erat 4 aT teet Late erie otek. Hye won rental iy Ay rt ‘ i} rere eth ty $ht t ee ats pastes ee ear er Eieser %. most Sotetee sas hi ytige eet : 7 ¥ Mai sash LIBRARY : | Theological Seminary, | PRINCETON, N. J. | bee aes ele ee . oye [ te i ‘iG vas if o ye Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from Microsoft Corporation https://archive.org/details/historicalevidenOOrawl THE HISTORICAL EVIDENCES OF THE TRUTH OF THE SCRIPTURE RECORDS, STATED ANEW, : WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DOUBTS AND DISCOVERIES OF MODERN TIMES ; IN EIGHT LECTURES, DELIVERED IN THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PULPIT, AT THE BAMPTON LECTURE FOR 1859. BY GEORGE RAWLINSON, M.A. LATE FELLOW AND TUTOR OF EXETER COLLEGE. ‘O xpévos etperis. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. OXFORD: J. H. & JAMES PARKER. 1859. A ‘ ‘ . a U U Ware / . va To bev yap ahyOet Travra ouvavet Ta UTAPXOYTA? TH dé Wevdet TaXU Ovacpovet Tadnés.— ARISTOTLE. OXFORD: PRINTED BY J. WRIGHT, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY. BACT RAGE FROM THE LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT REV. JOHN BAMPTON, CANON OF SALISBURY. “IT give and bequeath my Lands and Estates to “the Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University “ of Oxford for ever, to have and to hold all and sin- ‘‘ cular the said Lands or Estates upon trust, and to the ‘intents and purposes hereinafter mentioned; that is to say, I will and appoint that the Vice-Chancellor cf the ae University of Oxford for the time being shall take and “receive all the rents, issues, and sti thereof, and “(after all taxes, reparations, and necessary deductions “ made) that he pay all the remainder to the endowment na ‘of eight Divinity Lecture Sermons, to be established for ‘ever in the said University, and to be performed in the a © ‘ manner following : “¢ I direct and appoint, that, upon the first Tuesday in ‘“¢ Kaster Term, a Lecturer be yearly chosen by the Heads “of Colleges only, and by no others, in the room ad- “joining to the Printing-House, between the hours of ten ‘in the morning and two in the afternoon, to preach “eight Divinity Lecture Sermons, the year following, at “St. Mary’s in Oxford, between the commencement of the a 2 iN ee ce oa ” n n n . * oa n n Lal © Lal na “a a nv n al ray nn n tal so na n “e EXTRACT FROM CANON BAMPTON’S WILL. last month in Lent Term, and the end of the third week in Act Term. * Also I direct and appoint, that the eight Divinity Lecture Sermons shall be preached upon either of the following Subjects—to confirm and establish the Christ- ian Faith, and to confute all heretics and schismatics —upon the divine authority of the holy Scriptures— upon the authority of the writings of the primitive Fa- thers, as to the faith and practice of the primitive Church —upon the Divinity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ—upon the Divinity of the Holy Ghost—upon the ‘Articles of the Christian Faith, as comprehended in the Apostles’ and Nicene Creeds. ‘*¢ Also I direct, that thirty copies of the eight Divinity Lecture Sermons shall be always printed, within two months after they are preached, and one copy shall be given to the Chancellor of the University, and one copy to the Head of every College, and one copy to the Mayor of the city of Oxford, and one copy to be put into the Bodleian Library; and the expense of printing them shall ‘ be paid out of the revenue of the Land or Estates given for establishing the Divinity Lecture Sermons; and the Preacher shall not be paid, nor be entitled to the revenue, before they are printed. “ Also I direct and appoint, that no person shall be qualified to preach the Divinity Lecture Sermons, un- less he hath taken the degree of Master of Arts at least, in one of the two Universities of Oxford or Cambridge ; and that the same person shall never preach the Divinity Lecture Sermons twice.” PR EOR ACE. THESE Lectures are an attempt to meet that latest phase of modern unbelief, which, professing a reverence for the name and person of Christ, and a real regard for the Scriptures as embodi- ments of what is purest and holiest in religious feeling, lower Christ to a mere name, and empty the Scriptures of all their force and practical effi- cacy, by denying the historical character of the Biblical narrative. German Neology (as it is called) has of late years taken chiefly this line of attack, and has pursued it with so much vigour and apparent success, that, according to the com- plaints of German orthodox writers, “no objective ground or stand-point” is left, on which the be- lieving Theological science can build with any feeling of security*. Nor is the evil in question confined to Germany. ‘The works regarded as most effective in destroying the historical faith of Christians abroad, have received an English dress, and are, it is to be feared, read by numbers of per- sons very ill prepared by historical studies to with- 4 See Keil’s Preface to his Comment on Joshua, quoted in Note 24 to Lecture I. v1 PREFACE. stand their specious reasoning, alike in our own country and in America. The tone, moreover, of German historical writings generally is tinged with the prevailing unbelief; and the faith of the his- torical student is liable to be undermined. almost without his having his suspicions aroused, by co- vert assumptions of the mythical character of the sacred narrative, in works professing to deal chiefly, or entirely, with profane subjects. The author had long felt this to be a serious and a growing evil. Meanwhile his own studies, which have lain for the last eight or nine years almost exclusively in the field of Ancient History, had convinced him more and more of the thorough truthfulness and faithful accuracy of the historical Scriptures. Cuir- cumstances had given him an intimate knowledge of the whole course of recent cuneiform, and (to some extent) of hieroglyphical discovery; and he had been continually struck with the removal of difficulties, the accession of light, and the multipli- cation of minute points of agreement between the sacred and the profane, which resulted from the advances made in decyphering the Assyrian, Baby- lonian, Persian, and Egyptian records. He there- fore ventured, at the earliest moment which en- gagements of long standing would allow, to submit to the Heads of Colleges, electors to the office of Bampton Lecturer under the will of the Founder, the scheme of the following Discourses. His scheme having at once met with their approval, it only remained for him to use his best efforts PREFACE. Vil in the elaboration of the subject which he had chosen. Two modes of meeting the attacks of the Mythical School presented themselves. He might make it his main object to examine the arguments of their principal writers seriatim, and to demon- strate from authentic records their weakness, per- verseness, and falsity. Or touching only slightly on this purely controversial ground, he might endeavour to exhibit clearly and forcibly the ar- gument from the positive agreement between Scripture and profane history, which they ig- nored altogether. ‘The latter mode of treatment appeared to him at once the more convincing to young minds, and the more suitable for a set of Lectures. For these reasons he adopted it. At the same time he has occasionally, both in the Text and in the Notes, addressed himself to the more important of the reasonings by which the school of Strauss and De Wette seek to overthrow the historical authority of the Sacred documents. The Notes have run to a somewhat unusual length. The author thought it important to ex- hibit (where possible) the authorities for his state- ments in full; and to collect into a single volume the chief testimonies to the historical truth and accuracy of the Scripture records. If in re- ferrmg to the Cuneiform writings he has on many occasions stated their substance, rather than cited their exact words, it is because so few of Vill PREFACE. them have as yet been translated by competent scholars, and because in most cases his own know- ledge is limited to an acquaintance with the sub- stance, derived from frequent conversations with his gifted brother. It is to be hoped that no long time will elapse before some one of the four savans, Who have proved their capacity to render the ancient Assyrian >, will present the world with a complete translation of all the historical inscrip- tions hitherto recovered. The author cannot conclude without expressing his acknowledgments to Dr. Bandinel, Chief Libra- rian of the Bodleian, for kind exertions in procuring at his instance various foreign works; and to Dr. Pusey, Professor Stanley, and Mr. Mansel for some valuable information on several points connected with the Lectures. He is bound also to record his obligations to various living or recent writers, whose works have made his task easier, as Pro- fessors Keil, Havernick, and Olshausen in Ger- many, and in England Dr. Lardner, Dr. Burton, and Dean Alford. Finally, he is glad once more to avow his deep obligations to the learning and genius of his brother, and to the kind and liberal communication on his part of full information upon every point where there seemed to be any con- tact between the sacred history and the cuneiform b See the Inscription of Tiglath-Pileser I., king of Assyria, B.C. 1150, as translated by Sir Henry Rawlinson, Fox Talbot, Esq., Dr. Hincks, and Dr. Oppert ; published by the Royal Asiatic Society, London, Parker, 1857. PREFACE. 1X records. ‘The novelty of the Lectures will, he feels, consist chiefly, if not solely, in the exhibition of these points of contact and agreement; and the circumstance of his having this novelty to offer was his chief inducement to attempt a work on the subject. It is his earnest prayer that, by the blessing of God, his labours may tend to check the spread of unbelief, and to produce among Scrip- ture students a more lively appreciation of the reality of those facts which are put before us in the Bible. OXFORD, November 2, £859. CORRIGENDA, Page 177, |. 27, for “traditions” read “ tradition.” E76, 1. Oe ee epee Paes PMT Os MOS ee . “Ciders ... CHder.” eight: 2.0 “five. “exarchy” ... “ ethnarchy.” “Judah” ... “Jacob.” “Israels” ... “ Israel.” ditto .....: ditto. . “sepulturum” ... “sepulturam.” "ret CONTENTS. LECTURE I. Hisroricar character of Christianity as contrasted with other religions—its contact, thence arising, with histo- rical science—its hability to be tried afresh by new tests and criteria, as historic science advances.— Recent advance of historical science—rise of the new department of His- torical Criticism—its birth and growth—its results and tendencies.—A pplication of Historical Criticism to Christi- anity to be expected and even desired—the application as made—first, by the mythical school of De Wette and Strauss—secondly, by the historical school—Niebuhr him- self—Bunsen.—Intention of the Lectures, to examine the Sacred Narrative on the positive side, by the light of the true principles of historical science—Statement of the principles under the form of four Canons.—Corollaries of the Canons—comparative value of sources—force of cumu- lative evidence.—Further Canon which some seek to add on the subject of miracles, examined—possibility of mira- cles—contrary notion, Atheistic—peculiarities of the mo- dern Atheism.—Occurrence of miracles proved—creation a miracle—counterfeit miracles prove the existence of ge- nuine ones.— Rejection of the additional Canon leaves the ground clear for the proposed enquiry.—Two kinds of evi- dence to be examined—1. That of the Sacred Volume it- self, considered as a mass of documents, and judged by the laws of Historical Criticism—2. The eavternal evidence, or that contained in monuments, in the works of profane Xil CONTENTS. authors, in established customs and observances, and in the contemporary writings of believers——Main purpose of the Lectures, to exhibit the external evidence...... Page 1. LECTURE IT. Two modes of conducting an historical enquiry—the Re- trospective and the Progressive—advantages of each— preference assigned to the latter.—Plan of the Lectures— division of the Biblical history into five periods —History of the first period, contained in the Pentateuch—question of the genuineness of the Pentateuch—argument from the unanimous testimony of the Jews—objections answered.— Writing practised at the time.—Heathen testimony to the genuineness.—Internal testimony—difficulties of the oppo- site theory.— Authenticity of the Pentateuch, a consequent of its genuineness— Moses an unexceptionable witness for the history of the last four books.—Authenticity of Ge- nesis—the events, if purely traditional, would have passed through but few hands to Moses.—Probability that Ge- nesis is founded on-documents, some of which may have been ante-diluvian.— External evidence of the authenticity —agreement of the narrative with the best profane au- thorities. — Review of the authorities—pre-eminence of Berosus and Manetho as historians of ancient times— Egyptian and Babylonian monuments—mode in which the monuments and histories have to be combined.—Compa- rison of the chronological schemes of Manetho and Berosus with the chronology of Seripture-—Account of the Crea- tion in Berosus—its harmony with Scripture.—Account given by Berosus of the Deluge—similar account of Aby- denus—the difference between the Scriptural and the pro- fane account exaggerated by Niebuhr.—Post-diluvian his- tory of Berosus—his account of the tower of Babel, and the confusion of tongues.—Ethnological value of the tenth chapter of Genesis.—Heathen accounts of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, derived from Jewish sources—estimate of their value.—Three ‘points only of great public importance in CONTENTS. xlll the history from Abraham to the death of Moses—two of these confirmed from profane sources.—Expedition of Chedor-laomer agrees with Berosus, and is distinctly con- firmed by the Babylonian monuments. — Exodus of the Jews related by Manetho.—Historical arguments of im- portance, which have been omitted for want of space— 1. The argument furnished by the conclusions of the his- torical sciences, such as Geology, Physiology, Comparative Philology, Ethnology, &c.—2. The argument from the correctness of the linguistic, geographic, and ethologic notices in the Pentateuch—modern discovery is continu- ally adding to this kind of evidence—geographical illustra- Engh CONCUISIONN Use seal ie Uowbde cet Page 36. LECTURE III. The period of Jewish history from the Exodus to Solo- mon, comprises the extremes of national depression and prosperity.— Books of Scripture, containing this portion of the history, are for the most part by unknown authors.— Their value not diminished by this, being that of State Papers.—Historical character of the books, considered severally. —The Book of Joshua written by an eye-witness, who possesses records.—The Book of Judges based upon similar documents.—The Books of Samuel composed pro- bably by writers contemporary with the events related ; viz. Samuel, Gad, and Nathan.—The Books of Kings and Chronicles derived from contemporary works written by Prophets——Commentary on the history furnished by the Davidical Psalms.—Confirmation of this period of Jewish history from profane sources, during the earlier portion of the period, rather negative than positive.—Weakness of Egypt and Assyria at the period, appears both from the Scripture narrative, and from the monuments.—Positive testimony of profane writers to the conquest of Canaan by Joshua—Moses of Chorene, Procopius, Suidas.—Supposed testimony of Herodotus to the miracle of the sun standing still —Positive testimony to the later portion of the period X1V | CONTENTS. —Syrian war of David described by Nicolas of Damascus from the records of his native city —David’s other wars men- tioned by Kupolemus.—Connexion of Judza with Phoent- cia.—LKarly greatness of Sidon strongly marked in Serip- ture and confirmed by profane writers—Homer, Strabo, Justin.—Hiram a true Pheenician royal name.—aA prince of this name reigned at Tyre contemporaneously with Da- vid and Solomon, according to the Pheenician historians, Dius and Menander—their accounts of the friendly inter- course between Hiram and these Jewish monarchs.—Solo- mon’s connection with Egypt—absence of Egyptian records at this time—Solomon contemporary with Sheshonk or Shishak.— Wealth of Solomon confirmed by Eupolemus and Theophilus.—Indirect testimony to the truth of this portion of the history—the character of Solomon’s em- pire, the plan of his buildings, and the style of their orna- mentation, receive abundant illustration from recent dis- coveries in Assyria—the habits of the Phoenicians agree with the descriptions of Homer, Menander, and others. Incompleteness of this sketech.—Summary ..... Page 79. LECTURE IV. Period to be embraced in the Lecture, one of about four centuries, from the death of Solomon to the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar—importance of this period. —Documénts in which the history is delivered.—Kings and Chronicles, compilations from the State Archives of the two Kingdoms of Israel and Judah.—Objection an- swered.—Kings and Chronicles independent, and _there- fore confirmatory, of each other. The history contained in them confirmed by direct and incidental notices in the works of contemporary Prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Amos, &e.—Confirmation of the history from profane sources.— The separate existence of the two kingdoms noticed in the Assyrian Inscriptions.—The conquest of Judsea by She- shonk (Shishak) recorded in the great temple at Carnac. —“Zerah the Ethiopian probably identical with Osorkon the CONTENTS. XV Second.— Eth-baal, the father of Jezebel, identical with the Ithobalus of Menander —mention of a great drought in his reign.—Power of Benhadad, and nature of the force under his command, confirmed by the inscription. on the Nimrud Obelisk.— Accession of Hazael noticed on the same monument.—Mention of Jehu.—Interruption in the series of notices, coinciding with an absence of documents. —Pul, or Phul (®adéx), mentioned by Berosus, and pro- _ bably identified with a monumental king, who takes tribute from Samaria.— War of Tiglath-Pileser with Samaria and Damaseus recorded in an Assyrian inscription.—Altar of Ahaz probably a sign of subjection.—Shalmanezer’s Syrian war mentioned by Menander.—Name of Hoshea on an Assyrian inscription probably assigned to him.—Capture of Samaria ascribed to Sargon on the monuments—Har- mony of the narrative with Scripture——Sargon’s capture of Ashdod, and successful attack on Egypt.—Settlement of the Israelites “in the cities of the Medes.’”—Expedition ‘of Sennacherib against Hezekiah —evact agreement of Scripture with Sennacherib’s inscription.— Murder of Sen- nacherib related by profane writers—Polyhistor, Abydenus. —Escape of the murderers “ into Armenia” noticed by Moses of Chorene.—Succession of Esar-haddon confirmed by the monuments.—Indirect confirmation of the curious statement that Manasseh was brought to him at Babylon. —Identification of So (Seveh), king of Egypt, with Shebes, or Sabaco—of Tirhakah with Tehrak, or Taracus—of _ Necho with New or Nechao—and of Hophra with Hai- fra, or Apries.—Battle of Megiddo and calamitous end of Apries confirmed by Herodotus.—Reign of Merodach- Baladan at Babylon confirmed by the Inscriptions, Bero- sus, and Ptolemy.—Berosus relates the recovery of Syria and Palestine by Nebuchadnezzar, and also his deporta- tion of the Jews and destruction of Jerusalem.—Sum- BRE ctEeae corane fe cots ocinntspjacien suction dap Sreerit acne att Page 113. XV1 CONTENTS. LECTURE V. Fourth period of the Jewish History, the Captivity and Return—Daniel the historian of the Captivity. Genuine- ness of Daniel doubted without sufficient reason.—Authen- ticity of the narrative, denied by De Wette and others.— Examination of the narrative—the Captivity in accordance with Oriental habits—confirmed by Berosus.—The cha- racter of Nebuchadnezzar as portrayed in Scripture accords with Berosus and Abydenus—notice of his prophetic gift by the latter.—The length of his reign may be gathered from Seripture, and accords exactly with Berosus and the monuments.—Condition of Babylonia not misrepresented in Daniel—account of the “wise men” illustrated by recent discoveries—“ satrapial organization ” of the empire possible, but not asserted in Scripture.—Internal harmony of Daniel’s account.—Mysterious malady of Nebuchad- nezzar perhaps noticed in an obscure passage of the Stand- ard Inscription.—Succession of Evil-merodach confirmed by Berosus—difficulty with regard to his character.— Neriglissar identified with “ Nergal-Sharezer, the Rab- -Mag.”—Supposed irreconcilable difference between Scrip- ture and profane history in the narrative concerning Bel- shazzar—Discovery that Nabonadius, during the latter part of his reign, associated in the government his son, Bil-shar- uzur, and allowed him the royal title—il-shar-uzur pro- bably the grandson of Nebuchadnezzar.—‘ Darius the Mede” not yet identified —Capture of Babylon by the . Medo-Persians, during a feast, and transfer of Empire confirmed by many writers.—Solution of difficulties.— Chronology of the Captivity confirmed from Babylonian sources.—Reestablishment of the Jews in Palestine re- lated in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah—their authen- ticity generally allowed—no reason to doubt their genuine- ness.—Book of Ezra in part based on documents.—At- tacks upon the authenticity of Esther—reply to them.— Author of Esther uncertain.—The narrative drawn from the chronicles kept by the kings of Persia.—Confirmation CONTENTS: XVil of this portion of the history from profane sources.— Re- ligious spirit of the Persian kings in keeping with their inscriptions.—Suecession of the kings correctly given.— Stoppage of the building of the temple by the Pseudo- Smerdis, accords with his other religious changes.—Re- versal by Darius of his religious policy agrees with the Be- histun Inseription.—Break in the history as recorded by Ezra—book of Esther fills up the gap.—The name Aha- suerus, the proper equivalent of Xerxes.—Truthfulness of the portraiture, if Xerxes is intended.—Harmony of the history with the facts recorded by the Greeks.—Intimate knowledge of Persian manners and customs.—The mas- sacre of their enemies by the Jews has a parallel in the Magaphonia.— Character of Artaxerxes Longimanus — length of his reign accords with the statement of Nehe- miah.—Summary of the whole result, as regards the His- tony ortire: Old; Vestament) ... 7c. :cc...0cs-csaceacs. Page 156. LECTURE VI. Plan of the three remaining Lectures—proposal to re- gard the period covered by the New Testament History as a whole, and to consider the evidence under three heads— 1. the internal Evidence; 2. the Evidence of Adversaries ; and 3. the Evidence of the early Christian converts. The Internal Evidence.— Number and separateness of the documents.—Doubts raised as to the authorship of the Historical Books.—The doubts considered severally.— Weight of the external testimony to the genuineness of the Gospels and the Acts.— Internal evidence to the com- position of the Acts, and of St. Luke’s and St. John’s Gos- pels, by contemporaries. — St. Matthew's and St. Mark’s Gospels must have been written about the same time as St. Luke’s.—No reason to doubt in any case the composi- tion by the reputed authors.—Our four Gospels a provi- dential mercy.—The first three wholly independent of one another.—Their substantial agreement as to the facts of our Lord’s life and ministry, an evidence of great weight. —Failure of the attempt of Strauss to establish any real RAWLINSON, b XVill CONTENTS. disagreement.—The establishment of real discrepancies would still leave the writers historical authorities of the first order.—Confirmation of the Gospel History from the Acts of the Apostles.—Confirmation of the History of the Acts from the Epistles of St. Paul—exhibition of this ar- gument in the Hore Pauline of Paley—the grounds of the argument not exhausted.—Paley’s argument applicable to the Gospels.—Confirmation of the Gospel narrative from the letters of the Apostles.—Firm belief of the Apostles in the Gospel facts from the first, evidenced in the Acts *and the Epistles.—Impossibility of the sudden growth of myths in such an age and under such cireumstances.—The mythic theory devised in order to make Christianity untrue, without ascribing it to imposture—its failure in respect of this ob- ject.—No alternative but to accept the statements of the Evangelists and Apostles, or to regard them as conscious deceivers.— Unmistakable air of veracity and honesty in the New Testament writings.—Conclusion ..._.. Page 193. LECTURE VII. The Evidence of Adversaries.— Contrast between the Old and New Testament—the former historica/—the latter hbiographical.—Consequent scantiness of points of contact between the main facts of the New Testament narrative and profane records.—Their harmony chiefly seen through the incidental allusions of the New Testament writers.— Importance of this evidence.—Evidence of Heathens to the main facts of Christianity, really very considerable.—That it is not more must be regarded as the result of a forced and studied reticence.—Reticence of Josephus.—Loss of heathen writings of this period, which may have contained important direct evidence.—Incidental allusions considered under three heads—(i.) The general condition of the coun- tries which were the scene of the history. —Politieal condi- tion of Palestine—numerous complications and anomalies —taithfulness of the New Testament notices.—Tone and temper of the Jews at the time.—Condition and customs of the Greeks and Romans in Palestine, Asia Minor, CONTENTS. Xix Greece, and Italy—Condition and number of the foreign Jews — oratories — synagogues, Ye. (i1.) Representations with respect to the civil government of the countries.— Names and order of the Roman Emperors —Jewish native princes—Roman Procurators of Palestine—Roman Pro- consuls—supposed “ error” of St. Luke with regard to the Greek Tetrarch, Lysanias. (i1.) Historical facts, of which, if true, profane authors might have been expected to make mention—Decree of Augustus—taxing of Cyrenius—rebel- lion of Theudas—“ uproar” of the Kgyptian—famine in the days of Claudius, &. Summary and conclusion... Page 226. LECTURE VIII. The Evidence of the early converts.—Its abundance, and real weight.—Early Christians net deficient in education, position, or intelleet.—Historical witness of the Christian writers—of St. Barnabas—of Clemens Romanus—of Igna- tius—-of Polycarp—ot Hermas—of Quadratus—of Justin Martyr — of subsequent writers.—Witness of primitive Christian monuments, especially of those in the Roman Catacombs—their genuine character—their antiquity.— Proof which they afford of the enormous numbers of the Christians in the first ages.—Proof which they afford of the sufferings and frequent martyrdoms of the period.— Kyidence which they furnish of the historical belief of the time.— Weight of this whole testimony—the Greeks and Romans not at this time credulous—not likely to think httle of the obligations incurred by professing Christianity —the convert’s sole stay the hope of the resurrection.— Evidence to the truth of Christianity from the continuance of miracles in the Churech—proof of their continuance.— Testimony of the early Christians enhanced by their readi- ness to suffer for their faith.—Conelusion ...... Page 266. MIMIC OR en CaaS dors Neots eee ee sorer oreeseraen. Page 303. PMRHMIEIOLGL NOUS fect as occ stet ete tcacvectees Page 536. Specification of Editions quoted, or referred to, in the BRUCE o anc ttis .nrctees ccluaen yates efeonn Page 539. i kes We bes: mh # el Aah ar ie EPs aye iat i ei hy vii foe ny yn hinges . i Pe hj i te) or ee Haw wnt | eins mat 7, ; 6 hy : 5 : wee 7) h welll ve ad ae i e ; ' pore ts ve fi i , : ngeh ’ wt a hi % a ie ts Bie vay 1 ren i ey p< o are? i f . aS ; yf ‘ a ) uP a 4 ¥ i id , 4 inigah ak # | : | 4 Libel a i ‘ by ? ‘Vridds (be sce f Mar ‘ - . ’ uy 6 ow .> } r > < Whe y i, i ? ‘ ve ¥ e oe Eesha he he ae 1 ee i Sons : ’ = 0 7 ot - SLA si ra, oe rn. = ‘Qoielo id Pe Smal 0G) | MMi A a ie Vay me : ' : ya i P y rr) _. | sid 7 af a . Tai % Nel ies ats ta ots rs a) { es a ss —7 i mat ia et | mes al) ite ae af ae a (Atitan ay te ee yt ah feta” my ¢« GI Pine EO aaa aaa ik a af sy , at at fi sala ai ny . "obser ie aaa a ‘ " hae Viies oy oe ; Sioa oie 1 Te? His ” 5 is ; ay ra 7 f a that Sadie i Pal ; Vie : y ith. Aue hi ‘a Po hp y : ; ee A" ie ir (ants . ] bet » iar ut ' if 1 ee : 7 ny : : 7 . Meigs | 3 Th baa Peers ~ Re) ee : tat i 7 ns Cig As A rm eh a yi , a "Fr a bh ee i C1 Page sey y ; A's \p mm SUIS LECTURE I. ISAIAH XLIII. 9. Let all the nations be gathered together, and let the people be assembled: who among them can declare this, and shew us former things ? Let them bring forth their wit- nesses, that they may be justified: or let them hear, and say, It is truth. CHRISTIANITY (including therein the dispensation of the Old Testament, which was its first stage) is in nothing more distin- guished from the other religions of the world than in its objective or historical character. The religions of Greece and Rome, of Egypt, India, Persia, and the East generally, were spe- culative systems, which did not even seriously postulate an historical basis. If they seemed to do so to some extent, if for instance the mythological ideas of the Greeks be repre- sented under the form of a mythological pe- riod, which moreover blends gradually and almost imperceptibly with the historical, still in the minds of the Greeks themselves the periods were separate and distinct, not merely in time but in character; and the objective RAWLINSON, B 2 LECTURE L reality of the scenes and events described as belonging to each was not conceived of as parallel, or even similar, in the two cases (1). The modern distinction between the legend and the myth, properly so called (2), was felt, if not formally recognised, by the Greek mind; and the basis of fact, which is of the essence of the former, was regarded as absent from the latter, which thus ceased altogether to be history. Mahometanism again, and the other religious systems which have started with an individual, and which so far bear a nearer resemblance to the religions of Moses and of Christ, than those that have grown up and been developed gradually out of the feel- ing and imagination of a people, are very slightly, if at all, connected with any body of important facts, the due attestation of which and their accordance with other known facts might be made the subject of critical exami- nation. We may concede the truth of the whole story of Mahomet, as it was related by his early followers, and this concession in no sort carries with it even the probable truth of the religion (3). But it is otherwise with the religion of the Bible. There, whether we look to the Old or the New Testament, to the Jewish dispensation or to the Christian, we find a scheme of doctrine which is bound LECTURE I. a up with facts; which depends absolutely upon them ; which is null and void without them ; and which may be regarded as for all prac- tical purposes established if they are shewn to deserve acceptance. It is this peculiar feature of Christianity— a feature often noticed by its apologists (4)— which brings it into such a close relation to historical studies and investigations. As a religion of fact, and not merely of opinion,— as one whose chief scene is this world, and whose main doctrines are events exhibited openly before the eyes of men—as one more- over which, instead of affecting a dogmatic form, adopts from first to last, with very rare exceptions, the historical shape, it comes ne- cessarily within the sphere of the historical enquirer, and challenges him to investigate it according to what he regards as the princi- ples of his science. Moreover, as Christianity is in point of fact connected intimately with certain records, and as those records extend over a period of several thousands of years, and “profess to contain a kind of abridgment “of the history of the world” (5), its points of contact with profane history are (practi- cally speaking) infinite; and it becomes im- possible for the historical enquirer to avoid the question, in what light he is to view the bh ieee 4+ LECTURE I. documents which, if authentic, must exercise so important an influence over his studies and conclusions. Christianity then cannot complain if, from time to time, as historical science advances, the question is raised afresh concerning the real character of those events which form its basis, and the real value of those documents on which it relies. As an historical religion, it invites this species of enquiry, and is glad that it should be made and repeated. It only complains in one of two cases—when either principles unsound and wrong in themselves, having been assumed as proper eriteria of historic truth, are applied to it for the pur- pose of disparagement ; or when, right prin- ciples being assumed, the application of them, of which it is the object, is unfair and illegi- timate. It is the latter of these two errors which seems to me to be the chief danger of the pre- sent day. Time was—and that not very long ago —when all the relations of ancient au- thors concerning the old world were received with a ready belief; and an unreasoning and uncritical faith accepted with equal satisfac- tion the narrative of the campaigns of Cesar and of the doings of Romulus, the account of Alexander’s marches and of the conquests LECTURE LIL. 5 of Semiramis. We can most of us remember when in this country the whole story of Re- gal Rome, and even the legend of the ‘Trojan settlement in Latium, were seriously placed before boys as history, and discoursed of as unhesitatingly, and in as dogmatic a tone, as the tale of the Catiline conspiracy, or the conquest of Britain. <“ All ancient authors “were” at this time, as has been justly ob- served, “put upon the same footing, and re- garded as equally credible ;” while “all parts of an author’s work were supposed to rest on the same basis’ (6). A blind and indiscriminate faith of a low kind—acquiescence rather than actual belief—embraced equally and impar- tially the whole range of ancient story, set- ting aside perhaps those prodigies which ea- sily detached themselves from the narrative, and were understood to be embellishments on a par with mere graces of composition. But all this is now changed. The last century has seen the birth and growth of a new science—the science of Historical Cri-. ticism. Beginning in France with the la- bours of Pouilly and Beaufort (7), it ad- vanced with rapid strides in Germany under the guidance of Niebuhr (8), Otfried Muller (9), and Bockh (10), and finally, has been in- troduced and naturalised among ourselves 6 LECTURE I. by means of the writings of our best living historians (11). Its results in its own proper and primary field are of the most extensive and remark- able character. The whole world of profane history has been revolutionised. By a search- ing and critical investigation of the mass of materials on which that history rested, and by the application to it of Canons embodying the judgments of a sound discretion upon the value of different sorts of evidence, the views of the ancient world formerly enter- tained have been in ten thousand points ei- ther modified or reversed—a new antiquity has been raised up out of the old—while much that was unreal in the picture of past times which men had formed to themselves has disappeared, consigned to that “ Limbo large and broad” into which “ all things trans- itory and vain” are finally received, a fresh revelation has in many cases taken the place of the old view, which has dissolved before the wand of the critic; and a firm and strong fabric has arisen out of the shattered débris of the fallen systems. Thus the results ob- tained have been both positive and negative ; but, it must be confessed, with a preponder- ance of the latter over the former. The scep- ticism in which the science originated has LECTURE IL. 7 clung to it from first to last, and in recent times we have seen not only a greater lean- ing to the destructive than to the construc- tive side, but a tendency to push doubt and incredulity beyond due limits, to call in ques- tion without cause, and to distrust what is sufficiently established. This tendency has not, however, been allowed to pass unre- buked (12); and viewing the science as de- veloped, not in the writings of this or that individual, but in the general conclusions in which it has issued, we may regard it as having done, and as still prepared to do, good service in the cause of truth. It was not to be expected—nor was it, I think, to be wished—that the records of past times contained in the Old and New Testa- ment should escape the searching ordeal to which all other historical documents had been subjected, or remain long, on account of their sacred character, unscrutinised by the enquirer. Reverence may possibly gain, but Faith, I believe,—real and true Faith— greatly loses by the establishment of a wall of partition between the sacred and the pro- fane, and the subtraction of the former from the domain of scientific enquiry. As truth of one kind cannot possibly be contradictory to truth of another, Christianity has nothing 8 LECTURE TI. to fear from scientific investigations; and any attempt to isolate its facts and pre- serve them from the scrutiny which pro- fane history receives must, if successful, diminish the fulness of our assent to them —the depth and reality of our belief in their actual occurrence. It is by the con- nection of sacred with profane history that the facts of the former are most vividly apprehended, and most distinctly felt to be real; to sever between the two is to make the sacred narrative grow dim and shadowy, and to encourage the notion that its details are not facts in the common and every-day sense of the word. When therefore, upon the general accept- ance of the principles laid down with respect to profane history by Otfried Miller and Niebuhr, theological critics in Germany pro- ceeded, as they said, to apply the new canons of historical criticism to the Gospels and to the historical books of the Old Testa- ment, there was no cause for surprise, nor any ground for extreme apprehension. ‘There is of course always danger when science alone, disjoined from religious feeling, un- dertakes, with its purblind sight and limited means of knowing, to examine, weigh, and decide matters of the highest import. But eC E&I. 9 there did not appear to be in this instance any reason for special alarm. The great Master-spirit, he to whom the new science owed, if not its existence, yet at any rate its advancement and the estimation in which it was generally held—had distinctly ac- cepted the mass of the Scripture history as authentic, and was a sincere and earnest believer (13). It was hoped that the enquiry would be made in his spirit, and by means of a cautious application of his principles. But the fact has unfortunately been otherwise. The application of the science of historical criticism to the narrative of Scripture has been made in Germany by two schools — one certainly far less extravagant than the other—but both wanting in sound critical judgment, as well as in a due reverence for the Written Word. It will be necessary, in order to make the scope of these Lectures clearly intelligible, to give an account at some length of the conclusions and reason- ings of both classes of critics. The portion of the Scripture history which was first subjected to the application of the new principles was the historical part of the Old Testament. It was soon declared that a striking parallelism existed between this history and the early records of most heathen 10.8 LECTURE I. nations (14). The miracles in the narrative were compared with the prodigies and divine appearances related by Herodotus and Livy (15). The chronology was said to bear marks, like that of Rome and Babylon, of artificial arrangement; the recurrence of similar num- bers, and especially of round numbers, parti- cularly indicating its unhistorical character (16). The names of kings, it was observed, were frequently so apposite, that the mon- archs supposed to have borne them must be regarded as fictitious personages (17), like Theseus and Numa. Portions of the sacred narrative were early declared to present every appearance of being simply myths(18); and by degrees it was sought to attach to the whole history, from first to last, a legendary and unreal character. All objections taken by rationalists or infidels to particular rela- tions in the sacred books being allowed as valid, it was considered a sufficient account of such relations to say, that the main source of the entire narrative was oral tradition— that it first took a written shape many hun- dreds of years after the supposed date of the circumstances narrated, the authors being poets rather than historians, and bent rather on glorifying their native country than on giving a true relation of facts—and that in LECTURE I. 1 places they had not even confined themselves to the exaggeration and embellishment of actual occurrences, but had allowed imagina- tion to step in and fill up blanks in their annals (19). By some, attempts were made to disentangle the small element of fact which lay involved in so much romance and poetry from the mass in which it was embedded(20); but the more logical minds rejected this as a vain and useless labour, maintaining that no separation which was other than arbitrary could be effected; and that the events them- selves, together with the dress in which they appeared, “constituted a whole belonging to the province of poetry and mythus” (21). It was argued that by this treatment the sacred- ness and divinity and even the substantial truth of the Scriptures was left unassailed (22); the literal meaning only being dis- carded, and an allegorical one substituted in its place. Lastly, the name of Origen was produced from the primitive and best ages of Christianity to sanction this system of inter- pretation, and save it from the fatal stigma of entire and absolute novelty (23). When the historical character of the Old Testament, assailed on all sides by clever and eloquent pens, and weakly defended by here and there a single hesitating apologist, seemed 12 Peet URES T: to those who had conducted the warfare irre- trievably demolished and destroyed (2+), the New Testament became, after a pause, the ob- ject of attack to the same school of writers. It was felt, no doubt, to be a bold thing to cha- racterise as a collection of myths the writings of an age of general enlightenment (25)— nay, even of incredulity and scepticism ; and perhaps a lingering regard for what so many souls held precious (26), stayed the hands of those who nevertheless saw plainly, that the New Testament was open to the same me- thod of attack as the Old, and that an in- exorable logic required that both should be received or neither. A pause therefore en- sued, but a pause of no long duration. First, particular portions of the New Testament narrative, as the account of our Lord’s in- fancy (27), and of the Temptation (28), were declared to possess equal tokens of a mythic origin with those which had been previously regarded as fatal to the historical character of Old Testament stories, and were conse- quently singled out for rejection. Then, little by little, the same system of explana- tion was adopted with respect to more and more of the narrative (29); till at last, in the hands of Strauss, the whole came to be re- solved into pure myth and legend, and the BEC LURE.) f. 13 historical Christ being annihilated, the world was told to console itself with a “ God-man, eternally incarnate, not an individual, but an idea (30) ;” which on examination turns out to be no God at all, but mere man— man perfected by nineteenth-century enlighten- ment—dominant over nature by the railroad and the telegraph, and over himself by the negation of the merely natural and sensual life, and the substitution for it of the intel- lectual, or (in the nomenclature of the school) the spiritual. “ In an individual,” says Strauss, “the pro- perties which the Church ascribes to Christ contradict themselves, in the zdea of the race they perfectly agree. Humanity is the union of the two natures—God become man, the infinite manifesting itself in the finite, and the finite spirit remembering its infinitude : it is the child of the visible Mother and the invisible Father, Nature and Spirit; it is the worker of miracles, in so far as in the course of human history the spirit more and more completely subjugates nature, both within and around man, until it lies before him as the inert matter on which he exercises his active power; it is the sinless existence, for the course of its development is a blameless one; pollution cleaves to the individual only, 14 LECTURE I. and does not touch the race or its history. It is Humanity that dies, rises, and ascends to Heaven, for from the negation of its phe- nomenal life there ever proceeds a higher spiritual life; from the suppression of its mortality as a personal, national, and terres- trial spirit, arises its union with the infinite spirit of the heavens. By faith in this Christ, especially in his death and resurrection, man is justified before God; that is, by the kin- dling within him of the idea of Humanity, the individual man partakes of the divinely human life of the species (31).” Such are the lengths to which speculation, professedly grounding itself on the esta- blished principles of historical criticism, has proceeded in our day; and such the conclu- sions recommended to our acceptance by a philosophy which calls itself preeminently spiritual. How such a philosophy differs from Atheism, except in the use of a religious terminology, which it empties of all religious meaning, I confess myself unable to perceive. The final issue of the whole seems to be simply that position which Aristotle scouted as the merest folly—that “man is the highest and most divine thing in the universe” (32), and that God consequently is but a name for humanity when perfected. LECTURE I. 15 More dangerous to faith, because less vio- lent in its methods, and less sweeping in the conclusions to which it comes, is the mode- rate rationalism of another school, a school which can with some show of reason claim to shelter itself under the great name and au- thority of Niebuhr. Notwithstanding the personal faith of Niebuhr, which cannot be doubted, and the strong expressions of which he made use against the advocates of the mythical theory (33), he was himself upon oc- casions betrayed into remarks which involved to a great extent their principles, and opened a door to the thorough-going scepticism from which he individually shrank with horror. For instance, in one place Niebuhr says, with respect to the book of Esther, “I am con- vinced that this book is not to be regarded as historical, and I have not the least hesi- tation in here stating it publicly. Many entertain the same opinion. Even the early fathers have tormented themselves with it ; and St. Jerome, as he himself clearly indi- cates, was in the greatest perplexity through his desire to regard it as an historical docu- ment. At present no one looks upon the Book of Judith as historical, and neither Origen nor St. Jerome did so; the same is the case with Esther ; it is nothing more than 16 LECTURE, a poem on the occurrences” (34). The great historical critic here (so far as appears, on mere subjective grounds—because the details of the narrative did not appear to him probable) surrendered to the mythical interpreters a book of Scripture—admitted that to be “a poem and nothing more,” which on the face of it bore the appearance of a plain matter- of-fact history—put a work which the Church has always regarded as canonical and au- thoritative on a par with one which was early pronounced apocryphal—not, certainly, moved to do so by any defect in the external evidence (35), though avague reference is made to “early fathers;” but on account of internal difficulties, either in the story itself, or in the manner of its narration. I cannot see that it is possible to distinguish the principle of this surrender from that asserted by the mythical school; or that the principle once admitted, any ground can be shewn for limit- ing its application to a single book of Scrip- ture, or indeed to any definite number of such books. Let it be once allowed that we may declare any part of Scripture which seems to us improbable, or which does not approve itself to our notions of what revela- tion should be, “a poem and nothing more,” and what security is there against the ex- LECTURE I. Wz tremest conclusions of the mythologists ? One book will naturally be surrendered after another (36), and the final result will not be distinguishable from that at which the school of De Wette and Strauss professedly aims— the destruction of all trust in the historical veracity of the Scripture narrative. The partial scepticism of Niebuhr has al- ways had followers in Germany—men who are believers, but who admit the principles of unbelief—who rationalise, but who think to say to the tide of rationalism, “Thus far shalt thou go, and no further.’ I shall not detain my hearers with a long array of in- stances in this place. Suffice it to adduce the teaching of a single living writer, whose in- fluence is very considerable both in Germany and in our own country. On the ground that Egypt has a continuous history, com- mencing more than 6000 years before the Christian era, we are required to reject the literal interpretation of the 6th, 7th, and 8th chapters of Genesis, and to believe that the Flood was no more than a great catastrophe in Western Asia, which swept away the in- habitants of that region, but left Egypt and the greater part of the world untouched. Ham, we are told, is not a person, but the symbolical representative of Egypt; and he is RAWLINSON. c 18 LECTURE IL. the elder brother, because Egyptian Hamit- ism is older than Asiatic Semitism. The expression that Canaan is the son of Ham “must be interpreted geographically ;” it means, that the Canaanitic tribes which in- habited historical Canaan came from Egypt, where they had previously had their abode. Nimrod is said to have been begotten by Cush; but he was no more a Cushite by blood than Canaan was an Egyptian; he is called a Cushite, because the people repre- sented by him came from the part of Africa called Cush or Ethiopia (which they had held as conquerors) back into Asia, and there established an empire (37). Again, “ the family tree of Abraham is an historical re- presentation of the great and lengthened mi- erations of the primitive Asiatic race of man, from the mountains of Armenia and Chal- dea, through Mesopotamia, to the north-east frontier of Egypt, as far as Amalek and Edom. It represents the connection be- tween nations and their tribes, not personal connection between father and son, and records consequently epochs, not real human pedi- grees (38).” The early Scriptures are devoid altogether of an historical chronology. When the sojourn of the children of Israel in Egypt is said to have been 430 years, of which one- LECTURE I. 19 half, or 215 years, was from Abraham’s going down into Egypt to Jacob’s, the other from Jacob’s going down to the Exodus, the num- ber must be regarded as “conventional and unhistorical (39) ;” as “connected with the legendary genealogies of particular fami- lies (40) ;” as formed, in fact, artificially by a doubling of the first period; which itself only “represents the traditionary accounts of the primitive times of Canaan as embodied in a genealogy of the three patriarchs (41),” and “cannot possibly be worthy of more con- fidence than the traditions with regard to the second period,” which are valueless (42). Of course the earlier lists of names and cal- culations of years are looked upon with still less favour. “The Jewish tradition, in pro- portion as its antiquity is thrown back, bears on its face less of a chronological character,” so that “no light is to be gleaned from it” for general purposes (43). Even in the com- paratively recent times of David and Solo- mon, there is no coherent or reliable chrono- logy, the round number 40 being still met with, which is taken to be an indubitable sign of arbitrary and artificial arrangement (44). Such are some of the results which have, in fact, followed from the examination by c 2 ~ 20 LE CPURE TL historical critics, possessed of more or less cri- tical acumen, of those sacred records, which are allowed on all hands to be entitled to deep respect, and which we in this place be- lieve to be, not indeed free from such small errors as the carelessness or ignorance of transcribers may have produced, but substan- tially “the Word of God.” I propose at the present time, in opposition to the views which I have sketched, to examine the Sacred Nar- rative on the positive side. Leaving un- touched the question of the inspiration of Scripture, and its consequent title to out- weigh all conflicting testimony whatever, I propose briefly to review the historical evidence for the orthodox belief. My object will be to meet the reasoning of the histo- rical sceptics on their own ground. I do not indeed undertake to consider and answer their minute and multitudinous cavils, which would be an endless task, and which is moreover unnecessary, as to a great extent the cavillers meet and answer one another (45); but I hope to shew, without assuming the inspiration of the Bible, that for the great facts of revealed religion, the miraculous history of the Jews, and the birth, life, death, resurrection and ascension of Christ, as well as for his mira- cles and those of his apostles, the historical LECTURE IL. Q1 evidence which we possess is of an authentic and satisfactory character. I shall review this evidence in the light and by the laws of the modern historical criticism, so far as they seem to be established. Those laws appear to me to be sound; and their natural and real bearing is to increase instead of diminishing the weight of the Christian evidences. It is not from a legitimate and proper application of them that faith has suffered, but partly from their neglect or misapplication, partly from the intrusion among them of a single unproved and irrational opinion. Iam not aware that the laws in question have ever been distinctly laid down in a compendious, or even in an abstract form. They are assumed throughout the writings of our best historians, but they are involved in their criticisms rather than directly po- sited as their principles. I believe, how- ever, that I shall not misrepresent them if I say, that, viewed on their positive side, they consist chiefly of the four following Canons :— 1. When the record which we possess of an event is the writing of a contemporary, supposing that he is a credible witness, and had means of observing the fact to which he testifies, the fact is to be accepted, as pos- 22 LECTURE ‘I. sessing the first or highest degree of histo- rical credibility. Such evidence is on a par with that of witnesses in a court of justice, with the drawback, on the one hand, that the man who gives it is not sworn to speak the truth, and with the advantage on the other, that he is less likely than the legal wit- ness to have a personal interest in the matter concerning which he testifies (46). 2. When the event recorded is one which the writer may be reasonably supposed to have obtained directly from those who wit- nessed it, we should accept it as probably true, unless it be in itself very improbable. Such evidence possesses the second degree of historical credibility (47). 3. When the event recorded is removed considerably from the age of the recorder of it, and there is no reason to believe that he obtained it from a contemporary writing, but the probable source of his information was oral tradition; still, if the event be one of great importance and of public notoriety, if it affected the national life, or prosperity,— especially if it be of a nature to have been at once commemorated by the establishment of any rite or practice,—then it has a claim to belief as probably true, at least in its ge- neral outline(48). This however is the third, LECTURE I. 23 and a comparatively low, degree of historical credibility. 4. When the traditions of one race, which, if unsupported, would have had but small claim to attention, and none to belief, are corroborated by the traditions of another, especially if a distant or hostile race, the event which has this double testimony ob- tains thereby a high amount of probability, and, if not very unlikely in itself, thoroughly deserves acceptance (49). The degree of historical credibility in this case is not ex- actly commensurable with that in the others, since a new and distinct ground of likeli- hood comes into play. It may be as strong as the highest, and it may be almost as weak as the lowest, though this is not often the case in fact. In a general way we may say that the weight of this kind of evidence ex- ceeds that which has been called the third degree of historical probability, and nearly approaches to the second. To these Canons may be added certain corollaries, or dependent truths,—with re- spect to the relative value of the materials from which history is ordinarily composed,— important to be borne in mind in all en- quiries like that on which we are entering. Historical materials may be divided into di- 24 LECTURE I. rect and indirect—direct, or such as proceed from the agents in the occurrences; indirect, or such as are the embodiment of enquiries and researches made by persons vot them- selves engaged in the transactions. The former are allowed on all hands to be of primary importance. There is indeed a drawback upon their value, arising out of the tendency of human vanity to exalt self at the expense of truth; but where the moral character of the writer is a security against wilful misrepresentation, or where the publicity of the events themselves would make misrepresentation folly, the very high- est degree of credit is to be given to direct records. These may be either public in- scribed monuments, such as have frequently been set up by governments and kings; state papers, such as we hear of in the books of Ezra and Esther (50); letters, or books. Again, books of this class will be either com- mentaries (or particular histories of events in which the authors have taken part); auto- biographies, or accounts which persons have given of their own lives up to a certain point; or memoirs, i. e. accounts which persons have given of those with whom they have had some acquaintance. ‘These are the best and most authentic sources of history; and we must LECTURE I. Q5 either be content with them, or regard the past as absolutely shrouded from our know- ledge by a veil which is impenetrable. In- direct records—the compilations of diligent enquirers concerning times or scenes in which they have themselves had no part—are to be placed on a much lower footing; they must be judged by their internal character, by their accord with what is otherwise known of the times or scenes in question, and by the apparent. veracity and competency of their composers. They often have a high value; but this value cannot be assumed previously to investigation, depending as it does almost entirely on the critical judgment of their authors, on the materials to which they had access, and on the use that they actually made of them. The force of cumulative evidence has often been noticed. No account of the grounds of historic belief would be complete, even in outline, which failed to notice its applica- bility to this field of investigation, and its great weight and importance in all cases where it has any place. “ Probable proofs,” says Bishop Butler, “by being added, not only increase the evidence, but mu/tiply it (51).” When two independent writers witness to the same event, the probability of that event 26 LECTURE I. is increased, not in an arithmetical but in a geometrical ratio, not by mere addition, but by multiplication (52). “ By the mouth of two or three witnesses,” the word to which such witness is borne 1s “ established*.” And the agreement is the more valuable if it be— so to speak—incidental and casual; if the two writers are contemporary, and their writ- ings not known to one another; if one only alludes to what the other narrates; if one appears to have been an actor, and the other merely a looker-on; if one gives events, and the other the feelings which naturally arise out of them: in these cases the convic- tion which springs up in every candid and unprejudiced mind. is absolute; the element of doubt which hangs about all matters of mere belief being reduced to such infinitesi- mal proportions as to be inappreciable, and so, practically speaking, to disappear alto- gether. To the four Canons which have been al- ready enumerated as the criteria of historic truth, modern Rationalism would add a fifth, an a priori opinion of its own—the admission of which would put a stop at once to any such enquiry as that upon which we are now a Deuteronomy xix. 15. LECTURE I. QF entering. “No just perception of the true nature of history is possible,” we are told, “ without a perception of the inviolability of the chain of finite causes, and of the impos- sibility of miracles (53).” And the mythical interpreters insist, that one of the essential marks of a mythical narrative, whereby it may be clearly distinguished from one which is historical, is, its “presenting an account of events which are either absolutely or rela- tively beyond the reach of (ordinary) experi- ence, such as occurrences connected with the spiritual world, or its dealing in the super- natural (54).” Now, if miracles cannot take place, an enquiry into the historical evidences of Revealed Religion is vain; for Revelation is itself miraculous, and therefore, by the hypothesis, impossible. But what are the grounds upon which so stupendous an asser- tion is made, as that God cannot, if He so please, suspend the working of those laws by which He commonly acts upon matter, and act on special occasions differently ? Shall we say that He cannot, because of His own immutability—because He is a being “ with whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning’ ?” But, if we apply the notion of a b James i. 17. 28 LECTURE 1. Law to God at all, it is plain that miraculous interpositions on fitting occasions may be as much a regular, fixed, and established rule of His government, as the working ordinarily by what are called natural laws. Or shall we say that all experience and analogy is against miracles? But this is either to judge, from our own narrow and limited experience, of the whole course of nature, and so to ge- neralise upon most weak and _ insufficient grounds; or else, if in the phrase “all expe- rience” we include the experience of others, it is to draw a conclusion directly in the teeth of our data: for many persons well worthy of belief have declared that they have witnessed and wrought miracles. More- over, were it true that all known experience was against miracles, this would not even prove that they had not happened—much less that they are impossible. If they are impossible, it must be either from something in the nature of things, or from something in the nature of God. That the immutability of God does not stand in the way of miracles has been already shewn; and I know of no other attribute of the Divine Nature which can be even supposed to create a difficulty. To most minds it will, if I do not greatly mistake, rather appear, that the Divine Om- LECTURE I. Q9 nipotence includes in it the power of work- ing miracles. And if God created the world, He certainly once worked a miracle of the most surpassing greatness. Is there then anything in the nature of things to make miracles impossible? Not unless things have an independent existence, and work by their own power. If they are in themselves nought, if God called them out of nothing, and but for His sustaining power they would mo- mentarily fall back into nothing; if it is not they that work, but He who works in them and through them; if growth, and change, and motion, and assimilation, and decay, are’ His dealings with matter, as sanctification and enlightenment, and inward comfort, and the gift of the clear vision of Him, are His dealings with ourselves; if the Great and First Cause never deserts even for a moment the second Causes, but He who “upholdeth all things by the word of His power‘,” and is “above all and through all',” is also (as Hooker says) “the Worker of all in all (55)”—then certainly things in themselves cannot oppose any impediment to miracles, or do aught but obsequiously follow the Divine fiat, be it what it may. The whole difficulty with regard ¢ Hebrews i. 3. d Ephesians iy. 6. 30 LECTURE IL. to miracles has its roots in a materialistic Atheism, which believes things to have a force in and of themselves; which regards them as self-sustaining, if not even as self- caused; which deems them to possess myste- rious powers of their own uncontrollable by the Divine Will; which sees in the connexion of physical cause and effect, not a sequence, not a law, but a necessity; which, either po- siting a Divine First Cause to bring things into existence, then (like Anaxagoras) makes no further use of Him(56); or does not care to posit any such First Cause at all, but is con- tent to refer all things to a “course of nature,” which it considers eternal and unalterable, and on which it lavishes all the epithets that believers regard as appropriate to God, and God only. It is the peculiarity of Atheism at the present day that it uses a religious no- menclature—it is no longer dry, and hard, and cold, all matter of fact and common- sense, as was the case in the last century— on the contrary, it has become warm in ex- pression, poetic, eloquent, glowing, sensuous, imaginative—the ‘Course of Nature,’ which it has set up in the place of God, is in a cer- tain sense deified—no language is too exalted to be applied to it, no admiration too great to be excited by it—it is “ glorious,’ and LECTURE I. 31 “ marvellous,” and “superhuman,” and “hea- venly,” and “ spiritual,” and “ divine”—only it is ‘It,’ not ‘ Hz,—a fact or set of facts, and not a Person :—and so it can really call forth no love, no gratitude, no reverence, no personal feeling of any kind—it can claim no willing obedience—it can inspire no whole- some awe—it is a dead idol after all, and its worship is but the old nature worship—man returning in his dotage to the follies which beguiled his childhood—losing the Creator in the creature, the Workman in the work of his hands. It cannot therefore be held on any grounds but such as involve a real, though covert Atheism, that miracles are impossible, or that a narrative of which supernatural occurrences form an essential part is therefore devoid of an historic character. Miracles are to be viewed as in fact a part of the Divine Eco- nomy—a part as essential as any other, though coming into play less frequently. It has already been observed, that the creation of the world was a miracle, or rather a whole array of miracles; and any true historical ac- count of it must “deal in the supernatural.” A first man was as great a miracle—may we not say a greater miracle, than a raised man ? Greater, in as much as to create and unite a 32 LECTURE I. body and soul is to do more than merely to unite them when they have been created. And the occurrence of miracles at the begin- ning of the world established a precedent for their subsequent occurrence from time to time with greater or less frequency, as God should see to be fitting. Again, all history abounds in statements that miracles have in fact from time to time occurred; and though we should surrender to the sceptic the whole mass of Heathen and Ecclesiastical miracles, which for one do not hold to be necessary (57), yet still fictitious miracles imply the exist- ence of true ones, just as hypocrisy implies that there is virtue. To reject a narrative therefore, simply because it contains miracu- lous circumstances, is to indulge an irrational prejudice—a prejudice which has no founda- tion either in @ priori truths or in the philo- sophy of experience, and which can only be consistently held by one who disbelieves in God. : The rejection of this negative Canon,— which a pseudo-critical School has boldly but vainly put forward for the furtherance of its own views with respect to the Christian scheme, but which no historian of repute has adopted since the days of Gibbon,—will en- able us to proceed without further delay to LECTURE I. 33 that which is the special business of these Lectures—the examination, by the light of those Canons whose truth has been admitted, of the historic evidences of Revealed Reli- gion. The actual examination must however be reserved for future Lectures. ‘Time will not permit of my attempting to do more in the brief remainder of the present Dis- course than simply to point out the chief kinds or branches into which the evidence divides itself, and to indicate, somewhat more clearly than has as yet been done, the method which will be pursued in the exa- mination of it. The sacred records themselves are the main proof of the events related in them. Waiving the question of their inspiration, I propose to view them simply as a mass of documents, subject to the laws, and to be judged by the principles of historical criti- cism; I shall briefly discuss their genuine- ness, where it has been called in question, and vindicate their authenticity. Where two or more documents belong to the same time, I shall endeavour to exhibit some of their most remarkable points of agreement: I shall not, however, dwell at much length on this portion of the enquiry. It is of pre-eminent KAWLINSON. D 34 LECTURE I. importance, but its pre-eminence has secured it a large amount of attention on the part of Christian writers; and I cannot hope to add much to the labours of those who have pre- ceded me in this field. There is, however, a second and distinct kind of evidence, which has not (I think) received of late as much consideration as it deserves—I mean the ea- ternal evidence to the truth of the Bible re- cords, whether contained in monuments, in the works of profane writers, in customs and observances now existing or known to have existed, or finally in the works of believers nearly contemporary with any of the events narrated. The evidence under some of these heads has recently received important acces- sions, and fresh light has been thrown in cer- tain cases on the character and comparative value of the writers. It seems to be time to bid the nations of the earth once more “ bring forth their witnesses,” and “ declare” and “shew us” what it is which they record of the “ former things’—that they may at once justify and “be justified”—in part di- rectly confirming the Scripture narrative, in part silent but not adverse, content to “ hear, and say, ‘It is truth.” “Ye are my wit- nesses, saith the Lord’—even “the blind LECTURE I. 35 people, that have eyes; and the deaf, that have ears”—“ Ye are my witnesses—and my servant whom I have chosen®.” The testi- mony of the sacred and the profane is not conflicting, but consentient—and the com- parison of the two will shew, not discord, but harmony. € Isaiah xliii. 8, ro. LECTURE IL. JOB VIEL. verses 8 to 10. Enquire, I pray thee, of the former age, and prepare thyself to the search of their fathers ; (for we are but of yesterday, and know no- thing, because our days upon earth are a shadow ;) shall not they teach thee, and tell thee, and utter words out of their heart ? In every historical enquiry it is possible to pursue our researches in two ways: we may either trace the stream of time upwards, and pursue history to its earliest source; or we may reverse the process, and beginning at the fountain-head follow down the course of events in chronological order to our own day. The former is the more philosophical, be- cause the more real and genuine method of procedure: it is the course which in the original investigation of the subject must, in point of fact, have been pursued: the present is our standing point, and we _ necessarily view the past from it; and only know so much of the past as we connect, more or less distinctly, with it. But the opposite process has certain advantages which cause it com- LECTURE ILI. 37 monly to be preferred. It is the order of the actual occurrence, and therefore has an objective truth which the other lacks. It is the simpler and clearer of the two, being synthetic and not analytic; commencing with little, it proceeds by continual accre- tion, thus adapting itself to our capacities, which cannot take in much at once; and further it has the advantage of conducting us out of comparative darkness into a light, which brightens and broadens as we keep advancing, “shining more and more unto the perfect day*.” Its difficulties and inconve- niences are at the first outset, when we plunge as it were into a world unknown, and seek in the dim twilight of the remote past for some sure and solid ground upon which to plant our foot. On the whole there is per- haps sufficient reason for conforming to the ordinary practice, and adopting the actual order of the occurrences as that of the exa- mination upon which we are entering. It will be necessary, however, in order to bring within reasonable compass the vast field that offers itself to us for investigation, to divide the history which is to be reviewed into periods, which may be successively con- sidered in their entirety. The division which a Proverbs iv. 18. 38 LECTURE tT. the sacred writings seem to suggest is into five such periods. The first of these extends from the Creation to the death of Moses, being the period of which the history is delivered to us in the Pentateuch. The second extends from the death of Moses to the accession of Rehoboam, and is treated in Joshua, Judges, Ruth, the two Books of Samuel, and some portions of the Books of Kings and Chroni- cles. The third is the period from the ac- cession of Rehoboam to the Captivity of Ju- dah, which is treated of in the remainder of Kings and Chronicles, together with portions of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, and Zepha- niah. The fourth extends from the Capti- vity to the reform of Nehemiah; and its his- tory is contained in Daniel, Ezra, Esther, and Nehemiah, and illustrated by Haggai and Zechariah. ‘The fifth is the period of the life of Christ and the preaching and establishment of Christianity, of which the history is given in the New Testament. The first four periods will form the subject of the present and three following Lectures. The fifth period, from its superior importance, will require to be treated at greater length. Its examination is intended to occupy the remainder of the present Course. LECTURE IL. 39 The sacred records of the first period have come down to us in the shape of five Books, the first of which is introductory, while the remaining four present us with the history of an individual, Moses, and of the Jewish people under his guidance. Critically speak- ing, it is of the last importance to know by whom the books which contain this history were written. Now the ancient, positive, and uniform tradition of the Jews assigned the authorship of the five books (or Penta- teuch), with the exception of the last chapter of Deuteronomy, to Moses(1); and this tra- dition is prima facie evidence of the fact, such as at least throws the burden of proof upon those who call it in question. It is an admitted rule of all sound criticism, that books are to be regarded as proceeding from the writers whose names they bear, unless very strong reasons indeed can be adduced to the contrary (2). In the present instance, the reasons which have been urged are weak and puerile in the extreme; they rest in part on misconceptions of the meaning of passages (3), in part, upon interpolations into the original text, which are sometimes very plain and palpable (4). Mainly however they have their source in arbitrary and unproved hypotheses, as that a contemporary writer 40 LECTURE II. would not have introduced an account of miracles (5); that the culture indicated by the book is beyond that of the age of Mo- ses (6); that if Moses had written the book, he would not have spoken of himself in the third person (7); that he would have given a fuller and more complete account of his own history (8); and that he would not have applied to himself terms of praise and ex- pressions of honour(9). It is enough to ob- serve of these objections, that they are such as might equally be urged against the ge- nuineness of St. Paul’s epistles, which is al- lowed even by Strauss (10)—against that of the works of Homer, Chaucer, and indeed of all writers in advance of their age—against Cesar’s Commentaries, and Xenophon’s Ex- pedition of Cyrus—against the Acts of the Apostles (11), and against the Gospel of St. John. St. Paul relates contemporary mira- cles; Homer and Chaucer exhibit a culture and a tone which, but for them, we should have supposed unattainable in their age ; Cesar and Xenophon write throughout in the third person ; St. Luke omits all account of his own doings at Philippi; St. John ap- plies to himself the most honourable of all titles—“ the disciple whom Jesus loved?.” b John xiii. 23; xix. 26, &c. LECTURE II. 41 A priori conceptions of how an author of a certain time and country would write, of what he would say or not say, or how he would express himself, are among the weak- est of all presumptions, and must be regarded as outweighed by a very small amount of positive testimony to authorship. Moreover, for an argument of this sort to have any force at all, it is necessary that we should possess, from other sources besides the au- thor who is being judged, a tolerably com- plete knowledge of the age to which he is assigned, and a fair acquaintance with the literature of his period (12). In the case of Moses our knowledge of the age is exceed- ingly limited, while of the literature we have scarcely any knowledge at all(13), beyond that which is furnished by the sacred records next in succession—the Books of Joshua and Judges, and (perhaps) the Book of Job—and these are so far from supporting the notion that such a work as the Pentateuch could not be produced in the age of Moses, that they furnish a very strong argument to the contrary. The diction of the Pentateuch is older than that of Joshua and Judges (14), while its ideas are presupposed in those writ- ings (15), which may be said to be based upon it, and to require it as their antecedent. If then they could be written at the time to 4.2 LECTURE II. which they are commonly and (as will be hereafter shewn) rightly assigned (16), the Pentateuch not only may, but must, be as early as Moses. Vague doubts have sometimes been thrown out as to the existence of writings at this period (17). The evidence of the Mosaic records themselves, if the true date of their composition were allowed, would be conclu- sive upon the point; for they speak of writ- ing aS a common practice. Waiving this evidence, we may remark that hieroglyphi- cal inscriptions upon stone were known in igypt at least as early as the fourth dynasty, or B.C. 2450 (18), that inscribed bricks were common in Babylonia about two centuries later (19), and that writing upon papyruses, both in the hieroglyphic and the hieratic characters, was familiar to the Egyptians under the eighteenth and nineteenth dynas- ties (20), which is exactly the time to which the Mosaic records would, if genuine, belong. It seems certain that Moses, if educated by a daughter of one of the Ramesside kings, and therefore “learned” (as we are told he was) “in all the wisdom of Egypt‘,” would be well acquainted with the Egyptian method of writing with ink upon the papyrus; while it is also probable that Abraham, who emi- c¢ Acts vil. 22. LECTURE II. 43 grated not earlier than the nineteenth cen- tury before our era from the great Chaldean capital, Ur, would have brought with him and transmitted to his descendants the al- phabetic system with which the Chaldeans of his day were acquainted (21). There is thus every reason to suppose that writing was familiar to the Jews when they quitted Kgypt; and the mention of it as a common practice in the books of Moses is in perfect accord- ance with what we know of the condition of the world at the time from other sources. To the unanimous witness of the Jews with respect to the authorship of the Penta- teuch may be added the testimony of a number of heathen writers. Hecatzeus of Abdera (22), Manetho (23), Lysimachus of Alexandria(24), Eupolemus(25), Tacitus(26), Juvenal (27), Longinus (28), all ascribe to Moses the institution of that code of laws by which the Jews were distinguished from other nations; and the majority distinctly(29) note that he committed his laws to writing. These authors cover a space extending from the time of Alexander, when the Greeks first became curious on the subject of Jewish history, to that of the emperor Aurelian, when the literature of the Jews had been thoroughly sifted by the acute and learned ‘+4 LECTURE II. Alexandrians. They constitute, not the full voice of heathenism on the subject, but only an indication of what that voice was. It cannot be doubted that if we had the com- plete works of those many other writers to whom Josephus, Clement, and Eusebius re- fer as mentioning Moses (30), we should find the amount of heathen evidence on _ this point greatly increased. Moreover, we must bear in mind that the witness is unanimous, or all but unanimous (31). Nor is it, as an objector might be apt to urge, the mere echo of Jewish tradition faintly repeating itself from far off lands; in part at least it rests upon a distinct and even hostile authority— that of the Egyptians. Manetho certainly, and Lysimachus probably, represent Egypt- ian, and not Jewish, views; and thus the Jewish tradition is confirmed by that of the only nation which was sufficiently near and sufficiently advanced in the Mosaic age to make its testimony on the point of real im- portance. To the external testimony which has been now adduced must be added the internal testimony of the work itself, which repeat- edly speaks of Moses as writing the law, and recording the various events and occur- rences in a book, and as reading from this LECTURE II. 45 book to the people (32). The medern ra- tionalist regards it as a “most unnatural sup- position,” that the Pentateuch was written during the passage of the Israelites through the wilderness (33); but this is what every unprejudiced reader gathers from the Penta- teuch itself, which tells us that God com- manded Moses to “ write” the discomfiture of Amalek “in a book?;” that Moses “wrote all the words of the law’,’ and “took the book of the covenant, and read it in the audience of the people’? and “wrote the goings out of the people of Israel according to their journeys, by the commandment of the Lord®;” and, finally, “made an end of writing the words of the law in a book, until they were finished";” and bade the Levites, who bare the ark of the covenant, “ take that book of the law, and put it in the side of the ark of the covenant of the Lord, that it might be there for a witness against the people.” A book therefore—a “book of the covenant”—a book out of which he could read the whole law (34)— was certainly writ- ten by Moses; and this book was deposited in the ark of the covenant, and given into the special custody of the Levites, who bare it, with the stern injunction still ringing in d Exod. xvii. 14. e Tbid. xxiv. 4. f Jbid. ver. 7. ¢ Numb. xxxiii. 2. h Deut. xxxi. 24. i Ibid. ver. 26. 4.6 bE @2 URE OL. their ears, “ Ye shall not add unto the word, neither diminish ought from it!;” and they were charged “at the end of every seven years, in the year of release, in the feast of taber- nacles, to read it before all Israel in their hearing‘ ;” and, further, a command was given, that, when the Israelites should have kings, each king should “write him a copy of the law in a book, out of that which was before the priests the Levites, that he might read therein all the days of his life’.” Un- less therefore we admit the Pentateuch to be genuine, we must suppose that the book which (according to the belief of the Jews) Moses wrote, which was placed in the ark of God, over which the Levites were to watch with such jealous care, which was to be read to the people once in each seven years, and which was guarded by awful sanctions from either addition to it or diminution from it—we must suppose, I say, that this book perished ; and that another book was substi- tuted in its place—by an unknown author— for unknown objects—professing to be the work of Moses, (for that is allowed) (35), and believed to be his work thenceforth, without so much as a doubt being breathed on the subject either by the nation, its teachers, or ) Deut. iv. 2. k Ibid. xxxi. 10, 11. 1 Ibid. xvii. 18, 19. BECTURE Il. 47 even its enemies, for many hundreds of years (36). It has often been remarked, that the theories of those who assail Christianity, make larger demands upon the faith of such as embrace them than the Christian scheme itself, marvellous as it is in many points. Certainly, few suppositions can be more im- probable than that to which (as we have seen) those who deny the Pentateuch to be genuine must have recourse, when pressed to account for the phenomena. It is not surprising that having to assign a time for the introduction of the forged volume, they have varied as to the date which they suggest by above a thou- sand years, while they also differ from one another in every detail with which they venture to clothe the transaction (37). I have dwelt the longer upon the genuine- ness of the Pentateuch, because it is ad- mitted, even by the extremest sceptics, that the genuineness of the work carries with it the authenticity of the narrative, at least in all its main particulars. “It would most un- questionably,” says Strauss, “be an argument of decisive weight in favour of the credibility of the Biblical history, could it indeed be shewn that it was written by eyewitnesses.” “Moses, being the leader of the Israelites on their departure from Egypt, would undoubt- 48 LECTURE II. edly give a faithful history of the occur- rences, unless” (which is not pretended) “ he designed to deceive.” And further, “ Moses, if his intimate connexion with Deity de- scribed in these books” (i. e. the last four) “ be historically true, was likewise eminently qualified, by virtue of such connexion, to produce a credible history of the earlier pe- riods (37).” If Moses indeed wrote the ac- count which we possess of the Exodus and of the wanderings in the wilderness; and if, having written it, he delivered it to those who knew the events as well as he, the con- ditions, which secure the highest degree of historical credibility, so far at least as regards the events of the last four books, are ob- tained. We have for them the direct witness of a contemporary writer—not an actor only, but the leader in the transactions which he relates—honest evidently, for he records his own sins and defects, and the transgressions and sufferings of his people; and honest ne- cessarily, for he writes of events which were public and known to all—we have a work, which, by the laws of historical criticism, is thus for historical purposes just as reliable as Ceesar’s Commentaries or Xenophon’s Retreat of the Ten Thousand—we have that rare li- terary treasure, the autobiography of a great LECTURE II. 49 man, engaged in great events, the head of his nation at a most critical period in their an- nals; who commits to writing as they occur the various events and transactions in which he is engaged, wherever they have a national or public character (38). We must therefore consider, even setting aside the whole idea of inspiration, that we possess in the last four books of the Pentateuch as reliable an ac- count of the Exodus of the Jews, and their subsequent wanderings, as we do, in the works of Cesar and Xenophon, of the con- quest of Britain, or of the events which pre- ceded and followed the battle of Cunaxa. The narrative of Genesis stands undoubt- edly on a different footing. Our confidence in it must ever rest mainly on our conviction of the inspiration of the writer. Still, setting that aside, and continuing to judge the docu- ments as if they were ordinary historical ma- terials, it is to be noted, in the first place, that, as Moses was on the mother’s side grandson to Levi, he would naturally possess that fair knowledge of the time of the first going down into Egypt, and of the history of Joseph, which the most sceptical of the his- torical critics allow that men have of their own family and nation to the days of their grandfathers (39). He would thus be as good RAWLINSON. E 50 LECTURE IL. an historical authority for the details of Jo- seph’s story and for the latter part of the life of Jacob, as Herodotus for the reign of Cam- byses, or Fabius Pictor for the third Samnite War. Again, with respect to the earlier his- tory, it is to be borne in mind through how very few hands, according to the numbers in the Hebrew text, this passed to Moses (40). Adam, according to the Hebrew original, was for 243 years contemporary with Methu- selah, who conversed for 100 years with Shem. Shem was for 50 years contemporary with Jacob, who probably saw Jochebed, Mo- ses’ mother. Thus Moses might, by mere oral tradition, have obtained the history of Abraham, and even of the Deluge, at third hand; and that of the Temptation and the Fall, at fifth hand. The patriarchal longevity had the effect of reducing centuries to little more than lustres, so far as the safe transmis- sion of historical events was concerned ; for this does not depend either upon years or upon generations, but upon the number of links in the chain through which the transmittal takes place. If it be granted, as it seems to be (41), that the great and stirring events in a nation’s life will, under ordinary circum- stances, be remembered (apart from all writ- ten memorials) for the space of 150 years, LECTURE Il. 5] being handed down through five genera- tions; it must be allowed (even on mere hu- man grounds) that the account which Moses gives of the Temptation and the Fall is to be depended on, if it passed through no more than four hands between him and Adam. And the argument is of course stronger forthe more recent events, since they would have passed through fewer hands than the earlier (42). And this, be it remembered, is on the sup- position that the sole human source from which Moses composed the Book of Genesis was oral tradition. But it is highly probable that he also made use of documents. So much fanciful speculation has been advanced, so many vain and baseless theories have been built up, in connexion with what is called the ** document-hypothesis” concerning Genesis (43), that I touch the point with some hesi- tation, and beg at once to be understood as not venturing to dogmatise in a matter of such difficulty. But both a priori probability, and the internal evidence, seem to me to fa- vour the opinion of Vitringa (44) and Calmet (45), that Moses consulted monuments or records of former ages, which had descended from the families of the patriarchs, and by collecting, arranging, adorning, and, where they were deficient, completing them, com- E 2 a2 LECTURE II. posed his history. What we know of the an- tiquity of writing, both in Egypt and Baby- lonia (46), renders it not improbable that the art was known and practised soon after the Flood, if it was not even (as some have sup- posed) a legacy from the antediluvian world (47). Abraham can scarcely have failed to bring with him into Palestine a knowledge which had certainly been possessed by the citizens of Ur for several hundred years be- fore he set out on his wanderings. And if it be said that the art, though known, might not have been applied to historical records in the family of Abraham at this early date,— yet at any rate, when the Israelites descended into Egypt, and found writing in such com- mon use, and historical records so abundant, as they can be proved to have been in that country at that period, it is scarcely conceiv- able that they should not have reduced to a written form the traditions of their race, the memory of which their residence in a foreign land would be apt to endanger. And these probabilities are quite in accordance with what appears in the Book of Genesis itself. The great fulness with which the history of Joseph is given, and the minuti@ into which it enters, mark it as based upon a contemporary, or nearly contemporary biography ; and_ the LECTURE II. 53 same may be said with almost equal force of the histories of Jacob, Isaac, and even Abra- ham. Further, there are several indications of separate documents in the earlier part of Genesis, as the superscriptions or headings of particular portions, the change of appellation by which the Almighty is distinguished, and the like; which, if they do not certainly mark different documents, at least naturally suggest them. If we then upon these grounds accept Vitringa’s theory, we elevate consi- derably what I may call the human authority of Genesis. Instead of being the embodiment of oral traditions which have passed through two, three, four, or perhaps more hands, pre- viously to their receiving a written form, the Book of Genesis becomes a work based in the main upon contemporary, or nearly con- temporary, documents—documents of which the venerable antiquity casts all other an- cient writings into the shade, several of them dating probably from times not far removed from the Flood, while some may possibly descend to us from the antediluvian race. The sanction which the Book of Genesis thus obtains 1s additional, it must be remembered, to what it derives from Moses; who is still the responsible author of the work; who se- lected the documents, and gave them all the confirmation which they could derive from 54 LECTURE II. his authority, whether it be regarded as di- vine or human, as that of one “ learned” in man’s “ wisdom,’™ or that of an inspired teacher—*“ a prophet, raised up by God.’’* Thus far we have been engaged in consi- dering the weight which properly attaches to the Pentateuch itself, viewed as an historical work produced by a certain individual, under certain circumstances, and at a certain pe- riod. It remains to examine the external evidence to the character of the Mosaic nar- rative which is furnished by the other an- cient records in our possession, so far at least as those records have a fair claim to be re- garded as of any real historic value. Records possessing even moderate preten- sions to the character of historic are, for this early period, as we should expect beforehand, extremely scanty. I cannot reckon in the number either the primitive traditions of the Gieeks, the curious compilations of the Arme- nians (48), the historical poems of the Hindoos (49), or the extravagant fables of the Chinese (50). A dim knowledge of certain great events in primeval history—as of the Deluge—may indeed be traced in all these quarters(51); but the historical element to be detected is in every case so small, it is so overlaid by fable, and intermixed with what is palpably imagi- m Acts vii. 22. n Deut. xvili. 15. LECTURE II. 55 native, that no manner of reliance can be placed upon statements merely because they occur in these pretended histories, nor have they the slightest title to be used as tests whereby to try the authenticity of any other narrative. The only reliable materials that we possess, besides the Pentateuch, for the history of the period which it embraces, consist of some fragments of Berosus and Manetho, an epi- tome of the early Egyptian history of the latter, a certain number of Egyptian and Ba- bylonian inscriptions, and two or three vaiu- able papyri. If it be asked on what grounds so strong a preference is assigned to these materials, the answer is easy. ‘The records selected are those of Egypt and Babylon. Now these two countries were, according to the most trust- worthy accounts, both sacred and_ profane (52), the first seats of civilisation: in them writing seems to have been practised earlier than elsewhere; they paid from the first ereat attention to history, and possessed, when the Greeks became acquainted with them, historical records of an antiquity con- fessedly greater than that which could be claimed for any documents elsewhere. F'ur- ther, in each of these countries, at the mo- ment when, in consequence of Grecian con- 56 LECTURE II. quest and the infusion of new ideas, there was the greatest danger of the records pe- rishing or being vitiated, there arose a man— a native—thoroughly acquainted with their antiquities, and competently skilled in the Greek language, who transferred to that tongue, and thus made the common property of mankind, what had previously been a hid- den treasure—the possession of their own priests and philosophers only. The value of the histories written by Manetho the Seben- nyte, and Berosus the Chaldean, had long been suspected by the learned (53); but it remained for the present age to obtain dis- tinct evidence of their fidelity—evidence which places them, among the historians of early times, in a class by themselves, greatly above even the most acute and painstaking of the Greek and Roman compilers. He- rodotus, Ctesias, Alexander Polyhistor, Dio- dorus Siculus, Trogus Pompeius, could at best receive at second-hand such representa- tions of Babylonian and Egyptian history as the natives chose to impart to them, and moreover received these representations (for the most part) diluted and distorted by pass- ing through the medium of comparatively ignorant interpreters. Manetho and Berosus had free access to the national records, and LECTURE IL. 57 so could draw their histories directly from the fountain-head. This advantage might, of course, have been forfeited by a deficiency on their part of either honesty or diligence; but the recent discoveries in the two countries have had the effect of removing all doubt upon either of these two heads from the character of both writers. The monuments which have been recovered furnish the strongest proof alike of the honest intention and of the dili- gence and carefulness of the two historians ; who have thus, as profane writers of primeval history, a preeminence over all others (54). This is perhaps the chief value of the docu- ments obtained, which do not in themselves furnish a history, or even its framework, a chronology (55); but require an_ historical scheme to be given from without, into which they may fit, and wherein each may find its true and proper position. If we now proceed to compare the Mosaic account of the first period of the world’s his- tory with that outline which may be obtained from Egyptian and Babylonian sources, we are struck at first sight with what seems an enormous difference in the chronology. The sum of the years in Manetho’s scheme, as it has come down to us in Eusebius, is little short of 30,000 (56); while that in the 58 LECTURE II. scheme of Berosus, as reported by the same author (57), exceeds 460,000! But upon a little consideration, the greater part of this difficulty vanishes. If we examine the two chronologies, we shall find that both evidently divide at a certain point, above which all is certainly mythic, while below all is, or at least may be, historical. Out of the 30,000 years contained (apparently) in Manetho’s scheme, nearly 25,000 belong to the time when Gods, Demigods, and Spirits had rule on earth; and the history of Egypt confes- sedly does not begin till this period is con- cluded, and Menes, the first Egyptian king, mounts the throne (58). Similarly, in the chronology of Berosus, there is a sudden transition from kings whose reigns are counted by sossi and ne7i, or periods respec- tively of 60 and 600 years, to monarchs the average length of whose reigns very little exceeds that found to prevail in ordinary monarchies. Omitting in each case what is plainly a mythic computation, we have in the Babylonian scheme a chronology which mounts up no higher than 2,458 years before Christ, or 800 years after the Deluge, (ac- cording to the numbers of the Septuagint ;) while in the Egyptian we have at any rate only an excess of about 2000 years to ex- LECTURE II.. 59 plain and account for, instead of an excess of 27,000. And this latter discrepancy becomes insigni- ficant, if it does not actually disappear, upon a closer scrutiny. The 5000 years of Manetho’s dynastic lists were reduced by himself (as we learn from Syncellus) to 3555 years (59), doubtless because he was aware that his lists contained in some cases contemporary dy- nasties; in others, contemporary kings in the same dynasty, owing to the mention in them of various royal personages associated on the throne by the principal monarch. Thus near 1500 years are struck off from Manetho’s total at a blow; and the chronological differ- ence between his scheme and that of €crip- ture is reduced to a few hundred years—a discrepancy of no great moment, and one which might easily arise, either from slight errors of the copyists, or from an insufficient allowance being made in Manetho’s scheme, in respect of either or both of the causes from which Egyptian chronology is always liable to be exaggerated. Without taxing Manetho with conscious dishonesty, we may suspect that he was not unwilling to exalt the antiquity of his country, if he could do so without falsifying his authorities ; and from the confusion of the middle or Hyksos 60 Pe Cf UREA. period of Egyptian history, and the obscurity of the earlier times, when there were as yet no monuments, he would have had abundant opportunity for chronological exaggeration by merely regarding as consecutive dynasties all those, which were not certainly known to have been contemporary. The real duration of the Egyptian monarchy depends entirely upon the proper arrangement of the dynasties into synchronous and consecutive—a point upon which the best Egyptologers are still far from agreed. Some of the greatest names in this branch of antiquarian learning are in favour of a chronology almost as moderate as the historic Babylonian; the accession of Menes, according to them, falling about 2660 B.C., or more than 600 years after the Septuagint date for the Deluge (60). The removal of this difficulty opens the way to a consideration of the positive points of agreement between the Scriptural narra- tive and that of the profane authorities. And here, for the earliest times, it is especially Babylon which furnishes an account capable of being compared with that of Moses. Ac- cording to Berosus, the world when first created was in darkness, and consisted of a fluid mass inhabited by monsters of the strangest forms. Over the whole dominated LECTURE II. 61 a female power called Thalatth, or Sea. Then Belus, wishing to carry on the creative work, cleft Thalatth in twain; and of the half of her he made the earth, and of the other half the heaven. Hereupon the monsters, who could not endure the air and the light, pe- rished. Belus upon this, seeing that the earth was desolate yet teeming with produc- tive power, cut off his own head, and min- gling the blood which flowed forth with the dust of the ground, formed men, who were thus intelligent, as being partakers of the di- vine wisdom. He then made other animals fit to live on the earth: he made also the stars, and the sun and moon, and the five planets. The first man was Alorus, a Chal- deean, who reigned over mankind for 36,000 years, and begat a son, Alaparus, who reigned 10,800 years. Then followed in succession eight others, whose reigns were of equal or greater length, ending with Xisuthrus, under whom the great Deluge took place (61). The leading facts of this cosmogony and ante- diluvian history are manifestly, and indeed confessedly (62), in close agreement with the Hebrew records. We have in it the earth at first “ without form and void,” and “darkness upon the face of the deep’.” We have the © Gen. 1. 2. 62 LECTURE II. Creator dividing the watery mass and making the two firmaments, that of the heaven and that of the earth, first of all; we have Light spoken of before the sun and moon; we have their creation, and that of the stars, some- what late in the series of events given; we have a divine element infused into man at his birth, and again we have his creation “from the dust of the ground’.” Further, between the first man and the Deluge are in the scheme of Berosus ten generations, which is the exact number between Adam and Noah; and though the duration of human life is in his account enormously exaggerated, we may see even in this exaggeration a glimpse of the truth, that the lives of the Patriarchs were extended far beyond the term which has been the limit in later ages. This truth seems to have been known to many of the ancients (63), and traces of it have even been found among the modern Burmans and Chinese (64). The account which Berosus gives of the Deluge is still more strikingly in accordance with the narrative of Scripture. “ Xisuthrus,” he says, “was warned by Saturn in a dream that all mankind would be destroyed shortly by a deluge of rain. He was bidden to bury P Gen. ii. 7. LECTURE II. 63 in the city of Sippara (or Sepharvaim) such written documents as existed; and then to build a huge vessel or ark, in length five fur- longs, and two furlongs in width, wherein was to be placed good store of provisions, together with winged fowl and four-footed beasts of the earth; and in which he was himself to embark with his wife and chil- dren, and his close friends. Xisuthrus did accordingly, and the flood came at the time appointed. The ark drifted towards Armenia ; and Xisuthrus, on the third day after the rain abated, sent out from the ark a bird, which, after flying for a while over the ill- mitable sea of waters, and finding neither food nor a spot on which it could settle, re- turned to him. Some days later, Xisuthrus sent out other birds, which likewise returned, but with feet covered with mud. Sent out a third time, the birds returned no more; and Xisuthrus knew that the earth had re- appeared. So he removed some of the co- vering of the ark, and looked, and behold the vessel had grounded upon a high mountain, and remained fixed. Then he went forth from the ark, with his wife, his daughter, and his pilot, and built an altar, and offered sacrifice ; after which he suddenly disap- peared from sight, together with those who 64. LECEUR Ell: had accompanied him. They who had re- mained in the ark, surprised that he did not return, sought him; when they heard his voice in the sky, exhorting them to continue religious, and bidding them go back to Ba- bylonia from the land of Armenia, where they were, and recover the buried docu- ments, and make them once more known among men. So they obeyed, and went back to the land of Babylon, and built many cities and temples, and raised up Babylon from its ruins” (65). Such is the account of Berosus; and a de- scription substantially the same is given by Abydenus (66), an ancient writer of whom less is known, but whose fragments are ge- nerally of great value and importance. It is plain that we have here a tradition not drawn from the Hebrew record, much less the foundation of that record (67); yet co- inciding with it in the most remarkable way. The Babylonian version is tricked out with a few extravagances, as the monstrous size of the vessel, and the translation of Xisuthrus ; but otherwise it is the Hebrew history down to its minutie. ‘The previous warning, the divine direction as to the ark and its dimen- sions, the introduction into it of birds and beasts, the threefold sending out of the bird, LECTURE IL. 65 the place of the ark’s resting, the egress by removal of the covering, the altar straightway built, and the sacrifice offered, constitute an array of exact coincidences which cannot pos- sibly be the result of chance, and of which I see no plausible account that can be given except that it is the harmony of truth. Nor are these minute coincidences counterba- lanced by the important differences which some have seen in the two accounts. It is not true to say (as Niebuhr is reported to have said) that “the Babylonian tradition differs from the Mosaic account by stating that not only Xisuthrus and his family, but a// pious men, were saved; and also by making the Flood not universal, but only partial, and confined to Babylonia (66).” | Berosus does indeed give Xisuthrus, as companions in the ark, not only his wife and children, but a certain number of “close friends;” and thus far he differs from Scripture; but these friends are not represented as numerous, much less as “all pious men.” And so far is he from making the Flood partial, or confining it to Babylonia, that his narrative distinctly im- plies the contrary. The warning given to Xisuthrus is that “mankind” (rovs avOparovs) is about to be destroyed. The ark drifts to Armenia, and when it is there, the birds are RAWLINSON. F 66 LECTURE “1. sent out, and find “an illimitable sea of waters,” and no rest for the sole of their feet. When at length they no longer return, Xisuthrus knows “ that land has reappeared,” and leav- ing the ark, finds himself “on a mountain in Armenia.” It is plain that the waters are represented as prevailing above the tops of the loftiest mountains in Armenia,—a height which must have been seen to involve the submersion of all the countries with which the Babylonians were acquainted. The account which the Chaldean writer gave of the events following the Deluge is reported with some disagreement by the dif- ferent authors through whom it has come down to us. Josephus believed that Berosus was in accord with Scripture in regard to the generations between the Flood and Abra- ham, which (according to the Jewish histo- rian) he correctly estimated at ten (67). But other writers introduce in this place, as com- ing from Berosus, a series of 86 kings, the first and second of whom reign for above 2000 years, while the remainder reign upon an average 345 years each. We have here perhaps a trace of that gradual shortening of human life, which the genealogy of Abra- ham exhibits to us so clearly in Scripture; but the numbers appear to be artificial (68), LECTURE II. 67 and they are unaccompanied by any history. There is reason however to believe that Berosus noticed one of the most important events of this period, in terms which very strikingly recall the Scripture narrative. Writers, whose Babylonian history seems drawn directly from him, or from the sources which he used, give the following account of the tower of Babel, and the confusion of tongues—* At this time the ancient race of men were so puffed up with their strength and tallness of stature, that they began to de- spise and contemn the gods; and laboured to erect that very lofty tower, which is now called Babylon, intending thereby to scale heaven. But when the building approached the sky, behold, the gods called in the aid of the winds, and by their help overturned the tower, and cast it to the ground. The name of the ruins is still called Babel: ~ because until this time all men had used the same speech, but now there was sent upon them a confusion of many and diverse tongues (69).” At the point which we have now reached, the sacred narrative ceases to be general, and becomes special or particular. It leaves the history of the world, and concentrates itself on an individual and his descendants. At F 2 68 LECTURE II. the moment of transition, however, it throws out, in a chapter of wonderful grasp and still more wonderful accuracy, a sketch of the nations of the earth, their ethnic affinities, and to some extent their geographical posi- tion and boundaries. The Toldoth Beni Noah has extorted the admiration of modern eth- nologists, who continually find in it antici- pations of their greatest discoveries. For instance, in the very second verse the great discovery of Schlegel (70), which the word Indo-European embodies—the affinity of the principal nations of Europe with the Arian or Indo-Persic stock —is sufficiently indi- cated by the conjunction of the Madai or Medes (whose native name was Mada) with Gomer or the Cymry, and Javan or the Io- nians. Again, one of the most recent and unexpected results of modern linguistic in- quiry is the proof which it has furnished of an ethnic connexion between the Ethiopians or Cushites, who adjoined on Egypt, and the primitive inhabitants of Babylonia; a con- nexion which (as we saw in the last Lec- ture) was positively denied by an eminent ethnologist only a few years ago, but which has now been sufficiently established from the cuneiform monuments (71). In the tenth of Genesis we find this truth thus briefly LECTURE II. 69 but clearly stated—* And Cush begat Nim- rod,” the “beginning of whose kingdom was Babel*.” So we have had it recently made evident from the same monuments, that “out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh'’’—or that the Semitic Assyrians proceeded from Babylonia and founded Ni- neveh long after the Cushite foundation of Babylon (72). Again, the Hamitic descent of the early inhabitants of Canaan, which had often been called in question, has re- cently come to be looked upon as almost certain, apart from the evidence of Scrip- ture (73); and the double mention of Sheba, both among the sons of Ham, and _ also among those of Shem*, has been illustrated by the discovery that there are two races of Arabs—one (the Joktanian) Semitic, the other (the Himyaric) Cushite or Ethiopic (74). On the whole, the scheme of ethnic affilia- tion given in the tenth chapter of Genesis is pronounced “ safer” to follow than any other; and the Toldoth Beni Noah com- mends itself to the ethnic enquirer as “the most authentic record that we possess for the affiliation of nations,” and as a document “ of the very highest antiquity (75).” q Gen. x. 8 and Io. r [bid. verse 11. S Ibid. verses 7 and 28. 70 LECTURE II. The confirmation which profane history lends to the Book of Genesis from the point where the narrative passes from the general to the special character, is (as might be ex- pected) only occasional, and for the most part incidental. Abraham was scarcely a personage of sufficient importance to attract much of the attention of either the Baby- lonian or the Egyptian chroniclers. We possess indeed severai very interesting no- tices of this Patriarch and his successors from heathen pens (76); but they are of far inferior moment to the authorities hitherto cited, since they do not indicate a separate and distinct line of information, but are in all probability derived from the Hebrew re- cords. I refer particularly to the passages which Eusebius produces in his Gospel Pre- paration from Kupolemus, Artapanus, Molo, Philo, and Cleodemus or Malchas, with re- gard to Abraham, and from Demetrius, Theo- dotus, Artapanus, and Philo, with respect to Isaac and Jacob. ‘These testimonies are pro- bably well known to many of my hearers, since they have been adduced very generally by our writers (77). They bear unmistak- ably the stamp of a Jewish origin; and shew the view which the more enlightened hea- then took of the historical character of the LECTURE II. (a Hebrew records when they first became ac- quainted with them; but they cannot boast, like notices in Berosus and Manetho, a dis- tinct origin, and thus a separate and inde- pendent authority. I shall therefore content myself with this brief mention of them here, which is all that time will allow; and _ pro- ceed to adduce a few direct testimonies to the later narrative, furnished either by the native writers, or by the results of modern researches. There are three points only in this portion _ of the narrative which, being of the nature of public and important events, might be ex- pected to obtain notice in the Babylonian or Egyptian records—the expedition of Che- dor-laomer with his confederate kings, the great famine in the days of Joseph, and the Exodus of the Jews. Did we possess the complete monumental annals of the two countries, or the works themselves of Bero- sus and Manetho, it might fairly be de- manded of us that we should adduce evi- dence from them of all the three. With the scanty and fragmentary remains which are what we actually possess, it would not be surprising if we found ourselves without a trace of any. In fact, however, we are able to produce from our scanty stock a 72 LECTURE Il: decisive confirmation of two events out of the three. The monumental records of Babylonia bear marks of an interruption in the line of native kings, about the date which from Scripture we should assign to Chedor-lao- mer, and “ point to Elymais (or Elam) as the country from which the interruption came (78).” We have mention of a king, whose name is on good grounds identified with Chedor-laomer (79), as paramount in Babylonia at this time—a king apparently of Elamitic origin—and this monarch bears in the inscriptions the unusual and signifi- cant title of Apda Martu, or “ Ravager of the West.” Our fragments of Berosus give us no names at this period; but his dynas- ties exhibit a transition at about the date required (80), which is in accordance with the break indicated by the monuments. We thus obtain a double witness to the remark- able fact of an interruption of pure Baby- lonian supremacy at this time ; and from the monuments we are able to pronounce that the supremacy was transferred to Elam, and that under a king, the Semitic form of whose name would be Chedor-laomer, a great expe- dition was organised, which proceeded to the distant and then almost unknown west, and LECTURE IL. 73 returned after “ravaging” but not conquering those regions. The Exodus of the Jews was an event which could scarcely be omitted by Manetho. It was one however of such a nature—so entirely repugnant to all the feelings of an Egyptian—that we could not expect a fair representation of it in their annals. And accordingly, our fragments of Manetho pre- sent us with a distinct but very distorted notice of the occurrence. The Hebrews are represented as leprous and impious Egypt- ians, who under the conduct of a priest of Heliopolis, named Moses, rebelled on ac- count of oppression, occupied a town called Avaris, or Abaris, and having called in the aid of the people of Jerusalem, made them- selves masters of Hgypt, which they held for thirteen years; but who were at last de- feated by the Egyptian king, and driven from Egypt into Syria(81). We have here the oppression, the name Moses, the national name, Hebrew, under the disguise of Abaris, and the true direction of the retreat; but we have all the special circumstances of the occasion concealed under a general confes- sion of disaster; and we have a claim to final triumph which consoled the wounded vanity of the nation, but which we know to 74 LECPURE 11: have been unfounded. On the whole we have perhaps as much as we could reasonably expect the annals of the Egyptians to tell us of transactions so little to their credit ; and we have a narrative fairly confirming the principal facts, as well as very curious in many of its particulars (82). I have thus briefly considered some of the principal of those direct testimonies which can be adduced from ancient profane sources, in confirmation of the historic truth of the Pentateuch. There are various other argu- ments—some purely, some partly historic— into which want of space forbids my enter- ing in the present Course. For instance, there is what may be called the historico- scientific argument, derivable from the agree- ment of the sacred narrative with the con- clusions reached by those sciences which have a partially historical character. Geo- logy—whatever may be thought of its true bearing upon other points—at least witnesses to the recent creation of man, of whom there is no trace in any but the latest strata (83). Physiology decides in favour of the unity of the species, and the probable derivation of the whole human race from a single pair (84). Comparative Philology, after divers fluctua- tions, settles into the belief that languages ~LECTURE ILI. 75 will ultimately prove to have been all de- rived from a common basis (85). Ethnology pronounces that, independently of the Scrip- tural record, we should be led to fix on the plains of Shinar as a common centre, or focus, from which the various lines of migration and the several types of races originally radiated (86). Again, there is an argument perhaps more convincing than any other, but of im- mense compass, deducible from the indirect and incidental points of agreement between the Mosaic records and the best profane authorities. The limits within which I am confined compel me to decline this portion of the enquiry. Otherwise it might be shewn that the linguistic, geographic, and ethologic notices contained in the books of Moses are of the most veracious character (87), stamp- ing the whole narration with an unmistak- able air of authenticity. And this, it may be remarked, is an argument to which mo- dern research is perpetually adding fresh weight. For instance, if we look to the geo- graphy, we shall find that till within these few years, “ Krech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinart’”—Calah and Resen, in the country peopled by Asshur"—Ellasar, and “ Ur of the Chaldees‘,” were mere names; “Getx. 10. Eb. verses'irand 12. ° fb. xi. 31; Xiv. 1. 76 LECTURE IL. and beyond the mention of them in Genesis, scarcely a trace was discoverable of their ex- istence (88). Recently, however, the mounds of Mesopotamia have been searched,and bricks and stones buried for near three thousand years have found a tongue, and tell us ex- actly where each of these cities stood (89), and sufficiently indicate their importance. Again, the power of Og, and his “ threescore cities, all fenced with high walls, gates, and bars, besides unwalled towns a great many”,” in such a country as that to the east of the Sea of Galilee, whose old name of Tracho- nitis indicates its barrenness, seemed to many improbable—but modern research has found in this very country a vast number of walled cities still standing, which shew the habits of the ancient people, and prove that the population must at one time have been con- siderable (90). So the careful examination that has been made of the valley of the Jor- dan, which has resulted in a proof that it is a unique phenomenon, utterly unlike any thing elsewhere on the whole face of the earth (91), tends greatly to confirm the Mo- saic account, that it became what it now is by a great convulsion ; and by pious persons will, I think, be felt as confirming the mira- Ww. Deut. 1i,.5; LECTURE IL. 77 culous character of that convulsion. Above all, perhaps, the absence of any counter-evi- dence—the fact that each accession to our knowledge of the ancient times, whether historic, or geographic, or ethnic, helps to remove difficulties, and to produce a per- petual supply of fresh illustrations of the Mosaic narrative; while fresh difficulties are not at the same time brought to light—is to be remarked, as to candid minds an argu- ment for the historic truth of the narrative, the force of which can scarcely be over-esti- mated. All tends to shew that we possess in the Pentateuch, not only the most au- thentic account of ancient times that has come down to us, but a history absolutely and in every respect true. All tends to as- sure us that in this marvellous volume we have no old wives’ tales, no “cunningly de- vised fable*;’ but a “treasure of wisdom and knowledge”’”—as important to the historical enquirer as to the theologian. There may be obscurities—there may be occasionally, in names and numbers, accidental corruptions of the text—there may be a few interpola- tions—glosses which have crept in from the margin; but upon the whole it must be pro- nounced that we have in the Pentateuch a x 2 Pet. i. 16. ¥ Cok: ik. 35 78 LECTURE II. genuine and authentic work, and one which —even were it not inspired—would be, for the times and countries whereof it treats, the leading and paramount authority. It is (let us be assured) “Moses,” who is still “read in the synagogues every sabbath day’;” and they who “resist” him, by impugning his veracity, like Jannes and Jambres of old, “resist the truth®. z Acts xv. 21. a 2 Tim. ii. 8. LECTURE IIL. ACTS XIII. 19-21. When he had destroyed seven nations in the land of Chanaan, he divided their land to them by lot. And after that he gave them judges about the space of four hundred and Jifty years, until Samuel the prophet. And afterward they desired a king. THE period of Jewish history, which has to be considered in the present Lecture, con- tains within it the extremes of obscurity and splendour, of the depression and the exalta- tion of the race. The fugitives from Egypt, who by divine aid effected a lodgment in the land of Canaan, under their great leader, Joshua, were engaged for some hundreds of years in a perpetual struggle for existence with the petty tribes among whom they had intruded themselves, and seemed finally on the point of succumbing and ceasing alto- gether to be a people, when they were sud- denly lifted up by the hand of God, and carried rapidly to the highest pitch of great- “ness whereto they ever attained. From the 80 LECTURE III. time when the Hebrews “ hid themselves in holes*,” for fear of the Philistines, and were without spears, or swords, or armourers, be- cause the Philistines had said, “ Lest the He- brews make themselves swords or spears’,” to the full completion of the kingdom of David by his victories over the Philistines, the Moabities, the Syrians, the Ammonites, and the Amalekites, together with the sub- mission of the [dumeeans’, was a space little, -if at all, exceeding half a century. ‘Thus were brought within the lifetime of a man the highest glory and the deepest shame, oppression and dominion, terror and triumph, the peril of extinction and the establishment of a mighty empire. The very men who “hid themselves in caves and in thickets, in rocks, and in high places, and in pits*,’ or who fled across the Jordan to the land of Gad and Gilead’, when the Philistines “pitched in Michmash,” may have seen garrisons put in Damascus and “throughout all Edom ‘,” and the dominion of David extended to the Euphrates®. The history of this remarkable period is delivered to us in four or five Books, the a y Sam. xiv. 11. b Ibid. xiii. 19-22. ¢ 2 Sam. viii. ad ¢ Sam. xiii. 6. e Ibid. verse 7. f 2 Sam. vill. 14. & Ibid. verse 3. LECTURE IIL. 81 authors of which are unknown, or at best uncertain. It is thought by some that Jo- shua wrote the book which bears his name, except the closing verses of the last chap- ter (1); and by others (2), that Samuel com- posed twenty-four chapters of the first of those two books which in our Canon bear the title of Books of Samuel; but there is no such uniform tradition (3) in either case as exists respecting the authorship of the Pentateuch, nor is there the same weight of internal testimony. On the whole, the in- ternal testimony seems to be against the ascription of the Book of Joshua to the Jewish leader (4); and both it, Judges, and Ruth, as well as Kings and Chronicles, are best referred to the class of BiBAa adéo7rora, or books the authors of which are unknown to us. The importance of a history, however, though it may be enhanced by our knowledge of the author, does not necessarily depend on such knowledge. The Turin Papyrus, the Parian Marble, the Saxon Chronicle, are do- cuments of the very highest historic value, though we know nothing of the persons who composed them; because there is reason to believe that they were composed from good sources. And so it is with these portions of the Sacred Volume. There is abundant evi- RAWLINSON. = 82 LECTURE IIL dence, both internal and external, of their authenticity and historic value, notwith- standing that their actual composers are un- known or uncertain. ‘They have really the . force of State Papers, being authoritative public documents, preserved among the na- tional archives of the Jews so long as they were a nation; and ever since cherished by the scattered fragments of the race as among the most precious of their early records. As we do not commonly ask who was the author of a State Paper, but accept it without any such formality, so we are bound to act to- wards these writings. They are written near the time, sometimes by eyewitnesses, some- times by those who have before them the reports of eyewitnesses ; and their reception among the sacred records of the Jews stamps them with an authentic character. As similar attempts have been made to in- validate the authority of these books with those to which I alluded in the last Lecture, as directed against the Pentateuch, it will be necessary to state briefly the special grounds, which exist in the case of each, for accepting it as containing a true history. Having thus vindicated the historical character of the Books from the evidence which they them- selves offer, I shall then proceed to adduce LECTURE III. 83 such confirmation of their truth as can be obtained from other, and especially from pro- fane, sources. The Book of Joshua is clearly the produc- . tion of an eyewitness. The writer includes himself among those who passed over Jordan dryshod*. He speaks of Rahab the harlot as still “dwelling in Israel” when he writes’; and of Hebron as still in the possession of Caleb the son of Jephunneh’. He belongs clearly to the “elders that outlived Joshua, which had known all the works of the Lord that he had done for Israel*;” and is there- fore as credible a witness for the events of the settlement in Palestine, as Moses for those of the Exodus and the passage through the wilderness. Further, he undoubtedly pos- sesses documents of authority, from one of which (the Book of Jasher) he quotes'; and it is a reasonable supposition that his work is to a great extent composed from such docu- ments, to which there are several references”, besides the actual quotation (5). _ The Book of Judges, according to the tra- dition of the Jews, was written by Samuel (6). There is nothing in the work itself that very h Josh. v. 1. i Ibid. vi. 25. j Ibid. xiv. 14. k Ibid. xxiv. 31. Ef bids x83 m Ibid. xviii. g; xxiv. 26. ree 84 LECTURE IIL. distinctly marks the date of its composition. From its contents we can only say that it must have been composed about Samuel’s time; that is, after the death of Samson, and before the capture of Jerusalem by David(7). As the events related in it certainly cover a space of some hundreds of years, the writer, whoever he be, cannot be regarded as a con- temporary witness for more than a small portion of them. He stands rather in the position of Moses with respect to the greater part of Genesis, being the recorder of his country’s traditions during a space generally estimated as about equal to that which in- tervened between the call of Abraham and the birth of Moses (8). Had these traditions been handed down entirely by oral communi- cation, still, being chiefly marked and striking events in the national life, they would have possessed a fair title to acceptance. As the case actually stands, however, there is every reason to believe that national records, which (as we have seen) existed in the days of Moses and Joshua, were continued by their succes- sors, and that these formed the materials from which the Book of Judges was composed by its author. Of such records we have a speci- men in the Song of Deborah and Barak, an historical poem embodying the chief facts of LECTURE IIL. 85 Deborah’s judgeship. It is reasonable to suppose that there may have been many such compositions, belonging to the actual time of the events, of which the historian could make use; and it is also most pro- bable that chronicles were kept even at this early date, like those to which the writers of the later historical books refer so con- stantly °. The two Books of Samuel are thought by some to form, together with the two Books of Kings, a single work, and are referred to the time of the Babylonish captivity (9); but this view is contrary both to the internal and to the external evidence. The tradition of the Jews is, that the work was commenced by Samuel, continued by Gad, David’s seer, and concluded by Nathan the prophet (10); and this is—to say the least—a very pro- bable supposition. We know from a state- ment in the First Book of Chronicles, that “the acts of David the king, first and last, were written in the book of Samuel the seer, and in the book of Nathan the prophet, and in the book of Gad the seer®;’ and these writings, it is plain, were still extant in the n piKings xi. 41; xiv. 19 and 29; XV. 7; XVi. 5, 14, 20, 27, &e,; 1 Chron. xxvii. 24; 2 Chron. xii.15; xiii. 22; xx. 34, &c. © y Chron. xxix. 29. 86 LECTURE III. Chronicler’s time. If then the Books of Samuel had been a compilation made during the Captivity, or earlier, it would have been founded on these books, which could not but have been of primary authority; im which case the compiler could scarcely have failed to quote them, either by name, as the Chro- nicler does in the place which has been cited, or under the title of “the Chronicles of David,’ as he seems to do in another?. But there is no quotation, direct or indirect, no trace of compilation, no indication of a writer drawing from other authors, in the two Books of Samuel, from beginning to end. In this respect they contrast most strongly with both Chronicles and Kings, where the authors at every turn make reference to the sources from which they derive their in- formation. These books therefore are most reasonably to be regarded as a primary and original work—the work used and quoted by the Chronicler for the reign of David— and a specimen of those other works from which the authors of Kings and Chronicles confessedly compiled their histories. We have thus in all probability, for the times of Samuel, Saul and David, the direct witness of Samuel himself, and of the two prophets Pp x Chron. xxvii. 24. LECTURE III. 87 who were in most repute during the reign of David. The writer of the first Book of Kings derives his account of Solomon from a document which he calls “the Book of the Acts of Solomon ?;” while the author of the second Book of Chro- nicles cites three works as furnishing him with materials for this part of his history —“ the book of Nathan the prophet, the prophecy of Abijah the Shilonite, and the visions of Iddo the seer against Jeroboam the son of Ne- bat".” These last were certainly the works of contemporaries (11); and the same may be presumed of the other; since the later compiler is not likely to have possessed better materials than the earlier. We may therefore conclude that we have in Kings and Chronicles the history of Solomon’s reign— not perhaps exactly in the words of contem- porary writers—but substantially as they de- livered it. And the writers were persons who held the same high position under Solomon, which the composers of the Books of Samuel had held under Saul and David. It is also worthy of remark, that we have the histories of David and Solomon from two separate and distinct authorities. ‘The writer of Chronicles does not draw even his account 4 1 Kings xi. 41. r 2 Chron. ix. 29. 88 LECTURE III. of David wholly from Samuel, but adds va- rious particulars, which shew that he had further sources of information (12). And his account of Solomon appears not to have been drawn from Kings at all, but to have been taken quite independently from the original documents. Further, it is to be noted that we have in the Book of Psalms, at once a running com- ment, illustrative of David’s personal history, the close agreement of which with the his- torical books is striking, and also a work affording abundant evidence that the history of the nation, as it is delivered to us in the Pentateuch, in Joshua, and in Judges, was at least believed by the Jews to be their true and real history in the time of David. The seventy-eighth Psalm, which certainly be- longs to David’s time, is sufficient proof of this: it contains a sketch of Jewish history, from the wonders wrought by Moses in Egypt to the establishment of the ark in mount Zion by David, and refers to not fewer than fifty or sixty of the occurrences which are described at length in the histo- rical writings (13). It is certain, at the least, that the Jews of David’s age had no other account to give of their past fortunes than that miraculous story which has come down LECTURE IIL. 89 to us in the Books of Exodus, Numbers, Deu- teronomy, Joshua, Judges, and Samuel. We have now further to consider what amount of confirmation profane history lends to the truth of the sacred narrative dur- ing the period extending from the death of Moses to the accession of Rehoboam. ‘This period, it has been observed above, comprises within it the two most opposite conditions of the Jewish race: during its earlier portion the Israelites were a small and insignificant people, with difficulty maintaining them- selves in the hill-country of Palestine against the attacks of various tribes, none of whom have made any great figure in history: while towards its close a Jewish Empire was formed —an Empire perhaps as great as any which up to that time had been known in the Eastern world, and which, if not so extensive as some that shortly afterwards grew up in Western Asia, at any rate marks very dis- tinctly the period when the power and pro- sperity of the Jews reached its acemé. It was not to be expected that profane writers would notice equally both of these periods. During the obscure time of the Judges, the Jews could be little known be- yond their borders; and even had Assyria and Egypt been at this time flourishing and 90 LECTURE III. ageressive states, had the armies of either or both been then in the habit of traversing Palestine in the course of their expeditions, the Israelites might easily have escaped men- tion, since they occupied only a small part of the country, and that part the least ac- cessible of the whole (14). It appears, how- ever, that in fact both Assyria and Egypt were weak during this period. The expe- ditions of the former were still confined within the Euphrates, or, if they crossed it on rare occasions, at any rate went no fur- ther than Cappadocia and Upper Syria, or the country about Aleppo and Antioch (15). And Egypt from the time of Ramesses the third, which was not long after the Exo- dus, to that of Shishak, the contemporary of Solomon, seems to have sent no expeditions at all beyond its own frontier (16). Thus the annals of the two countries are neces- sarily silent concerning the Jews during the period in question; and no agreement be- tween them and the Jewish records is pos- sible, except that tacit one which is found in fact to exist. The Jewish records are silent concerning Egypt, from the Exodus to the reign of Solomon; which is exactly the time during which the Egyptian records are silent concerning the Jews. And Assyria LECTURE III. oir does not appear in Scripture as an influential power in Lower Syria and Palestine till a time considerably later than the separation of the kingdoms; while similarly the Assyrian monuments are without any mention of ex- peditions into these parts during the earlier period of the empire. Further, it may be remarked that from the mention of Chushan- Rishathaim, king of Aram-Naharaim, (or the country about Harran,) as a powerful prince soon after the death of Joshua, it would fol- low that Assyria had not at that time ex- tended her dominion even to the Euphrates; a conclusion which the cuneiform records of perhaps two centuries later entirely con- firm (17), since they shew that even then the Assyrians had not conquered the whole coun- try east of the river. Besides the points of agreement here no- ticed, which, though negative, are (I think) of no slight weight, we possess one testimony belonging to this period of a direct and _ posi- tive character, which is among the most curi- ous of the illustrations, that profane sources furnish, of the veracity of Scripture. Moses of Choréne, the Armenian historian (18), Proco- plus, the secretary of Belisarius (19), and Sui- das the Lexicographer (20), relate, that there existed in their day at Tingis, (or ‘Tangiers,) in Africa, an ancient inscription to the effect 92 LECTURE III. that the inhabitants were the descendants of those fugitives who were driven from the land of Canaan by Joshua the son of Nun, the plunderer. It has been said that this story “can scarcely be anything but a Rab- binical legend, which Procopius may have heard from African Jews (21).” But the in- dependent testimony of the three writers, who do not seem to have copied from one another, is an argument of great weight; and the ex- pressions used, by Procopius especially, have a precision and a circumstantiality, which seem rather to imply the basis of personal observation. “ There stand,” he says, “two pillars of white marble near the great foun- tain in the city of Tigisis, bearing an inscrip- tion in Phoenician characters and in the Phoenician language, which runs as follows.” I cannot see that there would be any suffi- cient reason for doubting the truth of this very clear and exact statement, even if it stood alone, and were unconfirmed by any other writer. ‘Two writers, however, confirm it—one of an earlier and the other of a later date ; and the three testimonies are proved, by their slight variations, to be independent of one another. There is then sufficient reason to believe that a Phoenician inscription to the effect stated existed at Tangiers in the time of the Lower Empire; and the true question for LECTURE III. 93 historical criticism to consider and determine is, what is the weight and value of such an inscription (22). That it was not a Jewish or a Christian monument is certain from the epithet of “ plunderer” or “ robber” applied in it to Joshua. That it was more ancient than Christianity seems probable from the language and character in which it was writ- ten (23). It would appear to have been a genuine Phoenician monument, of an anti- quity which cannot now be decided, but which was probably remote; and it must be regarded as embodying an ancient tradition, current in this part of Africa in times ante- rior to Christianity, which very remarkably confirms the Hebrew narrative. There is another event of a public nature, belonging to this portion of the history, of which some have thought to find a confirma- tion in the pages of a profane writer. “The Egyptians,” says Herodotus(24), “ declare that since Egypt was a kingdom, the sun has on four several occasions moved from his wonted course, twice rising where he now sets, and twice setting where he now rises.” It has been supposed (25) that we have here a no- tice of that remarkable time when “the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day*;” as well S Josh. x, 13. 94 LECTWU RE TIL. as of that other somewhat similar occasion, when “the sun returned ten degrees” on the dial of Ahaz‘. But the statement made to Herodotus by the Egyptian priests would very ill describe the phenomena of these two occasions, however we understand the nar- ratives in Joshua and Kings; and the fact which they intended to convey to him was probably one connected rather with their peculiar system of astronomical cycles than with any sudden and viclent changes in the celestial order. If the narrative in Joshua is to be understood astronomically, of an ac- tual cessation or retardation of the earth’s motion (26), we must admit that profane his- tory fails to present us with any mention of an occurrence, which it might have been ex- pected to notice with distinctness. But at the same time we must remember how scanty are the remains which we possess of this early time, and how strictly they are limited to the recording of political events and dynastic changes. The astronomical records of the Babylonians have perished ; and the lists of Manetho contain but few references to na- tural phenomena, which are never introduced except when they have a political bearing. No valid objection therefore can be brought against the literal truth of the narrative in t Is. xxxvi. 8. LECTURE III. 95 Joshua from the present want of any profane confirmation of it. Where the records of the past are so few and so slight, the argument from mere silence has neither force nor place. The flourishing period of Jewish history, which commences with the reign of David, brought the chosen people of God once more into contact with those principal nations of the earth, whose history has to some extent come down to us. One of the first exploits of David was that great defeat which he in- flicted on the Syrians of Damascus, in the vi- cinity of the Euphrates, when they came to the assistance of Hadadezer king of Zobah— a defeat which cost them more than 20,000 men, and which was followed by the tempo- rary subjection of Damascus to the Israelites; since “ David put garrisons in Syria of Da- mascus, and the Syrians became servants to David, and brought gifts".’ This war is men- tioned not only by Eupolemus (27), who ap- pears to have been well acquainted with the Jewish Scriptures, but also by Nicolas of Da- mascus, the friend of Augustus Cesar, who clearly draws his history from the records of his native place. “ After this,” says Nicolas, “ there was a certain Hadad, a native Syrian, who had great power: he ruled over Damas- u 2 Sam. viii. 6. Comp. 1 Chr. xvii. 6. 96 LECTURE IIL. cus, and all Syria, except Phoenicia. He like- wise undertook a war with David, the king of Judza, and contended against him in a number of battles; in the last of them all— which was by the river Euphrates, and in which he suffered defeat—shewing himself a prince of the greatest courage and prowess” (28). This is a testimony of the same nature with those already adduced from Berosus and Manetho; it is a separate and independent notice of an event in Jewish history, which has come down to us from the other party in the transaction, with particulars not con- tained in the Jewish account, yet compatible with all that is so contained, and strictly cor- roborative of the main circumstances of the Hebrew narrative. The other wars of the son of Jesse were with enemies of inferior power and import- ance, as the Philistines, the Moabites, the Ammonites, the Idumeans, and the Ama- lekites. Eupolemus mentions most of these successes (29); but otherwise we have no re- cognition of them by profane writers, which cannot be considered surprising, since there are no ancient histories extant wherein these nations are mentioned otherwise than inci- dentally. We have, however, one further point of contact between sacred and profane his- LECTURE IIL. 97 tory at this period which is of considerable interest and importance, and which requires separate consideration. I speak of the con- nexion, seen now for the first time, between Judea and Pheenicia, which, separated by natural obstacles (30), and hitherto perhaps to some extent by intervening tribes, only began to hold relations with each other when the conquests of David brought Judea into a new position among the powers of these regions. It was necessary for the com- merce of Phoenicia that she should enjoy the friendship of whatever power commanded the great lines of inland traffic, which ran through Coele-Syria and Damascus, by Ha- math and Tadmor, to the Euphrates (31). Accordingly we find that upon the “ esta- blishment” and “ exaltation” of David’s king- dom’, overtures were at once made to him by the chief Phoenician power of the day ; and his goodwill was secured by benefits of the most acceptable kind—the loan of skilled artificers and the gift of cedar-beams “ in abundance””—after which a firm friendship was established between the two powers*, which continued beyond the reign of David into that of Solomon his son’. Now here it Veousam. Vv. D1, 12: wr Chir: Xi; ae x 1 Kings v. I. y Ibid. verse 12. RAWLINSON. H 98 LECTURE III. is most interesting to see whether the He- brew writer has correctly represented the condition of Phoenicia at the time; whether the name which he has assigned to his Phee- nician prince is one that Phoenicians bore or the contrary; and finally, whether there is any trace of the reign of this particular prince at this time. With regard to the first point, it is to be observed, that the condition of Phoenicia va- ried at different periods. While we seem to trace throughout the whole history a con- stant recognition of some one city as predo- minant among the various towns, if not as sovereign over them, we do not always find the same city occupying this position. In the most ancient times it is Sidon which claims and exercises this precedency and pre- eminence (32) ; in the later times the dignity has passed to Tyre, which is thenceforward recognised as the leading power. Homer implies (33), Strabo (34) and Justin (35) dis- tinctly assert the ancient superiority of Sidon, which was said to have been the primitive settlement, whence the remainder were de- rived. On the other hand, Dius (36) and Menander (37), who drew their Phoenician histories from the native records, clearly show that at a time anterior to David, Tyre LECTURE III. 99 had become the leading state, which she con- tinued to be until the time of Alexander (38). The notices of Phoenicia in Scripture are completely in accordance with what we have thus gathered from profane sources. While Sidon alone appears to have been known to Moses’, and Tyre occurs in Joshua as a mere stronghold in marked contrast with imperial Sidon, (“great Zidon,” as she is called more than once*)—whose dominion seems to extend along the coast to Carmel (39), and certainly reaches inland as far as Laish’—in Samuel and Kings the case is changed ; Sidon has no longer a distinctive epithet®; and it is the “king of Tyre” who on behalf of his coun- trymen makes advances to David, and who is evidently the chief Phoenician potentate of the period. Further, when we look to the name borne by this prince—the first Phoenician men- tioned by name in Scripture— we are at once struck with its authentic character. That Hiram was really a Phoenician name, and one which kings were in the habit of bear- ing, is certain from the Assyrian Inscrip- tions (40) and from Herodotus (41), as well as from the Phoenician historians, Dius and eeGen. x. 15; xlix. 13: a Josh. xi. 8; xix. 28. b Judges, xviii. 7. and 28. c¢ 2 Sam. xxiv. 6. He? 100 LECTURE II. Menander. And these last-named writers not only confirm the name as one which a king of Tyre might have borne, but shew moreover that it was actually borne by the Tyrian king contemporary with Solomon and David, of whom they relate circumstances which completely identify him with the monarch who is stated in Scripture to have been on such friendly terms with those princes. They do not indeed appear to have made any mention of David; but they spoke distinctly of the close connexion between Hiram and Solomon; adding facts, which, though not contained in Scripture, are re- markably in accordance with the sacred nar- rative. For instance, both Menander and Dius related that “ hard questions” were sent by Solomon to Hiram to be resolved by him (42); while Dius added, that Hiram proposed similar puzzles to Solomon in return, which that monarch with all his wisdom was unable to answer (43). We may see in this narrative, not only a resemblance to the famous visit of the “ Queen of the South*’,” who, “ when she heard of the fame of Solomon, came to prove him with hard questions*;” but also an illus- tration of the statement that “all the earth sought to Solomon to hear his wisdom, which d Matt. xii. 42. e 1 Kings x. 1. CECTUR Ei Tlk 101 God had put in his heart'” Again, Menan- der stated that Hiram gave his daughter in marriage to Solomon (44). This fact is not recorded in Scripture; but still it is illustra- tive of the statement that “ King Solomon loved many strange women, together with the daughter of Pharaoh, women of the Mo- abites, Ammonites, Edomites, Zzidonians, and Petites. 7. 65. *. And he had seven hundred wives, princesses®.” One of these we may well conceive to have been the daughter of the Tyrian king. The relations of Solomon with Egypt have received at present but little illustration from native Egyptian sources. Our epitome of Manetho gives us nothing but a bare list of names at the period to which Solomon must belong; and the Egyptian monuments for the time are particularly scanty and in- significant (45). Moreover the omission of the Jewish writers to place on record the distinctive name of the Pharaoh whose daughter Solomon married, forbids his satis- factory identification with any special Egyp- tian monarch. Eupolemus indeed professed to supply this omission of the older histo- rians (46), and enlivened his history with copies of the letters which (according to him) f 1 Kings x. 24. & Ibid. xi. 1-3. 102 LECTURE IIL passed between Solomon and Vaphres or Apries, king of Egypt; but this name is clearly taken from a later portion of Egyp- tian history, and none at all similar to it is found either on the monuments or in the dy- nastic lists for the period. The Egyptian marriage of Solomon, therefore, and his friendly connexion with a Pharaoh of the 21st dynasty, has at present no confirmation from profane sources, beyond that which it derives from EKupolemus ; but the change in the relations between the two courts towards the close of Solomon’s reign, which is in- dicated by the protection extended to his enemy Jeroboam by a new king, Shishak, receives some illustration and confirmation . both from the monuments, and from the na- tive historian. Shishak makes his appearance at a suitable point, so far as chronology is concerned (47), in the lists of Manetho, where he is called Sesonchis or Sesonchdsis (48) ; and his name occurs likewise in the sculp- tures of the period under its Egyptian form of Sheshonk (49). The confirmation which the monuments lend to the capture of Jeru- salem by this king will be considered in the next Lecture. At present, we have only to note, besides the occurrence of the name at the place where we should naturally look for LECTURE III. 103 it in the lists, the fact that it occurs at the commencement of a new dynasty—a dynasty furnished by a new city, and quite of a dif- ferent character from that preceding it— which would therefore be in no way con- nected with Solomon, and would not be unlikely to reverse the policy of the house which it had supplanted. The wealth and magnificence of Solomon were celebrated by Eupolemus and Theophi- lus, the former of whom gave an elaborate account of the temple and its ornaments. As, however, these writers were merely well- informed Greeks who reported to their coun- trymen the ideas entertained of their history by the Jews of the 3rd and 4th century B.C., I forbear to dwell upon their testimonies. I shall therefore close here the direct confir- mations from profane sources of this portion of the Scripture narrative, and proceed to consider briefly some of the indirect points of agreement, with which this part of the history, like every other, abounds. First then, it may be observed, that the empire ascribed to David and Solomon, is an empire of exactly that kind which alone Western Asia was capable of producing, and did produce, about the period in question. The modern system of centralised organisa- 104. LECTURE III. tion by which the various provinces of a vast empire are cemented into a compact mass, was unknown to the ancient world, and has never been practised by Asiatics. ‘The satra- pial system of government, or that in which the provinces retain their individuality but are administered on a common plan by offi- cers appointed by the crown—which has pre- vailed generally through the East since the time of its first introduction—was the inven- tion of Darius Hystaspis. Before his time the greatest monarchies had a slighter and weaker organisation. They were in all cases composed of a number of separate Aingdoms, each under its own native king; and the sole link uniting them together and constituting them an empire, was the subjection of these petty monarchs to a single suzerain (52). The Babylonian, Assyrian, Median, and Ly- dian, were all empires of this type — mon- archies, wherein a sovereign prince at the head ofa powerful kingdom was acknowledged as suzerain by a number of inferior princes, each in his own right sole ruler of his own country. And the subjection of the inferior princes consisted chiefly, if not solely, in two points; they were bound to render homage to their suzerain, and to pay him annually a certain stated tribute. Thus, when we hear LECTURE IIL. 105 that “Solomon reigned over all the kingdoms from the river (Euphrates) unto the land of the Philistines and unto the border of Egypt"”—or again, that “ he had dominion over all the region on this side the river, from Tiphsah (or Thapsacus on the Euphra- tes) to Azzah (or Gaza, the most southern of the Philistine towns), over all the kings on this side the river’’—and that “ they brought presents)” —“a rate year by year*”—and “ served Solomon all the days of his life’,” we recognise at once a condition of things with which we are perfectly familiar from profane sources; and we feel that at any rate this account is in entire harmony with the poli- tical notions and practices of the day. Similarly, with respect to the buildings of Solomon, it may be remarked, that they ap- pear, from the description given of them in Kings and Chronicles, to have belonged ex- actly to that style of architecture which we find in fact to have prevailed over Western Asia in the earliest times, and of which we have still remains on the ancient sites of Ni- neveh, Susa, and Persepolis. The strong re- semblance in general structure and arrange- ment of the palace of Esar-haddon to that ay 1 Kings iy. 21. i Ibid. verse 24. j Ibid. verse 21. Ebi. x? 25)! 1 Ibid. iv. 21. 106 LECTURE III. which Solomon constructed for his own use, has been noticed by our great Mesopotamian excavator (53); and few can fail to see in the “house of the forest of Lebanon™,” with its five-and-forty cedar pillars forming the “ fo- rest” from which the palace derived its name, a resemblance to the remarkable structures at Susa and Persepolis, in each of which the pillars on which the entire edifice rested form a sort of forest, amounting in number to 72. It is true that in the Persian buildings the columns are of stone; but this is owing to the advance of art. The great chambers in the Assyrian palaces had no stone columns, but are regarded by those who have paid most attention to the subject, as having had their roofs supported by pillars of cedar (54). Nor does the resemblance of which I am speaking consist only in the multiplicity of columns. The height of the Persepolitan columns, which is 44 feet (54), almost exactly equals the “30 cubits” of Solomon’s house ; and there is even an agreement in the ge- neral character of the capitals, which has at- tracted notice from some who have written upon the history of art (56). Again, the copious use of gold in orna- mentation", which seems to moderns so im- m 1 Kings vii. 2. Ibid. wi. tao; 21, 28,' 90, 39, too: LECTURE III. 107 probable (57), was a practice known to the Phoenicians, the Assyrians, and the Baby- lonians (58). The brazen pillars, Jachin and Boaz, set up in the court of the temple’®, re- call the pillar of gold which Hiram, accord- ing to Menander (59), dedicated in the tem- ple of Baal, and the two pillars which appear in the coins of Cyprus before the temple of the Phoenician Venus (60). The “throne of ivory”” has its parallel in the numerous ivory carvings lately brought from Mesopotamia, which in many cases have plainly formed the covering of furniture (61). The lions, which stood beside the throne‘, bring to our mind at once the lions’ feet with which Assyrian thrones were ornamented (62), and the gi- gantic sculptured figures which commonly formed the portals of the great halls. In these and many other points the state and character of art, which the Hebrew writers describe as existing in Solomon’s time, re- ceives confirmation from profane sources, and especially from those remains of a time not long subsequent, which have been recently brought to light by the researches made in Mesopotamia. Once more—the agreement between the © 1 Kings vii. 15-22. P Ibid. x. 19. q Ibid. verses 19 and 20. 108 LECTURE III. character of the Phoenicians as drawn in Kings and Chronicles, and that which we know from other sources to have attached to them, is worthy of remark. The wealth, the enterprise, the maritime skill, and the eminence in the arts, which were the leading characteristics of the Phoenicians in Homer’s time, are abundantly noted by the writers of Kings and Chronicles; who contrast the comparative ignorance and rudeness of their own nation with the science and “cunning” of their neighbours. “Thou knowest,” writes king Solomon to Hiram, “that there is not among us any that can skill to hew timber like the Sidonians'.” “Send me a man,” again he writes, “cunning to work in gold, and in silver, and in brass, and in iron, and in purple, and crimson, and blue, and that can skill to grave with the cunning men which are with me in Judah and in Jerusa- lem, whom David my father did provide’.” And the man sent, “a man of Tyre, a worker in brass, filled with wisdom, and under- standing, and cunning to work all works in brass, came to king Solomon, and wrought all his work*.’ So too when Solomon “ made a navy of ships in Ezion-geber, on the shore of the Red Sea,’ Hiram “sent in the navy r y Kings v. 6. s 2 Chron. ii. 7. t 1 Kings vii. 14. LECTURE III. 109 his servants, shipmen that had knowledge of the sea, with the servants of Solomon”.” It has been well remarked (62), that “we dis- cover the greatness of Tyre in this age, not so much from its own annals as from those of the Israelites, its neighbours.” The scanty fragments of the Phoenician history which alone remain to us are filled out and illus- trated by the more copious records of the Jews; which, with a simplicity and truthful- ness that we rarely meet with in profane writers, set forth in the strongest terms their obligations to their friendly neighbours. These are a few of the indirect points of agreement between profane history and this portion of the sacred narrative. It would be easy to adduce others (63); but since, within the space which an occasion like the present allows, it is impossible to do more than broadly to indicate the sort of evidence which is producible in favour of the authenticity of Scripture, perhaps the foregoing specimens may suffice. It only remains therefore to sum up briefly the results to which we seem to have attained. We have been engaged with a dark period —a period when the nations of the world had little converse with one another, when u 1 Kings ix. 26, 27. 110 LECTURE IIL. civilisation was but beginning, when the knowledge of letters was confined within narrow bounds, when no country but Egypt had a literature, and when Egypt herself was in a state of unusual depression, and had little communication with nations beyond her borders. We could not expect to obtain for such a period any great amount of pro- fane illustration. Yet the Jewish history of even this obscure time has been found to present points of direct agreement with the LEXgyptian records, scanty as they are for it, with the Pheenician annals, with the traditions of the Syrians of Damascus, and with those of the early inhabitants of Northern Africa. It has also appeared that the Hebrew ac- count of the time is in complete harmony with all that we otherwise know of Western Asia at the period in question, of its poli- tical condition, its civilisation, its arts and sciences, its manners and customs, its inha- bitants. Illustrations of these points have been furnished by the Assyrian inscriptions, the Assyrian and Persian palaces, the Phoe- nician coins and histories, and the earliest Greek poetry. Nor is it possible to produce from authentic history any contradiction of this or any other portion of the Hebrew re- cords. When such a contradiction has seemed LECTURE III. bat to be found, it has invariably happened that in the progress of historical enquiry, the au- thor from whom it proceeds has lost credit, and finally come to be regarded as an utter- ly untrustworthy authority (64). Internally consistent, externally resting upon contem- porary or nearly contemporary documents, and both directly and indirectly confirmed by the records of neighbouring nations, the Hebrew account of this time is entitled to be received as a true and authentic history on almost every ground upon which such a claim can be rested. It was then justly and with sufficient reason that the Proto-martyr in his last speech’, and the great Apostle of the Gentiles, in his first public preaching as an Apostle”, assumed as certain the simple, literal, and historic truth of this portion of the sacred narrative. Through God’s good providence, there is no break in that historic chain, which binds the present with the past, the new covenant with the old, Christ with Moses, the true Israel with Abraham. A “dark age’”—a time of trouble and confusion, undoubtedly supervened upon the establish- ment of the Israelites in Canaan; but amid the gloom the torch of truth still passed from hand to hand—prophets arose at inter- Vv Acts vil. 45-47. w Ibid. xiii. 19-22. 112 LECTURE III. vals—and the main events in the national life were carefully put on record. After- wards—from the time of Samuel—a more regular system was introduced ; events were chronicled as they occurred; and even the sceptic allows that “with the Books of Sa- muel, the history assumes an appearance far more authentic than that of the contempo- rary history of any other ancient nation(65).” This admission may well be taken to render any further argument unnecessary, and with it we may properly conclude this portion of our enquiry. LECTURE IY. DKINGS. XL) 9,32. And Ahijah said to Jeroboam, Take thee ten pieces: for thus saith the Lord, the God of Israel, Behold, I will rend the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon, and will give ten tribes to thee: but he shall have one tribe for my servant David’s sake. THE subject of the present Lecture will be the history of the chosen people from the separation of the two kingdoms by the suc- cessful revolt of Jeroboam, to the completion of the Captivity of Judah, upon the destruc- tion of Jerusalem, in the nineteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. The space of time embraced is thus a period of about four centuries. Without pretending to a chronological exactitude, for which our data are insufficient, we may lay it down as tolerably certain, that the establishment of the two kingdoms of Israel and Judah on the ruins of Solomon’s empire is an event belonging to the earlier half of the tenth century before our era; while the destruc- RAWLINSON. i 114 LECTURE IV. tion of Jerusalem may be assigned with much confidence to the year B.C. 586. These centuries constitute a period se- cond in importance to none of equal length. They comprise the great development, the decadence, and the fall of Assyria—the sudden growth of Media and Babylon— the Egyptian revival under the Psamme- tichi—the most glorious time of the Phee- nician cities—the rise of Sparta and Athens to preeminence in Greece—the foundation of Carthage and of Rome—and the spread of civilisation by means of the Greek and Phoenician colonies, from the Palus Meeotis to the pillars of Hercules. Moreover, they contain within them the transition time of most profane history—the space within which it passes from the dreamy cloud-land of myth and fable into the sober region of reality and fact, exchanging poetic fancy for prosaic truth, and assuming that character of authen- ticity and trustworthiness, which is required to fit it thoroughly for the purpose where- to it is applied in these Lectures. Hence, illustrations of the sacred narrative, hitherto somewhat rare and infrequent, will now crowd upon us, and make the principal diffi- culty at the present stage that of selection. Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Phoenicia, Greece, LECTURE IV. 11S will vie with each other in offering to us proofs that the Hebrew records for this time contain a true and authentic account of the fortunes of the race; and instead of finding merely a few points here and there to illus- trate from profane sources, we shall now be able to produce confirmatory proof of almost every important event in the history. Before entering, however, on this branch of the enquiry, some consideration must be given to the character of the documents in which this portion of the history has come down to us, and to the confirmation which those documents obtain from other Books in the Sacred Canon. It was observed in the last Lecture, that the Books of Kings and Chronicles are com- pilations from State Papers preserved in the public archives of the Jewish nation (1), the authors of those papers being probably, in most cases, the Prophets in best repute at the time of their composition. This is par- ticularly apparent from the Second Book of Chronicles, where the author, besides citing in several places* “the Book of the Chroni- cles of the Kings of Israel and Judah,” par- ticularises no fewer than thirteen works of a 2 Chron. xvi. 11; xxv. 26; xxvii. 7; xxvill. 26; xxxil. 32; xXxxiii. 18; and xxxv. 27. Be 116 LECTURE IV. prophets, some of which he expressly states to have formed a portion of the general “ Book of the Chronicles’,”’ while most of the others may be probably concluded to have done the same. The Books of Samuel, of Nathan, and of Gad, the Prophecy of Ahi- jah the Shilonite, and the Visions of Iddo the seer, which are among the works quoted by the Chronicler, have been already no- ticed (2). To these must now be added, “the Book of Shemaiah the Prophet‘,” “the Book of Iddo the seer, concerning genealo- gies*,” “the Story or Commentary of the Prophet Iddo’,” “the Book of Jehu the son of Hanani‘,” “the Acts of Uzziah by Isaiah£,” “the Vision of Isaiah,’ and the book of “the Sayings of the Seersi”—all works which served as materials to the Chronicler, and to which he refers his readers. We found rea- son to believe, in the last Lecture, that our Book (or Books) of Samuel is the very work which the Chronicler quotes under the three names of the Book of Samuel, the Book of Nathan, and the Book of Gad. Similarly — the Book of the Acts of Solomon! would seem to have been composed of a Book of Nathan, b 2 Chron. xx. 34; and xxxii. 32. © Ibid. xii. 15. 4 Ibid. e Ibid. xiii. 22. f Ibid. xx. 34. & Ibid. xxvi. 22. h Tbid. xxxii. 32. i Ibid. xxxiii. 19. } 1 Kings xi. 41. LECTURE IV. Ey, a Book of Ahijah the Shilonite, and a por- tion of a Book of Iddo the seer. And the Book, or rather the two Books(3), of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel and Judah, would appear to have been carried on in the same way; first, by Iddo, in his “ Story,” or “ Commentary ;” then by Jehu, the son of Hanani, in the Book which we are told was made to form a part of the Book of the Kings of Israel (4); and afterwards by other prophets and seers, among whom were cer- tainly Isaiah and Jeremiah. That Isaiah wrote the history of the reign of Uzziah is expressly stated'; and it is also said that his account of the acts of Hezekiah formed a portion of the Book of the kings of Ju- dah (5); besides which, the close verbal agreement between certain historical chap- ters in Isaiah and in Kings (6), would suffice to prove that this part of the state history was composed by him. A similar agree- ment between portions of Kings and of Je- remiah, leads to a similar conclusion with respect to that prophet (7). Thus Samuel, Gad, Nathan, Ahijah, Shemaiah, Iddo, Jehu, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and other prophets con- temporary with the events, are to be re- garded as the real authorities for the Jewish k 2 Chron. ix. 29. 1 Ibid. xxvi. 22. 118 LECTURE IV. history as it is delivered to us in Kings and Chronicles. “The prophets, who in their prophecies and addresses held forth to the people, not only the law as a rule and direc- tion, but also the history of the past as the mirror and example of their life, must have reckoned the composition of the theocratic history among the duties of the call given to them by the Lord, and composed accord- ingly the history of their time by noting down public annals, in which, without re- spect of persons, the life and conduct of the kings were judged and exhibited according to the standard of the revealed law (8).” With this judgment of a living German writer there is sufficient reason to concur ; and we may therefore conclude that the his- tory in Kings and Chronicles rests upon the testimony of contemporary and competent witnesses. The only objection of any importance that Rationalism makes to the conclusion which we have here reached, is drawn from the circumstances of the time when the books were composed ; which is thought to militate strongly against their having been drawn directly from the sources which have been indicated. ‘The authority of the writers of these Books, we are told (9), “cannot have LECTURE IV. 119 been the official annals” of the kingdoms; for these must have perished at their de- struction, and therefore could not have been consulted by authors who lived later than the Captivity. It may be granted that the mass of the State Archives are likely to have perished with Samaria and Jerusalem, if we understand by that term the bulky docu- ments which contained the details of official transactions: but there is no more difficulty in supposing that the digested annals which the prophets had composed escaped, than there is in understanding how the Prophecy of Isaiah and the rest of the Sacred Volume were preserved. At any rate, if there be a difficulty, it is unimportant in the face of the plain and palpable fact, that the authors of the two Books speak of the annals as ex- isting, and continually refer their readers to them for additional information. However we may account for it, the “ Books of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel and Ju- dah,” the different portions of which had been written by the prophets above men- tioned, were still extant when the authors of Kings and Chronicles wrote their his- tories, having escaped the dangers of war, and survived the obscure time of the Capti- vity. It is not merely that the writers in 120 LECTURE “Iv. question profess to quote from them; but they constantly appeal to them as books the contents of which are well known to their own readers. The confirmation which the Books of Kings and Chronicles lend to each other, deserves some notice while we are engaged with this portion of the enquiry. Had the later composition uniformly followed, and, as it were, echoed the earlier, there would have been but little advantage in the double re- cord. We should then only have known that the author of the Book of Chronicles regarded the Book of Kings as authentic. But the Chronicler—I use the term in no offensive sense—does not seem really in any case merely to follow the writer of Kings(10). On the contrary, he goes straight to the fountain-head, and draws his mate- rials partly from the sources used by the earlier writer, partly (as it seems) from con- temporary sources which that writer had neglected. He is thus, throughout, a distinct and independent authority for the history of his nation, standing to the writer of Kings as Africanus stands to Eusebius, in respect of the history of Egypt(11). As the double channel by which Manetho’s Egyptian his- tory is conveyed to us, renders our hold LECTURE IV. 121 upon that history far more firm and secure than would have been the case, had we de- rived our knowledge of it through one chan- nel only; so the two parallel accounts, which we possess in Kings and Chronicles of the history of Solomon and his successors, give us a hold upon the original annals of this period which we could not have had other- wise. ‘The Chronicler, while he declines to be beholden to the author of Kings for any portion of his narrative, and does not con- cern himself about apparent discrepancies between his own work and that of the earlier writer, confirms the whole general course of that writer’s history, repeating it, illustrating it, and adding to it, but never really differing from it, except in such mi- nute points as are readily explainable by slight corruptions of the text in the one case or the other (12). Further, the narrative contained in Kings and Chronicles receives a large amount of illustration, and so of confirmation, from the writings of the contemporary Prophets, who exhibit the feelings natural under the cir- cumstances described by the historians, and incidentally allude to the facts recorded by them. This point has been largely illus- trated by recent writers on the prophetical 129 LECTURE IV. Scriptures, who find the interpretation of almost every chapter “bound up with refer- ences to contemporary events political and social,’ and discover in this constant con- nexion at once a “source of occasional diffi- culty,” and a frequent means of throwing great additional light on the true meaning of the prophetical writers (13). The illus- tration thus afforded to prophecy by history is reflected back to history from prophecy ; and there is scarcely an event in the Jewish annals after the reign of Uzziah—which is the time of the earliest of the extant pro- phetical writings (14)—that is not illuminated by some touch from one prophet or another. To take the case of a single writer—Isaiah mentions the succession of Jewish kings from Uzziah to Hezekiah”, the alliance of Rezin, king of Syria, and Pekah, the son of Rema- liah, king of Israel, against Ahaz*, the deso- lation of their country which shortly follow- ed°, the plunder of Damascus, and the spoil- ing of Samaria at this time’, the name of the then high-priest ‘4, the Assyrian conquests of Hamath, Aradus, and Samaria’, the close m Isaiah i. 1. n Jbid. vii. 1, 2. © Tbid. verse 16. P Ibid. viii. 4. Compare 2 Kings xvi. 9. q Ibid. verse 2. Compare 2 Kings xvi. 10-16. r Ibid, x. g-tl. LECTURE IV. 123 connexion about this time of Egypt and Ethiopia‘, the inclination of the Jewish mo- narchs to lean on Egypt for support against Assyria‘, the conquest by Sennacherib of the “fenced cities” of Judah’, the embassy of Rabshakeh’, the sieges of Libnah and La- chish”, the preparations of Tirhakah against Sennacherib*, the prayer of Hezekiah’, the prophecy of Isaiah in reply’, the destruction of Sennacherib’s host*, the return of Senna- cherib himself to Nineveh’, his murder and the escape of his murderers*®, Hezekiah’s ill- ness and recovery‘, and the embassy sent to him by Merodach-Baladan, king of Babylon’*; —he glances also at the invasion of Tiglath- Pileser, and the destruction then brought upon a portion of the kingdom of Israel‘, at the oppression of Egypt under the Ethiopian yoke’, at the subjection of Judza to Assyria during the reign of Ahaz*, and at many other events of less consequence. About half the events here mentioned are contained in the three historical chapters of Isaiah’, 8 Tsaiah xx. 3-5. t Thid..xxx,,.2, 3, &e.;, xxxi. 13. u Ibid. xxxvi. 1. v Ibid. verses 2-22. w Ibid. xxxvii. 8. x Ibid. verse g. Y Ibid. verses 15—20. 2% Ibid. verses 22-35. a Ibid. verse 36. b Ibid. verse 37. ¢ Ibid. verse 38. d Jbid. xxxviii. e Ibid. xxxix. 1, 2. f Ibid. ix. 1. & Ibid. xix. 4, &c. h Ibid. xiv. 24-28. i Chaps. xxxvi. xxxvil. and xxxviil. 124 LE CURE. AV. which are almost identical with three chap- ters of the second Book of Kings!: but the remainder occur merely incidentally among the prophecies; and these afford the same sort of confirmation to the plain narrative of Kings and Chronicles, as the Epistles of St. Paul have been shewn to furnish to the Acts (15). Jeremiah, Amos, Hosea, Micah, and Zephaniah, contain numerous allusions” of a similar character, illustrative of the his- tory at this time and subsequently. Jere- miah, in particular, is as copious in notices bearing upon Jewish history for the time extending from Josiah to the Captivity, as Isaiah is for the reigns of Ahaz and Heze- kiah. Having thus briefly noticed the character of the documents in which this portion of the history has come down to us, and drawn attention to the weight of the scriptural evi- dence in favour of its authenticity, I proceed to the consideration of that point which is the special subject of these Lectures—the confirmation which this part of the narrative receives from profane sources. The separate existence of the two king- doms of Israel and Judah is abundantly con- firmed by the Assyrian inscriptions. Kings j Chaps. xviii. xix. and xx. LECTURE IV. hs of each country occur in the accounts which the great Assyrian monarchs have left us of their conquests—the names being always ca- pable of easy identification with those re- corded in Scripture, and occurring in the chronological order which is there given (16). The Jewish monarch bears the title of “ King of Judah,” while his Israelitish brother is de- signated after his capital city ; which though in the earlier times not called Samaria, is yet unmistakably indicated under the term Beth- Khumri (17), “the house or city of Omri,” that monarch having been the original founder of Samaria, according to Scripture. The first great event in the kingdom of Judah after the separation from Israel, was the invasion of Judza by Shishak, king of Egypt, in the fifth year of Rehoboam. Shi- shak came up against Jerusalem with “twelve hundred chariots’ and threescore thousand horsemen,” besides a host of footmen who were “without number'.’’ He “took the fenced cities which pertained to Judah,” and was proceeding to invest the capital, when Rehoboam made his submission, delivered up the treasures of the temple, and of his own palace, and became one of the “servants’’ or tributaries of the Egyptian king™. This k 1 Kings xvi. 24. 1 2 Chron. xii. 3. m Tbid. ver. 8. 126 LECTURE IV. success is found to have been commemorated by Shishak on the outside of the great tem- ple at Karnac; and here in a long list of captured towns and districts, which Shishak boasts of having added to his dominions, oc- curs the “Melchi Yuda,” or kingdom of Judah (18), the conquest of which by this king is thus distinctly noticed in the Egyptian records. About thirty years later Judea was again invaded from this quarter. “ Zerah the Ethiopian,” at the head of an army of “a thousand thousand*”’—or a million of men— who were chiefly Ethiopians and Libyans®, made war upon Asa, and entering his king- dom at its south-western angle, was there met by the Jewish monarch and signally de- feated by him’. In this case we cannot ex- pect such a confirmation as in the last in- stance; for nations do not usually put on record their great disasters. It appears, how- ever, that at the time indicated, the king of Egypt was an Osorkon (19)—a name identi- cal in its root consonants with Zerach; and it appears also that Egypt continued to decline from this period till the time of Psammeti- chus, a natural result of such a disaster as that which befell the invading host. The only difficulty which meets us is the representation n 2 Chron. xiv. 9. © Ibid. xvi. 8. P Ibid. xiv. 12, 13. LECTURE IV. 127 of Zerah as an Ethiopian—a fact not at pre- sent confirmed by the monuments. Perhaps, though an Egyptian, he was regarded as an Ethiopian, because he ruled over Ethiopia, and because his army was mainly composed of men belonging to that country. Or perhaps, though we have no positive evidence of this, he may have been really of Ethiopian ex- traction. Osorkon the Second, who is the natural contemporary of Asa, was not de- scended from the earlier kings of the dy- nasty. He was the son-in-law of his prede- cessor, and reigned in right of his wife. It is therefore not at all impossible that he may have been an Ethiopian by birth, and have ruled over both countries. In the succeeding generation, the records of the other kingdom present us with some points of contact between the Jewish and the Phoenician annals, in which again we have all the agreement that is possible. Ahab, king of Israel, is represented as having sought to strengthen himself in the position which his father had usurped, by a marriage with a foreign princess, and as having made choice for the purpose of “Jezebel, daughter of Eth- baal, king of the Zidonians*.” Here again not only have we a genuine Phoenician name, q 1 Kings xvi. 3r. 128 LECTURE IV. but we have the name of a king, who is proved by the Tyrian history of Menander to have been seated upon the throne exactly at this time. Ejithobalus, the priest of Ash- teroth (or Venus), who by the murder of his predecessor, Pheles, became king of ‘Tyre, mounted the throne just fifty years after the death of Hiram, the contemporary of Solo- mon (20). Ahab mounted the throne of Is- rael 15 or 20 years later, and was thus the younger contemporary of Eithobalus, or Eth- baal, who continued to reign at ‘Tyre during a considerable portion of Ahab’s reign in Israel. The only objection that can be taken to this identity—which is generally allow- ed (21)—turns upon the circumstance that Eth-baal is called in Scripture, not king of Tyre, but “king of the Zidonians.” Sidon, it is probable, although a dependency of Tyre at this time, had her own line of kings; and if Eth-baal was one of these, the coin- cidence between his name and that of the reigning ‘l'yrian monarch would be merely accidental, and the confirmation here sought to be established would fall to the ground. But the fact seems to be that the Jewish writers use the term “ Zidonians” in two senses, one specific, and the other generic,— sometimes intending by it the inhabitants of LECTURE IV. 129 Sidon alone, sometimes the Phoenicians gene- rally (22). And it is probably in this latter sense that the title “king of the Zidonians” is applied to the father of Jezebel. Menander also related that during the reign of Eth-baal, which (as we have seen) coincided in a great measure with that of Ahab in Israel, there was a remarkable drought, which continued in Phoenicia for the full space of a year (23). This drought is fairly connected with the still longer one in the land of Israel, which Elijah announced to Ahab’, and which led to the destruction of the priests of Baal upon mount Carmel’. The most remarkable feature in the ex- ternal history of Israel during the reign of Ahab, is the war which raged towards its close between the Israelites and the Syrians of Damascus. The power and greatness of the Damascene king, who bears the name of Ben-hadad, are very strikingly depicted. He comes against Samaria at the head of no fewer than thirty-two subject or confederate “kings‘,” with “horses” and with “ chariots",” and a “ great multitude’.” ‘Though defeated with great slaughter on his first attempt, he is able to bring into the field another army r 1 Kings xvi. 1. 8 Ibid. chap. xviii. t Thid. xx. 1. u [bid. Vv Ibid. verse 13. RAWLINSON. K 130 LE CTU? AV. of equal strength in the ensuing year”. The exact number of his troops is not mentioned, but it may be conjectured from the losses in his second campaign, which are said to have amounted to 127,000 men*. Even this enor- mous slaughter does not paralyse him: he continues the war for three years longer ; and in the third year fights the battle in which Ahab is slain’. Now, of this parti- cular struggle we have no positive confir- mation, owing to the almost total loss of the ancient Syrian records (24). But we have, in the cuneiform annals of an Assyrian king, a very curious and valuable confirma- tion of the power of Damascus at this time— of its being under the rule of a monarch named Ben-hadad, who was at the head of a great confederacy of princes, and who was able to bring into the field year after year vast armies, with which he repeatedly en- gaged the whole force of Assyria. We have accounts of three campaigns between the Assyrians on the one side, and the Syrians, Hittites, Hamathites, and Phcenicians, united under the command of Ben-hadad, upon the other (25), in which the contest is maintained with spirit, the armies being of a large size, w 1 Kings xx. 25. x Ibid. verses 28 and 29. Y Ibid. xxii. 1-36. LECTURE IV. 131 and their composition and character such as we find described in Scripture (26). The same record further verifies the his- torical accuracy of the Books of Kings, by a mention of Hazael as king of Damascus im- mediately after Ben-hadad (27), and also by the synchronism which it establishes between this prince and Jehu, who is the first Israelite king mentioned by name on any Inscription hitherto discovered. Jehu appears by the monument in question to have submitted himself to the great Assyrian conqueror (28) ; and it may be suspected that from this date both the Jewish and the Israelitish kings held their crowns as fiefs dependent on the will of the Assyrian monarch, with whom it formally lay to “confirm” each new prince “in his kingdom’.” A break now occurs in the series of pro- fane notices, which have extended, without the omission of a generation, from the time of David to that of Jehu. During the cen- tury which follows on the death of that monarch we are able to adduce from _pro- fane sources no more than one or two doubt- ful illustrations of the Sacred Narrative. Here, however, it is to be remarked, that the absence of profane confirmation is coincident Zz 2 Kings xiv. 5; Xv. 19. pe 132 LECTURE IV. with, and must fairly be regarded as result- ing from, a want of sufficient materials. There is a great dearth of copious Assyrian inscriptions from the time of the monarch who made Jehu tributary to that of the Tiglath-Pileser of Scripture (29). For this time too the Tyrian records are an absolute blank (30), while the Egyptian are but little better; and moreover there seems to have been no political contact between these coun- tries and Palestine during the period in ques- tion. We cannot therefore be surprised at the deficiency here noted; nor would it be right to view it as having the slightest tend- ency to weaken the force of our previous rea- soning. The Hebrew annals touch no foreign coun- try, of which we have any records at all, from the time of Jehu to that of Menahem. In the reign of this latter prince occurs the first direct mention of Assyria as a power actively interfering in Palestine, and claiming and exercising political influence. We are told that in the reign of Menahem, “ Pul, the king of Assyria, came up against the land; and Menahem gave Pul a thousand talents of silver, that his hand might be with him, to confirm the kingdom in his hand*.” There ® 2 Kings xv. Ig. LECTURE IV. 139 is some difficulty in identifying the Assyrian monarch here mentioned, who not only took this large tribute, but (as appears from Chro- nicles”) led a portion of the nation into cap- tivity. In the Hebrew Scriptures he ap- pears as Pul, or rather Phul; and this is also the form of the name which the Armenian Eusebius declares to have been used by Po- lyhistor (31), who followed Berosus; but in the Septuagint he is called Phaléch, or Pha- lés (82), a form of which the Hebrew word seems to be an abbreviation. The Assyrian records of the time present us with no name very close to this; but there is one which has been read variously as Phal-lukha, Vul- lukha, and Iva-lush, wherein it is not impro- bable that we may have the actual appella- tion of the Biblical Phul, or Phaloch. The annals of this monarch are scanty; but in the most important record which we possess of his reign, there is a notice of his having taken tribute from Beth-Khumri, or Samaria, as well as from Tyre, Sidon, Damascus, Idu- meea, and Philistia (83). Neither the name of the Israelitish king, nor the amount of his tribute, is mentioned in the Assyrian record ; but the amount of the latter, which may to many appear excessive, receives illustration, b y Chron. v. 26. 134 Le CTU RE: Ty. and a certain degree of confirmation, from a fact which happens to be recorded on the monument—namely, that the Assyrian mon- arch took at this time from the king of Damascus a tribute considerably greater than that which, according to the author of Kings, he now exacted from Menahem. From Me- nahem he received 1000 talents of silver; but from the Damascene king the tribute taken was 2300 of such talents, together with 3000 talents of copper, forty of gold, and 5000 of some other metal (34). The expedition of Pul against Menahem is followed by a series of attacks on the in- dependence of the two kingdoms, which cause the sacred history to be very closely connected, for the space of about a century, with the annals of Assyria. The successors of Pul are presented to us by the Biblical writers, apparently in a continuous and un- interrupted line—Tiglath-Pileser, Shalmane- ser, Sargon, Sennacherib, and Esar-haddon all of them carrying their arms into Pales- tine, and playing an important part in the history of the favoured race. It happens most fortunately (may we not say, providen- tially ?) that records of all these monarchs— the greatest which Assyria produced—have been recovered; and these in some cases are LECTURE IV. 135 sufficiently full to exhibit a close agreement with the sacred narrative, while throughout they harmonise with the tenor of that narra- tive, only in one or two cases so differing from the Hebrew text as to cause any difficulty. I shall proceed to exhibit this agreement with the brevity which my limits necessitate, before noticing the confirmation which this portion of the history derives also from the Egyptian and Babylonian records. The chief events related of Tiglath-Pileser in Scripture are his two invasions of Israel— once when he “took Ijon, and Abel-beth- maachah, and Janoah, and Kedesh, and Ha- zor, and Gilead, and Galilee, and all the land of Naphtali, and carried them captive to As- syria‘ ;” and again, when he came at the in- vitation of Ahaz, and not only chastised Pe- kah, but “took Damascus, and slew Rezin‘®.” Of the first of these two campaigns we have no profane confirmation; but some account of the second is given in an Assyrian frag- ment, where Tiglath-Pileser speaks of his defeating Rezin, and capturing Damascus, and also of his taking tribute from the king of Samaria. The monarch indeed from whom he takes the tribute is called Menahem, in- stead of Pekah; and this constitutes a dis- Cfo, Kips: xv./29. d [bid. xvi. 7-9. 136 LECTURE IV. crepancy—the first that we have found— between the Assyrian and the Hebrew re- cords: but the probability is that Pekah is intended, and that the official who composed, or the workman who engraved, the Assyrian document made a mistake in the name (35). Tiglath-Pileser is also stated in Scripture to have been visited at Damascus by the Jewish king, Ahaz; and the result of this visit was that Ahaz set up a new altar in the temple at Jerusalem, according to the pat- tern of an altar which he had seen at Da- mascus*. It has been generally supposed that this altar was Syrian (36); and its esta- blishment has been connected with the pas- sage in Chronicles, where Ahaz is said to have “sacrificed to the gods of Damascus, which smote him*;” but few things can be more improbable than the adoption of the gods of a foreign nation at the moment when they had been proved powerless. The strange altar of Ahaz was in all probability not Syrian, but Assyrian; and its erection was in accord- ance with an Assyrian custom, of which the Inscriptions afford abundant evidence—the custom of requiring from the subject nations some formal acknowledgment of the gods and worship of the sovereign country (37). d 2 Kings xvi. ro—16. € 2 Chron. xxviii. 23. LECTURE IV. 137 The successor of Tiglath-Pileser seems to have been Shalmaneser—a king, whose mili- tary exploits in these regions were celebrated by Menander in his history of Tyre (38). He appears, from the narrative in Kings, to have come up twice against Hoshea, the last king of Israel—on the first occasion merely enforcing the tribute which was regarded as due, but on the second proceeding to ex- tremities, in order to punish Hoshea for con- tracting an alliance with Egypt, laying siege to Samaria, and continuing to prosecute the siege for the space of three years. The re- cords of Shalmaneser have been so mutilated by his successors, that they furnish only a very slight confirmation of this history. The name of Hoshea, however, king of Samaria, is found in an inscription, which has been with reason assigned to Shalmaneser (39) ; and though the capture of Samaria is claimed by his successor, Sargon, as an exploit of his own in his first year (40), yet this very claim confirms the Scriptural account of Shalma- neser’s commencing the siege, which began three years before the captures; and it is easily brought into harmony with the Scrip- tural account of the actual capture, either by supposing that Sargon claimed the success as f 2 Kings xvii. 3 and 5. & Ibid. and xvili. g, 10. 138 LECTURE IV. falling into his own reign, (which had then begun at Nineveh), though Shalmaneser was the real captor; or by regarding (as we are entitled to do) the king of Assyria, who is said to have taken Samaria in the Book of Kings, as a distinct person from the king who commenced the siege (41). Of Shalmaneser’s successor, Sargon, Scrip- ture contains but one clear historic notice. In the 20th chapter of Isaiah, we are told that “in the year that Tartan came unto Ashdod, (when Sargon, the king of Assyria, sent him,) and fought against Ashdod, and took it",” certain directions were given by the Lord to the prophet. It was formerly supposed that Sargon was another name for one of the Assyrian monarchs mentioned in the Book of Kings (42); but since the dis- covery that the king of Assyria, who built the great palace at Khorsabad, actually bore this appellation, which continued to attach to its ruins until the Arab conquest (43), it has been generally admitted that we have in Isaiah a reference to an Assyrian ruler dis- tinct from all those mentioned in Kings, and identical with the Khorsabad monarch, who was the father of Sennacherib. Now of this monarch we find it related in his annals h Isaiah xx, 1, LECTURE IV. 139 that he made war in Southern Syria, and took Ashdod (44). ‘Thus the sole fact which Scripture distinctly assigns to the reign of Sargon is confirmed by the native records; which likewise illustrate the two or three other facts probably intended to be assigned to him by the sacred writers. Isaiah appa- rently means Sargon in the 4th verse of his 20th chapter, when he prophesies that “the king of Assyria shall lead away the Egypt- ians prisoners, and the Ethiopians captives, young and old, naked and _ barefoot, even with their buttocks uncovered, to the shame of Egypt.” If this be allowed, we obtain a second illustration of Sargon’s reign from the monuments; which represent him as warring with Egypt, and forcing the Pha- raoh of the time to become his tributary, and which also show that Egypt was at this time in just that close connexion with Ethi- opia (45) which the prophet’s expressions in- dicate’. Again, if we may presume that Sargon is intended by the king of Assyria who took Samaria‘, and carried the Israelites away captive‘; then there is derivable from the monuments a very curious illustration of the statement of Scripture, that the monarch, i Isaiah xx. 3 and 4. j 2 Kings xvii. 6. k Tbid. xviii. 11. 140 LECTURE IV. who did this, placed his captives, or at least a portion of them, “in the cities of the Medes.” For Sargon seems to have been the first Assyrian monarch who conquered Media; and he expressly relates that, in order to complete its subjection, he founded there a number of cities, which he planted with colonists from other portions of his do- minions (46). The Assyrian monarch who appears in Scripture as most probably the successor of Sargon is Sennacherib, whom the monuments show to have been his son. Two expeditions of this prince against Hezekiah are related; and each of them receives a very striking confirmation from a profane source. The sa- cred writers tell us that on the first occasion, Hezekiah having thrown off the allegiance™ which the kings of Judah appear to have paid to Assyria at least from the time of Ahaz’ message to Tiglath-Pileser*, “ Sennacherib, king of Assyria, came up against all the fenced cities of Judah, and took them: and Heze- kiah, king of Judah, sent to the king of As- syria to Lachish, saying, ‘I have offended ; return from me: that which thou puttest upon me, I will bear :’ and the king of As- syria appointed unto Hezekiah, king of Ju- 1 2 Kings xviii. 11. m bid. xvii. 7. n Ibid. xvi. 7. LECTURE IV. 141 dah, three hundred talents of silver and thirty talents of gold’.” The annals of Sen- nacherib contain a full account of this cam- paign. “And because Hezekiah, king of Judah,” says Sennacherib, “ would not submit to my yoke, I came up against him, and by force of arms and by the might of my power I took forty-siw of his strong fenced cities ; and of the smaller towns which were scat- tered about, I took and plundered a count- less number. And from these places I cap- tured and carried off as spoil 200,150 people, old and young, male and female, together with horses and mares, asses and camels, oxen and sheep, a countless multitude. And Hezekiah himself I shut up in Jerusalem, his capital city, like a bird in a cage, build- ing towers round the city to hem him in, and raising banks of earth against the gates, so as to prevent escape... Then upon this Hezekiah there fell the fear of the power of my arms, and he sent out to me the chiefs and the elders of Jerusalem with thirty ta- lents of gold, and eight hundred talents of silver, and divers treasures, a rich and im- mense booty... All these things were brought to me at Nineveh, the seat of my govern- © 2 Kings xvili. 13,14. Compare Isaiah xxxvi. 1, and 2 Chron. Xxxi, 1-8. 142 LECTURE! IV. ment, Hezekiah having sent them by way of tribute, and as a token of his submission to my power (47).” It is needless to particu- larise the points of agreement between these narratives. The only discrepancy is in the amount of the silver which Sennacherib re- ceived; and here we may easily conceive, either that the Assyrian king has exagger- ated, or that he has counted in a portion of the spoil, while the sacred writer has merely mentioned the sum agreed to be paid as tri- bute (48). The second expedition of Sennacherib into Syria seems to have followed very shortly upon the first. In neither case was Judea the sole, or even the main object of attack. The real purpose of both expeditions was to weaken Egypt; and it was by his Egyptian leanings that Hezekiah had provoked the anger of his suzerain”. No collision appears to have taken place on this second occasion be- tween the Assyrians and the Jews. Heze- kiah was threatened; but before the threats could be put in execution, that miraculous destruction of the Assyrian host was effected which forms so striking a feature of this por- tion of the sacred narrative. “ The angel of the Lord went out, and smote in the camp P 2 Kings xviil. 21 and 24. LECTURE IV. 143 of the Assyrians” (which was at Libnah, on the borders of Egypt) “an hundred four- score and five thousand; and when they arose early in the morning, they were all dead corpses‘.” It has been generally seen and confessed, that the marvellous account which Herodotus gives of the discomfiture of Sennacherib by Sethos (49) is the Egyptian version of this event, which was (naturally enough) ascribed by that people to the inter- position of its own divinities. The murder of Sennacherib by two of his sons’, though not mentioned in the Assyrian Inscriptions, (which have never been found to record the death of a king,) appears to have been noticed by Berosus; from whom were derived in all probability the brief allu- sions to the event which are met with in the fragments of Alexander Polyhistor and Aby- denus (49). The escape of the murderers into Armenia*® is in harmony with what is known of the condition of that country at the time; for it appears as an independent state generally hostile to the Assyrian mon- -archs, in the cuneiform records of this period (50); and it is further perhaps worthy of remark, that the Armenian traditions spoke distinctly of the reception of the two q 2 Kings xix. 35. r Ibid. verse 37. s Ibid, 144 LECTURE IV. refugees, and of the tracts respectively as- signed to them (51). Esarhaddon is distinctly stated in Scrip- ture to have been the son and successor of Sennacherib*. As usual, the monuments are in complete accordance (52). Esarhaddon every where calls himself the son of Sen- nacherib; and there is no appearance in the native records of any king having intervened between the two (53). The events belong- ing to the reign of Ksarhaddon, which are in- troduced by the sacred writers into their nar- rative, are but few. As his father was contem- porary with Hezekiah, we naturally regard him as falling into the time of Manasseh; and it has therefore been generally felt that he should be the king of Assyria, whose cap- tains “took Manasseh among the thorns, and bound him with fetters, and carried him to Babylon*.” The monuments confirm the synchronism which Scripture implies, by dis- tinctly mentioning “ Manasseh, king of Ju- dah,” among the tributaries of Esarhad- don (54); and though no direct confirmation has as yet been found of the captivity and restoration of the Jewish monarch, yet the narrative contains an incidental allusion t 2 Kings xix. 37. Compare Isaiah xxxvii. 38. u 2 Chron, xxxili. 11. LECTURE IV. 145 which is in very remarkable harmony with the native records. One is greatly surprised at first hearing that the generals of an ds- syrian king, on capturing a rebel, carried him to Babylon instead of Nineveh—one is almost inclined to suspect a mistake. ‘ What has a king of Assyria to do with Babylon?’ one na- turally asks. The reply is, that Esarhaddon, and he only of all the Assyrian kings, actually was king of Babylon—that he built a palace, and occasionally held his court there (55)— and that consequently a captive was as likely to be brought to him at that city as at the metropolis of Assyria Proper. Had the nar- rative fallen under the reign of any other Assyrian monarch, this explanation could not have been given; and the difficulty would have been considerable. Occurring where it does, it furnishes no difficulty at all, but is one of those small points of incidental agreement which are more satisfactory to a candid mind than even a very large amount of harmony in the main narrative. With Esarhaddon the notices of Assyria in the sacred history come to an end. Assyria herself shortly afterwards disappears (56) ; and her place is taken by Babylon, which now for the first time becomes a great con- quering power. ‘This transfer of empire is RAWLINSON. L 146 LECTURE IV. abundantly confirmed by profane authori- ties (57); but, as the historical character of the Biblical narrative in this respect has al- ways been allowed, it is unnecessary in this place to dwell upon it. I proceed to consi- der the agreement between the sacred nar- rative and the native Egyptian and Baby- lonian records during the later times of the Hebrew monarchy. Egyptian and Jewish history touch at four points during this period. Hoshea, the con- temporary of Shalmaneser, makes a treaty with So, king of Egypt’, shortly before the capture of Samaria, or about the year B.C. 725. Sennacherib, not very long after- wards, on attacking the dependencies of Egypt, learns that Tirhakah, king of the Ethiopians, is gathering together an army to oppose him™®. Nearly a century later, Pha- raoh-Necho invades Judzea, defeats and kills the Jewish king Josiah, presses forward to the Euphrates, takes Carchemish and Jeru- salem, leads Jehoahaz the son of Josiah into captivity, and_ establishes his dominion over the whole of Syria; but is shortly afterwards defeated by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Baby- lon, and dispossessed of all his conquests *. v 2 Kings xvii. 4. w’ Thid. xix. 9. x Tbid. xxi. 29-35; xxiv. 7. Compare 2 Chron. xxxv. 20. | jg] Dhl CaS tal a) 5 em 147 Finally, about twenty years after this, Pha- raoh-Hophra is spoken of as encouraging the Jews to resist Nebuchadnezzar, and threat- ened with the wrath of that monarch, into whose hands it is said he will be delivered’. Here then, within about 140 years, we have the names of four kings of Egypt, one of whom is also the sovereign of Cush or Ethi- opia. Let us see whether the Egyptian an- nals recognise the monarchs thus brought under our notice. Neither Manetho nor the monuments pre- sent us with any name which at all closely resembles the word “So.” If however we look to the Hebrew literation of that name, we shall find that the word is written with three letters, which may be (and probably are) all consonants. ‘They may be read as S$, V, H; and the name of the monarch thus desig- nated may most properly be regarded as Seveh (58). Now a king of the name of Sevech, or Sevechus, appears in the proper place in Manetho’s lists; and the monu- ments show that two monarchs, (who seem to have been a father and a son), Shebek 1. and ShebekK II., ruled Egypt about this period (59). The former of the two is fa- miliar to us under the name (which Hero- y Jerem. xliv. 30; xlvi. 13-26 | aed 148 WE CTA RAL, DV; dotus assigns to him) of Sabaco (60); and it is probably this prince of whom the Hebrew writer speaks. The fact that he came into contact with Assyria is confirmed by the dis- covery of his seal at Koyunjik; it had pro- bably been affixed to a treaty which, in con- sequence of his machinations, he had been forced to make with the triumphant Assyrian monarch (61). Tirhakah, who appears as king of the Ethiopians, yet at the same time as protector of Egypt, in the second Book of Kings, is manifestly the Tarcus or Taracus of Mane- tho (62), the Tearchon of Strabo (63), and the Tehrak of the monuments (64). He succeeded the second Shebek, and is proved by his remains to have been king of both countries, but to have held his court in Ethiopia. In the Pharaoh-Necho of Kings and Jere- miah’, it is impossible not to recognise the famous Egyptian monarch whom Manetho calls Nechao (65), Herodotus Neco (66), and the monuments Neku (67), the son and suc- cessor of the first Psammetichus. The in- vasion of Syria by this prince, and his defeat of the Syrians in a great battle, are attested by Herodotus; who only commits a slight Z Jerem. xlvi. 2—12. LECTURE IV. 149 and very venial error, when he makes Mag- dolum instead of Megiddo the scene of the encounter (68). It has been usual to regard Herodotus as also confirming the capture of Jerusalem by Necho (69); but too much uncertainty attaches to the presumed iden- tity of Cadytis with the Jewish capital, to make it wise that much stress should be laid on this imagined agreement (70). We may with more confidence appeal for a confirma- tion of this fact, and of the captivity of Je- hoahaz, to the fragments of Manetho, who is reported both by Africanus and by Eusebius to have mentioned these Egyptian successes (71). Not less certain and unmistakable is the identity of the Scriptural Pharaoh-Hophra with Manetho’s Uaphris, Herodotus’s Apries, and the monumental Haifra-het or Haifra (72). Egyptian chronology makes this prince contemporary with Nebuchadnezzar (73); and if we may trust the abstracts which Eusebius and Africanus profess to give of Manetho, that writer mentioned the flight of the Jews into Egypt upon the destruction of their city, and their reception by Uaphris or Ho- phra (74). The miserable end of Hophra, predicted by Jeremiah, is related from Egyptian traditions by Herodotus; and 150 LEC PY WE VI. though it may be doubted whether his ac- count of the occurrence is in its minuter circumstances altogether correct (75), yet at any rate the facts of the deposition and exe- cution of the Egyptian king must be ac- cepted on his testimony; and these are the facts which especially illustrate the state- ments of Scripture. Babylonian and Jewish history come into contact only at two points in the period under consideration. We are told that in the reign of Hezekiah Merodach-baladan, king of Babylon, sent letters and a present to that prince, partly because he had heard that he was sick*, partly because he wished to enquire concerning the wonder that had been done in the land’, when the shadow went back ten degrees on the dial of Ahaz. The name of Merodach-Baladan does not at first sight appear to be contained in the au- thentic list of Babylonian kings preserved to us in Ptolemy. But it is probable that the king in question does really occur in that list under the appellation of Mardoc-empad, or Mardoc-empal (76); and there is abundant evidence from the inscriptions, not only of the existence of such a monarch, but of his having been contemporary with the Jewish king in a 2 Kings xx. 12. b 2 Chron. xxxii. 31. PwC TURE FV. 151 whose reign his embassy is placed (77). The fact of the embassy—which seems improbable if we only know the general condition of Ba- bylon at the period to have been one of sub- jection to Assyria—becomes highly probable when we learn—both from Berosus (78) and the monuments (79)—that there was a fierce and bitter hostility between Merodach- Bala- dan and the Assyrian monarchs, fron: whose oppressive yoke he more than once freed his country. The ostensible motive of the em- bassy—to enquire about an astronomical marvel—is also highly probable in the case of a country where astronomy held so high a rank, where the temples were observatories, and the religion was to a great extent astral (80). About a century later, Babylon is found in the Scripture history to have succeeded to the position and influence of Assyria over Pa- lestine, and we have a brief relation, in Jere- miah, Ezekiel, and Kings, of several campaigns conducted by Nebuchadnezzar in these re- gions. Profane accounts are in accordance. The reconquest of Syria and Palestine from Necho by Nebuchadnezzar, which is men- tioned by Jeremiah’, and glanced at in Kings‘, was related at length by Berosus (81); his ¢ Jerem. xlvi. 1-12. d 2 Kings xxiv. 7. 152 LECTURE :fV¥. prolonged siege of Tyre, which is spoken of by Ezekiel‘, was attested by the Tyrian his- torians, who said that it lasted thirteen years (82); while his destruction of the temple at Jerusalem, and his deportation of vast bodies of Jewish captives, were noticed by the na- tive historian, who said that the captives were settled in convenient places in Baby- lonia (83). As the rest of the acts of Nebu- chadnezzar fall into our next period, the present review here comes to an end, and we may now close this portion of the enquiry with a brief summary of the evidence ad- duced in the course of it. The period with which we have been deal- ing is one of comparative light. We possess, it is true, no continuous history of it besides that which the Sacred Volume furnishes; but we have abstracts of the writings of Be- rosus and Manetho, which contained the annals of Egypt and of Babylon during the space; we have considerable fragments of the Tyrian histories of the time; and in the latter portion of it we begin to enjoy the advantage of those investigations which the inquisitive Greeks pushed into the antiqui- ties of all the nations wherewith they be- came acquainted. Above all, we possess the e Ezek. xxix. 18. LECTURE IV. 158 contemporary records—often in a very co- pious form—of all the great Assyrian mo- narchs whose reigns fell within the period in question, while we derive likewise a cer- tain amount of information from the monu- ments of Egypt. All these sources have been examined, and all have combined to confirm and illustrate the Scriptural narrative at al- most every point where it was possible—or at any rate where it was probable—that they would have a bearing upon it. The result is a general confirmation of the entire body of leading facts—minute confirmation occa- sionally—and a complete absence of any thing that can be reasonably viewed as seri- ous discrepancy. A few difficulties—chiefly chronological (84)—meet us; but they are fewer in proportion than are found in the profane history of almost any remote period ; and the faith must be weak indeed to which they prove a stumblingblock. Generally, throughout this whole period, there is that “admirable agreement,” which Niebuhr ob- serves upon towards its close (85), between the profane records and the accounts of Scrip- ture. We have not for the most part by any laboured efforts to harmonise the two—their accord is patent and striking; and is suffi- ciently exhibited by a mere juxtaposition 154 LECTURE IV. of passages. The monarchs themselves, the order of their names, their relationship where it is indicated, their actions so far as they come under notice, are the same in both the Jewish and the native histories; which pre- sent likewise, here as elsewhere, numerous points of agreement, connected with the geo- graphy, religion, and customs of the various nations (86). As discovery proceeds, these points of agreement are multiplied ; obscuri- ties clear up; difficulties are solved; doubts vanish. It is only where profane records are wanting or scanty, that the Sacred Narrative is unconfirmed and rests solely upon its own basis. Perhaps a time may come when through the recovery of the complete annals of Egypt, Assyria, and Babylon, we may obtain for the whole of the Sacred History that sort of illustration, which is now confined to certain portions of it. God, who disposes all things “after the counsel of his own will',’ and who has given to the present age such treasures of long buried knowledge, may have yet greater things in store for us, to be brought to light at His own good time. When the voice of men grows faint and feeble, then the very “stones” are made to “cry out ®.” “ Blessed be the name of God for ever and f Eph. i. 11. & Luke xix. go. LECTURE IV. 155 ever; for wisdom and might are his... He revealeth the deep and secret things: He knoweth what is in the darkness, and the light dwelleth with Him*.” h Dan. ii. 20, 22. LHOTURE PSALM CXXXVII. 1—4. By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof. For they that carried us away captive required of us a song: and they that wasted us required of us mirth, saying, «Sing us one of the songs of Zion. How shall we sing the Lord’s song in a strange land ? WE are brought now by the course of our enquiry to the fourth and closing period of the Old Testament History—a period which subdivides itself into two portions offering a marked contrast to each other, the time of the Captivity, or servitude in Babylon, and the time of the Return, or gradual re-esta- blishment of the Jews in their own country. From the direct historical writings of the chosen people the former time is omitted. The harp of the Historic Muse refuses to sound during this sad season; and it would form a blank in the Hebrew annals, did we LECTURE V. 157 not possess in the writings of one of the Pro- phets a personal narrative, which to some ex- tent fills up the gap left between Kings and Ezra. Conformably with a custom which we find also in Isaiah and Jeremiah, Daniel combines history with prophecy, uniting in a single book the visions wherewith he was fa- voured and an account of various remarkable events which he witnessed. He does not, however, confine himself strictly to the pre- cedent which those writers had set him; but, as if aware that on him had devolved the double office of Prophet and Historian, and that future ages would learn the circum- stances of this period from his pen only, he gives to the historical element in his work a marked and very unusual prominence. Hence we are still able to continue through the period in question the comparison (in which we have been so long engaged) be- tween the History of the Jews as delivered by their own writers and the records of those nations with which they came in contact. If the book of Daniel be a genuine work, the narrative which it contains must possess the highest degree of historical credibility. The writer claims to be a most competent witness. He represents himself as having lived at Babylon during the whole duration 158 LECTURE V. of the Captivity, and as having filled situa- tions of the highest trust and importance under the Babylonian and Medo-Persic mon- archs. Those who have sought to discredit the Book, uniformly maintain that it is spu- rious, having been composed by an unin- spired writer, who falsely assumed the name of an ancient prophet (1),—or, according to some, of a mythic personage (2),—but who lived really under Antiochus Epiphanes. The supposed proof of this last assertion is the minuteness and accuracy of the predictions, which tally so exactly with the known course of history, that it is said they must have been written after the events had happened. This objection, which was first made in the 3rd century of our era by the heathen writer Porphyry (3), has been revived in modern times, and is become the favourite argument of the Rationalists (4), with whom Prophecy means nothing but that natural foresight whereby the consequences of present facts and circumstances are anticipated by the prudent and sagacious. I shall not stop at this time to examine an argument which can only persuade those who disbelieve in the prophetic gift altogether (5). Suffice it to observe, that the Book of Daniel, like the books of Ezra and Jeremiah, is written partly LECTURE V. 159 in Hebrew and partly in Chaldee, which pe- culiarity may fairly be said to fix its date to the time of the Captivity (6): and that it was translated into Greek in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, more than 70 years before the accession of Epiphanes (7). There is there- fore every reason to believe that it belongs to the age in which it professes to have been composed; while no sufficient ground has been shewn for doubting that its writer was the Daniel whose history it records (8)—the prince (9), whose extraordinary piety and wisdom were commended by his contempo- rary, Ezekiel* (10). The authenticity of the narrative has been denied on the ground that it is irreconcilable with what we know of profane history. Ac- cording to De Wette, the book of Daniel is full of “historical inaccuracies, such as are contained in no other prophetical book of the Old Testament” (11). These pretended inaccuracies will best be considered in con- nexion with that general comparison of the sacred narrative with the profane records of the period in question, on which (in pursu- ance of the plan uniformly adopted through- out these Lectures) we have now to enter. The fundamental fact of the time—the a Wzek. xiv. 14 and 20; xxviii. 3. 160 LECTURE V. Captivity itself—is allowed on all hands to admit of no reasonable doubt. Not only do we find, from the monuments of the Assyrian kings (12) and the subsequent history of Persia (13), that such transfers of whole po- pulations were common in the East in ancient times ; but we have the direct evidence of Josephus to the fact, that Berosus mentioned the carrying off of the Jews by Nebuchad- nezzar and their settlement in parts of Baby- lonia. “Profane evidence, however, on this point is unnecessary ; since it cannot be thought that any people would have invented a tale with regard to themselves which re- dounded so little to their credit, and from which it was impossible that they could gain any advantage. The character of Nebuchadnezzar, the length of his reign, and the fact of his having uttered prophecies, are points in which there is a re- markable agreement between the sacred record and profane authorities. The splendour and magnificence which this prince displayed, his military successes, his devotion to his gods,and the pride which he took in adorning Babylon with great buildings, are noted by Berosus and Abydenus (15); the latter of whom has a most curious passage, for the preservation of which we are indebted to Eusebius, on the LECTURE V. 161 subject of his having been gifted with pro- phetic powers. “The Chaldzans relate,” says Abydenus, “that, after this, Nebuchadnezzar went up to his palace, and being seized with a divine afflatus, prophesied to the Babylonians the destruction of their city by the Medes and Persians, after which he suddenly disappeared from among them (16).” ‘The details are in- correct; but it is at least remarkable that the particular prince, who alone, of all the heathen monarchs with whom the Jews were brought into contact, is said in Scripture to have had the future made known to him by God”, is also the only one of those persons who is declared to have had the prophetic gift by a profane writer. The length of Nebuchadnezzar’s reign is stated without any variety by Berosus, Poly- histor, and Ptolemy (17), at 43 years. The Babylonian monuments go near to prove the same ; for the 42nd year of Nebuchadnezzar has been found on a clay tablet (18). Here Scripture is in ewact accordance; for as the first year of Evil-Merodach, the son and suc- cessor of Nebuchadnezzar, is the 37th of the captivity of Jehoiachin*, who was taken to Babylon in Nebuchadnezzar’s eighth year‘, b Dan. ii. 28-9. ¢ 2 Kings xxv. 27; Jer. lil. 31. d 2 Kings xxiv. 12. Compare Jer. xxv. 1. RAWLINSON. M 162 LECTURE V. it is evident that just 43 years are required for the reign of the great Chaldean mon- arch (19). This agreement, moreover, is incidental; for Evil-Merodach is not said in Scripture to have been the successor of Ne- buchadnezzar: we only know this fact from profane sources. It has been maintained that the book of Daniel misrepresents the condition of Baby- lonia under Nebuchadnezzar (20); the points to which objection is especially taken being the account given of the Babylonian wise men, the admission of Daniel among them, and the apparent reference to something like a satrapial organisation of the empire (21). With respect to the first point, it would really be far more reasonable to adduce the descrip- tions in question as proof of the intimate knowledge which the writer possessed of the condition of learning among the Babylonians, than to bring them forward as indications of his ignorance. ‘The wise men are designated primarily by a word which exactly suits the condition of literature in the time and coun- try—a word derived from the root cheret, which means “a graving tool,” exactly the instrument wherewith a Babylonian ordina- rily wrote (22). They are also termed Chas- dim or Chaldeans, whereby a knowledge is LECTURE V. 168 shewn beyond that of the earlier prophets— a knowledge of the fact that the term “ Chal- dzean” was not properly applied to the whole nation, but only to a learned caste or class, the possessors of the old wisdom, which was written in the Chaldzan tongue (23). The objection raised to the admission of Daniel among the “wise men,” is based on the mistaken notion that they were especially a priestly caste, presiding over the national religion; whereas the truth seems to be that they were a learned class, including the priests, but not identical with them, and cor- responding rather to the graduates of a uni- versity than to the clergy of an establish- ment (24). Into such a class foreigners, and those of a different religion, might readily be admitted. With respect to what has been called the “satrapial organisation” of the empire under Nebuchadnezzar‘, (and again under Darius the Mede‘,) it is to be observed in the first place, that nothing like a general organisation of the kind is asserted. We are told of cer- tain “rulers of provinces,” who were sum- moned to worship the golden image set up in the plain of Dura®; and we find that © Dan. iii. 2, &e. Ibid. vi. 1, &e. g Ibid. iii. 1, 2. M 2 164. LEC Pu ie Ow: Judea itself, after the revolt of Zedekiah, was placed under a “ governor’.” But the latter case was exceptional, being consequent upon the frequent rebellions of the Jewish people: and in the former we are probably to understand the chiefs of districts in the immediate vicinity of Babylonia, who alone would be summoned on such an occasion— not the rulers of all the conquered nations throughout the empire. Further, we must remark, that the system of Babylonian ad- ministration is but very little known to us; and that it may to some extent have been sa- trapial. Berosus, at any rate, speaks expressly of “the Satrap appointed by Nabopolassar to govern Phoenicia, Ceele-Syria, and Egypt” (25); and it is not impossible that Darius Hystaspis, who is usually regarded as the inventor of the system, may have merely enlarged a practice begun by the Babylonians (26). There is thus no ground for the assertion that the general condition of Babylonia under Nebuchadnezzar is incorrectly represented in the book of Daniel. Daniel’s representation agrees sufficiently with the little that we know of Babylon at this time from any au- thentic source (27), and has an internal har- mony and consistency which is very striking. h 2 Kings xxv. 22. Compare Jerem. xl. and xli. LECTURE YV. 165 We may therefore resume our comparison of the particulars of the civil history, as it is delivered by the sacred writers, and as it has come down to us from the Babylonians them- selves. Berosus appears to have kept silence on the subject of Nebuchadnezzar’s mysterious malady. I cannot think, with Hengsten- berg (28), that either he or Abydenus intended any allusion to this remarkable fact in the accounts which they furnished of his decease. It was not to be expected that the native writer would tarnish the glory of his coun- try’s greatest monarch by any mention of an affliction which was of so strange and de- basing a character. Nor is it at all certain that he would be aware of it. As Nebuchad- nezzar outlived his affliction, and was again “established in his kingdom’,” all monu- ments belonging to the time of his malady would have been subject to his own revision ; and if any record of it was allowed to descend to posterity, care would have been taken that the truth was not made too plain, by couch- ing the record in sufficiently ambiguous phraseology. Berosus may have read, with- out fully understanding it,a document which has descended to modern times in a tolerably complete condition, and which seems to con- i Dan. iv. 36. 166 LECTURE V. tain an allusion to the fact that the great king was for a time incapacitated for the dis- charge of the royal functions. In the inscrip- tion known as the “Standard Inscription” of Nebuchadnezzar, the monarch himself relates, that during some considerable time—four years apparently—all his great works were at a stand—“he did not build high places—he did not lay up treasures—he did not sing the praises of his Lord, Merodach—he did not offer him sacrifice—he did not keep up the works of irrigation” (29). The cause of this suspension, at once of religious worship and of works of utility, is stated in the docu- ment in phrases of such obscurity as to be unintelligible; until therefore a better expla- nation is offered, it cannot but be regarded as at least highly probable, that the passage in question contains the royal version of that remarkable story with which Daniel con- cludes his notice of the great Chaldzan sovereign. For the space of time intervening between the recovery of Nebuchadnezzar from his affliction and the conquest of Babylon by the Medo-Persians, which was a period of about a quarter of a century, the Biblical narrative supplies us with but a single fact —the release from prison of Jehoiachin by Evil-Merodach in the year that he ascended LECTURE V. 167 the throne of his father. It has been already remarked that the native historian agreed exactly in the name of this prince and the year of his accession; he added, (what Scrip- ture does not expressly state,) that Evil-Me- rodach was Nebuchadnezzar’s son (30). With regard to the character of this monarch, there seems at first sight to be a contrast between the account of Berosus and the slight indica- tions which the Scripture narrative furnishes. Berosus taxes Evil-Merodach with intemper- ance and lawlessness (31); Scripture relates that he had compassion on Jehoiachin, re- leased him from prison, and “spake kindly unto him!?”—allowed him the rank of king once more, and made him a constant guest at his table, thus treating him with honour and tenderness during the short remainder of his life. Perhaps to the Babylonians such a reversal of the policy pursued by their great monarch appeared to be mere reckless “ law- lessness ;” and Evil-Merodach may have been deposed, in part at least, because of his de- parture from the received practice of the Babylonians with respect to rebel princes. _ The successor of this unfortunate king was his brother-in-law, Neriglissar; who, although not mentioned in Scripture as a monarch, has j 2 Kings xxv. 28. 168 LEC LURE... been recognised among the “ princes of the king of Babylon*” by whom Nebuchadnezzar was accompanied in his last siege of Jerusa- lem. A name there given, Nergal-shar-ezar, corresponds letter for letter with that of a king whose remains are found on the site of Babylon (82), and who is reasonably identi- fied with the Neriglissar of Berosus and the Nerigassolassar of Ptolemy’s Canon. More- over, the title of “ Rab-Mag,” which this per- sonage bears in Jeremiah, is found attached to the name of the Babylonian monarch in his brick legends (33)—a coincidence of that minute and exact kind which is one of the surest indications of authentic history Of the son of Neriglissar, who was a mere child, and reigned but a few months, Scrip- ture certainly contains no trace. Whether his successor, the last native king of the Ca- non, whose name is there given as Nabona- dius, and who appears elsewhere as Naban- nidochus, Nabonnedus, or Labynetus (34)— whether this monarch has a place in the Scriptural narrative or no, has long been a matter of dispute among the learned. That there is no name in the least resembling Na- bonadius in the Bible, is granted. But it has been by many supposed that that prince must k Jerem. xxxix. 3 and 13. VECRURE Vv: 169 be identical with Daniel’s Belshazzar (35) — the last native ruler mentioned in Scripture. The great diversity, however, of the two names, coupled with the fact that in every other case of a Semitic monarch—whether Assyrian or Babylonian—the Hebrew repre- sentative is a near expression of the vernacu- lar term, has always made this theory unsa- tisfactory; and Rationalists, finding no better explanation than this of the acknowledged difficulty (36), have been emboldened to de- clare that Daniel’s account of Belshazzar is a pure invention of his own, that it contradicts Berosus, and is an unmistakable indication of the unhistorical character which attaches to the entire narrative (37). It was difficult to meet the arguments of these objectors in for- mer times. Not only could they point to the want of confirmation by any profane writer of the name Belshazzar, but they could urge further “ contradictions.” Berosus, they could say, made the last Babylonian monarch ab- sent from the city at the time of its capture by the Persians. He spoke of him as taken prisoner afterwards at Borsippa, and as then not slain, but treated with much kindness by Cyrus. Thus the two narratives of the fall of Babylon appeared to be wholly irrecon- cilable, and some were driven to suppose 170 Le CTU EV: two falls of Babylon, to escape the seem- ing contrariety (38). But out of all this confusion and uncertainty a very small and simple discovery, made a few years since, has educed order and harmony in a very remarkable way. It is found that Nabo- nadius, the last king of the Canon, associated with him on the throne during the later years of his reign his son, Bil-shar-uzur, and allowed him the royal title(39). There can be little doubt that it was this prince who conducted the defence of Babylon, and was slain in the massacre which followed upon the capture ; while his father, who was at the time in Borsippa, surrendered, and experi- enced the clemency which was generally shewn to fallen kings by the Persians. if it be still objected that Belshazzar is, in Scripture, not the son of Nabonadius, but of Nebuchadnezzar’, and of the Nebuchadnezzar who carried off the sacred vessels from Baby- lon”, it is enough to reply, first that the word “son” is used in Scripture not only in its pro- per sense, but also as equivalent to “ grand- son,” or indeed any descendant (40) ; and se- condly, that Bil-shar-uzur (or Belshazzar) may easily have been Nebuchadnezzar’s grandson, since his father may upon his accession have I Danley. 10, 138; sic. m JTbid. verse 2. LECTURE V. 171 married a daughter of Nebuchadnezzar, and Belshazzar may have been the issue of this marriage (41). A usurper in those days com- monly sought to strengthen himself in the government by an alliance with some prin- cess of the house, or branch, which he dis- possessed. There still remains one historical difficulty in the book of Daniel, which modern research has not yet solved, but of which Time, the great discoverer, will perhaps one day bring the solution. We can only at present indulge in conjectures concerning “ Darius the Mede,” who “took the kingdom” after Belshazzar was slain". He has been identified with As- tyages (42), with Cyaxares, a supposed son of Astyages (43), with Neriglissar (44), and with Nabonadius (45); but each of these supposi- tions has its difficulties, and perhaps it is the most probable view that he was a viceroy set up by Cyrus, of whom there is at present no trace in profane history (46). The fact of the sudden and unexpected capture of Babylon by a Medo-Persic army during the celebration of a festival, andl of the consequent absorption of the Babylonian into the Medo-Persic Empire, is one of those ma- nifest points of agreement between Scripture n Dan. v. 31. 172 LEG EUR EV: and profane authors (47) which speak for them- selves, and on which all comment would be superfluous. The administration of the realm after the conquest by “the law of the Medes and Persians which altereth not®,” is at once illustrative of that unity of the two great Arian races which all ancient history attests (48), and in harmony with that superiority of law to the king’s caprice, which seems to have distinguished the Persian from most Oriental despotisms (49). With respect to the “ satra- pial organisation of the Empire,” which is again detected in Daniei’s account of the reign of Darius the Mede (50), and which is supposed to have been transferred to this time from the reign of Darius Hystaspis by an anachronism, it may be observed, that the “120 princes” which “ it pleased Darius to set over the kingdom?,” are not satraps, per- haps not even provincial governors at all, but rather a body of councillors resident in or near the capital, and accustomed to meet to- gether‘, to advise the monarch. It is a mis- take to suppose that Darius the Mede, like the Ahasuerus of Esther, with whom he has been compared (51), rules over the East ge- nerally. He “was made king over the realm of the Chaldeans*’—that is, he received from © Dan.vi.8. PIbid.ver.t. 4 Ibid. ver.4to6. «© Ibid. ix. 1. VECTURE(V. 173 Cyrus, the true conqueror of Babylon, the kingdom of Babylonia Proper, which he held as a fief under the Medo-Persic Empire. The 120 princes are either his council, or at the most provincial governors in the compa- ratively small kingdom of Babylon; and the coincidence (if such it is to be considered) between their number and that of the 127 provinces of Ahasuerus, extending from Ethi- opia to India‘, is purely accidental. There is no question here of the administration of an Empire, but only of the internal regula- tions of a single province. We have now reached the time when the Captivity of Judah approached its close. “In the first year of Darius, the son of Ahasuerus, of the seed of the Medes',’ Daniel, who na- turally counted the Captivity from the time when he was himself carried off from Jeru- salem", perceiving that the period fixed by Jeremiah for the restoration of the Jews to their own land approached, “set his face to seek by prayer and supplications, with fast- ings, and sackcloth, and ashes‘,’ that God would “turn away his fury and anger from Jerusalem,” and “cause his face to shine upon his sanctuary*,” and “do, and defer S Ksther i. 1. t Dan. ix. 3. u [bid. i. 1. Vv Ibidvix. 3% Ww Ibid. verse 16. x |bid. verse 17. 174 LECTURE V. not’.” It is evident therefore that, according to the calculations of Daniel, a space little short of 70 years had elapsed from the cap- ture of Jerusalem in the reign of Jehoiakim to the first year of Darius the Mede. The close agreement of this chronclogy with the Baby- lonian is very remarkable. It can be clearly shewn from a comparison of Berosus with Ptolemy’s Canon, that, according to the reck- oning of the Babylonians, the time between Nebuchadnezzavr’s first conquest of Judzea in the reign of Jehoiakim and the year following the fall of Babylon, when Daniel made his prayer, was 68 years (52), or two years only short of the seventy which had been fixed by Jeremiah as the duration of the Captivity. Attempts have been made to prove a still more exact agreement (53); but they are un- necessary. Approximate coincidence is the utmost that we have any right to expect be- tween the early chronologies of different na- tions, whose methods of reckoning are in most cases somewhat different; and in the present instance the term of seventy years, being primarily a prophetic and not an his- toric number, is perhaps not intended to be exact and definite (54). The restoration of the Jews to their own y Dan. ix. 19. WECTURE Vv. 175 land, and their fortunes till the reform of Nehemiah, are related to us in the three his- torical books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther ; and receive illustration from the prophecies of Zechariah, Haggai, and Malachi. The generally authentic character of the books of Ezra and Nehemiah has never been ques- tioned. ‘They disarm the Rationalist by the absence from them of any miraculous, or even any very marvellous features; and the humble and subdued tone in which they are written, the weakness and subjection which they con- fess, mark in the strongest possible way the honesty and good faith of their composers. Under these circumstances the question of their genuineness becomes one of minor 1m- portance. If the relations are allowed to be true, it is of little consequence who was their author. I see, however, no reason to doubt that in the main the two books are the works of the individuals whose names they bear in the Septuagint and in our own Version. That some portions of the bock of Ezra were written by Ezra, and that Nehemiah wrote the greater part of the book of Nehemiah, is allowed even by De Wette; who has not (I think) shewn sufficient ground for question- ing the integrity of either composition (55), unless in respect of a single passage. ‘The 176 PPECPTUR ELT. genealogy of the high priests in the twelfth chapter of Nehemiah? is a later addition to the book, which cannot have been inserted into it before the time of Alexander (56). It stands to the rest of Nehemiah as the genea- logy of the Dukes of Edom* stands to Gene- sis, or that of the descendants of Jechoniah? to the rest of Chronicles (57). But apart from this passage there is nothing in Ne- hemiah which may not have been written by the cupbearer of Artaxerxes Longimanus ; while in Ezra there is absolutely nothing at all which may not easily have proceeded from the pen of the “ ready scribe” who was in favour with the same monarch. It is objected that the book sometimes speaks of Ezra in the third, sometimes in the first person ; and concluded from this fact that he did not write the parts in which the third person is used (58). But the examples of Daniel (59) and Thucydides (60) are sufficient to shew that an author may change from the one person to the other even more than once in the course of a work; and the case of Daniel is especially in point, as indicating the practice of the period. The same irregu- larity (it may be remarked) occurs in the z Verses 10 to 22. a Gen. xxxvi. 31-43. b 1 Chron. iii. 17-24. BECTUR EV. ag Persian inscriptions (61). It belongs to the simplicity of rude times, and has its parallel in the similar practice found even now in the letters of uneducated persons. If then the books of Ezra and Nehemiah are rightly regarded as the works of those per- sonages, they will possess the same high degree of historical credibility as the later portions of the Pentateuch. Ezra and Nehemiah were chief men in their nation—the one being the ecclesiastical, the other the civil head ; and they wrote the national history of their own time, for which they are the most competent witnesses that could possibly have come forward. Ezra, moreover, resembles Moses in another respect: he not only gives an account of his own dealings with the Jew- ish people, but prefaces that account by a sketch of their history during a period with which he was personally unacquainted. As this period does not extend further back than about 80 years from the time when he took the direction of affairs at Jerusalem (62), and as the facts recorded are of high national im- portance, they would deserve to be accepted on his testimony, even supposing that he obtained them from mere oral traditions, according to the Canons of historical credi- bility which have been laid down in the RAWLINSON. N 178 LECTURE V. first Lecture (63). Ezra’s sketch, however, (as many commentators have seen,) bears traces of having been drawn up from con- temporary documents (64); and we may safely conclude, that the practice of “ noting down public annals,” which we have seen reason to regard as a part of the prophetic office under the Kings (65), was revived on the return from the Captivity, when Haggai and Zechariah may probably have discharged the duty which at an earlier period had been undertaken by Jeremiah and Isaiah. While the historical authority of the books of Ezra and Nehemiah is recognised almost universally, that of Esther is impugned by a great variety of writers. Niebulhr’s rejection of this book has been already noticed (66). De Wette regards it as “consisting of a string of historical difficulties and improbabilities, and as containing a number of errors in re- gard to Persian customs (67).” C&ders, Mi- chaelis, Corrodi, Bertholdt, and others, throw more or less doubt upon its authenticity (68). The Jews, however, have always looked upon it, not only as a true and authentic history, but asa book deserving of special honour (69) ; and it seems impossible to account for its In- troduction into their Canon on any other ground than that of its historic truth. The LECHRURE V¥. 179 feast of Purim, which the Jews still celebrate, and at which the book of Esther is always read, must be regarded as sufficiently evidencing the truth of the main facts of the narrative (70) ; and the Jews would certainly never have at- tached to the religious celebration of that fes- tival the reading of a document from which the religious element is absent, or almost absent (71), had they not believed it to contain a correct account of the details of the trans- action. Their belief constitutes an argument of very great weight ; to destroy its force there is needed something more than the ex- hibition of a certain number of “ difficulties and improbabilities,” such as continually present themselves to the historic student in connexion even with his very best mate- rials (72). The date and author of the book of Esther are points of very great uncertainty. The Jews in general ascribe it to Mordecai; but some say that it was written by the High Priest, Joiakim; while others assign the composition to the Great Synagogue (73). It appears from an expression at the close of the ninth chapter—* And the decree of Esther confirmed these matters of Purim, and it was written in the book”’—that the whole e¢ Esther ix. 32. Ne 180 LECTURE V. affair was put on record at once; but “the book” here spoken of is probably that “ book of the Chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia *,” which had been mentioned more than once in the earlier part of the narra- tive’. ‘To this work the actual writer of our book of Esther—whoever he may have been —evidently had access; and it 1s a reason- able supposition that in the main he follows his Persian authority. Hence probably that omission of the name of God, and of the dis- tinctive tenets of the Israelites, which has been made an objection by some to the ca- nonicity of this book (74). We have now to examine the narrative contained in Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther, by the light which profane history throws on it, more particularly in respect of those points which have been illustrated by recent discoveries. There are probably few things more sur- prising to the intelligent student of Scripture than the religious tone of the proclamations which are assigned in Ezra to Cyrus, Darius, and Artaxerxes. “The Lord God of heaven,” says Cyrus, “hath given me all the kingdoms of the earth, and he hath charged me to build him an house at Jerusalem, which is in Ju- d Esther x. 2. e bid. ii. 23; and vi. 1. BEeLURE'V. 18] dah. Who is there among you of all his people? His God be with him, and let him go up to Jerusalem, which is in Judah, and build the house of the Lord God of Israel (he is the God) which is in Jerusalem'.” “ J make a decree,” says Darius, “that these men be not hindered...that which they have need of...for the burnt-ofterings of the God of heaven...let it be given them day by day without fail; that they may offer sacrifices of sweet savours unto the God of heaven, and pray for the life of the king and of his sons.” “ Artaxerxes, king of kings,” writes that monarch, “ unto Ezra the priest, the scribe of the law of the God of heaven, perfect peace, and at such a time...Whatsoever is commanded by the God of heaven, let it be diligently done for the house of the God of heaven ; for why should there be wrath against the realm of the king and his sons" ?” things are especially remarkable in these Two passages—first, the strongly marked religious character, very unusual in heathen docu- ments; and secondly, the distinctness with which they assert the unity of God, and thence identify the God of the Persians with the God of the Jews. Both these points re- f Ezra i. 2, 3. Compare 2 Chron. xxxvi. 23. & Ibid. vi. 8-10. bY [oid svwiit)1.25.23: 182 DECPURETY. ceive abundant illustration from the Persian cuneiform inscriptions, in which the recogni- tion of a single supreme God, Ormazd, and the clear and constant ascription to him of the direction of all mundane affairs, are leading features. In all the Persian monu- ments of any length, the monarch makes the acknowledgment that “Ormazd has bestowed on him his empire” (75). Every success that is gained is “by the grace of Ormazd.” The name of Ormazd occurs in almost every other paragraph of the Behistun inscription. No public monuments with such a_ pervading religious spirit have ever been discovered among the records of any heathen nation as those of the Persian kings; and through all of them, down to the time of Artaxerxes Ochus, the name of Ormazd stands alone and unapproachable, as that of the Supreme Lord of earth and heaven. The title “ Lord of Heaven,” which runs as a sort of catchword through these Chaldee translations of the Persian records, is not indeed in the cunei- form monuments distinctly attached to him as an epithet; but the common formula wherewith inscriptions open sets him forth as “the great God Ormazd, who gave both earth and heaven to mankind”’ (76). It is generally admitted that the succession DECTURE 'V. 183 of the Persian kings from Cyrus to Darius Hystaspis is correctly given in Ezra (77). The names of the two intermediate monarchs are indeed replaced by others—and it is diffi- cult to explain how these kings came to be known to the Jews as Ahasuerus and Arta- xerxes, instead of Cambyses and Smerdis (78) —but the exact agreement in the number of the reigns, and the harmony in the chrono- logy(79) have caused it to be almost universally allowed that Cambyses and Smerdis are in- tended. Assuming this, we may note that the only Persian king who is said to have interrupted the building of the temple is that Magian monarch, the Pseudo-Smerdis, who was opposed to the pure Persian reli- gion, and who would therefore have been likely to reverse the religious policy of his predecessors. The Samaritans “ weakened the hands of the people of Judah and troubled them in building’” during the reigns of Cyrus and Cambyses; but it was not till the letter of the Pseudo-Smerdis was received, that “the work of the house of God ceased’.” The same prince, that is, who is stated in the inscriptions to have changed the religion of Persia (80), appears in Ezra as the oppo- i Ezra iv. 4. j Ibid. verse 24. 184 LECTURE V. nent of a religious work, which Cyrus had encouraged, and Cambyses had allowed to be carried on. The reversal by Darius of the religious policy of the Magian monarch, and his recur- rence to the line of conduct which had been pursued by Cyrus, as related in Ezra, har- monises completely with the account which Darius himself gives of his proceedings soon after his accession. “I restored to the people,” he says, “the religious worship, of which the Magian had deprived them. As it was before, so I arranged it” (81). Of course, this passage refers primarily to the Persian Court religion, and its re-establishment in the place of Ma- gism as the religion of the state; but such a return to comparatively pure principles would involve a renewal of the old sympathy with the Jews and with the worship of Jehovah. Accordingly, while the letter of the Magus‘ is devoid of the slightest reference to religion, that of Darius exhibits—as has been already shewn—the same pious and reverential spi- rit, the same respect for the God of the Jews, and the same identification of Him with the Supreme Being recognised by the Persians, which are so prominent in the decree of Cy- k Bzra iv. 17 to 22. LECTURE V. 185 rus. Darius is careful to follow in the foot- steps of the great founder of the monarchy, and under him “ the house of God at Jerusa- lem,” which Cyrus was “charged” to build’, is finally “ builded and finished™.” A break occurs in the Biblical narrative between the sixth and seventh chapters of Ezra, the length of which is not estimated by the sacred historian, but which we know from profane sources to have extended to above half a century (82). Into this interval falls the whole of the reign of Xerxes. The Jews in Palestine appear to have led during this time a quiet and peaceable life under Persian governors, and to have disarmed the hostility of their neighbours by unworthy compliances, such as intermarriages"; which would have tended, if unchecked, to destroy their distinct nationality. No history of the time is given, because no event occurred during it of any importance to the Jewish community in Palestine. It is thought, how- ever, by many—and on the whole it is not improbable—that the history related in the Book of Esther belongs to the interval in question, and thus fills up the gap in the narrative of Ezra. The name Ahasuerus is 1 Ezra i. 2. m Tbid- wi. 14. n Ibid. ix. 2, &e. 186 LECTURE rV. undoubtedly the proper Hebrew equivalent for the Persian word which the Greeks re- presented by Xerxes (83). And if it was Kish, the ancestor of Mordecai in the fourth degree, who was carried away from Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, together with Jeconiah’, the time of Xerxes would be exactly that in which Mordecai ought to have flourished (84). Assuming on these grounds the king in- tended by Ahasuerus to be the Xerxes of Greek history, we are at once struck with the strong resemblance which his character bears to that assigned by the classical writers to the celebrated son of Darius. Proud, self- willed, amorous, careless of contravening Persian customs; reckless of human life, yet not actually bloodthirsty; impetuous, facile, changeable —the Ahasuerus of Esther cor- responds in all respects to the Greek por- traiture of Xerxes, which is not (be it ob- served) the mere picture of an Oriental despot, but has various peculiarities which distinguish it even from the other Persian kings, and which—I think it may be said— individualise it. Nor is there—as might so easily have been the case, were the book of Esther a romance—any contradiction be- o Esther ii. 5, 6. LECTURE V. 187 tween its facts, and those which the Greeks have recorded of Xerxes. The third year of his reign, when Ahasuerus makes his great feast at Shushan (or Susa) to his nobles’, was a year which Xerxes certainly passed at Susa (85), and one wherein it is likely that he kept open house for “the princes of the pro- ” who would from time to time visit the court, in order to report on the state of their preparations for the Greek war. The seventh year, wherein Esther is made queen‘, is that which follows the return of Xerxes from Greece, where again we know from the best Greek authority (86) that he resumed his residence at Susa. It is true that “after this time history speaks of other favourites and another wife of Xerxes, namely Ames- tris” (87), who can scarcely have been Esther (88), since the Greeks declare that she was the daughter of a Persian noble ;—but it is quite possible that Amestris may have been in disgrace for a time, and that Esther may vinces, have been temporarily advanced to the dig- nity of Sultana. We know far too little of the domestic history of Xerxes from profane sources to pronounce the position which Esther occupies in his harem impossible or P Esther 1. 2, 3. q Ibid. i. 16. 188 LeCAa wis vy. improbable. True again that profane history tells us nothing of Haman or Mordecai—but we have absolutely no profane information on the subject of who were the great officers of the Persian court, or who had influence with Xer- xes_after the death of Mardonius. The intimate acquaintance which the Book of Esther shews in many passages with Per- sian manners and customs has been acknow- ledged even by De Wette (89), who regards it as composed in Persia on that account. I think it may be said that we have nowhere else so graphic or so just a portraiture of the Persian court, such as it was in the earlier part of the period of decline, which followed upon the death of Darius. ‘The story of the Book is no doubt in its leading features—the con- templated massacre of the Jews, and the actual slaughter of their adversaries — wonderful and antecedently improbable; but these are exactly the points of which the commemora- tive festival of Purim is the strongest pos- sible corroboration. And it may lessen the seeming improbability to bear in mind that open massacres of obnoxious persons were not unknown to the Persians of Xerxes’ time. There had once been a general massacre of all the Magi who could be found (90); and LECTURE V. 189 the annual observance of this day, which was known as “the Magophonia,” would serve to keep up the recollection of the circumstance. Of Artaxerxes Longimanus, the son and successor of Xerxes, who appears both from his name and from his time to be the mon- arch under whom Ezra and Nehemiah flou- rished (91), we have little information from profane sources. His character, as drawn by Ctesias, is mild but weak (92), and _ suffici- ently harmonises with the portrait in the first chapter of Nehemiah. He reigned 40 years—a longer time than any Persian king but one; and it is perhaps worthy of remark that Nehemiah mentions his 32nd year"; for this, which is allowable in his case, would have involved a contradiction of profane history, had it occurred in connexion with any other Persian king mentioned in Scripture, except- ing only Darius Hystaspis. The Old Testament history here termi- nates. For the space of nearly 500 years— from the time of Nehemiah and Malachi to that of St. Paul—the Jews possessed no in- spired writer; and their history, when recorded at all, was related in works which were not re- r Nehem. v. 14; xiii. 6. 190 LECTURE Vv. garded by themselves as authoritative or canon- ical. Iam not concerned to defend the his- torical accuracy of the Books of Maccabees; much less that of Judith and the second Esdras, which seem to be mere romances (93). My task, so far as the Old Testament 1s con- cerned, is accomplished. It has, I believe, been shewn, in the first place, that the sacred narra- tive itself is the production of eyewitnesses, or of those who followed the accounts of eye- witnesses, and therefore that it entitled to the acceptance of all those who regard contem- porary testimony as the main ground of all authentic history. And it has, secondly, been made apparent, that all the evidence which we possess from profane sources of a really important and trustworthy character, tends to confirm the truth of the history delivered to us in the sacred volume. The monumental records of past ages—Assyrian, Babylonian, Egyptian, Persian, Phoenician—the writings of historians who have based their histories on contemporary annals, as Manetho, Bero- sus, Dius, Menander, Nicolas of Damascus— the descriptions given by eyewitnesses of the Oriental manners and customs—the proofs obtained by modern research of the condition of art in the time and country—all combine LECTURE.V. 191 to confirm, illustrate, and establish the vera- city of the writers, who have delivered to us, in the Pentateuch, in Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings and Chronicles, Ezra, Esther, and Ne- hemiah, the history of the chosen people. That history stands firm against all the as- saults made upon it; and the more light that is thrown by research and discovery upon the times and countries with which it deals, the more apparent becomes its authentic and matter-of-fact character. Instead of ranging parallel with the mythical traditions of Greece and Rome, (with which some delight to com- pare it,) it stands, at the least, on a par with the ancient histories of Egypt, Babylon, Phoeni- cia,and Assyria; which, like it, were recorded from a remote antiquity by national historio- graphers. Sound criticism finds in the sacred writings of the Jews documents belonging to the times of which they profess to treat, and on a calm investigation classes them, not with romantic poems or mythological fables, but with the sober narratives of those other an- cient writers, who have sought to hand down to posterity a true account of the facts which their eyes have witnessed. As in the New Testament, so in the Old, that which the writers “ declare” to the world is in the main 192 LECTURE “that which they have heard, which they have seen with their eyes, which they have looked upon, and which their hands have handled*.” It is not their object to amuse men, much less to impose on them by any “cunningly devised fables';” but simply to record facts and “bear their witness to the truth ™:7? 8 ; John i. 1. t 2 Pet. 4.16; u John xviii. 37. LECTURE. VL. 1 JOHN LI. 1-3. That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled, of the Word of Life ; (for the Life was manifested, and we have seen it,and bear witness, and shew unto you that Eternal Life, which was with the Father, and was manifested unto us; ) that which we have seen and heard declare we unto you. THE period of time embraced by the events of which we have any mention in the New Testament but little exceeds the lifetime of aman, falling short of a full century. The regular and continuous history is comprised within a yet narrower space, since it com- mences in the year of Rome 748 or 749, and terminates about sixty-three years later, in the fifth of Nero, Anno Domini 58(1). If uni- formity of plan were a thing of paramount importance, it would be my duty to subdivide this space of time into three portions, which RAWLINSON. Oo 194 LECTURE’ F1,. might be treated separately in the three re- maining Lectures of the present Course. Such a subdivision could be made without any great difficulty. The century naturally breaks into three periods—the time of our Lord’s life, or that treated of in the Gospels ; the time of the rapid and triumphant spread of Christianity, or that of which we have the history in the Acts; and the time of oppres- sion and persecution without, of defection and heresy within, or that to which we have incidental allusions in the later Epistles and the Apocalypse. Or, if we confined our view to the space of time which is covered by the historical Books, and omitted the last of these three periods from our consideration, we might obtain a convenient division of the second period from the actual arrangement of the Acts, where the author, after occupying himself during twelve chapters with the ge- neral condition of the Christian community, becomes from the thirteenth the biographer of a single Apostle, whose career he thence- forth follows without interruption. But on the whole I think it will be more convenient, at some sacrifice of uniformity, to regard the entire space occupied by the New Testament narrative as a single period, and to substitute, at the present point, for the arrangement of LECTURE VI. 195 time hitherto followed, an arrangement based upon a division of the evidence, which here naturally separates into three heads or branches. ‘The first of these is the internal evidence, or that of the documents them- selves, which I propose to make the subject of the present Lecture; the second is the testimony of adversaries, or that borne by Heathen and Jewish writers to the veracity of the narrative; the third is the testimony of believers, or that producible from the un- inspired Christian remains of the times con- temporary with or immediately following the age of the Apostles. The two last-named branches will be treated respectively in the seventh and eighth Lectures. The New Testament is commonly regarded too much as a single book, and its testimony is scarcely viewed as more than that of a single writer. No doubt, contemplated on its divine side, the work has a real unity, He who is with His church “always”* having designed the whole in His Eternal Counsels, and having caused it to take the shape that it bears; but regarded as the work of man, which it also is, the New Testament (it should be remembered) is a collection of twenty-seven separate, and independent documents, composed by eight a Matt. xxviii. 20. one 196 LECTURE VIL. or nine different persons, at separate times, and under varied circumstances. Of these twenty-seven documents twenty-one consist of letters written by those who were engaged in the propagation of the new Religion to their converts, four are biographies of Christ, one is a short Church History, containing a general account of the Christian community for 12 or 13 years after our Lord’s ascension, together with a particular account of St. Paul’s doings for about 14 years afterwards ; and one is prophetical, containing (as 1s ge- nerally supposed) a sketch of the future state and condition of the Christian Church from the close of the first century, when it was written, to the end of the world. It is with the historical Books that we are in the present review primarily concerned. I wish to shew that for the Scriptural narrative of the birth, life, death, resurrection, and ascen- sion of Christ, as well as for the circumstances of the first preaching of the Gospel, the his- torical evidence that we possess is of an au- thentic and satisfactory character. As with that document which is the basis of Judaism (2), so with those which are the basis of Christianity, it is of very great in- terest and importance to know by whom they were written. If the history was recorded by LE CPUurn EM. 197 eye-witnesses, or even by persons contempo- raneous with the events narrated, then it is allowed on all hands that the record contain- ing it must have a very strong claim indeed to our acceptance. “But the alleged ocular testimony,” we are told, “ or proximity in point of time to the events recorded, is mere assumption—an assumption originating from the titles which the Biblical books bear in our Canon” (3). “ Little reliance however can be placed on these titles, or on the headings of ancient manuscripts generally” (4). “The early Jewish and Christian writers—even the most reputable—published their works with the substitution of venerated names, without an idea that they were guilty of falsehood or deception by so doing” (5). In “ sacred records” and “ biblical books” this species of forgery obtained “ more especially” (6); and the title of works of this kind is scarcely any evidence at all of the real authorship. Fur- ther, the actual titles of our Gospels are not to be regarded as intended to assert the com- position of the Gospel by the person named ; all that they mean to assert is, the composi- tion of the connected history “after the oral discourses, or notes,” of the person named in the title. This is the true original meaning of the word translated by “ according to ;” 198 LECTUR® Vi. which is improperly understood as implying actual authorship (7). Such are the assertions with which we are met, when we urge that for the events of our Lord’s life we have the testimony of eye- witnesses, whose means of knowing the truth were of the highest order, and whose honesty is unimpeachable. ‘These assertions (which I have given as nearly as possible in the words of Strauss,) consist of a series of positions either plainly false, or at best without either proof or likelihood ; yet upon these the mo- dern Rationalism is content to base its claim to supersede Christianity. This end it openly avows, and it admits that, to make its claim good, the positions above given should be established. Let us then consider briefly the several assertions upon which we are invited to exchange the Religion of Christ for that of Strauss and Schleiermacher. It is said, that “ the alleged ocular testi- mony Is an assumption originating from the titles which the Biblical books bear in our Canon.” Ido not know if any stress is in- tended to be laid on the last clause of this objection ; but as it might mislead the un- learned, I may observe in passing, that the titles which the Books bear in the modern authorized versions of the Scriptures are LECTURE: VI. 199 literal translations from some of the most ancient Greek manuscripts, and descend to us at least from the times of the first Coun- cils; while titles still more emphatic and explicit are found in several of the versions which were made at an early period (8). Our belief in the authorship of the writings, no doubt, rests partly on the titles, as does our belief in the authorship of every ancient treatise; but it is untrue to say that these headings first originated the belief; for be- fore the titles were attached, the belief must have existed. In truth, there is not the slightest pretence for insinuating that there was ever any doubt as to the authorship of any one of the historical books of the New Testament; which are as uniformly ascribed to the writers whose names they bear as the Return of the Ten Thousand to Xenophon, or the Lives of the Caesars to Suetonius. There is indeed far better evidence of author- ship in the case of the four Gospels and of the Acts of the Apostles, than exists with respect to the works of almost any classical writer. It is a very rare occurrence for classical works to be distinctly quoted, or for their authors to be mentioned by name, within a century of the time of their publica- tion (9). The Gospels, as we shall find in 200 LE CTW RE} Vi the sequel, are frequently quoted within this period, and the writers of three at least out of the four are mentioned within the time as authors of works corresponding per- fectly to those which have come down to us as their compositions. Our conviction then of the genuineness of the Gospels does not rest exclusively, or even mainly, on the titles, but on the unanimous consent of ancient writers and of the whole Christian church in the first ages. In the next place we are told that “ little reliance can be placed on the headings of ancient manuscripts generally.’’ Undoubt- edly, such headings, when unconfirmed by further testimony, are devoid of any great weight, and may be set aside, if the internal evidence of the writings themselves disproves the superscription. Still they constitute im- portant primd facie evidence of authorship ; and it is to be presumed that they are cor- rect, until solid reasons be shewn to the con- trary. The headings of ancient manuscripts are, In point of fact, generally accepted as cor- rect by critics; and the proportion, among the works of antiquity, of those reckoned spurious to those regarded as genuine, is small indeed. But it is said that in the case of “sacred records” and “ biblical books” the headings LECTURE VI. 201 are “especially”? untrustworthy. This, we are told, “is evident, and has long since been proved” (10). Where the proof is to be found we are not informed, nor whence the pecu- liar untrustworthiness of what is “sacred” and “biblical’’ proceeds. We are referred however to the cases of the Pentateuch, the book of Daniel, and a certain number of the Psalms, as well known instances; and we shall probably not be wrong in assuming that these are selected as the most palpable cases of incorrect ascription of books which the Sacred Volume furnishes. We _ have already found reason to believe that in re- gard to the Pentateuch and the book of Daniel no mistake has been committed (11); they are the works of the authors whose names they bear. But in the case of the Psalms, it must be allowed that the headings seem frequently to be incorrect. Headings, it must be remembered, are in no case any part of the inspired Word ; they indicate merely the opinion of those who had the custody of the Word at the time when they were prefixed. Now in most cases the head- ings would be attached soon after the com- position of the work, when its authorship was certainly known ; but the Psalms do not appear to have been collected into a book 202 Ea Cora Vi. until the time of Ezra (12), and the headings of many may have been then first affixed, those who attached them following a vague tradition or venturing upon conjecture. Thus error has here crept in; but on this ground to assume that “sacred records” have a pe- culiar untrustworthiness in this respect, is to betray an irreligious spirit, and to generalise upon very insufficient data. But, it is said, “ the most reputable authors amongst the Jews and early Christians pub- lished their works with the substitution of venerated names, without an idea that they were guilty of falsehood or deception by so doing.” What is the proof of this astounding assertion ? What early Christian authors, re- putable or no, can be shewn to have thus acted? If the allusion is to the epistles of Hermas and Barnabas, it must be observed that the genuineness of these is still matter of dispute among the learned; if to such works as the Clementines, the interpolated Ignatius, and the like, that they are not “early” in the sense implied, for they belong probably to the third century(13). The practice noted was common among heretical sects from the first, but it was made a reproach to them by the orthodox (14); who did not themselves adopt it till the teaching of the Alexandrian LECTURE VI. 203 School had confused the boundaries of right and wrong, and made “ pious frauds” appear defensible. There is no reason to suppose that any orthodox Christian of the first cen- tury—when it is granted that our Gospels were written—would have considered him- self entitled to bring out under a “ venerated name” a work of his own composition. Lastly, it is urged, “the titles of our Gos- pels are not intended to assert the composi- tion of the works by the persons named, but only their being based upon a groundwork furnished by such persons, either orally, or in the shape of written notes” (15). “ This seems to be the original meaning attached to the word xara,” we are told. No example however is adduced of this use, which is cer- tainly not that of the Septuagint, where the book of Nehemiah is referred to under the name of “The Commentaries according to Nehemiah”’ (kara rov Neewiay)’; and it cannot be shewn to have obtained at any period of the Greek language. It cannot therefore be asserted with any truth that the titles of the Gospels do not represent them as the compositions of the persons named therein. Nothing is more certain than that the object of affixing titles b 2 Mac. il. 13. 204 LE CPU RE’ Vv. to the Gospels at all was to mark the opinion entertained of their authorship. This opinion appears to have been universal. We find no evidence of any doubt having ever existed on the subject in the early ages(16). Ire- nzeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria, and Origen, writers in the latter half of the second or the beginning of the third century, not only declare the authorship unreservedly, but indicate or express the universal agree- ment of the Church from the first upon the subject (17). Justin in the middle of the second century speaks of the “Gospels” which the Christians read in their Churches, as hav- ing been composed “ by the Apostles of Christ and their companions ;” and he further shews by his quotations, which are abundant, that he means the Gospels now in our possession (18). Papias, a quarter of a century earlier, mentions the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Mark as authoritative, and declares the latter writer to have derived his materials from St. Peter. Thus we are brought to the very age of the Apostles themselves ; for Papias was a disciple of St. John the Evan- gelist (19). Further, in the case of three out of the five Historical Books of the New Testament, there is an internal testimony to their com- LECTURE VI. 205 position by contemporaries, which is of the last importance. “ And he that saw it,” says St. John, “bare record, and his record is true, and he knoweth that he saith true, that ye may believe*’.” And again, still more explicitly, after speaking of himself and of the circumstances which caused it to be thought that he would not die—* This is the disciple which testifieth of these things and wrote these things: and we know that his tes- timony is true".’ Either therefore St. John must be allowed to have been the writer of the fourth Gospel, or the writer must be taxed with that “conscious intention of fic- tion,” which Strauss with impious boldness has ventured to allege against him (20). That the Acts of the Apostles and the third Gospel have “a testimony of a particular kind,” which seems to give them a special claim to be accepted as the works of a con- temporary, is admitted even by this Prince of Sceptics. The writer of the Acts, he al- lows, “ by the use of the first person identi- fies himself with the companion of St. Paul,”’ and the prefaces of the two books make it plain that they “proceeded from the same author’ (21). This evidence is felt to be so strong, that even Strauss does not venture to € John xix. 35. d Tbid. xxi. 24. 206 LECTURE VI. deny that a companion of St. Paul may have written the two works. He finds it “ diffi- cult’ to believe that this was actually the case, and “ suspects” that the passages of the Acts where the first person is used “ belong to a distinct memorial by another hand, which the author of the Acts has incorporated into his history.” But still he allows the alter- native—that “it is possible the companion of Paul may have composed the two works” —only it must have been “at a time when he was no longer protected by apostolic in- fluence from the tide of tradition,’ and so was induced to receive into his narrative, and join with what he had heard from the apostle, certain marvellous (and therefore incredible) stories which had no solid or substantial basis (22). To the objection that the Acts appear, from the fact of their terminating where they do, to have been composed at the close of St. Paul’s first imprisonment at Rome, A.D. 58 (or A.D. 63, according to some (23) writers), and that the Gospel, as being “the former treatise‘’,’’ was written earlier, Strauss replies, “ that the breaking off of the Acts at that particular point might have been the result of many other causes ; and that, at all events, such testimony stand- e Actsi.1. LECTURE VI. 207 ing alone is wholly insufficient to decide the historical worth of the Gospel” (24). He thus assumes that the testimony “ stands alone,” forgetting or ignoring the general voice of antiquity on the subject of the date and value of the Gospel (25), while he also omits to notice the other important evidence of an early date which the Gospel itself fur- nishes—the declaration, namely, in the pre- face that what St. Luke wrote was delivered to him by those “ which from the beginning were eye-witnesses and ministers of the Words” If the third Gospel be allowed to have been composed by one who lived in the apo- stolic age and companied with the apostles, then an argument for the early date of the first and second will arise from their accord- ance with the third—their resemblance to it in style and general character, and their di- versity from the productions of any other period. The first three Gospels belong so entirely to the same school of thought, and the same type and stage of language, that on critical grounds they must be regarded as the works of contemporaries; while in their contents they are at once so closely accordant with one another, and so full of little differ- f Luke i. 2. 208 LECDPURE? VI ences, that the most reasonable view to take of their composition is that it was almost simultaneous (26). Thus the determination of any one out of the three to the apostolic age involves a similar conclusion with respect to the other two; and if the Gospel ascribed to St. Luke be allowed to be probably his, there can be no reason to question the tra-. dition which assigns the others to St. Matthew and St. Mark. On the whole, therefore, we have abundant reason to believe that the four Gospels are the works of persons who lived at the time when Christianity was first preached and established. Two of the writers—St. Luke and St. John—fix their own date, which must be accepted on their authority, unless we will pronounce them impostors. The two others appear alike by their matter and their man- ner to be as early as St. Luke, and are cer- tainly earlier than St. John, whose Gospel is supplemental to the other three, and implies their pre-existence. Nor is there any rea- sonable ground for doubting the authorship which Christian antiquity with one voice de- clares to us, and in which the titles of the earliest manuscripts and of the most ancient versions agree. ‘The four Gospels are as- signed to those four persons, whom the bE Caw RE: VI. 209 Church has always honoured as Evangelists, on grounds very much superior to those on which the bulk of classical works are ascribed to particular authors. The single testimony of Irenzeus is really of more weight than the whole array of witnesses commonly marshalled in proof of the genuineness of an ancient classic; and, even if it stood alone, might fairly be regarded as placing the question of the authorship beyond all reasonable doubt or suspicion. If then the Gospels are genuine, what a wonderful historical treasure do we _ possess in them! Four biographies of the great Founder of our religion by contemporary pens, two of them the productions of close friends—the other two written by those who, if they had no personal acquaintance with the Saviour, at least were the constant com- panions of such as had had intimate know- ledge of Him. How rarely do we obtain even two distinct original biographies of a distinguished person! In the peculiar and unexampled circumstances of the time it is not surprising that many undertook to “ set forth in order a declaration of the things®” which constituted the essence of the new religion, namely, the life and teaching of & Luke i. 1. RAWLINSON. IE 210 LECTURE VIL. Christ; but it is remarkable, and I think it may fairly be said to be providential, that four accounts should have been written pos- sessing claims to attention so nearly equal, that the Church felt bound to adopt all into her Canon, whence it has happened that they have all come down to us. We should have expected, alike on the analogy of the Old Testament (27), and on grounds of a@ priori probability, a single record. If an authentic account had been published early—that is, before the separation of the Apostles, and the formation of distinct Christian communities— it is probable that no second account would have been written, or at any rate no second account confirmatory to any great extent of the preceding one. A supplementary Gospel, like that of St. John, might of course have been added in any case; but had the Gospel of St. Matthew, for instance, been really com- posed, as some have imagined (28), within a few years of our Lord’s ascension, it would have been carried together with Christianity into all parts of the world; and it is very unlikely that in that case the Gospels of St. Mark and St. Luke, which cover chiefly the same ground, would have been written. The need of written Gospels was not felt at first. while the Apostles and companions of LECTURE VI. 211 Christ were in full vigour, and were con- tinually moving from place to place, relating with all the fulness and variety of oral dis- course the marvels which they had seen wrought, and the gracious words which they had heard uttered by their Master. But as they grew old, and as the sphere of their la- bours enlarged, and personal superintendence of the whole Church by the Apostolic body became difficult, the desire to possess a writ- ten Gospel arose; and simultaneously, in dif- ferent parts of the Church, for different por- tions of the Christian body, the three Gospels of St. Matthew, St. Mark, and St. Luke, were published. This at least seems to be the theory which alone suits the phenomena of the case (29) ; and as it agrees nearly with the testimony of Irenzus (30), who is the earliest authority with regard to the time at which the Gospels were composed, it is well deserving of acceptance. If this view of the independent and nearly simultaneous composition of the first three Gospels be admitted, then we must be al- lowed to possess in their substantial agree- ment respecting the life, character, teaching, miracles, prophetic announcements, suffer- ings, death, resurrection, and ascension of our Lord (31), evidence of the most impor- PQ 212 LECGEURE VE tant kind, and such as is scarcely ever attain- able with respect to the actions of an indivi- dual. Attempts have been made from time to time, and recently on a large scale, to in- validate this testimony by establishing the existence of minute points of disagreement between the accounts of the three Evangel- ists (32). But the differences adduced consist almost entirely of omissions by one Evangelist of what is mentioned by another, such omis- sions being regarded by Strauss as equivalent to direct negatives (33). The weak character of the argument «a silentio is now admitted by all tolerable critics, who have ceased to lean upon it with any feeling of security ex- cept under very peculiar circumstances. In ordinary cases, and more particularly in cases where brevity has been studied, mere silence proves absolutely nothing; and to make it equivalent to counter-assertion is to confuse two things wholly different, and to exhibit a want of critical discernment, such as must in the eyes of all reasonable persons completely discredit the writer who is so unfair or so ill- judging. Yet this, I confidently affirm, is the ordinary manner of Strauss, who throughout his volumes conceives himself at liberty to discard facts recorded by one Evangelist only, on the mere ground of silence on the LECTURE: VI. ae. part of the others. Whatever an Evangelist does not record, he is argued not to have known; and his want of knowledge is taken as a proof that the event could not have hap- pened. It seems to be forgotten, that, in the first place, eye-witnesses of one and the same event notice a different portion of the atten- dant circumstances; and that, secondly, those who record an event which they have wit- nessed omit ordinarily, for brevity’s sake, by far the greater portion of the attendant cir- cumstances which they noticed at the time and still remember. Strauss’s cavils could only have been precluded by the mere re- petition on the part of each Evangelist of the exact circumstances mentioned by every other—a repetition which would have been considered to mark collusion or unacknow- ledged borrowing, and which would have thus destroyed their value as distinct and independent witnesses. It has been well observed (34), that, even if all the difficulties and discrepancies, which this writer has thought to discover in the Gospels, were real and not merely apparent —if we were obliged to leave them as diffi- culties, and could offer no explanation of them (35)—-still the general credibility of the Gospel History would remain untouched, and 214 LECTURE VE no more would be proved than the absence of that complete inspiration which the Church has always believed to attach to the Evange- lical writings. The writers would be lowered from their preeminent rank as perfect and infallible historians, whose every word may be depended on; but they would remain histo- rical authorities of the first order—witnesses as fully to be trusted for the circumstances of our Lord’s life, as Xenophon for the sayings and doings of Socrates, or Cavendish for those of Cardinal Wolsey. The facts of the miracles, preaching, sufferings, death, resurrection, and ascension, would therefore stand firm, toge- ther with those of the choice of the Apostles, the commission given them, and the commu- nication to them of miraculous powers; and these are the facts which establish Christ- lanity, and form its historical basis—a basis which can be overthrown by nothing short of a proof that the New Testament is a forgery from beginning to end, or that the first preachers of Christianity were a set of im- postors. For the truth of the Gospel facts does not rest solely upon the Gospels—they are stated with almost equal distinctness in the Acts, and are implied in the Epistles. It is not denied that a companion of St. Paul may LECTURE VI. Q15 have written the account of the early spread of the Gospel which is contained in the Acts of the Apostles. But the Acts assume as indisputable the whole series of facts which form the basis on which Christianity sustains itself. ‘They set forth “Jesus of Nazareth, a man approved of God by miracles and won- ders and signs, which God did by Him in the midst of you, as you yourselves also know” —a man “who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devili” —who “ beginning from Galilee, after the baptism which John preached, published the word throughout all Judza!;” whom yet “they that dwelt at Jerusalem, and their rulers, because they knew him not, nor yet the voices of the Prophets which are read every sabbath day, condemned, finding no cause of death in him, yet desiring of Pilate that he should be slain*”’—who was “ taken and crucified by wicked hands'”—*“ hanged upon a tree and slain™”’—then “taken down from the tree and laid in a sepulchre",” but “raised up the third day, and shewed open- ly°,” “by many infallible proofs during the space of forty days?,” “not to all the people, h Acts u..22. 1 Ibid. x. 38. j Ibid. verse 37. k Ibid. xiii. 27-8. Y Ibid. ii, 23. m Tbid. x. 39. melbid-- xiii. 20: © Ibid. x. 40. P ibid. ics: 216 LECTURE Vi but unto witnesses chosen before of God, who did eat and drink with him after he rose from the dead*’’— and who, finally, “while his disciples beheld, was taken up into heaven, a cloud receiving him out of their sight".’” The Acts further shew that to the chosen “ witnesses’—the Apostles to whom “the promise of the Father*” had been given, and to those whom they associated with them in the direction of the infant Church, miraculous gifts were communicated, so that they prophesied‘, cured lameness by a word or a touch", spake languages of which they had no natural knowledge’, restored the bedridden to health”, handled serpents*, cast out devils’, inflicted blindness’, raised the dead to life*, and finally even in some cases cured men bythe touch of their shadows? or by hand- kerchiefs and aprons from their persons‘. The substantial truth of the history con- tained in the Acts—so far at least as it con- cerns St. Paul—has been excellently vindi- cated by a writer of our own nation and communion, from the undesigned conformity between the narrative and the Epistles avACS X40. © Ibid. i."9; 40; s Ibid. verse 4. t' bids. V..9 wise 75 Gc. u Ibid. xiv. 10, and iii. 7. Vv Ibid. 1. 4=+13. W Ibid. ix. 34. x Ibid. xxviii. 5. y Tbid. xvi. 18, &c. Z Ibid. xiii. 11. a bid. ix. 37-41 ; XX, O-12. b Ibid. v. 15. ¢ [bid. xix. 12. LECTURE VI. 217 ascribed to the great Apostle. Without as- suming the genuineness of those Epistles, Paley has most unanswerably shewn, that the peculiar nature of the agreement between them and the history of the Acts affords good reason to believe that “the persons and transactions described are real, the letters authentic, and the narration in the main true” (36). The Hore Pauline establish these positions in the most satisfactory man- ner. I do not think that it is possible for any one to read them attentively without coming to the conclusion that the Epistles of St. Paul and the Acts of the Apostles bring us into contact with real persons, real scenes, real transactions—that the letters were actu- ally written by St. Paul himself at the time and under the circumstances related in the history—and that the history was composed by one who had that complete knowledge of the circumstances which could only be gained by personai observation, or by inti- mate acquaintance with the Apostle who is the chief subject of the narrative. The ef- fect of a perusal of this masterly work will scarcely be neutralised by the bare and un- supported assertion of Strauss, that “ the de- tails concerning Paul in the Book of the Acts are so completely at variance with Paul’s ge- 218 LE CRURENVI nuine epistles, that it is extremely difficult to reconcile them with the notion that they were written by a companion of the Apostle” (37). The Hore Pauline should have been answered in detail, before such an assertion was adventured on. Boldly and barely made, without a tittle of proof, it can only be re- garded as an indication of the utter reckless- ness of the new School, and of its striking deficiency in the qualities which are requi- site for a sound and healthy criticism. It is further to be remarked, that Paley’s work, excellent and conclusive as it must be allowed to be, is far from being exhaustive. He has noticed, and illustrated in a very ad- mirable way, the most remarkable of the un- designed coincidences between the Acts and the Pauline Epistles; but it would not be difficult to increase his list by the addition of an equal number of similar points of agree- ment, which he has omitted (38). Again, it is to be remarked, that the argu- ment of Paley is applicable also to other parts of the New Testament. Undesigned coincidences of the class which Paley notes are frequent in the Gospels, and have often been pointed out in passing by commentators, though I am not aware that they have ever been collected or made the subject of a sepa- LECTURE ‘VI. 219 rate volume. When St. Matthew‘, however, and St. Luke*, in giving the list of the Apo- stles, place them in pairs without assigning a reason, while St. Mark, whose list is not in pairs’, happens to mention that they were sent out “two and two,” we have the same sort of recondite and (humanly speaking) ac- cidental harmony on which Paley has insisted with such force as an evidence of authenticity and truth in connexion with the history of the Acts. It would be easy to multiply in- stances; but my limits will not allow me to do more than briefly to allude to this head of evidence, to which full justice could not be done unless by an elaborate work on the subject (39). Finally, let it be considered whether the Epistles alone, apart from the Gospels and the Acts, do not sufficiently establish the historic truth of that narrative of the life of Christ and foundation of the Christian Church, which it has been recently attempted to resolve into mere myth and fable. The genuineness of St. Paul’s Epistles, with one or two exceptions, is admitted even by Strauss (40); and there are no valid reasons for en- tertaining any doubt concerning the author- a Watt. x..2—4) e Luke vi. 14-16. f Mark iii. 16-19. g Ibid. vi. 7. 220 LECTURE VI. ship of the other Epistles, except perhaps in the case of that to the Hebrews, and of the two shorter Epistles commonly assigned to St. John (41). Excluding these, we have eighteen letters written by five of the prin- cipal Apostles of Christ, one by St. John, two by St. Peter, thirteen by St. Paul, one by St. James, and one by St. Jude, his brother— partly consisting of public addresses to bodies of Christians, partly of instructions to indivi- duals—all composed for practical purposes with special reference to the peculiar exi- gencies of the time, but all exhibiting casu- ally and incidentally the state of opinion and belief among Christians during the half century immediately following our Lord’s ascension. It is indisputable that the writers, and those to whom they wrote, believed in the recent occurrence of a set of facts similar to, or identical with, those recorded in the Gospels and the Acts— more particularly those which are most controverted, such as the transfiguration, the resurrection, and the ascension. “Great is the mystery of godli- ness,” says St. Paul. “God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory.” “Christ,” Te Abhay, othe, Woy, BEC BUR EVI. 29 says St. Peter, “suffered once for sins, the just _ for the unjust, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh, but quickened in the spirit’.” “He received from God the Father honour and glory, when there came such a voice to him from the excellent glory, ‘This is my beloved Son in whom I am well pleased ;? and this voice which came from heaven we heard, when we were with him in the holy mount.” “God raised up Christ from the dead, and gave him glory‘”’—* He is gone into heaven, and is on the right hand of God, angels and authorities and powers being made subject to him'.” “ Remember,” again St. Paul says, “that Jesus Christ of the seed of David was raised from the dead™"—”’ “if Christ be not risen, then is our preaching vain, and your faith also is vain®”— “I de- livered unto you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures; and that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the Scriptures; and that he was seen of Cephas, then of the twelve—after that he was seen of above eight hundred brethren at once...after that, he was seen of James, iy Pet. iii. 18. J 2) Pet. 14175, 28. ie Bet. asiaue 1 Thid. iii. 22. m 2 Tim. ii. 8. n 1 Cor. xv. 14. 222 LECTURE VI. then of all the apostles®.”. These are half-a- dozen texts out of hundreds, which might be adduced to shew that the writers of the Epistles, some writing before, some after the Evangelists, are entirely agreed with them as to the facts on which Christianity is based, and as strongly assert their reality. We are told, that “the Gospel myths grew up in the space of about thirty years, between the death of Jesus and the destruction of Jeru- salem” (42). But in the Epistles and the Acts there is evidence that throughout the whole of this time the belief of the Church was the same—the Apostles themselves, the companions of Christ, maintained from the first the reality of those marvellous events which the Evangelists have recorded—they proclaimed themselves the “ witnesses of the resurrection’”—appealed to the “ miracles and signs*” which Jesus had wrought—and based their preaching altogether upon the facts of the Gospel narrative. There is no historical ground for asserting that that nar- rative was formed by degrees; nor is there any known instance of a mythic history hav- ing grown up in such an age, under such cir- cumstances, or with such rapidity as is pos- ox Cor. xv. 3-7. P Actsi. 22; iv: 33,&c. 4 Ibid, ii. 22. LECTURE VI. 223 tulated in this case by our adversaries. The age was a historical age, being that of Dio- nysius, Diodorus, Livy, Velleius Paterculus, Plutarch, Valerius Maximus, and Tacitus— the country was one where written records were kept, and historical literature had long flourished ; it produced at the very time when the New Testament documents were being written, a historian of good repute, Josephus, whose narrative of the events of his own time is universally accepted as authentic and trustworthy. To suppose that a mythology could be formed in such an age and country, is to confuse the characteristics of the most opposite periods—to ascribe to a time of luxury, over-civilisation, and decay, a phase of thought which only belongs to the rude vigour and early infancy of nations. There is in very deed no other alternative, if we reject the historic truth of the New Testament, than that embraced by the old assailants of Christianity—the ascription of the entire religion to imposture. The my- thical explanation seems to have been in- vented in order to avoid this harsh conclu- sion, which the moral tone of the religion and the sufferings of its first propagators in defence of it alike contradict. The expla- nation fails, however, even in this respect ; 224 a EO OF ot Dee eB for its great advocate finds it insufficient to explain the phenomena, and finally delivers it as his opinion, that in many places the au- thors of the Gospels consciously and design- edly introduced fictions into their narratives (43). If then we feel sure that in the books of the New Testament we have not the works of impostors, testifying to have seen that which they had not seen, and knew that they had not seen ; if we are conscious in reading them of a tone of sincerity and truth beyond that of even the most veracious and simple- minded of profane writers; if we recognise throughout an atmosphere of fact and reality, a harmony of statement, a frequency of un- designed coincidence, an agreement like that of honest witnesses not studious of seeming to agree; we must pronounce utterly un- tenable this last device of the sceptic, which presents even more difficulties than the old unbelief. We must accept the documents as at once genuine and authentic. The writers declare to us that which they have heard and seen’. ‘They were believed by thousands of their contemporaries, on the spot where they stated the most remarkable of the events to have taken place, and within a few weeks of the time. They could not be mistaken as to r x John i; 3. LECTURE VI. 225 those events. And if it be granted that these happened—if the resurrection and ascension are allowed to be facts, then the rest of the narrative may well be received, for it is less marvellous. Vain are the “ profane babblings,” which ever “increase unto more ungodliness,” of those whose “ word doth eat like a canker . who concerning the truth have erred’ — denying the resurrection of Christ, and “ say- ing that the resurrection” of man “ is past already,” thus “ overthrowing the faith of some’.” “The foundation of God standeth sure.” “Jesus Christ of the seed of David was raised from the dead*”— Jesus Christ, the God-Man, is “ ascended into the hea- vens’.” These are the cardinal points of the Christian’s faith. On these credentials, which nothing can shake, he accepts as certain the divine mission of his Saviour. s 2 Tim. i. 16-18. t Ibid. verse 19. u Tbid. verse 8. Vv Acts il. 34. RAWLINSON. Q LECT Ua Eye 2 CORINTHIANS XIII. 1. In the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established. THE. historical inquirer, on passing from the history of the Old Testament to that contained in the New, cannot fail to be struck with the remarkable contrast which exists between the two narratives in respect of their aim and character. In the Old ‘Tes- tament the writers seek to set before us primarily and mainly the history of their nation, and only secondarily and in strict subordination to this object introduce ac- counts of individuals (1). Their works fall under the head of History Proper—History, no doubt, of a peculiar cast,—not secular, that is, but sacred or theocratic,—yet. still History in the strictest sense of the term,— accounts of kings and rulers, and of the vi- cissitudes through which the Jewish nation passed, its sufferings, triumphs, checks, re- verses, its struggles, ruin, and recovery. In the Historical Books of the New Testament, LECTURE VII. 227 on the contrary, these points cease altogether to engage the writers’ attention, which be- comes fixed on an individual, whose words and actions, and the effect of whose teaching it is their great object to put on record. The au- thors of the Gospels are biographers of Christ, not historians of their nation; they intend no account of the political condition of Pales- tine in their time, but only a narrative of the chief facts concerning our Lord—especiaily those of his public life and ministry (3). Even the Evangelist, who in a second treatise carries on the narrative from the Ascension during the space of some 30 years to the first imprisonment of St. Paul at Rome, leaves untouched the national history, and confines himself (as the title of his work implies) to the “acts” of those who made the doctrine of Christ known to the world. Hence the agreement to be traced between the sacred narrative and profane history in this part of the Biblical records, consists only to a very small extent of an accord with respect to the main facts related, which it scarcely came within the sphere of the civil historian to commemorate; it is to be found chiefly, if not solely, in harmonious representations with respect to facts which in the Scriptural narrative are incidental and secondary, as the Q2 228 LECTURE VII. names, offices, and characters of the political personages to whom there happens to be allusion; the general condition of the Jews and heathen at the time; the prevalent manners and customs; and the like. The value of such confirmation is not, however, less, but rather greater than that of the more direct confirmation which would result from an accordance with respect to main facts— in the first place, because it is a task of the extremest difficulty for any one but an honest contemporary writer to maintain accuracy in the wide field of incidental allusion (3); and secondly, because exactness in such matters is utterly at variance with the mythical spirit, of which, according to the latest phase of un- belief, the narrative of the New Testament is the product. The detail and appearance of exactness, which characterises the Evan- gelical writings, is of itself a strong argument against the mythical theory; if it can be shewn that the detail is correct and the ex- actness that of persons intimately acquainted with the whole history of the time and bent on faithfully recording it, that theory may be considered as completely subverted and disproved. It will be the chief object of the present Lecture to make it apparent that this is the case with respect to the Evan- LECTURE VIEL. 229 gelical writings—that the incidental refer- ences to the civil history of the time of which they treat, and to the condition of the nations with which they deal, are borne out, for the most part, by Pagan or Jewish authors, and are either proved thus to be correct, or are at any rate such as there is no valid reason, on account of any disagree- ment with profane authorities, seriously to question. Before entering, however, on this examina- tion of the incidental allusions or secondary facts in the New Testament narrative, it is important to notice two things with regard to the main facts; in the first place, that some of them (as the miracles, the resurrec- tion, and the ascension) are of such a nature that no testimony to them from profane sources was to be expected, since those who believed them naturally and almost neces- sarily became Christians ; and secondly, that with regard to such as are not of this cha- racter, there does exist profane testimony of the first order. The existence at this time of one called by his followers Christ, the place of his teaching, his execution by Pon- tius Pilate, Procurator of Judea under Tibe- rius, the rapid spread of his doctrine through the Roman world, the vast number of con- 230 LECTURE VII. verts made in a short time, the persecutions which they underwent, the innocency of their -lives, their worship of Christ as God—are witnessed to by Heathen writers of eminence, and would be certain and indisputable facts, had the New Testament never been written. Tacitus, Suetonius, Juvenal, Pliny, Trajan, Adrian (4), writing in the century immedi- ately following upon the death of Christ, de- clare these things to us, and establish, so firmly that no sceptic can even profess to doubt it, the historical character of (at least) that pri- mary groundwork whereon the Christian story, as related by the Evangelists, rests as on an immovable basis. These classic notices com- pel even those who set no value on the his- torical Christ, to admit his existence (5); they give a definite standing-point to the religion, which might otherwise have been declared to have no historical foundation at all, but to be purely and absolutely mythic; they furnish, taken by themselves, no unimport- ant argument for the truth of the religion, which they prove to have been propagated with such zeal, by persons of pure and holy lives, in spite of punishments and persecu- tions of the most fearful kind ; and they form, in combination with the argument from the historic accuracy of the incidental LECTURE VII. | allusions, an evidence in favour of the sub- stantial truth of the New Testament narra- tive which is amply sufficient to satisfy any fair mind. As they have been set forth fully and with admirable argumentative skill by so popular a writer as Paley, I am content to make this passing allusion to them, and to refer such of my hearers as desire a fuller treatment of the point to the excellent chap- ter on the subject in the first part of Paley’s Evidences (6). If an objection be raised against the assign- ment of very much weight to these testimo- nies of adversaries on account of their scant number and brevity; and if it be urged, that supposing the New Testament narrative to be true, we should have expected far more frequent and fuller notices of the religion and its Founder than the remains of an- tiquity in fact furnish,—if it be said (for instance) that Josephus ought to have related the miracles of Christ, and Seneca, the bro- ther of Gallio, his doctrines; that the ob- servant Pausanias, the voluminous Plutarch, the copious Dio, the exact Arrian, should have made frequent mention of Christianity in their writings, instead of almost wholly ignoring it (7); let it be considered, in the first place, whether the very silence of these 232 LECTURE VII. writers is not a proof of the importance which in their hearts they assigned to Christ- ianity, and the difficulty which they felt in dealing with it—whether in fact it is not a forced and studied reticence—a reticence so far from being indicative of ignorance that it implies only too much knowledge, having its origin in a feeling that it was best to ig- nore what it was unpleasant to confess and impossible to meet satisfactorily. Pausanias must certainly have been aware that the shrines of his beloved gods were in many places deserted, and that their temples were falling into decay owing to the conversion of the mass of the people to the new reli- gion; we may be sure he inwardly mourned over this sad spirit of disaffection—this mad- ness (as he must have thought it) of a de- generate age; but no word is suffered to escape him on the painful subject; he is too jealous of his gods’ honour to allow that there are any who dare to insult them. Like the faithful retainer of a falling house he covers up the shame of his masters, and bears his head so much the more proudly because of their depressed condition. Again, it is impossible that Epictetus could have been ignorant of the wonderful patience and con- stancy of the Christian martyrs, of their LECTURE VIL. 233 marked contempt of death and general in- difference to worldly things—he must, one would think, as a Stoic, have been moved with a secret admiration of those great models of fortitude, and if he had allowed himself to speak freely, could not but have made frequent reference to them. The one contemptuous notice, which is all that Arrian reports (8), sufficiently indicates his know- ledge ; the entire silence, except in this passage (9), upon what it so nearly con- cerned a Stoical philosopher to bring for- ward, can only be viewed as the studied avoidance of a topic which would have been unpalatable to his hearers, and to himself perhaps not wholly agreeable. The philo- sopher who regarded himself as raised by study and reflection to an exalted height above the level of ordinary humanity, would not be altogether pleased to find that his elevation was attained by hundreds of com- mon men, artisans and labourers, through the power of a religion which he looked on as mere fanaticism. Thus from different motives,—from pride, from policy, from fear of offending the Chief of the state, from real attachment to the old Heathenism and ten- derness for it—the heathen writers who wit- nessed the birth and growth of Christianity, 234 LECTURE VII. united in a reticence, which causes their notices of the religion to be a very insuffi- cient measure of the place which it really held in their thoughts and apprehensions. A large allowance is to be made for this studied silence in estimating the value of the actual testimonies to the truth of the New ‘Testament narrative adducible from heathen writers of the first and second cen- turies (10). | And the silence of Josephus is, more plainly still, wilful and affected. It is quite impos- sible that the Jewish historian should have been ignorant of the events which had drawn the eyes of so many to Judza but a few years before his own birth, and which a large and increasing sect believed to possess a super- natural character. Jesus of Nazareth was, humanly speaking, at least as considerable a personage as John the Baptist, and the cir- cumstances of his life and death must have attracted at least as much attention. There was no good reason why Josephus, if he had been an honest historian, should have men- tioned the latter and omitted the former. He had grown to manhood during the time that Christianity was being spread over the world (11); he had probably witnessed the tumults excited against St. Paul by his ene- LECTURE VII. 255 mies at Jerusalem*; he knew of the irregular proceedings against “James the Lord’s bro- ther’’’(12); he must have been well acquaint- ed with the various persecutions which the Christians had undergone at the hands of both Jews and heathen (13); at any rate he could not fail to be at least as well-informed as Tacitus on the subject of transactions, of which his own country had been the scene, and which had fallen partly within his own lifetime. When therefore we find that he is absolutely silent concerning the Christian re- ligion, and, if he mentions Christ at all, men- tions him only incidentally in a single pas- sage, as, “Jesus, who was called Christ” (14), without appending further comment or ex- planation; when we find this, we cannot but conclude that for some reason or other the Jewish historian practises an intentional re- serve, and wi// not enter upon a_ subject which excites his fears(15), or offends his prejudices. No conclusions inimical to the historic accuracy of the New Testament can reasonably be drawn from the silence of a writer who determinately avoids the subject. Further, in estimating the value of that direct evidence of adversaries to the main & Acts xxi. 27. et seqq.; XXvill. 22, 23 ; xxill. 10. b Gal. i. 19. 236 LECTURE ‘Wil: facts of Christianity which remains to us, we must not overlook the probability that much evidence of this kind has perished. The books of the early opponents of Christianity, which might have been of the greatest use to us for the confirmation of the Gospel His- tory (16), were with an unwise zeal destroyed by the first Christian Emperors (17). Other testimony of the greatest importance has pe- rished by the ravages of time. It seems cer- tain that Pilate remitted to Tiberius an ac- count of the execution of our Lord, and the grounds of it ; and that this document, to which Justin Martyr more than once alludes (18), was deposited in the archives of the empire. The “ Acts of Pilate,” as they were called, seem to have contained an account, not only of the circumstances of the cruci- fixion, and the grounds upon which the Ro- man governor regarded himself as justified in passing sentence of death upon the accused, but also of the Miracles of Christ—his cures performed upon the lame, the dumb, and the blind, his cleansing of lepers, and his raising of the dead (19). If this valuable direct tes- timony had been preserved to us, it would scarcely have been necessary to enter on the consideration of those indirect proofs of the historical truth of the New Testament nar- LECTURE VII. QS rative arising from the incidental allusions to the civil history of the times which must now occupy our attention. The incidental allusions to the civil history of the times which_.the writings of the Evan- gelists furnish, will, I think, be most conve- niently reviewed by being grouped under three heads. I shall consider, first of all, such as bear upon the general condition of the countries which were the scene of the history ; secondly, such as have reference to the civil rulers and administrators who are represented as exercising authority in the countries at the time of the narrative; and, thirdly, such as touch on separate and isolated facts which might be expected to obtain men- tion in profane writers. These three heads will embrace all the most important of the allusions in question, and the arrangement of the scattered notices under them will, I hope, prove conducive to perspicuity. I. The political condition of Palestine at the time to which the New Testament narra- tive properly belongs, was one curiously com- plicated and anomalous; it underwent fre- quent changes, but retained through all of them certain peculiarities, which made the position of the country unique among the dependencies of Rome. Not having been 238 LECTURE VIL. conquered in the ordinary way, but having passed under the Roman dominion with the consent and by the assistance of a large party among the inhabitants, it was allowed to maintain for a while a species of semi-in- dependence, not unlike that of various native states in India which are really British de- pendencies. A mixture, and to some extent an alternation, of Roman with native power resulted from this arrangement, and a conse- quent complication in the political status, which must have made it very difficult to be thoroughly understood by any one who was not a native and a contemporary. ‘The chief representative of the Roman power in the East—the President of Syria, the local gover- nor, whether a Herod or a Roman Procura- tor, and the High Priest, had each and all certain rights and a certain authority in the country. A double system of taxation, a double administration of justice, and even in some degree a double military command, were the natural consequence; while Jewish and Roman customs, Jewish and Roman words, were simultaneously in use, and a condition of things existed full of harsh con- trasts, strange mixtures, and abrupt transi- tions. Within the space of 50 years Pales- tine was a single united kingdom under a LECTURE VIL. 239 native ruler, a set of principalities under na- tive ethnarchs and tetrarchs, a country in part containing such principalities, in part reduced to the condition of a Roman pro- vince, a kingdom reunited once more under a native sovereign, and a country reduced wholly under Rome and governed by procu- rators dependent on the president of Syria, but still subject in certain respects to the Jewish monarch of a neighbouring terri- tory. These facts we know from Jose- phus (20) and other writers, who, though less accurate, on the whole confirm his state- ments (21); they render the civil history of Judea during the period one very difficult to master and remember; the frequent changes, supervening upon the original complication, are a fertile source of confusion, and seem to have bewildered even the sagacious and pains- taking Tacitus (22). The New Testament narrative, however, falls into no error in treating of the period; it marks, incidentally and without effort or pretension, the various changes in the civil government—the sole kingdom of Herod the Great’,—the partition of his dominions among his sons‘,—the re- duction of Judea to the condition of a © Matt. ii. 1; Luke i. Be d Matt. ii. 22 and xiv.1; Luke iii. 1. 240 LECTURE VII. Roman province, while Galilee, [turzea, and Trachonitis continued under native princes‘, —the restoration of the old kingdom of Pa- lestine in the person of Agrippa the First’, and the final reduction of the whole under Roman rule, and re-establishment of Procu- rators’ as the civil heads, while a species of ecclesiastical superintendence was exercised by Agrippa the Second" (23). Again, the New Testament narrative exhibits in the most re- markable way the mixture in the govern- ment—the occasional power of the president of Syria, as shewn in Cyrenius’s “ taxing’ ;” the ordinary division of authority between the High Priest and the Procurator’; the existence of two separate taxations—the civil and the ecclesiastical, the “ census*” and the “ didrachm!;” of two tribunals”, two modes of capital punishment (24), two military forces", two methods of marking time®; at every turn it shews, even in such little mat- ters as verbal expressions, the co-existence of Jewish with Roman ideas and practices in e Luke iii. 1, and passim. f Acts xii. 1 et seqq. g Ibid. xxiii. 24; xxiv.27; &c. h Jbid. xxv.14, et seqq. i Luke ii. 2. Compare Acts v. 37. j Matt. xxvii. 1, 2; Acts xxii. 30; Xxill. I-10. k Matt. xxil. 17. 1 Matt. xvii. 24. m John xviii, 28, 32, &c. n Matt. xxvii. 64, 65. o Luke ii. 1. LECTURE VII. Q41 the country—a co-existence, which (it must be remembered) came to an end within forty years of our Lord’s crucifixion. The con- junction in the same writings of such Latin- isMs as kevtupiov, Aeyedv, TpatT@pLov, KOVTTw- dia, Knvoos, Kodpavtns, Snvapiov, aooaploy, o7re- kovrarap, ppayeAAdoas, and the like (25), with such Hebraisms as kopBav, paSBovri, dvo dvo, mpacias Mpacia, To BdeAvypAa THS Epnuocews (26), was only natural in Palestine during the period between Herod the Great and the destruction of Jerusalem, and marks the writers for Jews of that time and country. The memory of my hearers will add a mul- titude of instances from the Gospels and the Acts similar in their general character to those which have been here adduced—indi- cative, that is, of the semi-Jewish, semi-Ro- man condition of the Holy Land at the period of the New Testament narrative. The general tone and temper of the Jews at the time, their feelings towards the Ro- mans, and towards their neighbours, their internal divisions and sects, their confident expectation of a deliverer, are represented by Josephus and other writers in a manner which very strikingly accords with the ac- count incidentally given by the Evangelists. The extreme corruption and wickedness, not RAWLINSON. R 242 LECTURE VIt: only of the mass of the people, but even of the rulers and chief men, is asserted by Josephus in the strongest terms (27); while at the same time he testifies to the existence among them of a species of zeal for religion—a rea- diness to attend the feasts (28), a regularity in the offering of sacrifice (29), an almost superstitious regard for the temple (30), and a fanatic abhorrence of all who sought to “change the customs which Moses had de- livered ?.” The conspiracy against Herod the Great, when ten men bound themselves by an oath to kill him, and having armed themselves with short daggers, which they hid under their clothes, entered into the theatre where they expected Herod to ar- rive, intending if he came to fall upon him and dispatch him with their weapons (31), breathes the identical spirit of that against St. Paul, which the promptness of the chief captain Lysias alone frustrated’. Many such close resemblances have been pointed out (52). We find from Josephus that there was a warm controversy among the Jews themselves as to the lawfulness of “giving tribute to Ceesar’” (33); that the Samaritans were so hostile to such of the Galilzeans as p Acts vi. 14. q Ibid, xxiii. 12-31. r Matt. xxii. 17. LECTURE VII. 243 had their “faces set to go to Jerusalem‘,” that, on one occasion at least, they fell upon those who were journeying through their land to attend a feast, and murdered a large number (34); that the Pharisees and Saddu- cees were noted sects, distinguished by the tenets which in Scripture are assigned to them (35); that the Pharisees were the more popular, and persuaded the common people as they pleased, while the Sadducees were important chiefly as men of high rank and station (36); and that a general expectation, founded upon the prophecies of the Old Tes- tament, existed among the Jews during the Roman war, that a great king was about to rise up in the East, of their own race and country (37). This last fact is confirmed by both Suetonius (38) and Tacitus (39), and is one which even Strauss does not venture to dispute (40). Important in many ways, it adds a final touch to that truthful portrait- ure of the Jewish people at this period of their history, which the Gospels and the Acts furnish—a portraiture alike free from flattery and unfairness, less harsh on the whole than that of Josephus, if less favourable than that of Philo (41). It would be easy to point out a further s Luke ix: 51. nn 2 244 LECTURE VIL. agreement between the Evangelical histo- rians and profane writers with respect to the manners and customs of the Jews at this period. There is scarcely a matter of this kind noted in the New Testament which may not be confirmed from Jewish sources, such as Josephus, Philo, and the Mishna. The field however is too extensive for our present consideration. ‘To labour in it is the province rather of the Commentator than of the Lecturer, who cannot effectively exhibit arguments which depend for their force upon the accumulation of minute details. The points of agreement hitherto adduced have had reference to the Holy Land and its inhabitants. It is not, however, in this con- nexion only that the accuracy of the Evan- gelical writers in their accounts of the gene- ral condition of those countries which are the scene of their history, is observable. Their descriptions of the Greek and Roman world, so far as it comes under their cogni- zance, are most accurate. Nowhere have the character of the Athenians and the general appearance of Athens been more truthfully and skilfully portrayed than in the few verses of the Acts which contain the account of St. Paul’s visit. The city “full of idols” t Acts xvii. 15 et seqq. LECTURE VII. Q45 (xareOwdos")—in “ gold, and silver, and mar- vo? ble, graven by art and man’s device’” recalls the ods 0An Bapos, 6An Gdpa Oeois Kat avabnpa of Xenophon (42), the “ Athenz simulachra deorum hominumque habentes, omn: genere et materiz et artium insignia” of Livy (43). The people—“ Athenians and _ strangers, spending their time in nothing else but hearing or telling of some new thing*”— philosophising and disputing on Mars’ Hill and in the market-place*, glad to discuss though disinclined to believe’, and yet reli- gious withal, standing in honourable contrast with the other Greeks in respect of their reve- rence for things divine’, are put before us with — all the vividness of life, just as they present themselves to our view in the pages of their own historians and orators (44). Again, how striking and how thoroughly classical is the account of the tumult at Ephesus’, where almost every word receives illustration from ancient coins and inscriptions (45), as has been excellently shewn in a recent work of great merit on the Life of St. Paul! Or if we turn to Rome and the Roman system, how truly do we find depicted the great and terrible u Acts xvit. 16. Vv Ibid. verse 29. w Ibid. verse 21. x Ibid. verse 17. Y Ibid. verses 32,33. 7% Ibid. verse 22. a Ibid. xix. 23 et seqq. 246 LECTURE VIL. Emperor whom all feared to provoke (46)— the provincial administration by proconsuls and others chiefly anxious that tumults should be prevented (47)—the contemptuous religious tolerance (48)—the noble principles of Roman law, professed, if not always acted on, whereby accusers and accused were brought “face to face,’’ and the latter had free “licence to answer for themselves con- cerning the crimes laid against them” (49)— the privileges of Roman citizenship, some- times acquired by birth, sometimes by pur- chase (50)—the right of appeal possessed and exercised by the provincials (51)—the treat- ment of prisoners (52)—the peculiar manner of chaining them (53)—the employment of soldiers as their guards (54)—the examina- tion by torture (55)—the punishment of con- demned persons, not being Roman citizens, by scourging and crucifixion (56)—the man- ner of this punishment (57)—the practice of bearing the cross (58), of affixing a title or superscription (59), of placing soldiers under a centurion to watch the carrying into effect of the sentence (60), of giving the garments of the sufferer to these persons (61), of allow- ing the bodies after death to be buried by the friends (62)—and the like! The sacred b Acts xxv. 16. LECTURE VIL. 247 historians are as familiar, not only with the general character, but even with some of the obscurer customs of Greece and Rome, as with those of their own country. Fairly ob- servant, and always faithful in their accounts, they continually bring before us little points which accord minutely with notices in pro- fane writers nearly contemporary with them, while occasionally they increase our know- ledge of classic antiquity by touches har- monious with its spirit, but additional to the information which we derive from the native authorities (63). Again, it has been with reason remarked (64), that the condition of the Jews beyond the limits of Palestine is represented by the Evangelical writers very agreeably to what may be gathered of it from Jewish and Hea- then sources. ‘The wide dispersion of the chosen race is one of the facts most evident upon the surface of the New Testament his- tory. “ Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and dwellers in Mesopotamia and Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia, Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt, and the parts of Libya about Cyrene, strangers of Rome, Cretes, and Arabians‘,” are said to have been witnesses at Jerusalem of the first outpouring of the € Acts li. Q—11. 248 LECTURE VII. Holy Ghost. In the travels of St. Paul through Asia Minor and Greece there is scarcely a city to which he comes but has a large body of Jewish residents (65). Com- pare with these representations the state- ments of Agrippa the First in his letter to Caligula, as reported by the Jewish writer, Philo. “ The holy city, the place of my na- tivity,” he says, “is the metropolis, not of Ju- dea only, but of most other countries, by means of the colonies which have been sent out of it from time to time—some to the neighbouring countries of Egypt, Phoenicia, Syria, and Coelesyria—some to more distant regions, as Pamphylia, Cilicia, Asia as far as Bithynia and the recesses of Pontus; and in Kurope, Thessaly, Boeotia, Macedonia, A‘tolia, Attica, Argos, Corinth, together with the most famous of the islands, Kuboea, Cyprus, and Crete; to say nothing of those who dwell beyond the HKuphrates. For, excepting a small part of the Babylonian and other sa- trapies, all the countries which have a fertile territory possess Jewish inhabitants; so that if thou shalt shew this kindness to my native place, thou wilt benefit not one city only, but thousands in every region of the world, in Europe, in Asia, in Africa—on the conti- nents, and in the islands—on the shores of LECTURE VII. 249 the sea, and in the interior” (66). In a si- milar strain Philo himself boasts, that “ one region does not contain the Jewish people, since it is exceedingly numerous ; but there are of them in almost all the flourishing countries of Europe and Asia, both conti- nental and insular’ (67). And the customs of these dispersed Jews are accurately repre- sented in the New Testament. That they consisted in part of native Jews, in part of converts or proselytes, is evident from Jose- phus (68); that they had places of worship, called synagogues or oratories, in the towns where they lived, appears from Philo; that these were commonly by the sea-side, or by a river-side, as represented in the Acts‘, is plain from many authors (69) ; that they had also—at least sometimes—a synagogue be- longing to them at Jerusalem, whither they resorted at the time of the feasts, is certain from the Talmudical writers (70); that at Rome they consisted in great part of freed- men or “ Libertines”’—whence “the syna- gogue of the Libertines*”—may be gathered from Philo (71) and Tacitus (72). Their feel- ings towards the apostolic preachers are such as we should expect from persons whose close contact with those of a different religion d Acts xvi. 13. e Tbid. vi. 9. 250 LECTURE VII. made them all the more zealous for their own; and their tumultuous proceedings are in accordance with all that we learn from profane authors of the tone and temper of the Jews generally at this period (73). II. I proceed now to consider the second of the three heads under which I proposed to collect the chief incidental allusions to the civil history of the times contained in the New Testament. The civil governors and administrators dis- tinctly mentioned by the New Testament historians are the following—the Roman Emperors, Augustus, Tiberius, and Claudius —the Jewish kings and princes, Herod the Great, Archelaus, Herod the tetrarch, (or, as he is commonly called, Herod Antipas,) Phi- lip the tetrarch, Herod Agrippa the first, and Herod Agrippa the second—the Roman go- vernors, Cyrenius (or Quirinus), Pontius Pi- late, Sergius Paulus, Gallio, Festus, and Felix —and the Greek tetrarch, Lysanias. It may be shewn from profane sources, in almost every case, that these persons existed—that they lived at the time and bore the office assigned to them—that they were related to each other, where any relationship is stated, as Scripture declares—and that the actions ascribed to them are either actually such as LECTURE VII. 2) they performed, or at least in perfect har- mony with what profane history tells us of their characters. With regard to the Roman Emperors, it is enough to remark, that Augustus, Tiberius, and Claudius occur in their right order, that St. Luke in placing the commencement of our Lord’s ministry in the 15th year of Tibe- rius‘ and assigning to its duration a short term—probably three years—is in accord with Tacitus, who makes Christ suffer under Ti- berius (74)—and that the birth of our Lord under Augustus’, and the accession before the second journey of St. Paul of Claudius", are in harmony with the date obtainable from St. Luke for the crucifixion, and sufficiently suit the general scheme of profane chrono- logy, which places the accession of Augustus 44 years before that of Tiberius, and makes Claudius reign from A.D. 41 to A.D. 54. No very close agreement can be here exhibited on account of the deficiency of an exact chrono- logy, which the Gospels share with many of the most important historical writings; but at any rate the notices are accordant with one another, and present, when compared with the dates furnished by profane writers, no difficulty of any real importance (75). Luke iii. 1. § Ibid. 11, 1-7. h Acts xvill. 2. 252 LECTURE VII. The Jewish kings and princes whose names occur in the New Testament narrative, oc- cupy a far more prominent place in it than the Roman Emperors. ‘The Gospel narra- tive opens “in the days of Herod the king',” who, as the father of Archelaus!, may be identified with the first monarch of the name, the son of Antipater, the Idumean (76). This monarch is known to have reigned in Palestine contemporaneously with Augustus, who confirmed him in his king- dom (77), and of whom he held the sove-_ reignty till his decease (78). Cunning, sus-/ cion, and cruelty are the chief traits of his character as depicted in Scripture, and these are among his most marked characteristics in Josephus (79). It has been objected to the Scriptural narrative, that Herod would not have been likely to enquire of the Magi at what time they first saw the star, since he expected them to return and give him a full description of the child (80); but this keen and suspicious foresight, where his own in- terests were (as he thought) concerned, is quite in keeping with the representations of Josephus, who makes him continually dis- trust those with whom he has any dealings. The consistency of the massacre at Bethle- i Matt. ii. 1; Luke i. 5. j Matt. ii. 22. LECTURE VIL. 253 hem with his temper and disposition is now acknowledged (81); scepticism has nothing to urge against it except the silence of the Jew- ish writers, which is a weak argument, and one outweighed, in my judgment, by the testi- mony, albeit somewhat late and perhaps in- accurate, of Macrobius (82). At the death of Herod the Great, his king- dom (according to Josephus) was divided, with the consent of Augustus, among three of his sons. Archelaus received Judea, Sa- maria, and Idumeea, with the title of ethnarch; Philip and Antipas were made tetrarchs, and received, the latter Galilee and Perea, the former Trachonitis and the adjoining re- gions(83). ‘The notices of the Evangelists are confessedly in complete accordance with these statements (84). St. Matthew mentions the succession of Archelaus in Judea, and im- plies that he did not reign in Galilee‘; St. Luke records Philip’s tetrarchy'; while the tetrarchy of Antipas, who is designated by his family name of Herod, is distinctly as- serted by both Evangelists". Moreover, St. Matthew implies that Archelaus bore a bad character at the time of his accession or soon afterwards, which is consistent with the ac- count of Josephus, who tells us that he was k Matt. ii. 22. 1 Luke iii. 1. m |.uke, ibid.; Matt. xiv.r. 254 BECTUR EVIL hated by the other members of his family (85), and that shortly after his father’s death he slew 3000 Jews on occasion of a tumult at Jerusalem (86). The first three Evangelists agree as to the character of Herod Antipas, which is weak rather than cruel or blood- thirsty; and their portraiture is granted to be “not inconsistent with his character, as gathered from other sources” (87). The facts of his adultery with Herodias, the wife of one of his brothers (88), and of his execu- tion of John the Baptist for no crime that could be alleged against him (89), are re- corded by Josephus; and though in the latter case there is some apparent diversity in the details, yet it is allowed that the dif- ferent accounts may be reconciled (90). The continuance of the tetrarchy of Philip beyond the fifteenth, and that of Antipas beyond the eighteenth of ‘Tiberius, is con- firmed by Josephus (91), who also shows that the exarchy of Archelaus came speedily to an end, and that Judaa was then reduced to the condition of a Roman province, and governed for a considerable space by Procu- rators (92). However, after a while, the various dominions of Herod the Great were reunited in the person of his grandson, A- grippa, the son of Aristobulus and brother LECTURE VII. 259 of Herodias; who was allowed the title of king, and was in favour with both Caligula and Claudius (93). It cannot be doubted that this person is the “ Herod the king” of the Acts", whose persecution of the Church, whose impious pride, and whose miserable death are related at length by the sacred historian. My hearers are probably familiar with that remarkable passage of Josephus in which he records with less accuracy of detail than St. Luke the striking circumstances of this monarch’s decease—the “set day”—the public assemblage—the “ royal dress”—the impious flattery—its complacent reception— the sudden judgment—the excruciating dis- ease—the speedy death (94). Nowhere does profane history furnish a more striking tes- timony to the substantial truth of the sacred narrative—nowhere is the superior exactness of the latter over the former more con- spicuous. On the death of Herod Agrippa, Judza (as Josephus informs us) became once more a Roman province under Procurators (95); but the small kingdom of Chalcis was, a few years later, conferred by Claudius on this Herod’s son, Agrippa the Second, who afterwards re- ceived other territories (96). This prince is n Acts xi. 1. 256 LECTURE VIL. evidently the “king Agrippa” before whom St. Paul pleaded his cause®. The Bernice who is mentioned as accompanying him on his visit to Festus’, was his sister, who lived with him and commonly accompanied him upon his journeys(97). Besides his separate sovereignty, he had received from the Empe- ror a species of ecclesiastical supremacy in Judzea, where he had the superintendence of the temple, the direction of the sacred trea- sury, and the right of nominating the High Priests (98). These circumstances account sufficiently for his visit to Judea, and ex- plain the anxiety of Festus that he should hear St. Paul, and St. Paul’s willingness to plead before him. The Roman Procurators, Pontius Pilate, Felix, and Festus, are prominent personages in the history of Josephus, where they occur in the proper chronological position (99), and bear characters very agreeable to those which are assigned them by the sacred writers. The vacillation of Pilate, his timidity, and at the same time his occasional violence (100), the cruelty, injustice, and rapacity of Felix (101), and the comparatively equitable and mild character of Festus (102), are apparent in the Jewish historian; and have some ° Acts xxv. 13, et seqq. P Ibid. LECTURE VII. 257 sanction from other writers(103). The cha- racter of Gallio, proconsul of Achaia (104) and brother of the philosopher Seneca, is also in close accordance with that which may be gathered from the expressions of Seneca and Statius, who speak of him as “ delight- ful” or “charming” (105). Of Quirinus (or Cyrenius) it is enough to say that he was President of Syria shortly after the deposi- tion of Archelaus, and that he was certainly sent to effect a “taxing” or enrolment of all persons within his province, Palestine in- cluded (106). Sergius Paulus is unknown to us except from St. Luke’s account of him‘; but his name is one which was certainly borne by Romans of this period (107), and his office is designated correctly (108). The Greek tetrarch, Lysanias, is the only civil governor mentioned in the New Testa- ment about whom there is any real difficulty. A Lysanias held certainly a government in these parts in the time of Antony (109); but this person was put to death more than 30 years before the birth of Christ (110), and therefore cannot be the prince mentioned as ruling over Abilene 30 years after Christ’s birth. It is argued that St. Luke “ erred,” being misled by the circumstance that the q Acts xiii. 7-12. RAWLINSON. S 258 LECTURE VII. region continued to be known as “ the Abilene of Lysanias” down to the time of the second Agrippa(111). But, on the other hand, it 1s allowed that a second Lysanias might have existed without obtaining mention from pro- fane writers (112); and the facts, that Abilene was in Agrippa’s time connected with the name Lysanias, and that there is no reason to believe that it formed any part of the do- minions of the first Lysanias, favour the view, that a second Lysanias, a descendant of the first, obtained from Augustus or Tiberius an investiture of the tract in question (113). III. It now only remains to touch briefly on a few of the remarkable facts in the New Testament narrative which might have been expected to attract the attention of profane historians, and of which we should naturally look to have some record. Such facts are the “decree from Czsar Augustus that all the world should be taxed*”—the “taxing” of Cyrenius‘—the preaching and death of John the Baptist—our Lord’s execution as a criminal—the adultery of Herod Antipas— the disturbances created by the impostors Theudas and Judas of Galilee‘—the death of Herod Agrippa—the famine in the days of Claudius*—and the “ uproar” of the Egyp- Tr Lukeii.r. ‘%Ibid.verse2. t Actsv.36,37. 4% Ibid. xi.28. LECTURE VIL. 259 tian who “led out into the wilderness 4000 men that were murderers.” Of these events almost one-half have been already shewn to have been recorded by profane writers whose works are still extant (114). The remainder will now be considered with the brevity which my limits necessitate. It has been asserted that no “ taxing of all the world’—that is, of the whole Roman Empire—took place in the time of Augus- tus (115); but as the opposite view is main- tained by Savigny (116)—the best modern au- thority upon Roman law—this assertion can- not be considered to need examination here. A far more important objection to St. Luke’s statement is derived from the time at which this “taxing” is placed by him. Josephus mentions the extension of the Roman census to Judea under Cyrenius, at least 10 years later—after the removal of Archelaus (117), and seems to speak of this as the first occa- sion on which his countrymen were com- pelled to submit to this badge of subjection. It is argued that this must have been the first occasion ; and the words of St. Luke (it is said)—“ this taxing was first made when Cyrenius was governor of Syria”—shew that Vv Acts xxi. 38. ae) 260 LECTURE VIL. he intended the taxing mentioned by Jose- phus, which he consequently misdated by a decade of years(118). But the meaning of the passage in St. Luke is doubtful in the extreme; and it admits of several explana- tions which reconcile it with all that Jose- phus says (119). Perhaps the best explanation is that of Whiston (120) and Prideaux (121) —that the design of Augustus was first fully executed (€yévero) when Cyrenius was gover- nor, though the decree went forth and the enrolment commenced ten years earlier. The taxing of Cyrenius of which St. Luke speaks in this passage, and to which he also alludes in the Acts”, is (as we have seen) very fully narrated by Josephus. It caused the rebellion mentioned in Gamaliel’s speech, which was headed by Judas of Galilee, who “drew away much people after him,” but “ perished,” —all, as many as obeyed him, be- ing “dispersed*.” This account harmonises well with that of Josephus, who regards the followers of Judas as numerous enough to constitute a sect (122), and notes their re- appearance in the course of the last war with Rome, by which it is shewn that though scat- tered they had not ceased to exist (123). W AGS. 37. x Ibid. verse 36. LECTURE VII. 261 The disturbance created by a certain Theu- das, some time before the rebellion of Judas of Galilee, seems not to be mentioned by any ancient author. The identity of name is a very insufficient ground for assuming this impostor to be the same as the Theudas of Josephus (124), who raised troubles in the procuratorship of Cuspius Fadus, about ten years after Gamaliel made his speech.— There were, as Josephus says (125), “ innu- merable disturbances” in Judea about this time; and it is not at all improbable that within the space of forty years, during which a number of impostors gathered followers and led them to destruction, two should have borne the same name. Nor can it be con- sidered surprising that Josephus has passed over the earlier Theudas, since his followers were only 400, and since the historian evi- dently omits all but the most important of the troubles which had afflicted his country. The “uproar” of the Egyptian who “ led out into the wilderness 4000 men that were murderers’,” is described at length by the Jewish writer (126), the only noticeable dif- ference between his account and that of St. Luke being that Josephus in his present text YWeSCts: XXI 3.0. 262 LECTURE Vit. calls the number of this impostor’s followers 30,000. From internal evidence there is rea- son to think that zpeopvpio is a corrupt read- ing (127); but even as the text stands, it does not contradict St. Luke; for the 4000 of St. Luke are the number whom the impostor “ led out into the wilderness,” while the 30,000 of Josephus are the number whom he “ brought from the wilderness” to attack Jerusalem. The “famine in the days of Claudius*”’ is mentioned by several writers. Josephus tells us that it was severe in Palestine in the fourth year of this emperor; Dio, Tacitus, and Sue- tonius, speak of it as raging somewhat later in Rome itself (128). Helena, queen of Adi- abene—the richest portion of the ancient Assyria—brought relief to the Jews on the occasion, as St. Barnabas and St. Paul did to the Christians?. The agreement is here com- plete, even if the words of Agabus’s prophecy are pressed—for the scarcity seems to have been general throughout the Empire. This review—imperfect as it necessarily is —will probably be felt to suffice for our pre- sent purpose. We have found that the New Testament, while in its main narrative it treats of events with which heathen writers z Acts x1. 28 Ibid. verses 29, 30. Bec TUR E : Vit. 2035 were not likely to concern themselves, and which they could not represent truly, con- tains—inextricably interwoven with that main narrative—a vast body of incidental allusions to the civil history of the times, capable of being tested by comparison with the works of profane historians. We have submitted the greater part—or at any rate a great part —of these incidental allusions to the test of such comparison; and we have found, in all but some three or four cases, an entire and striking harmony. In no case have we met with clear and certain disagreement; some- times, but very rarely, the accounts are difh- cult to reconcile, and we may suspect them of real disagreement—a result which ought not to cause us any astonishment. Profane wri- ters are not infallible; and Josephus, our chief profane authority for the time, has been shewn, in matters where he does not come into any collision with the Christian Scrip- tures, to “teem with inaccuracies” (129). If in any case it should be thought that we must choose between Josephus and an Evan- gelist, sound criticism requires that we should prefer the latter to the former. Josephus is not entirely honest: he has his Roman mas- ters to please, and he is prejudiced in favour of his own sect, the Pharisees. He has also 264 LECTURE VII. been convicted of error (130), which is not the case with any Evangelist. His authority therefore is, in the eyes of an historical critic, inferior to that of the Gospel writers, and in any instance of contradiction, it would be ne- cessary to disregard it. In fact, however, we are not reduced to this necessity. The Jew- ish writer nowhere actually contradicts our Scriptures, and in hundreds of instances he confirms them. It is evident that the entire historical framework, in which the Gospel picture is set, is real; that the facts of the civil history, small and great, are true, and the personages correctly depicted. To sup- pose that there is this minute historical ac- curacy in all the accessories of the story, and that the story itself is mythic, is absurd; un- less we will declare the Apostles and their companions to have sought to palm upon mankind a tale which they knew to be false, and to have aimed at obtaining credit for their fiction by elaborate attention to these minutia. From such an avowal even Ra- tionalism itself would shrink; but the only alternative is to accept the entire history as authentic—as, what the Church has always believed it to be, roe Truru. “Veritas omnis in Evangelio continetur” (131). “Ab hoc, qui Evangelista esse meruit, vel negli- LECTURE VII. 265 gentiz vel mendacil suspicionem equum est propulsari” (132). “ Evangelistae habuerunt perfectam agnitionem . .. quibus si quis non assentit, spernit quidem participes Domini, spernit et ipsum Christum, spernit et Pa- trem’ (133). Such has been the uniform teaching of the Church of Christ from the first—and modern Rationalism has failed to shew any reason why we should reject it. — LECTURE VIII. JOHN VIII. 13, 14. The Pharisees therefore said unto him, Thou bearest record of thyself; thy record is not true. Jesus answered and said unto them, Though I bear record of myself, yet my record is true. IF the evidence from profane sources to the primary facts of the New Testament narrative be, as was admitted in the last Lecture, dis- appointingly scanty, the defect is more than made up to us by the copious abundance of those notices which early Christian writers have left us of the whole series of occurrences forming the basis of our Religion. It has been customary with Christian apologists to dwell more especially on the profane testi- mony, despite its scantiness—doubtless be- cause it has been felt that a certain amount of suspicion is regarded as attaching to those who “bear record of themselves,” and that the evidence of Christian witnesses to the truth of Christianity is in some degree a LECTURE VIII. 20 record of this nature. But our Lord’s words teach us that self-witness, however uncon- vincing to the adversary, may be valid and true; and certainly it is difficult to conceive how the full acceptance of the Christian facts, and conformity of the profession and _ life thereto, renders a witness unworthy of be- lief, whose testimony would have been re- garded as of the highest value if he had stopped short of such acceptance, and while admitting the facts to a certain extent had remained a Heathen or a Jew. Had Justin Martyr, for instance, when he enquired into Christianity, found the evidence for it such as he could resist, and lived and died a Pla- tonic philosopher, instead of renouncing all for Christ and finally sealing his testimony with his blood, what a value would have been set upon any recognition in his writings of the life and miracles of Christ or the suffer- ings of the early Christians! It is difficult to see why he deserves less credit, because he found the evidences for the Christian doc- trine so strong that he felt compelled to be- come a believer (1). At any rate, if for con- troversial purposes the argument derivable from the testimony of Christians be viewed as weak, it must possess a weight for those who believe far exceeding that of the witness 268 LECTURE VIII. of Jews and Heathens, and must therefore deserve a place in any summary that is made of the Historical Evidences to the truth of the Christian Religion. It has been sometimes urged that the early Christians were persons of such low rank and station, so wanting in refinement, education, and that critical discernment which is requi- site to enable men fairly to judge of the claims of a new religion, that their decision in favour of Christianity is entitled to little respect—since they must have been quite unable to appreciate the true value of its evidences (2). This objection claims to base itself on certain admissions of the earliest Christian preachers themselves, who remark that “not many wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, were called*.” But such expressions are not to be pressed too far. In their very letter they do but de- clare the general condition of the converts ; while they imply that there were, even in the first times, some exceptions—persons to whom the terms, “ wise men after the flesh, mighty, and noble,” might have been properly applied ; and the examples of St. Paul himself, of Dio- nysius the Areopagite, of the Ethiopian eu- nuch, of “ Erastus the chamberlain of the a 1 Cor. i. 26. LECTURE VIII. 269 city,” and of the converts from “ Czsar’s household,°” are sufficient to shew that the Gospel found its own in every rank and grade of society, and if it was embraced most readily by the poor and despised, still ga- thered to it “chosen vessels*” from among the educated, and occasionally from among the rich and great. The early Christians furnished, for their number, a considerable body of writers; and these writers will bear comparison in respect of every intellectual qualification with the best Heathen authors of the period. Justin Martyr, Athenagoras, Tertullian, Origen, Clement, would have been reckoned authors of eminence, had they not been “ Fathers,’ and are at least as good evidence for the historical facts of the age immediately preceding their own, as Taci- tus, Suetonius, and Dio. It will be my object in the present Lecture to show that these writers, and others of the same age or even earlier, bear copious witness to the facts recorded in the historical books of the New Testament, and are plainly as convinced of their reality as of that of any facts whatever which they have occasion to mention. The Epistle ascribed to St. Barnabas by +b Rom. xvi. 23. e Philipp. iv. 22. ad Acts ix. 15. 270 LECTURE VIII. Clement of Alexandria (3) and Origen (4), whether really the work of that person or no, is at any rate one of the most ancient of the uninspired Christian writings, belonging as it does to the first, or to the early part of the second century (5). The writer’s object is to explain the spiritual meaning of the Old Testament; and in the course of his exposition he mentions as undoubted facts the miracles of Christ—his appointment of his apostles— their number, twelve —his scourging—his being smitten on the face— his being set at nought and jested upon— his being arrayed in a scarlet robe—his cru- cifixion—his receiving gall and vinegar to drink—his death—the casting of lots upon his garment—his resurrection on the first day of the week into heaven (6). All these notices moreover occur in a small tract, chiefly concerned with the Old Testament, and extending to no and his final ascension more than ten or twelve ordinary pages. An Epistle of St. Clement, Bishop of Rome, to the Corinthians, is allowed on all hands to be genuine (7). This work was certainly composed in the first century, be- fore some of the writings of St. John; and its author, the “fellow-labourer”’ of St. Paul’, € Philippians iv. 3. LECTURE VIII. 271 must have had frequent communication with those who had witnessed the great events in Judea which formed the foundation of the new religion. The object of the Epistle is to compose existing dissensions in the Co- rinthian Church, and its tone is from first to last hortatory and didactic. Historical allusions only find a place in it casually and incidentally. Yet it contains a mention of Christ’s descent from Judah, of his great power and regal dignity, his voluntary humt- liation, his sufferings, the character of his teaching, his death for man, his resurrection, the mission of the apostles, their inspiration by the Holy Ghost, their preaching in many lands, their ordination of elders in every city, the special eminence in the church of Saints Peter and Paul, the sufferings of St. Peter, the hardships endured by St. Paul, his distant travels, his many imprisonments, his flights, his stoning, his bonds, his testi- mony before rulers(8). The fact of St. Paul’s having written an Epistle to the Corinthians is also asserted (9); and an allusion is made, in connexion with that Epistle, to the early troubles and divisions which the great Apo- stle had composed, when the several sections of the newly-planted Church strove together in a jealous spirit, affirming themselves to be 272 LECTURE VIII. “of Paul,” or “of Apollos,” or “of Cephas,” or even “of Christ.” Ienatius, second Bishop of Antioch, who succeeded to that see in about the year of the destruction of Jerusalem (10), and was martyred nearly forty years later, A. D. 107 (11), left behind him certain writings, which are quoted with great respect by subsequent Fathers, but the existence of which at the present day is questioned. Writings under the name of Ignatius have come down to us in various shapes. Three Epistles, univer- sally regarded as spurious (12), exist only in Latin. Twelve others are found in Greek, and also in two ancient Latin versions; and of these, seven exist in two different forms— a longer, and a shorter one. Most modern critics accept these seven, in their shorter form, as genuine (13). They are identical with the seven mentioned by Eusebius and Jerome (14), and they are thought to be free from the in- ternal difficulties, which cause suspicion to at- tach to the longer recension, as well as to the Epistles which those writers do not name. Doubts have however been recently started even with respect to these seven. The dis- covery in a very ancient MS. of a Syriac ver- sion of three Epistles only out of the seven, and these three in a still briefer form than LECTURE VIII. 273 that of the shorter Greek recension, together with the remarkable fact that the few early references which we possess to the writings of Ignatius are to passages in exactly these three compositions—has induced some learned men of our own day to adopt the view, that even the shorter Greek recension is largely interpo- lated, and that nothing beyond the three Epi- stles of the Syriac Version can be depended upon as certainly written by the Antiochian Bishop (15). If we adopt this opinion, the testimony of Ignatius to the historical truth of the New Testament narrative will be some- what scanty—ifwe abide by the views generally prevalent before the Syriac version was disco- vered,and still maintained since that discovery by some divines of great learning and ex- cellent judgment (16), it will be as full and satisfactory as that borne by St. Clement. In the seven Epistles we find notices of the de- scent of Christ from David—his conception by the Holy Ghost—his birth of a virgin— her name, Mary—his manifestation by a star —his baptism by John—its motive, “that he might fulfil all righteousness'”—his appeals to the Prophets—the anointing of his head with ointment—his sufferings and crucifixion under Pontius Pilate and Herod the Te- f Matt. iii. 15. 274 rn Pn Vat. trarch—his resurrection, not on the sabbath, but on the “ Lord’s day”—the resurrection through his power of some of the old pro- phets—his appearance to his disciples and command to them to “ handle him and see®” that he was not a spirit—his eating and drinking with them after he had risen—the mission of the Apostles—their obedience to Christ—their authority over the Church—the inclusion of Saints Peter and Paul in their number (17). If, on the contrary, we confine ourselves to the Syriac version—by which the entire writings of St. Ignatius are com- prised in about five pages (18)—we lose the greater portion of these testimonies, but we still retain those to the birth of Christ from the Virgin Mary—his manifestation by a star —his many sufferings—his crucifixion—and the apostolic mission of Saints Peter and Paul. Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna, a disciple of St.John, and a younger contemporary of Ig- natius, left behind him a single Epistle, ad- dressed to the Philippians, which we possess in the original Greek, with the exception of three or four sections, where the Greek text is wanting, and we have only a Latin version (19). In this Epistle, which is a short com- position, and, like the other remains of early § Luke xxiv. 39. LECTURE VIII. 275 Christian antiquity, of a hortatory character, we find allusions to the humble life of Christ, his ministering to those about him, the cha- racter of his preaching, his sufferings, death upon the cross, resurrection, and ascension to heaven; his promise to “raise up his disci- ples at the last day"’”—the sufferings of St. Paul and the other Apostles, the preaching of St. Paul at Philippi, and the fact of his having written an Epistle to the Philippians (20). We also learn from Irenzus that this Father used to relate his conversations with St. John and others, who had seen the Lord, and to repeat what they had told him both of the teaching and miracles of Jesus (21). A work of the first or earlier half of the second century has come down to us under the name of “The Shepherd of Hermas.” Kusebius and Jerome ascribe it to the Her- mas who is saluted by St. Paul at the end of his Epistle to the Romans (22); but there are reasons for assigning it to a later Hermas —the brother of Pius, who was the ninth bishop of Rome (23). This work is an alle- gory on a large scale, and consequently can- not contain any direct historical testimony. Its tone is consonant with the Christian story, and it contains some allusions to the mission h John vi. 40. a oO ~ 276 LECTURE VIII. of the Apostles, their travels for the purpose of spreading the truth over the world, and the sufferings to which they were exposed in consequence (24); but on the whole it is of little service towards establishing the truth of any facts. It was not until the Christian writers ad- dressed themselves to the world without—- and either undertook the task of refuting the adversaries of the truth, or sought by Apolo- gies to recommend the new religion to their acceptance—that the facts of the Christian story came naturally to occupy a prominent place in their compositions. Quadratus, Bi- shop of Athens in the early part of the se- cond century, was, so far as we know, the first to write a defence of Christianity ad- dressed to the Heathen, which he seems to have presented to the Emperor Adrian (25) about the year A. D. 122. This work is un- fortunately lost, but a passage preserved by Eusebius gives us an indication of the sort of evidence which it would probably have fur- nished in abundance. “The works of our Saviour,” says Quadratus, “ were always con- spicuous, for they were real; both they which were healed and they which were raised from the dead; who were seen not only when they were healed or raised, but for a long time LECTURE VIII. Q77 afterwards; not only while he dwelt on this earth, but also after his departure, and for a good while after it; insomuch that some of them have reached to our times” (26). About twenty-five years after Quadratus had presented his “ Apology” to Adrian, his younger contemporary, Justin, produced a similar composition, which he presented to the first Antonine, probably about A. D. 148 (27). Soon afterwards he published his “ Dialogue with Tryphon”—an_ elaborate controversial work, defensive of Christianity from the attacks of Judaism. Finally, about A. D. 165, or a little earlier, he wrote a se- cond “ Apology,” which he presented to Mar- cus Aurelius and the Roman Senate (28). It has been truly observed, that from the writings of this Father—* the earliest, of whose works we possess any considerable remains” (29)—there “might be collected a tolerably complete account of Christ’s life, in all points agreeing with that which is delivered in our Scriptures’ (30). Justin declares the marriage of Mary and Joseph— their descent from David—the miraculous conception of Christ—the intention of Jo- seph to put away his wife privily—the ap- pearance to him of an angel which forbade him—the angelic determination of the name 278 LECTURE VIIL. Jesus, with the reason assigned for it—the journey from Nazareth to Bethlehem—the birth of our Lord there—his lying in a manger—his circumcision—the extraordinary appearance of a star—the coming of the Wise Men—their application to Herod—their ado- ration and gifts—the warning to them- not to return to Herod—the descent into Kgypt— the massacre of the Innocents—the death of Herod and accession of Archelaus—the re- turn from Egypt—the obscure early life of Christ, and his occupation as a carpenter— his baptism by St. John the Baptist in Jordan —the descent of the Spirit upon him in the form of a dove—the testimony borne to his ereatness by John—his temptation by the devil—the character of his teaching—his confutation of his opponents—his miracles— his prophecies of the sufferings which should befall his disciples—his changing Simon’s name to Peter, and the occasion of it—his naming the sons of Zebedee, Boanerges—his triumphal entry into Jerusalem riding upon an ass—his institution of the Eucharist—his singing a hymn with his disciples—his visit to the Mount of Olives on the eve of his cru- cifixion, accompanied by the three favoured apostles, and the prayer there offered to the Father—his silence before Pilate—his being LECTURE VIII. 279 sent by Pilate to Herod—his sufferings and crucifixion—the mockery of those who stood by—the casting of lots for the garment—the flight of the apostles—the words on giving up the ghost—the burial at eventide—the re- surrection on the third day—the appearances to the apostles—the explanation to them of the prophecies—the ascension into heaven as they were looking on—the preaching of the apostles afterwards—the descent of the Holy Ghost—the conversion of the Gentiles—the rapid spread of the Gospel through all lands (31). Noone can pretend to doubt but that in Justin’s time the facts of the New Testament History were received as simple truth—not only by himself, but by Christians generally, in whose name his Apologies were written and presented to the Roman Emperors. It is needless to carry this demonstration further, or to produce similar lists from Athenagoras, Tertullian, [renzus, Origen, and others. From the time of Justin the Church of Christ can shew a series of writers, who not only exhibit incidentally their belief of the facts which form the basis of the Christian Religion, but who also testify ex- plicitly to the universal reception among Christians of that narrative of the facts which we possess in the New Testament—a 280 LECTURE VIII. narrative which, as was shewn in the last Lecture (32), they maintain to be absolutely and in all respects true. Those who assert the mythic character of the New Testament history, must admit as certain that its mythic character was unsuspected by the Christians of the second century, who received with the most entire and simple faith the whole mass of facts put forth in the Gospels and the Acts, regarding them as real and actual oc- currences, and appealing to profane history for their confirmation in various most impor- tant particulars. To fair and candid minds the evidence adduced from uninspired wri- ters of the first century, though comparatively scanty, is (I think) sufficient to shew that their belief was the same as that of Christians in the second, and that it was just as firm and undoubting. The arguments hitherto adduced have been drawn from the literary compositions of the first ages of Christianity. Till recently these have been generally regarded as pre- senting the whole existing proof of the faith and practice of the early Church: and scep- tics have therefore been eager to throw every possible doubt upon them, and to maintain that forgery and interpolation have so vitiated this source of knowledge as to render it alto- LECTURE VIII. 281 gether untrustworthy (33). The efforts made, weak and contemptible as they are felt to be by scholars and critics, have nevertheless had a certain influence over the general tone of thought on the subject, and have caused many to regard the early infancy of Christ- janity as a dim and shadowy cloud-land, in which nothing is to be seen, except a few figures of bishops and martyrs moving un- certainly amid the general darkness. Under these circumstances it is well that atten- tion should be called—as it has been called recently by several publications of greater or less research (34)—to the monumental re- mains of early Christian times which are still extant, and which take us back in the most lively way to the first ages of the Church, exhibiting before our eyes those primitive communities, which Apostles founded, over which Apostolic men presided, and in which Confessors and Martyrs were almost as nu- merous as ordinary Christians. As when we tread the streets of Pompeii, we have the life of the old Pagan world brought before us with a vividness which makes all other re- presentations appear dull and tame, so when we descend into the Catacombs of Rome we seem to see the struggling persecuted com- munity, which there, “in dens and caves of 282 LECTURE VIII. the earth’,’ wrought itself a hidden home, whence it went forth at last conquering and to conquer, triumphantly establishing itself on the ruins of the old religion, and bending its heathen persecutors to the yoke of Christ. Time was when the guiding spirits of our Church not only neglected the study of these precious remnants of an antiquity which ought to be far dearer to us than that of Greece or Pagan Rome, of Egypt, Assyria, or Babylon—but even ventured to speak of them with contempt, as the recent creations of Papal forgers, who had placed among the arenarie or sandpits of heathen times the pretended memorials of saints who were never born, and of martyrs who never suf- fered (35). But with increased learning and improved candour modern Anglicanism has renounced this shallow and untenable theory; and it is at length admitted univer- sally, alike by the Protestant and the Ro- manist, that the Catacombs themselves, their present contents, and the series of inscrip- tions which have been taken from them and placed in the Papal galleries, are genuine re- mains of primitive Christian antiquity, and exhibit to us—imperfectly, no doubt, but so far as their evidence extends, truly—the con- 1: Heb, xi. 38. LECTURE VIII. 283 dition and belief of the Church of Christ in the first ages. For it is impossible to doubt that the Catacombs belong to the earliest times of Christianity. It was only during the ages of persecution that the Christians were con- tent to hide away the memorials of their dead in gloomy galleries deep below the earth’s surface, where few eyes could ever rest on them. With liberty and security came the practice of burying within, and around, the churches, which grew up on all sides; and though undoubtedly the ancient burial places would not have been deserted all at once, since habit and affection would combine to prevent such disuse, yet still from the time of Constantine burying in the Catacombs must have been on the decline, and the bulk of the tombs in them must be regarded as belonging to the first three cen- turies. The fixed dates obtainable from a certain number of the tombs confirm this view; and the style of ornamentation and form of the ietters used in the inscriptions, are thought to be additional evidence of its correctness. What then is the evidence of the Cata- combs? In the first place, it is conclusive as to the vast number of the Christians in 284 Rane Owe OAT. these early ages, when there was nothing to tempt men, and everything to disincline them, towards embracing the persecuted faith. The Catacombs are calculated to ex- tend over nine hundred miles of streets, and to contain almost seven millions of graves (36)! The Roman Christians, it will be re- membered, are called by Tacitus “a vast multitude”—(ingens multitudo)—in the time of Nero(37); by the age of Valerian they are reckoned at one-half the population of the city (88); but the historical records of the past have never been thought to indicate that their number approached at all near to what this calculation—which seems fairly made (39)—would indicate. Seven millions of deaths in (say) four hundred years would, under ordinary circumstances, imply an ave- rage population of from 500,000 to 700,000 —an amount immensely beyond any esti- mate that has hitherto been made of the number of Roman Christians at any portion of the period. Perhaps the calculation of the number of graves may be exaggerated, and probably the proportion of deaths to popula- tion was, under the peculiar circumstances, unusually large; but still the evidence of vast numbers which the Catacombs furnish cannot wholly mislead; and we may regard LECTURE VIII. 285 it as established beyond all reasonable doubt, that in spite of the general contempt and hatred, in spite of the constant ill-usage to which they were exposed, and the occasional “fiery trials” which proved them, the Christ- ilans, as early as the second century, formed one of the chief elements in the population of Rome. In the next place, the Catacombs afford proof of the dangers and sufferings to which the early Christians were exposed. Without assuming that the phials which have con- tained a red liquid, found in so many of the tombs, must have held blood, and that there- fore they are certain signs of martyrdom, and without regarding the palm-branch as unmistakable evidence of the same (40)—we may find in the Catacombs a good deal of testimony confirmatory of those writers who estimate at the highest the number of Christians who suffered death in the great persecutions. The number of graves, if we place it at the lowest, compared with the highest estimate of the Christian population that is at all probable, would give a _ pro- portion of deaths to population enormously above the average—a result which at any rate lends support to those who assert that in the persecutions of Aurelius, Decius, Dio- 286 bE TORE VILL. cletian, and others, vast multitudes of Christ- ians were massacred. Further, the word Martyr is frequent upon the tombs; and often where it is absent, the inscription otherwise shews that the deceased lost his life on account of his religion (41). Some- times the view opens on us, and we see, be- sides the individual buried, a long vista of similar sufferers—as when one of Aurelius’s victims exclaims— “QO unhappy times, in which amid our sacred rites and prayers— nay, in our very caverns, we are not safe! What is more wretched than our life? What more wretched than a death, when it is im- possible to obtain burial at the hands of friends or relatives? Still at the end they shine like stars in Heaven. ] 4 \ / olds T Hv aveylyvwokor, iv ws Tax.oTa Eldeinv TO BEATLOTOV \ \ n ? a X\ ° os € al 3 ” b , kal TO xe€lpov. “Avo 67) Oavpactijs, w ETaipe, EATLOOS MXO-NY epopevos, e7rEL07) TpolMy Kal avaytyveoKwY Op@, avopa TH wev va ovdeév xpbpevov ovd€ Tivas airtas emaiTidpevov ; x ~ X\ / shld \ \8 >) / \ [cA els TO Olakoopety Ta TPaypaTa, a yy las lad AN = / Tal, Kplow ovK €oeoOat TOV Kakov. Evdds obv &evndaroupevov a P) fa c Ss 3 f \ Ne TOV dAdAoEOVaY, Ol peV ETUpaveotaToL Kal OpacTiK@TaTOL ov- otpadevtes eLeppipynoav, ws tives dacw, eis THY “EAAdba... 6 dé ToAVs Aews eLemEcEV eis THY VOY Kadcopevynv “Lovdaiay, od TOppw pev KEemmevny THs AlydnTov, TavTeA@s 5€ Epnuov odoav kat’ €xeivous Tovs xpdvous. “Hyeiro 6€ tijs doulas 6 Tpocayo- pevduevos Maons, ppovnoe: te Kal avodpeia todd diadpépwr. Otros 6& KatadaBepevos THY ydpav, GAAas TE TOAELS ExTIE Kal bs a a b) / 5) , € , . , THY viv ovoay emipaveotaryny, dvoyaCouernv TepoodAvpa. Ldpu- h Tt seems scarcely possible that the resemblance between the He- brew shin and the Egyptian sh can be accidental. A fainter similarity may be traced in some other letters. 330 NOTES. aato b€ Kai TO padloTa Tap avTots TYyAGMEVOY iepor, Kat Tas TI- pas Kal aytotelas Tod Oelov Karéderfe, kal Ta KaTa THY TOAL- relay évopobeTynoe kal dreragfe. After giving an account of the chief points of the law, Hecatzeus adds, Hpooyéypamrat d€ Kal Tols vdéwous etl TeAEUTHS, 6tt Mwons axovoas Tod Oeov Tdde A€yer Tots lovdatois. (See the fragments of Hecatzeus in Mons. C. Miiller’s Mragmenta Historicorum Grecorum, volfn.sp: 392, Fr.13-) Note 23. p. 43. Manetho, the Egyptian, was also contemporary with Alexander, and wrote his Egyptian History under the first Ptolemy. His words, as reported by Josephus, are—Aé€ye- tra 8 Ore THY TOATELaV Kal TOUS Vopovs a’Tols KaTa- Badopmevos tepeds, TO yevos ‘HAtovToAirns, dvowa “Ocapolp, amo tov év ‘HAtoréAet Oeod "Oolpews, ws eTeBn els TodTo TO yévos, pereTeOn Tovvopa Kal TpoonyopevOn Meotons. (Frag- menta Hist. Gree. vol. il. p. 580; Fr. 54.) Note 24. p. 43. Lysimachus of Alexandria, a writer (probably) of the Augustan age, abused Moses and his laws. See Josephus (contr. Apion. ii. 14) ;—Avotpayos kai ties GAAOL, Ta pev bm dyvotas, TO Treforoy b€ Kata dvopEveray, TEpl TE TOD VoOpo- Oernoavtos hiv Mavoéws Kal wept TOV vopwv TETOinvTaL dod- yous ovTe dikatovs ote dAnOets, TOY LEV ws yonTa Kal aTaTEGra diaBddXovres, Tovs vdpous b& Kaklas Hiv Kal ovdeulas aperis pdokortes eivat didacKdAovs. Note 25. p. 43. Kupolemus is by some thought to have been a Jew; but the liberties which he takes with Scripture seem to mark him for a heathen. Josephus evidently considers him sueh, since he couples him with Demetrius Phalereus, and speaks of him as unable to follow exactly the sense of the Jewish Scriptures. (Contr. Apion. i. 23.) He lived in the latter LECTURE II. 331 half of the second century before Christ, and wrote a work in Greek on the history of the Jews, which was largely quoted by Alexander Polyhistor, the contemporary of Sylla. (See Eusebius, Preparatio Evangelica, vol. ii. pp. 370-3, 394, 423-433, &c.) Polyhistor thus reported his testimony concerning Moses :— EtroXepos b€ d@yot tov Moony mpGrov coddv yevérOa, Kat ypappata twapadotvat tots lovdalots mpGrtor, Tapa be ‘lovdaiwy Poivixas rapada$eiv, "EhAnvas 6€ rapa Tv Powvlkwr, vouous Te TpGTOV ypawat Maojy “Jovdaios. (Krag- menta Hist. Grec. vol. ii. p. 220, Fr. 13.) Note 26. p. 43. Histor. v. 4; “ Moyses, quo sibi in posterum gentem fir- maret, novas ritus contrariosque czeteris mortalibus in- didit.” Note 27. p. 43. “ Quidam sortiti metuentem Sabbata patrem, Nil preeter nubes et coeli numen adorant ; Nee distare putant humana carne suillam, (ua pater abstinuit ; mox et preeputia ponunt ; Romanas autem soliti contemnere leges, Judaicum ediscunt, et servant, et metuunt jus, Tradidit arcano quodcunque volumine Moses.” Satir. xiv. g6-102. Note 28. p. 43. Longinus does not mention Moses by name, but it can- not be doubted that he intends him in the famous passage, where he speaks of “ the Jewish legislator” as a person historically known, and as the writer of Genesis. Tav7y kal 6 TOV lovdalwr Oeapodérns, ovx 6 TvxXaV avip, emELdy) THY Tov Ocv dvvaymw Kata zi aflav éyvdpice, Kaeedyrer, ELOUS év tH elaBodn ypawas Tov vopwr, “ Einer 6 Oeds,” pyov tH; “ TevecOw pas, nai éyéveto’ yevérOw yi, cat éyéveto.” De Sublimitate, § 9. 332 NOTES. Note 29. p. 43. Heeatzeus, Kupolemus, Juvenal, and Longinus. See above, notes 22, 25, 27, and 28. Nicolas of Damascus may be added as a witness to the composition of the Pen- tateuch by Moses. Speaking of a certain man as saved in the Ark at the time of the Great Deluge, he says—yévoiro 8’ Gv ovros, 6vtwa Kat Moots avéypawev, 6’lovdalov vopo- Oérns. (See Josephus, Antig. Jud. i. 3, § 6.) Note 30. p. 44. According to some writers, Hellanicus, the contempo- rary of Herodotus, mentioned Moses. (Justin Martyr, Cohortatio ad Gentes, § 8, p. 13, D. Ot ta ’AOnvaiwr toro- powvres, EXAdviKds Te Kal PiAdyxopos, of Tas “ATOidas, Kaorwp te kal ©addXos, cal Adr€favipos 6 TloAvistwp, .. . ws opddpa apxatov kal TadaLod tév ‘lovdaiwy apxovtos Meioews peuvnv- ra. Cyrillus Alexandrinus, Contra Julianum, i. p.15, D. "Ori d€ Tots “EAAHver totopioypadots yvopyatatos jv 6 Mo- ons, €€ av’Tav Ov yeypapacw e€eotw deliv. TloAcuov te yap év TH TpeTyn TOV “EAAnViKGy toTopLOv Sreyvnudvevoev adrod, kat [IroAewatos 6 Mevéjouos, kal piv cal “EAAdvixos Kal Pido- xopos, Kdorwp te Kat érepor pos Tovros.) As he wrote a work entitled [epi €Over, or BapBapixa vopia, there is no improbability in this statement. It is less easy to see what could have led Philochorus (B.C. 300) to speak of him, but we are scarcely entitled on this ground to pronounce (as Mons. C. Miller does, Fr. Hist. Gr. vol. i. p. 385) that Justin misunderstood his author. Polemon of Ilium (ab. B. C. 200) seems to have spoken of Moses leading the Israelites out of Egypt. (Africanus ap. Euseb. Prep. Ee. x. 10; vol. il. p. 5123 Kal “EAAjver b€ twes totopovor Kara Tovs avTovs xpovovs yeverOar Macéa? TodA€nov pév ev tH mpatn Tov “EdAnvixdv toropidv A€yor, én” Ami50s Tod Popa- véws poipa Tod Alyuntiov otpdrou efémerev Aliytrtou, ot év TH Hadaorivy kadovpévn Svpia ob 7éppw 'Apaias @xnoav, adroit dyndrovert of pera Mooéwos. Comp. Cyril. Alex. 1. s. ¢.; Jus- LECTURE II. 333 tin Martyr, Cohort. ad Gentes, p.11; Syncellus, vol. 1. p. 116.) Apollonius Molo, Cicero’s instructor in rhetoric, (about B. C. 80) called Moses a juggler and an impostor, and gave a very incorrect account of his legislation. (Josephus, Contra Apionem, ii.14. Vide supra, note 24.) Trogus Pompeius (ab. B.C. 20) spoke of him at some length, but did not give his readers very correct information, if we may judge by the epitome of Justin. Justin says— “ Filius ejus (se. Joseph) Moses fuit, quem preter paternz scientize heere- ditatem etiam formee pulchritudo commendabat. Sed f/Egyptii, cum scabiem et vitiliginem paterentur, responso moniti, eum cum eegris, ne pestis ad plures serperet, ter- minis Algypti pellunt. Dux igitur exulum factus, sacra /Egyptiorum furto abstulit: quae repetentes armis A’gyptii domum redire tempestatibus compulsi sunt. Itaque Mo- ses, Damascena antiqua patria repetita, montem Synz oc- cupat; quo septem dierum jejunio per deserta Arabize cum populo suo fatigatus, cum tandem venisset, septimum diem more gentis ‘sabbata’ appellatum in omne evum jejunio sacravit, quoniam illa dies famem illis erroremque finierat. .... Post Mosen etiam filius ejus Aruas, Sacerdos sacris /Kgyptiis, mox rex creatur.” (Hist. xxxvi. 2.) The E- gyptian historians Apion (B.C. 30), Cheeremon (A. D. 50), and Ptolemy of Mendes—the last an author of uncertain date, probably of the 1st century after Christ—noticed the fact of his leading the Jews out of Egypt. (See Tatian, Oratio adversus Grecos, § 37, p. 273; Alyuntiov & eioly axpiBeis xpd- ' vav dvaypapai. Kal rév kar’ atrovs ypappater épynveds Mro0- Aepaios, ovx 6 Bactreds, iepeds 6€ Mevdntos, odros Tas TGV Ba- awéav mpdgers exTiWeuevos, Kata "Apwow Aiyirrov Bacwéa yeyovévar lovdaiors nol tiv e€ Alyiatov mopelav eis amep 70edov xXwpia, Mecéws jyouyevov. Compare Clem. Alex. Stromata, i. p. 379; Cyril. Alex. 1. s. ¢.; Euseb. Prep. Ev. x. 11; vol. ii. p. 519, &c. And for the testimonies of Chee- remon and Apion, which will be adduced in note 81, see Joseph. c. Apion. i. 32, and ii. 2.) It is also probable that Moses was mentioned by Castor the chronologer (about B. C. 160), and by Thallus, the freedman of Tiberius. (See 334 NOTES. the passages from Justin Martyr and Cyril quoted at the beginning of this note.) Numenius, the Pythagorean phi- losopher, who lived in the age of the Antonines, called Moses “a man very powerful with God through prayer,” and mentioned his contest with the Egyptian magicians, Jannes and Jambres. (See Euseb. Prep. He. ix. 8; vol. ii. P- 3583 Ta O EfHs Lavyins Kal “layBpis Aiydarior tepoypappa- Tels, dvdpes ovdEvOS FrTOVs payedoar KpiWEvTEs eEivat, em Tov- dalwv e€eAavvopéever e€ Aiytiatov. Movoalw yotv 7é ‘lovoatwy efnynoapevm, avopl yevopevm Ocw@ cbfacda dvvatwrdtw, oi Tapasthvat akwwbévtes b7d Tod TANOovs Tod Tov AlyvaTlev ovToL Hoav, TOV TE TYUopOv s 6 Movoaios exijye 77 AlydaTe, Tas veavikwTatas avTav emdvec0ar SPOnoav dvvatol. Com- pare Pliny, Hist. Nat. xxx. 1, § 2.) Nicolas of Damascus also mentioned Moses, and called him “ the Jewish law- giver.” (See the passage quoted in note 29.) Note 31. p. 44. The only classical writer, so far as I am aware, who ex- presses any doubt with respect to the Mosaic origin of the Jewish law is Strabo, a very untrustworthy authority in the field of ancient history. Strabo ascribes the establish- ment of Monotheism and of the moral law to Moses, but believes the ceremonial law to have been added by his suc- cessor. (Geographica, xvi. 2. § 35-37. Moots yap tis Tov Aiyumtiwy iepewv ... amnpev exeice evOevie, ducxepavas Ta lal \ fed > ~ \ fal A tad v kadeot@ta, Kal cuveEnpay att@ TOAXOL Ti~@vTes TO Oeiov ey me pI) ~ + We A «< ’ BJ an _ c >) / yap exeivos Kal edidacKer, os ovK dpOGs povoiev ot Aiyédrriot Onplows eixdgovtes Kal Bookjpact TO Oeiov, ovd oi AlBves* ovd« ed 5€ ot’ of "EAAnves, GvOpwTopdppovs TuTodvTEs’ Ein yup ev TovTo povov Oeds TO TEpiexov Has AmavTas Kal ynv Kal Oddar- Tav, 0 KaAovpev ovpavoyv Kal Kéopov Kal THY TOV OvTwY tow \ im ta) =) \ iS a a XN fal 3 - 2. Kal TpocdoKkay deity ayaldy Tapa Tod OEov Kai dOpor adel TL Kal onpelov TOs Twdppovas COvTas Kal peTa Sixatoovvns, Tovs & GAAovs py) Tpocboxav .... Obros pév ody evdokiynoas Tov- TOLS OUVEDTHTATO APXI]V Ov TiVY TYXOvTaY, ATdVTOY TpPOTXwpN- c nr / XX X\ Ld / \ \ , cdvTov padlos TOV KUKA® 61a THY bptAlav Kat Ta TpoTELVopeEva. Ot be dtadeLdpevor xpdvovs pév Tivas Ev Tois adtois bué- LECTURE II. 335 pevov SukalompayovvTes, Kat OeoveBels ws AANnOGs duTEs’ eretT €iotapevwy emt THY LepoovynY TO pev TpPOTOV Secodatporwr, ETELTA TUPAVVLKGY GVOPOTWV, EK MEV THS SetowWalpovias at Tv Bpopatwoyv amocyxécets, GvTep kal viv aitois éotiv Eos améxecOat, kal ait mepttopal cal ai éxropal kal ef Tuva Tovadta evopulodn, ex b€ TOY TYpavYLK@Y TA AnoTipia.) It is to be remarked that Strabo quotes no authority, whence it may be suspected that his account is based rather on his own views of probability, and of the natural sequence of events in such cases, than on the statements of any earlier writers. (See his words at the opening of the next section.) Note 32. p. 45. See Exod. xvii, 14; xxiv. 4, 7; Numb. xxxi. 2; Deut. xvii. 18 et seqq.; XxXvill. 58 et seqq; Xxix. 20, 27; and XXXi. 9, 24 et seqq. Note 33. p. 45. Strauss, Leben Jesu, § 6; vol. i. p. 20, E. T. Note 34. p. 45. See particularly Deuteronomy xxvill. 58, and xxix. 20, 27. Hiivernick’s comment on these and other kindred pas- sages deserves the attention of the student. (See his Handbuch des historisch-critischen Evnleitung in das Alte Testament, § 108; § 4, pp. 14-19, Clark’s Translation'.) Note 35. p. 46. * Der ‘Deuteronomist,” says De Wette, “will, wie es scheint, sein ganzes Buch als von Mose abgefasst an- gesehen wissen.” (Hinleitung in das Alte Testament, § 162, 4, p- 203.) Hartmann makes a similar assertion with respect to “the author of the last four books.” (Forschungen tiber d. Pentateuch, p. 538.) Note 36. p. 47. The earliest writers whom De Wette can quote as i Historico-Critical Introduction to the Pentateuch, Edinburgh, Clark, 1850. 336 NOTES. doubting the genuineness of the Pentateuch, are Celsus the Neo-Platonist (A. D. 130), and Ptolemy, the Valen- tinian Gnostic, a writer of the third century. (See his Hinleitung, § 164, a; p. 205; and for the passages to which he refers see Origen, Contra Celsum, iv. 42, and Epi- phanius, Adversus Hereses, xxxill. 4, p. 207.) Apion, and the other adversaries whom Josephus answers, all admitted the Pentateuch to be the work of Moses. Note 87. p. 47. The differences in the rationalistic views of the time when the Pentateuch was composed are thus summed up by Professor Stuart), “ Almost every marked period from Joshua down to the return from the Babylonish exile, has been fixed upon by different writers, as a period appro- priate to the production of the work. To Ezra some have assigned the task of producing it; in which, if we may hearken to them, he engaged in order that he might con- firm and perpetuate the ritual introduced by him. To Hilkiah the priest, with the connivance of Josiah, Mr. Norton and others have felt inclined to attribute it, at the period when a copy of the Law is said to have been dis- covered in the Temple. Somewhere near this period, Ge- senius and De Wette once placed it; but both of them, in later times, have been rather inclined to recede from this, and to look to an earlier period. The subject has been through almost boundless discussion, and a great va- riety of opinions have been broached respecting the matter, until recently it has taken a turn somewhat new. The haut ton of criticism in Germany now compounds between the old opinions and the new theories. Ewald and Len- gerke both admit a groundwork of the Pentateuch. But as to the extent of this they differ, each one deciding according to his subjective feelings. The leading laws and ordinances of the Pentateuch are admitted to belong to the time of J Critical History and Defence of the Old Testament Canon, § 3, PP: 43> 44- EHCEURE If. 337 Moses. Ewald supposes that» they were written down at that period. Then we have, secondly. historical portions of the Pentateuch, written, as Ewald judges, not by prophets, but before this order of men appeared among the Hebrews ... Then came next, according to him, a prophetic order of historical writers, about the time of Solomon . . Next comes a narrator . . . who is to be placed somewhere near the pe- riod of Elijah... Then comes a fourth narrator, whom we cannot place earlier than about the middle of the 8th cen- tury B.C. He was followed by the Deuteronomist . . . sometime during the latter half of Manasseh’s reign . . Then just before the Babylonish exile, the great Co/lecta- neum or Corpus Auctorum omnium, was brought to a close. Lengerke .. admits a groundwork; but, with the ex- ception of some laws, it was not composed till the time of Solomon. Next comes a supplementarist, who must have lived some time in the eighth century. Then comes the Deuteronomist, as in Ewald; but he is assigned by Len- gerke to the time of Josiah, about B. C. 624. Each of these writers is confident in his critical power of discrimination ... Each is sure that he can appreciate all the niceties and slight diversities of style and diction, and therefore cannot be mistaken. Each knows, in his own view with certainty, how many authors of the Pentateuch there are; while one still reckons siz and the other three .. 1 will not now ask, who shall decide when Doctors disagree ?” Compare also Hiivernich, Handbuch &e. § 145: $41, pp- 442-444, E. T. Note 37, 6. p. 48. Leben Jesu, § 133 pp. 55-50, EH. T. Note 38. p. 49. The purpose of Moses is to write not his own history, nor even the civil history of his nation, but the ¢hcocratic his- tory of the world up to his own time. This is the clue to all those curious insertions and omissions which haye asto- RAWLINSON, Z 338 NOTES. nished and perplexed metre historians. (See Hiavernick, Handbuch &e. § 106; § 2. pp. 1-7, E. T.; and compare Lecture VII. p. 226.) Still, his own history to a certain extent, and the public history of his nation, up to his time, do in fact form the staple of his narrative. Note 39. p. 49. Sir G. C. Lewis says: ‘‘ The infidelity of oral tradition, with respect to past occurrences, has been so generally re- cognised, that it would be a superfluous labour to dwell upon it. For our present purpose, it is more material to fix the time during which an accurate memory of historical events may be perpetuated by oral tradition alone. New- ton, in his work on Chronology*, fixes it at eighty or a hundred years for a time anterior to the use of writing: and Volney says that, among the Red Indians of North America, there was no accurate tradition of facts which were a century old. Mallet, in his work on Northern An- tiquities', remarks that, among the common class of man- kind, @ son remembers his father, knows something about his grandfather, but never bestows a thought on his more re- mote progenitors. This would carry back a man’s know- ledge of his own family for about a hundred years; and it is not likely that his knowledge of public affairs, founded on a similar oral tradition, could reach to an earlier date.” (Credibility of Karly Roman History, vol. i. pp. 98, 99.) Note 40. p. 50. See Horne’s Introduction to the Critical Study and Know- ledge of the Holy Scriptures, ch. ii. § 1, vol. i. p. 54. ‘In the antidiluvian world, when the life of man was so pro- tracted, there was comparatively little need for writing. Tradition answered every purpose to which writing, in any kind of characters, could be subservient; and the neces- sity of erecting monuments to perpetuate public events k Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended (1728, 4to), Introduction, Dp. 7- ! Ch. ii. LECTURE II. 339 could scarcely have suggested itself; as, during those times, there could be little danger apprehended of any important fact becoming obsolete, its history having to pass through very few hands, and all these friends and relatives in the most proper sense of the terms: for they lived in an insu- lated state, under a patriarchal government. Thus it was easy for Moses to be satisfied of the truth of all he relates in the Book of Genesis, as the accounts came to him through the medium of very few persons. From Adam to Noah there was but one man necessary to the transmission of the history of this period of 1656 years. Adam died in the year of the world 930, and Lamech the father of Noah was born in the year 874; so that Adam and Lamech were contemporaries for fifty-six years. Methusaleh, the grand- father of Noah, was born in the year of the world 687, and died in the year 1656, so that he lived to see both Adam and Lamech—from whom (Adam?) doubtless he acquired the knowledge of this history, and was likewise contem- porary with Noah for 600 years. In like manner Shem connected Noah and Abraham, having lived to converse with both; as Isaac did with Abraham and Joseph, from whom these things might be easily conveyed to Moses by Amram, who was contemporary with Joseph. Supposing then all the curious facts recorded in the Book of Genesis to have had no other authority than the tradition already referred to, they would stand upon a foundation of eredibi- lity superior to any that the most reputable of the ancient Greek and Latin historians can boast.” Note 41. p. 50. See Sir G. C. Lewis’s Credibility &e., vol. 1. p. 101. “In a nation which has no consecutive written history, leading events would be perhaps preserved, in their general out- lines, for about a hundred years. Special circumstances might however give to an event a larger hold on the po- pular memory.” He instances, 1. the attempt of Cylon at Athens, the circumstances of which were remembered in B. C. 432, one hundred and eighty years after (‘Thucydid. “2 340 NOTES. i. 126); and 2. the battle of the Allia, the memory of which continued (he thinks) among the common people at Rome to the time of the earliest annalists, or 150 years. Note 42. p. 51. The force of this argument is, no doubt, weakened, but it is not destroyed, by a preference of the Septuagint or of the Samaritan numbers to those of the Hebrew text. The Septuagint numbers, which are the most unfavourable to the argument, would make the chain between Adam and Moses consist of eight links—viz. Mahalaleel, Noah, Sa- lah, Reu, Nahor, Abraham, Jacob, and Jochebed. Note 43. p. 51. See above, note 37; and compare Hivernick, Handbuch &e. § 111 (§ 7. pp. 45-48, E. T.), and Horne, Introduc- tion &e. ch. i. § 1, vol. i. pp. 54-56. Note 44. p. 51. Having argued that the Patriarchs were almost sure to have committed to writing the chief facts of the early his- tory, especially those of the Creation, the Fall of Man, the promise of Redemption, and the various revelations which they received from God, Vitringa says—“ Has vero schedas et scrinia Patrum, apud Israelitas conservata, Mosen opi- namur collegisse, digessisse, ornasse, et ubi deficiebant complésse, atque ex iis primum librorum suorum confe- cisse.” (Observationes Sacre, i. 4, § 2; p. 36.) Note 45. p. 51. Commentaire Littérale, Préface, vol.i. p. xii. “ Quoiqu’ a prendre les choses dans la rigueur, il ne soit pas impos- sible que Moise nait pu apprendre par la tradition orale tout ce quil nous dit de la eréation du Monde, du Déluge, et de lage des Patriarches, .... il est pourtant assez croy- able que ce Législateur avoit des mémoires et des recueils qui se conservoient dans les familles des Juifs. Le détail des Généalogies, les dates des faits, les cireonstances des événements, le nombre des années de la vie des Patriarches, LECTURE II. 341 tout cela ne peut guere s'apprendre d’une maniere si pré- cise et si exacte, que par des écrits et des mémoires.” Compare Havernick (Handbuch &e. § 115; § 11, pp. 81-2, E. T.), who while he maintains that the narrative of Genesis “has its origin primarily in oral tradition,” still allows it to be probable ‘‘ that in the time of the writer a part of the oral tradition had been already committed to writing,” and that “the author makes use of certain older monu- ments.” Note 46. p. 52. See above, notes 19, 20, and 21. In estimating the an- tiquity of alphabetic writing, we must remember, that the earliest extant specimens of the Babylonian (which have been assigned to about the 22nd century B.C.) present in- dications of previous stages having been passed through, which must have each occupied some considerable period. It is certain that the Babylonians, like the Egyptians, be- gan with picture-writing™. But in the most ancient re- mains this stage has been long past: a few letters only still bear a resemblance to the objects: while the bulk have lost all trace of their original form. The writing too has ceased altogether to be symbolical, and (with the exception of cer- tain determinatives) is purely phonetic, having thus past the second stage of the art. In Egypt, the hieroglyphies of the Pyramid period (B.C. 2450-2300), sometimes “‘ written in the cursive character, prove that writing had been long in use.” (See Wilkinson’s Appendix to Book ii. of the author’s Herodotus, ch. viii. § 9; vol. il. p. 34.4.) Note 47. p. 52. See Bishop Gleig’s Introduction, in his edition of Stack- house’s History of the Bible, vol.i. p. xx. Compare the ar- ticle on writine in Kitto’s Biblical Cyclopedia, vol. ii. pp. 971,972. m See Sir H. Rawlinson’s Essay “ On the Early History of Baby- lonia,” in the first volume of the author’s Herodotus, Essay vi. pp. 443) 444. 342 NOTES. Note 48. p. 54. The Armenian History of Moses of Chorene commences from Adam. Taking the Hebrew Scriptures for his basis, he endeavours to blend and harmonise with them the tra- ditions of- primeval times recorded by Berosus, Abydenus, and especially by a certain Mar Ibas, or Mar Abas, a learned Syrian, said to have lived about B.C.150. He identifies Adam with the Babylonian Alorus (i. 3.), Noah with Xisuthrus (ibid.), Shem with Zervan, who (he says) is the same as Zoroaster (i. 5.) ; Ham with Titan, whence the Titans are the descendants of Ham (ibid.), and Nimrod with Belus (1.6.) Armenian history is regarded as com- mencing from this time. Haicus or Haig, the fifth descendant of Japhet, son of Thaclath or Togarmah, revolts from Be- lus, or Nimrod, and withdraws from Babylon to Armenia, where he establishes himself. War follows: Haicus is at- tacked by Belus, but makes a successful resistance, and Belus falls in the battle, (i. 9, 10.) From this point Moses seems in the main to follow native traditions, which do not appear to have possessed much historical value. It has been conjectured with good reason that “ the earliest lite- rature of Armenia was a series of national poems,” and that these compositions furnished Moses of Chorene with a great part of his materials. (See Prichard’s Physical History of Mankind, vol. iv. p. 2553; and compare Neu- mann’s Versuch einer Geschichte der Armenischen Literatur, published at Leipsic in 1836.) | Michael Chamich and other Armenian writers have chiefly copied from Moses. Note 49. p. 54. The two Epic poems, the Ramayana and the Mahabha- rata, profess to be historical, but are not thought by the best modern authorities to contain more than some “ sha- dow of truth.” They are assigned to about the third cen- tury B.C. (See Professor H. H. Wilson’s Introduction to his translation of the Rig- Veda-Sanhita, pp. xlvi, xlvii.) The attempt to construct from them, and from other Sanscritic sources of even worse character, by the aid of Megasthenes and of a large amount of conjecture, a chronological scheme LECTURE II. 343 reaching to B.C. 3120, which M. Bunsen has made in the third volume of his Hgypt (pp. 518-564), appears to me a singular instance of misplaced ingenuity. Note 50. p. 54. The Chinese, like the Hindus, carry back the history of the world for several hundred thousand years. Their own history, however, as a nation, does not profess to com- mence till about B.C. 2600; and authentic accounts, ac- cording to the views of those who regard their early lite- rature with most favour, go back only to the 22nd century B.C. (See Rémusat, Nouveau Mélanges Asiatiques, vol. i. p. 65. ‘ L’histoire de la Chine remonte avec certitude jus- quau vingt-deuxiéme siécle avant notre ére; et des tradi- tions qui n’ont rien de méprisable permettent d’en reporter le point de départ quatre siécles plus haut, 4 lan 2637 avant Jésus Christ.” Compare Mailla, Histoire Générale de la Chine, vol. i.; Grosier’s Discours Préliminaire pre- fixed to his Description de la Chine, published at Paris in 1818-1820; and M. Bunsen’s Hoaypt, vol. iii. pp. 379-407.) The entire isolation of China, and the absence of any points of contact between it and the nations of Western Asia, would render this early history, even if authentic, useless for the purposes of the present Lectures. I confess, however, that I put little faith in the conclusions of mo- dern French antiquarians; and that I incline to look with suspicion on all Chinese history earlier than the time of Confucius, B.C. 550-480, when it is admitted that contem- porary records commence. (See Prichard’s Physical His- tory of Mankind, vol. iv. pp. 475-9; and compare Asiatic Researches, vol. il. p. 370.) Note 51. p. 54. The evidences on this head were earefully collected by Mr. Stanley Faber in his Bampton Lectures for the year 1801, afterwards published as Hore Mosaice, ch. iv. pp. 130-184. The most remarkable tradition is that of the Hindus. In the Bhagavat it is related that in the reign of Satiavrata, the seventh king of the Hindus, mankind be- 344: NOTES. came almost universally wicked, only Satiavrata and seven saints continuing pious. The lord of the universe, there- fore, loving the pious man, and intending to preserve him from the sea of destruction caused by the depravity of the age, thus told him how he was to act. ‘In seven days from the present time, O thou tamer of enemies, the three worlds will be plunged in an ocean of death; but in the midst of the destroying waves, @ large vessel, sent by me for thy use, shall stand before thee. Then shalt thou take all medicinal herbs, all the variety of seeds; and accompa- nied by seven saints, encireled by pairs of all brute animals, thou shalt enter the spacious ark and continue in it, secure from the flood on one immense ocean without light, except the radiance of thy holy companions. ... Then shalt thou know my true greatness, rightly named the supreme God- head; by my favour all thy questions shall be answered, and thy mind abundantly instructed.” After seven days, the sea overwhelming its shores, deluged the whole earth ; while the flood was augmented by showers from immense clouds; when Satiavrata saw the vessel advancing, and entered it with his companions, having executed the com- mands of God. After a while the deluge abated, and Satiavrata, having been instructed in all divine and human knowledge, was appointed the seventh Menu, and named Vaivaswata by the Supreme Being. From this Manu the earth was re-peopled, and from him mankind received their name Manudsha. (See an Article by Sir W. Jones in the 1st volume of the Asiatic Researches, pp. 230-4. Compare Faber’s Hore Mosaice, ch. iv. pp. 139, 140; Carwithen’s Bampton Lectures, 111. pp. 87,88; and Kalisch’s Histori- cal and Critical Commentary on the Old Testament, vol. i. p- 130, E. T.) The Chinese traditions are said to be less clear and de- cisive. They speak of a “ first heaven”—an age of inno- cence, when “the whole creation enjoyed a state of happi- ness; when every thing was beautiful, every thing was good; all beings were perfect in their kind ;” whereto succeeded a ‘second heaven,” introduced by a great con- LECTURE II. 345 vulsion. ‘‘ The pillars of Heaven were broken—the earth shook to its foundations—the heavens sunk lower towards the north—the sun, the moon, and the stars changed their motions—the earth fell to pieces; and the waters enclosed within its bosom burst forth with violence, and overflowed it. Man having rebelled against heaven, the system of the Universe was totally disordered. The sun was eclipsed, the planets altered their course, and the grand harmony of nature was disturbed.” (Faber, Hore Mosaice, ch. iv. Pp: 147, 148.) The Armenians accept the Seriptural account, which they identify with the Chaldean. They can searcely be said to possess any special national tradition on the sub- ject, except that which continues to the present day—the belief that the timbers of the ark are still to be seen on the top of Ararat. The Greek tradition concerning the flood of Deucalion needs only to be mentioned. Curiously enough it takes the form most closely resembling the Mosaic account in the pages of Lucian, the professed scoffer. Tra- ditions of a great deluge were also found in all parts of the new world, and in some of the islands of the Pacific. (Fa- ber, Hore Mosaice, ch.iv.; Kalisch, vol. i. p. 140, E. T.) Note 52. p. 55. See Gen. x. 10; xl. 2-5; xxxix. et seqq. Compare He- Rods. 741a 2) 109,042 3: Plat. Tim.s.p:225 Bs;e Died «Sie: books 1. and u.; Justin, 1.1; &c. Josephus well expresses the grounds on which the Egyptian and Babylonian annals are to be preferred to those of all other heathen nations. He ranks the Pheenician histories decidedly below them. (See his work Contra Apionem, 1.6; “Ort pev obv tap’ Ai- M4 \ Me, b] / BA , yumrtous Te Kat BaBvdAw@viots, Ek PakpoTaT@V avwbev yxpo- VOV, THY TEpl TAS avaypadas eETLMEeAELAY, OTOV per ob c eae 3 / \ \ , 5) , lepets qoap eyKexeipiopevor Kal TEpl Ta’tas epihocdgovy, Xada- dato d€ Tapa Tois BaBvAwviors, Kai Gtr pddvota 6& TOV “EAn- OW ETIULLYVUMLEVOY ExpnoavTo PotviKkes ypapacw .... emELon TVYX@povoL ATaVTEs, Edoe pot SOKO.) n De Ded Syrid, § 12. 346 NOTES. Note 53. p. 56. Sealiger was the first to draw the attention of scholars to the writings of Berosus and Manetho. In his work De Emendatione Temporum he collected their fragments and supported their authority. The value of Manetho was acknowledged by Heeren (Handbuch der Geschichte der Staaten des Alterthums, i. 2, p. 54, E. T.), Marsham (Canon Chronicus, Pref. p. 2, &e.), and others, before much progress had been made in decyphering the inscriptions of Egypt. Berosus, always quoted with respect by our Divines, did not find much favour with German historical critics till his claims were advocated by Niebuhr. (See the Vortrdge tiber Alte Geschichte, vol. i. pp. 16-19.) Note 54. p. 57- One other ancient writer, had his work come down to us in a complete form, or had we even possessed a fragment or two of its earlier portion, might have deserved to be placed nearly on a level with Berosus and Manetho ; viz. Menander of Ephesus; who living probably about the same time with them, and having access to the archives of the only nation which could dispute with Egypt and Babylon the palm of antiquity and the claim of inventing letters, composed in Greek a Pheenician history; which seems, from the few fragments of it that remain, to have been a work of the very highest character. These fragments, how- ever, none touch the period between the Creation and the death of Moses; and it may even be suspected that Me- nander’s history did not go back so far. At any rate, if it did, we are completely ignorant what representation he gave of the early times. (See the Fragments of Menander in. Mons. C. Miiller’s Fragmenta Historicorum Grecorum, vol. iv. pp. 445-8, and the testimony to his value borne by Niebuhr, Vortrdge tiber Alte Geschichte, vol.i. p. 17, and p. 93, note '.) Nothing has been said here of Sanchoniathon, in the first place because it seems more than probable that the LECTURE Il. B47 work ascribed to him was the mere forgery of Philo By- blius ; and secondly, because, though called a “ Pheenician History,” the fragments of the work which remain shew it to have been mainly, if not entirely, mythological. (See Movers, Jahrbiicher fiir Theologisch. und Christlich. Philo- sophie, 1836, vol. 1. pp 51-91; Lobeck, Aglaoph. p. 1264, et seqq.; Niebuhr, Vortrdge iiber Alte Geschichte, vol. i. p- 93, note'; and C. Miiller, Fraqmenta Hist. Gr. vol. iii. pp. 569-1.) Note 55. p. 57. M. Bunsen, speaking of the Egyptian monuments, says : “Such documents cannot indeed compensate for the want of written History. Even Chronology, its external frame- work, cannot be elicited from them.” (Kgypt’s Place in Universal History, vol. i. p. 32, E.'T.) This may be said with at least as much truth of the Babylonian and Assy- rian records, Note 56. p. 57. The following is Manetho’s chronological scheme, ac- cording to Eusebius, (Chronica, i. 20, pp. 93-107, ed. Mai.) :— Years. Rete Ol Gows) sje vvicsies sis pacttiens sands 13,900 Reienealt Meroens rs2205 ise ssiehairyedeas 1,255 WveIS OL IMIGS Sisco Sis. ss.03 siecle ue ct » 1,807 Reign of 30 Memphite Kings ........ 1,790 Reign of 10 Thinite Kings ............ 350 Reign of Manes and Heroes ......... 5,813 24,925 Thirty dynasties of Kings (about) ... 5,000° 29,925 © Baron Bunsen gives the sum of the years of the 30 dynasties as 4922, 4954, Or 5329, according to variations of reading or statement. (Egypt, vol. i. p. 82, E. 'T.) 348 NOTES. Note 57. p. 58. ‘The following was the scheme of Berosus, if we may trust Eusebius. (See his Chronica, i. 1, and 4; p. 5, and p- 18.) s— Years. 1. Ten kings from Alorus to Xisuthrus reigned 432,000 2. Eighty-six kings from Xisuthrus to ge > eae 33,080 P Median conquesbn( 4. .decticheems 2- asst op . pe Bight Median Kings. oJiccvsccssetas eoee: oes 224 He ANEVEN AKINGDS: cchoncseteus Sees meeehysdeoeton pe eee [48]4 5. Forty-nine Chaldzean kings .................. 458 6. Nine Arabian dkimps: 28 466s eee sees 245 7. Forty-five kings down to Pul ............... 526 466,581 Note 58. p. 58. Vide supra, note 56. M. Bunsen (Kgypt’s Place, &e. vol.i. p. 70, E. T.) accuses Eusebius of having changed the order of Manetho’s numbers, and by a dexterous transpo- sition he seeks to transfer to the human period a space of nearly 4000 years. He would make the divine period con- sist of the following :— Years. re Reifniol Gods Pec. tiscesneeee ee eee 13,900 2. Gheign of Eleroes:. oieseiissarMeee se 1,255 3. Reign of Heroes and Manes together 5,813 20,968 The human period he represents thus :— 1. Kings (no capital mentioned) ............ 1,817 2.. Thirty Memphite kings ...............«:- 1,790 aiten Thinite kings (4.d.....] 4 NY Tas ideas €xovta Cwoyoveicba. .. Llpos 5& rovtots ixOvas Kat EpTeTa Kal pers kal GAda (Ga Trelova Oavpaora . . “Apxew 6& , / “a ev e , _ a TOUTWY TAVTOY yuvaika 7) Ovoua Opopeaxa’ eivar 6& TodTo Xad- daiott wey OaddrO, “EdAnviorl be peOepunvederOar Oddracca. Otzws 6€ Tév BAwv ovveotnKdToY eTavedOdvTa BrAov oxloat TV yvvaika peony, kal TO pev iuuov adrns Toujoar yy, TO O° e ° \ 1.8 NY Ss ated ny >) 7 br] ddAo Hurov obpavoy, kal Ta ev au7n (@a adavioat. “AdAAnyopt- fal / an lal c fal XX ” = a Kk@s b€ dyno ToUTO TEdvatorAoyetaOar. Yypov yap ovtos Tov 7 TO ‘\ , 3 >’ oR é lel »' 4) x 2 r fal TaVTOS Kal (O@V EV AVTM yEeyEVNEVOL, TODTOV TOV OEdy aedeiv THY EavTov Kepadiy, kal TO prev aiwa Tovs GAAovs Oeods pupa- Lad ”~ \ / \ >) / bo] 4 a gat TH yn, Kal diavAdcat Tos avOpeTovs: bu’ d voEpods TE EtvaL kal ppovicews elas perexew. Tov d5& Bhdov péocov teudvta \ , / Lad \ > | ‘ > = ee) ve \ / TO OKdTOS Xwploa yiv Kal ovpavovy aw aGdAnAor, kal bratagar A , SANS Paes oy Rs , \ a \ / TOV Koopov’ Ta b€ (Ha OUK EvEyKOVTA TV TOU dwTos dvvayLY pbaphvar. *lddvra b€ tov BhdAov xopav Epnyov Kal KapToddpov cel (oa lal lal ‘\ ‘\ b) , c “A Loe bd neAevoal Evi TOV DeGv THV KEepadiy apeddvTL EavTod TH ATOp- 4 ed c X ~ \ f. > / \ puevte aipar. pupacat tiv yiv Kal d.atAdoa [avOperovs Kat] Onpla Ta dSvvapeva Tov dépa éepev’ atoTeA€oar SE Tov BhdAov ER A edd A , rn \ , / Kal Gotpa Kal HALoY Kal ceArjvny Kal Tovs TEevTE TAaLHTas. (Ap. Syneell. Chronograph. pp. 29, 30.) ‘His dictis, pergit porro, regesque Assyriorum singilla- LECTURE II. 351 tim atque ex ordine enumerat, decem videlicet ab Aloro primo rege usque ad Xisuthrum, sub quo magnum illud primumque diluvium contigisse ait quod Moses quoque commemorat.” (Ap. EKuseb. Chronica, i. 1, p. 5, ed. Mai.) Note 62. p. 61. See Niebuhr’s Vortrage iiber Alte Geschichte (vol. i. p. 20, note), where he notices the abuse of the parallel made by some, who maintained that the Mosaical account of the Creation was derived from the Babylonian. Note 63. p. 62. See the well-known passage of Josephus, where, after remarking on the longevity of the Patriarchs, he says— a , a , / € 797 \ , Maprvpodor b€ pov T® Adyw TavTeEs ot Tap “EAAnoL Kat BapBa- pos ovyypayrdpevor Tas Gpxaiodoyias. Kal yap cat Mdvebws 6 THY TOV AlyuTTLAKGY ToLnTapEVvos avaypadny, Kal Bnpwoods 6 ta Xaddaixa ovvayayov, Kai Médos [lege MédAwr], xat c a \ \ > lay ¢€ 3 / c / ¢ ‘\ Eotwatos, kat mpos avtois 0 Atyvmtios Lepdrvupos, of Te Ta PowiKika cvvtakauevor, svyppwvotar Tots bm’ ewod eyouévors* “Hotodds te, kal “Exaraios, cal “EAAdvixos, kal ’Axovoidaos, \ A - x \ , < n_ \ 3 7 kal mpos Toutois Egopos kal NixoAaos toropovor tovs apxaious (noavras érn xiAua. (Antiq. Jud. i. 3.) Note 64. p. 62. See Faber’s Hore Mosaice, ch. i. pp. 119,120; and Horne’s Introduction, vol. i. p. 158. Note 65. p. 64. Fragmenta Historicorum Grecorum, vol. ii. p. 501, Fr. 7. > L—_ , \ L \ t aS l Ext Z.ucovOpov tov weyav kataxAvopov yeverOau' avayeypapdar d€ Tov Adyov obtws' TOV Kpdvov adt@ Kata Tov bavov 3 / / \ yy / \ / \ éemiatavta pavat pynvos Aaioiov mEeuntn Kal dexatn Tovs avOpaTovs VT KatakAvopov diapbapncecbar. Kededoar odv 01a ypapydtwyv TavT@v apxds Kal wéoa Kal TedeuvTas dpvéavTa Ocivar év médAEL HAlov Yimmdpois, Kal vavTnynodwevov oTKddos €uBivar meTa TOV ovyyevOv Kal dvayxaiwy dlrwv’ évOéoOar dé BpoOpata kal Toparta, éuBadrety 6€ kal (Oa mrynva Kal TeTpa- 352 NOTES. \ / > J lal \ Cys! / moda, kal TavTa evTpeTiTdpevov TAY... TOV 8’oU TapaKov- gavra vavinyioat oxados TO pev pnKos otadlwy TEVTE, \ TO O€ TAGTOS GTadiwy bvo° Ta be CuYTaxOEevTa TaYTA oUL- / o OéoOat, kal yuvaixa kal Tékva Kal Tos dvayKatouvs didous > / fal na / euBiBaca. Tevopyevov 6 tov KataxAvopod Kal ev0éws dij- a b] , X\ \ hme f >) / abs XN fartos TOv dpvéwv Tiva Tov ZicovOpov aievar. Ta be > \ ade Se ” , 4 lA / 3 ov Tpodijy evpdvta ovTE TOTOV STOV Kadioal, TaALY éd- Oetv els 70 mAdoiov. Tov b@ ElcovOpov madi pera tivas cons, > ! ae : a \ ] > \ nid 9 a npEepas adievar Ta Opvea’ Tavta b€ Tad Els THY Vvavy EdAOEiv f / Tovs mddas TeTNA@pEvoUs ExovTa’ TO H& TpiToVv adpeOevTa ovK €Tl €ADeEty eis TO TAOIOV. Tov b& ZlicovOpov eévvonOjvat yi avarednveva, dteAOdvTa TE TOV TO TAOLoV padav / a} , na ‘ an cA \ 3 m f-€pos TL kal iddvta TpocoKetAay TO TAotov Oper Tivt eKBivat Mera Tis yuvatkos Kal THs Ovyatpos Kal Tod KuBEpyyto TpocKv- / lal / vijcavta tiv yiv Kal Bopov ldpvocdpevov kat Ovo.doarta tal lal na fal los \ Tots Oeols yeveoOar peta TOV ExBdvtwv Tov TAolov aparn. Tods fa n \ \ 0 Umopetvavras é€v TS TAOlw, pr) EloTOpEvo“evOY TOV TEpL TOV — nan x a \ EZloovOpor, éxBavras Cytetv advrov ent dvduatos BoGvras* TOV 6€ ElcovOpov avrov pev adrois ovk Ere dOjvar, horviy b€ EK ey SVD D / c ! ayaEN > a. TOU aepos yeverOat KeAEVOVTAY ws dEoV avToUs eivat DeocEPEis \ ‘\ BLN XX ‘\ > / / XX lal lal , Kal yap avtov bia THY evoEeBerav TopevedOa pera TOV OEY OI- /, a a KjoovTa .. . eine © avrtots dre €AevcovTar TaALW cis BaBvaAéva, kal @s eluaptat avtois ex Simmdpwv avedopevois TA ypdppara dtadovvat Tols avOpe7ots, Kal Ott eiciv STOV 7H XOpa “Appme- vias éoriv...’EA@dvtas ovv tovTous eis BaBvAdva Td TE ék Lintdpwv ypappata avopvéar Kat TOAELts TOAAAS KTiCovTas Kal iepa avibpvoapévovs aA émixtioat THY BaBvdAdva. (Ap. Syn- cell. Chron. pp. 30, 31. Compare Euseb. Chronica, i. 3, pp- 14-16.) Note 66. p. 64. Fragment. Hist. Gr. vol. iv. p. 280, Fr. 1. Mera Evedo- BA Set bi \ > i ‘\ a / Pps / peoxov adrAot tives Hpav Kat SlovOpos, w 51) Kpdvos tpoonpaiver pev €cecOar TAOS OuBpev Aawtov ve KedAevEer 5€ Tay 6 TL / iy Saal’ s Te le , 3 y / > ypappatav nv €xonevov €v Hdrovmddet TH €v Lummdpovowv atro- kpb at. Llovpos b€ radra éemitedA€a Toujoas eVMEews em” ’Appe- , ° i \ \ / \ , fal n vins aveThwe’ Kal Tapavtika ev KaraddpyBave TX ex TOU OEod" / de € / , Ae b] , / lol ) > 10 / 5 TplTyn O€ NMEPEN ETEL VOY ETOTIATE, pETLEL TOV OPViOwWY, TELpNY LECTURE II. 353 mrovevpevos et Kov yp orev Tov vOatos éxdtcay. At dé, EK- Sexouévou cpéas TEeddyeos auplxaveos, amopéovta GKy kabopptcovtat, mapa tov SioOpov dricw Koptovtar’ Kal ew aiTnaw erepar. “Qs d& thot tpitnow edtxeev (AmiKkato yap di) mnAod KatamA€cot Tous Tapoovs), Oeol piv e€ avOpdstov adavi- Cova, TO 5& TAotov ev “Apuevin wepianra EvAwv adetipdppaka Tolow emtywplos mapeixero. (Ap. Syncell.Chronograph.p.70, A. ; compare Kuseb. Chronica, 1.7; p. 22, ed. Mai.) But little is known of Abydenus. He is first quoted by Kusebius in the fourth century after Christ; on which ac- count it has been generally supposed that he did not write till the second or third century of our era. (See Niebuhr's Kleine Schriften, p. 187, note4; and C. Miiller’s Mragm. Hist. Gr. vol. iv. p. 279.) Some however regard him as a contemporary and pupil of Berosus, and therefore as not much later than the time of Alexander, (Bauer in Ersch and Gruber’s Encyclopedia, s. v. Abydenus; C. O. Miller, History of Greek Literature, vol. ii. p. 490, E.T.) His use of the Ionic dialect favours the earlier date. Note 67. p. 64. Buttmann (Mythologus, i. pp. 1g0, 200, &e.), Von Bohlen (Alte Indien, p. 78 et seqq.), and Hartmann (Forschungen iiber d. Pentateuch, p. 795 et seqq.) maintain that the story of the flood “ sprang up in the soil of India, whence it was brought to the Hebrews through Babylon, after having first received a new colouring there.” (See Hiavernick’s Hinlei- tung, § 120, pp. 266, 267; § 16, p.112, EK. T.) But the ab- sence of exaggeration and of grotesqueness from the He- brew account sufficiently disprove this theory. It might be argued with much more plausibility that the Babylonians obtained their knowledge from the Jews. Note 66 b. p. 65. See Niebuhr’s Vortriige iiber Alte Geschichte, vol. i. p. 23. “Diese Erzihlung insofern yon der Noahischen abweicht, als sie nicht nur Xisuthrus Familie sondern alle Frommen MS 5354 NOTES. gerettet werden lasst, und keine allgemeine sondern nur eine Babylonische Sindfluth annimmt.” Note 67b. p. 66. Antiqg. Jud. i. 7. § 2; Munuoveder 5€ rot matpos jpaev ’A- Bpdpov Bynpwcods ok dvopatav, Néyov 5& otras’ “ Mera Tov KatakAvopov dexaTn yevea Tapa Xaddalors tis jv Slkatos avyp kal péyas Kal Ta ovpavia Eurretpos.” Note 68. p. 66. It has been acutely suggested that the actual scheme of Berosus was probably the following :— YEARS. B. C. 1. Antediluvian dynasty of 1o kings | 432,000 | 466,618 to 34,618 E 2. Dynasty of 86 kings (Chaldeans ?)|} 34,080 34,618 to 2,458 } = 3. Dynasty of 8 Median kings .... 224 2,458 to 2,234) 4. Dynasty of 11 kings (Chaldeans ?) [258]"| 2,234 to 1,976 5. Dynasty of 49 Chaldean kings .. 458 1,976 to 4,518 | = 6. Dynasty of g Arabian kings .. .. 245 7,518 to 1,273 Ve 7. Dynasty of 45 kings (Assyrians 7) 526 1,273 to 747 = 8. Dynasty of 8(?) Assyrian kings .. 122 747to 625 g. Dynasty of 6 Chaldean kings.. .. 87 625to 5385 36,000 (See Gutschmidt in the Rheinisches Museum, vol. viii. p. 252; who is followed by Brandis, Rerum Assyriarum Tempora Emendata, p.17; and Sir H. Rawlinson in the Journal of the Asiatic Society, vol. xv. part 2; p. 218.) If this be a true representation, it would follow that the number 34,080 is purely artificial, being simply the number required to make up the great Babylonian year or cycle of 36,000 r This number fills up the blank in Euseb. Chron. i. 4, p. 18, where 48 is absurdly suggested in the margin. See above, note 57. It is conjectural, but it seems required by the native tradition that Babylon was founded 1903 before Alexander’s capture of it, or B.C. 2,234. LECTURE II. 355 years, in conjunction with the years of the real historical dynasties. The first number, 432,000, is made up of 12 such cycles (36,000 x 12 = 432,000.) Note 69. p. 67. See the Fragments of Abydenus in Muller’s Frag. Hist. Gr. vol. iv. p. 282, Fr. 6; “Ea tempestate prisci ho- mines adeo viribus et proceritate sua tumuisse dicuntur, ut etiam Deos aspernerentur, celsissimumque eum obeliscum niterentur exstruere qui nune Babylon appellatur. Quum- que jam illum proxime ad Deos ccelo zequassent, Dii ven- torum adjutorio usi machinosum opus imbecillium impelle- bant, humique prosternabant : eaque rudera Babelis nomen contraxerunt. Quippe eatenus unius sermonis usura freti homines erant ; tune autem a Diis confusio varia et dissona linguarum in eos, qui una lingua utebantur, immissa est.” (Ap. Euseb. Chronica, i. 8, p. 24.) Compare also the sub- joined passage, which Syncellus quotes from Polyhistor :— SiBvdrAa b€ dyow, suopsvoev ovrev Tavtov avOpétav, Twas ToUTwY TUpyov UTEpuEyeOn oiKOdopHoaL, OTwS Els TOV OdpaVvd” avaBaéot. Tod d&@ Ocov dvéepovs eudvoncavtos avarpeyar av- Tous, kal idiay Exdor@ dori dodvar' 610 7) BaBvAdva thy mod KAnOqvat. (Chronograph. p. 81, C.) Note 70. p. 68. The affinity of the Sanskrit with the Persian, Greek, Latin, and German languages was first remarked by our own countryman, Sir W. Jones; but it remained for F. Schlegel in Germany and for Dr. Prichard in England to make a scientific use of the material thus provided for them. Schlegel’s “ Essay on the Language and Philosophy of the Hindoos” and Dr. Prichard’s inaugural ‘Dissertation on the varieties of the Human Race” were published almost simultaneously ; but Schlegel’s work is regarded as the more advanced production. (See Bunsen’s Philosophy of Universal History, vol. ii. p. 50.) Note 71. p. 68. In 1854 M. Bunsen wrote—* Geographically then, and Aa 2 356 NOTES. historically, it is true that Canaan was the son of Egypt: for the Canaanitie tribes which inhabited historical Canaan came from Egypt. In the same sense, Nimrod is called a Kushite, which means a man of the land of Kush. The Bible mentions but one Kush, AXthiopia: an Asiatic Kush exists only in the imagination of the interpreters, and is the child of their despair. Now, Nimrod was no more a Kushite by blood than Canaan was an Egyptian; but the Turanian (Transoxanian) tribe, represented by him, came as a de- vastating people, which had previously conquered that part of Africa, back into Asia, and there established the first great empire.” (Philosophy of Univ. History, vol. i. p. 191-) But in 1858 Sir Henry Rawlinson, having obtained a num- ber of Babylonian documents more ancient than any pre- viously discovered, was able to declare authoritatively, that the early inhabitants of Southern Babylonia “ were of a cognate race with the primitive colonists both of Arabia and of the African Ethiopia.” (See the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. p. 442.) He found their vocabulary to be “ undoudbt- edly Cushite or Ethiopian,” belonging to that stock of tongues which in the sequel were everywhere more or less mixed up with the Semitic languages, but of which we have the purest modern specimens in the Mahra of South- ern Arabia, and the Galla of Abyssinia.” (Ibid. note g.) He found also that ‘“ the traditions both of Babylonia and Assyria pointed to a connexion in very early times between Ethiopia, Southern Arabia, and the cities on the Lower Euphrates.” (Ibid.) He therefore adopted the term Cushite as the most proper title by which to distinguish the earlier from the later Babylonians; and re-established beyond all doubt or question the fact of “an Asiatic Ethi- opia,” which probably no one now would be hardy enough to deny. (See, besides the Essay referred to above, Essay xi. of the same volume, p. 655, and an elaborate Ar- ticle in the Journal of the Asvatic Society, vol. xv. part 2, Pp: 215-259) Note 72. p. 69. The monuments give distinet evidence of the early pre- LECTURE II. 357 dominance of Babylonia over Assyria, of the spread of po- pulation and civilisation northwards, and of the compara- tively late founding of Nineveh. (See the author’s Herodo- tus, vol. i. pp. 448, 455, 456, &c.) They do not exactly prove the colonization of Assyria by Semites from Babylo- nia, but they favour it. (Ibid. pp. 447 and 647.) Note 73. p. 69. The Hamitic descent of the Canaanites is energetically denied by M. Bunsen (Philosophy of Univ. Hist. vol. i. pp. 190, and 244), who identifies them with the Phcenicians, and regards their Semitic character as established. But the researches of Sir H. Rawlinson have convinced him, that the Canaanites proper were not Semites. He holds that they had a “ common origin” with the Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Libyans,—an origin, which he calls indif- ferently Scythic or Hamite.” “ All the Canaanites,” he says, ‘‘ were, I am satisfied, Seyths; and the inhabitants of Syria retained their distinctive ethnic character until quite a late period of history. According to the inscrip- tions the Khatta, or Hittites, were the dominant Scythic race from the earliest times, and they gave way very slowly before the Aramzans, Jews, and Phoenicians, who were the only extensive Semitic immigrants.” (Journal of Asi- atic Society, vol. xv. part 2, p. 230, note.) Note 74. p. 69. See M. Bunsen’s Philosophy of Univ. History, vol. 1. pp. 221—230, where, though classing the Himyarie with the Semitic languages, he admits its close resemblance, both in vocabulary and in grammatical forms, to the Ethiopic ; and compare the author’s Herodotus, vol.i. p. 447, note 4, and pp. 659, 660. Note 75. p. 69. See Sir H. Rawlinson in the Asiatic Society’s Journal, l.s.c. “ The Toldoth Beni Noah is undoubtedly the most 358 NOTES. authentic record we possess for the affiliation of those branches of the human race which sprung from the triple stock of the Noachide.”’ And again, p. 215, note 3 ;— “ The fragment which forms the 10th chapter of Genesis bears the Hebrew title of Toldoth Beni Noah, or the Ge- nealogies of the Noachidze, and is probably of the very greatest antiquity.” Compare also the author's Herodotus (vol. i. p. 445), where the same ethnologist remarks—“‘ We must be cautious in drawing direct ethnological inferences from the linguistic indications of a very early age. It will be far safer, at any rate, in these early times to follow the general scheme of ethnie affiliation which is given in the tenth chapter of Genesis.” Note 76. p. 70. The passages to which reference is here made will all be found in the second volume of Dr. Gaisford’s edition of the work of Eusebius, pp. 370-392. They were derived by Eusebius from the ‘“‘ Jewish History” of Alexander Poly- histor, a heathen writer. It is thought that some of Po- lyhistor’s authorities, as Artapanus, Cleodemus, Deme- trius, and EKupolemus, were Jews. (See the remarks of C. Miller in his preface to the fragments of Polyhistor, Fragment. Hist. Gr. vol. iii. p. 207.) If this be allowed, the weight of heathen testimony is of course pro tanto diminished. But reasons have been already given for regarding Eupo- lemus as a heathen. (See above, note 25.) And the reli- gious character of the other three is at least doubtful. To the writers mentioned in the text may be added, Nicolas of Damascus, who spoke of Abraham’s emigration from Chaldzea and settlement in Canaan. (See the Fragm. Hist. Gr. vol. iii. p-373-) Note 77. p. 70. See especially Faber’s Hore Mosaice, ch. v. pp. 225-228 ; and compare Patrick’s Commentary on the Historical Books of the Old Testament, vol. i. p. 58; Horne’s Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of Holy Scripture, vol. i. p.174, &e; LECTURE II. 359 Note 78. p. 72. Sir H. Rawlinson, in the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. Essay vi. p. 446. Note 79. p. 72. The name of the king whom Sir H. Rawlinson identifies with Chedor-laomer is, in the native (Hamitic) Babylonian, Kudur-Mabuk. Mabus in Hamitic is found to be the exact equivalent of Laomer in Semitic. This is a very recent discovery. Note 80. p. 72. By means of certain monumental notices it has been proved, with a near approach to certainty, that a Babyle- nian monarch, whose name is read as Jsmi-dagon, reigned about B.C.1860. Hudur-Mabuh is evidently, by the type of writing which he uses, and the position in which his bricks are found, considerably earlier. Now in the year B. C. 1976—a century before fsmi-dagon— occurs ene of the breaks in Berosus’ list; and this break moreover oc- curs within 60 years of the date (B.C. 1917) commonly assigned to the expedition of Chedor-laomer. These chro- nological coincidences strongly confirm the argument from the identity of name. Note 81. p. 73. This passage is probably known to most students, but as it is too important to be omitted from the present review of the historical evidences, I subjoin it entire. ‘O Mavebav ... Tov Apévaduy eicroijoas e48ddAtuov Ba- ciAéa, gyot tovroy emiOvpqoa Gedy yeverdat Oeathv, aoTeEp *OQpos cis TG Tpd adrod BeBacirevKétav’ dveveyxeiy € THY ETt- Ovplay dpovipo pev adte Apevddpe., matpos d€ Tladmos ovtt, Ocias 8€ doxodvTe peTecynKevat pioews Kata Te coplay Kal TpO- yvosw Tov eoopévav. Eineiv odv atte todroy Tov Ouevupov te Suvyjocetat Oeors ideiv, ef KaOapav and Te AeTPaV Kal TOV GAwv wapav avOpdrav tiv xdpav anacav Tomoever. Hodevra 360 NOTES. Te Tov BaciAea TdvTas Tos TA TopaTa AeAWBNMEVOUS EK TIS va \ al / Alyéatov svvayayetv (yevérOar dé Tod TAHOovs pupiddas dxTs), 7 >] ‘\ / >s 3, ™ \ > ‘ Kal Tovtous els Tas ALtOoropulas Tas ev TH TPOS avaTodAry pepe. TOO NeéAov euBareiv adrov, dmws EpyaouvTo, Kat TOY »” > ’ 9) / > / >] > lal dAdA@v Aiyumtiov ot éykexwptopevot. Etvat de tivas ev avtois \ a x / € / yp ol dé / To be kal Tav hoylwy tepewv pynot A€Tpa ovyKExXvpevous. Tov 6& ’"Auévodi exeivoy, TOV copoy Kal pavTiKdV avopa, UrodetcaL mpos avrdév Te kal Tov Baoihéa xddov Tv Der, €i BLacbEvTeEs , a épOncovrar’ Kal mpooOeyevov eineivy OTe ocuppaxnoovol Ties Trois puapois Kal tis Aiyintou Kpaticovow em ern TpioKatoeKa. lal 3X tal nan fal a Mi) ToApioa pev adrov eineiy Taira TO Bacwrel, ypadryy dE , \ / € X 3 tas ° >) / XN = KaTaALTOvTa TEpl TavTwY EavToV avedeiv. "Ev GOupia O€ civat tov Baowéa. Kareita xara A€Ew otto yéypapev' “ Tov 6€ a / c , = \ ~ 4 ’ tais Aatopulas os xpdvos ikavos bipAOEv TadatTopovvTaY, afLw- dels 6 Baotdeds iva mpos KatdAvow adrois Kal oKemyy aTope- pion, Thy TOTE TOV ToIMevOY Epnpwdeioay TOAW AvapLY ouVE- xépnoev. “Eote 8 méAts Kara tiv Oeodoyiav dvodev Tupe- c S > , > , \ \ , a 5 pios. Ot dé eis TavTyv eloeAOPovTES Kal TOV TOTOV TOUTOY Els 3 , 4 c , > lal 4 , na c ardatacw éxovtes yeudva, aitGv Aeyopevov twa TOY HAt- eX te , c t > / P \ , ovToAtTov tepeov ‘Ocdpoipor éotiocavto’ Kat TovT® TeEL- dapyijoovtes ev Taow wpKopdrnacav. “O 6€ TpG@Tov ev avrots , y ; mx \ / ~ / 2 > vopov eer, pte mpookuveiy Oeovs pajte TOV padiota ev Al- a / yint Oemorevopevar tepOv Cdov anéxecIar pydevos, TavTa / \ 3 n / w \ ‘ a te Ovew Kal dvadodv, cvvanrecOa S€ pyndevt TAY TOV CLVe- a ie a poopévev. Toiatra dé vopobericas kal mAeiora GAXa, padiora a > , 5) a > , 5.07 , ‘ trois Aiyuntious eAispois évavtiovpeva, exéhevoe TOAVXELpla TA fal iy ‘ Tis TOAE@s eTLTKEUaCEW Tein, Kal TOs TOAELOV ETOIMoDS yEVE- >| ’ / Ss aba. Tov mpos Apevwduv tov Bactdéa. Adtos b& tpocAaBopevos sive a Nien > ap, c ! \ , ¥ ped” Eavtod kal TOV GAAwy tepéwy Kal cvppEplacpevon ETEUAVE / \ x c \ , b) / / > mpeaBeis Tpos Tovs UTO TeOpooews aneAabevtas Towevas els / c es \ mow THY Kadovpevnv ‘lepoodAvpa. Kai ra kad’ Eavtdv Kat Tods wv \ / , pada , &AAovs Tovs cvvatyucbévtas dnAdoas Héiov ocvveTmvoTparevery jpovpadov em Alyuntov. ’Exdgew peév ody aditovs émnyyetharo mp@tov pev eis Avapi Thy Tpoyovikny a’T@y Tatpiba, Ta Em- ridera Tois dxAous TapeLew APOdveas, dTEppaxyoer0ar Se, OTE , Nine , « , , an \ , , © sink 5€o1, kal padims VTOXEIpLov avTols THY Xwpav TonTev. Oi cE lal / v trepxapeis yevouevor TdvTEs TpoOJpws els Eikoor pupiddas av- dpov suveEspynoar, Kal per’ od OXY Feov eis Avapw. ‘Apé- LECTURE II. 361 vedis 5 6 Tov AlyuTrlov Bacireds, @s ETUOETO TA KATA TiV na 2), 3. a exelvav Epodov, ov peTplws avvexvOn, Tis Tap ‘Apevodews Tod t ‘ , \ , \ Tlaamios pvynobeis mpodnAdcews. Kal azpotepov ovvayayav a > 4 \ / BS lat > / € TAHGI0s AtyuTTiov, Kat BovAevoapEevos PETA TOV EV TOUTOLS TYE- a na / n a pover, Ta Te tepa Coa TA TpPGTAa padiora €v Tots lepots TiLd- peva ws y EavTov peTeTeuato, kat Tots Kata pépos tepetow Tapnyyeirev Os aopadréotara TOV Oe@v ovykpi at Ta Edava. Tov 6é@ vidv Sav tov kal “Payeoony amd ‘Payews tod ta- » / \ a TpOs @VOMacpEVoV, TEVTAeTH OVTA, E€€DETO POs TOV EavTOD girov. Aidros b€ dvaBds Tots GAAos AlyuTTiois, otow eis TpLa- KovTa pupidbas dvdpGv paxiwotatwr, Kal Tois ToAeplows azav- THTaoW ov TvVEBarev, GAAA pedAAE Deopayxety vowioas, Tadw- a 9 dpounoas Kev eis Meudiv. “AvadaBov te tov Te “Amu kal Ta dAAa Ta exeloe petaTeupOevta tepa Cea, evOds eis AiOiomlav \ e/ oa , \ / lad > 2 ° / / OU ATAVTL TH OTOAM kal TANOEL TOV AiyuTTiMV avnyOn. xapiTe yap nv att@ troxeipios 6 THv AifioTwv Bacireds’ 60ev t70- deEdpevos Kal Tos dyAovs TavTas bToAGBGY ois EocxEV 7 XOpa TOV TpOs aVOpwTivny TpopHy emiTHOElwY, Kal TOAELS Kal Kopas Tpos Tv TOV TEeTPOpEevov TpioKaldeKa ETOY ATO THS apxijs av- a eo TOU EKTTWOLY AUTAPKELS, OVX 7TTOV ye Kal oTpatdTEdov AlOomLKOV mpos pudakip eTéeta€e Tois Tap’ Apevedews Tov Bactiéws ent lal ig 4 m > 4 \ \ XN ‘ \ ’ / TOV Optov Ths Atyumtov. Kat ra pev xata thy AlOtomiav ro.- atra. Ot d€ Sodvpira xaredOovtes ody Tots plapots Alyuttiov Gvooiws Tots avOpsTois TpoonvexXOnoay, GoTE THY TOV TpOELpN- / a \ pévov Kparnow xeElplorny haivecOat Tols TOTE TA TOUT@Y aoe€3i)- para Jewpevors. Kat yap ov pdvov modes Kal Kopas evetpynoar, 3X98 c n IO , , cal b] lal ovde tepoovAocdvyTes ovde Avpatvopevor EOava DEGv 7pKOdVTO, GAAG Kal Tols avTois O7TaViols TOV TEBacTEVOLEVwY LepOVv CO@V , l \ , \ a , € a \ Xpepevor SreteAovy, kat Ovras kal odayets TovTwY LEpEts Kal / , mpopytas nvayKkagoy yevérOar, Kal yupvovs e€€Badrov. Aé€yerar 6 Stu THY ToALTElay Kal Tovs vopouvs adbtois KaTaBaddpuevos / c ey > A iepevs, TO yevos ‘HAvovmoAitns, Ovoua "Ooapald, amd Tod ev < a) lal HaAuov70Aet Oeov ‘Ocipews, ws petéBn eis TOUTO TO yEevos, MeETE- t Ger Pax Q ~ = TEOn TOVVOMA Kal TpocnyopEevOn Movoijs.” “A pev odv Alytiztuot / lal cal ° a pepovot TEpt Tv “lovéaiwy, TadrT éotl Kai Erepa mAclova, & maptnut ovvtoplas evexa. Aé€yer d€ 6 MaveOav madwv ote pera Tatra emmrdev 6’Apevadis am Aldtomias pera peyadns duva- \ c ev ’ Lee / \ > \ v / = \ Mews, Kal O vios avrod Papyns kal autos Exov dvvapuiv™ Kal 362 NOTES. , c ¢ a / \ lal cal ay. > aupBadrovTes ot dvVO Tots TolwEect Kal TOs pLapols EVIKNOAY Qv- \ \ \ . s 30/7 > ‘ y as Tovs, Kal ToAAOdS amoKTetvavTes ediwfav avTovs axpl TOV éplov tis Suplas. (Joseph. Contra Apionem, i. 26, 27.) Compare with this the briefer account of Chzremon, who said—Kara rovs tavovs 7 “low epavy TO “Apevddet, peupopern avTov Ott Td tepoy adrhs év TO TOAEMM KATETKATTAL. PpitipdvTnvy SF tepoypapparéa, eav TG Tovs podrvopors exov- Tov dvdpev Kabdapy tiv Aiytatov, TavoacOa THs TTolas adrov. "Emrcfavta 6& Tay éemicwwGy puvpiddas eixoot TEerTE exBadeiv. < a =e ere! , , oon YO op \ a HyeicOa 6€ avtav ypappateas M@vonjy kal loonmov, Kal Tov- Tov tepoypapparea. Aiytmtia & avrots dvopata etvat, TO ev Movoe? Tictbev, ro 5€ “Twonmm Mereojp. Totrovs & eis Tn- Aovowoy eAOeiy Kal emiTVXETY pUpLdaL TpLaKOVTA OKT KaTaXe- Aeypevats b7d Tod Apevaduos, Us od Bede els THY Alyvatov dtaxopicew. Otis ptdiav cvvOepévous ent tiv Alyumtov otpa- redoa. Tov d€ Apéevoduy ox tropuelvavta tiv Epodoy avteév , ’ / lal , a‘ cas x a els AiOvomiay duyetvy katadindvta THY yuvaika €yKvov" iv Kpv- mToperny év Tit oTynAalors Texeiy Taida, dvowa Meoconvny, dv avopobévra exdio~at Tovs “lovdaiovs eis THv Suplav, dvras wept ” / \ \ / ] / > Led BI / €lkoot pupiadas, Kal Tov Tatepa ’Apevodiy €x THs Aidozias xatads ° tal c XX fvAa eis Tas TOV lepOv oTEeyas, KaDeAwY TE TA apxaia lEpa \ be) , , ~ ¢ , \ a 5) / Kawovs @Kodounoe, TO TE TOU Hpaxdcovs Kal tHs “Aotaptys TEwevos aviepevoev, Kal TO ev ToD “Hpaxd€ovs mp@rov ézou}- cato év ta Tlepitio pyvi, eira 7d THs “Actrdptns Store Tirvot © Ilepitio pri, 7 ptns Smore Tirvois 3 \ $A nN \ , A \ is émeotpdrevoe pr) AmodWovcr Tos dpous, ods Kal bnordfas éavT@ Tmddw dvéotpeper. "Ent rovrov 6€ tis jv ’ABdrpovos a , a 22/7 A / 3 / mats vewtepos, os éevikxa TA TpoBAnpata, & emWeTATCE Lo- Aopav 6 ‘IepocodAtvpov Bacireds. (Contra Apion. i. 18.) . Note 43. p. 100. The words of Dius, as reported by Josephus, are—’Api- Bddov tedrevtHcavTos 6 vids adtrod Elpwpos éBaclrevoer. Odros Ta mpds dvatodas pépn Tis TéAEWS TpOTEX@CE, Kal jEl- tov ro dot memolnxe, Kal Tod "Odvpalov Ards 7d tepov wad? éavtd dv év vow, xdoas Tov petakd Tdmov, cura we TH TOAEL, Kal xpvoois Gvabijpacw exdopnoev’ avaBas bé els rov Ai- Bavov brorémnoe mpos Tiv Tov vady Katackevyv. Tov d& Tupavvotvta ‘Tepocodkipwr Toropeva mépwar act LECTURE III. 389 mpos Tov Eipwpoyv aiviyyata, Kai map avrod daBeiv afiobv, tov b& pr Survnbévta duaxpivat T@ AVoavT. xphyata amorlvew. ‘Opodroynoavra 6 Tor Eipwyov Kat pi duvnbévra a XX , fa / ’ X\ 5) l4 Adoa Ta alvlywara méAAa TGV xpnuaTwv eis TO emuGjmwov a@vadGoa. Eira 8) ABdhyovdv tia Tépiov avipa ta mpote- Oévra doa, kal adrov GdrAAa TpoBadrciv’ & py AVoavTa TOv LoropGva ToAAa TO Elpdyuw mpocanorticar yxphyata ye 5 Elpéue mp xXpmuara. (Contra Apion. i. 17.) Note 44. p. 101. See Clem. Alex. Stromata, i. p. 386: Eipayos thv éavtod Ovyarépa Dadrownovi biSwcr... ds gdnow Mévavdpos 6 Tepyapyn- vos. Compare Tatian, Adversus Grecos, 37. p.273. Mr. Kenrick thinks this was a mere “ popular tradition,” to which the intimate friendship between the two kings gave rise. He argues that Hiram would not have married his daughter to Solomon, “since she could only have been a secondary wife,” and he further urges the silence of Serip- ture. (See his Phenicia, p. 356). The latter is always a weak ground, and in the present instance is not fully sus- tained, since among Solomon’s secondary wives are men- tioned “ Sidonian (i. e. Phoenician) princesses.” The force of the former argument will depend on the relative great- ness which we assign to the two princes. I should be in- clined to regard the power of Solomon as greater, and that of Hiram as less, than Mr. Kenrick imagines. Note 45. p. rot. Wilkinson, in the author’s Herodotus, vol. ll. p. 3753 Bunsen, Egypt, vol. iii. pp. 206, 207. Note 46. p. Iot. See Euseb. Prep. Ev. ix. 31-34. The passage is also given among the fragments of Polyhistor, in Miiller’s Frag- menta Historicorum Grecorum, vol. ili. pp. 225, 226. Fr. 18. Note 47. p. 102. Egyptian chronology has been made out with tolerable 390 NOTES. certainty from the Apis stele discovered by M. Mariette, as far as the accession of Tirhakah, which appears to have been in B. C. 6go. (Wilkinson, in the author’s Herodotus, vol. ii. pp. 330, 381.) Manetho’s dynasties place between Tirhakah and the commencement of the 22nd dynasty a space of about 275 years. This would give B.C. 965 as the date of Shishak’s (or Sesonchis’) accession. As- suming from the Canon of Ptolemy B.C. 651 as the date of Evil-merodach’s accession, we obtain, by following the line of the kings of Judah, B.C. 976 for the accession of Rehoboam, and J. C. 1016 for that of Solomon. This is as near an agreement, as we could reasonably expect, be- tween two chronologies both of which are somewhat un- certain ¢. Note 48. p. 102. Sesonchis is the form used by Africanus, Sesonchosis that adopted by Eusebius. (See the Fragments of Mane- tho, collected by Mons. C. Miller, in his Fragmenta Hist. Gr. vol. ii. p. 590, Frs. 60 and 61.) Note 49. p. 102. See Wilkinson, in the author’s Herodotus, vol. ii. p. 377, and Bunsen, Hgypt, vol. ili. p. 241. The 21st, or first Tanite dynasty, belonged to the sacer- dotal caste, and in various respects bore a peculiar cha- racter. With Sheshonk, the first king of the 22nd, or first Bubastite, dynasty, we have a return to the old character of Egyptian monarchs. (Wilkinson, in the author’s Hero- dotus, vol. il. pp. 375, 376: Bunsen, Egypt, vol. iii. pp. 220, 221, and 241.) e€ The dates furnished by the Apis stele prove that Manetho’s lists, as we have them, are not wholly to be depended on. In the Scripture Chronology of the time, one element of doubt is furnished by the difference which sometimes exists between the LXX and the Hebrew text. Another arises from the want of exact agreement between the chronology of the Israelite and of the Jewish kings. LECTURE III. 391 Note 50. p. 103.‘ See Euseb. Prep. Ev. ix. 34. Note 51. p. 103. Ibid. 1. s.¢. Oceddiros 5€ dyou Tov TepicoedoavtTa xpvodv Tov Loropeva To Tupiwv Baoiei wéeuwar Tov de Eikdva Tis Ovyatpos (gov dAocepaTov KaTacKevdoa, Kal €AuTpov TO av- dpidvte TOV xpvoodbr Kiova Tepicivat. Note 52. p. 104. See the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. Essay vii. pp. 490, 491. Compare Layard’s Nineveh and Babylon, pp. 634, 635. Note 53. p. 106. Nineveh and Babylon, ch. xxvi. pp. 650 and 655. or an account of the structures at Susa and Persepolis, see Mr. Loftus’s Chaldea and Susiana, ch. xxvill. pp. 364-380, and Mr. Fergusson’s elaborate work, The Palaces of Nineoch restored, pp. 95-190. Note 54. p. 106. Fergusson’s Palaces of Nineveh restored, pp. 272-276; compare Layard’s Nineveh and Babylon, ch. xxvi. pp. 649, 650. Note 55. p. 106. Ker Porter says—* The total height of each column is 60 feet; the circumference of the shaft is sixteen; the length from the capital to the tor, forty-four feet.” (Tra- vels, vol. i. p. 633.) In another part of the ruins, he mea- sured two pillars, the total height of which, including capi- tal and tor, was forty-five feet. (Ibid. p. 590.) The mea- surements adopted by Mr. Fergusson are, for the palace of Darius, 20 feet; for the hall of the Hundred Columns, 25 feet ; for the Propyleum of Xerxes 46 feet, g inches; and f The references to this note and the next have accidentally slipped out from the text of page 103, where they should have appeared in lines ro and 11, after the words ‘‘ Theophilus”, and ‘‘ Kupolemus”’. 392 NOTES. for the Hall of Xerxes, 64 feet. (The Palaces of Nineveh restored, pp. 108, 125, 158, and 177.) Note 56. p. 106. See Kugler’s Handbuch der Kunstgeschichte, p. 81. Note 57. p. 107. Even Mr. Layard, while admitting that “some of the Assyrian sphinxes may have been overlaid with gold, like the cherubim in Solomon’s temple,’ adds in a note, “I cannot, however, but express my conviction that much of the metal called gold both in the sacred writings and in profane authors of antiquity, was really copper, the ori- chalchum of the Greeks, such as was used in the bowls and plates discovered at Nimroud.” (Nineveh and Babylon, p-652-) But metal of this slight value would hardly have been torn with violence from a sacred building, as the plat- ing appears to have been from the fourth stage of the Birs Nimrud. It is further to be remarked, that in the classical accounts the golden beams We. are distinctly said to have been far less numerous than the silver ones. Polybius says of the palace at HNcbatana vns kal KuTapitrivys, ovdeulav adttav yeyuprGc0a ovveBaver, cvons yap THs ~vAlas amdons Kedpl- b \ \ \ \ \ DS , \ s 4 XN GAAG Kal ToUs doKoUs Kal Ta shaTvepmata, Kal ToUs Klovas TOUS é€v Tais otToats Kat mEpioTvAols, TOUS ev Apyuvpais Tovs be Xpvoats Aetion TeEprecdAnpOa, tas de Kepapldas apyvpas etvat macas. And again, ‘O vads .. rods kiovas elxe rods / / il LN 4 , lal \ , mepi Kexpvowpevovs (gilt), kal Kepapuides apyvpat Kal mA€tovs €v avtTa ovvetéDewrTo, TALvOoL BE xpvoat tives bAlyat XN = b] “ \ \ f c / vey Toav, apyvpat b€ Kal TAElouvs breuevoy. (Bk. x. ch. 27, § 10 and § 12.) Note 58. p. 107. For the use of gold in ornamentation by the Phoenicians, see above, notes 43 and 51; and compare Kenrick’s Pha- nica, p. 252, and O. Miiller’s Handbuch der Archiiologie der Kunst, p. 273, 2nd edition. For its use by the Assyrians, see Mr, Layard’s Nineveh and Babylon, pp. 651,652. For LECTURE IIL. 393 its use by the Babylonians, see the last note, and compare the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. p. 243, note °. Note 59. p. 107. Menander, Fr. 1: Odros (sc. Eipwpos) éxaoe tov eipixo- pov, Tov Te xpvoody klova Tov év Tots Tod Atos aveOnxev. Com- pare Theophilus, as quoted in note 51. Note 60. p.107. See Mr. Kenrick’s Phwnicia, p. 252. Note 61. p. 107. Layard’s Nineveh and Babylon, pp. 195, 196. Note 62. p.107. Ibid. p. 150. Note 62 b. p. 109. See Mr. Kenrick’s Phanicia, p. 354. Note 63. p. 109. The geographic accuracy of this portion of Scripture is even more striking than that of the Pentateuch. Dr. Stan- ley says—‘ It is impossible not to be struck by the con- stant agreement between the recorded history and the natural geography both of the Old and New Testament. To find a marked correspondence between the scenes of the Sinaitic mountains and the events of the Israelite wan- derings is not much perhaps, but it is certainly something towards a proof of the truth of the whole narrative... The detailed harmony between the life of Joshua and the various scenes of his battles, is a slight but true indication that we are dealing not with shadows, but with realities of flesh and blood. Such coincidences are not usually found in fables, least of all in fables of Eastern origin.” (Sinai and Palestine, Preface, p. xviii.) And this detailed har- mony he exhibits in his fourth, seventh, and eleventh chapters. Among minute points of agreement brought to light by 394 NOTES. recent researches may be mentioned (1.) the position of the Hagarites or Hagarenes to the east of the land of Gilead, towards or upon the Euphrates (1 Chron. v.9, 10); which is the exact locality where they are found three or four centuries later, in an inscription of Sennacherib. (See the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. p. 476.) (2.) The existence of female sovereigns among the Arabs about this period, which is shewn by the mention of certain ‘“‘ Queens of the Arabs” in the inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser and others. (Ibid. pp. 470 and 473.) (3.) The continued importance of the Moab- ites and Ammonites which appears by the occurrence of their names§ in the inscriptions among the enemies of Assyria. Note 64, p. 111. The great Assyrian Empire of Ctesias, which was said to have extended from Egypt to India, and to have lasted above 1300 years, from about B.C. 2182 to B.C. 876, is one of the most palpable contradictions of Scripture which profane history furnishes. Hence it was generally accepted and maintained by the French historians of the last cen- tury. Equally opposed to Scripture is the Median Empire of Ctesias, commencing in B.C. 876 with the destruction of Nineveh, and continuing to the time of Cyrus. It was for a long time considered doubtful among historical critics whether the authority of Ctesias or that of Herodotus was to prevail ; but as time went on, as the importance of Be- rosus’s history came to be recognised, and more especially when the cuneiform monuments began to be decyphered, the star of Ctesias began to pale and his credit to sink. Niebuhr long ago remarked, that his Assyrian history was “wholly to be rejected.” ( Vortrdge tiber Alt. Geschicht. vyol.i. p.16; p.12. E.T.) M. Bunsen, even while making use of him, allows that he was “a confused and uncritical writer.” (Egypt, vol. iii. p. 432.) Col. Mure (Language and Litera- & Moab appears as Mahab (Heb. 1xin), Ammon as Beth-Ammon, which is probably the chief city, the Rabbah or Rabbath-Ammon of Scripture. LECTURE III. 395 ture of Ancient Greece, vol. v. p- 484,) calls him “an author of proverbially doubtful veracity.” Even his apologists can now say little more in his defence, than that “there is no positive evidence for charging him with wilfully falsifying history.” (See the article on Ctesias in Dr. Smith’s Dic- tionary of Greek and Roman Biography, vol. i. p. 899.) Note 65. p. 112. See Norton’s Disquisition on the Old Testament in his Genwineness of the Gospels, vol. ii. p. 498. De Wette, after objecting to the miracles and prophecies recorded in Sa- muel, says—‘ Elsewhere the narrative bears the marks of a genuine history, and where it is not partly derived from contemporary documents—as it is in some places—it is yet drawn from an oral tradition, very lively and true, and is only disturbed and confused here and there.” (Linleitung, § 178, p. 222; Parker’s Translation, vol. ii. p- 210.) He also finds “authentic historical accounts” in the books of Kings. (Ibid. § 183, p. 2323 vol. ii. p. 230, E.T.) NO kee LECTURE IV. Note 1. p. 115. See Lecture III. page 82. Note 2. p. 116. Ibid. p. 87. Note 3. p. 117. The author of Chronicles refers us either to “the book of the Kings” (2 Chr. xxiv. 27), or more explicitly to “ the book of the Kings of Israel and Judah” (2 Chr. xxvii. 7 ; xxviii. 26; XXXll. 32; xxxv. 27.) But the author of Kings throughout distinguishes between “ the book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah” (1 Kings xiv. 19; xv. 7, 233; xxil. 46; 2 Kings viii. 23; xii. 19; xiv.18; &c.), and “ the book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel” (1 Kings xiv. 19; XV. 31; XVI. 5, 14, 20, 27; xii. 39; 2 Kings i.18; x. 34; xiii. 8,12; &c.) The most probable explanation of this difference is, that the two documents were originally sepa- rate, having been drawn up in and for the two different kingdoms ; but that by the time of the writer of our books of Chronicles they had been united in one, and were known to the Jews under the title which he uses. (See Keil, Apo- logetischer Versuch iiber die Biicher der Chronik, p. 252, et seqq. And compare his Commentar iiber die Biicher der Kénige, Kinleitung, § 3; p. 18, E. 'T.h) h Commentary on the Books of Kings, by Karl Friedrich Keil, D.D., translated by James Murphy, LL.D. Edinburgh, Clark, 1857. LECTURE IV. 397 Note 4. p. 117. This seems to be the real meaning of the difficult pas- sage in Chronicles (2 Chr. xx. 34), which our translators have rendered incorrectly in the text, but correctly, so far as the letter goes, in the margin ;—“ Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat, first and last, behold, they are writ- ten in the words of Jehu, the son of Hanani, who was made to ascend into the book of the kings of Israel” oye 1351 spp-by mbyht WR —i.e. who (the au- flier! being identified with his work) was transferred or re- moved to the book of the Kings of Israel. The LXX in- terpreters paraphrase rather than translate when they say, “who wrote a book of the Kings of Israel” (ds xaréypawe BiBrvov Baoir€wv *Iopajd.) Compare Keil, 1. s. ¢. Note 5. p. 117. See 2 Chron. xxxii. 32. Our translators have destroyed the force of the passage by following the LX-X and inter- polating the word ‘“‘and.” “The rest of the acts of He- zekiah,” they say, “and his goodness, behold they are written in the vision of Isaiah the prophet, the son of Amos, and in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel.” But in the original there is no “and :” the passage runs, “the rest of the acts of Hezekiah, and his goodness, behold, they are written in the vision of Isaiah the pro- phet, the son of Amos, in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel.” Note 6. p. 117. The 36th, 37th, and 38th chapters of Isaiah, are almost identical! with a part of the 18th, the 1gth, and the 20th chapters of the second Book of Kings. The slightness of their differences will best be seen by placing an extract or two in parallel columns :— 398 2 Kins. Chap. xviii. 17-20. And the king of Assyria sent Tartan and Rabsaris and Rab-shakeh from Lachish to king Heze- kiah, with a great host against Jerusalem. And they went up and came to Jerusalem. And when they were come up, they came and stood by the conduit of the upper pool, which is in the highway of the fuller’s field. And when they had called to the king, there came out to them Eliakim, the son of Hil- kiah, which was over the house- hold, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah the son of Asaph the recorder. And Rab-shakeh said unto them, Speak ye now to Hezekiah, Thus saith the great king, the king of Assyria, What confidence is this wherein thou trustest ? Zhou sayest, but they are but vain words— I have counsel and strength for the war. Now on whom dost thou trust, that thou re- bellest against me ? Ch. xix. 15-19. And Heze- kiah prayed before the Lord, and said, O Lord God of Is- rael, which dwellest between the cherubims, thou art the God, even thou alone, of all the kingdoms of the earth : thou hast made heaven and earth. Lord, bow down thine ear and hear ; open, Lord, NOTES. ISAIAH. Shap. xxxvi. 2-5. And the king of Assyria sent Rabshakeh from Lachish éo Jerusalem wnto king Hezekiah with a great army. And he stood by the conduit of the upper pool in the highway of the fuller’s field. Then came forth unto him Eli- akim, Hilkiah’s son, which was over the house, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah, Asaph’s son, the recorder. And Rabshakeh said unto them, Say ye now to Hezekiah, Thus saith the great king, the king of Assyria, What confidence is this wherein thou trustest ? J say, [sayest thou], but they are but vain words, I have counsel and strength for war: now on whom dost thou trust, that thou rebellest against me ? Chap. xxxviil. 15-20. And Hezekiah prayed wnto the Lord, saying, O Lord of hosts, God of Israel, that dwellest between the cherubims, thou art the God, even thou alone, of all the kingdoms of the earth ; thou hast made heaven and earth. Incline thine ear, O Lord, and hear ; open thine LECTURE IV. thine eyes, and see ; and hear the word of Sennacherib, which hath sent him to reproach the living God. Of a truth, Lord, the kings of Assyria have de- stroyed the nations and their lands, and have cast their gods into the fire, for they were no gods, but the work of men’s hands, wood and stone: there- fore they have destroyed them. Now therefore, O Lord our God, J beseech thee, save thou us out of his hand, that all the kingdoms of the earth may know that thou art the Lord God, even thou only. 399 eyes, O Lord, and see ; and hear all the words of Senna- cherib, which hath sent to re- proach the living God. Of a truth, Lord, the kings of Assy- ria have laid waste all the lands and their countries, and have cast their gods into the fire, for they were no gods, but the work of men’s hands, wood and stone ; therefore they have de- stroyed them. Now, therefore, O Lord our God, save us from his hand, that all the kingdoms of the earth may know that thou art the Lord, even thou only. Note 7. p. 117. This agreement is chiefly between the last chapter of Jeremiah and the 24th and 25th chapters of the second Book of Kings. between Kings and Isaiah. It is fully equal to that above exhibited Note 8. p. 118. Keil, Commentar iiber die Biicher der Konige, Kinleitung, Sg Ph eer ito mL O ea bs Note 9. p. 118. De Wette, Hinleitung, § 184, p. 234; vol. il. p. 241, Par- ker’s Translation; Bertholdt, Hinleitung, vol. il. p. 154, et seqq. Note 10. p. 120. This has been well shewn by Havernick, (Hinleitung, § 176, vol.ii. p.201, et seqq.,) and Keil (Versuch iiber die Biicher der Chronik, p.199 et seqq.) Keil, however, appears to me to go 400 NOTES. too far when he denies that the author of Chronicles made any use at all of Kings, (Commentar iiber die Biicher der Konige, Kinleitung, § 3; p.17, note 1, E.T.) Such pas- sages as the subjoined shew something more than the mere use of a common authority : 2 CHRON. i. 14-17. And Solomon gathered cha- riots and horsemen: and he had a thousand and four hun- dred chariots, and twelve thou- sand horsemen, which he placed in the chariot cities, and with the king at Jerusalem. And the king made silver and gold at Jerusalem as plenteous as stones, and cedar trees made he as the sycomore trees that are in the vale for abundance. And Solomon had horses brought out of Egypt, and linen yarn: the king’s mer- chants received the linen yarn at a price. And they fetched up, and brought forth out of Egypt a chariot for six hun- dred shekels of silver, and an horse for an hundred and fif- ty: and so brought they out [horses] for all the kings of the Hittites, and for the kings of Syria, by their means. 1 Kings x. 26-29. And Solomon gathered ,to- gether chariots and horsemen : and he had a thousand and four hundred chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen, whom he bestowed in the cities for chariots, and with the king at Jerusalem. And the king made silver to be in Jerusalem as plenteous as stones, and ce- dars made he to be as the sycomore trees that are in the vale, for abundance. And So- lomon had horses brought out of Egypt, and linen yarn: the king’s merchants received the And a chariot came up and went out of Egypt for six hundred she- kels of silver, and an horse for an hundred and fifty: and so for all the kings of the Hit- tites, and for the kings of Sy- ria, did they bring them out by their means i. linen yarn at a price. i In the original the resemblance is even closer than in our transla- tion. It is the same word which is translated as ‘‘ placed,’’ and as “bestowed,” and the same roots are used where we have to say in the one case “ fetched up and brought forth,” in the other “came up, and went out.” LECTURE IV. 401 Compare also 2 Chron. xiv. 1-4 with 1 Kings xv. 11, 12; 2 Chron. xvi. 11-14 with 1 Kings xv. 23, 24; 2 Chron. XX. 10-12 with 2 Kings xi. 1-3; 2 Chron. xxiii. 1-21 with 2 Kings xi. 4-20; and 2 Chron. xxxiv. 8~33 with 2 Kings xxiii. 5-20. In almost all these passages, how- ever, the Chronicler introduces points not mentioned by the author of Kings, so that he evidently does not trust to him as his sole authority ; e. g. 2 CHRON. xvi. 11-14. And, behold, the acts of Asa, first and last, lo, they are writ- ten in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel. And Asa in the thirty and ninth year of his reign was diseased in his feet, wntil his disease was ex- ceeding great; yet in his dis- ease he sought not to the Lord but to the physicians. And Asa slept with his fathers and died in the one and fortieth year of his reign; and they buried him in his own sepul- chres which he had made for himself in the city of David, and laid him in the bed which was filled with sweet odowrs and divers kinds of spices pre- pared by the apothecaries’ art ; and they made a very great burning for him. And Jeho- shaphat, é&e. 1 KINGS xv. 23, 24. The rest of the acts of Asa, and all his might, and all that he did, and the cities which he built, are they not written in the book of the Chronicles of the kings of Judah? Never- theless, in the time of his old age he was diseased in his feet. And Asa slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fa- thers in the city of David his father ; and Jehoshaphat his son reigned in his stead. Note 11. p. 120. See the remarks of Mons. C. Miiller, prefixed to his col- lection of the fragments of Manetho in the Fragmenta His- toricorum Grecorum, vol. ii. pp. 514; 515. RAWLINSON, dd 402 NOTES. Note 12. p. 12. The discrepancies between the books of Chronicles, on the one hand, and the books of Samuel and Kings, on the other, have been largely, if not forcibly, stated by De Wette (Linleitung, § 190, p. 244 et seqq.), and his com- mentator, Mr. Theodore Parker (vol. ii. pp. 266-305). A satisfactory explanation of the greater number will be found in Keil’s Apologetischer Versuch, to which the stu- dent is referred, as well as to Bertheau’s Commentar, of which a translation has recently appearedi. Some, how- ever, as the difference of numbers and names, cannot but remain discrepancies ; in these we may be allowed to sus- pect corruptions of the original text, by carelessness in transcription, or by the insertion of marginal addenda. (See the excellent remarks of Professor Stuart, Defence of the Old Testament Canon, § 6, pp. 143-145; and com- pare the article on Curonicres, in Kitto’s Cyclopedia.) Note 13. p.122. See Mr. Vance Smith’s Prophecies relating to Nineveh and the Assyrians, p: 76. The special object of this work is to elucidate a certain portion of the prophecies by the light thrown upon them from the connected histories of the Assyrians and the Hebrews. Similar efforts have been made in Germany by Hitzig*, Otto Strauss!, and others. Note 14. p. 122. Jonah is commonly placed somewhat earlier; but his work (if it be his, which is doubtful) belongs rather to the historical than the prophetical Scriptures. ji This translation forms the latter portion of the 16th volume of Clark’s Foreign Theological Library, New Series, Edinburgh, 1857. k Zwolf Kleinen Propheten erklart, Leipsic, 1838. ! Nahumi de Nino Vaticinium, Berlin, 1853. LECTURE IV. 403 Note 15. p.. 124. By Paley, in his Hore Pauline, a work which for close- ness, clearness, and cogency of reasoning has never been surpassed, and rarely equalled. Note 16. p. 125. The kings of Israel and Judah mentioned in the As- syrian Inscriptions are, Jehu, Menahem, Hezekiah, and Manasseh. Jehu’s name appears on the Black Obelisk in the British Museum, a monument of the Old Empire, dat- ing probably from about B.C. 870; Menahem is men- tioned by Tiglath-Pileser II., the first monarch of the New Empire, who began to reign in B.C. 747; Hezekiah occurs among the enemies of Sennacherib, who did not ascend the throne till about B.C. 700; and Manasseh is found among the tributaries of Sennacherib’s son, Esar- haddon. No doubt the Scriptural names have helped to determine the date of the monuments; but putting these names aside, and looking merely to forms of language, style of writing, character of sculpture, and position of the monuments when in situ, I believe no cuneiform scholar would hesitate as to the relative antiquity to be assigned to them. Note 17. p. 125. The practice of calling cities after the names of their founders has always prevailed in the East. Perhaps the earliest known instance is that of Ramesses—the Beth- Rameses of the Hieratic Papyri. (See note 87 on Lecture Il. p. 367.) That the Assyrians were acquainted with the practice we know from the case of Sargon, who called the city which he built a little to the north of Nineveh, Beth- Sargina, or Dur-Sargina, “ the abode of Sargon.” Esar- haddon too, in one of his Inscriptions, says, “ A city I built. City of Esarhaddon I cailed its name™.” In more m See Mr. Fox Talbot’s Assyrian Texts translated, p.1t. pd 2 404 NOTES. recent times the names Ahmed-abad, Shereef-abad, Hyder- abad, &c. have had a similar origin. Samaria is only called Beth-Khumri in the earlier in- scriptions. From the time of Tiglath-Pileser II. the term used is Tsamirin. Note 18. p. 126. So Wilkinson, in the author’s Herodotus, vol. ii. p. 376. M. Bunsen reads the legend /Jutah Malk, and translates (not very intelligibly) “Judah, King.” (See his “gypt, vol. iii. p. 242.) He agrees however as to its intention, and views it as a proof of Sheshonk’s having made an ex- pedition to Jerusalem. Note 19. p. 126. There were three Osorkons in the 21st dynasty, accord- ing to the monuments, though Manetho mentioned but one. Osorkon J. was the son and successor of Shishak. It is just possible that he may have been the assailant of Asa". Sir G. Wilkinson, however, regards Osorkon II., who married the great-granddaughter of Shishak, as more naturally the contemporary of Asa, the great-grandson of Solomon, since Solomon and Shishak were contemporaries. (See the author’s Herodotus, vol. ii. p. 378.) Note 20. p. 128. Menander said—Tedceurjcavros Etpopov bied€Eato tiv Ba- atrelav Badedfapos (1. Bad@agapos) 6 vids, ds Budcas ern Teo- capdkovta tpla éBaciievoey etn Extd. Mera rovrov “ABdd- , / c > n ex , Mv ¥ Ss / otpatos (1.’ABdacrapros) 6 avrod vids Bidcas Er elxoor evvea ,’ , ” , / nN ta lal fal °° fal ea / éeBaotrevoev Et Evvea. Todrtov ot Tijs Tpopov avTov viol TEc- capes emiBovrevoartes aT dEcaV, GV 6 TpETBUTEpos EBacirEv- cev érn dédexa. Med ods “Actapros 6 Aedaacrdprov, ds Bidcas ern TevTHKovTa Técoapa €Bacidrevoev ern SddeKa. Mera n This is M. Bunsen’s view, Egypt, vol. iii. p. 308. LECTURE IV. 405 rourov 6 adeAdds adTod *"Acépupos Bidcas ETH Téocapa Kal mevTiKovta eBacikevoev ern evvéa. Odtos ameAEeTO UTd Tod adeApod PéAntos, ds AaBov tHyv Bacireiay pe pivas dxto, Bidcas érn mevtyjKkovra. Tottrov aveiiev Ei0@Bados, 6 Tihs *Aordptns tepeds, ds BaoiWedoas etn TpidKovta do eBiwoer ém™m €€nxovta éxtd. (Ap. Joseph. Contra Apionem, 1. 18.) We have thus from the death of Hiram, which cannot have taken place till the 26th year of Solomon’s reign (1 Kings ix. 10-14), the following series — Balthazar, 7 years; Abdastartus, g years; his successor, 12 years; Astartus, 12 years; Aserymus, g years; Pheles, eight months; total 49 years and eight months. In Ahab’s case we have Jeroboam, 22 years; Nadab, 2 years; Baasha, 24 years; Elah, 2 years; Omri, 12 years; total 62 years; to which must be added some 10 or 12 years for the excess of Solomon’s reign over Hiram’s. It thus appears that Ahab ascended the throne about 20 or 25 years after Eth-baal. Note 2]. p. 128. See Kenrick’s Phenicia, p. 362; Bunsen’s Egypt, vol. ii. p- 428; Keil’s Commentar, (p. 259, E. T.), &e. Note 22. p. 129. The term “ Zidonians” seems to bear the generic sense in 1 Kings xi. 1 and 5; and 2 Kings xxiii. 13; but the specific in Judges x. 12; and xviii. 7. The early preeminence of Sidon (see note 32 to Lecture III.) sufficiently accounts for the generic use, which was well known to the Greek and Latin poets, (Hom. Od. xiii. 285; Soph. Fr. Ixxxii. ; Eurip. Hel. 1429; Virg. Ain. i. 446, &c.) Note 23. p. 129. See Josephus, Ant. Jud. viii. 13: Méuvyntar 6€ THs avop- Bplas ravrns cal Meévavdpos év rais 1@w8ddov tov Tupiov Ba- oihéws Tpd€eot Néywv otros’ “’ABpoxia te ew adrod éyévero, amo Tod “YrepBeperaiov pnvos ws Tod exomevov ETovs TOU 406 NOTES. ‘YmepBeperaiov. ‘Ixerelav & avtod moiumoapévov, xepavvods ikavous BeSAnxéva.” May we connect the “ supplication’’ in the last clause with that of Elijah on mount Carmel (1 Kings xviii. 42, 43), which overhung the Tyrian ter- ritory ? Note 24. p. 130. No continuous history of Syria has come down to us. Nicolas of Damascus, whose influence with Herod the Great and with Augustus must have given him access to any archives that Damascus or the other Syrian towns may have possessed, appears to have introduced a short sketch of ancient Syrian history into the fourth book of his great work, which treated mainly of the early Lydian kings. (See Miiller’s preface to the fragments of Nicolas, in his Fragm. Hist. Gr. vol. iii. p. 345.) Of this sketch, how- ever, we unfortunately possess but three short fragments, preserved to us by Josephus®. The first of these relates the sojourn of Abraham at Damascus, on his way from Chaldzea to Canaan—a sojourn deriving some support from the fact that Abraham’s steward was a Damascene (Gen. xv. 2)—but absurdly makes Abraham “king of Da- mascus” during his stay (Fr. 30.) The second has been given at length in the notes on Lecture III. (Note 28.) The third is interpreted by Josephus as bearing upon the Syrian war of Ahab; but its true reference is to that of Baasha. It runs thus—TeAevtijocavtos 8 éxelvov (sc. Hadad I.) of dadyovor ext béxa yeveds éBacidevov, Exd- OTOV Tapa TOU TaTpds Gua TH Gpxij Kal Tovvoya TOTO EKdEXo- uévov, GaTrep ot UtoAcuaior ev Aiyintm. Meéyiorov d€ mav- tov dvuvnbels 6 tpitos, dvayaxéoac0ar Bovddpuevos tiv Tov mpomdropos AtTav, otpatevoas em lovdatovs émdpOna€ THY vov Sapapeirw kadrovupernv. (Fr. 31.) It is evident that Hadad IlI., who was the grandson of David’s antagonist, cannot have contended against Ahab, 140 years afterwards. Ni- colas undoubtedly intends the antagonist of Baasha, half ° Ant. Jud. vii. 5. LECTURE IV. 407 a century earlier, whose inroad was completely successful, and who reduced Samaria to a sort of subjection (i Kings Xv. 20; xx. 34.) With respect to the continuance of the name and family of Hadad on the Damascene throne for ten generations, Nicolas appears to be at variance with Seripture. Seemingly he takes no account of the break in the line caused by the usurpation of Hazael. Perhaps in Syrian history this was glossed over, and Hazael re- garded as having had a claim of blood. At any rate it is remarkable that he adopted the family name of the pre- ceding dynasty for his son, who is called Ben-hadad in 2 Kings xiii. 3. Note 25. p. 130. See the Black Obelisk Inscription, which has been very accurately translated by Dr. Hincks, in the Dublin Uni- versity Magazine for October, 1853. Compare the author's Herodotus, vol.1. pp. 464, 465. Note 26. p. 131. ‘“‘ Benhadad, the king of Syria, gathered all his host to- gether; and there were thirty and two kings with him, and horses, and chariots.” (1 Kings xx. 1.) “ Number thee an army like the army which thou hast lost, horse for horse, and chariot for chariot.” (Ibid. verse 25.) The Syrian ar- mies appear in the Black Obelisk inscription to be com- posed to a very large extent of chariots. As many as 1100 are taken on one oceasion. The multitude of petty princes mentioned is also in accordance with the inscriptions ge- nerally, which represent the whole country between the Euphrates and Egypt as divided up among a number of tribes and nations, each under its own king or chief. Note 27. p. 131. The Black Obelisk king, in his 6th, 11th, and 14th years, contends with Benhadad, but in his 18th his adversary is 408 NOTES. Hazael. (Dublin. Univ. Mag. October, 1853, pp. 422, 423, and 424.) Note 28. p. 131. The Obelisk contains no account of any war with Jehu; but mentions him among those who paid tribute to the Assyrian monarch. He is styled “ Yahua, the son of Khumrv’—Jehu, the son of Omri, which causes some diffi- culty. Jehu is said in Scripture to have been the son of Jehosaphat, and grandson of Nimshi (2 Kings ix. 2, 14.) It is possible, however, that he may have been on the mo- ther’s side descended from Omri. Or the story of his being so descended may have been invented by the Samaritans, and believed by foreign nations. Or, finally, the Assyrians may merely have assumed that he was a descendant of Omri, since he sat on his throne, and ruled in the city known to them by his name. (See above, note 17.) His tribute consisted of silver, gold, and articles of various kinds manufactured from gold. Note 29. p. 132. The only remains of this period are an inscription set up by the son of the Black Obelisk king, relating his military exploits during the first four years of his reign, and two or three brief inscriptions of the time of his successor, the most important of which is that noticed below, (Note 33.) The campaigns of the earlier king are in Babylonia, Media, Armenia, and along the flanks of Taurus, but do not touch Syria or Palestine. Note 30. p. 132. See Kenrick’s Phenicia, p. 367 : ‘‘ Our knowledge of the history of Tyre ceases with Dido’s flight, at the end of the ninth century, B.C., and we hear nothing of its internal state till the reign of Elulzeus, the contemporary of Shal- maneser.” In fact we have nothing authentic for the early period but the fragments of Menander, and these fail us entirely from the reign of Pygmalion to that of Elulzus. LECTURE IV. 409 Note 31. p. 133. See Kuseb. Chronica, i. 4; p. 18, ed. Mai. * Post hos ait extitisse Chaldzeorum regem, cui nomen Phulus erat.” Note 32. p. 133. In 2 Kings, xv.19, the LX X interpreters render Pul by Phua (®ova), where the terminal a@ is probably a false reading arising out of the resemblance of A to A. In 1 Chron. v. 26, the reading of the Vatican and most MSS. is Pakox, but some copies have Padds. Note 33. p. 133. A full account of this inscription, first decyphered by Sir H. Rawlinson, will be found in the Atheneum, No. 1476, p-174. A general summary of its contents is given in the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. p. 467. Note 34. p. 134. See Sir H. Rawlinson’s letter in the Athenwum, |. s. ¢. Note 35. p. 136. The conjunction of Rezin with Pekah, and the capture and destruction of Damascus, which are noted in the in- scription, seem to prove that it is the second expedition that is intended. Whether it be the first, however, or the second, the name of Menahem must equally be rejected. (See 2 Kings, xv. 29, and xvi. g.) It is easily conceivable, that, if the sculptor had been accustomed to engrave the royal annals, and had often before entered the name of Menahem as that of the Samaritan king, he might engrave it here in his haste, without consulting his copy. Or pos- sibly, Pekah may have taken the name of Menahem, to connect himself with the dynasty which he had displaced. 410 NOTES. Note 36. p. 136. The older interpreters, as Keil remarksP, proceedin® on the supposition that the altar was Syrian, and dedicated to the Syrian gods, endeavoured to answer the question why Ahaz chose the gods, not of the victorious Assyrians, - but of the vanquished Syrians—a question to which it was very difficult to give a satisfactory reply. Among recent writers, Bertheau (Commentar iiber d. Biich. d. Chronik, p. 421, E. T.), Ewald (Geschichte des Volkes Israel, vol. iii. pp. 325, 326), and Vance Smith (Prophecies concerning Assyria, p- 27), follow the old view. Keil himself regards the ques- tion as unimportant, since he supposes that no idolatrous rites or ideas were connected with the altar. Ahaz, ac- cording to his view, having seen a pattern which he fancied better than that of Solomon’s altar, adopted it; and his sin was “ inepta é€dedAoOpyskela.” (So Buddeeus, Hist. Eccles. vol. 11. p. 428.) Note 37: p..136: See the great inscription of Tiglath-Pileser I. pp. 30, 38, 40, 44, 48, &e.; and compare the author’s Herodotus, vol. 1. P- 495- Note 38. p. 137. Josephus says of Shalmaneser—To 6€ dvouwa rovrov rod Bastkéws ev tots Tuptwv apyxetows davayéypantar eorparevoe yap emt Tépov Bactdevovtos adrois "EXovAalov. Maprupet 6€ tovtois Kat Mevavdpos 6 tév XpovixOv Tomodpevos THY ava- ‘\ » ‘ n / >) ~ U > ‘ c ypadyy Kal ta Tov Tuplwv apxeia petadpacas eis THY EAAnU- Ky yAGtrav. (Antiq. Jud. ix. 14.) Note 39. p. 137. See the author’s Herodotus, vol.i. p. 471, note 7. P Commentar iiber d. Biich. d. Konige, § 2; vol. i. p. 45, E. T. LECTURE IV. 411 Note 40. p. 137. Ibid. p. 472. Note 41. p. 138. Scripture states that Shalmaneser “ came up against Hoshea” and besieged Samaria (2 Kings, xviii. 9); but Scripture nowhere expressly states that Shalmaneser took the city. ‘The king of Assyria,” it is said in one place, “took it” (ib. xvii.6); in another “ they (i.e. the Assy- rians) took it” (ib. xviii. 10.) That Shalmaneser was the captor is only an inference from Scripture—a natural in- ference undoubtedly, but not a necessary one. Note 42. p. 138. Sargon has been identified with Shalmaneser by Vitringa, Offenhaus, Prideaux, Eichhorn, Hupfeld, Gumpach, and M. Niebuhr4; with Sennacherib by Grotius, Lowth, Keil, and Schroer; with Esarhaddon by Perizonius, Kalinsky, and Michaélis. (See Winer’s Realwérterbuch ad voc. Sar- gon.) His separate personality is now generally admitted. (See Brandis, Rerwm Assyriarum Tempora Emendata, p. 64, and Tab. Chron. ad fin. Oppert, Rapport d’une Mission Scientifique en Angleterre, p. 38; Vance Smith, Prophecies, &e., pp. 31, 32; Ewald, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, vol. iii. PP: 333, 334; Layard, Nineveh and Babylon, pp. 618-620, &e.) Note 43. p. 138. See Sir H. Rawlinson’s Commentary on the Inscriptions of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 1g, note®, where a passage proving this is quoted from Yactt, the famous Arabian geographer. Note 44. p. 139. See the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. Pp. 473, note+; and compare Vance Smith’s Prophecies, &e., p. 35: 1 Geschichte Assurs und Babels seit Phul, p. 160. 412 NOTES. Note 45. p. 139. When Sargon took Ashdod, its king (he tells us) fled to Muzr (Mizraim or Egypt), which was subject to Mirukha (Meroé, or Ethiopia.) See the author’s Herodotus, vol. 1. P- 474- Note 46. p. 140. Ibid. p. 473. Note 47. p. 142. The translation in the text has been read by Sir H. Raw- linson before various Societies and Public Meetings: but it has remained, I believe, hitherto unpublished. It will be found to agree in all important points with Dr. Hincks’s version, as given by Mr. Layard (Nineveh and Babylon, pp. 143, 144.) Note 48. p. 142. Mr. Layard gives a slightly different explanation, (Nin. and Bab. p.145);—“ There is a difference of 500 talents, as it will be observed, in the amount of silver. It is pro- bable that Hezekiah was much pressed by Sennacherib, and compelled to give him all the wealth that he could col- lect, as we find him actually taking the silver from the house of the Lord, as well as from his own treasury, and cutting off the gold from the doors and pillars of the tem- ple, to satisfy the demands of the Assyrian king. The Bible may therefore only inelude the actual amount of money in the 300 talents of silver, whilst the Assyrian re- cords comprise a@// the precious metal taken away.” Note 49. p. 143. Herodot. ii. 141. This testimony was first adduced by Josephus (Ant. Jud. x. 1), from whom it passed on to the Christian commentators generally. The “ chief difficulty” in reconciling Herodotus with Seripture has been generally said to be, the scene of the destruc- tion. (See Joseph. |. s. c., Prideaux’s Connection of Sa- LECTURE IV. 413 cred and Profane History, vol. i. p. 18; M. Niebuhr’s Geschichte Assurs und Babels, p.179; Vance Smith’s Pro- phecies relating to Assyria, Introduction, p. 43.) It has been commonly assumed that the scene was the immediate neighbourhood of Jerusalem ; but this assumption is not only, as Mr. Vance Smith has shewn (Prophecies, &e., p- 213), without warrant from Scripture, but it is actually contradictory to Seripture. God’s promise to Hezekiah through Isaiah was: ‘“‘ He (Sennacherib) shall not come into this city, nor shoot an arrow there, nor come before it with shield, nor cast a bank against it. By the way that he came, by the same shall he return, and shall not come into this city, saith the Lord.” (2 Kings, xix. 32, 33 ; compare Is. XXXVil. 33, 34.) Note 49 b. p. 143. Eusebius says of Polyhistor—“< Jam et reliquis Seneche- rimi gestis perscriptis, subdit eum annis vixisse [regnan- tem] octodecim,—donec eidem structis a filio Ardumazane insidits extinctus est.” (Chronica, 1. 5; p. 19, ed. Mai.) Abydenus gives the name of one of the murderers more correctly, but represents the murder as committed, not on Sennacherib, but on his successor. ‘‘ Proximus huic” (sc. Sennacheribo), he said, “‘ regnavit Nergilus, quem Adra- meles filius oecidit ; rursus hune frater suus Axerdis (Esar- haddon ) interfecit.” (Ap. Euseb. Chronica, 1. 9 ;. p. 25.) Note 50. p. 143. Both Sennacherib and Esarhaddon led hostile expedi- tions into Armenia, which appears to have been at no time thoroughly subjected by the Assyrian monarchs. (See the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. pp. 478, 481.) Note 51. p. 144. Mos. Choren. i. 22 ; “ Eum (sc. Senacharimum) filii ejus Adrammelus et Sanasarus ubi interfecerunt, ad nos confu- gere ; quorum unum, Sanasarum, in ea regionis nostre 414 NOTES. parte, quee inter oceidentem solem et meridiem spectat, preestantissimus noster progenitor, Sczeordius, prope fines Assyrize collocavit, ejusque posteri .. montem eum . . com- plevere. Argamozanus* autem inter ortum solis et meri- diem in eadem regione sedem nactus est; a quo ortos esse Arzerunios ac Genunios historicus ille (Mar-Abas) tradit.” Note 52. p. 144. Esarhaddon in his inscriptions frequently speaks of Sennacherib as his father. (See Fox Talbot, Assyrian Texts translated, p.13, and elsewhere.) The relationship is also witnessed to by Polyhistor, following Berosus. (Ap. Euseb. Chron. i. v. p. 193 compare p. 20, where Eusebius says, “ His omnibus absolutis, pergit denuo Polyhistor res aliquot etiam a Senecheribo gestas exponere; deque hujus filio eadem plane ratione scribit qua libri Hebreorum.”) Note 53. p. 144. Abydenus interpolates a reign between Sennacherib and Esarhaddon, which he assigns to a certain Nergilus, of whom no other trace is to be found. Neraa/ was one of the Assyrian deities (2 Kings xvii. 30; and see the au- thor’s Herodotus, vol. i. pp. 63 1-633: compare also Dublin Univ. Mag. Oct. 1853, p. 420), and cannot therefore have been a king’s name. The Assyrian royal names contain most commonly a god’s name as an element, but are never identical with the names of deities. It was otherwise in Pheenicia, where Baal and Astartus were monarchs. The account of Abydenus seems therefore unworthy of credit. Note 54. p. 144. ’ “ Manasseh, king of Judah,” is mentioned among the subject princes, who lent Esarhaddon workmen for the r Compare the “ Ardumazanes” of Polyhistor (supra, note 49 ). Adrammelech is evidently intended. LECTURE IV. 415 building and ornamentation of his palaces. (See the au- thor’s Herodotus, vol. i. p. 483.) It is not surprising that we have no account of the expedition against Manasseh, since we do not possess the annals of Hsarhaddon, but only some occasional inscriptions. Note 55. p. 145. The Assyrians ordinarily governed Babylon through na- tive viceroys. (See Berosus, Fr. 12; and the inscriptions, passim.) But Esarhaddon appears to have reigned there in his own person. Bricks found on the site of Babylon shew that he repaired temples and built himself a palace there. Consequently in the authentic list of Babylonian kings preserved by Ptolemy (Magn. Syntaw. v. 14), his name occurs, under the Grecised form of Asaridinus. ‘ Tia THs duvdpews, eLevmeuev ew avtdv. Luppifas dé NaPov- Xodovdc0pos TO AtootdTy Kal Tapatakduevos avrod Te éxpdtnoe Kal THY xdpav Ex Tavrns THs apyns br THY abTod Bacireiav sy) / , , \ ? ) XN , X\ fal emoujoato ... Aliaouevos b€ eT ov TOADY xXpovovy THY TOU \ \ , ty / > ’ Tatpos TeAevTHVY NaBovxodovocopos, kat KaTaAoTHOAS TA KAT \ \ ’ Alyumrov mpaypara kat THY AowTAVY yopav, Kal TOS aly pa- AGTovs Tovdalov te kal Powikov Kal Svpov wal rv car’ lal ‘ lal > 4 Aiyuttov eOvev ovrtagas tii TOV dirov ... avaxopicew els \ o . / F THY BaBvAwviar, adtos dpynoas ddAtyooTos bia THs Epjwov Tapa- yiverat eis BaBvAdva. (Ap. Joseph. Ant. Jud. x. 11.) Note 82. p. 152. See Josephus, Contra Apion. i. 21; Upoodjow d€ kai tas 424 NOTES. a / lan >) My TOV Powwikwv avaypapes’ ov yap TapadeimTeov TOV aTrodeifewv P 5 a € / ; Ti Tepovoiav. “Eore b6€ Tovad’tTn TOV yxpovev 1 KataplOunots ‘Ent EldwBddov tov Bacid€ws erodudpxnoe NaBovxodovdaopos &\ / Spey / ” Thv Tvpov ém €7n TpioKaideKa. Note 83. p. 152. In continuation of the passage cited in note 81, Berosus said: TlapadaBov b& ra mpdypata biotxodpeva b7d TOV Xad- daiov kal diatnpovpevny tv Bacireiay b7d Tod Bedtiotov avra@v, kuptedoas bAoKAnpov Tis TaTpiKis apxijs, Tos mev alyua- AdTols Tapayevopevols cuvetatev amouklas é€v Tots émuTNdELoTa- lal / , 22 ~ Tots THS BaBvAwvias TéToLs amobeiEat. Note 84. p.153. The chief chronological difficulty which meets us is con- nected with the reign of Hezekiah. Scripture places no more than eight years between the fall of Samaria and the first invasion of Judea by Sennacherib (2 Kings xviii. 9, and 13). The monuments place a¢ least 18 years between the two events; for Sargon says he took Samaria in his first year, and then gives his annals for 15 years, while Sennacherib says that he attacked Hezekiah and took his fenced cities in his third year. Ptolemy’s Canon taken in conjunction with the monuments, raises the interval to 22 years. According to this, if the capture of Samaria was in Hezekiah’s sixth year, the accession of Sennacherib must have fallen in his 25th, and the first attack of Sen- nacherib in his 27th year. But our present text of Kings (2 Kings xvii. 9) and of Isaiah (xxxvi. 1) calls it his 14th year. I have suggested elsewhere that the original number may have been altered under the idea that the invasion of Sennacherib and the illness of Hezekiah were synchronous, whereas the expression “in those days” was used by the sacred writers with a good deal of latitude. (See the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. p. 479, note 2.) Minor difficulties are the synchronism of Tirhakah with Hezekiah, and of So with Hoshea, of which I have already spoken. See notes 59 and 64. LECTURE IV. 425 Note 85. p. nie Vor dige uber Alte Geschichte, vol.i. p. 126; p. 106, E. T. Note 86. p. 154. A few instances may be noted under each head, as spectmens of the sort of agreement. 1. Geographic. (a) In 2 Kings xvil. 6 (compare xviii. 11) it is said that the captive Israelites were placed by the conqueror “at Halah and Habor, the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes.” Misled by the last clause, various commentators have struggled vainly to find Habor, Halah, and Gozan in or near Media. (See Bochart, Geo- graph. Sac. iii. 143; Kitto, Bibl. Cyclopedia, ad voc. Gozan ; Keil on 2 Kings xvii. 6; pp. 54-58, E.T.; &c.) But this attempt is quite unnecessary. The true position of Gozan may be gathered from 2 Kings xix. 12, where it is coupled with Haran, the well-known city of Mesopotamia. In this locality all the names may be found, not only in old geo- graphers, but even at the present day. ‘The whole tract east of Harran about Nisibis was anciently called Gauzanitis or Gozan (Ptolemy, v.18), of which the better known name Mygdonia is a corruption"; the great river of this tract was the Adborrhas or Chaboras (Habor); and adjoining it (Ptol. |. s.c.) was a district called Chalcitis (Halah). Of this district a probable trace remains in the modern Gila, a large mound in these parts marking a ruined city (Layard, Min. and Bab. p. 312, note) ; while the river js still known as the Ahabour, and the country as Kaushan\. The author of Chronicles (1 Chron. v. 26) adds Hara to the places mentioned in Kings, which is clearly Haran, or Harran, known to the Romans as Carrhe. Undoubtedly the bulk of the Israelites were settled in this country, while Sargon selected a certain number to colonize his new cities “ Mygdonia represents Gozan, with the adjectival or participial 1 prefixed. The Greek writers always substituted their 6 for the Semitic z. Hence Gaza became Cadytis, Achzib became Ecdippa, the river Zab became the Diaba; and so M’gozan became Mygdon. Y So at least Winer says, but I do not know on what authority. (Realworterbuch ad yoe. Gosan.) in Media. (6) In 2 Kings xvii. 24, Cuthah, Ava, Hamath, and Sepharvaim are mentioned together as cities under the Assyrian dominion, and as furnishing the colonists who replaced the transplanted Israelites. Of these Hamath is familiar to us, but of the other cities little has been known till recently. “‘ Die Lage von Cutha,” says Winer™, “ist aber véllig ungewiss.” Andso Keil*; “ The situation of Cuthah cannot be determined with certainty.” The discovery, however, of an ancient Babylonian city of the name, at the distance of about 15 miles from Babylon itself, where, moreover Nergal was especially worshipped (2 Kings xvii. 30), seems to remove all doubt on the subject. Cu- thah was most certainly the city, whose ruins are now called Ibrahim. (See the author's Herodotus, vol.i. p. 632; and vol. ii. p. 587.) With almost equal confidence may we pronounce on the position of Ava, of which Winer says, that it is most probably a Mesopotamian town, “ von welcher feine Spur in den alten Schriftstellern oder in der heutigen orientalischen Topographie tibrig geblieben ist.” Ava (N1Y), or Ivah (NY), is a city dedicated to the god Hea (Neptune), which was on the Euphrates at the ex- treme northern limit of Babylonia. It is ealled by the Talmudieal writers Jkt (7), or with an epithet Lhz-dakira (NVIPTIT), by Herodotus Ls (“Is), by the Egyptians /sf, by the Turks and Arabs of the present day Hit. The first corruption of the name may be traced in the Ahava (S178) of Ezra (viii. 15,21; compare the river Is of Herodotus), where the Jews encamped on their way from Babylon to Jerusalem. (See the remarks of Sir H. Rawlinson in the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. p. 602.) Sepharvaim has less completely baffied the geographers, who have seen that it must be identical with the Sippara or Sipphara of Ptolemy (v.18) and the woAus Sumrapnvév of Abydenus (Tr. g). See Winer and Kitto ad voc. They have not, however, been able to fix the site; which the Inscriptions show to have w Realwérterbuch, vol.i. p. 237- x See Keil on 2 Kings xvii. 24; vol.ii. p. 67, E. T. y Realworterbuch, vol.i. p. 118. LECGIURE IV. 427 been at Mosaib, a town on the Euphrates between Hit and Babylon. Nor have they given any account of the dual form, Sepharvaim (O*M5D) ; which is explained by the fact, noted in the Inscriptions, that the city was partly on the right, partly en the left bank of the Euphrates. (c) With Sepharvaim are connected, in 2 Kings xix. 13, the two cities of Hena and Ivah. It is implied that they had recently been united under one king: we must seek them therefore in the same neighbourhood. As _ Ivah, like Sepharvaim, was upon the Euphrates above Babylon ; and as the towns in this tract have always been clustered along the banks of the streams, we must look for Hena (Heb. YI; LXX ’Avd) in a similar position. Now on the Euphrates in this region is found in the Inscriptions an important town, Anah or Anat ; which has always borne nearly the same name, and which is even now known as Anah. Hena is thus identified almost to a certainty. 2. Religious. (2) The worship of Baal and Astarte by the Pheenicians, almost to the exclusion of other gods, is strongly suggested by the whole history from Judges to Ahaz. (see Jud. x.6; 1 Kings xi. 5; xvi. 31, &c.) “A marked confirmation of this exclusive, or nearly exclusive, worship is found in the naines of the Tyrian kings and judges, which, like those of the Assyrian and Babylonian monarchs, comprehend almost always a divine element. Their names, so far as they are known, run as follows— Abibaal, Hiram, Baleazar, Abdastartus, Astartus, Asery- mus, Pheles, Ethbaa/, Balezar, Matgen, Pygmalion, Elu- leeus, Eth-daal I1., Baal, Eenibaal, Chelbes, Abbarus, Myt- gon, Bal-ator, Gerastartus, Merba/, and Hiram II. Farther confirmation is derivable from the few authentic notices of the religion which remain, as from the fragments of Dius and Menander, where these two are the only deities men- tioned. (b) It has been already noticed that Nergal, who z Mr. Kenrick gives the Pheenicians three ‘‘ national deities,”’ Astarte, Belus, Hercules. (Phenicia, p.345). But Movers has shewn satis- factorily that Melcarth (the Tyrian Hercules) was only another name for Baal. 428 NOTES. is said to have been worshipped by the Cuthites in Samaria (2 Kings xvii. 30), is found in the inscriptions to have been the special god of Cutha. (c) So too it appears from them that the city of Sepharvaim was under the special protec- tion of two deities, conjointly worshipped, Shamas or San, the Sun, and his wife Gula or Anunit. Here we have evi- dently the Adrammelech and Anammelech of 2 Kings xvii. 31; Adrammelech, “ the Fire-king,” and Anammelech, “ Queen Anunit”—the latter name being assimilated to the former with insolent carelessness. (See Sir H. Rawlin- son in the author’s Herodotus, vol.i. pp. 611, 612.) (d) If a satisfactory explanation cannot be given from Babylonian mythology of Succoth-Benoth, Nibhaz, and Tartak (2 Kings XVil. 30, 31), it is probably because they are not really the names of Babylonian gods. The first seems to mean “ tents of daughters,” or small tabernacles in which were contained images of female deities. The second and third are most likely scornful modifications of certain Babylonian names, which | should suspect to have been Nebo and 7ir—the latter a title by which Nebo was sometimes called. Or they may possibly be gods which have yet to be discovered. 3. Manners, customs, &e. (a) The whole character of the Assyrian wars, as represented in Kings and Chronicles, is in close accordance with what we gather from the In- scriptions. ‘he numerical force of their armies, the direc- tion of them by the monarch in person, the multitude of their chariots (2 Kings xix. 23), their abundant eavalry (2 Kings xviii. 23), their preference of the bow as a wea- pon® (ib. xix. 32), the manner of their sieges by “ casting banks” against the walls of cities> (ibid.),—and again the religious enthusiasm with which the wars were carried on, a This appears sufficiently on the sculptures; but it is even more strikingly evinced in the language of the Inscriptions, where the phrase which has to be translated “killed in battle” is constantly *‘ killed with arrows.’ (See Dubl. Univ. Mag. No. 250, p. 423.) b See Layard’s Nineveh and Babylon, p.149. Describing a bas-relief of Sennacherib’s, he says, “‘ Against the fortifications had been thrown up as many as ten banks or mounds, compactly built of stones, bricks, earth, and branches of trees.”’ LECTURE IV. 429 —the antagonism maintained between the Assyrian gods and those of the invaded countries (2 Kings xviii. 33, 34, &e.), and the practice of carrying off as plunder, and there- fore probably of melting down, the idols of the various na- tions (2 Kings xix. 18), are all distinctly marked in the sacred history, and might be abundantly illustrated from the monuments’. (6) No less harmonious with Seripture is the representation which the monuments give of the As- syrian political system. Something has been already said on this point. (Lecture ILI. pp. 103-105.) The empire is one made up of a number of petty kingdoms. (“ Are not my princes altogether kings?” Is. x. 8.) Absorption of the conquered districts is not aimed at, but only the ex- tension of suzerainty, and government through native tri- butary monarchs. Rebellion is promptly punished, and increased tribute is its natural consequence. (2 Kings xviii. 14.) Finally, transplantation is made use of when other means fail—sometimes on a larger, sometimes on a smaller scale, as the occasion requires4?. (c) The continued power of the Hittites, the number of their princes, and their strength in chariots, which appears from 1 Kings x. 29, and again remarkably from 2 Kings vii. 6, is strikingly confirmed by the Black Obelisk inscription, where we find twelve kings of the Ahatti, allied with Syria and Hamath, and fighting against the Assyrians with a force whose chief strength seems to be chariots. Many similar points of minute agreement might be adduced, but this note has, [ fear, already extended itself beyond the patience of most readers. ¢ See the Great Inscription of Tiglath Pileser I, pp. 28, 30, 38, &c.; Dubl. Univ. Mag. No. 250, pp. 423, 424; Fox Talbot’s Assyrian Tezts, pp. I, 3, 4, 11, 22, &c. Compare the author’s Herodotus, vol.i. p. 495- 4 See the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. p. 493. ath das Will LECTURE V. Note 1. p. 158. So Ewald, Die Propheten des Alten Bundes, p. 560. Note 2. p. 158. This is the theory of De Wette (Hinleituna, § 253, p. 342; vol. il. p.485, E. T.), who bases the view on the passages of Ezekiel, where Daniel is so highly commended. See below, note Io. Note 3. p. 158. See the statements of Jerome concerning Porphyry in the preface to his Comment. in Daniel. (Op. vol.iii. pp.107 3, 1074.) Note 4. p. 158. It is urged by Ewald (Propheten des Alt. Bundes, p. 565) ; by Knobel, Prophetismus der Hebrier, ii. p. 401; by Strauss (Leben Jesu, § 13; vol.i. p. 56, E.T.); by De Wette (Hin- leitung, § 255 b, p. 346); and by Mr. Theodore Parker (Translation of De Wette, vol. ii. pp.4g1 and 501.) Hence Auberlen observes with justice, “The true argument of all others, even in modern criticism, lies in the dogmatie doubt of the reality of miracles and predictions.” (Prophecies of Daniel, Introduction, p. 10, hk. T.e) And Stuart, “ Nearly € The Prophecies of Daniel and the Revelation of St. John viewed in their mutual relation by C. A. Auberlen, Ph. D. Translated by the Rey. A. Saphir; Edinburgh, Clark, 1856. LECTURE V. 4D 1 all the arguments employed to disprove the genuineness of Daniel, have their basis, more or less directly, in the as- sumption, that miraculous events are impossibilities. Of course, all the extraordinary occurrences related in the book of Daniel, and all the graphic predictions of events, are, under the guidance of this assumption, stricken from the list of probabilities, and even of possibilities.” (History and Defence of the Canon, § 4, pp. 110, i111.) Note 5. p. 158. Undoubtedly a peculiar character attaches to the pro- phecies of Daniel, if they are compared with those of the other prophets. As Auberlen observes, ‘‘ his prophecies abound, above all the rest, in historical and political de- tail.” (Prophecies of Daniel, Introduction, p. 3, E.T.) But to make this an objection to the authenticity of the Book is to assume, either that we have an a priori knowledge of the nature and limits of prophetical inspiration, or else that the law of such inspiration may be gathered induc- tively from the other Scriptures, and then applied to ex- clude the claims of a Book which has as much external sanction as any other. But induction should be from all the instances; and to exclude the Book of Daniel by a law drawn from the rest of Scripture, is first to assume that it is not Scripture, and then to prove that it is not by means of that assumption. We are quite ignorant beforehand to what extent it might please the Omniscient to communi- cate to any of his creatures the knowledge of the future, which He possesses in perfection; and we have no means of determining the question but by a careful study of all the facts which the Bible sets before us. We have no right to assume that there will be a uniform law, much less that we shall be able to discover it. It is a principle of the Divine Economy that “there is a time for every thing ;” and the minute exactness which characterises some of the Prophecies of Daniel may have been adapted to peculiar 432 NOTES. circumstances in the history of God’s people at some par- ticular time!, or have otherwise had some special object which we cannot fathom. Note 6. p. 159. See Hengstenberg, Azthentie des Daniel, p. 303, et seqq. The alternate use of Hebrew and Chaldee, which is the main linguistic peculiarity of Daniel, is only natural at a time when both languages were currently spoken by the Jews; and is only found in writings of about this period, as in Ezra and Jeremiah. De Wette’s answer to this ar- gument, that both languages were known to the learned Jews at a later date (Hinleitung, § 255 ¢. p. 349), is a spe- cimen of the weak grounds on which men are content to rest a foregone conclusion. The Hebrew Scriptures were not written for the learned; and no instances at all can be found of the alternate use (as distinct from the occurrence of Chaldaisms in Hebrew, or Hebraisms in Chaldee), ex- cepting at the time of the Captivity. Note 7. p. 159. I have here followed the ordinary tradition, which rests on the authority of Aristeas, Philo, Justin Martyr, Jose- phus, Epiphanius, &c. It is questioned, however, if the Greek version of Daniel was made so early. The book of Esther, according to the subscription to it, was not trans- lated till the fourth year of Ptolemy Philometor, B.C. 178 or 177, a year or two before the accession of Epiphanes. And it is possible that Daniel may have been translated still later. (See Horne’s Introduction, &c., vol. iii. p. 44-) If the argument in the text is weakened by this admis- sion, it may receive the following important accessions :— f Auberlen thinks that the minuteness, which is chiefly in chs, viii. and xi., was “necessary to prepare the people for the attacks and artful machinations of Antiochus,” and that “the glorious struggle of the Maccabees, so far as it was a pure and righteous one, was a fruit of this book.” (pp. 54, 55+) LECTURE: V. 433 1. Passages of Daniel are referred to by Jesus the son of Sirach, who must have written as early as B.C. 180, or before the time of Epiphaness. (See Ecclus. xvii. 17, com- pared with Dan. x. 20, 21; xii.1; and Ecelus. x. 8, com- pared with Dan. vill. 23, &c.) And 2. Daniel’s prophecies were shewn to Alexander the Great in the year B. C. 332, and inclined him to treat the Jews with special favour. (Jo- seph. Ant. Jud. xi. 8.) The authority of Josephus as to the main fact is not discredited by the circumstance, that “ the narrative of Josephus is not credible in all of its particu- lars.” (De Wette, Hinleitung, § 255 ¢, p- 349.) Note 8. p. 159. The fundamental arguments in favour of this are, 1. the constant representation of Daniel as the author from ch. vii. to the end; and 2. our Lord’s words, ‘“‘ the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the Prophet” (Matt. xxiv. 15.) De Wette’s arguments to the contrary, besides those noted in the text, seem to be the following—1. The miracles are grotesque. 2. The apocalyptic tone is unlike that of the prophets belonging to this period. 3. Honourable mention is made of Daniel himself in the book. 4. The language is corrupt, containing Persian and Greek words. 5. The book is placed by the Jews among the Hagiographa, and is therefore later than Malachi. 6. The angelology, christ- ology, and asceticism, mark a late date». Of these the first and last may be simply denied ; the second is reduced to a shadow by De Wette himself when he admits that the style of Ezekiel’s and Zechariah’s prophesying is not very unlike (‘nicht ganz fremd”) Daniel’s; the third is an ob- jection equally to the Pentateuch, the Gospel of St. John, and some of St. Paul’s Epistles, and rests merely upon an & Even De Wette admits this. (Hinleitung, § 316, p. 419. “So erhalten wir als Abfassungzeit d. J. 180. v. Chr.’’) h Ibid. § 255, pp. 346, 347. RAWLINSON. Ff 434 NOTES. a@ priori conception of how prophets should write, not borne out by experience; the fourth is not urged with any confidence, since it is allowed to be ‘ certainly possible that the Greek words may have been known to the Babylonians at the time” (p. 347); and if so, a fortiori, the Persian words ; and the fifth argument, if it has any weight at all, would make the Book of Job, and the Proverbs of Solomon, later than Malachi! No wonder Professor Stuart should say—‘ Beyond the objections founded on the assumption, that miracles and predictions are impossibilities, there is little to convince an enlightened and well-balanced critical reader, that the book is supposi- titious.” (History and Defence of the Canon, p. 111.) Note 9. p. 159. See Dan. i. 3. Josephus says that Daniel was of the seed of Zedekiah. (Ant. Jud. x. 10.) Note 10. p. 159. Ewald contends, that the Daniel commended by Ezekiel must have been an ancient hero, like Job and Noah (Pro- pheten des Alt. Bundes, p. 560), of whose wisdom and right- eousness he knew from some sacred book, with which both himself and the Jews of his time were well acquainted. We are not told what has become of this book, or what proof there is of its existence. Nor is it explained how this “ ancient hero” comes not to be mentioned in the historical Scriptures at all, or by any writer earlier than Ezekiel. Doubtless if we had no means of knowing to the contrary, we should naturally have supposed from Ezek. xiv. 14 and 20, that Daniel was an ancient historical personage in Ezekiel’s time, having lived between Noah and Job; but as this is impossible from the absolute silence of the histo- rical books, Ezekiel’s mention of him at all can only be accounted for by the fact that he was the great Jew of the day, and that his wisdom and virtue were known to those LECTURE V. 435 for whom Ezekiel wrote—the Chaldean Jews’, be it remem- bered, (Hizek. 1. 2, 3),—not historically, or from any book, but from personal acquaintance and common rumour. Why Daniel precedes Job, is still a question. Perhaps, because Daniel and Noah are actual men, while Job is not? Or because the two former are viewed as Jews, Job as a Gentile ? Note 11. p. 159. Einleitung, § 255 a, p. 3443 (voll Unwahrscheinlichkeiten, und selbst Aistorischer Unrichtigkeiten, dergleichen sonst kein prophetisches Buch des Alt. Test. enthalt.) Compare Baa: Note 12. p. 160. See above, note 86 on Lecture IV. Sargon seems to have been the first king who introduced this practice on a large scale. He was followed by Sennacherib (Fox Talbot’s Assyrian Texts, pp. 3, 4, 7, &c.); and Hsarhaddon (ibid. pp- 11 and 17.) Note 13. p. 160. See Herod. iv. 181; v.15; vi. 20 and 119; Ctes. Pers. §9; Arrian. Hap. Alex. iii. 48 ; and compare the author's Herodotus, vol. ii. pp. 563, 564. The practice continues to modern times. (See Chardin’s Voyage en Perse, vol. iil. p- 292; and Ferrier’s Caravan Journeys, p. 395-) Note 14. p. 160). See Lecture IV, note 83. i It has been usual to regard Ezekiel as writing in Mesopotamia, the Chebar being supposed to be the Khabour. But we have no right to assume the identity of the words 132 and 1527. The Chebar is pro- bably the Nahr Malcha, or Royal Canal, the great (122) cutting of Nebuchadnezzar. See the article on CHEBAR in Smith’s (forthcoming) Biblical Dictionary. i The reference to this note has slipped out of page 160, where it should have occurred in line 11, after the word “ Babylonia.” 9 ie) : 436 NOTES. Note 15. p. 160. See the fragments of these writers in the Fragmenta Mist. Gr. vol. ii. pp. 506, 507; and vol. iv. p. 284. Com- pare with tle expression in Daniel, “Is not this great Babylon which I have built?” (Dan. iv. 30), the statement of Berosus. NaPovyodovdcopos... tHv TE UTAapxovoay e& apxijs woAw dvakawvioas kal €tTépav Kkataxaplodpe- vos, Tpos TO pnKeTL S¥vacOat TOs TOALOpKODYTAas TOV TOTALOV dvactpepovras ent tiv TOAW Katackevd le, UTEpEBaAETO TpEts Bev THs evdov TOAEws TEpLBOAoUs, Tpeis bE THs eEw. Both statements are confirmed by the fact that nine-tenths of the inscribed bricks from the site of Babylon are stamped with Nebuchadnezzar’s name. Note 16. p. 161. Ap. Euseb. Prep. Ev. 1x. 41, pp. 441, 442. Mera de, A€eyerar pds Xadbaiwov, ws avaBas emt ta Baoirrjia Katacye- Oe p > 1) ein OS Grew by, POeyEduevos HF eizev, Oitos eyo NaSovko- dpdcopos, © BaBvAsriol, THY péAAOVEAY bpiv TpoayyeAAW oUp- ‘ (cA / ia / lal is f / , opny ...” Hfer Tépons iylovos, toiow tyerépoiot Saloot xpeo- ! “os, N / 5 ® xX , pevos cuppaxowi* emager b€ dovdocvvynv’ ov 67) TuVAITLOS ésrat Mons, To Acovpiov advynua...°O pev Oeanioas Tapa- Xphya npavicro. Note 17. p. 161. Beros. ap. Joseph. contr. Apionem, i. 20; Polyhist. ap. Euseb. Chronica, i. 5, § 3, p. 21; Ptol. Mag. Syntax. WoTAS Note 18. p. 161. These tablets are commonly orders on the imperial trea- sury, dated in the current year of the reigning monarch, like modern Acts of Parliament. They give a minimum for the length of each monarch’s reign, but of course by the nature of the case they cannot furnish a mavimum. Still, LECTURE V. 437 where they are abundant, as in Nebuchadnezzar’s case, they raise a strong probability that the highest number found was not much exceeded. Note 19. p. 162. The eighth year of Nebuchadnezzar being the first of Jehoiachin’s captivity (2 Kings xxiv. 12), we must place the beginning of Nebuchadnezzar’s reign seven years earlier ; and the 37th of the captivity being the first-of Evil-Mero- dach (ibid. xxv. 27), the 36th would be Nebuchadnezzar’s last complete year. Now 36+7=43. Note 20. p. (62. So De Wette (Hinleitung, § 255 a; p. 345 ¢.), who quotes von Lengerke, Hitzig, and others, as agreeing with him. Ewald also compares Daniel to Judith, on account of its confusing together various times and countries. (Pro- pheten des Alt. Bundes, p. 562.) Note 21. p. 162. De Wette gives the first place among his “historical in- accuracies” to the ‘‘unrichtige Vorstellungen von den Wei- sen Babylons,” and the “undenkbare Aufnahme Daniels unter dieselben ;’” the second to the “ Erwahnung der persischen Satrapen-Einrichtung unter Nebuchadnezer und Darius Medus.” (Lrnleitung, 1. s. ¢.) Note 22. p. 162. The word which we translate ‘ magicians” in Dan. i. 20, ii. 2, 10, &e., is chartummim, or khartummim (ODO), which is derived from cheret, or kheret (WM), “a graving- tool.” (See Buxtorf’s Lexicon Hebraicum et Chaldaicum, ad voc.) Babylonian documents are sometimes written on clay, where the character has been impressed, before the clay was baked, by a tool with a triangular point ; but 438 NOTES. they are also frequently on stone—large pebbles from the Euphrates’s bed—in which case they have been engraved with a fine chisel. Note 23. p. 163. The Chaldeans in Kings, Chronicles, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and even Ezekiel, are simply the inhabitants of Chaldea, which is the name applied to the whole country whereof Babylon is the capital. But in Daniel the Chaldeans are a special set of persons at Babylon, having a “ learning” and a “ tongue” of their own (Dan. 1. 4), and classed with the magicians, astrologers, &c. Strabo notes both senses of the term (xvi. i. § 6); and Berosus seems to use the narrower and less common one, when he speaks of Nebu- chadnezzar as finding on his arrival at Babylon after his father’s death, that affairs were being conducted by the Chaldzeans, and that their chief was keeping the throne vacant for him, (IlapadaBov 8€ Ta tpdypara Siorxovpeva bd Tov Xaddaiwv Kai diatnpovpévnv tv Basirelav b70 Tov Bed- tlarov av’tév, kuprevoas x. Tt. AX. Fr. 14), while elsewhere (as in Frs. 1, § 1; 5,6, 11, &c.) he employs the generic and more usual sense. Compare Herod. i. 181, and vil. 63. The inscriptions show that the Chaldzeans (A’a/dz) belonged to the primitive Seythie inhabitants, and that the old astronomical and other learning of the Babylonians con- tinued to be in this language during the later Semitic times. (See Sir H. Rawlinson’s note in the author’s He- rodotus, vol. 1. p. 319, note %.) Note 24. p. 163. Compare an article on the Chaldzeans in Smith’s (forth- coming) Biblical Dictionary. Note 25. p. 164. See above, Lecture IV. note 8t. LECTURE V. 439 Note 26. p. 164. I do not intend to assert that this was the case. We have no satisfactory proof that the Babylonians ever ap- proached more nearly to the Satrapial system than by the appointment in exceptional cases of a native ‘“ governor” in lieu of an hereditary king, as in the case of Gedaliah. The maintenance of Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin, and Zedekiah, on the throne of Judzea seems to indicate the general cha- racter of their government. It may even be suspected that Berosus’s “ Satrap of Egypt and Syria” was really Pha- raoh-Necho, whose position Babylonian vanity represented in that light. The LXX translate Daniel’s “ princes” (SMIDVWAN) by carpdra, but this cannot be regarded as an argument of much weight. Babylonian /istorical inscriptions are so scanty that we can derive little assist- ance from them towards determining the question. Note 27. p. 164. The extent of the kingdom (Dan. iv. 22), the absolute power of the king (ib. ii. 5, 13, 48; iii. 29, &c.), the in- fluence of the Chaldeans (ib. ii. 2; iii. 8, &c.), the idola- trous character of the religion, the use of images of gold (ib. li. 1; compare Herod. i. 183), are borne out by pro- fane writers, and (so far as their testimony can be brought to bear) by the monuments. The building (rebuilding) of Babylon (Dan. iv. 30) by Nebuchadnezzar, is confirmed in every way. (See above, note 15.) Again, there is a curi- ous notice in Daniel of a certain peculiarity which may be remarked in Nebuchadnezzavr’s religion, viz. his special devotion to a particular god. Nebuchadnezzar through- out his inscriptions presents himself to us as a devotee of Merodach. ‘ Merodach, his lord’ is the chief—almost the sole object of his worship and praise—invocations, prayers, and thanksgivings are addressed to him and him only. (See Sir H. Rawlinson’s remarks in the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. pp. 628, 629, and compare the Inscription of Nebu- 440 NOTES. chadnezzar in the same work, vol. ii. pp. 585-587.) This peculiarity is casually and incidentally noticed by Daniel, when he says that Nebuchadnezzar carried the sacred vessels of the temple “into the land of Shinar, to the house of iis god; and brought the vessels into the trea- sure-house of his god.” (i. 2.) Note 28. p. 165. See his Beitrdge zur Hinleitung in das Alt. Test. p. 105. Hengstenberg has on his side the authority of Eusebius, who so understood the passage (Chronica, i. 10, p. 21); but Eusebius’s arguments appear to me very weak. Note 29. p. 166. See Sir H. Rawlinson’s translation of the Standard In- scription in the author’s Herodotus, vol. ii. pp. 585-587. The passage to which reference is made in the text runs as follows—“ Four years (2)... the seat of my kingdom in the city... which ... did not rejoice my heart. In all my dominions I did not build a high place of power; the pre- cious treasures of my kingdom I did not lay up. In Ba- bylon, buildings for myself and for the honour of my king- dom I did not lay out. In the worship of Merodach my lord, the joy of my heart (), in Babylon the city of his sovereignty and the seat of my empire, I did not sing his praises (?), and I did not furnish his altars (with victims), nor did I clear out the canals.” Other negative clauses follow. From this literal rendering of the passage, only one or two words of which are at all doubtful, the reader may judge for himself to what event in his life it is likely that the monarch alludes. He should perhaps bear in mind that the whole range of cuneiform literature presents no similar instance of a king putting on record his own inaction. LECTURE V. 441 Note 30. p. 167. Berosus ap. Joseph. Contr. Ap. i. 20: NaSovyodovdcopos pev ovv peta TOD apEacOar Tod Tpoeipnuevov Telxous euTEToV eis Gppwotiay petndAdg~ato Tov Biov, BeBaoirevkas Eryn TET- aapdkovra tpia. Tis d€ BactArclas KUptos éyévero 6 vids aitod EveApapddovyos. Compare Abyden. ap. Euseb. Chron. i. 10, p. 28; and Polyhist. ap. eund. i. 5, § 3; p. 21. Note 31. p. 167. Berosus continues after the passage above quoted—O¢- TOS, TpocTas TOV TpaywaToV aVOpws Kal avEeAyGs, emBov- Aevdels ... avnpeOn. Note 31. p. 168. The Babylonian name is read as Nergal-shar-uzur ; the Hebrew form (Azsw-5r)) is exactly expressed by our authorized version, which gives Nergal-shar-ezer. The Greek renderings are far inferior to the Hebrew. Berosus, as reported by Josephus (1. s.c.), called the king Neri- glissoor; Polyhistor called him Neglissar (Euseb. Chron. 1. 53 p- 21); Abydenus, Niglissar (Armen. Euseb.) or Neri- glissar (Euseb. Prep. Ev. ix. 41), Ptolemy (Mag. Synt. l. s. c.) Nerigassolassar. Note 33. p. 168. The Babylonian vocalisation somewhat modifies the word,-which is read as in the Inscriptions as Rubw-emga. (See Sir H. Rawlinson’s note in the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. p. 518, note *.) With this the Hebrew Rab-mag (1272) is identical in all its consonants; and there can be no reasonable doubt that it is the same term. Gesenius has translated the title as “‘ Chief of the Magi” (Lexicon, p- 388, E. T.); but the Babylonian word which represents the Persian Magi in the Behistun Inscription bears no re- semblance at all to the emga of this title. Sir H. Rawlinson 44.2 NOTES. believes the signification to be “ Chief Priest,” but holds that there is no reference in it to Magism. Note 34. p. 168. Abydenus has the form Nabannidochus (ap. Euseb. Chron. i. 10, p. 28), with which may be compared the Naboandelus (probably to be read Naboandechus) of Jose- phus (Ant. Jud. x. 11.) Berosus wrote Nabonnedus (Jo- seph. Contr. Ap. i. 20) ; Herodotus, Labynetus (i. 77, 188.) The actual name seems to have been Nabu-nahit in Semitic, Nabu-induk in the Cushite Babylonian. Note 35. p. 169. So Josephus (Ant. Jud. 1. s. c.); Perizonius (Orig. Ba- bylon. p. 359); Heeren, Manual of Ancient History, p. 28, KE. T.; Des Vignoles, Guvres, vol. ii. p. 510, et seqq.; Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. pp. 369-371; the author of L’ Art de Verifier les Dates, vol. ii. p. 69; Winer, Realwiérterbuch ad voce. Belshazzar ; Kitto, Biblical Cyclopedia ad voce. eand.; &c. Note 36. p. 169. Tt has been almost universally concluded, by those who have regarded the book of Daniel as authentic, that the Belshazzar of that book must be identical with one or other of the native monarchs known from Berosus and Aby- denus to have occupied the throne between Nebuchadnezzar and Cyrus. Each monarch has been preferred in his turn. Conringius, Bouhier, Larcher, Marsham, Hupfeld, Hiver- nick, and others, have identified Belshazzar with Evil- Merodach ; Eusebius, Syncellus, and Hales, with Neri- glissar ; Jackson and Gatterer, with Laborosoarchod; but the bulk of commentators and historians with Nabonadius. (See the last note.) In every case there was the same difficulty in explaining the diversity of name, as well as in reconciling the historical facts recorded of the monarch preferred with what Scripture tells us of Belshazzar. On LECTURE V. 443 the whole, perhaps the hypothesis of Conringius was the least_objectionable. J Note 37. p. 169. So De Wette, Einleitung, § 255 a, p. 345. Note 38. p. 170. This view was maintained by Sir Isaac Newton. (See his Chronology, pp. 323-330.) Note 39. p. 170. Sir H. Rawlinson made this important discovery in the year 1854, from documents obtained at M/ugheir, the an- cient Ur. (See Mr. Loftus’s Chaldea and Susiana, ch. xii. pp: 132, 133; and compare the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. P- 525:) Note 40. p.170. Jehu, though ordinarily called “ the son of Nimshi,” was really his grandson (2 Kings ix. 2.) Merodach-Baladan, “ the son of Baladan,” according to Isaiah (xxxix. 1), 1s in the Inscriptions the son of Yagina. Baladan was probably one of his more remote ancestors. In Matt. 1. 1, our Blessed Lord is called ‘‘ the Son of David, (who was) the son of Abraham.” Note 41. p.171. Such marriages formed a part of the state policy of the time, and were sought with the utmost avidity. When Zedekiah’s daughters were committed to Gedaliah (Jerem. xli. 10), it was undoubtedly that he might marry them, in order (as Mr. F. Newman justly observes‘) “to establish for his descendants a hereditary claim on Jewish allegi- ance.” So Amasis married a daughter of Psammetik III’; and Atossa was taken to wife both by the Pseudo-Smerdis k Hebrew Monarchy, p. 361. 1 Wilkinson in the author’s Herodotus, vol. 1. p. 387. 444 NOTES. and by Darius, the son of Hystaspes, (Herod. 11. 68 and 88.) On the same grounds Herod the Great married Mariamné. (See Joseph. De Bell. Jud. i. 12, § 3.) An additional reason for suspecting that such a marriage as that suggested in the text was actually contracted by Nabonadius, is to be found in the fact, which may be re- garded as certain, that he adopted the name of Nebuchad- nezzar among his own family names. That he had a son so called, is proved by the rise of two pretenders in the reign of Darius, who each proclaimed himself to be “ Nebuchad- nezzar, the son of Nabonadius.” (Behistun Inser. Col. 1. Par. 16; and Col. im. Par. 13.) Note 42. p. 171. Syneellus, Chronograph. p. 438,B; Apoe. Dan. xiii. ad fin.; Jackson, Chronolog. Antig. vol. i. p. 416; Marsham, Can. Chron. p. 604, et seqq.; Winer, Realworterbuch ad voe. Darius; &c. Note 43. p. 171. This was the view of Josephus (Ant. Jud. x. 11, § 4) ; and from him it has been adopted very generally. See Prideaux’s Connection, &c., vol. i. p. 95; Hales’s Analysis of Chronology, vol. il. p. 508; Offerhaus, Spicileg. Hist. Chron. p. 265; Bertholdt, Lac. zum Daniel, p. 843 ; Heng- stenberg, Authentie des Daniel, § 48; Von Lengerke, Das Buch Daniel, § 92; Hooper’s Palmoni, pp. 278-283; and Kitto’s Biblical Cyclopedia, ad voe. Darius. But Xenophon is the sole authority for the existence of this personage ; and Herodotus may be quoted against his existence, since he positively declares that Astyages “ had no male off- spring.” (Herod. i. 109.) Note 44. p.171. By Lareher (Hérodote, vol. vii. p. 175), Conringius (Ad- versar. Chron. ©. 13), and Bouhier (Dissertations sur Héro- dote, ch. iii. p. 29.) LECTURE V. 445 Note 45. p. 171. Syncellus regarded Darius the Mede as at once identical with Astyages and Nabonadius. (Chronograph. pp. 437, 438.) Note 46. p. 171. That Cyrus placed Medes in situations of high trust, is evident from Herodotus (i. 156, and 162.) He may there- fore very possibly have established Astyages, his grand- father (?), as vice-king of Babylon, where the latter may have been known to the Jews as Darius the Mede. The diversity of name is no real objection here; for Astyages (Asdahages= Aj-dahak) is not a name, but (like Pharaoh) a title. And if it be said that Darius the Mede was the son of an Ahasuerus or Xerxes (Dan. ix. 1), while Astyages was the son of Cyaxares, it may be answered that, according to one explanation, Cyaxares is equivalent to HKei-Axares. or King Xerxes. There is still an objection in the age of Darius Medus, who was only 62 in B. C. 538 (Dan. v. 31), whereas Astyages (it would seem) must have been 75 at that time. (See the author’s Herodotus, vol. i. pp. 417, 4.18.) But as the numbers depend here on the single authority of Herodotus, whose knowledge of Median history was not very great, perhaps they are not greatly entitled to con- sideration. If however it be thought that, for this or any other rea- son, Darius Medus cannot be Astyages, we may regard him as a Median noble, entrusted by Cyrus with the go- vernment of Babylon. Scripture makes it plain that his true position was that of a subordinate king, holding his crown of a superior. Darius the Mede, we are told (Dan. v. 30), * took the kingdom” — ymaor 635 —that is, “aceepit regnum”’ (Buxtorf. ad voc. oi): “ received the kingdom at the hand of another.” And again we read in another place (Dan. ix. 1), that he “as made king over the realm of the Chaldseans;” where the word used is 446 NOTES. 32077, the Hophil of To, the Hiphal of which is used when David appoints Solomon king, and which thus means distinctly, “‘ was appointed king by another.” Note 47. p. 172. Herod. i. 191; Xen. Jnstit. Cyr. vii. 5, § 15. Note 48. p. 172. See the author’s Herodotus, vol. 1. pp. 401-403. Note 49. p. 172. Even the tyrant Cambyses, when he wished to marry his sister, Ott ovk é€wOdta emevdce ToLnoELY, Elpero Kadéoas TOs Baotrnlovs diuxaotas, ef TLs EaTL KEAEVwWY VopmOS TOV Bov- Adpevon GdeApen cuvorxeew. (Herod. iii. 31.) And Xerxes, when he had been entrapped, like Herod Antipas, into making a rash promise, feels compelled to keep it, i76 rod vomov eLepyouevos, OTL aTYxHTaL TOV xpyfovTa ov ode SuVA- Tov €oTt Baotrniov delmvov Tpoxeysevov. (Ibid. ix. 111.) Note 50. p. 172. See De Wette, Hinleitung, § 255 a, p- 345. Compare Mr. Parker’s Translation, (vol. 11. p. 490), where it is sug- gested that the author has copied and exaggerated what Herodotus ascribes to Darius Hystaspis. Note 51. p.172. See Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, vol. ii. p. 372: “The one hundred and twenty princes appointed by Darius (Dan. vi. 1) correspond to the one hundred and twenty-seven pro- vinces of Ahasuerus (Esth. i. 1), and to the enlarged extent of the empire.” Note 52. p.174. Nebuchadnezzar’s first conquest of Judea in the reign of Jehoiakim—which was the occasion on which Daniel LECTURE V. 44:7 became a captive (Dan. 1. 1)—fell, as appears from the fragment of Berosus quoted in note 81 to Lecture IV, in his father’s last year, which, according to Ptolemy’s Canon, was B.C.605. Nebuchadnezzar then reigned himself 43 years, Evil-Merodach his son reigned 2 years, Neriglissar three years and some months, Laborosoarchod three quar- ters of a year, Nabonadius 17 years, and Darius the Mede one year. Consequently Daniel’s prayer “ in the first year of Darius the Mede” (Dan. ix. 1-3) fell into the year B. C. 538, or 68 years after the first conquest of Judea by Ne- buchadnezzar in B. C. 605. Note 53. p. 174. See Clinton’s Fasti Hellenici, vol. ii. pp. 366-368; and Mr. Hooper’s Palmoni, p. 390. Note 54. p. 174. In Daniel’s prophecy of the weeks, we have (I think) the term of seventy years used first (Dan. ix. 24) as a round number, and afterwards explained—accuracy being of especial importance in this prophecy—as 684 weeks (ibid. 25-27.) In Ezekiel, the forty years’ desolation of Egypt (Ez. xxix. 11-13) can scarcely be understood to extend really to the full term. Prophecy is, as Bacon says, “ a kind of historiography ;” but it does not ordinarily affect the minuteness and strict accuracy of human history. Note 55. p. 175. Eiinleitung, § 196,197, pp. 260-265. It is obvious that the insertion of documents, such as the proclamation of Cyrus (Ez. i. 24), the list of those who came up with Ze- rubbabel (ib. 11. 3-67 ; Neh. viii. 7-69) ; the letters of the Samaritans, the Jews, the Persian kings (ib. iv. 11-22, &c.), and the like, does not in the slightest degree affect the unity and integrity of the works. But De Wette does not appear to see this (§ 196 a, p. 260.) 448 NOTES. Note 56. p. 176. The number of generations from Joshua to Jaddua, which is six (Neh. xii. 1o-12), should cover a space of about 200 years. This would bring Jaddua to the latter half of the 4th century B.C. Exactly at this time there lived the well-known high-priest Jaddua, who received Alexander at Jerusalem, and shewed him the prophecies of Daniel. (Joseph. Ant. Jud. xi. 8.) At this time too there was a Darius (Darius Codomannus) upon the Persian throne, as noted in verse 22. The Jaddua of Nehemiah must therefore be regarded as the contemporary of Alex- ander. Havernick allows this, but still thinks that Nehemiah may have written the whole book, since he may have lived to the time of Jaddua! But as Nehemiah was old enough to be sent on an important mission in B. C. 445 (Neh. ii. i—8), he would have been considerably above a hundred before Jaddua can have been priest, and 130 or 14¢ before the accession of Codomannus. ry Note 57. p. 176. Eight Dukes or Kings are mentioned in Genesis xxxvi. 31—39, as having reigned over Edom, “ before there reigned any king in Israel.” This last clause must have been written after the time of Saul, the first Israelite king; and it has commonly been regarded as an interpolation. (Graves’s Lectures on the Pentateuch, vol. i. p. 346; Horne, Lntrodue- tion, vol. i. p.64; &e.) But the real interpolation seems to be from verse 31 to verse 39 inclusive. These kings, whose reigns are likely to have covered a space of 200 years, must come down later than Moses, and probably reach nearly to the time of Saul. The whole passage seems to have been transferred from 1 Chr. i. 43-50. In 1 Chronicles i. 17-24, the genealogy of the de- scendants of Jechoniah is carried on for nine generations (Jechoniah, Pedaiah, Zerubbabel, Hananiah, Shekaniah, LECTURE V. 449 Shemaiah, Neariah, Elioenai, and Hodaiah), who must have occupied a period not much short of three centuries. As Jechoniah came to the throne in B. C. 597, this portion of Chronicles can scarcely have been written before B.C. 300. See De Wette, Hinleitung, § 189, p. 242, whose argument here appears to be sound. He remarks, that the occur- rence of a Shemaiah, the son of Shekaniah, among the contemporaries of Nehemiah (Neh. iii. 29), confirms the calculation, and indicates that the genealogy is consecu- tive. Note 58. p. 176. De Wette in one place admits that Ezra may have written a chapter (ch. x.) in which the third person is used, but pronounces against his having written the open- ing passage of ch. vil. (verses 1-10), chiefly on this ground. (Hinleitung, § 196 a, p. 261.) Bertholdt and Zunz go farther, and deny that Ezra can have written ch. x. Pro- fessor Stuart concludes, chiefly on account of the alterna- tion of persons, that “some one of Ezra’s friends, pro- bably of the prophetic order, compiled the book from various documents,” among which were some written by Ezra himself. (Defence of the Old Testament Canon, § 6, p. 148.) : Note 59. P- 176. The third person is used through the first six chapters of Daniel, and at the opening of the seventh. The first then takes its place to the end of ch.ix. The third recurs in the first verse of ch. x.; after which the first is used uninterruptedly. Note 60. p.176. Thucydides begins his history in the third person (i. 1.); but changes to the first after a few chapters (i. 20-22). Further on, in book iv., he resumes the third (chs. 104— 106.) In book v. ch. 26, he begins in the third, but runs on into the first, which he again uses in book viii. ch. 97. RAWLINSON. eg 450 NOTES. Note 61. p.177. See Sir H. Rawlinson’s Memoir on the Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions, vol. i. pp. 279, 286, 287, 292, 293, 324, 327, &e. Note 62. p. 177. The “ first year of Cyrus” (Iz. i. 1), by which we must understand his first year in Babylon, was B.C. 538. The seventh year of Artaxerxes, when Ezra took the direction of affairs at Jerusalem (ib. vii. 8), was B.C. 459 or 458. (See Clinton’s Fasti Hellenici, vol. ii. p. 378.) Note 63. p. 178. See above, Lecture I. page 22, and compare p. 318, note 48. Note 64. p. 178. De Wette, Einleitung, § 196 a, p. 260; vol. ii. p. 324, Parker's Translation: Stuart, Defence of the Canon, § 6, p- 148; Horne, Introduction, vol. v. pp. 64, 65. Note 65. p. 178. See Lecture IV. p.118. id Note 66. p.178. See Lecture I. pp. 15,16; and p. 315, note 34. Note 67. p. 178. “‘ Die Erzihlung,” says De Wette, “ besteht aus einer Reihe geschichtlicher Schweirigkeiten und Unwahrschein- lichkeiten, und enthalt mehrere Verstiésse gegen die Per- sischen Sitten.” (Hinleitung, § 198 a, p. 266.) Note 68. p.178. (Eder, Freien Untersuchungen iiber d. Kanon des Alt. Test. p.12, et seqq.; Michaelis, Orient. Bibliothek, vol. ii LECTURE V. 451 p- 35, et seqq.; Corrodi, Beleucht. d. Geschicht. d. Jiid. Ka- nons, vol. 1. p. 66, et seqqg.; and Bertholdt, Historisch- Kritische Hinleitung in simmt. kanon. und apokr. Schriften d. Alt. und Neuen Testaments, p. 2425. Note 69. p.178. See Carpzov’s Introductio, xx. § 6, pp. 365, 366, where he shews that the Jews place the Book of Esther on a par with the Pentateuch, and above all the rest of Scripture. Note 70. p.179. Even De Wette allows it to be “incontestable (wn- streitig) that the feast of Purim originated in Persia, and was occasioned by an event similar to that related in Esther.” (Hinleitung, § 198 b, p. 267; vol. ii. p. 339, Par- ker’s Translation.) Stuart says very forcibly—‘“ The fact that the feast of Purim has come down to us from time almost immemorial, proves as certainly that the main events related in the Book of Esther happened, as the declaration of mdependence and the celebration of the fourth of July prove that we (Americans) separated from Great Britain, and became an independent nation.” (//is- tory and Defence of the O. T. Canon, § 21, p. 308.) Note 71. p. 179. It is remarkable that the name of God is not once mentioned in Esther. The only religious ideas introduced with any distinctness are the efficacy of a national humi- hation (Esth. iv. 1-3), the certainty that punishment will overtake the wicked (ib. verse 14), and a feeling of con- fidence that Israel will not be forsaken (ibid.). Various reasons have been given for this reticence (Carpzov, /n- troduct. p. 369; Baumgarten, De Fide Lib. Estheris; p. 58; Horne, Jntroduction, vol. v. p. 69, &c.); but they are con- jectural, and so uncertain. One thing only is clear, that if a Jew in later times had wished to palm upon his coun- 452 NOTES. trymen, as an ancient and authentic narrative, a work which he had composed himself, he would have taken care not to raise suspicion against his work by such an omission. (See the remarks of Professor Stuart, Defence of the Canon, poi.) Note 72. p. 179. The grounds upon which the historieal character of the Book of Esther is questioned, are principally the following. (1.) The Persian king intended by Ahasuerus seems to be Xerxes. As Esther cannot be identified with Amestris, the daughter of Otanes, who really ruled Xerxes, the whole story of her being made queen, and of her great power and influence, becomes impossible. (2.) Mordecai, having been carried into captivity with Jechoniah (in B.C. 588), must have been 120 years old in Xerxes’ twelfth year (B.C. 474), and Esther must have been “a superannuated beauty.” (3.) A Persian king would never have invited his queen to a carousal. (4.) The honours paid to Mor- decai are excessive. (5.) The marriage with a Jewess is impossible, since the queens were taken exclusively from the families of the seven conspirators. (6.) Esther’s con- cealment of her Jewish descent, and Haman’s ignorance of her relationship to Mordecai, are highly improbable. (7.) The two murderous decrees, the long notice given, and the tameness ascribed to both Jews and Persians, are incredible. (8.) The massacre of more than 75,000 Persians by the Jews in a day, without the loss (so far as appears) of a man, transcends belief, and is an event of such a nature that “no amount of historical evi- dence would render it credible.” (See Mr. Parker’s addi- tions to De Wette, vol. ii. pp. 340-345.) It is plain that none of these objections are of very great weight. The first, second, and last are met and refuted in the text. To the third it is enough to answer, in De Wette’s own words (Hinleitung, § 198 a, p. 267), that such an invitation is “ possible on account of the advancing corruption in Xerxes’ time, and through the folly of Xerxes himself.” LECTURE V. 453 To the fourth we may reply, that the honours being ana- logous (as De Wette observes) to those paid to Joseph, are thereby shewn to be not greater than under some cir- cumstances were assigned to benefactors by eastern mon- archs. Nor would any one acquainted with the Kast make the objection. The fifth objection is met by observing, that when Cambyses wished to marry his sister, which was as much against the law as marrying a Jewess, and con- sulted the royal judges on the point, they told him, that there was no law, so far as they knew, which allowed a man to marry his sister, but that there was a law to this effect, that the Persian king might do what he pleased. he sixth objection scarcely needs a reply, for its answer is con- tained in the preceding objection. If it was contrary to Per- sian law that the king should marry a Jewess, the fact of Esther’s nationality would be sure to be studiously con- cealed. Finally, to the seventh objection we may answer, that the murderous tenor of the decrees is credible (as De Wette confesses) on account of the ‘“ base character and disposition of Xerxes”—that the length of notice in the first instance was the consequence of Haman’s super- stition, while the length of the notice in the second in- stance followed necessarily upon the first—and that no ‘“‘tameness” is proved by the mere silence of Scripture as to the number of Jews who fell in the struggle. ‘“ The author of the book,” as Professor Stuart observes, “ is wholly intent upon the victory and the deliverance of the Jews. The result of the encounter he relates, viz. the great loss and humiliation of Persian enemies. But how much it cost to achieve this victory he does not relate... We can scarcely doubt that many Jews were killed or wounded.” (/istory and Defence of the O. T. Canon, § 21, PP- 309; 310-) Note 73. p.179. Carpzov, /ntroductio, ¢. xx. § 4, pp. 360, 361. 454: NOTES. Note 74. p. 180. Carpzov, § 6, pp. 368, 369. This was probably the ground of Luther’s objections to the Canonicity of Esther. (De Servo Arbitrio, p.118; et alibi.) It may also have caused the omission of Esther from some lists of the canonical books in the fathers. (Athanas. Hp. Festal. vol. i. p. 963 ; Synops. S. 8. vol. ii. p. 128; Melito ap. Euseb. Hist. Eccl. iv. 26, &c.) In recent times the objection has not been much pressed. Note 75. p. 182. See Sir H. Rawlinson’s Memoir on the Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions, vol. i. pp. 197-200, 273, 274, 280, 286, 29), 299; 320, 324, 327, 339 335, 338, and 342. Note 76. p. 182. Ibid. pp. 285, 291, 319, 723, &ce. Note 77. p. 183. Ewald, Geschichte d. Volkes Israel, vol. iii. part. ii. p. 118: Winer, Realworterbuch, ad voce. Ahasuerus and Artachs- chaschta ; Kitto, Biblical Cyclopedia, vol. i. pp. 98 and 229; Se. Note 78. p. 183. The Pseudo-Smerdis seems to have been known by se- veral names. According to Darius (Behist. Inser. col. i. par. 11), his true name was Gomates (Gaumata), and he gave himself out for Smerdis (Bardiya). According to Justin (i. 9, § 9), he was called Oropastes. As Artaxerxes means “Great King, ‘ Great Warrior” (see the author’s Herodotus, vol. iil. p. 552), it may perhaps have been in common use as an epithet of any Persian monarch. The application to Cambyses of the name Ahasuerus (= Xerxes) is still more curious. Cambyses was known as Kembath in Egypt, Kabujiya in Persia, KayBvons in Greece. It is certainly yery remarkable that the Jews should only know LECTURE V. 455 him as Xerxes. Perhaps the theory of Mr. Howes (Pictorial Bible, ad loc.) with respect to the Ahasuerus of Ezra iv. 6, viz., that Xerxes is intended, might be adopted, without the adoption of his view that the Artaxerxes of the next verse is Artaxerxes Longimanus. The author may go on in verse 6 to a fact subsequent to the time of Darius, whom he has mentioned in verse 5, and then return in verse 7 to a time anterior to Darius. But Mr. Howes’s view of the Artaxerxes of verse 7 is incompatible with the nexus of verses 23 and 24. Note 79. p. 183. The reigns are in each case four—Cyrus, Cambyses, Smerdis the Mage, Darius Hystaspis, in profane history— Cyrus, Ahasuerus, Artaxerxes, Darius, in Ezra. The har- mony of the chronology is best seen from Zechariah. That prophet implies that 70 years were not completed from the destruction of Jerusalem in the second year of Darius (Zech. 1. 7 and 12); but that they were completed twe years later, in the fourth year of that prince (ib. vii. 5). He therefore, it would seem, placed the completion in Darius’s 3rd or 4th year; i. e. in B.C. 519 or 518. Tak- ing the latter date, and counting back by the years of the Astronomical Canon, we find the first of the seventy years to fall into B.C. 587. Now this appears by the same Canon to have been the 18th of Nebuchadnezzar, which was the exact year of the destruction of Jerusalem (Jer. li. 29).™ Thus the two chronologies harmonise exactly. Note 80. p. 183. See the Behistun Inseript. col. 1. par. 14. m In 2 Kings xxv. 8, we find the nineteenth year mentioned as that of the destruction instead of the eighteenth. I believe the cause of this difference to be, that some reckoned the reign of Nebuchadnezzar to have commenced in B.C. 60;—the last year of Nabopolassar—when Nebuchadnezzar came into Palestine as his father’s representative, defeated Necho, and made Jehoiakim tributary. (See Lecture IV. note 81.) 456 NOTES. Note 81. p.184. Behist. Inser. 1. s. ¢. Note 82. p. 185. The length of the Persian kings’ reigns from the time of Darius Hystaspis to that of Darius Nothus is fixed beyond the possibility of doubt. Besides the Greek contemporary notices, which would form a very fair basis for an exact chronology, we have the consentient testimony on the point of Babylonian and Egyptian tradition, preserved to us in the Astronomical Canon and in Manetho, as reported by Eusebius. From both it appears, that from the sixth year of Darius to the seventh of Artaxerxes (Longimanus) was a period of 58 years. Note 83. p. 186. The Persian word is read as Ahshayarsha. Ahasuerus (WIA) only differs from AKhshayarsha by the adoption of the prosthetic $$, which the Hebrews invariably placed before the Persian Kish, and the substitution of 4 for 9, a common dialectic variation. Gesenius (Thesaurus, vol. i. p- 75), and Winer (Realworterbuch, ad voc. Ahasuerus) ad- mit the identity of the words. The construction of Esther ii. 5,6 is ambiguous. The word “who” (WN), at the commencement of verse 6, may refer either to Mordecai, the chief subject of the nar- rative, or to Kish, the /ast individual mentioned in verse 5. If Kish was carried off by Nebuchadnezzar about B.C. 597, we should expect to find his great-grandson living in B. C, 485-465, four generations or 130 years afterwards, Note 85. p. 187. See Herod. vii. 1g, 20. Note 86. p. 187. Ibid. ix. 108. Note 87. p. 187. De Wette, Einleitung, § 198 a, p. 267; vol. ii. p. 337, Parker's Translation, LECTURE V. 457 Note 88. p. 187. Amestris was the daughter of Otanes, according to He- rodotus (vii. 61); according to Ctesias, of Onophas or Anaphes (xe. Pers., § 20.) It has been maintained, that she was Esther by Scaliger. and Jahn; but, besides other objections, the character of Amestris makes this very im- probable. (See Herod. vii. 114; ix. 112; Ctes. Exe. Pers. § 40-43.) Note 89. p. 188. Einleitung, § 199; p. 268. The following points of exact knowledge are noted by De Wette’s Translator (vol. ii. p. 346), more distinctly than by De Wette himself :—1. The unchangeableness of the royal edicts; 2. the prohibition of all approach to the king without permission; 3. the man- ner of publishing decrees; 4. the employment of eunuchs in the seraglio; 5. the absence of women at banquets; 6. the use of lots in divination; and 7. the sealing of decrees with the royal signet (compare Herod. 111. 128.) To these may be added, 1. the general character of the Persian palaces (i. 5,6; compare Loftus’s Chaldea and Susiana, pp. 373— 375); 2. the system of posts (vill. 10; Herod. viii. 98) ; 3. the law that each wife should go in to the king in her turn (ii.12; Herod. i. 69); 4. the entry in ‘ the book of records” of the names and acts of royal benefactors (iil. 23; vi. 1, 2; Herod. vil. 194; vill. 85, 90; &c.); and 5. the principle that all such persons had a right toa re- ward (vi. 3; Herod. iii. 140; vill. 85; ix. 107). Note 90. p. 188. Herod. il. 79; Ctes. Hac. Pers. § 15. Note 91. p. 189. Some writers have supposed that the Artaxerxes who befriended Ezra was really Xerxes. So Josephus, (Ant. Jud. xi. 5); who is followed by J. D. Michaelis (ad loc.), 458 NOTES. Jahn (inleitung, vol. ii. p. 276), and others. But there seems to be no good reason for supposing him to have been a different person from the Artaxerxes of Nehemiah, who is allowed on all hands to be Longimanus. (See the article on Arraxerxes in Kitto’s Biblical Cyclopedia, where the question is ably argued.) That the Artaxerxes of Nehe- miah is Longimanus, appears from the length of his reign (Neh. v. 14), combined with the fact that he was contem- porary with the grandsons or great-grandsons of those who were contemporary with Cyrus”. Note 92. p. 189. Ctesias ap. Phot. Bibliothec. pp. 115-124. Note 93. p. igo. On the non-historical character of the Book of Judith, see the author's Herodotus, vol. i. p. 245, note *. » The length of his reign, 32 years at the least, shews him to have been either Longimanus or Mnemon. But as Eliashib, the grandson of Jeshua, who went from Babylon as high-priest in the first year of Cyrus (B. C. 538) is still alive in the 32nd year of Nehemiah’s Arta- xerxes (Neh. xiii. 6, 7), it seems quite impossible that he can be Mne- mon, whose 32nd year was B. C. 374. (See the author’s Herodotus, vol. iv. pp. 260, 261, note !8,) INOr DES: LECTURE VI. Note 1. p. 193. ON the different views entertained as to the exact year of our Lord’s birth, see Olshausen’s Biblischer Commentar, vol. 11. pp. 619-622; vol. iv. pp. 334-337, E.T.° On the testimonies which determine the death of Herod the Great to the year of Rome 750, see Clinton’s Kast Hellenici, vol. il. pp. 254 and 256. The Nativity thus falls at least as early as A.U.C.749, and the vision of Zachariah as early as A. U.C. 748. Some important astronomical reasons are assigned by Dean Alford (Greck Testament, vol. i. p. 7) for believing that the actual year of the Nativity was A. U.C. 747, or seven years before the Christian Era. _ The termination of the history of the Acts has also been variously placed, in A. D. 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, and 65. (See Olshausen, |. s.c.) I prefer the shorter reckoning on the grounds stated by Dr. Burton. (Ecclesiastical History of the First Three Centuries, vol. i. pp. 277, 278.) Note 2. p. 196. See Lecture II. p. 39. Note 3. p. 197. Strauss, Leben Jesu, § 133; p. 56, i. T. © Commentary on the Gospels and the Acts, by Hermann Olshausen, D.D. Translated by the Rev. H. B. Creak, A.M. Third edition. Edinburgh, Clarke, 1857. 460 NOTES. Note 4. p. 197. Strauss, Leben Jesu, |. s. ec. Note 5. p. 197. Ibid...§:14 3 p.84 40 e. Note 6. p. 197. Ibid. § 53; p. 56, E. T. Note 7. p. 198. ibid: 1. 8: /¢. 5. pp. 02, 63,8. L. Note 8. p. 199. In the Syriac Version of Matthew, which is undoubtedly very old, and which some regard as of nearly equal au- thority with the Greek Gospel?, the title runs, “ The Gos- pel, the Preaching of Matthew.” The Persian has, “ The Gospel of Matthew;” and the Arabic, “ The Gospel of Saint Matthew the Apostle, which he wrote in Hebrew by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit.” (See Horne’s Jntroduc- tion, vol. i. pp. 260, 261.) Note 9. p. 199. Herodotus, for example, is quoted but by ene author (Ctesias) within this period (B. C. 450-350.) In the next century (B.C. 350-250) he is also quoted by one author, Aristotle; in the century following (B.C. 250-150), he is not quoted at all; in the fourth century, he for the first time musters two witnesses, Scymnus Chius and Cicero 4; it is not till the fifth century from the time of his writing his history, that he is largely and commonly cited by writers of the day. (See Mr. Isaac Taylor’s recent work on the Transmission of Ancient Books to Modern Times, pp. 295— P See Dr. Cureton’s recent work, Remains of a very Ancient Recen- sion of the four Gospels in Syriac, London, 1858. 4 Posidonius should perhaps be added as a third witness belonging to this period. He quoted Herodotus, not very correctly, in his 'Trea- tise concerning the Ocean. (Fr. Hist. Gr. vol. ili. p. 279.) LECTURE VI. 461 299.) The first distinet quotation’ of Thucydides seems to be that by Hermippus (fragm. Hist. Gr. vol. iii. p. 48, Fr. 54), who lived about B.C. 200, nearly two centuries after him. Posidonius, writing about B.C. 75, first quotes Polybius, who wrote about B.C. 150. Livy is, I believe, only quoted by Quinctilian among writers of the century following him; Tacitus, though mentioned as a writer by the younger Pliny, is first cited—nearly a century after his death—by Tertullian. If the reader will cast his eye over the “ Testimonies,” as they are called, prefixed to most old editions of the classics, he will easily convince himself of the general truth of the assertion upon which I have ven- tured in the text. The argument is one advanced, but without proof, by Paley. (Hvidences, Part i. ch. 10; p. 104.) Note 10. p. 201. Strauss, Leben Jesu, § 13; p. 55, E. 'T. Note 11. p. 201. See Lecture II. pp. 39-47; and note 8 on Lecture V. PP- 433> 434- Note 12. p. 202. _ See Horne’s Introduction, vol. v. p. 113; Kitto, Biblical Cyclopedia, vol. il. p. 582. Note 13. p. 202. See Grabe, Spicilegium Patrum, vol. ii. p. 225; Pearson, Vindicie Iqnatiane, Pars i. e.6; Burton, Ecclesiastical Mistory, vol. ii. pp. 29, 30; and p. 152. Note 14. p. 202. Constitutiones Apostolice, vi. 16; Ireneus, adv. Heres. 1.20; &e. ¥ Cratippus alluded to the fact that there were no speeches in the last book, and that the work was left unfinished; but he did not (so far as we know) make any quotation. (Fr. Hist. Gr. vol. ii. p. 76.) 462 NOTES. Note 15. p. 203. Strauss, Leben Jesu, § 13; pp. 62, 63; E.T. Some writers have maintained that the expression xara Mar@aiov is exactly equivalent to the genitive tod Mar@aiov. (See Horne’s Introduction, vol. vy. p. 260.) Olshausen observes more correctly, that the expression is ambiguous. It may mark actual and complete authorship, as in the passage quoted from 2 Maccab. in the text; or it may mean edi- torship, as in the phrase “Oynpos kata ’Apiotapyov. The unanimous testimony of the early Christian writers proves that, as applied to the Gospels, it was used in the former sense. If it be asked, why the simple genitive was not used, Olshausen replies (rightly, as it seems to me), be- cause the Gospel was known as “ the Gospel of Jesus Christ.” Piety therefore made the use of such phrases as evayyéAtoy Maréatov, evayyéAvov Mdpxov, “ impossible.” (Biblischer Commentar, Hinleitung, § 4; p.11, note.) Note 16. p. 204. Faustus, the Manichean, did indeed attempt to prove that the first Gospel was not the work of St. Matthew; but 1. he wrote late in the fourth century; and 2. it seems that he could find no flaw in the external evidence, since he based his conclusion on an internal difficulty—the use of the third instead of the first person by the supposed writer (Matt. ix. 9g). Eichhorn, having ventured on the assertion. that ‘many ancient writers of the Church doubted the genuineness of many parts of our Gospels,” is only able to adduce in proof of it this instance of Faus- tus. (See his Hinlettung in das N. Test. vol. i. p. 145.) Note 17. p. 204. Irenzeus says—'O pév 7 MarOaios év rois‘EBpatos ri idia dbradé > cal \ La ef / , rd na a] / KT@ auT@Y Kal ypadyy eEjveyxev evayyedlov, Tod [érpov kal Tod IlavAov év “Poéyn evayyeAtCopevwv Kal OeuedvodvT@v THY exkAnolay. Mera 0é tiv Ttovrwy Efodov, Mdpxos 6 abnrijs \ c \ / SY aN \ « \ / , Kal epyyveutis [léetpov, Kal avtos 7a bro Tlétpov Knpvoodpeva LECTURE VI. 463 . / = (rn / aN fon Nal 3h) V2 , Eyypadws nuiv Tapadedmxe. Kat Aovkas d€ 6 axddAovdos Tavdov, AK ez 3 3 / , > / >] / / TO Um €xelvov Kynpvooopevov evayyéeALov ev BiBAlw Karéero. wy ? i ¢ XX nN / < > >] \ \ lal Ezeira Iwavyns 6 pabytns tot Kupiov, 6 kai én Td otHOos > a >] SS \ EN: > / \ b) / 3 , / avTov avarecay, Kal adtos e&€dwKe TO evayyéALov, ev Edeow tis “Aoias diatpiBov. (Advers. Heres. iii. 1.) And again— Kat ra EiayyéAua obv rovro.s ovppava, ev ois éyxadeCetar Xpi- , ak SS \ Sie / \ SiN ral \ ¢€ ores. To pev yap xara Iwavynv tHv amo tot Llarpos ajyepuo- \ ’ cal NX: OF: \ ta) / 9 ) Kees € VLKIY aUTOU Kal Evdogov yeveay buynyetrar, A€yov' "Ev apx7 jv 6 Adyos x.t.X. To 6€ kata Aovkay, Gre tepatixod yapaxtipos bmdpxov, and Tod Zayapiov tod tepéws Ovpivtos TO) Oc@ y+ o S X\ eh 8S) ies b) a / np€aro ... Mardaios 5& tiv Kar drvOpérov abtod yévynow Kny- porret, K€ywv" BiBdos yevécews Inood Xpiorod x.t.d. Mdpxos d€ Gro TOU TpodyTiKOD TVEpaTOS ... THY apxiV eTooaro, Aé- you "Apxi tod ebayyediov “Inood Xpistob x.t.r. (Ibid. iii. rr § pr) Clement—according to the report of Eusebius—said : / a 2) 4 XX / \ ig Tpoyeypapba TOY Eevayyediov Ta TEpleXoVTA Tas yeveadoylas: XN SS SS , “4 2. / ‘ > / ca) , TO 6€ kata Mapkov tavtnv éoynkevat THY oiKovoutay: Tov Térpov dnuooia ev “Pdun KnypvEavtos tov Adyov, Kal Tvetpatt Td evayyédiov e€ertovTos, TOVs TapdvTas ToAAOVs dvTAas TapaKa- A€oat TOv Mapxov, os dv axodovdjcavta aire Toppwobev, Kab Mepynuevoy TOV AEXOevTa@V, avaypaya TA elpnueva’ ToUjoavra d€ TO EvayyeALoV, peTAadotvaL Tos Seomevors adTod. “Omep émt- yvovta tov Lleérpov, mpotpentixOs pte Kodvoar pajte Tpo- f ‘ \ / ) / ” / 4 XX tpewacOat’ Tov pevtor "lwavynv €oxarov cuvidovta 6Tt TA Tw- paTiKa ev Tots evayyeAtors ded7jA@TAL, TpoTpaTevTAa bT0 TOV yropiwov, mvevpatt OeohopnOervta, TvEevpaTiKoy ToLjoaL ebayyé- Awov. (Ap. Euseb. Hist. Kecles. vi. 14.) Tertullian writes—“ In summa, si constat id verius quod prius, id prius quod et ab initio, id ab initio quod ab apostolis; pariter utique constabit, id esse ab apostolis traditum, quod apud ecclesias apostolorum fuerit sacro- sanctum. Videamus quod lac a Paulo Corinthii hause- rint; ad quam regulam Galatz sint recorrecti; quid le- gant Philippenses, Thessalonicenses, Ephesii; quid etiam Romani de proximo sonent, quibus evangelium et Petrus et Paulus sanguine suo signatum reliquerunt. Habemus et Johannis alumnas ecclesias... Dico itaque apud illas, 464. NOTES. nec solas jam apostolicas, sed apud universas, que illis de societate sacramenti confcederantur, id Evangelium Lucee ab initio editionis suze stare, quod cum maxime tuemur ... adem auctoritas ecclesiarum apostolicarum ceteris quoque patrocinabitur evangeliis, quee proinde per illas et secundum illas habemus; Johannis dico et Matthzi; licet et Marcus quod edidit, Petri adfirmetur, cujus interpres Marcus ; nam et Luce digestum Paulo adscribere solent. Capit ma- gistrorum videri, quze discipuli promulgarint.” (Adv. Mar- cion. IV. 5.) Origen—‘Qs év wapaddce: pabav epi Tv Tecodpwv ebay- yedlov, & kal pova avavtippynta éoti év TH bm TOV ovpavov €xkkAnola to} Oeov* Gri aperov pev yéypanrat TO Kata Tov ToTE TeASYNV, VaTEpoy dé aroaToAOY "Inood Xpt- atod MarOaiov, éxdedmxdTa avTd Tots a70 ‘lovdaiopod mu TEv- gaol, ypdppacw “EBpaixois ovvreraypévov' dedvtepov b& TO kata Mdpxov, ws Ilérpos ifynynoaro atte, Toujoavta’ ... kal tpitov 70 Kata Aovkav, to two TavAov émawovpevov evay- yéduov, Tots and Tév COvev TeTONKOTA ent maou 5 TO KaTa "Todvenv. (Ap. Euseb. Hist. Eecles. vi. 25.) Of course these passages do not form a hundredth part of the testimony borne by these writers to the authority of the four Gospels. They use them with the same fre- queney and deference as modern divines. They appeal to them alone in proof of doctrine, making the most marked difference between them and such apocryphal “ Lives of Christ” as they mention. The student will find this por- tion of the Christian evidences drawn out most fully by Lardner, in his great work on the Credibility of the Gospel History, vol. i. pp. 283 et seqq. A good selection from the evidence is made by Mr. Norton (Genuwineness of the Gos- pels, vol. i. pp. 83-105.) Paley’s Synopsis also deserves the attention of the student. (Hvidences, part i. ch. 10, § 1) Note 18. p. 204. Justin’s ordinary expression is “the Memoirs of the Apostles” (ra dropvnpovedpata téy azoordAwr) ; but in one PROTUORE VI. 465° place he identifies these Memoirs with the Gospels by adding, & xadeira evayyeAva, “which are called Gospels.” (Apol. i. p.83,B.) He appears to prefer the former term in addressing the heathen, as more classical. In his Dialogue with Trypho he sometimes uses the term evayyéAtov simply. (Opera, p.195, D.) These Memoirs, or Gospels, he says, were composed ‘“ by the Apostles of Christ and their com- ‘panions” (rots droprynpovedpacw, & pnt b7d Tov’ ATooTéhwv avTod Kal TOV exelvois TapaxohovOnoavt@ys cuvTeTaxOa). It has been questioned by Bishop Marsh and others whether the quotations are really from our Gospels; but the doubt, if it deserves the name, has (I think) been wholly set at rest by Bishop Kaye (Account of the Life and Opinions of Justin Martyr, ch. viii. pp. 132-152), and Mr. Norton (Cre- dibility, &c. vol. 1. note E, pp. 316-324). The careful analysis of the latter writer exhausts the subject, and de- serves attentive perusal. Note 19. p. 204. Papias said—Mardaios pév oty “EBpatds dtadéxtw- Ta Aoyta guveypawaro. Epynvevoe & atta ws iv Ouvatos Exaoros. And, Mapkos pév Epynvevris lérpov yevopevos, doa euvnuovevoer, axplBa@s Eypaypev, od pevTot TAEEL TA LTO TOD Xpiorod 7) AexOevTa 7) mpaxbevra. (Ap. Kuseb. Hist. Hecles. iii. 39.) It has been questioned whether Papias was really a dis- ciple of the apostle John (Strauss, Leben Jesu, § 13), or only of a certain John the Presbyter, whom he calls “a disciple of our Lord.” It appears from Eusebius (I. s. ¢.) that he did not himself claim to have received his know- ledge of Christianity from the apostles themselves. Still the testimony of Irenzeus is express (Llazias, 6 lwdvvov pev axovoTis, LloAukapmov O& Eraipos yeyovds. EKuseb. |.s.¢.), and cannot without violence be understood of any one but St. John the Evangelist. : 8 Compare Luke i. 1; dof kapol mapynKoAovOnkore k.T.d, RAWLINSON. Hh 466 NOTES. Note 20. p. 205. Leben Jesu, § 14. ‘It is however by no means neces- sary to attribute this same freedom from all conscious in- tention of fiction to the authors of all those narratives in the Old and New Testament, which must be considered as unhistorical ... The authors of the Homeric songs could not have believed that every particular which they related of their gods and heroes had really happened: ... and exactly as little may this be said of all the unhistorical nar- ratives of the Gospels, as for example, of the first chapter of the third, and many parts of the fourth Gospel.” (pp. 83, 84H: Note 21. p. 205. Ubid, $3233; p60, Hi. Note 22. p. 206. Ibid. 1. s. ¢. Note 23. p. 206. See above, note 1. The date A. D. 63 is preferred by Bertholdt, Feilmoser, Dean Alford, Mr. Birks, and others. Note 24. p. 207. Leben Jesu, § 13; p. 61, HE. T. Note 25. p. 207. See above, note 17. Note 26. p. 208. This is Burton’s conclusion (Eccles. Hist. vol. i. p. 255)s deduced from the discrepancies in the external evidence. Dean Alford’s unanswerable argument in favour of the independent origin of the first three Gospels, deduced from their internal character, implies the same. The first three Gospels were probably all written within the space A. D. 58—65. LECTURE VI. 467 Note 27.:p. 210. The Old Testament furnishes us with but one instance of even a second record—viz. that of Chronicles; which deals with the period of history already treated in Samuel and Kings. Elsewhere we have throughout but a single narrative. Note 28. p. 210. Theophylact and Euthymius placed the composition of St. Matthew’s Gospel within eight years of the Ascension ; Nicephorus placed it 15 years after that event; Cosmas Indicopleustes assighed it to the time of the stoning of Stephen. (See Alford’s Greck Testament, Prolegomena, vol.i. p. 26.) In modern times Bishop Tomline, Le Clere, Dr. Owen, Dr. ‘Townson, and others, incline to a date even earlier than that fixed by Theophylact. Note 29. p. 211. On the various theories to which the combined resem- blances and differences of the first three Gospels have given birth, see Horne’s Introduction, vol. v. Appendix, pp: 509-529; Alford’s Greek Testament, vol. i. Prolegomena, ch. 1. § 2,3; and Norton’s Genuineness of the Gospels, vol. i. Note D. pp. 239-296. The last-named writer, after having proved that no one of the first three Hvangelists copied from another, observes with much force— “ If the Evan- gelists did not copy one from another, it follows, that the first three Gospels must ail have been written about the same period; since if one had preceded another by any considerable length of time, it cannot be supposed that the author of the later Gospel would have been unacquainted with the work of his predecessor, or would have neglected to make use of it; especially when we take into view, that its reputation must have been well established among Christians.” And he concludes, “ that no one of the first three Gospels was written long before or long after the year 60.” (Genuineness, &c., vol. i. pp. 297, 298.) Hh 2 468 NOTES. Note 30. p. 211. See the passage quoted above, note 17, page 462. Ire- nzus, it will be observed, makes St. Matthew write his Gospel while St. Peter and St. Paul were founding the Church at Rome, i.e. during the term of St. Paul’s impri- sonment (probably A. D. 56-58.) He writes it “ among the Hebrews”—i. e. in Palestine. After the two great Apostles left Rome, and separated—soon after, he seems to mean—their respective companions, Mark and Luke, are said to have written. At least this is declared positively of Mark; less definitely of Luke, whose Gospel had perhaps been composed a year or two earlier, and sent privately to Theophilus. Note 31. p. 211. It is unnecessary to prove this agreement; which is such, that each of the three writers has been in turn accused of copying from one or both of his fellow-Evangelists. (See Horne’s Introduction, vol. v. Appendix, pp. 509, 510.) Note $2. p. 212. This is one of the main objects at which Strauss aims in the greater portion of his work. See Sections 21, 24, 39, 46, 53, 57, 59, &e. &e. Note 33. p. 212. If we take, for example, the second of the sections in which the “ disagreements of the Canonical Gospels” are expressly considered (§ 24), we find the following enumera- tion of “ discrepancies,” in relation to the form of the An- nunciation. ‘1. The individual who appears is called in Matthew an angel of the Lord ; in Luke, the angel Gabriel. 2. The person to whom the angel appears is, according to Matthew, Joseph; according to Luke, Mary. 3. In Mat- thew, the apparition is seen in a dream, in Luke while awake. 4. There is a disagreement with respect to the time at which the apparition took place. 5. Both the pur- LECTURE VI. 469 pose of the apparition, and the effect, are different.” In this way five ‘‘ discrepancies” are created out of the single fact, that St. Matthew does not relate the Annunciation to the Virgin, while St. Luke gives no account of the an- gelic appearance to Joseph. Similarly in the section where the calling of the first Apostles is examined (§ 70), “ dis- crepancies” are seen between the fourth and the first two Evangelists in the following respects—‘‘ 1. James is absent from St. John’s account, and instead of his vocation, we have that of Philip and Nathaniel. 2. In Matthew and Mark, the scene is the coast of the Galilean sea; in John it is the vicinity of the Jordan. 3. In each representation there are two pairs of brothers; but in the one they are Andrew and Peter, James and John; in the other, Andrew and Peter, Philip and Nathaniel. And 4. In Matthew and Mark all are called by Jesus; in John, Philip only, the others being directed to him by the Baptist.” Here again we have four discrepancies made out of the circumstance, that the first two Evangelists relate only the actual eall of certain disciples, while St. John informs us what pre- vious acquaintance they had of Jesus. So from the mere silence of Matthew, Strauss concludes positively that he opposes St. Luke, and did not consider Nazareth, but Beth- lehem, to have been the original residence of our Lord’s pa- rents ($ 39); from the omission by the three earlier writers of the journeys into Judzea during our Lord’s Ministry, he pronounces that they “ contradict” St. John, who speaks of such journeys (§ 57); he finds a ‘‘ discrepancy” between this Evangelist’s account of the relations between the Bap- tist and our Lord, and the account of the others. since he gives, and they do not give, the testimony borne by the former to our Lord’s character (§ 46); he concludes from St. Luke’s not saying that St. John was in prison when he sent his two disciples to our Lord, that he considered him as not yet cast into prison (ibid.) ; he finds St. Luke’s and St. Matthew’s accounts of the death of Judas ‘“ irrecon- cileable,” because St. Luke says nothing of remorse, or of suicide, but relates what has the appearance of a death by 470 NOTES. accident (§ 130); he regards the presence of Nicodemus at our Lord’s interment as a “fabrication of the fourth Evan- gelist,” simply beeause it is unnoticed by the others (§ 80); he concludes from their silence as to the raising of Lazarus that “it cannot have been known to them,” and therefore that it cannot be true (§ 100); and in other instances, too numerous to mention, he makes a similar use of the mere facet of omission. Note 34. p. 213. See Norton’s Credibility of the Gospels, vol. i. pp. 74,75 Note 35. p. 213. In point of fact there is scarcely a difficulty brought for- ward by Strauss which has not been again and again no- ticed and explained by biblical commentators. Mr. Norton correctly says of his volumes— ‘‘ They present @ collection jrom various authors of difficulties in the history contained in the Gospels, to which their expositor should particularly direct his attention.” ‘The critical portion of them pre- sents little which is novel. Note 36. p. 217. ° See Paley’s Hore Pauline, ch. i. p. 1. Note 37. p. 218. Leben Sesu, § 133; vol.i. p. 60, EB. T. Note 38. p. 218. If we take, for example, the earliest of St. Paul’s Epi- stles, the first to the Thessalonians, we shall find that the following little coincidences between it and the Acts are unnoticed by Paley :— 1. The identity in the order of names, “ Paul, and Sil- vanus, and Timotheus” (4 Thess. i. 1; compare Acts xvii. 10,153 Xvill. 5.) This was the order of dignity at the time, and was therefore naturally used; but had the Epistle been forged after St. Paul’s death, Timothy would probably have LECTURE VI. 471 taken precedence of Silas, since owing to the circumstance of St. Paul addressing two epistles to him, his became the name of far greater note in the Church. 2. The peculiarly impressive mention of the Thessalo- nians as objects of the divine election (i. 43; €iddres, ddeAdor HyaTnpevol, LTO Oeod tiv exrAoyHnv vuov) seems to be an allusion to the fact of the vision which summoned St. Paul into Macedonia (Acts xvi. 9), whereby the Macedonians were ‘‘ chosen out” from the rest of the Western world to be the first European recipients of the Gospel. The term exhoy? 18 a rare One in Scripture, and is absent, except in this instance, from all St. Paul’s earlier Epistles. It had been used, however, of St. Paul himself in the vision seen by Ananias (Acts ix. 15), with special reference to his si- milar selection by miraculous means as an object of the Divine favour. 3. The great success of the Gospel at Thessalonica is strongly asserted in verse 5, (70 edayyeAov Hyudv od« eyert}On eis twas Ev Adyw povoyv, GAG Kal ev Suvapet, «.T.A.) Com- pare Acts xvii. 4; “And some of them (the Jews) believed, and consorted with Paul and Silas, and of the devout Greeks @ great multitude, and of the chief women not a few.” 4. The aorist tenses in ch.i. verses 5 and 6, and else- where (éyev9 On, eyeviOnuev, eyeryOnre, deEduevor, exnptEauer, «.7.A.), point naturally, but very unobtrusively, to a single visit on the part of St. Paul, which by the history of the Acts is exactly what had taken place. 5- The peculiar: nature of the Apostolic sufferings at Philippi is hinted at, without being fully expressed, in the term iSpiodevres (ii. 2.) It was tBpis to scourge a Roman citizen. 6. The statement that while at Thessalonica St. Paul toiled and laboured, that he might not be chargeable or burthensome to the converts (11. 6,9), though not directly confirmed by the history of the Acts, is in harmony with the fact that at Corinth, a few months afterwards, he wrought at his eraft with Aquila and Priscilla (Acts xviii. AT2 NOTES. 3), having the same object in view. (1 Cor. ix. 12; 2 Cor. Ri. Gist. Keiiwe;) 7. The reference to the hindrance offered by the Jews to St. Paul’s preaching the Gospel to the Gentiles (ii. 16), ac- cords both with the general conduct of the Jews elsewhere (Acts xill. 45, 50, &c.), and especially with their conduct at Thessalonica, where ‘“‘ being moved with envy” (@A- cavres) at the conversion of the Gentiles, they “set all the city on an uproar.” (Acts xvii. 5.) 8. The expression, “ we would lave come unto you— even I, Paul—once and again,” derives peculiar force from the circumstance related in the Acts (xvii. 14-16), that after leaving Macedonia he was for some time alone at Athens, while Silas and Timothy remained at Bercea. 9g. The mention of “ the brethren throughout all Mace- donia” in ch. iv.10 harmonizes with the account in the Acts that St. Paul had founded churches at Philippi and Bercea as well as at Thessalonica. (Acts xvi. 12-403 XViil. 10-12.) 10. The “ affliction and distress” in which St. Paul says he was (iil. 7) at the time of Timothy’s return from Mace- donia, receive illustration from Acts xviii. 4-6, where we find that just at this period he was striving but vainly (€ze.0e) to convert the Jews of Corinth, “ pressed in spirit,” and earnestly testifyimg, but to no purpose, so that shortly afterwards he had to relinquish the attempt. What ‘¢ affliction” this would cause to St. Paul we may gather from Romans ix. i—5. Note 39. p. 219. I was not aware, at the time of delivering my sixth Lec- ture, that any work professedly on this subject had been published. My attention has since been directed to a very excellent, though very unpretending, treatise, by the Rev. T. R. Birks, entitled, Hore Apostolicet, and attached to t Hore Pauline, by William Paley, D.D., with notes, and a Sup- plementary Treatise, entitled, Hore Apostolice, by the Rev. T. R. Birks, A.M., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge: London, Religious Tract Society, 1850. CE CPURE,” VI. 473 an annotated edition of the Hore Pauline of Paley. The first chapter of this treatise contains a supplement to Paley’s examination of the Pauline Epistles. It will well repay perusal; though it is still far from exhausting the subject. Chapter ii. is concerned with the internal coinci- dences in the Acts of the Apostles ; and chapter ii. with those in the Gospels. The treatment of this latter point is, unfortunately, but scanty. No more than twenty-five pages are devoted to it, the author remarking, that “ in his present supplementary work, this branch of the subject is confined, of necessity, within narrow limits; since its complete investigation would demand a distinct treatise, and the prosecution of some deep and difficult inquiries.” (Hore Apostolice, p. 188.) Note 40. p. 219. Leben Jesu, § 13; vol. i. p. 60, E. T. Note 41. p. 220. See on these points Horne’s Jntroduction, vol. v. pp. 422— 435; and pp. 487, 488; Kitto’s Cyclopedia, vol. 1. pp. 163- 166, and 826-832; and Alford’s Greek Testament, vol. iv. part i. Prolegomena, pp. 1-62. Note 42. p. 222. Strauss, Leben Jesu, § 14, sub fin. vol. i. p. 84, HK. T. Note 43. p. 224. Ibid. 1. s.c. See above, note 20; where a passage to this effect is quoted at length. N OL. £2. LECTURE VIL. Note 1. p. 226. THE only exception to this general rule, among the strictly historical books, is the Book of Ruth, which is purely biographical. It belongs to the Christology of the Old Testament, but it has no bearing on the history of the nation. Note 2. p. 227. So Lardner— “ It is plainly the design of the historians of the New Testament to write of the actions of Jesus Christ, chiefly those of his public Ministry, and to give an account of his death and resurrection, and of some of the first steps by which the doctrine which he had taught, made its way in the world. But though this was their main design, and they have not undertaken to give us the political state or history of the countries in which these things were done; yet in the course of their narration they have been led unavoidably to mention many persons of note; and to make allusions and references to the cus- toms and tenets of the people, whom Jesus Christ and his apostles were concerned with.” (Credibility, &e. vol. i. p. 7.) Note 3. p. 228. Hence the certainty with which literary forgeries, if his- torical, are detected, in all cases where we possess a fair knowledge of the time and country to which they profess LECTURE VII. AT5 to belong. The alleged “ Hpistles of Phalaris,” the pre- tended Manetho, the spurious Letters of Plato and of Chion, were soon exposed by critics, who stamped them indelibly with the brand of forgery, chiefly by reason of their failure in this particular. It is important to bear in mind, in this connexion, the fact that there is no period in the whole range of ancient history, whereof we possess a more full and exact knowledge than we do of the first century of our era. Note 4. p. 230. These testimonies have been adduced by almost all writers on the Evidences of the Christian Religion; but I do not feel justified in omitting them from the present re- view. They are as follows :— Tacitus says, speaking of the fire which consumed Rome in Nero’s time, and of the general belief that he had caused it— “ Ergo abolendo rumori Nero subdidit reos, et queesitissimis pcenis adfecit, quos per flagitia invisos vulgus Christianos appellabat. Auctor nominis ejus Christus, Tiberio imperitante, per procuratorem Pontium Pilatum, supplicio adfectus erat. Repressaque in preesens exitiabilis superstitio rursus erumpebat, non modo per Jud@am, originem ejus malt, sed per Urbem etiam, quo cuncta undique atrocia, aut pudenda, confluunt celebranturque. Igitur primi cor- repti qui fatebantur, deinde indicio eorum ingens multitudo, haud perinde in erimine incendii quam odio humani generis convicti sunt. Kt pereuntibus addita ludibria, ut ferarum tergis contecti, laniatu canum interirent, aut erucibus affixi, aut flammandi, atque ubi defecisset dies, in usum nocturni luminis urerentur. Hortos suos ei spectaculo Nero obtulerat, et circense ludicrum edebat, habitu aurigze per- mistus plebi, vel curriculo insistens. Unde quanquam ad- versus sontes et novissima exempla meritos, miseratio orie- batur, tanquam non utilitate publica sed in seevitiam unius absumerentur.” (Annal. xv. 44.) Suetonius says briefly in reference to the same oecasion— “ Aflictt suppliciis Christiani, genus hominum superstitionis 476 NOTES. nove et malefice.” (Vit. Neron. $16.) And with a pos- sible, though not a certain, reference to our Lord— “ Ju- deeos, impulsore Chresto assidue tumultuantes, Roma [Clau- dius] expulit.” (Vit. Claud. § 25.) Juvenal, with a meaning which cannot be mistaken, when the passage of Tacitus above quoted has once been read, remarks — Pone Tigellinum, taeda lucebis in illa Qua stantes ardent, qui fixo gutture fumant, Et latum media sulcum deducis arena. (Sat. 1. 155-157-) Pliny writes to Trajan— ‘‘ Solenne est mihi, domine, omnia de quibus dubito, ad te referre. Quis enim potest melius vel cunctationem meaim regere, vel ignorantiam in- struere? Cognitionibus de Christianis interfui nunquam: ideo nescio quid et quatenus aut puniri soleat, aut queeri. Nec mediocriter hesitavi, sitne aliquod discrimen eetatum, an quamlibet teneri nihil a robustioribus differant: deturne peenitentize venia, an ei qui omnino Christianus fuit, desisse non prosit: nomen ipsum, etiamsi flagitiis careat, an flagitia coherentia nomini puniantur. Interim in lis qui ad me tanquam Christiam deferebantur, hune sum sequutus mo- dum. Interrogavi ipsos, an essent Christiani: confitentes iterum ac tertio interrogavi, supplicium minatus: perseve- rantes duci jussi. Neque enim dubitabam, qualecunque esset quod faterentur, pervicaciam certe, et inflexibilem obstinationem debere puniri. Fuerunt alii similis amentiz: quos, quia cives Romani erant, adnotavi in urbem remit- tendos; mox ipso tractu, ut fieri solet, diffundente se eri- mine, plures species inciderunt. Propositus est libellus sine auctore, multorum nomina continens, qui negarent se esse Christianos, aut fuisse, quum, preeeunte me, deos appella- «“ Compare the observations of the old Scholiast on the passage— “« In munere Neronis arserunt vivi, de quibus ille jusserat cereos fieri, qui lucerent spectatoribus ;”” and again, ‘‘ Maleficos homines (compare Suetonius’s ‘‘ malefice superstitionis’’) teda, papyro, cera supervestie- bat, sicque ad ignem admoveri jubebat, ut arderent.” LECTURE VII. ATT rent, et imagini tue, quam propter hoe jusseram cum si- mulacris numinum afferri, thure ac vino supplicarent, pree- terea maledicerent Christo: quorum nihil cogi posse dicun- tur, qui sunt revera Christiani. Ergo dimittendos putavi. Alii ab indice nominati, esse se Christianos dixerunt, et mox negaverunt: fuisse quidem, sed desisse, quidam ante triennium, quidam ante plures annos, non nemo etiam ante viginti quoque. Omnes et imaginem tuam, deorumque si- mulacra venerati sunt; ii et Christo maledixerunt. Affir- mabant autem, hane fuisse summam vel culpe suze, vel erroris, quod essent soliti stato die ante Jucem convenire : earmenque Christo, quasi Deo, dicere secum invicem; seque sacramento non in scelus aliquod obstringere, sed ne furta, ne latrocinia, ne adulteria committerent, ne fidem fallerent, ne depositum appellati abnegarent : quibus peractis morem sibi discedendi fuisse, rursusque coéundi ad capiendum ci- bum, promiscuum tamen, et innoxium: quod ipsum facere desisse post edictum meum, quo secundum mandata tua hetzerias esse vetueram. Quo magis necessarium credidi, ex duabus ancillis, que ministre dicebantur, quid esset veri et per tormenta quzerere. Sed nihil aliud inveni, quam superstitionem pravam et immodicam, ideoque, dilata cog- nitione, ad consulendum te decurri. Visa est enim mihi res digna consultatione, maxime propter periclitantium nu- merum. Multi enim omnis etatis, omnis ordinis, utriusque sexus etiam, vocantur in periculum, et vocabuntur. Neque enim civitates tantum, sed vicos etiam atque agros super- stitionis istius contagio pervagata est: quee videtur sisti et corrigi posse. Certe satis constat, prope jam desolata tem- pla ccepisse celebrari, et sacra solennia diu intermissa re- peti: passimque veenire victimas, quarum adhue rarissimus emptor inveniebatur. Ex quo facile est opinari, quee turba hominum emendari possit, si sit poenitentize locus.” (Plin. Epist. x. 97-) Trajan replies— “ Actum quem debuisti, mi Secunde, in excutiendis causis eorum qui Christiani ad te delati fuerant, secutus es. Neque enim in universum aliquid, quod quasi certam formam habeat, constitui potest. Conquirendi non 478 NOTES. sunt: si deferantur et arguantur, puniendi sunt: ita tamen ut qui negaverit se Christianum esse, idque re ipsa mani- festum fecerit, id est, supplicando diis nostris, quamvis sus- pectus in preeteritum fuerit, veniam ex poenitentia impetret. Sine auctore vero propositi libelli, nullo crimine, locum ha- bere debent. Nam et pessimi exempli, nec nostri seculi est.” (Ibid. x. 93.) Adrian, in his rescript addressed to Minucius Fundanus, the Proconsul of Asia, says’— Muvovela Povvddve émoro- a \ a Aj edeEdunv ypapetody por ano Lepevviov Tpaviavovd, Naympo- / 3 ‘ ef X\ / =:3. a io A c TaTov avopos, OvTiwa ov d1edeEw. Ov Ooket prot ody TO TPAypya agjtntov Katadimeiv, a pare of GvOpwmo. TapatTwvraL, Kal Tols suvKopdvrats xopnyla kaxoupylas Tapacyx<éOn. Ei obv capdas els TavTny TV a€iwoww ob enapxi@rar SvvavTat diicyupiCec Oat \ a r n € \ \ , 5) , 9158 Kata TOV Xplotiavay, ws Kal TPO Biyaros atoKpivacOat, ext TobTO pdvov TpaT@ow, Kal ovK A&iwceoW, OVOE povats Boats. TIoAAG yap Paddov TpoojKer, El TLs KaTHYopElY BovdotTO, TOdTS ve Staywookev. Et tis ovv Katnyopet Kal deikvucl te Tapa Tovs vonous mpatTovtas, o’tas Spite Kata Tipy Svvaplv,tod Gpapty- patos’ ws pa Tov ‘Hpakdéa et tis cvxopaytias ydpiw todre Tpo- TELVOL, Stata Bave UTEP THS SEwdTNTOS, Kal pportiCe OTWS av exducnoelas. (Ap. Euseb. Hist. Eccles. iv. 9.) Note 5. p. 230. I refer especially to Strauss and his school, who attach no importance at all to the existence of Christ, but. still allow it as a fact which is indisputable. (See the Leben Jesu, passim.) Note 6. p. 231. Ch. 11. pp. 24-30. Note 7. p. 231. One slight reference is found, or rather suspected, in Seneca (Zpist. xiv.), one in Dio Chrysostom (Orat. Corin- thiac. Xxxvii. p..463), none in Pausanias, one (see the next note) in the Epictetus of Arrian. v The Latin original is lost, and we possess only Eusebius’s trans- lation. LECTURE VII. 479 Note 8. p. 233. : ; ‘ - FE ; Epictet. Dissertat. iv.7, §§ 5,6; “Av tus odvy Kal mpos rv ~ @ an KTHoW woavtws xn KabaTep ovTOsS TpOs TO TGpa, Kal Tpds TA lad ra BA , TEKVA Kal THY yuvaika, K.T.A. TOtos ETL TOVTH TUpaLVos ofe- , x‘ a , 3 tal / SI SEEN > CAN pos ; 7) Toto SopyPdpor; 7) Tota paxatpar avtov ; Eira v70 pa- Ve, . Ss 7 ’ WA Lod ; X\ fe) Nowe: Ny: vias pev SvvaTal Tis OUTH diaTeOHVaL TpOS TavTA, Kal VTO EDoUS ot TadtAatou. Note §. p. 233. The passage in the second book of the Discourses (ec. 9, § 20), which has been supposed by some to refer to Christ- ians, seems really to intend only those whom it mentions— viz. the Jews. (See Lardner, Credibility, &e. vol.iv. p. 49; Fabricius ad Dion. xxxvii. 17.) Note 10. p. 234. This point has been slightly touched by Paley ( Hvidences, Parti. ch. 5, pp. 70, 71), and insisted on at some length by Lardner. (Credibility, &c. vol. iv. pp. 50, 78, 160, &e.) Note 11. p. 234. Josephus was born in A. D. 37, the first year of the reign of Caligula, and the fourth after our Lord’s Ascen- sion. He was bred up at Jerusalem, where he seems to have continued, with slight interruptions, till he was 26 years of age. He would thus have been, as boy and man, a witness of the: principal occurrences at Jerusalem men- tioned in the Acts, subsequently to the accession of Herod Agrippa. Note 12. p. 235. See Joseph. Ant. Jud. xx. 9, §1. This passage has been much disputed, and its genuineness is disallowed even by Lardner. (Credibility, &e. vol. iii. pp. 352-354.) But I agree with Burton (£ecles. Hist. vol. i. p. 287) and Paley (Evidences, Parti. ch. 5, p. 69), that there is no sufficient reason for the suspicions which have attached to the pas- sage. 480 NOTES. Note 13..p. 235. Josephus went to Rome in his 27th year, A. D. 63, and remained there some time. Probably he witnessed the com- mencement of the Neronic persecution in A. D. 64, after the great fire which broke out in July of that year. (See above, note 4, page 475.) ; Note 14.. p. 235. ‘O”Avavos ... xaOifer ovvedpiov kpitav' Kal mapayayov eis avTd Tov adeAdov "Inood rot Xpiorod Aeyopevon, ‘laxw- Bos Ovoua atr@, Kai Tas Erépovs, ws TapavoynodvTwy Katn- yoplav Toincdpyevos, Tapedmxe AevoeOnoopevors. (Ant. Jud. xx. 9g, §1.) According to Eusebius (Hist. Eccles. 11. 23), Jose- phus had the following also in another place; Tatra 6é ovpBeBynkev “lovdalous Kar’ exdiknow "LaxéBov Tod dixaiov, Os Hv adeddos “Insov To} Aeyouevov Xpiorod" erevdyTEp OuKaidTa- Tov avtov ovta ot lovdator améxrewar. I regard the arguments which have been brought against the famous passage in our copies of Josephus concerning our Lord’s life and teaching (Ant. Jud. xviii. 3. § 3) as hav- ing completely established its spuriousness. (See Lardner, Credibility, vol. ni. pp. 537-542; and, on the other side, Horne, Introduction, vol. i. Appendix, ch. vii.) Note 15. p. 235. See Paley’s Evidences, Parti. ch. 7, p.71; and Dr. Traill’s Essay on the Personal Character of Josephus, prefixed to his Translation, pp. 19, 20. Note 16. p. 236. The probable value of these writings may be gathered from the fragments of Celsus, preserved by Origen. Celsus quotes from all the Gospels, allows that they were written by the disciples of Jesus, and confirms all the main facts of our Lord’s life, even his miracles (which he ascribes to magic); only denying his resurrection, his raising of others, LECTURE VII. 481 and his being declared to be the Son of God by a voice from heaven. A collection of the ‘* testimonies” which his fragments afford will be found in Lardner. (Credibility, &e. vol. iv. pp. 115 et seqq.) Note 17. p. 236. See Socrat. Hist. Eccles. i. 9, p. 32; Justinian, Nov. 42, e.1; Mosheim, De Kebus Christ. ante Constantin. Magn. p- 561. Note 18. p. 236. Apolog. i. p.65, and p. 70. Note 19. p. 236. So at least Justin believed. (Apol. i. p.70.) Tertullian adds, that they contained an account of our Saviour’s re- surrection, of his appearances to his disciples, and his ascension into heaven before their eyes. (Apolog. ¢. 21.) Eusebius (Hist. Eccles. ii. 2), and Orosius (vil. 4), bear nearly similar testimony. As Dr. Burton remarks (Hcceles. Hist. vol. i. p. 34), ‘It is almost impossible to suppose that the Fathers were mistaken in believing some such docu- ment to be preserved in the archives.” Their confident appeals to it shew that they believed its substance not to be unfavourable to our Lord’s character. Whether they exactly knew its contents, or no, must depend primarily on the question, whether the documents of this class, pre- served in the State Archives, were generally accessible to the public. They were certainly not published; and as they were of the nature of secret communications to the Emperor, it may be doubted whether it was easy to obtain a sight of them, Still perhaps the Christians may have learnt the contents of Pilate’s ‘“‘ Acts,” from some of those members of the Imperial household (Phil. iv. 22) or family (Burton, Heel. Hist. vol. i. p. 367), who became converts at an early period. RAWLINSON, iI 482 NOTES. Note 20. p. 239. On the extent of the dominions of Herod the Great, see Joseph. Ant. Jud. xiv. 14-18. He died, as we have already seen (supra, Lecture VI. note 1), in the year of Rome 750. On his death, there was a division of his territories among his sons, Archelaus receiving Judea, Samaria, and Idu- ma; Antipas, Galilee and Persea; Philip, Trachonitis and the adjoining countries. (Joseph. De Bell. Jud. 1. 33, § 8, and ii. 6, § 3.) Ten years later (A. D. 8) Archelaus was removed, and his dominions annexed to the Roman Empire, being placed under a Procurator (Coponius), who was subordinate to the President of Syria, (Joseph. Ant. Jud. xviii. 1, § 1), while Philip and Antipas continued to rule their principalities. Thirty-three years after (A. D. 41), Herod Agrippa, by the favour of Claudius, re-united the several provinces of Palestine under his own government, and reigned over the whole territory which had formed the kingdom of Herod the Great. (Ibid. xix. 5, §1.) At his death, A. D. 44, the Roman authority was established over the whole country, which was administered by a Procura- tor holding under the President of Syria. To the younger Agrippa, however, king of Chalcis, a power was presently entrusted (A. D. 48) of managing the sacred treasury at Jerusalem, superintending the temple, and appointing the Jewish High Priests. (Ibid. xx. 1.) Note 21. p. 239. Tacitus sacrifices accuracy to brevity in his sketch of these changes :— “ Regnum ab Antonio Herodi datum, victor Augustus auxit. Post mortem Herodis, nihil expectato Cesare, Si- mon quidam regium nomen inyaserat. Is a Quintilio Varo, obtinente Syriam, punitus; et gentem coercitam liberi He- rodis tripartito rexere. Sub Tiberio quies: dein, jussi a Caio Cesare (i.e. Caligula) effigiem ejus in templo locare, arma potius sumpsere; quem motum Ceesaris mors dire- LECTURE VII. 483 mit. Claudius, defunctis regibus, aut in modicum redactis, Judeam provinciam equitibus Romanis, aut libertis per- misit.” (ist. v. 9.) Elsewhere, he sometimes falls into actual error, as where he assigns the death of Agrippa, and the reduction of Ju- dzea into the form of a Roman province, to the gth of Claudius, A.D. 49. (Annal. xi. 23.) Dio’s notices are very confused. He seems scarcely able to distinguish one Herod from another. (Hist. Rom. xlix. peg ein; lin. p. 526, Do: lv.-p. 567, B.; aud Ix. p.670, B.) Note 22. p. 239. See the last note. ‘Tacitus appears, in both the pas- sages, to place the first reduction of Judzea into the posi- tion of a Roman province under Claudius, upon the death of Agrippa. Yet he elsewhere notices the procuratorship of Pontius Pilate, im the reign of Tiberius. (Ann. xv. 44; quoted in note 4.) Note 23. p.240. Joseph. Ant. Jud. xx.1, § 3. It has not always been seen that Festus referred (ave0ero) St. Paul’s case to Agrippa on account of his occupying this position. Dean Alford, however, distinctly recognises this feature of the transac- tion. (Greek Testament, vol. ii. p. 252.) Note 24. p. 240. It has been questioned whether the Jews themselves had any right of capital punishment at this time. (Lardner, Credibility, &c. vol. i. pp. 21-48; Olshausen, Biblischer Commentar, vol. 1. p. 501.) Josephus certainly represents the power as one which the Romans reserved to themselves from the first establishment of the procuratorship. (De Bell. Jud. ii. 8, § 1; compare Anat. Jud. xx. 9, §1.) But, as Dean Alford remarks, the history of Stephen and of the ‘‘ great persecution” (S:eyy0s wéyas) soon after, seems to 112 484 NOTES. shew, ‘‘ that the Jews did, by connivance of, or in the ab- sence of the Procurator, administer summary punishments of this kind.” (Greek Testament, vol. ii. p.75; compare Jo- seph. Ant. Jud. 1.8. ¢.) F Note 25. p. 241. Nee Matt. v. 26; x. 29; xXvi25; xvi. 28; xxvi. 69; XXVil. 26, 27, and 65: Mark vi. 27; &c. The terms, it will be observed, are such as either belong to the military force. the revenue, or the office of governor. They are such therefore as would naturally be introduced by a foreign dominant power. Note 26. p. 241. See Mark vi. 7, and 40; vil. 11; x. 51; xili.14; &e. The number of instances might of course be greatly increased. Among the most noticeable are Matt. v. 18, (iéra év 7) pla Kepaia) ; V. 22 (paxa); Vv. 29 (yéevva) ; Vi. 24 (wapewvas, conf. Luke xvi. 9, &c.); Mark iii. 17 (Boavepyés); v. 41 (Tadc0a Kou) 5 Vl. 34 (€ppadd); xi.g (@cavvd); John i. 43 (xnpas). Compare also the thoroughly Hebrew character of the Can- ticles in Luke i. and ii. Note 27. p. 242. Joseph. De Bell. Jud. vii. 8, § 1 ;—Eyevero yap 6 xpovos €xeivos Tavtodamys ev rots “lovdatous wovynpias ToAvopos, ws \ / ¥ cal ¥ pnoev Kaklas Epyov ampaxtov Katalimeiv, pnd el Tis emLvola dLa- mAarrew eeAjoevev EXEL Gv TL KaWdTEpov eevpeiv. OUTas idia TE Kal KOLWH TavTES evd l mpos & Neiv GAAHAOVS i s €vooncar, kal pos taepBarety GdAjAovs ¥ ~ ‘ \ \ ) / ‘ a > \ / €v TE Tals Tpos TOY Mcov acveBelas Kal Tals els Tovs TANTLOY b) / > ‘4 c mn \ ‘ / n € aodikials, EplAoveiknoay, ot ev duvvatol Ta TAHOn KaKoUrTEs, ot x XS a 2 3 , , sS \ ’ / ToAAOL 6€ TOvs dvvaTods AToAAVVaL oTEVOOVTES* TV yap eKelvots XS , / n cal fal .S ny / \ >S ~ pep emlOvpia tov Tupavvely, Tois b€ To BiaverOar Kal TA TOV eidpov diapragew. Compare Ant. Jud. xx. 7, § 8; Bell. Jud. v.13, §6; and 10, § 5. LECTURE VII. 485 Note 28. p. 242. Joseph. Ant. Jud. xvii. g, § 33 xx. 4, § 3; Bell. Jud. ii. 19, §1; &e. On one occasion it appears that more than two and a half millions of persons had come up to Jerusalem to worship. (Bell. Jud. vi. 9, § 3.) Note 29. p. 242. Ant. Jud. xv. 7, § 8;— Ev tots “lepocoAvpots dv0 iv ppovpia, a ey ey fol , e Ss cy te a, \ uu ¢ év pev avtis Ths TOAEws, ETEpov S€ TOv LEpod’ Kal ToYTwV ot a a / KpaTouvres, UTOXEiplov TO TAY EOVOS EoXHKaoL. Tas peVv yap Ov- a , \ a a cias ovK dvev TovTwY oidv TE yeverOaL. TO OE py] TATA CUVTEdELY vdevt lovdaiwv 8 ov, TOD (nv IT apaxwpnoavtav ovdert ‘lovdatwv dvvarov, tod (iv €tolndtepov Tapaxopn w XN 2 / a b] \ X ye a 9 THS Opynokelas, jv els TOV Ocov EloPacr ovvTedetv. Note 30. p. 242. Not only was Caligula’s attempt to have his statue set up.in the temple resisted with determination (Joseph. Anz. Jud. xviii. 8); but when the younger Agrippa, by raising the height of his house, obtained a view into the temple courts, the greatest indignation was felt (Seas €xad€ezawvov.) The Jews immediately raised a wall to shut out his pros- pect, and when Festus commanded them to remove it, they positively refused, declaring that they would rather die than destroy any porticn of the sacred fabric ((jv yap odx tzo- Mevew, KabaipeOevtos Tivds 4€pous Tod tepod). See Ant. Jud. xx. 8,§ 14; and on the general subject, compare Philo, De Legat. ad Caium, pp. 1022, 1023. Note 31. p. 242. Ant. Jud. xv. 8, §§ 1-4. Note 32. p. 242. See Lardner’s Credibility, &e. book i. ch. g; vol. i. pp. 110-121. 436 NOTES. Note 33. p. 242. Josephus tells us, that when Cyrenius came to take the census of men’s properties throughout Judea, a contro- versy arose among the Jews on the legality of submission to foreign taxation. Judas of Galilee (see Acts v. 37) maintained that it was a surrender of the theocratic prin- ciple ; while the bulk of the chief men, including some con- siderable number of the Pharisees, took the opposite view, and persuaded the people to submit themselves. (Ant. Jud. XVll. I, § 1.) Note 34. p. 243. Ant. Jud. xx. 6, §1;—Tiverar 8% kat Sapapeirais mpos *Tovdatovs €xOpa ov’ airiav rovadr nv" €0os Av Tots TadtAatous ev Tals EopTais els THY lepay TOAW TapaywwopErvars ddEvELW SL THs Sapapéwv yopas. Kai rére kal dd0v adtots Kodpns Tiwatas de- youevns, Ths év eOopio Keyevns Sapapeias Te Kal ToU weyadou medlov, TLves OVVAWaYTES axnV TOAAOVS a’TOY avatpovotn. Note 35. p. 243. Ibid. xviii. 1, §§ 3 and 4. Note especially the following. Of the Pharisees— A@dvarov re icxby tais uxais aiotts adb- Tots €ivat, Kal ITO yOovds Sixardoets TE Kal Tiwas ols ApeETijs TE Kal Kakias émiTHndevots ev TO Biv yéyove. Of the Sadducees— Vaddvcators S€ tas Wryxds 6 Adyos cvvadavicer Tots odyacw. Compare Acts xxii. 8. Note 36. p. 243. Ibid. Ll. s. ce. [Oi Paproator| rots djpows meaverarot Tvyxd- vovat, Kal d700a Oeia Edy Gy Te Kal lepGv Tojoews enyjoe TH éxe(vwv Tvyxavovet mpaccopeva. [Tév Laddovealwv] 6 Adyos els bALyous Gvdpas acixero, To’s pEvTOL TP@TOVS Tots Afopace. Note 37. p. 243. Bell. Jud. vi. 5, § 4. Tod 5% éxdpay adrods pddiora mpos Tov mOAELOV, HV Xpnopos GupiBodos... . ev Tols tepois Ebpyu€vos LECTURE VII. 487 YPUppaowv, @S KATA TOV KaLpOV eKEtvoY amd Tis Xwpas TLS avtov apfer Ths olkoupevys. Note 38. p. 243. Sueton. Vit. Vespasian. § 4; —“ Percrebuerat Oriente toto vetus et constans opinio, esse in fatis, ut eo tempore Judzea profecti rerum potirentur. Id de Imperatore Ro- mano, quantum postea eventu paruit, preedictum, Judzei ad se trahentes, rebellarunt.”. Compare Vit. Octav. § 94, and Virg. Helog. iv. Note 39. p. 243. Tacit. Histor. v. 13; “ Quee pauci in metum trahebant : pluribus persuasio inerat antiquis sacerdotum litteris conti- neri, eo ipso tempore fore ut valesceret Oriens, profectique Judea rerum potirentur.” Note 40. p. 243. Leben Jesu, § 34; vol.i. p. 220, HE. T. Note 41. p. 243. See Philo, De Legatione ad Caium, p.1022, D.E. For the portraiture of Josephus, see above, note 27. Note 42. p. 245. This passage is given by Wetsten (Nov. Test. Gr. vol. il. p- 563) and Dean Alford (Greek Testament, vol. ii. p. 175) as from Xenophon De Rep. Atheniens. 1 have not suc- ceeded in verifying the reference. Note 43. p. 245. Liv. xlv. 27, ad fin. Note 44. p. 245. How attractive to strangers Athens was, even in her de- cline, may be seen from the examples of Cicero, Germani- 488 NOTES. cus, Pausanias and others. (See Conybeare and Howson’s Life of St. Paul, vol.i. pp. 398, 399). On the greediness of the Athenians after novelty, see Demosth. Philipp. i. p. 43 (7) BovrAcobe, ceive por, Teplidvtes avTav TvOécOa Kata Ti Gyopav’ NeéyeTal TL Kavdv; yevoito yap Gv TL Kawwdrtepov 7) Maxedev avnp x.7.d.); Philipp. Epist. pp. 159, 157; ABlian. Var. Hist. v. 133 Schol. ad Thueyd. iii. 38, &e. On their religiousness, compare Pausan. 1. 24. § 3 (A@nvatou Tepic- adrepov Tt 7) ToIs GAXous €s TH Ota eat oTovdHs); Nen. Rep. Atheniens. lil. § 1, and § 8; Joseph. Contra Apion. ii. 11 (rovs "AOnvatovs eboeBeotatovs Tov “EAAjvav amavtes €you- ow); Strab. v. 3, § 18; Alian. Var. Hist. v.17; Philo- strat. Vit. Apollon. vi. 3; Dionys. Hal. De Jud. Thuc. § 40: and among later authors, see Mr. Grote’s History of Greece, vol. ili. pp. 229-232. Note 45. p. 245. See the Life and Kpistles of St. Paul, by Messrs. Cony- beare and Howson, vol. ii. pp. 66 et seqq. (1.) The “ Great Goddess, Diana,” is found to have borne that title as her epitheton usitatum, both from an inscription (Boeckh, Corpus Inscript. 2963 ©), and from Xenophon (Ephes. i. p. 15; Opvt0w TE THY TaTpLoY jly OEedv, THY peydAnv ’Eqectov ” Apte- puv). (2.) The “ Asiarchs” are mentioned on various coins and inscriptions. (3.) The ‘“ town-clerk” (ypaypareds) of Ephesus is likewise mentioned in inscriptions (Boeckh, No. 2963 C, No. 2966, and No. 2990). (4.) The curious word vewxdpos (Acts xix. 35), literally “sweeper” of the temple, is also found in inscriptions and on coins, as an epithet of the Ephesian people (Boeckh, No. 2966). The “silver shrines of Diana,” the ‘‘ courtdays,” the ‘ deputies” or “ proconsuls” (av@dzaror) might receive abundant class- ical illustration. The temple was the glory of the ancient world’—enough still remains of the ‘ theatre” to give evi- dence of its former greatness. ¢ Plin. xxxv. 21; Strab. xiv. 1; Phil. Byz. De Sept. Orb. Spectaculis. LECTURE VII. 489 Note 46. p. 246. Compare Luke xxii. 2; John xix. 12-15; Acts xxv. 12 and 265° xxvi. 925° 2 Tim. tv. 175 1 Pet. i. 13 and 17. Note 47. p. 246. The Roman provinces under the empire were adminis- tered either by proconsuls, or legates, or in a few instances by procurators. The technical Greek name for the pro- consul is av@vraros (Polyb. xxi. 8, § 11), as that for the consul is tzaros. "’AvOvraro. are mentioned by St. Luke in Cyprus (Acts xii. 7), at Ephesus (ib. xix. 38), and at Corinth (ib. xvii. 12, where the verb avéuzarevew expresses the office of Gallio). In every case the use of the term is historically correct. (See below, notes 104 and 108.) Other officers are not so distinctly designated. Legates do not occur in the history; and the Greek possessing no term correspondent to procurator, such officers appear only as 7yeuoves (governors), a generic term applicable to procon- suls also. (See Luke ii. 2; ii.1; Matt. xxvii.2; Acts XXlll. 24; XXvi. 30, &c.) The anxiety to avoid tumults may be observed in the conduct of Pilate (Matt. xxvii. 24); of the authorities at Ephesus (Acts xix. 35-41); and of Lysias (Acts xxi. 32; xxll. 24). The governors were liable to recall at any mo- ment, and knew that they would probably be superseded, if they allowed troubles to break out. Note 48. p. 246. See especially Gallio’s words (Acts xvill. 14-16). Com- pare Acts xxili. 29; and xxvill. 30, 31. On the general tolerance of the Romans, see Lardner’s Credibility, vol. i. pp: 95 et seqq. Note 49. p. 246. In a Reseript of Severus and Caracalla (Digest. xlvii. 17, 1), we read— Et hoe jure utimur, ne absentes dam- 490 NOTES. nentur, neque enim inaudita causa quenquam damnari zequitatis ratio patitur.’ Compare Dionys. Hal. vii. 53, p- 441. The odium incurred by Cicero for proceeding without formal trial against the Catiline conspirators (Ep. ad Famit. v. 2, p. 60, b). is an indication of the value attached to the principle in question. Note 50. p. 246. Acts xxii. 28. Dio says of Antony—vap’ idtwrdv jyvpo- Adynoe...dAdows TOALTELaV, GAAOLs aTeAccay TwAGV. And of Claudius—éreidav év taow os eizetv of “Popator tov E€vov mpoeTeTiynvto, TOAAOL TE a’TOV Tapa TE adTOU Exelvou HTOvVTO, kal mapa Meooadivys kai tov Katoapeimv @vovrTo. (Ix. 17, p-676, 0.) Citizenship by birth on the part of a foreigner might arise (1) from his being a native cf some colony or municipium; (2) from a grant of citizenship, on account of service rendered, to his father, or a more remote ances- tor; or (3) from his father, or a more remote ancestor, having purchased his freedom. Dio speaks, a little before the passage last quoted, of many Lycians having been de- prived of their Roman citizenship by Claudius. That Jews were often Roman citizens appears from Josephus. (dnt. Jud. xiv. 10, §§ 13,14, 16, &e.) Note 51. p. 246. Acts xxv.11. Suetonius says of Augustus—‘ Appella- tiones quotannis urbanorum quidem litigatorum preetori delegavit; ac provincialium consularibus viris, quos singulos cujusque provincie negotiis preeposuisset.” (Vit. Octav. ¢. 33.) Pliny probably refers to cases where the right of appeal had been claimed, when he says of the Bithynian Christians—“ Fuerunt alii similis amentize, quos, guia cives Romani erant, adnotavi in urbem remittendos.” (Ep. ad Iraj. x. 97.) Note 52. p. 246. The humane treatment of prisoners is an occasional feature of the Roman system. (See Acts xxiv. 23, and xxviii. 16 and LECTURE VII. 491 30.) Lardner (Credibility, vol. i. p. 125) observes that the treatment of Herod Agrippa I. closely illustrates that of St. Paul. Soon after his first imprisonment, by the influence of Antonia, his friends were allowed free access to him, and permitted to bring him food and other comforts. (Joseph. Ant. Jud. xviii. 6, § 7.) On the death of Tibe- rius, whom he had offended, Caligula enlarged him further, permitting him to return and live in his own house, where he was still guarded, but less strictly than before. (Ibid. § 10. rov “Aypinnay exéhevoen ex Tob orpatoTédov peTacTHOELW els THY Olkiav ev 7) mpdTEpov 7) SeOHvar Siatray cixev WoTE ev Odpoet AouTOv ijye TA TEpl adTis’ hvdaki pev yap Kal THPHaLS WY, META PEVTOL GVETEWS THs Els THY Slartav. Compare the order of Felix with regard to St. Paul—é.aragéduevos to Exatovrapxy Ty pEetcOat avrov, éxew Te Aveo «.T.A. Acts XXIV=.23: ) Note 53. p. 246. On one occasion we find St. Paul “bound with two chains” (Acts xxi. 33); but commonly we hear of his “ chain” (Gdvois) in the singular. (Acts xxvill. 20; Ephes. vl. 20; 2 Tim. 1.16.) _ Now it is abundantly apparent from Seneca (De Tranquill. 10, Epist. 5) and other writers (Tacit. Ann. iv. 25, &c.), that prisoners were commonly fastened by a chain passed from their right wrist to the left wrist. of their keeper. Where greater security was desired, a prisoner had two keepers, and a second chain was passed from his left wrist to the second keeper’s right. The keeper to whom a prisoner was bound was called 6 ouvoerns. Note 54. p. 246. Matt. xxyi..27; Acts xx. 65 xxiv. 23; xxviii. 1, 16. The military custody (custodza militaris) of the Romans is well known to writers on antiquities. Ulpian says, that when a person was arrested, it was the business of the proconsul to determine, “ utrum in carcerem recipi- enda sit persona, an muliti tradenda, vel fide-jussoribus 492 NOTES. committenda, vel etiam sibi.” (Digest. xlviui. Tit. 3. De Cus- tod. et Exhib. Reor. § 1.) Examples of the military custody will be found in Tacitus (Ann. i. 22); Josephus (Ant. Jud. xvill. 6, $7); Ignatius (Ep. ad Roman. v. p. 370); Martyr. Ignat. (ii. p. 549; V. p. 544), &e. Note 55. p. 246. Examining free persons by scourging (Acts xxii. 24) or other torture, was against the spirit, and indeed against the letter, of the Roman law. ‘ Non esse a tormentis incipiendum Divus Augustus constituit.” (Digest. 48. Tit. 18, $1.) But arbitrary power often broke this law, both at Rome and in the provinces. Suetonius says of Augustus “ Et Q. Gallium, preetorem...raptum a tribunali, servilem in moduim torsit.” (Vit. Octav. § 27.) Tacitus of Nero, ‘‘ Ratus muliebre corpus impar dolori, Epicharim dilacerari jubet.” (Annal. xv. 57.) ‘Chis examination was in part by scourging. Note 56. p. 246. See Livy xxxiiil. 36 (“ Verberatos crucibus affixit”); Val. Max. i. 7, §4; Joseph. Bell. Jud. ii. 14, § 9 (awoddods PAGpos paoré. Tpoakicdpevos avectavpwoev—eToApnoev av- dpas immKod TdypaTos pactlyOca 7po Tod Byyatos, Kal orav- po Tpoonrdcat); &e. These last notices shew the practice on the part of the Roman governors of Palestine. Note 57. p. 246. The crucifixion of the Orientals has more commonly been impaling, than nailing to a cross. (See Ctesias, ap. Phot. 4161. Cod. LX XII. p. 122; Casaubon. Exerc. Anti- baron. xvi. 77.) The Romans fastened the body to the cross either by cords or nails. (See Smith’s Dictionary of Gr. and Rom. Antiq. p. 370.) It is evident from Josephus, that nailing was the common practice in Palestine. (See the last note, and compare Bell. Jud. vi. MpoonjAovv 8 of oTpatiGrat dv dpyiy Kai pioos Tovs GAdvtas, GANov GAA CXI/- \ / \ \ n o pate pos xAEevnv, Kal bia TO TAHOOS xdpa TE evedeineETO Tots LECTURE VII. 493 aTavpois, Kal otavpol toils céuacw.) St. Augustine speaks as if nailing was the ordinary Roman method. (Tvractat. xxxvi. in Johann. Opera, vol. ix. p. 278; “ Ubi dolores acerrimi exagitant cruciatus vocatur, a cruce nominatus : pendentes enim in liguo erucifixi, clavis ad lignum pedibus manibusque confixi, producta morte necabantur.”) Note 58. p. 246. Plutarch. de Sera Numinis Vindicta; ti. p. 554, A. Kal a , an x / ed a / b) / T@ TO-ATL TOV KOAACOMEVWY EKATTOS TOY KaKOUPywVv EKdepeEt Tov wvTod otavpdv. Compare Artemidor. Oneirocrit. 1. 61. ” WG \ t Vang , bles n Eovke kal 0 oTavpos Cavatm, kal 6 peAA@V avtw TpoonAoctabat, mpotepov avtov Baoracer. Note 59. p..246. The practice of attaching a small board or placard to criminals, with a notification of the nature of their offence, is mentioned by several writers, and there are many allu- sions to it in the poets. The technical name of this pla- card was in Latin “ titulus.” (Compare the rirAos of John xix. 19.) See Sueton. Vit. Calig. § 34; “‘ Rome publico epulo servum, ob detractam lectis argenteam laminam, car- nifiei confestim tradidit, ut manibus abscissis atque ante pectus e collo pendentibus, preecedente titulo qui causam pene indicaret, per ccetus epulantium cireumduceretur.” Vit. Domitian. $10; ** Patremfamilias, quod ‘Threcem mirmilloni parem, munerario imparem dixerat, detractum spectaculis in arenam, canibus objecit, cum hoc titulo; ‘ Impie locutus parmularius’.”” Dio Cass. liv. p. 523; Tod yotv martpos too Kaitiwvos tov wey Erepov Ov SovrAwY TOV CupvydrTwY TO viet EdevdepaoavTos Ort dyvvar ob OrynTKovTL HO€ANCE, TVA O€ ETEpOV Tov TpoddvTa avTor, did TE Tis dyopas péeons ETA ypappa- TwVv THY aitiay tis Javataeocews avtod dndrovvtorv diayayovTos, Kal pEeTa TabTa avactavpocavTos, ovK NyaVvaKTHCE. Ovid. Fasti, vi. 190, 191; Vixit, ut occideret damnatus crimine regni : Hune illi #2¢u/wm longa senecta dabat. Compare Trist. iii. 1, 47. We have no classical proof that 494 NOTES. the “ titulus” was ordinarily affixed to the cross, unless we may view as such the statement of Hesychius—avis, va, AcvKopa, ev © al ypapal AOjvyow eypdpovto pds tods Ka- xovpyous’ TiOerar 5€ Kal enl oravpod. Note 60. p. 246. Seneca speaks of the “ centurio supplicio preepositus” as an ordinary thing. (De Ira, ce. 16, p. 34.) Petronius Arbiter says, “ Miles cruces asservabat, ne quis ad sepulturum cor- pora detraheret.” (Satyr. ¢. 111.) Note 61. p. 246. So Alford (vol. i. p.647)—“The garments of the exe- cuted were by law the perquisites of the soldiers on duty.” Cf. Digest. xlvin. Tit. 20, § 6. Note 62. p. 246. Ulpian says—“< Corpora eorum qui capite damnantur, cognatis ipsorum neganda non sunt. Et se id observasse etiam Divus Augustus libro decimo de vita sua seribit. Hodie autem eorum, in quos animadvertitur, corpora non aliter sepeliuntur, quam si fuerit petitum et permissum. Et nonnunquam non permittitur, maxime majestatis causa damnatorum.” (Digest. xlviii. Tit.24. De Cadav.Punit.§ 1.) And again—“ Corpora animadversorum quibuslibet petentibus ad sepulturam danda sunt.” (Ibid. § 3.) So Diocletian and Maximian declare—* Obnoxios criminum, digno supplicio affectos, sepulturee tradi non vetamus.” ‘he practice of the Jews to take bodies down from the cross and bury them on the day of their crucifixion, is witnessed to by Josephus—Uponrdev & eis trooodroy doeBelas Gate xal ard- gous plat, kairot rooadrnv “lovéalwy Tepl Tas Tapas Tpdvovay TOLOUPEVOV, GOTE Kal TOUS Ex KaTadixys avasTavpovperovs TPO dvvTos Alou Kabedetv Kal Odnrew. (De Bell. Jud. iv. 5 § 2.) LECTURE VII. 4AQ5 Note 63. p. 247. Among minute points of accordance may be especially noticed the following:—1. The geographical accuracy. (2) Compare the divisions of Asia Minor mentioned in the Acts with those in Pliny. Phrygia, Galatia, Lycaonia, Cilicia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, Asia, Mysia, Bithynia, are all recognised as existing provinces by the Roman geographer, writing probably within a few years of St. Luke. (1. NV. v. 27 et seqq.) (6) The division of European Greece into the two provinces of Macedonia and Achaia (Acts xix. 21, &c.), accords exactly with the arrangement of Augustus noticed in Strabo (xvii. ad fin.) (c) The various tracts in or about Palestine belong exactly to the geography of the time and of no other. Judeea, Samaria, Galilee, Tracho- nitis, Itureea, Abilene, Decapolis, are recognised as geo- graphically distinct at this period by the Jewish and class- ical writers. (See Plin. H. N. v.14, 18, 23; Strab. xvi. 2, §§ 10, 34; Joseph. Ant. Jud. xix. 5, § 1, &e.) (d) The routes mentioned are such as were in use at the time. The “ship of Alexandria,” which, conveying St. Paul to Rome, lands him at Puteoli, follows the ordinary course of the Alexandrian corn-ships, as mentioned by Strabo (xvii. 1, § 7), Philo (dn Flace. pp. 968, 969), and Seneca (Epist. 77), and touches at customary harbours. (See Sue- ton. Vit. Tit. § 25.) Paul’s journey from Troas by Nea- polis to Philippi presents an exact parallel to that of Igna- tius, sixty years later (Martyr. Ignat.c. 5). His passage through Amphipolis and Apollonia on his road from Phi- lippi to Thessalonica, is in accordance with the Itinerary of Antonine, which places those towns on the route between the two cities (p. 22). (e) The mention of Philippi as the first city of Macedonia to one approaching from the east (xpé7n tis pepldos ths Maxedovias aédus) is correct, since there was no other between it and Neapolis. The statement, that it was “a colony,” is also true (Dio Cass. li. 4, p. 445, D; Plin. H.W. iv. 11; -Strab. vii. Fr. 41.) 2. The minute political knowledge. (@) We have already 496 NOTES. seen the intimate knowledge exhibited of the state of Ephesus, with its proconsul, town-clerk, Asiarchs, &e. A similar exactitude appears in the designation of the chief magistrates of Thessalonica as woAvtapyat, their proper and peculiar appellation. (Boeckh, Corp. Inscr. No.1967.) (4) So too the Roman governors of Corinth and Cyprus are given their correct titles. (See notes 104 and 108.) (c¢) Publius, the Roman governor of Malta, has again his proper tech- nical designation (6 zpéros Tijs vijoov), as appears from in- scriptions commemorating the mpéros Meduraiwy, or “ Meli- tensium primus.” (See Alford, ii. p. 282.) (d) The delivery of the prisoners to the “ captain of the (Preetorian) guard” at Rome, is in strict accordance with the practice of the time. (Trajan. ap. Plin. Ep. x. 65; “ Vinetus mitti ad preefectos preetorii mei debet.” Compare Philostrat. vit. So- phist. ii. 32.) Among additions to our classical knowledge, for which we are indebted to Scripture, it may suffice to mention, 1. the existence of an Italian cohort (oze(pn IraAuki) as early as the reign of Tiberius (Acts x. 1.) 2. The applica- tion of the term YeSacry (Augustan) to another cohort, a little later (Acts xxviii. 1.) 3. The existence of an Altar at Athens with the Inscription dyvéatw Oc, which is not to be confounded with the well-known inscriptions Oeo?s ayvéoros. 4. The use of the title otparnyol (Preetors) by the Duumviri or chief magistrates of Philippi (Acts xvi. 20.) We know from Cicero (De Leg. Agrar. 34), that the title was sometimes assumed in such cases, but we have no other proof that it was in use at Philippi. Note 64. p. 247. Lardner, Credibility, &e., vol. i. p. 60. Note 65. p. 248. spe Acts xis er ig s XAV.1)5 XVI. 9509s) Vian 7G Xvill. 4; xix. 8; &c. LECTURE VII. 497 Note 66. p. 249. o / Y Ilepi 6€ THs tepoTAEws TA TpooyKOVTA Mot AEKTEOY" avTn, J a Fa / 2. \ , S: > co , Kabarep Epny, Eur) MEV EOTL TaTpls, MNTPOTIOALS OE OV JuLaS X@- pas lovdatas, dAAG kal TOV TAEloTOY, Sia TAs ATOLKias Gs eEE- SN a > N x co. ” , Tey ev eT Kaip@v, els Mev Tas Omopovs AlyvmTov, Po.vikny, Nw 4 / yA \ XN / , i > X Lupiav Tv Te GAAHY Kal THY KolAny Tpocayopevoperny’ eis Oe ‘ t? / / Tn ee SN \ Las Tas Toppw diwkiopevas TlaudvAiav, Kiduciav, 7a ToAAa Tis ° / SA y \ cal ~ , Eat Se \ ’ \ Agias axpt Buévvias kal tov tod Tdvtov favye@v" tov avtov Tpomov Kat eis Evpémnv, Oerradiav, Bowwriay, Maxedoviar, > nan Airodiay, thy *Artixjvy, “Apyos, Képwbov, ta mArelora Kal BA / \ > , CS 2 \ a ? apiora IleAorovvyncov, Kat ov povov ai imELpor peotal Tav ’Tov- dalov droixiov eioly, GAAG Kal vycoV ai doKiwsTata, Evora, > = a ! tas Kvapos, Kpyrn, kat ovwm® Tas Ttépav Etdparov. aca yap yf / a nm cr €£a pépovs Bpaxeos BaSvAdvos kal Tay GAAwV caTpaTeELav al b) cas # \ 5) / 2 > / Da bly yd apeTaoav Exovor THY Ev KUKAw yiv, lovdalovs Exovow oikyTo- a ef x / on > ld eas; \ NX 2) / pas’ WoTe, av weTahaBn cov THs EtpevEtas 7 Eur) Tarpis, ov pla , b) BS \ / vas of ? cat ae eh, ToAts GAAG Kal pupiar Tay GAAwv evepyeTOdVTAL Kal ExaoToV Ad (ie > / 10 Q ° \ Ev a Ni UN \ ‘ kAiwa Tis olkouuevns ibpudcioa, TO Eigwraiov, To "Aciavov, To \ AiBukov, TO €v imeipois, TO ev VHoOoLS, TAapaddyv TE Kal pEeod- yetov. (Philo Jud. Legat. ad Caium, pp. 1031, 1032.) Note 67. p. 249. lovoatovs yap 814 todAvavOpwriav ydpa pia od xwpel iis aittas Evexa Tas TAElotas Kal evdamovestaras Tov ev Etpomn » , kat Aoia xatd Te vyoous Kal nmelpous exvepovral, pnTpoToALy pep TH iepdTodAw jyovpevor. (Ibid. In Flace. p. 971, E.) Note 68. p. 249. Joseph. Ant. Jud. xx. 2; De Bell. Jud. vii. 3, § 3; Contr. Apion. 11. 36; &e. Note 69. p. 249. Philo frequently mentions the synagogues under the name of mpocevyat. (In Flacc. p.972, A. B. E.; Legat. in Caium, p.1014, &e.) Their position by the sea-side, or by a river-side, is indicated, among other places, in the Decree RAWLINSON. K k 498 NOTES. of the Halicarnassians reported by Josephus (Ant. Jud. xiv. 10, § 23), where the Jews are allowed zpocevxds zo- eioOat Tpos 77) Oaddoon Kata 70 Tatpiov €Bos. See also Philo, Legat. in Caium, p. 982, D.; Tertull. ad Nat. 1.13; De Je- jun. c.16; and Juv. Sat. iii. 13. Note 70. p. 249. Lightfoot, Hebraic. et Talmudic. Exercitat. not. in Act. Apost. vi. 8; Works, vol. il. p. 664. Note 71. p. 249. See Legat. in Caium (p. 1014, C. D.), where Philo speaks of Transtiberine Rome as xatexopevny kal oixovpevnv Tpos *Tovdaiwv, and then adds, “Pepaior 8’ joav ot mAelovs ame- AEevOepwdertes. * Note 72. p. 249. Annal. ii. 85; “ Actum et de sacris Aigyptiis Judaicis- que pellendis: factum patrum consultum, ut quatuor millia Libertini generis ea superstitione infecta, queis idonea ztas, in insulam Sardiniam veherentur.”’ Note 73. p.250. For the tumultuous spirit of the foreign Jews, see Sueton. vit. Claud. p. 25; Dio Cassius, lx.6; Joseph. Ant. Jud. KV, 9150. 903 35.0 6 05 we, Note 74, p. 251. Annal. xv. 44. ‘Tiberius reigned (as sole emperor) 23 years. (Suet. vit. Tib. § 73.) His principatus, however, may date from three years earlier, when he was associated by Augustus. (Tacit. Ann. i. 3; Suet. vit. Tid. § 21.) Note 75. p. 251. If our Lord was born in the year of Rome 747, (see above, Lecture VI, note 1,) he would have been three LECTURE VII. 499 years old at Herod’s death ; and 32 years old when he commenced his Ministry, in the fifteenth year from the associated principate of Tiberius. This is not incompatible with St. Luke’s declaration, that he was about thirty years of age (wel érdv tpidxovra) when he began to preach; for that expression admits of some latitude. (See Alford’s Greek Testament, vol.i. pp. 323 and 327.) Note 76. p. 252. Joseph. Ant. Jud. xiv. 7, § 3; xvi. 8, §1; Nic. Damase. Pres: Note 77. p. 252. Joseph. Ant. Jud. xv. 6, § 7; Tacit. Hist. v. 9. ( Reg- num ab Antonio Herodi datum, victor Augustus auxit.’’) Note 78. p. 252. See Lardner’s Credibility, vol. i. pp. 148-151; and com- pare Joseph. De Bell. Jud. i. 27, §13; 29,§2; 33, $8; Appian. De Bell. Civ. v. p. 1135. Note 79. p. 252. The cruelties, deceptions, and suspicions of Herod the Great, fill many chapters in Josephus. (Ant. Jud. xv. 1, 3, 6, 7, &C.; xvi. 4, 8, 10; xvii. 3, 6, 7, &c.) His character is thus summed up by that writer:—’Avip apos pev eis mavtas dpolas, xal dpyns pev Hooer, kpeloowy d€ Tod buKalov, TUXn 5€ El Kal TLS Erepos Kexpyuevos etpevel. (Ant. Jud. xvii. 8, § 1.) His arrest of the chief men throughout his dominion, and design that on his own demise they should all be exe- euted (ibid. 6, §5; Bell. Jud. i. 33, § 6), shews a bloodier temper than even the massacre of the Innocents. Note 80. p. 252. Strauss, Leben Jesu, § 34; vol. i. p. 222, KH. T. Kk 2 500 NOTES. Note 81. p. 253. Strauss grants the massacre to be “not inconsistent with the disposition of the aged tyrant to the extent that Schleiermacher supposed” (Leben Jesu, 1. s. c. p. 228, E. T.), but objects, that “ neither Josephus, who is very minute in his account of Herod, nor the rabbins, who were assiduous in blackening his memory, give the slightest hint of this decree.” (I. s.c.) He omits to observe, that they could scarcely narrate the circumstance without some mention of its reason—the birth of the supposed Messiah—a sub- ject on which their prejudices necessarily kept them silent. Macrob. Saturnal. ii. 4; “ Quum audisset Augustus, in- ter pueros quos in Syria Herodes rea Judeorum intra bima- tum jussit interfici, filam quoque ejus occisum, ait: Melius est, Herodis porcum (dv) esse quam filium (vidv).” Strauss contends, that ‘the passage loses all credit by confounding the execution of Antipater, who had grey hairs, with the murder of the infants, renowned among the Christians :” but Macrobius says nothing of Antipater, and evidently does not refer to any of the known sons of Herod. He believes that among the children massacred was an infant son of the Jewish king. It is impossible to say whether he was right or wrong in this belief. It may have simply ori- ginated in the fact that a jealousy of a royal infant was known to have been the motive for the massacre. (See Olshausen, Beblisch. Comment. vol. i. p. 72, note; p. 67, Bet) Note 83. p. 253. Josephus says— Kaioap dé dxovoas bradver pev TO cvve- Spiov, dAtyov O€ HuEepOv Botepov ’ApxéAaov Baciéa pev ovK Pp) / al be c / nr , e a 58 € anopaivera, TOU NULTEWS THS XOpas, tmep Hpwdn v7e- / ) / \ AAS / c / / TéeAel, €Ovapxnv Kadloratrat.. . THv b& Erépay jpiceray vel- Las dxf, dvoly “Hpddov maiow érépois Tapedidov, Purine Kab *Avting .... Kal tour pev hre Ilepala xal 7d TadtAaiov d7e- LECTURE VII. 501 téhouv . . Batavata dé ctv Tpaxevitid. cat Atpavitis ody tive uepel olkov TOD Zyvodmpov AEyouevov Piria7w..7a be ’ApxeAdw ovvtedobyra “ldoupaid te kal Llovdata, rd re Sapapitixdy. (An- tig. Jud. xvii.11, § 4.) Compare the brief notice of Tacitus ; ‘“Gentem coercitam, liberi Herodis tripartite rexere.”’ (Hist. v. 9.) Note 84. p. 253. Strauss says—‘‘ Luke determines the date of John’s ap- pearance by various synchronisms, placing it in the time of Pilate’s government in Judsea; in the sovereignty of He- rod (Antipas); of Philip and of Lysanias over the other divisions of Palestine ; in the high-priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas; and moreover precisely in the 15th year of the reign of Tiberius, which, reckoning from the death of Augustus, corresponds with the year 28-29 of our era. With this last and closest demarcation of time all the fore- going less precise ones agree. Even that which makes Annas high-priest together with Caiaphas appears correct, if we con- sider the peculiar influence which that ex-high-priest re- tained.” (Leben Jesu, § 443 pp. 300, 301, E. T.) Note 85. p. 254. Joseph. Ant. Jud. xvil. 11, § 1. “Omdoot 8% svyyeveis yoav TOU Bacidéas, ’ApyeAd@ pév ovvteTaxyOa b1a picos TO mpos avtov terepovy. Compare 13, § 2. Note 86. p. 254. Joseph. De Bell. Jud. ii. 1, § 3. Note 87. p. 254. Strauss, Leben Jesu, § 48; vol. i. p. 346, H.'T. Note 88. p. 254. Josephus says—Hpodys 6 retpdpxns yamet THv ~Apera Ovyatépa, kal cuvav xpdvov Hon ToAdy. Sreddopevos 6 ext 502 NOTES. ‘Pons Kxatayetar ev “Hpddov adeApod dvtos ovy dpountpiov ex yap THs Liwwvos Tov apxepéws Ovyatpos ‘Hpwdns eyeydver’ epacbels 5& “Hpwbdiddos tis tovrov yuvaixds (Ovyatnp de iv *ApittoBovaAov, Kat ovTos GdeAdos aitdv, Aypintov bE adedpy Tou peyadov) ToAMG Adywov GnrecIar Tepl ydpov. Kal bdefa- pevns, cvvOjKar yivovtar peToukicacOa. pos avtov éméTe amo c / la : 2208 . Pépuns mapayevoiro. (Ant. Jud. xviii. 5, § 1.) And again c XX X\ een (3 >) XN 4 € , c , lol — Hpdias 6€ avrev 7 ddehpy yietar Hpddn Hpedov tot / a Val / 5) / las a , ral peydAou Taldl, Os yeyover €x Mapidpyys ths Tov Siuwvos tov ) f \ b) o v / / > XX X c apxlepews, Kal avTots Daddy yivetatr, wed ys Tas yovas Hpw- dias, emt ovyxtoe. ppovijcaca tv matpiov, “Apddn yauetrar TOU avdpos TO OporaTpio adedPo, diactaca CavTos" THY d€ Ta- AtAalwy TeTpapytay «ixev ovtos. (Ibid. § 4.) Note 89. p. 254. Ant. Jud. xviii. 2: Tol dé trav lovdaiwy eddxer dAw- J Aevat Tov “Hpwdov stparov iad tod Oecod, cal pddra dikalos TLWVUpEVOU KATA TOLWAY lwadvvov Tod émLkadovpevov Ba- TTLoTOv. KTelver yap TovToy ‘Hpédns, adyabov avipa, kal tous “lovdaious KeAevovTa, apeTiy emacKovvTas Kal TH Tmpos GAAnAOUS OiKalocvyn Kal Tpds TOV Ocdv edaeBela ypopevovs 1) v7) p 2 XPOM ’ Lal - ,’ cal Banticpo ovvievat. ovTw yap Kal THY BanTLoW aTodeKTHY avT@ paiverOa, pi) emi TLVMOY GyapTddov TapaltTnoeEL XpwpeE- vou", add’ ed ayveia Tod odpatos, dre by Kal Tis Woyijs 4 / \ a y la dukaloovyvn TpoekkexaOapyerns. Kat trav ddAdov ovotpedope- \ X 7 pie al eM iS. t a , vov, (kat yap 7pOncav éml mr€ioToVv TH aKpoadcer TGV Aoywr), defoas “Hpédns 16 ent tocdvde mOavov avtod rots avOperots te ty SR eh / \ / XN 77 n~ Leu} pr emt anootace: TiVt pépo., (TavTA yap EwKEeoay cvpovAT TH é€xelvou mpagovtes), TOAD KpeitTov Hyeiral, Tplv TL vewTepov e& b) n / \ , lal a las / >’ avTod yeverOat, TporaBav dvaipeiv, 7 peTaBods yevoyerns eis Ta Tpaypata eunecov petavoeiv. Kal 6 péev, browla tH “‘Hpébov, déoptos eis TOv Mayxatpodvta TEepgOeis, TO Tpoeipnuevov ppovpiov, TavTn KTivvvtTat. The genuineness w Dr. Burton acutely remarks on this expression, that it is a covert allusion to the Christian doctrine of ‘a baptism for the remission of sins,” and shews the acquaintance of Josephus with the tenets of the Christians. (Hecles. Hist. vol.i. p. 199.) LECTURE VII. 503 of this passage is admitted even by Strauss. (Leben Jesu, § 48; vol. i. pp. 344-347, EK. T.) Note 90. p. 254. Strauss, Leben Jesu,1.s.c. The chief points of apparent difference, are the motive of the imprisonment and the scene of the execution. Josephus makes fear of a popular insurrection, the Evangelists offence at a personal rebuke, the motive. But here (as Strauss observes) there is no contradiction, for “ Antipas might well fear that John, by his strong censure of the marriage and the whole course of the tetrarch’s life, might stir up the people into rebellion against him.” Again, from the Gospels we naturally ima- gine the prison to be near Tiberias, where Herod Antipas ordinarily resided; but Josephus says that prison was at Macheerus in Perzea, a day’s journey from Tiberias. Here, however, an examination of the Gospels shews, that the place where Antipas made his feast and gave his promise, is not mentioned. It only appears that it was near the prison. Now, as Herod was at this time engaged in a war with Aretas, the Arabian prince, between whose kingdom and his own lay the fortress of Machzerus, it is ‘‘ a proba- ble solution” of the difficulty, that he was residing with his court at Macherus at this period. (Strauss, § 48, ad fin.) Note 91. p. 254. Philip is said to have retained his tetrarchy till the 20th year of Tiberius. (Ant. Jud. xviii. 5, § 6.) Herod Antipas: lost his government in the first of Caligula. (Ibid. ch. 7.) Note 92. p. 254. Ant. Jud. xvii. 12; xvili.1; De Bell. Jud. ii. 8, § 1. Tijs 5@ “ApyeAdov xapas eis énapxlay Teprypadetons, €mitpo- nds Tis immuxijs Tapa “Pwpators ra€ews Kam ovios méuretat, pé- xpt Tod Krelveww AaBav Tapa Tod Katoapos efovolav. The procurators for this period, mentioned by Josephus, are 504 NOTES. Coponius, M. Ambivius, Annius Rufus, Valerius Gratus, and Pontius Pilate. (Ant. Jud. xviii. 2, § 2.) Note 93. p. 255. Joseph. Ant. Jud. xviii. 6, §§ 10, 11; 8, §-73; xix. 5, § 1; Philo, Zn Place. p. 968, D. E. Note 94. p. 255- Joseph. Ant. Jud. xix. 8. § 2; Tpifrov 6€ éros atta Bact- B : AevorT. Tis GAns “lovdaias TeTAHpwTaL, Kal TapHhv eis TOAW Ka.todpetav, i) mpotepov Xtpatwvos Tipyos €xadeito’ cuve- / \ ° an / > ‘\ re XN X\ BA nt ~ X\ 3 , > / » avtiy 7Opototo TOY Kata THY éwapxlay ev TeAEL Kal TpOBeE- Bykorwy eis afiav wANOos. Acvtépa b€ THs Oewpias c / A >] / 3 >) / / Nuepa oTOANY Evdvodwevos E€€ Aapyvpov TEToLNpEVHY lo c / < Ai LS lol > \ / Tacav, os Oavpacior vpdyy €ivat, TapyAOev els TO OE€aTpov >) / c / wy a , a is n 5 , apxouerns juepas. “EvOa rats mpétars Tov HALaKOY axkTivev ) la ey ‘ / >] / eTBoAats 6 apyupos Katavyacdels, Oavpaciws amecTtABe, jap- patpwv tT. poBepov kal tols eis adrov areviCovor dpik@des. Ev- Ods bE of KoAaKES TAS OVE ExelvH Tpds Gyabod GAAos GAAODEY dwvas aveBowv, O€ov TpoTayopeEvorTes, “ Eperns TE ELNS,” emA€yovtes, “ ei kal pexpl viv os GvOpwrov epoBnOnuev, GAda 3) a / f lal , Lo lal %9 > TovvTevOev Kpelttova oe Ovytis picews Opodroyovpev.” Ovk emeTAnke TovTOLs 6 BactAEvs, Ode THY KoAakelav doe- lal A Botoay amerpipato’ dvaxtas b€ ody pet oALyov, TOV BovBdva Tis EavTod Kehadjs b7epKabeCouevoy cide emt oXOL- fal . a * viov Tivos’ dyyeAdv TE ToUTOY EvOds Evdnoe KaKOY ElvaL, TOV Kal ToTe TOV aya0Gv yevopevov, Kal diaxdpdtov Eaxev OOv- ‘ ” X\ , cal na 7 / wv X\ viv adpovy o€ ait® THs KolAtas Tpocedvdev aAynua, pEeTa odpodpdrntos apédpevov. “Avalewpdv otv zpos Todvs ¢idovs, “OC eds tyiv eya,” poly, “dn Kataotépew emuTaTTOMaL TOV n lel / Blov, Tapax pijpa Ths €iuappévns Tas ApTe pov Kareevopevas c a LA MS povas eheyxotvons’ Kat 6 KAyfels GOdvaros bd’ pov On Oavov iN SS e = \ andyopa' dexréov b& THY TETpHMEVnY 1 Oeds BEeBovAntau’ Kat , nm n / yap BeBidxaper ovdapn patvrAws, GAN ent THs paxapiComerns Aapmporntos.” Tatra A€yor émitdoes Tis ddvyns KaTETOVEITO. LECTURE VII. 505 cal \ cal Mera oxovdis ovv eis TO Bacthevov exouicOn, kal dunée Adyos eis TavTas, ws Exot TOD TeOvaVaL TavTaTact peT GALyor ... Duve- aie x‘ 5 > c f / a a \ , / XGs b& ef’ Hepas TEevTEe TH TIS yaoTtpos GrAynpare dvepyazdels Tov Biov Katéotpe wer. Note 95. p. 255. Ibid. xix. 9, § 2; "Emapxov obv ris “lovdaias kal ris ara- ons Bacwetas anéorewWe [KAavdvos] Kovomoy Pddov. Note 96. p. 255. Ibid. xx. 5,§ 253 7,§15; and 8,$ 4. Agrippa IT. bore the title of king. (De Bell. Jud. i. 12, § 8.) Note 97. p. 256. Antiq. Jud. xix. 9, § 13; xx. 7, § 3. The evil reports which arose from this constant companionship are noticed by Josephus in the latter of these passages. They are glanced at in the well-known passage of Juvenal (Sat. vi. 155-159). F Adamas notissimus, et Berenices In digito factus pretiosior. Hune dedit olim Barbarus incestze, dedit hune Agrippa sorori, Observant ubi festa mero pede sabbata reges, Et vetus indulget senibus clementia porcis. Compare Tacit. Hist. ii. 2 and 81. Note 98. ‘p. 256. Joseph. Ant. Jud. xx. 8, §8; 9,§7. ‘O Baowreds exeni- atevto b70 KAavidiov Kalcapos tiv émipédecav tod iepod. In one passage (Ant. Jud. xx. 1, § 3) Josephus says that these privileges continued to be exercised by the descendants of Herod, king of Chalcis, from his decease to the end of the war. But he here uses the term dzdéyovor very loosely ; or he forgets that Agrippa II. was the nephew and not the son of this monarch. (See the note of Lardner, Credibility, vol. i, p. 18, note 8.) 506 NOTES. Note 99. p. 256. The procuratorship of Pilate lasted from the 12th year of Tiberius (A. D. 26) to the 22nd (A. D. 36.) See Joseph. Ant. Jud. xviii. 3, § 2, and 4, §2. Felix entered upon his office as sole procurator in the 12th year of Claudius (A. D. 53), and was succeeded by Porcius Festus early in the reign of Nero. (Ant. Jud. xx. 7, §1; and 8, $9.) Note 100. p. 256. The vacillation and timidity of Pilate appear in his attempt to establish the images of Tiberius in Jerusalem, followed almost immediately by their withdrawal. (Ant. Jud. xviil. 3, § 1.) His violence is shewn in his conduct towards the Jews who opposed his application of the temple-money to the construction of an aqueduct at Jeru- salem (ibid. § 2), as well as in his treatment of the Sama- ritans on the occasion which led to his removal. (Ibid. 4, §1.) Agrippa the elder speaks of the iniquity of his go- vernment in the strongest terms (ap. Philon. Leg. ad Caium, p. 10343 Katadeioarra pn Kal THs GAAns adtod émuTpo- ms e£eh€yxwor Tas dwpodokias, Tas UBpers, Tas aprayas, Tas aixlas, Tas émnpetas, Tovs axplrovs Kal émadAjAovs ovous, TV avyvuTov Kal apyadewrarny @pornta duveEeOovrTes.) Note 101. p. 256. Tacitus says of Felix— “ Antonius Felix, per omnem sevitiam ac libidinem, jus regium servili ingenio exercuit.” (Hist. v. 9.) And again, “ At non pater ejus, cognomento Felix, pari moderatione agebat, jampridem Judzez impo- situs, et cuncta malefacta sibi impune ratus, tanta potentia subnixo.” (Ann. xi. 54.) Josephus gives a similar account of his government. (Antiq. Jud. xx. 8.) After he quitted office he was accused to the emperor, and only escaped a severe sentence by the influence which his brother Pallas possessed with Nero. LECTURE VII. 50 -~t Note 102. p. 256. See Ant. Jud. xx. 8, §§ 10,11; Bell. Jud. ii. 14, § 1. In the latter passage Josephus says— Aradefdpuevos 8 Tapa TovTOV THY emiTpomVY Piotos, TO padiota Avpatopevov Ti X@pay emegner’ TOV your AnoTGv ovvédaBe Tos TAEloTOVS, Kal duepOeipev ovK dAlyous. “AAN ody 6 peta Photov ’AABivos Tov avtov TpdTov e€nynoato TOV Tpaypatwv’ ov«K €oTt 8 fvTWa Ka- Koupyias id€av TapeAuTrev. Note 103. p. 257. See above, notes 100 and 101. Note 104. p. 257. Here the accuracy of St. Luke is very remarkable. Achaia, though originally a senatorial province (Dio Cass. hii. p. 503, H.), had been taken into his own keeping by Tiberius (Tacit. Anz. i. 76), and had continued under le- gates during the whole of his reign. Claudius, however, in his fourth year restored the province to the senate (Suet. out. Claud. § 35), from which time it was governed by pro- consuls. St. Paul’s visit to Corinth fell about two years after this change. Note 105. p. 257. Seneca says of Gallio —“< Solebam tibi dicere, Gallionem fratrem meum (quem nemo non parum amat, etiam qui amare plus non potest) alia vitia non nosse, hoe etiam odisse.” And again— ‘‘ Nemo mortalium uni tam du/cis est, quam hic omnibus.” (Quest. Nat. iv. Preefat.) Statius uses the same epithet—(Sy/v. 11. 7, Il. 32, 33)— Hoe plus quam Senecam dedisse mundo, Aut dulcem generasse Gallionem. Note 106. p. 257. See Joseph. Ant. Jud. xvii. 12, § 5; xvill.1, § 1. Lappy dé kal Kupyuios eis tiv *lovdatav, mpooOyknv ths Svpias yevo- 508 NOTES. pevnv, ATOTLLNTOMEVOS a’TOV Tas Ovolas Kal aTodwod- oe! / , € SS / \ chef) bs >? pevos Ta ApxeAdov xpyyata. Ol 6€ Kaimep TO Kat apxas ev Sewea pepovres THY emt Tals Anoypadats axpdaow, b7oKare- Bynoav, «.t.d. The difficulty with respect to the time of the taxing will be considered in note 119. Note 107. p. 257. There was a Sergius Paulus who bore the office of consul in the year A.D. 94. Another held the same office in A. D. 168. This latter is probably the Sergius Paulus mentioned by Galen. (Anat. 1.1, vol. il. p. 218; De Prenot. § 2; vol. xiv. p. 612.) Note 108. p. 257. Cyprus was originally an imperial province (Dio Cass. lili. p. 504, A.), and therefore governed by legates or pro- pretors (Strab. xiv. 6, § 6); but Augustus after a while gave it up to the Senate, from which time its governors were proconsuls. (See Dio, liv. p. 523, B. rére 6€.0tv Kat ti Kixpov wai tyv Tadariav tiv NapBovyclav arédoxe TO diye, os pndey Tév d7@V adtod Seopevas’ Kat ovTws avOV- mato. kal és Ta exeiva €Ovn TéuTes Oa ipavro.) The title of Proconsul appears on Cyprian coins, and has been found in a Cyprian Inseription of the reign of Claudius. (Boeckh, Corp. Inscript. No. 2632.) Note 109. p. 257. Joseph. Ant. Jud. xiv. 13, §3; De Bell. Jud. 1.13, § 1; Dio Cass. xlix. p. 411, B. This Lysanias was the son of Ptolemy son of Mennzeus, and seems to have been king of Chalcis and Iturea, inheriting the former from his father, and receiving the latter from Mark Antony. See the pas- sages above cited. Note 110. p. 257. Lysanias, the son of Ptolemy, was put to death by An- tony, at the instigation of Cleopatra (Joseph. Ant. Jud. xv. 4, § 1), certainly before the year of Rome 719, B.C. 35. (See Dio Cass. I. s. ¢.) LECTURE VII. 509 Note 111. p. 258. So Strauss, Leben Jesu, § 44; vol.i. p. 302, E. T. Note 112. p. 258. Ibid. p. 301. ‘‘ We cannot indeed prove that, had a younger Lysanias existed, Josephus must have mentioned him, &ce.” Note 113. p: 258. Strauss assumes, without an atom of proof, that Abila (or Abilene) was included in the kingdom of Lysanias, the contemporary of Anthony. It is never mentioned as a part of his territories. Indeed, as Dr. Lee has remarked*, it seems to be pointedly excluded from them. Agrippa the First received “thé Abila of Lysanias” from Claudius, at the very time when he relinquished the kingdom of Chalcis, which formed the special territory of the old Lysanias. (Joseph. De Bell. Jud. iit. 12, § 8; Ant. Jud. xix. 5, § 1.) Thus it would appear that Josephus really intends a dif- ferent Lysanias from the son of Ptolemy in these two pas- sages. Even, however, if this were not the case, his silence would be no proof that a second Lysanias had not held a tetrarchy in these parts at the time of John’s ministry. That Abila formed once a tetrarchy by itself seems implied in the subjoined passage from Pliny—“ Intercursant cin- guntque has urbes ¢etrarchi@, regionum instar singul, et in regna contribuuntur, Trachonitis, Paneas, Abila, &e.” (H. N. v. 18, ad fin.) Note 114. p. 259. See above, notes 4, 89, and 94. Note 115. p. 259. Strauss, Leben Jesu, § 32; vol. i. p. 301, E.T. x See his Inspiration of Holy Scripture, Lecture VIII. p. 403, note =. I am indebted to my friend, Mr. Mansel, for my knowledge of this excellent work. 510 NOTES. Note 116. p. 259. See the Zeitschrift fiir geschichtliche Rechtwissenschaft, vol. vi., quoted by Olshausen in his Biblischer Commentar, (vol. 1. p.125; p.116, E. T.) On the general question, see Alford’s Greek Testament, vol. i. p. 315. Note 117. p. 259. Ant. Jud. xvii. 1, § 1. See above, note 106. Note 118. p. 260. Strauss, Leben Jesu, § 32; p. 204, E. 'T. . Note 119. p. 260. The following explanations of Luke ii. 2 have been pro- posed :—(1.) It has been proposed to take zpérn with azo- ypad?, to regard Kupnviov as a genitive dependent on dzo- ypagn, and ijyenovevovros as equivalent to iyyeudvos or nye- povedoavros. ‘The passage is then translated— ‘‘ This was the first assessment of Cyrenius, once governor of Syria.” (See Lardner, Credibility. vol. i. pp. 173-175:) (2.) Only slightly different from this is the view of Bezay and others, which takes zpé77 in the same way, but regards nyeuovevovtos Kupyviov as a genitive absolute, and renders the verse—‘ This first assessment was made when Cyrenius was governor of Syria.” Both these explanations suppose that Cyrenius made two assessments, one before he was actual President of Syria and one afterwards. The former regards Cyrenius as designated by his subsequent title; the latter supposes that he may have been called “ governor” when strictly speaking he was not so, but had a certain degree of authority. Two objections lie against both views. 1. The ordo verborum does not allow us to take zpoérn with y See Lardner, Credibility, vol. i. p. 171, note 4. LECTURE VII. 511 avoypapy. 2. No writer hints at Cyrenius having been twice employed to make a census in Palestine. (3.) A third explanation is, that apétn is for sporépa, and that the genitive Kvpnviov depends upon it, the con- struction used being analogous to that of St. John, 671 -7pé- tds pou jv (1. 15.) The meaning is then—‘‘ This assessment was made before the time when Cyrenius was governor of Syria.” (Lardner, Credibility, vol.i. pp. 165-173; Alford, Greek Testament, vol. 1. p. 314.) (4.) Finally, it is maintained that éyévero should be re- garded as emphatic—and that St. Luke means, as I have suggested in the text, that while the enrolment was begun a little before our Lord’s birth, it was never fully executed until Cyrenius carried it through. Both this and the pre- ceding explanation seem to be allowable—they are com- patible with the Hellenistic idiom, and do no violence to history. As Lardner has shewn, there is abundant rea- son to believe that an enrolment was actually set on foot shortly before the death of Herod. (See the Credibility, vol. 1. pp. 151-159.) Note 120. p. 260. See his Short View of the Harmony of the Evangelists, Prop. xi. pp. 145-149. Note 121. p. 260. Connection of Sacred and Profane History, vol. ii. p. 505. Note 122. p. 260. Ant. Jud. xvii. 1, § 1. After speaking of Cyrenius as sent from Rome for the express purpose of effecting a census, Josephus adds—Tovdas 6 Tavdavirns avip, ek 70- Aeos Gvopa Tayada, Sdddoveov Dapisaiov spoodapBavopevos, pd if > \ P) 4 , > / OX + x‘ nmelyeTo eT ATOOTATEL, THY TE ATOTiUNoW OvdEV GAAO 7) ” , 5 / / C\ a > , ar) Gvtikpus dovdelav emupépew A€yovTes, Kal Tis €devOepias ea avTiAner Tapakadovvres 76 €Ovos. He then speaks of the success of Judas’s efforts, and his formation of a sect, 512 NOTES. which Josephus puts on a par with those of the Pharisees, the Sadducees, and the Essenes. I 6& rerdprn tév diAoco- pidv 6 TadtAatos “lovéas iyyepov xatearn. (Ibid. § 6.) Note 123. p. 260. De Bell. Jud. ii. 17, § 8. The followers of Theudas “were scattered and brought to nought’ (Acts v. 36), but those of Judas the Galilean “ were dispersed.” (Ibid. verse 37-) It is in exact accordance with this distinction that the latter reappear in the Jewish war, while of the former we hear nothing. See Dean Alford’s note ad loe. Note 124. p. 261. Antiq. Jud. xx. 5, § 1. Note 125. p. 261. Ib. xvii. 10, § 43 "Ev rovr@ dé kai €repa pvpia OoptBov €xOueva THY “lovdatay KatehduBave, TOAAGY TOAAAYOCE kat oikelwy ed7idas Kepddv Kal “lovdalwy &xOpas emt TO Tode- BEY @PpNpEevov. Note 126. p. 261. De Bell. Jud. ii. 13, § 53 Meitom 8& radrns mAny7 “lovdat- b) / 7) 4 / , X\ ous exakwoev Aiyintios Wevdorpodirns. Llapayevouevos yap eis THY xX@pav, avOpwTos yons, Kab Tpopyrov TloTw émbels EaUT@, TEpl TpLoyvplovs pev GOpoiter TGV nmatnyévov. Tlepia- ‘\ X\ > \ p] Lo a; / , X93 lal , ¥ yayov 6€ avtous Ex Tis Epnulas eis TO ’EXatoy Kadovpevor pos, éxeiev oids Te iv eis ‘lepordAupa TapedOeiv Bidtec Oat, kal Kpa- THhoas Tis TE Pwpaixhs ppouvpas Kal rod Shyov tupavveiv, ypo- ~“ n , f S 3 ol ~ € Pevos Tols ouvetotecovur Sopuddpots. DPOaver 5€ avtov Tv dp- XN fal c / ‘ lal ‘Dp “nan ¢ n \ la) c pny O7ALE, vravriacas peta TOV “PopaixGrv dmALTOr, Kal Tas 6 djpos cvvedywaro THs autvns’ Gote cvyBods yevowevns Tov bev Aiydrriov pvyeiv per Alyov, SvapOaphvar & Kat Cwypy- Ova TrAEloTOVS TOV obv aiTw TO bE AoLTOV TAHOOS oKEda- obey ent THY Eavtov Exacrov diadabety. Compare Antiq. Jud. TO) 1. LECTURE VIT. 513 Note 127. p. 262. In the parallel passage of the Antiquities (l.s.c.), Jo- sephus says, that Felix slew 400 and captured 200 of the Egyptian’s followers. If he had really estimated their whole number at 30,000, he would scarcely have said, that “ very many (zAetoror) were killed or taken prisoners,” when the loss in both ways was no more than 600 men. It has been sagaciously conjectured that the reading tpecpv- plovs should be replaced by rerpaxcoytAcous, having arisen from the ready confusion of A with 6, or A with A. (Lardner, Credibility, vol. i. p. 227.) Note 128. p. 262. Ant. Jud. xx. 2.§ 6. Compare Dio Cassius. Ix. pp. 671, 672; Tacit. Ann. xii. 43; Sueton. vit. Claud. § 18. Euse- bius mentions a famine in Greece during the same reign. (Chronica, pars il. p. 373, Ed. Mai.) Josephus calls the famine in Judzea, to which he refers, rov uéyav Adv. (Ant. Jud. xx. 5. § 2.) Note 129. p. 263. Alford, Greek Testament, vol. ii. p. 53. Note 130. p. 264. See an article “on the Bible and Josephus,” in the Journal of Sacred Literature for October 1850. Note 131. p. 264. S. Ambrose, Comment. in Psalm. exviii. § 37. (Opera, vol. i. p. 1206.) Note 132. p. 265. Ibid. Explic. Luc. x. §171. (Opera, vol. i. p.1542.) Note 133. p. 265. Irenzeus, Advers. Heres. iii. 1 ; (Opera, vol. ii. p. 6.) RAWLINSON. jg | NO eas. LECTURE VIIL. Note 1. p. 267. OF all our writers on the Evidences, Lardner is the only one who appears to be at all duly impressed with a feeling of the value of Christian witnesses. He devotes nearly two volumes to the accumulation of their testimonies. (See his Credibility, vols. i. li. and ii.) Paley does not make any use of Christian writers to prove the facts of Christianity ; he only cites them as witnesses to the early existence and repute of our Historical Scriptures. Butler in a general way refers to the evidence of the “ first converts” (Analogy, part i. ch. 7, p. 291); but omits to enlarge on the point. And this is the general spirit of our Apologists. Note 2. p. 268. So Celsus (ap. Origen. Contr. Cels. iii. 44.) Strauss en- deavours to diminish the authority of the Apostles, and first preachers of Christianity, by contrasting the darkness of Galilee and Judea with the enlightenment of “ highly civilized Greece and Rome.” (Leben Jesu, § 13, sub fin. ; vol. i. p. 64, KE. T.) Note 3. p. 270. Stromata, ii. pp. 464, 489, 490; v. p. 677; vi. p. 770. Clement believes the writer to be the companion of St. Paul. (See Strom. il. p. 489; Ov pou det TAELWWvaY Adyor, mapabeyerm pdptruy tov "Amocto\tKkov BapvaBav’ 6 &e Tov EBdopjKovra HY, Kal cuvepyos Tov [lavAov. He then quotes from the extant Kpistle.) LECTURE VIII. 51 Or Note 4. p. 270. Contra Celsum, i. § 63; p. 378, B.; De Princip. ii. 2. § 4; p- 140, E. Note 5. p. 270. Professor Norton assigns the Epistle of Barnabas to “the middle of the second century” (Genwineness of the Gospels, vol. i. p. 347); but on very insufficient evidence. Lardner gives A. D. 71 or 72 as the probable date of its composition. (Credibility, vol. i. p. 285.) M. Bunsen, while rejecting the view that it was written by the companion of St. Paul, puts its composition “ about 15 years before that of the Gospel of St. John,” or some time before the close of the first century. (Hippolytus and his Age, vol. 1. p. 54.) The genuineness of the Epistle has been well defended by Dr. Lee, who thoroughly exposes the common fallacy, that, if the work of the Apostle, it must have formed a portion of Canonical Scripture. (See his Lectures on the Inspiration of Holy Scripture, Appendix E. pp. 472-477.) Note 6. p. 270. See the subjoined passages— [lepas yé rou diddoKwv Tov ? nan lal n Iopana, kal Tovadra Tépata kal onpeta Toray, exnprée, \ kat dmepnyannoev avtdv. “Ore 5 rods idlovs "AnoordAovs, / a Tovs weAAOPTasS KnpvooeEW TO EvayyeALoV avTod, Efe EEQTO,... TOTE Eavepwoev Eavrov viov Ocod civar. ($5; p-15-) Ot de e , a > , Cran \ ” n a pavtiCovtes Taides, evayyeAtCouevor uty THY ApEeow TOV apuap- TLOV, Kal TOV dyviopoY THs Kapdias, ois EdwKe TOU EvayyeAtou \ ¢ Ss i , , 7, an a fo THY e€ovolay, ovat SEeKadvo, eis papTUpLoy TOV purr, Gre de- kadvo at dudal rod “Iopaynd. (§ 8; p. 25-) Adros OEAncev er lal fy N £ /, hae } > “ ° \ / otrw Tadeiy...A€yer yap 6 TpopyTevav em aiTe... idov, TE- Oevkd pov TOV vGrov eis padoTiyas, TAS TLaydvas Eis pamlopata. (§5; p.16.) “Owovrar airov rére tH Huepa TOv TodnNpN e€XovTAa TOV KOKKLVOY TeEpl THY TapKa, Kal €povow’ Ovx ovrds eotiy Gv ToTE iets EgTavpdoapeEV €f- ovOevnoarvrTes, kal katakevtynoartes, Kai EeuTalgavtes. ($7; Ee 516 NOTES. p- 24.) ‘O vids tod Ocod éxaber, iva 4 TAnyi aitod Cworoujon muds ...dAka Kat oravpobels emoriCero d£er Kal xodA7. ($7; pp. 20, 21.) Kal wadAw Moojs more? ritov Tod “Inood: ért bet avrov mabeiv Kal a’Tov (woToijoa, Ov Sdf@oLv azo- Awdexévat. (§12; p.39.) Ti ody A€yer TAAL 6 Tpodyrys ; TENETXE LE TUVAYwY)] TOVNPEVOMEeVOL™ Ex’KAWOaY LE GoTEP [e- Auooat knpiov’ kal éml Tov tpatiopov pov €Badrov kAt- pov. Ev capki ovv atrod pedAovtos havepotobat Kal macxeLv, mTpoepavepodto TO TaOos. (§6; p.18.) Avo Kal ayouev THY Nepav Tip oydonv eis evppoodyyy, ev 7) Kal 6 Inoods avéory €x vexpOv Kal davepobeis aveBn els Tovs ovpavods. ($155 p. 48.) Note 7. p. 270. Lardner, Credibility, vol. i. p. 289 et seqq.; Burton, Lc- cles. History, vol. i. pp. 342, 343; Norton, Genuineness, &e. vol. 1. pp. 336-338; Bunsen, Hippolytus, vol. 1. pp. 44-47 3 Jacobson, Prefat. ad S. Clem. Ep. p.x—xvii., prefixed to his Patres Apostolict. Note 8. p. 271. The following are the passages to which reference is made in the text: ’E& avrod (se. tot "laxwB) 6 Kipuos “Inoods TO Kata aapka. (§ 323; p-114.) To oxijztpov tis peya- Awotyvyns TOD Oeod, 6 Kvpios ipav Xpiords “Inoots, ov« nAOev ev KouTH dhafovelas, ovde trepnpavlas, kaizwEp Suva- MEVOS, GAAG TaTewodpovav. (§ 16; pp. 60,62.) Ta 7a07- fata avrod ip mpd dpOadpav tydv. ($2; p.12.) MddAuora Mewvnpevor TOV Adyov tod Kuplov "Incod, ods eAdAnoe 815a- okov eémlelkerav kal pakpoOvplav. Otros yap einer" ’EnXecire iva eAendire, adiere iva adeOi tuiv' ws ToLEiTE, otTw momOnoera buiv? ws didoTe, ovUTws SoOnceTat byiv @s KpiverTe, otras KpiOnoetat div’ as xpnoTeverOe, oUTHS xpnoTevOnoeTat tpiv’ © wetpo peTpetre, ev ad’T@ petpynOnoerar tiv. (§ 13; Pp. 52.) “Areviowper eis TO aia tod Xptorod, kal t6wpmev os €otlv Tiuoy TO Oo aia avrod, 1a Tiv HpETEpav co- tnpiav exxvdev. ($7; p. 34.) Ara rhv aydrny jv Eoxev mpos Has TO atua avtod édwKkev b7Ep HpOv 'Inoois Xpi- ards 6 Kvpios Huadv, ev OeAjpate Qeod, Kal tiv capKa wrep THs LECTURE. VIII. 517 mapkos yyOv, Kal THY Wuxny brep TOV WoxSv jpdv. (§ 49; I 8 Th aN - yen? v rs) A \ es \ p-178.) Tay pédAdoveav dvactacw écecOat, 7s THY aTapxHy émomnoato tov Kipiov judv "Incotv Xpuorov, €xk veKp@v ava- atnoas. (§ 24; p.98.) “Efetéup0n 6 Xpuoros ody azo tod cod, cal of “AndoroAo amd Tod Xprotod. (§ 42; p. 148.) € fal ,’ Mera wAnpogoplas Ivetpatos “Aylov efmdOov [ot Amo- atodot] evayyeArOpevor THY Barireiay TOU Ocov peddrew Epxe- r SS , on N , / / sOa. Kata x@pas ovv kal ToAELts KnpvocovTEs, Kade- gTavoV Tas avapxas adtor, doxiudacavtes TH LIvevpati, eis €mtaKkdtmous Kat dtaxdvous. (ibid. pp. 148, 150.) Ara ¢y- Aov kal POdvov ot méytaTtot Kal Sixatdtarot otvAou el- @xOnoav Kal Ews Oavarov 7jAOov. AdBopev Tpd dpOarpav jyav Tovs ayabors Atoarddovs. “O Tlérpos dia CnAov GduKov odx # OX / 3 X rd ¢€ , / \ ivé €va ovde OU0, GAAG TAELOVAS UTNVEYKEV TOVOUS, kal OUTH / 3 / . Ngee. / , Les , XX paptupnoas emopevOn els TO derkspevov Téwov THs Sdfys. Ara r \ c a c lal lal e / c / (rov cat o [latAos vaopovis BpaBetov vmecxev, ETTAKLS deoua hopécas, puyadevbeis, AvOagOels, kypvé yevo- Mevos €v TE TH GvaTOAH Kat €v TH SUoEL, 70 yevvator THs TlaTews avTod Khéos eAaBev, dixkatoovvny b1dakas GAOoV \ , Vv 4 \ \ / Les uA 3 \ \ TOV KOOMOV Kal Ent TO TEppa THS SVTEMWS EADQV, Kal wapToL- pyoas emt TOV Hyovpeéeveor, K.T.A. ($53 pp. 24-28.) Note 9. p. 271. Ep. ad Cor. § 47; p. 168. "AvadaBere thy émuctoAny Tov 4 / - 3) , , los iC ex . > an n waxaptov [lavAov tov AmoortoAov. Tt mptov upiv ev apx7 Tov , , ” a9) (9) , n Cy ew) econ evayyedlov €ypawen; em” aAnDelas TVEvpaTiK@s eTETTELAEY VytY Tept adtod te Kal Knpa re kai AmoAX@, bia TO Kal TOTE Tpoo- kXioes tuas weToujoOa. Comp. 1 Cor. 1. 10-12. Note 10. p. 272. See Burton’s Ecclesiastical History of the First Three Centuries, vol.i. pp. 197 and 357. Note 11. p..272. Ibid. vol. ii. p. 23. Compare Pearson’s Disputatio de Anno quo 8. Ignatius a Trajano Antiochie ad Bestias erat condemnatus (printed in Dr. Jacobson’s Patres Apostolict 518 NOTES. vol. ii. pp. 524-529.) Pearson places the Martyrdom in A. D.116; M. Bunsen in A. D.115. (Hippolytus and his Age, vol. 1. p. 89.) Note 12. p. 272. ‘wo of these Epistles are addressed to St. John, and the third to the Virgin Mary. They exist in several MSS., and were printed at Paris as early as A.D. 1495. Burton says of them, “‘ Two Epistles to St. John and one to the Virgin Mary, which only exist in Latin, do not deserve even to be mentioned.” (Kecles. Hist. vol. ii. p. 29, note.) So far as I know, they are not now defended by any one. Note 13. p. 272. Lardner, Credibility, vol. i. pp. 314, 315; Burton, Eccles. Hist. vol. ii. pp. 29, 30; Schréckh, Christl. Kirch. Geschichte, vol. ii. p. 341 et seqq.; Neander, Geschichte der Christl. Re- ligton, vol. ii. p. 1140; Kiste in Ilgen’s Zeitschrift fiir histo- rische Theologie, U1. ii. pp. 47-90; Jacobson, Patres Aposto- lici, vol. ii. pp. 262-470; Hefele, Patrum Apostolicorum Opera, 3rd edition, Prolegomena, p. lviii. Note 14. p. 272. Kuseb. Hist. Lecles.iii.36; Hieronym. De Viris Ilustr.c.xvi. (Op. vol. ii. p. 841, ed. Vallars.) The brief account given in the text of a very complicated matter, requires a few words of elucidation, and perhaps, to some extent, of correction. The twelve Epistles in their /onger form exist both in Greek, and in an ancient Latin version. Eleven Epistles out of the twelve are found in a second Latin version, like- wise ancient; which presents numerous important varia- tions from the other, and is in general considerably shorter. Of these eleven Epistles, the first seven, and a fragment of the eighth, were found in Greek in the famous Medicean manuscript, which evidently gave the original text of the shorter Latin translation. The seven (complete) Hpistles of the Medicean MS. are nearly, but not quite, identical LECTURE VIII. 519 with the seven Epistles mentioned by Eusebius and Je- rome. They consist, that is, of six out of the seven (viz. the Epistles to the Ephesians, Magnesians, Trallians, Phila- delphians, Smyrnzeans, and Polycarp), together with a let- ter to a Christian woman, Maria Cassobolita; and there is also in the MS. a fragment of the Epistle to the Tarsians. The Epistle to the Romans, which is placed at the end of the shorter Latin recension, is not in the Medicean MS. ; but this is explained by the fact that that MS. is a frag- ment. As it observes the exact order of the shorter Latin version, and seems to be the text—only somewhat corrupt —from which that version was made, we may conclude, that it contained originally the same eleven letters. Thus we cannot base any argument on the identity of the Euse- bian and Medicean Epistles. It is not an exact identity ; and the approach to identity is perhaps an accident. Note 15. p. 273. See Dr. Cureton’s Corpus Ignatianum, Introduction, pp- xxxiv—Ixxxvil.; Bunsen, Hippolytus and his Age, vol. 1. pp. 98-103. Note 16. p. 273. See Dr. Jacobson’s Preface to the third edition of his Patres Apostolici, p. liv; Hefele’s Prolegomena, 1.8. c.; Pro- fessor Hussey’s University Sermons, Preface, pp. XilI-XXXiX.; Uhlhorn in Niedner’s Zeitschrift fiir historische Theologie, XV. p. 247 et seqq.; and Canon Wordsworth in the English Review, No. viii.’ p. 309 et seqq. The shorter Greek Recen- sion is also’ regarded as genuine by the present Regius Professor of Hebrew in the University of Oxford. Note 17. p. 274. The subjoined are the most important of the Ignatian testimonies to the facts of Christianity: Suvépxeoe ev pia miorer, kat év “Inood Xputo, TG KaTa odpKa Ex yEvous AaBid, ro vid avOpdrov kal vig Ocod. (Hp. ad Eph. xx. s 520 i> SNOPES: p. 302.) ‘O yap Oeds jydr Incous 6 Xpistds Exvopopydn € ‘ , > 3 / n 5 f x ‘ v7z0 Maptas, kat oixovoutay Oeod, €x oneppatos perv AaPid, IIvetpatos b& ‘Ayiov' bs éyevvnOn, kal €Banrtia@n, K.T.A. (Ibid. xviii. pp. 296-298.) “Edadev tov apxovta tod aidvos s € “? s Wee S4 \ >’ n Ye LS , Tovtov 7 TapOevia Mapias, Kai 6 ToKeTOs avTov, Kal 6 Oava- tos Tad Kupiov, tpia pvotipia kpavyns. (Ibid. xix. p. 298.) Ids ovv epavepadn toils aidow; "Aotip ev olpave édap- Wev tnép TavTas Tovs doTépas, Kai TO POs avTov aveKdd- Antov Hv, Kal fevicpov Tapelyev 7) Katvdrns adtod. (Ibid. xix. p- 300.) Tov Kupiov jpov ... yeyernuevov adnOes éx Tapbe- ft € BS) / ¢ , o vou, BeBamticpevov U70 lwavvov, tva TtANPoOON Taca dukatoovyvyn vam avTod, GAnOds emt Tlovrfov iAdrov SAC / , "b ec XX c r 3 , kat Hpoddov retpapxov KkadnArAwpevor rep jpav €v CapKt. (Ep. ad Smyrn.i. p. 4:6.) Kai robs mpodiyras ayarGpev, 61d TO Kal avtovs eis TO evayyéALov KaTHyyeAKEeval, Kal eis avTov ednice, kal avrov dvayeve ev © Kal musTevoartes eowOnoav ) c / ? a r lal ” >) \ Se Wr 2 / ep Evdtntt Inoovd Xpuotod, ovres a€tayatnrot kal afvoPavpacror dyiot, bro “Incood Xptocrod pepaptupypévor, KT. A, (Ep. ad Philadelph. v. pp. 394-396.) Ava tovro pvpov édkaBev emi THs Kepadrs avtod 6 Kipuos, va mven 7H ‘ c exkAnoia apbapoiar. (Hp. ad Ephes. xvii. p. 296.) "AdAndGs exadev ws cal GANOds avéotynoev Eautov. (Ep.ad Smyrn. il. p. 418.) Mnkére caBBarifovres, AAG Kata Kvptak yy Cony Cavtes, Ev 7 Kal 7 Cwr pOv avererhev dv adrod. (Hp. ad Magnes. ix. p. 324.) Ot mpopijrat @s dddoKnadov abrov TpoweddKouv’ Kal 61a ToUTO Oy bikaiws avewevov, Tapov HyEt- pev avtovs ex vexpov. (Ibid. l.s.c¢) "Eye yap Kai pera \ >] / pb] \ , \ AS \ 4 v y \ lad THY avasTacw ev capKl avTov oida Kal TLaTEVw OVTa. Kal OTe mpos Tovs wept [létpov HAGEv, py avrots, AaBere, Wnrapyrate pe, Kal dere, dre od« ciul Saysdviov Aoeparov. Kai ed@vs adtod qWarto, kai éxlotevsav. (Kp. ad Smyrn. lil. p.420.) Mera 6& rip avdoracw cvvépayev adrots cat avventev ws capxikos. (Ibid. |. s. ec.) “Yaordynre To em- , ee / c > ce) r \ Coed \ \ / oxd7@ Kal GAANAOLS, @S "Invots Xpioros To TaTpl Kara oapsa, kal of "AmdoroAo T® XptoTe@ kat To Carpi cat ro [vev- pati. (Ep. ad Magnes. xiii. p. 323.) “AvayKatov obv éotiv ... UmoTdosecIa. TH TpeTBuTEepin, ws Tols amoaTOAdLs. (Hp. ad. Trall. ii. p. 334.) Ovdx os Weérpos*xat TataAos LECTURE VIII. 52] diatacoopat tylv’ Exetvou. dadatoXot, €yw xatakpitos. (Hp. ad ftom. iv. p. 368.) Note 18. p. 274. See Dr. Cureton’s Corpus [qnatianum, pp. 227-231; and M. Bunsen’s Hippolytus, vol. i. pp. 2-98. Note 19. p. 274. See Jacobson’s Patres Apostolici, vol. ii. pp. 484-512. ‘This work is admitted to be genuine, even by M. Bunsen. (Hippolytus, vol.i. pp. 223-227.) Note 20. p. 27 See especially the following passages: Avdkovot ... nopev- Opevotr Kara THY AAnGetav Tod Kupiov, Os EyéveTo OtdKovos f La co > TAaVTOV. ($5; p-494.) Muvnpovedtovtes d€ ov eizev 6 Kipios / nm dudaoKkav, Mi kplvete, tva pr KplOnre aiere, Kat 2 4 On Cee ael oa ¢ B EA) VS EM e a apednoetat viv’ edeEEtTE, Wa EAENOITE EV @ METPwH JLETPEITE, avtiperpnOjnoerar buiv? Kal Ore paxdploe ob mT@XOl, Kal ob Oiw- / ed 4 v4 paras 5) \ ¢ tf nn KOMEVOL Evekev Oikaloobyys, OTL a’TOY EoTiv 7 BactAEla Tov n r fat A / Ocod. (§ 2; pp. 488-490.) Xpurords Inoots, Os aviveyKev NMO@v Tas Guaptias 76 dim codpate emt TO EVAOY Os Te paptias TG lilo odp ( 4 > 2) , IEr > / , 3 ” , > a. GpapTlav oUK ETOLNTEV, OVOE EYPEON HOAOS EV TH TTOMATL avTOD P) ’ lad / a GAG Oe Hpas, va Cjompev ev adte, Tavta bne€perve. (§ 8; P: 502.) “Os dv py dporoy7 76 j 0 oTauvpod, €k : é Bi) OMoAOyH TO paptvpioy TOB oTavpod, Tod diaBcdov eori. ($7; p. 500.) Tov Kupiov jar ‘Inootv \ A / na n nan ¢ Xpiorov, Os imeuewey drep TOV Gyaptiav jyav Ews Oavatov na im A v ¢ \ , \ xan a eo KaTavTnoa ov nyetpev O Oe€ods, Avoas Tas divas TOU aoov. ($13 p. 486.) [luretoavres cis Tov eyeipavta tov Kipiov « na ? a 7 \ . / Os , ? n , \ neov Inoovv Xpiotov ex vexpwv, kal OOvTA avTe@ dogav Kal , 3 ~ nA ’ a s @ a , Opdovov é€x de€tGv advrod. (§ 2; p.486.) “QO (se. ro Kupie) aN > / o) ae _ 7 > s \ \ / EdV EVAPEDTIOMMEY EV TH VEY al@vL, aTOAnWopEIa Kal TOV pEA- Aovta, Kaas bTETXETO Huly Eyetpat Nuas EK VEKpwv. ($53 p- 496.) [lapaxad6 otvy mavras tyes... doxeiy Tacav ¢ X\ ny Ee 375 ‘ > , . r UTOLOVHY, HY Kal LOeTE KaT OPOaXpovs, ov povoy EV TOS ) paxaptos ‘Tyvatio, kal Zocive, kal ‘Povo, GAA Kal ev GddAots tat 3 ig n \ 5 > a , \ Cal ca , Tots €€ Uuov, kal Ev adT@ HavAw Kai Tots Aotmots aTo- 522 NOTES. , = t or o t B) > Not OTOAOLS TETELTPLEVOUS OTL OVTOL TAVTES OUK Els KEVOY Edpapory, \o > A ’ , > a , Oyen X fall fea s ... kal OTL eis TOV OpELAopEVOY avTols TOTOY Elo Tapa To Kupilo, © kal cuvétmadov. (§93 pp. 502-504.) Tod paxaptov kal > / / aA /, 2. € na \ , evoofov [lavAov" os yevowevos Ev Vuty KaTa TPOTwTOV Tov TOTE avOpdéTorv, EdldakEV axpiBGs Kal BeBalws TOV TeEpl > , , SAA ee) \ Cee x > / adndeias AOyov' Os Kai AT@V VEY EypaWeVv ETLOTOAGS, Kit. A. ($13 3~p. 490!) Note 21. p. 275. See the Epistle of Irenzeus to Florinus, preserved in Euse- bius’s Ecclesiastical History (v.20; vol.i. pp. 359, 360) ;—At éx Taldav padijces cvvavfovoat TH Wuxn Evodvtat adTH, WaTE ME dvvacOa eizeiv Kal Tov TémoV ev w@ KabeCopevos dieheyeTo 6 ij (4 \ X\ / > nN \ XX > , paxaptos [loAvKapzos, kal Tas mpoddovs avTov Kal Tas €iaddous, Kal TOV xapakthpa Tov Biov, Kal THY TOU TépaTos id€arv, Kal Tas duadefes Gs evroLveiTo Tpds TO TAHOOS, Kal THY KaTa Twavvov ‘ c ’ y \ X\ XX n n cvvavacTpogPyy ws amnyyedre, kal THY META TOV OLTOV TOV EwpakoTtev TOV Kvprov' kal ws ameuvypdveve Tovs Ad- yous avt@v, kal wept Tov Kupiov tiva jv & map exelvwv aknKoet, Kal wept TOv dSuvadpewr avdTod, ws Tapa TGV alToTTav THs Cwijs Tod Adyou apenas 6 TloAvKapxos amyyyeAAe TavTA cuudeava tats ypadats. Note 22. p. 275. Kuseb. Hist. Eccles. iii. 3; vol. i. p.1473; Hieronym. De Viris Illustr. x. p. 831. ed. Vallars. Compare Origen, ad Rom. xvi. 13. Note 23. p.275. See the ‘“ Canon” published by Muratori in his Antiqui- tates Itaha@ Medii Aivi,2 where the writer (Hegesippus ) says, that “the book of the Shepherd was written very lately, in our own times, by Hermas, while his brother Pius presided over the Roman Church as bishop.” And compare Burton, Kecles. Hist. vol. ii. p. 104; Alford, Greek Testament, vol. i. p. 441 ; Bunsen, Hippolytus, vol.i. p.184 ; and Norton, Genwineness of the Gospels, vol. i. pp. 341, 342. 2 Vol. iii. pp. 853, 854. LECTURE VIIL. 523 Note 24. p. 276. Hermas mentions the mission of the Apostles—“ Tales sunt qui crediderunt Apostolis, guos misit Dominus in totum orbem predicare.” (Past. iii. 9, § 25; p-122.) Their tra- vels throughout the world— “ Hi duodecim montes quos vides, duodecim sunt gentes gue totum obtinent orbem. Predicatus est ergo in eis Filius Dei, per cos quos ipse ad illos misit.” (Ibid. §17; p.120.) Their sufferings are in- dicated in the following passage— ‘ Dico ei: Domine, vel- lem scire qu sustinuerunt. Audi, inquit; feras bestias, flagella, carceres, cruces, causa nominis ejus.” (Ibid. i. 3, $23 p-78.) Note 25. p. 276. See Burton’s Eccles. Hist. vol. i. p. 73. and p. 496. Note 26. p. 277. Ap. Euseb. Hist. Eccles. iv. 3; vol. i. p. 230;—Tod 8 Ss 2 c lal Ney DAN TS > lal X\ Cees € Lorijpos HuGv Ta epya ael mapyv? adnOn yap iv" ot Oepatev- Oévres, ol dvacravTes ek vexpOr, of ovK OPOnrTav povov Oepa- TMEVOMEVOL, KAL avioTGpEVOL, GAAG Kal Gel TapdvTEs’ OvdE ETLON- a , SUES les > \ A) J s SEAN pobvtos povoy Tod Swtnpos, AAG Kal amadAayévTos, Hoav ent xpovov tkavoy, Gate Kal eis TOVS METEPOUS XpOVoVS Ti- vés avTOv adiKorvTo. Note 27. p. 277. Burton, Hecles. Hist. vol. 11. p.111 3; Norton (Genwineness of the Gospels, vol.i. p. 126) says A. D.150. So the Bene- dictine Editors. Bunsen and others date it eleven years earlier, A. D.139. (See Hippolytus and his Age, vol. i. p- 216. Compare Bishop Kaye, Account of the Writings and Opinions of Justin Martyr, pp. 11,123 who, however, de- clines to decide between the earlier and the later date.) Note 28. p. 277. Burton, #. H. vol. ii. pp. 128, 129. According to its 524 NOTES. title, the second Apology was addressed to the Senate only (xpos tiv “Pwpatev cvy«Antov); but it contains expressions which imply that it was addressed to an emperor, and Eu- sebius tells us that it was actually offered to M. Aurelius. Note 29. p. 277. Kaye, Writings and Opinions of Justin Martyr, ch.i. p. 3. Note 30. p. 277. Paley, Evidences, parti. ch. vil. p.75. Professor Norton remarks—‘* From these works of Justin might be extracted a brief account of the life and doctrine of Christ, corre- sponding with that contained in the Gospels, and corre- sponding to such a degree, both in matter and words, that almost every quotation and reference may be readily as- signed to its proper place in one or other of the Gospels.” Note 31. p. 279. The following are among the most important of Justin’s testimonies : ’ as P , 1. “‘Lwonp 5&, 6 tiv Mapiavy peurnorevpevos, Bovdnbeis mpd- 3 a X x See ; aN t > is Tepov ExBadely THY pvnoTHY avT® Mapiap, voulCov eyKupovely f / avTiY €K avvovalas avdpos, TovTéaTLV ATO Toprelas, Ov 6papa- a a a o > Lad Tos’ KeKeAevoTo pr) exBadrely THY yuvatka avbrov, eimdvTOS avTw ~ / ) / iad 5 4 € 4 aA X Tov bavevTos ayyéeaou Ott €K [lvevpatos Aytov 0 exer KaTa ya- aTpds €ote’ oBydels ovv ovK exBEBAnkev adtry, GAAA aToypa- pis ovrns ev TH Llovdala tére tpatns ext Kupnviov, avedndrvoer j ] yi k poTn pn ’ 5 \ \ ” ” > \ ev s 5 / i avo Nagaper, evda weet, eis BnOdceu, O0ev av, amoypayac0at BARN X a , \ \ > s mie oan) , \ , a0 yap Tijs KaToiKovons THY yi exelynv pvdrs *lovda TO yevos >_> ‘ ¢ n a > » qv. Kat avros dua ri Mapia KeAevetar e€edAOelv eis Alyurtor, ‘ Ly =) - e n , » > lal > / > KQL ELVAL EKEL CUA TH TALOLM, Axpls Gv avTols aToKaAUPOy EeTAav- eOetv eis THY lovdatay. TevrnOévtos b€ Tore TO’ TaLdiov ev * pl QX\ 9 ‘\ , Ly 3 mn / ’ / n” ByOreep, Ev ELd7) “lwo ovk eixev €v TH KON ExElvy TOU KaTa- Adoat, Ev 6€ oTNAalw TLVL GbvEyyUS TIS Kons KaTEAVTE Kal TOTE AUTOV OVTaD ekel, ETETOKEL 1) Mapia Tov Xpuorov, Kal ev / eae ) / od . , c *) An 2 / / patvn adrov éreOeiker’ Omov EAOOvTES Ot ATO “ApaBlas pdyot ~ > , , ‘ c c / % , , \ ’ \ eupov avutov... Kat 0 Hpwdns, pa emavedOovtwy ampos avtov lal 3 ee | s / e ar og > \ fal >) ‘\ Tov azo ApaBias paywrv, os 7élwcer avtovs Tomoa, adAAa LECTURE VIII. 525 XX X\ / > Coen Ne Je J e a) , ‘\ , Suen Kata Ta KeAevoderra avtois du GAANs ddod Els Tijy yOpav aiTOv amaddayevtor, kal ToD lwonp dua tn Mapia cai to Taldio, «& y ; loanp dua tH Mapia © TaLdlw, ws ‘ bs) lay 3 / + D) , > + ? kal avtots anmoKxexdhumto, 70n e€eAOdvTwv eis Alyuatov, od yt- VoKoV TOV Tada dv eAnAVOELTaY TpoTKYIATAL Ob payol, TaAV- Tas aTA@S TOS Taidas Tods ev BnOACEW ExcAcuTEv dvatpEOjrat. , 2 a ie lol (Dialog. cum Tryphon. § 78; p. 175.) 2. Mavcacda et [ras Ovolas| kara rijv tov Larpos Bov- Ajv, «is Tov Sia THs amd TOD yevous Tod ABpadp, Kal pudis Tovda, kal AaBld mapOevov yevyn9évra vidv Tod Ocotd Xpiordv. (Ibid. § 433 p. 139.) 3. Avvapis Ocod exeOodoa TH Tap9erm eTETKiacEV adTipy, Kal kvodbopnoa, Tapbevoyv ovoay TeTOlnke, Kal 6 aToaTaAels be mpos avtiy Thy mapOevov Kat ekelvo TOO Kalpod ayyeAos Ocod, einyyeNicato aity eimav, loob cvdAAnWyn ev yaorpt é« Lvev- patos ‘Ayiov, kal téEn vidv, cal vids ‘Ywiorov KAnOjoerat, cal / ‘ y > n> a 322N X , \ \ ° kaAeoels TO OvoMa auto’ Inooty* avTos yap gwre Tov haov av- TOU ATO TOV Gyaptiov adbtGv. (Apolog. 1. § 133 p. 64.) 4. Kal 6 Tpv¢eav, Sd yap @poroyjoas iptv, edn, Ste Kal mepleTwHOn, Kal TA GAXG TA vopipa Ta 61a Maoews diatayOevra 3 v2 De LIN b) / c , U Nace n ) 2 eptrake. Kayo anexpidunv, “Quoddynoa tre Kal cuodroya. (Dial. cum Tryphon. § 67; p. 164.) 5. Kat yap otros 6 BaowWedbs ‘Hpadns, walav ano Tév Tpeo- Butépwv Tod raod tyOr, Tore EADSvVT@Y Tpds adiTOY T&V aT "ApaBlas paywv, kal eindvrwv e&€ dorépos tod ev TH ovpare gavévtos éyvaxéevar Ott Bacideds yeyevyntat &y TH XOpa vper, kal 7\Oopev TpooKkvvijcar avtov. Kal év BnOdAcey TOv TpEecBv- na , Tépwv eimOVvT@Y, OTL yeypamTaL ev TH TpodyTy otTws, Kat od, BnOdceu, kT. A. Tév dad ApaBias oty payev €dAOdvtwy eis / BnOdAee, Kal mpookvyycavtwy TO TaLoiov, Kal TpoonveyKavT@V 7d 86 j LAG tL ope emeLon Kat’ aTo- aiT® b6pa, xptoor, Kal A(Bavov, Kal opdpvar, My an o \ ¢ , Kdduyi ... ekehevoOnoav pa) evavedOeiv mpos Tov Hpedny. (Ibid. § 783 pp. 174,175.) cal ’ Ss \ c 6. Kaxe? (sc. ev Aiyizrw) toav aredOdvres [6 Toon Kat 1) > , X\ / Mapia] dxpis dv améOavev 6 droxteivas Ta ev ByOdAceu TaLdia “Hpodns, cat “ApxéAaos adrov buedeEaro. (Ib. § 103; p. 198.) , 7. “Qs 6 Kal Ajoeww EpedrAe Tos AAOvS arOpeTovs yevrvy- Gels 6 Xptotos dypts avdpwOy, OmEp Kal yéyovev, AkovTate TOV s 6 Xpiords ixpis avipwO7, S7ep Kai yéyover, Tpoeipnuever eis Toro. (Apolog. i. § 35; p- 65.) 526 NOTES. 8. "EAOdvt0s tod “Inood én tov “lopdavnv, Kat vopiCopevov "Lwond Tov TEKTovos viot bmapxew ... Kal TEKTOVOS VvouCoy.€evov, Tava yap Ta TeKkToViKa epya eipydteTo ev avOpeTols Gv, apotpa kat Cuya, x.T.A. (Dial. cum Tryphon. § 88; p. 186.) bee , , , an?) ~ 9K \ ] / \ g. Kal tore €AOovtos Tod Inood ext tov lopdavnv TroTapor, év0a 6 Iwavuns éBanrive, katehOdvtos Tod “Inco ent 7d tdwp, Kal mop avnpdn ev To “lopddavy, Kal dvaddvTos avTov amd Tov Pp avnpun Piet GRUariy, ¢ € x ,¢ a 5 a rye) rer Udatos, as Tepictepay To“ Aytov LIvedpa enumtnvar én avrov éypawav ol azdatoAo adrod. (Ibid. § 88; pp. 185, 186.) 10. Iwdvvov yap KkabeCouevov emt tod “lopddavov, Kal Knpto- covtos Bantictpa petavoias, Kal Céovynv Sepyativnv Kal evdupa ° \ an / , fal \ ‘ 5 X\ G70 TpLxOv KapnAov povov PopodvTos, Kal undev EcOlovTos TARY b) ff \ / BA eee ig / | Pe 9 axpldas Kal pert Gypiov, of dvOpomor b7eAdGuBavov avrov eivat tov Xpiordv. Ipods ots kat aitos €Boa, OvK eius 6 Xptotos, 5) S \ a pee? x ens , , a oo» > GhAa dovy Bodvtas’ ner yap oO taxupoTEpos pov, OU OUK Elpe ixavos Ta UTodnpata Baoracat. (Ibid. |. s.c. p. 186.) a bs ” / Cle \ > Byles 11. Ore yap avOpwros yeyovev [6 Xpioros], mpoonOev aire c / / c 7, 3 f ¢€ \ Bld la 4 6 d1a30A0s, TovTEgTLVY 7 OUVapLs ExElvyn 7) Kat Odis KEKANWEVN Kal Saravas, Teipdwv adrov, kal aywvitopevos KataBadetv, da TO fal lod c X afvoby mpockuvica aditov. ‘O 6€ adrov karéAvce Kal KaTéBaderv, 3 / iA 4 3 XS A, ‘ 5) lal a éd€y£as Ort Tovnpds Eo, Tapa THY ypadyny a€iGv TpocKvveto bar ws Ocds, anoorarns Tis TOU Ocod yvduns yeyevynwéevos. “ATo- > > ~ / / \ / / kplverat yap avto, Téypartat, Kipiov tov Oedv cov mposKvvy- \ >) mn” /, / S gels, Kal ad’T@® povy Aatpedoes. (Ibid. § 125; p. 218.) c x Ny / / , \ / 2 12. “Ort 6€ kal Oepamevoetv Taoas Vdcovs, Kal VéKpovs ave- tal e. \¢€ / X / o lA nt / yepeiv 6 yperepos Xpioros mpoepyntevon, axovoare TOV AEeype- vey’ éott d€ Tadta’ Ti) mapovola aitod GAcira ywAds os eAa- os, Kal Tpavi) €oTa yhOooa poyikdAwv' tuddol dvaBA€povst, kal Aevpol KabapicOnjoovrat, Kal véxpor avaotioovra Kal TeEpt- / a a lal matnoovow. “Ore d€ radra émoinoev, ex TGV emt Tlovriov TAd- Tov yevopevon axtov padeiv divacbe. (Apolog. i. § 483 p. 72.) 13. Kat €« rovrev tov ‘Inootv tév jer adtov yevnrouéevev Tpoyveotny eniotapeba, kal e€ GAAov be ToOAAGY Gv TpoEtzeE , n / Are a > r , ae yevnoecOat Tots TLaTEVoUTL Kal duoroyodowy avtov Xpiordv. Kal yap & Tao0Xomev TavTa avatpovpevor b7d THY olkelwy, TpoEiTEV hpi pédrew yeverOa, Gore Kata pndeva tpdTov emAiWipov avtov Adyov patverOa. (Dial. cum Tryphon. § 353 p. 133.) 14. Kat yap viov Ocod Xpiordy xara tHv Tov Llatpos abtod LECTURE VIII. 527 * ’ a n a ~\ anoxdAupi émuyvdvta avtov éva tev pabnTov abrod Sivwva mpdrepov Kadovpevov, emwvopace Ilétpov. (Ib. § 100; p. 195.) \ , aN 4 e fas ~) , 15. Tod perwvouaxevat adtov Ulérpov Eva tév anoardéhwp .... peta TOD Kal dAAovs SVo0 AdeAHors viods ZeBedalov dvras peto- vowakevat dvowat. Tod Boavepyes, & é€orty viol Bpovtijs, onwar- TLKOD Fv TOD avTOV exelvov elvat. (Ibid. § 106; p. 201.) 16. TIGAds Tus bvov EloTiKe ev TIVi Elodd@ KOYNS TPOS ay- / Aes Seah: b) fal pAe int 4 \ , meAov Sedepevos, Ov ExEhEVTEY AyayElVY AUT TOTE TOUS yvYwpl- pous adTod, Kal axOévtos emiBas exdbice, Kal eloedrdvoev eis c . Iepooddvpa. (Apolog. 1. § 32; p. 63-) Loe) , b) la / Gs}: el a > / 17. Ot dndoToAor ev Tols yevopevols UT AVTGVY aTOMYHLOVEv- a al > / ef Ty > / > pac, & Kadelrat evayyedAta, oUTws TapédwKav evtTeTadOa av- FS) on: , yf > , amet). a Tots Tov “Inoodv AaPovta dprov, evxapioTnoavra eizety’ Touro moveire els THY dvduvynoty pov’ TouTéoTL TO TGud ov’ Kal TO , e 7 , \ b) le > as, AL, Ex9 ToTHpLov dpoiws AaBdvta Kal evxapioTnoavta einvety' Toro eoTe aiud pov’ Kab povors adtots peradotvar. (Ibid. §66; p. 83.) rn) els / « a lal a a la 18. T7 ipepa ijmep EuedAe oTavpodobat, Tpets TOV pabnTav avtod TmapadaBev eis TO Gpos TO AEyopevov ’EAaov, Tapaxei- IAN a a a3 c \ + / 5 / pevov evOds TO vad TO ev ‘Tepovoadrp, nixeTo Acywov' Larep, ei duvatdy éott, TapehOérw TO ToTHpLoY TovTO am’ €uov" Kal peta TodTo evxduevos Neyer, Mi) as €yo BovAouat, GAN ws od ; : Oédets. (Dial. cum Tryphon. § 99; p- 194-) c a 3 fal > fal , / >] X\ wv 19. -H rot icyvpod avrovd Adyou dvvapis ... ETOXI|V ETXE... oLynocavtos avTod Kal pykere em Uovriov TlAdrov aroxpivacdae pndev pndevt Bovdopevov. (Ibid. § 102; p. 197.) 20. ‘Hpddov S& tov “ApxéAaov biadeEapéevov, AaBdvTos THY 3 tA XN 2) a > mn eo \ , 4, éfovolay Thy amoveunfeirav adito, w Kal [liAatos xapifopevos dedemevov Tov "Inoooy émeme, x. t. A. (Ibid. § 103; p. 198; compare Apolog. i. § 40; p. 67, C.) 21. "Inaods d& Xpuords eLerdOn Tas XElpas, cTavpwels 70 Tov lovdalwv...as eizev 6 Tpopyrns...7d 5 "Opudv pov XElpas \ , 3 , nf ai a Lal / 9. ta) \ Kal 7ddas, e€iynois TOV €v TO OTAYPO TayevTar Ev Tals XEpot a n lol > \ Kal Tots Tooly avTod ijAwv fv. Kal pera TO oravpGoa avTor, ZBadov kAjpov ent tov ivaticpov avrod. (Apolog. i. § 353 p- 65; compare § 38; p. 66.) \ > N fol So \ € / > a 22. Mera ovv 70 otavpwOijvat avTov, Kat ol yv@plyol avTov ndvres anéotnoay, apyncdpevor avtov' torepov dé, Ex vEKpOv dvacrdvtos, kat dpOévtos avtots, Kal Tals Tpodytelats evTvXEIV, 528 - NOTES. > ° a , 4 4 © 6 ra) / > ic év ais Tatra Tmavta mpoeipnvTo yernoomeva, bdagavTos, Kal €is ‘ , °’ a ovpavov avepxdpuevor lddvTEs, Kal TLaTEVOaVTES, Kal OUVapLW EKEt- a na al ‘ ° / Oev advtots TmeupOcioay map avtod AaBduTes, Kai eis TAY yEvos s ~ 3 / ‘ , 7 avOporov €dOdvtes, Taita edlbakav, Kal GTdaToAOL TporyopEv- Onoav. (Ibid. § 50; p. 73.) 7 cal a 7: 9s A / 23. Kat yap amod.é0vs ro mrvedpa ent TH oTavpa, ceive’ IlatEp, a A pute si els xelpds cov Taparidepar TO mvedua pov. (Dial. cum Tryphon. § 105; p. 200.) 24. Kat yap 6 Kupios oyedov péxpis Eomepas eee emt Tod Evov, Kal mpos éorépav COaway adtov' eita avéotn TH TpiTH c / * s / juepq. (Ibid. § 97; p. 193.) \ » LU 25. Ovde ev yap dAws earl 7d yévos avOpeTwr, cite BapBd- pov, elite “EAAjvar, etre a7AGs wriviody dvdpuat. Tpocayopevo- / Ay: , Ai 53: / / \.3 P na EVV, 7) GnakoBiov 7) aoikwv KadovpEvory, 1) EV TKNVAls KTNVO- e “ an / Tpopav oixovvrwv, ev ols 7 Sia TOU dvdpaTos TOD GTavpwOEVTOS an Cal \ \ Lal lol cA / "Incod edxal Kat edxapiotiat TO Tarpl Kal ToT TOV dAwp yi- vovra. (Ibid. § 117; p. 211.) Note 32. p. 280. See pages 264 and 265. Note 33. p. 281. See especially Baur, in the Tiibinger Zeitschrift fiir Theo- logie, 1836, fase. ill. p. 199; 1838, fase. iii. p. 149; and in a pamphlet Ueber den Ursprung des Episcopats, Tiibingen, 1838, pp: 148-185. Also compare his work, Die Iqnatian- aschen Briefen und thr neuester Kritiker, eine Streitschrift ge- gen Hernn Bunsen, 8vo., Tiibingen, 1848. Schwegler and others have followed in the same track. Note 34. p. 281. I refer especially to the labours of Signor Marchi and Mons. Perret —the former in his Monumenti delle Arte Cristiane Primitive nella Metropoli del Cristianesimo, (4t0, Rome, 1844), the latter in his magnificent work Les Cata- combes de Rome (6 volumes, folio, Paris, 1852-1857). In our own country two useful little works have appeared on LECTURE VIII. D29 the subject, Dr. Maitland’s Church in the Catacombs (Lon- don, 1847), and Mr. Spencer Northecote’s Roman Catacombs (London, 1357). An able Article in the Edinburgh Review for January 1859, (Art. iv.)—to which I must here express myself as under considerable obligations—has made the general public familiar with the chief conclusions esta- blished by modern inquiry. Note 35. p. 282. See Bishop Burnet’s Letters from Italy and Switzerland in 1685 and 1686, (Rotterdam, 1687), pp. 209-211. Note 36. p. 284. Spencer Northcote, Roman Catacombs, p. 4. Note 37. p. 284. See note 4 on Lecture VII. p. 475. Note 38. p. 284. Edinburgh Review, No. 221, p. 106. Note 39. p. 284. The grounds upon which Mr. Spencer Northcote bases his ealculation are these—1. The incidental notices in the old missals and office books of the Roman church, and the de- scriptions given by ancient writers, mention no less than sivty different Catacombs on the different sides of Rome, bordering her fifteen great consular roads. Of these about one-third have been re-opened, but in only one ease has there been any accurate measurement. Father Marchi has carefully measured a portion of the Catacomb of St. Agnes, which he calculates at one-eighth of the entire cemetery, and has found the length of all its streets and passages to be about two English miles. This gives a length of 16 miles to the St. Agnes’ Catacomb; and as that is (appa- rently) an average one—certainly smaller than some as well as larger than some—the 60 Catacombs would con- tain above goo (960) miles of streets. 2. The height of the passages varies in the Catacombs, and the layers of graves RAWLINSON, M In 530 : NOTES. are sometimes more, sometimes less numerous, occasionally not above three or four, in places thirteen or fourteen. There are also interruptions to the regular succession of tombs from the occurrence of chapels, and monuments of some pretension (arcosolia). Allowing for these, it is sug- gested that we may take an average of ten graves, five on each side, to every seven feet of street; and this caleula- tion it is, which, applied to the goo miles of street, pro- duces the result of nearly seven millions of graves. Note 40. p. 285. Perret, Catacombes de Rome, vol. vi. p. 101 et seqq. ; Spencer Northcote, Roman Catacombs, pp. 29, 30. For arguments to the contrary, see Maitland’s Church im the Catacombs, pp. 142-151. Note 41. p. 286. Thus we find such inscriptions as the following :—Tem- pore Adriani Imperatoris Marius adolescens dux militum qui satis vixit dum vitam pro Cho cum sanguine consunsit in pace tandem quievit benemerentes cum lacrimis et metw posu- erunt i. d. vi. (Maitland, p.128.) And, Non unda letalis est ausa Constanti ferre quam liewit ferro coronam. (Ibid. p. 129.) And again, @OHCTwPAHANYCrAAAHENYNCHYC HYTYAATYCIHPoPHAECYM®AMHA HAToTAQYHECCYNTHNITAKE TEoPHAAANCHAAA®ECHT which may be thus explained —— Onc Twpdnavus TaddAne vuvenus nuyvadatus Tpw pnde cup aynd- na TWOTA GUNETCUYT NV TAKE Tewdndra avendda ecnr. Hic Gordianus, Gallie nuncius, Jugulatus pro fide, cum famil- ia tota, quiescunt in pace. Theophila ancilla fecit. (Perret, vol. vi. p.152-) LECTURE VIII. 531 Note 42. p. 286. The entire inscription runs as follows :— ALEXANDER MORTYVS NON EST SED VIVIT SVPER ASTRA ET CORPVS IN HOC TVMVLO QUIESCIT VITAM EXPLEVIT SVB ANTONINO IMP° QVIVBI MVLTVM BENE FITIL ANTEVENIRE PR#VIDERET PRO GRATIA ODIVM REDDIDIT GENVA EXIM FLECTENS VERO DEO SACRIFICATVRVS AD SVPPLICIA DVCITVR O TEMPORA We. See Dr. Maitland’s Church in the Catacombs, pp. 32, 33. Note 43. p. 287. ““Dormit,” ‘‘ quiescit,” “ depositus est,” are the terms used; and from the same idea burial-places are called by the name, which has since become common in Christian lands; viz. kowyrjpia, ‘ cemeteries” or “ sleeping-places.” See Marchi’s Monumenti delle Arte Cristiani Primitive, &e. p- 63; Spencer Northcote, Catacombs, p.162. “ In pace” oceurs, either at the beginning or at the end of an inserip- tion, almost as a necessary formula. Note 44. p. 287. Northcote’s Catacombs, p. 163. The contrast in this re- spect between Christian and Heathen monuments of the same date is very striking. See Maitland’s Church in the Catacombs, pp. 42, 43. Note 45. p. 288. Northeote’s Catacombs, pp. 50-64. Compare M. Perret’s splendid work, Les Catacombes de Rome, where these sub- jects are (almost without exception) represented. The subjoined are the most important references. Temptation of Eve (vol. iv. Pl. 31; v. Pl. 12); Moses striking the rock (volgi BIC 94557; 1. Pl. 22, 27,33; 1. Pl 2, G; iv, Pl. 28); Noah welcoming the Dove (vol. ii. PI. 53, 61; iv. Pl. 25, &e.); Daniel among the lions (vol. ii. PI. 42, 61; 1. Pl. 7, 36); Mm2 532 NOTES. the Three Children (vol. 11. Pl. 36, 39; iii. 7) ; Jonah under the gourd (vol. i. Pl.67; vol. ii. Pl. 22, 28, 39; vol. iii. Pl. 2,5; &e.); Jonah and the whale (vol. ili. 16, 22; vol. v. Pl. 40, 57); Adoration of the Magi (vol.v. Pl. 12); Magi before Herod (vol. ii. Pl. 48); Baptism of Christ by John (vol. i. Pl. 52, 55); Cure of the paralytic (vol. ii. Pl. 34. 48); Turning of Water into Wine (vol. iv. Pl. 28, No. 67); Feeding of the five thousand (vol. i. Pl. 27; iv. Pl. 29, No. 73); Raising of Lazarus (vol. i. Pl. 26; vol. ii. Pl. 61; vol. nebo, 36; voliv Pliage a, 92. volves Sev.) ; Last Supper (vol. i. Pl. 29); Peter walking on the sea (vol. iv. Pl. 16, No. 85); Pilate washing his hands (Mait- land, p. 260). To the historical subjects mentioned in the text may be added the following :—The Nativity (Perret, vol. iv. Pl. 16, No. 84) ; the conversation with the Woman of Samaria (ibid. vol. i. Pl. 81); and the Crucifixion (ibid. vol.i. Pl.10; vol. iv. Pl. 33, No.103.) The only unhisto- rical scenes represented, besides the parabolic ones, are Tobias and the Angel (Perret, vol. 111. Pl. 26), and Orpheus charming the Beasts, which is frequent. Note 46. p. 289. Tacit. Annal. i1. 39, 40; Suet. vit. ib. § 25; Dio Cass. lviil. p. 613, C. Tacitus indeed says, in speaking of the claim made by Clemens, “ credebatur Rome ;” but it was a faint belief, which Tiberius thought of allowing to die away of itself. And though his constitutional timidity pre- vented him from taking this course, he shewed his sense of the numerical weakness of the dupes, by bringing Clemens to Rome, when he might have had him assassinated at Ostia. Nor did his execution cause any tumult, either at Rome or in the provinces. Note 47. p. 290. Norton’s Genuineness of the Gospels, vol. i. p. 100. LECTURE VIII. 533 Note 48. p. 292. Martyr. Ignat. § 3, p. 5423 “Edefodvro tov dyvov bid Toév . , \ , . 9 , € 2: 7 , ETLTKOT@VY KAL TPETPUTEPwY Kal O1laKorwnv al THs Acias TOAELS ‘ » Kal €xxAnolat, TAaVT@V ETELYOMEVOV TPOS AVTOV, El TES MEPOS xaplopatos AKaBwou TvEevpatiKod. Note 49. p. 292. So Eusebius, who had the works of Papias before him, relates. Hist. Hecles. ili. 39, p. 224. Nekpotd avactasuy ? 3 \ nN ¢c tal c / \ 4 e kat avtov yeyovutar toropet [6 Hamas], cat ad mdAu €re- LAN \? a \ 3 t c \ pov Tapadogov Tmept lovotov Tov emikAndevta BapoaBapv yeyovos, ws SyAntipiov pappakov eumdvTos Kal pndev andes bia TH Tov Kuplov xapuv v7opetvavTos. Note 50. p. 292. Dialog. cum Tryphon. § 883 p.185. Kat zap’ jpiv early > INA \ i“ Aya? / >) \ al , idety Kat Ondelas Kal apoevas, xapiowata ano Tov Lvevparos Tod Ocod Exovtas. Compare Apolog. ii. $6; p. 93. Aaipovio- AijmTous yap TOAAOVS KaTa TAYTAa TOV KOopOY, Kal EV TH) DyETEpa , \ lal € / >) 7 cal rae la > , TOAEL, TOAAOL TOV FuETEpHY avOpeTwV TOV XploTLavav, ETOpKi- Covtes Kata TOD dvdpatos ‘Incot XpioTod, tov cravpwOevros Ent lovriov MiAdrov, i760 Tév GAAwY TavTwY ETOPKLOTGV Kal eTa- oTOv Kal cappakevtaev py laevtas ldcavto, Kat ete viv idévTat, KaTapyoourres Kal eKOL@KOVTES TOUS KaTEXOLTAS TOvs avOpeTOUS daivovas. See also Tryphon. § 39, p. 136; § 76, p.i73, and § 85. p. 182. Note 51. p. 292. Miltiades ap. Kuseb. Hist. Eccles. v.17; pp. 35!, 352- Note 52. p.292. Adversus Hereses, ii. 32, § 4 (vol. i. pp. 374, 375); Avo Kal €v T@ Exeivou dvopare of GAnOGs aiTov padytal, Tap’ avtod , N , . a 79 > , n a > AaBovtes THY Xap, EmUTEAOLOLY ET EVepyetia TOV AOLT@Y av- Opdtov, kadas eis Exaotos ab’tev THY SwpEedv ElAnpe Tap’ ad- Tov. Ot uév vap daiuovas éAavvovet BEBaiws Kal AAs, ... Ot 534 NOTES. d€ Kal Tpdyvwowy Exovot TOV pEAACVTOV, Kal GnTAaTlas Kal p1- / y+ SS lod n lal ceus TpodntiKés. “AdXot 6€ TOUS KapvorTas 61a THS TOY XELPOV 3 / n \ id ~ 3 Cc v X\ lal emifecews i@vTaL Kal vytets aToKabioTaow. “Hodn be, Kaas v ‘ Aw 2. / lal lal Epapev, Kal veKpol 7yepOnoay, Kal Tapepervav odv piv tkavots ¥ = ; éreot. And v.6 (vol. il. p.334); Kadas cai moAAGY akovo- pev adeAPav ev Ti] ExKANTIa TpopyTiKa Xaplopata exdvTwV, Kal lal / , \ ‘ , b) Y 6 > Tavtodatats AaAovvToV yAwooals, Kal Ta KpUdia avOpaTmD Eis 5) > / pavepov aydvTwv éTl TO TVYUGEporTt. Note 53. p. 292. See Tertullian, Apolog. § 23; Theophilus, Ad Autolyc. ii. 8; p. 354, ©. D.; Minucius Felix, Octav. p. 89. These passages affirm the continuance of the power of casting out devils to the time of the writers. On the general question of the cessation of miracles, Burton’s remark (4. A. vol. i1. p- 233) seems just, that ‘ their actual cessation was imper- ceptible, and like the rays in a summer's evening, which, when the sun has set, may be seen to linger on the top of a mountain, though they have ceased to fall on the level country beneath.” Note 54. p. 293. The vast number of the Christians is strongly asserted by Tertullian, Apolog. § 37; “ Hesterni sumus, et vestra omnia implevimus, urbes, insulas, castella, municipia, con- ciliabula, castra ipsa, tribus, decurias, palatium, senatum, forum. Sola vobis relinquimus templa. Cui bello non idonei, non prompti fuissemus, etiam iImpares copiis, qui tam libenter trucidamur, si non apud istam disciplinam magis occidi liceret quam occidere. Potuimus et inermes nec rebelles, sed tantummodo discordes, solius divortii in- vidia adversus vos dimicasse. Si enim tanta vis hominum in aliquem orbis remoti sinum abrupissemus a vobis, suffu- disset utique dominationem vestram, tot qualiumeunque amissio civium; immo etiam et ipsa destitutione punisset. Proculdubio expavissetis ad solitudinem vestram, ad silen- tium rerum, et stuporem quendam quasi mortui orbis ; queesissetis quibus imperaretis; plures hostes quam cives LECTURE VIII. 535 vobis remansissent ; nune enim pauciores hostes habetis pro multitudine Christianorum.” See also Justin Martyr, Dialog. cum Tryphon. § 117 (pp. 210, 211), quoted in note She 5s pe 528: Note 55. p. 298. The attempts of Strauss to prove variations in the story —irreconcilable differences between the accounts of the different Evangelists—appear to me to have failed signally. See above, note 33 on Lecture VI. pp. 468-470. Note 56. p. 299. Strauss himself admits this difference to a certain extent (Leben Jesu, Hinleitung, § 14; vol. i. p. 67, HK. T.); and grants that the Scripture miracles are favourably distin- guished by it from the marvels of Indian or Grecian fables ; but he finds in the histories of Balaam, Joshua (!), and Samson, a similar, though less glaring, impropriety. Cer- tainly the speaking of the ass is a thing swt generis in Scripture, and would be grotesque, were it not redeemed by the beauty of the words uttered, and the important warning which they contain—a warning still only too much needed—against our cruel and unsympathetic treat- ment of the brute creation. e Note 57. p. 300. Strauss, Leben Jesu, § 144; vol. iii. p. 396, E.T. The entire passage has been given in note 26 on Lecture I. ADDITIONAL NOTE TO LECTURE V. On the Identification of the Belshazzar of Daniel with Bil-shar-uzur son of Nabu-nahit. Stxce the foregoing sheets were in type, my attention has been called by an anonymous correspondent to a diffi- culty in the proposed identification of Belshazzar with Bil-shar-uzur, son of Nabu-nahit, arising from his probable age at the time of the siege of Babylon. If Nabu-nahit (Nabonadius), as suggested in the text*, married a daugh- ter of Nebuchadnezzar after his accession to the throne, as he only reigned seventeen years in all, Bil-shar-uzur, sup- posing him the son of this wife, could have been no more than sixteen years of age, when left to administer affairs at Babylon. This, it is said, is too early an age for him to have taken the chief command, and to have given a great feast to “ his princes, his wives, and his concubines.” The difficulty here started does not appear to me very great. In the East manhood is attained far earlier than in the West‘, and husbands of fourteen or fifteen years of age, are not uncommon. Important commands are also not unfrequently entrusted to princes of no greater age; as may be seen by the instances of Herod the Great, who was made governor of Galilee by his father at fifteen*; of . * Page 141. b Dan. v. 2. e «He had now become a man,” says Mr. Layard of a young Bedouin, “ for he was about four- teen years old.” (Nineveh and Babylon, p. 295.) 4 Joseph. Ant. Jud. xiv. 9, § 2 ADDITIONAL ‘NOTE TO LECTURE VY. 537 Alexander Severus, who became Emperor of Rome at seven- teen®; and of many others. There is thus nothing unusual in the possession of regal dignity, and an establishment of wives, on the part of an Oriental prince in his sixteenth or seventeenth year. If Nabonadius married a daughter of Nebuchadnezzar as soon as he came to the throne, and had a son born within the year, he may have associated him in the government when he was fourteen, which would have been in his own fifteenth year. ‘This youth would then, in the seventeenth and last year of his father’s reign, have entered on the third year of his own joint rule, as we find recorded of Belshazzar in Daniel’. Another way of meeting the difficulty has been sug- gested. Nabonadius, it is said, may have been married to a daughter of Nebuchadnezzar before he obtained the crown. It is only an inference of Abydenus, and not a statement of Berosus, that he was entirely unconnected with Laborosoarchod. This is undoubtedly true. But the inference, which Abydenus drew from the text of Berosus, seems to me a legitimate one. Berosus, who has just no- ticed the relationship of Neriglissar to the son of Nebu- chadnezzar, whom he supplanted, would scarcely have failed to notice that of Nabonadius to his grandson, if he had known of any relationship existing. At any rate he would not have called the new king, as he does, ‘a certain Na- bonnedus of Babylon” (NaBovviji twit tév €« BaBvAdvos), had he been the uncle of the preceding monarch. My attention has been further drawn to a very remark- able illustration which the discovery of Belshazzar’s posi- tion as joint ruler with his father furnishes to an expres- sion twice repeated in Daniel’s fifth chapter. The promise mades and performed® to Daniel is, that he shall be the “ third ruler” in the kingdom. Formerly it was impossible’ to explain this, or to understand why he was not the second ruler, as he seems to have been under Nebuchadnezzari, € Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ch. vi. vol. i. p. 182. f Dan. viii. 1. * Verse 16. h Verse 29. ? Dan. nu. 28: 5388 ADDITIONAL NOTE TO LECTURE V. and as Joseph was in Egyptj, and Mordecai in Persia. It now appears, that, as there were two kings at the time, Belshazzar, in elevating Daniel to the highest position tenable by a subject, could only make him the third per- sonage in the Empire. This incidental confirmation of what was otherwise highly probable, is a most valuable and weighty evidence. J Gen. xli. 41-43. k, Esth: x. 3. Specification of the Editions quoted, or referred to, in the foregoing Notes. Ne ABYDENUS, Fragments of, in C. Miiller’s Fragm. Hist. Gr. vol. iv. ed. Didot, Paris, 1851. ANLIAN, Hist. Var. ed. Liinemann, Gottingen, 1811. ALEXANDER Potyuistor, Fragments of, in the Fragm. H. Gr. vol. ii. Paris, 1848. ALFORD, Dean, Greek Testament, London, Rivingtons, 1849, &e. AmprosE, 8., Opera, (Benedictine Edition), Paris, 1686. Appran, Opera, ed. Tollius, Amsterdam, 1760. ARISTOTLE, Opera, ed. Tauchnitz, Leipsic, 1831, &e. ARRIAN, Exped. Alex. Magn. ed. Tauchnitz, Leipsic, 1829. ARTEMIDORUS, Oneirocritica, Paris, Morell, 1603. Asiatic Researches, Calcutta, 1788, &e. ATHANASIUS, 5., Opera, (Benedictine Edition), Paris, 1698. AUBERLEN, Prophecies of Daniel, (translated by Saphir), Edin- burgh, Clark, 1856. AveustInE, §., Opera, (Benedictine Edition), Antwerp, 1700. B. BarnaBAS, 8., Epistola, in Cotelerius’s Patres Apostolici (vol. i.), ed. 2da, Amsterdam, 1724. Bauer, Hebriaische Mythologie, Leipsic, 1802. BaumMGarTEN, De Fide Libri Esthere, Hale, 1839. BeaurFort, Incertitude de l Histoire Romaine, Utrecht, 1738. Bence., Archiv, Tiibingen, 1816-1821. Berosus, Fragments of, in the Fragm. Hist. Gr. vol. 11. Paris, 1848. BERTHEAU, Comment on Chronicles, (translated by Martin), Edin- burgh, Clark, 1857. BertHoupT, Einleitung in siimmtliche kanonische und apocry- phische Schriften des Alt. und Neu. Test., Erlangen, 1812-1819. [ 540 | Brrxs, Hore Apostolic, attached to his edition of Paley’s Horz Pauline, London, 1850. Bocuart, Geographia Sacra, ed. 4ta, Leyden, 1707. Borcku, Corpus Inscriptionum Greecarum, Berlin, 1828-1843. Bovuuter, Recherches sur histoire d’Hérodote, Dijon, 17 46. Branpis, Rerum Assyriarum Temp. Emendata, Bonn, 1853. Buppeus, Historia Ecclesiastica Veteris Testamenti, Halze Magd. 1744-1752. Bunsen, Egypt’s Place in Universal History (translated by Cockerell), London, 1848, &e. , Hippolytus and his Age, London, Longman, 1854 , Philosophy of Universal History, London, Longman, 1854. Burnet, Bishop, Letters from Italy and Switzerland in 1685 and 1686, Rotterdam, 1687. Burton, Canon, Eccles. History of the First Three Centuries, Oxford, Parker, 1833. Buruier, Bishop, Analogy of Religion, Oxford, 1833. Butrmann, Mythologus, Berlin, 1828, 1829. Buxtorr, Lexicon Hebraicum et Chaldaicum, Basle, 1676. C. CaLMeEtT, Commentaire Littéral, Paris, 1724-1720. Carpzoy, Introductio ad libros canonicos Vet. Test., Leipsic, 1720. CarwitHEN, Bampton Lectures, Oxford, 1809. Casaupon, I., Exere. 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"; ¥ f Nyt i } a PN "bas ; " : ~ Jit Soe AE, | ‘= : rary ee ee ha Lan D Aaya eae afessii “iu sare Mand 0th . : Laue Ae sehii il A y pa Oe atta i A! iia” ce oe a, Lh at help | has : sia Aare s a 7 Ae. ; Seley wv oni y if : Pi Wegey % 4 wie . nf - yy an } Heh a he 7" Be Ali. 2 aah ; oe We i 0 ry | ae Uni, nel 6 0: 6 A ym bia te ie, ane ald ak ef ah id py i ‘h iy ‘ Syne a yiy 7 oiyit mie ie ; 1 cy j } " bal ice &: ve ne Deane i i , , at Yo Fi i 1ii,8 rr Nii 7 Bit M i iy ci i & pit ord ' a, iy i Wyte «,. a AP Sak: ar Gat Ms hl nih i re Kay if wi) a: © iPaeh Fires . eine iia | a ing di Seebi en ai Wo etna mn mat “net i eer ee ail i ih “ Pig Tee at ii at ay . yy / . 7 in pai?! \ rT J \ bh aoe y a a a yee wt ; mt a 10 ae he ae ay! ib i ; ' Ry nen Fe ey : ig me : : phar Le i aA. a pie cf (a Pad a, 1% r i tee ali ria a} aha ieee ; ee ee v : Wt beat pled BA Ge Pa Tat Me era i f | ; h . 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