' \ HP m fc. ■--"W K»>^4s/eNji t/MAj c/'^^Ns B s^y -^-^>-{>"^>-^>-^>-^>-^*"^>-j>--^><^-<^-<^-£xercife ' ' confifts in ^Travd In Man as under a ftateofMa-CBody, turity, we confider the Per-s Mind, fe&ions or Gifts of (Fortune. n . C Health Chap.6. The Perfections of ^0StKngth chL Body are ^Beauty The Perfections of Maris Mind confidered in r. The dependency of the Soul on the Animal Faculties Chap.9. z. In- \ r External, viz. the five x. Inftruments,) Senfes Chap.10. of the Soul *) Internal, Memory and I- £ magination Chap.n^&c I 2. . . . CThe Will and 3 • The Principal Faculties) Paffions. of the Soul, viz. lThe Inte]lcdp Of the Will and Paffions in General Chap. 13. r Of Love and Hatred, Jea- loufie and Envy , Defire and Diflike Chap. 14. In Particular^ °f HoPe and Fear' Prefun> in Particular's ptionandDefpair Of Joy and Sorrow Chap. iff. Of Anger and Clemency, or Mildnefs Chap.ij. Of the Intellectual Operations in Gene- ral Chap.\%. J Science Chap.iy. Contemplation Chap.2,0. Judgment Chap.z 1. Of the Goods of Fortune in General Chap. 22. (Birth Chap.z 3, Riches Chap.z 4. * r> • 1 rj Great place Chap.z c. In Particular ofAge 8.line 4. for thire, read there, p. 9. 1.7. f. entail them upon, r. entai upon them, p.IS -1 23. f. whom thire, r. whole, p. 21.1. 29. f. meer r. mean,p.33.1i2.r. intends to deal with, p.+i.l.i81.'Bodies r. Body, p.85. I.7.f. light r. lights, p.86. l.penult. dele of, p.88.1.1/6. f. Notion r. Notions, p.89-1.2o. f. Proportion r. Proportion,, p.112,1.24. f. ^Andromcus, Cornnenus s- Andronicus Comnenus, p.i 24.1.8. f. Conquefi r. Coquette, p. 130. l.ult. f.Coercion r. Averfion, p. 15o. I. 8. f. merit r. mind, p. 155.1.1s. f. Luci- Syila, r. Lucius Sylla, p. 15 6.1. 3.f. by v. of, p. 176. 1. 14. f. vices r. views , ibid.l. 17.f. the r. a vaft, ibid. 1. 22. f. ^Art r. A St, p.i 77. l.i. F. thro r. Here we, p.190.1.5.if, Namer. War, p. 198. 1. 27. f.'and a Con->. feffor r. and a Cordelier , p. 210. 1. 9. f. lives r. levies, p.212.1.2x. f. re- ferv'd r. reliev'd, p. 212.1.24. f. feem r. fecming.p. 224. l.i 1. f. other r. the other,p.232.1.21, f. has won r. is won, p. 237.1. 25. f. as are r. as were, P.24S.I.4. f. ftep r. flip, p.246. I.3. f. gives rcflto r. grows into, p.254.1.22. f. ferve r. ferves, P.2S7.I.16. f. favours r.favourices, p.260. I.29. t. unfaiv r. unfow,p. 263. 1. 13. f, Monfieur Facet v. Monf Faret,p.265.1.6. f.themo- ral virtues r. their moral virtues, p.267.1.22. f. another r. anothers,p.2 68.f 1. 23. f. and to give r. and will give. p. 273. L 20. f. feveralSciences r. li- beral Sciences, p.275.1.20. f. ^Actions r. A&ors, p.278.1.r3* f- does not x. do nor, p.286.1.29. f.fanatickjtlowns r. fanatick Clans, p-3l 5. l.io. f. andthen tames,?, and then values, p. 319.1-6. f. Valerius r. Vatinius,p. 323.1.22.f, come if the Seas,flandsx. came of the Seas, he ftands, p. 33 3- bio. f. conti- toting r. continual, p. 334. h 2. f. Carrier r. Courier, p. 340. 1- 14- f- by a, right meafure r. by weight, meafure, ibid. 1.16. f. compute the face r. com- pure the force, p.341 • 1-9. f. ^Alterations r. Altercations,'p. 344.1. 26. f. yet men, r. that men, p. 369.1 5 - f- over the beji r. over the lift, ibid. 1.14. f. Guejl r. guift, p.373.l-i • f. Remarks r. Remora's, p.383.1.21. f. fuch little r: fuch like, p.3 8s-bi 3- dele to be, ibid.l.23. f. Psafures r. Pleafure3, p.389.I. 24. f. do toe Intellefuals r. do to our[ntelle&uals, p. 381. l.i3. f.Seats r. Se&s, p.401.I.5. f- caufesthe Namtx. carries the Name, p.404. 1, 29. f. E- quity r. Equality, p 399.1.14. f. Nscejfarygoods r- acceflary goods,p.408. l.i. f. taught the fame fentence r taught to pals the lame (entence, p. 409. 1.1. i. cheer and whereas r. cheer j Whereas, p.ult.l.penulc. f. in the open jfight r. in the open light, p.388.1 23. f. Exatninion, r. Examination. C H A P. I. C 1 3 I < chap. I. Of the Generation of SMan, as alfo of the Animal and (Rational Faculties. A N the Subjedt of this follow- ing Difcourfe, is the Subject alfo of our Wonder, if we con- fider him either in hisfirfl pro- du&ion, or in the continuance and propa- gation of his Race : After that Almighty God had in a wife and wonderful manner fram'd the World, in the laft place he ere- ates Man after his own Image, and gives him Power and Dominion over all living Creatures : By this fignifying that the Heavens and Earth with all their glorious Bodies, then in their greateft Luftre and Perfection, were all made for the Sake and Service of this one noble Creature, with which he lummed up the whole Creation. But waving thefe Confiderations, toge- ther with the Confequences of that happy State (of which our Nature was deprived) B as % Of the Generation Chap, t. as things of which we ate informed only by Divine Revelation, it will be more fuitable to the fcope of this Difcourfe to cohfider Man as he now Rands in a Rate of Nature, fubjedtto Generation and Cor- ruption, and obnoxious to all the Changes incident to a mortal Life; and under this Capacity we may confider him, as confi- Ring of two parts, of a Soul,and of a Body. Firft for his Body, and the Generation of it. 'Tis certain that humane Race is propagated by the fame way as that of bruit Animals. It would be a laborious, tho not a tedious Curiofity to trace Nature in its feveral advances from the imperfedt Rate of an Embryon, to that of a mature Of-fpring, contained in a juR and full for- mation of all its Parts. But 'tis Entertain- rpent fuffictent for our prefent Thoughts, if we confider the great variety of Parts which ferve for the Conflitution of a hu- mane Body: Some are ufeful for Life, o- thers for Nutrition, others again for Mo- tion. Let us but confider a little the Re- ceptacles of Images, the Regions of Ima- gination, the curious formation in all the Inftruments of Senfe ; to which we may add the adfivity and fubtlety of the Spi- rits,the delicate Contexture of the Nerves, the various Articulations of the Voice, the Harmony of Features, together with the propor- Chap, i. 0/ Man. % proportion of Members in a humane Body, any one of which Confederations isfuffici- ent to engrofs the Study of ones whole Life, and is many times the fubjed: of a Volume. Many nice and fubtle Queftions are ftarted by the Curious, concerning the Ufeand Frame of each particular Organ of the Body, as alfo how the Blood, Nutriti- on, and Senfation are made. No lefs in- cjuifitive have they been about the firft Principle of Life, which fets the Wheels of this curious Engine on Work; As firft, Whether there be one or more Souls in Man conformable to the Animal and Ra- tional Faculties: Alfo whether the Ratio- nal Soul be propagated in the fame man- ner as that of other living Creatures: Or, whether it be immediately Created and In- fus'd by God 1 For the better Underftand- ing of which Queftions, I lhall firft give my Senfe and Notion of that which we call a Senfitive or Animal Soul, which I conceive to be nothing but an Ethereal Mafs of Spirit, or Flame ratified, which the Almighty in the firft Creation of Things, infus'd into every living Creature after its Kind, ordaining alfo a feminal Power in each of them, to propagate the fame to new Ofsprings fucceffively. As foonas fever the Parts begin to be formd R St bf 4 Of the (feneration Chap. i» by Nature, this Animal and adive Princi- pie begins to exert its Heat and Force, be- ing lodged in the Heart as in the Centre of the Body, from whence, as theVeflels begin alfo to be formed, it diftributes it felf towards the extreme Regions, communi- eating its Vital Heat by theMiniftry of the Spirits; which Spirits alfo are nothing but Particles of that Original and Ethereal Flame, which is contracted and united in this Centre: The boyling Heat which flows from the union of fo many Spirits, begets a Motion in the Heart, to which the Arteries being faftned, the fame Pulfe or Motion is communicated to them alfo; and leaft the Spirits fliould be made too Volatile, the wife Framer of Nature hath ordered the Blood to be their Vehicle, be- ing ofa liquid and glutinous Subflance,and fo mofl: fit both to retain and to diflribute them together with its felf into the remo- ter parts of the Body: all which is extream- ly facilitated by the continual Operation of the Lungs , whofe Function 'tis by at- trading frelh Supplies of cool Air to refri- gerate the Heart, and to communicate thin and fubtle Matter to make the Blood more florid and fluid : Now becaufe the Blood by reafon of the great Volatility of the Spirits which are mix'd with it, is conti- nually wafting; this Lofs is repaired by Nutrition, Chap, i. of 5 Nutrition, or afrelh fupply of new Spirits from the Aliment we take in, which after feveral percolations becomes Blood alfo, and is then conveighed to the Heart, and fo into the Arteries, where it becomes the Vehicle of Life, and carries along with it new Spirits, by undergoing the fame Cir- culations of Nature. Whofoever therefore lhall duly weigh this Order, and coniider the Fabrick of each Part, will eafily be a- ble to give a rational Account of Nutriti- on, Refpiration, Motion, Senfation, with all the other Faculties belonging to a Sen- fitive or Animal Body, Now becaufe we obferve in Man fome Operations more refin'd, and fuch as can- not be deriv'd from a meer Senfitive Na- ture, we are taught to conclude that there is another Principle into which fuch Ope- rations are refolv cl, which we call a Ratio- nal Soul. Indeed, whofoever confiders the curious Inventions of Wit, the vaft Com- prehenfion and fubtile Inferences of the Underftanding,, the wonderful Sagacity and*Profpe&.\of Prudence, the noble En- dowments and Speculations of the Mind, the quick Tranfitiojis and Succeffions *)f Thoughts, together with the Bent and Subferviency of the Paffions, in relation to the Circumftances of humane Life: I fay, whofoever thinks on thefe, muft readily B 2 conclude 4 Of the Generation Chap. 1. conclude that the Spring from whence iuch Motions are deriv'd, mull: be fome- thing more Celeftial than that Etherial Spirit which gives Vigor to the Animal Fa- culties. True it is, the Rational Soul, if I may fpeak it without a Solecifme, is fo incor- porated into the Animal, that it feems to liaVe its Birth and Growth with it. How doth Reafon exert it felf by littl e and little, what Helps and Arts are there us'd to make the Flower open and fhew it felf to the World ? What Struglings and Conflicts are there betwixt the Animal Inclinations, and the more mafculine Dictates of Reafon ? A fure Demonftration that they cannot pro- ceed from one and the fame immediate Impulfe of Nature. The Senfe and Noti- ons we have of Reputation, of Juftice, of Commerce, of Patience, and Moderation, with infinite other things relating to the moral Capacity, have no analogy with the Actions and Sentiments of Beafts, tho ne- ver fo fagacious and well inftrudted ; what then fliall we fay of the Intelledhial Ope- rations, and of the immenie Capacity of the Mind ? 1 But do we not fee that fome Men who have rational Souls, and fuch as are re- puted of as good Education as the heft,how f hey ail upon the fame Principles of Senfe l"'- " '- 1 \; " ''4 : and Chap, u of SMan. 7 and Beftiality "With other Creatures. 'Tis not therefore from Nature, but from for- reign and adventitious Helps, that others make a different and more reljffd difcove- ry of themfelves. 'Tis true, we find feme Men adting at a very extravagant rate, not only by following thePropenfitiesof Senfe, but by tranfgrefling even the DIcftatcs of Nature in Beafts, by their Ingratitude and Infidelity towards thofe they are obliged to; nay,fometimes in killing themfelves, either Gradually by Intemperance, or more compendioufly by the help of a Sword, or of a never-failing Halter. So far therefore is this Confideration from de- ftroying my Aflertion,that it doth exceed- ingly confirm it, fince it eflabliffieth that Liberty and Arbitrary Power of the Will, which is incommunicable with Beafts, and is one of the chiefeft Prerogatives of a hu~ mane Soul. The grand Inftruments by which the Underftanding works, are Me- mory and Invention : Now, fince thefe Faculties have their foundation in the fen- fitive Capacity, as this Prop is withdrawn, the Underftanding muft of Confequence be more cloyded and obfeure. Nay, tho the rational Faculties in, or a little before the moment of Death feem totally extin- guifhed, ( becaufe we are not fenfible of a- ny effe&s they make ) neither yet is this '* B 4 any S Of the Generation Chap, i any Argument of the Souls mortality : For when a man is profoundly afleep, or (what is almoft as^natural to fome) profoundly drunk, theitis a feeming extinction of all the rational" Powers; and yet for all this we find that where Nature is once delivered from fuch oppreffions , the Soul is the fame in being as it w as before. As therefore the Reafonable Soul is in Nature and Operation diftinguifh'd from, and tranfcendently fuperiour to the Ani- mal, fo in the next place 'tis very proba- ble that it has not its Original from the courfe of Nature, but from the immediate hand of God. This was a great queftion heretofore betwixt St.Auguftine and rome; and was profecuted by the later with fo much heat,as made him feem totranfgrefs the bounds of Chriftian Charity : But 'tis not my bufinefs in this Difcourfe to make ufe of Theological Arguments,or to inter- pofe betwixt the Fathers in their Difputes; they are at refr, and let their works follow them : Thus much is obvious to our Ob- fervation,*That in the Generation of Bruits, we find every Animal does beget its like, not only in fpecie or kind, but in difpofi- tion and inclination of Nature. Fighting Cocks will beget a race tike themfelves, fo will Dqgs^Horfesy &e. and fo conftant and regular is Nature in thofe productions, ' - ■ 1 ; ; ' ■' - that Chap. I. ofJMan. 9 that it feldom or never varies; but in the Generation of Man we oft-times experi* ment the contrary: fimple men are fre- puendy the Fathers of great Hero's, and wife men may leave their Goods and Lands to their Sons without being able to Entail iai upon the better part of their . Pofleffions. Solomon had a Rehohoamyand an Achitophel may have an Ideot for his Son; From whence it follows that fuch different difpofitions muft proceed from fome Prin- ciple,which lies not within the compafs of Generation, and the ordinary courfe of Nature. "Lis true; Education does many times change the courfe and ftream of Na- ture: Neverthelefs we obferve, how vich ous inclinations are fo predominant in fome, that no Example nor Precepts of Virtue, no hopes of Honour, no Culture of Art can ever reclaim them: But let the force of Education be what it will, in drawing men from their Natural inclina- tions towards Vice or Virtue, 'tis certain that men vary extreamly from other Ani- mals in the Propagation of their Race. It has been reported of a great Family in this Kingdom, that Father and Son have alter* nately been wife and weak, and this for feveral Generations ; and which is fame- thing more remarkable alfo, thofe who Jpafs'd under the character of being men of 1 parts, i o Of the Generation Chap, t. parts, had all of them one and the fame Chriftian Name, as thofe of the contrary denomination hapned all of them to have another. Now in this and many fuch like cafes 'tis evident , that this difference of Nature could not proceed from Education, fince all had the fame means of .Jg^ru&ion and Breeding ,• nor yet from Generation, fince all Animals produce others of the fame Natural propenfities with themfelves: It remains therefore that it was deriv'd from fome other Principle, from whence all Moral and Intelle&ual aCts proceed, and fuch as was fuperiour to the Agents of Nature, which could be no other then the Rational Soul, form'd by the hands of God, and infus'd into the living creature. Nowthefe Imperfections are not intrinfick, but accidental to the Soul,nor do they ar- gue its corruptibility or mortality, any more than the fpots and clouds we fee in fome Diamonds, do prove them to be 1 els durable then others which are more limpid and tranfparent. From thefe two Proportions, that there is a difference betwixt the Senfitive and Rational Soul, and that the latter is infus'd immediately by God, may be de- duc'd a third, viz. that this Soul is immor- tal. The Immortality of the Soul cannot be Inferred fo fully from immediate To- pick§ Chap. i. of JMan. 1 i picks of Reafon, as from divine Revela- tion, and from the confent and practice of civiliz'd Nations. All people who were ever polilli'd either by Literature or Mo- rality, as they ever believ'd the Exiftence of the Soul after death, fo was their pra- dice conformable to this Belief. Thofe whom they lookt upon as Hero's in their life, they invokt as Deities after death, al- lotting alfo Torments to the Wicked, as well as Joy and Reft to the Good. What therefore is thus built upon the Univerfal confent of Ages , and was confirm'd by the Suffrages of all Mankind, I mean of all who had their Reafon illuminated, muff: be lookt upon to be founded in the Lav/ of Nature, which being ordain'd by God, carries on it the ftamp and characters of Eternal Truth. Chap. -Y' •. u DO CHAP. II. u < > i Of Education in general. H E Pearl has this Prerogative a* bove all other Jewels, that where as they require form and luftre from Art, the Pearl only is perfe&ed by Nature. Its colour, roundnefs , fmoothnefs and big- nefs (in which confifts its whole beauty) are all fram'd in its Mothers womb ; but Man is a Jewel of another Nature ; like the Diamond though he brings his perfedti- on from the Bed , neverthelefs 'tis rough and unpolilh'd: much pains and Art mull beus'dfor the fafhioning; and the more great and excellent the Stone , the more labour and diligence is required for the polifliing, and indeed maugre all the Art and care of the Workman/ome Diamonds can never have their flaws conceal'd or mended by the help of any foil what- Having already given fome fliort ac- count of man as to the parts of which he is compounded, I lhall now confider him . I * s ' ever. as Chap, i. Of Education in General, t i as an Infant brought into the World, ex~ pos'd to dangers, and {landing in need of others help and afliftance. The Air and Climate in which men are born, has been ever lookt upon as a thing which has a great influence upon their Genius, and the inclinations of their future lives. They who are pent up among high Hills where the Sun can hardly reach them, are gene- rally Ample, as in Savoy : So likewile are the Switzers of grofs Intellectuals, but withall they are very faithful and valiant* The Florentines live in a Barren Country lying open to the Hills round about them^ and are expos'd to a fliarp Air, for which reafon they are reported to be more fub- tile and cunning than the reft of the Ita~ Hans. The Scotch likewife, from the cold and barren Countries they inhabit, are more cunning far than the Englijh, and upon even ground will over-reach them. Whether Nurfes may be us'd for the nourifliing of Infants has been a great que- ftion ,• 'tis certain that the Milk which the Child draws from the Mothers Breaft, and the blood with which it was nourifli'd in the Wombdifler only in colour,and there- fore muft be much more natural, and may be more eaflly converted into the fubftance of the Infant, than any foreign nourifliment whatfoever, but becaufe we have greater choice 14 Of Education in General. Chap. 2. choice of Nurfesthen we have of Mothers^ fome Women, thofe efpecially who are more delicate and tender of their cafe, re- commend this important duty of Nature to fome mean ordinary perfon, which certainly can never be approv'd of but in cafe of infirmity, Melancholy , or of fome natural defedb. we may obf^rve of Beafts which are guided by the inftindt of Nature, how folicitous they are to feed their Offspring, till fuch time as they can fhift for themfelves; And even Birds which are the moft timid of all Creatures, will lament bitterly, and expofe themfelves to danger for the Prefervation of their Young, which at other times will take wing upon the fight of a man ; nay fome will make refiftance and affault any thing which comes near them,as Geefe^Hens, and the like, which when they have nothing to care for but themfelves, will upon any approach fly away. This fhews what im- predion Nature has left upon the weakeft Creatures to exert their utmofl force for the Prefervation of their young ones, which Nature has taught them to prefer before their own; but amongft Women this gentle and eafy way of fetting out their Children to Nurfe as it is more unna<* tural, fo is it a means of diminifhing the Mothers love and affection for them, as experience Chap. 2. Of Education in 15 experience tells us, and asmanifeft reafon does evince; for why do Mothers love their Children more tenderly and pafli- onately than the Fathers, but becaufe they endure greater pangs in their Birth, and greater troubles in the Education of them, which affection towards them is half de- flroy'd by buffering ftrange Nurfes to lhare with them in their Office. No woman knows the flate and circumftances of ano- thers bodyfo well as of her own, nor can be aflur'd of her being fo careful asherfelf: fome great Perfons have direly buffered up- on this account, as Ring Philip the Third of Spain, who was all his life-time of a very languifhingand fickly temper, which he fuckt from his Nurfe who was too much French. 'Tis true Cyrus and Romulus the Founders of two great Monarchies, were both expos'd in their Infancy,the one being faid to be nouriftf d by a Bitchy the other by a Wool/, that is, as I fuppofe, amongft Shepherds and Savage people, naturesand difpofitions little differed from the wild Beafts amongft \Vhichthey liv'd: or perhaps fuch Fables were invented only to make their Adions to feem more ex- traordinary and prodigious. Whatfoever there were in fuch reports,certain 'tis,* that great regard is. to be had both to the tem- per of the Mind, as well as to the ftate and 16 Of Education in General. Chap, ih and condition of the body of her who gives the Breafl:; let her be of a cheerful humour and temperate as well as health- ful, and abounding in Milk; but this more properly concerns the Mother, let us look a little to that which concerns the Father, and that is, the Breeding and Education of his Children, which is a great and weighty duty. Parents for the future good of their Children, would do well to place them forth as early as may be in a wholfom piercing Air, and by this means inure them to hardfliip by times. The old Germans were wont to plunge their Chil- dren into the Rhyne as foon as they were born, to bring their bodies to a ftronger temper. Ladies we fee of the mofl deli- cate Conftitutions, by ufing to have their Breafts and Arms naked from their child- hood, receive no injury by the weather be it never fo cold, whereas tire ftrongefh man Ihould he attempt to do the like, might be in danger of his life. Let a Child therefore be accuflom'd to courfe Dyet, to thin Cloathing, hard Lodging, and to much Toyl; and when he arrives to Manhood,his Conftitutionwill be much more vigorous; he will be more hardy to undertake, and more Itrong to conquer any difficulty. He will enjoy amore pro-' fperous Chap. 2i Of Education in General. 17 fperous health of body , and by confe- quence will be able to purfue any work, wherein the Brains and Thoughts are en- gag'd with great Alacrity,Conftancy, and Courage : and indeed fince the Occurran- ces of life do ftill caft a man upon the more painful fide, 'tis befl: to make hard" fliip to grow up with our Natures, by ac- cu ftoming our felves to it when our blood is Youthful,when we are free from diftem- pers, and at fuch a feafon alfo when the leafl imprefiions grow into a habit, and many times become indeleble. * There is one great fault which Parents generally commit in the Education of their Children,viz. in labouring to bring them to habits of good Husbandry and Frugality, by cutting them fliort in their allowance : By this means many a young Gentleman is taught to keep mean Company; and gets fuch habits of lhifting and fhirking, as lhall for ever render him contemptible: others there are of this Tribe who fpend without mea- fure, upon the profpedf of their Fathers death, fo that when they come to their * •/ Eftates, all they have will be too little to fatisfie their Creditors; for fuch are ever fure to lend the young Squire freely, and make him indebted to them for twice as much as he borrow'd, upon pretence for* C footh 18 Of Education in General. Chap. 2. footh that the old Gentleman may out- live the Son,and then all is defperate. 'Tis generally feen that none are fo extravagant and profufe when they come to their E- . Hates, as thole who in their Fathers life- time were kept fhorteft of Money. The more the Fire is pent in, the more violent will be the Eruption,-but in all cafes 'tis cer- tain,that too great a reftraint on Youth does make them wifh their Parents death, and does engender thofe ill humours in a Son as end commonly in Defiance and Rebellion. Upon the walls in the Court of the Je- fuits Colledge at Lyons, where they have a great School, there are many ingenious Emblems painted in Frefco, of which this I remember to be one, an Eagle flying to- wards thtSun with her Young ones in her Talons, calling thofe away as fpurious which would not endure the Light, with this Mottto,^ teneris luce imbuit. 'Tis ea- fy toobferve,but fed to confider what little care many Parents take in this particular; fo they can but beget and keep their Chil- dren tis fufficient. They are many times very induftrious in improving their Eftates, and in cultivating their Lands; but for their Children they let them converfe with the Poor ones of the Village, or with Plow-men or Servants of their own Fami- ly, and by this means they get many times fuch Chap- i • Of Edncat'ion General. ^ p fuch habits, both of clownifh fpeech and carriage; as alfo of rudenefs and of an abjedt Mind, as no future Education though it were beftow'd upon them, will ever be able to wear away. We fee a ftraightTree when it i$young and tender, will eafily be bow'dafide, and grow fotoo beyond recovery if it be let alone a little; as alfo another which is young and crook- ed, may by little and little be in a great meafure rectified, and by cutting away the liiperfluities may become fruitful. ' As for thofe who are to follow the Plow, or any Mechanick and Laborious courfe of life , (and fuch there muft be)as theirMeansand Opportunities ate fmall, fo neither do their Circumftances require any thing more then to be inftrudted in the Principles of Reli- gion and of Morality, and in the Duties of Obedience, and to be able to Write and Read: for there is nothing more ridiculous, then to have a Bumkin or Shopkeeper, pretend to State-matters or Divinity: Nor indeed is there any thing fo dangerous to Church or State, as thele half headed and conceited Fellows, who are generally moft Impudent , Ignorant and Factious. The Education therefore which I here dif- courfe of, is iuch as I would have in thofe who would be accounted Gentlemen, as having fome Priviledges both of Birth and C x Fortune, to Of Erudition. Chap. 1. Fortune, above the Common fort of Men, which Education of theirs may be redue'd to thefe three general heads, viz. Erudi- tion, Exercife, and Travel. CHAP. III. ERudition extends it felf not only to Literature, but to Precepts of Life, the former ferves for the information of the Underftanding, the later for the di- redtion of the Will, and for regulating the Paffions, to both which things all civiliz'd Nations have ever had afpecial regard.The Chinefes boaft themfelves to be the only civiliz'd People upon the Earth, looking upon all other Nations as Barbarians , which confidering the little or no advan- . tage they have had by-Commerce with other parts of the World may be in a - great meafure admitted. In this particu- Jar they are a reproach to the Europeans: for there is no Art nor Induftry omitted by them, which may ferve for the Infor- mation and Education of Youth.- All Pub- lick ■ ■ : ~ ' - ---- - ———: % yf ■- . X. / X Chap. i. Of Erudition. z\ lick places whether Civil or Military, are beftow'd on fuch Perfons only,as have un- dergone the Teft and Appprobation of their Doctors, in which charge they are not pertiinftory and fuperficial but fevere. They have no Offices or Titles of Honour, but what Learning does procure them', and fuch Reverence and Veneration have they for their Preceptors, that in cafe a Schollar be advanc'd to a higher place of Truft and Dignity then his Matter, yet he never fits with him cheek by jole, but .at a little dittance behind, and on a lower feat, giving him the Stile and Compella^ tion of Matter all his life after. ?Tis far otherwife in this our Native Country, fo much civiliz'd and polifh'd as we pretend to be. There is nothing fo de- fpicable as the Name of a Pedant, a Feb low who can Teach a young Gentleman to fcrape a Leg, or perhaps .a Fiddle, for generally they go together, fuch a one I lay fliall have a better Reception and Sala- ry then he who h^s the Inftitution of the Young Squire in the Methods of Learning, and in the Precepts of Life. Whether it be that we have really a lefs value for breeding then other Nations 1 know not,more probable 'tis that the mean qualifications of him who undertakes this Work begets contempt of the Perfon, C 3 whiek / li Of Erudition. Chap. 3. which afterwards feldom fails to be En- tail'd upon the Office. However 'tis ftill our own faults, for were there fufficient Encouragement, and fuch Honour had for this grand Employment as really it de- ferves ; Men of Birth, Learning and Educa- tion, and enobled with the beft Qualities, would eafily be invited to undertake this duty, but 'tis far otherwife : Our School- mafters generally are defcended of the Dregs of the People ; they are fuch who being of wretched Education, do by a Collection among Friends,or by the Boun- ty perhaps of fome young Gentleman, make a fliift to creep to the Univerlity, where after four years Drudgery for Meat and Drink, and living generally a fcanda- lous and idle Life, they become Domini sy and mull: then fliift anew for themfelves. Some there are of this Poorer fort, who being men of Parts find means to make their Fortunes, and become afterwards brave Men; but generally they are fuch as I here defcribe : for being forc'd for want of Maintenance to run like Vagabonds feeking where to live, at length they Farm fome Parfonage to halves, and patch up the reft by keeping of a School. Now becaufe the meaner fort of People by whom they live, are commonly Fanatical and Factious, thefe Teachers alio being for Chapl 5^ Of Erudition* i\ for the moll part of the fame Race, and that they may the better infinuate into the favours of thofe by whom they are maintain'd, do imbue their Children with the fame Principles. Moreover being Per- Ions,who have no fence of Breeding them- felves, nor of the temper and fprings of Youth, they commit infinite abfurdities, either by dampning the Spirits of the more remifs by indifcreet Corrections,or at other times by their own licentious Exam- pies procuring Contempt on themfelves;by which means their Schollars as they grow in years and Underltanding, begin to loath Reproof, which in a little progrefs of time renders Youth rude,, obftinate and incorrigible: 'tis true , fome few publick Schools there are which being well endow'd are honour'd with Learned men, and fend forth as hopeful Wits into the World, as are anywhere to be found: But this alas is but a very fmall Proportion to the whole Body of the Kingdom: fo that I take the fore- mentioned defeCts to be the caufe why fo many mifcarry, and to be of great mif- chief to Church and State. The Jefuitscertainly are well worthy pur imitation in this particular : Nor is there any Art by which they create them- felves a greater intereft in the Countries whefe the live, than that by which they C 4 " undertake 24 Of Erudition. Chap, i. undertake the Education of Youth. They who are deputed for this Employment, are not of the meanefl: quality ; they are ufually Gentlemen, Men of mature years, and fuch who have been well vers'd, not only in Ancient Authors, but in the Pra- dice and Converfation of men, and in the methods of bufinefs : Their way is, by familiarity and foftnefs to infinuate in- to the Affedions of the Scholar, and to draw him on to diligence rather by hopes, then to whip him forwards by Punifh-r ments and Fear: And yet where Negli- gence makes Corredion a duty,they do it rather by infliding fome light difgrace, than by Corporal chaftifement, a thing opprobrious to Nature, and which rather dulls than quickens the capacities of Youth. One thing they pradice frequently which is really of wonderful ufe, and that is, their accuiloming their Schollars to Ad their Parts in Plays' This inures them to a Manlike fpeech, and to a fteedy Spi- rk and Addrefs. I like Tragedy better than Comedy, where the Argument common- ly is light, and is fuch as requires much of the Buffoon, whereas the former being great and Mafculine, - will be fure to leave a Tinfture of fomething Noble upon the Mind of him who perlonates the, Hero. Learning ought to be infus'd into the Scholar , Chap. i. Of Erudition. 25 Scholar like fpirits into a Bottle, by little > and little, for whofoever attempts to e pour in all at once, may in all likelihood \ fpill a great part, and in a great meafure fill the Veflel with Wind and Air. The a' Veflels 'tis true which have the ftreighteft Necks will not fo readily receive the Li- is, quour, but then they will preferve what in* they once receive with much more cer- to tainty and laftingnefs of fpirit. Tris fo es, many times in the capacities of Youth: they who can receive any impreffion like ;li- the Virgin-wax, will as eafily fuffer a de- fit facement unlefs it be hardned and matur'd ice, by Time : whereas others who are hard to ing be wrought upon like Steel, retain the her Images which are Engraven on them with A, much more beauty and perpetuity, tiich As for the Method of Erudition in Li- t is, terature, that feems to me to be moft ra- Ad tional, which begins with thofe Sciences iem which are founded in Memory and Ima- ipi- gination, fuch as learning of Tongues, ian Grammar, and Poetry; For certain'tis that an- Memory in Youth is infinitely more rea- Lof dy than in men of riper years, as appears ing ' from their different capacitys in learning of a Language; and then for Invention •Je which always builds out of the Store- u houfe of Memory, 'tis then moft perfefi ie and various when the Spirits are moft jr • airy .mm if; | I f : n ' !■' i' fir"! Si , 4 II" II m i I i' I t z: 26 Of Erudition. Chap. 5. airy, and in their greateft Circulation. Some are for Teaching young Scholars the Mathematicks , upon pretence of fixing their Thoughts, and of keeping them con- ftant to one Subjed, for upon the leaft ro- ving they loofe fight presently of the de- monftration,and muft begin anew.Butllike not this Method ;for 'tis too tedious, fe- rious and puzling for young Capacities to ftrugle with: for thothe progrefs be mod natural andconvincing,and the deductions of Theorems from one another, though they may ravifli the Contemplative, yet it requires a man to have a complex Ap- prehenfion of many Propofitions at once, fo that the leaft ftartings and wandrings of the Mind, diforder the whole clue and feries of thoughts. As for Oratory , I think it not fo proper for Youth, unleis it be fo far only as the Exercife thereof comprehends Repetition or Rehearfal: For by this we endeavour to perfwade men, which we cannot do but by Topicks ta- ken from the confideration of humane Affairs, from the Examples of paft Ages, and of Foreign Countrys, to which muft be added knowledge both of the Times and Perfons we Converfe with, and of the temper and inclination of their Paflions, as alfo of the Nature of the Paffions them- felves, all which require much Reading, Judgment Chap. 3. Of Erudition. Judgment and Experience, and do fup- pofe a man to be in fome Rate of Maturi- ty far above the Stations of Youth; Ne- verthelefs the ufe of Declamations and Panegyricks, with fuch lefler Exercifes as confift in Ornaments of Wit and Fancy, are not improper for them, as the perfor- mance and rehearfal of them begets bold- nefs and a good qlddrefs. HiHory as it is pleafing and requires a good Memory, fo it requires a mature Capacity to underftand the fcope and in- tegrity of the Writer, to judge of all the the Circumftances of Things, Perfons and Times,as alfoto fathom the depths of Coun- fels, and to difcern the fecret Reforts which fet the Wheels on work. Logick ferves for little but to affift men to reduce Reafoning into forms of Argument, and is therefore more proper for men fraught with Reafon and of riper years. Natural Philofophy is eafie, copious and delight- ful. Metapbyjicks ferve only to fubtilize the Wit and to fill the Brain with abfirad: No- tions, and thus far alfo it may be ufeful too, for he who is able to raife mighty Speculations,and to diftinguilhof Univer- falities,Quiddities,Perfeities,Entities of Rea- fon,non-Entities,that is to fay ,non-Sen fities, and to talk profoundly of nothings>will be acute and quick lighted enough when lomething 28 Of Erudition. Chap. l. fomething real fhall occur: For which reafon 'twas that the Lord Strafford, as I have heard, was wont always to read Sua- rex s Metaphyficks, even then when he fate at the Helm of publick Affairs; which he did for this end, as I fuppofe, that he might be furnifli d with diftindtions, and that he might have his Reafon always lharpned with Subtleties. But I omit the . Profecution of thefe, and fuch like Branch- es of Univerfil Learning, as falling under the Methods of our publick Univerfities, where they flourilh in Perfedtion. I come now to confider the other great Branch of Erudition, as it extends to .pre- cepts of Life and of Morality. This, tho it be not fo Ornamental, is much more ufeful than the former, by how much the Faculty of doing well, exceeds that of knowing well: The Devils are capable of the latter, but tounderftand all things,and to purfue the belt, is proper only to Ange- lical and Divine Natures. The Turks make little account of Learning, but as to their Morals, 'tis a Reproach to us, that they far exceed Chriflians in the Virtues of Temperance, Obedience to Superiors,mo- deration of Paffions, and fidelity to their Words. How rigorous and fevere is the In- ftitution of the Janizaries, and by what Induftry and Methods are the Youths of the Chap. 2. Of Erudition. 29 the Seraglio ( thofe efpecially of a more noble Genius)wrought upon and improved, till at length being advancd to Office,they find an open Field for Merit to raife it felf, and by degrees arrive to places of the high- eft Truft and Honour. In this particular they much refemble the brave and ancient Spartansi who tho they did not forbid the knowledg of Letters,yet they little efteem'd them, in refpecft of thofe Duties and Pre- cepts by which Life wras to be govern d, which were generally thefe: Firft, To re- verence Old-Age. Secondly, Obedience to the Commands of their Superiors, efpeci- ally in time of War. For endurance of Pain and Hardfhip, none were ever com- parable to the Spartans, for their Youth would emulate one another in this parti- cular, and he only was accounted Heroi- cal w7ho could fuffer the fharpeft Torments without change of Countenance. Their Dyet and Apparel wascourfe, and in their Behaviour they were moftmodeftand fub- miftive, infomuch that they would never look up in publick, nor role their Eyes a* bout, nor ftiew the leaft fign of being tranf- ported, looking only upon what w7as be- fore their Feet, and drawing up their Hands within the Pligs and Foldings of their Garments; and yet thefe were the braveft Souldiers the World ever had, ac- counting io Of Erudition. Chap. I* counting this to be the grand and indifc penfable Duty, to which they were all obliged, viz, in fighting either to Conquer or to dye Virtue and Civility are the fureft Badges of Valor. RuffiansandBravo's may kill, but the mod Victorious Nations, and the bravell: Generalls, were ever thofe whofe Minds were polilh'd, whofe Arms receiv'd a Luftre from Virtue, and who could command their own Paffions. Virtue has this Excellency, that it is a* ble to gain the Commendation of its Ene- mies: They who condemn it in their Pra-* <9rife, are fore d to applaud it in their Judg- ment. In matters of Morality the Will is eafily corrupted, but 'tis not • fo with Rea- fon. Some perhaps out of a wantonnefs of Wit, or to excufe their Extravagance,may fliew themfelves good at the Burlefque; but we lhall never meet with any foimpu- dent as ferioufly to attaque Virtue. Pru- dence, Juftice, Temperance, and Forti- tude,are four Fortrefies in Morality, which no Obloquy can blow down, nor Subtlety undermine. Vice therefore can never make a Conqueft of Virtue, tho it may of Virtuous Perions, by tempting them from their Duty, under the falfe colours of Plea- fure : But the Vidtory which Virtue gains is entire : It not only fubdues the vicious Perfon, but the Vice too, by begetting an utter 5' Chap. 3 • Of Erudition. 51 W4 utter Horror and Deteftation of it. A a'l grave and feafonable Reproof doth many ^ times proftrate the moft profligated Per- fon. Befides the Precepts of Philofophers, we and have the Pra&ifeeven of Brutes to inftrucft * us in the Duties of Morality : For if we attentively confider it, there is fcarce any who Creature of this Denomination but is able to reprove and to direct us. And firft for is a.' Temperance, We fee how the Horfe , the Ene^ Ox, with all the reft of the Animal Tribe, Pra- are moft regular in all the Functions of Na- judg- ture, nor will any one of them be forc'd ViWis to drink more than what is fufficient to Hea- extinguilli their Thirft, fo that whilft they lefsof live by Senfe, they acft by Reafon which :,my fays, that whatfoever exceeds the Exi- iquej gence and Neceflities of the Body, is but impti" a Surcharge to Nature, and will turn to Pfii- Surfeit and Diforder in the end. Nay that ford' Creature which is look'd upon generally as diich the vileft of all, as being the mod igno- xlety minious Name we can give to any Man, never I mean a Dog, will upon a juft Confidera- iay of tion be found to be the greateft Emblem jfroiff of Heroick Virtue, being eminent for fplai- thefe three noble Qualities, Fidelity, Gra- >$0 titude, and Courage. There is no Allure- jcj0us ment, Blandilhment, or Sufferance what- ,g an foever, which can make him defert his titer Mafter, 7 I Of Eruditlm. Chap. 1. Mailer, no not Hunger it felf, which is the greatefl Pain this Creature can fuller, as being by Nature of an Appetite moll craving and infetiable. He fawns and expreffes all Joy upon the approach of his Mailer , he takes all Correction at his Hands with Patience and Submiffion, he will accompany him wherefoever he goes, he will defend him with the peril of his ownLife, and will venture upon anything* tho never fo difficult and dangerous, when he is encouraged by one who can protect and reward him. Such then is the force and power of Nature, and fuch too as is fufficienttoinRruCt thofewhoare not un- tier the Cuftoms of a vicious Education. But for our better improvement in this moft neceRary and important Duty of E~ ducation, I fliall confider this partof JEm- dition which concerns Life and Pra&ife, as reducible tothefe two general Heads./vVy?, Things Moral. Secondly, Things Civil; and this according to the two Notions we have of the double Capacity of Man: For every Man may be confidered either abfo- lutely, and in himfelf, andfohe is a thing of an entire Nature and Perfection, and in this Capacity , he is the SubjeCt of Moral A&'ions: Or Secondly, He may be confi- dered Relatively, and as he Rands in con- junction with others, where he is confide- red Chap, j. Of Erudition. 3 3 red only as a part, and in this Capacity he is the Subjed of civil Adieus. Now both thefe Capacities, as they have theit feveral Virtues, fo are there feveral Me- thods by which the Mind of Man may be made perfect in them. I begin firft with Moral Addons: And here it is no way to be doubted, but that he who would work an Alteration on the Mind of Man, ought well to be acquaint- ed with the Bent and Genius of that Per- fon he intends to deal with, as alfo of the Force and Nature of the Paffions, together with the proper Motives to excite them; and this not only with relation to Men of riper Years, but of fuch more efpecially who are under the Methods of Inftrudion: Now the common Motives to Virtue, are fuch as thefe, viz. Reputation, Honour, Preferment, and confequently Riches,with fuch tilings as have an Influence upon Man, under the Notion of Reward : As on the contrary, Shame, Difgrace, lofs of Intereft or Office, danger of Eftate or Life, all which being in the nature of Punifhments, are of great force to diffivade us from Vice; to which alfo I may add Company, Exer- cife, Examples, and Studies, all which things alfo are of great Force to incline Mens Minds to Good or Evil. But waving thefe and fuch like Topieks D as 34 Of Erudition. Chap. 3. as fitter for Rhetorick, and fuch as would Swell this Chap, into a Volume, I lhall only propofe three practical Rules to fuch as have the Care and Inftitution of Youth; of which the firft is this. Look what Vice a Man is naturally inclin d to, endeavor to make him love the Vice which lies in the other Extreme: for there is no danger of his falling into it; but by drawing him to the contrary fide, 'tis probable he may ftay at the Golden Mean, like a crooked Stick which is made much more eafy to ftand ftreight, by being bent as much the other way. We may apply this Rule alfo to the amendment of many Defedts of the Body; for I account aPerfon who is ill-Shapd, Splay-footed, and of an untowardly Gate, to be the fittefl Perfon living to learn to Dance; not becaufe he is moft apt for fuch an Exercife, for Nature intends nothing Ids, but becaufe by putting a force upon Nature he will acquire fome Habifcof Car- riage and Prefence,which will make his De- formity appear lefs vifible. Another Rule is this: If Cuftom and Na- ture has got fiich an Afcendent over the Mind, that it cannot be remov'd, the befl Expedient is to joyn Iflue with Nature, by pufhing it forwards. Thus we fee that Fevers are belt Cur'd by railing the Di« ftemper, and the moft rational way to ex- pel «>Chap. Of Erudition. 35 pel the purulent Humors of the Body, is to drain them forwards into one great Ifiiie of corrupt and putrid Matter. We find that many intemperate Perfons have been reform'd into Sobriety, by the effects of one fubftantial and round Debauch: And if one who is of a Cholerick Difpofition, will not be perfwaded by Reafon to contain, it will not be the word Method to help him forwards in his Extravagance, which in all likely hood may purchafe him a good Beating, and this in all probability will make a greater Imprefiion on him, than all the Reproofs of moral Philofophy, tho never fo forcibly inculcated ; but if this Method prove unfuccesful, the laft Reme- dy to which Prudence can have Recourfe, is to make Vice ihift it felf a little into the Quarters of the next neighbouring Virtue,* - for fo it is, that many Vices have fome Virtues or Courfes of Life, which are of the fame Complexion under which they lurk and difguife themfelves. Thus, if a Manbeinclind to Cruelty, let him follow the Chafe, if he be Cholerick and Revenge- ful, let him follow the War : for tho fuch Perfons will never make Commanders, yet they are ufeful Tools enough in fome Ren- counters, where Men ofricher Mettle are not to be thrown away. Thus alfo, if a Man be Talkative and Litigious, let him D 2/ follow -i6 Of Erudition. Chap. 3 follow the Praitife of the Law, for fuch a one will ftill find quarrelfome matter of o- ther Folks, ready cut to his Hands, on which he may difcharge his Heat, without being the Author of any new Combufti- ons himfelf, befidesthat, hisEagernefs and Heat will carry fome fhew of Zeal for the Caufe, and Intereft of his Client. In like manner Prodigality, by having fome Su- perfluities lopt off, may pafs for Hofpita- lity ; fo Ignorance and Cowardife will with little Alteration pafs for Gravity and Sage* fiefs. I come now to fpeak of Man in his Ci- vitCapacity, or as he Hands in Relation to others; and here the Duties are many, fuch as thofe betwixt Parent and Children, Husband and Wife, Mailer and Servants, to which I may add Traffick, Negotiation, and the Obligations every Man hath in his particular Calling, with many other Du* ties which accompany ana£tive Life. I fhall only make a Curfory Remark upon one grand Duty, being that which every Man is obliged to, I mean the Love and Service which he owes to his Country, not as fome factious Men pretend, who would appear its Patriots, on purpofe to draw on the Ignorant Multitude to herd with them, under the Banner of Liberty, when in reality they defign nothing but their a Chap. 3. Of Erudition. yy o their own private and ambitious Ends, the on Subverfion of the Government, and con- tWit fequently to reduce their Countrey to ibuffr Confufion and Slavery. By the Duties is and therefore, which we owe to our Country, or the I underftand the Obligations we have upon Inlike us to live in Obedience to its Laws and meSu- Government, and to Sacrifice all our pri- ofpita- vate Fortunes for the Frefervation of -the illwith fame; for fince the common Good is no- 1 Sage- thing but the Union or Combination of fo many particular Mens -Concerns, the feCi- Universal cannot be deftroy'd, but the elation Parts of which it is Compounded, muft mj] lhare alfo in the Ruine. The Hand and uldren, the Foot may think the Stomach to be an rvants, Wle and Unprofitable Portion of the Body, Ration, and yet if they refufe to feed it, the Dam- mage will fall .upou themfelves: For this ;]crDu, Stomach which feems to devour all, and | to do nothing it felf, if it be depriv'd of j, Up0fl Nourifhment, all the reft of the Members |]every will foon languifli with it and dye: For an(| let Men look upon Princes, as Perfons li- try ving in Idlenefs and Luxury, yet in the w|]0 Body Politick,they are the Stomach which C t0 doth Digeft all, and diftrlbute that Chyle ^ jef(j of which the pureft Blood is made, and by ^ tv which all the Members are kept alive. ^ l^t' There is alfo a Love and Duty which a 1\lieir ^an owes t0 Country ltl genera'> in. D 1 reipeil 3$ Of Erudition. Chap. 3. refpecSt whereof every Mans private Life is no way to be reguarded ; we have In- fiances of this amongftthe Worthies of old, fiich as Curtius and the Dec it: But more remarkable was that known Example of 7hemiHocles, who being baniflied by the Athenians, fled to the Per/tan Court for Relief and Shelter. The King rayfing an Army againft the Grecians, appoints The- miHocles to be General, which he knowing not well how to Avoid, or how to Accept of, he defir'd Leave to Confult upon it by a Sacrifice: A Bull was Slain, of whofe Blood Themiflocles drinking a hearty Draught, died himfelf a Vidim at the Al- tar, and by this means ended the Conflid betwixt the Duties which he owed to his Ungrateful Country, and to his Merciful Protedor. The Importance of that Duty which every individual Perfon owes to his Prince and Country, ought well to be con- fidered by thofe who have the Inftitution of Youth, for as much as that is the Age of Dudility, and that the Impreflions are then eafily made, and will be lafting too, as growing dayly up with Nature, CHAP. h : r Chap. 4. 39 C H A P. IV. Of Exercife. HAving fpoken intheforegoingChap- ter of the Improvements of the Mind by Erudition, it fallows of Courfe that we fpeak of the Improvement of the Body by Exercife. Indeed a Vigorous and Athletick Habit of Body, doth extreamly advance the like Difpofition and Ability in the Mind; Since all Intellectual Exercife and Travel of Brain depend much upon the Activity of the Spirits, and thefe upon the good Temper and Strength of the Confti* tution. Upon this account it was, that Solon the Athenian Law-giver, and tfi€ wifefl Man in his Age, ordaind that the Grecian Youth fhould be train d up to Wreftling and Mufiek, the one for the ftrengthning of their Bodies, the other for the Polifliing of their Minds. Strength, if it be not foftned, is Savage and Brutal, but where 'tis joyn'd with Courtefie tis> Ravilhing. 0 4 Sports 40 Of Exercife. Chap. 4. Sports and Exercifes ferve not only to Recreate thofewho are the A6lors,hutthofe alfo who are the Spectators of them. The Greeks had folemn Times fet apart for thofe more Man-like Exercifes reprefented in the Olympick Games, befides their dayly Diver- tifements of the Theatre. The like alfo had the Romans; that of the Gladiators was fomething too Inhumane, the other Per* formances of the Circus were much more Innocent, Diverting and Healthful, and even the more Indigent Sort were fo wed- ded to thefe Shews, that they were con- tented only to live upon Bread and Wa- ter, fo they might but be admitted fome- times to be Spectators at them, duas tan- turn res anxius opt at, Tanem & Circenfes. But above all, their Triumphs were {lately Things, and were defign'd not only to di- vert, but to encourage Men to brave At- chivements of Honour.In thebeftconftitu- ted Governments it has been always look'd upon as a piece of Policy, to indulge the People in fuch Recreations, as well becaufe they render Men quick in their Motions and Bold to Attempt, as alfo becaufe they extreamly conduce to alleviate the Cares and Burthens of the Mind, and to divert the Thoughts from feriouily Reflecting fipon the heavy Weight which is often- |imes call upon them by the Exigences of I 3 ; S ;* V v / f ■ ' t / , 1 Chap. 4. Of Exerclfe. 41 the State. For which Reafon we may ob- ferve that where the People are moft op- prefs'd with Gabells and Impofitions as in Italy, there they enjoy the greateft Liber- ty in their Recreations, which are gene- rally Races, Plays, Opera's, Feats of Agi- lity, the Fooleries of Ciarlatans, Sports of the Carneval, Cavalcades, Academies of Mufick, to which I may alfo add Ecclefi- aftick Ceremonies and Divertifements, fuch as Proceffions, the Feafts of particu- lar Saints, as alfo the Canonization of Saints and Martyrs, with many other Shews both of Pomp and Adivity, by all which they endeavour as much as poffible, to fweeten the fournefs and tedioufnefs of Life. As to the Exercifes of the Bodies in re- lation to particular Men, fome are of great Ufe for Mans Prefervation, as Running, Vaulting, Fencing and Wraftling .• But withal they are fometimes Incommodious to Health, becaufe tbev call upon a Man to exert his utmoft Strength, which weak- ens Nature, infomuch that thofe who were belt at the Performance in their youthful Days, feel the Smart in their declining Years, and are much weaker than other Men of the fame Age : Befides, fuch Ex- ercifes are many times dangerous to Life, especially when Man and Man cope toge- ther. 42 Of Exercife. Chap. 4. ther. There are other Exercifes which are lefs ufefiil for a mans prefervation, but withal they contribute to health, by exci- ting the Spirits to a quick Circulation,and aredookt upon alfo as parts of Accomplifh- ment,fuch as Dancing, Tennis, and Riding the great Horfe; Jajls and Turnaments were things of great Bravery ,• but they are now antiquated,and Mafques are for the Entertainments only of Ladies. Rowling end Shooting in the Long-Boware lefs vio- lent and more fafe, becaufe they excite a moderate warmth, and are not apt to be- tray men to the dangers which follow ex- ceflive heats. But above all the Chafe has been ever lookt upon as a Noble and Man- like Divertifement, it recreates and plea- fes the Fancy whilft the Body is in Exer- cife : 'tis latling and fociable, and withal it inures the Body to hard (hip without too much fatigue or hazard, and never fails to procure a good Appetite which is thebeft friend to life. Thefe are the chiefeft Ex- ercifes of the Body by which mans Nature may be rendred more perfect. As for Mufick it may more properly be reckoned amongft the Recreations of the Mind, if it be not the fole Recreation of that moft Excellent and Noble faculty, when the Paflions are languilhing and al- moft fpent, this is able to animate and j . . < ; . . ■> ■ * __ - Ex^lt Chap. 4» Of Exercife. 4^ Exalt them, and at other times when they are too exorbitant and impetuous,it is able to create a Calm, and to reduce the Soul to its due Temper and Serenity. Tis ftrange what is reported amongft the Am tients of its wonderful power and force. 'Tis well known they had their feveral Moods and Meafures, which were able to produce very different and ftrange effects in men. When the Trumpet founds we fee not only Men but even Beafts are anima- ted with a generous and Martial fire, and upon this Confideration doubtlefs 'twas that the Lacedemonians (who werethe bra- veft men of Greece)tho they were moft fe- vere& rigi'd in their Manners of Life,took fpecial care to have their Children Educa- ted in Mufick, not that foft and puling Muftck which confifts in Paffionate and Effeminate expreflions, in Affe&ed fighs and melting Notes, and in a languilhing and dying pofture of body, but their Mu- fick was Manlike and fpritely, and fuch as ferv'd to excite the Mind to generous and brave Attempts. The Compofition For the Matter confified generally of two Parts: The firft was TanelGermany,Holland$x\& the Nothern Countries, to which few Gentle- men repair for Breeding : and perhaps I ffiall not exceed, if I affirm that this fin- gle vice of intemperance, to which we are fo habitually addi6ted, is as mifchie- vous to man as all the Debaucheries of other Countries put together. 'Tis no Difparagement, but rather a Commenda- tion of the fertility of the Ground, that it produces Poyfonous Plants as well as Medicinal: if a man inftead of fmelling to the Rofewillput hisNofe to the Prickle, lie muft blame his own foolilh choice, not Nature. Thofe who are of Virtuous difpo- fitions will reap much more benefit abroad than at home ; others who are Vicious are many times reclaim'd by Exam- pie, and if fome few mifcarry, their lofs is not fo confiderable as the benefit which accrues to others. Who- Chap^ 5. Of Travel. 5 3 Whofoever will Travel to purpofe, ought to Travel twice; firft in his Youth, for then is he moft capable of learning Lan- guages, and of improving himfelf by £x- ercife: afterwards in his maturer years, when youthful heats are fpent, and all the Crudities of Nature digefted, fo that his Judgment being then ftrong and vegete, he is able to diftinguifh betwixt Good and Evil, to underftand men, and to correCt former omiflions. In this particular pri- vate Perfons are happier than Princes, who living in Emulation cannot enter into one anothers Countries without leave, and per- haps danger ; befides the greatnefs of their Quality carries too great a Train and Em- barrafs with it, and the Punctilio's of Ce- remony on which they ftand, will not only make their Voyage very troublefom, but will occafion fometimes great jea- loufies and difgufts. Neverthelefs we may obferve that fuch of them as have Travel!'d, have prov'd alfo the great eft Hero's of their Age; and fuch were Gujla- dus Adolphus, Soljman the Manificent,and Charles the Fifth, who made nine Expedi- tions into Germany, fix into Spain, feven into Italy, four into France, ten into the Low-Countries, two into England, as many into Ajfrica, befides eleven Sea- voyages. 'Tis true; he did not this as a E 3 Tra- 54 Of Travel. Chap. 5. Traveller, but fometimes as a Soldier at- tended with his Army, and fometimes in purfuance of his Civil Affairs, which led him into diftant Countries which were under his Dominion : Neverthelefs 'tis not to be doubted, but that he gain'd great Experience thereby, and though his Son Philip were a Politick and wife Prince, yet being of a Sedentary andThinking Nature, and confequently managing all things by Lieutenants, he was lefs Profperous,which coft him no lefs than the Revolt of the Low-Countries, one of the faireft Jewels in the Spanifb Crown. There are two forts of Perfons equally abfurd in the Judgment they make of Tra- vel: The firft are thofe who cry up no- thing but what is Forreign, French Ser- vants, French Manufactures, French Arti- ficers, French Phrafes, French Games, and perhaps French Difeafes.Others think they cannot fhew themfelves truzEngliJb but by crying up their own Country as the Para- dice of the World, and by difparaging all o- thers,and thefeforthemoft partunderftand little beyond a Pack of Dogs, a good piece of Beef, a Pipe of Tohacco, and a Barrel of Ale. But he who defignshis own improver merit will judge impartially of what is good both at home and abroad, and ac- cordingly will make his choice, he will not / * \ [• Chap. 5; Of Travel. 55 not be laviffi in commending the one, nor w in undervaluing of the other. W 'Twas generouily and prudently done of ere Queen Elizabeth, who gave order for not choofing yearly out of both the Univer- rat fities feveral young Students, fuch as Sob were of hopeful Parts, anddeftitute of yet Fortune, whom Ihe maintain d abroad out Jre, of the Revenues of t he Exchequer, and 1 by took care alfo to difpofe of them after their lich return in fuch Offices and Employments tlic of Truft, as might make them able to sin difplay their Gifts, and to open a paf- fage to greater Fortunes : For though all jally could not be provided for, yet as in a Race Tra- where one obtains the Price, all notwith* > uo- Handing would fet forwards with fpeed, Ser- and by the courfe of Merit endeavour to Arti. be capable of obtaining Honour. s,and (the) «tby Para- alio- fed piece relof fOVC' sat is lac- will not E 4 Chap. [56] 11 " 11 '■ ■ 1 * CHAP. VI. Of Health. HAving in the pecedent Difcourfe ta- ken a furvey of Man , as well in his firft Production, as in his Growth and Education , it follows of courfe that we confider hint now in a ftate of Ma- turity, and as under a twofold per- fedtion of Body and Mind : And firft for the Perfection of his Body, it confifts in thefe three things, Health, Strength and Beauty. Health is not only in it felf one of the greateft Bleftings of Life, but 'tis fuch a one too as gives life and fenfe to all other Endearments whatfoever. We are leaft fenlible of this Blefiing whilft we enjoy it, for fuch is the deprav'd guft we have of things, that we underftand their value more by the want than by the pofieftion of them. The Voluptuous man whilft he is in the heigth of frolick and delight, whilft Chap. 6. Of Health. 57 whilft Nature is vigorous in all its functions, and his blood runs peaceably through eve- ry Vein, never thinks of what he enjoys: He never confidershow eafy 'tis for him to forfeit his Felicity by the lead dart of In- temperance, and how difficult 'tis for him to recover it again; no, he thirds after un- taded pleafures, and is dill lanching for- wards, and fpreading wide his Arms to embrace frefli Contents, till at length his imaginary happinefs betrays him to real Mifery. One who melts under the burn- ings of a Fever, or of (what's more fcorch- ing and dangerous) the didemper'd flames of Love, finds little comfort in Treats and Vifits, in rich Cloaths, Furniture and At- . tendance, nor in the more innocent Sports and Recreations of the Field. All tliofe Obje&s with which he formerly enter- tain'd himfelf, do but help to aggravate his Mifery by informing him how fliort and empty they were in comparifon of health, or if he has any remaining inclina- tions forthem, 'twill be a Torment to him to find them prefent to his imagination, and he himfelf to be out of the reach of enjoying them : fuch a one would readily exchange conditions with the meaned Peafant, who lives by the fweat of his IJrows,to whom Labour gives not only Ap- petite,but the fweeteflrepofe and red,both which 5 8 Of Health. Chap. 6. , which are the Eflential parts of Health. But pa fling by thefe Moral reflexions, if we confider Health in that Natural re- lation it has to man in his flourifhing Age, we fhall find it to be determined in a re- gular obfervance of thefe following Cir- cumdances, viz. Air,: Exercife , Evacua- tion, Repletion , Sleep, &c. to all which whofoever lives with clue regard, cannot but enjoy one of the greated Gifts in Nature. They who are bled with great Health of Body, are not always men of the longeft life; for prefuming upon the ftrength of Nature, they run into many diforders and excefles, whereas others of a more delicate Conditution {landing al- ways upon their Guard, avoid the occafi- ons of Irregularity and Intemperance. , Neverthelefs the rule is good, that men fhould by little and little accudom them- felves to fmall irregularities, fuchas eating at all hours, and of Meats lefs curioufly prepar'd : alfo expofing ones felf to all forts of Weather, to hard Lodging, Watch- fulnefs, thin Cloathing, with many other inequalities to which men of bufmefs are obnoxious: for he who lives by Weight and Meafure, when Adrion calls him torth of Doors is prefently overtaken with diforder; every dorm of Rain, or an hours Riding • in the Night, is able to make him fend for the er; Chap. 6. Of Health. 59 the Phy Titian, who will be fure to purge his Purfe as well as his Body. It has been obferv'd that men have al- ways been moft healthful where there have been feweft Phyficians : whether it be that the healthfulnefs of the Country Be a difcouragement to their Practice, or that the want of them be the caufe of Health I lhall not determine. Certain 'tis,that they are not to be recours'd to but in cafes of Extremity, fince the Medicines by which Nature is affifted, are for the moft part compounded of many Ingredi- ents of different qualities, fo that any ig- norance of their Virtues, any defecft in the mixture,or any Error in the Application, is able to put Nature into great diforder. Or let the Application be never fo exadl and rational, yet there will remain fome dregs of Heterogeneous parts,which will ftill lie lurking in the Body, and will be ever and anon breaking forth into new Fermenta- tions. But then the cafe is much more dan- gerous,when we confider the uncertainties upon which this Art is founded, viz. our ignorance of the Frame and Fabrick of the Body , as alfo the Functions of each Organ in relation to Nutrition, Senfe and Life, together with our ignorance of the Age, Temperament, Courfe of life, and Circum- 60 Of Health. Chap, 6. Circumftances of every individual perfon. And the difficulty will ftill encreafe, when we call to Mind the alterations and percolations which Medicines undergo in the Body, as alfo the Obftrudtions they will meet with before they can arrive to the partaffe&ed,to which we may add alfo our great ignorance of the Nature of mo ft Difeafes, of their Caufes, Progrefs and Effects: all therefore which Phyfick can pretend to, is at the beft, but Conjedtu- ral or Empirical; but when the whole Management of Health and Life, falls into the hands of fome ignorant Under- taker, (and fuch they are generally who pretend to this Faculty) what real dangers muft then attend the miferable and difeaft ed party ? The Art therefore of preferving Health is much more to be valued than that of reftoring it; befides, 'tis more eafy and fecure, as being in every mans peculiar * Power. *1 chap •on CHAP. VII. Of Strength. STrength is another Perfection belong- ing to Mans Body, which tho it be not of fuch Importance as the former, is of great account neverthelefs , being one of thole Excellencies with which Angelical Natures are Endued, they being above all Creatures eminent for Activity and Power. There is a twofold Strength; the firft Mi- litary : This confilts in Men, Money, Di- fcipline, Conduct and Counfel, for by thefe Means Empire is both acquir'd and enlar- ged;but Strength of Government goes fur- ther, for tho Conquells may be made by Force, yet they will never fettle into Em- pire, but by a free Commerce, found Counfels, and a faithful Adminiftration of Juftice, with many other things relating to Civil Oeconomy. There is alfo another Strength of the Body Natural, which con- lifts in a healthful Conftitution, and a ftrong 61 Of Strength. Chap. 7* ftrong and compact Formation of Mufcles, Bones, and Sinews: That which confifts in brawny Members, and in a bulky Mafs of Body, is lefs to be accounted of, as be- ing natural to the bafer fort, fuch as La- bourers, Porters, and generally to all Men of Drudgery. Padive Strength, or to be able to undergo Fatigue, is that, to which Perfons, even of the belt Character, ought to be accudom'd: But the adtive* Strength, which confids in Nimblenefs and Vigor, is mod Ornamental, and was in greateft Re- putation amongd the Greeks, as appears from their Inditution of the Olympick Games, where Youths of the bed Quality and Extraction, did ufually contend with one another, and drive for Victory. As for the Romans, they had fuch Exercifes in lefsEdeem: For Wradlings and Combats, whether betwixtMen and Men, or betwixt Men and Beads, were the Employments only of Slaves, or of condemn'd Perfons, or of fuch as were Mercenary; fo that all the Ufe they made of them, was only to entertain the Spectators with Padime and Divertifement; and even at this Day,thofe who are mod eminent in this Kind, are generally Infamous, fitch as Rope-Dancers, Tumblers, common Wradlers, Sword^ pi avers, &c. And yet it is commendable in a Gentleman, or any Perfon of civil Quality, Chap. 7. Of Strength. 5 Quality, to be able to Run, Wraftle,Vault, and toufe his Weapon with Strength and Addrefs; nay fuch Abilities may fometimes be of great Benefit and Advantage: But for fuch a one to make Ihew of them, or tofet a Value upon him felf for thefe Per- formances, is Vain and Ridiculous, as the frequent ufe of them is many times Dange- rous and a fhortner of Mans Life: For we may frequently obferve that thofe who in their Youthful Days weremofl Lufty and A&ive, are more Broken and Decrepit in their old Age than other Men, by reafon of the many Blows, Bruifes, and Surfets, which ufually attend fuch Violent Exer- eifes. Strength therefore is an excellent Gift of Nature, if it be rightly manag'd, and befides the Succours it gives a Man in ma- ny Rencounters of his Life, 'tis a Badg alfo of Royalty, when 'tis Accompanied with Courage, upon which account the Eagle amongft Birds, and the Lyon amongft Beafts, challenge the Soveraignty. I doubt not but that in the firft Herd- ings of Mankind into Troops and Compa- nies, he who was the Strongeft and Stout- eft Fellow amongft them, obtained the Rule over all the reft; Men being natural- ly taught to fubmit t:o him, who wasmoft able to Hurt and to Proted" them, which thing I Ij 1 <$4 Of Strength. Chap. 7. thing alfo we fee even at this Day amongft the Indians. ?Tis true, this Method was not of any long Continuance, for there be- ing infinite Numbers of Men, whowereall equally Confident of their own Strength of Body, they thought they had as good a right to Rule as others, Irom whence arofe perpetual Fightings, Robberies, and Mur- ders, not only betwixt Company and Company, but amongft thofe alfo who were of the fame Gang; all which tending to the Ruine of Man-kind, and to the ut- ter Subverfion of Society, Men atlaft were forc d for their own Preservation, and by common Confent, to circumfcribe Power by fuch Laws as had the greateft Regard to the common Good, and were to be of greater Validity, and of a longer Conti- nuance than Might. CHAP. Chap. 8. Of Beauty. 6$ CHAP. VIII. Of Beauty. TH E laft Perfe&ion belonging to the Body is Beauty, whofe Conquefls are more Univerfal then thofe of Strength, for what this cannot Subdue by Force, the other doth Win by Surrender. Beauty, if it be not accompanied with other Virtues, is but like a fair Sign to an ill Inn, it may invite Strangers to enter in, but as foonas they find the bad Entertainment and the ill Furniture of the Place, they will quickly quit fo ill an Habitation : And yet we find that this is the Goddefs which moft a- dore, as did the Trojan Youth of old, who preferred her before Wifdom and Honour. All the Words and Anions of a handfome Woman, feem to have a Charm; all Men admire fuch a perfon upon the firft Sight, and as they have Opportunities of Ap- proach, they will not fail to Cajole her by Flatteries, and to Commend her Wit in the moft Lufhiotis and Infinuating Expref- F lions 66 Of Beauty. Chap. 8 J fions they can Invent. But when once the Flower begins to wither, and Beauty to Decay, then is it that fhe feems to be degraded beneath the Qualifications of o- thers. Her mimical and wanton Gefts,her affedied Lifpings, her pretty Repartees and modilh Words, her turnings up of the Cor- ners of the Lips, and the windings of the Neck, not forgetting the languilliing, or rather, the half opening Eyes, together with her Stories of Falhions, of Romances, of Almours, and of the Court, will then look moft wretchedly Bald and Antique, and when fuch Perfons by a long Habit, fliall become unable or unwilling to leave this artificial Beauty, they muft of neceffi- ty be expos'd alfo to Laughter and Con- tempt. Beauty of Body doth confift of three Parts; Complexion, Feature, and Shape, and laftly, a graceful Motion or Addrefs* Complexion or colour of Skin is of little Value, it being eafy to be loft, and as ea- . fy to be counterfeited: It may be bought in the Shops for fix Pence, and may be fold again face and all for as little, faving that the Purchafer many times pays a dear- er price for what is given him in the Bar- gain. Shape and Feature are nobler parts of Beauty, which cannot be counterfeited by Art, and are therefore Real, nor can they Chap, g* Of Beauty. 6y they be defaced but by old Age, and are therefore Solid. But above all, a graceful Prefence and Addrefs is the abfolute Con- fttmmation of Beauty, as refulting from many excellent Qualities of the Mind,fuch as Courage, Bounty, Affability, Modefty, and willingnefs to Oblige, all which Con- centring in the Mind, and being lodg'd in a Body generoufly Born, and of excellent Shape, create a Harmony, and by fome fecret Emanations fend forth their Rays, arid give a Lufture through all parts of the Body. This indeed is a piece of Beauty which is really magnetick, which charms Men, and is alfo durable arid Heroick: It is a piece of Beauty which the Pencils of the beft Artifts can rarely Exprels. AVi* vacity and Serenity of Looks, the Airs of Motion, together with the fweet Arti- Culations and Cadencies of the Voyce, are the three Perfections under which true Beauty is defin'd, fuch as are really diffi- cult (if not impoflible) to be lhadow'd out by Colours, and mull: be acknowledged therefore to have a RefemblanCe with fomething that is Celeftial and Divine. 'Tis true, this fort of Beauty is in fome meafure Artificial, as being acquir d very much by Breeding and Imitation; but for all this, we fee that fome Perfons are io faihioned by Birth, that whatfoever F i ( they 68 Of Beauty. Chap. 8. they fay or do carries-with it fuch a Native Grace and Elegance, as gains Applaufe with all Men. Theylpeak with their Eyes, and being filent perfwade. This Beauty therefore of Prefence and Motion, has much the Advantage above the Airs of Feature and Complexion ; for we fliall rare- ly fee many fcerfons to agree in the fame Opinion of a handfome Face, one diflikes the Nofe, another the Lips, a third the Eyes, andfoon, fo that Feature and Com- plexion are only relative Perfections, and are only deem'd Beautiful, fo far as they bear a Conformity to the Fancy: Now the Fancies of Men being always different and Irregular, there muft be the fame Inequa- lity in the things they Meafure ; whereas the Beauty of Behavior and Addrefs, is A- miable to all, it Reconciles every thing it meets with to its felf, which fliews that it reaches further than the Imagination, and penetrates to the Soul, which is a Princi- pie far more permanent and folid. Upon this Account alfo 'tis, that even Deformi- ty of Body, where it is not accompanied with Obliquity of Manners, becomes lefs Offenfive, the more we are acquainted with it; and Beauty of Body, deftitute of Wit and good Humour, the more we Con- verfe with it, the lefs it becomes Accepta- ble: for the Mind of Man, into which all things Chap. 8. Of Beauty.. 6] — 1 1 ' >!■!■■« . I V, . / CHAP. XL * Of Memory. / MEmory is a Noble Branch of the Soul, and one of the Principal Internal Inflruments of the Underftanding as well as of the Will. 'Tis like a faithful Steward to whom the immenfe Treafure of Images is committed, all which it receives by the Miniftry and Difpenfation of the outward Senfes. It keeps an account alfo of all things that have been tranfacted, and is always ready to produce out of its Store- houfe whatfoever the Supcriour Faculties fliall require. The Seat and Region of Memory is in the Brain , but where it makes its refidence I leave to Anatomifts to determine. Some are of Opinion that it is feated in that Meditullium or void fpace in the middle and Centre of the Brain, where as in a capacious Cave or Receptacle, it lies remote from Noife. O- thers hold that the Images of all fenfible - - Objects pi Of SMemory Chap. 11. Objects, are laid up in the Concavities of the Brain, and that- thofe delicate and numberlefs Partitions, which we fee di- fperfed over all the whole Mafs with fuch aftonilhment and wonder, are as fo many Cells in which the Images of things are diftinctly conferv'd,according to theirfeve- ral Species: which latter Opinion feems to be more probable, becaufe we fee that thofe who have the greateft Heads, have generally the belt Memories; befides, many Perfons have receiv'd great Decays in their Memories, and others have loft them utterly by reafon of fome great blows or wounds in the Head , which could not be poflibledid the feat of Memo-* ry reach fo far as to that vacant place be- fore fpoken of, which lies too remote to receive injury by fuch Accidents: For fhould the hurt extend fo far, his impoftb ble but it Ihould be attended with prefent death. It isfomewhat ftrange what is re- ported of Pope Clement the Sixth, that whereas he was a perfon of a bad Memo- ry by Nature, by receiving accidentally a great blow upon his Head, his Memory became very good ever after; which lliews . that by the violence of the Percuftion, his Brains were ftruck out of their former Station into a more convenient Situation, and fuch as ferv d for the better retention of Chap. 11. Of Mem9 3 of the fenfory Images. As for that void Concavity which lies in the middle of the Brain, it feems to be dedin'd for the Re- ception of the Nobled and mod fublime Faculty of the Soul, the Underdanding : for what other Function it ihould ferve for, the mod curious Anatomids could never yet difcover , there being nothing to be found in it after all their Obfervations but a little thin and watry fubdance. Befides,it being in the Center and mod remote from from all External violence and didurbance, and being always in one even temper, it mufl be allow'd to be the mod Natural and proper place for Cogitation, and that fe- datenefs with which Reafon ought to adf, fo that 'tis like the Head of an Alembeck always cool,and ferves to unite the Spirits, which are the immediate Indruments of Senfe and Motion. There are two forts of Memory, of which one confids purely in Rehearlal. This fort of Memory is ufeful to Preachers, Orators, and fuch as are oblig'd to deli- ver themfelves in fet Forms, and in this kind fome men are very happy. It is re- ported of Cardinal Perron, that he was able to recite any thing upon the fird hearing of it, and of this he gave an In- dance before the King of France. A cer- tain Poet had in a folettin Audience ha- rangu'd 94 0/ ^Memory.Chap. i1* rangu'd Henry the Fourth by the Rehear- fal of along ftrain ofVerfes, which the King and all the Court much commended: The Cardinal told them that the Verfes were ftoln, and to make this good he re- cited them verbatim in the fame Order as they had been before delivered. Here- upon the Poet began to change Counte- nance, and had tain into perpetual dif- grace, had not the Cardinal declar'd that what he did was only a Trick, to fhew the flrength and force of his own Memory. Others there are who will run over a Mufler-roJI of hard Names which they never heard of before in the fame order, as they are recited by another. This re- citing Faculty though it may beget fome little Admiration in the Hearers is really of little benefit, for what is learn'd this way is as eafily forgotten. There is ano- ther kind of Memory which confifts in a firm and a Ready Retention of what we have either feen, heard, or read of, and fuch as is always ready to furnifh us with matter upon any Exigence : This mult be acknowledge to be of great ufe, both at the Council Table and at the Bar: For fuch Perfons are oblig d ever and anon to hunt after Prefidents, and to ranfack An- cient Records: It concerns them therefore to know theTranfadtions of former Ages as Chap. 11. Of Memory. 9 5 well as of the prefent, and to have Ex- amples always in ftore. They are otr lig d to ftate the Cafes of Perfons with all their circumftances, and to make reply to all things which may be urg'd to the con- trary. This kind of Memory alfo is won- derfully ferviceable in Converfation, tfpe- daily amongft thofe who take delight in telling News, or in rehearfing of feme Tale for divertifement: It is then only of bad ufe, when it is employ'd in the recital of paft injuries, and in relating paflages which tend to the fhame and difparage- ment of thefe who have no way offended us. Memory though it may be ufefiil to judgement by propofing Examples and Confequences , which have hapned for- merlyupon like Circumftances, with thefe under which we lie at prefent, neverthe- lefs it happens often that the variety of Inftances pro and con with which a great Memory is always furnifh'd, does but re- tard the Judgement, and make it more Wavering and irrefolute ; Befides, Perfons who have great Memories, do love to dif- play their Gifts, fo that generally they are great Talkers, a quality not very com- mendable, and fuch as is no way con- fiftent with Judgment which weighs its Counfels with Maturity and Silence. CHAP. 1961 CHAP. XIII. » Of the Imagination. AFter the Confideration of Memory follows that of Imagination as being a Superiour Faculty, for fo it is that the Memory out of its own Store-houfe of Ima- ges,does furnifh the Imagination with Ma- terials to work upon. Imagination there- fore is a Power of the Soul, choofing at pleafure fuch Images as Senfe and Memory, lias drawn upon the Mind, and uniting them together in fuch a form as feems to reprefent fome new Compound, not yet exifting in Nature. It is an imitation therefore of that Omnipotence in the great Creatour of the World, who pro- duc'd all things from thofe Idea's which he firft form'd within himfelf. The pleafant defcriptions of Poetry, the Pomp and Ornaments of the Theatre, the Curiofities and Magnificence of Buildings are all but the Productions of the Imagination ; all charming Notes of Muhck, the rare de- figns Chap. 12. Of the Imagination. 97 figns of Painting and Sculpture, together with all the ingenious Inventions of Artifts, are deriv'd Jrom hence. To this we owe all thofe Modes and Falhions of Apparrel with which we are fo much delighted: To this we owe all the Pleafures of the Palat, all the Recreations and Divertifements of Life, and in a word, whatfoever tends to the advancement of Arts, and to the Or- nament of Nature; when the Imagination therefore doth form an Idea of a thing,the Will prefently apprehends it, either as De- fireable and Good,orasEvil and Diftaftful: Hereupon the Underftanding goes imme- diately to work, and by Rules of Reafon judges of the Convenience, or Inconveni- ence of what's propos'd. This then feems to be the Method of the Souls A&ing.Firft Senfe and Memory prefent us with the fimple Images of Things, the Imaginati- on makes the Gompofition, the Will De- fires or Diflikes; and laftly, the Under- ftanding doth make its Judgment of it. Some Nations are naturally addicted to fome particular Fancies above others. The French being generally of a gay and jovial Humour, their Imaginations lead them to be Amorous; and in purfuance hereofthey have a particular Genius for Romances,and Hiftories of Gallantry, as alfo for Loveing fports, Balls, variety of Modes, forms of H Com- p8 Of the Imagination. Chap. 13. Complement, with fuch like Entertain- ments as feem to cherifti that wanton Paf- fion. The Italians who are of a Temper a little more Saturnine and ferious, have their Imaginations generally carried away with the Love of Mufick, Painting and Sculpture, all which require a pregnant Fancy to Invent, and much time to per- feCt what they do defign. Men who are of retird and ferious Inclinations, arelefs volatile and luxuriant in their Imaginati- ons, but withal they are mofl: refolute in the profecution of whatfoever they are addibfed to: They will never defift till they have brought their matters to matu- rity, and generally all great Defigns owe their Birth and Perfection to Men of this Temper. The Dutch naturally are a hea- vy llugilli People, fymbolizing with the Air, or Water rather in which they Breath: Hence it is, that they are flow at Projection, but what they do once at- tempt, efpecially in matters which con- cern their Intereft, they are moft obflinate to bring it to Perfection. On the contra- ry, the French living in a pure and fubtile Air, abound with more Spirits, but then they are unapt to profecute any thing which implys Difficulty and Patience. Their great abundance of Heat ftill fug- gelling to them Varieties of new Expedi- ents, North we stern \ University 'j&. Library * Chap. 12. Of the Imagination, pp ents, they prefently quit their firft Dert figns upon the apprehenfion of Difficulty* which in Conclufion renders them very Unconftant and Wavering. The Flem- mings, as they are betwixt them in Coun* try and Situation, fo do they partake with them too in their Genius and Inclinations, being both good at defign, and happy in the Improvement of all forts of Manu- failures. There is another fort of Imagination which confifts nieerly in Apprehenfion, and is found to have a wonderful Influence upon the Perfonthat is the Subjed: of it.We may obferve fome Perfons that they daily fall fick and die by the force meerly of Imagination.! knew a Family in which there were many Brothers, all hopeful Gentle- men, of which, one dying of the fmali Pox, all the reft, being tour or five in Number, excepting one only, fell fick of the fame Diftemper in fome fliort fpace after, and dyed, fho they were at diftance from one another, and out of all reach of Contagion. In order to Health, Imagi- nation is of great Force and Virtue: When a Man hath a good Opinion of his Pbyfi- cian, and of what he gives him, his Heart feems to dilate it felt with a kind of Joy : This gives an eafy Circulation to the Hu~ mours, and makes them more capable to H % enter- ioo Of the Imagination. Chap. i1. entertain the Medicine. Befides, the Spi- rits which before were drooping, upon the apprehenfion of Safety fummon up them- ielves, and Nature doth its utmoft efforts to help on the Delivery. The Spirits are the Vehicles of Life, and move flower or fafter, according as the Imagination is pof- left upon which they do depend. Women great with Child are very fubjedttoftrange effedrs of Imagination. It is faid that the Antipathy which King James had to a naked Sword, proceeded from the Fright which the Queen his Mother took when flie was big with him, at fuch time as Da- uid Rizius was purfu'd by Afiaflinateswith naked Swords, and villanoufly Murdered in her Prefence. It is ftrange what is re- ported of Apoilonius Tyanceus, who being banilh'd by the Emperor Domitian, that Difgracemade fuch an Impreffion on him, that the Tyrant feem'd prefent always to his Imagination. In the midft of an Ha- rangue which he made to the People of E- phefus, he began to deliver himfelf more foft and flowly than ordinary; at length, making a Paufe, he abruptly quitted the Subjed: he was upon, and retreating three or four paces, he look'd on the Ground with an intent and menacing Countenance, and uttered thefe Words,* Smite, finite the Tyrant, which he fpoke with that Force and Ckap. li. Of the Imagination, i o i and Agony, as feeming to be prefent and affifting at the A&: At which the Audi- ence being amaz'd, Apollonius like one re- cover d out of a Trance,cry'd out, Courage my Friends, the Tyrant is flain this Day, nay rather, this very inftant, fo help me T-allas, which as PhiloHratus ( the writer of his Life) reports, prov'd to be the fame day and hour that the Emperor wTas Mur- dered.. Many Inftances of this nature oc- cur of the Force of Imagination in know- ing Tranfa&ions done at diftance ,• I lliall not here pretend to give a natural Reafon for fuch Prodigies, neverthelefs this is cer- tain, that Imagination has not only had a great Afcendent over the Spirits and A£ti- ons of particular Men, but even of Multi- tudes and Armies. Alexander finding his Souldiers difmay'd at the difficulty ol paffing the River Granic, confults with A- rijlander the South-fayer, how lie might keep up the fainting Spirits of his Army.- Arifiander being then about to facrifice, with a certain Juyce fecretly writes in the Palm of his Hand thefe Words, with the Letters Invers'd [ the Gods have granted that Alexander jhall he Fittorious~\ which he had no fooner done, but taking the Vi&ims Liver into his Hand, the forefaid Infcription was fo attracted by the Blood and Heat of the Beaffs Liver, that the Let- H } ters 1 oi Of the Imagination. Chap. 12. *ers appear'd in their natural Order and Figure infcrib'd upon the Entrails, which fhewing to thofe who were about him,they all cry'd out a Miracle, in which Confi- dence the Souldiers took Courage, and palling the River became Victorious. Melancholy Perfons arefubjeCtto ftropg Imaginations. Some have fancied them- felves to be Ghofts, Birds, Wolves, with a thoufand fuch Extravagancies, and to fpeak the Truth, the whole World is upon the matter govern'd by this Idol. He who is actually a King, and the Madman who fancies himfelf a King, have both of them, upon the matter, the fame Enjoy- ments. One tho he really tails the Fruits of Grandure, yet if we examine the mat- ter thoroughly, all his Enjoyments doter- minate infancy: And if his Palatbe more acute to relilh the Pleafure, fo is it more fenfible of the Bitternefs and Anxiety which doth accompany that State; whereas the other by fancying himfelf Happy,is re- sily fo, fihce lie feels no want. Hunger nor Cold never affiidfc him, he complains not of Treachery and ungrateful Miniflers; he meets with no potent Fadtons at home, nor Confederacies abroad, to diflurb his imaginary'Go ernme-it: He fancies that he Rules wit' cut C< of:, al, he makes taws, he creates him Noble-Men, he dif- * ;i : places Chap, t 2. Of the Imagination, i o 5 places Officers at his Will and Pleafure,and in the ftrength of his Perfwafion he palles away his Life merrily, Singing and Ap- plaudinghis own Felicity and Power; thus fares it with the happy Lunatick, whilft many others who would be thought to be in their right Wits and Senfes, are really Mad, thofe I mean, who upon every lit- tie Crofs or Capricio fall into a raving Paf- fion. CHAP. XIII. Of the Will and Taffions. AS Imagination follows the reports of Senfe, fo the Will with its Paffions follows the Bent of the Imagination. The Will therefore is nothing but a Power of Election or Reprobation of things either a- greeable or difpleafing. The Paffions by which it ads are chiefly thefe, viz, Love and Hatred, Defire and Averfion, Joy and Sorrow, Anger and Complacency, Hope and Fear, &c. As to the Seat of the Will, H 4 « 104 0/ the Witt and Chap. 13. as alfo of the Paffions 'tis without difpute in the Heart. This appears moft evidently from Blulhes and Palenefs, from that quick Circulation and boyling of the Blood, and from thofe beatings and that deficiency which at other times affed that Noble part, with fuch alterations as immediately feize the Blood. Upon occafions of Sorrow,Fear, or Difpair,we feel an Opprefilon and Con- tradion of the Heart; upon the report of Good News we feel a certain dilatation of the Spirits, all is open, and thofe Foun- tains of Life run fmooth and calmly in their feveral Channels. The Paflions there- fore are as it were the reforts and Springs of Life , without which all things would move dead and heavily. The Stoicks tis true,were Men of ano- ther belief: they rejeded the Paffions as ufelefs, they taught that a Man ought not to be forrowful for the Calamities of his Friend, nor rejoyce at his Welfare, upon this perfivafion,that a Wifeman enjoy d all things within himfelf,and was therefore un- capable of being made better by Fortune or Worfe by Injury. From whence it fol- low'd that whofoever did Defame, Rob, Wound a Man, did him no Injury ; and if fo,then 'twould follow likewife that whofo- everfhould commit fuch an Outrage,would commit no crime ; as alfo, that all forts £ • / n 1 . - t . / . .. - - of y- i Chap. 13 .Ofthe W Taffion \ 05 of Violence offered to another, whether Slander, Theft or Murder, would be e- qually indifferent and inoffenfive, for where there is no Injury done,there can be no degrees of offence. Thus thefe Phi- lofophers wliilft they endeavour'd to raife a man above the Stars and Clouds into the Sphere of the Moon, did really degrade him into the Region of Beafts, or rather of Stocks and Stones, when they defcrib'd him as a Creature ftupid and fenfelels, without Heat and Motion. But whatfoe- ver thofe airy Notions were with whfoh they endeavour'd to delude their follow- ers, 'tis certain that when they came to put their Dodrine into pradice, they foon chang'd the Natural Philofopher into the Natural man; for befides their Pride and Covetoufnefs for which they were fo no- torious, we find them alfo to have been Morofe and Cynical, violent in their In- vedtives, and Subject to all the transports of Choler and Intemperance. T he Rules of their Profeffion were for the moff part meafur'd by a Cloak and a long Beard, of which the lofs in the Fidions of Luciart- was a thing of fuch importance as was capable to draw Tears from the greateft of them. But to leave thefe Philofophers and their Beards, we have Arguments of better Authority 10 6 Of the Will and Tajfion. Chap. 13. Authority to prove that Paffions are ufe- fol, and confiftent with human Nature in its higheft Perfection, witnefs our Blefled Saviour who was feen to Weep, to be Angry, to be Companionate, and tender, with liich like alterations as argu'd a per- turbation of Spirit, Nay God Almighty in the Divinity, though he be free from all alterations and difturbance of Paffion, ispleas'd neverthelefs to appear to Men un- der thefeveral fhapes of Love,Pity, Anger, Jealoufy, Hatred, &c. to the end he might Create in us the like Paffions for Good and Evil. How is it poffible to perfwade a Man to embrace Virtue, but by reprefent- ing it Cloath'd with all thofe Beauties which may create a Love,and then a defire of it? How is it poffible to dillwade a M?n from Vice, as Drunkennefs, for inftance, but by reprefenting it as injurious to Re- putation and Eftate, as deftruftive of Health and Natural Parts, as loathfome and painful to the Body, and as puniffia- ble with Eternal Mifery hereafter? all which cannot choofe but create in us a fear of the Punifliment, as well as a hatred of the Guilt. The Paffions are like Winds, when they are regular and moderate they fill the Sail, and carry on the Ship to the defired Port, but when they are interrupted and violent, they ferve Chap, i 3. Of the Will and Taffwn.x 07 ferve only to raife a Tempeft, and menace nothing but danger and mine. 'Tis the bufinefs therefore of reafon to give them their meafures, and this it does thefe two ways, firft by fixing them on the right Objeds, and this is done when we love that which is truly virtuous, brave and honefl, and when we hate that which is really loathfome, unjuft and ihameful, &c. Secondly, By afligning them their proper degrees, and not buffering them to run out into Extremity, we may be Angry, but not be tranfported with Fury; we may defire but not with impatience: All Tranfports of this kind argue weak- nefs of Judgment ,* they are injurious to our felves as well as to others, and hin- der the due accomplilhment of what we do defign. Is a Man prone to Love, let him fix his Love upon fuch an Objed as is moft Beautiful, mofl durable, and moft beneficial to him, I mean the great Creatour, from whom he receives Life with all its Comforts; and with refped to him, let him love Man his Image, and fuch especially as merit our Gratitude : if a Man be prone to Anger, let him cherilh his Paffion againft the Enemies of Reli- gion and Virtue, and againft Atheifm, Op- predion, Fraud, Hypocrifie, Perjury, Fadi- on,and fuch like Vices as are every where popular and infulting. The io8 Of the Will and Chap.i; The Paflions of unconftant Perfons, as is excellently well defcrib'd by Caufin, are for the mod part eager and ardent at the beginning, but are of little duration , for foch men are prefently tir'd with what is prefent, and always look after things to eome, being never where they are, and being always where they are not, nor ne- ver can be; they are every day at the be- ginning of their life, even then when they fhouldbe at an end, and the good Addons whichthey do, they do them not but by halves, being never at leifure to finifh their works, by reafon of their precipita- tion; the diverfity of defires which inter- change, drawing them fometimes here and fometimes there,and ruining all the deftgns and level of their Spirit. One may ob- ferve in them a great thirft after Novelty, and continual changes of Manners, Study, Habit, and Courfe of life, as alfo of Speech, Converfe, Sports, Exercife, Coun- fels, Amours and Friendship, with mouths breathing both hot and cold at once. In iliort, their life is nothing but a continu- alflux and reflux, being repleniflfd with fhadows, giddinefs and illufions which, in cffeit makes them moft miferable, and is nlually attended with difefteem, grief and tedioufnefs of life, and with great Naufrage of Spirit andReputation: Thus he: Indeed a Palfionate Chap. 11. Of the Will and Tajfbn. i op Paffionate man does at the fame time de" fire and languifh, he hopes and yet faftens on nothing: He rejoyces and repents? and oftentimes contemns the Pofleffion of a thing which he a thoufand times defir d- His Pretenfions are Contradictious: He Conjures hy Heaven, and detefts the Earth; He Curfesmen andall living Crea- tures, and is a burden to himfelf, and Con- temptible to all the World. This Confideration then of the great Variety of the Paffions, and of the great Contrariety to one another, makes me willing to fubfcribe to their Opinion, who hold that Man at prefent is a more Ex- cellent Creature than he was in the State of Innocence: for then he had all the means of fafety in his own power; his Underftanding was pregnant and clear, his Will was moft free and unbyafs'd,and all his Paffions were in a quiet and dutiful O* bedience thereunto; fo that there was little Prudence to be then fhewn ito his Actions, which were fo well fenc'd, and as it were hedg'd in on all fides from Danger and Er- ror: Whereas now all his Faculties being obfcur'd and in perpetual diforder, and he having very fallacious and imperfect means to inform himfelf in his Courfes, and being furrounded alfo with infi- nite Temptations and Difficulties, itfhews a gene- iio Of the Will and Chap.i 3. a generous Courage in him to attempt, and as great Conduit in him to perfevere in the ways of Virtue. 'Tis no hard mat- ter. for a man to be Victorious, who is encompafs'd with a Puiftant, Vigilant and well difciplin'd Army; but he who can overcome whilft his Souldiers are in Muti- ny, and whilft he lies Entrenched amongft the Snares and Stratagems of his Enemy, he indeed deferves the Name of a brave Commander. As that Conftitution of Body is beft which can endure all Chan- ges and Extremities, fo likewifethat health of Mind, is moft to be accounted of, , which can overcome the greateft Temp- tations and Diforders. They therefore who can curb themfelves when they are running upon a Precipice, and (in my Lord Ferulams phrafe) give the Mind (as we fee in Horfemaniliip) the fhorteft flop or turn, are really Men of true Abilities and Art : What that great and Learned man hath in his Excellent judgement taken notice of, is moft worthy a ferious Con- ftderation, viz. that this Combate of the Paftions with one another is of fpecial ufe in Moral and Civil matters: For by this we are taught how to fet Afiedtion againft Affection, and to mafter one by another, even as we ufe to hunt Beaft with Beaft, which we could not etherwife fo eafily i compafs Chap.t 3. Of the Wi 11 compafs. Upon this Foundation is eredt- ed that Excellent ufe of Prcemium and Pcena by which CivilStates confift;imploy- ing the Predominant affections of fear and hope, for the fupprefling and bridling of the reft: For as in the Government of States it is fometimes neceftary to bridle one Fadion with another, fo is it in the Government within. Thus far he. Men who are not fubjed: to the tranf- ports of Paflion, wrhether of Love, Anger, Fear, Sorrow, &c. have great advantages above others in many relpeds. And firft in matters of Deliberation and Counfel. A man of this Temper can calmly and patiently hear all that is alledg'd pro and con without being lhaken : Anothers Pafti- on does not move him, he lays hold of his Extravagancies and delivers his own Senfe without hefitation and ftammering, and without giving any ground of advan- tage to him, with whom he is in debate: His hand holds the Ballance without trem- bling, and he takes fteady meafures of the Mark; all which 'tis impoflible for one to do, who fuffers his Reafon to be di- fturb'd by the unfeafonable and immode- rate Exercifes of fome rebellious Paftion. Statefmen above all others ought to ftudy this Art, as having the Eyes of many fe- cret Enemies always on them , and where a fmall ll i Of the Will and TafJlon.Chzp.l a fmall Extravagance of words maybe the ruine both of their Counfels and of them- felves. In the next place, in matters pure- ly of Converfation, the even temper'd Man has much the advantage : He is agreeable and inoffenfive in all Companies, he rarely provokes others to Anger, and if he meets with any thing which is pro- voking , he either flights it, or puts the befl: difguife and fenfe upon it that the matter will bear. He chaftifes the frown- ing Countenance of another with a fmile, and turns that which was defignd as an Affront into Mirth and Drollery. But with- all it is obfervablein Men of this Temper, that they are bad for Execution, and that they are generally Hypocrites. They are thevorft, of Friends in as much as they are never toucht Pallionately with their Friends Concerns, and they are the worfl: of Enemies too, as never giving no-> tice of the mifchief they intend: Such a one was Tiberius of old, and fuch alfo were Andronicus, Comnenus, and King Richard the Third of England, all which were great Diflemblers, and purfu'd moft Bloody and Malicious defigns under the appearance of Mildnefs and Affability. Contrary Paflions are found generally in the fame fubje£t and to the fame degree. He who is prone to Love a thing exceliive- Chap, i ^ • 0/ the Taffion. 11 5 ly will with the fame Excefs hate any thing that does oppofe him,he who is immoderate in his Joy, will be as immoderate alfo in his Sorrow upon the privation of that which gave him matter of delight. I fhall not here confine my felf to the Method of the Schools, who reduce the Paffioils to Irafeible and Concupifcible : I ihall rather range them under thefe two general heads of Love and Hatred, con- Ibrmable to the two grand Motives of the Will, which are the Univerfal and Com- prehenfive fcope of all our Actions Good and Evil; for to thefe two all the other Pa/lions are reducd. Firft for Love, if the good be only in profpect it is call'd Defire, but if the attainment of it be at- tended with uncertainty it is called Hope; if it be in our actual poileftion, it procures Complacency and Delight; if there be danger of anothers getting it from us, it begets Jealoufie ; And laftly, if it be be- nericial to us, and if we have a certainty of obtaining it, the confideration of it be- gets Joy. Therefore Hatred, if the Evil be future, and only in profpect it is called Diflike or Slight, if there be a probabili- ty that it will happen to us, it is called Fear : If it actually happen to us, and there be an inclination to oppofe it, it begets Anger: If it confifl in the want of fome- If I tiling £ 114 Of the Will and efire and I Begin with Love which is the Nobleft Paflion of the Soul, and a Ray of the Divine Nature. God when he made the World pronounced of all things in it, that they were exceeding Good: Nowgoodnefs being the Meafure and Object of Love, it follows that whatfoever God made became the Object of his Love ; the more there- fore we love, the more refemblance we have to that Divine Goodnefs. . However Love as it is attributed to God,differs very much from that which is in Men: Firft then they differ in refpect of their Nature; in Man it is Paffion attended with Defire, Hope, Fear, Sorrow, and fucli like altera- tioris as are accompanied with great diP (juiet, and imply imperfection in the per- fori who is the fubject of them: But in God it is one perpetual Emanation of Good- fiefs derivable on others without diforder i t br 116 Of Loye, S Chap. 14. or dimunition of {tore : In the next place they differ in refpect of their feveral ends: Mans Love always terminates in himfelf; if we love Creatures of the fame Nature with our felves, we do it that they may love us again, or if we transfer our Love to things inferiour to our Nature, whe- ther Animate or In animate, we do it upon this account, that they may he fome way beneficial to us, either in refpect of Pleafure or Service. But if we place our Love upon the fupream Object from whom we derive our beings , we do it either that he may continue his Bleffmgsto us, or upon the hopes we have of receiving new Meafures of his Bounty. ?Tis true,Schoolmen may talk of a Divine Love, and fo forth, but when we come to Examine our Affedions to the bottom , we find felf-intereft to be the Centre of our Defires ; and thofe who pretend to love Virtue for Virtues fake, will at length be forctto acknowledg that they do fo upon the account of that Reputation which accompanies, or of that Reward which follows the practice of it: from whence it follows that our own ad- vantage and felicity has a great lhare in the Duty , whereas the Love of God is carried diredly upon the Objed without any defire or pofiibility of receiving bene- lit from it: Like the Sun, it is continually ftreaming Chap. 14. Of Love, &c. 117 ftreaming forth its benign Influence upon the Earth, without ever receiving any re- cruit or recompence. Some mens Love is more particular and ardent, exerting as it were all the Force and Powers of the Soul, for the ob- taining of fome one Objed, with which it afterwards leems incorporated by ftrict- eft Unions of Complacency and Delight: This is many times Confpicuous in thofe more Sacred Ties of Matrimony and Friend- fhip. Others there are who love with a more remifs and general Affection, di- ftributing that ftock on many which they to appropriate to one; hence it is that tnofe who profefs Cehbacy are generally better natur'd than others , whole Love is engrofs'd by one : Alfo Religious men who are cut off from particular Endear- ments, feem to have a more general Con- cern and Tendernefs for Mankind. Love, as Can fin obferves, from the diver- ftty of its Objects has feveral Names, if it move directly towards God, and reflect- ingly on our Neighbour as his Image, 1c- ving one for himfelf and the other tor his Author, it is called Charity; ifitdiffufe it felf on divers Creatures, fenfible and 111- fenfible, being fuch which ferve for Plea- fure or Commodity, fuch as Horfes, Jewels, Birds., Pictures, Books, Medals, I 3 Flowers, u8 Of Love, See. Chap. 14, Flowers or the like, it is nothing but Appetite or fimple Affection ; if it ap- plyes it felf to humane Creatures, by way of reciprocal Benevolence, it is called Friendfhip; if it level at bodily Pleafure, it is a love of Concupifcence, which being immoderate even with intention of Mar- riage does not ceafe to be Vicious: If it be regulated by Bounds prefcrib'd by the Law of God, it is called Conjugal Love, if it overflows into fenfual Pleafures, it is called Luxury. There are twelve Marks given by Jo. Picus Mirandula, by which we may judge of a true and real Love: The firfl is Love one and one only, and to Contemn all other things in Comparifon of him. Secondly, To think himfelf unhappy when he is not with the Perfon he loves. Thirdly, To be willing to fuffer all things, even Death it felf that he may ferve him. Fourthly, To adjufl himfelf in fuch a man- ner as may render his perfon acceptable to the Party he loves. Fifthly, To be pre- fent with him fo far forth as he is able, if not totally at leaft in thought and deffre. Sixthly, To love his Friends , Kif^red, Houfe, Cloaths, Pictures, or whatfoever elfe does any way relate to him. Seventhly, To deffre his Praife and Reputation, and to be impatient at his difgrace ; to rejoyce Chap. 14. Of Lo\e,Scc. iip at his good Fortune, and to grieve at his lodes. Eightly, To believe him Mailer of the greateft Perfections, and endeavour to draw others to the fame belief. Ninth- /y, To be always in a readinefs to buffer for his fake, and to think fuch bufferings fweet. Tenthly, To weep often upon his account, through Grief if abfent, through Joy if prefent.£/ W' If fi J ifiJI ill lil i+'J; 11 ft $fp L lr fw^ii I' 11* • i"!! ji nam, if fjr fir,'; : | III . 1 .k I5 f ill- 'I. Imf !.T; i(ff !c 114 Of Love, &c. Chap. 14. his Heart is ready to burft with inward Anguifh and Difdain. Thus he fpends his Life betwixt Fancies of Fruition and real Difappointments; he courts the imaginary Graces, and is torn in pieces by real Fu- ries; but above all, the Thoughts of a Rival fill him with a thoufand Torments; and here it is that the Conqueft ffiews her greateft Art and Cruelty in putting her Lover upon the Rack: He is torture! at the pleafure of his Miftrefs, who takes delight to kill him and to revive him, tho it be but to fhew her own Power and Omnipotence, till at length the poor Man grows fottilh, Melancholy, and Diftraited, he Conver- fes with Solitude and Shades; or if he comes into Company,his Speech is broken and incoherent,talking ever and anon of his dearly Beloved, at a moft extravagant : nd fulfome rate; and by this means renders himfelf not only Contemptible in the fight of his Miftrifs, but of his Acquaintance al- fo, and of all Mankind befides, to the great Reproach of his Reputation, and to the ut- . ter Ruine of his Health and Fortune. And thus do many Men betray themfelves to perpetual Miferies, in Courting that God- defs, which when obtain'd proves but a Cloud within the Arms, and fuch a one as is many times made up of nothing but Storms and Thunder, Jealoufy ""X Chap. 14. Of Love, &c. 125 Jealoufy is the Canker of Love, like a Canker 'tis bred by too much Fertility of the Soyl; it fprings from an exuberant Af- fedtion, and creeping on by little and little, it never ceafes Fretting and gnawing upon the Body,till it withers & dyes.Every M'an therefore who embarques after Love,ought well to examine the Temper of his own Nature, efpecially if he be concern'd with a celebrated Beauty, for fuch a one will attract the Eyes and Careftes of all Men, nor is it in the Power of a Woman to hear herfelf cajol d, and not return lbme reci- proque Smiles, and obliging Regards on him who pays her Honour. The Diamond, tho it be the moft Beautiful and the hard- eft of Jewels, will be diftolv'd, they fay, by the warm Blood of a Goat. A lafcivi- ous Speech or Touch may make the moft adamantine Nature relent and yield.Where Service and Refpedt are tender'd, a Wo- man may make a fuitable return of Ac- knowledgment without blemifhto her Vir- tue : And yet in him who loves paflionate- ly, this is able to beget Sufpition, which always views things at the worft Advan- tage: For asCourtlhip and an iniinuating Addrefs cannot but incline Nature to be favourable, fo the more fubtile and refind Gallant doth attaque always in Mafque- rade, and under the difguife of Urbanity and iz6 Of LoVe, Set. Ghap. 14 and of a readinefs to oblige. Strange was the Jealoufy which I have fomewhere read in .Guicciarclen, of an Italian Getitlemari who married a very beautiful Woman, and fuch a one as he himfeif believed to be moft Chaft. One Night after he had eiilbrac'd her with all tend ernefs of Love imaginable; he told her that one thing troubled the re- pofe and quiet of his Life; for the he had no reafon to diflruh: her Virtue, that yet being fo extremely Beautiful and Eloquent as fhe was, he believed fhe would be fob licited, and be perfwaded by anothers Ldve,in cafe he dy'd before her; nor could he endure to think that any other Perfon fhould ever enjoy fo fair a Creature. To. prevent all which, he told her that he had provided an Expedient, and forthwith drawing out a Dagger which lay conceafd behind the Pillow, aslxeembrae'd her with one Arm, he ftab'd her with, the other, and then flab'd himfeif Upon her Body,The wretched Husband died immediately, but the unfortunate Lady lived fome hours to make a report of this fad Tragedy; and then died alfo. Hatred is a Paffion of the Rational Soul^ which how oppofite foevef it be to the gentler Paffion of Love, Ms its Rife from it: For he that loves a thing with Vehe- mence, doth with as great vehemence hate ■M'hatfde3 Chap. 14. Of Lo~ve, &c. 1 7 whatfoever is deftrudbive of the thing he loves. If therefore our Love be regular and well grounded, our Hatred of what is contrary thereunto will be no lefs Com- mendable : But of all forts of Hatred, that is leafl: allowable which terminates upon the Perfon, elpecially when a Man is fo far tranfported as deliberately to contrive his Ruine; and of this kind we meet with too frequent Examples amongft great Perfons and Minifters of State. Calumny is nothing but a more dif- guifed and Artificial Hatred: But of all Calumnies that is the moll venomous which feems to be accompanied with fome fhew of Kindnefs ; it licks only that it may have the better advantage to bite. Of this kind, is that of thofe who lhall give a lift of the feveral Virtues of a Per- Ion, but in the Clofe they lhall tell you of fome ill Quality which defaces all that was faid before; and this in all likelyhood will gain Belief and Credit with the Hear- er, forafmuch as the Relator feems to be very well affedbed towards the Party of whom he fpeaks. Others there are who attribute all the praife of a good Adtion to Fortune, or diminifh from its Worth, ei- ther by a filent Shrug, or by comparing it with that of fome Perfon of greater Ex- cellency, in refpedt whereof 'twill appear very 111; , * 4: CU's liiilif 1! i; I ' ! i ||| J ! .fir ! ||rl If' \t Ml I : il 1 j i8 OfLo^e, S Chap. 14. very Diminutive and Inconfiderable.There is a Detra&or who feems much to lament the Failings and Imperfections of him he intends to traduce: Have you heard,fay s he, what a Difgrace is fallen to fuch a Man ? I am heartily forry for it,in troth,for I had a great Kindnefs for him, and I will tell it you as being my particular Friend, upon Condition you will keep it fecret. Now the Knave by this means dotli not only take away all fuipicion of Hatred, and fo makes the Report to feem more True and Impartial; but by enjoyning Se- crecy, he begets a greater Curiofity in the Perfon he fpeaks to, to inquire into it, and makes him more uneafy till he has reveal'd it to others under the like Seal of Secrecy, and thus at length it comes to be whifperd every where, without any poffibility of e- ver tracing out the Original of the Ru- mor. As Jealoufy is the worll: part of Love, fo is Envy the word: part of Hatred. Ha- tred has lomething generous in it, for as much as it dares avow it felf to the World, and bids Defiance to the party 'tis offended with: Whereas Envy is Timerous, and confequcntly Treacherous: For Men en- vy thofe only whom they dare not attaque openly, and fuch as are above them upon fome account or other, whether of Nature or x x Chap. 1Of the Wdl and Tajjton. i 2 9 or Fortune: Hence we fee that old Folks, deform'd Perfons, Baftards, with fuch like Perfons as are fubjed: to the Defers of Nature, are moft prone to Envy : Alfo thofe to whom the World hath been lefs favourable, are inclinable to envy others who get above them. Likewife Women are more liable to this black Paffion than Men, efpecially when there is matter of Competition, whether it be for Beauty or Bravery. Envy therefore is a tacit Indig- nation of the Mind towards thofe whom we believe to enjoy more good Things than they do deferve. Now the things which properly kindle this Paflion, are not the Goods of the Mind, for we do not fay that fuch a one is unworthy to be Juft,or Temperate, and foforth, but they are the Goods of Nature, and of Fortune, as Beau- ty, Strength,Honour, Riches, Preferments, and the like. We are apt to be mov'dwith great Indignation, andfometimes not un- juftly too, when we fee Men rife to great Place without Induftry or Merit, but meer- ly by Flattery, Corruption, or fome fuch bafe Means; fo that generally fpeaking,all fuddain Tranflations irom a low to a high Rate of Life, whether by ways Honeft or Difhonefl, do naturally move us to Envy, which doth feldome or never difquiet us when we look on thofe who have for fome K time t 2 o Of the Will and ^Pafjton. Chap. 13« time enjoyed the Favours of Fortune; Time and Pofleffion feeming to give them a juft Title: So that Envy in its own Na- ture doth imply Imbecillity as well as Ma- lignity; but the greateft Mifchief which it works, is commonly on the Party itfelf in whom it Reigns; for it never ceafes to Torment and Prey upon him, till like a Viper it at length gnaws through the Bow- els in which 'twas bred. Emulation feems to have fome Analogy with Envy, but it differs in reality from it, for as much as Envy is an Indignation againft another meerly becaufe he poffefles fomething which is good: But Emulation doth not lb much envy another the Good he enjoys, but is rather angry with it felf, becaufe it cannot arrive to the like: Upon which account it kindles in us many Vir- tuous Actions to obtain the fame; fo that thofe who are fubjeff to Emulation, are generally young Men of great Hopes and Spirit, and fuch as are Endued with many noble Qualities. Defire and Averfion are Branches of Love and Hatred, and both of them im- ply the Abfence of their Objedfc: Defire being nothing but an Inclination or Ten- dency of the Will towards fomething which pleafes in Profpedt; as on the con- trary a Coercion is an Abhorrence or Diflike Chap. 15 Of the Will and \Tajfion. 131 Difiike we have of a thing upon the firft Appearance: So that Flight or Averfiondo fuppofea Man to have never had a feeling of what doth difiike him, forotherwife 'tis Hatred: Whereas Defire may be of fome- thing we have once Enjoyed and is now withdrawn, as well as of fomethiitg we never yet tailed of. As Joy doth always prefuppofe the Prefenceof its Objedl,either in Reality or Imagination; fo Defire is a Motion or Pallage towards an Object which is not yet obtained, and yet never- thelels Defire is frequently accompanied with Joy, from that Power of the Imagina- tion which many times doth reprefent the thing as already obtained: Nay this Joy of Defire is fometimes more Affedting than that of Fruition, not only from the fmall Relifli we have ufually of things w7e are actually polfefs'd of, but from the Force of Imagination, which doth iliew things grea- ter to our Thoughts than they are in Ef- fed. Chap. C H A P. XV. Of Hope and Fear, of FreJumpthn and Defp air. HOpe and Fear are Paffions of the Soul which have their Converfation on- ly with things to come; of which the for- mer is an Apprehenfion of a future Good, with a Probability of obtaining the fame; the later an Apprehenfion of fome future Evil, with a probability of its falling on us; which Evil may be Twofold, either of Senfe and Pain, or of being deny'd fome- thing which is in our prefent Pofleffion, or what we may hereafter enjoy. So that both thefe Paffions always give motion to two other Paffions, as their Inftruments, viz. Defire and Averfion, or that which the Schools call Flight. If we confider the Perfons who are fub- jedt to thefe Paffions, we find that Youth is very prone to Hope; thofe of this Age being Vigorous, and having little or no Experi- Chapi 15. Of Hope, &c. 13; Experience of Bufinefs, or of the Impedi- ments which do crofs it, conceive they are able to Conquer any thing they undertake, and this many times without ever adjuft- ing the Means to the end, or ballancing the Difficulties with the Poflibility of et- feding what they do defign. Hope there^ fore in them when it is in the Excefs, and beyond all natural Caufes for Encourage- ment, becomes many times Prefumption, tho we ufually call fuch Perfons defperate, but improperly: for Defperation is a Quali- ty diametrically oppofite to Prefumption ; being the defertipn of a Defign, accompa- nied with an utter Ruin and Defpondency of Spirit. Moreover Prefumption ad's Spontaneoufly,Defperation by Conftraint, The Romans in their Moneys defcrib'd Hope under the form of a young Virgin, whofe Garment was long, thin, andlooiely flying in the Wind, holding a green Herb of three Leaves only in her right Hand,and {landing on Tiptoe; all which did amount to this Signification, that fhe did belong to Youth, that fhe was Volatile or in Moth on, and of a Nature which was ever Ver- dant, Springing, and rifing up on high. Fear is the efted of Pufillanimity, and incident to old Men: For befides that Reft: which is natural to that Stage of Life, we find that fuch from the long Experience K 3 ' they 134 Of Hope, See. Chap.i y. they have had of the World, and of the Disappointments they have met with, are very fcrupulous in weighing all the Cir- cumftances of AdHon, and their Nature al- fo being cold, fluggifli, and unapt for Ex- ecution, they are prefently apprehenfive of Difficulty and Danger, and by Confe- quence of Fear. Tis true, the Deliberati- on and Experience of old Age, when it is joyn'd with the Courage of Y outh, cannot choofe but raife a well grounded Hope; and yet we find Examples femetimes, where Boldnefs in the Undertaker has fupplied Conduct and Counfel. Such was the Un- dertaking of Charles the 8 th. in his Invafi- on of Italy: He was a Prince but of twen- ty three years of Age, and therefore of no Experience; He was deflitute of Money, for he was fore d to borrow a hundred thoufand Livers of a Banker of Genoa, be- fore he could march out of France ; after' that being at Turin, he borrowed the Jew- els of the Dutchefs of Savoy, and at Cafal, thofe of the Marchion efs of Monferrat,both which he pawn'd for Eighty thoufand Crowns, all which was fpent prefently.He was deflituted of Men, having but eight Thoufand in his Army, and laflly, he wras deflitute of Counfel, following only the Perfwafions of Stephen cle Vers, who had been fometimes his Valetde Chambre, and one Chap. 15. Of Hope, See. 135 one Brijfonet, as obfeure a Fellow as the former. In this ridiculous Pofture did he March, having no other General in the head of his Army, but his own impetuous and youthful Spirit. All the World flood amaz'd at his bold Attempt, but they were much more amaz'd when they faw him entring into Florence, Rome, and Naples, in a Triumphant manner, Routing the Ve- netians alfo, with all the Confederate Strength of Italy, in the Battle at For nova, where three thoufand Men lay dead upon the place, with five Princes of theHoufeof Gonzaga; all which was bought with the lofs only of thirty or forty French. The Conquefl which Alexander made of Aft a, was better projected ; for he was provided with well difciplin'd and Veterane Souidi* ers, with Money, and all other Military Equipage, and yet the Means held no Pro- portion with the Event. 'Tis true, fuch early and precocious Blofibms, never ar- rive to any great Maturity and Growth, and are fubjecSt to infinite Hazards, for twenty mifcarry for one that fucceeds; Nay we find that Neceflity and Fear do many times atchieve greater things than Hope. Such was the brave Action of Xe- nophon, who tho he were not bred a Soul- dier, yet with a handful of Men, made his Retreat good againft all the Forces of K ^ ?erfiax 136 Of Hope, See. Chap. 15. Terfia, the Difficulties of unknown Ways, and the Miferies of a Winters March ; and fuch was the Victory which King Henry the Fifth of England had over the French at Argencourt,where all the Terms of Peace being refus'd him, and all means of fafety cut off,there remain'd nothing but the cer- tainty of Deftruction to give Courage. Courage when 'tisfurrounded with inevita- ble danger,by a kind of Antiperiftafis takes heat from cold, and uniting its force turns to Lightning and Thunder. Fear is laid to be a betraying of the Succours which Reafon offers. Upon this account fome are bad Sollicitors of Buff- nefs : they dare not fay or contradid: any thing, and if they be upon the neceflity of making a Requeft, they do it with fo ill a Grace and fneakingly , that by de- manding they teach men to deny. Others, as Caujm very well obferves, are timid in Converfation , and feel a Confterna- tion upon the Approach and Prefence of qualified Perfons. Their Difcourfe is with-- out Connexion, their Words are broken, their Voice is trembling,their Colour chang- ing, and their Countenance Ihrunken and dejected. This happens oftentimes to Young People, thofe efpecially who are of little Experience, and timeroufly Edu- pated,and yet in fuch 'tis for the moft part no more \ • ;• K Chap. 15. Of Hope, &c. 137 more than bafhfulnefs,and will wear off up- on advance of years;though we may obferve fometimes that Men of Parts and Cou- rage, when they happen into the Compa- ny of others, who are of more Eminent Worth than themfelves, feel a damp upon their Spirits, and upon the fuddain turn Cravens. This was that which thzEgyp- tian Augur endeavour'd to make Marcus Antonius believe, that though he was da- ring and brave enough, yet his Genius became degenerate and impotent whilft Oftavian lookt upon him ; and therefore he advis'd Antonius to quit Rome, and all occafions of feeing him; though 'tis pro- bable this fancy was laid hold of by dec- patra , that lhe might make her Para- mour the more willing to continue with her. It hath been obferv'd that great Ahem- blies have been apt to raife a tear in Men of greateft Abilities. Cicero who mov'd and turffd the mod Augufi Audience of • the World , with the volubility of his Tongue, trembled always and was pale when he began his Harangues. The great Importance of the bufinels which did de- pend upon his management, might proba- bly caufe his Fear. Demoflhenes is laid to have had the like defects, and had fcarce power to raife his Spirits. Bold- 13 8 Of Hope, &c. Chap, i Boldnefs of Speech muft be confefs'd many times to be of great force in Popular Aflemblies, for the empty Veflel will make the greateft found; we may obferve of many how they begin like Thunder, feeming as it were to fwell with Oftenta- tion, and Triumph in the PompandTours of their Orations, and yet in reality their Notions are generally very trivial,being fet off with Geft and Twang; whofoever therefore is bafhful and of a timid Addrefs, and yet carries the Caufe,muft be acknow- ledg'd to be a Perfon of fingular Abilities; and fuch a one was Perkles,\vhoLabour'd always under much Ccnfufion when he be- gan to fpeak in Publick,fearing left any Im- propriety of Phrafe might flip, or any word be mifplac d,and yet Pericles was one of the moft abfolute Orators Athens ever product!. At this day the greateft Preachers beyond Sea,are in greateft dread when they are to Preach before a Convent of Nuns; for fuch Religious Women being generally Perfonsofan Ingenuous Education, and employing much of their time in Reading, become mighty Criticks of Language, and (according to the.humour of their Sex) Hand more upon the Delicacies and Punch- lio's of Words, with Elegancy of Expreffi- on, than upon pertinent and folid No- tions. Fear * Chap. 15.. Of Hope,See, 139 Fear as it is the moft Slavifh, fo is it the moft Commanding Paftion of the Soul. Hope,as I faid before, does raifeitfelf upon the profpecft of Fruition and Rewards, but Fear's encite us upon the apprehenfion of lofs and pain: Now the apprehenfions of Pain being far more quick and lafting than thofe of Reward (for Good is fcarce perceivable in the very Fruition) it fol- lows Naturally that Men are far more apt to be byafied by the former than by the later. 'Tis painful to endure, 'twill de- prive you of Liberty,and of all Worldly En- joyments,'twill deftroy your Health & Life, are Motives far more pathetick and prevail- ing, than to fay, it 'twill make you Rich, ?tis Reputable, 'twill make your Name fa- mous to Pofterity. And upon this ac- count I am perfwaded , that the Gallows makes more Men honeft than all the Mo- ral Ledtures or Confiderations of Credit and Fortune w7hatfoever; where a good A ,ls within the narrow Limits of Retreat; not !rW but that [ believe Men of Bufinefs are capable ofthem,fuch as were Seneca,Boethi- eturn to /o^andfome others : Nay the benefit which ivhtl) the Publick reaps from their Anions,, can- nckfo not but augment their Content; Never- at5°yis thelefs Morally fpeaking, as the great in Per- Temptations which lie before their Eyes, iifithefe whether of Corruption or of Ambition, 11 tkli- will not fuffer them to ufe the Means ; fo in/times where they are Men of Integrity, the m, and great hurry and diftradion which attends Babble their Life, will not fuffer them to collect Bciently the fruits of thofe delights I am now dif- der and courfingof: For as for Honour, Com- mand, Riches, and the like , they do not oy there belong to the Bleffings of the Mind, but fired, of Fortune, and are found more frequently ir/pin- to be the Rewards of thofe who trouble 3ny it; the Government, than of others who re- ays it ally endeavour to ferve it. 5[ol]as Sorrow or Dolour is an Affedion which )n as to its Moral Nature, is nothing but an ]:cj] is ad: of the Mind, reflecting upon fome E- vil as already happen'd beyond Remedy; L,3 and this may be either upon the account 0.. of fome Good we are actually depriv'd of, "011s or 144 0/Joy, See. Chap, 16s or of fome Evil we actually buffer ; But if we confider this Paffion as to its Natural Caufe, the Notion we have of it is this: The refentment of the Mind for any lofs, efpecially when there is no Profpedt of Releif, begets Languor and Dejection ; for the Vital Spirits or Blood retiring to the Heart, by reafon of too much Oppletion do fuffocate and ftrangle that Noble Or- gan, whilft the outward Parts being rob'd of their Natural heat, become weak and feeble. Nature many times to deliver it felf from this Oppreffion fummons up all its ftrength, as appears from thofe vio- lent Concuffions the Body buffers by Sighs and Tears, by beating of the Breaft,wring- ing of the Hands, with fuch like Symp- toms as do demonflrate a great Agony and Perturbation. And yet upon occa- fion of Extraordinary Grief, we find fome- times very little or no external Commo- tion, for in fuch cafes all the Faculties of Nature feem flupified and totally extindb. I have heard of one who took the lofs of his only Child which he lov'd moft tender- ly with great filence, who yet upon the Report of a Servants death, for whom he X ' had but a fmall or no Concern, burff; forth prefently into Tears: he feeminginthispar- ticular to be like a Veffel fill'd with. Water to the Brim, which upon the leaf! Infufion of Chap. 17. Of Anger and Mildnefs. 145 of any new load immediately runs over. There is a difference betwixt Grief and Sadnefs ; it is Sadnefs when we have a Profped: of the Evil to come, but Grief when the Evil is actually upon us. As Joy is not without its Clouds of Sor- row , So Sorrow is not without its lucid Intervals: at leafl any dawnings of Com- fort affedt the Perfon very much, who is the Subjedt of Sadnefs. One who has for a long time pin'd under a dangerous Di- {temper, is more affected with thefmallell returns of Convalefcence, than another who does pafs his Life in a Profperous courfe of Health. As Spring naturally fol- lows Winter, fo the fmalleft refrefhments of the one, are made far more fenfible by the fmartnefs and tedioufnefs of the other. Upon which account the wifeft of Men have ever ftudied to fet off their Delights by a voluntrary fearch of fomething that was painful and laborious, and he feerrfd to be fomething more than a Heathen or a Philofopher, who having fpent a whole day without any trouble or dilafter, began to be forrowful , and to expoftulate the Gods for his Misfortunes, as believing that fo great a Felicity muft inevitably be al- lay'd with fome remarkable Dilafter. Sor- row which is occafion'd from the fenfe we have ofanothers Misfortunes, is callPity L . • or 146 Of Anger and Mddnefs. Chap. 17. or Companion, which alway implys Love. This though it be a Commendable Quali- ty,as being founded in Humanity and good Nature , yet to be too much overcome by it argues Weaknefs .* For he who is toucht with every Mans Calamity, will never want occafion to afflict himfelf, and to make his Life miferable. Perfons who are plac'd in the Extremi- ties of Fortune are faid to be very unapt to be Companionate, and they are of two forts. Firjly Thofewho live in the height of Profperity ; for they think themfelves exempted from the Calamities which fall ufually upon other Men, lb that they can have no fenfe of that which they never felt, nor which they believe they lhall never feel; as being out of all appearance of being reduc'd to the fame Terms of Mifery. The other fort of Men who are deflituteof Compaffion, are thofe who are overwhelm'd with Calamities; they think their own hard Fate is fulficient for them to bewaile; nay they rather take Com- fort to themfelves, when they meet with others who are Companions with them in the fame diftrefs. They then who are in the middle Region of Fortune are moll prone to this Paffion , and they are either fuch who have fometimes fuffereduthefame Difafters they condole in others, or fuch as Chap. 17. Of Aiger and Mildnefs. 147 as fear at leaft to be in a poffibility of fal- ling into the fame themfelves. The Mo- tives which excite this Tendernefs are ufu- ally two: either the Confideration of fome heavy and unufual Calamity which falls upon another, or a Confideration of fome unjufl Punifliment inflicted upon an Inno- cent Perfon: for as for thofe who are Cri- minals or of an Infamous and lewd Life* We little regard their fufferings. CHAP. XVII. Of .Anger and JMWdnefs. ANger like the other Paflfiorts , ac- cording to the feveral Objects and Degrees of Provocation, may be either Good or Evil. Firft then we ought to have regard to the Nature of the Provo- cation, which may be fmall or none in re- fped: of the Perfons who give it : For if it be not accompanied with a Malicious In- tention, or if it be given by fuch as are deftitute of Senfe and Underftanding, we ought to make little account of it: hence it is that we are not much concem'd at Lx the 148 Of Anger and Mddnefs. Chap. 17I the Diflaftful and Opprobrious Words of Old men , Madmen , Women, Children, Sick People, and the like ; becaufe fuch Per- fons have either really a lefs lhare of Reafon than others, or elfe being under Diftem- pers or Defects of Nature, their Reafon is in a great meafure extinguilh'd, fo that they deferve our Pity rather than our Indi- gnation. In the next place the Provocation may be very inconfiderable in refped: of the thing it felf, and upon this account it is, that the greater part of Mankind are really Fools or Madmen, fuch viz. who upon every littleTriflle fly outinto Paflion and Complaint. This Lady becaufe her Woman by leaving the door open let out the little Dog, frets and laments her Un- happinefs, Crying out that never any one was plagu'd with fuch Servants. That Gentleman becaufe his Man brings his Perrique when he calls for his Cravat, falls a Curfing and Swearing at him, and perhaps Reforms him with a Kick. The mifplacing a pair of Gloves, or a Key or fome fuch trifle, is fufficient to make ma- ny to bemoan their Misfortune and the Tedioufnefs of Life. In the lafl: place the Provocation maybe conflderable , and yet our Anger become vicious Chap. 17. Of Anger 149 vicious by too vehement a Tranfport* This makes the mod Beautiful Features to appear Deform'd, it makes the Veins to fwell with Poyfon : 'Tis this ferments the whole Mafs of Blood into a Fea- iery and drains every Vein with Venge- ance. Morally fpeaking , a Man may and ought to refent a deliberate and wound- ing Injury. He who patiently buffers one, 'twill not be long before he rececive ano- ther : For malicious Men (and fuch make up the greater part of Mankind ) will dill Aflault where they find the lead Re- fidance, and he who is only Eminent for Paflive Fortitude , will not only be edeem'd a Coward which is the greated Obdacle to any glorious Acdion; but by being that Tame-fowl, from which every one may pluck Feathers, he will at length be made Naked and Miferable , and be Obnoxious to perpetual Torment of Life. To prevent which Mifchiefs, a Man ought fometimes to chadife an Injury, yet fo as not to run out of the Pale and Circles of Reafon , by yielding up himfelf to the Indifcretion of the Furies. In this Cafe an Enemy has a double Revenge upon him, for befides the Injury he offers him, he cannot but take Pleafure to fee him foaming at the Mouth, to behold him Raging with Indignation, and as much as L 3 pofllble t5 o Of Jfnger and Mddnefs. Chap. 17. poffible to turn his own Executioner, fo that the Stoicks were much in the right, that the Evil which a Man does create to himfelf by Anger, is much more hurtful to him than the Injury which he receives from another. He therefore who can command his Paffion , does not only pro* cure great eafe to his own Merit and Spi- rits,but gives a Wound alfoto hisAdverfa* ry, who is then mod afflided when he finds that he makes the leaft Impref- fion : for he levells his Arrows againft an Impenetrable Rock , by which they are Ihiver'd to pieces, without other da- mage fave that the Splinters are many times repelfd back upon his own Face who fhot them. Pyrrhus the famous Fern cing-Mafter of old , when any Schol- lars came to learn his Art, propos'd this to them for their firft Leilon, viz. To Com- bate and fubdue their own Anger, giving them this Reafon: For Anger, fays he, looks only where to llrike, but not where to defend. Every good Swords-man will play always to a Guard, that fo his Wea- pon may be ever in a pofture to fave him, though he mifs his blow. The truth of it is, an Angry Man as he is the moft uncapable of all others to defend himfelf, fo is he for the moft part very unable to offend ano- fher • for breathing nothing but prefcnt re- venge C hap. 17. Of Anger and Mildnefs. 1 51 venge, he has no leafure to think of the moft fuitable means for it, or to refpite the Execution to a convenient Time. Moreover by difcovering his Intentions by Menaces, he gives his Adverfary notice to provide himfelf. As Anger form'd into Choler is moft difadvantageous to the Perfon in whom it rages, fo does it render him alfo more ugly and deform'd in the fight of the be- holder than any other Paffion whatfoever. His Eyes like thofe of a Serpent are Red and Fiery: his Countenance either Pale, or Flaming , his Lips are foaming, trem- bling and livid ; his Voice fhrill, his Words inarticulate , and his Speech abrupt. He fmites his Hands one againft the other , and the Ground with his Feet. In a word , all the Features and Airs of his Countenance are miferably defac'd, all the Motions of his Body are undecent, and all the Thoughts of his SoulBrutifh andSa- vage ; fo that as a Man can never fall into thefe Fits without great Torment to him- felf and lofs of Reputation, fo let it be obferv'd alfo, that thefe Fits never go off from a Man, but they leave him mifera- bly drooping and deje&ed. This High- Tide has a Low-Ebb ever fucceeding it: For the Spirits having fpent themfelves in thofe vaporous and fuming Exha? L 4 lations. 152 Of Anger and Mtldnefs. Chap. 17. lations there follows nothing but Laffi- tude and Cowardlike Difpofition, in fo much that the nicking time to fall upon a Man is immediately when his Choler is over. As old Age and Sicknefs do very much incline to Choler, fo alfo does over-much Falling : It may Mortify other Vices, but it feeds this: For we may obfcrve how that the fame Man who at another Time would be all pleafant and good humour'd, has a kind of Acrimony and Eargernefs upon his Spirits, and is moft impatient under the fharp hazards of Third and Hunger. There is no coming near a hum gry Lyon , which when full can hardly be provokt. Thofe therefore who have known themfelves liable to this Infin- mity, and when they have been to en- ter upon any difquieting bufinefs, have Iook'd upon it always as the beft expe- dient to replenifh themfelves to latiety before-hand , that fo their Spirits might have fomething to feed and fallen on. This may ferve as an Antidote and for Prevention, but in Cafe a Man fhall actually be exafperated, the beft Reme- dy is to fuppreis the inward Commo- tion as much as poflible , or to give the Diftemper ap eafy Vent, and 'twill wear Chap. 17. Of Anger and Mildttefs. 15 3 away by degrees. His Conceit was not unpleafant, who being ask'd by another that was over fubjed: to Anger, by what means it might be Cur d, fent a Bottle of Water with aflurance, that by holding fome of it in his Mouth one quarter of an hour, it would have a good and infallible effedr. The Party tries it and finds it true , and being very folicitous to know its Compofition, his Do&or told him fmilingly ; that 'twas not from any Vir- tue in the Water, which was only Com- mon and Elementary, but from the Si- lence and the Compreffion of the Mouth, which did accompany the taking : For by that little ceflation Anger was Preci- pitated, and Reafon in a great meafure re- ftor'd. 'Tis Remarkable what is Reported of Theodofius the Emperour, who upon an Affront which he received by the Inhabi- tants of Antioch in pulling down the Statue of the Emprefs Placilla, gave Or- der to his Officers to take a mod fevere Revenge. Upon tl\6 point of Execution one Macedonius an old Hermite, who Inhabited in the Mountains, and a Man very mean for Perfonage and half Naked, but of great San&ity, fpeaks to them af- ter this manner : Go, pray, and tell the Emperour 154 0/^nger an^ Mt Chap, 17. Emperour who fent you; that as he is an Emperour, fo alfo that he is a Man: there- fore let him not look altogether at the former, but let him call: his thoughts a lit- tie towards the later and confider; that as he is a Man, he does rule others who are partakers of the fame Nature with himfelf; let him confider alfo, that Man is form'd after the Image of God, and that the Indignity offer'd to the Image, does by reflexion fall upon him that Made it; fo that if he had reafon to be incens'd for the Indignity offer'd to the Statue ofhisde- ceafed Wife, much greater reafon will God have to be incens'd at the Injury which fliall be done to his own Image ; let him alfo Confider the vafl: difference that is be- twixt a living Image and one of Brafs> as alfo that it was in their Power to make a thoufand Statues in the place of that one which was defac'd, but that it was not in the Power of the Emperour, nor of any Mortal man breathing to make a Hair of the Head, much lefs to reftore Life to any one who fliould dye by his raih De- cree: All which being Reported to the Emperour , his Anger was appeas'd, and changing his Refolution he received all to Mercy. ;/ - The braved Hero's of the World have been ever thofe who could fubdue their own Chap. 17. Of Anger and Mddnefr. 155* own Anger. Hannibal was a bold and brave General, but withal Bloody and Cruel, whereas Scipio who overcame him would by no means hearken to the fug- geftions of Revenge, which might have prompted him indeed to have turn'd his Arms immediately againft his Enemy, but by a vaft Conduit he transferee! the fame into Africa, and was fo flow in all his Marches, that fome (tick not to Reproach him with Sloth and Cowardife, and yet by this diverfion he both preferv'd his Coun- try in forcing Hannibal to follow him, and in the end totally Defeated the Car- thaginians. Lucius, Sylla and Catilinejtitre men of undaunted Souls , and made up of Fury ; they valued not being hated, fo they might be but fear'd, nor car'd they to facrifice all Mankind to Revenge, and to bury the World in Ruins , fo it might help Ambition into the Throne , which though they fail'd of, yet they obtaind their Ends, I mean their own Deftru&ion; whereas Julius Ccefar and Auguftus no lefs Ambitious than the former , carried all before them , for befides their Martial Prowefs they were men of great Clemen- cy, and fo obtain'd to the Empire of the World by that wThich they had over their own Wills and Paffions. They were always in a Condition to take Counfel, and to choofe *15 6 Of Anger and Mildnefs. Chap. 17. choofe the fitted: means, Conquering more by their Courtefie than by their Swords: For it was obferv'd by Cafar, that he meafur'd his Bounty ever by his Victory , ex qua nihil fibi vindicavit nifi difpenfandi pot eft at em. The Injuries which Men generally re- font moft, are either fuch as concern,Firft, their Perfons ; ily. Their Eflates, or laftly their Reputation, any one of which is fuf- ficient to imprefs Nature with a vindicative Inclination, efpecially when there is fome Salt of Wit mixt with it, fuch as carries afhewof Contempt, than which nothing can be more piquant and flinging. And yet fome brave Men have had that Afcendent over themfel ves,as really not to be concern'd for fuch Affronts : which calls to my Re- membrance the behavior of that brave Ge- neral , I mean the late famous Marefchal of France, Monfieur de Furenne, who paf- fmg along one of the Streets of Pari?y his Coachman being fomething carelels drave fo near upon a Gentleman, that he received fome fmall prejudice by the Dirt that was cafl upon him by the Horfes : This provok'd him to give the Coachman theBaflinade; whereupon Turenne looking out, the People all flockt about him bare- headed, withal telling the Gentleman who it was that he had affronted, and what Chap. 17. Of Anger and Mddnefs. 157 what Puniftiment he might expedf; at which the Gentleman nothing daunted , made his defence by laying the fault upon the Coachman. Such an Affront and efpecially in France would have obiig'd a meaner *Perfon than that General, to have taken a fevere Revenge, which yet he did not; but without alteration either of . Voice or Countenance, he fuffer'd the Per- fon who offer'd him the Injury to depart, with a Caution only to be more circum- fpedfc for the future. And as touching private Perfons 'tis good for them upon occafion ofProvo- cation to make it known to the World, that their Patience proceeds not from Cowardice or Pufillanimity, but from real Virtue.- For if there be any thing of the former in it,'twill draw on infinite Injuries. 'Tis better therefore to own a Refentment betimes, than by receiving Continual Pro- vocations to give Encouragement for more without End or Meafure; when a Man's Metal therefore is once prov'd, 'tis Magna- nimity not to fuffer himfelf to be beaten out of his Repofe by Anger ( efpecially if he be hislnferiour who does provoke him} nor indeed will there be fuch frequent Caufes for it. There are two Confiderations by which a Man i 5 8 Of Anger and M Chap. 17. a Man may in a very great Meafure allay the Extravagance of this Paffion. The one is, by relieving upon his own A6ti- ons for the Time part, and upon the oc- cafions w|iich kindled this Intemperance and Heat: For by this means he willcer- tainly find that generally they were but trivial; that he himfelf was very much in fault; he had too vain an Opinion of him- felf, and too mean Thoughts of another : yet the Words and Actions which he him- felf return'd back were greater than the Pro- vocation, and all about nothing, or at the mod but fome fmall inconfiderable difguft, which he might have qualified with very fmall addrefs, or at lead, that it could never puthiminfuchDiforder fhould the like oc- cafion ever happen again. And then let him be adiir'd alfo, that whatfoever feems troublefome to him at the prefent,will after the Expiration of a few days appear altoge- ther as Foolilh and Irrational as any little pad difgud; and thus by rating things pre- lent by what is pad; he will be able to discern what Meafures to take, there being the fame Reafon and Proportion in both. Another Confideration upon which a Man may be drawn to moderate his Anger, is for him to view himfelf in the behaviour of other Men under the lame Circumftances, and there he will eafily Chap. 17. Of Anger and Mildnefs. 15 p eafily fee how Extravagant moft Men are under fuch Diforders, which his own Treacherous Fancy will not fuffer him to Confider in ftimfelf. As for Revenge, it is not a Species of Anger, but the Execution of a Defign which Anger had premeditated and form'd : If it be Profecuted by the hand of a Publick Magiftrate, it is not fo much Revenge as Juftice ; if it be done by o- pen force with refped: to the foregoing Injury , it is fimple Vindication only, which may be more or lefs Evil accord- ing to the leveral degrees of Provocation; but if it be done openly with fliew of Pleafure and Content, 'tis Cruelty: and if it be done fecretly and under a difguife, 'tis Treachery. C H A P. L<6°1 ■ I I ' —m—mmmmmmmmm—mmm I I I I I r ■ i i CHAP. xvni. Of the Intellectual Operations. FRom the Will and Paffions proceed we to the other Capacity in which the Bleffings of the Mind principally confift, as being the Nobleft Faculty of the Soul, the Underftanding. The Gifts and Proper- ties which I have hitherto Difcourfed of, are in a great meafure common to Beafts .• They have Senfe and Memory many of them in very great Perfection; they are Capable of Lovejealoufie, Anger,Revenge and Fear, &c. aswell as Men, and are exci- ted hereunto,as moftMen are, by a kind of Impetus from the Images, which feveral Objedts draw upon the Imagination. Nay there are many Inftances to prove that they have a Power of Election and Re- jeCtion; but for Intellectual Gifts they are of a Sublimer Nature: For by thefe Men are in a great Meafure qualified with the Perfections of Incorporeal Subftances. The Underftanding has the vaft World for its Chap. 18 .Of InteileSlua16 s its Objedt; it fearches into the Nature of every tiling from the dark Centre of the Earth to the higheft Heavens; it enquires into the Motion,Native Form, Dimenfions and Effedrs of tliofe Glorious Luminaries: It Hands upon the Convex of the World, and looks into that vaft Abyfs or Ex- panfeof Imaginary Space which furrounds whatfoever is finite,and is it felf immenfti- rable: it follows Angels in their Motions till it arrives with them to that firft Pure and Eternal Original of all things, theever Glorious and Immenfe Creator. Now the Operations of the Underftand- ingare either Solitary, and fuch as reft bare- ly in a Knowledge of the Nature of things; or elfe Directive, when like a Soveraign it Commands the Inferiour Faculties, and appoints them what to do. 'Tis true, as the cafe now ftands, the Inferiour Facul- ties do for the moft part Rebel: they ei- ther follow their own Inclinations, or if they do impart them to the Underftand- ing, they do it only as to a Confident not as to a Counfellour. -Whereas the Method which Nature does propound is this : When an Objed: excites the Will, the Will prefents it to the Underftanding to con- fider of it, and according as the Under- ftanding makes the Judgment , fo the Will proceeds to Execution by the Mini- M ftry iff] Hi y II w 1 III 161 Of IntelleElual 0per at. Chap. 18. ftry of fucb Paffions as are conducing thereunto. The Operations of the Underftanding are infinitely more Sublime and Perfe£t than thofe of the Will, not only for their Spirituality , and for the Greatnefs and Variety of their Objetfts, but alfo for the Tranquility which goes along with them. The Will cannot ad: without great Per- turbation and Conflict of Paffions ; but the Acts of the Underftanding are re- tir'd and without Noife, though they be not without Difficulty, Confidering the fallacious Informations (,we have of things. They are reduc'd to thefe three general Heads. Firft, Science. Secondly, Cent em- plation. Thirdly, Judgment. The firft confifts in a particular Difquifition of the Nature of things. The Second in a more Confus'd and Univerfal Survey of Nature, the laft in guiding the Will and Paffions in the Affairs of Life. CHAP. Mil CHAP. XIX. Of Science. Science is of two forts. Firft, Philofo- phical which confifts in a Theory of the Nature of things Confider'd purely in themfelves ; for Example , of the Hea- vens, of the Elements, of the Production of Meteors, of Winds,Earth-quakes,Plants and Minerals, and, in a word, of whatfoe- ver elfe comes within the Region of Na- ture. A Second Branch of Science is that which is called Logical, or Ratiocination, being nothing but an Art of proving one thing from another by fuch fuitable Medi- urns as are apt to win upon the Mind and Reafon of the Hearer. And firft for Philo- fophy plain and Obvious as the Principles of Nature feem or ought to be; fo it is,that all our Errors and Mifapprehenfions of things, are reduc'd to this one Ground and Fundamental Error, viz. our Igno- ranee of their firft Caufes: Witnefs that great Diverfity and Extravagance of Opi- M z nions i 6<\ Of Science. Chap. 19. nions touching the Original matter of al^ Sublunary Bodies. 7hales the Milefian, Pindar, and the Egyptian Priefts would have it to be Water : Anaximenes affirmd it to be Air : Parmenides and the Stoicks are for Fire • Pythagoras refolv'd all things into Numbers, Empedocles into the four Elements; Plato into God and Matter, the Peripateticks into Matter and Form; and laft of all Epicurus and Democritus held that the four Elements, together with all the variety of mixt Bodies,were de- riv'd from the Fortuitous Conflux of num- berlefs Atoms, all which being of divers Figures, after a long and impetuous Fer- mentation, met at laft into one Mafs or Globe of Matter. From this Obfcurity of the firft Origi- nal of things, it happens that even the plaineft Informations of Senfe,which are as it were the Foundations of all our Know- ledge , become very intricate and defpu- • table upon a ftricft and fubtile refearch of Reafon : what's more obvious to our Sen- fes than Quantity, yet what's more imper- ceptible to our Underftanding than Exten- lion, or the Compofition of continuance: for either it is diviflble into infinite Parts, or into finite only ;if into infinite Parts then muft it contain infinite Parts, but for the finite Quantity of an Inch for Inftance, to Chap. 19. Of Science. 1 to contain infinite Parts is impotfible. if we fay it is divifible only into finite Parts; let us fuppofe^for Example the whole Number of Minute Parts or Atoms into which a Line of an Inch may be divided, to amouut to one thoufand : Now let us enquire of the firft, fecond or third Parts, and fo of the reft, whether they poflefs the fame Individual Space or no ? and if any two of them do poflefs the fame in- dividual Space, then can they make no Extenfion , and confequently the fecond and third, as alfo the third and fourth Parts, and fo the reft of them can make no Extenfion, which deftroys the Hypo- thefis. But if any two Parts as A. and B, for inftance, touching one another pof- fefs a larger Space than either of them fe- verally , then 'tis plain that fome part of B. does not touch A. and confequently B. and fo the reft may be fubdivided into other minute Parts (contrary to the Hypo- thefis) viz; thofe by which they touch, and thofe by which they, do not touch, which Subdivifion may be Multiplied in infinitum, fince we can never refolve the Compofition into that definite Nun\ber of Parts,concerning which the fame Difficulty will not return as at the beginning : From p\\ wrhich thefe Abfurdities will feem to follow; firft that an Inch is as long M 3 as <66 Of Science. Chap. \ 9, as an Ell, or a Part as big as the Whole, fince both are Eternally .divifible into infinite Parts. Secondly, That the Finger or Needle of a Watch which moves the breadth of a Barly Corn, and a Ship which fails a League in the fame fpace of an hour, move both of them with e- qual Swiftnefs/incethe breadth of a Barley Corn is divifible into as may Parts as the length of a League, and there being the fame common Meafure of an hour for both thefe Motions, they muft be equally fwift; for things are faid to be equally fwift when they meafure equal Parts of Space in equal Parts of Time. Upon fuch like Subtelties as thefe it was, that a Philo- fopher undertook to prove there was no Motion,Arguing thus; Whatfoever moves, moves either in the place in which it is, or in the place in which 'tis not: not the the later,for Motion is in the thing mov'd, which cannot at the fame Time be in the place in which 'tis not, without a Contra- di&ion; nor yet the former, for Motion is a Tranfition from one place to another, which cannot be whilft the Body remains Hill in the fame inidvidual Circumfcription of Space; but theSophifter having a Bone put out of Joynt, was made fenfible of his Fallacy as well as of his Pain, when the Surgeon told him, the Bone was not out Chap: 19. Of S ciencel 167 out of its place, for either 'twas put out of the place in which it was, or out of the place in which it was not; not the for- mer, for nothing can be out of the place in which it is; nor yet the later, no more than a Man can be faid to be put out of Rome where he never was. Again, what's more Univerfally diffii- five and obvious than Light, yet what's more difficult to be underftood, viz. whe- ther it be fomething or nothing ? It can- not be an Accident according to the Noti- on of Ariftotles Philofophy: For either the fame Numerical Light which was in the Sun, is derived to us by way of migrati- on which this Philofophy explodes, or elfe there are fo many new Generations,as there are Points of Space in that vaft Trad: of jEther, which lies betwixt the Sun and us, both which ways of Propagation are utterly inconfiftent with that Swiftnefs of Motion by which the Light is conveigh'd to us, fome hundred thoufand Miles in an In* ftant. Befides, the Sun Beams being ei- ther refradted or reflected from a Glafs do generate Fire, and therefore mufl chal- lenge the Nature of a Subftance, for no Accident can acquire the Nature and Pro- perty of a Subftance by Condenfation, But if we fay that Light is a Subftance, the fame Difficulty will flill return con- M 4 cerning 168 Of Science. Chap. 19. cerning the imperceptible Time, in which 'tis propagated fo many thoufand Miles : We fhall be at a lofs alfo to underhand how the Sun by fuch a continual Communica? tion of its Subftance over fo vaft a Sphere ihould not be diminifh'd; alfo, why up- on the Suns Setting the fame Subftance does not continue vifible; alfo being Ma- terial how it can poffefs the place of other Subftance without Penetration, with in- finite other Impoffibilities which follow what way foever JReafon turns it felf. The fame Difficulties alfo occur in our Enquiry into the Nature of Colours, ofVifionary Images, and the like. In the laft place for Senfation, we gene- rally defcribe it to be the Impreffion which an Objed makes of its Image or Species up- on the Nerves where by the Adminiftration of the Animal Spirits,it is conveigh'dto the Brain or Common Store-houfe of the Sen- fes. This at firft fight feems plaufible e- nough to defcribe the manner by which thefe Operations are made; and yet upon a clofer purfuance of Reafon, 'twill ap- pear to be nothing but Juggling and Jin- gle; For if we enquire how the Impreffion of Touch, for inflance, is made upon the Nerves we are at a puzle : As for the Modi Entium and fuch like Terms of Art, they are but Words of Conjuration,which ferve only Chap. 19. Of Science. 16p only to make the thing more My ft er ions and Obfcure. Our Senfe tells us, whether the thing we touch be hard or foft, hot or cold, moift or dry: Now if Senfation be nothing but an Impreflion upon the Animal Spirits,I would gladly have a Defcription of thefe different Impreffions of hard and foft ffic. wherein they do confift ; and whether the Spirits thusaffedled fly immediately to the Brain, or whether they Conflgn over their Impreflions to other Spirits, or thefe to others, as it were conveighing the word from hand to hand till they arrive at length to the laft Sentinel ofSenfe.Fromall which 'tis Evident, that the further we dive into Nature, the more we are in the Labyrinth. Now if things with which we are fo well acquainted, fuch as Ex- tenfion , Motion , Colour , Light, Heat, and all the Objects of Senfe, all which are lookt upon as the firft Principles of Nature, and are to be judg'd confequently fo obvious to our Knowledge, as to be underftood upon the very Propofal of them, as it is in the Principles of Geome- try; I fay, if thefe things be fo obfcure and inextricable, no wonder if the Ob- fervations which we draw from them be many times fallacious, fince the Premifes naturally are more clear and certain than the Conclufious which are derived from them, • ■<: * I| ! mWh ■ ■ft.. I' If; k t Ifv * II T ,5 t1 - ■ if' . 1 ot iil w 11 11' lli11 -... e nl 'fii'i' • ; ill 1 I Jill 170 Of Science. Chap. them, and yet how many rare Difcoveries in Phyfick, in the Matkematicks, in Ex- perimental Philofophy, in Husbandry, and in the whole Latitude of Arts and Sci- ences are deduced from thefe Beginnings, which fhews the Excellency of humane Reafon, that with admirable Art and In- duftry, is able to Ereitfuch great Fabricks upon fuch uncertain Principles. But befides all this, there is another Branch of Science in which the Sagacity highly Metho mence from fome known Maxime to which all Men do afTent, and from thence by a Rational Progrefs of Connatural Me- diums, we proceed to further Inferences, till at length we arrive to the Mark pro- pos'd : I ihall give an Example in Divini- ty ; would I prove Man to be a free A- gent, I would Argue thus ; God is Juft, therefore he is Juft in the Diftribution of his Rewards and Punifhments, which cannot be true , unlefs we have a Pow^ to obtain the Rewards and avoid • * of humane Reafon is highly engag d, viz. Ratiocination. Its Method does com* er the Punifhments, which alfo cannot be unlefs we have a free Power to A£t or not to Ad;. This way of Arguing is demon- ftrative and dired. Now the fame thing may be prov'd in another Form by the way of Refolution,thus: If the Will be not free, Chap. 19. Of 171 free, then is it vain to Attempt to do Good or abftain from Evil: If this be gran- ted, the Rewards for the Good to which we are neceflitated are undue, as the Pu- nifhments inflicted for the Offences we are oblig'd to commit are alfo unjuft ,• And Laftly, if this be granted, then God who Rewards the one and Punilhes the other mull be alio unjuft; but God is Juft, there- fore all thefe Confequences are falfe; there- fore the Will is free. Logick or the Art of Ratiocination has two Parts : The firft is called Invention , where the Underftanding hunts after fuch Topicks or Mediums as are futable to prove the Point. The other part of Lo- gick Confifts in fuch a Management of the Mediums as is likely to gain Aflent, and * this is done by reducing the Matter to fome certain Forms of Argument, which we call Syllogifms, by which the Under- (landing is fo drawn by the Links of Rea- fon, that it cannot poflibly Hart away, . nor be liable to Error.There is alfo another Property of Ratiocination , which is to Confider the Condition and Capacity of the Perfon to whom it makes Application, fince the fame Topicks will not win Be- lief upon all alike: but this Confideration more properly belongs to Rhetor ick,whofe Office 'tis to perfwade, and which works rather 172, Of Science. Chap. 19. rather upon the Wills and Paffions of Men though not without fome Maftery upon their Underftanding; hence it is that thefe two Sciences are near Allied, the one fur- nifhing Matter, the other Ornament for Reafon, both which are high Points of Knowledge, and require Men of mature Years to make Profeflion of them; fo that to begin with thefe Arts in the Initrudtion of Youth is very Prepofterous ; for as it has been obferv'd by Learned Men, therp being noRipenefsof Underftanding in that green Age, all the Precepts of Art will degenerate only into puerile and crude Forms *ol Sophiftry and Cavil. It feldom happens where three or four are in Company, but that they have dif- ferent Sentiments of the fame thing, when yet the Obje5t is indifferently reprefented to all. All indeed will pretend to the fame Light of Reafon , and all of them .make the fame Application of one to the other, fo that the fame Rule being applied to the fame thing , there ought to be the fame account of the Meafure, but it falls out otherwife, and chiefly for thefe four Reafons: The firfl is Emulation. There are few Perfons but take a Pride to difplay their Feathers, nor can the heat of Converfation be long fupported but by banding the Point from one to another. A fccond Reafon is,the Inequality of Mens Intel- Chap. 19. Of Siencc. 173 Intelle&s, which differ according to their feveral Educations, Temperaments and Ages. Now Truth being nothing but a Conformity of a thing to the Underftand* ing, the Inequality of this Rule muft ren- der the Lines which are drawn by it ma- ny times very unlike and unequal alfo. A third Reafon is, Prejudice, which is either founded in Affedlion or Hatred, or in an overvalue of what we are related to,whe- ther they be our Friends , or our Native Country, but above all, the Prejudice we have from Cuftom and Education feems invincible. A fourth Reafon is, Intereft, which is of wonderful Influence to biafs Men in Matters of meer Beliefwitnefs the feveral Engagements they lie under from the feveral Opinions of Religion. The Art and Mafterlhip of Reafon con- fills Principally in thefe two Points. Firfl, A quick Notion and Apprehenfion of a thing. Secondly, A Faculty to make the lame Notion inteligible to others. As for that defultory Wit which leaps from one thing to another,'tis not of fo great ufe; it feems to render a Man accompliflit, and being Natural to thofe of Younger years, is taking in Company if it be not ma- nag'd out of Time , and with Afle&a- tion. Some Men are of fo happy Parts, that upon any Emergency their Inventi- on will fupply them with Matter to en- 174 Of Chap. 19. large upon, lo that they cannot hold, but like a Torrent they let fly to give room to new fucceeding Notions ; and in this kind we find many Eminent Perfons a- mongfl: thofe of the long Robe, as Preach- ers, Orators, and Lawyers, who tho they fometimes deliver themfelves in fet Ha- rangues,yet thofe of them are rather Excel- lent in their way,who can make an Addrefs to anyPerfonor Auditory as occafion does require; which Extemporary Performances are very Charming, efpecially when de- liver'd by a Perfon of good Prefence and of a twanging Tongue. Nor can a Man make fo folid a Judgment of thefe Per- formances being oblig'd to let go whats before him,that he may receive new Infor- mations from the Speaker, whofe voluble Tongue flows upon him in frelh utterance, of Senfe without paufe or refpite. Never- thelefs fuch Difcourfes when they come to be received at leafure by the Eye, are found to be thin, Superficial and without Sinews and Connexion, whereas others who digeft their Conceptions by long and continual Meditations, are infinitely more folid and accurate. Phidias was fome years in making of a fingle Statue, but then he wrought for Eternity. CHAP. C*75l CHAP. XX. Of Contemplation. A Nother Grand Operation of the Soul f\ is Contemplation, which though it be a Plealure which is to be found only in Solitude, yet is it not a folitary Plea- lure, being accompanied with two other, viz. Health and Tranquility. They are the two Hand-Maids of this Miftrifs, not on- ly for their perpetual Attendance on her, but by reafonalfo of their Virgin Purity and Innocence. All other Delights are adul- terate,being for the mod part acquir'd with Expence and Hazards,and fuch as weaken Nature,and naufeate in the very Fruition; whereas thefe render the Conftitution more Vigorous, and never difaffed: the Appetite by any mixture of Bitternefs, or by being too Lulhious: they are adequate to all the Dimenfions of Man, Health being the greateft Felicity of the Body, and Tranquility the greateft Blefling of the ma 176 Of (fntemplation. Chap. 19. the Mind. He who feels himfelf in an even Temper andenjoysan equal diftribution of his Native Heat without pain and languifh- ing; he whofe Pafllons are all appeas'd, or, what is better, in Subjection: He who is remote from the iioife of Bufinefs, or from what's more clamorous,the Terrours of an Evil Confcience. He who is at peace with all the world and with himfelf too ,• He, I fay, is the only Man, who is capable to tail the Pleafures of a Contemplative or rather of an Angelick Life. When the Sea is in Agitation , and when Clouds and Vapours hover over it, the Vices we have are but fhort, undelightful and obfcure; but when all is clear and ferene, then is it that the fame Sea looks like the Vaft Plain of Cryilal, there is a lultre in its Surface, and the diftant Clouds and Pro- montories which we fee add a Beauty to the ProfpeCt. Contemplation then is an Art of a becalmed Mind , beholding fe- veral ObjeCts at once with delight and wonder. Here we fee the admirable Or- .. der and Oeconomy of Nature in all its Productions and Periods, in all its Seafons and Revolutions : By this we Confider the Celeftial Bodies, how they are almoft infinite in Beauty, Number and Greatnefs, how they are wonderful in their Influ- ence, and how they are molt Rapid, Re- gular Chap. 20. Of Qntemplatioiu 177 gular and perpetual in their Motion. How we may Contemplate the great Variety of Creatures, their feveral Vertues and Pro- perties, and their mutual Subferviency to one another. We may obferve one great Concordance and. Harmony which runs through all the Parts of the Univerfe, and how things inanimate and fenfelefs are moft Regular in all their Tendencies,whilft man theMafter-piece of the Creation,is for the molt part Brutifli in his Defires, Extra- vagant in his Actions, and many times moft miferable in his End. By the help of this Profped we may obferve the various Methods of Provi- dence in Governing the World, in form- ing Good out of Evil, and in making Circumftances of little Moment to be able to give Birth and Progrefs to the great- eft Adions ; we may obferve how wick- ed men for the moft part flourilh, and how the good are commonly defpis'd and miferable, from which inequalities of Re- wards and Putiilhments in this Life, we are incited, to take a Profped of ano- ther ; it being rational to Conclude, That the Juft and Supream Governour of all Things,who has Circumfcrib'd his meaneft Creatures with fuch Laws of Nature as may not be Tranfgrefs'd, will not be neg- ligent to redifie Diforders of greater Mo- N ment ''il M Iff U|:I|H i fiiHI 1 17 8 Of C ontemplation. Chap, i o. ment, and fince he dees not do it in this life, it remains that there is another State where Profperous Impiety fhall be Chafti- fed,and a Perfecuted Innocence be Crown'd. By this Scale of Vifibles, Contemplation leads us to fome thing that is Invifible^viz. to that Supream Power which gave the firft Being to every Creature, and which is as it were the firft Spring which fets the Wheels in Motion : for fince no Creature has a Being from it felf, but from fome- thing elfe , we muft either make an Infi- nite progrefs in affigning Efficient Caufes, which is impoffible,orelfe afcending by all the Links and Gradations of the Creation, refolve our Enquiry into fome one Firft Caufe , which is in it felf without Begin- ning, and confequently Ifhuft be Infinite, which can be no other than God. Now from the Order, Beauty and Per- fedion, which we obferve in the whole Frame of Creatures, the Contemplative Perfon has fome Dawnings of the Tran- fcendent and Superlative Beauty which is Natural to the Creator. The truth of it is, our humane Weaknefs, and the depen- dence we have on Senfe, can give us but a faint apprehenfion of things Immaterial and Invifible: But could we once break through thofe Clouds which furround the Soul in this State of Imprifonment, I doubt io. Of Contempla iyp doubt not but that we fliould find the Luftre of the Divinity to exceed the Brightriefs of the Sun, by infinite more Degrees than the fame Sun Tranfcendsthe pale light and Glimmerings of a Glow- worm. Could a Man who was born blind be reftor'd to Sight, with what wonder and delight would he behold that va- fiety of ObjeCts with which Nature is a- dorn'd, but when he fliould confider that all the Beauties which lie before his Eyes, are conveigh'd to him by the light of the Sun, and that all the Productions and Orient Colours of Nature, receive their Original from its Beams, with what admiration and ravifliment, would he en- deavour to fix his fight upon this glorious Luminary of the day ? Such doubtlefs will be the furprife of the Soul in relation to the Divine Beauties of its Maker, when it fliall be freed from thofe grofs Organs of the Body by which it is now confin d. One while 'twill melt with langour and a- fpiration, by and by 'twill fpring forth in* to Extafy, and as it were lanch it felf to* wards this ObjeCt of Immenfe Perfection. 'Twill prefently forget all thefe flowery- fading Pleafures it met with in the Body, 'twill plunge it felf into the Abyfs, where Fruition will not exclude Appetite, becaufe the Faculty will ftill be enlarg'd to re- N a ceive MS II nr ■ 18o Of Contemplation. Chap. io. receive greater Meafures of untafted Joys, and fo by an infinite Progrels and Succef- fion of new Beatitudes, twill ever advance it felf into Ferfe&ion , till like a drop of Wine call into the Ocean, it feems to be made Immenfe by its Difiiifion, and o be rendred Confubftantial with the very Di- vinity. 'Tis with good reafon that the Schoolmen determine the Beatitude of a feparate Soul to confift in the new Mea- fures of Knowledge 'twill meet with by looking upon God, who is as it were the Centre of Repofe and Reft in which all the Rays of Objeds meet, or rather that Mirrour in which all the Images of things whether poftible or Created, are repre- fented at once without Confufion: For fince the nobleft Faculty of the Soul, is the Intelled, the Felicity of the Soul muft be meafur'd by fomething which bears a Proportion to this Nobleft of Faculties, which can be nothing but Knowledge. Now if it be true, that the Soul in feeing God ks in a Mirrour, fees all the Images of things both paft and future as prefent to the Divine Mind, what an Infinite va- riety of Objeds muft there be to enter- tain an Illuminated Spirit, all which can never be reprefented to us under lefs than an infinite Duration ? Such will be the Entertainment of a Beatified Soul after Death, Chap. 20. Of Contemplation. 1 81 Death , and of which we have a foretafle in this life by Contemplation, the effe&s whereof have been fometimes fo dazling, that many Holy men have Pray'd to God to moderate fuch Favours, the weaknefs of Nature not being able to fuftain the luftre of fuch Illumination. But thefe are to be lookt upon as the extraordinary Privi- ledges of an Elevated Mind, and fuch to which Men cannot eafily arrive by their Natural Abilities and Strength, S I / N 3 CHAP. / ' . D 8 *1 G H A P. XXL Of Judgment. *H E laft grand Operation of the m Soul is Judgment. One who has a Speculation of Tilings, and of the Me- thods for effecting of them, may yet want Courage and Addrefs to Execute. No Man therefore can be laid to be judicious, who knows not the Art of Management, nor can a Man know this but by actual Ex- perience and a juft Application of the feve- ral Wheels of Bufinefs to one another. Judgment therefore in the Notion ITiere ptopofe, is nothing but a rational eftima? tion of feme End lor the attaining where- of we make ufe of fuitable Means,Glorious Actions being ever the productions of Deliberation and Thought. Now Judg- rnent differs from Ratiocination: For firft, it confiders its Object as invefted with the Notion of being good and eligi- ble, and con fills in fome Moral Adfion, whereas 3k. Chap. 21. Of Judgment., i 83 whereas Ratiocination refts only in the Verity of what's propos'd without any relation to Good or EvilBefides , Ra- tiocination is a folitary A<5t of the Under- ftanding only, whereas Judgment is an A<5t of the Underftanding deliberating up- on what's propos'd to the Will,and diredt- ing it in its choice: This therefore mull; be allow'd to be the greateft and Noblell: Adt of the Soul, even greater than Contempla- tion, which though it be Converfant a- bout a higher Subject, yet is it but gene- ral and confus'd. It does not weigh things with that exadtnefs and attention, and is beneficial only to the Perfon who Con- templates ; whereas this weighs things a- gainft things, and by a minute Confidera- tion of all their Circumftances, makes a Calculation of their Value: It fummons up all the Faculties of the Soul, and fets them upon Duty, and like a Soveraign it does Encourage and Controul them in their Motions, and inconclufion it is ufe- ful to the Publick by being the Standard of Juftice, and the very Bafis upon which all Laws are founded. The Judgment which we make of things Good and Evil is either fuch as relates to the private ufe and benefit of him who Judges, or fuch as relates to the good find welfare of the Publick. In relation N 4 to 184 Of Judgment. Chap.21. to a Mans particular Concerns, I give it the Name of Prudence; in relation to the Common good of others, I call it Govern- ment.Now fuch is the State and Condition of Man in this life, that we cannot but con- fider him as furrounded with an Infinite va- riety of Gbjedts, cloath'd in the Colours of Good and Evil , all which the Will either embraces or avoids according to the feveral bents and propenfions of the Paffions. Some Men there are indeed (if I may call them Men ) who let fly at every thing that occurs to Fancy. Not confidering the fatal Confequences to which their Bru- tifli and giddy Appetite does expofe them. The enjoyment of a momentary Luft may gratifie a prefent Tally of Na- ture, when the Miferies depending on it are many times perpetual. Others deny themfeves in prefent Enjoyments in order to a future good, which Method though it be prudent and rational, yet if the thing propos'd be dilboneft and unlawful, the Judgment deviates in the choice of its end , how Cautious and Prudent foever it may be in projecting at the Means. Thus he who rifes up early and fits up late, who Travels from place to place, and eats the Bread of Carefulnefs, that he may obtain his Neighbours Lands by Cir- cumvention and Fraud, or that he may profecute Chap. 21 • Of Judgment. 185 profecute Revenge upon his Enemy, tho he manage his bufinefs with never fo much Prudence and Circumfpedhon, is really a Fool as well a Knave, fince the Pleafure or Profit propos'd will never make amends for the trouble he undergoes to arrive to it, much lefs for the Penance he muft endure after the expiration of his Enioyment. He then is really Prudent who meafuring his End by the Rules of Honour and Honefty, and making a juft computation of the force of his own A- bilities, as alfo of the difcouragements he fhall meet with , notwithftanding fets for- ward upon his Journey,and maugr^all the Pleafures which may retard him, and the pains he a&ually endures, does purfue his Courfe through all the Windings and In- jtricacies of Fortune,with a fteddy Courage, till at length he arrive to that which firft gave life to the Undertaking. Now • the more remote fuch an Object is from our view, and the more difficulties there are to ftruggle with, the more Ge<- nerous and Heroick is the Enterprife. We drink the bitter Potion with a Guft upon the belief we have that it will procure us Health. And the Soldier , the Mariner, and generally all forts of Men, each of them endures hardfhips in his feveral Courfe of life, nay they make fuch hard- i 86 Of Judgment. Chap. 21. fliips to be the Subjects of their choice upon the profped they have of a durable Enjoyment. Now if Health, Honours and Profit can infpire us with Noble Reft> lutions, Virtue certainly ought to have as great an Influence upon our Wills, whe- ther we confider the Pleafure which ac- companies its Exercife, or the Reward which follows the performance of it. There is another fort of Judgment which the Mind of Man makes of things in relation to the general good of others. . This does not confift barely in a know- ledge of what is beneficial for Mankind, but it implies a Pradice and Execution proportinable to that knowledge which I call Government. This is of two forts,either Civil which confifts in the Inflitution and Prefervation of a Kingdom by wholfom Laws ; or elfe Military which confifts in the defence of a Kingdom by ftrength and force; for as for thofe who Fight for the Enlargement of Dominion, for Empire ' and Glory, as did Pompey, Cafar, Alex- ander and others, how brave foever they may feem to be, they are but more il- luftrious Robbers, compar'd to them who engage to defend their Country againft a forcible and forreign Invafion. I {hall there- fore make a more particular defcription of the Virtues of fuch a one,I mean a General of an Army , whole charge doublefs is the molt Chap. it. Of Judgment. 187 moft weighty and Heroick of which hu- mane Nature is capable, being fuchas does require a conftant travel of Body and Mind , a vigorous Intention of every Nerve and Faculty of the Soul, and a per-? petual Converfation with danger. What a vaft Profped: ought fuch a one to have of the Expence and Ifliie of the War, what diligence ought he to lliew in ma- king his Levies, and what Providence in his Disburfements ? At the fame time he thinks how he may conveigh his Provifi- ons from remoter Parts, and how he may intercept, or at leaft hinder the Recruit of his Enemies; and in order hereunto he thinks with himfelf what Allies are to be Embrac'd, what Pofts to be fecur'd, and what Inftruments ar fo that if there be any Thea- ter in Nature, on which Judgement joyn'd with Practice, or Reafon with Experience, can difplay themfelves, 'tis here. Such a one was Scipio the Great, who when his Countrey was at the lafl Gafp , recovered it to Life again , by defeating four great Generals with their whole Armies, of which one of them had the mofl VicRori- ous Army, and was himfelf one of the braved Generals , the World ever knew, and this in four rang'd Battels fuccef- lively i 9 o Of Judgment. Chap. 21. fively : and not by punick Stratagem, or the Hazards of Fortune , but by open Prowefs and Conduit, which made Han- rtibal confefs that he was overcome, not only in Battel, but in the Name, and in the very Military Art and Science. Now if Scipio deferv'd the name of Great for his Wifdom and Heroick Adtions, he deferv'd that Compellation no lefs for the benefit deriv'd on Mankind bv them : if he who •/ faves a Angle Perfon from Death, ought to be remembred by him who receives the Benefit, with eternal Gratitude and Ho- nour , what Altars, what Pyramids muft he deferve, who faves Millions of People from Ravage, and turns their Captivity in- to Triumph > There are yet others who in their little Spheres are beneficial alfo to the Publick, by managing their A&ions according to> the Meafures and Directions of Judgement, as Phyficians, whofe Practice depends up- on a Theory of the Body's Fabrick, as alfo of the Nature of Medicines,together with a juft and rational Application of one to the other : But the little Fees of toties quoties by which thefe Benefits are meafured, has fomething in it which looks mean and for- did. The lame alfo may be faid of Lawyers, with this further Abatement only, That by virtue of their Profeffion , they are ob- Chap. 21. Of Judgment, * 1 p t liged to defend the Caufe of their Clients* tho'never fo Wrong, with all the feeming Arguments of Equity and Reafon^by which means Oppreflion many times triumphs, whilft Innocence is condemned. As for Orators, it is their Bufinefs to Commend and to Difpraife, which naturaly runs them into Flattery and Inventive ; howe- ver,in this,as well as in the other Functions of the Bar, 'tis certain that the Profeflors of them endeavour to infinuate their Ufe- fulnefs to the Publick, by having recourfe to all the Topicks of Reafon;endeavouring alfo to influence the Lives of men, by pro- pofing Pleafure, Profit, and Honefty, with fuch like Motives as fway and govern the Paflions, which cannot be done, but by a ready and thorough Conception of all things tending thereunto, together with a feafonable and accurate Accommodation of them to all the Circumftances that lye be- fore their Eyes. There is this difference between Art and Judgement: The former imployes it felf about fome Manual Subjedt only, and is acquired by long Practice and Imitation, and requires Labour of Body. A Watch, a Pidhire, a Houfe, with fuch like Mecha- nick Works as are derived from the Mathe- maticks, may be made exactly , and yet the Workman may underhand but little of • 9 ipx Of Judgment. Chap. 21. the Reafon of Proportions, in that way as they are taught by Mathematicians. But Judgement has for its Object, fomething "Great, as the Ultimate End of Man, Mo- ral Anions, and the Univerfal Benefit of Humane Nature : nor does it conform it felf to this or that Method, but accommo- dates the Conceptions, drawn upon the Mind to all the Occurrences of Perfons, Place, and Time, and with great Conduct and Patience attempts to bring its Imagi- nations to a real Exiftence and Perfection. As for thofe who reft only in Theorems, and in the Ideas of things, their Operati- * on may be called Defign or Projection, but not Judgement: fince it offers to effect no- thing, and fince thefe Projections many • times when they come to be put in Pra- ctice, are found very Defective and Diflo- nant to the Rules of Reafon. CHAP. i V, ['93] 3 c h a p. xxir. jf , Of the Cjoods of Fortune. FRom the Internal Perfections and In- dowments of the Mind , pafs we on to difcourfe of the External Gilts and Fa- vours of Fortune, which, tho they are in- ► finitely inferiour to the former, as to real Worth and Dignity , neverthelefs in the Opinion of Men they have the Precedence, and are courted at a higher rate. For fuch is the prejudice of Guftom, and fo great are the Defects of our Underftanding, that in all our Definitions , or the Judgement we make of things, we take ourEfbmate from the Superficies or Colour, rather than from what is Solid : For altho Merit and Natu- ral Indowments are able to create them- felves a good Opinion in thofe who do converfe with them, yet they will hardly gain Refpect unlefs they be well attended. Rich Furniture and Habits , fine Liveries, and a numerous Train, tho they have little Affinity with the Virtues and Qualities of the Perfons they do belong to , do never- O thelefs tQ4 Of the Goods, ifc. Chap.io. thelefs moreaflect the Eye of the Beholder, and do procure greater Veneration, than all his Perfonal Endowments, tho never fo great: Such then are the Goods of For- tune, compared with the othet Gifts of Na- lure, of which we have hitherto difcour- led Fortune in the Table of Celes is repre- fentedas a Beautiful Woman^ftanding upon a Globe, and of a CarelTing Countenance, but withall Deaf and Blirid: about her ftand Throngs of Suiters, upon whofe Heads Ihe fhowres down her Gifts promif- euoufly, viz. Scepters and Swords , Dia- dems and Halters, Glofy and Infamy, Riches and Poverty, Thofe on whom the good Gifts fall, give her the Compel- lation of Good Fortnne , but the others of Bad. She is Blind and Deaf, to fhew her Inability to Difcern , and Ihe Hands upon the flippery point of a Globe, to lhew Ihe is Unconftant: the Gifts therefore of For- tune are fuch , which as for the moft part they are not within the reach of Humane Virtue to obtain; fo neither is it in the Compafs of Humane Power to preferve them, being generally fuch as thefe, viz. Birth, Riches , Great Places and Offices, Friends, Repute^n andFame. i. CHAP. £'953 —_ C H A IP. XXIII. Of 'Birth. M I Begin with Birth, which is a Privilege entail'd upon Blood , and is no more in a Man's own Power, than the very Act of Nature by which he is generated. Nay Royal Majefty it felf, which is the Foun- tain of Honour, and in a great meafure of all the Favours of Fortune, is not able here to fupply an Original Defect. 'Tis true it can imprefs fueh a Stamp upon a Man, as fhall make him capable to derive Nobility to Pofterity, but it can caft no Luftre back- wards , by making that to be of a Gene- rous Defcent, which was Ignobly Born. He therefore who comes into the World with this Tincture on him, has made the Advantage over others, not only upon the accounpof Precedence and Refpect, but in relation alfo to the further Endearments of Fortune. It fets him half way onwards in his Pretenfions to Publick Imployments, and to the Favours of the Court. Let two Men, in all things elfe of equal Merit, ap- O x pear j^L J WJ,.m mk U| j'itf lair lit ih t'l * all ill ill, -J? tl I i 1 11 r| fl ifll 'I 1 si 396 OF Birth. Chap. 2 3 pear upon the Stage , when it is known that one of them is born a Gentleman, the other not,the former will quickly meet with a kind Reguard from all , he will find an eafy Entrance to their good Opinions, and at tire very firfi Step get that point of Cre- dit, which the other fhall not attain to but witlf much Difficulty and Addrefs ; and be his Conduct never fo good , he will be forcd, in many Rencounters of his Life, to hang down his Head,not without Confufi- en in his Eyes, and fome Dejection of Spi- rit. Upon this Confideration many Perfons who are obfcurely born, being advanc'd to Honour, and Places of Publick Trufl, en- deavour to carry it'with a haughty Air, and to overtop that Contempt which the Meannefs of their Family might caft upon them; This Method certainly is not good, for whether or no fuch Deportment be able to lupprefs Scorn , lure I am it will raife Envy, which is infinitely more perni- cious than the former ; ror thofe who De- Ipife do feldom Hurt us: befides,Contempt w ill wear away in time, for tho at the firft Rife of fuch a Man , we look upo^him as Undefefving, yet being accuftomed a little to fee him in the fame Station, our former Prejudice againft him is taken off, and from his conftant Poffeflion , we are at length brought over to believe, that he has Chap. 2 3. Of •Birth. i p? has a Title to his Place : Whereas Pride even in a Perfon of the greafeft Extract!- on, will be fure to beget Hatred , which in the end will open a Paflage to Revenge. We have two Examples iw Roman Hiftory, relating to this point of Conduct. The firffc is of Macrinus, who being by Nation a Moor, and by Dignity a Knight, arrive! to be one of the Generals of Antoninus Caracal/a, whom having caus'd to be Rain, he afterr wards by the Favour of the Sculdiers, pro- cur'd himfelf to be faiuted Emperor: Know? ing therefore what Prejudice he was expo- fed to from the Meannefs of his Birth , lie. writes to the Senate in the moil: fubmif- five Stile imaginable. He obferiv'd to them, That fucli as afcended to the Throne by Inheritance, looking upon Empire as their Patrimony, were ofttimes tempted to abufe their Power , and fuch a one was his im- mediate Predecefior Antoninus, as was alio Corned us ; whereas others, who received An? 1 thorny from the Senate, were under per- petual Obligations of Gpatitude. For his own Part, that he was refolv'd to alt no- thing without their Advice, calling them his Princes and Counfellours; and that he would propofc for a Pattern of Govern- men t,M. Aurelius, and Peri in ax,who were both of them of Private Extraction, con- eluding withalljThat it was much better tq 198 Of 'Birth. Chap. 13. give Honour to Pofterity by a Glorious Beginning, than by Corrupt Manners and Degenerate Actions , to fully the Luftre deriv'd from our Anceftors. By this Let- ter he won the Hearts of the Senate , and of all the People, who welcomed the News of his Election with loud Acclamations of Joy, and with Imperial Honours. The other Example of Maximinus, who from a Keeper of Cattel in Thrace, after a long Series of Military Commands, was advan- ced alfo to the Roman Empire : Knowing therefore that the Obfcurity of his Birth, would make him odious to the Senate, he refolv'd with a Barbarous and Rough Hand to level all before him. 'Tis true both thefe Emperours were murdered by their own Soldiers, neverthelefs, the former, tho his Reign was Ihort, did by his Modeft Demeanour, take off that Reproach which lay upon him from his Birth, whereas the other, by his Imperious and Proud De- p>ortmcnt was execrated by all the World. In later Ages we have not a more remark- able example of good behaviour, then Cardinal Ximenez, who being of bafe Birth, and a Confeflor, became Con- fellbr to Ifahel Queen of CaHik; after- wards being propofed by the Queen to the Archbiihoprick of Toledo, with great con- ftancy he refufed it, alledging that by the '■■■ » ' ■ Arcep- Chap. 21. Of'Birth. ipp Acceptance of that great Charge, he fhould purchafe the hatred and envy of all the Grands of Spain; hereupon the Queerr makes it her requeft to the Grands them- felves, that they would do their endeavours to win him over to accept it. By fhis retreat Ximenes made the purfuit more hot and eager, till at length he Conde- fcended, upon the afiurance which the Qrands gave him, of their good opinion of him: In fine, befides that Archbifhop- rick, he wras Inquifitor general, and Car- dinal, and became the fole great Favourite or Minifter of State. Tis true moll of thofe who being of low Birth, and are advanced to high Place, like men brought fuddenly out of a Dun- geon to the open Day become Blind , or rather are like to thofe who being ac- cuftomed alwrays to walk upon the Earth, when they climb to the Pinacle of fome high Towrer, all things under them fcem very diminutive, whilft they themlelves being advanced above their Level, and being not accuftomed to ftand fa high, are giddy in their heads, and are ready every moment to fall down and break their Necks. But for all this, where Perfons of mean Extraction joyn Prudence to their Natural Abilities, they ever prove thq braveft Men; for they are upon a neceflity O 4 tq V. ^ T * t* 20o Of Birth. Chap. 23. to make thegreateft Improvements of their Parts, and to life their utmoft Induftry, being deftitute of Money, Family, Friends, and fuch like advantages, by which other Men of* far meaner Vertues, make an eafy pafiage to their Fortunes; fo that all the luccefs they can expert muft he derived purely from Merit. We have pregnant Examples of this truth in all the Records of Antiquity, not only in Military Perfons which are infinite, but in the fageft Men, and in the greatefl Wits of the World; fo that not only they who had Gygantick Bodies, but thofe alfo who had Gygantick Souls, were many of them to be accounted but as Terr re Fihj^ox Men bafely born. And indeed if we have regard to the Names of fomeofthe mod renowned Roman Families, fuch as Cicero, Fabius, Lentulus, Pifoy and the like, we may eafily guefs at their Ex- tradtion, that it was from the Plough, and from the Spade. I fhall give fome few Inftances more of the eminent Abilities of Perfons meanly born, confining riiy felf to Examples of the laft Age, and to fuch only as lie within the Ecclefiadick Pale. If we travel into Italy we fhall find Sixtus 5ms. who was the Son of a Hog-herd, and from a poor obfcure Fryer, arrived to the Popedom, and really managed matters with that publick Spirit — •• • . ■ and Chap. 2 5. Of'Birth. 201 and Prudence, as did declare that he had a Soul large as that of the Empire he pre- tended to. For confidering the Shortnefs of his Reign, he exceeded all that were be- fore or after him; if I fhould put them allto- gether, I think I fhould not fpeak too wide. If we pafsover into Spain, fcefides Ximenes we have Cardinal Granvel, whofe Grand- father was but a black-Smith, or fomefuch bafe Artifan, yet he by his Wifdom and Integrity acquitted himfelf with great Applaufe, through a long Train of Court- Imployments, and to his dying day pre- ferved himfelf in the good opinion of his Prince, who was one of the wifefl that ever ifliied out of the houfe of Auflria. If we crofs the Pyreneans, and vifit France, we have Cardinal Mazarine who was de- icended of obfeure Parents, and was called Mazarine, from the Town Mazara in Sicily, where he was born. He was laid to fie a Captain of a Company, in the Popes Guards at Avignon, and coming in the Train of the Nuntio to Par is,lie was taken notice of by Richlieu, and fo by Degrees became the greateft and the mod profpe- rous Minifter of State that ever that Kingdom knewr; for as for Richlieu, he had more of Machiavel in him, nor was his Death lamented by the Prince and People as was that of MazarineMi we return home ,y 3o1 Of Birth. Chap. 23. home into our own Country, fince the Reformation, we have that great Prelate Archbilhop Laud for an Example, who though he died a violent, did not dye an untimely Death, fince he obtained Immor- tality by fullering for the Intereft of his Prince, and of the Church, and like John Baptift, was but the Forerunner to his Mailers Martyrdom. As for Wolfey his Parts were great;, his Power greater, but his Pride greateft which brought him to his Ruin. I have hitherto confidered the ad van- tages of Birth with relation to the parti- cular Perfons, who are denominated by it. I lhall now confider Nobility a little as it is a State and Portion of the Common- Wealth. The two greateft Empires at this day extant in the World, viz. the Ottoman, and that of China, allow no Priviledgcs to Birth; for by this means all Men Study by the way of Merit to apply themfel ves to thefervice of him, who has the fole Power of diftributing Rewards; whereas thofe who are nobly defcended, feem to come into the Word with fome Characters of Soveraignty, and will not confequently be over ready to take pains, fo.r that which they are already poffefled of, and of which they think they cannot well be deprived. Whether this policy of " theirs Chap. 15. Of 'Birth. 205 theirs be good, I fliall not difpute; this is certain, that in a defenfive War, there cannot be a greater Obligation upon the Subject to make a vigorous Refiftance, and to ait in Confort with his Prince, than the confideration not only of his own perfonal Intereft, but of the perpetual Intereft and Inheritance of his Family being lay'd at Stake, which happens only where Titles of Honour, and Eftates are made heredi- tary; fo that here the Turkijb Policy fails, and I doubt not but that the effects would anfwer it, were the Chriftians once the Aggreftors. But then for Ciyil difcords which may arife within the Bowels of the fame Government , 'tis certain that Men will not be inclinable to rebel nor forfeit their prefent enjoyments, upon hopes of fuch a future Fortune, which they are fure can never be entay led upon theirOff Spring. Henpe we find few or no Civil Wars in Turky; fuhjed they are indeed to Mutinies, as are all tyrannick Powers, which are fupported by an Army, and this in the Progrefs of another Age, will in all proba- bility make a gap for the Chriftians to break in upon them. Governments therefore which are Arbi- trary and Tyrannical, as w ere always the taftern Monarchies, deftroy Nobility, en- deavouring to bring all under an ablblute • 1' fubje vifions of their own, much lefs any Staple-* Manufactures to barter. The Nation there- fore which makes Profeffion of Traffick, ought well to provide that the imported Goods exceed not the Value of the expor-. ted, for otherways they muft be forc'd to ballance the Overplus with Money, to prevent which Inconvenience there can- not be a better Expedient, than for the People to live Temperate and Frugal : for by this means they will ftand in lefs need of Forraign Superfluities, and confequent- ly, what they fend forth into other Courn tries, being more than the imported Goods they fpend, the Overplus will come Home to them in ready Coyn ; and this is cer- tainly one of thegreateft Policies, by which the Dutch have raifed their Wealth and Commerce to fuch a vaft State : for Waft- log nothing of Forraign Commodities but ihii > - ... % • what C'nap. 14. Of Riches. 217 what is neceflary, and having little or no* thing of their own to export, lave Filh, Butter, Cheefe, Earthen Ware, and fome fuch inconfiderable Merchandize, they be* take themfelves to a way of Trade from Port to Port, and fo carry the Commodi- ties of one Countrey into another , till they at length make the laft Return in Money. Another way by which the Mo* ney of a Nation may be preferv'd , is, by a Severe Prohibition of thofe Superfluous Ornaments and Expenfes , by which the Property of the Metal is totally wafted, fuch as Embroideries, Gold-Lace, all man- ner of Gildings , as of Coaches, Leather, Swords , Pi&ure-Frames, with infinite other things of like Nature. Things may be faid to be Dear or Cheap, not only from the Scarcity or Plenty of them, but alfo from the Scarcity or Plenty of the Money which we give in their Ex- change. If we give a little Money for a Thing, we commonly fay 'tis cheap, when yet perhaps this does not proceed from the Abundance of that Thing, but from the Scarcity of the Money which is valued againft it. Likewife when we give a great cjeal of Money for a little of Commodity, we conclude it to be dear, when perad- Venture 'tis not from the Scarcity of fuch a Commodity , but from the great Plenty • r ' r* 21S Of Ouches. Chap. 24. of Money : So that in this Age all things feem ten times dearer than they were fome Ages paft , when yet this does not happen from a greater Scarcity of fuch things, but from that great Inundation of Silver which comes in daily on us , fince the Difcovery of the Indies. In the next place let us confider Riches, as they may be appropriated to particular Perfons. As for thofe who reduce all things to a Level, we referr them to Vto- pia : For as long as Men are Men, fomc will be Induftrious, others Negligent; and the Induftrious will ftill be Richer than the Others. To take away therefore what is gotten by Induftry, and to beftow it upon the Undeferving , is utterly to ba- nilh Virtue , and to encourage Vice ; for no Man will Sow in the Sweat of his Brow, that another may Reap the Fruits of his Labour for nothing. Many are the ways of Getting Riches , fome Honeft , and more Difhoneft; but of all Profeflions, the Retailing Merchant feems mod obnoxious to Cheating, as being fupported by Lying, affirming his Wares to be Good, when he knows them to be Bad , and with Oaths protefting that they coft him fo much, when they did not ftand him in half the Price; to which we may add the Deceit of Weights and Meafures, falfe Bills and Recko= Chap. 24. Of Riches. j ip Reckonings of the Book, with infinite Frauds by which they labour to adulterate and difguife their Wares. All that can be faid on their Behalf is this ; That they are Obnoxious many times to great Hazards, and Commodities being fpoiled , or lying dead upon their Hands, they ought to make good their Lofles out of the Remain- . der, which they cannot do, but by De- manding-more than the juft and true Va- lue. What is got by Husbandry, and the Improvement of the Productions and Fruits of the Earth, may be look'd upon as the moft Innocent of all Gains, it is ac- companied with Induftry and Health, and tends to the Perfections of Nature : And if we look into Hiftories , befides the Pa- triarchs of old , we fhall meet with many Brave Men , who have betook themfelves to this Courfe of Life. There are two forts of Men in the World, both of them in great Efteem for Wit, which are rarely Rich. The firft are Poets; thefe for the moft part are Rich only in Fancy, for being Airy and Pleaftnt their Company is many times fought after, which cannot but divert them from the Purfuit of any Solid Undertaking. Befides, being naturally Prone to good Liquor , as the proper Inftrument to Highten Fancy, they get fuch Habits of Expence, as does much 2io Of Riches. Chap. 24. much impair that Stock of Fortune they were born to; but above all, affecting Idlenefs and Eafe, for the Mufes ever haunt the Warbling Fountains , and Solitary Shades, any Counter-change of Bufinels, Ihuffies all their Thoughts into Diforder; For indeed who would ever worry himfelf amongft the Thorns of a bufy Life , who can be admitted , when he pleafes , to the Banquet of the Gods, drink with them in Nettar , and makerthem to defcend in Golden Showres? Poets, in the very midft of Winter , can Tranflate themfelves into Elyfium, they can build ftately Palaces, and furnifh them too,with the Expence only of a few Verfes. There is another Sort of Men reputed to be of good Capacity, who fel- dom become Rich,and they are Projectors. Thefe Men are of a Genius clear contrary to Poets for they are of a Working Brain,al- ways concern cl in Undertakings, and leav- ing nothing Untry'd. They will flick at no Expence,(till propounding fome Unknown, Compendious Way of getting Wealth, till at length being exhaufled in their Purfes, or difcouraged by unfortunate Difficulties, or the Fertility of their Invention calling them ever and anon upon new Projects, they leave their former Defigns Imperfed", wh.ch fome fecund Perfon undertakes fre- quently with good Succels : for by avoid- in? Chap. 14. Of Riches. 225 ing the former's Mifcarriages, and entring on the Work with freih Spirits and a full Purfe, he does not only improve the In- vention, but brings it, many times, to a mature Iflue. As for them who place all their Felici- ty in the Pofleflion of Gold , they are as great Slaves as thofe who are condemned to dye for it in the Mines. They are al- wayes handling the Ore , but have never the power to ufe it. Tis obferv'd of fuch Mifers, That they are ever moft Griping, the nearer they are to their Ends, whereas methinks, they lliould then choofe rather to fpend it in procuring luch things , as might make the Remainder of their Life Comfortable ; but fo it is that they cleave fafleft to their Money , when they are neareft to leaving it, as we ever give the clofeft Huggs to our Departing Friends. The Reafon why they a£t in this manner, how Extravagant fo ever it may feem to be, is not Unnatural: For feeing the ade- quate Objed: of the Soul's Defire muft be fomething Infinite, they who place their greateft Happinefs in the Poflefiion of Treafure, the more they have, the nearer Approaches do they feem to make to- wards that Imaginary Infinity, which is the ultimate Term of their Defire ,• and confequently they will labour with great- er 222 Of Riches. Chap. 24* er Eagernefs to engrofs what remains, as we fee all Natural Motion , is ever more Impetuous and Swift, the nearer it comes to its Centre or Place of Reft. He therefore is truly Happy amidft his Riches, who knows how to ufe them, for befides the Comforts they yield in procu- ring all things Neceflary , and Delightful for Humane Life, they put us alfo in a Ca- pacity to relieve the Wants of others, and to do many A£ts of Charity, and Works of Publick Benefit. And as to External Refpecft, the Ignorant Multitude will ever worfhip the Golden Calf: For let a Man he never fo meanly furniflied with the Vir- tues of the Mind, if he be but Rich, moft who are of a lower Rank , will ftand in terms of Complyance, fome out of Hopes of Getting; others, out of Fear of Lofing by him , for in all Difputes , he that has the greateft Purfe, has odds upon his fide. Gold, tho it be faid to Cure fome Diftem- pers of the Eyes , is capable to Blind the Sight of Juftice, and as being the Heavieft of Metals, may be imagin'd to be of fufli- cient Weight to Turn its Scales. It can pro- cure a Friend at Court, and what is much more to be relied on in a time of Need, it can procure a Throgh-pac'd and Trufty EvidenceJn a word,tho it be not Immenfe, it is in fome meafure Omnipotent. CHAP, CHAP. XXV. Of Office and Great