^ort()tDe¿tern ®níber£fít¡> Eítirarp (Cbanâton, SQinotó THE GIFT OF 85401 SUPPLEMENTS TO GERMAN GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS BY F. WEHSE, A. M. BROOKLYN PROSPECT HEIGHTS SCHOOL JUN 19 1914 ^ 85401 TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. Supplementary Rules Formation of the Plural (§§ 19, 20 of the Grammar rewritten) - - 1 Formation of the Plural (§§ 103-113 of the Grammar rewritten) _ _ 7 II. Drills and Supplementary Exercises Drills 21 Supplementary Exercises - - - 37 I. SUPPLEMENTARY RULES. IV. The Formation of the Plural. The letters, used in German as signs of the plural form for English s, are e (er) and (e)n. A noun ending in a consonant in the singular is, as a rule, of the masculine or neuter gender and takes c in the plural. This plural is called strong. A noun ending in e in the singular is, as a rule, of the feminine gender, and takes n in the plural. This plural is called weak. With some nouns with certain endings the e of the strong plural is dropped for euphony, so that the plural is like the singular. Some strong nouns take er in the plural instead of e. The umlaut of the stem vowel is also used as sign of the plural, but only with the strong plural. 20. I. The Strong Plural. / In accordance with the rule that 'a final e is the sign of the feminine gender and of the plural number,' most German masculine and neuter nouns, monosyllables as well as derivatives, form their plural by adding the letter e. $er 2Irm — bie Slrine. Arm — s. $o§ Sein — bie Seine. Leg — s. 2:er ©diuíj — bie ©¿finite. Shoe — s. £er ^unb — bie ^unbe. Dog — s. ®er S^ag — bie ^^age. Day — s. T)oé ^al^r — bie Ser — S)cr ©d^ranï bt0 ©tül^Ie. - bie ©dôrâttïe. Chair — s. Closet — s. (2) Feminines without any suffix: $te 2)îou§ — bie SDÍüufe. Mouse — mice. Sie ^í) — bie Cow — s. Sie ^anb — bie ■§änbe. Hand — s. sie ^lûb't"— bie ©tSbtcl , éity — íes'. (3) Masculines with the suffixes -er, -el, -en (also two feminines). Ser Sruber — bie Jöri^ber. Ser ^agel — bie SíageíÍ!^ Ser STlJfel — bie Ser SSogel — bie SSögel. Sie Sliutter — bie SOíütter. Sie Sod^ter — bie Söd^ter. s. s. Brother ÍJ"aíf— Apple — s. Bird — s. Mother — s. Daughter — s. s (brethren). 3. Some of.the most common neuter nouns form their plural with the ending er instead of e, and have, in addition to it, umlaut of the stemvpwel, if possible (cf. 'r' in Engl., 'child—children'). Also a very few masculines have gone in this class. So§ ^nb — bie ^nber. Child — ren. Soê ^ûIB — bie MIBer. Calf — ves. Saê ^ul^n — bie ^iil^ner. Chicken — s. Sa§ Meib — bie Meiber. Dress — es. Sa§ 5öud^ — bie ©iid^er. Book — s. SûB @Ia§ — bie ©läfer. Glass — es. SaB §auB — bie Käufer. House — s. SoB Sonb — bie Sänber. Country — ies. SoB ^efid^t — bie ©efidBter. Face — s. Masculine : Ser SWonn — bie 3Wönner. Man — men. 4 THE NOMINATIVE CASE. 21. II. The Weak Plural. /.Nouns with the feminine suffix e in the singular cannot form the plural in e, but add the letter n (of. Engl, 'ox—oxen'). Also the other feminine suffixes (-in, -ei, -f(i)aft, -ung, -enb, -t) follow the analogy of the feminine suffix -e, they add the ending en. Suffix -in doubles n before this ending. S>er £)(i)fe — bie öti^fen. Ox — oxen. Scr ^nabe — bie ^aben. Boy — s. 2>ie Sibbe — bie ßibben- Lip — s. îîiûê Sluge — bie Stugen. Eye — s. Sie Sebrerin — innen. Teacher — s. Sie ©efellfdbafí — fd^afícn. Company — ies. Sie 3eitog — ungen. Newspaper — s. Sie goíirt — ten. Trip — s. CL In some nouns of this class the final e of the singular has disappeared, but the old plural in en has remained. Ser $err(e) — bie Herren. Gentleman — men. Ser 2)îenfc^(e) — bie SWenftben.Human being — s. Sie grau(e) — bie grauen. Woman — men. Sie tlbt(e) — bie Ubren. Watch — es. Saê £>br(e) — bie Ear — s- Sag 93eíí(e) — bie SBetten. Bed — s. Sag ^entb(e) — bie ^entben. Shirt — s. 2,a. A special class of the nouns which have dropped the final e in the singular zre, feminines in -er, -el. They form their plural by adding the letter n, not en, on account of the preceding e (cf. 'n' in Engl, 'brethren'). Sie ©d^tnefter—bie ©(i)h)eftern. Sister — s. Sie 9íabel — bie Síabein. Needle — s. Sie ©cf)ulíer — bie ©d^ulíern. Shoulder — s. 3. A few strong masculine nouns not ending in -c in the singular form their plural irregularly by adding the weak THE FORMATION OF THE PLURAL. 5 plural eding en. We say they form a 'mixed declension.' Here belong foreign nouns in unaccented -or, e. g. Soltor. S>cr ©toot — bie ©taoten. State — s. Ser SSctter — bie 3Settern. Cousin — s. Ser Soïtor — bie Softoren. Doctor ^"s. Vocabulary IV. Drill IV. Exercise IV. B. Formation of the Plural of Nouns. I. The Strong Plural (cf. § 20). ending in -e in they remain un- 103. Suffix e in the Plural is most common with masculine and neuter nouns, monosyllables as well as deriva ¬ tives. (The neuter suffix -ni§ doubles § before the e of the plural, -ntffe.) Even neuter nouns with the prefix (Se¬ the singular, form their plural in e, i. e. changed. ber Slrm — Sírme, ba§ ^az —• ipaare, ber ber Sibenb — Slbenbe, ba§ @efängnt§ — ©efängniffe, bas ©ebirge —■ ©ebirge, ba§ ©cmälbe — ©emälbe. Also: ber ñá\t —• Ääfe, Note. Most monosyllabic nouns belonging to this class are masculine. > There are, ' however, also some neuters which must be learned with special attention given to this gender. arm — s. hair — s. rug — s. evening — s. prison. — s. mountain range — s. painting — s. cheese — s. ba§ ^abr — bie ^al)re, baS Söetn, Änie, Ätnn, bas §aar — ba§ gell, ba§ Ster — baS Dteb, boS spferb — baS SRofe, boê ©d^af — boS ©áitoein, ba§ ©cbtff — ba§ Sleá, bas S3oot — bas {Jlofe, bas ©eti ($^au) — baS bas ©ieb — baS 3îeb, baS S3eil — baS $eft, baS Slîeer — baS SJÎoor, baS 9teicb — baS §eer, year — s. leg, knee, chin, hair — pelt, furskin. animal — deer, horse — steed, sheep — pig. ship — deck, boat — float, rope — tent, sieve — net. hatchet — haft, sea — moor, empire — army. 8 GRAMMATICAL VOCABULARY. bûê Sßfunb — baê SKofe, pound — measure. boê ©tüá, Spacir, S)u^enb, piece, pair, dozen. ba§ S5tng — ba§ SBerí, thing — work. ba§ geft — ba§ @Iüá, festival — happiness, luck. baf ^etm — bo§ ipeil, home — salvation. bag 3KoI (Slîalbl) — bag ^eug, mole, mark (meal) — cross. bag ©piel — bag 3tel' play, game — goal. bag S^or '— bag StoÇr, gate — reed, tube. bag 2tfe — bag 2iag, ace — carrion. bag Sog — bag Sob, lot, fate — praise. bag £)]§r (Ol^r, Dieren), eye of needle (ear — s). bag 93eet (S3ett, S3etten), flowerbed (bed — s). And the following names of substances which rarely form a plural : bag ®oIb, 33Iei, S5íed§> ginn, ©rj, gold, lead, sheet iron, tin, ore. bag gleifd^, S3Iut, Sltaxi, flesh, meat; blood; fat, lard; marrow. bag 3eug, 5Cud^, ®arn, material, cloth, yarn, bag iBrot, SUtal^, IBter; bread, flour, malt, beer, bag ÖI, ©ala, @ag, ©iff, ©ig. oil, salt, gas, poison, ice. bag ißec^, ^eer, SBadCjg, Jpara, pitch, tar, wax, resin, bag ¿eu, ©tro)^, 3Roo§, ©d^ilf, hay, straw, moss, reed. 104. Plural Suffix c is dropped in nouns with suf¬ fixes containing an e (-er, -eí, -en, -djen, -lein) to avoid a harsh sound. They remain unchanged, ber f^inger — ginger, finger — s. ber Säumen — Säumen, thumb — s. bag ÜHöbc^en — Süäbd^en, girl — s. bag gräulein — gräulein, young lady — ies. Note. Most nouns' with the suffixes -er, -eí, -en are mas¬ culine. There are, however, also some neuters which must be learned with special attention to their gender, bag aJîefîer — bie SHeffer, knife— ves. bag Qimmer — bag iUlöbel, room — furniture, bag genfter — bag ©itter, window — grating, bag Sager — bag Safen, bed, layer — bedsheet. bag ^ffen — bag SSeden, pillow, cushion — basin. THE NOUN. 9 ba0 Seinen — bo§ Seber, ba§ ©ilber — ba§ Sîiàel, bag ffitfen — ba§ Tupfer, bag geuer — bag gieber, bag SBaffer — bag Ufer, bag ©egel — bag 9iuber, bag ißflafter — bag 5ßulber, bag gutter — bag guber, bag geidben — bag SBunber, bag ©icgel — bag SBappen, bag Opfer — bag SJlufter, bag Sllter — bag ßafter, bag Capitel — bag ©jempel, bag SKittel (bie SKitte), bag SBetter, linen — leather, silver — nickel, iron — copper, fire — fever. water — river bank, shore, sail — rudder, oar. plaster — powder, fodder — wagon load, sign — wonder, seal — coat of arms, victim, sacrifice — pattern, (old) age — vice, chapter — example, means (middle), weather. 105. Umlaut besides e (or c dropped) occurs, as a rule, with masculine nouns only. A few feminines, how¬ ever, are found in this class. ( I ) Masculines without any suffix : ber ©obn — ©öbne, árate, Siödje, ©äfte, ^eraöge — ißäpfte, güfee, gäbne, ©ärme, ^öpfe, ^älfe, Dlümpfe, ©arte, gäpfe, ©cbtnänae, StödEe, grade, ©cböfee, §üte, Änöpfe — ©trümpfe, Sämnte — ©dbhjämme, güdbfe, SBötfe, ©öd£e, ^äbne, ©dbtoäne, ©tördbe, gröfdbe — glöbe, ^öfc, gönne, göume, ©tölle — ©tönbe, SEürme — SBöIIe, Stöume — ©öle (ber ©aol), ©tüble — ©cbrönie. son — s. physicians, cooks, guests, dukes — popes, feet, teeth, intestines, heads, throats, trunks (of bodies), beards, braids, tails, coats, evening coats, coat tails, hats, buttons — stockings, combs — sponges, foxes, wolves, bucks, roosters, swans, storks, frogs — flees. yards (courts), fences, bridles, stables — stands, stalls, towers — ramparts, rooms — halls, chairs — closets. lO GRAMMATICAL VOCABULARY. Söpfe, Siäpfc, íírüge, 5Cröge, Sorbe — ©ödEe, ©töcfe — ©täbe, 33IödEe, Slö^e, ©tümpfe, ^flöde, 5ßfäple, ©päne, ©tränge, 2)rä^te, ©d^Iäucpe, ©d^äfte — ©d^ädpte, ©örge — SrcrnBe, 5ßflügc — Saline, 33äume, ©tämme, ûfte, S3üfdpe, ©träud^c, ©träufee, (©traufee), glüffe, ©tröme, S3ädpe, ©ümpfe — Siämme, gröfte, ©türme, SSränbe, ©äfte — S>üfie, kämpfe — ®ünftc, SBäHe — Sränae, (ürü^e — Süffe, Siöne, Slänge, ©änge, Sämpfe — Srämpfe, ©ebräud^e, ©enüffe, SSerbrüffe, ©erüdpe — ©efcEimäcEe, ©daläge, ©töfee, SBürfe, ©prünge, Saufe, SJÎcirfcpe, 3üge, tflüge, ©dptoârme, 2Wärfle — Saufe, Söbne — S3eträge, ©inbrüdbe — ©iebftäble, 5ßläne — State, SBünfdpe •— S^räume, ©dbluüre •— fflüdpe, ©pä^e — ©cploändEe, ©rünbe — ©tnioöube, ©ä^e, ©prüd^e, Siu§brüd£e, Qölle (3oIIe), ©c^ä^e, Trümpfe, 5ßlä^e — 3älie, aSäffe — 5ßäfie, ©d^üffe, ©d^Iüffe, ©üffe, g-änge, ©änge, ipänge, Stange, Sränie, pots, bowls, crocks, troughs, baskets — sacks, sticks — staflfs. blocks, blocks, stumps, pegs, stakes, shavings, ropes, wires, tubes (hose), shafts (handles), shafts (pits), coffins — wreaths, plows — skiffs, trees, trunks, branches, bushes, shrubs, bouquets (ostriches), rivers, streams, brooks, swamps — dams, frosts, storms, fires, saps, juices — fragrances, steams — vapors, balls — dances, greetings — kisses, tones, sounds, songs, fights — cramps, customs, enjoyments, vexations, smells — tastes, blows, kicks, throws, jumps, runs, marches, trains, flights, swarms, markets — purchases, wages — amounts, housebreakings — thefts, plans — counsels, wishes — dreams, oaths — curses, jokes — pranks, farces, grounds, reasons — obj ections. sentences, sayings, expressions, tolls (inches), treasures, trumps, places — cases, basses — passes, shots, conclusions, castings, fangs, walks, slopes, rangs, drinks. THE NOUN, II (2) Feminines without any suffix; bic 93raut — bte iöräute, bte* SJÎâgbe — bie bic ipänbe — bic ipäutc, bic ®riiftc — bic gäuftc, bic @änfc — bic SDläufc, bic Síüffc — bic fÇriiii^te, bic SBänbc — bic ©täbtc, bic Sanie — bic %tc, bic Süftc — bic Siiftc, bic 9läc^tc — bic Siäbtc, bic SBüIftc — bic SBiirftc, bic ^äftc — bic SJläc^tc, bic ftngftc — bic Sîôtc, bic Äünftc — bic SCuSfliic^tc, bride — s. milkmaids — cows, hands — skins, hides, breasts, chests — fists, geese — mice, nuts — fruits, walls, sides — cities, benches — axes, airs — desires, nights — seams, swellings — sausages, forces — powers (might), anxieties — troubles (need), arts — subterfuges. * The article is added in this list to remind the learner of the feminine gender (plural article like feminine article.) Some of these feminines belong on account of their ab¬ stract meaning and suffix (-Í) properly in the weak declen¬ sion. They have gone over in the strong declension, because, being able to form a plural, they must have taken a some¬ what concrete meaning. (3) Masculines in -er, -el, -en (also one neuter and two feminines). bcr Wpfcl — äijtfel, á'tácr — ©arten, 9?ögci — ©dtnäbcf, Jammer — 3iägel, ©räbcn — ^äfcn, 3KänteI — ©ättcl, HUthtgel — ©d^äben, ßäbcn — gäben, Öfen — SBöben, ba§ Äloftcr — Älöftcr, Slater, Sörübcr, ©dfinägcr, Stütter — 3;öd[)ter, apple — s. fields — gardens. birds — beaks, bills. hammers — nails. ditches — harbors. cloaks — saddles. defects —injuries. stores — threads. ovens, stoves — bottoms, floors. convent, cloister — s. fathers, brothers, brothers- in-law. mothers — daughters. 12 GRAMMATICAL VOCABULARY. 106. Suffix et and Umlaut (if possible) occurs, as a rule, with neuter nouns only. A few masculines (no fem¬ inines) have taken this plural hy analogy. (1) All nouns with the neuter suffix -turn (tiimer) : baê Äöiiigtum -— Königtümer, kingdom — s. ber ígrríum — Irrtümer, error — s. (2) The following neuter nouns (since plural in er is typical neuter, the learning of the plural of these nouns dispenses with learning their article) ; chicken — s. children — women, calves, lambs, cattle, mouths (of beasts) — horns, heads — limbs, nests — eggs, books — pictures, glasses — casks, dresses, kerchiefs, ribbons, houses — roofs, fields — villages, castles — estates, nations — countries, woods — grasses, grains — herbs, logs — twigs, leaves — boards, holes — pigeonholes, com¬ partments, moneys — pawns, graves — valleys, baths — wheels, songs (eyelids) — lights, swords. baê — ipül^ner, Kinber — SSeiber, Kälber, Sommer, -Stinber, Xlläuler —• Börner, Häupter — ©lieber, Stefter — ©ier, iöücper — Silber, ©läfer — Säffer, Kleiber, TüdEier, Sättber, ^läufer — ©äd^er, gelber — ®örfer, (Sd^Iöffer — ©üter, Sölfer — Sänber, ^lölger — ©röfer, Körner — Kröuter, ©cpeiter — Oteifer, Slätter — Sretter, Södper — gäc^er, ©elber — ipfönber, ©ruber — Säler, Säber — Stäber, Sieber (Siber) — Sidpter, Sd}merier, With the neuter prefix @e- : ©efidbter — ©emüter, ©emäcfier — ©etnänber, ©efdjled^ter — ©efpenfter. faces — minds, souls, apartments — garments, sexes, genders — spectres. THE NOUN. 13 Two borrowed nouns: Siegimenter .— §of|3ttäIcr, regiments — hospitals. (3) The following masculine nouns: ber SKanb — 9länber, edge, rim, rind — s. 21innner — ©otter, men — gods. Seiber — ©elfter, bodies — spirits, minds. SEälber — 2Bürmer, woods — worms. II. The Weak Plural (cf. § 21). 107. Plural of Feminine Suffixes. Nouns ending in -e in the singular can, of course, take no e in the plural, they take n. The other feminine suffixes follow the analogy of the feminine suffix -e. (Suffix -in doubles n before the en of the plural, -innen.) ber Sînabe — ^aben, boy — s. bic Sippe — ßippett, lip — s. baê ?tuge — Stugen, eye — s. bie Königin — ííoniginnen, queen — s. iöädereien — fÇreibeiten, bakeries — liberties, íperrft^aften — SBo^nungen, ladies and gentlemen — dwellings. 3;oten — Sugenben, deeds — virtues. 108. Final e dropped in the Singular. Many nouns have dropped their final -e in modern German, but have kept their original plural in -en. With other nouns without this suffix analogy has produced a weak plural in place of the strong, and they have gone in this class. (i) Masculine and therefore declined weak also in the singular (cf. 40) are: ber aiîenfdpfe), be§ fWenfc^en man — men. —SOfenfcipen), ^errn — gelben, gentlemen — heroes. ilJringeti, f^iirften, ©rafen, princes, dukes, counts. 14 GRAMMATICAL VOCABULARY. Sîarren (5Coren) — @eáen, fools — fops. ^Bauern ■— JZac^barn, farmers — neighbors. 2?orfa^rcn — Untertanen, ancestors — vassals, subjects. 93ären, Spfauen, (Spaden, bears, peacocks, sparrows. a. Many nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek changed their foreign ending to German -e, which they now have dropped ; especially those with accented endings like the following ; ©tubenten, SJSoeten, students, poets. ^bealijten, K^rijten, idealists. Christians. ©olbaten, ©iamanten, soldiers, diamonds. SReiruten, SSeteranen, ^ameraben, recruits, veterans, comrades, ©emoiraten, ^efuiten, democrats, Jesuits. 5ß^tlofopi^en, ^pi^ilologen, philosopher, philologists. b. Some German and foreign ethnic names also belong here : SSatern, 5ßommern, Ungarn, Bavarians, Pommeranians, Hungarians. fufaren, Ulanen, Äofaden, Hussars, Ulans, Cossacks. (2) Feminines belonging here are all feminine nouns without suffixes not given in § 105 (2), especially: bte ^rau(e) — grauen, woman — women. U^ren — Siiiren, clocks, watches — doors. Sailen — Stullen, numbers — ciphers. SSabnen -— IBurgen, railroads — castles. ©djnuren — Spuren, strings — tracks (traces), geiten — Sírten, times — species, kinds. 5Betnen — dualen, pains — tortures. ScEiuIben — Äojten, debts — expenses. SBa^en — Sd)aren, , elections — crowds, flocks. Slrbeiten — Slntmorten, works — answers. ©egenben — tsefa^ren, regions — dangers. a. Likewise many borrowed nouns (cf. the borrowed masculine nouns), especially those with accented endings like the following: THE NOUN. 15 2Kiütonen, SWcIobien, gabriíen, Äonferengen, SOÍebijincn, Unibcrfitäten, Sötbliot^cien, j^ifluren, ^ßcrfoncn. millions, melodies, factories. Conferences, medicines, universities, libraries, figures, persons. (3) Neuter (only a few German and a few borrowed words) : ba§ 01^r(e), be§ 93etten — ^emben, ^utneieit — (Statuten, ^nfctten. ear — s. beds —• shirts, jewels — statutes, insects. 109. Feminine Nouns in -tv, -cl form a special class of the nouns which have dropped their final -e in the singular. They add n in the plural, not en. Since this n in the plural is a certain sign of their gender, the learning of the plural dispenses with learning the article. bte (Sd^tnefter — (Sc^tuefteru, ©d^ultern — Síd^feln, Síbern — gafern, Slíafern — Slattern, Síllítern — 3Jîufd^eIn, Äartoffefn, Qtniebeln, 2JîanbeIn, (Semmeln, fWauern — Kammern, (Sd^inbefn — Änd^eln, Stabein — gebern, ©abeln —- ©cfiaufeln, ©dljadCtteln — (Sc^üfieln, Settern — Seid^feln, Klammern — geffeln, 3tffern — 3Zummern, Dtegeln — gabeln, iBibefn — Kangeln, Orgeln — Setern, $(afeln — SIngeln, Klingeln — Kugeln, gacfeln —goltern. sister — s. shoulders, veins — fibres, measles — pocks, oysters — clams, mussels, potatoes, onions, almonds, rolls. walls — chambers. shingles — tiles. needles, pins — feathers, pens. forks — shovels. boxes — bowls. ladders — wagonshafts. clamps — fetters. figures — numbers. rules — fables. bibles — pulpits. organs — street organs. tables, blackboards — angles, hinges, bells — balls, spheres, torches — tortures. i6 GRAMMATICAL VOCABULARY. SBurgcIn — Díunaeln, í^nfcln. Singular: bic SSutter — bte fieber, bic ©enter — bte ©rauer. roots — wrinkles, islands. butter — liver, duration — mourning. no. Mixed Declension. Some masculine nouns which are strong in the singular have taken a weak plural in en. Here belong a few monosyllables and a few nouns in -cr. -ei. ber ©taot (be§ (staatS) — state — s. ©taaten, ber ©bom — ©Jtoren, spur — s. ©een — SJlaften, lakes — masts. ©omen — ©trablem thorns —rays. Sterben — ©d^tnergen, nerves — pains. Sßfalmen, psalms, ber Setter — Settern, cousin — s. SSÎnêleln — ©tad^eln, muscles — stings. Äonfuln, consuls. a. Also Latin words with the unaccented suffix -or take -en in the plural, the accent falling then on the -or. Compare : ©oitor — ©oitoren, doctor — s. Srof effor — Srofefforen, professor — . s. But: SSÎajor — Tla\ott. major — s. III. Special Plural Formations. HI. More than One Piurai is formed by some nouns having more than one meaning. bie Sani —- (©(bul)bänte, bench — (school) benches. — (©bar)banien, bank — (savings) banks. ba§ SBort —(Itebe), SBorte, word — (dear) words. — (leidste) SBörter, — (easy) words. ba§ ©ucÇi,- — (feine) ©ucbe, cloth — (fine) cloths. — (©afcf)en)tiicber, — handkerchiefs. THE NOUN. 17 bag' ©efic^t — (^nber)geHd)ter, face — (children) faces. — (S!raum) gcfid^te, — (dream) visions, ber 33anb — (§olto)i)änbe, volume — (folio) volumes, bag SSanb — (^amtlien)i)anbe, bond — ties (of family). — (Sirm)bänber, band — bracelets, ber ©d^ilb — (2Bat)pen)fc^iIbc, shield — coats of arms, bag ©c^ilb — (3Keiitng)fd^iIbcr, sign —■ (brass) signs, ber §Iur — (§au§)flure, . hall — halls (of houses)^, bie fjiur — ({Jelb)fiuren", field — fields. Note I. Instead of the unusual regular plural some abstract nouns use a compound. ber Sob — Sobegfälle, death — deaths (cases of death). bie ©unft — ©uni'tbeaeugungen, favor — favors (proofs of favor). Note 2. Nouns compounded with -monn do not form the plural-mönner, but -leute 'people', if the plural has a col¬ lective meaning. Compare : ber ßl^emann — ßl^emänner, married man — men. ber ©taatgmann — smänner, statesman — men. ber Sergmann — S3ergleute, ^ miner — s. ber (Seemann — (Seeleute, sailor — s. 112. Borrowed Nouns which have kept their foreign character form their plural as follows : ( I ) Many keep their foreign plural in § : ber S3aIIon — SSallong, balloon — s. bag Ißiano — Ißianog, piano — s. (2) Some nouns borrowed from Latin words in -um, -ium, -mus form their plural in -en, as if the foreign ending had been changed to German -e. bag SSerbum — S3erben, verb — s. bag @t)mnaftum — ©Qmnaiten, college — s. Äabttal — ten; DKineral — ten, capital — s; mineral — s. ber 3'f^^tr)mug —• men; ^ft^mug rhythm — s; isthmus — es. — men. i8 GRAMMATICAL VOCABULARY. (3) Some Greek nouns in -ma form their plural like those above, in -en, or in -mota, -mate. ba§ ©rctma — men; Sßrigma drama — s; prism — s. — men, ba§ $1^ema — mata; Mima theme — s; climate — s. — mate, 113. The Plural of Proper Names is formed as follows : (1) Christian names form the plural in -e, but those ending in a vowel in -§. Umlaut never occurs with proper names. Äarle, grange, £)tto§, Stnna§ Charleses, Franks, Ottos, An- finbet man überall. nas one finds everywhere. (2) Surnames form a plural in -B, but only to designate all members of one family. Compare : SWüIIerB ftnb nid^t gu lpau§. The Millers are not at home. ®te ©ebitler, ©l^aíefbeare ftnb The Schillers, Shakespeares, feiten, are rare. II. DRILLS AND SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES. DRILLS Drill I. i. I am; we are.—2. He is; ye are.—3. It is; he is.—4. Thou art; ye are; you are.—5. She is; they are; you are. 6. As small as I; smaller than I.—^^7. As light as that or lighter than that.—8. How good? As good as he? No, better than he.—9. How cheap ! So cheap ! Cheaper than that.—10. Not so small as we and smaller than they. iï. Are we? No, we are not.—Are ye? No, ye are not. —Is she? No, she is not.—12. Are they not? Are you not?—13. I am; he is not.—14. Art thou not? No, I am not.—15. Who are you? Who are ye? Who art thou? —16. Where is she? Where are they? Where are you?— 17. What is it? What is he.—18. Where am I? Where are we? 19. Not as bad as we; worse than they.—20. Big, bigger, still bigger.—21. How old? As old as he? No, older than he.—22. As beautiful as she? More beautiful.—23. Warm enough? Too warm; still warmer.—24. How cold? Not colder.—25. As dark as that or darker than that.—26. Not so dear as that; still dearer.—27. How beautiful and that still more beautiful.—28. As young as he or still younger; no, not younger. Drill H. A. i. He is the father; she is the mother; they are the children.—2. Where is he, the husband? Where is she, the wife? Where are they, the children?—3. What is she, the daughter? What is he, the son? What are they, the parents?'—^4. How old are they, the brothers and sisters? 22 drills. How old is he, the brother? How old is she, the sister?— 5. When is he at home, the gentleman? When is she at home, the lady? When is she at home, the young lady? —6. How is he, the boy? How is she, the girl? How are they, the people?—7. Here he is (tr. is he), the dog; here she is, the cat.—8. Where is she, the cook? Where is he, the cook?—9. He is the teacher and she is the teacher.— id. She is Elsie's (@ife§) friend; he is Otto's friend.—11. Who is this gentleman? Who is this lady? Who is this young lady ? Who are these men ? Who are these women ? —12. Which boy is older? Which girl is older? Which children are older?—13. The dog which is there (tr. there is) ; the cat which is there; the horse which is there.—14. Which cow is better? Which calf? Which ox?—15. This chicken is bigger; this rooster; this hen.—16. The lady who is there. The gentleman who is there. The people who are there. Drill II. B. i. The gentleman; a gentleman. The lady; a lady. The young lady; a young lady.—2. The daughter; a daughter. The girl ; a girl. The nephew ; a nephew.—3. The animal ; an animal. The human being; a human being.—4. One uncle; an uncle. One aunt; an aunt.—5. A niece; no niece. A (boy) cousin; no (boy) cousin.—6. No, no grandfather. No, no grandmother.—7. The calf ; a calf ; one calf ; no calf.—8. A son but no daughter. No brother, but one sister. —9. The horse; the dog. A horse; a dog. No horse; no dog.—10. No, no rooster. No, no hen. No, no chicken. Drill H. C. i. I and my brother.—^We and our brother.—2. He and his sister.—She and her sister.—It and it)s sister.—They and their sister.—3. Thou and thy child.—Ye and your drills. 23 child.—You and your child.—4. Our dog; your cat; their horse.—5. My boy; her girl ; his children.—6. Ye and her boy and their girl.—7. Ye and your uncle.—8. The dog and his master (tr. gentleman).—The cat and her mistress (tr. fem. to gentleman).—The horse and its master.—9. The father and his son and his daughter.—The mother and her son and her daughter.—10. The teacher and his children.— The teacher and her children.—11. We and our father and our brothers and sisters.—Ye and your child and your serv¬ ants (tr. people).—12. He and his friend (two ways, m. and f.).—She and her cook (2 ways).—They and their cousin (two ways).—13. We and ye; our and your children. —I and thou ; my and your grandfather.—They and you ; their and your girl.—14. She and her horse. They and their horse. You and your horse.—15. Are ye her children or their children? Drill II. D. i. One dog? Yes, one.—One cat? Yes, one.—One horse? Yes, one.—2. No women? No, none.—No gentleman? No, none.—No young lady? No, none.—3. A brother? Yes, one. No, none.—^A girl? Yes, one. No, none.—A sister? Yes, one. No,, none.—4. No son? Yes, one.—No daugh¬ ter? Yes, one.—No child? Yes, one. 5. Our teacher (two ways) ? Yes, ours.—Their cook (two ways)? Yes, theirs.—His friend (two ways)? Yes, his.—6. Her girl? Yes, hers.—Our servants( tr. people)? .Yes, ours.—7. Their cousin (2 ways), not mine.—8. Your brother? Yes, yours (3 ways).—9. Their chicken, not hers (i. e. (i) chicken, (2) chickens).—10. His ox, not mine ( (i) ox, (2) oxen). 24 drills. Drill III. 1. Which arm? The right one or the left one? (Form the same sentence with;) leg, foot, hand, eye, shoulder, — elbow, cheek, ankle, ear. 2. Only one foot? Yes, only one.—Only one hand? Yes, only one.—Only one leg? Yes, only one.—3. No eye? No, none.—No lung? No, none.—No finger? No, none. 4. My face is smaller than yours (3 ways).—5. His mouth is bigger than hers.—6. Her nose is more beautiful than his.—7. Our hair is darker than yours (3 ways). 8. Where is the head?—It is here. (Form the same sen¬ tence with:) forehead, neck, knee, ankle, upperlip, thumb, heart, back, heel. 9. The chest, its measure (ba§ SHofe). (Form the same sentence with:) head, neck, hand, foot, wrist. Drill IV, (See Grammar, Exercise IV.) drills. 25 Drill V. A. i. The tea is good; good tea; the good tea; my good tea; the tea is well served (ferbiert).—2. The butter is bad ; bad butter; the bad butter; my bad butter; the butter is badly served.—3. The food (tr. eating) is fine; fine food; the fine food; my fine food; the food is finely served.— The apples are beautiful; beautiful apples; the beautiful apples ; my beautiful apples ; the apples are beautifully served. 5. Compare; Big, little, cold, warm, quick, slow, strong, weak, dear, cheap. 6. Compare: The poor man, the rich woman, the young child, the old children. 7. Compare : My long coat, my short vest, my tight dress, my wide shoes. 8. Compare : Hot tea, sweet milk, hard water. Drill V. B. 1. (1) This boy is big, (2) the big boy, (3) a big boy, (4) big boy, (5) big boys, (6) the big boys, (7) a bigger boy, (8) the bigger boy, (9) the biggest boy, (10) my biggest boy. 2. (1) This child is little, (2) little child, (3) the little children. (4) smaller children, (5) a little child, (6) our little children, (7) the smallest children, (8) the small child, (9) the smaller child. 3- (1) This woman is prettier, (2) pretty women, (3) the prettier woman, (4) no pretty women, (5) a prettier woman, (6) pretty woman, (7) the pretty woman, (8) the prettiest woman. 26 drills. Clever dog, a cleverer dog, dogs are clever, my clever dog, the clever dog, no cleverer dogs, clever dogs, which clever dog, the cleverest dog, your cleverest dog, this dog is cleverer. This strong horse, no stronger horse, a strong horse, strong horses, my strongest horse, strongest horses, no strong horses, the strongest horses, which strong horse, the horse is strong. 6. (1) Which cat is younger, (2) a young cat, (3) our young cats, (4) young cats, (5) which young cat, (6) no young cat, (7) the younger cats, (8) the youngest cat, (9) young cat, ( 10) the younger cat, (11) the young cats, (12) this cat is young. 7- (1) The high tree, (2) the tree is high, (3) this tree is higher, (4) the highest tree, (5) higher trees, (6) the higher trees, (7) highest trees, (8) a high tree, (9) our trees are higher, ( 10) no higher tree, fii) the higher tree, (12) this tree is^highest. Drill VI. Write 'Present Tense' and 'Imperative' of verbs given in the vocabulary. i. Thou goest; go. Ye go; go. You go; go.—2. She works ; they work.—3. I stand ; we stand.—4. He sits ; ye sit—5. Pay (thou) attention; pay (ye) attention; pay drills, 27 (you) attention.—6. I alter; they alter.—7. He remains; he waits.—8. We live; we stand; we alter.—9. He pays attention ; thou payest attention ; ye pay attention.—10. Thou askest; thou answerest. ii. Be working; thou art not working.—12. Does he fetch it? He does not fetch it. I am fetching it.—13. He is outside; he is walking; he studies (tr. learns) walking.— 14. She is industrious; she is paying attention.—15. Are they well? Are they living? How do they live?—15. What do you say? What do you do?—16. We are still here; we are sitting; we wait sitting.—17. I do not remain. Doest thou remain?—18. You are making noise; do not make noise.—19. Does she do it? She is doing it; she does not do it.—20. Ye are lazy; ye are playing; be writing. Drill VII. Write 'Present Tense' and 'Imperative' of strong verbs given in the vocabulary and of the auxiliaries of mode. i. Ye say; he says. Ye have; he has.—2. I wait; thou waitest. I have ; thou hast.—3. Be still ; be working.—4. He becomes ; ye become. They become ; she becomes. I become; we become.—5. He goes; he gives.—6. Thou fallest; thou sayest.—7. Stand (thou); speak (thou).—8. You are learning; learn. You are still; be still.—9. Thou livest; live. Thou becomest; become. Thou readest; read. —10. Ye go; thou goest. Ye see; thou seeest.—11. Do not fall; thou fallest. Do not throw; thou throwest.—12. I take; she takes. I understand; she understands.—13. He is waiting; he is holding. She is answering; she is scolding. 14. I say; I may. I fall; I shall.—15. I write; he writes. I know; he knows.—16. He comes; ye come. He must; ye must.—17. I lie ; we lie., Twish ; we wish.—18. She asks ; they asl^-^9. ^hou ioveSt; fov^''^¥hou wísíiest; wish.— 20. Thou carriest; ye carry. Thou mayest; ye may.—21. I 28 drills. Stand; stand (thou). I eat; eat (thou). I know; know (thou).—22. He pays attention; thou payest attention; ye pay attention. He must; thou must; ye must.—23. He goes ; he knows ; he sits ; he wishes ; he asks ; he is permitted.—24. We are; we are to. We have; we have to.—25. I tell; I am told to. I let; I am permitted to.— 26. Who has? Who has to?—Who is? Who is to? Drill VIII. i. And he walks. He never walks. There he walks,. Where he walks. There is a man walking there.—2. To¬ morrow Lne?d it. I always need it. For I need it. What I need.—3. But he runs too fast. To-day he runs too fast. How fast he runs.—4. And they lose it. Again they lose it. They sometimes lose it. Who loses it?—5. Therefore you do not find it. But you do not find it. Why do you not find it?—6. But I am not well, but sick.—7. For he is sick or he is late. Again he is late. How often is he late? —8. How long does he sleep? How long he sleeps. Rarely he sleeps so long. For he sleeps so long. He always sleeps so long^jjj^. There, ^ou fall. Where you fall. Or you fall. You never faÎÇ—^10. But he is not rich, but is poor, but has enough.—11. There is a man speaking there. There he speaks. Where he speaks. Where does he speak?— 12. Now the children are playing. They often play. What do they play? What they play. And they play. But they do not work, but they play, but not long. There they are playing now. There are children playing there. Drill IX. i. I stand. I stand (get)—up. I get—up—late. I get —up—^late—again. I get—up—^late—again—to-day. (Build up in the same way:) DRILLS. 29 2. I shall—^täke—it—along—to-morrow.—3. I must—go —^to school—now.—4. He has—never—^money—for me. 5. We must—always—wait—^very long.—6. I can—not —go—out—to-day.—7. He becomes—he always becomes — sick — easily.—8. He will—have to—pay—attention— again.—9. He wishes—to copy—off—again—his work.— 10. We are to—come—home—now.—11. We shall—^be able—to speak—German.—12. I must—try—to write— better (2 ways, § 35, 2," a).—13. I shall—begin—to read— more (2 ways).—14. He must—stop—to sleep—so long (2 ways).—15. I am—not—yet—old enough.—16. I can— not—^yet—^buy—it.—17. I wish—not—to be—late—to-day. I wish—not—to be—late—again—to-day.—18. Who can— say—it—better—now?—19. You can—not—see—me—^now, —20. I must—^begin—to look—for it—again (2 ways). 21. I like to read German books (I read—willingly— German books).—22. We do not like to lose money (we lose—not—willingly—money).—23. I like—to play—cards. I like—^milk. I like—^your sister.—24. He does not like— to wait—longer (2 ways: (i) 'feeling,' (2) 'desire').—25. He does not like—to begin—again (2 ways).—26. I like— money. I like—to have money.—27. She likes—^to get —up—late ('feeling'). She does not like—to get—up— now ('desire').—28. I care—for pictures. I care—for having—pictures. I do not care—to buy—this picture ('desire'). Drill X. A. I. I hold him; I help him.—2. He answers them; he asks them. 3. We love her; we believe her.—4. I find them; I meet them.—5. He asks me; he thanks me.—6. She trusts you ; she needs you.—7. I follow him ; I catch him.—8. It fits me; it makes me taller; it pleases me.—9. I punish thee; I benefit thee.—10. We serve him; we look for him —II. He disturbs her; he harms her. 30 DRILtS. 12. Go to them; give it to them; it belorigs^to them.—13. He writes to you; he comes to you; hé is- good to (i. e. toward) you; he is dear to you.—14. Speak to us; say to us; tell us.—15. I lend the book to her; I send the book to her (house) ; the book is lacking to her.—1-6. He is not coming to me ; it is all the same to me.—17. He rs very strict to (i. e. toward) them; that does not suit them (tr. is not right to them).—18. Run to her; take (tr. bring) it to her.—19. He is not writing to us; he is not coming to us; why? that is not clear to us.—20. He was naughty to him; it is known to him. 21. With me; without me; for me; from me.—22. Around them; by them; against them;■ through them.—23.G0 be¬ hind him; go after him.—24. Go to her; go for her; it is for her.—25. Come before me; stand before me. Come for me; do it for me.—26. Without you; out of you; against you; after you; around you. 27. I like pictures ('feeling') ; I like this picture ('impres¬ sion').—28. She likes (to drink) coffee; she likes small coffeecups; she does not like this cup.—^29. How does he like his shoes? He likes more comfortable shoes better.— 30. You like to drive; you like a fast horse. How do you like my horse? Drill X. B. i. They love themselves; they harm each other.—2. We keep ourselves at home; we do not call on each other, but we are polite (tr. mannerly) to each other.—3. The children love her; she has them about her.—4. Nobody likes them: they have everybody against them.—5. He has no money about (tr. by) him; they are sending him away. 6. I see myself; I look myself.—7. He sits himself; he seats himself.—8. She goes herself; she shows herself.—9. I speak for myself ; I speak myself.—xo. They praise them- DRlLLS.r 31 selves; they forget themselves; they know it themselves.— II. We help ourselves; we need it ourselves.—12. He loves himself; he eats himself.—13. They work themselves; they overwork themselves.—14. Dress thyself and come thyself. —15. You are dirty, wash yourself. Wash yourself, it is better for the clothes. Drill XI. i. The niece;.the nephew. A niece; a nephew. I have a niece ; I have a nephew. With my niece ; with my nephew, r—2. Our horse ; our ox. Buy our horse ; buy our ox. From our horse; from our ox.—3. This lady; this gentleman. See this lady ; see this gentleman. Speak to this lady ; speak to this gentleman.—4. His youngster (^unge) ; his (girl) cousin. Get his youngster; get his cousin. Play with his youngster; play with his cousin.—5. The eye; the end; the letter a. See the eye; see the end; see the letter. Of the eye; of the end; of the letter. The eyes; the ends; the letters. 6. The German (m.) ; a German (m.) ; no German (f.) ; thèse Germans; without Germans; with Germans; I know a German (m.) ; I know a German (f.) ; I know Germans. I know no Germans; I know it from a German (m.) ; from a German (f.); from the Germans. 7. The good man (not 'woman') ; the good man (i. e. 'human being'). (Give both words;) I love a good man.— Without good men,—. No good men,—. No good man,—. We help the good man,—. I praise the good men,—. Good men,—. We help a good man,—. We help the good men,—. I find no good man,—. 8. Who is his cousin (m.) ? I know his cousin.—9. He is a good teacher; I call him a good teacher.—10. He has a nephew; I am his nephew.—11. I need a new tailor; he remains my tailor.—12. He is becoming a big boy; I like a big boy. 32 drills. Drill XII. Write 'declensions' of strong and weak nouns. i. Of the dog; of the horse; of the cat.—Of the old dog; of the old horse; of the old cat.—2. Of a son; of a daughter. Of a good son; of a good daughter.—^3. Of our uncle; of our aunt. Of our dear uncle; of our dear aunt. —4. Of which spoon; of which knife; of which fork. Of which pretty spoon ; of which pretty knife ; of which pretty fork. 5. Of my nephew; of my niece.—6. Of her cousin (f.) ; of her youngster.—7. Of this lady; of this gentleman.—8. Of our horse; of our ox.—9. Of the man (not 'woman') ; of the man (i. e. 'human being').—10. The end; the eye; the letter a. Of the end; of the eye; of the letter. ii. I wash my child; I wash my hair; I wash my child's hair.—12. Take your shoes; polish your shoes.—13^ She buys her gloves ; she loses her gloves.—14. My sister's teeth are beautiful; my sister's teeth are aching.—15. They have their own rooms; they clean their own rooms. 16. The house of my sons; one of my sons. Do you bethink yourself of my sons? What do you think of my sons?—17. A friend of cake; a pound of cake; on account of the cake.—18. The weather of (tr. the) April; the tenth of April; I am tired of (tr. the) April.—19. The work of the boys is too much; the room is full of boys; I am sure of the boys.—20. The father of his three children ; the father of three children; one of three children; on account of his three children. Drill XIII. Write 'Present Tense', 'Imperative' and 'Preterite' of weak and strong verbs. drills. 33 Write the 'Principal Parts' of the verbs given in vocabu¬ laries VII and XIII. i. I live; I give. He lives; he gives. I lived; I gave. —2. We ask (question) ; we carry. We asked; we carried.— 3. He says; he strikes. He said; he struck.—4. They pull; they show. They pulled; they showed.—5. She reads; she leaves. She read; she left.—6. You stay; you divide. You stayed; you divided.—7. You (thou) seize; you let go. You seized; you let go.—8. He holds; he waits. He held; he waited.—9. They play; they lose. They played; they lost—10. She reckons; she scolds. She reckoned; she scolded. ii. I have learned; I have studied.—12. We have eaten; we have forgotten.—13. He has played; he has prepared. —14. They have taken ; they have taken to pieces ; they have taken up.—15. They have heard; they have belonged; they have stopped.—16. She has given everything; she has given out everything; she has forgiven everything.—17. You have spoken it; you have pronounced it (tr. spokèn it out) ; you have promised it.—18. I have looked for him; I have called on him; I have looked him up.—19. I have seen; I have looked at (tr. be-seen) ; I have looked (appeared).—^20. He has needed the money; he has used the money; he has used up the money. Drill XIV. i. I had to; I was to.—2. He was able to; he was per¬ mitted to.—3. We liked to; we wanted to.—4. They knew everything; they knew (i. e. had learned) everything; they knew everybody.—5. He ends (id) enbe) ; he sends. He ended; he sent.—6. I sing; I bring. I sang; I brought.— 7. We begin; we know (him). We began; we knew.—8. He drinks; he thinks. He drank; he thought.—9. I called him; I called him Charles.—10. They ran (2 words). 34 drills. ii. I have been able to; I have been able to come.—12. He has had to; he has had to go.—13. He has been per¬ mitted to stay. Has he been permitted to?—14.- They have wanted to ; they have wanted to try it.—15. They did not like to wait; they did not like to. 16. I was; I became. I have been; I have become.—17. Irdid it; I did not do it.—18. I have done it; it is done (tr. ready).—19. I went; I came. I have gone; í have come.—20. He has gone; he is gone (tr. away).—-21. He lies ; he lies ; he lay ; he lays ; he laid ; he lied.—22. They have lied; they have laid; they have lain.—23. He sits; he sets; he set; he sat; he has set; he has sat.—24. I stood it; I stood; I have stood it; I have stood.—25. He prays; he asks ; he offers. He asked ; he prayed ; he offered. He has offered; he has asked; he has prayed. Drill XV. i. When do we go to the country? Then we go to the country. When we go to the country. When we were in the country the last time.—2. Because I know them very well. For I know them very well. Besides (tr. also) I know them very well.—3. But he is not at home, but is out. Again he is not at home. Although he is not at home. —4. Where have you left it? I do not know where I have left it.—5. Who is your best friend? Can you tell me who is your best friend? The boy who is your best friend.—6. What have you told him? Tell me what you have told him. Exactly the words that you have told him.—7. When do you see him again ? When you see him again. Then you see him again. When you saw him again.—8. Although he has sent an excuse. And he has sent an excuse. At least he has sent an excuse.—9. For it is raining there very often. Because it is raining there very often. Mostly it is raining there.—10. Here she has lost her gloves. Or she DRILLS. 35 has lost her gloves. If she has lost her gloves. Where has she lost her gloves?—ii. For a long time (tr. long) he has not written us. But he has not written us, but has not answered. Whether he has written us or not.—12. Who will be our new president? Can you tell me who will be our new president? Can you indicate for me (tr. name me) the man who will be our new president?—13. What did you like better? Tell me what you did like better. The piece that you did like better.—14. I know that it will hurt you. But it will hurt you. Surely it will hurt you.—15. Whom (tuen) doj^ou wish to ask to dinner (tr. to table)? Do you not know yet whom you wish to ask to dinner? Tell (tr. name) me tlie name of the boy whom you wish to ask to dinner. Supplementary Exercises Exercise I. C i. She is taller than he. He is not so tall as she.—2. Who is outside? It is I (tr. I am it).—3. Is it warm enough? Warm enough! It is too warm.—^4. Boys are taller than girls and girls are more beautiful than boys.—5. How hot it is, inside as hot as outside.—6. (Go) home, boys! It is too dark and too cold.—7. We are older than you, boys, and taller.—8. Mary is not here. Where is she? Is she upstairs? No, she is not at home, she is out.— 9. It is dear, dearer than that. Is it better than that? —10. How beautiful and so cheap, cheaper than that.—11. Is Charles at home? No, he is not in (tr. there).—12. Are you younger than he. Otto? Yes, I am younger and not so tall as he.—13. That is not better, that is worse.—14. You are too young, girls, you are not yet( tr. yet not) old enough.—15. Who are you? Are you Mr. N.? You are as tall as he. Exercise H. C. i. A boy and a girl are outside. The boy is big and the girl is little.—2. One eett is enough, two are too t»»eb»—3. A dog is outside.—K dog'is an animal.—^4. This boy is no boy, he is like (tr. as) a girl.—5. A man is sick. The doc¬ tor is here.—6. He is a shoemaker.—A shoemaker is not very healthy.—7. Which girl is younger?—^This girl is younger and smaller.—8. No, no dog is more faithful than this dog. That is true.—9. A tailor is here, but no dress¬ maker.—10. A tailor is a man, a dressmaker is a woman.— ii. The parents are away, but one son and one daughter are at home.—12. It is still a calf, it is no cow.—13. No, no boy is better than he.—14. No men are downstairs, but women and children.—15. The parents have come (tr. are 38 supplementary exercises. there), but no children.—16. The teacher is a man, a woman teacher is for (für) girls. Exercise II. E. i. Is your brother still sick, Charles?—No, my brother is no longer (tr. no more) sick, but my sister is not well. —2. How old is their daughter?—She is ten and their son is twelve or still older.—3. Is his father a doctor or a pro¬ fessor?—His father is a doctor and a professor.—4. Where are your children, Mrs. N. ?—The boys are out, but the girls are at home.—5. My tailor and my milliner are very good, but they are very dear.—6. Who is more diligent, Charles, your brother or your sister?—7. Our grandfather is dead and our grandmother is very old.—8. Who is outside?— Your tailor, Mr. N.—9. How old are your parents, children ? —Father is 69 and mother is 62.—10. Who is sick, her husband or his wife?—11. Our horse is no longer (tr. no more) young and is very slow.—12. Who is this child and where is its mother?—13. Our brothers and sisters are not lazy, it is not true.—14. How naughty you are, children, and your father is sick. That is not nice.—15. Her brother is much older than she and her sister. He is in New York, and is very rich.—16. Our girl is very pretty, she is prettier than my sister.—17. Is your son at home, Mr. N. ?—No, my son is out.—18. The horse and its master (tr. mister) are dead.—19. They are gone, but their cat is still there. —20.. It is very cold outside, children. Are your brothers and sisters still out? Exercise IV. i. I have four pairs of shoes. Where are they. Here is none.—2. My face is clean, but my hands are dirty.—3. My teeth and my lungs are sound, but my stomach is weak. supplementary exercises. 39 My eyes and my ears are good, but my hair (tr. pi.) is thin.—4. America has many cities, but none is as large as London.—5. Where are my things?—Here are your suits and your shoes; your shirts, collars and cuffs have not yet come (tr. are yet not there), but your handkerchiefs and your socks are all clean.—6. She is not pretty. Her hands and her feet are too large, her eyes and her ears are too small, her teeth are bad and her shoulders are uneven (tr. un-alike).—7. These stockings are too old, the heels and the toes are thin.—8. Many people are there, officers, teachers, bakers, butchers, tailors, dressmakers, men cooks and women cooks.—9. He has his books and his pencils, but he has no pens and no penholders.—10. Apples are cheaper than pears and peaches, and figs are dearer than dates.—11. Socks are for men, stockings for women, hats are for gentlemen, caps are for boys.—12. These suits are better than mine (is) and these shirts are finer than mine (is).—These houses are larger than ours (is) and these sidewalks are wider than ours (is). Exercise V. D. i. How many brothers and sisters-has he? He has two brothers and two sisters. His oldest brother is a doctor, but his youngest brother is still a little boy. His older sister is away, but his second sister is at home.—2. Our new house has ten fine rooms. My room is at the top (tr. all above). It is big and high. It has two big windows and two gas brackets. A small desk, a fine bureau, a big wardrobe, a soft sofa, a pretty table, four comfortable chairs and a wide bed are also there.—I have two pretty rugs, one is larger than the other, but the smaller (one) was more ex¬ pensive (tr. dearer) than the larger (one). They-aie ^o very fine rugs^ f^have no money for the most expensive (tr. dearest) rugs, but they are good enough for me.—3. 40 supplementary exercises. That is my last handkerchief. I have no others (any) more. I have never enough.—4. Is that the same plate or is that another (one) ? It is also not clean, it is all dirty. Has the girl no clean plates?—5. N. is a small city, its bad streets are narrow, its old houses are low, it has no pure water and it is the dirtiest city in America.—6. The two brothers are very different, one has black hair and the other is blond (blonb). One is six feet (tr. foot) tall and the other is smaller than I. The older (one) has a long nose, but the younger (one) has an entirely different (one), it is short and thick. Their clothes are also different. One has light clothes and the other dark (ones). One is, ac¬ cordingly, an entirely different man from the other (tr. an entirely other human being than the other).—7. Mount McKinley is a very high mountain; it is many thousand feet (tr. sing) high; it is the highest mountain in America. Exercise VI. D. i. Learn well what you learn. Otto.—2. Come quick, Mr. N., the coffee is waiting for (tr. on) you.—3. The coat does not fit (tr. sit) well, it is too wide.—4. How fast you write, Charles, and the writing is very good.—5. Ask my mother, she understands everything.—6. We are playing school, Charles is the teacher and we others have our books and study (tr. learn) and write.—7. Children, go home, your mother is waiting, it is late.—8. Why does this chair stand here? The other chairs stand there.—9. I write always, but I receive no answer.—10. I love playing chil¬ dren, but I do not love noisy (tr. noise-making) children. —ii. He is a hard (tr. heavy) working man.—12. He is not working, he is playing and is making noise.—13. (tr. the) school is out, we are going home and (will) play a game.—14. It is not yet (tr. yet not) late, children, stay a little longer. We are not yet going to bed, you are not supplementary exercises. 41 disturbing (us).—15. Does he go to (tr. in the) school?— No, he is too íittle, he (will) wait two years more (tr. still two years). Exercise VII. E. i. Do not leave the butter here, it is getting (tr. becoming) soft. I do not wish soft butter.—2. How many languages does your brother speak ?—He speaks five.—I do not under¬ stand that. How can he (do) it? I speak only one, and that not very well.—3. He is coming every day (tr. all days), he does not forget it.—4. Eat as much as you can, Charles, you are a big boy and eat, accordingly, much.—5. Mother is still sleeping, do not make a noise, children.—6. He takes my rubbers and does not bring them (tr. they) back.—7. He reads German as well as English, but he does not speak it.—8. The fourth (of) July falls on Monday.—9. I do not like these gloves, they do not fit (tr. sit).—10. You do not know, Charles, what we know.—11. She walks lame, she wears too tight shoes.—12. My youngest brother is growing very fast, he is growing (to be) a big boy.—13. Which (tr. what) do you like better, Mr. N., apples or pears?—I do not know (tr. it), but I (shall) take this pear, I get apples at home.—14. He has a big house, keeps horses, wears fine clothes, drives (tr. out) every day (tr. all days) and does not work. Exercise VIH. D. i. There live many rich people in New York, for New York is the richest city in America.—2. Much we know and much we do not know.—3. At first he says 'yes' and then (tr. later) he says he has no time.—4. Yesterday he was still a well man (tr. human being) and to day he is dead.—5. He does not grow, but he is healthy and strong. —6. He does not grow, but remains little.—7. Again he 42 supplementary exercises. is not answering, and I need his answer badly (tr. very).— 8. Speak slower, Charles, (or) else I understand nothingi —9. Let me (go), or I make (a) noise.—10. There is a chair, but there are no others there.—11. Sell quickly, (or) else you (will) lose everything.—12. Do not go out, but stay at home, for the weather is so cold, besides (tr. also) it is too late.—13. Do not ask me, for I know nothing.—14. Do not ask me, for I have nothing.—15. I believe he buys and sells houses, but, as far (tr, as much) as I know, he is no rich man.—16. This morning it was cloudy, but now it is clear and I need no rubbers.—17. You and your younger brother (tr. you) are very different men, also you think entirely differently from him (tr. than he).—^Yes, we are not like (tr. as) brothers, but more like cousins, but we are good friends.—18. Are you not a careless boy? Why do you not keep your room more orderly? Never do you have an orderly room. There is always everything lying everywhere. Exercise IX. D. i. I am wearing my new shoes again to-day. Are they not beautiful?—2. I like to play cards very (much), but I do not like to play to-day.—3. I like to drink coffee, but it must not be too weak; weak coffee is no (tr. not) better than warm water.—4. It is better to go to bed early and not to sleep so late (tr. long). But you can never go to bed early and you are always late at (tr. in) school.—5. My mother is still wearing black, but my sister is beginning to wear light clothes.—6. The doctor says I must stop drink¬ ing (tr. to drink) coffee, but I like coffee and I think I can drink a small cup and the doctor will say nothing.—7. You may go now and you do not need to come back again. —8. May I ask you, Mr. N, to play for me a little? I like to hear you play.—9. I have enough, I do not wish to go on reading.—10. Have you (any) cheap umbrellas to sell? supplementary exercises. 43 —These here cost much, but here is one, a pretty (one), it does not cost much; you can buy nothing cheaper, you can see that yourself (tr. alone).—ii. I prefer (tr. like better) not to go out, for it rains and I have still to write many long bills. They must (go) away to-day (tr. still to-day).—12. We must wait a little, we are not enough to begin. They will yet come, they live very far and cannot always come early. You know it takes time to come so far into (tr. in) the city. They must soon be here and then we can begin playing (tr. to play). Exercise IX. E. i. It is getting (tr. becoming) very late. I shall have to see again where Charles is (tr. stays).—2. Do not hold the book so far away, and then you will be able to read better.—3. He begins to grow very fast, he will become a big boy. He must not (tr. is not permitted to) work too much now, (or) else he will become sick. Growing children become sick easily.—4. You were not at home again last night, you never are at home for me.—5. We must play together, I cannot play anything (tr. nothing) alone.—6. How long will you stay in Germany this time?—I do not know (tr. it) yet. I wish to go (tr. ride) to Berlin first (tr. at first). I shall stay there two months. I can learn (to) speak German well there. Besides (tr. also) there are many Americans in Berlin, so I shall not be alone.—7. When will you stop writing (tr. to write) so badly? I cannot read your writing. You must learn to write better, for who will be able to understand this careless writing? —8. The dog was very big, bigger than other dogs, he was as big as a big horse. I cannot describe it differently.—9. The doctor says I shall have to drink much hot milk and pure water, but I must not (tr. am not permitted to) eat sweet things or much butter.—10. I cannot find my hand- 44 supplementary exercises. kerchief here, I must have lost it outside, I must go in (tr. on) the street, in order to look for it.—ii. I need other socks, I shall not be able to wear these here, they are too tight.—Can you not take (tr. give) them (tr. they) back? —No, I have (had) them (tr. already) too long. It is lost money.—12. He has money enough, but he says, he is too poor (tr. in order) to be able to give us (un§) our salary to-day.—I do not believe it; but he may keep his money, I do not want it. Exercise X. B. i. Do you see him?—No, but I see her. Where is he?— He is behind her.—2. You always help them, but you never help me.—3. You are very good, Mr. N., I thank you very (much).—4. Come to me and give it to me.—5. Where is the chair? Get it for me.—6. My cap is not here, I do not see it.—7. They are sick, you cannot see them (tr. (go) to them).—8. Is this book for him or for me?—It is for her, not for you; you have enough books:—9. Where is your pencil ? Give it to me.—10. I cannot find him. I shall go without him.—11. Will you go before or after us?—I shall go with, you.—12. How is his work?—I do not know (tr. it) yet. I am reading it.—13. Why do you not answer her? Do you not hear her?—14. I do not like this hat and I shall not buy it.—15. I do not like hats, I like caps better.—16. What do you know of them?—I have nothing to do with them.—17. I see you, Charles, but you do not see me.—18. His handwriting is very fine, I like it.—19. I do not like it, I do not like such (tr. so) small writing. —^20. The-^neclctle is soiled, wash it for me.—21. Where is my pencil ? I need it.—22. I am asking you something. Why do you not answer me? How long will I have to wait.— 23. A caller (tr. call) is downstairs.—Ask him to wait a minute and tell him I shall be ready soon.—24. How do you like this bill?—I find it much too high. supplementaky exercises. 45 Exercise X. C. i. What will you tell her? What will you say to her?— 2. Go after them and tell them they are to come home soon. —3. Have you anything for him?—No, but I have some¬ thing for you, Elsie.—4. Give me more, it will not hurt me. —5. This cap is too old, throw it away.—6. Where is my clean collar. Give it to me.—7. You are (tr. have) right. I believe you, but I do not believe him.—8. Go. children, I shall follow you.—9. Does this beautiful dog belong to you, Mr. N.?—^Yes, it belongs to me, but I have not had it (tr. have it) long yet.—10. I always meet him, but I do not like him. I do not like his face.—11. They are very poor. Everything is lacking to them.—12. Ask me and I shall answer you.—13. Write to them and tell them every¬ thing.—14. I promise you, to come back soon.—15. The work is not finished. Finish it.—16. Who is sitting between them ánd who is sitting beside her?—17. There is the dog, catch it and do not let it run away again.—18. Here is your apple. Otto; eat it.—19. Charles writes me, he will call on me to-night.—20. Here is the mirror; do not drop it (tr. let it fall)—21. I make (tr. let) him work much and I punish him, but it is all the same to him; he does not wish to learn.—22. I do not like this work, it takes too much time and I cannot do it well. I shall never get through. —23. Will you promise me, not to do it again. Then I shall let you go. Exercise X. D. i. Where is your brother? Why do you come without him? I like him and I like to play with him. Bring him along (tr. with) another time. Do not forget it.—2. To¬ morrow is his birthday. I must send him something. He always sends me something. I am his best friend and he does everything for me.—3. How do you like Mary?—I am 46 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES. not very well acquainted with her, but everybody loves (tr. all love) her and thinks (tr. hold) much of her.—4. What have you against them? Why do you not trust them?—I shall lend them nothing (any) more, they do not keep their promise.—5. You do not speak slow enough, Mr. N., I can¬ not understand you and cannot answer you.—6. Where are the children? I do not see them. Look for them and tell them they are to come home, I wish to give them some¬ thing.—7. They always tell us, they like us, but they never call on us.—8. Do not go away, boys, stay about me, I shall need you soon.—9. Who will help me? Who is willing to do something for me?—10. I am giving your book back to you, Charles, I thank you very, much) and I ask you to read mine too, you will like it.—11. Mary must be sick, for I do not meet her (any) more. Do you see her sometimes? —There is her brother, speak to him and ask him where she is.—12. What do you want of him? He has no time, he is working. Do not go to his house (tr. to him) and do not disturb him.—13. Deaf^ Miss N., I am writing to you and ask you to come to our house (tr. to us) to-night. We wish to see you and speak with you about (tr. over) something. Come to dinner (tr! to table), you know when we eat. Exercise XI. B. i. Give the pear to the boy, he wishes to eat it.—2. Do not forget your umbrella. You will need it.—3. The store belongs to my brother, but he wishes to sell it.—4. I shall take this suit. Send it to my house (tr. in my dwelling) with the bill.—5. Have you no other cards? Ddo not like to play with dirty cards.—6. Do you go to schooí^'anÍLhow do you like it in (tr. in the) school.—y. It is cold now, but it will be still colder in the night.—8. I must buy my son a new overcoat.—9. How is (tr. goes) it with the languages? supplementary exercises. 47 Not especially well. I do not like the languages very (much). —id. He always quarrels with his brothersf^^ßut he is very good to his sisters.—ii. He is always at the store, but he does not sell, he only speaks with the people. They all like him and like to buy in his store.—12. I must write to my mother, she is waiting for (tr. on) a letter. I do not write her often enough.—13. What do you see in (tr. on) this picture ?— I see a boy and a little girl ; they are stand¬ ing beside each other, and the boy gives the little girl an apple and she holds her right band in order to take it.— 14. Do not run away with my gold (tr. golden, golben) cuff buttons, I need them.—15. I am taking (tr. bringing) my boy to school. He is five years old and must géî^'ac¬ quainted with books.—16. Charles has a new bicycle again, he wants to sell his old (one). Is he not a foolish man (tr. human being)? Always buying (tr. inf.) and buying He will soon get through with his money and then he will have to borrow from other people. Exercise XI. C. i. He is not a good business man. He is not courteous (tr. well behaved) to the people. He quarrels with them. —2. Your brother is the dearest to me among my friends.— 3. I must thank my little nephew for his birthday letter.— 4. I need clean handkerchiefs. Wash these for me.—5 I wear only black stockings, you never see me in other stock¬ ings.—6. I can do nothing with these goods, nobody wants them.—7. I do not feel comfortable in (tr. by) this heat. —8. I always wear comfortable shoes, I cannot walk in tight shoes.—9. (tr. the) wood is getting dearer "alf^tKe time^(Tr. always), do not use too mq^h of this expensive (tr. dear) wood for the fire.—10. Are you really putting on this old coat? Have you not a better one?—No, my other (one) is at the tailor's (tr. by the tailor).—11. Take off 48 supplementary exercises. (tr. lay off) your overcoat and your hat, sit down and wait a minute, I shall bring you a plate with something to eat.—12. Charles is standing on the street and is speaking with a pretty girl. He really knows all girls in the city. He makes himself acquainted with all, and all like him.— 13. Do you consider him (tr. hold him for) a German or an American?—He is half German and half American.— 14. Do you know Mr. N. and can you take (tr. bring) me to his house (tr. in his dwelling) ?—I know him and I know where he lives, but I have no time now, to go with you.—15. Be not late for (tr. to the) breakfast, the girl has her work to do and has no time to wait for (tr. on) lazy boys. Exercise XH. B. i. I must take my brother's umbrella. I cannot find mine. —2. The birthday of my father and of my mother are on the same day, on the 6th of April.—3. The joys of (tr. the) youth and of (tr. the) old age are different.—4. Here is the address of the dressmaker. She is the dressmaker of my sister and other young girls. You will like her.—5. Five of these apples are bad. Take (tr. bring) them back to the grocer and tell him he is to send me better (ones). —6. The house of our parents is for sale (tr. to sell), they will live with (tr. by) our uncle.—7. You want too much for your dog. Do you think I am the son of a millionaire ? —B. The business of her father does not do (tr. go) well, and the health of her mother is very bad.—9. See the beau¬ tiful color of this medicine, it must be a pleasure to take it, —id. I am sending only a part of the goods, I will send the other part later.—11. The school work (tr. plur.) of your son is always good.—fa. Half a cup (tr. a half cup) of coffee is enough for me, (or) else I shall not sleep well. —13. See the appetite of this youngster, he can eat three supplementary exercises. plate fuis (tr. plates) of cake.—^Well (tr. now), the appetite of growing children is always good.—14. He knows some¬ thing of five languages, but he thinks English is the best of all languages.—15. My husband cannot go out, his head and his throat are aching and he has no appetite. It may be the beginning of a sickness.—Give me the telephone num¬ ber of your doctor, I shall ask him to call on iSiS? "Many people are sick ; it is on account of the changeable weather. Exercise XII. C. i. On the nth of June (tr. the) school is out.—2. My brother's boy is not going to school to-day on account of a swollen cheek. His teeth are aching. He does not like to stay at home. He sits at (tr. by) the window of his room and is bored (tr. the time becomes long to him).—3. Do you remember my old workingman? He is not with (tr. by) me (any) more.—^What is the matter with him?— He was tired of his old business and has a store now.—4. Charles cannot write correctly. The first word of his letter is (written) wrong.—5. Do you know the letters of the al¬ phabet (tr. a b c) and can you count?—6. We have to stay in the city this year on account of the bad times. But it is all the same to me, my heart will not break. A sum¬ mer in the city is better than one thinks.—7. What is the price of this English History?—Six dollars, but that is not the real price of the book. In other stores you have to pay more.—8. Give one part of the apple to your sister and eat one yourself. How can I divide it? I have no knife.—Take your sister's knife, she will lend it to you.— I must divide everything, she wants something of every¬ thing.—^Yes, you must show the heart of a good brother.— 9. Here is the bill of your grocer. How high is it?—One dozen of eggs, 25 cents, one pound of coffee, 30 cents, 10 pounds (tr. sing.) of sugar, 50 cents, 2 pounds of butter. 50 supplementary exercises. 60 cents, 2 lemons, 5 cents, i cord (tri meter) of wood, 2 dollars, (al) together 3 dollars and 70 cents.—10. Charles has lost his father's cane with the gold head (tr. golden button). He will get it.—The poor boy, but it serves (tr. happens) him right. He always takes the things of other people and does not give them back. Exercise XHI. E. i. Who has paid attention, and who can tell it to me? Have you all forgotten it (tr. again)? Well (tr. now), I must begin from (the) beginning agaiii.—2. The rain has spoiled our whole pleasure, we must stay at home.—3. I have shot three times, but I have hit nothing. Can you shoot better?—4. Have you met (any) acquaintances (tr. ac¬ quainted (ones) ) in New York?—Yes, I met Mr. N. and his oldest son, they were making calls.—5. Are you not ashamed to have quarreled again? Who did begin?—6. Have you taken your medicine or have you forgotten it again ?—7. We won one game to-day, but we lost two games yesterday.—8. He is always with (tr. by) his horse, did he not smell strongly of (tr. after) horses again?—9. Some¬ body must have spoiled this lock. I cannot open it.—10. He threw a book behind him and hit me right (tr. straight) in the eye.—Did it hurt?-^At first I saw sun, moon and stars before my eyes, but it soon let up (tr. after).—11. Can you play (the) violin?—I played as a child, but I have forgotten everything.—12. Why do you not eat? You have eaten nothing.—O, thank you, I have taken very much Did you not see my plate, it was all full.—13. He was not at home, but I waited for (tr. on) him. I read a story (tr. in order) to have something to do.—14. He played the piano very well and his playing gave (tr. made) me great pleasure, but I like the violin )jetter.—15. I have read too long by the electric light, it has hurt' my eyes.—16. There are 46 supplementary exercises. 51 states in the United States, I have counted them.—17. Has the medicine helped you?—I have not yet taken it.—18. He has not given me back the money, he has broken his promise.—19. I have worn this coat long enough, I bought it last year.—20. He promised me to stop with his shooting, but he did not stop, but shot only still more. Exercise XIV. E. i. I was coming home very late last night. Did I dis¬ turb you?—No, you did not disturb me, I did not hear you. I was lying in bed and was sleeping.—2. The plate was so hot, I have not been able to hold it in my hand, I had to drop it (tr. let it fall).—3. I went into a restaurant, I had to eat something. I had had à very light breakfast and it was two o'clock then.—4. He asked me to be there at 4 o'clock, but he made (tr. let) me wait. He likes to make (tr. the) people wait.—5. The cat has caught two mice again and has brought them in the house.—6. Did you find (your way) home last night?—^Yes, Mr. N. brought me home, he did not know the way either (tr. also not), and we had to ask many people, but they all answered us very politely (tr. mannerly)—7. He has brought my umbrella back, he kept it more than four weeks.—Did he excuse him¬ self?—^Yes, he had stood it in his closet at home and had forgotten it.—To-day he looked for something in the closet and there it stood.—8. There was a fire (tr. it has burned) in New York last night. A large business house has (tr. is) burned down (tr. off).—9. (tr. the) young Mr. N. is dead. Did you know him?—Yes, and I liked him very much ; I asked him to dinner (tr. table) often.—He was a very merry young man, I always called him by his first name. —10. I have looked for the store of your brother, but I have not been able to find it, so I (tr. have) had to come back in order to ask you where it is.—11. What has become 52 supplementary exercises. of your fine dog?—I (tr. have) had to sell it, I jcould not keep it in the city.—12. Where have you been sitting? You have made your (§ 43, 2) suit all dirty.—I have lain on the floor and have played with the children.—13. The res¬ taurant is full, I have not been able to find an empty seat. —14. Who has left the door open again; who was it (tr. perf.) ?—Charles, I thought so (tr. it to myself).—15. I was to write to him, but I have not yet been able to find (the) time. Exercise XV. D. i. If you do not wish to, we do not need to go out, we may just as well stay at home.—2. Ask me when (ever) you cannot make your German translation, I will help you. —3. Although the bell rang three times, I could not open the door, because I lay in bed and was not dressed. I do not know who it may have been, but I think he will come back, if he really wants something.—4. When the sun stands high, it is summer; when the sun stands low, it is winter. —5. When the sun came, I had been working (tr. I worked already) two hours.—6. When did you see your father last ? —When I was in Germany last time. I only see him, when I go (tr. ride) to Germany.—7. .Çan you tell me if Mr. N. is at home, and if not, when he will be at home?—8. It is necessary that you take German lessons, for you will not speak correctly if you never hear Germans speak.—9. I offered him the money, because I heard him say, that he needed badly (tr. necessarily) 200 dollars.—10. I owe them an excuse, because I have not written them (for) so long, although they sent me a beautiful birthday present.—11. Do you know the reason, why he has given up his position ? —Yes, because he did not get a decent salary.—12. I can¬ not give you more ; if you do not wish to accept what I offer you, we can do (tr. make) no business.—13. I shall supplementary exercises. 53 send you a letter, when I get (tr. come) home, if I do not forget it.—14. I could see something only, when I stood up, because a woman who had a big hat on and did not take it off, sat on the seat in front of (tr. before) me.— 15. We do not like it where we are living now; father says that it is too far from his business.—16. Do you not know that that is not a decent word?—17; I asked him if he needed (tr. needs) money, although he has not given me back what I lent him, when he was short (tr. when it was lacking to him) the last time. Exercise XVI. D i. It is getting (tr. becoming) late, but he will come yet. I am sure of him.—^He will come yet, I am sure of it. —2. I have two nice sisters. Which (one) of them do you like better?—3. To-morrow my oldest boy must take (tr. make) his examination. I shall think of him.—4. He had a severe (tr. heavy) sickness and is not yet over its conse¬ quences.—He was very sick and is not yet over the con¬ sequences of it.—5. He is dead now, he was my best friend. —6. That is only a foolish whim (tr. humor) of his.—7. Do you know that beautiful young girl who always visits us in (tr. the) summer? She is coming again, she is a cousin of ours.—8. We have no time, our children can go instead of us.—9. If the rain does not stop soon, I cannot go out on account of it, but must stay at home instead (tr. of it).—10. That is the end of it, I am sure of it.—11. He was looking for us, but he has found none of us.—12. Do you see that big boy there who is standing beside Charles? He is a brother of his. He is his oldest brother. He is much older than he. Exercise XVI. I. i. Who is late for (tr. to the) breakfast again? He who is late for breakfast gets nothing to eat.—He is always the 54 supplementary exercises. one who is late for breakfast.—2. What newspaper do you read and what does it say (tr. bring) about the death of the president?—Of what president? This is the first that I have heard (tr. pres.) about his death.—I do not mean the president of the United States, but (tr. that) of my company.—3. Whose hat is this ?—^What hat ?—The one that is lying on the floor.—If it lies on the floor, it must be Charles' hat. He is always the boy whose things lie every¬ where.—4. He will marry the girl to (tr. with) whom he was engaged, which is hard (tr. heavy) to believe after all that he has said about her.—5. Have you ever read a story the beginning of which and the end of which are so differ¬ ent and fit so ill (tr. badly to each other).—6. He says many things which he does not believe himself, which I call lying. What (tr. how) do you call it?—7. (A lawsuit.) Who are you?—What is your name?—What age?—How do you make your living (tr. of what do you live) ? What is your business?—^What is your house number?—^What street?—Are you married?—Which is the man you struck? —^What reason had you to strike him?—^What is your ex¬ cuse, if you have any (tr. one) ?—^Which do you prefer (tr. want rather), (to) pay fine (tr. punishment) or (to) go to prison (tr. to sit (in prison) ) ?—What will you say to the man, if I let you go this time?—^Well (tr. now), that is the best you can do. You may go.—8. Who is that man? —'Which one?—That (.one) by the door.—That is the lawyer tha^T won that great lawsuit for our company. Do you not know that? Exercise XVI. L. i. I thank you for having written a letter to me, I was very glad over it.—2. He walked beside me without speak¬ ing to me and without my speaking to him. —3. He spoke of his wishing to give up his business, but I know nothing SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES. 55 about when he will do it.—4. That depends upon whether he will come to-morrow or not.—5. There is no harm in going to (tr. in) the theatre.—There is no harm in your going to the theatre to-night.—6. There is no truth in (the report of) his being a haughty man, I know him and I can speak about it.—7. I insist upon his punishment.—I insist upon being permitted to punish him.—I insist upon his receiving punishment.—8. Instead of excusing himself he took his hat and went away without saying a word.—9. There was no empty seat in the car, but a woman gave me her seat instead of one of the men getting up.—10. See with what I am writing.—I am not satisfied with what you have written to me.—II. I remember very well having spoken with him about it; but he does not remember my having said any¬ thing of it.-:—12. I am ashamed over having struck him and over my brother's having spoiled his suit.—13. Do you know over what we are laughing so? We are laughing over what my sister h^ done. She has made a cake and instead of using sugar^^tos taken salt without knowing it, and now instead of her eating it herself, we have to eat it, and we have to do so (tr. it) without mother's knowing any¬ thing about it.—14. I had to smile over what he said first, but what he is speaking about (tr. over) now I do not like (tr. that I do not like). Exercise XVII. E. I. I do not know what is the matter with (tr. is lacking to) my youngest brother; he sleeps all night, but he is tired all day (tr. acc.).—Well (tr. now), some children need more sleep than others.—2. We are not all here yet. Some boys are absent but some will yet come.—3. Boys are very dif¬ ferent, some boys are always late and some always come in time.—4. He has several sisters. Everyone of them is beautiful.—5. I have not seen you all the week. What have 56 supplementary exercises. you done all this time?—It is more than a week since I have (tr. that I have not) seen you. I was in the country all last month (tr. acc.). I was in New York only a few days to get some money for myself (tr. dat.)—6. Have you any pain (tr. plur.) ? I wish you to have (tr. I wish that you have) no pain whatever. I shall prescribe some medicine for you (tr. dat.), if you have any pain.—7. If one smokes one has not so much appetite. Smoking takes one's (§ 43, 2) appetite (away) and makes one sick, if one's health is not strong.—^You may think so (tr. believe that) but one may have one's opinion about it. Everyone in this large room is smoking and most of them look quite (tr. all) well.—8. Drink a glass of water every fifteen min¬ utes all day, hot or cold, either (tr. both) is good.—9. Is everybody here?—No, the two Baker boys are not here.— Where are they, Charles ?—Both my cousins are absent, both are sick.—10. One finds most sick people in the cities, very few (tr. least) diseases are to be found (tr-. to find) in the country.—11. No matter (tr. it is all the same) what you think, you must do what I tell you.—12. The summer will be over before we know (tr. one thinks) it. We had much wet weather and many severe (tr. heavy) thunder¬ storms so far, I have counted only a few beautiful, dry days.—13. Many a thing one fears is more useful for one (tr. dat.) than what seems pleasant, but is really harmful. —14. She had all sorts of cares and deserves much honor for the patience which she showed all her life. Exercise XXVIII. D. i. That is nothing new, I have heard that before.;—2. He is a most polite (tr. mannerly) man (tr. human being), , surely the most polite man I know.—3. Because I have noth¬ ing better to do, I shall write to some acquaintances of mine, for I owe letters to most of them.—4. To whom do supplementary exercises; 57 these naughty, noisy (tr. noisemaking), unwashed children belong?—5. Have you ever seen so fine an edition?—No, it is the best bound and best printed edition I have ever seen. —6. It is something most usual in (tr. by) such oppressive (tr. pressing) heat that such dangerous thunderstorms come. —7. They are sisters, but the one has light, long flowing hair and the other has dark hair cut short. I like the one with the long hair better than a girl dressed after boy fashion (tr. boys fashion).—8. It is the most interesting (thing) for me to be among strangers and to see the cus¬ toms of strangers.—9. It is something dangerous to go across (tr. over) the streets in New York. It is nothing unusual that the people go (tr. come) under the wheels of the carriages and street cars.—10. My people will be very glad to get acquainted with your people and I hope they will become good friends (tr. acquaintances).—11. He is our relative, but we are not proud of (tr. on) such a rela¬ tive.—12. If you did not do it intentionally (tr. willingly), that is another thing (tr. something other).—13. The next (thing) I shall do is to make (a) light, for it is so dark a day and I do not wish to hurt (tr. spoil) my eyes so necessary to (tr. for) me.—14. He is a good acquaintance of mine and I must do something nice for him.—15. He learns worst of all my pupils, but the worst is that he gets help from his people at home and does nothing difficult alone. Exercise XIX. E. i. He-wrote me that he was well, but that his business was not going well.—2. Let us prepare well for the gram¬ mar lesson to-morrow and let us write our sentences well. —3. The servant girl should not act in this way (tr. so). I should not act so, if I was a servant.—4. He told me that he believed that (tr. the) smoking was hurting (tr. 58 supplementary exercises. harming) him and that he would stop it (tr. with it). He said that it was really nothing but (tr. than) a bad habit which should not become too strong.—5. I could earn more money in another business, but I should not like to make a change (tr. change myself). I should have to begin from the beginning (tr. from in front) again.—6. I should know what I should do if I were in your place (tr. were as you). I should not suffer such treatment.—"j. If they only would move. They live in the next house, but they are very unpleasant people.—8. I should not give him the money, if I thought that he was a dishonest man.—9. He said that depended on what his business brought in. If he took in much, he could spend (tr. give out) much.—10. I should take this suit, if I wore light clothes, but I really should wear dark clothes still a little longer.—11. I almost opened (tr. would have opened) the wrong door, the doors look so (much) alike.—12. I almost forgot to tell you that I need some money. Could you give me some?—13. (Let) it be done, if it is your order.—14. Let us not spend all our money, father would be glad, if we put away some of it.—15. He is a dangerous man, he almost struck me and I had done nothing (to) him.—16. You might (tr. could) hurt (tr. spoil) your eyes, if you went on reading without making (a) light.—17. I might perhaps (be permitted to) go with you, if you asked my father yourself.—18. He wrote to me that he had a good time (tr. much pleasure) in the country, that he lived in a good hotel (ba§ §oteI), that he ate much and drank much milk, that he went to bed early, slept well, got up early and did much walking (tr. walked much to foot). He also wrote me that he. liked it there so well, that he would stay long. Exercise XX. D. i. Who has come? I heard someone come.—No, you SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES. 59 must have heard wrong. Somebody has gone away.— 2. You have just gotten up and I have been up (for the last) two hours.—^3. I arrived here, because I obeyed my instinct (ber S.) and followed the people.—4. I almost fell, I stepped on something soft and my (§ 43, 2) foot slipped (tr. rode out).—5. You must wake me to-morrow morning. I woke up too late this morning.—6. He has been treating me for the last two weeks, but I have not yet become better. —7. I almost went in the wrong house, I did not pay atten¬ tion.—8. What has happened? Has anything happened to you? I thought that (tr. it was to me as if) someone had fallen.—9. It lasted so long that I fell asleep. I should be still sleeping, if he had not wakened me.—10. What did you do last Sunday after dinner (tr. the eating) ?—We took a drive in the park and later we went to (tr. in) a concert.—11. Did it freeze last night?—No, the weather has changed (tr. struck around) and the thermometer (ber has risen.—12. He has stepped on my (§ 43, 2) foot and has hurt me.—13. I have been studying (tr. learning) this lesson for two hours, but I do not know it yet.—^You cannot have studied very hard (tr. industriously).—14. Fifteen boys of twenty have passed, the others have failed, which is too many (tr. much).—15. How do you feel?—I am feeling very well now, all pain (tr. plur.) has disap¬ peared.—16. Do you know whom I met on the street?— Well (tr. now), whom?—Mr. N., he arrived yesterday and went to (tr. stepped off in) the hotel.—17. He has not mar¬ ried, he has remained unmarried and has become an old man, who is always in bad humor.—18. Who has broken this looking glass? Who was it?—It has been broken for the last week.—19. I stood all the time, nobody stood up to give me a seat.—20. What has delayed you so long? We have been waiting for (tr. on) you (for) half an hour.— Excuse me for, (tr. that I have)' stayed) so long, but my married sister has arrived and I had to receive her. 6o supplementary exercises. Exercise XXI. D. i. I always said so (tr. it), but I was not believed.—2. I wished to call on Mrs. N., but I have not been received. —3. The German girls are not educated like (tr. as) the American girls.—4. He is a big boy and cannot be treated like a child.—5. A high position has been offered to me, but I shall not accept it, because I should have to move to (tr. in) another city.—6. He has been beaten; he has not become president.—7. I was not examined, because I was not prepared.—8. He has not been promoted, he has been sick too long.—9. He is a rich young man, and is not mar¬ ried and is, on that account, treated very well by all the girls.—id. He would not have become so bad a man, if he had been educated better.—11. They have become poor, but they are helped by everybody.—12. I am lost, if I have been seen by anybody.—13. The suit does not fit me, it must be altered by the tailor. I shall not pay for it. I do not want to wear a badly fitting suit.—14. He has been promoted, he has become a first class man (ißrtmaner).—15. He fell in the water without being seen by anybody, he called for (urn) help and was pulled out of the water by a working man. —16. I am not to go in this room, it is (being) cleaned.— 17. Will you go, if you are invited?—I am invited and I am going.—18. The coffee is poured (tr. in) and it must be drunk, before it is getting cold.—19. By whom has the door been left open? It must always be closed, (or) else the room is getting too cold.—20. Here is a cup broken again, everything is broken by the girl.—21. When will these houses be sold ? They will become old, before they will find a buyer.—22. By whom has this been copied and from whom have you copied it?—23. I have not been able to end the letter, I have been disturbed by a caller (tr. call).—^24. The streets are badly lighted (tr. up), they are lighted by (tr. with) cheap gas.—25. He will become more sensible, if he supplementary exercises. , 6l is punished.—26. I should fail, if I were asked anything about the grammar.—27. Do not be anxious (tr. be without care) he will be cured and will become well again.—28. What has been tried once, can be tried again and I shall try it.—29. He is a bad man, he is trusted by nobody. Exercise XXII. D. i. I might have thought so (tr. it to myself).—I ought to have known that.—2. He is to do it but it is not to be done. —3. One thousand dollars are to be raised (tr. brought up), but I do not see (tr. see in) how the money can be raised.— 4. Yes, I can get a newspaper (for) you, if you do not like to go out yourself.—5. You (tr. one) may take the railroad or street car, but you may not smoke in the street car.—6. May he get well soon; he is said to be very sick—7. He claims to have put (tr. stuck) his money in some business, but he is said to have lost it at (tr. by) the races (tr. runnings).—8. I am just coming from the milliner, I am having a new hat made (for) myself.—I have made this hat myself, how do you like it?—9. I gave him everything I had; how could I have done more?—10. May I find my lost pin again I May I look for (tr. after) it here? —Yes, you may look wherever you wish to; you may find it here; it may be here.—11. The girl puts nothing away, she lets everything spoil and be eaten by the mice. —12. He claims to have saved a great fortune, but he is said to have many debts.—13. He made me work hard (tr. heavy) for every penny he gave me, but he let me go (tr. let me free) every Saturday afternoon.—14. You should not put up with everything, I should not let myself be treated like a child.—15. I am not able to tell you, how glad I am about your being able to go out again. You were said to be as good as dead.—^Yes, but not all that (tr. the) people say about one is to be believed. I was not allowed to let 62 supplementary exercises. anybody see me (tr. (come) to me), so they made out that I was dead (tr. they made me die).—16. He could not come with us, but he intends to come later, I do not know if he will do it, he claimis to be very busy.—17. I could earn some money in that business, but I should rather like to have nothing to do with it.—18. The good smell has disappeared. There is nothing to be smelled (any) more.—19. Did you have this dress made (for) yourself, or have you made it yourself? It looks like it (tr. so).—^20. He must have a great income, (or) else he could not incur (tr. make) such expenses.—^21. I put up with many thinigs, but I do not let myself be insulted.—22. I am sorry for you, but I can do nothing, you are not to be saved. It is your fault, you would (have) it so.—23. I might have sent him a present for (tr. to) his birthday, I should at least have written him.— 24. He ought to have prepared himself better for the exam¬ ination, if he intended to pass. Exercise XXHI. E. i. I have no time for you, I have no time for playing. I am busy.—2. On Sunday at ten o'clock in the morning I go to church and at three o'clock in the afternoon to Sunday School.—3. I do not like to ask you for your umbrella again, but how can I go out in (tr. by) this rain without one.— I have no objection to (tr. nothing against) your taking it, but send it back to me by someone, I may need it myself.— 4. He was so insulting toward me, that I walked toward the door, in order to go out of the room, but he came to me and took me by my hand and asked my pardon (tr. me for pardon).—5. I told the girl, that she could not stay with us, if she could not get through with her work (any) quicker. —6. At Christmas I shall go to Chicago to my parents. It is for the first time for the last five years. I have been living here since the year 1904, but in all this time I never was supplementary exercises. 63 out of the house more than twenty-four hours.—7. Do not read it from the blackboard, say it from memory (tr. from the head).—8. This size is too small for me, have you any other size beside this.—No, except one very much larger.— 9. I was at the theatre last night ; they gave a piece by Haupt¬ mann, the best of the living German poets, of whom I have spoken with you often.—10. I am glad over school being out soon, I look forward to (tr. the) vacation.—11. Why do you sit on the floor, if you can sit down on a chair?—12. They called 'fire' and he ran out of the house without (a) hat on his head and without shoes on his feet.—13. In Ger¬ many the gentleman always walks at the left side, the lady at the right.—14. He needs one hour for studying (tr. learn¬ ing), but he does it in half an hour.—15. Which among these books are below (under) one dollar?—16. I was going cross (tr. over) the street and thought about your letter. I did not see a carriage driving past and almost went (tr. came) under the wheels.—17. He came to America about two months ago and speaks English pretty well. A few months hence he will speak (it) fluently (tr. flowingly).—18. He has invited me to dinner for a quarter past one.—19. I could not go to (tr. the) business yesterday on account of the wedding of my brother. In spite of this very good excuse my employer (tr. work's giver) found fault about my hav¬ ing stayed away from (tr. the) business.—^20. Take coal (tr. plur.) instead of the wood, it is cheaper.—21. Do you lie comfortably on the sofa? Why do you not lie down on the bed?—22. Why do yqu stand at the door? Come (close) to the table and sit down at the table. Stand your umbrella at the door and put your hat on a chair. Exercise XXIV. E. i. He stood in the middle of the street and spoke to the crowd.—There was a great crowd on the street and he was 64 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES. in the midst of it.—2. Look at me and do not look at (tr. upon) the blackboard.—3. Watch him and do (tr. make) it after him (i. e. imitate him).—4. Where are you going this summer?—I do not know yet, whether we will go up to the 'White Mountains' or down to Atlantic City.—5. Let us look at these pictures, I like to look at good pictures.—6. Get up, it is time to go down, the breakfast bell has rung (tr. it has rung for the br.).—7. If you go out to-day, I cannot go out on the street, for somebody must stay near the patient (tr. sick (one) ).—8. If you go toward the east you go to meet the sun.—9. We rode down the river past mountains and cities.—10. Who sat opposite you at dinner (tr. at the eating)?—11. Let us sit down near the entrance, I always think of (a) fire.—12. Who is the gentleman who is coming toward us?—13. When the dog saw me he ran to meet me. —14. If you had not gone so near the water, you would not have fallen in.—15. We cannot drive along this road, it is being repaired.—16. Do not let the child go too near the window, he may get (tr. step) up and fall out.—Come here, Charles, you must not go there.—17. School begins as early as this month.—18. He did not enter school (tr. step in) until the middle of the school year and left (tr. stepped out) again only (tr. as early as) two months later.—19. He is only five years old and is already going to school.—^20. I am still working, but I have only two more pages to write. —21. I am only on the second page, I began only a few minutes ago.—22. Have I ever spoken about that?—^Yes, often before.—23. Will you ever stop being (tr. to be) late? You were late almost every day this month.—24. I usually go to church (on) Sunday, almost every Sunday, especially during winter. During summer it is different from (what it is) in winter. Then I am in the country and see no church for a whole month.—25. Have you another one of these hooks?—Yes, but of another kind.—26. Nobody but he could supplementary exercises. 65 say something so foolish.—27. (tr. the) German school life is entirely different from American school life, as German pupil one is treated more like a soldier.—28. By next Wed¬ nesday we will get (tr. come) as far as the third chapter. —29. From here to the park it is from a half to three-quar¬ ters of an hour (tr. three quarter hours).—30. They invited me for two weeks, but they made me stay (tr. made that I staid) for one month.—31. I arrived first, he was at least one meter behind me.—32. You always come for so short a time.—Some day I will stay with you all day. Exercise XXV. D. i. I walked very fast, but I could not overtake him (tr. fetch him in), although I could always see him before me. —2. We walked as far as the park, but we did not go in, but stayed outside.—3. I have won nothing, but have lost something, yet I have not lost much.—4. I was not only at the performance, but I had also a very good seat near the stage.—5. When does your father usually come home now? —'When it is getting dark. When we still lived in the city, the way was not so far, but since we have been living in the country, it takes a pretty long time. But he does not object to (tr. has nothing against) our staying there as long as the weather is good, since there is so much better air there.—6. I was very (much) excited while I was examined in German, because I was not prepared very well, since I had reviewed nothing, since we had been dismissed from school three months ago.—7. Here is ink, write with it, so that one can read better what you write. If you wish to write with pencil, here is one which I have just sharpened. —8. No matter if I explain something ten times, you do not know anything about it, because you do not pay attention when I speak to you.—9. After (tr. the) break¬ fast, -«fter you have put (tr. brought) the room in 66 SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES. order, you may come upstairs and help me. I wish to put away the winter clothes, if I feel like (tr. after) it or not, for, if I do not do it to-day, it will never be done (tr. pres.).—ID. Since he has gone to Germany, since then he has not written me.—ii. I saw him last shortly before his death, before he had that severe (tr. heavy) illness, of (tr. at) which he died. He had never been sick before and I did not expect that he would die so soon.—12. He wrote that he would visit us the first day when he could make himself free. I am very glad about it, for it seems (tr. is) to me as if I had not seen him for years.—13. I should not take it, even if they offered it for nothing.—14. He spoke very excitedly sawing the air (tr. in riding through the air) with his arms.—15. Although I have something very difficult to do and should like (tr. it) better if I were not disturbed, I shall receive him, as soon as he comes in.—16. He said all good citizens ought to have voted for him; that he had voted for him and would always vote for him, but that it was not sure, whether he had been elected or not.