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 More than one-fourth of the world's inhabitants live in 
 
 China has 400,000 people to one doctor. 
 
 The annual death rate is from forty to fifty per thousand. 
 Only 6 per cent, of the school population is in school. 
 China's new phonetic alphabet will unlock the doors of 
 learning for hundreds of millions of people. 
 
 With a written language of 40,000 characters only about 
 one person in twenty had time to learn to read and 
 write. 
 
 The new alphabet has but thirty-nine characters. 
 Christian missionaries have been influential in promoting 
 the phonetic system. 
 
 The Woman’s Board of Foreign Missions of the 
 Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. 
 
 1S6 Fifth Avenue, New York 
 
 
sup 45 , 4 ly 
 
 PEN PICTURE 
 
 of the 
 
 HUNAN AND KIANGAN 
 MISSIONS, CHINA 
 
 THE BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 Department for Specific Work 
 
 THE WOMAN’S BOARD OF FOREIGN MISSIONS 
 OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN THE U. S. A. 
 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2017 with funding from 
 Princeton Theological Seminary Library 
 
 https://archive.org/details/penpictureofhunaOOpres 
 
Pen Picture 
 
 of the 
 
 Hunan Mission, China 
 
 Mission Established — 1900 
 
 Stations in Order of Founding 
 
 Changteh . 1898 ; 1906 Chenchow 1904 
 
 Siangtan 1900 Changsha 1913 
 
 Hengchow 1902 
 
 Mission Territory 
 
 The inland Province of Hunan in South Cen- 
 tral China extending northward from Kuang 
 Tung Province to the Yangtse River. It is 
 about 600 miles from the coast. 
 
 Outstanding Features 
 
 Populous, strategic inland province abound- 
 ing in waterways. 
 
 Vast and largely undeveloped resources in 
 minerals and agriculture with an active and 
 growing commerce. 
 
 Historically important. 
 
 The Hunanese are stalwart and intelligent, 
 making industrious workers, good soldiers, ex- 
 cellent administrators, intelligent, independent 
 leaders. 
 
 3 
 
Until 1902, when by British treaty Changsha 
 was opened as a port on the river, the people 
 were violently anti-foreign and conservative. 
 The present attitude (1921) is more friendly and 
 progressive, responding rapidly to China’s in- 
 tellectual renaissance. 
 
 Strong evangelistic work admirably supported 
 by a growing medical and educational work, 
 especially in some of the Stations. 
 
 Other Missions Operating Here 
 
 Wesleyan Methodists; Reformed Church in 
 the United States ; Protestant Episcopal Mis- 
 sion ; Seventh Day Adventists. 
 
 Importance 
 
 Hunan is a province of strategic importance 
 to the commercial and political interests of the 
 Republic. Because of its central position as well 
 as its great resources and teeming population, it 
 promises to be one of the most important mis- 
 sion fields of China. 
 
 Geography 
 
 Geographically, Hunan is a beautiful province 
 abounding in the picturesque. Natives graphic- 
 ally describe it as containing three parts upland 
 and seven parts water. A more accurate division 
 sometimes heard is three-tenths hill, six-tenths 
 water and one-tenth plain. The rich rice fields 
 in the plain are often flooded by mountain 
 streams. 
 
 4 
 
Estimated Area 
 
 From 74,000 to 90,000 square miles. Ap- 
 proximately equivalent to the State of Ohio. 
 
 Estimated Population 
 
 From 18,000,000 to 21,000,000; an intelligent, 
 conservative, substantial people. 
 
 Latitude and Climate 
 
 25° to 28° north, the same as Florida. Pene- 
 trating cold in winter and damp, debilitating 
 heat in summer. 
 
 Transportation 
 
 Most of the cities of Hunan can be reached by 
 water so the junks are numerous. Of vessels, 
 with a carrying capacity of four tons and up- 
 Avard, there are at least 20,000 and of smaller 
 craft more than double that number. A careful 
 Japanese estimate gives 30,000 as the number 
 of Hunan junks which enter at Hankow, 125 
 miles below Yoeliow, in the course of a year. 
 Steam navigation is in its infancy. Small 600- 
 ton steamers run between Hankow, Changsha 
 and Siangtan ; and there are a score of launches 
 plying in and out of the province. The contem- 
 plated railroad line being built from Peking to 
 Canton extends beyond Changsha and will run 
 through the length of the province. 
 
 Exports and Imports 
 
 The four leading products of the province are 
 coal, iron, rice and timber, which are very abun- 
 
 5 
 
dant. As early as the year 1907 four to five 
 million tons of coal were sent to Hankow. Addi- 
 tional exports were sulphur, lead, zinc, arsenic, 
 manganese, copper, silver, tin and antimony. 
 From the last, a very large revenue is received. 
 Of agricultural products besides rice there are 
 cotton, tobacco, tea, bamboo, lily and lotus 
 flowers and beans. There are further exports 
 of hides, horns and eggs. The imports are prin- 
 cipally cotton goods, kerosene, matches and 
 glass. 
 
 THE PAST AND THE PEOPLE OF THE 
 PROVINCE 
 
 ^t^UNAN’S early history is full of the reputed 
 
 ^ P deeds of the primitive rulers of China. Some 
 
 of the most interesting of the traditions of the past 
 are grouped around this province. In more recent 
 times, about 1854, the province suffered severely 
 from the Taiping rebels. Changsha, the capital, was 
 invested and successfully endured an eighty-day 
 siege. For this reason it is called, “The City of the 
 Iron Gates. ’ ’ The soldiers of Hunan have a particu- 
 lar reputation for valor and are called the Hunan 
 Braves. They are now considered to be the best 
 fighting material that exists in China. As in mili- 
 tary, so in civil life, the Hunanese are found in high 
 office throughout the Republic. 
 
 For the same reason, until 1902 the province was 
 always violently anti-foreign. It is doubtful if prior 
 to 1880 a dozen foreigners had passed its frontier. 
 Mr. Archibald of the Scotch Bible Society remarked 
 
 6 
 
on entering the gates of Changsha with a friend, 
 “The last time I tried to enter this gate the soldiers 
 knocked me down and rolled me in the mud.” In 
 1902 the British treaty stipulated for the opening of 
 the capital city, Changsha, as a treaty port. From 
 this time on the province has been increasingly sym- 
 pathetic to foreign trade, foreign education, and 
 foreign mission work. “The Hunanese are full of 
 character. Probably they represent and have profited 
 from a considerable admixture with the warlike and 
 independent aborigines still surviving in the prov- 
 ince. They are noted for their pride, opulence, 
 strength of mind, tenacity of purpose and adminis- 
 trative ability. To all who seek to attain a close 
 relationship with them sympathy and appreciation 
 are essential. Intelligent and possessing a manly 
 independent bearing, the Hunanese will certainly 
 show themselves to be leaders in the new and re- 
 formed China now in process of creation.” 
 
 Missionary History 
 
 The first preaching of the Gospel was done by 
 Roman Catholics in the year 1690. The earliest mis- 
 sionary journey by Protestants entering Hunan was 
 made in 1864 by the Rev. Josiah Cox, the pioneer of 
 Wesleyan Missions in Central China. In 1875 the 
 Rev. B. II. Judd of the China Inland Mission, made 
 a tour in Hunan and for a short time rented a house 
 at Yochow, on the Lake, but was forced to give it up, 
 because of threatening riot. There was no perma- 
 nent residence of foreigners until the year 1882. In 
 1892, twelve Christian converts were baptized by 
 Rev. Griffith John. 
 
 7 
 
Beginnings of Presbyterian Mission Work 
 
 In the year 1872, Rev. H. V. Noyes, D.D., of Can- 
 ton, made an itinerating trip to Linchow, the north- 
 ermost city of the Kwangtung Province, just south 
 of Hunan, and as early as the year 1888, the Ameri- 
 can Presbyterians of Canton Presbytery granted a 
 request for the organization of a church in Lin Wu 
 Hsien. This was the first Protestant Church in 
 Hunan. In spite of persecution on the part of offi- 
 cials and people, including the destruction of their 
 church and several of their homes, the little band 
 more than held their own. The Christians of Lin Wu 
 are poor, but they have been able with some help 
 from the outside to erect a suitable building and 
 from this place as a center the work branches out. 
 
 One of the most interesting and inspiring results 
 of the early development of the work is the Church 
 in the Mountains. In the early days, several Chris- 
 tians fled from Lin Wu to the mountains on the 
 Kwangtung border. From there they established 
 homes among the sparse population in the valley and 
 went everywhere preaching the word. A goodly 
 number believed and the foreign missionary had the 
 privilege of preaching to the Miao, the aborigines of 
 China, within the bounds of whose reservations the 
 Christians had their homes. 
 
 When the time came for the Presbyterian Board to 
 open up a Mission in Hunan, Rev. W. H. Lingle was 
 sent from South China to discover the most promis- 
 ing location. He chose the populous valley of the 
 Siang River and the large and active city of Siang- 
 tan. On November 6th, 1899, the Board authorized 
 
 8 
 
the opening of the Hunan Mission, and on March 3rd 
 of the following year, Rev. and Mrs. W. H. Lingle, 
 Mrs. J. L. Doolittle and Dr. Leila Doolittle took up 
 their residence in the city of Siangtan ; a few weeks 
 earlier the Cumberland Presbyterian Mission had 
 opened a Station at Changteh which has been de- 
 veloped by our Board since the union of the two 
 church bodies in 1906. 
 
 Scarcely had the Lingle party become settled at 
 Siangtan when, in the summer of 1900, the Boxer 
 outbreak compelled all foreigners to withdraw ; but 
 thanks to the ability of the enlightened viceroy of 
 the province, Chang Chih Tung, few lives were lost. 
 Mission work was resumed the next year and a re- 
 markable change was manifest in the attitude of the 
 officials and people. Formerly few Hunan men would 
 dare to avow themselves as Christians, while now the 
 danger was in the opposite direction largely from 
 ulterior motives, and in one year Mr. Lingle closed 
 eleven chapels that were opened by the non-Chris- 
 tians in order to get the support and protection of 
 the Christian name. In 1903, in the capital city of 
 Changsha where a few years before a foreigner's 
 life would not have been safe, a three day’s confer- 
 ence was held by thirty-two representatives of all the 
 denominations working in Hunan. In 1910 there 
 was an anti-foreign riot in the same city and the 
 missionaries were again obliged to withdraw. There 
 were many disturbances in the year of the revolution, 
 1911, and there has been much robbery and looting 
 since that time ; yet in spite of all these disorders 
 mission work has not been hindered but has pro- 
 gressed very rapidly. 
 
 9 
 
Development 
 
 The original Station at Siangtan lias multiplied 
 itself by reaching out northward and southward and 
 establishing monthly circuits of seven or eight towns, 
 each under a Chinese evangelist and visited peri- 
 odically by a supervising missionary. The Stations 
 of Hengchow and Chenchow to the south and Chang- 
 sha to the north have also been developed in this 
 way. Taoyuen is an important Out-Station a few 
 miles distant from Ohangteh. Siangtan has now a 
 large and well-organized institutional church whose 
 many-sided activities embrace in their scope hun- 
 dreds of men, women and children. 
 
 The work at Hengchow and Chenchow Stations 
 has always been strongly evangelistic. Much itiner- 
 ating and colportage work has been done in these 
 fields. Various conferences are held annually for 
 Bible study, training in methods, Christian fellow- 
 ship and spiritual inspiration and development. 
 These are largely attended b\ r delegates from scores 
 of churches and groups and are an important factor 
 in the work of the Mission. Hengchow has also a 
 very large and far-reaching hospital ministry. 
 
 At nearly every Station on this field medical work 
 is carried on, — a very material aid in the furtherance 
 of the Gospel. Every cure means the breaking down 
 of prejudice and a deed of love is the opening wedge 
 for the Gospel. 
 
 Changteh Station was the scene of the labors of 
 the late 0. T. Logan, M. D., the famous and beloved 
 physician who for 22 years rendered skilful and de- 
 voted service on this field. Here also for two years 
 (1918-20) was stationed “China’s Christian Soldier,” 
 
 10 
 
the remarkable General Feng Yu Hsiang, maintain- 
 ing discipline and inculcating Christian truth and 
 ideals and instituting moral and sanitary reforms 
 both in the city and among the soldiers; through 
 cooperation with the efforts of the missionaries he 
 aided largely in the winning of over 2.000 soldiers 
 and officers to Christ. 
 
 Changsha is the seat of a number of important 
 Union educational institutions — among which are a 
 Girls’ High School, a Bible Training School and a 
 Theological Seminary. The University of Yale has 
 here a fine college (“Yali”) and a strong medical 
 school. 
 
 Note. For most recent statistics of the Hunan 
 Mission see current Annual Report of the Foreign 
 Board. 
 
 October, 1921 
 
 11 
 
Pen Picture 
 
 of the 
 
 Kiangan Mission, China 
 
 Established — 1906 
 
 Stations in Order of Founding 
 
 Nanking 1876 Nanhsuchou 1912 
 
 Hwai Yuen 1901 Shouchou 1919 
 
 Outstanding Features 
 
 A unique demonstration of the practical work- 
 ings and fine effectiveness both at home and on 
 the field, of the Station Plan for the support of 
 the missionary enterprise. 
 
 A striking example of inter-denominational 
 cooperation. 
 
 Vital interest in the Chinese Home Missionary 
 Society. 
 
 Other Protestant Missions Operating in This Field 
 
 At Nanking Station — Northern Presbyterian ; 
 The Disciples of Christ; The Northern Metho- 
 dists ; The Baptists and The Southern Presby- 
 terians. 
 
 12 
 
Union Work 
 
 At Nanking Station — Nanking University in- 
 cluding the Department of Agriculture and 
 Forestry, the Department of Missionary Train- 
 ing (Language School) and the University Hos- 
 pital and Nurses’ Training School; Women’s 
 Bible Training School; Ginling College; Theo- 
 logical Seminary. 
 
 Location and Stations 
 
 The Kiangan Mission is located in eastern China 
 in the Provinces of Kiangsu and Anhwei. The 
 name of the Mission is formed from the first 
 syllables of the names of these two Provinces. 
 
 Nanking was opened in 1876, as a Station of 
 the Central China Mission, and Hwai Yuen in 
 1901. Distance from the other Stations of the 
 Mission and difficidties of travel led to the 
 establishment of these two Stations as a sep- 
 arate Mission in 1906; and later the two addi- 
 tional cities Nanhsuchou and Shouchou, were 
 occupied as Out-stations of Hwai Yuen. Mean- 
 while improved communication by boat and rail- 
 way has greatly enhanced the possibilities of 
 mission work, and brought the Stations into very 
 close touch. Journeys which formerly occupied 
 a week can now be made in less than a day. 
 
 Mission Territory 
 
 The field of the Mission includes not merely the 
 four central Stations but hundreds of outlying- 
 villages to the most of which the Gospel has not 
 yet been brought. 
 
 13 
 
Population 
 
 Nanking: City about 500,000; 
 
 Ilwai Yuen about 40,000, Station responsible 
 for 4,000,000 souls ; 
 
 Nanhsuchou about 15,000, Station i-esponsible 
 for 2,000,000 souls; 
 
 Shouchou Station responsible for an enormous 
 country field, open and ready for the Gospel. 
 
 Latitude 
 
 Corresponding to that of South Carolina. 
 
 Climate 
 
 The climate is, like that of South Carolina, hot 
 in summer, in winter cold and damp. The tem- 
 perature ranges from 100 degrees to 6 degrees. 
 
 General Conditions 
 
 HE general characteristics of the people in the 
 
 region of the Kiangan Mission vary greatly from 
 
 the more refined and wealthier people of Nanking to 
 the rough countrymen and robber baron type found in 
 some parts to the north. Nanking, with its large city 
 life and long familiarity with official and educational 
 traditions has great numbers of the old literati who 
 still look back to the days of the empire as the Golden 
 Age. The streets there are swarming, too, with stu- 
 dents of the new type, the boys in the many govern- 
 ment and mission schools. There also are many 
 students returned from study in foreign countries. 
 And most numerous of all are the poor of a great 
 city, most easily recognized in the thousands of rick- 
 shaw coolies and burden bearers. 
 
 14 
 
To the north we see in great majority the farmer 
 class. There are a few of the old literati, fewer still 
 of the returned students hut an increasing represent- 
 ation although not large as yet of young China as it 
 is being developed in modern schools. The people of 
 the north have perhaps a larger scale of living than 
 those of the south, and as a result, living expenses, 
 wages and salaries are all lower in the north, although 
 with the introduction of railways and the conditions 
 following the World War, the expense of living has 
 been rising with leaps and bounds in every part of 
 this district. 
 
 Products 
 
 As the people in this field are divided into north 
 and south, so too the products of the country follow 
 the same geographical boundaries. The Hwai River 
 is taken as a rough dividing line. In the south the 
 main product is rice, in the north, wheat. Those who 
 live south of the river for the most part eat rice as 
 their staple of food. Those to the north eat bread. 
 Along the valley of the Hwai we find a mixture, 
 wheat for two meals a day and rice for one. To the 
 south there is an abundance of cotton and silk. In 
 the north barley, kaoliang, a grain used as a substitute 
 for wheat, beans and bean oil together with the many 
 other products of the bean. There is also a large 
 yield of sweet potatoes, turnips, sesame, and various 
 fruits — melons, pears, cherries, persimmons, pome- 
 granates, peaches and apricots. Eggs are produced in 
 large quantities. An up-to-date egg powder factory 
 at Nanhsuchou disposes of thousands of these daily. 
 Soft coal of very inferior quality and in limited 
 amounts is being mined in some parts of this region. 
 
 15 
 
The Four Stations 
 
 Nanking — the capital of the Province, is situated on 
 the Yangtze river, 5 hours by train from Shanghai. It 
 lies within high walls that have a circumference of 
 about 23 English miles. 
 
 City History — The name Nanking means “Southern 
 Capital” and the city has been the capital of China 
 at various times. In the year 1853 Nanking became 
 the capital of the Tai Ping rebels. With the aid of 
 an American named Ward and the well known “Chi- 
 nese Gordon,” the Imperial Government of China had 
 reduced these rebels to subjection by June 1864, and 
 Nanking ceased to be the capital of China. After the 
 overthrow of the Manchu dynasty in 1911, Nanking 
 was for a very short time the capital of the new 
 Republic of China, and it was here that Sun Yat Sen 
 assumed his position as provisional president of the 
 new Republic, and the first meetings of the new par- 
 liament were held. 
 
 The city has therefore many memories interesting 
 to the Chinese ; its ruined imperial tombs and walls 
 draw many visitors, both educated and uneducated. 
 Nanking is, moreover, an important city commercially, 
 socially and educationally. Many retired official fam- 
 ilies make this their home ; and not a few wealthy 
 individuals are interested in establishing schools and 
 academies. Numerous government schools, ranging 
 from kindergarten and primary to normal and law 
 colleges, are also conducted in Nanking. 
 
 Hwai Yuen — This is a city of about 40,000 inhabi- 
 tants, the center of a large farming region of some 
 4,000,000 people where no other Protestant missions 
 are located. It is situated 150 miles north of Nanking. 
 
 16 
 
on the Hwai river ten miles above Peng Pu where the 
 provincial military governor of An Ilwei has his capi- 
 tal. The Hwai is one of the six great rivers of China 
 and lias been a frequent source of floods and sorrows 
 from the beginning of its history. Lying as it does at 
 the junction of the Hwai and Gwo Rivers. Hwai Yuen 
 has a large boat population and does an important 
 shipping business. The city nestles between these two 
 rivers among the beautiful pomegranate groves which 
 cover the foot of West Mountain. Across the river 
 the East Mountain is crowned by a temple erected to 
 the memory of the great Emperor Yu who lived B. C. 
 2200. The earliest history of Hwai Yuen goes back to 
 this ancient Emperor, the Chinese Noah, who is sup- 
 posed to have had a home near the city. 
 
 From the Summit of West Mountain — As we stand 
 on the top of West Mountain in the late afternoon 
 sunshine, we see at its foot the supper smoke rising 
 all over the city from the homes of the people. Look- 
 ing away over the plains to the north, south, east and 
 west we can count 400 villages. In a few of these the 
 Gospel is just beginning to be known. Toward the 
 southwest, which is the best evangelized section around 
 Hwai Yuen, there are ten or a dozen little villages 
 having organized schools and churches. In this region 
 there are very few villages which have not at some 
 time or other heard the Gospel story. But as we turn 
 away from this one little section we can point out a 
 few isolated Christian communities and the rest is 
 virgin field. A secretary of the Inter-Church World 
 Movement, after a year or more spent in making sur- 
 veys of the field in China, pronounced the district 
 viewed from the hills above Hwai Yuen the most 
 needy spiritually in all China. 
 
 17 
 
Nanhsuchou — Sixty miles to the nortli of Hwai Yuen 
 lies Nanhsuchou, in the center of a large plain. 
 Nanhsuchou is on the main line of the Turn Tsin Pu 
 Kow railroad, two and a half hours north of Peng 
 Pu, and about seven and a half hours north of Nan- 
 king. The city has high, well-built wails, which make 
 a commanding promenade from which to view the 
 city and the surrounding country. Nanhsuchou itself 
 is a large town of fifteen thousand inhabitants; but 
 the field of which it is the Mission center consists 
 of three magistracies, approximating in size the prov- 
 inces of Palestine in the time of Christ. These three 
 magistracies are divided into some five hundred mar- 
 ket districts, and each market district may be said 
 to contain some forty villages. Thus the field for 
 which Nanhsuchou Station is exclusively responsible 
 consists of three walled county seats, five hundred 
 market towns, some twenty thousand villages. 
 
 Shouchou — From the top of West Mountain at 
 Ilwai Yuen we can see the Hwai river as it meanders 
 slowly down from the southwest. Just over the 
 farthest hills that lie on the western horizon and up 
 the river from Hwai Yuen a night's trip by launch, 
 is the progressive city of Shouchou. Shouchou has 
 always maintained a high educational standard and 
 has always been in the fore-front politically, standing 
 for the newer ideas of government, it has been 
 called “The Backdoor of An Ilwei.’’ “The Key of 
 An Ilwei, ’’ and other names indicating the im- 
 portance which the Chinese give to this city. It was 
 at one time the capital of one of the kingdoms of the 
 Han dynasty, and excavations here have brought to 
 light some of the most beautiful pottery. The people 
 of Shouchou are very proud of their connection with 
 
 18 
 
the past and of their reputation for progress and 
 education. The city has broad, well-kept streets, 
 much cleaner than those of the average Chinese city. 
 The walls, which are high and broad, are kept in good 
 repair and are an imposing sight to the visitor as he 
 approaches. The temples and ancient landmarks are 
 kept in good condition and in constant repair. The 
 city is largely Mohammedan and boasts of a large, 
 well-kept mosque, with a school in connection in which 
 Arabic is taught to a limited degree. 
 
 Missionary History 
 
 The first missionaries to the region of the Kiang-an 
 Mission were the Roman Catholics. Early in their 
 missionary career in China the Jesuit fathers estab- 
 lished missions at Nanking. At Wu Ho, an Out- 
 station of Hwai Yuen, there is a Roman Catholic 
 mission which has been established for at least two 
 hundred years. 
 
 The first Protestant missionary to reach Nanking 
 was a Mr. Douglas of the China Inland Mission. 
 Shortly afterwards Rev. Albert Whiting and Rev. 
 Charles Leaman, Presbyterian missionaries, arrived 
 and after a struggle of two or three years with 
 the opposition of the mandarins, established a Mission 
 Station at Nanking in 1876. Mr. Whiting sacrificed 
 his life only two years later while engaged in relieving 
 the famine sufferers in Shensi Province. Mr. Leaman 
 was spared to give nearly half a century of fruitful 
 service at Nanking and died on the field in 1920, 
 beloved by foreigners and Chinese alike. 
 
 Other early missionaries at Nanking Station were 
 Rev. and Mrs. R. E. Abbey. Mr. Abbey labored from 
 
 19 
 
1882 until his death in 1890. Mrs. Abbey spent over 
 thirty years in devoted evangelistic effort on that 
 field. 
 
 Shoulder to Shoulder 
 
 The Presbyterian missionaries were joined in 1883 
 by Rev. Virgil C. Hart, D.D., and Robert C. Beebe, 
 M.D., of the American Methodist Church. The 
 Church of the Disciples, the Quakers, the Seventh 
 Day Adventists and the Protestant Episcopal Church 
 also established mission work in Nanking and in the 
 country round about. Each Mission has had assigned 
 as its share a section of the field for which it alone 
 is responsible. 
 
 Perhaps the most unique specimen of union work 
 in Nanking is that of the Theological Seminary. 
 Presbyterian, Methodist and Disciples schools of min- 
 isterial training were merged in one, in 1911 ; five 
 different denominations are now cooperating in the 
 work of the school. It draws students from fourteen 
 provinces and from as many communions ; and is 
 recognized today as the leading theological training 
 school in China. It forms a coherent and mutually 
 responsive body of Christian teachers, cementing to- 
 gether the various communions. To the development 
 of this important institution Rev. J. C. Garritt, D.D., 
 gave unstinted and effective service, organizing, 
 teaching and inspiring. His missionary labors at 
 Nanking covered a period of thirty years. He w r as 
 long a member of the China Council and one of the 
 most influential and valued men of the Mission. 
 
 The Nanking University for men, Ginling College 
 for women, and the Bible Teachers Training School 
 for Women are other very successful union institu- 
 
 20 
 
T ions, doing effective work for the cause of educa- 
 tion and the Kingdom of Christ. 
 
 Missionary Contribution to Conservation and 
 Commerce 
 
 Special mention should be made of the departments 
 of agriculture, sericulture and forestry in the Uni- 
 versity of Nanking. The work in each of these de- 
 partments has eo commended itself to the attention 
 of commercial interests, both Chinese and foreign, 
 and to the good-will of the government as to be 
 largely self-supporting. The School of Forestry is 
 to a large degree responsible for the great interest 
 taken in reforesting barren hills around Nanking as 
 well as other districts even as far away as Shantung. 
 Experiments are being made in cotton to improve 
 the native Chinese variety and a measure of success 
 has been attained. The experiments in silk culture 
 have done much to improve the native methods and 
 have attracted world-wide attention. 
 
 Chinese Home Missionaries 
 
 A most vital interest of the churches of the Kiangan 
 Mission is the Chinese Home Missionary Society. 
 This Society was formed in the summer of 1920, and 
 in September, 1921, it numbered about 2,000 mem- 
 bers. representing 18 provinces and Chinese Chris- 
 tians abroad. They had received up to that date over 
 $30,000. In the fall of 1920, they sent out a little 
 party of missionaries, one man and four women, to 
 the Tai in Yunnan Province. The Tai spread them- 
 selves over the country we call China before Moses 
 was born and their descendants still occupy portions 
 of southern China and northern Siam. The distance 
 
 21 
 
travelled was great and difficult. This part of China 
 is as foreign to these missionaries as China is to us. 
 The people and language and dress and customs are 
 different from what they have ever known. The little 
 party of recruits visited many churches before they 
 left, and the Chinese Christians were extremely 
 pleased to hear the missionaries they were sending 
 forth. The offering taken included rings, hair orna- 
 ments, brooches and pins. 
 
 Beginnings in Hwai Yuen 
 
 Ilwai Yuen was first started as an Out-station of 
 Nanking just before the Boxer uprising in 1900. 
 Rev. W. N. Crozier and Rev. W. J. Drummond made 
 a tour throughout the Hwai Yuen District. With 
 rare exceptions the advances of the missionaries 
 were met with disfavor and sometimes with abuse 
 by the local Chinese. 
 
 It was not, however, until after the Boxer uprising 
 that the inland work of the Mission was really 
 started with the opening of the Hwai Yuen Station 
 by Rev. Edwin C. Lobenstine, Miss Rose Lobenstine, 
 Rev. DuBois S. Morris, Samuel Cochran, M.D., and 
 Mrs. Cochran, and Rev. and Mrs. James B. Cochran. 
 These pioneers Avere joined a little later by Miss 
 Rose Hoffman, a trained nurse who later became 
 Mrs. Lobenstine. 
 
 In the early days of the Station it Avas decided to 
 live as close to the Chinese as possible and to this 
 end all Avore Chinese clothes and the men Avore their 
 hair doAvn their backs in queues of various length. 
 Yet in spite of this they were often greeted with 
 shoAvers of mud, stones and filth and with epithets 
 
 22 
 
of the vilest character by the conservative Chinese 
 of northern Anhwei, who hated and to a great degree 
 still hate everything foreign. However, this feeling, 
 anti-foreign rather than anti-Christian, is slowly 
 wearing away so that in places where insults have 
 been received in the past with at least the knowledge 
 of the officials, the members of the Station are now 
 often welcomed with feasting by the magistrates. 
 This change in the attitude of the people comes from 
 their observation of the fruits of Christianity as evi- 
 denced especially in three phases of the mission 
 work, — famine relief, hospital work and the schools. 
 
 Results of Two Decades of Missionary Effort 
 
 There are today (1921) after less than twenty 
 years of work, about six hundred baptized Christians 
 and over one thousand active inquirers in this dis- 
 trict around Hwai Yuen. 
 
 The local church of Hwai Yuen has a fine building ; 
 it supports its own pastor and bears the general 
 church expenses, gives to missions and is now pre- 
 paring to release two of the Out-station churches to 
 form their own sessions. 
 
 During clinic hours the unusually quiet street out- 
 side the two hospitals is so crowded and busy with 
 the sick and those bringing the sick that it resembles 
 a large market town on a fair day. Both of these 
 hospitals were built and endowed by members of 
 the congregation of the supporting church in America. 
 
 An appealing activity of this Station is the Baby 
 Welfare Work carried on in a temple loaned by the 
 city, where little baby girls, who have been thrown 
 out by their families are rescued and cared for until 
 
 23 
 
homes may be found for them. This foundation 
 work is full of promise. The Station has also a kin- 
 dergarten, a self-supporting industrial class for 
 women, with half day study of the Bible, and a 
 woman's school. 
 
 The Station Plan Demonstrated 
 
 The Hwai Yuen Station has from the outset been 
 supported by the Central Presbyterian Church of 
 New York City. It is an interesting and suggestive 
 fact that the enterprise was inaugurated at the in- 
 stance of the Christian Endeavor Society of the 
 church. The society numbering some fifty or sixty 
 members requested the congregation to undertake 
 the support of a missionary of its OAvn and empha- 
 sized the request with an offering of five hundred 
 dollars toward the proposed enterprise. 
 
 At that time very few Presbyterian churches had 
 taken such a step and action was for a time delayed 
 from the fear that the new enterprise would curtail 
 the interest of the congregation in the general 
 work of the Board. The result has been the reverse. 
 AVith the development of the Station the missionary 
 interest of the church in world-wide missions has 
 grown. Without lessening its gifts to this cause it 
 has expended upon the Hwai Yuen enterprise thous- 
 ands of dollars and is well satisfied with its invest- 
 ment. As the demands of the growing work at Hwai 
 Yuen have enlarged, the missionary zeal of the church 
 has deepened and the response has been personal, 
 hearty and immediate. 
 
 Nanhsuchou Station is the specific work on the 
 foreign field of the Madison Avenue Church of New 
 
 24 
 
York City. It was opened by Rev. and Mrs. Thomas 
 F. Carter and Rev. and Mrs. George C. Hood in 1912. 
 They had spent their years of language study and 
 preparation in Hwai Yuen and helped greatly in 
 the Famine Relief Work. The fact that the people 
 of Nanhsuchou were very progressive and welcomed 
 the foreigners made the first days there much easier. 
 The city loaned temples for the establishment of 
 schools and later gave the missionaries land for the 
 building of a hospital. 
 
 The agricultural work at Nanhsuchou has been 
 unique. Much has been done toward helping the 
 farmers of today in addition to the training given 
 in the Boys’ School to the farmers that are to be. 
 Classes have been attended by land owners from 
 Nanhsuchou and neighboring towns. The new kin- 
 dergarten is the people’s own gift with the exception 
 of $500 from America. The native offerings ranged 
 from a single penny to $100. The Station conducts 
 a girls’ and a boys’ school and several village schools. 
 Classes for men and for women are also held and 
 are very successful. A church has been organized 
 and has already (1921) about 75 members. In the 
 various classes for Bible study about 150 are now 
 enrolled. A daily Vacation Bible School for Young 
 China has been held. Much time is given to itinera- 
 tion in the villages by the missionaries aided by 
 teams of native evangelists, and several preaching 
 places have been established in the county. 
 
 Shouchou, the newest Station of the Mission, was 
 organized in 1919 and is supported by the Westmin- 
 ster Guild. The work in this city was first started 
 by the China Inland Mission which had a small 
 
 25 
 
chapel here for a few years. They were, however, 
 able to give but little time to this work and turned 
 it over to the Hwai Yuen Station at an early date. 
 When the first missionaries from Hwai Yuen went 
 to Shouchou, they were received with showers of 
 stone and filth by an anti-foreign mob, but now the 
 residents of this beautiful little city are most cordial 
 in their relations with the missionaries. Already 
 there is a boys’ school with some twenty pupils, a 
 large girls’ school and a group of some twenty or 
 thirty Christians. Land has been obtained in the 
 best portion of the city, quite ample for the develop- 
 ment of the work for several years. Shouchou has 
 also a small well developed country field and an 
 enormous country field open and ready for the Gos- 
 pel as soon as people can be found to go and 
 teach them. 
 
 Mutual Helpfulness 
 
 The Stations of the Mission are united in a most 
 helpful way. At present (1921) Nanhsuchou has 
 no high school and therefore sends to Hwai Yuen a 
 large group of high school pupils. The graduates of 
 the high school at Hwai Yuen look largely to Nan- 
 king for their college and theological training. 
 
 Another feature working for the strength of the 
 Mission is the mutual love and cooperation between 
 Chinese and foreign workers. There is throughout 
 the Mission a deep feeling of close fellowship, which 
 oils the wheels of progress and greatly helps with 
 the efficiency of the program for making this region 
 over into a realm of the Kingdom of God. There is 
 everywhere on the part of the foreigner the desire 
 that the Chinese worker in the Church shall increase 
 
 26 
 
in influence and that the foreigner shall stand in 
 the background. On the other hand, the Chinese are, 
 for the most part reluctant as yet to take over this 
 leadership and there is a constant desire for the 
 advice of the missionary, even when the leadership 
 lias been assumed. 
 
 In Those Days and These 
 
 Allusion has already been made to the changes 
 since the early days of the work in methods of travel. 
 When Mr. Leaman went to China in 1874 there was 
 no railroad between Shanghai and Nanking and the 
 trip had to he made up the Yangtze River in steam- 
 ers. Arriving in Nanking, it was necessary to leave 
 the river boat and to embark upon a small rowboat 
 in midstream, for in those days before Nanking be- 
 came a treaty port, no foreign-owned steamer was 
 allowed to dock. A houseboat was then secured and 
 the trip up the river to the west gate of the city, a 
 distance of five miles, was made along a broad canal 
 which skirts the western wall of Nanking. Later 
 the well-built carriage roads between the Yangtze 
 and the city enabled the missionary or traveller to 
 reach any point in the city in a much shorter time 
 by carriage, and now many automobiles pass up and 
 down this road. 
 
 For the first few years after the opening of the 
 Hwai Yuen Station it often took two, three or even 
 six weeks to arrive there from the coast. Sometimes 
 the trip was made by canal boat from Chinkiang, 
 through the Grand Canal, up through the Hung Tse 
 Lake and the Hwai River. Sometimes it was made 
 overland from Nanking by means of sedan chair, mule- 
 back, wheel-barrow or on foot. 
 
 27 
 
Although these older methods of travel are still 
 necessary for country itineration, travel between the 
 great cities is entirely changed. The express from 
 Shanghai to Nanking and the connecting express be- 
 tween Nanking and Peking enables one to cover dis- 
 tances in a few hours which formerly took weeks. 
 One may leave Shanghai at eight o’clock in the 
 morning and arrive at Hwai Yuen on the same day. 
 There is a through aeroplane mail and passenger 
 service between Peking and Shanghai by way of 
 Nanking which quite revolutionizes one’s ideas of 
 China. All these changes in the methods of travel 
 have had incalculable influence upon the missionary 
 enterprise and it is reasonable to believe that China 
 will be more quickly evangelized now that there are 
 more rapid means of communication. The opening in 
 1896 of Kuling, in the mountains, as a rest resort for 
 missionaries, has done much to lengthen their lives and 
 to render more effective their service. 
 
 Now is the Day of Salvation 
 
 Now as never before are the people of China ready 
 to hear the Gospel. Nearly everywhere the native 
 Christians and the foreigners too are welcomed. 
 Probably the greatest opportunity lies in the field of 
 Christian education. The Chinese have always known 
 the value of education and have had ambition in 
 that direction. They are now for the greater part 
 converted to the new type of education which is 
 being given to them in both Mission and government 
 schools. The Christian school has a wonderful oppor- 
 tunity and every possible help should be given to 
 
 28 
 
make our schools not only the equal of the best of 
 the government schools, but to give them a perma- 
 nent foundation, that within these institutions of 
 learning may develop traditions of evangelistic zeal 
 and strong Christian character. 
 
 Note — For most recent statistics of the Kiangan 
 Mission consult the current Annual Report of the 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. 
 
 October 1921 
 
 29