THE
BROTHERS
OF
HOLY CROSS
NOTRE DAME
INDIANA
190 7
REV. JAMES FRANCIS DUJARIE
Founder of the Brothers of St. Joseph
If THE BROTHERS-l
II OF HOLY CROSS
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BY
THE REV. JAMES J. TRAHEY, C. S. C.
SECOND EDITION.
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UNIVERSITY PRESS .
NOTRE DAME, INDIANA I
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CONTENTS
Father Dujarié Founds the Sisters of Providence
5
7
15
Introduction __ _._ __ _ .. ._ _ .. _ .
J ames Francis Dujarié . _ _ .. _._._ _ . __
Father Dujarié Founds the Brothers of Saint Joseph . __ .. _.________ 21
Father Moreau and the Auxillary Priests . __ _. 31
"The Association of Holy Cross" ._._. __ . .... __ ... .. . .. ._ .. _ .. _... 39
Father Moreau Founds the Sisters of Holy Cross _. . 47
The Brothers of Holy Cross in America .. _. . __ _.. 55
Notre Dame, lndiana '_""'" ._ _ _. __ .. 61
Prominent Brothers of Holy Cross of America __ _.... 83
The Religious Training of a Brother _._ _ __ __ 111
The Teaching of a Brother., _ _ _._ .. _ _ _ _ 123
The Working Brother _ _. __ .. __ _ _ .. __ ._ ..
137
The Brother's Vocation ,. __ .. _ ._._. __ _._ __ .. _ _. . __ ._ 150
INTRODUCTION.
A hundred years have come and gone smce
France, June 22, 1804, modified the law of August
18, 1792, by which she had suppressed all the
religious Orders within her territory. The imperial
edict of 1804 provided that a religious community
might, on examination and approval of its statutes,
be legally organized. A few years later the French
governmen t became friendly to the religious Orders,
and the result of this friendship we all know well.
Indeed the early summer of the century that has
just gone by gave promise of a more fruitful spiritual
harvest in France than was actually reaped.
The preceding remarks will find their appro­
pria teness in the fact that the religious Congrega­
tion, the history of one di vision of w hich we are
about to trace, had its origin in France, was legally
authorized by a decree of Louis XVII!., June 23,
1823; and was expelled from France by the "Law
of Associations" passed in 1901.
In the Cross is infusion of healJenlJ; sweetness;
in the Cross is strength of mind; in the Cross
is joy of spirit.-IMITATION OF CHRIST.
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
JAMES FRANCIS DU] ARIÉ.
'l1 T was a night in cold December. A sort of
� mingled rain and snow was falling fast upon
the lonely road that led from Rui11é to Paris.
Two men in the disguise of pilgrims exchange a few
words now and then, or murmur an occasional ejacu­
lation of thanksgiving to God for the inclemency of
the weather and the darkness of th� night. They
are M. Jacques-François Dujarié and M. Jacques
Aubry: the former a holy cleric in deacon's orders,
the latter a fervent Catholic layman. Arrived at
Chartres they bid each other an affectionate fare­
well, and M. Dujarié continues his midnight journey
to Paris, where he hopes to be ordained a priest. *
The foregoing narrative takes us back to a
momentous period in the life of Father Dujarié, the
* The facts regarding the life of Father Dujarié and his founda­
tions have been taken mostly from the" Annales de Saint-Joseph,"
vols. 31-34; also from a work entitled "Le Très Révérend Père
Basile- Antoine Moreau du Mans, et les Ouvres," ... Par l ' Abbé
Charles Moreau, Paris, 1900.
7
8
THE BROTHERS OP HOLY CROSS.
venerable founder of the Brothers of Saint Joseph.
He was born at Sainte-Marie-des-Bois, a village in
the department of Mayenne, the ninth of December,
1767,-an epoch of moral distress in France, a time
when Voltaire's ink has turned to poison and his
pen to a serpent's fang. The parents of M. Dujarié
were hard-working peasants, who lived on little
and labored for a small reward. There was a sim­
plicity, a contentment in their humble lives that
seemed to harmonize and blend happily with the
rural serenity of their surroundings. They were fer­
vent Christians whose refined humanity and kindly,
peaceful ways had a determining influence for good
upon their son's career. At a very early age he gave
evidence of a vocation to the priesthood. This voca­
tion appeared to be a part of himself, a something
that belonged to him naturally. Its manifestation
and development were as spontaneous as the unfold­
ing of a rosebud's petals. He loved God's call from
the beginning and never lost his first fervor.
At the age of eleven, M. Dujarié began his Latin
in the little College of Lassay, near Mayenne,», After
mastering the rudiments of this ancient tongue he
was promoted to the advanced Latin classes at Saint­
Ouen. Here he studied with remarkable- success
during the years 1780 and 1781. The two follow­
ing years he spent at the Colleges of Ernee and Dom­
front, where he finished his Rhetoric. Now he was
JAMES FRANCIS DUJARIE
ready for Le Grand Séminaire, whither he went in
1787. Some of his note-books in Philosophy and
Theology have escaped the moths of time, and a
glance at their contents will reveal the order, lucid­
ity and precision of the writer's keen intelligence.
The Chronicles of M. Dujarié's school days tell us:
"During the course of his theological studies the
young novice was distinguished for love of work,
accuracy of ideas, goodness of heart and amiability
of character." His fellow students called him the
"Little Saint." For him the yoke of Christ became
sensibly sweeter day after day, and in 1790 he knelt
before the altar of God to receive the sub-deaconate.
Thus did he knowingly, freely and eagerly put the
seal upon his vocation for time and eternity. He
was ordained deacon a year later. The outlines of
the Lord's anointed began to appear on his well­
defined features, and his biographers assure us that
the Chronicles do not exaggerate his sanctity when
they com pare him at this period of his life to the
holy deacons Stephen and Lawrence.
Christ had chosen M. Dujarié for a "vessel of
election" and He was about to show him how great
things he should suffer for His name's sake. The
French Revolution raised its flag of terror and the
valiant deacon had to flee from Le Grand Séminaire
at Angers. For a year he found concealment in the
cellar of a weaver, whom he helped at his trade.
10
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
The event has its significance and recalls the great
St. Paul making tents in the house of Aquila. M.
Dujarié's next occupation was that of a shepherd.
Here, too, we perceive something symbolic: for the
faithfullevite likened to his Master Christ, t.he "good
shepherd," shall one day seek the lost sheep of the
house of Israel. When the very mountains refused
to hide him any longer and when the plains threat­
ened to disclose his identity, M. Dujarié toward the
close of the year 1792 returned in disguise to Paris,
where he managed to eke out a scanty living ped­
dling mild refreshments. His biographers picture
him carrying on his back a large cylindrical vase
covered with velvet and provided with a faucet.
The vase contained what might be called a species
of lemonade. With a pair of clappers and a strong
voice he reminded passers-by that they were thirsty.
A peddler to all external appearance, he was a
minister of God at heart.
The annals of the diocese of Paris inform us
that about this time a band of heroic priests
went around secretly consoling the victims of
the Revolution and giving them absolution in
the hour of death. Our zealous deacon had not
yet received the keys of the kingdom of heaven,
and consequently could not exercise the sublime
ministry of forgiving sins. But there is another
ministry, -that of the angels who stood beside
JAMES FRA.NeIS DUJARIE
11
Christ in the desert. Like these ministering spirits
M. Dujarié held the cup of his humble refreshment to
the parched lips of many a person destined for the
scaffold. And we are told that he appeared daily
among the sick and the dying, cheering the lonely
heart and whispering the promise of an abiding
peace, of a joy more perfect than can be found in
the sweetest and purest pleasures of this" Star-domed
City of God."
In the December of 1795 we find M. Dujarié and
M. Aubry making the perilous journey referred to
at the beginning of this Chapter. The downfall of
Robespièrre, July 28, 1794, brought about a slight
mitigation of the" Reign of Terror," and M. Dujarié
took the opportunity to interview the Vicar General
of Mans. The latter sent him to finish his studies
under the wise direction of M. Delahaie, who was
then exercising his ministry in secret near Ruiné.
Toward the close of the year 1 795 his Superiors
ordered him to Paris, where Mgr. de Saint-Papoul
was secretly giving ordination. Hither the joyous
deacon came disguised as a pilgrim, and received the
holy priesthood from the hands ofMgr. de Saint-Pa­
poul, on the feast of St. Stephen, December 26, 1795.
In the early part of January, 1 796, Father Duj arié set
out for Ruil1é, where he hoped to celebrate his first
Mass. The way was lonely, dangerous, and dreary.
Happily he had his pillar of cloud by day and his
12
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
pillar of fire by night: for his soul beheld in antici­
pation the uplifted Host and the gleam of the radiant
Chalice. The future rose before him, a picture of
mingled joy and sorrow. His youthful and stately
physigue had begun to show the "marks of the
Lord Jesus." New fears, new combats, new perils
shook his mortal frame and threatened his very life.
But it was necessary that this soul made of heaven's
untried gold should be purified in the furnace of
earthly tribulations. He offered his first Mass in
the cellar of a farm-house known as Fosse-Garnier.
The altar was a temporary structure whose decora­
tions were not of this world. Few roses were there
to symbolize the celebrant's burning love, few lilies
to indicate his purity, and no olive leaves to repre­
sent his peace. Perhaps it was fitting that not even
the fairest images of God's love, purity, and peace
should be at hand in abundance, lest their earthly
fragrance might di�tract this saintly young man as
he walked with Christ for the first time from Gethse­
mane to the Mount of Olives. During the celebration
of the Holy Mysteries he must have "heard secret
words, which it is not granted man to utter;" for
the life he led from his first until his last Mass, was
no ordinary existence. During the early years of his
priesthood he was obliged to exercise his ministry
in secret. How he must have felt the withering frost
of restraint as it fell upon his young soul and at-
jA.\1ES FRANCIS DUj.4RIE
13
tempted to blight the tender buds of apostolic zeal!
How he longed for the freedom of a public audience
with the multitudes, -an audience like that of
his Master preaching from the Mount. Still he was
not discouraged, but started out on his precarious
mission like another St. Francis Xa vier-' with God
in his heart and his breviary in his hand.' Now we
find him at Ruil1é, now at Ponce, Lhomme, La
Chartre, Courdemanche, Saint-Georges, and various
other towns, always distributing freely the treasures
of his ministry. He catechised during the day and
travelled from place to place under cover of the
night. His life was thoroughly austere. He sel­
dom slept in a bed. Stables, barns, granaries and
cellars were his usual resting-places. In company
with venerable 1 'abbé Delahaie he made long jour­
neys on foot to console the sick or to administer the
Last Sacraments to t�e dying. The Chronicles of
this period testify: "We have seen M. Dujarié go
bare-footed in the snow and sleep on the straw at
times and in circumstances when he was urged to
this by sheer love of penance."
F ATHER DU} ARIÉ FOUNDS THE SISTERS
OF PROVIDENCE.
�HE death-knell of the French Revolution was
\ � sounded by the Concordat of 1801. On the
twenty-seventh of May, 1803, Father Dujarié
became parish priest of Ruillé. Immediately he set
about repairing the dilapidated church. He built a
new main altar which he named, with prophetic sig­
nificance, the altar of Holy Cross. Like his Master,
Christ, he "went about doing good," and he had com­
passion on the multitudes, because they were morally
"distressed and lying like sheep that have no shep­
herd." The mildew of the Revolution had cast its
withering blight upon the rising generation, and
Father Dujarié found the youth of France in a piti­
able condition. Children were confided to incom­
petent teachers, and, what was more deplorable, to
masters whose moral conduct could seldom be recom­
mended. The poor especially were neglected, and
their misery appealed strongest to the young priest's
kindly heart. His herculean energy, however, was
soon conquered by untold hardships, and he realized
his incompetency to carry out his charitable under­
takings without some assistance. Many of the poor
IS
SISTER ST. FRANCIS XAVIER.
THE SISTERS OF PROVIDENCE.
17
and neglected Ii ved at so great a distance from the
parish Church, that the zealous pastor could not
visit them as often as he would wish, and they in
turn found the way too long to admit of their attend­
ing the religious services regularly. Grieved at this
state of affairs, Father Dujarié made several im­
passioned appeals to his people, conjuring them to
interest themselves in the needs of the parish. The
result of his exhortations was a society comprising
members of both sexes, who pledged themselves to
relieve the spiritual and temporal necessities of their
brethren. The Society did well for a time, but was
too haphazard in its constitution to prove of per­
manent value to the pastor. So he began to look
about for some self-sacrificing persons who would
consent to devote themselves exclusively to the in­
struction of children and the care of the sick. Heroic
woman ministered to Christ and to Paul. She stood
in the moment of greatest need beside Father Dujarié,
Two maidens of the parish came to his help and
placed the sacrifice of their sweet, innocent lives at his
disposal. The very fragrance of this generous, un­
stinted offering sufficed to revive his drooping spirits
and to cheer his sinking heart. These two young
women Ii ved together in a remote part of the parish,
teaching children and caring for the sick. The house
they occupied was called "Little Providence" by
Father Dujarié. Their number soon grew to nine.
THE SISTERS OF PROVIDENCE.
19
The saintly Director perceived in these heroines of
charity the nucleus of a religious Congregation, and
sent seven of them to Madame de la Girouardière,
foundress of the House of Incurables at Beaugé, to
be trained in the religious life. After a novitiate of
six or seven months, they received the Holy Habit
and were .hencefor th known as the Sisters of Provi­
dence. Their most prominent establishment in this
country at present is St.-Mary-of-the-Woods, Vigo
county, Indiana, founded by Mother Theodore, whose
name will always be associated with that other
apostolic woman of the Sisters of Providence, Sister
�t. Francis Xavier.
"LITTLE PROVIDENCE."
A BROTHER OF ST. JOSEPH.
FATHER DUJ ARIÉ FOUNDS THE BROTHERS
OF SAINT JOSEPH.
Iftt0D'S blessing seemed to hover day and night
� about the walls of Father Dujarié's new foun-
dation, and he took heart of grace to extend
the fields of his spiritual conquest. He perceived a
limitation in the great work then being done by the
Christian Brothers. Their rule obliged them to live in
community, at least three together. Father Dujarié
saw the need of a society of Brothers who while
bound together by a common rule would still be free
to go, one here and another there, to any parish that
demanded their services. His idea was to furnish a
kind of la y-assistan t and teacher to the clergy in
the rural districts. He was not precipitous in the
execution of his plans, but heeded the Scriptural
injunction, and took counsel of the wise. His VièWS
were soon applauded to the echo, and he received
most cordial encouragement from Mgr. Claude
Madeleine de la Myre, Bishop of Mans. Among the
clergy the special promoters of the new project were
Fathers Lamare, Chevalier, and Bouvier. At the
close of the priests' retreat in 1820 the Bishop of
Mans formally authorized Father Dujarié to found
21
22
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
a community of religious lay-brothers, whose object
would be to teach and to catechise in the parishes of
the diocese. "Brothers of Saint Joseph" was the
title happily selected for the new society, whose
humble beginnings were thus described in after
years: ' , It consisted of a band of devoted men,
mostly young, who, without aspiring to the ecclesi­
astical state, yet anima ted by a true zeal to labor
for God's glory and the salvation of souls, had
formed themselves into a Religious Community,
under the title of the Brothers of St. Joseph, con­
seera ting themselves to the Christian education of
youth, and having no higher aim than to imitate
the humble and hidden life of their holy patron." *
The first postulant that presented himself to
Father Dujarié was an ex-brother of the Christian
Schools. He abandoned his vocation after a few
days' trial. This was in the early part of 1820.
On July fifteenth of the same year Pierre Hureau
sought admission into the Brothers of Saint Joseph.
He was twenty-four years old and hailed from Sainte­
Colombe, near Flèche. A month later the founder's
god-child, Louis Duchêne of Ruiné, aged twenty-one,
became the companion of Pierre Hureau. Andrè­
Pierre t Mo t tais, a bright young man twenty years
of age, arrived October the twenty-second; Étienne
* "Life of Rev. F. Cointet," Cincinnati, 1855.
THE BROTHERS OF ST. JOSEPH.
23
Gauffre came November the sixteenth, and a few
days later Renè Menard. These five young men
were the Charter postulants of the Brothers of
Saint Joseph. Two only of the five persevered until
death: Andrè-Pierre Mottais (Brother Andrè), and
Étienne Gauffre (Bro ther Étienne). * They were the
first two Brothers of Saint Joseph.
Their new life was thoroughly austere. They
rose at half-past four, winter and summer; after
mormng prayer, meditation and holy Mass they
breakfasted on a morsel of dry bread; for dinner
and supper they had a pla te of soup with fruit or
a dish of vegetables, and on feast days some meat
was added. A small room in Father Dujarié's house
served these truly mortified Brothers for study hall,
exercise room and recreation room, and they slept to
the gnawing and grinding of rats in the garret. The
day was spent in prayer and manual labor. The hour
for meditation and Mass depended largely upon the
exigencies of Father Dujarié's pastoral duties. To­
ward evening came the visit to the Blessed Sacra­
ment in common, the Way of the Cross, the Beads
and spiritual reading. Later on particular examina-
* It is a singular fact that the first two young women who
formed the beginning of the Sisters of Providence withdrew from
the Community when they were asked to take the vows. Their
leaving was not due to any spirit of worldliness. They did not
feel themselves called to the life of Evangelical Counsel.
24
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
tion of conscience became one of the daily exercises.
Confession was weekly or at least every fortnight.
Their studies were confined to reading, scripture,
ea techism, outlines of Church history, plain chant,
elementary grammar and simpler mathematics.
Toward the end of 1820 the Community num­
bered four persons. Brothers Andrè and Étienne
were sent to Mans to be trained in the religious life,
and at the same time to receive some instruction
in higher mathematics, geography and plain chant
in Le Grand Séminaire. Brother Andrè was hospita­
bly entertained by M. Richepain, pastor of Prè,
while Brother Étienne enjoyed the kindly attentions
of M. Lamare, a priest of the Cathedral. After a
year of mingled spiritual and intellectual formation,
Brothers Andrè and Étienne were recalled to Rui11é.
Father Dujarié appointed Brother Andrè his assistant
Master of Novices, and sent Brother Étienne to open
the first school of the Community at Saint-Denis
d'Orques on the ninth of November, 1821. Without
leaving the Sisters of Providence, God's blessing
was upon the Brothers of Saint Joseph, and by the
end of 1822 the new Institute at Ruillé had be­
come the mother-house of eight foundations. We
can not deny that numbers often predominated over
quality, but we must never forget that it was a
greater good which induced the zealous founder to
curtail the formation of his young religious. Peti-
THE BROTHERS OF ST. JOSEPH
25
t.ions from all parts of the diocese of Mans and from
the neighboring dioceses came to Father Duja rié, so­
liciting the help of his Brothers. These petitions
usually con tained pathetic appeals, exposing the
needs of the young who were either totally deprived
of instruction or left in the hands of irreligious, rov­
ing masters. In his zeal to :.;oun teract the evils of
the time Father Dujarié yielded, sometimes with
regret, to the entreaties of pastors, relying on the
promise which they gave in good faith and broke
in their frailty, v iz., that they would supply by
personal effort the Brothers' deficiencies in religious
and academic knowledge. These and many other
circumstances explain the numerous defections and
sorrows of the little community's early years.
Apart from these considerations the most
flourishing of the schools could not be called a
money-mint, and financial embarrassments were of
frequent occurrence. The conditions of a foundation
in a parish were: every pastor who applies for a
Brother shall be obliged to pay once for all a sum
of sixty dollars; then an annual salary of thirty
dollars, and finally fi ve dollars for the expenses of
the yearly retreat during vacation. Though ex­
tremely easy these terms were not strictly observed.
Beginning with the summer months of 1822 there
was an annual retreat for the Brothers. The cere­
mony of the VOWS marked the close of this spiritual
26
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
refection. The Brothers took temporary vows of
poverty, chastity and obedience at first for one year
and later on for two or three years at most. There
is no record of their taking perpetual vows, and
frequently the vow of obedience only was exacted.
To complete his w o rk Father Dujarié had to
procure for it a legal existence, without which all
the fruits of his labor would be lost. A decree of
March 17, 1808, had constituted the University the
sole teaching body of France. The Restoration was
more favorable to teaching communities. A royal
ordinance of February 29, 1816, provided that such
com munities might furnish teachers to any munici­
pality which asked for them, and that the corn­
rnunities and especially the novitiates might receive
financial assistance from the public treasury. In
com pliance w i th this ordinance the society of the
Brothers of St. Joseph was legally authorized by a
degree of Louis XVIII. June 23, 1823. A notable
advantage to the struggling Community was the
exemption of its members, who should teach ten
years, from the seven years military service.
A journal of the time, l'Echo de Ja Sarthe has
this favorable comment on the rising community:
"The department of la Sarthe is fortunate to possess
the mother - house of the Brothers of Saint Joseph,
whose aim is to make good Christians, faithful
citizens, and industrious men. M. Dujarié, pastor
THE CRADLE OF THE BROTHERHOOD OF ST. JOSEPH,-FATHER DUJARIE'S PRESBYTERY.
28
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
of Ruiné, is the founder of these Brothers. They
have been approved by the grand-master of the
University and by his Majesty. Wherefore the
general of the department of la Sarthe realizing
the usefulness of this new congregation, has given
four thousand francs (eight hundred dollars) as an
aid and encouragement to these Brothers of Saint
Joseph." In a letter of March 8, 1824, Father
Dujarié reports as follows to the prefect of la Sarthe:
" We ha ve eighteen Brothers in the diocese of Mans,
one in the diocese of Chartres, one in the diocese
of Blois, and four in our Novitiate. I have twenty­
eight postulants in my presbytery, and I am ex­
pecting some more in a few days." During the years
1823 and 1824 the Brothers had opened twenty
schools, and from the end of 1824 to the August of
1826 they established fifteen others. At the end of
1827 they counted eight more new foundations, and
before the close of 1828 twenty-three schools, besides
a boarding-school at Ruillé, were added to the pre­
ceding list. Amid such prosperity the words of Holy
Writ must have rung out sweet melody in the heart
of the founder: "I will deliver to thee every place
that the sole of thy foot shall tread upon, and no
man shall be able to resist thee all the days of thy
life." And yet Father Dujarié was unconsciously
reclining in the shadow of the ivy that protected the
head of J onas,-the ivy for which God had prepared
THE BROTHERS OF ST. JOSEPH
29
a worm.
The haste with which the young Bro ühers had
been trained for their work, their scattered and
isolated condition, the difficulty of preserving the
religious spirit and the bond of union for a whole
year-while separated from one another, the irregu­
larities that crept in almost of necessity, now began
to affect the community seriously. During the year
1828 the volcano of the French Revolution belched
forth the residium of its filthy lava, and the effects
of this eruption upon the faith and morals of France
in 1829 may be judged by the havoc it wrought
among the Brothers of Saint Joseph at Ruiné.
V oca tions became rare and defections numerous.
The tide of self-sacrifice which had brought to Rui11é
in less than a decade of years some three hundred
young men, went out in 1829 to return no more
laden with its wonted amount of precious treasures.
During the years 1829 and 1830 twenty of the
schools were abandoned and only three new ones
opened. In 1830 the Brothers failed to report as
usual for the annual retreat at Rui11é. Father
Dujarié had been making special efforts through the
agency of his little community to cultivate the
barren wastes of France. The task was no easy
one, and many of those who had put their hands
to the plow looked back and were found unworthy
of Christ.
30
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
Anticipated fears justified, in part, by the remem­
brance of the first Revolution distressed the faithful
members of the Congregation; but the energy and
devotedness of some of the Brothers averted the
complete ruin of the community. These valiant souls
assembled for the retreat at Ruiné in 1831, drew up
and signed a Treaty of Union in which they solemnly
promised to remain attached to the Community in
case of its dispersion and to reunite as soon as
possible after the crisis. The spirit of this covenant
may be gleaned from the preamble: "Considering
the evils that ha ve befallen us, the hopelessness of
spreading our Congregation at present or even of
keeping together, yet persuaded that God in His
goodness will renew the days of peace and true
liberty, we promise and agree, under the strictest
obligation short of sin, to perpetuate our Com­
munity for the glory of God and the salvation of
souls." From 1831 to 1835 some new schools were
opened and others abandoned.
In the meantime the loss of those who left the
Community proved to be the gain of all who re­
mained. The cockle and the wheat had been growing
together undisturbed; but when both were gathered,
threshed, and cast in to the sieve of perseverance , only
the golden grains were found in the measure.
FATHER MOREAU AND THE AUXILIARY
PRIESTS.
':o¡
� N the year 1834 there lived in the city of Mans,
� France, a holy and devoted priest, Professor of
Divinity in Le Grand Séminaire and Canon of
the Cathedral. We refer to Father Basil Anthony
Moreau. He was born on the eleventh of February,
1799, at Laigne-en-Belin, nine miles from Mans.
Feeling a strong attraction for the sanctuary in
his youth, he entered St. Vincent's Seminary at
Mans, where he was ordained priest on the twelfth
of August, 1821. Early in his priestly career he
began to preach retreats. Success followed him
everywhere, and soon he was considered one of
the leading preachers of France, -no trifling dis­
tinction in those days. Perceiving the immense
good that Father Moreau was accomplishing,
though laboring single-handed, his Bishop, Mgr.
Bouvier, authorized him to form a society of
auxiliary priests, who were to co-operate with him
m preaching retreats throughout the diocese.
Accordingly in the month of August, 1835, we find
the holy Missionary at the Trappist Monastery of
Port du Salut, near Laval, at the head of six young
31
VERY REV. BASIL MOREAU.
First Superior General.
THE AUXILIARY PRIESTS.
33
ecclesiastics, who formed the nucleus of the society
known as the Auxiliary Priests of Mans.
As early as 1822 Father Moreau preached the
annual retreat to the Brothers of Saint Joseph. This
was the first occasion that brought him into close
contact with the work of Father Dujarié. Later on
when the Treaty of Union was signed by the
Brothers, he helped their Superior to formulate that
important document. In 1835 the venerable founder,
worn out by years and infirmities, informed his
Bishop that he was no longer able to govern and
guide the Brothers of Saint Joseph. He offered to
resign his charge into his Lordship's hands, that he
in turn might entrust the heroic band to some
worthy priest. Mgr. Bouvier and the Brothers were
unanimous in their choice of Father Moreau. Recog­
nizing the finger of God in this selection, and feeling
strongly attracted toward the devoted little com­
munity, w hose admirable vocation he thoroughly
appreciated, Father Moreau did not hesitate to ac­
cept the new charge.
Accordingly on the thirty-first of August, 1835,
Mgr. Bouvier, assisted by his Vicar General, Fathers
Dujarié and Moreau, repaired in solemn procession to
the Chapel of the Novitiate where all the Brothers of
Saint Joseph had assembled. The venerable founder,
resting his right hand ..upon the altar and with his
left clutching the staff that supported his tottering
;_':c.i.;,�:,���! �l,;;�:����;�s�'
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MOTHER HOUSE OF THE CONGREGATION OF HOLY CROSS, LE MANS, 1852.
THE BROTHERS OF ST. JOSEPH
35
frame, surrendered his precious charge to the Bishop,
beseeching him in a dignified and touching manner
to free him from a responsibility far too heavy for
his declining years. Amid the irrepressible weeping
of the assembly, Mgr. Bouvier replied thus to Father
Dujarié: "Reverend and worthy Sir, I consent to­
day to the request you have made, but only from
the consideration of your failing heal th and increas­
ing years, which demand this sacrifice. " When the
Bishop was reseated on his throne, Father Dujarié
addressed these deeply emotional words to the new
Superior: "Reverend Father Moreau, I beseech you
to accept the government of my little congregation,
the care of which I have just resigned into the hands
of my Bishop, on account of my many infirmities.
I confide them entirely to your paternal care, fully
persuaded that you will hencforth be a true guide
and Father to them. Yes, most willingly do I entrust
my dear children to you. Accept them as the greatest
treasure I possess, and as a deposit for whichr yo u
will render an account to Jesus Christ. I desire that
they should regard you as their Father, and that
they manifest toward you all the respect, submission
and attachment they owe you." * In this way the
Brothers of Saint Joseph and the Auxiliary Priests
were first brought together and governed by the
* Life of Father Cointet, Cincinnati, 1855.
t
Chapel of the Mother House of the Sisters of Providence, Ruille
The Chapel has a Memorial Window representing Father Dujarie
surrounded by members of the two Societies which he founded.
DEATH OP FATHER DUJARIÉ.
37
same Superior, though they were not organically
united until some years later. In taking leave of
the Brothers of Saint Joseph, Father Dujarié also
relinquished his superiorship of the Sisters of Pr'o vi­
dence. Henceforth the venerable priest will confine
his apostolic labors to the interests of his scattered
flock, and like another Curé d'Ars he will teach the
poor and the destitute that "not on bread alone
doth man live."
We must now part with Father Dujarié, the
saintly founder of the Brothers of Saint Joseph and
of the Sisters of Providence. One of his spiritual
daughters will furnish us with the text of a fitting
farewell: "It was the happiness of Father Dujarié's
daughters-the Sisters of Providence-to attend to
his temporal support up to the time of his death;
but it was the privilege of his sons-the Brothers of
Holy Cross (then Brothers of St. J oseph)-to shelter
him under their own roof and to receive his parting
blessing and last sigh. Yet it is in the convent
mortuary chapel at Ruillé-sur-Loir that his remains
rest in private. veneration a.wai tirtg the decree of
beatification, the process having been commenced at
Rome, which will place our saintly founder among
the galaxy of the Saints, and give to Father Dujarié
the glory he has merited as a confessor of the faith." *
... "Life of Mother Theodore Guérin, 1904."
FIRST NOVITIATE OF THE BROTHERS OF ST. JOSEPH, RUILLE-SUR-LOIR.
"THE ASSOCIATION OF HOLY CROSS."
�IRECTLY east of Mans was the suburban com",
W mune of Holy Cross. It received its name from
St. Bertrand, Bishop of Mans in the sixth
century. In 1832 Father Moreau had received a gift
01 some property in this commune, and hither he
brought the Community of about sixty Brothers to
labor in union with the Auxiliary Priests. For some
time both priests and Brothers continued the work of
their respective founda tions : the former preached
retreats, while the latter took care of their schools.
Naturally Father Moreau thought of uniting these
two communities, which Providence had placed
under his direction, and shortly he had the joy to
see them formed into one society, which he called
"The Association of HoI y Cross." The success of
the individual efforts of the Priests and of the
Brothers suggested to Father Moreau the plan of
establishing a college for the higher classes, to be
directed by the Priests, who in turn were to be
assisted by the Brothers. These considerations led
to the foundation of the new society's first Insti­
tute,-the College of Holy Cross at Mans in 1836.
Up to this time the Brothers of Saint Joseph had
39
Interior of the Mortuary Chapel where Father Dujarie is buried.
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS. 41
taken no perpetual vows, and many had made only
the vow of obedience. But at the first annual retreat
at Mans in 1836 Brother Andrè, who had been the
earliest to enter the Society, again led the way by
pronouncing the perpetual religious vows. During
the same retreat Father Moreau, whose ideas regard­
ing the preparation and q ualifica tion of a teacher
were sufficiently exacting, singled out those of the
Brothers who had not the requisite tastes and
equipments for work in the schools and assigned
them to manual labor. The next step contemplated
by Father Moreau was to prepare the Auxiliary
Priests for the vows and to transform them from
a voluntary diocesan association into a real re­
ligious congregation. He himself set the example
on the morning of the feast of the Assumption,
1840, and in the afternoon of the same day four
of his companions-one of whom was Father
Edward Sorin-made the simple perpetual vows of
poverty, chastity and obedience.
Some idea of the Society's development at this
period of its existence will be suggested by the follow­
ing letter of Mgr. Bouvier, Bishop of Mans, to Pope
Gregory XVI., dated May 4,1840.
"Basil Anthony Moreau, honorary canon, former
professor of theology and of Holy Scripture in the
diocesan seminary, has with the consent of the
present bishop, established a house near the city of
CEMETERY OF THE SISTERS OF PROVIDENCE AND MORTUARY CHAPEL
Ruille-sur-Loir, France.
44
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
Mans, and has there assembled certain priests
burning with love for souls and led by the love of
poverty and obedience, who follow the community
life under his direction and are always ready to
announce the word of God, to hear confessions, to
conduct retreats for communities, etc. They are
called Auxiliary Priests and they are alread y fifteen
in number. They live on voluntary offerings and on
the profits accruing from the board and tuition of
a hundred pupils. As the Brothers of the Christian
Doctrine do not undertake establishments unless they
can Ii ve a t least three together and unless/they
are assured an annual salary of six hundred francs
each, they cannot teach the schools in the country
parishes and in the smaller towns. A pious pastor of
Ruillé named Dujarié about the year 1820 gathered
into his presbytery a number of virtuous young men,
kept them at his expense, taught them and prepared
them to become primary teachers for the localities
where the Christian Brothers could not establish
themselves. Thus were founded the Brothers of St.
Joseph. The present Bishop of Mans seeing that the
novitiate of these Brothers could not be suitably
maintained in the country took measures to transfer
them to the episcopal city. With the consent of the
founder who was still alive, though weighed down by
infirmities, he gave the congregation as superior the
aforenamed Father Moreau. The new superior hav-
THE BROTHERS OF ST. JOSEPH
45
ing nothing in view but the good of religion assumed
the heavy burden and united the Brothers to the
Auxiliary Priests. Thus there are now in the same
house, the Auxiliary Priests, the pupils, the novice
Brothers, and the teachers who instruct both. This
new institute of Brothers already numbers eighty
members, scattered through thirty-nine establish­
ments, and forty-five novices. Yesterday three
Brothers under the direction of one of the priests,
set out to commence an establishment in Africa,
in Algeria, and soon others will be sent to the
diocese of Vincennes in America. The superior visits
the Brothers every year personally or by his dele­
gate and during the vacations he gathers them
around him for their retreat of eight days thus
renewing their religious fervor."
On the eighteenth of June, 1855, and again on
the nineteenth of May, 1856, the Propaganda
honored the new Institute with a "brief of praise."
Generally a considerable time elapses between the
Brief ad laudandum and the canonical approbation
of the Rules and Constitutions. It is therefore rather
remarkable that during the life of the founder and
only twenty-one years after its establishment, the
Congregation of Holy Cross, its Rules and Consti­
tutions should have been fully approved by Rome,
in a decree of the Holy See, dated May 13, 1857.
MOTHER MARY ANGELA.
FATHER MOREAU FOUNDS THE SISTERS OF
HOLY CROSS.
2Y1 S the years glided by "T.· .. he Association of
,al, Holy Cross" stood for more than a goodly
num ber of priests and � brothers. It be­
came triune shortly after its organization, and
consisted of priests, brothers, and sisters. For
centuries the Church has remembered in her litur­
gical petitions "the devout female sex", and the
daughter has shown herself worthy of the Mother's
prayer. Woman has never been outdone by man
In works of Christian Charity. Scarcely had
Father Moreau established his little community of
men on a solid basis, when several young women
asked to share in the new society's work by serving
the priests and brothers. This generous offer of
domestic service was gratefully accepted, and Father
Moreau founded a third branch of the Association,
a sisterhood, "to co-operate with the other branches
in their pious labors, and to labor themselves in a
particular manner for the benefit of the youth of
their own sex."
These self-forgetting maidens became the first
members of the Sisters of Holy Cross, and received
47
THE SISTERS OP HOLY CROSS.
4)
the Habit at the hands of their founder, September
29, 1841, in the Convent of the Good Shepherd at
Mans. The names given to them as religious were
prophetic of trial and triumph :-Sister Mary of the
Holy Cross, Sister Mary of the Seven Dolors, Sister
Mary of the Compassion, and Sister Mary of
Calvary.
Father Moreau became intensely interested in
his threefold society and took immediate action for
the consolidation of its unity. Undoubtedly his
spiritual sons and daughters appreciated the mystic
beauty of his consecration of them to Jesus, Mary
and Joseph: "In order to cement this union and
this imitation of the Holy Family, I have con­
secrated, and consecrate again, as much as is in my
power, the Priests to the Sacred Heart of Jesus,
Pastor of Souls; the Brothers to the heart of St.
Joseph, their Patron; and the Sisters to the Heart
of Mary, pierced with the sword of grief."
In more recent times a son of Holy Cross wrote
of the Congregation as follows: "For fifty years
the Sisters of Holy Cross have been united to us in
the closest ties of friendship and devotion, have
rejoiced in our joys and sorrowed in our trials, and
they have been beforehand with assistance in times
of embarrassment and bereavement. That they
should be one in sympathy with the Priests and
Brothers of Holy Cross is only what might be
THE SISTERS OF HOLY CROSS
51
expected from their common origin, their common
mission as educators, the proximity of the Mother­
Houses in America, the hardships suffered in common
in the pioneer days, and the triumphs that have
crowned the work of both communities In later
times. But mere sympathy is too weak a word
to express the fine sisterly solicitude and the enthu­
siastic co-operation we have always found in the
Daugh ters of the Cross. Devotedness such as theirs
is sure of the hundredfold in this world as well as
the reward unspeakable in the next."
The central figure of this Congregation of devoted
women is Mother Angela, who died in 1887, virtually
the foundress of St. Mary's, Notre Dame, Indiana,
the Mother-House of the Sisters of Holy Cross. St.
Mary's celebrated the Golden Jubilee of its founda­
tion during the summer months of 1905.
If Father Moreau ever prayed that this unique
Association of men and women, of Priests, Brothers,
and Sisters should be true to their ideals and true
to one another, his petition has been heard and
answered. They have worked and prayed together
these years for the honor of God and the good of
mankind.
So much for the founding and early history of
the Brothers of St. Joseph. Their childhood was
one with that of the Sisters of Providence, their
youth was associated with that of the Priests and
1-77692
BIRDS EYE VIEW ST. MARY'S, NOTRE DAME, INDIANA.
Mother House of the Sisters of Holy Cross in the United States.
THE SISTERS OF HOLY CROS
53
Sisters of Holy Cross. Today they continue to form
an integral part of the Congregation of Holy Cross,
which is composed of Priests or Clerics and of Teach­
ing and Coadjutor Brothers, who are all constituted
in the religious state by the simple vows of poverty,
obedience and chastity, under the name of Religious
of Holy Cross.
The Brothers of Holy Cross have had an eventful
history, not alone in the Province of France, but in
Italy and Canada, in the United States and in the
Missionary diocese of Dacca, Bengal, India; their dust
has mingled with the soil of Algeria, Africa and three
graves in Cracow, Poland mark traces of their world
wide missionary spirit. The following pages will
have to do principally with their history and develop­
ment in this countrv.
VERY REVEREND EDWARD SORIN, C. S. c.
Third Superior General.
From a Painting by Gregori.
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS IN AMERICA.
� V E R Y recurrmg eve of the Exalta tion
� of the Holy Cross has its memories for our
Priests and Brothers in America. It was
on the thirteenth of September, 1841, that the
Iowa, with Father Sorin and his six Brothers
in the steerage, sailed into the harbor of New
York. Father Sorin's first act on landing was
to kiss the ground beneath his feet as a token of
his affection for the land of his adoption. Next
morning, September the fourteenth, the feast of the
Exaltation of the Holy Cross, he celebrated his first
Mass in the New World, and ever afterwards blessed
God for the prophetic fa vor vouchsafed him in being
permitted to say his first Mass on America's soil in
honor of the Holy Cross,-the symbol of his faith and
the title of his religious Congregation. He wrote im­
mediately to Father Moreau: "We have arrived
in New York full of life, health and joy ..... What
a delicious day it is here-how beautiful is the Ameri­
can sky! Here is the portion of my inheritance;
here will I dwell all the days of my life."
In 1839 Mgr. de la Hailandière, Bishop of Vin­
cennes, visited his native land to get recruits and
55
56
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
aid for his missions among the Indians and w hi te
settlers of Indiana. A young priest, Father Ed ward
Sorin, born in 1814, at Laval, France, heard of the
Bishop's earnest appeal, and shortly came to re­
gard it as the voice from heaven that spoke to
Abraham of old: "Go forth out of thy country,
and from thy kindred, and out of thy father's house,
and come into the land which I shall show thee,
and I will bless and magnify thy name, and thou
shalt be blessed." With the permission of his Supe­
rior General Father Sorin rallied about him six
Brothers of Apostolic spirit, and the seven offered
themselves to Mgr. de la Hailandière. ¡he zealous
Missionary's companions were: Brothers Vincent,
Joachim, Lawrence, Francis Xavier, Gatien and
Anselm.
After the farewell ceremony in the Chapel of the
mother-house at Mans, on the feast of Our Lady
of Sno ws, August 5, 1841, Father Sorin and his
devoted Brothers journeyed to Havre, where three
days later they embarked for America m the
Iowa as steerage passengers, and arrived in New
y or k on the thirteen th of September. After a rest
of three days in the metropolis of the country,
they set out for Albany by boat, thence to Buffalo
four hundred and fifty miles by canal, thence over
Lake Erie to Toledo, and finally by stage coach
eleven days to Vincennes. The way was indeed a
ARRIVAL AT VINCBNNBS.
57
weary, perilous one, but God's benedictions like
doves of peace followed these heroic souls in their
journeying through this wilderness of bodily suf­
fering and mental distress.
Arri ved a t Vincennes they were graciously
received by Mgr. de la Hailandière, and given
their choice of various mission sites. Father Sorin
selected St. Peter's, then one of the largest missions
in the diocese, situated twenty-seven miles east of
Vincennes, between the settlement of Washington
and Mt. Pleasant, in Daviess County. The congre­
ga tion of thirty - five families, mostly Irish and
German, were in destitute circumstances, little con­
cerned with the terror of the forest, in their efforts
to keep at bay the wolf of poverty. Father Sorin
was quick to perceive their distress, and quick also
to rectify their false ideas about "the wolf at the
door." He and his humble Brothers soon taught
them by word and example that the truly blessed
are the poor in spirit. The wolf idea faded from
the minds of these good people and there arose
before them the kindlier Image of God's loving
Providence.
Chastity IS the gilded pinnacle of perfection in
a religious and Obedience is the grand superstruc­
ture, but Poverty will always be the solid founda­
tion. Every religious institute grounded in Poverty
is like the house that was built upon a rock, and
58
THE BROTHERS OP HOLY CROSS.
has Christ's assurance for its perpetuity: "And the
rain fell and the floods came, and the winds blew,
and they beat upon that house, and it fell not, for
it was founded on a rock." Father Sorin was a
man of great intellectual acumen, but of greater
spiritual insight. It is one thing to make the best
of a threatening situation, quite another to grapple
with it, utterly subdue it, and change its terrifying
shrieks into the bugle-notes of one's own victory.
This is precisely what Father Sorin and his "six
beloved Brothers," as he called them, accomplished
m the poverty - stricken wilds of the middle west.
In after years he wrote; "I came in 1841 with my
six beloved Brothers in the steerage. We expended
very little money. In 1846, when I returned with
seventeen devoted members, in the steerage as before
and in emigrant cars from New York, we again
spent but little and felt happy. Blessed are those
who are inbued with the spirit of poverty." Could
the dead arise and tell us of the misery endured by
the little colony at Vincennes, we would scarcely
believe them. "The Brothers," writes Father Sorin,
"lacked almost everything but food and clothes,
yet in accordance with the precept of the Divine
Master, each one �eemed content. At no epoch of
the congregation, perhaps, were there more priva­
tions, more necessities. and fewer satisfactions of
nature; on the other hand fewer complaints and
THEIR SPIRIT OF POVERTY.
59
murmurs. During the first two months all were
o bliged to sleep on planks and to practice more
than one act of mortification of the same nature.
Still all were habitually light- hearted and content
with their lot. Thus does self-sacrifice speedily make
happy those who practice it in a worthy spirit."
Bu t this is one member of a Congregation eulogizing
the rest. Perhaps the testimony of an outsider would
be more convincing. Mother Theodore, foundress of
the Sisters of Providence in this country, writes of
Father Sorin's companions at St. Peter's: "The
next day I set out on a visit to our Sisters at St.
Peter's, an establishment formed during my voyage
to France. They occupy what was the original
mother-house of the Brothers of M. Moreau, in
America; it is in the midst of the forest, and con­
sists of a log house open to every breeze. I must
acknow ledge that if I had been here, I should not
have had the courage to allow them to pass the
winter in such a house. I can not conceive how the
good Brothers of St. Joseph could all have lived
there for the space of a year. I think they must
ha ve left behind them their spirit of poverty; for
when I proposed to my Sisters to quit their old shed,
and return with me to St.-Mary-of-the-Woods, these
poor children pressed me so urgently, and extolled
so highly the happiness of their position that I
60
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
decided upon leaving them there until the Retreat." *
We are not contradicting Mother Theodore's
statement,-and we will be understood-when we
deny that these good Brothers ever "left behind
them their spirit of poverty." They carried it into
the wilds of Northern Indiana. And could the pioneer
Sisters of Holy Cross at Bertrand, Michigan, speak
to us today, they would have many a harrowing
story to tell of the Brothers' heroic endurance, many
a scene to paint in which the Brother with his
sack of provisions on his back would be the
prominent figure.
* Heroines of Charity, New York, 1887.
THE CHAPEL AT BERTRAND.
NOTRE DAME, INDIANA.
�HE present site of Notre Dame du Lac was
\ � purchased by Father Stephen Theodore Badin,
the first priest ordained in the United States.
He gave it to the Bishop of Vincennes in 1836 with
a view to its being used for the grounds of a future
Catholic College. Father Badin made Notre Dame a
centre of Missionary activities throughout Northern
Indiana and Southern Michigan, and his saintly suc­
cessor Father Deseille lived for five years in a room
off the little chapel of this mission. The story of
Father Deseille's death though old is always new.
While still young, healthy and vigorous, he was
called rather suddenly to his reckoning with God.
But 'the soul is a very lonely thing when it is getting
ready to go away,' and as there was no priest near
to prepare him for his journey to eternity, he had
himself carried to his little chapel. There supported
by a white settler of his mission and surrounded
by his sorrowing Indians he gave himself Holy
Communion, and then died peacefully at the foot
of the altar.
Father Deseille was succeeded byPather Benjamin
Petit, whose sacrifice was early accepted by God,
61
VER Y REV. STEPHEN T. BADIN.
1< irst Priest Ordained in the United States.
�T. REV. C. DE LA HAILANDIERE, D. D.
Second Bishop of Vincennes, Indiana.
FATHER DESb'ILLE.
63
as he died scarcely twelve months after his ordi­
nation. The death of Father Petit left the missions
around the present Notre Dame du Lac in a state
of complete abandonment. Two years later Mgr.
de la Hailandière offered this tract of land to
Father Sorin on these conditions: that he build
a college and a novitiate within two years; and
that he assume the religious instruction and care
of the Indians and the white settlers m the
neighboring districts.
Father Sorin accepted the Bishop's proposal.
"We started on the 16th of November," he writes,
"and, indeed, it required no little courage to under­
take the journey at such a season. I can not but
admire the sentiments with which it pleased God
to animate our little band, who had more than one
hundred miles to travel 'through the snow. The
first day the cold was so intense that we could
advance only about five miles. The weather did not
moderate for a moment; each morning the wirid
seemed more piercing as we pushed forward on our
journey due north. But God was with us. None of
us suffered severely and at length on the eleventh
day after our departure five of us arrived at South
Bend, the three others being obliged to travel more
slowly with the ox team transporting our effects.
"A few hours afterward we came to Notre Dame
du Lac. Everything was frozen and yet it all ap-
From a sketch by Paul Wood.
DEATH OF FATHER DE SEILLE AT NOTRE DAME.
��
ARRIVAL AT NOTRE DAME.
65
peared so beautiful. The lake particularly, with its
mantle of snow resplendent in its whiteness, was to
us a symbol of the stainless purity of our august
Lady, whose name it bears, and also of the purity of
soul which should characterize the new dwellers on
these beautiful shores. Our lodgings appeared to us
-as indeed they are-but little different from those at
St. Peter's. We made haste to inspect the various
sites on the banks of the lakes which had been so
highly praised. Yes, like little children, we went
from one extremity to the other, in spite of thè cold,
perfectly enchanted with the marvellous beauties of
our new abode. Oh, may this Eden ever be the home
of innocence and virtue. Once again in our life we
felt that Providence had been good to us, and we
blessed God with all our hearts."
They came to Notre Dame du Lac-a peculiarly
enchanting spot, though until then, as character­
istically described by a pioneer member of the Com­
munity, "the peaceful home of the muskrat." Ten
years later F ather Sorin refers to these early days
in a way that throws a white light upon many a
hidden sorrow: "Only ten years ha ve elapsed since
Providence first brought the sons of Holy Cross to
a wild and deserted spot in the North of Indiana.
They were six in number - five poor Religious
Brothers and a Priest- all equally destitute of those
human resources which insure success in this life.
66
THE BROTHERS OP HOLY CROSS.
An old and miserable log-cabin, well-nigh open to
every wind, was the only lodging they found at
their disposal to rest themselves after their long
Journey. The kind offices of two or three good
Sisters would then have been very acceptable. I
shall tell you now w ha t I never told you before.
At that moment, one most memorable to me, a
special consecra tion was made to the Blessed
Mother of Jesus, not only of the land that was to
be called by her very name, * but also of the Institu­
tion that was to be founded here. With my fivet
Brothers and myself, I presented to the Blessed Virgin
all these generous souls whom Heaven should be
pleased to call around me on this spot, or who should
come after me."
The Institution alluded to in the foregoing letter
was to be the future University of Notre Dame du
Lac. It could not be built at once owing to the
* The name Notre Dame du Lac was given to the grounds
and to the University by Father Sorin himself, and in after
years he alludes prettily to the share his first companions had
in making Notre Dame the home of the Blessed Virgin: " To
clear the ground she called the Brothers of St. Joseph from be­
yond the Atlantic, rich only in faith and confidence in her pro­
tection."
t Father Sorin mentions five Brothers. There was a six th,
howeverv= a novice, who joined the Community at St. Peter's. In
all eleven postulants entered during the year the Brothers spent
there. Brother Vincent-who at that time was assistant Master
of Novices-did not arrive at Notre Dame until the following
spring.
From a drawing by F. X. Ackerman.
THE ARRIVAL AT NOTRE DAME.
Father Sorin and Six Brothers of St. Joseph (Holy Cross) Arrive on the Afternoon of Nov. 26,1842.
68
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
severity of the winter of 1842-43, and when the cold
days had gone and the April winds had prepared
the ground for excavation, the lack of funds pre­
vented the immedia.te realization of Father Sorin's
cherished hope. In a letter of this period he says:
"I am tempted to complain, dear friend, that our
Lord sends me no other suffering except to see my
dear children suffer around me, usually without the
power to assist them. Lately one of our good
Brothers had his foot frozen, and another, one of
his toes; I had just fifty cents, sufficient, however, to
permit me to show that I was not altogether in­
sensible to their sufferings. But as each one under­
stands his mission we are happy and contented.
Behold in this what grace can do. We have at
present but one bed and they insist that I shall take
it. They themselves sleep on the floor, just as they
did for three weeks at St. Peter's. To-morrow I
shall give up my room to Brother Marie (Francis
Xa vier), to be used for his shop."
In the spring of 1843 Father Sorin and his Broth­
ers erected a brick building, forty feet square and
three stories high, which stands to-day on the south­
east shore of St. Mary's Lake. For many years it has
been known as the first college . Strictly speaking,
this name is not precise, but is thus far appropriate,
that t.he first students received by Father Sorin were
sheltered and taught within its walls until the Uni-
70
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
versity of Notre Dame du Lac, the corner stone of
which was laid the twenty-eighth of August, 1844,
was completed. The new building was four stories
high, seventy feet long and forty feet wide. Before
the walls were up to the third story, measures had
been taken to secure the charters for the College and
for the Manual Labor School, known as The Corpor­
ation of the Brothers of St. Joseph. This latter estab­
lishment was then and eyer afterwards a favorite
founda.tion of Father Sorin. In the June of 1845 the
few pupils who had been accommodated at the
community house were removed to the new College
building, and in the month of August the first Com­
mencement Exercises were held at Notre Dame. In the
course of the following year the brick building was
given to the Sisters to be used as their dwelling-house.
The Sisters continued to occupy the "little white
house" on St. Mary's Lake until the spring of 1854,
when they moved to their new home near the College,
on the site of the present Infirmary of the Sisters'
convent at Notre Dame. For a number of years after
the departure of the Sisters, the entire basement of the
brick house was used for a bakery.
One of Father Sorin's happiest reminiscences was
the retreat he made in the autumn of 1843 on the
mound between the two .lakes of Notre Dame. * This
*This mound has always been known as "the Island," and is the present site
or the Community house.
"THE ISLAND"
71
was his Patmos and here in moments of vivid con­
templation he saw the new Jerusalem, the vision of
the "Woman c!othed with the sun, and the moon under
her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars."
During this retreat he spent some time each day
clearing off the ground on which to build a cha pel
and a novitate for the priests. The former was
finished in the November of 1854, and the latter
shortly afterwards. Until March the nineteenth of
1853 the priests made their novitate in this secluded
spot on "the Island"; the Brothers' novitiate occu­
pied the site of the present Students' Infirmary.
Father Sorin and his "beloved Brothers" were
men of extraordinary faith-the faith that moves
mountains. Their spirit was tried, and proved to be
of God. Poverty hid herself for awhile in the thickets
of the surrounding forest, but before long Death
appeared on the premises and demanded admittance
into the hall of the student and the cell of the re­
ligious. In the summer of 1854, the cholera, after
visiting other portions of the country, came to Notre
Dame. The College was soon changed into a hospi­
tal, and many were those that responded "present"
to the call of death. In silence and in sorrow Father
Sorin and his surviving Brothers tended the sick,
prepared the dying, and buried the dead. The dawn
of each morning revealed the effects of the angel's
sword, and the shades of each evening fell for the
72
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
first time upon the early grave of some good
religious.
The few survivors of the cholera did their best
to raise the standard of excellence at Notre Dame,
and shortly the dark days of 1854 seemed a fitting
back-ground for the dazzling glories of the future.
The work begun by Father Sorin and his faithful
Brothers was destined to succeed, but, as a Bishop
once expressed the idea, quasi per ig nem, yet so as
by fire. A conflagration broke out at Notre Dame
on the twenty-third of April, 1879, and the college
buildings were "clean swept away as if by a deluge,
suddenly, silently and without memorial." The
venerable founder was then in his sixty-fifth year.
Still he never lost heart, for his faith was greater
than his grief. A few days after the disaster he re­
ceived from a generous friend a cheek for one thou­
sand dollars. He sent it without hesitation to a
saintly Cardinal at Rome with a request for prayers
and Masses in behalf of Notre Dame. The work of
reconstruction was commenced on the first of May,
and in a letter of tha t date Father Sorin refers to a
striking coincidence. The opening words of the
Introit of the Mass read that morning were: "From
the depth of their affliction they cried out to the
Lord, and the Lord heard and granted their prayer."
In speaking of Father Sorin's retreat on "the
Island," we said that the peaceful spot was his
From a drawing; by H. H. Darnell.
THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME-BIRD' S EYE VIEW.
Mother House of the Congregation of Holy Cross.
74
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
Patmos, and that like another John he beheld In
vision the future glories of Mary at Notre Dame.
Now that the home of his Heavenly Queen must be
rebuilt, he set about the realization of his sweetest
dreams, and thus announced the completion of his
plans to his friends: "The extension of the beauti­
ful dome of Notre Dame is now finished, thank God!
But, beautiful as it looks, it is scarcely anything
compared to what it will soon be, when covered, as
originally intended, with the heavy and imperish­
able gilding of the purest gold, which will reflect
magically through the day the rays of the sun, and
at night turn darkness into a bright light, from the
electric crown of twelve stars with which the whole
figure ofthe Blessed Virgin is to be clothed, accord­
ing to the prophecy: And there appeared a great
wonder in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun
and the moon under her feet, and on her head a
crown of twelve stars.
The scene of the first trials of the founders of Notre
Dame has been transformed. A few months' improve­
ments ha ve completely changed the "little white
house's" environments. The barns, stables, and sheds
that stood near by have been moved away, and their
site is now a charming landscape. The "old Indian
Chapel," burned down in 1856, has been replaced by
a facsimile. The brick house has been thoroughly
repaired, and, in fact, practically rebuilt. A hand-
THE DOME
76
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
some monument, surmounted by a statue of St. Joseph,
has been erected at right angles with the house 'and
the log-chapel. The monument is ten feet square at
the base, tapering to four feet, and rests on a concrete
foundation. The statue of St. Joseph is eight feet high,
is equipped with electric lights, and is illuminated on
the evenings of the Saint's festivals. On the eastern
and western faces of the pedestal are two granite
slabs; one bears the verse of the Psalmist: He made
him head of his house and ruler of all his possession.
On the other side is inscribed:
IN MEMORY
OF
THE FOUNDERS OF NOTRE DAME
FATHER EDWARD SORIN
BROTHERS
VINCENT
GATIEN
JOACHIM
ANSELM
FRANCIS XAVIER
AND
LAWRENCE
WHO STOOD ON THIS SPOT NOVEMBER 26, 1 42.
Both the statue of St. Joseph and its pedestal
are gifts from generous friends of the Brothers. This
stately little monument was not put up merely to
perfect the symmetry of the immediate surroundings. :
There is a deeper significance attached to its erection.
Father Sorin, in the first letter he addressed from
MONUMENT AND STATUE OF ST. JOSEPH
78
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
Notre Dame to France, emphasized the fact that his
new home was "in the County of St. Joseph, on the
banks of the River St. Joseph, and not far from the
city of St. Joseph." The log cabin and the "little
white house" quickly became another Nazareth, with
its resident Holy Family. The Saviour had His rep­
resentative there, Mary had hers, and Joseph his,­
Priests, Brothers and Sisters. In this veritable
reproduction of the holy household of Nazareth, St.
Joseph was constitued the ruler. The residents were
convinced that he was the subject of his royal
ancestor's prophecy: "He made him head of his
house and ruler of all his possession."
And yet, though the priests rightly regarded St.
Joseph as a precursor in their sacred ministry, though
the Sisters looked to him with Mary as to the guard­
ian of their sacrifice, the Brothers filed a lawful claim
when they invoked him as their special patron. They
had been founded as the "Brothers of St. Joseph."
Their dauntless hearts and willing hands made possi­
ble, even called into existence, the present home of
our Lady of the Lake. Father Sorin recognized this
fact when he paid them the following tribute: "To
clear the ground the Blessed Virgin called from beyond
the Atlantic, the Brothers of St. Joseph, rich only in
faith and confidence in her protection."
The Brothers of St. Joseph were the first to cut
their way through the forest to the south shore of St.
FACSIMILE OF THE OLD LOG-CHAPEL, BURIAL PLACE OF FATHER BA:qIN.
The orig'inál was built by Father Badin ànd the Indians in 1831. and'was burned in 1856.
80
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
Mary's Lake. They were the firstto build a dwelling­
house on the edge of the frozen waters. They were
the pioneers. It is, therefore, eminently fitting that
they should again take possession of the spot whereon
Notre Dame du Lac was founded sixty-six years ago.
And this they have done through the young candi­
dates for the teaching Brotherhood, who will hence­
forth make their studies within the walls of Dujarie
Institute, on the banks of St. Mary's Lake. The
appropriateness of this name is due to the fact that
the Founder of the Brothers of St. Joseph (now
Brothers of Holy Cross) was the saintly Father
Francis Dujarie, the holy man of Ruille. Furthermore,
the Brothers of St. Joseph, as originally established
by Father Dujarie, were exclusively a teaching body.
The new University with its oft-sung dome still
stands a monument to the prayers and labors of one
poverty-stricken priest and a handful of poor religious
brothers. At present the Priests and Brothers of
Holy Cross in this country conduct the University of
Notre Dame, Indiana; Columbia University, Portland,
Oregon; St. Edward's College, Austin, Texas; Holy
Cross College, New Orleans, Louisiana; Sacred Heart
College, Watertown, Wisconsin; St. Joseph's College,
Cincinnati, Ohio; Cathedral School, Fort Wayne,
Indiana; Holy Trinity School, Chicago, Illinois; St.
Mary's School, Austin, Texas, and Holy Cross Col­
lege, Washington, D. C. In 1841 there were only one
GROWTH OF HOLY CROSS
81
Priest and six Brothers of Holy Cross in the United
States. To-day, sixty-six years later, the number of
priests is sixty-five, Professed Seminarians forty-one,
Novices twenty-nine, Professed Brothers one hundred
and fifty-seven, and Novices fifty-six.
"THE LITTLE WHITE HOUSE."
BROTHER CELESTINE, C. S. C.
PROMINENT BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
IN AMERICA.
�H E highest voice ever heard on earth said
'� of all men: "By their fruits you shall know
them." Though we have Scriptural authority
for praising 'men of renown,' the purpose of the fol­
lowing chapter is not specifically a eulogy on th: dis­
tinguished members of the Brotherhood of Holy Cross
in the United States. To praise a man is to predicate
. something favorable of him, either taking for granted
that what we say is true, or first giving the grounds
on which we base our assertion. In either case we
state a conclusion, and leave little for our audience
to infer . We are prone to affirm good things of
ourselves, and. we like to praise those whom we
esteem, but, strange to say, we frequently recoil
from even the modest eulogies which other persons
bestow upon the objects of their admiration. Give
us the facts, we seem to exclaim, and we ourselves
will draw the conclusion, or apply the moral. Here,
then, are some of the facts that have perpetuated
among the Brothers of Holy Cross in this country
the memory of their beloved dead. " Brother
Lawrence;" writes Father Sorin, "was one of the
83
PROMINENT BROTHERS
85
six companions I first brought with me from France
in 1841." He was born in France, 1816, entered
the congregation in his twenty-fourth year, and died
at Notre Dame, Indiana, on the fifth of April, 1873,
the thirty - second year of his religious profession.
For m any years he was Steward of the Institution,
and director of the farm. He won scores of friends
among the farmers of the surrounding country and
among the business men of the neighboring cities.
His Superior General had this to say of him at his
death: "If anyone is to be named as having con­
tributed more than others by earnest and pe rsevering
exertions, both of mind and body, to the develop­
ment and prosperity of Notre Dame, if I did not
do it here, the public voice would declare it, and
name Brother Lawrence."
Brother Benoit was another one of the old
pioneers of the Congregation in the New World.
He came to Notre Dame with Father Sarin on the
latter's return from France in 1846. Those who
knew him best recall him most vividly as an accom­
plished disciplinarian. Likely no one at Notre
Dame will be longer remembered by the old students
than Brother Benoit, who for twenty years was
Chief Prefect of the Senior Department.
Brother Cyprian is dead many years, but the
image of his peaceful face is perhaps the brightest
among the portraits in Memory's hall at Notre
P1WMINENT BROTHERS
87
Dame. These who knew him and loved him and
experienced the magnetic influence of his personality,
speak of him to-day, as rhè "Saint," the "Model
Prefect."
In 1872 he arrived at Notre Dame wh erc he
remained until his transfer to New Orleans in the
summer of 1876. Before leaving for the Crescent
City, he bade his Brothers in religion a rather
solemn farewell, assuring them that they should see
his face no more. Two years later while on duty
at St. Vincent's Home for boys, New Orleans, he
fell a victim to the yellow fever and died. He was
Prefect for some time in the Junior Department at
Notre Dame, and many a grown-up youth has since
whispered to Brother Cyprian's survivors: " You
did not know him. We did; for he used to read our
very soul in the expression on our face." Living
members of the Brotherhood can testify to the
efficacy of his fervent prayers. He spends a night
before the Blessed Sacrament pleading with Nature's
Creator, and the immature lily of March the eigh­
teenth blooms fair and fragrant on St. Joseph's
mornmg.
He knelt before St. Joseph.
"O Blessed Saint," said he,
" Thou knowest how poor an offering
That I can make to Thee-
I have no precious ointment
Or jewels that seem to live,
88
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
And yet accept my tribute,­
'Tis all I have to give! "
And then before St. Joseph
His little plant he placed,
Though not a single blossom
Had yet its foliage graced.
But when the Brother entered
Upon St. Joseph's morn,
A cloud of fragrant incense
U pon the air seemed borne;
And from the green lea ves springing
A lily pure and sweet,
Its beauteous head uprising,
Bloomed at St. Joseph's feet.
·-M. A. in Ave Maria.
Brother Francis de Sales entered the Community
at Notre Dame, August 24, 1859, and for thirty years
was a prominent figure in all that concerned the
educational and business interests of the local
establishments. For some time he was a leading
member of the Faculty, and during the year '66-67
he held the responsible office of Prefect of Discipline.
From 1867 until his death in 1887 his rare business
tact found a wider sphere of action in the ea pací ty
of Steward for the Uni versi ty.
Brother Vincent was the senior member of the
six religious who in 1841 accompanied Father Sarin
from France to this country. After living to the
good old age of ninety-three, he died as only Saints
can die, July 23, 1890. He celebrated the Golden
Jubilee of his religious profession with becoming
90
BROTHERS OF ROLY CROSS
solemnity In 1871. For mariy years he took an
active part in the direction and formation of the
novices destined for the Brotherhood. How many
an icy heart he, changed into a burning coal of
fervor! How many a marble slab of worldliness he
chiseled into the stature of the perfect man! How
many a rough bit of quartz he polished into the
glittering gem! In his old age he went with Father
Sorin to the Eternal City, and there had the supreme
happiness of an irrterview with Pope Pius IX. The
Venerable Pontiff would not suffer him to fall at
his feet, but took him into his arms and embraced
him most tenderly.
THE PORTIUXCULA CHAPEL.
Where Brother Hippolytus was Sacristan.
PROMINENT BROTHERS
91
Brother Rippolytus came to the Community in
a thoroughly pitiable condition. While crossing
the ocean on the ship that ultimately brought
him to this country, he had lived for three months
on short ra.tions, and when he arrived at Notre
Dame poverty and starvation were reflected in his
sunken eyes. But he was a holy man. There was
little sentiment in his vocation, and before very long
some of his Brothers in religion came to regard him
as the living image of a Benedict Labre'. He seldom
spoke and rarely changed the down - cast position
of his eyes. For twenty-five years he labored silently
at the lowly trade of a shoemaker, and spent his
free moments either fulfilling the office of Sacristan
for the Portiuncula Chapel, or cultivating his little
garden of altar-flowers.
Brother Paul of the Cross who died at Notre
Dame on the fourteenth of December, 1893, wi11live
for decades, if not for generations in the alumni's
traditions of the University. During the twenty-five
years preceding his death he had been constantly
one of the Prefects of Brownson Hall. Always
popular with the students, he will be remembered
best as the remarkably successful director of the
Notre Dame Athletic Associa tia n.
Brother Celestine died as he had lived, quietly
and peacefully. The sorrow at his death was deep,
and heartfelt, for his numerous frie nds loved him.
BROTHER VINCENT, C. S. C.
BROTHER PAUL OF THE CROSS, C. S. C.
94
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
dearly because of his gentle soul and kindly ways.
He was a lad of eighteen, whom men knew as
Francis McAlaine, when he left his home and bright
prospects at Philadelphia to enter the novitiate of
the Congregation of Holy Cross at Notre Dame,
Indiana. This was in 1863, and shortly afterwards
Brother Celestine became Assistant Secretary of the
University. This is a rather trying position, but
after thirty years' service he was as sunny and
unwarped as when he first assumed the office in
1865. Some of those who chronicled his death
"thanked God that men such as Brother Celestine
are still to be found in this money - getting, soul­
ignoring age of ours."
With the demise of Brother Francis Xavier the
last link in the chain that bound the hut of '42
with the majestic University of '96 was snapped
asunder. At his death an alumnus spoke of him as
"the last survivor of that little band of heroes who
changed the bleak forest into a bright fairy-land,
and reared on stones cemented with their blood the
domes and turrets of our noble college home."
The days of Brother Francis' stewardship were
longer than those of his early companions, and all
the while he acted as the local undertaker.
Some one remarked after his death that "as
cheerful as an undertaker was never a proverb,"
and then expressed his conviction that this would
BROTHER FRANCIS XAVIER, C. S. C.
BROTHER FRANCIS DE SALES, C. S. C.
96
-THE BROTHERS OF' HOLY CROSS.
soon be proverbial, if all the craft had as much sun­
shine in their hearts as Brother Francis Xavier.
On the ninth of July, 1900, the genial old pioneer,
Brother Augustus, was suddenly summoned before
God to give an account of his talents. He came to
Indiana wi th the second band that crossed the
Atlantic to join Father Sarin, and was extremely
young when he bade adieu to home and country.
Brother Augustus was a tailor and worked at his
humble trade for many years previous to his death.
There was a charm in his simplicity that won the
hearts of his Brothers in religion. He was candid,
without guile, without mental reservation, without
secret calculation. There was not a fold in his
character, not a wrinkle in his childlike dealings
wi th others. The evening of his death he assisted
a t Benediction, and made some characteristic efforts
to join in the singing. During recrea tian that same
evening he appeared more joyful than usual. He
went quietly to bed at the appointed hour, but had
sweetly answered his Deo Gratias to an Angel, when
the Community Excitator rapped on his door next
mormng.
Brother Edward was one of the trusted coun­
sellors of Father Sarin in the upbuilding of Notre
Dame. For thirty-eight years he held the office of
Treasurer in the University. His problem was to
make a small income fit a large expenditure, and
VERY REV. GILBFRT FRANCAIS, C. S. c.
Superior General.
RT. REV. PETER J. HURTH, C. S. C., D. D.
Bishop of Dacca, Eastern
Bengal, India.
RT. REV. PETER DUFAL., C. S. C., D. D.
Late Coadjutor Bishop of Galveston,
Texas. Second Superior General.
98
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
m the days following the devastating fire of '79
th at pro blem m ust have' been painfully distress­
mg. The laborious days and sleepless nights in
Brother Edward's life during this period are not
thoroughly known to man. They are written beside
tha t other record of kindness to Christ's deserted
poor, and prompt attendance to every religious
, exercise. It often occurs that a life so entangled
with secular affairs is wanting ,in religious regu­
'larity, but Brother Edward never betrayed the mere
business man clothed in the garb of a monk. He
died in January of 1901, and was appropriately laid
to rest between the graves of Brother Augustus and
Brother Celestine: with the length of days enjoyed
by the former he had combined the serenity of the
latter.
One who knew and loved these pioneer Brothers,
the Very Rev. Walter Elliott, C. S. P., has kindly
given me some memoirs of his school days at Notre
in 1855: "I remember Brother Amadeus 'the post­
master and professor of penmanship. He was the
first member of Holy Cross that I ever met. He was
always busy but an interior man, with the demeanor
of one who had rather pray than work. Dear old
Bonaventure taught us bookkeeping, the soul of
kindness, and ever impressing us, in spite of his,
retiring manners, with the solidity and extent of his.
mathematical acquirements. Brother Benoit was
BROTHER EDWARD, C. S. C.
100 THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
the great prefect of the bigger boys. I think he
might have been canonized at his death, for he had
no purgatory: we boys saw to that this side of
eterni ty. Then there were Charles and Cyprian,
assistant prefects, truly religious men, and very
much attached to us. It was chiefly owing to the
vigilance, sense of duty and absence of human res­
pect in these three, especially in Brother Benoit, that
early Notre Dame was an orderly college. Anthony
was, I think the name of the blacksmith, though
some of us called him Brother" Vulcan." He was the
most genial of men, and we loved to chat with him
to the music of his hammer and anvil. Francis
was the carpenter and undertaker-how sweet and
sincere a character, how kindly a religious! Against
Lawrence, the great farmer of Notre Dame, we had
the grievance that he cutdown the noble trees of
the forest primeval upon the banks of the lakes,
little recking the terrible financial straits that this
shrewd and no less pious manager more than any
one else, enabled the authorities to tide over in
those early days. He was rated the best farmer
in Northern Indiana. I must not forget Brother
Augustus, or Brother "Gus," as we al ways called
him. He led a saintly life. And he played the double
bass in both orchestra and brass band, and sung or
rather sawed off the plain chant in the choir. May
God rest them all in everlasting peace. How enviable
102
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
was their holy vocation! How glad they now are
that they were so true to its divine guidance."
The foregoing facts give us a glimpse in to the
life that" is hid wi th Christ in God." Just a glimpse.
For the preceding narrative would. scarcely make
a fitting preface to the history of the Brothers of
Holy Cross in America. The deeds of the un-sung
and the un-wept would fill volumes. How much is
suggested in this notice of the Provincial to the
Superior General: "It is my sad duty to inform
you of the death of Brother Agathange, a professed,
who filled the office of assistant wood-cutter." A
Brother Francis Caracciolo places his life at the
disposal of the Congrega tion. God accepts his
activities for a short time, and then allows him
to wither away with spinal trouble during eight
long years. But the expression on his face in death
would have given another courage to take up the
life of suffering just laid down. A Brother Timothy
washes dishes for twenty years, dies peacefully and
is heard of no more. But the least in the kingdom
of heaven is greater than John the Baptist was on
earth. A Brother Paul the Hermit sweeps the
College floors for nearly a generation, sickens on
the fourteen th of January, whispers to the Brothers
a t his bedside tha t he will celebrate his feast in
heaven, and dies serenely at one o'clock next morn­
ing, the feast of St. Paul the Hermit. Three brothers
104 THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
in the flesh become Brothers Éphrem, Bernard and
Joseph in religion. The first two spend their energies
in the class room and devote their brilliant talents
to the instruction of youth, w hile the third culti­
vates the earth and works through the long day
at the humble occupation of a farmer. A Brother
Polycarp dies in apparent obscurity, though he
seems to have been called to the Community by
Mary Star of the Sea, after a thoroughly romantic
career. "As a boy James White was a great reader
with a special predilection for ancient history. The
story of Jerusalem as related by the Jewish historian
Josephus had particular charm for him and fired him
with the desire to visit the land of Palestine, especially
the parts made sacred by the life of Our Lord. To
gra tify his love for travel and ad venture he became a
sailor in the British navy, and within a few years had
the satisfaction of having touched at all the ports of
consequence in the world. Not as yet, however, had
he had an opportunity of gratifying that early wish
of his.hear t, to visit Nazareth and Jerusalem. After
a time, however, he got a position on board the
pri va te yacht of an English officer heading on a cruise
for the Holy Land.
One evening after they had reached their destina­
tion and were enjoying the cool breeze that stirred the
olive leaves along the gardens of Nazareth the officer
expressed a wish for a drink of w a.ter brought from
PROMINENT BROTHERS
105
the well of the Holy House at Nazareth. Mr. White
volunteered to bring his officer the desired draught.
As he approached the vine hung well he thought of
the many steps made thither by the Blessed Virgin
and her Son from heaven, and as he looked down into
the clear depths of the water that had so often
mirrored the face of God it occurred to him here would
be a good place to ask some special favor of Jesus and
Mary. So he knelt down by the gray stone and
prayed that somewhere on the broad track of the
world that he was weary roaming he should find a
place where he might rest and work out his soul's
salvation in peace.
As the tired sailor thus humbly prayed by the well
at Nazareth, suddenly he saw, as it were, in vision, a
structure, a fac-simile of the tomb of Our Lord, placed
in a little wood, and behind it he could see the glint
of limped waters. As he looked in wonder on the
spectacle an old man with a venerable beard flowing
down his breast appeared near the tomb and said to
him kindly: 'You may stay here, my son, and work
out your soul's salvation in peace.'
From that hour James Whitewas a changed man.
No longer was his wandering about aimless and to no
purpose, it was directed by the desire that consumed
his whole being to find that spot near the representa­
tion of Christ's tomb where he might live and die in
peace. His wanderings brought him to America at
106
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
the dread time of the Civil War. Here his experience
as a sailor stood him in grea t stead, and he soon be­
came chief gunner on Admiral Farragut's gunboat.
After the war he wandered westward, and one day, he
never could say just how, he found himself in South
Bend, Indiana Never, he afterward related, was he so
disgusted with a city and never before in his life had
he been so severely tempted. He was on his way to
the station when a fellow-traveler asked him if he
had been out to see the university.
'What university?' Mr. White asked.
'Why,' the gentleman answered, 'the University
of Notre Dame, one of the coming colleges of the
country.'
'Oh, you don't need to tell me anything about
schools here, I've seen all the great universities of the
world and they're all alike.'
'But,' the stranger persisted, 'Notre Dame is
unique. You never saw so many shrines; the new
fac-simile of the tom b of Christ-'
'What?' Mr. White was at once interested.
'I say, they opened recently on the bank of the
lake a shrine representing the tomb of the Saviour.'
Mr. White did not wait to hear any more.
In a few minutes he had taken a carriage for Notre
Dame, and immediately on arriving here asked to be
shown to the new fac-simile of the Holy Sepulchre.
It was only a step to the shrine, and the moment
PROMINENT BROTHERS
107
James White saw it in the green woods with the
bright waters rippling behind it he knew that his
prayer by the well of Nazareth had been heard. Still
he was not quite satisfied; he was if anything a sensi­
ble, practical man, and he did not care to bind him­
self with promises till he had consul ted some one with
authority in such matters. Accordingly he asked to
see the superior of the place, and was soon shown
into the presence of Father Sarin. Then what doubts
still lurked in his mind immediately vanished, for here
was the very figure and face he had seen many years
before by the well at Nazareth, and when he stated
his case, the very same voice he heard in that far-off
sacred garden- said to him: 'You may stay here, my
son, and work out your soul's salvation in peace.'
Brother Polycarp died at the advanced age of
eighty-four, a model religious of Holy Cross. That
fac-simile of the Holy Sepulchre stood where now
towers a magnificent statue of the Redeemer whose
pedestal bears those most consoling of all words to the
religious--' and everyone that has left house, or brethren,
or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children,
or lands for my name's sake, shall receive an hun­
dred-fold, and shall possess life everlasting' " A Brother
Michael crossed the ocean to toil unknown in humble­
occupa tions. His only 'claim to distinction is the
record of being able to do more work, to do it
better, and to say more "Hail Marys" while doing
108
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
it than any of his competitive Brothers. A Brother
Simon wields his pick in a marl-bed while the burn­
ing sun beats down mercilessly upon his tottering
form. His companions urge him to rest in the shade
hard-by. The saintly told man raises his drooping
shoulders, vainly endeavors to repress the rays of
joy on his withered face, and calmly points to the
blue above him. We seem to read in his very silence;
"In peace in the self-same I will sleep and take my
rest." A Brother Philip, a near descendant of the
Presbyterian John Knox, leads a useful and quiet life
in the Community, edifying his fellow religious and
making secret reparation for his deluded ancestor.
A young man "walking in the ways of his heart
and in the gaze of his eyes" offers his future to
the Congregation, becomes Brother Athanasius and
dies in the bloom of his youth. Of this fair soul
Father Sorin wrote: "Oh! how sweet it is to die
young, m mnocence and peace, in confidence and
love of God! May our last moments be like unto
his!" A Brother Eugene, for many years the Director
of the shoeshop, comes to the Community at the
age of forty-seven and when presented to the Local
Council for examination before receiving the Habit,
is thus addressed by the presiding officer: "You
are too old and I do not like' winter vocations.'"
With a simplicity found only in the life of a Brother
Giles, the new postulant replies: "I can still do a
IMITATION AND ADMIRATION
109
day's work, and winter is the shoemaker's sum­
mer." A Brother Augustine-for many years the
College Baker-comes to Notre Dame from the Cali­
fornia mines, is accepted as a postulan t, and some
days later while listening to Father Sarin's sad story
of the Community's present financial embarrassment,
remarks with the holy indifference of a Brother
Juniper : "Down in myoId trunk there is a bit of
gold, and you are welcome to it, if you want it."
Upon investigation the Treasurer found the" bit of
gold" to be $4,000.
Perhaps some one reading the record of these
. "men of renown" will see in the simple narrative
his ideal of a noble life, and be influenced to imitate
it. At least he will admit that "things are not so
ill with you and me as they might have been, half
owing to the number who lived faithfully a hidden
life and rest in unvisited tombs."
THE VERY REVEREND GILBERT FRANCAIS, C. S. C.
SUPERIOR GENERAL SINCE 1893.
THE RELIGIOUS TRAINING OF A BROTHER.
�ATHER Moreau consecrated the Brothers of
� Holy Cross to St. Joseph. The foster father
of Christ is still their special Patron. There
is a singular appropriateness in constituting St.
Joseph the guide and protector of a religious body
of men not destined for the priesthood, and the
Brothers of Holy Cross have always appreciated
their privilege of possessing the carpenter of
Nazareth for their Patron. After all, St. Joseph
was the first lay Brother, -the first man under
the New Law to live a life so closely allied to the
ideals of the religious state. He was poor, chaste,
and obedient.
The young man who desires to be a priest looks
to Christ for his perfect model. Whosoever would
be a Brother must have his pattern, his exemplar,
and this he will find in the life of Christ's reputed
father. St. Joseph though of royal lineage and of
spotless reputation was not "called by God as Aaron
was" to stand in the holy place and to offer the
sweet odor of frankincense to his Lord. God had
a ministry other than that of the Sanctuary in store
for this unpretentious workman, and when the day
111
112 THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
of his visitation arrived, he recognized God's voice
and cheerfully obeyed it. Straightway he began to
lead the dying life of self-effacement and personal­
extinction. Herein he became the perfect model of
every man who without aspiring to the priesthood
aims at practicing the Evangelical Counsels.
Those who feel themselves called to imitate the
poverty, chastity, and obedience of St. Joseph in the
Brotherhood of Holy Cross and make application
for admission into the Community, receive an inter­
rogatory from the Superior.
If the answers are favorable, the person is notified
that he has been accepted and a time is stated within
which he must report at Dujarié Institute. When
the applicant presents himself, he is received into the
Congregation as a postulant.
Postulants destined for teaching pass the time of
their probation in Dujarié Institute and follow
practically the same exercises as the novices. If
during this term of probation the postulant meets the
requirements of the Superiors he is sent to the
Novitiate and makes a retreat of three days. At the
end of the retreat he is clothed with the Holy Habit,
and now begins his novitia te. The trial of the
Novitiate, in the Congregation of Holy Cross, lasts
two years, in virtue of a decree of the General
Chapter of 1886, approved by the Holy See, and
modified thus in 1892: "The first year must all be
JJURATION OF NOVITIATE.
113
passed in the Novitiate. The second, which should
be, as it were, a counter trial of the first, may be
continued partly or wholly in the Novitiate, or in
any. other house of the Congregation, according as
the Provincial and Master of Novices may judge
fit."
"One year to form one's self to the spiritual life is
the minimum of time required by the Rule. This year,
therefore, from the first moment to the last, must be
consecra ted to the science by pre-eminence and the
sweet practice of this superior life, which is the essen­
tial foundation of the religious life.
No technical study is permitted or should be made
under any pretext whatsoever, as, for instance, the
study of grammar directly, of mathematics, of lit­
era ture, of philosophy or of theology properly so
called." *
The Novitiate for the Province of the United
States is at Notre Dame, Indiana, where the
Seminarians and Brothers make their probation
together. The latter are continually reminded of
their holy Patron, St. Joseph, as he is the special
heavenly guardian of the Novitiate. As far back
as 1869 Father Sorin wrote: "In the domain of
Notre Dame du Lac, the centre of our work, see
* Directions for the Novitiates of the Congregation of Holy
Cross, by the Very Reverend Gilbert Français, Superior General,
c. s. C.
114 THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
today the beautiful Novitiate of St. Joseph upon
the borders of the limpid waters of the Lake of
St. Joseph! It would be impossible to find in the
New World another site where devotion to St.
Joseph is more wonderfully called for. It seems to
spring from the soil; it is in every drop of water;
the very air we breathe seems perfumed with the
virtues of St. Joseph."
This fair home of the novices was burnt down
in 1887, but quickly replaced by a far more stately
and commodious building, -the present St. Joseph's
Novitiate overlooking St. Joseph's Lake. The
grounds of this veritable Eden are always green.
Their beauty defies description.
Within the sanctum of these precincts hallowed
by the foot-prints of many a worthy Brother the
novice spends ayear. There is a note of routine
in his work, but never the least monotony. He
rises at five o'clock every morning and makes his,
meditation in common at half-past five. This exercise
which lasts thirty minutes is followed by a quarter
of an hour's recollection. Holy Mass and thanks­
giving take up the rest of the time till seven when
breakfast is served. This like all other meals in the
Novitiate, except on feast days and special occasions,
is taken in silence. After breakfast the novice works
until eight o'clock at some vigorous occupation, such.
as sweeping the corridors and rooms, cleaning w alks,
116
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
washing dishes, weeding flower-beds, or tending
the garden. At eight-fifteen o'clock the novices
assemble for the recitation of the Little Hours
of Our Lady's Office. Immediately after this
exercise the Master of Novices gives his highly ap­
preciated Conferences on such subjects as the Rules,
the Life of Our Lord, the Religious State, the
Directory and Liturgical Explanations. The rest
of the forenoon is occupied with priva te reflec­
tions on the morning's Conference, reading of the
Life of Our Lord, the study of the Rules and
prayers that are recited in common, and partic­
ular examination of conscience. Dinner and rec­
rea tion last till half past one, and are followed
by a short visit to the Blessed Sacrament and
Vespers. An hour's out-door manual labor relieves
the spiritual routine of the afternoon. A half
hour's private reading of the Lives of the Saints
at three o'clock, and thirty minutes practice in
singing at half past three prepare the novice for a
fervent recitation of Matins and Lauds half an hour
later. After Office there is study, meditation and
recollection, then supper, an hour's recreation, half
an hour's spiritual reading, a few minutes study,
and night prayer. The grand silence, as in all
religious Communities, lasts from the evening devo­
tions until after Mass next day.
The novices go to confession weekly, and receive
RE'V WILLIAM R. CONNOR, C. S. C.
MASTER OF NOVICES.
BROTHER JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, C. S. C.
ASSIST ANT MASTER OF NOVICES.
118
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
Holy Communion frequently. Every Friday there
is the Way of the Cross in common, and the Chapter
of Accusation in which the novice acknowledges his
external violations of the Rules of the Community.
There is an hour of adoration once a week, and every
month a retreat of one day with direction and moni­
tion. Besides there is the annual retreat of one week.
Many thoroughly good persons in the world
ha ve erroneous ideas about the life lived in a
Novitiate. They speak in undertones of the planks,
the bare boards, the long fasts, the curtailed meals,
the heroic acts of obedience, the untold humiliations.
The Novitiate is primarily a place where the candi­
date for the Congregation is taught the Rule of life
that he must henceforth observe, and incidently trial
is made of his vocation. He is not specifically noti­
fied that this or that mortification patiently endured
will decide his calling, and place him among the
predestined. His life in the Novitiate is by no means
an extraordinary existence, and if he observes the
Rule, his will be the peace "that surpasseth all under­
standing. "
The young man who begins his years' probation
with the sincere intention of becoming a worthy
Brother of Holy Cross, will find the Novitia te the
very vestibule of that higher life, which he hopes to
enjoy for all eternity. It has been said that our
imperfections are suggestive proof of our i mmor ..
SPIRITUAL GAIN.
119
tality. These imperfections are the subject of daily
meditation for the novice; their analysis continually
occupies his mind and heart. The end and aim of .all
he thinks and does is knowledge of God and of self.
H he is constant in the observance of his Rule, if he
is faithful to the stud y of his own heart, he soon
comes to know, appreciate, and love his vocation.
He understands the words of St. Paul: "I count
all things but loss for the excellent knowledge of
Jesus Christ my Lord; for whom I have suffered the
loss of all things." He begins to experience the truth
of Christ's promise: "Everyone that hath left house
or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife,
or children, or lands for my name's sake, shall receive
an hundred fold and shall possess life everlasting."
He looks back with deep emotion to the days when
he first heard the mysterious words: "Blessed are
the poor in spirit. Blessed are the clean of heart.
Take up my yoke upon you, and you shall find rest
for your soul. For my yoke is sweet and my burden
light." He retires from his frequent conversations
with his Master in the Blessed Sacrament, repeating
interiorly after the manner of the disciples of Em­
maus, "Was not my heart burning within me while
He spoke to me from the tabernacle?" The days of
severest trial serve only to intensify such a novice's
conviction that his Master's yoke is sweet and His
burden light. The more his life is influenced by these
120 THE BROTHERS OP HOLY CROSS.
salutary meditations, the brighter grows the flame
of fervor and in the light of this burning love he
receives his impressions about the religious life. He
sees in the sweet, pure, humble, disinterested and
self-sacrificing lives of those around him many a
reflection of the lives of Christ and Mary. He learns
to read in the open book of his companions' daily
actions many things that tell of heaven. Finally
he comes to regard the religious life as the very
threshold of Paradise, and he realizes to his intense
joy that his soul, the pearl of great price, has found
its proper setting.
ST. JOSEPH'S RIVER, NOTRE DAME, INDIANA.
VERY REV. ANDREW MORRISSEY, C. S. c.
Provincial.
THE TEACHING BROTHER.
�H E Brothers of Holy Cross were exclusively
\ � a teaching body in their origin. Their
primary duty was to instruct in secular
learning and to catechise in matters of religion the
children of the respective parishes to w hieh they
might be sent. They have never lost sight of their
privileged voca tion. The intellectual and moral
formation of youth is still the cherished work of
those who are actively engaged in teaching. The
deep interest they have always manifested along the
line of secondary education accounts for their present
high standing and is an earnest of future success.
During the quiet, peaceful, and prayerful days
of the novitiate, note is made of the Brother's ability
to teach, or of his fitness and aptitude to learn. If
his education is deemed sufficient and if he be not
too young, he is permitted to exercise his zeal in the
class-room immedia tely after his novitia te. If, on
the contrary, he is incapable of discharging creditably
the responsible office of a teacher, either through
lack of knowledge or by reason of extreme youth,
yet possesses the talent to succeed in things of the
mind, he is sent to the House of Studies and
123
124 THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
thor oughly equipped for his glorious mISSIon.
The scope of the teaching Brothers' education is
thus stated in the Rule (XVIII., 116): "The
Brothers destined for the schools shall stud y all
that regards primary education." This Rule is in­
terpreted by the present Very Reverend Superior
General of the Congregation as follows: "All that
regards primary education takes in, nowadays, read­
ing and writing in their diverse forms; sacred his­
tory, the history of our Lord, the abridged history
of the Church, the history of the country of which
one is a resident, together with accurate notions of
universal history; a thorough knowledge of the
geography of one's own country, as well as a con­
siderable acquaintance with the physical and politi­
cal geography of other lands; practical arithmetic
in its entirety; practical geometry; the elements of
natural history and cosmography; commercial arith­
metic and book-keeping; elementary physics and
chemistry; a summary of rhetorical principles with
their practical application; elementary drawing;
stenography; type-writing; the general principles of
music; and some knowledge of hygiene and gym­
nastics." - Circular Letter, April, 24, 1895. The
General Chapter of the Congregation issued a decree
in 1898, which regulates the studies of the teaching
Brothers of Holy Cross in this country: "In the
Province of the United States the Postulate for the
From a drawing by H. H. Darnell.
DUJARIE INSTITUTE, NOTRE DAME, INDIANA.
BROTHERS' HOUSE OF STUDIES.
126
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
Brothers destined to teach shall be at the Brothers'
House of Studies, at Notre Dame. The programme
of studies for the young Brothers of the Province of
Indiana shall be the same as the Preparatory Course
in the University of Notre Dame, except that com­
mercial branches shall be substituted for Greek and
Latin."
The mention of Greek and Latin determines the
particular Preparatory Course at Notre Dame.
A part from La tin and Greek this course offers four
years in the study of English, History, Mathematics,
Natural Science, French and German, and begins
with what is commonly known as first year High
School. The English course-five hours a week for
three years and four hours a week for one year­
embraces a study of the fundamental principles of
composition, as embodied in Meiklejohn's Art OI.
Writing English; the elements of versification, scan­
sion, memory work, select required readings from
the best English and American authors; a detailed
study of Hill's Principles of Rhetoric and of Genung's
The Working Principles of Rhetoric, with daily,
weekly and monthly exercises in verse forms, letter­
writing and rhetorical compositions. The courses
in History-three hours a week for three years­
include Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern History, as
set forth in Fisher's Outlines of Universal History.
The Mathematics-five hours a week for three years
COURSE OP STUDIES.
127
-take in Algebra from its fundamental principles to
the Binomial Theorem; Plane and Solid Geometry;
Trigonometry. The Natural Science course offers an
interesting study of Physical Geography, Physiology,
elementary Zoology, elementary Botany, elementary
Physics and Chemistry, and Descriptive Astronomy.
There is a three years' course in French, and also
one in German. Elementary Drawing is generally
finished in two years, but if time allows, the student,
just as in Mathematics, may follow the advanced
classes. These latter in Drawing include full figure,
busts and heads, sketching, artistic anatomy, deco­
rative designs, etc. The Commercial course, which
takes the place of Greek and Latin in the curriculum
of the teaching Brothers, offers a com pIete business
training in English, Arithmetic, Penmanship, Short­
hand, Type-writing, Book-keeping and Commercial
Law. After passing satisfactory examinations in
the above branches, the Brother receives his diploma
from the University.
The foregoing will give us an idea of the possi­
bilities that a.wai t the bright and fervent novice
who rightly values knowledge, who is anxious to
acquire it and to impart it to the little children
whom Christ blessed, to the youth whom He loved.
The teaching Brother who is imbued with the
spirit of his noble calling has an enviable vocation.
He shares the merits of the priesthood without
128 THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
assuming its responsibilities. The illustrious Bishop
Dupanloup went so far as to say that Christian
education "will always be the grandest of works;
a providential and sacred labor, a task entirely
divine-a priesthood." The French prelate's intense
admirer, Bishop Spalding, did not hesita te to ask
the question: "What better work, in the present
time, can any of us do than to foster vocations to
our Brotherhoods and Sisterhoods, whose special
mission is teaching?" St. John Chrysostom com­
menting on the words of Our Lord, "See that you
despise not one of these little ones," takes occasion
to emphasize the dignity of the Christian educator:
"Than this art there is no greater. For what is
equal to training the soul, and forming the mind
of one that is young? He tha t hath this art should
be esteemed far greater than the most renowned
painter or sculptor."
We read in the Old Testament: "They that are
learned shall shine as the brightness of the firm­
ament: and they that instruct many to justice, as
stars for all eternity." Most of us recognize the
value and efficacy of good example. But there is
something higher and more meritorious than the
indirect influence of our good actions upon others:
" He that shall do and teach, he shall be called great
in the kingdom of heaven."
Perhaps the most studied, eloquent, and con-
FATHER SORIN'S VIEWS.
129
vincing Circular Letter addressed by Father Sarin to
his Community is that of January 7, 1885, suggested
no doubt by the Crib of yule-tide. Christian Edu­
cation is the main theme. A paragraph from this
letter may throw some light on the standard of
excellence required of the teaching Brothers of Holy
Cross: "Teachers of youth must know thoroughly
the various branches they have to teach. This is
universally admitted; and the qualification is every
day becoming more strictly required. The time of
common or mediocre teachers is rapidly passing
away. Real merit alone, oflicially acknowledged,
will admit one to the important function of a
teacher even in the smallest country schools. But
ev:en granting the required proficiency of all our
teachers, will their superior personal ability secure
all the advantages most undoubtedly needed in, and
confidently expected from, our Catholic schools?
No: Something more than erudition and talent is
required in the school-room for the complete educa­
tion of the future generation. It is not enough to
cultivate the intellect, to cram the minds of our
youth with such knowledge as can be learned in
the public schools. This instruction, or filling up
of the mind, is only a part, and a supplementary
part, of the great work of education. Education,
in its proper sense, implies the expansion and cul­
tivation of all the faculties, mental and physical,-
130 THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
the cultivation of the heart as well as the mind;
and of these, the formation and enrichment of the
heart is undoubtedly the most important. Children
must be addressed as children, not as philosophers.
If we wish to interest an innocent little child we
must speak to its loving heart rather than to its
brains. Teachers, here is your task; here is your
command. How will you proceed? Experience
al ways the best of teachers, gives us the best of
methods."
Catholic Education, parochial and collegiate,
was ever dear to the heart of Father Sorin. He
reverts to it time and again in his letters addressed
to the community. Here is a glance at the ideals
he kept constantly before the minds of his teachers:
"Whenever we admit a child into our parochial
schools we bind ourselves thoroughly to train that
innocent little favorite of Christ, first of all, in the
knowledge of the elements of Christianity, and alike
in to the daily practice of Christian virtues. Here,
especially, is the apostolate of the devoted and able
teacher who appreciates the grandeur and beauty
of the mission received from above. The vocation
of a Religious to teach young children can scarcely
be overestimated. What an important task for a
Religious Body, received into the Church as a teach­
ing Order or Congregation! What we have said of
our teachers in Parochial Schools manifestly applies
HIGH SCHOOL WORK.
131
even more strictly to our Boarding Establishments,
as our control over boarders is more absolute than
over day-scholars. Again, in our Colleges and
Academies students are to be trained for higher
circles of society, where they are naturally expected
to exercise a greater influence, if properly fitted for
the important posts or offices they will soon occupy."
We concluded a preceding chapter with a list of
the Universities, Colleges and Schools that represent
the activity of Holy Cross as a teaching body in the
United States. We might add here that all the
branches taught in the schools and the greater part
of the Preparatory courses in the Colleges and
Universities are conducted by the Brothers of Holy
Cross. Notre Dame, St. Joseph's College and Sacred
Heart College, in the middle west; Columbia Univer­
sity on the Pacific Coast; St. Edward's College in
the south-west, and Holy Cross College in the ex­
treme south, have practically all their preparatory
work done by the teaching Brothers of Holy Cross.
It is true that the original Brothers of St. Joseph
seem to have been founded exclusively for parochial
work-teaching and catechising poor children, even
when little or no pecuniary recompense was forth­
coming. It is also true that the first Brothers of
St. Joseph devoted themselves entirely to the teaching
of youth. They seldom did' anything that partook
of the nature of manual labor. Have they changed
PAST IDEALS NOT FOR_GOTTEN
133
their ideals and their destiny? Are the Brothers of
St. Joseph no longer to be identified with the­
Brothers of Holy Cross? Has the evolution left no
trace of the proto-type?
Ideas admit of development,-of mathematical,
physical, material, logical, political and ethical
developments. No human institution can prosper
and escape these laws of development. The Brothers
of St. Joseph were undergoing a rational process of
deve1opment-a spiritually economic transformation
-when they withdrew in part from the schools,
united their efforts to those of the Auxiliary Priests,
and in union with them established the first College
of HolyCross at Mans in 1836. It was also during
this eventful year at the close of the annual retreat;
that Father Moreau singled out those members of
the Brotherhood who had not the requisite tastes
and training for work in the class-room and assigned
them to manual labor. In a Circular Letter of this
period addressed particularly to the Brothers, Father
Moreau says: "Associated to the apostleship of
the Priests of Holy Cross by the services you render
them in the diverse employments which you fill near
them in the Colleges, or by the instruction of the
children in your schools ..... what a beautiful,
what a glorious mission is yours!" The Brothers
of St. Joseph, therefore, did not deviate from the
primary object of their foundation in becoming
134 THE BROTHERS OP HOLY CROSS.
Brothers of Holy Cross. They merely enlarged the
sphere of their activity and usefulness. These con­
siderations-this idea of development-will help to
explain why the majority of the teaching Brothers
of Holy Cross today are charged with High School
work in College and University, while the minority
conduct parochial schools. Again there seems to be at
work in the purely parochial schools what is known
to linguists as "a levelling process," -the Brother is
being silently told to "go up a step higher," and to
care for the larger boys in parish High Schools. Of
late years the Brothers of Holy Cross have been
obliged to refuse excellent offers in the way of
parish High Schools, because of a dearth of voca­
tions to the teaching Brotherhood.
The music-teacher must not be overlooked.
Those Brothers who give evidence of a talent for
any musical instrument whatever, are afforded an
opportunity to develop this precious gift of the
muse and to become teachers of the, lyre. The
department of music a,t Notre Dame is directed by
Brothers; the community choir is under their super­
vision and for more than fifty years a Brother has
been organist of the collegiate church at Notre
Darne. The Congregation has had and yet possesses
distinguished musicians. Still their ranks have
never been crowded, and at no period of the Com­
munity's history in this country were first-class
DIRECTORS OF HALLS, 'UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME.
136
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
music-teachers-those who know the theory and
practice of their art-in greater demand than at
present.
The Secretaries, and Treasurers, and Discipli­
narians in Boarding Schools and Colleges though
neither given wholly to intellectual pursuits nor
devoted entirely to the instruction of youth must
be classified with the Teaching Brothers from
among whom they are usually recruited. The office­
man and the prefect are indispensable in Boarding
Establishments, and their influence for good is beyond
computation. With them rest the order and discipline
of the College: the quick ready hand at the desk or
over the books; the keen, penetrating eye in the
study-hall and on the campus. Invaluable to every
College is the office-man, whose books preseve their
perfect balance; invaluable the prefect, whose kindly,
shrewd and sympathetic nature wins the students'
respect and confidence
THE WORKING BROTHER.
� O mortal hands were ever so holy, pure, and.
"t:' undefiled as those of Christ,-the hands that
gave to every species of manual labor its
dignity and almost sacred character. In as far as
toil is a penance" imposed on man by God Himself,
it seems to have contained from the beginning a
partial remission of the temporal punishment due
to sin. Christ blessed work, and ever since the Jews
murmured among themselves, "Is not this the car­
penter, the Son of Mary? ", neither "beauty nor talent
nor wealth nor station have been able to raise man
above the dignity of free labor. If St. Joseph be thé
patron of all the Brothers of Holy Cross, surely he
is the special patron of the Working Brothers. For
in him is mirrored the image of what they ought
to be.
Manuallabor always existed among the Brothers
of Holy Cross in America. They have worked
and prayed to "the ring of the woodman's axe, the
cling-clang of hammer and anvil, the thud and sputter
of red-hot beaten iron, the buzz of the saw, the whiz
and whirl of wheels, the murmur of imprisoned
waters, the hiss of escaping steam, the rumble and
137
THE WORKING BROTHER.
139'
roar of machinery in motion." They wielded the axe
a t St. Peter's, and shortly after their arrival at
Notre Dame, they were familiar with ma_ny of the
tools and implements then used in the construction
of houses or in the cultivation of the soil. Nearly
every trade and craft has had and still has its worthy
representative among the working Brothers of Holy
Cross in this country. They have numbered and
continue to number among their ranks: carpenters,
cabinet-makers, painters, shoemakers, mechanics,
steam-fitters, engineers, electricians, book-binders,
press-men, typesetters, undertakers, blacksmiths, tin­
smiths, plumbers, bakers, cooks, farmers, landscape
gardeners, butchers, tailors, moulders, carnage­
makers, stone-cutters and masons.
In the early days the Brothers did practically
all the manual labor, whether of handi-craft or
common work. We have seen Father Sorin's state­
ment of 1842 : "To-morrow I will give up my room
to Brother Marie ( Francis Xavier), to be used for
his shop." We ha ve also noted that the Industrial
School, chartered together with the first College in
1844, was one of Father Sorin's favorite foundations.
The farms, quite naturally, have always been.
of special interest to the Community. The land
about Notre Dame has increased during the past
half century from a section to fourteen hundred acres.
The Congregation has two other farms near Notre:
140 THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
Dame, St. Joseph's farm eight miles east, which
counts nineteen hundred acres, and St. Bernard's
farm nine miles north-east, which contains one hun­
dred and eigbty acres. These tracts of field and forest
are in cbarge of the Brothers, who carryon most
of tbe agricultural work with hired belp, owing to
tbe scarcity of vocations.
At Notre Dame tbe farm-bouse and barns are
situated at a becoming and convenient distance from
tbe University. Tbe main barn is really a livery­
stable, wbere tbe buggy-borses of the Administra­
tion, and also tbe farm-borses are kept. Tbis barn
contains an average of forty head of horses. These
barns, tbe fertile gardens tba t surround tbem, tbe
green meadows in tbe distance and the undulating
wbeat and corn fields, come under tbe immediate
su pervision of tbe Director of tbe farm and the
Steward of tbe University.
St. J osepb's farm represents no small part of tbe
Working Brothers' activity. Several Brotbers bave
cbarge of tbis immense stretch of land. Tbere are
forty horses, one bundred and twenty Holstein milch
cows, and a large hennery to be looked after. Skilled
dairymen and successful poulterers find ample scope
for the exercise of their craft on St. J osepb' s farm.
The Brotbers live in strict community life. One of tbe
priests of the Congregation acts as Chaplain. Their
meals are prepared and their house-work done at
142
THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS
present by eight Sisters of the Presentation. St.
Bernard's farm, one mile north of St. Joseph's farm,
is cared for by those who are charged with the agri­
cultural work at Notre Dame. Four Brothers of
Holy Cross direct the work connected with the farms
of several hundred acres belonging to St. Mary's.
The shops include a series of offices and work­
ing-apartments located south of the University
grounds. In these buildings we find the shoemaker,
the tailor, the carpenter, the tinsmith, the painter,
the electrician, the blacksmith, and the undertaker
duly represented. All the shops are directed by
Brothers. Besides this particular series of buildings
there are other shops at Notre Dame, such, for in­
stance, as the butcher's shop, and the plumber's
shop. These also are directed by Brothers. The
butcher has charge of the two slaughter-houses,
where forty head of cattle are killed monthly, and
of the pig-pens, where some three hundred hogs
are fattened and killed yearly.
The present steam - house is situa ted at the
terminus of a branch of the Michigan Central
Railroad that comes into the University Sta.tion,
The new steam-house was built in 1899. The laden
cars of coal are switched up beside the immense coal­
bins, which have a capacity of six thousand tons.
Eight thousand tons of soft coal are consumed
annually. Ten large boilers in batteries of five are
SCENES ON ST. JOSEPH'S FARM.
THE A VE MARIA.
145
kept constantly heated during the winter months.
The heat is conveyed to the Main Building by a
tunnel five feet in diameter, and by smaller connec­
tions to the halls occupied by the students of the
University. Connected with the steam-house are
three dynamos. The Chief Engineer and the Elec­
trician are both Brothers.
St. Joseph's Industrial School is located north
of "the shops" on a corner of the three hundred
acres incorporated under the title of the Corporation
of the Brothers of St. Joseph. The school was
founded by Father Sorin with a view to giving
poor boys an opportunity to learn a trade by serv­
ing for some time as apprentices in the varióus shops
directed by the Brothers .. Many-a young man has
left this School to mak; the Industrial Worldbetter
by his having lived and worked in it.
The Ave Maria, published weekly at Notre
Dame, was founded by Father Sorin in 1865. The
Brothers of Holy Cross have always been identi­
fied with the publication of Our Lady's Journal as
typesetters, press-men, binders, and office-men. At
present nine Brothers are employed in these various
positions. Eight Brothers travel during the year as
agents for The Ave Muria. They visit nearly every
state in the Union.
The Brothers have charge of the new bakery,
w here fifteen hundred loa ves of bread and three thou-
146 THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
sand biscuit and cakes are baked daily for Notre
Dame, St. Mary's and St. Joseph's Hospital; of the
little confectionary for the students; of the music
rooms; of the la bora tory preparations in Science Hall
and in Mechanics Hall; of the local mason-work; of
the sacristry work in the Collegia te Church; of the
house-keeping about the University; of the land­
scape gardening on lawn and campus. The Govern­
ment Post-Office on the University grounds affords
two Brothers constant employment. Finally, the
students' refectories, private rooms, and dormitories
are under the immediate supervision of the Brothers.
This cursory prospectus will give the reader an
idea of the varied occupations of the Working
Brothers of Holy Cross in America. What has been
said with special reference to their activities at
Notre Dame applies to the other establishments of
the Congregation throughout the United States. The
Industrial Arts have their worthy representatives
among the Brothers in every foundation of the Com­
munity in this country. The Superiors recognize the
economic value of allowing the Brother to follow
in religion whatever trade or craft he may have
learned in the world, and consequently the distribu­
tion of labor among the Working Brothers of Holy
Cross, has long been the secret of their power.
The vocation of the Working Brother has its
dignity and its reward. It will always be respected,
THE AVE MARIA OFFICE
THE POST OFFICE
rv;:).L V..t'..t'l.Ll
rv;:).L V..t'..t'l.Ll
148 THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
and there will never be wanting generous souls, whose
only earthly glory will be a Habit of sombre clo tl,
and the silent recognition of a guardian angel. If it
be true that no one is in a better position to conceal
the glitter of his good work than the lay-religious,
it can not be denied that few make more timely use
of their opportunities than the lowly Working
Brother. We hear the noise of his shoes upon the
stair-way; we see his drooping figure passing down
the corridor, or standing in the harvest field beneath
a broiling sun. But this is all. For the actions of
those who "live laborious lives" are better known
to God than man. We look to the external, and we
are seldom a ware of the secret toil and struggles
that enter into the life of the least among us. We
may have watched such a one through curiosity or
admiration. But the while we gazed we neither
detected the moving lips nor heard the throbbing
heart. An angel did, and straightway earth's alloy
of prayer and work was cashed in heaven's purest
gold. No wonder that a saintly Pope should have
said when dying: "Would that I had always been
charged with the keys of my monastery, and never
with those of the kingdom of heaven."
THE MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL CHAPTER, NOTRE DAME, INDIANA, 1906.
Brother Peter, Brother Cyprien, Brother Leonide, Brother Paul. Brother M. Augu�te.
Father Morrissey, Brother Godef'roy , Brother Al heus, Brother Victorien. Brother Uecilien
Brother Marcellinus, Father Dion, Father Labbe, Father Zahm, Father Spillard,
Father Linneborn, Fat.her Guy, Father L' Etourneau, Father McGarry,
Rt. Rev. P. J. Hurth, U. S. C., Bishop of Dacca, Ver'y Rev. G. Francais. Superior General
THE BROTHER'S VOCATION.
�HILE we may not
1.).t7 question the opin­
ion that a voca­
tion to the priesthood can
often be inferred from a
certain fitness and desire
on the part of the aspirant
to discharge properly the
d u ties of a priest, we ill ust
never forget that the pri .. '
mary significance of the
word vocation is 'call' or
"CALVARY"-NOTRE DALVIE. 'calling,' and no human
hand shall ever be able to blot out the A postle's
prohibition: "Neither doth any man take the
honor to himself, but he that is called by God, as
Aaron was." The history of twenty centuries has
confirmed the truth of St. Paul's warning. Many
holy men have become priests only after being
dragged from their hiding-places, urgently advised
and even commanded by their Eccl esiastical Superiors
in virtue of holy obedience to accept the responsi­
bilities of the priesthood. But the sequel of their
150
VOCÁTION.
151
lives proved that they were divinely called to minister
at the altar. Many men, on the other hand, have
entered the Sanctuary through motives of personal
gain and other purely human considerations. Their
careers are known and give sufficient evidence of the
fact that they were not "called by God, as Aaron
was."
Besides the vocation to the priesthood, there is
the life of the Evangelical Counsels - the religious
state. Those who know and reverence and love the
teachings of Christ, will always cherish the convic­
tion that the religious is in a higher and more per­
fect state than the layman of the world. A vocation
to the religious or monastic life is something more
than a passing sensation, a pious inclination, a mere
sentiment. It is a distinct call to a higher and holier
existence, accompanied by the special grace necessary
for the proper discharge of one's obligations. "Every
one," says St. Paul, "hath his proper gift from God,
one after this manner and another after that."
One day while our Blessed Lord was instructing
the Pharisees, a young man drew near and whispered,
"Good Master, what shall I do that I may enter life
everlasting? ... And Jesus said to him: Thou know­
est the Commandments. Do not commit adultery,
do not kill, do not steal, do not bear false witness,
do no fraud, honor thy father and mother. And he
answering said to Him: Master, all these things
152 THE BROTHb"'RS OF HOLY CROSS.
have I observed from my youth. And Jesus looking
on him, loved him. Jesus saith to him: If thou
wilt be perfect, go, sell what thou hast, and give to
the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven:
and come, follow me."
Why did Christ love this youth so spontaneously,
so quickly, so passionately? Was the "Brightness
of the Eternal Father and the Figure of His Sub­
stance" dazzled by the rays of earthly loveliness?
W as the Son of God so suddenly enamored of the
son of man? No. Jesus loved this handsome youth,
not because of physical or intellectual attractiveness,
not because of his great possessions, but because
of the beauty of his soul. ' , Master, all these things
I have observed from my youth. And Jesus looking
on him, loved him." The young man's heart was
good. His soul was upright and pure, without
guile, without deceit, and adorned with the jewels
of every virtue. And yet there have been holy men
who doubted seriously concerning the salvation of
this young man. For when Christ invited him to
give up the joys of a worldly life and to follow Him
along the narrow path, he walked away sad and
sorrowful. He had immense possessions, and his
heart refused to part with them. Here was a voca- .
tion, a call, a counsel, an invitation to become a
disciple of the Cross. Jesus loved this fair soul and
He wanted it. The sacrifice may be hard, but Christ
VOCATION.
153
seems to call more frequently for budding youth
than withering old age. He will ha ve the first
fruits of spring and not the frost- bitten leaves of
autumn. The ascetic Bishop Hedley has written
something so apropos of the subject in question as
to justify a brief quotation. He says: "I will not
insist that monasticism is a refuge. This is a view
which the world does not find it hard to admit.
The novelists and the newspaper people tolerate
the cloister as the resource of those for whom there
is no more earthly joy,-as the haven of wrecked
existences and broken hearts. But this we do not
accept. The cloister may receive those whom the
world has wounded, but it is the truth that it loves
better to welcome the fresh, the young, the unspoiled,
whose ideals are still intact and whose nervous
energy is still unwasted."
There is, then, such a thing as a vocation to the
religious state, to the life of self-renunciation, and
there is, too, a something mysteriously enchanting
about this call from God, this "come, follow Me."
Its mystic beauty has been thus described: �'There
is something strange, I had almost said incompre­
hensible, in this thing that is going on around us
day by day. We call it the religious vocation quite
coolly, as though the words meant very little out
of the common. Yet here is a man like to you and
me called aside out of the crowd and bidden from
THE MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL CHAPTER, MONTREAL, CANADA, 1898.
Brother Boniface, Brother Marcellinus, Father Burns, Father Labbe, Brother Evaristus, Brother Emmanuel, Father Guy,
:rother l!.:rnest. Father Dion, Father O'Keeffe, Father McGarry, Father Morrissey, Brother Engelber·t. Brother Alexis, Brother Roch,
Brother Augustus. Father L'Etourneau, Father Lemarie, Father Condon, Father Zahm, Brother Alderic, Brother Leontien
Very Rev. G. Francais, Superior General, Rt. Rev. P. J. Hurth, C. S. U., Bishop of Dacca, India.
VOCATION.
155
all earthly things. It may be the boy who sat beside
you at school, the friend in whom you did not know
this thought. The messenger you can not see touches
him passing, and he rises and goes. You imagined
that he was made of very much the same clay as
you are: he could bat and bowl, and he stammered
through his verbs, and behold he is called away from
your youthful pursuits and your ambitions to the­
highest and most abstract of all loves ! Whatsoever
he be, however weak, he must rise when that call
comes and say his 'Present.' Grace will be given
for all that is required. And the miracle is not
only that he goes, but that he goes in absolute
willingness, in absolute joyfulness, and that hence­
forth he will watch over his eyes and his heart that
no other love than God may enter." These were
the thoughts uppermost in St. Bernard's mind when
he said one day, "Is there a greater marvel than
this, that so many young men, in the flower of their
youth, should be detained without fetters in this
open prison, chained only by the love of God?"
The foregoing considera tions on the religious
vocation represent the basic principles according
to which the Congregation of Holy Cross (which is
composed of Priests and lay Brothers*) regulates the
* We might note here that the Executive Administration of the­
Congregation is regulated by General and Provincial Chapters.
In both of these the Priests and Brothers are equally represented .. ,
156 THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
reception of new members. The Congregation recog­
nizes a distinct vocation of priest and brother, and
the latest legislation of the Congregation on this
subject renders it impossible for a Brother of Holy
Cross ever to become a Priest of Holy Cross. Ot_1ce
a Brother, always a Brother. With regard to the
age of postulants for the Brotherhood, the Rule
states that "no one shall be received before the age
of twelve years completed," and "no one shall be
received who is over forty-five, unless by a dispensa­
tion from the Provincia1." Twenty-five years is the
age determined by Rule in the Congregation of Holy
Cross for the Religious Profession of a Brother.
The Brother lives in community life, whatever be
his occupation, whether teaching or manual labor
In every House of the Province there are the exercises
in common prescribed by the Rule,- the spiritual
exercises, the meals, the recreations. The Brother's
religious existence is founded on the truth of the
sweet canticle, which David sang to the music of
his harp: "Behold how good and how pleasant it
is for brethren to dwell together in unity."
I speak of the good Brother only, of the Brother
who loves his vocation, who would die rather than
barter it for worldly pleasure, whose most cherished
anticipations are his spiritual conquests, whose
favorite recollections are his victories over sin and
self. Such a Brother appreciates the value of his
158 THE BROTHERS OF HOLY CROSS.
Master's words. "If thou wilt be perfect, go, sell
what thou hast and give to the poor, and thou
shalt have treasure in heaven." He has sold all
he had on earth in order to purchase heaven; he
knows that the "kingdom of heaven is like to a
merchant seeking good pearls. Who, when he had
found one pearl of great price, went his way, and
sold all he had, and bought it." He is convinced that
this 'pearl of great price is worth more than any
man ever paid for it '; he sanctions the words of SL
Bernard: "Oh! brilliant pearl, thou art wonderful,
for thou remittest sin and openest heaven! O holy
and immaculate life, thou art brighter than gold and
more resplend�nt than the sun! O religious state,
thou art the home of God and His angels! O happy
life! O angelic life! O beautiful gate by which we
enter into the holy city! "
The Brother of Holy Cross has his exercises of
piety and the inspiring exam pIe of his brethren to
animate his fervor and to sustain his good resolu­
tions. He has the morning meditation, the daily
Mass; the particular examination before dinner, the
visit to the Blessed Sacrament before supper; the
numerous Communions; the weekly Confession, hour
of adoration, Way of the Cross, Chapter of accusa­
tion of faults; daily rosary and spiritual reading;
morning and evening prayers,-all these in common;
and last, though not least, the edification derived
CHRIST AND THE YOUNG MAN
"If thou wilt be perfect, go, sell what thou hast, and give to the poor,
and come, follow me."-St. Matt. XIX: /7.
160 THE BROTHERS OP HOLY CROSS.
from those around him. He feels their fervor, he
sees their humility, he hears their kindly conversa­
tions. He is encouraged to bear his own trials and
sufferings by the sight of their patient endurance;
he is spurred on to perfection by their prompt a ttend­
ance at all the spiritual exercises.
The Brother of Holy Cross does not attempt to
live a superhuman or a preternatural existence. His
vocation has nothing terrifying about it, nothing
that any man of good will could not do and learn
to love. His Rule has the sanction of Papal
authority and is intended to lead to the formation
of saints. If one may judge from its letter and
spirit, it is based on the principle "that the saint
does everything "tha.t any other decent person does,
only somewhat better and with a totally different
motive."
Devotion to the Blessed Virgin has always been
a characteristic of the Brother of Holy Cross. It
seems to be a distinctive note of his vocation. He
and . his rosary are inseparable. His Chaplet is the
favorite companion of his silent �ur�.
St. Joseph is his special patron, his guide and
model. The Brother of Holy Cross imitates St.
Joseph by giving up even lawful gratifications,
honors, and preferments. His Rule forbids him to
seek ecclesiastical distinction; humility will not
allow him the anticipation of being first among his
THE COMMUNITY HOUSE.
THE NOVITIATE-FROM ST. JOSEPH'S LAKE.
VOCATION
163
Brethren. He aims, therefore, at the total eclipse of
self, and he rejoices in this only that his "name is
written in heaven."
His old age is honorable. His Brothers care for
him during the years of his infirmity, and when the
shades of death close in upon him, he has the bright
'hope laid up in his bosom,'-the hope once so well
expressed by the Venerable Father Sarin: "Sweet,
indeed, and most consoling, must be to a dying
Religious the assurance that as soon as he shall
have breathed his last, hundreds of fervent friends
will fall on their knees and approach the Holy Table,
entreating the Divine Master to grant His faithful
servant the reward He has promised to those who,
for His sake, have left father and mother, brothers
and sisters, to take up His Cross and follow Him!"
"GOD'S ACRE." .
IN GRATEFUL MEMORY
REVEREND JAMES J. TRAHEY, C. S. C.
Born, February 3rd, 1815. Died, September 4th, 1906.
Being made perfect in a short space, he fulfilÍect a long time.--- Wisdom, IV., 13.
MAY HE REST IN PEACE
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
Rev. James Francis Dujarié Frontispiece
Mother Honse of the Sisters of Providence, Rui11é ' .. " .. '" 14
Sister St. Francis Xavier 16
St.-Mary-of-the-Woods-Bird's Eye View 18
"Little Providence" 19
A Brother of St. Joseph 20
The Cradle of the Brotherhood of St. Joseph 27
Very Rev. Basil Moreau 32
Mother House, Le Mans, 1852 34
Chapel of the Mother House of the Sisters of Providence 36
First Novitiate, Brothers of St. Joseph 38
Interior of Mortuary Chapel, Rui11é 40
Cemetery of the Sisters of Providence, Ruil1é 42
Father Dujariés Tomb 43
Mother Mary Angela . 46
St. Mary's, Bertrand, 1850 48
St. Mary's, Notre Dame, 1855 50
St. Mary's, Notre Dame, 1907 52
Very Rev. E. Sorin, C. S. c 54
165
166
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
The Chapel at Bertrand 60
Very Rev. S. T. Badin 62
Rt. Rev. Bishop De Hailandiére 62
Death of Father De Seille 64
The Arrival at Notre Dame 67
The Founding of Notre Dame, 1842.............. 69
The University of Notre Dame 73
"The Dome" 75
Monument and Statue of St. Joseph 77
The Log Chapel 79
"The Little White House" 81
Brother Celestine, C. S. C 82
St. Edward's College, Austin, Tex 84
Brother Philip, C. S. C 86
Brother Benoit, C. S. C 86
Holy Cross College, New Orleans, La. 89
The Portiuncula Chapel 90
Brother Paul of the Cross, C. S. C 92
Brother Vincent, C. S. C 93
Brother Francis Xavier, C. S. C 95
Brother Francis de Sales, C. S. C 95
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
167
Superior General and Bishops 97
Brother Edward, C. S. C _ 99
Sacred Heart College, Watertown, Wis 101
St. Joseph's College, Cincinnati, 0 103
Very Rev. Gilbert Francais, C. S. C 110
St. Joseph's Novitiate 115
Rev. W. R. Connor, C. S. C 117
Brother John Chrysostom, C. S. C 117
St. Joseph's River 120
A Brother and his Boys _ '" 121
Very Rev. Andrew Morrissey, C. S. C 122
Du j arié Insti tu te 125
Columbia University, Portland, Ore 132
Directors of Halls, University of Notre Dame 135
The Shops 138
The Barn .. _ 141
St. Joseph's Hall 143
Scenes on St. Joseph's Farm 144
The Ave Maria Office 147
The Post Office 147
Members of the General Chapter, 1906 149
168
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
"Calvary," Notre Dame 150
Members of the General'[Chapter, 1898, 154
St. Mary's Lake 157
Christ and the Young Man 159
':'he Community House 161
St. Joseph's Novitiate from the Lake 161
The Grotto, Notre Dame 162
"God's Acre" 163
Rev. J. J. Trahey, C. S. C 164