1 s 8Ô\A13 Pc, 2 i llt>-t ; t.r ,,_ „,Cr, ,r y-/ / ■e rá^r C/' • /^( < ^ NORTHWESTERN m ^ UNIVERSITY Ü LIBRARY m m From the library of Jerome Hall Raymond 9 N. U. Class of 1892 m m m m m m ORATION OP ^SCHINES ON THE CROWN. THE ORATION OF JISCHINES AGAINST CTESIPHON. WITH NOTES. BT J. T. CHAMPLIN, fbbsident of colby umivbrsity. NEW EDITION, REVISED CAMBRIDGE : CHARLES W. SEVER, üxiveusitv Bookstore. i-î, I A ra Ye.'E. Entered according to Act of Congre.ss, in the year 1868, by J. T. Ghamflin, In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. Cambridge: Stereotyped and Printed by John Wilson and Son. TO CORNELIUS CONWAY FELTON, LL.D., Etiot Prqfeisor of Greek in Harvard University, THIS COHTRIB0TION TO THE ILLUSTRATION OF ATTIC ORATORY £s SnscribcD, AS AN EXPRESSION OF FRIENDSHIP AND A MEMORIAL OF CONGENIAL STUDIES, BY THE EDITOR. PREFACE. In bringing before the public the productions of the rivals orators in this most famous contest for the crown, I have not followed the chronological order, but the order of pre-eminence and demand ; so that, as in many other things, " the last has become first, and the first last." While the name of .^schines has undoubtedly been ennobled by its association with that of Demosthenes, in this and the other contests left on record, at the same time he has unavoidably suffered from so close proximity to a superior luminary. The acknowledged position of Demosthenes as the first of orators, and the reputation of his Oration on the Crown as the first of his orations, have cast into comparative obscurity the scarcely less able production of .¿Eschines ; and led to the inconsistency, in nearly all of our colleges, of read¬ ing the defence without having previously read the attack. In accordance with this practice of our colleges (a practice, to be sure, inconsistent in itself, but which, I think, no wise teacher would recommend to be generally abandoned, unless both the Orations viii PREFACE. can be read), the Oration of Demosthenes was first published, and is now followed by that of .¿Eschines. The two Orations, though not intended necessarily to he hound together, have been edited with mutual reference to each other, and with the same general object in view. The aim, in each case, has been, to give a plain and unpretending exposition of the senti¬ ments of the author, based upon philological principles, and illustrated by the requisite historical and arch¬ aeological information. It has not, however, been attempted to do this in an exhaustive way, so as to leave no difficulties to be overcome by the student, but sufficiently to encourage effort, and furnish the means of success to the diligent and persevering. To what has sometimes been called "■ the higher criticism," such as is displayed in ingenious interpre¬ tations, bold conjectures, and happy emendations, this book makes but little pretension. Tlie editor will be satisfied if it shall be thought to contain a fair amount of common sense, guided by a competent knowledge of the Greek language in interpreting the thoughts of a great orator, who lived more than two thousand years ago, and bringing them into connection witli thoughts and things as they now are. The classics are too often read as some tale of a far-off, enchanted land ; beautiful and entertaining, to be sure, but having no possible connection with what is now passing on the earth. Happily, the tendency of the labors of recent editors has been to dispel this illusion, by exhibiting them as a field of useful, as well as of entertaining, study, — by treating them as productions of the human mind in PREFACE. IX its various workings : thus attaching them to human nature, and making them reflect it under some of its most interesting aspects. All honor to the men who, like Boeckh in Germany, and Arnold in England, have contributed to bring about this change ! ^ This Oration is one of three which have been left by .íEschines. They have been denominated the three Graces," of which, undoubtedly, this is the crowning Grace. They were all made against Demosthenes, — one directly in self-defence, in a prosecution for corrupt conduct on his embassy to Philip; and the others through third persons, — Timarchus and Ctesiphon. Coming to a rupture on their second embassy to Philip, the two orators took directly opposite sides in the subsequent struggle with that crafty monarch,— the one vehemently urging resistance to his encroach- -ments; the other conciliation, if not submission. Their differences came out, in the report of their proceedings made before the Assembly on their return from the embassy, and about three years afterwards, on occasion of .Eschines passing the usual examination before the court for his conduct on the embassy, were fully dis¬ cussed, first in the preliminary trial of Timarchus, and then of JEschines himself, and finally reached their highest intensity and most indignant expression in this action against Ctesiphon. In this closing struggle, therefore, of the two orators, we have at the same time the best specimen of their individual power and relative strength. In gracefulness of style and cogency of logic, .Eschines is fully equal to his rival ; but his words are far less solemn and elevated, and his logic works by z PREFACE. dryer formulae, and within much narrower limits. With almost every quality of style deemed desirable in an orator, we yet miss the convincing earnestness, the fiery energy, as well as the magnificent sweep and flow, of Demosthenes. Consequently, he is more trivial, more extravagant, more personal, than his antagonist. There is a vein of extravagance, which -iuns through many of his expressions and statements, whicli greatly injures the effect of the Oration ; while I know of nothing in whicii it suffers so much, in comparison with the production of his rival, as in the more exclusively personal character which it wears, ^emosthenes, it is true, exhibits personal feeling towards JEschines, and, speaking in self-defence, is necessarily somewhat egotistical ; but, as Mr Legare* has well said of his masterly production, " It is the grandest piece of egotism on record. Yet is the sub¬ ject so dexterously, or rather so simply, so sincerely, so sublimely managed, that you forget the orator in the statesman, the statesman in the patriot, the patriot in his country, which seems to have engrossed, penetrated, - transformed, and. elevated his whole being." As to the merits of the main question at issue between the two orators, — the integrity and policy of the course which they had respectively pursued towards Philip,— it is difficult positively to decide. It is possi¬ ble that the policy of .¡Eschines, which was at the same • " Demosthenes, the Man, the Statesman, and the Orator," Writings, vol. ii. p. 481. PREFACE. X) time the policy of a large party, at whose head stood the accomplished Isocrates and the stern and incorrup¬ tible Phocion, was dictated by a real though mistaken regard for the interests of his country, supposing that conciliation would be more effectual than resistance. But, considering all the known facts of the case,— the sudden change of his feelings towards Philip after the first embassy ; his subsequent connection with the Macedonian party, through all the course of Pliilip's aggressions, even to the downfall of his country ; and many other suspicious circumstances urged by Demos¬ thenes in his reply and tlie Oration on the False Lega¬ tion,— it can hardly be doubted that there was some¬ thing criminal in his connection with Philip. That his course was unpatriotic, is involved in the very nature of the case, since he sided with the conqueror of his country. And though we need not believe him to have been, what the rival orators mutually charge each other with being, the guilty cause of all the evils of his '' country, — ó 'EXXádog àXir^Qwg, — still his name must ^always rest under some suspicion. It now only remains for me to say, that the text of this edition is that of W. Dindorf, with such slight alter¬ ations as seemed to be required alike by the sense and manuscript authority. I have constantly consulted the edition of Bremi, as well as the collection of Notes, Scholia, and Various Readings, contained in Dobson's edition of the Attic Orators, and adopted from them whatever seemed to my purpose. Thankful for the encouragement and assistance of many valued friends, both in the present and previous editorial labors, and xii PREFACE. assured by the favor with which those labors have thus far been received, I venture to add this little volume to those already before the public. Watervillb College, January, 1850. In this new edition, the editor has made such im¬ provements as his various engagements have allowed. He has carefully revised the whole himself, and been favored with many valuable suggestions from others. He is anxious, particularly, to acknowledge his indebt¬ edness to a learned article by President Woolsey, of Yale College, in the July number of the " Bibliotheca Sacra," for 1850, — an article in which severity of criticism is united with perfect candor and kindness. Strictures offered in so faithful and friendly a spirit, he has not hesitated to accept, whenever they seemed just and important. September, 1868. AI X XIN or *0 RATA KTHXl^nNTOX AOFOX. TrjV fiev irapaaKevrjv ¿pare, w avSpSi 'Afftjvaïoi, Kol l t^p irapára^ip, oatj yeyévtjtai, koí ràç xarà r^v dyopàv be'qerei'i, oí? kéj(pt¡vral 7ípe<¡ ínrep tov to puérpia koí ra avpr¡0r¡ p,r¡ ylypevOai ep rrj TTo'Xet • iyw Se 7re7rtp kcu tS>p SiKaiœp. 'EßovXoptjp 2 p,ep ovp, w apSpe<; SioiKela-0ai, xat roù? p¿p,ovv irepï Try; tup prjToptûP evKO(rp,lapx)Koyrfp.éva koKS)^ ^eiv vvvi KaTcCKekvrai, tcai ypá^oval riva paBiwç ira- pavópovi yv¿>p.a¿¡¡avaip ovk Ik tov SiKaioraTov Tpoirov Aaj^oWeç irpoeSpeveiv, àW* he •n-apaaKevrji xade^óp^evoi, eàv Sé tîç T(ûv aWmv ßovXevräp opraf ^«X2? fcXfjpovp.epot irpoe- Speveip Koi ràç vp.erépa<; ^¿etpoTopía^ opdâ>ç ¿pa/yopevp, rovTOP ol TTjp TToXiTelap ovkItl Kovpr\p, aiOC ISíap avrâp éjyovp.epoí élpai àireiXovaiP elaayyéxXeip, KaraSovXov- fiepoi Toùç ISuûTO^ Kcà SvPooTeíat} eauTotç TrepvTroiovpTei, 4 Kai ràç Kpiaeit raç p,ep Èk twp po/uop KaraXeXvKaai, ràç S' èx Tù>p ^jnjé>popé(XTaTop Kr\pvypM Tù>p èp Ty TToXei T/ç ùyopeveip ßovXeTai twp VTrep irePT-qKOPTa ctt) yçyopotiap koX iráXiP èp fiépei tS>p aXXtûP ^AdrfPalmv, t^ç Se Tmp prj- Topwp àxoapéa^ ovkÍti xpuTeip SvpaPTai ovd* oí popMi < / V/l» < / ç. V/i» t ^ f ovu OL *rrpvTav€L^ ovu oc vpoeàpoL ovu r¡ Trpoeàpevovo'a <^vXr¡, TO SéxaTQP p-époi Tr)<¡ TroXetûç. 6 Tovtcop s' è^oPTWP ourwç, Kcà Tœp xaipmp optwp ty TToXei ToiovTtùP ÔTrotouç Tipài avTov ap- Spe<¡ 'A6r¡paíoi, OTi Tpeii etert iroXiTelai irapa irâaip RATA KTHZH-nNTO 2. 3 ¿vdpámoi^ 6*aoToç èiriardado), on orav ela¿r¡ «ç StKaaT^piov ypcup^v trapavopwv SiKoatop, ¿p Tavrr) Tjj ^pépa p,€\\€i t^p 'kjrr}0PTa^, tccu p,7}Sep ^yelaOai puxpop eipai rwp roiovTtûv àsikrjpmtoyp, oxtc ckcuttop v-írepp.éye0e<¡, kcu rovd' vp,S)p TO SiKaiop pujSepa apdpáirwp è^acpeicrOai, ¡irjfre ràç râp arpanjyâv avptjyopiaf, oi ewi ttoXvp ^Sy y¿pdpop avpepyovprép pijropmp Xvputlpoprai rrjp iroXcrelap, /iifre ràç râp ^épap Se-qaei<¡, ov<¡ apaßißa^o- ptepoí npe<¡ ¿K^evyova-ip m rmp SiKaerrTjpímp, irapápopbop rroXireíap iroXtrevópíepoi • ttW' marrep dp vp,wp eKaaroç ala-'xypde¿7) rr¡p rá^ip Xnreip rjp dp ra'^êrj èp rw iro- Xép.(p, ovra> kclí pvp ala")(yp6rire eKXivelp rr/p rá^ip ^p réra)¿6e ínro rwp popuop, <^vxakeieîp popxùp oi Keiprat irepï tS)p virevdvpiùp, trap ovp àpyS)p 6tç ryp pLeylarr/p ßkp àiroplap à^iKpeiadai rovç •j~ 10 Karyyopov;, ttoXÙ Biè en ßäXXop toví St«ao-Taç. JToX- I Xo\ yàp irdpv tcop inrevôvpcùp èir avroifxop^ kxéirrm tS)P BypMp ovreç è^eXey')(ôpepoi Bievyya~ pop Ík T(àp BiKaoTtjpioyp, eiKOTwç' i70';^;woi'to yàp, oîftai. KATA KTH2IÍQNT02. 5 ol ZiKCUTTal, el áva, ô Se avroi avr/p p-Lxpov èiria-^àv e^eiaiv èx Í TGV BixaoTTipiov xXoTrfji} evexa ràç evôvvaç 0)\7)X(ûq ' &épeiv ol Bixatxral ov vepl TGV irapóvTO'i àZix^paTOv Bé Tiç ravra vopoOerrjii t167¡¿TG^ rov vopoderov evprjvrai Xóyoi xpetrrov^ Tcàv vópwv, ouç el piq Tiç íipív èpeî, Xijcrere è^airaTt)- OévTe<}. Tovrmv yáp nve<¡ tÛv touç vTrevOvvovç o-re^a- VGvvrmv Trapa touç uo'/touç ol pev vavovv tgv inrevOvvGV, èireiBàv XÓyov xai ev6vva<¡ t^ç àpXV'i V TTo'Xtç TO ïaov ¿Blxrjpa àBi- 12 xeîrai (TrpGxaTaXapßavGVTai yap êTraiuotç xa\ areefxi- j/otç al evOvvai^, ó Se to ^jn^efuerpa ypdefxûv evBeíxvvrai Toîç àxGVGveriv ort yéypae pev Trapávopa, alayvverai Se ê^' oîç r¡pápTr¡xe, Krijaiepáv Bé, a» avBpeç 'Adrjvaloi, inrepTrrjBrjcraç tov vopov tov irepi twv virevôvvmv xelpe- vov, xai TTfv Trpoepaaiv ^v eyo) ápTÍ(o apBpeç 'A0r¡va2oi, kuI erepáv Tiva \ó- yov {rrrevavrlov tw àprlcûç elp7]p,évi(rpLa, ovk co-tí ravra àpXV' ¿TTißeXeia tîç xai BiaKovía ■ à/3%àç Be ^r¡- aovaiv eKelvaáv epywv^ Kai irávrat Ócroi Bia'^ei- pl^oval Ti râ)V t^ç TToXecjç irXéov ^ rpiá- Kovd^ ^piépai}, Kai oa-oi Xapißavovalv ^yepio- j/taç BiKaaTTjpiœv (^ol Be râv epymv èma-Tarai se e Trámeeiv Trpó<¡ tov ypapipaTÓa Kai KATA KTH2I*ÛNT02. 7 Tovç Xoytaraç, Kadatrep km ràç aXXaç àp^aç, xeXevet. 'On Se àXtjOrj Xéym, tovç vopovç vpiiv axnovt ava/ffá- creroí. NOMOI. 'Orav Toivvv, m avSpet 'A0r¡vaíoi, âç ó vouaderiyi àp- i6 ovopM^ei, ovToi •Kpoaayopevuxri irpay/iare/aç Kcà èTrtuéXeia<}, vperepov epyov iariv àtropvrjpoveveiv koI ¿VTiTaTTeiv Tov vépov TT/soç T^v TOVTCùV àvaiSeiav, xal VTToßaXXeiv aûrotç ort ov TrpoaSé'^effôe KUKOvpyov ao- (jiioT^v olópevov pr¡paa-i towç vópMW àuaipi^aetv, à\X' oicrç) av Ttç apeivov Xéyr) trapávopa y€ypa¿<¡, roaovrp p.el^ovo0eyy€0V, ov TT) TOV XéyovTO<¡ àvMayyvTta. npo<¡ Se Sri TOV av km ¿Trmaovv rrpos rà Koivà 'irpoa'eXr]Xv0ÓTú)v. AiSá^co 18 S' u/irâ? irpôyrov Irri TÔrv rrapaSo^cav, oîov roù? lepeU kcà ä AI2XINOY ràç lepeiaç tnrevûvvov; êtvai xeXem ó poijuk, tcat 'i ai) to koivo, Sia^€ipíái- \oTtp,¿av. Ov Tolvw pMVoi oi Tpnqpap^oi, àwà xeà ra ¡leyurra rwv ev tt) ttoxei aweBpícov viro rr/v tS>v BiKcumjpícDV «o ep^erai Upárov pev yap rqv ßovXtjv rqv ev 'Apec(¡p iráytp eyypá^eiv irpa tovç Xoyicrrà^ ó vópio<¡ KeXevei Xóyov xaí ev0vva<; BtBóvat, kclí tt/v c/cet axx)- OptûTTov Kcà râv fieylarav Kvpiav àyei vtto T7)v vpuerepav yfrrjípov. Ovk apa tne^avwOrjo-erai í) ßovXrj 17 *Apeíov nrovyov ; OvBiè yap irárpióv èartv ovrotç. Ovx apa i\oTipíovvTat ; Ilávv ye, ô\\' ovk àyaTrwaiv eáv Ttç Trap avToU pà) oBixq, aWÍ èàv tîç e^apaprávy ko- Xá^ovaiv ' Ol Be vperepoi pqTOpe<} Tpv^caai. Uaktv rrjv ßov\r)v, Toùç irevTaKoqai prj àiroBr)peîv. '/2 'HpaxXeK (^áiro- KATA KTH2IÍQNT0S. 9 Xaßoi av Tiç), ort /i^ aTro^firjao) ; "Iva ye fi7¡ vpoKaßmv 'xp^/iaja TroXewç ^ irpá^evi 8paç.N «^Ç» / Vï»/ aï/t//5G)7roç oç ovt €cxr)etv • xeXevei yap avro tovto éyypáeiv, ort y>y^o '-v y>>/ ovT eXapov ovoev t(ov rtyç 7ro\€û)ç ovr avi\^ X(ù « U f//-v ovoev ev ex^^l ^*9 tÔxv Teix^iv ol- KoSopLiav p,iKpà KaTedtjKaf, BeKa TaXavTa eîi 10 AI2XINOV ravra ¿k t^ç TróXe®? el\r¡p ^ecpâp, p''r¡b' ep.irpotrdep Tmp popLwp, <¡ r/p inrevdvpo^ 6 Arfpoadéprj'i oö' oûtoç ela-qpejKe to ->^^1- ápSpe<¡ 'AOrjpaíoi, àpnypa- (peví r¡p ■^etpoTOPijTO'i Tjj TróXei, oç xaO' ¿KoaTijp irpvTa- pelap àireXoyl^ero ràç trpoaóSov^ t® Sr\pm' Sia Se Tr)P Trpo<¡ EvßovXop yepopépTjp ttIotip vplp oí errl to 6ea>pi- kop Ke^eipoTOPTjpépoi ^pypp pep Trpip rj top 'Hyiqpopo<{ popop yepeadai trjp tov âpTiypa^é(ù¿a/iaTi eKciarys rmv (pvXécv éxéadai roijs èiripe- Xr/dyaopévovs rmv épymv cttí ra re¿xv kclí rapías, koI /laXa opdms, 'Iv y iróXis ^oi imevôvva am/iara, rrap mv é/ieXXe rmv ávr¡Xtúpévmv XÓyov àrroXrpp'ecrOcu. Kai /KU Xéye rà yjry^ía/iara. ^H> «t»/ €\aj(€ T€¿J^07r0i09 OVT €'^€tpOTOîn)Ur} VTTO rov OT)flOV, Kcu irepl rovrov ArjpoadéinjS pev KCti Krijaupciv rroXvv •iroir¡aovrai Xoyov ' ó Bé ye vópos ßpa^vs kcÙ ys Kcà ra^v Xvmv ras rovrmv re^vas, MiKpct Be vpîv 12 AI2XINOY 29 inrep avTcov irpoäTov irpoenrelv ßovKopai. "Eon yáp, 58 w *A0i)vaïoi, TWP Trepí ràç eihtf rpla, wv %v p,€v Kcu 7râ(rt e\r) tîç toi/ç vtto tow B^pov Ke^eipoTOPi}pépov<¡ xai towç K\r}punov<; ap^oPTWí, xara- Xeltrerai, owç ai v\al kcu al TpiTTV6<¡ xai ol Byrjpoi èavTWP alpovprai ra Brjpóaia ■^i^para Bia'^eipí^eip, rov- Totfvkalv\ói)p ap-^eip KeXevei Boki- paa0épTa<; ev râ BiKaaryplip, y Be IIapBiopi<; (}>vXy ap'xpvra Koà ret^oTToiop àtréBei^e Aypoa0épyp, oç e* t^ç BioïKyaeœi; eîç ravra ey^ei piicpov Beïp BeKa ráXapra, erepof} B' àirayopevei p¿po<; àp^yv vrrev0vvov py aretpa- povp, vpeîç Be opcopoKare Kara top's vopovs ■'jry^teLa0ai, 6 Be pyroap yéypa(pe top irjrev0vpop are^apovp ov rrpoa- 0ei¿Ta ; 'fîç Toívw Kcà rrfv ávápprfcriv rov areipávov irapcivó' 32 /i®? évtm -^^lafiari Kékevei yíyveaOai, Kal tov0' vpàç BiSá^cú. 'O yap vófio<; BiapprjSrfv KeXevei, èàv pdv riva arT€avoi ^ ßov\r\, ev t® ßovXevrrfplm àvaKrfpvrreaôai, lav Se ó Brjfio^, èv rp eKKXpcria, aXKoOt Se ppBapov, Kal poi Xeye rov vopov. NOM02. Oinot 6 vôpof, ® avBpe<; 'AOpvaloi, KOi fiaXa koXw^ 33 ^et. Ov yap, oîpai, ^ro Beïv ó vopoOérp'i rov ppropa aepvvvecrdai Trpoç tovç e^aOev, aXX' àyarrâv èv avrp rp rróXei ripápevov viro rov Bppov Kai pr¡ IpyoXaßeiv èv Totç Kppvypaaiv. 'O pev ovv vopo6érp<¡ ovtcû<; ' ¿ Be KTpS>v TTwç ; 'AvaylyvcûCTKe ro ■xjrrjifH.crpa. ^Hí«I2MA. 'AKOvere, w avBpeç 'A6pvaïoi, on ô pev vopo0eTp<; 34 KeXevei èv t® Bppm èv IIvkvi rp eKKXpcrla avaKppvrreiv rov viro rov Bppov arecpavovpevov, aXXo9i Bè ppBapov, KTpcri(f>â>v Se èv t® Oearpip, ov rov'i vópovi póvov virep- ßarj, Kcà Xé^ovaiv m<¡ etcrt ry rroXei Svo vopioi Kelpievoi irepi rûp Kypvypiârfùv, eí<¡ pîkv ov pvp èyà> rrapé^opiai 8iappr¡8r)p àrrayopevopra top vrro rov SypMv aTeavovp,epop p,y KTjpvrreaÖai e^a rrj'} CKKXyalai;, erepov 8' e'ipai popiov r¡aovatp èpavriop rovrw, toi/ SeSdKora e^ova'iav rroi- eiaOai ryv ¿páppr¡aiv rov areipávov Tpayq>8oí<¡ èv rw Oeárpa, eàv ^¡rri(f>íar)Tai ¿ 8r]p,o<¡ * Kara, 8y rovrov top vópiop (p-qaovai yeypa<^évai top Krya-K^âpra. 'Eyà> 8e 3r Trpoç Tttç rovtcùp re^^mç 7rapé^op,ai avpyyopov^ tovç popiovi tov<¡ vpierepov^, oirep SiareXâ aiTovSá^wv rrapa st rraaap ryv Karyyopiap, El yàp rovro iariv àXr)0e6ai kcà 8vo rrepi p,iâ<; 7rpofea)Ç xmepaprlovi àXXyXoi^, ri av en ravryv eiiroi tîç eïpai ryp n oXirelav, èv y ravrà irpocrrárrovaiv oi vopoi rroieip kqX piy rroieîv ; 38 ovk è^ei ravô^ ovrwç * vp-eîç ttotc eiç Toaavryp àra^lav rwv popicov rrpoßalyre, ovre ypé- Xyrai rrepi rmv toiovtcûp tw vop,o0e'ry tm ryp SypioKpa- riav KaraarriaapTi, aXXà SiappySyp rrpoaréraKrai TOtç KATA KTH2I4QNT02. 15 OetTfiodirait KaO^ eKaarov èviavrov SiopOovv ev rm briij,

¿Tat èv cravícnv 39 CKTiOevai K€\evei irpóaOev rS>v ^Eirmvvpwv, rovt Be rrpvráveit iroielv eKKXrjalav liriypáyjfavrat vopodérat, rov S' émarárriv ríov irpoeBpasv Biaj^eiporovlav BiBó- vai Ttó Br)puú, Kcù Toîit pîèv àvaipeiv rmv vópwv, rovt Be KaraXeítreiv, oircat av ett y vopot teal p,y irXelovt irepi eKatrryt irpá^ecot. Kai pot Xeye rovt vopovt. NOMOI. El TOtvvv, a> avBpet 'AOrjvaïoi, àXyOrjt yv ó trapa 40 tovtcûv XÓyot kai yaav Bvo Keipevot vopoi trepl tS>v Kypvypáriov, áváyKyt, olopai, rcav pev OecrpoOermv è^evpivrœv, rwv Be trpvráveav ¿troBovrwv rolt vopo- 6erait avypyr av 6 erepot râv vopav, rjroi 6 ryv e^ovalav BeBcoKtot àveitreîv rj ¿ àtrayopevmv ' ¿tróre Be uyBev Tovrtûv yeye'vyrat, (f>avepwt By trov è^eXéy^ov rat ov povov -^frevBy Xeyovret, àXXà Kai travreXût àBvvara yevéadai, "OOev Se By to yp-evBot rovro itri- 41 ipépovaiv, iyw BiBá^w vpât trpoeitrayv o>v eveKa ol vopoi èréOyaav ol trepi rwv iv ria Oeárpa Kypvypdroov, Tiyvopévav yap rwv iv darei rpaywBmv áveKypvrróv rivet, ov tretaavret rov Bypov, 01 pev on areapovp,€poi ^ vtto Tov Br¡p,ov, Treiaaprei v/tâç Acat /terà ■\jr7)(f>i(rpiaT0<;, ttoWtip xpip vtto tgv B^pov (7TeapGvp,ép(ùp. Totç p,ep yàp àiroBé- BeiKTG TOTToç r¡ ¿KKXrjaía, ip y ""Te^ai'oûo-ôat, kuI àirelprjTG aXXodi prjBapov KTjpvTTeadai • oí 8e àpTjyo- pevGPTG ipáiTiop âirâptwp tcop 'EXXrjpcop ' Kaxelpot pep pera ^^^lavov- pépœp p¿p<ú, owre Xvaa^ eKelvov (^ovBe yàp t] eKKXtjcria ^ww^XetTo, âwà ro oearpop^, gvt ípoptiop rolt trpo- repop KetpepGC<; p¿poip apev ■>¡rriaPGvpepa>v viro Twp ^vXerwp kcu Brjporâp kcu vepl râp towç ottce- KATA KTHSIiONTOX. 17 Toç àtreKevOepovvTiùv ical irepï tc¡>p ^evucwv oTe^ávcov, Kcà siappiqbtjv àirayopevet p,tft oik¿tt}v ¿TreXevdepovv ¿v T¿ deárpip /iTjö' ¿Tro râ>v (fyvXerûp ^ Br}p,oTÓi>p ¿payopev- eadai (rt€apovp,€pop, p-t^d' vir aXXov, ^apovpépoi<; elvX€t(úp àireiir'p prf Kr/pvTieadai Totç rpay^- 80ÎÇ, ipa prjBei'i èpapt^cùp^ are^ápovi kcu, kijpvypmta "sfrevBrj iXoTipíap Krarai, irpocraireiir-p 8' èp tw popm p7}b' viro aXXov prjbepoç ¿paKrjpvTTecrOai àirova7]apov, oç àp èp tw deutpm t« èp cuttcî ¿papprfori, lepop eïpai t^ç 'adr/pái 0 popoç KeXevei, ct^éXÔpepoapop apa ¿pakrjpvttcíp ko! à^atpeicrdai kcu, KaOïepovp. oîpai, Bià to ^evucop eîpai top (ttÍ- apop Kcà r¡ kaoiepaaii; yíypcTai, ïva p7]bèiavov ovB€i<} KaOupol, aW' e^eatt Kefcrrjadai, iva pirj povov avT¿<;, àwù k(u ol ¿Keívov, ê^ovrei ¿p ry oiKca to xmopvypa, pySenoTe KUKoi Trjp etç toi/ hrjpov yiyvcoprai. Kol Sià Tovro TrpotréôrjKev ¿ vopoôéryf; pr¡ Kypv-neaOai top à\- XoTpiop cTe^apop ep rw ßeaTpm, èàp py "»¡rijipíarjTai o Br}po<;, 'Lp r¡ tto'Xîç tj ßovKopdvr] tipÙ tcùp vperéptop p atecpapovptœp vplp, otî Kfjpv^ai €Tr€Tpéy¡raT€. "Oti B' akyOy \éya>, tcjp popcop avTœp aKovaare. NOMOI. 48 'Eirei^àp toLpvp l^airatwpta vpá<¡ Xeymaip wç irpoa- yiypwKTai ep r® poptp e^elpai aTe^apovp, èàp y¡rr]a<¡ ovT íjp^aTo Xéyeiv ra ßeXTiara ovre vvv SiareXet irpar- T(ùv Ttt eiv ev rolf SrjpoaloK S' ¿iroXo- yovpévm Tovvairríov tovtov SetKréov eaTiv, 'Tp€Ív XÓyav Kpiraí. "E-^ei S' ovto><í, 'Eym Tov pev ßlov rov ArjpoaOévovf; e^erá^eiv pa- 51 KpoTepov XÓyov epyov rjyovpat eïvai. Ti yap Sel vvv Tavra Xéyeiv, ^ rct irepl rrjv rov TpavpaTO<¡ ypav râv rpirjpáp^wv Atfpoadévqf: xal 52 rreptáyoyv rov arparr/yav èrrl t^ç i/eàç km, avaairâv Kal avvûvcûv Kal auairevSatv, Kal rovrav a^tùù0ellXooßovp,£vo<;, p,^ poi Tap vpâv àiravT^a-'p to Boxelv pev akTjdrj Xéyeiv, àp^aîa Be Kai \lav ¿poXoyovpeva. Ka¿- Toi, a> Krtjai^wv, otw to. péyicrTa twv ala-^âv ovt(ù^ eo-Ti TTUTTa Kcu yvúptpa Toiç ¿Kovovaiv weiv iroTepa ypr¡ KaTatppoveî.v tÛv BiKaerrrjplwv, r¡ BiKrjv Ty ToXeí Bovvai ; 54 Uefà Be TCûv Brjpoaicov àBiKTjpeiTeov ireipácropaí era- ^éaTepov elirelv. Kal yàp irvvOávopaí péxXeiv Aypo- adévTjv, ¿TreiBàv avTolf 6 XÓyo<; àiroBoOy, KaTapidpelerOai 7r/)oç vpâ t^ç ¿tv^cuí rrj^ h> Xaipcûveta, rérapTov èe tov vvv napovra xaipov. Tavra Be KaTapi0/ji,7]a-áfievo<¡, ¿ç ¿kovco, fiéWei fie tra- paxaXelv kcu hrepcaTav ¿irolov Tovrœv t¿úv reTTapcav avTOv Katpœv Karrjyopâ Kai iróre ainov ov ra ße\- tiotÚ (¡yrjfii Ttó B-qfim ireiroXirevadai' Kav fir) 0éXeo ¿TroKpivaaOai, àw' eykoxvinafiai koi ÙTroBiBpàaKœ, ékka\úy¡reip fié (fyrjat TrpoaeXOcop Kai a^eip è-rri to ßrjfia kcù, cLpayKoaeiP àiroKplpaadai. "Iv ovp fir¡d^ ovtoç 56 itryypl^ijTai vfi€i<¡ re TrpoeiBrjTe èyto re wiroKplpmfiai, epavTiop aoi twp BiKaartàP, ArjjjióaOepe'i, koi twp aWoyp ttoXitSív ocroi B^ e^mdep irepieajácri Kai tS)p 'EXXrpxop oaoii errifieXef yéyopep vrraKoveip rrjaBe tjj? Kptaeox} {^ôpô) Be ovK oXiyovi TrapoVTOç, àw' oaov<} ovBei<¡ irá- TTore fiéfiPTfrai irpo<¡ àyâ>pa Brjfioaiop •jrapayepofiépov<;^, ¿TTOKplpOfiai OTl áirápTíúP tÛp T€TTap0)P KaipÛp KOTtf- yopâ> aov, ovç crv Biaiprj, Kap dl re dedi déXaai Kcà o'i 57 t» V'«-V e^)/ > oiKao'rat, €Ç caov r)fia)p aKovaùxri Kaycù ovvcofiai airo^ fiprjfiopevaai a aoi avpoiBa, irávv irpoaBoKO) eiriBel^eip Toîç BiKcuTTai^ Trji fiep a(úTr}plaiXap0p0>'!ro)<; koi fie- Tpl(ú<¡ Totç Trji TToXecoç irpáyfiaai '^(pyaafiépov'i, tS>p B\ arvxpffidrmp dirápTíop Ar)fioa'0épT¡p alriop yeyeprjfiépov. Kol ')(pr¡v €^ai(f)V'r)v Xoyurpâv àXTC opox; ¿TretBav 6 Xoyitrpioç ¡riQiXop kcu avp,- fia^op ry iroXei, èàp ravô' vpûp aaifyâx; hriSet^cù, Seyao- pai vpbâp fierplap Seyaip • liripevaaTe p,oi 7rpop top irpwTop twp tettapiûp xaipap p,y KoXâç avTOP trerfoXiTevadai. Aé^m Se oOep pAXurra wapaKoXov0y- o-ere. "Eypay^e ^iXoKpaTyi è^eipai ^ixi-mra Sevpo icypvKa 62 Kcù Trpeaßeit irepireip Tepi elprfprj^ km avpp,a'xia<¡ • TOVTO TO -^rjifnapui èypaifyr) irapapoptop. ^Hkop oi Ttys Kpiare(û>v • ePTav0^ eicrep^erot ßov- XevT7]<{ etç TO ßovXexrrypiop Aypo(T0évy^, ovTe Xa^mp OUT èiriXa'x^àp, àX,X' €k trapaaKevy'; irpuípepo'i, ív elf VTToSoxyv âiraPTa km Xéyot Kai irpaTTOi ^ixokpatei, ¿ç avTO eSei^e to epyov. nixâ yàp eTepop ■\jry^iapa 63 24 AI2XIN0Y ^CKoKpaTif'i, €v w KcXevei éxéadai Sexa trpiaßeif:, díti- veç ¿^iK¿p,€VOi Trpoç ^ÍXíititov á^iú>aovr)f;. Tov- TCiv etç rjv Ar)p,o(T6évri<:. KaKeWev eTravriKwv eTratveTijí rjv ttf; elprivr)¿Bpa pMi TOV vovv Trp'oaéj^eTe. 'EirpaTTero yap où '7rpo<¡ TOv<¡ aXXoví irpecrßei'i tov<¡ ttoXXÙ avKoipavTr/dev- Ta<¡ vaTepov ex peTaßoXiß viro Ar/pocrOevom, aXXa wpoç ^ixokpatfjv xai Arjpoadévrjv, eikotcûç, tov<¡ apa pev irpeaßevovTa'i, apa Be Ta ■^7)<^lcrpaTa ypáv opxmv xai tS>v avvdtjKwv avep,iar)7ov tjp axntp irpaTTeiv tcL avpí^époina^, ol 8' airohopevoL koX Ka- TaKoivti)vi^á~ aKCûP eípai xal Tore puao€i ■\¡rj¡- t.crpa, Toùç Kaipovepo<;, Ík- KXrjalap iroieíp rovf TrpvTcipeiç ry oyBoy lTjßoX,ici)pq<} p,r)pó<;, ot tjp 'Ao-kXtjitim y Ovala Koi ó TTpoaywp, ¿p ry lepa ypépa, o irpórepop ovBéi<¡ p,¿p,vyjai yepopLepop, Tipa •irp¿aaip iroiyaá- /t€i/oç ; "Ipa, (fiyalp, iap yBy iraprnaip ol ^iXIttttov Trpeaßei<}, ßovXevayrai ¿ Bypa ¿ç rœ^iara irepi Twp TT/aoç ^IXiTTirop, Totç ovTTû} irapavai irpeaßeai TrpoKaTcCXap,ß0va>p Typ ixxXyalap Kcli tov<¡ ^popovç vßiäp viTOT€p,p¿p.epo<; koi to irpâypa kataatrevbmpf ipa p/y pera twp aXXwp 'EXXyvwp lirapeXOoPTwp twp vpeTepwp irpeaßewp, àXXà popoi iroiyayaOe Typ elpy- pyp. Merà Se TavTa, w äpBpeii 'AOypaîoi, yKOP ol 68 ^iXlirnov Trpeaßei^ • ol Be vpeTepoi àireBypovp nrapa- KaXovpTe<¡ Toùç "EXXypai érri ^IXittitop. 'EpTavO' êrepoi/ yjryipiapa pikÔ AypoaOévyi, èp w ypá^et py popop Inrep Ty<; elpypy<¡, àXXà kcu avppa')(lav NfHilSMATA. ®9 ^EireiB^ rolvvv, â 'Adrjvaloi, irape\t)\v0ei rà Autvv- p 'EXXifPCûv èv rpuri ptfalv €tç rijv cmt^v arriXffv dvayeypw^ßM fier *A6r¡val km pe- T€^€ip t0>v opKfûv KM Tov aiwOffKwv, Bvo ftÁyurra trpokataxapßavovre^, irpSnov pep tw j¿p¿vop top Tptprfpov Tcus T(t)P 'EXX-^cdP irpea-ßeiapi Ikopop ye- P€cr0M Trapar} râv xde<¡ elpripuévav éîvai Xóyojv, el ravd' al ^iXÍinrov pJq avpireiaO-qaovTai TrpeVySetç, ovBe yiyváxTKeíV er) Tr¡v elpr¡vr¡v árrovar)^ avp,pM')(ía<;. Ov yap €<¡>1) Beîv (^Kal yap to prjpa p,ép,vr]pai ¿ç 72 €¿776, Bià Tr¡v àrjBiap top XéyoPTO^ ap,a Kai top ovó- /¿aToç^, ¿TTopprj^ai Tr¡<; elpi^pr¡<; Tr¡v crpppa'^lav, oiBe Ta Twv 'EXXr¡v(úv àvap,épeip peXX-^paTa, àxx' 17 tto- \ep>eíp apTOP<í ^ Tr}v elpr¡vr]v iBía iroielaOai. Kal TéXePT&p iirl to ßrjpa TapaKaXéa-a's ^ApTPiraTpop ép¿Tr]p,á Tí ^p¿Ta, irpoeiiroap pip à ep^aeTai, irpo- BíBá^a<¡ Be à ypr] KaTO. T7]<; TroXewç ¿iroKplpaaOai. Ktù Te'Xoç TaPT èpiKa, t¿ pep XÓya irpoßiacxapevop Arjpoadépotfi, TO Be ■y^-qí^íapa ypá^fravTO<¡ ^iXoKpá- TOP<¡. "'O Be r¡v piroXoiiTOP aPToí<;, KepcroßXe'TTTrjv 73 Kcu top ¿ttI OpáKr)<í Toirov ckBotop Trotrjaat, Kal topt eirpa^ap cktt) aTa)V '7rapeyypáyfra apBpe^ 'AOypaioi, koXop y râtp Brjpuxricùv ypap,páTo>p ^vXaxy • ¿kÍpijtop yáp ¿ari kui ov trvp,- p.eTairl'TTTeí toí? avropLoXovaiP èp ry TroXnelc^ áw' erre'Siöiee t® Byp,a, oTtoTav ßovXyTai, trvPiBeïp toÙç TráXat pip 7ropT¡pov<;, ¿k peTaßoX7j<{ B' á^tovma<¡ eipai V\ ')(pr)atov<}. r ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 76 'TttoXoíttop B' eart poij ryp KoXuKeíap avrov Bie- ^eXOelp. Ar)po(r9épy<; yáp, w apBpei ^Adypaiot, èpiav- ! top ßovXevaai ^ ovBeptap ir^iroTe ^apetTai irpeaßelap eU TTpoeBplap KaXécra<;, áXXá tot6 irpSrrop kclI popop Trpea-ßei'i eU irpoeBplap eKuXeae ^ acá vpocr/ce^áXaM edyKe^KM oiPiK¿Ba<; TrepierreTaae^ Koi apa Ty ypepa KATA KTH2IÍONT02. 29 TjyeiTO Toiç irpeaßeariv etç to ddarpov, ware xai av- £¿rTeyTâ)v p,ev deâ>v avp,Tr\á'r)(rlv éavrw BiaXéyecrSat^ Kal ra péWovra ecreadai irpoXeyeiv, ißBoprjv B' ^pépav rrji 0vyaTpo<} avtm tetexevttjkvia.'i, Trplv irevOrjaai ko! rà vopi^opeva Troirjcrai, '^'¡ ^TjaToç, ovBe 6 Ta yr¡craTe, èv tv râv i\o}p Kat iroirqpo'i irio'TO'i tw S»}/i.ç) av^crea0ai. KartSoWeç S' avrov ol ry t^ç ttoAcw? irpoatróke- 82 p,ovvT€á^oPTe<; ry iroXei • ó Se trapicop àp'xcp; avroîf epeBíBov Tro\¿p,ov Kai TO/sa^iJç. Ovto'ç itrrip, (S apBpei 'AÔyvaloi, 6 irpwra i^evpàp Séppiop rei^oç Kai AopicrKOP kolI 'EpjiaKtjP km MovpyiaKyp Kat, Tápop ovBe rà opoptaTa yBei- p,€P trpoTepop. Kcà eç toOto tftepap irepiéarytre rà Trpáypbara mar el pikp fiy irép-trot, ^ikiinro^ irpeaßep;, Karatfypopelp avTOP €r) r^ç Tro'Xe®?, el Se iréptiroi, KaTaaK¿Trovep¿pbeuo<}. Kai to TeXevTaîop aTe<^ap¿aayai, Typ yápap yp,S)p eTeiyfiae, Ty twp EvßoeaP KM SyßaltüP avfifia-^la. ^AXhl, oi apByeij 'Adypaloi, 32 aisxinoy irepi Tavra rpia fieyitrra rjhiKT^ade KciX fiaXiara ijypo- TiKare, ^TrevSav S' elirelv irept rrfi óavpav Evßoeav trpSyrov pvi]cr6iq 'Adrjpaîoi, TroXXà Kai peyáXa ^Sikt]- pbdpoi ¿Tro Mpr)a'ápj(pv tov XaXACtSeeoç, tov KaWÍov koi Tavpoadépoví irarpó^ (ouç ovtoç pvpI p,ia6op \a- ßo>p 'Aó^paíou<¡ eípai roXpâ ypá^eip^, koi ttÓXíp vtto 0€p.teiX€to, tovtcûp ík¿vre<¡ hriKapOapopepoi, érreíBri Sießrjaap eU Evßoiap 6rjßa2oi KaraZovXwaa- aOai ràç TroXetç treipápevoi, ¿p irépre r)p,épai ^/i.âç ¿ç cívaipr¡<70vre<¡. Kai el sa pi) irpSyrov pev deœv tiç ecrioae to arparoTreBov, eiretS' Ol arpaTiârai oi vpérepoi kcà tre^oi kcu ttrtretç avBpef àyaOoi eyévovTO kui Trapa rov iinróBpopov rov èv Ta- pvvai<} è* trapara^eiôç pcixv «patrjcrai/teç àipeiaav vrro- arrovBovf tovç iroXeplov;, eKivBvvevaev àv rjpâv rj TroXivaiv, EvßoiKov pev rm XÓycp avve'Bpiov eU XaXKiBa avváywv, ia')(ypàv Se r^v Evßoiav k(f> vpá<¡ epyip TrapaaKevá^cov, k^aíperov B' avrœ rvpav- víBa TrepnrQiovpevo<;. Kcii TavTr¡<; eXiri^iov awayw- viaTrjv ^iXiTTTTov Xrp^eaOai ¿TrrjXÓev etç MaKeBovíav Kai rrepiyei pera ^íxIttttov, kcu twv kraípwv eîç ¿>vo- pá^eTO. ^ABiKr¡aa<: Sé ^iXittttov KaKeWev àiroBpà^ vrré- 90 ßaXev ¿avrov (f)e'pcùv &T}ßaioi^. ^EyKaraXnrkov Be KaKeivovç, kcu TrXeiovç rpairóp^vof rpo7rá<¡ rov Evpl- ■ 34 AI2XIN0Y Trou Trap' ov mk€1, etv fiécrov TrtVret t^ç t€ Srjßaicav e')(6pae'poPTaí TM pep hr¡p(ú eXTTiZcp; Kepáf, Ar^poaOépeí 8' àpyvpiop Kcu Totç irepl avTOP. Tpla Bi' r¡p à apa Í^mpcÍto, irpM- TOP pep pr¡ Bui(T<^aXrjpaí t^ç Trpoç vpâevyeip ¿k XaXKiBoí r) TeOpápav eyKa- ToXrj^âépTt ' TTjXiKavTai Bvpápeit iir avTOP hrea-Tpd- Tevop, 7] re ^iXÍmrov koI OrjßaicüP. AevTepop 8' ^kov Oí piaddi TM ypaTjraPTí Tr/p cvppa^lap virep tov pij avpeBpeveip 'Aû^pycri XaXKiBéar](Ti IÎtt^o'X^ôi' Ta ßeXTicTTa Xéyeip^, àiréBoTO pep too? Kaipovf too? t^? 7ro\€<0?, eypa-\}re 8' èp Trj eûyryre ota oMiur) \éy érratvet KrijattfiCùP, SaypoSoKtaii, wcrre xàç èf 'ilpeev avPTa^eti Kot Tttç 'EpeTpia<;, rà Sexa ToXavra, ¿p¿PTt»p ^po- vovvTCùv ßXerroPTtüp eXaßov ú/t¿»> ú^eXo/iewi, km toÙç €K t0)P irôXecûv Tovrcav ffwéSpov^ irap vpûip p,ep àvé- tTTijaav, TfáXiP Se etç XaXxiSa kcu to xaXovpepop Ev- ßotKov 47VpéSptop axw^yayov. *Op Se rpotrop km Si oïtùP KaKovpyrjpuTmv, raîn 7¡Si) a^ióv èaTtP ¿Kovaaí. 'A(f)tKP€ÎTat yàp irpot ô/tâç ov/teVi St ayyeXtop, àXX' 95 ovToç ó KaXXtaç, km irapeXOcop etç T'^j» eKKXricrtap Xo- yois SiefjjX^e Karea-Kevaapévov^ îmo Arjpoaôévov'i. 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peàpovi, KCti irúXiv àvTi0iqV V N ^ f Of ff ir€vicevav avrov rrpoç Tr¡v Kau rj/Mepav ctatrav, ottîûç py Bid Typ ¿aéXyeiav Trj. TvXtùp rjp ek Kepapéoip. Ovtoç vpo- Bov<¡ Toîç iróXepíoi^ Nvpatop to èp líopr^, totc t^ç TTo'Xeo»? é)(pvar¡ápTr¡v irpoyopcûP KaTeypœTe^, to, B' airo trj<¡ prfTpixi HicvOrjt;, ßdpßapoi éXXijpl^cûP Trj o>pp • oOep Kai t7)P iroprjplap 173 ovK eTTí^íópío? ccTTí. ilepi Be TTjp KaO^ r)pépap Blaprav Tiç èaTiP ; 'Ek Tpir/páp-^ov Xoyoypárfto^ àpe^apr). Ta KATA KTH2I*ÛNT02. 65 irarpœa KaTa€pcúP Totç avri- SiKOK áv€7r^Sr¡v ISiav irpoaoSmv iropi- ^erai, àxx' €k twv vpereptop kivSvvcúv. Ilepï 8' evyvœpoavin^v Kai XÓyov Svvapiv ttwç Tré- i''4 <^vke ; AeivS)<¡ Xéyeiv, KaK¿i)<¡ ßiwvai. Ovrta yap ke'xptjrai koi tw eavrov aáuari Kaï TraiSotroUa sxtt epe pjj ßovXetrdai Xéyeiv a rovra TréirpaKTai • rjSr) yáp TTore eïSov piajjoevraf; tooç to rœv irXijaíov auT'Xpà Xlav XéyovTa<;. "K-rrevra tí avpßaivei tp TTo'Xeí ; Oí pev XÓyoi koXoÍ, to, S' epya ^avXa. IIpo^ Se ávSpíav ßpa-)(yaL KaiTOi Ôavpaaeiep ap Tiç vpâ>p ei elai <^wô"eci>ç ypa^al. EiaiP. Tipoç epe- ka ; "Ip ekao- 6* 66 AI 2 X I N o Y / ßovfievo^ fioKXjop ^ tovç iro\e[iíov<} àfielvmv à^wvurr^ V vTrep irarpíBoi viráp^r). 'O piv toIvvv vopo6ér7¡<¡ 79 TOP áffTpárexnop xai top BeiXop Kai top Xiiropra tr¡p tÚ^ip e^co tS>p irepíppaPTTjpícúP t^ç ayopaf i^eípyet, Kcà ovK èâ (tte^aPOva-dai oû8' elaiépai etç rà lepa tcl BrjpoTeXr} ' (tv Sé toi' ¿xne^dpanop Ík tS>p popcop k€- Xeiietç 9j/i.âç aT€aPovp, xai tm âavTov "(^^lirpaTi roí» ov irpoíT^KOpra elaxaXeîç roîç TpaytpBolt etç T'^i» opj^rj- (TTpap, etç TO îepop tov Aîopvctov top tÙ lepa, Bcà Set- \iap TTpoBeBtoKora. "Ipa Sè œrroTrXapS) vpâ'i aTTO Ttys inroôéaeoy;, èxeîpo pépprjaOe otup p BrjpoTtKOç elpat, OecopeiT avTov p^ top Xoyop, aXXà top ßlop, xal akoirette pri Ttç ^7¡(tIv eîpai, àwà t/ç ecrrip, 177 'EttêI Be p àp€ppr\0ópov<: TavTa<¡ B(opeà, peycíXa 178 tovtcùp citpai ar)pela Bei^eip vplp. El yáp tiç vpâ'i èp(ûTr\(Teie iroTepop vpîv èpBo^oTepa BoKeî r¡ ttoXii eipai èrrl t<ûp pvpi KaipcùP rj èirl twp irpoyopwp, âtrapTet âp ôpoXoy-qcraiTe oti èirl twp Trpoyopœp. "ApBpe'i Be ttotepop T0T6 àpeipovi ^crap r¡ pvpI ¡ ToVe pep Bia€- kata kth2i*ûnt02. 67 povT€<;, vvví Be •jroWm KaraBeea-repoi. Awpeài Be xai avoi Kal xripvypMra koI erittjcretç èu irpirravela •nórepov tore ^crav irxe/ow? r¡ vvvl ; Tore p,ev r¡v anrávia rà koka trap r¡p,lv kcu to ti^ç àpertyi ovop-a ripiov ' vvv B' ^Br¡ KaTWirerrXxnai to it pay pa, ical to aret^avovv e^ eOovi, àw' ovk ex irpovoiaf troielade. OvKovv aroTTOv ovtokjI BiaXoyi^ope'voa raí pev Ba>peà à€ rovo vfia<; €7rcj(€ipr¡a'ct> BiBáa-xecv. Otead' av trore, w avBpePÙ p,á^yp roùç ßapßa- pov<¡ piKyaa<;, y ovto<¡ ; "Eti S' ol ¿Tro ^vXyi p, *à- Keipoi ye ol p,y TeTip,yp,époi t^ç TroXeenç a^ioi' ov yàp ^PTo Setp èp Toîç ypáp-p-aci Tipàa-dat, àw' èp Ty pivyp-y tÔhp €v TreiropOoToyp, y air èKelpov tov XP^' pov p-éxpt TyaSe Ty€- pot MySovç • ovTOi Sevpo àiKÔp,epoi. top Syp,op ^yaap Scopeáp, Koi èS(ùKep avroiç 6 Sypoç Tt/tàç pteyaXaç, ¿ç TOT èSoKei, Tpeîç Xi6Ípov<¡ 'Epp,âç ctTya-ai èp Ty aToâ Ty tSíp 'Epp,S>p, è wTe p,y èiriypâ^etp tcl opopuTa Ta èavTtûp, "va py tô>p crrpaTyyS>v, aXXà tov Sypov KAJA KTH214>ßNT02. 69 SoKj} etvai hriypafifia. "Ori B' aki^Or} Xey®, ef av- tS)v tcÜv iroirniaTmv €iaea0€. 'ETriyeypairrai yap èni p,ev trpcùTip tÔ)v 'Eppbûv, _ ^Hv apa I KaK€ivpi roCKai^pBioi^ ttotc | Mi^BoiV Ilauriv èrr ]'Hiól¿, ¡STpvfiovoç j àp,^l /îojaç, Aip,¿v ¡T atûœj/a /cparefjov t €7ra')|ovT€ç "A^tfa JT/îWTotj Svo-p,eveji>plevpov aJj^T/^avt^v. *Em Se T® Bevrép^, 'Hyeptoueaai Be \p,ia-dov 'ABr¡vaíai rclB* êBateav * J 1 / *• 'il ' iÀa Avt ewpyeaiT)^ «at peya/Lrjç apeprji. MâWov |t¿9 ráB' Kai ei^eaaop,eva>v iffeXijaet 'ap^i ^violai ¡trpdypiaitc lp,d\ûov éj(etv. I ' f •-! *Eirï Se Tp hnyeypainac "Ek •¡rare rrjaBe iróXijoi: âpb ^ArpeiByai Meveaßew 'HyetTO ^ádeov Tpahcbv àpireBlov, "Ov iroO* "Opitipot e<^7j Aavaœv irvKa yoKKO'^nwvtùV Koaprjrrjpa pMyr)<; e^o'xpv avBpa poXelv. OvTtoç ovBep ¿eiKe<¡ 'AOrjvaloiat KàkeîaOai Koap/riTOPi iroXépov t (ip,l koI r/vopét)^. "Eari TTOU to twp (rrparrjyâp opopa ; OvBapov, àwà TO Tov Br\pov. üpoaeXdere Bíj rp Biapola icai el<¡ rpp aroàp ríjp •¡roíKikpp ' drrâpTfùP yap vpîp tÍop icaXœp epywp Ta VTToppripaTa èp rp àyopâ àpaxeiTai. Tl ovp earip. 70 AI2XINOY M avBpeç *A0rjvaîoi, o iym Xeya ; 'Evravôa ij èv MapaOûvi p^Xf y^yp'^''""^"^' Tlt ovv r¡v 6 arpaTrf yói,apM ypáy¡ra<¡ Kal vtK^<7a<} 'Ap^Ívos o Ík Ko¿\r)<;, eU twv KaTayayóvTcov tov Brfp^ov, éypay¡re Bè TTpwTov pev aûrotç etç Ovalav Kai àvaôrjpaTa Bovvai ^tXtaç Bpa^J^f (^Kcù TovT €â>v Afjpoadé- V€í TfS Tcov peyíaTcúV KaKmv oXtLw. KATA KTH2I*ÛNT02. 71 i^HíISMA. Totrrcp TM ■>Jn)ia-ßiari l^aXel^erai 17 twv Karaya- yovtfüv Tov Syfioi/ Scaped. El tovt C'yei Kokâx;, eKelvo aia")(psx} • el èfceîvoi kut d^iav èrifi^Ofjarap, ovtoç avd^ioç càv a'TeavovTaí. Kalroi, irwddvofiat y avrov fiéWeiv Xéyeuf ¿ç où 189 SiKaia TTOiâ» irapaßdWcav avrâ tcl tS>v irpoyovcov epya * ovSe yàp ^iXdfifitapa cfyrjcrec tov 7rvktf]v 'OXvfi- trickti ctte^avcadrjvai vikr¡aavta TXavKov tov traXcuov ¿Keîvov TTVKTrjv, àXXà towç kuÔ' éavTov d.ycavurrd';, (áattep vpM<¡ dyvoovvTcv; oTi TOtç /lev ttvktcum ecrTiv 6 àycav irpoi aXXi^Xovavova6cu irpo; avTr¡v T7¡v áp€Tr¡v •Çç Koi eveKa avovvTaí. A et yàp TOf Kr\pvKa à^evSetv, otuv tt/v àvdppriaw èv tm âeaTpcp TTOí^roí Trpoç Toùç "EXXriva;. My ovv ypûv ¿)<¡ IXaTOAictoavo^ àpeivov iveiroXvTevaat Sté^iOt, àXX' édvoi<; iyépaipe iraXat'^Pcav Ayfio<¡ *AOyvalcav, o" iroTe tov; àSiKOt; Oecrfwl; ap^avTa; iróXio; irpcaToi KaTaTravetv ''Hp^av, kIvSvvov awfiaatv dpdftevot. 72 AI2XIN0Y 91 "Oti tovf Trapa tovç vóp,ov<¡, ap^avraç Karekvaav, Bià Tovr avTOVi i)cnp ¿ iroirfTr^ TiprjOrjvai. "Evav- Xov yàp tÓt6 iràcnv on TtjviKaíha ó Bíjpo<¡ xare- \v0T¡, èrreiZ^ Ttj/eç ràç ypa^à^ twp irapapopmp àpel- Xop. Ka\ yáp toi, «ç èyà> tov Trarpaç tov èpMvrov èirvpOapôprfp (09 ert) ßiov<; ipepi^KOpra xal irepre ire- xevttjaep, diráprap peraa-ymp tcop ttopcùp ry TroXet), 09 7roWa/ct9 Trpo^ ipè Bieget eirt ayoXy<;. "Etjyt] yáp, ore ¿prícú'i KareXyXvOei ó Brjpoi;, et Tt9 elaloi ypa^ irapapopcop el<¡ BiKaarypiop, eîpai opoiop to opopa kcu 92 TO epyop. Tí yáp eaTtp apocnmrepop cipBpoç Trapá- popa XéyoPTOÇ Kcà TrpaTTOPTO<; ; Kai Typ áxpóaaip, ¿<¡ CKelpos ¿TTTiyyeXXep, ov top avTop Tpoirop Íttoiovpto ¿ûŒTrep PVP yíyveTai, aW' rjaap iroXv yaXeir¿Tepoi 01 BiKacTToi T0t9 irapápopa ypáovaip avTOV tov KaTy- yópov, kcà TToXXàxiç àpeiroBi^op top ypappaTea koí èxéXevop ttÚXip àpayiypâaKeiP TO09 pópov<¡ Kai to yjry- QNT02. 73 yetTai, ó Se t^evyav Tr¡v ypar¡v KaTtjyopeî, ol Be Bt- KCUTToi eviore av p,év elav Kpiral liriKavOavovTCii, w s' ovk elai BiKoaral, irepi tovtcùv àvayKa^ovtai tt¡v ^ln}ov (f>épeiv. Aeyei Se ó ^evywp, èàv apa "Trod' â^jnj- tai Tov Tpáyp.aro'í, ov^ mç evvopxi yeypa^ev, àw' wç TTOTC Kaï TTporepov eT€po<; roiavra ypá\¡ra ft) Kcù vvvL p,éya poveîv aKovm Krijcn- ^âvra, ¿ToXfia B' èv vpÂv irore aepLvvveaOat 'Apiaro- <^s}v eKelvo'i ó ^A^rjviev'} \éya>v oti ypaà<; Trapavop^v iré^evyev eßBofiriKovra xal irévre. ov-}¿i à ke'ipaxo^ ó TraXotoç ixetvoç, ¿ bo/cûp brfptotitceôtatoç yeyovévai, oxr^ owtû)?, ttXX.' ein Totç èvaptioi^ ilXoi tov? (¡¡¿Xooi, ei ti é^ap,ápToiep eh r^p TióXip. 'ekeloep Be tovto ypáaeaOe. 'ap^^lpo^ yap ó Ík KoÍXtji; éypá\¡raro napapóp.ap OpacrvßovXop top sret- pcéa ypáyjraprá ti napa Tovt poplovç, [[(TTec^ai/oOi/J epa tmp crvykatexdoptcûp avtw ano ^vxrji}, xai eÍXe vemcrn yeyepr)p,épcúp avtm tS)p evepyeaimp, aç ov-)(^ vnéXoyí- aapTO ol BiKaaTaí • rjyovPTO yáp, (ocrnep roVe avTov<; ^evyopta0PTá ti napa toví p¿- ttovç. *ax)c ov pvp, àXXà nap TOVPaPTiov ylypeTai • oX yap àyaQoi atpattjyol vpûp kcu twp raç cnti^a'eiç 74 A12 X I N o Y Ttwç evfytjfi¿v(úv Iv tm irpxnaveltp l^anovvrcu ràç y pa ^àç tS)v Trapavópxúv, ovi ¿/¿eïç à^apiorow éîvat St- Koloit av VTToXapßuvoiTe' el yáp Ttç iv B*¡p/OKparía reTipt)p€vor)v tpevyovre kcu, to^ etç ovto to IT pay pa Xeyovcnv' èiretBàv Be rp TrpáiTy pv TO Trapavopov, r¡Bt) to TpiTov vBap iy^etTM Ty Tip^tt 19S KM T» peyeôei Ttp opyr}œvovina aXXîjXotç èinZel^at: Karaßaive • kai tL Bei ae ArjpoaQevfjv TrapaKcCKelv ; "Otuv B' vvepTrrjB'qcraç ríjv BiKaíav àtroXoyiav TrapaKoXp^ ku- Kovpyov avOpmirov km T€j(y¿Ti]v \¿ya>v, «XeTrrew r^v ¿Kpoaaiv, ßKtrjTTei^ tÍ¡v iróXiv, KaTaXvei<; rr¡v Br¡po- Kparlav. Tít oivv larXv CLtrorpoTrrf rtov Toiovroyp XÓymv; 'Eym èpâ. ^E-jreiBàv trpoaeXOœv evravOol Bie^éX- 6r¡ Trpoç vpiâ<{ tovto B^ to avvreraypévov avrâ irpo- oíp,iov, erreiT ¿vBiarpißr) km p7¡ airoXoy^rai, viropirq- aar axnov avev dopvßov to aavlBiov Xaßelv Kai toÙç vopavt T® yjnjipío'pMri irapavayvävai. 'Eàv Be p,r¡ •¡rpoaTroirjTai vp.S)v ¿Koveiv, p^jBi vp,e2<; eKelvov eOeXeTe oKoveiv ov yap râv evy0vT0)v Taç ov BiKaiaç cltto- Xoyla<} àiroXoyeladai. ^Eàv B' v7repTrr¡B-^a-a<¡ rr¡v BiKaíav áiroXoyíav Arjpocrdévrjv irapaKaXrj, pLaXiara ftev [iri •¡rpocrBé')(e<7de KaKOVpyor avdpmTrov, olópevov pr¡pMVTO vpûf. Ovre TOV ÏSiov ßiov TOV ArjpLoadévovi irpoTepov Sie^rj¡\0ovsa 0vt€ tS)v SrjpLoaicùV àSiKrjpulrav ovSevo^ nrpoTepov €p,vq- aOrjv, a^Oova Sr^irov xai -jroWà e^cov Xeyeiv, ^ irávTwv •y' av eïrjv aTropwraro? • àwà irpmrov piev tovç vo- fiov^ èiréSei^a àvayopevovTas p-^ avovv Toùç irrev- dôvovi, erreiTa tov pj^topa è^^Xey^a ypáy¡ravTa Arjpo- adévTjv (nrevdvvov orna CTeipavovv ovSev irpoßaXopevov, ovSe TTpocreyypáyfravTa i-jretSav 8w ràç evôvva<;, aXXa TravTeXâ><} kvlÍ vpûyv koll tÔ)V vopcov kataire^po- 9 \\ï / V « , r VTjKOTa • Kai Taç eaopeva<¡ irpo'i Tama 7rpov KrjpvypaTwv vópovi, eu oiç Siappr)Sr]v atreipijtac tov vtto tov Sr¡pov (TTe(f>avov,. pevov pr¡ KTjpvTTeadat, e^o) t^ç €KKXr}a-ia€vyo)v Tijv ypaxfi^v ov roùç vópov<; pAvov trapaßd- ßrjKev, àXXà Kai tov xaipov t^ç ampp/ja-e«? «ai tov tottov, KeXevmv ovk èv Ty eKKXrjaía, aXX' iv t^ ôeaTpm Tr¡v àvàpprjaiv ylyveadai, ovS' ¿KKXrjaia^ovTcov 'Ady- vaiav, àXXà peXXÓvTcov TpaywScûv elcridvai, TavTa S' elrrav pixpà pev irepl tÛv ISiwv elirov, tu Se irXeíaTa irepl TÔtv SypoaicùV ¿SiKypaTcov Xdyeo. 205 OvT(ù Sy Kai tov Aypocrddvyv ù^iàcraTe âiroXo- yeiaôai Trpoç tov tÛv vTrevOvvav vopov irpwTov Kai KATA KTH2I*ÛNT02. 7T TOI/ irep», râv tcrjpvyfiaTap Sevrepov, rpírov Se to pe- yioTov Xéycú, wç ovSe a^ió'i eari t^ç Bü>peá<¡. 'Eau S' vpS)v Bér/rai a-vy^aprjaai avTm •rrepl rrji Ttí^eo)? rov XÓyov, KaTeirayyeWÓpevo^ ¿9 «ri Tp reXeiny rrji aTToXoyloM Xvaet to irapávopov, pr¡ avy^apelre, pijB' àyvoelô* ort nráXaiapa tout €<7t\ BtKacTfjpiov • où yàp €lcrav0t<{ irore ßovXerai Trpoç ro irapávopov àiro- XoyeiaOai, àXX' ovBev e^«v Bîkuiov elrreîv érépcov tto- pepßoXy nrpaypdrwv eiç Xi^dr/v i/yttâç ßovXerai rrj<} KaTtjyopía'i epßaXelv. "íla-rrep ovv ev toÎç yvpviKoïç 20t àfymo-iv ¿pare row? nTVKTa0 à B^ ffvpßricreTai vpip, eap rovrop top rpoirop 207 T'^o ¿Kpóaaip TTOirjcrOe, ravff^ vptp tjBt) BiKaio; elpt, irpoevrrelp. 'Efreiirá^ei yàp top ymyra km ßaXaprio- Topop Koi Bi-arerpT/KOTa T7¡p iroXirelap, Ooto? KXáet pep ^ôoi/ ^ àXXoi yeXwaiP, imopKel Be Travroap ttjoo- •^eipoTora • ovk av davpávaipi Se el peTaßaXXopePo; Toî? e^ü) 'rrepíetrav tijv troXiv to kÚWictov etc trai- Betaç pt}p.-a ^ßey^ap,evoi. Mí) p,v»)a-iKaKelv trv Be eXtcoTTOíecf, tcai p,âWov tjoi p-eXet tcûv avdfjpepov Xoycûv P) r^v vyp, Atjpoifßeve-^ ; ITpoç irolav a-vppá.')¿wv irapa- tTKevrjv; ÍIpo<: irota y^p^para ; Tí •¡rpoßa'X Xopevof virep tov Br¡pov TreTroXiTev-crai ; ' ^A pev yap vtrep creavrov ßeßovXevo-ai, Üirav- « » »1* » V N * » » TC'Ç opcopev. cjkXitt(ùv pev to ucttv ovk oí- «eîç, ¿Ç BoKet^, ev net patet, àXX' è^oppel^ ix Trjç woXcwç, è^p ipevywv èarï Krijai^âv, 6 B' dyoip ovK drlp/tiTot, crv B' ovre Trepl tîJç ovalat ovre irepl TOV (TwpuiTot ovre irepi Ttjt èiririplat àyavl^y ; '^Wà 'Trepï rlvot èvrlv avTM r) airovBi^ ; Ilept ■)(pverâv are- àveûv Kcà KtjpvypMTcav èv t(ù deárp^ irapà rovt v¿- povt ' ov ¿■^rjv, et xai p,avèit à Brjp.ot rj tS)v Kade- 211 aTTjKOTmv €7ri\éXr¡apévot ÍttI rotavrijt axaíplat eßov- Xero a-Teavovv avrov, TrapeXôôvra elt rr¡v eKKXria-lav elirelv, dvBpet ^A6r¡valoí, rov p.ev aTé<¡>avov Béj¿op,ai, TOV Se Kaipov diroBoKipâ^m èv m TO KTjpvypLa ylyveTai ' ov yàp Bel ècf) oit r¡ TToXiç eirevörftTe koX èxelpaTO, èirt tov to it èple aTCifiavovaßai. '^XX' oîp,ai, TavTa pièv àv eiTTOt avr/p ovTUt ßeßteoKwt /xeT àpeTr}t • à Bè av Xe- Çeiç, eiTTOt àv JcàÔappia ^rfXoTvirovv ápeTr¡v. Ov yàp 212 Bij p,cL TOV 'HpaKXéa tovto ye vpicov ovBelt ^oßrjßri- o-eTUi, pdf 0 AffpMtrdévrft, àvrfp p.eyaXÔ-^v')(ot nal to. TToXepiKa BiaaX^v TavTifv Kcù vvevOvvov, ^v oxnot Trapa, irávTat Tovt v¿- /ttouç yéypaav(ûtTai, fivpiáicit KaTUTeTpirfKe kcX TovTüfV pitadovt eïXr](f>e TpavpaTot Ik irpovolat ypa(f>at ypa(f>0p'evot, koI KaTUKeicovBvXia-Tai, waTe av-rov oXpat 80 AI2XIN0Y Ta 7Û>v kovBvXmv Ïx^V MeiSiov ex'^tv êri OTepcüv avTwv ¿/rray- yeiXai irpof ¿/¿âç, tovt èpâ. Hepiepxovrai yap Tr¡v âyopàv áXr¡6ei<¡ kar àXXrjXav ej^oi/reç Bo^ai koi Xoyovç 214 ov ^¡revBeîç XeyovTeç. 'O pev yàp KT7]â»v ov to KaO' èavTov ^cri ^oßeiaOai, èXirl^eiv yàp Bó^eiv íBiá- T7)oßela0ai Kai Typ epirXrj^iav Kai BeiXÍav ' ó A7]pacrOévr]<¡ etç avTOV pev uTroßXeirayv ßappelv ifyrjalv, t7¡v Sè tov Ktijo'I^Sívto'; irovyplav km TropvoßoaKiav laxvpâx; BeBievai. Tov'i Bi) KaTeyvwKo- raç aXXyXcov oBiKeiv pr}Bapcú<¡ vpel<¡ ot Koivoi KpiTai tS>v èyKXrjpaTCûv àiroXvayTe. 215 Ilepl 8è Toûv etç èpavTov XoiBopiœv ßpax^a ßovXopai irpoenreïv. Ilvvdávopai yàp Xé^eiv Arjpoadévyv wç y TToXtÇ inr avTov pev oxftéXrjTai iroXXá, vir èpov Be Ka- TaßeßXaiTTat, koi tov ^iXnnrov km toi/ ^AXé^avBpov km Taç ¿Tro tovtiúv aiTiat àvolaeiv hr ipe. OvTca yàp eariv, «àç eoïKe, Beivo^ Bypiovpyoi; Xoywv wo-re ovk ¿•¡róxP'P a,VTM, ei ti irerroXiTevpai Trap vpîv iyœ rj eî 216 Tiva<¡ Byptjyopía^ eïpyxa, tovtcùv KaTyyopeiv, aXXà Kai Tyv yavxlav pov tov ßiov BiaßdXXei Kai, t^ç aiayirrft RATA KTH2I4>ÛNT02. 81 ¡lov KaTTjyopel, '¿va fir/Seli} avrâ tottoç ¿(TVKOr¡v inrep t^ç TroXewç èypayjraprjv, aXX! èvhet,Kvvpevoôp,r)v, àXXd BiaXiiràv Kcà 7rpo<; rrjv TroXt- Telav ov iTVKvd "rrpocrimv âirriveyKa rijv ypa Be ovre ràç ArjpoaOevov^; BiaTpißd.<; e^rfXtOKa, ovt Ítti Tatç èp,avTOv ala')(vvopai, ovre Toùç elprjpbévov^ èv vplv Xoyoin èp^avrâ apprp-ovi eîvai ßovXolptjv, ovre rd avrd rovra Br)p.riyop^époprop ùBiKrjpàrwv ripmplav ímoaj(elp, orap KaTa<})evyr)ç èrrl Toùç toiovtovç Xo'yovç, ^ Toùç ukovop- Taç ¿TTiXria-popa^ CmoXapßupei^ ^ aavrov -TrapaXoyi^rf. Ta pep yàp Ttepl Toùç 'Ap(f>ia-ae'a<; r]'''eß7)pepa aoi Kcù Ta irepl Tr¡p Evßoiap BwpoBoKrjdépTa, xpdvcùp èyyeyepT)- pépoav èp oï<: vir èpov avi^û>v vavrncov ^ ore ^Adrjvaloi r^v ev Ná- fw vavfta'^iav AaKe8at/j,oviov^ xai IIoWip iv¿K7¡(Tav ; OvTtú Se Taîç alrtaiç ivépa^a<; ràç Kara cravrov ri- 223 fiaptat ware rov kIvSvvov eîvat p,^ trot t® áSiic7¡a-avti, àwà Totç èire^tovcri, ttokvv pev tov 'AXe^avSpop fcal top ^txittttop ip Taîç Suißo\a7<; ^épcov, alrKppevoç Se Tti/aç èpiroSi^eip tovç troXeoyi Kaipov<;, àei ro irapop Xvpaipopevof, ro Se péXXop KaTeTrayyeXXopeva. Ov 224 TO reXeirratop elaayyéXXecrffai peXXtûv vrr ipov Tr¡p 'Ava^tpov avXXr¡y¡np tov 'Íipeírov KareffKevaaai;, rov Ttt ayopda-para ^OXvpviáSt àyopa^ovtof, Ktù top avrop avSpa Siea-TpeßXaxra^ rrj aavrov %«/3t ypwy^a<¡ avrop davártú Çr)puâ)aai, kíu Trapa râ avrw èp 'ílpem xariqyov, Kcà airo rrjç avT^<} TpaTréi¡r¡<; e(f>aye ■\frevSet trvvOúpopai, peXXet, t/ç ap etif Totoôroç \aTpo<; oaTtç rèp voaovvrt pera^v pep àaêe- povpTi priSièp avpßovXevoi, reXevTiíaaPTOi Se avrov iX0a>v 61 AI2XIN0Y «Iç Ta evara Bie^coi 7r/3oç toÙç olKelovopoiol yáp pov t^p v(np Tatç Seip^ip, «ç eoiKe. Kai yap {nr eKelpwp ov ktj- XelcrOal pe'povéX7), to Xopttop ovBép ecrnp. 0avpá^cú B' eycoye vpâtp, w apBpe9\ > t f 9 06¿09 ecTL oicK7)v oovvat ; (Jvk ap eiat, Trap vp^iv eu- 0vpat ßlov, el tovtop á^rjceTe. 'Exeipo b' ov Xvtttj- pop, el irpórepop pep èpeirlpirXaTO r) op'xpíartpa 'x^pvacop cttecfyápcúp olf ¿ brjpo^ ecrrecfiapovTO viro tcúp 'EXXt^pcúp, bià TO ^epikoív 'EWrjvaiv are^avovfievop, ovBei^ av vfiwp v-Trofieípeiep, oti «fyijaip "O/irjpof apapBpop avrop eípai kcà (tvkoipáptijp • avroi 8' orap top toiovtop ap' dpmttop are^póíre, ovk oteaOe ip ratç rœp 'EKKr¡p<úp 8ó^ai<¡ (TvpiTTetrdai ; Ol fiep yap Trarépef iifiûp ra êpSo^a /cat XafiTrpà twp Trpayfiareop àperldeaap B'qfi^, Ta Be Taireipà xai xaTaBeéaTepa el<¡ tovç p^TO- pa<} Toùç (fyavXov} eTpenop • KTr¡ai(i¡>p B' vfiâç oîeTai Beip à^eXoWaç tt/p àBo^lap à-jro AT]fioadepov<> irepi- 232 delpat T® Br¡fMp. Kcà aTe fiep evTv^eii éîvai, ¿ç Kcà èo-Te AcaXwç iroiovPTe^, yjrrjipieïaOe B' vtto fiep t^ç tv^V* ® èyKaTaXeXeï^dai, viro ArffioaOépov^ Be ev TreiropOepai ; Kcà TO TrdpTMP ¿tottcútatop, èp Totç aôrotç Bikcuttt)- pioiç Tooç fiep ràç tÛp Bcófxop ypaif>àç dXia-KOfiepovi cLTifiovTe, op B' avToï fiiaôov iroXiTevofiepop avpiaTe, CTe^apwaeTe ; Kcà Toùç fîkp KpiTcat tovç ex Aiopv- aicùP, èdp fit) BiKaí(ú<; tovi kvkXÎov^ -^opov^s xpípcoai, ¡¡rjfitovTe • avTOi Be où kukXIcop j(opci)P xpiTCU xaOecrTt]- /co'reç, àXXà poficop xcà ttoXitikt)^ àpeTt^, ràç B(úpea<¡ où xaTci Tov<¡ pofiovi oùB' oXtyotç xal roîç à^ioii, dXXà 233 Tm Blairpa^afiépcp BáaeTe ; "EireiT e^eicrip ex tov BixaaTrjplov 6 toiovto<¡ xpiT^9 Bixá^ei, avfiirapaxoXovdoyp aÙTOP Xvireï ÇBi' ainhp KATA KTHSI^ÍÍNTOS. 87 yáp, oîpac, yéyove to áp.ápTtjpa), ^ Be Trpoç oí» è^apt^ero áBrj\o<¡ yeyévrjTai • ^ yap -^^^oç á^av^<¡ <¡>épeTai. AoKovpev B' epoiye, w avBp€<} 'AOrjvaíoi, áp,(f)ÓTepa 234 Kai KaTopdovv Kaï TrapuKivBvveveiv eiç rrjv TroXirelav ov acd^povovinet. "Ort p,£V yap im râv vvv Kaipmv oí iroXKoi T01Ç oXÍyoi<} irpoteade ra Trjç BrjpoKpaTÍai ía-yypá, ovK ivaivü • on S' ov yeyevrjrai (f>opà xaô' r¡pá<¡ prjTopcov irovrjpâv apa kclí roXp'qpâv, evrv^ovpev. npoTepov pev yap TOiavra^ vaei<} rjveyKe to Br¡p¿cyiov, tâ paBío)<; ovTO) KareXvcrav rov Brjpov ' e-^^aipe yap ko- XaKevópevof, "Eireir aiiTov ov^ ov<¡ i vpív avTol<; e^ere rovi iróXíTevopévovi ; Ov raireivwaavref àiro- Tre'p'yJrCTe tooç vvv Í7rrjppevov<; ; Ov pépvtjad^ on ovBeh TTwiroTe inéOeTO irpórepov Bripov KaraXvaei, irplv av pel^ov Twv BiKaan^plav la'^yar) ; e Txç. / ç>>AV ^  /y ^ ' f üo€a)? o av eywye, ct) avcp€<; Atfrjvaioi, evavriov 236 vpô)v àvaXoyiaaiprjv 7rpopevtj-e, dav/jíá^fú crov. Tov yap ravr é^eipyáadai xa\(ûç TO yeyevrjaôai tovtoùv oÍtíov p,ell¡a> KaTtjyoplav e^ei • ov yap Trepi'^apaKaxravTa ^rj ra reí^ij oíiSe ràç hrfpMalaf to^oç ávékóvra tov opOwç TretroXiTevp.évov Sapean alrelv, aXX' dyaffov tivoç oitiov yeyevrjpevov ry 237 troKei. El Sé iiri to Bevrepov pépo^ tov yjrr]eXù)V Trjv aXa^oveíav Kai tov Kop^irov TOV ■y^t^lapMTOpoBoKÍa<; TrapaXeíirm ' orav Biè Trj<; Trpot &i]ßaiov^ avppa'^la^ Taç atr/aç àvaTiOp'i Aijpoadevei, Tooç /ièi/ àyvoovvTaÛNT02. 89 rovvrmv 'AOrjvaímv, oÛtoç ¿kwv /coreW/u.-t^e rpiaKoaia tokavta t® à cra)povâv ó Br}pov r¡v to '^(pvaiov Kaipo<¡ Koi ^o/8oç Kat, 'Xpeía avppá'^cúv. To Be avTO tovto koi ttjv Qijßalav a'vppa-)(^íav é^eipyá^ero, Sv Be to peu rwv Grjßaiav ovopa Kai TO rrj'i BvaTv^eaTaTt]<; ayppMyyvi evo^Xetç cet \éywv. Ta B' eßBopr\KOVTa ToKavTa ínroaicúTráí â TTpoXaßtov Tov ßaacXiKov ■^vatov wireaTeprjaaf;. Où 240 Bi' evBeiav pep ■)(pr]páTap eveKa irévTe TaXdvTWV oí fe- voi Tol<} &r)ßaioi<; Tr¡v oLKpav ov irapéBoaap ; Aià Be èwéa TokavTa apyvpíov irávTwp 'ApKtiBœp è^eXrjXv- doTwv Koi TOùv rjyepopfav érolpoiv ovtoov ßotjOetv ^ irpâ- ^tç où yeyévr]Tai ; Sv Be TrXooTètç xal toÎç rjBoval'i 'fai'i aavTOV y(opr]yeí<¡. Kai to KeuTpa ovk M3 ¿iroXoy^a-T) ; *Jí toîovtoç eariv op yéypaóaa- povadai, oto<; pr) yiypáoKeaOai ínro imp ev ireirovOormp, ap pr¡ Ttç (toi avpeliT'p ; ^EtreprnTrjaop St] tovs SiKa «rraç el eyiyvtoaKOP Xaßpiap xal 'IiKpaTT)p xal Tipó- 6eop, Kcà TTvOov Trap* ainmv Sia tí toç Scopeai avToi<¡ eSoaap xai ràç elKovai earriaap, "AiravTe^ yap apa act, ¿TTOKptPovPTat ort Xaßpia pep Sià t^p Trept Ná^op pavpa')(lap, *lefyiKpárei Se on popap AaKeSaipoplœp airé- KTeipe, Tipo6é(ù Se Sià rov irepiirXovp top el<¡ KepKvpav, Kal aWoiç, cùp éKoarw iroXXà Kal KoXà Kara iróXepop 214 epya iréirpaKrai. ArjpoarOévei S* àprepov Sià tí S<ù- a - ï \ \ &.ai yap ap €Lr¡ àeipop, w apOpei Aorjpaioi, ei ra pep ^vXa Kal Toùç XÎ6ovVT€0ápr). AL- K7)v Tí? BéBcùKe irovrjpo'i Koi TropvoßoaKo<: Stairep Krt)- (tiipâv ' oí Bé ye aXKot irerralBewrau. Tàvavrla tí? yjrT]v küXcüv Kai BtKaioav ¿7raveX0a)v oiKaBe iraiBevet rov vlóv • ó Se' ye eí/co'rco? ov •ire¿0erai, aXXa to vov0ereiv èvo^elv evrav0a ^Brj BiKaím ovopá^erat. '/2? ovv pT¡ póvov KplvovTe<¡, ¿XXa kuI 0ewpovpevoi, 217 ovTtú ttjv -v^^ov ^épere, eí? airoXoyiapov to2<; vvv pev ov Trapovart tS>v ttcXitSjv, èireprjaopévoii; Be ó/ió? tí eBíKa^ere. Ev yap lare, w avBpevyoi ; ^Eàv tow? 248 92 AI2X1NOY TrpoKaraXafißapovTa^ ra Koivà kclí (f>iXdv0pay7ra tÔ>v ovopbàrcôv, aTTiffTouç oj>ra<; toîç rjOeai, <^v\á^riade. 'H yàp evvoia koI to t^ç Br)píOKpaTÍa<} ovofia Keírai pîkv h> fiéa6ávovai S' iv' avrà Kara^evyoPTef to!) Xoyç) 249 ¿ç èin iroXv ol toÔç êpyoïi ifKelarop ¿,rré')(ppT^(lpmp Kai KrjpvypiârtûP èp Totç "EWrjarip ènidvpiovpTa, hrapáyeip avTop ke- Xevere koI top Xoyop, axTirep ràç ßeßatäpopa. "Otw Be Taina p,r¡ fiapTvpeiTai, p,7) ßeßaioxne axnm rovç Í7raípov<;, koI tÍjí BrjßOKpa- 250 Ttaç l'irip,èXr\6rjTe ÍjBt) Biaevyova'qp, àXXà Trapa t5>p trpwtevoptwv èp ttj 'Aaría Kai ttj Evpairr) ; Kai è(f> oiç ¿ctip èk tcûp póficop Çr)p,ia 6ávaT0<í, TavTa Tipep ov ßov\€v, 252 ¿KeíOev Tov XÓ'yov Oewp^aaTe. 'Eyéveró xtç (^d')¿dop,ai Se p,ep,v7¡p,évo<} iroWÚKK xàç árv^ím rrjç TroXfwç^ ip- Tavû' àpfjp íSi¿TT)<}, oç eK-TrXeip p,¿vop eli 2láp,ov êm- j(etpi^aa0ßop ¿pÚp- Spm'i TjpeyKe, irpárjp iroTe ela-riyyeXOrj koi icrat avT^ al ylr7Íoi eyévopTo • el Se p,la p,¿vov /tiexeTrecrei', xnrep- ¿piar-* dp ^ àiréOapev. ^Avn6(ôp,ep Sr/ to pvpi yi- 253 yp¿p,epop. 'Ap^p prfrmp, ô irávTwv t¿Í>p Kaicwp aLTio<{, êXiTTe p,ep TTjP airo CTpaToireSov tu^ip, àrréSpa S' itc t»}ç TToXewç • ovToi aTe(}>apova0ai à^ioï km KrjpvTTeadat oterai Selv, Ovk ¿Tro'/rép.yjreTe top dvôpwirop wç koi- prjp tÔ>p 'EXXrjvmp a'vpLTtfiiû,alv, àXkà KM Totç oppMrc Ziaßki'y^Mres €tç vpâ^ avToiiç ßovXevaaaOe, tîWç vpcov ùp 'irpe Xéyca, àpTcirapaTeTaypepov; Trpov Typ tovtodp áp popcop, ^ApctTTecSyp Se TOP Tovv twv 'A6r¡vaí(úp, Trap ovBev piev rjkdov œjroKrelvai, è^eKr\pv^av B' etc t^ç 7roX,eioç xai d'7ráavoúór¡aeTai ; 'Eyo) p,èv ovv, à> yrj kcu yXie kcu àpeT^ km o-weo-tç 260 KCU irmBeia, y BiayiyváxTKopev Ta KoXà Kcà to, alaypá, ßeßoyOrjKa Kcà eïpijKa. Kai el piv «a\¿? Kaï âf/wç TOV àBtKyp,aTOépovTa xnrep tt}<¡ troXecù^ ylrr]¿- aaaöe. NOTES. The Oration was made in a prosecution of Ctesipbon for proposing to bestow an honorary crown upon Demostbenes, on tbe ground of the illegality of the measure {noQavofimv ypaqpij). It was delivered b.c. 330, something more than six years after the indictment was moved. The following may be taken as a general outline of the course of thought : — 1. That he trusted the factious array against him would be controlled by the law, since, as factious proceedings in the Assembly had opened the way for illegal measures, and led to the substitution of arbitrary trials, instead of the regu¬ lar trials before the courts, there remained only one remedy for these disorders, — trials for proposing illegal decrees, which if they did not sustain, all was lost. §§ 1-8. 2. Necessity of the law forbidding to crown a magis¬ trate before the accounts of his ofiice have been accepted. §§ 9, 10. 3. That some violated this law under a plausible pretext, but Ctesipbon without any at all. §§ 11, 12. 4. That neither the manner of the appointment of a magis¬ trate, nor the fact of his having expended his own money in his office, cleared him from responsibility, as all magistrates whatever were responsible at Athens. §§ 13-23. 5. That Demosthenes held two important offices at the time Ctesipbon proposed to crown him, and that these offices were such as the laws describe as responsible. §§ 24-31. 9 98 NOTES. 6. That, with regard to the proclamation of the crown, the law provides, and with very good reason, that crowns shall be conferred only in the Senate-chamber or the Pnyx, whereas Ctesiphon had proposed to confer it in the theatre. §§ 32-34. 7. That the pretence of his adversary, that there is an¬ other law authorizing proclamations in the theatre, is absurd, since it was provided that the laws should be revised every year, and all obsolete and conflicting laws annulled. §§ 35-48. 8. That, with regard to the merits of Demosthenes, he should show the statements of Ctesiphon to be false. §§ 49, 50. 9. That he might dwell upon his private misdeeds, but should pass them by. §§ 51-53. 10. That of his public misdeeds he should speak more at large, with respect to four principal periods of his public life. §§ 54-57. 11. That, in the flrst period, he acted in concert with Phi- locrates in making the peace with Philip against the interests of his country, exhibited a servile spirit of flattery towards Philip and his ambassadors, prevented the peace being made in conjunction with a common congress of the Greeks, and, especially, sacrificed Cersobleptes, their ally, to Philip. §§ 58-78. 12. That in the second period, after Philip had passed Thermopylae and made a descent upon Phocis, Demosthenes, to avoid the responsibility of these unfavorable results of the peace, suddenly changed his course, and charged the blame upon his fellow-ambassadors, while he instigated the people to an uncompromising war against Philip, to carry on which he formed a most disadvantageous and disgraceful alliance with the Ëubœans (at a later period, also, with the Thebans), in which transaction he was guilty of the grossest corruption. §§ 79-105. 13. That, during the third period, he brought disgrace upon himself and ruin upon his country : first, by his impious course in upholding the Amphisseans in their violation of the sacred country of Cirrha ; and, secondly, by the alliance which NOTES. 99 he formed with Thebes, which was highly objectionable on three grounds, — first, its terms were much more favorable to Thebes than to Athens ; second, it diminished the dignity of Athens, and increased the power of Thebes ; and, third, it prevented the Thebans from making peace with Philip : all which rendered it most unfitting that he should be crowned, as it was proposed. §§ 106-1.58. 14. That, after the battle of Chaeronea, he slunk away from Athens, on a tour to collect taxes from the allies ; and, after his return, offered no decree in his own name till the death of Philip, when he suddenly assumed new courage, procured the passage of decrees honoring Philip's murderer, and of public rejoicing, while he ridiculed his successor, Alexander, when at a distance, but shrunk from him when near, and finally sold himself to him. §§ 159-167. 15. Nor was Demosthenes, as was supposed, a true democrat, when tried by the proper tests of that character. §§ 168-176. \ 16. That the frequent conferring of public honors, such as Demosthenes was contending for, had a very injurious eflect upon the country, and was directly opposed to the practice of the city in its earlier and better days, when, also, the judges were much more strict than at that time in trials, and confined the speakers much more to the subject, as he trusted they would Ctesiphon and Demosthenes on the pres¬ ent occasion, who would employ every art to mislead them. §§ 177-212. 17. That Ctesiphon and Demosthenes each professed great anxiety for the other, but pretended to have no concern for themselves. §§ 213, 214. 18. That with regard to the charge which he understood Demosthenes would bring against him, of having stood aloof from public affairs, and allowed him to carcy through so many pernicious measures without ever bringing him to trial for any of them at the time, and now, so long after the events, bringing against him a sweeping accusation for all his public 100 NOTES. life, he would say that this might be accounted for by his simple and quiet habits of life, and by the litigious and quar¬ relsome character of Demosthenes, which rendered it danger¬ ous for any one to oppose him in any thing. §§ 215-229. 19. That it was impossible for them to set aside thé indict¬ ment, either on the ground of the legality of the decree of Ctesiphon, or the character of Demosthenes, if they had any regard to their duty as judges, or the safety of the democracy. §§ 230-235. 20. That neither the repairing of the walls, nor the public measures of Demosthenes (which were the grounds of the application for a crown), constituted any reason for crowning him. §§ 236-240. 21. That least of all should the court be outraged by Demosthenes speaking his own praise, who had no claims whatever to the honor demanded, and, if he received it, would furnish a most pernicious example to all who were acquainted with the fact, which should lead them to be severe in their judgment, that the democracy might not be destroyed by such men. §§ 241-254. 22. That, in deciding the cause, they should not only guard against the influence of personal friendship for Demosthenes, but also against the efifect of his impudent confidence ; placing before themselves, for their guidance, the worthies of their past history. §§ 255-259. 23. That, if he had not spoken in the cause as he wished, he had spbken as he could ; and it remained for them to de¬ cide it justly, not only from what he had said, but also from what he had left unsaid. § 260. § 1. itoQacaevr^ .. . noQaxa^iv] " preparation . . . array," i.e. of the friends and supporters of Demosthenes, As the number of judges or jurymen (dwaorat) in the Athenian courts was large, and as these judges were drawn from the common people, there was necessarily considerable opportu¬ nity for the influence of faction even in (he courts of justice. NOTES. 101 We know from § 56, as well as from the reply of Demos¬ thenes (§ 196), that the court was thronged by hearers on the present occasion, most of whom, it is natural to suppose, attached themselves to the interest of the one or the other of the great orators ; just as in great trials, in our own country, the friends of the two parties respectively attend in multi¬ tudes, to encourage and sustain their favorite. It is probable, indeed, from the peculiar constitution of the Athenian courts (the number of judges being so lalrge, and not of a profes¬ sional character), that factious arts were carried much farther than in our courts, and that, as at the meetings of the Assem¬ bly, applause, groans, hisses,.and other like means, were em¬ ployed, in turn, to influence the decision. The orators often allude to the bustling activity and overawing influence of fac¬ tions in the courts of justice ; as, Lysias, Pro Bonis Aristoph., § 2, and Dem., De Falsa Legations, § 1. The terms here are military and figurative, on which account they seem to be unsuited to the commencement of an oration. But the occa¬ sion was an exciting one; and, besides, the words had prob¬ ably acquired, in this sense, something of the force of common terms, as is the case with the corresponding terms in our language. At any rate, they are often used by the orators at the beginning of their speeches. See Lysias, as above.— " solicitations." This refers to the same factious pro¬ ceedings. The Scholiast supposes it to refer to attempts to gain over the judges by demagogical arts, which is confirmed by a comparison of Dem. F. L., § 1. Bremi cites, in illus¬ tration of the meaning, the passage from Livy, lib. iii. cap. 14 : " Benigne salutare, alloqui plebis homines, domum invitare, adesse in foro . . . permulcendo tractandoque man- suefacere plebem." The agora was the great rallying-poiut of the people, and hence was the place to find or make parti¬ sans. Besides, most of the courts were held in the agora (Herm., Polit. Antiq., §§ 134, 135), and were, many of them, open to the air (Diet. Antiq., art. /lMaGxr¡Qiov), so that what was going on around could be seen from them ; hence the use 9* 102 NOTES. of ¿Qwtt. — rà (létQia xcu ra aw^drf] "what is proper and according to usage." The second r« is omitted in some MSS. ; but it seems to be required by the distinct nature of the two classes of objects referred to (lit. " the proper and the customary," not "the proper and customary"). K. § 264. 2. — XOÏÇ vófioi^ xal rfiív"] The laws were of no avail, of course, unless they were faithfully administered by the judges ; and hence they are presented together as a ground. of confi¬ dence. 2. 'EßovXofiTjv fièv otir] " I was wishing then," " I could have wished then." av is omitted here, as it often is with the historical tenses, especially gf verbs denoting necessity, duty, inclination, &c. K. § 260, E. 3. fih> is responded to by Si in the beginning of § 3. — tr¡v ßovXrp>, roitç ntvzaxoaiovç^ In apposition with each other. The Council or Senate of Five Hundred (so called to distinguish it from the Council of the Areopagus) was a deliberative body consisting of fifty mem¬ bers from each of the ten tribes of Athens, appointed annu¬ ally by lot. The Senate had the initiative in all decrees (and, generally, in all deliberative matters) to be acted upon by the Assembly, since that body could pass no decree which had not been first prepared and approved by the Senate. It had also various financial duties. See Bojesen's Grecian Antiq., p. 93. — ràç sxxXTjaiaç'] " the popular assemblies." Open to all the citizens of Athens, and indeed of all Attica, in person. The government of Athens was a pure democ¬ racy. — rmv tq)satr¡x6x(t)v^ " the presiding officers." Who these were may be learned from § 3, note. From what is there said, it appears that a departure from the wholesome rules of order prescribed by Solon had led to great irregu¬ larities in the management of the assemblies, since it had given scope for the influence of factious and demagogical arts. — In the subj., after a historical tense, because the writer still desired this result. K. § 330, R. 1. b. The original practice, as established by Solon, was to call first upon all above fifty years to speak on any question proposed in the NOTES. 103 Assembly, and then any who were younger, in order (see § 4). This, of course, tended to_ give a right direction to all ques¬ tions, by securing the maturest views first, and to prevent irregular and unjust proceedings, by preventing disorder. If the speakers were to follow each other according to their age, there was no chauce for partisans to call out a favorite at the fortunate juncture, and give undue weight and influence to his views by applause. — ßwlofievor'] By a change of construc¬ tion htflre, the acc., instead of the dat., is used with the infin. after s^san. K. § 307, R. 3. — ycapî? x«« iv p/pet] " separately and in turn." — «r] Belongs to dioixsladai. ôoxet is personal, instead of being impersonal (" both the city seems to me that it would," &c.). K. § 307, R. 6. 3. " opinions," " propositions." — raid''} Referring to yvmfiaç, but put in the neuter to agree with fp7¡(pía(iata, which means the same thing, but, by anticipation, is spoken of as already voted or decreed. See § 230. — iitixpt¡(f['Qov<5iv'\ " put to the vote." This duty belonged to the proedri, as they were called. As there were ten tribes at Athens, the year was divided into ten parts, and the fifty senators of each tribe exercised the presidency, in deliberative matters, in turn. The presiding tribe for the time being was called (pvXr¡ jtQvta- vtvovact, the period of their office TtQvraveia, and the members rtQVtávsi^. One of their number was appointed daily, by lot, as president (tmazúrt¡g), who presided, not only in the Senate, but in the assemblies of the people also. In the time of JEschines, the president was assisted in the Assembly by nine vice-presidents, chosen daily by himself from the other nine tribes, called proedri, and also by a tribe selected for this pur¬ pose, called (fvkr¡ nQoedgevovaa, and, as it would seem, in some way, by the prytanes themselves (see § 4, ßn.). Now, as these presiding oflScers were appointed by lot, there was op¬ portunity for deception, as in all lotteries, on the part of those who had the management of the lots, for the purpose of placing their friends or the friends of certain factions in power. This seems to be what is alluded to in the text. The 104 NOTES. protest of any one of the proedri was sufficient to prevent the vote from being put ; but he was liable to the severest penalty for preventing it illegally. — xa^e^oftsvoij That is, " sitting as proedri by arrangement," i.e. not by a bonä-ßde election by lot, but by shuffling. The presiding officers probably occupied the front seats. — dvuyoQsv^^ "declare." The votes were counted by the crier, and declared by the Epistates. — tlauy- ytkXnv] "to bring to summary justice," '• to try by the process called si(ôçq>] " upon the very act," " by the very act." NOTES. 107 — íwórwff] "justly," "with reason." Because, as he goes on to say, they felt ashamed to condemn one as a peculator who had just been crowned by the people for his virtue and jus¬ tice. — tag ivdvvag mcpXijxcig'] " having failed in the scrutiny of his accounts," i.e. " having been found guilty of malversa¬ tion in his office." — vmpj " oUt of regard to," i.e. " to pre¬ vent." vm'p implies a stronger interest than Jteçi (see «sçî, above) ; and, when the object in which the interest is felt is not desirable, it may be rendered as here. See Dem. Olynth., I. § 5. 11. ffTsgiavovvJ For the negative, see § 35, note.— XóyoiJ " words," i.e. of the orators, " special pleadings." — rtg . . . tjif] He is preparing the way for what he was about to do himself ; namely, to name and expound the laws on this subject. — oí jMfr] Opposed to Ktt¡"may I not leave the country?" Questions asked by fir¡ require a negative answer. See K. § 344. 5. d.—'Iva ys . . . "No, lest, perchance, hav¬ ing embezzled the public money, or executed slightingly the business of your office, you may take to flight." ngolaßcov, by zeugma, is taken in different senses with iQr¡fiata and nQo^tig. — xaâi^Qovv'] "to devote to sacred purposes." Because it was not certain that all his property would not he required to settle his account with the state.—txTtoityrov'] "adopted." Because no one could be adopted who had not the right of citizenship; and, if one failed in giving a satisfactory account of his office, he lost this right. See Herrn., Polit. Antiq., § 124. 23. Tig ßovXetai xarrjyoQeîv At the passing of one's accounts before the Logistae, a general invitation was given to all to bring forward any charges which they might have against the magistrate relative to the exercise of his office. — ôéxa ráXavrai] There were ten commissioners for this pur¬ pose, one from each tribe. Whether Demosthenes had this sum assigned to him alone, or only his proportion, is a little uncertain. .lEschines himself, in another place (§ 31, (iixqov deiv dt'xa ráXavra), abates somewhat from the sum here named. See Boeckh, p. 204. — vazegog'] " after," " in con¬ formity with." Opposed to tfiTígoadev. 24. ovzoi'} Ctesiphon and Demosthenes, both of whom would reply ; Ctesiphon first, as being the one directly ar¬ raigned, and then Demosthenes, as deeply implicated. — . . . fto(] " let it thus far have been spoken by me," i.e. " I have thus far spoken, and this must suffice." It expresses the state NOTES. 113 resulting from a perfected action, as well as the action itself. K. § 255, R. 6. — ovtog] Ctesiphon. — im Ôewçfxçp] " over the théorie fund." A large fund, devoted to defraying the expenses of theatrical and other entertainments for the peo¬ ple. See Smith's Diet. Antiq., art. Theorica. — "ini- mediately," " now at length." And thus, generally, í¡Sr¡ refers to time just past or just to come. It often implies that it is in some way out of season, i.e. too early or too late, like the Latin jam. See Dem. Pop. Orat., J. § 9, fin. ; Xen. Anab., I. 3. 1. — im] " under," or, more strictly, " upon." It denotes time, or a course of events, as dependent upon some person (lit. " during the course of events dependent upon what archon "). — céltoxotTo] " should be convicted." This verb serves as the passive of atQÙv (see MQtî, following). 25. dvnyQuqievç] "checking-clerk," "comptroller," i.e. of the accounts of the collectors of the revenues. This was the •ániyQuepevg r^g ßovXtjg. See Boeckh's Pub. Econ., p. 188. —EvßovXov] An oratoj* at Athens, who had great power with the people. The théorie fund was one of his hobbies- for gaining popular favor. He was one of the leaders of the ' peace party, and, for a long time, a most active enemy of ^Demosthenes. — ^'jyov] "exercised."—'Hyr¡(iovog'j An illit¬ erate demagogue ,at Athens, attached to theTnTerest of Philip. — dnodemmv] " collectors and disbursers of the public money," " paymasters." There were ten of these. See Boeckh, p. 159.—veeoQÍmv] "dockyards." An abstract con¬ nected with a concrete noun. Thus not unfrequently in JEs- chines. See in Timarch., § 5, râv tvqdwoiv xat xmv ohyaq- y[tmv (¿hyccQXixmv is the conjecture of Taylor, and adopted by Bekker). This concentration of offices in the managers of the théorie fund was to give them sufficient power to prevent the diversion of the fund to other purposes. Such an unnat¬ ural amalgamation of oflSces could not have continued long. See Diet. Antiq., art. Theorica. 26. avrmv] ^Jluhulus and Hegemon.— dndcag] As de¬ scribed above. 10* 114 NOTES. 27. tmßoXag htf^aXXt] " inflicted penalties," usually ßnes of trifling amount. This was evidence of his holding a ma¬ gistracy, See Lys. Orat, in Nicom., §3.—^En), x. r. L] There is some difficulty in reconciling the designations of time here given with others pertaining to the same events. The facts in the case seem to be these ; Chaerondas was well known to have been eponymus in the year of the battle of Chœronea (b.c. 338-337). That battle was fougbt in the second month of the year of Chaerondas (JMetageitnion, August, 338). The decree of Ctesiphon to crown Demos¬ thenes was propo.sed in October of the same year (Dem. de Coron., § 119) ; and .^schines lodged his accusation of Ctesi¬ phon with the archon in the following March (Dem. de Coron., § 54), the ninth month (March, 337) of the year of Chaerondas. If, now, Demosthenes was not appointed xsiyrp- noio? until the following Skirophorion (the following June, the last month of the year of Chaerondas), as seems to be stated here, he did not hold the office at the time it was pro¬ posed to crown him. and hence was not responsible. Nor is it consistent with the language here employed (without some intermediate explanation, as below) to suppose, with Clinton (Fasti Hellenic!., vol. ii. p. 446), that the reference is merely to the fact of his being in office at that time, and not that he was then appointed (.see x«« inéta^ev . . . sXiadai. , .totr piag). The appointment, then, must have been made at the close of the preceding year ; and, as it is hardly probable that the true eponymus of this year would have been given as the pseudeponymus of the preceding, I would suggest, whether (since he was appointed at the very end of the previous year, and/or this year) the phrase 'En) XaiQcóvSov was not uncon¬ sciously used, by way of anticipation, with jeference to the time of his holding the office, and not to the time of his appoint¬ ment. Demosthenes, it is true (De Coron., § 248), speaks of his having procured the appropriation of the money for the repair of the walls afier the battle of Cha;ronea, but not of his appointment to the office of reij^onoióg at that time. NOTES. 115 The office held probably for a year (see § 14, note). — devrsQit (pdlvovrog'] " the last day but one ; " of this month, " the twenty- ninth day." For the mode of reckoning the days of the month at Athens, see Dem. de Coron., § 29, note. — «e/opar] Often used thus for an assembly of the tribes or demes.— fxoéffri^ç] Partitive genitive ("to elect of each of the tribes"). — Tajataç] "treasurers." All such offices, which involved the handling of the public money, were furnished with treas¬ urers. See Boeckh, p. 171. — ow/ior«] See § 18. 28. ávridiunXmei] " he gives the artful or disingenuous reply." — iXaji^e rsi^oTtoiog'] Understand eivui (lit. " did not have the lot to be repairer of the walls," " was not chosen by lot"). Thus often. Demosthenes, in his reply, makes no use of this argument, that he was not chosen to the office by the people, but by his tribe. See § 13, note. 29. rmv mgl. . . xqÍo] " there are three kinds of magis¬ trates." The article, followed by heqÍ and an abstract noun, is often equivalent to the corresponding concrete noun, as in the very common phrases, ol mol Tr¡v qnloffocpíav, yQafi(icctiit,i'¡v^ Qt¡tOQm'¡v, &c., = Oí q)iX6aoq¡o^ &c. The first class of magis¬ trates named (ol xXijoazol xai. ol ysiQOXovrjtoi) were either chosen by lot or by hand vote, upon the nomination of the archon, at assemblies appointed for the purpose ; and the other two classes, either by special vote of tiie people, or by the tribes or demes at the command of the people: these were called alQ7¡Toí. See Schorn., Assemb. Ath., p. 294. 30. xaraXeimtai^ " it remains." — TQittveg'\ " thirds," i.e. of the tribes. There were twelve tQittvsg, founded, probably, upon the four original tribes in Attica. This division was probably retained for financial purposes. See Herm., Polit. Antiq., § 99. 5. 31. fùv . . . ds . . . S".. . ds . . . ds . . . di] All the clauses stand opposed to that with ¡jih>, which contains the fundamen¬ tal truth upon which all the others hang and become signifi¬ cant. But, at the same time that they are all opposed to the first, the separate parts stand opposed to each other, and 116 NOTES. should be so rendered as to bring out this contrast (" whereas ... and also ... while ... and at the same time . . . when finally"). See Jelf's K. § 770. 2. — ts "from the appropriation." The points thus far established are very concisely and ably summed up here. This closes the first count in the indictment, — the illegality of proposing to crown a, magistrate before he is discharged of the accounts of his office. 33. Gspvvvsßdai. ,. " to magnify himself, or put on airs, before strangers," i.e. by having the proclamation of his being crowned made in the theatre at the great Dionysiac festival (as was proposed in the decree of Ctesiphon), which was attended by people from all parts of Greece. See Smith's Diet. Antiq., art. Dionysia. — îp7oia|3e«'] " to work for pay," " to seek personal advantage and glory." 34. kv rrji " among the people in Pnyx, the assembly." issXriaia seems to be in apposition with the two preceding nouns, or else it must mean here the place . of the assembly, and be in apposition with FIvxv). The Pnyx was a semicircular excavation in the side of a hill, a little to the west of the Acropolis, inclosed by a low wall, and entirely open above. This was the place for the meetings of the Assembly of Athens in her best days. See Wordsworth's Athens, pp. 65, seq. — tgaymböv . . . xa/rwr] That is, at the Great Dionysia, occurring in some years at the very end of March, and in others early in April, when new tragedies were represented. The expression, therefore, designates the time. 35. nuQuraidsii . . . " having been in concert with Demosthenes, will assail the laws by cunning devices." — ha . . . iÎanartjdérrsç^ " that you may not unconsciously be de¬ ceived." See K. § 310. 4. 1. — pq xijqvttsiv^ After words of a negative and prohibitive signification, the Greek employs another negative (py) with the following infinitive, when we do not. Generally, too, where the negative verb is accompa¬ nied, as here, by ovx, or some other negative word, pr¡ ov, in¬ stead of pr¡ alone, is found with the infinitive. K. § 318. 8 NOTES. 117 and 10.—rov /ítowaiaxop vóftov^ This is the law by which Demosthenes justifies the proposition to proclaim his crown in the theatre, a fragment of which is given in his reply (§ 120). It is evident from all the reasoning of .®schines upon it, that there was such a law, and that it was not obsolete. But there appear to have been different interpretations put upon one part of it. After forbidding any who were crowned by the tribes or the demes being proclaimed in the theatre, it seems to have added, as Dissen (Dem. de Coron., § 120) supposes (see also §§ 44, 47) : ¡iijO' in aXXov fÁr¡8evós (iv T(p âeccT()(p ávayoQSveadai (mcpavovfievor), ij áxiiiov tlvai tov xr¡QVxa, nXr¡v iáv rivag o di¡(iog Í¡ r¡ ßovXtj 'iptjcpíaiftcu • rovrovg d" dvayOQevétco. The exception here made, .®schines (see §§ 47, 48), by a rather forced process of reasoning, as it seems to me, applies to crowns bestowed upon Athenian citizens by other states. Such, he says, might indeed be proclaimed in the theatre, if the Senate or people voted so. At all events, it is obvious that the clause is capable of a difierent interpretation, as applicable to special cases, where there was an express vote to proclaim a crown in the theatre. Besides, there can be Y no doubt that this was the common understanding of the pas¬ sage, and that crowns were often bestowed to be proclaimed j in accordance with it (see Dem. de Coron., §§ 83, 213). And, in general, it is plain, that, both upon this and the pre¬ vious point, while the common law, and perhaps common r usage, were on the side of .®schines, special laws and usage were on the side of Ctesiphon. If there was no law and no usage in his favor, why was the proposition made in this form, ^ when substantially the same ends might have been gained in '"a legal way? For certainly the mere place of the proclama- tion of the crown was of no account ; and even according to .äischines (§ 31), if he had only added to the proposition to crown him, " when he has rendered up his accounts," the decree would have been legal on that point. In short, one familiar with the history of-Athens at this period, and with all the circumstances connected with the present trial, cannot 118 NOTES. help feeling, to say the least, that the decree of Ctesiphon was not so inconsistent with the laws and usag.es of the times as to have provoked a prosecution from any one but an im- bittered enemy. And it is in this light that Demosthenes treats it in his reply (see §§ 12-16, 121, et al.). 37. awtjyoQOvç^ " as supporters or advocates." — ôneç Sia- relM (JTtovdd^cov^ " which I continually aim at or strive after," i.e. to sustain all his points by laws. —vficöv stV nohrsiav] " Lenis est metathesis pro els nohteiav vumv." Bremi. 38. ovxe " nor has it been overlooked." — rrji vofio- öiTg] See § 6, note. — zoTç deßfiodstuis^ The Thesmothetas (see § 13, note) were required to review the laws every year, that they might detect any inconsistencies or superfluities in them, and report upon the same to the people, who referred the necessary alterations to a committee called Nomothetae. See Diet. Antiq. — dioQdovv^ " to rectify," i.e. see that there were no conflicting or abrogated laws in the public records. See above. — ¿payey^arcTM] " Id est, xeîrai, tariv : verbum proprium de legislatione." Bremi. 39. ffavlffir] That is, the tablets upon which the laws that needed revision were inscribed and exposed (extiOivui) before the statutes of the Eponymi ÇETtxavvfUùv). — ernygaxpavtag vofioOéiccç^ "having inscribed upon the call (i.e. designated) Nomothetae." This interpretation seems to me preferable to that of Schömann (Assemb. Ath., p. 249), which makes these words merely indicate the general subject to be attended to at the meeting (" having inscribed upon the programme, i.e. as the subject of the meeting, ^ Nomothetce'"). The assembling of the Nomothetae seems to have been intrusted to the prytanes (see Dem. contr. Timoc., § 27), just as the assembling of the people was. The Nomothetae were taken from such of the people as acted as jurymen for the year (consisting, per¬ haps, of one or more divisions of these), and were, at one time, a thousand and one in number. Business was done before them, as in a regular assembly of the people, of whom they constituted a part. I would suggest, therefore, that Tiji dljgq). NOTES. 119 in the following clause (also, èxxXrjaiav above), refera to them only; and that they, with the presiding officers and the advo¬ cates on each side, constituted the assembly which was to be called. If this be so, the language of .®schines becomes con¬ sistent with that of Demosthenes (contr. Timoc. §§ 27, seq.) in his account of the annual revision of the laws, and is to be regarded as a rapid and abridged statement of the same pro¬ cess. Hence, it is not necessary to suppose, with Schömann (Assemb. Ath., p. 248), that the reference here is to a second revision of the laws, at the direction of the Thcsmothetae, dif¬ ferent from the ordinary annual revision, which in itself is very improbable, and is based upon this passage alone. See Schömann, pp. 246-249. 40. .tapà] " from," " coming from," i.e. " uttered by." — i'jjoi. . ■ r/j " Hoc ordine semper leguutur hae particulae, non vice versa q . . , i/zoi. Prius membrum est vel admirantis vel mirantis, interdum tota disjunctio admirantis." Bremi.— áóvvara yevsGdai^ " unable to be," " which cannot he." But it will be observed, that the two laws, even as interpreted by Demosthenes, are not ivavtioi, but one is merely exceptive to the other. 41. iv ciatsi.] This, standing between the article and its noun, has an attributive relation to the noun (" the city plays"). These were distinguished from the country plays, both as to time and magnificence. This view of the case relieves the passage from all appearance of being a solecism, since the meaning becomes " the city plays being held," " dur¬ ing the city plays," instead of "the plays being in the city." — ov micavtsg tov drjyov^ That is, without the vote of the people. 42. tíQú^svíag... evQt¡iisvoi] " having obtained the rights of a TtQO^svog." — ei ovrv] In connection with the interpretation here given of the provisions of the law, see § 35, note. 45. xí¡ffvTTeaáM] See § 35, note. — ¿^ccnZcov] "beg¬ ging." — dnovatjç ßovX^g, x. r. 1.] " the council being left out," or " aside from the council," &c. The part, expresses a con¬ dition. K. § 312. 4. d. 46. dv . . . dvaor^d^'] "may have been proclaimed." — iZQOv elvai rtjg '^dtivag"] " to be a votive offering to Athene." Just as the tripods of the victors in certain games were de¬ voted to Apollo, and of the Choregi at the Dionysia to Dio¬ nysus. I do not see, therefore, how this proves that foreign crowns are alluded to, unless it proves the same in the other case. — roauvrtjv . . . 'y^dipraiav^ " to charge upon the people of Athens so great illiherality." Verbs of accusing, when compounded with xatá, take the person in the genitive. K. § 292, R. 1. — Mg yàf) on .. . àXX' " Mg ellipticum est : Mg yàg VTtoXufißavere, Sri âv yivoao nóXtg, àXX ovó' dv Iduótgg . . . yívoao, ne opinemini civitatem fore, sed ne fuerit quidem privatus tam illiheralis." Bremi. — rrrv xpvrgvl Accusative of nearer definition. So below, § 47. K. § 279. 7. 47. ovx . .. orôsî?] Observe the double negative, — one a direct negative, and the other a negative pronoun. Thus generally in Greek. K. §318. 6.—rcôv oraqiavovvTayvJ In¬ stead of the more common construction of g with the dat. 48. To yuQ . . . If'ys] "for say all the day what that uXXoOi ds ggdagov means," i.e. spend the whole day in endeavoring to explain it away. This closes the second count in the in¬ dictment, — the illegality of the proposition to proclaim the crown in the theatre. 49. If (j) ¡lúXiata oaovdá^co^ " upon which I am specially earnest." He now enters upon the discussion of the merits of Demosthenes, which had been put forward as the ground of the proposed honor. Upon this point he lays the greatest stress, and bestows his principal strength. NOTES. 121 50. ¡lerà ravra] " after these things," i.e. from this point. — HQÏVCU evfiaOrig] "intelligible to judge." — xov ¡lev ... t/wf] " me, the accuser." — xazù /lr¡iwaOévovg\ " Kará proprie mo- tum ex superiore loco in inferiorem locum significat; hinc tropice vel de vituperiis vel de laudibus dicitur, quae quasi dejiciuntur in aliquem, et facile intelligitur signifícationem malam esse frequentiorem. Interdum tamen etiam in ejus- modi locutionibus reperitur, in quibus aut omnino significat quod attinet ad, aut in favorem, honorem. Vide § 241." Bremi.—rl¡v yQuq)!¡v áXáaer ai'\ "will be convicted on the indictment." akiaxEaOai usually takes the genitive of the crime or charge, like other verbs of convicting. For this construction, see § 232, note. — âjtatteç . . . iv toTg dij/ioaioig ^rpt¡q)ÍG¡jiu(!i^ He denies that the merits of Demosthenes were such as described in the decree of Ctesiphon, and hence that his decree was illegal. This, therefore, is the third point to be made out, — the illegality of the decree of Ctesiphon, on account of its false statement of the merits of Demosthenes. — lovravtiov rovTov] " the opposite of this." Governed by ôsm- ts'ov tctiv. 51. ravTu] "these things," i.e. what follows.—xr¡v xov xgavfiaxog " the prosecution for wounding." Such causes were tried before the Areopagus, and, in order to be sustained, required that purpose or forethought (rtQOvoia) should be proved. Of the particular case here referred to, nothing is known, as far as I am aware, beyond what is here said.—xr¡v KrjqncoSóxov GXQaxr¡yiav] An Athenian general sent with a squadron to the Hellespont, who was supposed to have sacrificed the Athenian interests to Charidemus, in the terms upon which he received Alopeconnesus, and was de¬ prived of his command in consequence. See the account of the affair in Dem. contr. Aristoc., pp. 675, seq.'] Demos¬ thenes appears to have been in the squadron, and to have been honored by the presence of the general in the vessel (fiag-ship) which he had equipped as trierarch. But I see nothing in this circumstance which should have prevented 11 122 NOTES. him from becoming his accuser, if he thought him guilty of the crime charged upon him. There does, however, seem to have been a sort of severity in the character of Demosthenes, as is evident from what JEschines says of him in this and other places, such as is often conjoined with a strong will and vigorous intellect, and uncompromising moral principles. 52. ¿7^ slaayyeh'ag^ "by tbe process called eiaayytXia." See § 3, note. — xal ravtu, r¡ór¡, x. t. L] This affair with I Midias seems to have been much more disgraceful on tha part of his adversary than on that of Demosthenes. Midias was a wealthy and influential citizen, who, with a sort of purse-proud insolence, undertook' to domineer over Demos¬ thenes, and annoy him in every possible way, till he flnally struck him with his fist {^ovSvhxvg) while acting as xoQijyôç in the theatre. Demosthenes brought against him a criminal action called probole, and obtained a sort of preliminary de¬ cision of the people {xarayEiQOtoviav) in his favor. He soon after, according to the better opinion, prosecuted him before the regular tribunals, and delivered the speech against him still extant ; hut probably, on account of his great influence " and that of his friends, thought best to accept from him the self-imposed fine of thirty minae before the final passing of the sentence by the judges.' See Grote, chap. 88. For the nature and object of the xoitayeujotovia, spoken of in the text, see Schorn., Assemb. Ath., p. 230. 53. tor àyâva xarayaQitofievog^ " KaTayani^eadm est pro- dere aliquid contra jus fasque in gratiam alicujus." Bremi. — à.navrrjG^'] " may fall to," " may be awarded to." Being in¬ transitive, it is constructed like a passive verb. K. § 249. 3. — or (J)] "against whomsoever." Dat. of disadvantage. 54. ITspi ôi] ÔS stands opposed to nh at the beginning of § 51, where he commences speaking of the private misdeeds of Demosthenes, as he here proposes to speak of his public misdeeds. — ó loj'oç] "the speech," i.e. "the customary op¬ portunity of replying." — > ix tob trwsdçtW] " Videtur moris fuisse, ut qui fecerat ipse rogationem discederet, ut liberum esset reli- quorum consilium." Bremi. — nôôôm tîjç ^¡xsQag ovar¡g^ "the day being far spent." — offot tTti dtatig r¡^maC] "as many as have been youths for two years." That is, as many as were eighteen years old, having passed the two years of youth, and arrived at their majority. Athenian youths became men at eighteen, but were not liable to serve out of Attica till they were twenty. Herm., Polit. Antiq., 123. — ïyttg ô*. . . (spoí] "and whatever city (i.e. of those belonging to the league) shall not be present, shall be excluded from the temples." For the fut. mid. (eiç^etai) in a pass, sense, see K. § 252, R. I. 124. àXXà xal . . . &e(g] That is, the private individuals from the different states embraced in the Amphictyonic League, who attended the session of the Council for the pur¬ pose of participating in the religious rites connected with it. See Dem. de Coron., § 154, note. — x^g imovatjg TtvXulag'] As it was the spring session that was just closing, the next regu¬ lar one was in the autumn; but they were to meet at a special session at an appointed time XQ^voj). But, according to the view of President Woolsey, the following session was the spring session. See § 254, n. 142 NOTES. 125. vqp' ^ftwv'] " by us," meaning himself and colleagues, as he is here speaking of their laying the decree before the senate and people on their return. — ¡xeasyyvriiiutog'] See § 114. — tx tov (pavEQov'] "in an open or direct way." — fisza- atijaáfitvog tovg íduárag^ " having sent out the private persons." The Senate was often thronged by the common citizens. See Dem. de F. L., § 18. — irpoffXaßwv] "having taken advantage of." 126. duTtQu^azo imy)ijq)iaOí¡v(u] "he caused to be put to vote." — j¡d>¡ tjtaraatáatjg, x. x. 1.] That is, just at the close of the session, and after most had gone out. — xovg ¿st nvXa- yoQOvvrag^ "those acting as deputies in each case." The effect of this decree was, to prevent deputies being sent to the special session to be called. 127. pmyst»"] For the dat. and gen. after this verb see K. §§ 273. 3, b, and 284. 3. 1.— To 8i ... iaxi;'] " But not to participate, what is it ?" The question is answered, after the parenthesis, by Ovx iâ, x. t. 1. — ovtmcX] "Hoc vocabulum saepe ex contextu defínitur imprimis in malam partem. Hie signifient o'vxfo xaxâg." Bremi. 128. lÂiâg nôXsœg'] That is, Thebes which had since (b.c. 335) been destroyed by Alexander. — ovr" âv ., . fojö'J Ob¬ serve the change from aire to fir¡xs, in passing from the expression of a simple negative to the expression of a negative wish (" I neither would . . . and would to God there may not be"). — Kóxrvfpov xov (iJoQaáXiov^ For the probable reason of his being called an Arcadian in Dem. de Coron., § 155, see Appendix to tliat Oration, p. 247.— fiax(jàv'] Used as an adverb, but properly an adjective, re¬ ferring originally to édóv, or some other feminine noun, under¬ stood. — avtixa pcél«] páXa is often found thus after avrixa, (and sometimes before it,) in the sense of " very," to strengthen its meaning. See Dem. de F. L., §§ 39, 42. 129. Tç xaxuOsîvai] " to pay to the god," i.e. to pay into the treasury of the temple of Apollo at Delphi. — xovg ds . . . xaxijyocyov] "but those having fled for conscience' NOTE S. 143 Bake, they restored," i.e. those who were opposed to the sac¬ rilegious proceedings referred to, and who had left the coun¬ try to avoid participating in them. These they restored to their country, while they banished (ixsteaTr^aavto) the offend¬ ers. — i(atú.Oórtag] " having returned," " having been re¬ stored." — noXX(^ tQÓv(^ vaztQOvJ '• Oratio hyperbolica eo oratoris consilio nata, ut ne ipse videtnr Philippum in Gre- ciam vocare voluisse. Hinc rem ita exponit, quasi altera in Amphissenses expeditio longo tempore post primam, cui inter¬ fuit .^schines, locum habuerit. Sed utraque fere conjuncta censenda, aut una nonuisi, ut patet ex iis, quae habet Weiske de Hyperb., P. III. p. 23." Bremi. 130. fiópov j'£ wx] " only not indeed," = almost. — fiâllov'] " rather," '' more," i.e. than Athens on the occasion referred to. — râv ¡ivctmv tÛ£virf\ " the death of the initiated." That is, as the Scholiast says, the devouring of some of the novi¬ tiates by a sea-monster, as they descended into the sea to per¬ form the purificatory ablutions. — qitlmmÇsiv . . . qxioxoM'] " saying that the Pythia Philippizes," i.e. was in the pay and under the influence of Philip, and hence that they could not obtain an impartial re-ponse if they sent to consult the oracle. — ¿naídsi/iog . . . t^ovaíagl "being rude (i.e. as it regards religious cultivation), and enjoying and being glutted with the power granted him by you." Even JEschines thus bears testimony to the great public influence of Demos- thene.s. IZl.-àdvTcav xal àxoikTMQTjftfùv'] "inauspicious and ill- omened." The words are nearly synonymous, and used for oratorical effect. The reference is to the preliminary rites before the unfortunate battle of Chaeronea, to which, he says, Demosthenes sent out the army against the omens derived from the sacrifices. — jrpcjjp'j " lately " i.e. in some of their " sparring," probably some time after the battle of Chaeronea, and before this trial. Various reasons have been given for the course of Philip in not entering and ravaging Attica after the battle of Chaeronea ; but it was not, probably, dictated 144 NOTES. wholly by magnanimity. See Tbirlwall, chap. 46. — àhrtjQie] " guilty destroyer." The aknriQioç of a nation was a sort of Achan, who called down the divine vengeance by his wicked¬ ness and impiety. See how Demosthenes turns the charge upon iEsehines, De Coron., § 159. 132. íqo' ^¡loàv^ "in our age." Literally, "upon us," while we say " under one." — cèW . . . fqpfjMsr] " but we live for a marvel to those who shall come after us." That is, on ac¬ count of the strange things which had taken place in their day, through the bad management and evil genius of Demos¬ thenes. — 6 rov "jédotv, X. T. L] Xerxes, in his invasion of Greece, is said to have made a bridge across the Hellespont, and to have cut a canal through Mount Athos. These feats are often referred to as marvels by Greek authors. (See Isoc. Panegyr., § 89.) A king once so mighty and so haughty, he goes on to say, had in their day (i.e. by Alexander, then on his Eastern expedition) been reduced to the utmost extrem¬ ity. Of course all these acts are not ascribed to any single king, but to different persons in a continuous off.ce. — rovg aiîroiV] That is, the Macedonians. 133. nsQÍ xmv okow ovx OQÔâg ßovksva(i/xepoi] "tà oka Graecis saepe sunt res summae, gravissimae, quae spectant reipublicae salutem et felicitatem. Sententia nostri loci est: quanquam parum Graeciae saluti consulerent. Post Leuctricam pugnam nimium sibi arrogarunt Thebani." Bremi. — àl-là] "yet." Stands opposed to si xal ("if also justly . . . yet at least receiving their judicial blindness and folly, not from men but from the gods").—nQoaawetpsvoi. . . xatákt¡xf)iv^ " only meddling with these affairs at first in tak¬ ing the temple." The Lacedaemonians, having been fined by the Amphictyons for occupying the Cadmea of Thebes, had assisted the Phocians, at first, in seizing the temple, but had taken no active part in the war which ensued upon that event. — vvv . . . àvansunsadai] "The Lacedaemonians are now about to send up to Alexander, for the purpose of giving hostages and making an exhibition of their misfortune," i.e. NOTES. 145 fully confessing their failure and throwing themselves upon his mercy. The reference is to an unsuccessful attempt to resist the Macedonian power during the absence of Alexander in the East (b. c. 331). This allusion proves that the time of the delivery of this oration must have been as late as the tiin'e usually assigned to it (b. c. 330). 135. tàmjvQK^ "suffered from." Strictly, "to receive," whether good or ill. The imperf. has the aorist meaning. — áráaOahx. iJir¡riáaTaí] " devises arrogant things." See the same passage referred to by Áíschines, F. L., p. 49, where ¡itiuváatai is used in the place of ¡up:iáatai. The calamities sent upon a people cursed with such a man are described in the lines that follow, which he says, laying aside the metre, are an accurate description of what had happened under the conduct of Demosthenes. Thus ends this long story (see Dem. de Coron., § 140) about the Amphisseans. 137. w(ôvdaç ovrs Ev(wßavoi's] By a law of Solon, the sons of those who had fallen in war were brought up at the public expense. —ztooeÔQÎavJ That is, the seat of honor in the theatre. 155. ítaQuat/iGáfievog^ "having placed before you." Agrees with }ví, understo.»d. — dlX ov] " yet not." For àXkâ in IB* 150 NOTES. this sense, see § 133. — oKXà xàvavtia .. . (fdiyytcOcu] "but will seem to utter the opposite of the words of the crier," i.e. as is described in wliat follows. 156. ftr¡. . . avTcov'] "do not triumph over yourselves," "do not proclaim your own shame." — naQavoîag'] " of madness," "folly." This, together with tov d^ftov, is governed by aigstv, in the sense "-to convict." K. § 274. 2. 157. Tais," j's díarotaí^] " in imagination." This description of the fate of Thebes has been much admired. Demosthe¬ nes (De Coron., § 41,) derides his pathos, as being feigned, since he profited by their fall. 158. aàrooyedtiéCïï] "may practise upon," "make experi¬ ments upon," " endanger." " The ferry spoken of by .älschi- nes seems to have lain between the town of Salamis and the nearest adjoining mainland where the strait is less than two miles wide ; between which place, under Mt. ^gáleos and Athens, along the coast, there are traces of an ancient road " (Woolsey). See the reply of Demosthenes to the foregoing remarks of his adversary, and others of the same kind, as to his evil fortune. De Coron., § 252, seq. 159. tr¡v Ix atólíWí,'] " his post in the city." Literally, '■'■from the city." But this is by attraction through the influ¬ ence of shaev, just as in the previous sentence ; or perhaps eknev should be taken in a pregnant sense (" he left his post by going from the city "). The manner in which, and the purpose for which, he left the city are named in what follows ; i.e. he left in a vessel to collect the taxes from the tributaries of Athens. It does not appear that Demosthenes deserted his place in the battle in any other sense than all that survived did. " He was certainly reproached with cowardice, because he escaped in the general flight, only by those who wished that he had been left on the field." Thirlwall, Chap. 46. — trfi ànQOgboxiyiov carttiQÎaç] Referring to the leniency of Philip towards the eity. See § 131, note. — tmyQagisiv] Plutarch relates, that, distrusting his fortune, he for some time pre¬ sented his decrees in the name of his friends, of whom Nausi- NOTES. 151 160. 'Enudrj .. , (IhXutTtog'] That is b. c. 336.—tegarsv- ¿fitvog] "dealing in the marvellous." This is intended to describe a prominent trait in the character of Demosthenes, often alluded to by .®schines (§§ 77, 99, 142), and which he represents as a species of solemn imposture, but which should be regarded as the result of a strong religious, combined with a strong patriotic, tendency. Demosthenes evidently pos¬ sessed something of those austere, and often mysterious views, which sometimes laid him open to the charge of hum- buggery. When the good of his country seemed to be at stake, the end, undoubtedly, often seemed to him to sanctify the means. In this way we may account for his pretending to have been informed by a vision of the death of Philip (§ 77), as well as the act here ascribed to him, and many others calculated to awaken the patriotism of his countrymen. Witness, too, the frequent invocation of the gods in his ora¬ tions, his solemn array of the ancient heroes, and the patriotic raptures in which he often indulges. — tsgà . . . Ilavaavlov^ " he caused to be erected sacred symbols (a statue) of Pau- sanias" That is, of the murderer of Philip. — tig airiav . . . Mut¿<5Tt¡(sev^ " while he involved the Senate in a charge of sacrificing thank-offerings for the good news," i.e. of the death of Philip. — MaQyhr¡v'\ That is, a mock hero, who fig¬ ures in a pseudo-Homeric fragment. Alexander, too, it should be recollected, was a great admirer of the Homeric heroes, and especially of Achilles, upon whose character he modelled himself. There may be some allusion to this fact in the appellation under consideration. — rà anXáyxva (pvhíx- tovta] " inspecting the entrails of victims," i.e. in order to see if it would be safe to move fi-om home, like a timid and su¬ perstitious person. — ovx ewaCw] "not conj>*cturing." — on . . . mvia] " that valor is purchasable by blood," i.e. by incur¬ ring danger fearlessly, aifiatog is gen. of price. In the next clause, which refers to Demosthenes, Bremi takes cupcc in the sense of rohur, " vigor," " manliness." 161. too vtavioMv] Alexander, who at this time was twen- 152 NOTES. ty-one years of age. — ngecßsürijs . . • vnoazQtwocg^ Plutarch alludes to this embassy to Alexander after the destruction of Thebes, and to the circumstance of Demosthenes returning from dread of the anger of the king, after he had proceeded as far as Mount Cithaeron. And it would have been utter presumption for him to have thus placed himself in his power. — ovt iv . . . }iaQ('x<^2 Demosthenes turns this charge upon JEschines, De Coron., §§ 180, 196—198.— íí/róraTor] That is, " to name what is most shocking." A preparatory acc. in apposition with what follows. Jelfs K. § 580, R. 2; also Dem. Pop. Orat., II; § 1. — ov nQOvdore] "you did not give him up," i.e. to his enemies. Referring, perhaps, to the demand which Alexander made for him and other Attic orators to be given up to him. — tv riß ... aws- ÔQi'q)] That is, the Amphictyonic Council, undoubtedly. See Dem. de Coron., § 322. 162. fra(>akot] That is, "the crew of the Parales, or sacred galley," in which the ambassadors next spoken of seem to have been conveyed to some port on their way to Alexan¬ der. — eî Tig âçccj " if perchance," = si quia forte. — he'iimv . . . yewfievog] " being distinguished above others in his ap¬ pearance." For the combination ítaqpf'pow yevófitvog, see § 10. — Tov y^XtiuvÔQOV vTZOTQf'j^ei^ "insinuates himself with Alexander." And thus, as ..älschines would have us believe, served as a go-between from Demosthenes to Alexander, by whom they carried on a secret correspondence and came to a secret understanding. But such heareay is unworthy to be produced before a court in a serious cause. 163. xat()ol xáXharoi^ That is, of showing his hostility to Alexander. — xadeartjxàg^ "having been established," i.e. on his throne. — foet/Tffi] Referring to the king of Pei-sia. — Tip aavTov t()ó7tq>2 "your own habit," i.e. of cowardice. — qijto- Qixr¡v detJAer] " rhetorical cowardice," i.e. the cowardice of an orator. 164. ó S 'jáXi^uvSQog, x. t. 4.] Referring to the battle of Issus. — avfi7taTr¡dr¡a£aO(u . . . innov] " to be trampled under NOTES. 153 foot by the Persian cavalry." The infin. depends upon hv. — ovx iidott'] "could not contain." — ag . . . neQirieig\ " which having suspended from your fingers, you went around with," i.e. holding them in an ostentatious way in his hand. The letters were represented as being from persons near Alexander, and who were acquainted with the facts in the case. — xa!. . . . cpáaxar^ "stigmatizing me as a golden-horned victim, and saying that I have been crowned for the sacrifice," i.e. decked out for the sacrifice. Just as in the ambiguous oracle which the Pythia gave out to Philip, relative to his proposed expedition to the East: "EotsTttai ¡isv 6 tuvQog, fjfft Tilo?, êativ 6 Ovaoav. As .Sschines was the active leader of the Macedonian party at Athens, Demosthe¬ nes very naturally expressed his exultation over him, in the present critical state of the affairs of Alexander. — eig tiva xaiQOV ¿vEßa).Xov naXkito] "Oratores Attici medium uraßaXXs- adai usurpant ad indicandam cunctationem ac procrastinati- onem rerum eam, quae fit desidia et languore, activum autem ¿mßaXXeiv ratioue hominum, quos de industria retinemus, aut vero malitiose retardamos, dein etiara ratione rerum, quarum, eventum consilio malo reprimimus. Nostro loco est ex ig¬ navia rem re j ice re." Bremi. 165. ^axsÓMfxóvioi . . . juáyg] "the Lacedaemonians and the mercenary force fought a successful battle." This seems to have been at the commencement of their revolt against the Macedonians, which ended in their defeat, the year previ¬ ous to the delivery of this oration. See § 133. The merce¬ nary force spoken of was, most probably, a force sent into the Peloponnesus by Darius, to act in conjunction with the Lacedajmonians in overturning the Macedonian power there. — oXiyov ósfr] "almost." Literally, "so as to want little." K. § 341, ß. 3. 166. là rfípa] "rà vevqu ràv jíquy/iátcov sunt ^qr¡fiara v.où avufiayipi." Bremi.—q)OQixooQacpovfieda . . . disÎQOvai^ "we are sewed (or, perhaps squeezed) up into the straits, some first thread us as needles." The figures seem to refer to the 154 NOTES. manner in which they were pressed and vexed on all sides by .domestic enemies. Demosthenes unque-.tionably used very strong language on some occasions, but it is hardly supposable that he often made use of so harsh and incongruous figures O Ö as are here ascribed to him. It is no wonder that .¿Eschines complains of the insufferable harshness of such language. See the retort of Demosthenes to these and the like strictures upon his language, § 127. 1G7. xiWôoj] "monster." — ofioXoym . . . áquazávail] "I acknowledge that I arranged the vSpartan movements, I ac¬ knowledge that I instigated the Thessalians and Perrhaebans to revolt," i.e. from Macedonia. What is said of the Spartans "refers, perhaps, to the affairs preceding the death of king Agis III., who was slain in battle against Antipater towards the end of b. q. 331." Woolsey. — ftrf] Understand ttnoa with this, ("Let me not say to a city, but even"). K. § 321. 3, a. — aavxov . . . emyQarpsi^2 "will inscribe yourself upon that which has taken place," i.e. claim the honor of it. 168. dr¡iioriy.óí tativ2 "he is a man of democratic character and principles." — svq)}¡fiíc(v] " plausibleness." — rtorór rtvct] " of what distinctive character." For this meaning of ziva, see K. § 303. 4. — gjailw] Opposed to amcpQovi (" virtuous," " temperate," " good ") in the description of ói^portxó?. 169. tXevdsQOV^, "free-born." — svsQyeaíav^ "good-will." — ßmjdmv . . . «èwyr;p«tçeaâ(u de uxore dote m fe¬ re n te habuimus in Lysiae, pro bonis Aristophan., § 14." Bremi. — ôwqixnrs] " married." — ¿rcpd^ote] " to whomsoever he may he." He did not wish to name him, lest he should give offence to him also in what he was about to say of De¬ mosthenes. His name was Demochares. See Dem. adv. Aphob., p. 818. — nuQidàv tovg r^g noXscog voyovg'] That is, by marrying a woman who was not a native-born Athenian. But this was so only after b. c. 403 (see Herm.), and it is probable that the marriage of Gylon took place previous to that time.—ítQoyóvaiv^ " Pluralis positus est ratione sen- tentim. Proprie unus respicitur avus Gylon." Bremi. — tr¡v fzí im to noikv (which is found here in two MSS.) is sœpissime. See Xen. Mem., I. 1. 10; also Jelf's K. § 870, R. 4. 249. tag ßeßataaeig tmv xtqpátav^ "où ßeßauoasig sunt pig¬ nora, quae dari solebant in emendo et vendendo. Centesima enim pretii pars deponebatur in fidem, si lis exoriretur inter emptorem et venditorem. Haec summa dicebatur à|ioypea)?. Hinc jubetur orator, qui publice velit coronari, provocare ad vitam fide dignam et laude, venditoris instar, qui fidem suara praestat. Ex eodem genere petitum est prj ßeßaiovta tovg snalvovg, ne confirmate laude s." Bremi. 251. naqavoíug i«l.(axwç] "convicted of folly or dotage." Like a supei'annuated person. See § 156 ; also Xen. Mem., I. 2. 49. — tmv S .. . naQaxEi(üQt¡xtv'\ " while from the reali¬ ties (i.e. in fact) you have retired for others," i.e. they had given up to ambitious leaders every thing except the name of the democracy. — aiX . . . vEiixdpevoi] " but, as if from a pic¬ nic, having distributed among yourselves what remains," i.e. of the public money, &c. 252. ixEÎdev . . . âEWQijaaTE^ " behold the proof hence," i.e. from what follows. — 'EyévEtó tíí] " There was one," i.e. formerly. It is supposed that the reference is to one Autoly- cus. —"EtEQog 0'3 Leocrates, who, after the battle of Chaero- nea, fled in a cowardly manner to Rhodes, and on his return. 172 N O T K S. eight years afterwards, was brought to trial, and barely escaped conviction by a tie vote. — fiiccj Understand ipijqios. 253. dnoTttft^pste^ " send away," " rid the country of," i.e. as a homopiacularis. See § 131. — cog ... frXtorra] " as a pirate of the public transactions, sailing through the constitution upon names," i.e. having undermined the democracy while professing great attachment to it, and concealing their true character, by a studious use of democratic terms. See § 248. .¿Eschines is liable to the same charge of harshness of meta¬ phor here, which he several times censures in Çemosthenes. 254. 'HfÁSQíáv ¡lèv . . . avkXéyeaOai] ".®schines siguificat consilium Amphictyonura et certamina Pythica eodem fere tempore habita esse: quod eo probilius est, quum Amphic-' tyones prœsiderent bis ludis. Non tarnen eodem mense singulis annis videntur locum habuisse, plerumque tamen mense Elaphebolione (Martio)." Bremi. In opposition to this opinion of Bremi, President Woolsey, after an elaborate discussion of the whole subject, sums up the result as follows : The Pythia were held in the autumn ; the Amphictyonic council convened at Delphi in the autumn, and, as far as any thing is known, only there ; and the events in which -Eschines was an actor at Delphi, were therefore in the autumn of B.C. 340, soon after his election probably to the office of pylagoras. See Bib. Sac., July, 1850. 255. ¡irj ve'fiete, ùXXà nQivext] " Idem est ac si dixisset vé- uere yiqivovteç, cumjudicio tribuete, re pensitata, nuni honorem meritus sit is, qui eum appétit." Bremi. —iv " in youth." When it was customary to engage in sporting and gymnastic exercises to invigorate and establish the con¬ stitution, which, however, he goes on to say, Demosthenes spent in studying tricks against the wealthy, or those having the estates (xovg tag ovaiug yiv/.xr¡¡i¿vovg') ; referring, perhaps, more particularly to the reform which Demo-thenes after¬ wards made in the law of the Trierarchy (De Coron., §§ 102— 109), which compelled the rich to perform their part of this public burden. NOTES. 173 256. HÇ ... obiop.é\pavrsg] This seems to refer back and respond io dia^Xixpavtsg sig vfiâg avtovg, and hence re¬ quires that ßovXsvffaffde should be supplied from that sentence. The exact correspondence of the two sentence.«, however, is disturbed by the long intervening parenthesis. — dTtoartjaai ds ^xuovâvag'j That is, from Philip. — txTiXij^ui dè Qrßaiovg 8r¡nr¡yoQr¡(5ag'\ For the eflèct of the eloquence of Demosthe¬ nes upon the Thebans, see Plutarch's Life of Demosthenes. — iTetöco] " Persuasion," personified. This is said because Demosthenes claimed to have accomplished such wonders by his eloquence. 257. vnoXafißavsit op«»'] "imagine that you see." This summoning before them the worthies of the past, to sustain them in resisting the impudence of Demosthenes and his associates, is happily conceived, and executed in a manner worthy of a great orator. 258. tag OvyattQag'\ " Duas reliquit filias, quae a populo, teste Plutarcho, in Aristidis vita, dotem acceperunt ter mille drachmarum." Bremi. — J^Qd¡u.ov] See Dem. Phil. III., § 43. naQ, ov^v (liv rßXOov ¿noxreívai] " they came within next to nothing of killing him," i.e. were almost indignant enough to kill him. 260. w yij xai t¡Xte, x. r. L] Demosthenes (De Coron., § 127) seizes upon these words, as furnishing, on account of their flippant, pretending character, a fit occasion for returning -the ridicule which .^schines, in several places, has bestowed upon his language. — ßißorßrixa] " I have come to your aid," i.e. of virtue, knowledge, and education. This close compares with that of the reply of Demosthenes very much as the ora¬ tion, as a whole, compares with that. It is much more flip¬ pant and pretending, with much less real earnestness and solemnity. 16* INDEX TO THE NOTES. I. NAMES AND SUBJECTS. Abstract nouns in connection with concrete, 25. Adjectives formed from proper names, 66. .^schines, his father, 191 ; — his dread of the reply of Demos¬ thenes, 201 ; — additions made hy him to his speech after deliv¬ ery, 189, 225 ; — never brought Demosthenes to trial before, 217, 221. Age of majority at Athens, 122. Alexander, king of Macedonia, 242. Alliances obtained hy Demosthe¬ nes for resisting. Philip, 84, 91; — of Athens with Phocis, 118 ; — with Thebes, 137, seq. Allies of Athens, their duties, 94. Athene Pronoia, 108. Amphictyonic war against Am- phissa, origin of, 116; — Am¬ phictyonic ÍKKXrioía, 124. Annual revision of the laws at Athens, 38, 39. Anticipations of what an oppo¬ nent would say, 13. An ti pater, 72. Array of past worthies hy .®s- chines, 181, 257. Article repeated with two words in expressing distinct ideas, 1. Attention of Demosthenes to the ambassadors of Philip. Calilas, the Eubœan, 85, seq. Cephalus, 194. Chalcis, 85. Ccphisodotus, 51. Cersohleptes, why not included in the treaty of peace with Philip, 65. Cimon, his expedition to Thrace, 183. Clitarchus, 103. Cleophon, 150. Clepsydra in courts, 197. Confirmation of the treaty with Philip hy the allies, 73. Council of the allies at Athens, and their action relative to the peace of Philocrates, 58. Courts held in the agora at Athens, 1. Cirrha, 107. Crohulus, 118. Crowns, where proclaimed at Athens, 35 ; — devoted to Athene, 46. Current opinion against the cor¬ ruption of Demosthenes, 59. Demosthenes, time of being ap¬ pointed Teixonoibç, 23, 27 ; — deserts his post in the battle of Cliaeronea, 159 ; — prominent trait of his character, 160; — harshness of his metaphors, 72, 166 ; — receives gold of the king of Persia, 173, 239 ; — a stanch democrat, 91, 168 ; — famous for his long decrees, 100 ; — compared to a flute hy JEschines, 229. Destruction of Thebes described, 157. Dokimasia, 15. Elatea, 140. 176 INDEX. Embassy of Demosthenes to the Peloponnesus, 97. Eretria, 85. Eubœan Congress, 89, 94. Eubulus, 25. Euthyni, 9, 14, 15. Expedition of Aristoderaus to Magnesia, 83. Expedition to expel the Thebans from Eubœa, 85. Extravagance of tlie charges of A^schines against Demosthenes, 104, 150. Festivals of Dionysus at Athens, 68. Frauds in appointing the presid¬ ing officers in the Assembly at Athens, 8. Future after historical tense, 90 ; — mid. in passive sense, 128; — with verbs of willing, 152. Generals at Athens, their factious character, 7. Gylon, 171. Halonesus, 88. Hand of the suicide buried apart from the body by the Athe¬ nians, 244. Hegemon, 28. Herrn» at Athens, 188. Hieromnemons, 115. Ill-fortune of Demosthenes, 114, 182. Intransitive constructed like pas¬ sive verbs, 58. Irregular proceedings in the Athe¬ nian courts and assemblies, 1-4. Issus, battle of, 164. Laced»monians, their connection with the Phocian war, 183. Logist», 9, 14, 15 ; — passing ac¬ counts before, 28. Magistrates, their responsibility at Athens, 9 ; — appointment of, 18, 14 ; — kinds of, 29. Margites, 160. Midias, character and connection with Demosthenes, 52. Mourning with the Greeks, 77. Murder of Philip, 160. Negative after negative verbs, 85 ; — double in Greek, 47 ; — with the principal verb instead of the infinitive, 201. Nik»tt, 140. Nomothet», 39. Opt. with àv for fut., 196. Order of speaking in the Assem¬ bly at Athens, 2. Oropus, 85. Paronomasia, 78. Peace of Philocrates, 58. Periods into which jEschines divides the public life of De¬ mosthenes, 54, 55. Periphrasis with noœlv and an adjective, 78. Periphrastic form expressing a condition, 58. Personalities in JEschines and Demosthenes, 174. Philip's leniency to Athens, 181. Phrynondas and Eurybatus, 187. Places of proclaiming crowns at Athens, 85. Plutarchus, 86. Pnyx, 84. Popular assembly at Athens, 2. Preparatory acc., 161, 232. Preposition with its case used adverbially, 211 ; — attributive¬ ly, 212. Present tense denoting an at¬ tempt, 246. Proedri, prytanes, &c., 3. Prosecution for wounding, 51. Public records at Athens, where kept, 75. Pylagor», 118. Pythia, 108. Relation between Athens and Thebes, 189. Reply of Demosthenes to jEs- chines, its general character and order of its topics, 205. Senate at Athens, 2. Serrium, Doriscum, &c., 82. Sons of those slain in battle at Athens maintained at public expense, 154. Special suits at Athens, 4. Subj. after historical tense, 2 ; — with npiv without ÜV, 60. Sweeping charges of corruption made by Alschines against Demosthenes, 91. Tamyn», 86. INDEX. 177 Thebes, its relation to the Bœo- tian towns, 142. Tliesraothetae, 13, 38. Thrasybulus, 181. Time of the trial of Ctesiphon, 12. Treasurers at Athens, 27. Trierarchs, 19. Trierarchy, reform of, hy Demos¬ thenes, 222. Vision of Demosthenes at the death of Pliilip, 77. Walls of Atliens, how built by Themistocles, 236. Zeugma, 7, 21. II. GBEEK WORDS AND PHRASES. ùyopà, " meeting of the tribes or demes," 27. àyCyvei ÙTifiriToi, 197. atpeîv, " to convict," with acc. and gen., 157. " yet," 133, 155 ; — oiv, " anyhow," 11 ; — after ineiór/, 86. áMoxeaSai, pass, of nlpilv, 24 ; — with infin., 50 ; — with acc., 50, 232. ahri/puap, 131. ÙV omitted with indie, of hist. tenses, 2. àvaBùÂXuv and üvaßiMLcodai, dif., 164. ávffpuTTOC for ¿ ûvdpcmoç, 99. àvTiypa^evç, 25. àKtryiyvùoKciv, noraylyvùoKUV, dif., , úmiáenraí, 25. ■ ùnoOev, ¿TTÓ, 100. úpfit¡v (¡lépoyv, " at one sweep," 143. ùpxatpeaia, 13. avrina pâTuara, 128. ßeßatüaeic, 249. yùp, explicative, 207 ; yùp ùv, 147. ypaf^, construction with elçiévai, 197. ypaip^ rrapavofiuv, safeguard of the democracy, 191 ; abuse of, 194. àé, introducing several successive clauses with indignation, 181. ôéx^odai Ttví Tí, 111. ói¡, resumptive, 57. ÔTjpôriKÔÇj 168. étaôinaaia, 146. ôonel, personal instead of imper¬ sonal, 2. iôÀixoç, 91. eioayytUa, 8. èneivijç, ovruç, dif., 59, èvayiiç, with gen., 110. èvox^iv takes augment before the preposition, 44. ¿?rr«5^, change of construction after, 69. im, " upon condition of," 170. imXáyxeiv, meaning of, 62. imrrjitioç, with infin., 230. im^ipcaOai, " to bring a dower," 172. ipyov, " reality," 228. ioTTinùç, "fearlessly," 118. evyvùpuv, 170. EípCTof âv0puKoç, "an inconstant man," 90. if ijfiùv, " in our age," 132. r¡ye,uovía rov ôinaarripiov, 14. ri&ri, usage, 24, 193. r/âovai, " passions," 240. jjv, for 7/aav, 184. ÍTOÍ. . .tj, usage, 40. iaxvpi^endai, meaning of, 56. Kokùç noioivreç, usage, 232. nava, " sacred baskets," 120. Kara, " concerning," 50. naraxcipOTOvia, 52. kTiíktclv, " to deceive," 99. nXtpurai, 15. KvnXiKol 232. TMyxavtiv, witli infin., " to have the lot to be something," 28. Xóyuf, evSvvai, dif., 15. pakiora piv, "if possible," 202. fiéyeOoç, " in size," 17, 77. piv ... dé, usage, 12 ; —. . . dé . . . dé . . . dé, 19, 81. pera^v, with part., 12. pil, interrogative, 21 ; — with part., 87 ; — (or p^ ov) with infin. after certain verbs, 35; — on usage, 46. 178 INDEX. vixäv, usage, 63, 72. oiov, " for instance," 18. oi ncpi n, for a concrete noun, 29. ¿Áífov âelv, 165. ôwoiôç Tiç, usage, 5. ipy^, meaning of, 4. ôoTtç, instead of ûore, 59. oír pÍ!, how resolved, 177. obií . . . oíi/c, 78. oiré, pr/Te, dif., 127. vapr¡vópei, augment, 77. irepipfiavTTipta, 176. npayparúa, "commission," 18. irpoaßißaieiv, npoßißaieiv, dif., 93. ■npoaéxeiv, usage, 65. ■npùTov, followed by jcpùTov and ôevrepov, expressing subdivi¬ sions, 142. oaviôuov, 200. aaviç, 39. airriaiç kv rip npvraveíu, 196. a-ríihi, 70. oToù, 'Eppùv, 183;—miKÍhi, 186. avarpéipaí, summis mribus, 10Ö. aùpa, " person," 18, 28. Tà bia, 133. T£í;{07roíóf, 14. tcTîevtùv, " finally," 72. imép, irepi, dif., 9, 206. imtpTtjjôùv, meaning of, 200. îiorepoç, "in conformity with," 23. <^épuv, " speedily," 82, 89. ijni^ npocôpevovaa, 3. ùç, with part., expressing the sup¬ posed reason, 142. ¿f àkTiSùç, 151. ¿f àpa, M, 137. ùç énî Trotó, plerumque, 248. 881A19PC.2 3 5556 008 398 489