecher. After the close of this trial the matter was taken up THE GREAT SCANDAL. 405 by the Grand Jury, which called Mr. Beecher as a wit- ness and found an indictment against Francis D. Moul- ton for libel. The District Attorney, however, never brought the case to trial, and after he had officially indi- cated this decision by entering a nolle prosequi, Moulton brought a suit against Mr. Beecher for malicious prose- cution. Mr. Beecher's counsel defended him vigorously, and Moulton abandoned his suit. Questions then arose respecting the regularity of the proceedings in Plymouth Church by which Mr. Beecher had been acquitted, and a council of Congregational churches and ministers, said to be the largest that ever assembled, was called to ad- vise with Plymouth Church respecting its proceedings. This council did not undertake a direct examination of the charges. It simply examined into the histoiy of the action of Plymouth Church, and in this inquiry spent nearly a week. The result was that Christian fellowship was extended to Mr. Beecher, the confidence of the council in his integrity was affirmed, and a tribunal of eminent jurists was appointed to investigate any charges that might be laid before them, though none were ever laid. To many who hated Mr. Beecher for political or theo- logical reasons, " the great scandal " was an opportunity to despise him for which they were not ungrateful. But many who loved him and honored him were obliged to feel that the evidence of his own hand convicted him of 406 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. a shameful fault. Guilty or innocent, his was a fearful trial, and nothing in his life became him like his bearing of it. It was terrible to meet him then upon the street, he seemed so bowed and broken ; his once cheerful face was so worn and weary with the sorrow of his heart. It is a patent fact that never after that did he have the weight, the influence, the authority in political or relig- ious matters that he had before. It is equally patent that the after-thought of many whose judgment was at first adverse to him grew less and less so as the years went on. And it is certain that few who are not willingf to think evil of him for the basest reasons would now hesitate to say that whatever may have been his fault, it is still true that in the general sweep and tenor of his life he was a man devoted to all excellent and useful ideas. It is equally certain that there are many others, and a much greater number, who have not and who never had a doubt of his complete and perfect innocence. And furthermore, a very great majority of those who per- sonally knew him believed in his innocence, while com- paratively few of those who supported the accusation were acquainted with Mr. Beecher or had ever exchanged a word with him. [The following account of the trial has been carefully and impartially abridged from the ofificial report.] The answer to Mr. Tilton's complaint was a general and unqualified denial, and was made August 29, 1874. THE GREAT SCANDAL. 407 On the 17th of the following October Judge Neilson, Chief Justice of the City Court of Brooklyn, granted an order requiring the plaintiff to deliver to the defendant's attorneys a statement in writing of the particular times and places at which he expected or intended to prove that any acts of adultery or criminal intercourse had taken place between the defendant and the wife of the plain- tiff, and of the particular times and places at which he expected or intended to prove that the defendant con- fessed any such act of adultery, or show cause why such bill of particulars should not be delivered, and why the plaintiff should not be precluded from giving evidence on the trial of any such acts or confessions not specified in such bill of particulars. In the affidavit accompany- ing the order attention was called to an alleged confes- sion of Mr. Beecher and Mrs. Tilton, and it was emphat- ically denied that any such confession had ever been made. The motion for a bill of particulars was argued at a special term of the City Court of Brooklyn, October 30, 1874, before Chief Justice Neilson, and was denied with- out costs. The defendant's attorneys appealed from the order of Judge Neilson to the General Term of the City Court, and the appeal was heard by Judges Reynolds and McCue. The order denying the bill of particulars was affirmed, without costs, Judge Reynolds writing the opinion. A dissenting opinion was written by Judge McCue. 408 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. From the decision of the General Term an appeal was taken to the Court of Appeals, and the decision of the General Term of the City Court was reversed. The counsel for the defendant then renewed their application for a bill of particulars before Judge McCue, at a Special Term of the City Court, December lo, 1874, and the ap- plication was granted. From this decision the plaintiff appealed to the General Term, and the appeal having been heard before Judges Neilson and Reynolds, an order was entered on December 29th, reversing Judge McCue's order. The order for a bill of particulars having been finally refused, the suit went to trial upon Mr. Tilton's original complaint, made on August 21, 1874. The cause was called on Monday, January 4, 1875, by Judge McCue, in the Brooklyn City Court, Part I. Mr. Beecher and his counsel were present, but as the case was called two hours before the time understood by the plaintiff's counsel, Mr. Tilton was not represented, except by Mr. Pearsall, whose attendance was accidental. He answered to the call, but insisted on an adjournment till the next day. Judge McCue, by right of assignment, should have held the term, but there had been an implied un- derstanding that the case should be sent to Judge Neil- son. In the preliminary contests in which Judge McCue had granted a bill of particulars, and Judge Neilson had denied it, the opinion of both Judges as to the nature of the evidence to be admitted on this particular case was THE GREAT SCANDAL. 409 foreshadowed. Naturally, Mr. Beecher's counsel were anxious that the case should be tried before Judge Mc- Cue, while the plaintiff preferred Judge Neilson. It was thought on this first day that Judge McCue would pre- side, but in accordance with Mr. Pearsall's desire the case was adjourned till 11 A.M. next day, and the matter left undecided. On Tuesday, January 5th, after hearing the arguments of the counsel on both sides, and after consulting with his associates. Judge McCue decided to send the case to the other part of the Court, presided over by Judge Neilson. By Friday, January 8th, the impanelling of the jury was completed. The trial may be said to have really commenced on Monday, January nth, with the address of ex-Judge Morris. The main points touched on in this address were the alleged confessions of Mr. Beecher and Mrs. Tilton to Mr. Tilton, Mrs. Moulton, and others; the correspondence of Mr. Beecher; the letters of Mrs. Til- ton and Mrs. Morse ; the alleged clandestine correspond- ence between Mr. Beecher and Mrs. Tilton ; and the cir- cumstantial evidence in the efforts which Mr. Beecher made for concealment. Every seat in the court was occupied, admission being allowed by ticket only. All eyes turned to the door-way as Mr. Beecher, accompanied by Mrs. Beecher, entered the court-room. The opening address was closed on the morning of 410 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. January 13th, and two witnesses were called to the stand — Augustus Maverick and Francis D. Moulton. The former gave unimportant testimony in relation to Mr. Tilton's marriage. Mr. Moulton's testimony related to the first meeting between Mr. Tilton and Mr. Beecher at his house, the circumstances under which the apology was written, and the subsequent interview between him- self and Mr. Beecher on the subject of Mrs. Tilton's re- traction. He identified the various documents, letters, etc., that had become part and parcel of the case, includ- ing Mr. Tilton's demand that Mr. Beecher should leave the ministry, Mrs. Morse's letter to Mr. Beecher and his reply, sundry letters from Mr. Beecher to Mr. Moulton, Mrs. Tilton, and what were termed the clandestine letters ; also Mr. Beecher's letter to Mr. Moulton, in which Mr. Tilton's character was analyzed. At one point in his tes- timony the witness stated that Mr. Tilton threatened to shoot Mr. Beecher if the resignation of the pastorate should be published, because it would disgrace the Liv- ingston Street household. The letter of Mrs. Victoria C. Woodhull to the World, May 22, 1871, was put in as evi- dence, and Mr. Beecher's cards challenging Mrs. Wood- hull or anyone else who had letters of his to publish them ; also the West specifications against Mr. Tilton, and the tripartite agreement between Mr. Beecher, Mr. Tilton, and Henry C. Bowen. The scenes in the Plymouth con- troversy were reviewed, and the effect of the publication THE GREAT SCANDAL. 4II of the Bacon letter. It was the object of the plaintiff's counsel to present the witness to the jury in the light of Mr. Beecher's friend ; whereas, the defence, in the cross-exami- nation, introduced him as the school-mate and life-long friend of Mr. Tilton. His cross-examination related to his acquaintance with Mrs. Woodhull, his accounts with Mr. Beecher, his stock in The Golden Age, and other matters. Mrs. Martha A. Bradshaw, William F. West, and Franklin Woodruff gave evidence, and then Mr. Tilton was called. The defence at once objected, on the ground that a husband was incompetent to prove his wife's dis- honor. The senior counsel, Mr. Evarts, made the ap- peal, citing authorities and examples in proof of the claim set up. General Roger A. Pryor, of counsel for the plaintiff, answered the argument of Mr. Evarts, and was followed by Mr. Beach, Mr. Tilton's senior counsel, in further proof of the competency of his client to testify. Mr. Evarts replied, and Judge Neilson decided that the plaintiff was a competent witness, but that he could not testify to confidential communications. Thereupon, on the morning of the sixteenth day of the proceedings, Mr. Tilton was sworn, and proceeded to give his evidence. He told the story of his early career, and related the story of the memorable interviews between himself and Mr. Beecher on December 30, 1870, and subsequently. The contents of the letter of confession offered from 412 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. memory by the witness were ruled out. He swore that instead of being a bankrupt in 1871 he owned property vaUied at $30,000. He said that on the evening in De- cember, 1 870, when Mr. Moulton had brought Mr. Beecher to his house, he and Mr. Beecher had a private interview. He had then told Mr. Beecher that he might consider the letter he had written demanding the former's retire- ment from the pulpit as unwritten, and that the inter- view was held in the confidence of his wife and in her behalf. Mr. Beecher had said that Mr. Moulton had shown him no statement, but that he understood in gen- eral terms the object of the interview, and he expressed his thanks for the withdrawal of the letter. He had then informed Mr. Beecher that Mr. Bowen had made a statement that "You have been guilty of adulteries with numerous members of your congregation ever since your Indianapolis pastorate, all down through these twenty- five years ; that you are not a safe man to dwell in a Christian community ; that he knows numerous cases where you have shipwrecked the happiness of Christian homes ; that he is determined you shall no longer edit TJie CJiristian Union ; that you shall no longer speak in Plymouth Church ; and he says distinctly that you are a wolf in the fold and that you should be extirpated." Mr. Beecher was amazed that Mr. Bowen should have so spoken, as he had appeared to be friendly. Witness in- formed Mr. Beecher that after his interview with Mr. THE GREAT SCANDAL. . 413 Bowen he had narrated the substance of the interview to his wife, who was ill, and the intelligence had filled her with profound distress, and she had instantly said that he was violating the promise he had made her — that he would never do Mr. Beecher any harm or ever assist in any ex- posure of his secret to the public. She had said that if Mr. Bowen made war upon Mr. Beecher, and if he (wit- ness) joined in it, everybody sooner or later would know the reason, and that would be to her shame and the children's, and she could not endure it. Mr. Beecher had asked him what he meant by speaking of his wife in that way, and he had then read him a copy of Mrs. Til- ton's confession, the original of which was in Mr. Moul- ton's possession. That confession had been destroyed after the tripartite agreement had been signed. The next interview he had had with Mr. Beecher was about January 3, 1871, at Mr. Moulton's house. He had not then wished to speak to Mr. Beecher, who had ruined his wife and broken up his home, but at Mr. Moulton's request he said " Good-morning " to him. Mr. Beecher said that he did not marvel that witness did not feel like speaking to him, but that he felt more dread in being spoken to than he could possibly feel repugnance in speaking, and that he hoped witness had found it in his heart to accept the communication which he had made through Mr. Moulton — that he had dictated it out of heart-break and anguish. 414 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. The next interview with Mr. Beecher was in Febru- ary, 1872, when Mr. Beecher had called at his house, and, in reply to his query, had positively assured him that there was no dishonor attaching to the birth of the boy Ralph. Mrs. Tilton had come into the room at that time, and bursting into tears, had corroborated Mr. Beecher. The witness described at length his relations with Mrs. Woodhull, and stated that Mrs. Woodhull's biography had been written by her husband, and that she had brought it to him and asked him to rewrite it. He had done so, leaving out many extravagant statements, and she had been dissatisfied. In June, 1873, there was a stormy in- terview between himself and Mr. Moulton, after he had learned that Mr. Beecher had expressed an intention to resign from Plymouth Church. Witness was very angry, and told Mr. Moulton that if Mr. Beecher resigned at that time, thus reflecting on the children of witness, he would shoot him. The charges of Mr. West against Mr. Tilton, as a member of Plymouth Church, for slandering the pastor, were very fully reviewed, and in connection therewith, a letter written by witness to Samuel E. Belcher, as member of the Examining Committee, just before the meeting of the Church was held at which Mr. Tilton's name was dropped from the rolls, was introduced and read. In that letter, witness wrote that he had not accused Mr. Beecher falsely. In relation to the Bacon THE GREAT SCANDAL. 415 letter, he had met and told Mr. Beecher that Dr. Bacon had called him (Mr. Tilton) a knave, and a liar, and a creature of Mr. Beecher's magnanimity, and had added that Mr. Beecher must deny Dr. Bacon's statements or he (witness) would. Mr. Beecher had walked away without replying, and they had not met since. In regard to any improper conduct on his part with the young girl Bessie Turner, or Lizzie McDermott, the witness stated emphatically that there was " not a word of truth in it, nor a fact for its foundation." Mr. Evarts took up the cross-examination of the wit- ness, and questioned him closely on the subject of his religious views, and whether his change in belief had caused his wife much sorrow, and whether there was also a great difference in the religious views of witness and Mr. Beecher. The political controversies between the two men were next taken up, and the events following the Cleveland Convention, when witness had severely attacked Mr. Beecher, were reviewed. An entire day was occupied in reading the correspondence of Mr, and Mrs. Tilton. The relations between Mr. Bowen and Mr. Tilton were thoroughly sifted, and a searching inquiry was made into the so-called confession of Mrs. Tilton, and the copy of it made by Mr.Tilton, both of which, the witness said, were destroyed — the first by his wife, the copy by himself. The witness was also minutely cross- examined as to the subject-matter of the " True Story " 4l6 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. written by him in the latter part of 1872, subsequent to the publication of Mrs. Woodhull's story. On his redirect examination, Mr. Tilton was examined as to his religious views— his early belief, the cause, time, and nature of the change in them; and finally on the question as to how he reconciled the statement that his wife loved everything good and hated everything bad with the fact that she was charged with adultery, he re- plied that he had known his wife since she was ten years old, had married her at twenty, and during fifteen years of married life he had held her in reverence almost to the point of making her an idol ; when she fell, it was the necessity of his own heart to find some excuse for her, and that excuse he had found in the fact that she had been wrapped up in her religious teacher and guide, and had surrendered her convictions to him; she followed his lead trustingly, and would go after him like one blinded. He thought she had sinned as one in a trance, and she was not a free agent, and she would have done her teacher's bidding if, like the heathen priest in the Hindoo land, he had bade her fling her child into the Ganges or cast her- self under the Juggernaut. That was his excuse for his wife. The examination of Mr. Tilton ended with the twenty-eighth day of the proceedings. Mrs. Catherine Carey, who had been nurse in Mr. Tilton's family in 1869, was called, and gave evidence relative to the conduct of Mr. Beecher with Mrs. Tilton. THE GREAT SCANDAL. 417 Mr. George A. Bell, a member of Plymouth Church, gave evidence regarding the interview between himself, Mr. Halliday, and Mr. Tilton. Mr. Evarts made an eloquent appeal for the admittance of testimony showing that Mr. Beecher had been called to advise in the troubles between Mr. and Mrs. Tilton, but he was ruled out. Mr. Joseph H. Richards (Mrs. Tilton's brother), Mr. Jeremiah P. Robinson, Mr. William M. Marston, and Mrs. Francis D. Moulton gave evidence, and on the thirty-first day of the proceedings the plaintiff's counsel rested their case. CHAPTER XX. THE GREAT SCANDAL— CONTINUED. The Defence Opens. — Mr. Tracy's Appeal. — What He proposed to Prove. — The Alleged Confession. — Damaging Evidence against Mr.Tilton. — His Alleged Improprieties at Various Places. — Mrs. Woodhull Again. — Mr. Moulton's Evidence Contradicted. — Various Witnesses for the Defence. — Mr. Beecher on the Stand. — Sensation in Court. — His Oath in the New England Form. — His Acquaintance with the Plaintiff. — Denial of Improper Conduct. — The Beecher-Moulton-Tilton Interview. — Mr. Beecher's Explanation of His Remorse. — Cross-Examination. — Mr. Moulton Recalled. — Letter from Mrs. Tilton to Judge Neilson. — The Plaintiff Recalled. — The Summing Up by the Defence. — Judge Porter and Mr. Evarts. — The Prosecution Follows. — Failure of the Jury to Agree. — End of the Six Months' Trial. On Wednesday, February 24, 1875, Mr. Tracy made the opening address for the defence. He began by tracing Mr. Beecher's life and labors from the pastorate in the West to the culmination of his popularity in Brooklyn. Then he took up the career of Theodore Tilton, speaking of him as one who had fallen from an eminence seldom attained by men of his age to the very bottom of an abyss. With stinging emphasis he referred to the plain- tiff as one who, " if he could realize the sad truth that he was morally dead, would still rejoice in this post-mortem THE GREAT SCANDAL. 419 investigation of his character. But we propose," he added, " to dissect him first in the interest of truth and bury him afterward in the interest of decency." The evidence of the plaintiff was minutely reviewed, and referring to Mrs. Tilton, who, he said, was the true defendant in the case, the speaker drew a touching pict- ure of her affection for her husband, "giving her whole life to him without murmur as to her own self-sacrifice." Mr. Tilton's views on marriage and divorce were com- mented on, and it was argued that while the plaintiff was the editor of a religious newspaper he was an advocate of free lust. The alleged trouble in Mr. Tilton's family, on account of which Mr. Beecher was said to have ad- vised separation, was discussed ; the plaintiff and Mr. Moulton were accused of conspiracy and perjury ; Cath- erine Carey-Smith was said to be a woman of bad char- acter; and Joseph H. Richards' testimony was criticised. Referring to the so-called letter of confession of Mrs. Tilton, Mr. Tracy remarked on its non-production, and stated that the defence would produce an unimpeachable witness to prove that Mr. Tilton, after the Woodhull publication, had read to the witness what he said was a copy of the alleged confession of Mrs. Tilton, and that that copy did not contain a charge of adultery ; also that Mr. Tilton told the witness that the original confession was in the hands of Francis D. Moulton, and this not- withstanding Mr. Tilton and Mr. Moulton had sworn 18 420 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. that the confession had been destroyed at the time of the signing of the tripartite agreement some months before. Mr. Tilton was stigmatized as a blackmailer, and Mr. Tracy concluded his address on the thirty-fifth day of the proceedings with a long and affecting tribute to the Plymouth pastor, and a promise to the jury of evidence that would prove him guiltless. Edward J. Ovington, the first witness for the defence, testified that the plaintiff had told him that his wife would say anything for her husband. Rufus E. Holmes testified to improprieties of the plaintiff at Winsted, Conn. Mrs. Ovington related conversations she had had with the Tiltons, and stated that Mrs. Tilton had denied to h^r that Mr. Beecher had offered her any im- propriety. Mrs. Sarah C. D. Putnam gave evidence of the devotion of Mrs. Tilton to her husband, and Mr. Tilton's strictures on the church, and his waning faith in Mr. Beecher's powers. Samuel E. Belcher and Mr. McKelway testified to the statements made by Mr. Til- ton concerning the charge against Mr. Beecher. Then followed testimony concerning the plaintiff's relations with Mrs. Woodhull, one witness testifying that the WoodhuU scandal had been discussed in Mr. Tilton's presence before its publication. The tripartite covenant was explained by Samuel Wilkinson ; Mr. Moulton's evidence was contradicted in many instances by Mr. Archibald Baxter, who stated THE GREAT SCANDAL. 421 that in various conversations between them Mr. Moulton had declared Mr. Beecher to be innocent. Reuben W. Ropes, Abner H. Davis, Edward A. Biden, William B. Barber, and Charles H. Caldwell swore to Mr. Moulton's denial of the WoodhuU story about Mr. Beecher and Mrs, Tilton. Several witnesses testified to Mr. Tilton's opinions on marriage and divorce, and Mr. Halliday stated that in 1873 Mr. Tilton had said to him, " My case against Mr. Beecher is wholly irrespec- tive of my wife." Witnesses were examined in the Ply- mouth Church Records, and then Miss Bessie Turner was called, and testified to Mr. Tilton's eccentricities and " moods," his unkindness to his wife, and his attempts on herself. Three colored servants of Mrs. Woodhull gave evidence of Mr. Tilton's personal relations with that lady in support of Mr. Tracy's declaration, in the opening ad- dress, that the defence would show conspiracy between them to publish the scandal. Evidence was given of Mr. Tilton's determination to " smash " his wife and Mr. Beecher; also further evidence in reference to the tri- partite agreement, including the evidence of Charles Storrs and James Frceland. Several witnesses testified generally on the case ; Mr. and Mrs. Robert T. Moore impeached Mrs. Carey ; and James Redpath related the manner in which he had obtained the " True Story." On the fifty-sixth day of the proceedings, April r, 1875, Henry Ward Beecher was called and took the oath 422 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. in the New England form — " I swear by the ever-living God." He gave an abridged history of his early life and struggles, his subsequent religious and political services, his domestic relations, and his intimacy with Mr. Bowen, Mr. Tilton, and Mr. Moulton, taking in the period from the time of his birth down to December, 1870, when, ac- cording to the theory of the defence, the conspiracy began. The growth of Plymouth Church from embyro to its then magnitude, with between twenty-five hundred and three thousand communicants ; the building up of The Independent and The Cliristian Union (the latter from a circulation of six hundred to thirty thousand copies in a single year) ; the rapid production of thirty- five volumes — all these labors were merely mentioned as ordinary events. The great help which his wife had given him during all the years of their married life was, however, more fully dwelt on and emphasized. An account of his first acquaintance with Mrs. Tilton was given. He had known of her when she was a girl, but had had no personal acquaintance with her until her marriage to Mr. Tilton, when he had called on her, at her husband's request. He stated that in December, 1870, he had advised Mrs. Tilton to separate from her husband on account of the great unhappiness in the family and her treatment by her husband. He denied in the most posi- tive and emphatic terms the commission by him of any offence against Mr. Tilton or of any crime against his wife. THE GREAT SCANDAL. 423 Briefly and emphatically he denied the statements of the nurse, Mrs. Carey ; he did not remember ever having seen Mr. Richards while on a visit to Mr. Tilton's house ; and he denied the truth of Mr. Tilton's allegations concern- ing his acts on October 10 and 17, 1868. During his en- tire acquaintance with Mrs. Tilton, there had never been any undue personal familiarity between that lady and himself, nor had he at any time, directly or indirectly, solicited improper favors from her. The scene with Mr. Bowen on December 26, 1870, was rehearsed, and the witness stated that Mr. Bowen, in de- livering Mr. Tilton's letter requiring Mr. Beecher's resig- nation, had taken pains to represent that he was a volun- tary messenger and ignorant of the contents of the letter. On reading that letter, Mr. Bowen had been as indig- nant as he was himself, and a conversation had followed, in which it was revealed that both gentlemen had heard of many matters discreditable to Mr, Tilton, and witness had emphatically declared to Mr. Bowen that the reten- tion of Mr. Tilton on The Independent and Union could not but be injurious to both journals. This, witness stated, was the first and only offence committed against Mr. Tilton, and the injury to him professionally which followed in his discharge by Mr. Bowen a few days later was the only injury the plaintiff had received, although witness was led at the time of the signing the apology to imagine that there were other grounds of complaint. 424 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. On the night of December 30, 1870, accompanied by Mr. Moulton, witness had called on Mr. Tilton, who had then withdrawn the letters he had written, and recited to witness his troubles with Mr. Bovven ; he had then charged witness with abetting in his removal by Mr. Bowen, with having superseded him in his family, with alienating the affections of his wife, with corrupting his wife and teaching her deceitfulness, and finally, with hav- ing solicited her to immoral relations. After an objec- tion by the plaintiff, the whole conversation with Mrs. Tilton was admitted, and the witness described with great minuteness how Mrs. Tilton, after hearing Mr. Beecher's story of what her husband had told him, had declared that " she could not help it ; " that she " had been wor- ried out with his importunities ; " and that the charge was " not true." At his suggestion, but not at his dictation, she had then taken a pen and written the letter of retraction, and had of her own volition added the postscript, which specifically denied the charge of " improper solicitation." On December 31st, in an interview at witness' house, Mr. Moulton reproached him with having taken an unfair advantage in getting a retraction from Mrs. Tilton, and he read a letter from her asking that both her confession to her husband and her letter of retraction should be re- turned, in order that she might destroy them. Mr. Moulton assured witness that there would be no further THE GREAT SCANDAL. 425 trouble, and on his representations the letter was given up. In narrating the story of the interview between him- self and Mr. Moulton on January ist, Mr. Beecher de- scribed the grief which had overwhelmed him at that time as coming from three sources : his sorrow at having spoken evil of Mr. Tilton, his remorse at having believed the scandalous stories against his friend, and his self-reproach when Mr. Moulton had assured him that they were false; and lastly, his mortification and sorrow on coming to the conclusion, to which Mr. Moulton's declarations urged him, that through his want of foresight and prudence he had won the affection of Mrs. Tilton and come between her and her husband. Mr, Moulton had suggested that if Mr. Tilton could hear him talking in the strain he had been talking that evening there would be peace once more between them, and he asked permission of witness to make a memorandum of what he had said, so that he might read it to Mr. Tilton. Mr. Moulton had then written some sentences on sepa- rate slips of paper, and asked witness to sign what he had written, but he refused. Mr. Moulton had then urged him to put his name, so as to let Mr. Tilton know that it really came from him, and without reading or knowing what was on the paper, he had written near the bottom of the sheet, " I have intrusted this to Frank Moulton in confidence," and had written his name to that separate 426 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. note. He denied emphatically that anything in the so- called letter of contrition was his, beyond that foot-note, and that anything he had said resembled or warranted the expressions therein contained. Contradictions were given to the evidence of Mr. Tilton and Mr. Moulton on important particulars, and it was indignantl}^ and em- phatically denied that reference had ever been made by Mr. Tilton to the offence then charged. In reference to' the plaintiff's testimony relating to the interview about the child Ralph, the witness said that it was a monstrous and absolute falsehood that there had been any such con- versation, or anything out of which such a conversation could be made or imagined. The witness then proceeded with an explanation of sundry letters and interviews, Mr. Moulton's first sug- gestions about money to help out Mr. Tilton, witness' ac- quaintance with Mrs. Woodhull, and her attempt to » blackmail him previous to the publication of the Wood- hull scandal. He further stated that until July, 1874, he had been ignorant that adultery had been ever re- ferred to or charged, and reference was made to at- tempts on the part of Mr. Moulton and General But- ler to control the Investigating Committee. In his cross-examination, when asked whether he anticipated sudden death in 1873, the witness said that his fears of death were consequent upon periods of depression. Counsel for the plaintiff put in an application for a THE GREAT SCANDAL. 42/ policy of insurance on the life of Mr. Beecher in March, 1874. The re-direct examination followed, and on the sixty- ninth day of the proceedings, April 21, 1875, Mr. Beecher's testimony was concluded. Henry M. Cleveland stated that his business connec- tion with TJie Clu-istian Union and Mr. Beecher had ceased after January i, 1874, and he swore that on June 2, 1873, between eleven and twelve o'clock in the morn- ing, he had had an interview with Mr. Beecher at TJie Christian Union ofifice in New York, and Mr. Beecher had then directed him to address letters to him in care of Bigelow & Kcnnard in Boston. He did not see Mr. Beecher again until the Friday evening of the fol- lowing week. The Rev. W. H. H. Murray, of Boston, preached in Plymouth Church on the Sunday following June 2d, and Mr. Beecher was not present. The ten- dency of this evidence was to directly contradict the alleged interview between Mrs. Moulton and Mr. Beecher on June 2, 1873. Mr. Moulton was recalled by the defence for cross- examination, and was succeeded by Mr. Partridge, the former cashier of Woodruff & Robinson, who contra- dicted the evidence of the previous witness. General Tracy, of counsel for the defence, testified in contradic- tion of statements of Mr. Tilton and Mr. Moulton. On the seventy-seventh day of the proceedings, a stir 18* 428 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. was created by Mrs. Tilton standing up in court and de- sirins: that a communication from her should be read. She handed the following letter to Judge Neilson : "May 3, 1875. "Judge Neilson : I ask the privilege from you for a few words in my own behalf. I feel very deeply the in- justice of my position in the law and before the court now sitting; and while I have understood and respected from the beginning Mr. Evarts' principle in the matter, yet since your last session I have been so sensible of the power of my enemies, that my soul cries out before you, and the gentlemen of the jury, that they beware how, by a divided verdict, they consign to my children a false and irrevocable stain upon their mother! For five years past I have been the victim of circumstances most cruel and unfortunate; struggling from time to time only for a place to live honorably and truthfully. Released for some months from the ivill by whose power uncon- sciously I criminated myself again and again, I declare solemnly before you, without fear of man and by faith in God, that I am innocent of the crimes charged against me. I would like to tell my ivJiolc sad story trutJifully — to acknowledge the frequent falsehoods wrung from me by compulsion — though at the same time unwilling to reveal the secrets of my married life, which only the vital importance of my position makes necessary. I as- THE GREAT SCANDAL. 429 sume the entire responsibility of this request, unknown to friend or counsel of either side, and await your Honor's honorable decision. With great respect, " Elizabeth R. Th^ton." Judge Neilson considered the letter, and sent the lady a written reply in which he pointed out the impossibility of her request being granted. Mr. Henry C. Bowen was called, and gave evidence in rebuttal of Mr. Beecher's testimony. The plaintiff was recalled, and gave evidence in rebuttal generally of the testimony on the side of the defence, and the eighty-fifth day of the proceedings saw the termination of the taking of the testimony. On May 19, 1875, Judge Porter began the summing up for the defence. With emphatic denunciations of Mr. Tilton, the learned counsel condemned in strong language Mr. Moulton and other witnesses, and cleverly contrasted the life and character of the plaintiff and de- fendant. Miss Turner's character was extolled, the scenes between herself and plaintiff were reviewed, and her testimony favorably compared with the statements of Mr. Tilton's witnesses. The correspondence between Mr. and Mrs. Tilton was carefully gone over, and Henry C. Bowen's evidence was analyzed in view of showing points of agreement between that evidence and Mr. Beecher's. Referring again to Mr. Tilton and Mr. Moul- ton, Mr. Tilton was declared to be the master and Mr. 430 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. Moulton the minion. The letter of contrition was ana- lyzed, and modes of expression therein declared to be un- like those of Mr. Beecher, and several famous phrases were ascribed to the pen of Mr. Tilton. Mrs. Moulton was declared to have sworn falsely on account of her husband. Six days were occupied in the summing up, the evi- dence of every witness being carefully dissected and com- mented on, the learned counsel concluding with a tribute to Judge Neilson, and the belief expressed to the jury that the verdict would be one which would gladden the hearts of many, and which would illuminate Brooklyn Heights ; a verdict which would send an electric thrill of joy through Christendom. Mr. Evarts likewise summed up for the defence. His argument commenced on the ninety-second day of the proceedings, and ended with the close of the ninety- ninth day. " * •• Mr. Beach commenced his argument for the plaintiff on Wednesday, June 9, 1875. He eloquently described the feelings of a husband whose wife's honor had been stolen away, and referred to the influence that had been brought to bear in support of the defendant during the trial. " I have seen," said the learned counsel, " the zealots and the parasites gathering around Henry Ward Beecher in this trial, and shedding their influence both in and out of this court in his favor." The foreman of the jury was addressed in reference to personal appeals THE GREAT SCANDAL. 43 1 that had been made to him by the counsel for the de- fendant, and an earnest appeal was made to the jury to decide the case strictly according to their oaths. The argument proper was mostly confined to answer- ing Judge Porter's summing up for Mr. Beecher. Mr. Tilton was eulogized, but the counsel said he would not indulge in denunciations of Mr. Beecher. The publica- tion of Mrs. Tilton's letters was explained in a way fa- vorable to the plaintiff, and various points that had been touched upon by Judge Porter were gone over in detail. Mr. Beecher was asserted to have been a party to the policy of silence. The anticipations of triumph indulged in by the defendant's counsel were treated with severe denunciation, and in referring to the power possessed by the party of the defendant, the orator said that Mr. Evarts " had more than the hundred eyes of Argus, more than the hundred arms of Briareus, and also the gold of Midas, which had been placed where it would have the best effect." There was an excited colloquy between Judge Porter and Mr. Beach concerning the treatment of the charge of improper proposals, and then Mr. Beach applied himself with renewed energy to the sifting of the evidence and a review of Mr. Bowen's relations to the case. Mr. Moul- ton's conduct was vigorously defended, and the interview of December 30th and the alleged confession of Mrs. Tilton which had been destroyed were brought under 432 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. consideration, and the doctrines and sentiments attrib- uted to Mr. Beecher in the corruption of Mrs. Tilton were minutely set forth. The learned counsel agreed with Mr. Evarts unreserv- edly in his reverential estimate of the motive, the ability, and the success of Mr. Beecher's grand performance in England on behalf of the great question of servitude and freedom, but with Mr. Evarts' deductions therefrom in re- gard to the present issue he was compelled to differ en- tirely. Was it possible that they had become so low in the administration of justice that they could not pro- nounce judgment against great and noble men for fear of the scoffs of the aristocracy of England. In that case, he begged God to help justice and American institu- tions. The WoodhuU publication was taken up and discussed, and it was asserted that Mr. Tilton had no part in that publication, nor had the information therein contained come from him concerning Mr. Tilton's connection with Mrs. Woodhull. Mr. Beach further said that he knew of no evidence in the case which tended to show that Mrs. Woodhull's character was so bad as to make all associa- tion with her disreputable. A tribute of respect was paid to Mrs. Beecher's character for her undeviating faith in her husband and her actions as a ministering angel to him in his hour of suffering and sorrow, and then the affirmative portion of the argument was taken up. THE GREAT SCANDAL. 433 Mr. Beach censured the attendance in court of Mrs. Tilton and Mrs. Beecher, and the alleged theatric exhi- bitions and displays on the part of Plymouth Church, as all designed to influence in an indirect and insidious mode the conclusions of the court. If Mr. Beecher were innocent, he would have needed no such trappings or aid, but he could have bravely met the accusations with- out any of those policies or stratagems. The letters of Mrs. Tilton to her husband were considered, their ex- pressions analyzed, and their bearings on the relations of the parties to the suit shown. That Christianity was in any way at stake in the trial was altogether scouted by the counsel, and there need be no fear, he said, of the consequences of Henry Ward Beecher's fall upon the progress of Christian civilization or Christian influence. The West charges were gone into, and the alleged evi- dence of Mr. Beecher's efforts to suppress the scandal ; and in relation to the theory of blackmail, the counsel argued that all the evidence and probabilities were against such an hypothesis. Mr. Beecher's denial of guilt was un- supported, and they had the confronting testimony of three witnesses, and of circumstantial evidence. The issue of the case was an action by a husband alleging himself to have been wronged in his dearest relations against the alleged wrong-doer. They did not ask for damages, as " Theodore Tilton disdains the idea of touching the gold of Henry Ward Beecher," 434 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. The letters of Retraction and Contrition were analyzed, and counsel argued that both were dictated by Mr. Beecher, and that similar phrases in both documents were identical with expressions in the defendant's early works. It was Mr. Beecher's duty to have confessed his sin and asked forgiveness of Plymouth Church and the Christian world. Bessie Turner's evidence was referred to as intrinsically incredible, and as being immaterial so far as the vital point of the case was concerned. In the closing point of his argument, Mr. Beach called the good faith of the jury into question, and declared that he had evidence that jurymen had been improperly approached. This was met by indignant denials both from the jury and the counsel of defendant. Continuing, counsel charged Mr. Beecher with perjury, and criticised the want of orthodoxy in his sermons ; and in concluding he declared that the duty he had had to perform had been most unwelcome and painful, and he would leave the case in the hands of the jury, filled with unaffected admiration and veneration for the magnificent genius of the defendant. But rich as the defendant was in mental endowments, and prodigal as his labors had been, they could shelter no offence against the law. "Genius as lofty, learning more rare and profound, could not save Bacon. He sinned and fell, and upon his mem- ory history has written the epitaph, ' The greatest and the meanest of mankind.' " With a final appeal to the jury, THE GREAT SCANDAL. 435 the learned counsel closed his argument on the one hun- dred and ninth day of the proceedings. On Thursday, June 24, 1875, Judge Neilson delivered his charge, which was devoted to the nature and rules of evidence, the character and credibility of the witnesses, and rules for the guidance of the jury. The jury retired, and on the one hundred and twelfth day of the proceedings, July 2, 1875, they returned into court, and stated their inability to agree on a verdict ; whereupon, after receiving the thanks of the court for the careful attention they had shown throughout the trial, they were discharged. CHAPTER XXI. HOME-LIFE. Mr. Beecher's Domestic Habits. — Early to Bed, Early to Rise. — An After- noon Nap. — Reluctant to leave Home. — Plain Fare. — No More Nocturnal Suppers. — His Work Hours — Preparatory Work. — A Punctilious Correspondent. — Answers all Letters with his Own Hand. — Persevering Industry. — His Old Home on the Heights. — Its Art Treasures. — Stuart's Reminiscence. — Beecher's Temperance Principles. — Financiering. — Valuable Collection of Steel Engravings. — Descrip- tion of His Library and Methods of Work. — An Amateur Bibliophile. Mr. Beecher's early training and nature made him a very domestic man. He was an early riser, and when not prevented by his professional engagements, always retired at lo o'clock. When prevented by his duties from re- tiring early, he always took a nap on the sofa in his study in the afternoon. He was a great believer in " tired Nat- ture's sweet restorer, balmy sleep." When travelling he always greatly missed his home surroundings. It was his characteristic to never utter complaints, but always to adapt himself cheerfully to circumstances. Fre- quently called away from home, especially in his early days in Brooklyn, he left cheerfully yet reluctantly, par- ticularly if not accompanied by his wife, because he knew Mrs. henry WARD BEECHER. HOME-LIFE. 439 he should not be contented until he returned to the comforts of his household. He preferred plain cooking, and did not have a hearty appetite. Until he became corpulent he used to take a cold meat supper after preaching or lecturing, but in later years he gave this up. He usually passed his mornings in his study, engaged on his editorial work or miscella- neous writing. He generally answered all his letters with his own hands. He was punctilious in his habit of answering all letters addressed to him. Sometimes he postponed answering those that were not pressing ; the pile would accumulate until in a mood of desperation he would devote an entire morning to his correspondence. He usually wrote out in full his lectures, but he only made memoranda for his sermons, generally on Friday mornings, but often not until Sunday morning. His Sunday morning sermon was generally of a relig- ious character, while in the evening he frequently spoke upon affairs of contemporaneous import. Often his labors would be continued through the afternoon, as he was always desirous of getting as much work out of him- self as he could. In consequence of his numerous literary engagements, he relegated the pastoral work of visiting his numerous congregation and the details of the church to his assistant. He found little leisure, too, for social calling; though he was always pleased to have his social friends visit him in his home. A picture of domesticity 440 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. always greeted them ; for, the labors of the day over, he passed the evening with his family. He always ad- dressed Mrs. Beecher as " Mother," and she always called him " Father." Playing backgammon was his fa- vorite pastime in the family circle. His later years were passed in the home of his son on Hicks Street, after he gave up his house on Columbia Street. All of his children had married and left the pa- rental roof, and he wanted to be in his son's family, where there were children growing up to recall his own ado- lescent days. Another reason assigned for his giving up his establishment on Columbia Street was a wish to economize in his expenditures. His farm at Peekskill was a great expense to him, and there in the summer he passed his happiest days of dolcc far nicnte ; his unos- tentatious charities drew largely from his income, and several years ago he decided to abandon the house on the Heights. He never entertained much in the way of dinner-giving, though there was always the spare plate at his table for the stranger, and generally some guest to take it. It was his custom to have friends to breakfast with him Sunday morning whom he had invited to his pew. A long list of celebrities could be given of those who were thus honored. He continued this custom in his son's house. While he never took wine himself, or smoked, he did not object to others so indulging. The late William Stuart used to tell a good story " on HOME-LIFE, 441 himself " of a visit to Mr. Beecher to invite him to at- tend a breakfast he was giving to the late Lord Hough- ton at Delmonico's, corner of Fourteenth Street and Fifth Avenue. The accomplished ex-manager and lit- terateur was received by Mr. Beecher in his study on the top floor, with a bay-window commanding an ex- tensive view of the lower part of New York City, the Bay, and the distant Jersey shores. He found Mr. Beecher sitting in his shirt-sleeves at a long table, hard at work on an editorial for the Independent. Mr. Beecher begged a few moments' indulgence until he had completed the article, and Mr. Stuart engaged himself in viewing the books and pictures in the " workshop " and the animated panorama afforded by the window. Mr. Beecher cheerfully accepted the invitation, remarking that he was familiar with the poems and literary work of Richard Moncton Milnes before he became Lord Hough- ton the statesman. When Mr. Stuart was leaving, Mr. Beecher observed, " I do not take any wine and liquor myself, but do not object to others imbibing, if they wish to do so." He crossed the room to an old-fashioned bureau on the side, and opened a drawer, from which bulged forth several disused collars and cuffs, newspapers preserved for ref- erence, manuscripts, and such-like, and thrusting his arm down a corner, drew forth a bottle of what the other instantly recognized as vin ordiiiaire claret. 442 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. " Now the ascent here is fatiguing," said Mr. Beecher ; " perhaps you will take a glass of this." " Thanks — thanks," replied Mr. Stuart, adding, by way of emphasizing his declination, " I never touch liquor myself." Mr. Beecher, in his surprise, restored the bottle to its place, and familiarly sitting on the side of the table, ex- claimed : " You astonish me. How has a man of the world like you escaped ? Why, I did not think it possible for a man like you to be a temperance man ! I can under- stand now how you have preserved your health and physique, notwithstanding the late hours you have been compelled to keep." Mr. Stuart bore the felicitation meekly, merely stating that his favorite beverage was buttermilk, whereupon Mr. Beecher regretted he had none to give him, stating that he also was very fond of it. At the breakfast, a few days later, the jovial raconteur forgot his temperance declaration, and indulged freely in champagne which he had served him in a goblet. Mr. Beecher sat by his side, and Stuart observed that there were at times pauses in the other's remarks which were astonishing in so fluent a speaker. While draining a goblet of the "liquid sunshine" he chanced to glance at Mr. Beecher, who had paused in the mid- dle of a sentence in reply to a query from Lord Hough- HOME-LIFE. 443 ton, and was observing Stuart intently, not to say curi- ously. " I beg your pardon," said Mr. Beecher, as Mr. Stuart placed his goblet on the table — " I beg your par- don, but I must have misunderstood you the other day, when you said you did not drink anything but butter- milk ? " " Except at meals," quickly responded Mr. Stuart, re- membering for the first time the circumstance. In his home on Columbia Street, Mr. Beecher accumu- lated a very valuable collection of steel engravings, said to be second only to that of the late Charles Sumner. These engravings were so numerous that they lined the walls along the stairways, and were to be found in all parts of the house. The collection was for years his hobby. He had a few good oil paintings. He was an enthusiastic advocate of the arts of "the beautiful" in everything. Of course, flowers were always a prominent decoration of his home. He left all the management of his household to his wife, always satisfied with whatever arrangements she made ; but in his study and library he was left supreme, to let books and clippings accumulate in piles or lie about in disorder, and in his study or library he was always to be found during " work hours." When the Columbia Street house was vacated many of the treasures were taken to Peekskill. Before Mr. Beecher's illness and death, the Rev. Dr. 444 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. Almon Gunnison, pastor of All Souls' Universalist Church, Brooklyn, gives the following interesting ac- count of the Plymouth pastor's library and methods of work : " Mr. Beecher early in his career confronted the ques- tion whether he should cultivate a mere literary fastidi- ousness, surrender himself to the delights of a literary career, and so leave behind works that should stand the wear and tear of time, or should secure present influence at the risk, perhaps, of an ultimate decadence of his literary fame. Born as he was, in an age when great re- forms clamored for advocates, it could not be possible that a man of his intense sympathy for humanity could be content with a mere intellectual dilettanteism ; the work of to-day was enough, and he cared little for post- humous fame. Still, the homage of an intensely active intellect has never ceased to crave food, and the books have chased one another into his house, until in the old home from which he only recently went out they over- flowed room after room, taking possession of dining-room and bedroom, attic and closet. " I had the pleasure, not long before the breaking up of Mr. Beecher's old home, of examining under the genial guidance of its owner the library of the famous preacher, and of gathering from his own lips many facts concerning his literary habits. His library comprises perhaps six thousand volumes. It is miscellaneous in character, and HOME-LIFE. 445 without special precision of arrangement. It lacks the completeness of a collection, but covers with reasonable fulness almost every department of thought. The relig- ious department, of course, predominates, the varied phases of modern religious thought being especially full. Physiological books are numerous, while law, science, philosophy, history, and political economy are represented largely upon the shelves. The intellectual hospitality of Mr. Beecher's mind is seen in the fact that on contro- verted topics both sides are almost equally well repre- sented. One looks in vain to find in the telltale books the evidence of partisanship on the part of their owner. English literature is largely represented, each period of literary development having its masterpieces, while the curiosities of literature, old ballads, myths, legends, folk- lore, poetry, the old moralists, humorists, quaint writers — all are here in this cosmopolitan collection. The intense love of Mr. Beecher for living things — ani- mals, plants, fishes, and especially birds — would be noticed by the casual visitor, even if he were without previous knowledge of his tastes in these directions. " Everything that has life," he quaintly remarked, " is related to me. I am its Dutch uncle." The books on fishes and birds were everywhere; crowded in among the mustiest folios of the Fathers were books curiously illuminated, describ- ing the habits of the birds, while the flowers and ferns, trees and fruit, kept company with the dreariest quartos 19 446 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. and the moth-eaten relics of mediaeval days. It is well known that in the earlier years of Mr. Beecher's ministry he was an enthusiast in botanical studies, doing some of his earliest writing on the subject of floral culture. His love of flowers is proverbial, and it will be interesting to know, from the evidence given by his books, that the love of his youth had not passed away, for side by side with the old floral books of his earlier life are the recent pub- lications of the press telling the story of the flowers. The library is especially rich in the literature of art, and the number of illustrated books is very large. Choice editions of Hogarth's works ; the very rare " Holy Land," by Roberts, the plates of which, by special contract, were destroyed after the limited edition had been printed ; " Musee Fran^aise ;" Foster's " British Gallery; " a large folio copy of Lodge's " Portraits ; " very many sumptuous works on uncut India paper, with artists' proofs; superb works on foreign cathedrals, and " Galerie de Florence ; " the " Beauties of the Court of Charles II.;" Mrs. Jame- son's larger works ; Ruskin's works, bought as they were issued, and since become very valuable; Britton's " Cathe- dral Antiquities;" the "National Portrait Gallery;" Dug- dale's " Monasticon," whose possession Mr. Beecher said made him feel so proud that he couldn't speak to an old acquaintance for a week ; Alderman Boydell's great book on the character of Shakespeare, published in 1795, illus- trated by Kirk, William Hamilton, Smirke, and other HOME-LIFE. 447 great artists. These are samples of the very large num- ber of works of a similar class. All the great standard histories of the life of Christ are in the collection — French, German, and English ; mono- graphs in every tongue ; periods, phases of his life, any- thing and everything that could help solve the mystery of the Lord's life had an honored place. The favorite divines of the great preacher. South, Berkeley, Barrow, Butler, and others, are in silent fellowship with the poets most esteemed. The great preacher called our attention to a well-worn compilation of the early English poets, Drummond, Giles, Fletcher, and Daniell, which seemed to have been his life-companion. Turning to Daniell's poem, " To Lady Margaret," he read it aloud with in- comparable elocutionary skill, bringing out, with delicate modulation, its finer poetic and literary grace. In looking over the library of Mr. Beecher, one could easily imagine that he had determined, like Bacon, to "take all knowledge for his province." A young lawyer could from his shelves select a law library of reasonable completeness ; the young medical graduate would feel rich with the professional outfit he might obtain, and the student in science, philosophy, natural history, botany, fishes, buds, and insects would revel here. The key to the vast fund of illustration possessed by Mr. Beecher is found by even a cursory glance at this strangely diversi- fied collection. His intense sympathy with, every form 44^ LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER, of life, his quick, almost poetic, appreciation of the beauty of the outward world, his intuitive sense of humor, have found nutriment in these books, with which he has been in life-long communion. He candidly con- fesses his indebtedness to Crabbe for his anatomical, and to Ruskin for his poetic, observation of nature. Mr. Beecher has never been in any sense a collector. Though a man of hobbies, he has rarely had any of the bibliographical crazes that have unsettled so many men of literary promise. Perhaps the nearest he has ever come to the dangerous amusement of collecting has been in the direction of art. The old house was heavily freighted with the fruit of his art saunterings. Walls, drawers, cases, portfolios, were loaded with copies of the great works of European galleries — original paintings, engrav- ings, etchings of rare skill and beauty, though not in many cases of great cost. The veteran preacher is a con- noisseur of no mean skill. His crude taste in the earlier years of his ministry in Brooklyn was trained greatly by the influence of one Emile Seitz, a dealer in New York, whose friendly offices as instructor he gratefully remem- bers. It was his custom to visit the store of this man, where he always received cordial welcome, his growing taste being aided much by the genial merchant's suggest- ive criticism. Like all great workers, Mr. Beecher has found recrea- tion in studies outside his regular and perhaps legitimate HOME-LIFE. 449 field. At the beginning of his ministry in Indiana, as already intimated, his passion was horticulture, and he found rest and refreshment in his studies of flowers and fruit, his earliest work as an editor being done for the columns of an agricultural paper. Another singular fact which has been but seldom noticed by the press is his peculiar love of gems. He delights in finely polished stones, finding rest, when weary, in looking at these things. During his memorable war addresses in Eng- land, when beset on every side, with every faculty strained to its utmost tension, he found peculiar usefulness in two rich opals which had been loaned him for the purpose of making a selection, by a Glasgow jeweller. In the days of his more active ministry he used to have a little box filled with unmounted brilliants of every kind, and when at his work he felt the need of some calming influence, he was wont to spread his treasures before him, and in their eternal fires find calm and rest. He used laugh- ingly to deride this strange love as a peculiar and sense- less whim, but it is not difficult to trace its origin to his peculiarly sensitive love of beauty, which finds satisfac- tion in that which of all things beautiful has most of beauty. Among other singular hobbies is a love of rugs. The old house used to be filled with them. Of every nation- ality, hue, and fabric, covering rooms and halls, matching ill or well the other colors as chance might be, but giv- 450 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. ing an air of most leisurely abandon and cosey comfort. Few people suspect that the great preacher is an expert in soaps, but such is the case, and the scent of the soap- boiler's kettle is as the odors of Araby to him. Toilet articles, the mysteries of the perfumer's distillations, all to him are as an open book, and the literature of the toilet, ancient and modern, is as familiar, and probably quite as interesting, to him as the decisions of the Council of Trent or the somnolent platitudes of the gnostic heresies. One of his last hobbies was for pottery, though he did not go very deeply into it, owing to the great pressure upon his time. Unlike most men, Mr. Beecher rarely outgrew his old loves. The new hobby is added to the others, but it does not displace them ; as he quaintly puts it, " his recreations are like an irrigating stream, to be cut off in one direction, for a time, that it may be turned on in another." The consideration of Mr. Beecher's literary workshop makes appropriate a word or two as to the methods of the worker. In a large sense he is a law unto himself, and his method is strangely methodless. " It would," he says, " ruin any other man, and if what the news- papers say is true, it has ruined me." When engaged in more careful editorial work, or the task of authorship, he reads exhaustively, yet makes but few notes, filling him- self full, and then when the mood comes writing with tremendous speed. His creative energy works pictori- HOME-LIFE. 451 ally. Even an argument lies in his mind as a picture. As illustrative, he instanced the Sea of Galilee in his " Life of Christ." He wishes at some time in the proo-- ress of his work to describe it. Slow y and carefully he studies its topography, and all the elements which enter into an accurate representation, works his way alon^ its shores and over the adjacent hills, goes down the val- ley of the Jordan and studies the topography of the Dead Sea, and then begins to make the picture in his mind, adding here a color, changing there a line, until slowly the whole scene, in all its varied colors, paints it- self in the vividness of life upon his mind. Thus, when in the progress of his work he comes to this, he has but to throw the picture upon the page, as the exhibitor takes the picture he desires from the box, puts it before his lantern, and throws its every line upon the screen. One of the most famous of American literary men, a friend and associate of Mr. Beecher, once told the writer that the great preacher was excelled in the richness of his vocabulary by no writer since the days of Shakespeare, and that a careful criticism of his writings would con- firm that fact. This illustration of his intellectual fecun- dity was also narrated : In the " Life of Christ," the printers allowed first corrections without charge, but subsequent changes were taxable. The publishers paid $1,500 for such improvements, the fertile mind of the author constantly suggesting new settings to his thou, 1880. " Colonel McLeer — Dear Sir : Your notice that a letter of mine was dead and subject to my order is before me. " We must all die ! And though the premature de- cease of my poor letter should excite a proper sympathy REMINISCENCES AND ANECDOTES. 507 (and I hope it does), yet I am greatly sustained under the affliction. "What was the date of its death ? Of what did it die ? Had it in its last hours proper attention and such consolation as befit the melancholy occasion ? Did it leave any effects ? " Will you kindly see to its funeral ? I am strongly inclined to cremation. " May I ask whether any other letters of mine are sick, dangerously sick ? If any depart this life, don't notify me till after the funeral. " Affectionately yours, " Henry Ward Beecher." Colonel McLeer examined the deceased letter and wrote to Mr. Beecher: "I hesitate, Mr. Beecher, to carry out your instructions in regard to the cremation of your letter, as it contains a check for Si 50." On the receipt of this information, Mr. Beecher hast- ened to Colonel McLeer's office. Entering the room with a rush, he threw his hat with force on the desk. Drawing himself to his full height he, without preface and looking the colonel full in the face, said : " I do hereby fully revoke, cancel, and rescind all the powers delegated to you to cremate any letters of mine, or any in which I may have an interest." Then he demanded his letter, received it, and the two 5o8 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. friends sat down and endeavored to outdo each other in telling stories. The following letter was written by Mr. Beecher to a local artist some time ago, after a number of photographs of himself had been submitted to him : " Dear Sir : One of the small photos is comely in my wife's e}'es. The larger ones are good, provided you finish one of them for wom.en and one for men — i.e., one of them as I ought to look, and the other as I do look. " Henry Ward Beecher." Chandos Fulton relates that he was taken by a mutual friend to call on Mr. Beecher, and see his collection of engravings, when he lived in his home on the Heights. The stories he had heard in childhood, in his Southern home, of Mr. Beecher strongly prejudiced him, and he determined to have little to say to him. Mr. Beecher, however, was so cordial and affable, the introducer being an esteemed friend, that the Southerner's predilections soon vanished, and he observed, " Oh, Mr. Beecher, if the Southern people only knew you, you would have many friends there." Mr. Beecher, who had just returned from his first Southern lecturing-tour, responded, " I wish I could be the cement for a reunited North and South." Fulton was then a pale-faced stripling, and the conver- sation turning on the physique, Mr. Beecher, glancing at Mr. BEECIIER'S RESIDENCE, BROOKLYN, N. Y.— THE HOUSE IN WHICH HE DIED. REMINISCENCES AND ANECDOTES. 5 II the slender waist of his guest, laughingly exclaimed, " Ad- ministrative men need good stomachs. The stomach is the same to the man that the boiler is to the locomotive. See what large, rotund boilers the locomotives require to haul trains over the mountains here, because great work is required of them. They couldn't do their work without great, big boilers. A man needs a good corpora- tion to do much sustained, active, great work." The conversation was interrupted by a parade of the Plymouth Sunday-school, which Mr. Beecher reviewed from his front steps. Each child was provided with a large bouquet of roses, which was thrown to Mr. Beecher, and by the time the procession had passed he stood knee- deep in a pile of fragrant roses. In showing his engrav- ings to his visitor Mr. Beecher evinced an artist's enthu- siasm in his appreciation. Mrs. M. H. Fiske tells the following anecdote : Some years ago, shortly after the great Brooklyn trial, I took an early morning train for Pittsburg, and to my satisfac- tion the occupant of the next chair proved to be Henry Ward Beecher. Notwithstanding a dozen attempts made by passengers to enter into conversation, he dozed until nearly noon, and then, though pleasant to those who from time to time gathered about, conversation was confined to his questioners ; he took very little part in it. There was a solid-looking old fellow opposite, and he fell to talking to me of a very dreadful sentence he was 512 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. reading about that had just been passed on some crimi- nal. The man was to be confined in a prison for a year ; at the end of the year he was to be taken out and hanged. " It's something horrible to think of that man living a year with certain death hanging over," said the stranger. " We're in the same boat," said I. " Perhaps our sen- tence will take effect in less than a year. There's many a person on board this train who hasn't twelve months' imprisonment to serve." Mr. Beecher swung around in his chair. " No doubt about that," said he. " And probably that criminal will give as little heed to the end as we do, until the months narrow down and the very scaffold is in sight." The conversation became interesting. Mr. Beecher said he questioned the wisdom of granting that man's prayer who said, " Oh, Lord, let me know my end." We discussed capital punishment, and about all the great questions of the day, when, to my horror and utter as- tonishment, the old man said : " This Beecher business is an unfortunate affair. What's your opinion of its effect on the Church ? " I don't know which of us got the worst of that blow. We both fairly staggered. I looked in the face of the well-meaning, innocent old questioner, and then the fun of the thing struck me, and I burst out laughing. Mr. Beecher was amused and perplexed, so I said : REMINISCENCES AND ANECDOTES. 513 " Haven't you read the conditions on which this Pan- Handle road issues tickets ? " " Why, no." " It expressly states that a ticket is forfeited if anyone holding it converses about the Beecher case." '• I've heard they put up such notices in factories — it led to so much discussion," laughed the old man. " And it's specially objectionable in railway trains," said I, Mr. Beecher was looking at a Philadelphia paper with a not wholly pleased smile on his face. " I am afraid the artists of country journals are not very successful in their portraits," said he, as he laid it down, with an expressive glance at me. Then things went on very pleasantly until the train stopped for dinner, and a hungry looking minister came in from another car, straightened up before us and sung out, in a hymn-book voice : " Well, Brother Beecher, will you go out and try this place ? " And Brother Beecher replied that he would like to shake the cramps out of his legs by a turn on the plat- form, but he had a painful recollection of that refresh- ment-room as containing more mediseval sandwiches and prehistoric pie than any other on the road. Our poor companion was almost paralyzed at men- tion of the name. I saw him give a hasty but en- 514 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. lightened glance at the big gray mane and florid face of H. W. B. When the two ministers left the cars, in a despairing tone the patriot across the way said : " I do believe that's Beecher himself." " It certainly is," responded I. The old fellow mut- tered something about a smoke, got up, took all his bag- gage and went to some remote car to finish his journey alone. After Mr. Beecher came back he said : " I wouldn't have believed that outside a blind asylum such an incident as that could have occurred." Then we fell to talking of " Uncle Tom's Cabin," and the play and the people who played in it, and he told me of meeting some old actor and asking him if he ever played in " Uncle Tom," and the old fakir replying that he had done " everything in it but Eva and the cake of ice that Eliza escaped on." " They are a large-hearted, great-souled people as a class," said he of actors. " I question if there are any happier persons in the world than those in the theatrical profession. ' All the world's a stage,' and I clasp hands with my fellow-actors as often as I can." And he certainly did. I remember Ellen Terry showed me a strange old aqua-marine ring he gave her, and she told me what a charming Sunday Mr. Irving and she had spent at the parsonage in Brooklyn. REMINISCENCES AND ANECDOTES. S^S At a New England dinner in Boston Mr. Beecher heard Nat Goodwin in some imitations, and was de- lighted with him. Meeting him afterward at a hotel in the West, Nat told him a story of some New York cler- gyman, unconsciously imitating the voice and manner- isms of the gentleman. " Give me an imitation of myself," said Beecher. " Why, peculiarities I have never noticed I recognize in your imitations. I'd really like to hear my own defects so voiced that I might remedy them." But as Nat would never do Irving for Irving, so he didn't treat Beecher to Beecher. The great orator had a marvellous memory. Ten years after that ride to Pittsburg, although I had met him many times, we had never discussed the funny old man of the train. But when Klunder gave a big flower-show at the Metropolitan Opera House I had seen almost everyone turn to take a second look at Beecher, when of a sudden a couple of men halted near us, and one said audibly : " Which one is Beecher ? where is Beecher ? " Mr. Beecher laughed and turned to me and said : " That old man's got back from Pittsburg," showing plainly that the ten-year-old incident was unforgotten by him. " I knew I should meet you here," said an old lady to him. " I never went to a flower-show in my life that I did not find you there before me." 5l6 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. "I'm like all the other old ladies in my love for flowers," said he. As an Irishman remarked of his dead friend, " How he would have enjoyed his funeral if he had lived." Another intimate friend of Mr. Beecher says that he occasionally seemed to lose confidence in himself. " Time and again," said this friend, "he has told me that when before an audience at some public meeting, and while awaiting his turn to speak, he was often almost on the point of getting up and going out. ' As I listened to one and another speaker address the meeting,' he used to say, ' I would think, my goodness, I never can make such speeches as those : I'd better leave here at once.' But when he was once on his feet all these feelings vanished, of course, and he felt completely at ease. He was al- ways subject to these times of self-depreciation both in and out of the pulpit. When he first came to Brooklyn he used to go round the back streets just to avoid meet- ing people whom he might know. He combined with his wonderful vigor and boldness the shrinking timidity of a school-girl." Of Mr. Beecher's absent-mindedness, Dr. Searle, his physician, told this story : " Mrs. Searle was standing at the parlor window one day, when she noticed Mr. Beecher go up Mr. Raymond's stoop, over the way, and ring the bell. Before it was answered he came down o the steps, and continued on his way up the street. See- REMINISCENCES AND ANECDOTES. $\y ing Mrs. Searle he crossed over, and with a smile said : ' Say, can you tell me where I am going this after- noon ? ' " * Why, you are going to baptize iNIr. Howard's child to-day, are you not ? ' " ' That's it, that's just it,' he replied, 'but for the life of me I couldn't recall the fact.' " Another instance I recollect," continued the doctor, " happened at his house. I was there at dinner. Major Pond, who was also present, spoke about a concert that was to be held in New York that evening. Mr. Beecher said he would like to attend it with him. ' But you can't go,' said Mrs. Beecher to him, ' you have an engage- ment for to-night.' ' Oh, no, I haven't,' he rejoined, ' I am free to-night, and I think I'll go over to the concert.' While she was trying to convince him that he really had some other matter on hand a carriage drove up to take him to Hoboken, where he was booked for a lecture." In reference to Mr. Beecher's memory, the doctor added : " It was marvellously poor. About the only thing that he could remember, he used to say, was the list of prepositions that govern the ablative case in Latin. These he could rattle off like sixty, and did so fre- quently." CHAPTER XXIV. HIS ILLNESS AND DEATH. Mr. Beecher's Visit to England in 1886. — Declines to Interfere in Eng- lish Politics. — Preaching and Lecturing. — Declines a Reception on Returning Home. — His Last Sermon in Plymouth Church. — The Fatal Stroke of Apoplexy. — How the News was Received. — Incidents of His Illness. — Sinking Steadily. — His Death on Tuesday, March lith. — Sympathy for the Family. — Private Service at the House. — A Public Funeral without Crape. — Floral Decorations. — Lying in State. — Services Simultaneously in Five Churches. — Testimony of a Hebrew. — The Closing Ceremony. — Laid at Rest. 4 In 1886 Mr. Beccher visited England for the third time, partly for rest and change of scene, and partly to fulfil numerous lecture-engagements. He was accompanied by Mrs. Beecher and Major Pond, and sailed on June 19th on the Cunard steamship Etruria. At that time all England was ablaze with the national elections. It was a question whether Gladstone and Parneil should control, or whether Home Rule should go to the wall. The period was a critical one. Everybody knew in what direction Mr. Beecher's sympathies tended, and there was an expectation that when he reached the other side there would be something in the nature of a repetition of his war-time triumphs over English prejudice. There HIS ILLNESS AND DEATH, 519 was some disappointment on this side, therefore, when he failed to realize the expectations of some of the folks who were hopeful that he would work toward the good of Ireland. . On arriving at Liverpool he found telegrams and let- ters awaiting him, asking his attendance at the Home Rule meetings that were then being held throughout the land. He was compelled to ignore them all. Delegation after delegation waited upon him to urge his presence at this, that, or the other place throughout the United King- dom, where Gladstone's policy was to be upheld, but to all of them Mr. Beecher returned, in substance, this an- swer : " I am here simply as an American citizen. Whatever may be my personal feeling in this matter, I am debarred just now from thrusting my views upon the voters of the country. From an international stand-point it would not be courteous, and from my stand-point it would be im- pertinent." At the same time he could not restrain himself en- tirely. His sympathies were so thoroughly aroused in the cause of the Irish people, which was to him broader than the mere question of sectionalism, that he was per- force embroiled to some extent in the contest. He de- layed his departure to London for three days in order to be present at Gladstone's closing address in the campaign, at Henglar's Circus, Liverpool. The " two grand old 22 520 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. men " met in the ante-room at that meeting, and when they went upon the platform there were almost as many and as enthusiastic cheers for Beecher as there were for the latter-day industrial liberator. Despite the urgent calls for some utterance from the man who, a quarter of a century before, had quelled the pro-Southern Liverpool mobs and brought them to reason, Mr. Beecher would say nothing, adhering to his belief that at that time it was not fitting that there should be any American interfer- ence. For a month he stopped in London. His social recep- tion there was of the most emphatic and flattering de- scription. He lectured extensively, being greeted every- where with crowded houses ; and after a four months' absence, returned home and was received with open arms by a people who cherished him as a man of large heart, great brain, and large manhood. When he arrived there was some talk of a reception by his church, which he discouraged, and the Common Council of Brooklyn tendered him a public reception. This, also, he declined, with expressions of abundant ap- preciation of the honor offered him. He said that, while he was pleased and grateful that his fellow-citizens held him in high esteem, he dreaded going through the ordeal of sitting during a whole evening while his praises were being spoken, which he presumed would be the form the reception would take. But aside from that, and more HIS ILLNESS AND DEATH. 521 decisive in the matter, was his reluctance to accept a demonstration of the kind proposed at the very time when the Church of the Pilgrims was celebrating the fortieth anniversary of the Rev. Dr. R. S. Storrs' pas- torate. He said that Dr. Storrs was justly entitled to great honor, and that it would be unseemly for another minister in his own denomination to consent to a recep- tion to himself which might even seem to be intended to divide public attention. While he was abroad he wrote as follows to an old friend in Brooklyn : " I want to come home. I have wandered enough. I cannot say I have rested enough, for I am kept very busy. True, I was never in better health and vigor, and am do- ing my work easily. I do not think I shall come back jaded. Yet I long every year to lay down my tasks and depart. It is not a judgment formed on reasonable grounds. It is simply a quiet longing of the spirit, a brooding desire to be through with my work, although I am willing to go on— if need be." After his return Mr. Beecher was occupied in his usual manner, in lecturing and the work of the Church, and also in writing the second volume of the " Life of Christ." In addition he wrote weekly letters for a newspaper syndi- cate, and prepared some magazine and other miscellaneous articles. Certainly he had few if any idle moments. His last sermon was delivered in Plymouth Church 522 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. Sunday evening, February 27, 1887, from the text, Luke xvi. 4, the first clause : " I am resolved what to do." The following extracts from this sermon will be read with interest in view of the circumstances of their utter- ance : "The unjust steward had been accused, and rightfully, of betraying his trust and wasting that committed to him. His master called him to an account, and he was satisfied that the end had come; and he communed with himself, and as the result of that, and looking over all the circumstances, he said, * I am resolved what to do.' " What he resolved to do was not very honest, but it was very shrewd. He resolved to make friends of all the debtors of his lord. He called them up and settled with them in such a way as to lay them under obligations — gratitude to Him. And so, although he and they cheated the master, he made his own nest warm and the master praised him. — not Jesus, but the man that owned the property is the one. When he heard of it he said to him- self : ' Well, that is shrewd ; that is cunning ; that is wise,' and the comment on it is : Children of this world are wiser than the children of light ; that is to say, men who are acting in worldly reasons, for worldly reasons, are very much wiser than the men becoming good from the high- est moral considerations. But that that they have se- lected is simply this : ' I am resolved what to do.' •' What, then, is the nature of a resolution — what is the Mr. BEECHER'S CHURCH, BROOKLYN. N. Y., CALLED PLYMOUTH CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. HIS ILLNESS AND DEATH. 525 scope of it, the potency ? A resolution is a purpose in so far as simple things, uncompounded, incomplex, are concerned. A resolution may be executed immediately, without loss of time ; indeed, the greatest number of resolutions are those which, like the stroke of the ham- mer or the explosion of the gun, are almost without any appreciable interlapse of time. ' I am resolved what to do.' Natural resolutions: At the cry of fire the man instantly looks out to see what to do ; at the call of a man to step to the door and see a stranger or a friend, he resolves to do it ; although the resolution is latent in such a sense by repetition, he is not conscious of making up his mind. " There are a good many people who don't seem ever to have a resolution ; they are like sieves — all their thoughts run through and are wasted ; there is a great deal of diffidence about them. There are some men whose thoughts are like the ratchet-wheel, the wheel that has, notch by notch, to hold what it has got ; and there are a great many whose thoughts are like thistle-downs, that are going everywhere, and don't know that they are going anywhere, and are subject to the mutations of the wind. There is a great deal of difference — need be — to win men to form resolutions, sometimes, of a strong nat- ure and a sterling, strong purpose ; when once they have resolved never to flinch, they never know in any hour a downsliding ; they may be less active at one time than 526 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. another, but they don't turn back. Once having put their hand to the plough, they don't look back again. But then there are those that have the same policy reso- lution, but they are made of different stuff; it slides away; they forgot it ; they are not stiff enough to stand up against the wind, it may be, that shall come upon them. " Did you ever undertake to take apart a watch ? That is very easy. Did you ever undertake to put it together again ? That is not so easy. You don't know which screw goes in which hole ; you don't know exactly which wheel goes in first ; but one thing is perfectly cer- tain, and that is that nothing else will fit together but that of which the watch was made, and each wheel was destined to one place and to one avocation, and if you can bring them together, according to the intent of the maker, it will perform, and otherwise it will not. Now, a man was built with a great deal more care than ever a watch was. He has definite relations to himself. A man was made to live with men, and there is only one way and one principle on which men can live together — kindness, love. . . . True Christianity means living in those relations for which we were created — harmoniza- tion of ourselves, harmonization of our relations to our fellow-men, harmonization of our relation to the invisible future. HIS ILLNESS AND DEATH. 52/ " Are you, then, resolved at once to become a Chris- tian ? Can I be a Christian at once ? In one sense, no ; in another sense, yes. Nobody ever learned a trade at a blow, but he can begin this day ; no man ever became a scholar by a resolution, but he never can become one without a resolution ; it is a complex one and a con- stantly repeating one, ancillary resolutions upholding the main one. Are you willing to take the Bible just as a ship-master takes the chart? When he leaves the last shore-light and takes his direction he never says, ' Read me a direction or two of the sailing-directions, and then read me the draughtings inside again and then again.' They have no relations at all to his course, to his actual sailing ; but he is not going to read so many parts of his chart and of his sailing-directions. Why, no ; he lays out his voyage from the beginning and every day he takes observations, and then he checks down on the chart just where he is. At noon to-morrow he takes another ob- servation ; not because there is any need of reading his chart, in reading any book on navigation ; not because he is studying astronomy for the sake of anything that is in astronomy. He has got a definite purpose in life ; after which he sells his astronomy, and after which he sells his books, or those which lay his course. Are you willing to begin a Christian course and voyage by going to the Word of God to ascertain exactly what is expected of you, both what you are to reject and what 528 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. you are to adopt ? That is sensible, that is right resolv- ing, according to a practical basis and resolution. Are there any of you that are willing to make that resolve ? For a little while it will be a troublesome thing, for a little while; and then easier and easier, with remuneration and exhilaration and joy and final victory," On the morning of Sunday, March 6, 1887, the news- papers throughout the country spread before their readers the startling intelligence that Mr. Beecher was lying at the point of death. His physicians had long feared an apoplectic stroke, and it came on Saturday, March 5th ; there were a few preliminary symptoms, running through Thursday and Friday, but no one recognized in them anything but a trifling illness, and the blow came at last with the force and horror of an unexpected thun- derbolt. He had been ill since Thursday. He had been in New York the greater part of the day and went to his son's house in Brooklyn late in the afternoon with a feeling of nausea. By the time he reached the house, No. 124 Hicks Street, he seemed quite prostrated. Dr. W. S. Searle, who has been his family physician for years, was summoned. In addition to the nausea and headache, the doctor found Mr. Beecher suffering from a soreness about the throat and chest to such an extent that he feared an attack of pneumonia. These symptoms quickly passed away and the patient grew better ; but when he went to bed he complained of a severe pain in HIS ILLNESS AND DEATH. 529 his head. After a while he dropped off to sleep, but awoke at intervals all through the night. After daylight he began to improve, and by the time the doctor called he was better. Through Friday his condition was favorable, quieting all alarm felt by the family. Saturday morning a sudden change for the worse took place, and of such an alarming character that Dr. William A. Hammond, of New York, was hastily summoned. He and Dr. Searle made an examination and declared that Mr. Beecher was suffering from an apoplectic attack. He lay in a semi-comatose condition, but neither conscious- ness nor his unfailing sense of humor had quite forsaken him. " Can you raise your arm, Mr. Beecher ? " asked Dn Hammond. " Yes, I guess so," came the low reply. " How high can you raise it ? " " Well, high enough to hit you, doctor," said the clergyman, with a feeble smile. All the family was summoned as soon as the doctors pronounced the condition of Mr. Beecher dangerous. During Sunday and Monday he continued to sink slowly but surely, and his death occurred in the forenoon of Tuesday, the 8th. About three in the morning of that day Mr. Beecher began to fail rapidly, and at half-past four the doctor issued a bulletin saying that the end was 530 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. approaching. There was a brief rally an hour later, but at half-past seven the sinking was renewed, and the fact of speedy death was known to be inevitable. In another hour Mr. Beecher was dying. The pulse grew more and more feeble, the breathing became irregular and shallow, there was an accumulation of mucus in the throat, and the respiration became stertorous. The pulse flickered and stopped, the breathing grew fainter and died away, the mouth closed, the muscles relaxed, and Henry Ward Beecher was dead ! His death was what he had wished for, painless, and not preceded by a long illness. He had often expressed the hope that he would die suddenly, and in the midst of work, and he had no sympathy with the prayer in the Episcopal service which asks that we may be delivered from sudden death. Not since the death of General Grant has the demise of any man touched the popular heart in America as did that of Mr. Beecher, Letters and telegrams of condo- lence came to Mrs. Beecher from all parts of the country, and there were several cablegrams from England to the same purpose. In Brooklyn and New York flags were at half-mast all over those cities, and many religious, political, and social organizations held special meetings to pass resolutions of sorrow. The letters and resolutions that reached the mourning family would fill a volume. All breathed the same sentiment, that a great man, a HIS ILLNESS AND DEATH. 53 1 power in the nation and the world, had been laid low, and the event had stricken the whole country with grief. Private funeral services were held at the house on Thursday, March loth, the Rev. Dr. Charles H. Hall, of Holy Trinity Church, Brooklyn, officiating. When Mr. Beecher's eldest sister, Catharine, went to live with her brother, Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, in Elmira, N. Y., and died there. Dr. Hall wrote to Mr. Beecher saying that, as Miss Beecher had at one time been a member of his church, he would be glad to go to Elmira and con- duct the funeral services. Mr. Beecher replied, thanking him, and said it would not be necessary ; " but," he added, " I wish now to mention what I have already told my family and friends, and I might as well tell it to you. It is that you shall have charge of my funeral if I should go before you. That you shall be present is my hope and desire." After the private service, the body was taken to Ply- mouth Church, where it lay in state during the rest of the day and till late in the evening. In compliance with Mr. Beecher's well-known desire, the church was deco- rated with flowers instead of the customary drapery of black. The huge audience-room was transformed into a bower of roses and smilax and evergreens. The readine- desk and the chair from the Mount of Olives were set on either side of the platform. Mrs. Susan Howard, the 532 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. friend of half a century, who for years had furnished the decoration of the desk on festal occasions, had that his- torical object swathed in pink and French roses and vines. The stout chair where the pastor sat for many years was upholstered for Mrs. S. V. White in pink and Eucharis roses, white carnations, and smilax. Back of these pulpit-relics an arras of flowers stretched from the platform-floor almost to the summit of the giant organ, festoons of laurel-rope stretched from chandelier to the four corners of the ceiling, and a ball of roses hung from the former. The fagade of the gallery was bright with potted plants, interspersed with wreaths of laurel. Ever- greens were around the walls both above and beneath the balcony, while under the gallery-wall smilax and flowers were also festooned. The front of the church outside was also decorated with evergreens. There was an immense crowd waiting outside the church, and when the doors were opened for the proces- sion it began immediately. By actual count, between seventy and seventy-five persons a minute got a chance to look at the life-like face of the dead preacher. It is a safe estimate to say that at least nine-tenths of the line was composed of women and children. Many of the women held handkerchiefs to their eyes, and not a few were led up to the casket sobbing and in tears. Strong men wept, and hurried by as if afraid that their emotions would overcome them. It was estimated that fully HIS ILLNESS AND DEATH. 533 ^ eighty thousand people passed the coffin of Mr. Beecher during the hours of Thursday and Friday when the pub- lic was admitted. The public funeral was on Friday, the nth, Dr. Hall paying an admirable tribute to his deceased friend, which was heard by an audience that filled every inch of sitting or standing room in the vast edifice. Simultaneously with this service there were services in four other churches of Brooklyn, a circumstance without a parallel in the his- tory of that city. These additional services were as fol- lows : First Baptist Church, by Rev. T. De Witt Talmage ; First Presbyterian Church, by Rev. C. Cuthbert Hall ; Church of the Saviour, by Rev. W. T. Dixon (colored) ; and Sands Street Methodist Church, by Rev. Alexander McLean. All the clergymen spoke eloquently in honor of Mr. Beecher, and dwelt earnestly upon the great work he had performed in his exceedingly active life. In the Sands Street Church, Rabbi Harrison spoke of the work of Mr. Beecher to secure the toleration of the Hebrew race in this and other countries, and added : Men revered him as they watched him in his pulpit, week after week, pleading for humanity. All sects revered him, all churches and creeds recognized in him the incarnation of their best thoughts. He was a hero, a moral and intellectual hero, a champion of the poor and the oppressed of every land and every creed. He was a protector of social equality, a champion of religious tolerance. He stands at the head of his age, and his fame will always remain. To 534 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. all creeds, to all classes, he has been a help, a succor, a light to guide in the darkness. On the morning of Saturday, March I2th, the remains of Mr. Beecher were removed from Plymouth Church to the vault in Greenwood Cemetery. Only a limited number of persons accompanied the hearse. Altogether there were about fifty in the company, which consisted of the Church Committee, the trustees, the deacons, and a few prominent members of the church, representing various large family circles. All along the route many persons raised their hats as it passed — a deference to the dead common in other countries, but not here. Arrived at the cemetery, the casket was placed in a zinc-lined box and carried to the receiving vault, whose double gates were beautifully decorated with flowers. Rev. Mr. Halliday offered a touching prayer. The casket was placed in the vault, with its decorations of palms, and Henry Ward Beecher was at rest. It is probable that the remains will rest in the vault for at least a year, and in the meantime the family will secure a burial plot in Greenwood, It is a fact not gen- erally known, that Mr. Beecher had little respect for the bodies of the dead. He held that the spirit was the val- uable part, and when once it had gone out of the body there was little left worthy of love or sympathy. He could not understand the reason why people visited cem- HIS ILLNESS AND DEATH. 535 eteries and spent their tears above the tombs of the dead. He never, or seldom, visited the resting-place of his chil- dren's remains. " I believe that they are in heaven, not in Greenwood," he would say. It was this belief which made him so careless about providing a plot for his own resting-place and for the widow and children who would come after him. Had Mr. Beecher lived until next October to cele- brate the fiftieth anniversary of his ordination as a minis- ter, the fortieth anniversary as Pastor of Plymouth Church, and the golden anniversary of his marriage, he would have received a testimonial of a noteworthy char- acter. President Cleveland and the members of his Cabinet, the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, Lord Tenny- son, and others prominent in the literary, social, and re- ligious world, had agreed to unite in the presentation to him of letters and literary contributions, which were to have been presented to Mr. Beecher at a public meeting, to be held in the Brooklyn Academy of Music early in October. CHAPTER XXV. ESTIMATES OF HIS CHARACTER. Tributes from Many Christian Pulpits. — All Denominations Honor Him. — Loss of Beecher Like the Removal of a Mountain. — His Speeches in England one Long Speech. — His Fervid Eloquence. — The Great Leader in Pulpit and Republic. — Who will Wear His Mantle? — The Shakespeare of the Christian Pulpit. — A Marvellous Imagination — Wonderful Knowledge of Character. — Great in the Life of the Re- public.— The Most Striking Figure of Our Time. — The Incarnation of Love. — A Part of America's Life. — Tributes from' the Hebrews of New York. — A Great Star Below the Horizon. — The Representa- tive of Democracy in tlie Pulpit. — The End. On the Sunday following Mr. Beecher's death nearly all the clergymen of New York and Brooklyn, as well as many others in all parts of the country, without regard to denominational differences, devoted a portion of their discourses to the character of this remarkable man and his influence upon the moral and religious world. Vol- umes might be compiled from these testimonials, and even then the supply Avould not be exhausted. All of them bore tribute to Mr. Beecher's transcendent abilities as a preacher and an orator, and as a man who loved his fellow man. - In this, our concluding chapter, we have only the space for a few brief selections from the pulpit utterances in honor of his memory. ESTIMATES OF HIS CHARACTER. 537 Rev. J. H. Chadwick, the eloquent Unitarian preacher, of Brooklyn, said among other things : " The sense of loss and vacancy occasioned by the death of Henry Ward Beecher is common to all people of intelligence and thinking minds in the United States, but to us, who knew him in our daily walks, the loss is more keenly felt. He was our foremost citizen. He has carried the name of the city everywhere, and he has attracted more people to the city than any other man. His life has been one of the hardest kind of work. His work in crushing the slave power is hardly less than that of the great abolitionists, William Lloyd Garrison, Wen- dell Phillips, John Brown, and Abraham Lincoln. His work in robbing religion of its terrors is greater than that of any man the world has ever produced. The loss of Beecher is something like the sudden removal of a mountain. There it had been, year after year, our child- hood's wonder and our manhood's pride. To awake some morning and find the mountain gone is our feeling in these last days. But no such loss can compare with ours. He had faults, but they were unique. He spoke oftener from his emotions than from his beliefs. When he came to Brooklyn he was advised to let politics alone. Had they advised the sea to leave the moon alone they would have been listened to as much. No other orator had his power to call upon men to do and suffer all things for the right. Noisy opposition was 538 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. meat and drink to him. His auditors never found him nodding, Oliver Wendell Holmes said that Beecher's five speeches in England were in reality one long speech, • with its introduction in Manchester and its closing words in London. Rev. Charles H. Eaton, of the Church of the Divine Paternity, New York, took for his text Romans x. 15 : " How beautiful are the feet of them that preach the gospel of peace." In speaking of Mr. Beecher he said : " His was a noble character. His whole life was spent upon the broad ocean of humanity. Mankind was his study, and the amelioration of the race his constant aim. All that he was, w^as due to his ancestry. He came of a sturdy, honest stock, and inherited their virtues. He- redity counted more than country. While the glorious climate of Connecticut gave him a vigorous constitution, his mental powers were inherited away back from the sturdy blacksmith, Nathaniel Beecher, who plied upon his anvil under the very tree where the celebrated Dav- enport preached his first sermon in New England. From Nathaniel Beecher and his descendants down to the brainy Lyman Beecher, his distinguished father, Henry Ward Beecher inherited his manly spirit of inde- pendence, his love of religion, and broad spirit of philan- thropy. ..." Greatness is derived in different fields of action. Stephenson's genius lay in an invention ; Sen- eca's in morals ; Webster's in statesmanship ; and Can- ESTIMATES OF HIS CHARACTER. 539 ning's in oratory. It was as an orator that Beecher will go down in history. All that he accomplished was through the power of his fervid eloquence. And why ? Because he dealt with great principles. He dealt with the verities of God. He removed the vail which hid the Redeemer from mankind. He was un- questionably one of the greatest preachers of the age, and as a leader of the masses, he had few equals." " Mr. Beecher's Mantle and Who Will Wear It," was the subject of Rev. N. B. Thompson's address at the Free Baptist Church, Twenty-fifth Street, near Eighth Avenue, New York. " During the past week," said Mr. Thompson, " the eyes of the world have been turned to the city across the river. For forty years there lived in Brooklyn a man whose name was a household word throughout the Christian world. Henry Ward Beecher was the head of the people, the Elijah of the Church. We shall never see his like again. What Elijah was to the other prophets, that man of Brooklyn was to the modern Church. The mantle of our later prophet is fluttering down from the skies, and no one dares to touch it or lay hold upon it. And now the question goes echo- ins; through Christendom as to who shall wear it. There are many who would be glad to crawl into that mantle. But so large was it that it could wrap within it nine- tenths of the prophets of the present day and have room for more." 540 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. " Henry Ward Beecher, the Shakespeare of the Chris- tian Pulpit," was the subject of Rev. John Rhey Thomp- son's discourse in the Washington Square M. E. Church, New York. After reviewing Mr. Beecher's firm action in the cause of the emancipation of the negro slaves in the South, the pastor narrated at length the great Brooklyn divine's work in freeing the pulpit from the scholasticism fastened upon it by the Calvinists. He made the pulpit, according to Mr. Thompson, a natural and humble place, and taught that right conduct led to correct belief, or, in the words of the Bible, " The pure in heart shall see God." " Shakespeare," continued Mr. Thompson, " was con- sidered the king of English literature, and what he is to literature Henry Ward Beecher is to the Christian pulpit. There are many points of similarity between the two. The critics often say that it is impossible that Shakespeare is the author of the works which bear his name. They ask. How is it possible for a man of his limited opportunities to write ' Hamlet ? ' It is even claimed that Lord Bacon was the author of the plays ascribed to Shakespeare. So with Beecher. He also was a man of limited opportunities. Both men learned from within. What other people dig patiently and wearily for, they abstracted by intuition, and what the one is to his field, the other is to his. In reading De Quincey and Paine on Shakespeare, one could strike out ESTIMATES OF HIS CHARACTER. 541 the names of the bard, and substituting Beecher, find the criticisms to apply equally well. Shakespeare was a man of royal imagination. Who denies a royal imagi- nation to Henry Ward Beecher ? Both were true to nature. Shakespeare had a marvellous knowledge of character. Beecher could sweep every key in the mighty organ of the human soul." At the Church of the Messiah, Rev. Robert Collyer prefaced his remarks by reading from 2 Chronicles, chap- ter xxiv., verse 16, " They buried him among the kings because he had done good, both toward God and toward his house." Continuing he said : " Mr. Beecher's death has touched the heart of our nation and moved it as it was never moved before by the death of one who has filled a sacred office. No nation's heart has been so moved since Martin Luther died three hundred and forty years ago. He was not an old man, for the autumn days had hardly touched the life that lay within. He was still the great leader in the American pulpit, and I know of no one who was greater in the life of the Republic, and so full of enthu- siasm for the work he had to do. His heart was open and warm, and his eye watched carefully for the light on all the wide horizons, and welcomed it with the gift and grace of earlier years rather than our later ones. Where would you look for the eagle glance, and the eager, open heart more surely than in the Plymouth pulpit. His 542 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. laughter was blended with tears, and in his quick, clear wit, born of a man at his best, there still were woven threads of gold through the warp and woof of his public discourse and his private talk. Those who knew him best wondered how little three score and thirteen years had abated the royal gift. Not only did the clergymen of all Christian denomi- nations speak in his praise, but there were words of com- fort to his sorrowing friends from the Hebrew syna- gogues in New York and other cities. His love for mankind included all races and religions, and the Hebrews were prompt to acknowledge the services he had rendered to them on many occasions. At the me- morial service in the Temple Emanu-El, in New York, the front of the altar was decorated with a magnificent portrait of Mr. Beecher, and above it was suspended a large wreath of white flowers. Rev. Dr. Gottheil, rabbi of the temple, spoke of Mr. Beecher's address in that very temple two years before, on the occasion of the memorial services in honor of the celebrated Hebrew philanthro- pist, Sir Moses Montefiore, and read several extracts from it. He then delivered an affecting tribute in which he said : Henry Ward Beecher will live in generations to come, the giant he was. It can also be said of him as of the old prophet, that ' His eye did not grow dim.' Such a death is dying by the kiss of the Almighty. No mortal man has disclosed the true greatness of this coun- ESTIMATES OF HIS CHARACTER. 543 try as Henry Ward Beecher. This typical American was the perfect citizen of the world. He disdained all outward show and artificial authority. A great, brilliant star has sunk below the horizon, and the American peo- ple are watching where it has disappeared, to wait — God knows how long — until his return." Professor Felix Adler, President and leader of the So- ciety for Ethical Culture, paid a glowing tribute to the memory of Mr. Beecher, closing as follows : " He was the type of the American democracy in the pulpit. He was not a vain man in the ordinary sense, but he was su- premely conscious of his power : no man ever more so than he. The secret of his power is to be found in the fact, that the American democracy beheld their qualities reflected in him as a mirror so enlarged and enhanced that he was pre-eminently the American Democratic man, the representative of American Democratic ideas in the pulpit. He rose above, social prejudice, which is worse than political prejudice. Let him pass to his rest with Lincoln, Sumner, Phillips, and Grant. ' The great war preacher' — let that be his just title to enduring fame." Nothing can be more appropriate for the closing page of this memorial volume than some of «Mr. Beecher's utterances on the question of death and the future life. " To one who is living aright, no death can be sudden, and no place unfavorable. One step and all roads meet. 544 LIFE AND WORK OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. " Dying is the best part of life to one who knows how to live worthily. "When we comprehend the fulness of what death will do for us, in all our outlook and forelook, dying is triumphing. Nowhere is there so fair a sight, so sweet a prospect, as when a young soul is passing away out of life and time through the gate of death — the rosy, the royal, the golden, the pearly gate of death. " Death is as sweet as flowers are. It is as blessed as bird-singing in spring. I never hear of the death of any- one who is ready to die, that my heart does not sing like a harp. I am sorry for those that are left behind, but not for those who have gone before. " Beat on, then, O heart, and yearn for dying. I have drunk at many a fountain, but thirst came again ; I have fed at many a bounteous table, but hunger returned ; I have seen many bright and lovely things, but while I gazed their lustre faded. There is nothing here that can give me rest, but when I behold thee, O God, I shall be satisfied." FINIS CORONAT OPUS. Date Due