Class Book H^/ JS(o(i Gop}TightN JO COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF GENERAL HISTOEY. DESIGNED AS A GUIDE TO THE GENERAL READER AND FOR REVIEW WORK IN SCHOOLS. By henry L. BOLTWOOD, A. M, Principal of Evanston Township High School. 'U ^ CHICAGO: GEO. SHERWOOD & CO., PUBLISHERS 7 "{^ THE LIBRARY I or CONGRESS [I WASHINOTOM, TABLE OF OONTEl^TS. General Introouction, Classification of Races, Periods of History, Egypt, . - . . . Chald^ea, .... Assyria, - - . . - Persia, .... Phcenicia, .... Jewish History, India, . - . . . ClREECE, - . . - Rome, - . - . . Rise of Islam, Prankish Monarchy, - Early History of Germany, Guelphs and Ghibellines, Feudal System, The Crusades, . - - . Great Orders of Knighthood, - Great Orders of Monks, The Vehmgericht, PIanseatic League, Eastern Empire of Rome, English History, Norman Piracies and Conquests, The Great Italian Republics, France after Partition of Verdun, Development of Papal Po\ver, Protestant Reformation, Thirty Years War, Spanish History, History of Scotland, Prussia, .... Austria, ..... Russia, .... Sweden, . - - . . Norway, .... Denmark, .... Italian History from 1848, Portugal, .... Creasy's "Fifteen Decisive Battles," Focal Dates in General History, - List of Noted Persons, - Places Noted in History, Great Events Arranged by Centuries 6 G-7 7 - 8 8-9 - 9 10 - 11 12 14-21 21-31 - 31 32 - 33 34 - 35 35-38 - 38 38 -. 38 88 - 39 40-54 - 54 55 55-70 70 - 71 72 73-77 77-80 80-82 83 - 84 85 - 86 86 - 87 8-1 - 89 90 - 91 92 - 93 Copyright, Geo. Sherwood & Co., 18 PREFACE. This little volume is designed to be an aid to teachers and students of General History, by presenting in a compact form the most important facts in the history of the great nations of the earth. It is not intended to be a text-book of history on the one hand; nor a mere list of topics on the other. It is an attempt to present a minimum of what ought to be retained by a High School pupil, or by a general reader; arranged in a form convenient for memorizing. No student will learn much history by memorizing this book alone; but it contains little that a student can afford not to know. It is based on no particular book; and may be used with profit without any text-book, if one has a good refer- ence library to use in connection. It was primarily intended for review work. Few dates are required to be memorized; but the author believes that they will be found sufficient for practical use. For common use, it is enough to be able to place a date in its proper century; or in the beginning, middle, or latter part of a century. Other dates are best retained by association ; as about the time of some other more important event. For instance, the exact date of the First Persian Invasion should suggest the date of the Second, without any special effort to fix the year. All memory is more or less associative, and the skillful teacher will seek to multiply associations, and to train his pupils to use one fact to suggest another. Certain topics are inserted more for their literary interest than for their historic value. Such things belong to a general education; and are often exceedingly useful in setting facts in a more pleasing light. For obvious reasons the history of England and France is treated more fully than that of other nations. The history of the United States is not given except as connected with other peoples; because the book is intended for those who have finished the history of their own country. The too common fault of giving more space to Ancient than to Modern history has been avoided. The great events of the several centuries should be most carefully learned. The student should be able to place these in their proper centu- ries instantly and almost mechanically. Minor events will naturally group themselves about these more important matters. The lists of places and persons may be made to serve as a double review. Some (3) 4 PREFACE. pupils remember persons more readily than places; and some, places rather than persons. One will remember Marathon by calling up the the name of Miltiades; and another will remember Miltiades by calling up the name of Marathon. In like manner dates may be fixed by calling for the event corresponding to a given date as well as by calling for the date of a given event. To aid in multiplying associations and to impart interest to historic study, the reading of historical plays, poems and novels is very desirable. Some few of interest are mentioned in the text. A profitable class exercise is to have the pupils choose sides, and allow each side to propose questions to the other, based ujoon a limited portion of history. A score is kept of the points made or lost by the respective sides; and the teacher acts as umpire to judge of satisfactory answers, and to exclude questions that are too vague, too comprehensive, or too trivial. Pupils naturally propose the questions which in their own judgment are the more difficult. The style of a book prepared on this plan is of necessity abrupt and more or less disconnected. It is not designed as a literary model. In the hope that this little volume may be of service to my fellow-teachers and their pupils, in imparting both interest and value to the widest and most ennobling study of our schools, it is submitted for their approval. High School, Evanston, III., 188U. A Topical Outline of General History. History, in its most general sense, is the narration of events pertain- ing to the life of peoples and nations. In a more limited sense, history is the record of national life; particularly of those nations that have contributed most to civilization. Auxiliary to history are the sciences of — I. Creographij : treating of location, soil, climate and facilities for commerce as affecting national life and development. The Nile and its annual overflow created and shaped Egypt. The islands and numerous peninsulas of (Greece favored intercourse by water, and the development of numerous small and independent states. II. Chrotiolofjlf : which treats of fixing and verifying dates. Most dates back of 400 B. C, except in Greek history, are somewhat uncertain. No dates back of 800 can be given with absolute accuracy. III. JEtJmography: which treats of customs, laws, religion, social life and general characteristics of peoples. IV. Arch(COlogy : which treats of history as revealed by remains of arts and manufactures. The little that we know of the mound-builders of America is learned by this science. The lake-dwellers of Switzerland are an example of a people concerning whom valuable information has been obtained by archfeology. The researches of Schliemann at Troy and of Layard at Niueveli are other examples of the value of this science. V. Philologij : which treats of languages as compared with each other. By comparison of languages, the common origin of widely separated peoples may be proved. The language of the Basques proves them to be a Turanian people. In like manner it is proved that the Pelasgi settled both Greece and Italy. The fact that all our law terms are Latin or Norman-French shows that the conquering Nor- mans imposed their laws on the conquered Saxons. Biography, which treats of individual life, becomes of historic importance when it treats of important persons. A biography of Washington is a history of the forma- tive period of the United States. A life of "Napoleon is'the history of a large part of Europe for twenty years. In studying and in memorizing history five things are of special importance : Time; Place; Personal ity ; Cause; Result . (Also called the ^i?e W's: When; Where; Who; Why; What.) That is, when and where did an event happen ; loho were principally concerned in it ; tohat caused it, and lohat grew out of it. Philosophic history, the highest and best, though not always the most readable, lays special stress on cause and result. 6 .4 TOPICAL OUTLINE OF The great historic nations are all of Caucasian race, and are included under three great stocks, viz : I. Aryan. II. Semitic, III. Haynitic. Hindoos. Persians (Medes). Greeks. Romans or Latins Teutons. I. Aryans. ^ Goths, s Celts. < Sla vs. <^ II. Semites. III. Hauiifcs. {Jews. Phoenicians. Assyrians. Arabs. j Egyptians, i Chaldreans. C Italians. J French, j Spanish. [ Portuguese. Germans (High and Low). Hollanders. English. Danes. Scandinavians, -l Swedes. ^ Norweofians. Irish. Welsh. Highland Scotch (Gaels). Manx. Bretons. Russians. Serbs. Poles. Bohemians The Aryan race has been foremost in all progressive civilization. The great contribution of the Semitic race to civilization is the three (fveat monotheistic religions; the Jewish; the Chris- tian and the llohamiiicdan. The Hamitic race was comparatively stationary, and is nationally extinct. The great peoples outside of civilization are of the Turanian race. (Called also tSimtic : from Slnun, a Bible word, supposed to mean China.) Aryan means /irjht, or noble : Turanian^ dark; (either in complexion or in intelligence). History is divided into — ^ I. Ancient: from +3000 B. C. to Fall of Western Empire of Rome, 4?G A. D. II. 3Iedicevalf from 47G to Discovery of America, 1403. III. Modern^ from JDiscoi^ery of Atnerica to present time. GENERAL HISTORY. Ancient History treats of ' Egyptians. Chaklreans. Assyrians. I. Oriental Nations, { Persians. Hindoos. Phoenicians. .Tews. II. European Nations. ] ^l^^^^^^'^ EGYPT. Oldest historic nation. Origin probably *3000 B. C. Chronology wholly unsettled. Principal authorities for history, O. T., Herodotus and 3Ianetho: besides numerous inscriptions in tombs and upon monuments and on papyri. General location, the lower valley and delta of the Nile. Called also Cham or Ham: i. e., the black land. Cause of the early develop- ment, the remarkable fertility of the Nile valley. Chief cities, Meinplils in Lower, and Thebes in Upper Egypt. Always reckoned by ancient geographers as a part of Asia. Three periods of history, known as the Old, the 3Iiddle and the New Empires. Twenty-six dynasties of kings or Pharaohs enumerated. Fourth dynasty known as the pyramid builders: Khufu or Cheops most famous sovereign. About 2000 conquered by Hi/ksos or Shepherd Kings; probably Arabs. After 500 years Hyksos expelled by a Theban prince, and the New Empire established. Famous sovereigns of the New Empire, Raitieses II. (called by Greeks Sesostris), a great warrior; SJlishah'f -fOoO, took and plundered Jerusalem; Pharaoh Necho, -f GOO, whose fleet circumnavigated Africa, and who defeated Jews at Megiddo, killing their king, Joslah. (II Chron., XXXV.) Government a hereditary, absolute monarchy ; much limited by priestly control. Caste system fully developed; a great obstacle to all progress. Religion, worship of personified powers of nature, and of symbolic animals. Chief gods, PJitah, Osiris, Jsis, Horus, the bull Apis, (hence the calf worship of .Jewish idolatry,) Amon or Amon-Ra the sun- god. Held the cat, dog, ibis, hawk and crocodile as sacred. Prominent doctrines, transmigration of souls, immortality and final judgment. Embalmed their dead. Made their tombs more costly than their houses. Had a strict moral code, and regulated all forms of ordinary life and social intercourse by stringent religious rules. Architecture massive; frequently colossal. Characteristic structures, pyramids, obelisks and sphinxes. Transported immense monoliths a great distance, and are supposed to have had powerful machinery. * before a date signifies about. A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF Manufactured linen, glass, porcelain and papyrus. Are said to have invented geometry, and were skilled in astronomy. Wrote in symbolic characters called hieroglyphics; first deciphered by GhampolUon by means of the Rosetta stone. Psammeticus III.., their last king, was defeated at Peh(siuin by Camhyses., the Persian king, 525 B. C, and Egypt became a Persian province. 333 B. C, Alexander overthrew Per- sians; founded city of Alexander. After his death, Egypt came under the Ptolemies till 31 B. C, when Cleopatra:, last of the line, was con- quered by Romans, and Egypt became a Roman province. Under the Ptolemies, Alexandria became a great center of learning. Many^Jews lived there. Famous translation of O. T. into Greek, called the Septtiagint, made there, 280. Library famous; also its schools. Great contributions to civilization, science and geometry, astronomy, moral and religious ideas, which in a modified form are found in Judaism. CHALD.^A. Originated -f-^200 B. C. Located in lower valley of the EujDhrates, and on west shore of Persian Gulf. People called by Homer Eastern. Ethiojnans. Country called in O. T. Shinar and Babel. Founded by Nhnrod. (Gen. x.) Area, 25,000 square miles. A mixture of peoples and languages. Leading race, Hamitic. Government an absolute monarchy. Religion a worship of the heavenly bodies, and the personified powers of nature. Skilled in arts and manufactures, and noted for commerce. Famous astronomers. Probably first to predict eclipses. (The Chaldceans of book of Daniel were astrologers.) Architecture massive — mostly of unburnt brick, as stone and fuel were scarce. Writing cuneiform, pre- served on slabs of brick. Pottery of high grade. Old Chaldgean empire subjugated by Assyria, +745. People aided Medes against Assyria, and became independent G25, under Nabapo- lassar. New empire lasted till 538, when, together with Assyria, it was conquered by Cyrus the Persian. j^ ebiichadnezzar, most famous monarch of new empire (II Chronicles, xxxiv), defeated Egyptians and took Tyre and Jerusalem. Greatly enlarged and improved Babylon, and built " Hanging Gaixlens.'''' Last king Nabonetas., whose son and associate, Pelshazzar, was captured and slain at Babylon, 538. (Daniel vi.} No special contribution to civilization, as its work was merged in that of Assyria and Persia. Originated many sciences, but developed none to a great extent. , ASSYRIA. Location, in middle valley of Tigris and Euphrates. Area from 50,000 to 60,000 square miles. Name derived from Assur.^ a principal god. People /S'em/^/'c — probably migrated from Chaldasa +1500 B. C. GENERAL HISTORY. 9 Government a despotic inouarcliy. Religion polytheistic. Not so religious as the Egyptians. Worshipped deified sun, moon and planets. Winged bull and eagle-headed divinity favorite emblems. Architecture laro-elv of brick, with stone foundations — massive. Sculpture abundant and superior to Egyptian in finish. Antiquities explored by Layard and Bcmlinson. Writing cuneiform. Deciphered by means of triliteral inscription at Behistim; in Assyrian, Median and Persian. Had immense libraries, on slabs of brick, exceeding in quantity all yet discovered in Egypt. Made excellent pottery. Buried their dead in earthen jars. Cut gems. Apparently used the lens in fine ornamental work. A warlike, cruel, aggressive people. Conquered extensively to the west and east. Nineveh, chief city, a group of detached palaces on both sides the Tigris. Famous kings, Shalmaneser II., contemporary with Ahab, Jehu and Hoshea, +850; TUjlath-PiUsar II.., +'^50, who conquered Damascus and laid a tribute on Israel; Shalmaneser IV., vvho besieged Samaria, which was captured by Sargott, 721, who carried the ten tribes away and replaced them by foreigners from the east (IT Kings, xvi — xvii); Sen- nacherib, who made war on Judah, and whose army was destroyed near Jerusalem, -fGSO. (Isaiah, xxxvi — vii.) Empire was at its height under BJsarhaddon, +G70. Subjugated the Medes, 710. Cyaxares the Mede revolted, and, aided by Babylonians, took Nineveh, 625. Saracus, last king, set fire to his palace, and was burned with all his treasures. (Legend of Sardanapalus.) (Read also legend of Se?niraniis.) PERSIA. Persians an Aryan race — first appearing in history 650; then subjc^ct to Media. Became independent under Cyrus the Great, 558. Astyar/es last king of the Medes; fabled to be grandfather of Cyrus. Cyrus con- quered Crces'us king of Lydki, and the Greek colonies in Asia Minor; took Babylon from Belshazzar, 538. Sent Jews back to Jerusalem, See Ezra 536. Made war eastward as far as India. Killed in battle against the Scythians. (Tradition of Queen Tomyrts.) (Xenophon's Cyropaedia, a mere historical romance.) Succeeded by his son Cambyses, 529. Cambyses conquered Egypt, 525; died on his way back to Persia, in suspicious circumstances. Kingdom usurped by Smerdts, a Median Magian. Smerdis killed by princes of the seven Persian tribes. Darius {Hystaspes) made king by lot. Organized the kingdom into satrapies; made roads and canals; instituted system of posts. Three capitals: Svsa, Ecbatana and Babylon. Made a great but unsuccessful expedition into Scythia, 513. (Probably the Ahasuerus of book of Esther.) Conquered Thrace and Cyrene. Made expedition against Greece, 492, on account of aid rendered to revolted Ionian cities by Athens, during which revolt Sardis had been burnt. Fleet wrecked off" 3It. Athos, and expedition 10 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF abandoned. A second expedition, iOO, took Eretiia and landed at Mara- thon. Defeated by Athenians under Miltiades with great loss. Darius died in 485. His son and successor, J^erxes, made a great but unsuc- cessful invasion of Greece, 480. (For details see Greek History.) In 401, Cyrus the younger, satrap of Lydia, made an attempt to wrest power from his brother, Artaxerxes. Marched from Sardis to vicinity of Babylon. Defeated and killed at CitiiaJCa, Ten thousand Greek mercenaries in liis service escaped northward, and came out at Trebizond^ on the Black Sea, under lead of the historian Xenophon. {Retreat of the Ten Thousand.) This revealed to the Greeks the weak- ness of the Empire, and prepared the way for the conquests of Alex- ander. Empire overthrown by Alexander of Mocedon^ 33G to ooO. Darius Codomannus last king. Murdered by one of iiis officers named I>essus. Religion of the Persians, Mazdaisni, named from Ormazd^ the Crea- tor; the good principle; symbolized by the sun, by fire and light. Ahriman the evil principle, caused evil and death. The genii attended Ormazd and the dives Ahriman; and were always at war. Religion of Medes was called JIagism. They paid special worship to xVhriman. The two assimilated, and the priests were called Magi. Believed in immortality. Worshipped all the elements. Oifered sacrifices; particularly of horses. Kept perpetual fires in high places. Doctrines preserved in Zctld- Avesta, written or compiled by Zofoastct' [Zerdusht), -j-loOO B. C. Exposed their dead in open air. Modern sect of Parsees retain their leading notions of worship. The Magi formed a priestly caste. The " Wise Men from the East " were Magi. At first a bold, enterprising race, of warlike character and simple habits; but became corrupt and effeminate by luxury. Had no arts of importance; availing themselves of the service of conquered peoples. Architecture derived from the Assyrian and Egyptian, but much more graceful. Most famous remains at Persepolis. Remarkable for abund- ance of columns. Government despotic. Women clf5s^ly secluded. Kings closely guarded from contact with all sulijects. — v- Empire powerful from its vast extent, but lacked unity and consoli- dation. At widest extent reached from the Indus to the Hellespont. PHCENICIA. People Semitic — closely allied to the Jews. First appear in history + 1400 B. C. Located on east shore of Mediterranean, west of Lebanon range. Chief cities, /S/V^Oil and T^?"6. Had very numerous colonies; Ccti'f/^«;reatest ever fitted out bv them. Charg-ed with sacrilesre before expedition sailed; recalled for trial, but fled to the Spartans. Expedition a total failure. One leader killed; the other a coward. All the force either killed or made slaves. Athens never recovered her power. War became almost wholly naval. Sparta intrigued with Persia to seize the Athenian colonies in Asia. Athenian fleet destroyed at ^Jgos FotaiflOSf in the Chersonesus, 405, by Lyscmder, the Spartan admiral. Athens taken, long walls destroyed. City saved from utter destruction by allies of Sparta. Oligarchy of the '^Thirty Tyrants'''' established. Thrasybiilus, 403, led a revolt, and restored democracy. In 401, Greek mercenaries aided Cyrus the Younger in an attempt to wrest the throne from his ])rother Artaxerxes. (See Persian History.) Early in IV century Sparta made war on Persia. Athens, Corinth and Thebes aided Persia. (Called the Corinthian I'Far.) Result the exclu- sion of all Greek states from Asia. In 375 commenced a struggle between Sparta and Thebes for hegemony . Spartans by treachery seized the Cadmea, and established GENERAL HI STUB V. 19 an olio-aichy. Peloiyidas and afterward Epimanondas headed a revolt. IplUcrates^ an Athanian, rendered important aid. Thebans won battle of Leilctt'Cl. 371, and seriously threatened Sparta. Freed the Messe- nians. Won battle of Mantiaea, 362; but lost EjDimanondas. Thebes held the hegemony for a brief jjeriod. RISE OF THE MACEDONIAN POWER. Macedonians an Aryan people, but not acknowledged as Hellenes. First became noted under Pliilip, 360; an able, crafty, far-sighted king. Conquered parts of Thrace and Epirus. Organized a standing army (Phalanx). Summoned by the Thebans to take part in a '■'■Sacred Wrt?"" against Phocis. Phocis expelled from the Amphictyonic League, and its vote given to Macedon, giving Philip a pretext for Interfering in the affairs of Greece. Demosthenes the great orator of Athens made per- sistent but unsuccessful efforts to unite all Greece against Philip. In a third sacred war, incited by Philip, Athenians and Thebans defeated by Philip at ChCdrotiecif in Boeotia, 338. Philip proclaimed dictator of all Greece. Assassinated, 336. Alexander succeeded and was also pro- claimed dictator. Revolt of Thebes severely punished. City destroyed and people enslaved, except the family of the poet Pindar. In 334, Alexander invaded Persia by way of the Hellespont. Won his first battle at the G-ffltlicilS^ followed by the easy conquest of all Asia Minor. Defeated Darius on Plain of Tssus, 333. Took Ti/re after a siege of seven months. Jerusalem surrendered without resistance, .lews favored his so<'ereignty. Egypt conquered in less than a year. Founded Alexandria. Won battle of Arbela, 331; decisive defeat of Persians. Darius murdered by one of his officers. All the great cities surrendered without resistance. After some northern wars, Alexander marched into India. Won several battles, but achieved no permanent conquest. Compelled to return by a mutiny of his soldiers. Became unpopular because of his adoption of Persian habits of life and forms of court. Died at Babylon of a drunken debauch, 333. His kingdom was divided among his gen- erals. Civil wars followed for several years. Finallv five kino-doms which were essentially Greek grew out of the Empire. I. Syria; under the SeleilcidcB. Seleucia first capital; after- wards Antioch. Antiochus the Great quarreled with the Romans; was defeated at Magnesia, 190, and his kingdom became the Roman province of Syria. II. Egypt; under the Ptolemies. Kingdom nominally lasted till 31. Cleopatra, last sovereign. III. Macedonia; under line of Demetrius Poliorcetes, Capital city, Pella. Held Thrace and mogt of Greece under its power 20 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF though somewhat checked by Achaian League, -|-280. Conquered by Romans, 1G8, in battle oi I*ycltl(lf and became a Roman province. IV. BitJlfJllia. Capital Nicomedia. Nicomedes, the last king, 75, bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans. V. JPet'gfintOS ^ under the Attalida3. This also was bequeathed to Rome, 133. Greece revolted after the death of Alexander; led by Athens, under influence of Demosthenes. (Known as the Lainlan TFar.) Insurgents defeated. Demostlienes committed suicide. Athens finally lost all political power. ^tolian and Achaian Leagues founded -["'^S*^' T'he latter, under Aratus, held the hegemony in the Peleponnesus for a while. Both com- bined with the Romans to put down Macedon. Rome made large promises of freedom, which were not kept; and both leagues fought, vainly, against her. Achaian League finally crushed at Corinth, 146, and made subject to Roman governor of Macedon. Afterwards became a separate province, with the name of Achaia. The Greeks were the victims of their own clannishness and selfish- ness. The conquests of Alexander Hellenized the East, and prepared the way for the spread of the Christian religion by giving all lands a com- mon literary language. The great contribution of Greece to civilization is the idea of popu- lar government. Her contributions to literature and art are also invalu- able. The most important period in her literature was from 430 to 330. Most famous poets, Hoiuev, who wrote the Iliad and Odyssey; Mesiod, who wrote a Theogony, and "Works and Days;" Pindar , the only great name in Theban literature; Sappho; Anacreon; Alcaeus and Simonides. Great dramatists, AeScJli/Ii(S, Sojjhocles and Envipides the tragedians; and the comedian AvistopJianes, Historians, HeVodotllS the "Father of History;" Thui'ljdides the historian of the Peloponnesian War; Xenophofl^ who wrote of tlie "Expedition of the Ten Thousand"(The Anabasis); and Plutarch the biographer, whose book Emerson calls "The Bible of Heroisms." Pericles, DemostJienes, Phocloti, Aeschines and Iso- crates, " that old man eloquent," were the famous orators. HijJJ^OCrateS was the founder of the science of medicine; PytJiaf/oraS was one of the pioneers in Natural Philosophy; and Socrates was a famous teacher of morals, who made a great imjDression on his age. There were four noted schools of Greek philosophy. I. The Academic; founded by Plato f a pupil of Socrates; who was the wisest of the ancients. He believed in the unity of God and the immortality of the soul. GENERAL HISTORY. II. The Peripatetic school; founded hy Aristotle; the tutor of Alexander; who was eminent in logic, and a pioneer in natural science. III. The Eliicurean; followers of Epicurus; who taught that the end of life is enjoyment. His [own life was pure; but his followers were guilty of gross debauchery. (A minor rival school were the Cynics; the snarling, dog-like school, who derided pleasure. Diog- eties was of this school.) IV. The Stoic School; founded by Zetio; made indifference the chief good. Excelled in sculpture. Phidias, contemporary with Pericles, the most famous. Prajciteles and Apelles also famous. None of their paintings extant; but many of the most famous statues are Greek. Most famous temples the Parthenon at Athens, and the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. Three orders of architecture, the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian; differing principally in the proportion, and ornamentation of columns. Doric most massive; Corinthian lightest and most ornamented. ROMAN HISTORY. Earliest inhabitants of Italy, the Pelasgi, of whose Cyclopean archi- tecture there are many remains. Later inhabitants, Gauls \n the north; Etrnscans from the Arno to the Tiber; Italians in the center; and lapygians in the south. f Latins. The Italians comprised the \ Umbrians. ' Isabines. [ Samnites. Southern Italy was early colonized by the Greeks. According to tradition the Latins were a mixture of a native race with Trojan immigrants, led by ^Eneas. They had a confederacy of thirty cities, of which Alha Longa was the head. Rome was said to have been founded by Romulus, 753. This prob- ably marks the date of the union of three little towns, on three separate hills; a Latin town on Palatinus; a Sabine town on the Quirinal, and an Etruscan town called Lucerum. Hence the three tribal names; the Titles or Sabines; the Rainiies or Romans; and the Luceres or Etruscans. The city probably grew up as a trading post for the three peoples. Roma is said to mean march or border. The Three Great Periods of History. I. The Kingdom, 753 to 509. II. The Coninionwealth, 509 to 31. III. The Empire; from 31 B. C. to 476 A. I). (Fall of Western Empire.) 22 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF Early liistory wholly legendary. Seven kings said to have reigned; Homnlus the civil and military founder; JVuma Pomjyilius the religious founder; Tullms Hostilius; Ancus Jffartius/ Tarquimus Priscus; Ser- viua Tullius the " Commons' Kltig^^ a reformer; Tarquimus Sujierhus. (The last three were Etruscans.) From earliest times there was a division of people into Patricians and Plebeians. Former the soldier class; only ones who had full citizen- ship. Divided into thirty ciiricB or wards; each containing ten gentes or clans. Met at summons of king in an assembly called Comitia Curiata. Senate at first an advisory body, summoned by kings. Servius Tullius reorganized the state. Made military service obli- gatory on all land- holders. Cavalry consisted of six centuries of patri- cians and twelve of wealthy plebeians {Equites). Land-holders divided according to their wealth into six classes. Weapons of each class specified. One hundred and sixty-eight centuries of infantry. Those who had no land made into seven centuries, and served as pioneers, arti- sans and substitutes. New assembly provided, called Comitia Cen- tu7'iata, composed of all that bore arms. Nothing but questions of war and peace came regularly before this assembly. The last king, with his whole family, expelled for outrage done to Xiucretia. Executive power then vested in two consuls chosen annually. Legislative power in a Senate, whose number varied from six hundred to a thousand. x\ppointed by kings; sometimes by censors. Not neces- sarily patricians. Tarquin attempted to recover his kingdom with aid of Porsena., king of Clusium. Rome taken by Porsena, but restored to secure help of Rcjmans against Latins. Latin League of thirty cities espoused cause of Tarquin, but were defeated at Lake PegiUus^ 495, and Tarquin aban- doned his design. Great civil dissensions at Rome, 493, caused by oppression of debt- ors by creditors, who took enormous interest and had almost unlimited power over debtors. Plebs seceded to Mans Sacer. Obtained cancella- tion of debts, release of imprisoned debtors, and annual election of two plebeian tribunes, who afterwards had seats in the Senate, and absolute veto power. Number afterwards increased to ten. New assembly con- stituted, called Comitia Trihuta^ in which voting was done by tribes, and wealthy no longer had a superiority. Coriolanus banished for trying to do away with tribunes. By P ahlilian Ljaw, 472, the tribunes were chosen in the Comitia Tributa. In 451, ten patricians were chosen to prepare a code of laws; in in- terest of popular government. During their year of office all other magistrates were set aside. Prepared " Xmos of the Ten Tables'''' ; said to have been partly based on laws of Solon. Other Decemvirs chosen next year to complete the work. Two tables added. Decemvirs became tyrannical; murdered Siccius Dentatus, a, former tribune; were finally GENERAL HISTORY. 23 overthrown because of outrage done to Virginia by Appiics Claicdius, Consulate restored. Marriage of patricians and plebeians legalized; children taking rank of father. In 444, consuls gave place to nvilitary tribunes, with consular power, and ce)isors were appointed to take the census, classify citizens, appoint senators and equites, superintend state property and look after public morals. Had great power. In 394, TV<7, the great rival of Rome, was taken; an invasion of Gauls preventing the Etruscans from aiding their fellow city. In 390, Rome was taken by Gauls, after a severe defeat on river Allla. City plundered. Gauls finally bought off. Gauls led by Bremius. 37G-367, memorable contest over LiclulaJl Rogatlons; laws desio-ned to aid debtor class and favor popular equality. I. All interest already paid on debts was to be deducted from the principal, and remainder to be paid in three equal annual installments. II. No one was to occupy more than 500 jugera of public land, nor pasture more than a specified number of cattle on public pastures. III. The military tribunes were abolished; the consuls restored; and one of them was to be a plebeian. Carried after nine years of most violent agitation. The 3I(((fll(l CJlClTffl of Rome. In a few years all important offices were open to plebeians. Promoted harmony; stopped civil discord for many years, and opened the way for foreign conquest. The Period of the Commonwealtli is divided into four Epochs. I. Stt'tKjffle for Existence; 509—300. II. EpocJi of Italian Conquest; 300 — 2(35. TIL Epocli of ForeifjH Conquest; 205—133. IV. Epoch of Civil Strife; 133—31. First war with Snmnium^ 343. Great war with Latins, resulting in dissolution of Latin League, 340 — 338. Second Samnite war, 320 — '504. Desperately fought. Romans defeated at Caadine Forhs by Pon- tias Thelesinas, the Samnite Hannibal, and sent under the yoke. Hoviatiain, great Samnite fortress, surrendered 305, and peace was made; soon broken by third war in which Samnites were aided by Gauls, Etruscans and other Italians jealous of growing power of Rome. Severe conflict; Romans finally victorious. In 280, PyrrJmS king of Epirus invaded Italy, in aid of Taren- tum^ which had murdered Roman citizens and insulted ambassadors sent to demand redress. Roman military system thus pitted against the Greek as developed by Alexander and his generals. Pyrrhus won l)at- tles of Pandosia and Asciilian, but with heavy loss. Went to Sicily. Returned in 275; was defeated at Beneventum and returned to Greece. Tarentum fell; and Rome soon obtained whole Italian peninsula. Three forms of government were established in the conquered cities. T. M^nnicipalities^ whose people had all the burdens, but iH)ne 24 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF of the rights of citizens. They were sometimes, but not always, allowed to choose their own local magistrates. 11. Colonies. Tlie lands of the conquered were distributed to old soldiers or to the poorer Roman citizens, who retained their full rio-hts and formed the governing class; also serving as garrisons. HI. AllleSf wliose rights varied according to special treaties. They were required to furnish troops, ships or supplies in case of war. PUNIC WARS. First Punic War, 264 — 3il. A contest with Carthage for the pos- session of Sicily. Direct cause, aid unjustly given by Rome to the Mamerti/ies, a body of Campanian mercenaries wlio had seized Messina. Romans built their first war fleet, and won naval battle of J\£y7m (2(30). Regulus invaded Africa; defeated Carthaginians, who sued for peace. Rome made such extravagant demands that Carthage rejected terms; and by aid of Spartan Xauthlppus defeated and captured Regulus at Tunes. Regulus died in prison. Most of remnant of his army drowned at sea on return voyage. (Common story of his return to Rome a fiction.) War for some years favorable to Carthage. Romans almost abandoned the sea. New fleet equipped at private cost, 241; and Luta- tius Catulus won great naval battle off the Agates, and ended the war. Carthage gave up all her claims to Sicily. Paid 3,200 talents as indem- nity. Rome took all western Sicily; leaving the east to Syracuse. Between the first and second Punic wars, Rome conquered Cisal- pine Gaul. Also conquered Sardinia. Secotld Punic War; 218 — 202. Caused by Roman jealousy of Carthaginian progress in Spain, and by efforts of Barca family in Carthage to secure revenge. Ostensible cause, attack of Hannibal on Sagantum and refusal of Carthage to interfere or to surrender Hannibal. Roman plan to invade Africa frustrated by march of Hannibal to invade Italy, from Spain, crossing Pyrenees and Alps. Marched far iidand to evade Roman armies. Probably crossed Alps at Little St. Bernard^ Defeated Romans in first encounter, in skirmish on the Ticinus. Won victory at the Trehia. Wintered in Gaul. Many Gauls joined him. In 217, defeated consul Flaminius at LaUe TJlvasymene, Romans lost 36,000 inen. Turned east; crossed Apennines; went into southern Italy to secure aid of Greeks and Samnites. Defensive policy of Fabius Maximus angered Roman populace, and next year Varro was chosen consul expressly to force the fighting. Varro defeated at CdltncP in Apulia, witli immense loss. All southern Italy declared for Hannibal. Rome displayed great energy. Defeated Carthaginians in Spain ; pre- venting reinforcements to Hannibal. Stirred up Numidians to attack Carthage, and prevented Macedon from supporting Carthage by aiding GENERAL HIISTOBY. 25 the yEtoliaii League. Invaded Sicily, and took Si/racuse. Hannibal marched upon Rome, but accomplished nothingr. li\ 207, Hasdrubal was defeated on the 3Ieta,llT'HSf while march- ing to reinforce his brother; most decisive battle of the war. Scipio invaded Africa, and Hannibal was recalled. Scipio won battle of Zdincif 202; Carthage compelled to give up Spain; to pay heavy tribute for fifty years; to give up its war fleet, and to make no wars without per- mission of Rome. Spain became a Roman province. Rome next made war on Macedon for aiding Carthage. Defeated Philip V. at C l/noscephalCBf 197. Philip made a humiliating peace. Greece declared free of Macedon. In 192, made war on Antiochus III of Syria, for meddling in affairs of Greece, and for taking Hannibal under his protection. Antiochus defeated at Ifagnesia^ 190; virtually ending kingdom of Seleucidfe. Hannibal fled to Bithjnia — finally committed suicide to avoid fallino- into hands of Romans. Third JIacedonkni JVcr, 171. Perseus sought revenge and recovery of Greece, Was at first successful, but was defeated, 168, at JPt/clilfl^ by ^Emilius Paulus. Both Macedon and Greece became subject to Rome. Third Plinlc Wat% 14 9 — 40. Caused by bitter hostility of older Romans. Pretext found in a war that Carthage was compelled to wage in self-defence against Numidia. City taken after a desperate defence of nearly two years, and completely destroyed. Roman province of Africa created, with capital at Utica. In I-IG, Rome made war on Ac/uean League^ whicli was incensed at Roman tyranny. Corinth taken; destroyed l^y order of Senate Revolt of Spanish tribes quelled by Scipio; Numantia^ last strong- hold, taken by Scipio, 135. Same year, Servile War in Sicily. PERIOD OF CIVIL STRIFE. In 135, T. Se7nprom,us Gracchus sought to enforce second Licinian law, and also to distribute among the people tlie treasure bequeathed by Attalus of Pergamos, to enable the poor who received land-grants to stock their farms. Illegally deposed his colleague, and secured the appointment of himself, his brother and his father-in-law as commission- ers to distribute lands. Attempted to secure an illegal re-election, and was killed, with three hundred of his followers, in a mob excited by the nobles. His attempted distribution partly carried out. Cams Gracchus^ 123, was elected tribune for two successive years. Introduced pernicious custom of free distribution of grain to people; also farming of taxes, a source of corruption and oppression. Trans- ferred judgeships from senators to equites; creating an order of aristoc- 26 .1 TOPICAL OUTLINE OF racv based on wealth. Secured a law that all death sentences should be submitted to vote of people. Attempted to give full citizenship to all Latins. Became somewhat unpopular, and was killed by nobles in Capi- tol. Most of his measures soon repealed. Both the Gracchi sought to carry out good measures by illegal or questionable means. JUffUrthhie War, 111—105. Jliapsa, king of Numidia, left kingdom to his two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal^ and to his nephew, Jugnrtha. Jugurtha murdered Hiempsal and expelled Adherbal, and bribed a commission of the Roman senate to support liis claim. Finally conquered by Marius, aided by Sulla; taken to Rom(> and starved in prison. Invasion of Cinihrl and TeiitoneSf 113—101. Tribes from northern Germany, seeking new homes, overran eastern Gaid and a part of Spaiji. Defeated five consular armies. ]\Iarius chosen consul five times in succession. In 103, defeated Teutones at AqUW SextifVii^ southern Gaul. In 101, defeated Cimbri in Rdialian pJaln^ near Verona. ( Vo'cellce.) In 100, Marius, aided by Servilius Glauca and L. Saturninus, sought to acquire supreme power. Marius abandoned his associates, and they were killed by a mob. From 90 to 88 was the Social or Jlai'siaih War. Most of the Italian allies of Rome revolted; claiming full citizenship. Organized a new government on Roman model. Hard struggle for nearly two years. Rome first granted all Latins full citizenship; jMit down revolt; then gave full citizenship to all Italian freemen who applied for it in due form. First Mithradatic War^ 88—84. Jlit/mtdates king of Pontus invaded teri-itory of Roman allies; drove Roman armies out of Asia; ordered general massacre of Romans throughout his dominions, in which 80,000 are said to have perished. Chief conduct of war against Marius given to consul Sulla, an aristocrat. Sulpicius, a tribune attempted to obtain chief command for Marius; obtained vote of people to recall Sulla; and thus commenced the First CivH War. Sulla turned back to Rome with his army; took city "by storm; killed Sulpicius and drove Marius into exile to Africa. Next year while Sulla was in Asia, Cinna the consul recalled Marius and murdered many of the nobles. Marius soon after died and Cinna played the tyrant at Rome for two years. Sulla defeated armies of Mithradates in Asia ami in Greece, where the king was supported by Greeks in hope of regaining- independ- ence. Made a favorable peace in 84. Returned to Rome; in a year overcame all opposition; was proclaimed dictator for an unlimited time. Proscribed and murdered many of opposite party; distributed confiscated lands to his soldiers. Reorganized Senate on a plan favorable to aristoc- racy. Appointed three hundred new senators; restored judicial power to senate. Reduced power of tribunes; took from Censors right to exclude senators. Resigned his office in 79, and died soon after. Marian party GENERAL HISTORY. 27 in Spain kept up war under lead of Sertorius, a noble Roman, who was assassinated by one of his own officers. Pompey soon subdued the rem- nant of the party. Servile TVar^ 73 — 71. Gladiators at Capua broke out in revolt, headed by Tlu-acian Spdt'tdCUS. Joined by thousands of slaves, who then greatly outnumbered free population. Defeated four consular armies and marched on Rome. Finally put down by Crassus and Pompey. A. secojtd Mithradalic vKir occurred in 83 — 81; favorable to Mithra- dates. Wars with pu'dtes in Crete, Cilicia and Illyria, 78 — G7. Crete and Cilicia taken and made provinces. Gabiiilau laip, G7, gave Pompey almost unlimited powers, and he speedily and effectively suppressed piracy. Third 3Iithradatie War commenced in 74. Mithradates aided by his son-in-law, Tiijnuies., king of Armenia. LuchUhs com- manded Roman forces; gained several important battles; took many fortified towns. Mutiny amonof his soldiers compelled him to withdraw. Pompey, by Manllian law^ was intrusted with extraordinary powers. Was finally successful. Mithradates killed himself in exile. Romans took nearly all Asia and Syria; including Palestine. Conspivnrtj of Catiline, 63 — 03. Catiline was a partisan of Sulla; ambitious, needy and unscrupulous; leader of the anarchists, who hoped to enrich themselves by plunder and confiscation. Attempted in G6 to murder the consuls. In 04 renewed the attempt, in hope to secure his own election. Cicero elected. Catiline jjlaiined the firing of the city; the murder of Cicero and many prominent citizens. Had an army gathered in Etruria; made up of old soldiers of Sulla and of the debtor class. Cicero by means of spies discovered his plots, and denounced him in person in the Senate. Catiline fled to Etruria. His partisans in the city intrigued with the Allobroges to secure aid from Gaul. De- tected; nine of them put to death without vote of people. Catiline's army in Etruria attacked, and Catiline with his entire force killed. Great honors conferred on Cicero ; yet his action was the cause of his political ruin, exile and death. First TriliniLHrate formed in 60; a political ring, composed of Caesar, Pompey and Crassus. Ciesar represented the popular or Marian party; Pompey, the Sullan or aristocratic party; Crassus, the equites or wealthy plebeians, who were jealous of the born aristocrats. DistTibutefs, mobbed houses of conspirators, and thev fled from Rome. Antony assumed to be Cc'esar's executor, and claimed unlimited power. Declared a public enemy by Senate, who put up against him Octavhcs, adopted son of C;>?sar. Second TrhiniviratCf 43. Union of AntoniKS, Octavius and Lepldas to reorganize state. Many proscriptions. Cicero murdered to please Antony. Republican party defeated at J*77>/, 42. Cassius killed himself on hearing false report of death of Brutus; Brutus defeated in a second battle, also committed suicide. Getavius took the west; Anto- nius the east; Lepidus, Africa. Antony, fascinated by Cleopatra^ divorced Octavia, sister of Octavius. War followed. Antony and Cleopatra defeated at naval battle of A-CtllUtl, 31. Octavius pursued them to Egypt. Antony killed himself, and Cleopatra also took her own life soon after. Octavius became sole ruler. Received title of Augustus in 27. Retained the oifice of consul, but often granted it to some favorite. Reduced the Senate, and made it open only to wealthy. Augustan A.ert's withdrawal from kingdom. Dissensions between Presbyterians and Lndependents. Cromwell and army officers procured '•'•Self-denying Ordinance^'' exclud- ing from Parliament all that held office in army. Essex resigned. Fair- fax made general, with Cromwell as lieutenant; the latter the real com- mander. Decisive battle at Wciseb f/ ^ 1645. King totally defeated; fled to Scotland. Made false promises; was given up to Parliament. Army became suspicious of Parliament, and took possession of king. King brought to trial before a court of army officers presided over by Prad- shatv. Condemned and executed, 1649. House of Lords abolished. Executive power entrusted to a " Council of State." Scots resented death of Charles; jwoclaimed Charles II, who landed in Scotland; sup-, ported by many Enoflish royalists. Signally defeated at Tfmibcn% 1650. Next year Charles invaded England; was defeated at Worcester; escaped with great difficulty. Ireland subdued by Cromwell in 1650. Massacre of garrison at 7)ro^/i<3f?a. War with Holland, growing out of commercial difficulties, and aid given by Dutch to Charles. Van Tromp and Pe Puyter won several victories at sea; finally defeated by Plake and Monk, both soldiers. Parliament forcibly dissolved by Crom- well. New Parliament ordered; known -as, '■^ Parebones' .'''' Dissolved this, and made h'nn^oM '•'• Lord Protector.'''' Governed almost despotic- allv, but generally justly. Made his country feared and respected. Made favorable peace with Holland. Took Jamaica from Spain. Inter- GENERAL HISTORY. 49 fered successfully in behalf of persecuted Waldenses. Took Dunkirk. Died Sept. 3d, 1658; his birthday and anniversary of Worcester and Dunbar. Succeeded by his son Richdrd, who was too weak to rule, and voluntaril}^ resigned. Army ruled for a while, by means of a council of officers. Monk called together the remnant of Long Parliament; gen- erally known as the " JRimip.'''' Monk dissolved this, and called another, which restored the king. (1660.) Charles JI, 1660 — 85, called the " Merry Monarch," was loose and grossly immoral in his own life and in his court. Church of England restored. Pardon granted to all concerned in late rebellion, except the regicide judges. Act of Umformity required all clergymen to abjure Covenant, and give assent to Book of Common Prayer. More than two thousand expelled from their livings for refusing to comply. Dunkirk sold to French to procure money for king. Dutch renewed war. .Tames, Duke of York, afterwards James II, took Neto York; with aid of Rupert defeated Dutch in naval battle. French and Danes aided Dutch. Great Plague of London, 1665, and Great Fire next year. Neglect of fleet enabled Dutch in 1667 to burn ships at Chatham in hearing of London. Popular Indignation led to banishment of Earl of Clarendon. Can Sebastian and Pampeluna^ won battle of Toidouse after fall of Napo- leon. George III became hopelessly insane in 1810; his son made Regent. War with United States, 1812, caused by impressment of American seamen, and search of ships by English men-of-war. Americans gen- erally unsuccessful on land, ])ut victorious at sea. British troops captured Washiiigton, 1814. Were defeated with great loss at Nevj Orleans, GENERAL HISTORY. 53 1815, after declaration of peace was signed. Treaty of Ghent set- tled none of points involved, but England soon i-elinquished practice of search and seizure. After Napoleon's return from Elba, Wellington commanded force against him; won battle of JVatevloOf in Belgium, June 18th, 1815. Napoleon compelled to abdicate; took refuge with English; sent to St. Helena by agreement of allied sovereigns, in custody of England. War followed by great financial distress in England. Demands for reform and repeal of Corn Laws led to riots. Many people killed at Manchester at a reform meeting; known as Peterloo. Rise of Methodism about the middle of 18th century, under the Weslei/s and JV/iiie/ield. Sunday schools established by Robert Raikes, 1781. /Ste(0/i engine invented hy JVatt, 1700. Cotton spinning by ma- chinery introduced by Hargreaves and Arkxcright. Davy invented safety lamp. LTerschel made great discoveries in astronomy. Lenner introduced vaccination. Slave trade suppressed by law, 1807. George JV attempted to divorce his wife Caroline of Brunswick. Memorable trial. Popular sympathy wholly with the queen; trial aban- doned, but the queen was deprived of her regal position; died soon after. England aided Greeks in revolt against Turkey. With aid of French and Russians destroyed Turkish fleet in Bay of Navarino, 1827. Greece became a kingdom, with George of Bavaria as king. Great struggle for Ccitholic eniancijiation ; led by Canning; aided by Catliolic Association^ headed by Daniel CConnell. Emanci- pation Act, 1829. Reform agitation, caused by most unequal representation in Parlia- ment. Bill brought forward to disfranchise very small boroughs, and give their members to unrepresented towns. (Case of Old Sarnm.) Bill passed the Commons; rejected by Lords. Duke of Wellington, then prime minister, very unpopular for his opposition to bill. Violent excite- ment in whole country. Bill brought forward again, and passed the Commons. Wellington advised the passage of the bill as a measure of public safety. King William LV consented to create enough new peers friendly to passage to secure majority. Finally passed by with- drawal of opposition peers. Most important popular victory. Slavery abolished, in all British colonies in 1834, by efforts of Wil- liam Wilberforce. Hanover ceased to be a jiart of kingdom on accession of Victoria, as the Salic law was in force there. Canadian rebellion in 1838. Chartists, from 1838-48, demanded universal suffrage, vote by ballot, no property qualifications for membership hi Parliamod, equal electoral districts and annual parliaments. Urged repeal of Corn Laws, which were repealed in 184(3, after long contest. Protective duties generally 54 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF repealed. Wars in Afghanistan in '42, and with Sikhs in India, '46. Opium war with China, '42. Attempt to break up union of Ireland witii England led to trial of O'Connell for conspiracy and sedition. " Young TrehDuV i)arty made insurrection in '48. Meagher, Alitchell and others transported. Chart- ist demonsti'ation in 1848; considered very dangerous, l)ut passed off without serious harm. Great Exposition in 1851. Crimean War^ '54-6; caused by Russian attempts to seize Turkish territory. Opera- tions principally directed against Sebastopol in the Crimea/ hence knovvn as the ** Cviniean IVffi'/'' French and Sardinians co-operated with England and Turkey. Russians defeated in battle of the A/ma, north of Sebastopol, in Sept. '54. Siege of city opened in October. Russians attacked the Allies at Balaklava. {Charge of the Light Brigade.^ Attacked again at Inkermann in November; repulsed with great loss. Besiegers suffered terribly from exposure and neglect of sanitary care. Florence Nightingale, with aid of volunteer nurses, rendered most valu- able aid. First assault unsuccessful, but in Se])tember, '55, the French took the Malakoff Tomer by assault. English driven out of the Redan, but Russians evacuated the fortress. Peace concluded at Paris, March, '56. Russia t-estored all conquests and withdrew all claims. Important rules adopted in regard to privateering, and as to neutral rights in war. Sepoy Mutiny in '57; caused by native hatred of British rule, which was often arbitrary and oppressive. Ostensible cause, the serving out of greased cartridges, which were offensive to native religious prejudices. Officers murdered at Meerut; Delhi captured, by insurgents. Terrible massacre of Europeans at Cawnpore, by order of Nena Sahib. Have- lock and Campbell defeated mutineers; retaking Delhi and relieving Lncknow, which was hard pressed. Mutineers punished with utmost severity. Possessions of East India Company transferred to the Crown. Second Opium loar with China, '58-60. Pekin taken and plundered. War with Abyssinia in '68; to secure release of English captives. Second Reform bill in ''(SS, extending franchise, and equalizing election districts. Established church abolished in Ireland, '69. System of popular education provided by law, '70. Alabama claims settled at Geneva, '72. Purchase in the army abolished, '70. Irish Land Act in '81, provided for '"three F's " — Free sale; Fair rents; Fixity of tenure. Victoria proclaimed Empress of India in '77. NORMAN PIRACIES AND COXQUESTS. From eighth to eleventh century, Scandinavian pirates or vikings plundered coast of Europe; particularly of England and France. Many went to Constantinople, and for some centuries the body guard of the Byzantine emperors was made up of northern mercenaries; Danes, En- GENERAL HISTORY. 55 glish and Franks; known as the Vtiranglan or Frank guard, in the ninth century, liarig^ a Norse cliieftain, founded Kiev, and the name Russia is derived iVoni him. Alfred the Great, in nintli century, after long struggles with the Northmen (generally called D(iaes), granted them lauds in uortiieast of England; known as the Danelagh. In tenth century under Hollo., Northmen took Rouen, twice sacked Paris; finally received grant of land in jYeustn'a, from Charles the Sim- ple; Nortnandy as -a fief • Brittany as an allod. Result good. Normans generally took French wives; so that their native language was soon lost. About J 040, Robert G a iscard took Aj)ulu(, and established kingdom of Naples and the two /Sicilies. Norman Conquest of England, lOOO. THE THREE GREAT ITALIAN REPUBLICS were Venice., (xciioa and Pisa. Venice was foundetl 4-4.30, by refugees lleeing from ^Itlila. Government at last became an oppressive oligarchy. Chief magistrate styled Doge; often controlled ijy " Conncil of Ten.."" Government of Genoa modelled after that of ancient Rome. All noted for commerce; Florence and Venice for architecture and art; Pisa also for manufactures. FRANCE AFTER PART1TI(3N OF VERDUX. Great discords for more than a hundred years; often caused Tjy divi- si(jn of territory to several heirs. Normans obtained lands in Neustria, Oil. Line of Charlemagne ended 087. Mligh Capet, first king of France. ;Royal domain about one-tenth of modern France.) P/t.ili/> IT {Augustus) went on Third Crusade; conquered Normandy; defeated John at Douvines, 1214. Was worsted in a memorable quarrel with Pope. Louis LX (7th and 8th Crusade), a genuine lover of justice; established royal courts, and gave vassals right of appeal in certain cases; died at Tunis. Philip the Fair established many free towns, and strengthened the crown against nobles by aiding the people. Suppressed Templars. House of VaJois, 1328. First sovereign, Philip VI, ne[)liew of Philip V. Edward III of England claimed crown; led to '■'Hundred Years War.'" Battle of Helvoetsluys, Crecg, Poictiers. (Japture of Calais. King John the Good died in captivity in London. Charles V recovered all France except Calais. During insanity of Charles VI, 1415, Henry V of England 56 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF renewed war. Desperate quarrel between House of Burgundy ajid House of Orleans. John t/ie Fearless, uncle of king, secured murder of Duke of Orleans; was himself assassinated at bridge of Moiitereau. Bur- gundy aided England. France defeated at Agincourt, 1415. Heni-y, by Treaty of Troyes^ married Catherine., daughter of Charles VI. Their infant son, Henry TV, was proclaimed king of France and England at Paris; claim acknowledged by many French. National party supported Daujihin, Charles VII, who, by aid of Joa)i of Arc, was crowned at Hheims, and drove English out of country. Joan captured by English; burned at stake at Rouen. France made no resolute effort to save her. Louis XI, 14G1, able, artful, cautious, unscrupulous, consolidated kingdom at expense of nobles and clergy. Particularly hostile to House of Burgundy. Added Maine., Anjon and Provence to royal domain. Foiled by intrigue the '•'•League of the Public WeaV; a dangerous com- bination of nobles. (See Scott's Quentin. Durxoarcl) Charles the Loll., Duke of Burgundy, obtained Flanders by mar- riage, purchased or conquered several small states; aimed at independent sovereignty. Made war on Swiss; was defeated with great loss at Gran- son, and Moral, 147G, and defeated and killed at Nancy in '77. His heiress Mary married Maximilkoi of Austria. Charles VUI married Anne, heiress of Lrlttany., which thus became a part of France. En- gaged in bloody war with Spain, for possession of Italy. Succeeded in 1498 by his distant cousin, Louis Nil, witli whom begins the House of Valois-Oi'leans. Louis mai'ried tlie widowed queen to keep Brittany in the family. A popular and able sovereign. Kept up war in Italy. Took 3Iilan from Sforza family, and Naples from Aragon. League of CcilYl- hvciy, 1508, against Venice, by France, Germany, Spain and the pope. The first great coalition of European powers. Venice lost her posses- sions on mainland, Spain, the Pope and Germany united \\\ ii '•'■ Hoi y Leagiie'''' against France. England also joined the League; Scots sided with France. Battle of Flodden. Francis I continued war in Italy; won battle of Marignano, 1515, over Swiss mercenaries in service of Milan. [BaMle of tlie Giimts.) Was knighted on l)attle-fiel«>?Z'<'f t/ie Spanish Succession,'''' 1701-14. WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION, 1740-48. Charles VI spent many years in obtaining a Pvafflliatic SanC- tiotl from all interested parties to enable his daughter Maria Theresa to take the crown of German Empire contrary to Salic Law. At his death in 1740 the Elector of Banaria claimed the Empire; backed by France. Frederic II of Prussia took advantage of the difficulty to regain Silesia, which had been taken from Prussia in Thirty Years War. French and Bavarians took Prague. Spain allied iierself to France. German Diet elected the Bavarian claimant as Charles VII. Maria Theresa went to Hungary; was received with great enthusiasm; raised two armies; received aid from England. Frederick gained Silesia by Peace of Bres- lauin 1742, but renewed war in 1745, fearing to lose his conquest. xAus- trians successful over Bavarians. Charles VII died in 1745. His son made peace with Austria, and Diet elected Erajicis, the husband of 84 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF Maria Theresa, as Emperor. Frederic by Peace of Dresden in same year acknowledged Francis as Emperor, and retained Silesia. ElizaheUi of Russia finally aided x\ustria and sent an army to the Rhine. War ended with Peace of Aix-la Chapelle^ 1748. All conquests restored; Frederic retained Silesia; Pragmatic Sanction acknowledged. Austria had lour successive wars with France in time of Naj^oleon, and was signally defeated. Vienna twice taken. Obtained Venice in exchange for the Netherlands. Took an active part in final overthrow of Napoleon, and in Congress of Vienna. 3Ietternich her great statesman. Formed " Holy Alliance " with Russia and Prussia to keep down the peoples of Europe. Ruled northern Italy with great barbarity. Violent insurrection in Vienna in 1848. Emperor fled and resigned in favor of his nephew. City held by insurgents. Bohemia, Italy and Hungary also revolted. Bohemians soon crushed. Charles Albert defeated at Novara and compelled to resign ; all Italy recovered and dealt with very severely. Croats revolted from Hungary. Vienna retaken. Kossuth made leader of Hungarians. Russia came to aid of Austria. Gorgei, Hungarian general, surrendered; Kossuth fled to Turkey. Haynau^ '"''the butcher^'' treated Hungarians with great barbarity. CoilCOVdcit of 1855 gave great power to Catholic church, particu- larly in respect to education. In 1859 Italy again revolted, svipported by France. Austria lost battles of Solferino, Magenta and Melagnano. By Peace of Villu FrancCL virtually gave up all Lombardy. Engaged in war with Denmark in regard to Schleswig and Holstein in 1864. This led to a quarrel with Prussia, resulting in the "Seven Weeks War,-' in the summer of '66. Prussia won almost every engage- ment, particularly battle of Sadowa or Kwntffgrwt^, which forced Austria 'to Peace of Pragtie^ by which Austria resigned all claims to the duchies, and surrendered Venice to France; also paid an indemnity to Prussia. Gave up all claims to Italy by Peace of Vienna. Has since voluntarily made great concessions to Hungary, and repealed the Con- cordat. RUSSIA. Early history obscure. People a mixture of Sclaves and Scythians. Name Russia originated from Norse Puric who invaded country -J-86U, founded Kiev and ruled at Novgorod. Queen Olga., -|-950, first Christian sovereign. Suffered much from Mongols under Genghis Khan and Patoti, in latter part of XIII century. Ivan the Great, latter part of XV century, freed Russia from the Mongols; married a Greek princess and assumed the double eagle as the imperial emblem. Took title of auto- crat. His son Ivan the Terrible was cruel, but energetic. Developed commerce; conquered Siberia; organized a standing army [tStrielitzi or archers.) Introduced printing and other foreign arts. GENERAL HISTORY. 85 House of Romanojf' begins in 1013. Peter the Great, 1G89-1725 founder of the modern nation; an energetic savage. Aimed to make Russia a naval power. Visited England and Holland to learn arts, especially of ship-building. Founded aSV. Petersburg. Had a memorable war with Charles XII o'i Sweden, in wliich Russia was at first defeated, but learned from her enemy how to beat him. Defeated him at decisive battle of PllltoWd^ 1709. Gained seacoast of Baltic; also in war with Turks secured a coast on Black Sea. Elizabeth, 1741-G2, supported Austria in Seven Years War; devel- oped army and established academy of Arts and Sciences. CcitJievltie II in 1762 headed a plot against her husband, and became Czarina. Able, but profligate. Made several successful wars upon Turkey, and took Crimea. Orloff and Potemkin her ablest states- men. Suwaroff most noted general; active in Partition of Poland; took Ismail from Turks; fought French in Switzerland; gained Courland. Paul I joined England against France. Alexander I aided Austria against Napoleon; was defeated at Austerlitz. Fought a terrible but indecisive battle at Eylauj was defeated at Friedland., and signed Peace of Tilsit., 1807. Made war on Sweden and took Finland. Resistance to French "Continental Policy" led to war in 1812. French invaded Russia; won battle of the Moskioa. and of Borodino; took Moscow, which was burned by orders of Russian government, and French forced to make a ruinous retreat. Russians aided in final over- throw of Napoleon. Alexander entered Paris with allied armies. Russia- took jjart in Congress of Vienna. Nicholas If 1825, suppressed a dangerous conspiracy; conquered extensively in the East; gained control of the Caspian. Crushed Poland 1830-31; abolished its Diet. Had a long war with the Caucasus. Aided Austria in '49 to subdue Hungary. Cvlineatl War, '54-55; on account of claim to Protectorate over all Greek Christians in Turkish Empire. Compelled to withdraw war ships from Black Sea. Completed conquest of the Caucasus in '59. Emancipated her serfs in '61. Annexed the valley of the Amoor in 1860 — half a million square miles. Has added large territories east of the Caspian, and occupies about one-sixth of the land surface of the globe. Much disturbed by Nihilist agitations. SWEDEN. Oldest of Scandinavian peoples. First appears in history in IX century, when St. Ansgarius converted many to Christianity. Settled around Novgorod; conquered Slavs., and founded Russia. (Named for Ruric, a Norse chieftain.) Olcf -f-lO^O first Christian king. United to Deimiark by Union of Calmar, 1397. 86 A TOPICAL OUTLINE OF III 1520-23 Dalecarlians revolted from Deinnark under Gastavus Vasa, who became king and introduced tlie Reformed religion. Most famous sovereign, GustavilS AdolphllS, lGll-32, who conquered south and east of Baltic, and engaged with high honor in Thirty Years War. Killed at Lutzen., 1632. His daughter Christina succeeded, then six years old, under regency of Oxenstiern. Swedes colonized Delaware, 1634. By Peace of TFestjyhalia, 1648, obtained Pornmetxinia, and a vote in German Diet. Christina turned Catholic; resigned and died at Rome. Charles JlII, the "■ >Sioedish Madman,'''' 1697-1718, made Sweden a conquering power. Won brilliant victories over Danes, Poles and Russians. Defeated at Pliltoiva, 1709; fled to Turkey. Killed at Frederickshall in Norway, perhaps by his own soldiers. All his con- quests soon lost. Took part in Seven Years War against Prussia. Quarrels of parties of " Hats and Caps," favoring respecting Anglo-Rus- sian and French alliances. Joined '■'■Armed Neutrality'''' in 1780, and " Quadruple Alliance " in 1800. On death of Charles XIII in 1810, Beraadotte^ a marshal of Napo- leon, chosen king. Joined Russia against France in 1812. In 1814, received Norway from Denmark m exchange for Pommerania. NORWAY. People first known as pirates, in IX century. Leaders called vikings or harbor-men. Kingdom first established +8tl0 by Harold Harfayer. Colonized Greenland, Iceland and the Orkneys. Discovered America 1000. Olaf Tryyyvason, 995, seized kingdom; attempted to enforce Christianity; killed in naval battle. (Longfellow's Saga of King Olaf ill Tales of a Wayside Inn.) St. Olaf, 1014, Christianized people; killed by revolted nobles. Harald Hardrada killed at Stamford Bridge, 1066; aided Tostig against his brother Harold. Magnus Barfod con- quered Orkneys and Hebrides, and part of Ireland. Margaret, daughter of king Eric, heiress of Scotland, died on her way from Norway to Scot- land to take the Scottish crown. Joined to Denmark in Union of Cal- mar; remained under Denmark till 1814; then became part of Sweden. DENMARK. People originally in two divisions; one on the peninsula and one on the islands. First united in one kingdom under Corm the Old -f86(). Harold Bluetooth compelled by Otho II of Germany to receive Chris- tianity. Svend Forked- Beard attempted conquest of England; his son /lyi/^i; reigned over all England; Danish line lasted 26 years. Denmark conquered extensively on south and east of Baltic. Often at war witii Sweden, Norway and Hanse Towns. GENERAL HISTORY. 87 Ufllotl of CtllitlflVf 1397, united the three Scaiuliiiavian king- doms under 3Iar(jaret oj Denmark. Union lasted till io;i4:; with Nor- way till 1814. ChristlcDi IV engaged in " Thirty Years TF(ire Divided into Eastern and Western. 410. Invasion of Alaric. 451. Battle at Chalons. 470. Fall of Western Empire. 022. Hegira. 711. Battle of Xeres. Moorish Conquest of Spain. 732. Battle of Tours. 800. Charlemagne Crowned Emperor of the West. 827. Union of Kingdoms of Saxon Heptarchy. 911. Beginning of German Empire. Normans in Neustria. 1000. Norman Conquest of England. 1095-99. First Crusade. 1105. Constitutions of Clarendon. 1190. Third Crusade. 1215. Magna Charta. 1205. First Commons Parliament. Death of Genghis Khan. 1314. Bannockburn. 1340. Crecy. 1415. Agincourt. Council of Constance. 1438. Invention of Printing. 1455—85. Wars of the Roses. 1492. Discovery of America. 1517. The Reformation, 1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. 1588. The Spanish Armada. 1003. Accession of the Stuarts. 1<>07. Settlement of Jamestown. 1 020, Settlement of Plymovith. Slavery introduced into Virginia, , 1042, Civil War in England, KJOO. Restoration, 1088. English Revolution, 1702 — 13. War of the Spanish Succession. GENERAL HISTORY. 91 1 709. Battle of Pultowa. 174:0—48. War of the Austriau Succession, 1757. Battle of Plassy. British (onquest of India. 1775 — 83. American Revolution, 1769. Watt's invention of the Steam Eng-ine. 1789—95. French Revolution, 1799, Consulate of Napoleon, 1805, Empire of Xapoleon, Austerlitz, 1812. War between England and U. S, 1815. Waterloo, 1830, French Revolution, 1832, Reform Bill, 1844. Morse's Telegraph, 1846. Mexican War, 1848, (Earthquake Year.) Numerous revolutions in Europe, 1854, Crimean War. 1861—65. American Civil War. 1866. Sadowa. Seven Weeks War. 1870. Franco-Prussian War. 1877. Turko-Russian War. Learn also the Sovereigns of England from the Norman Con- quest, with dates of accessiarius Hystaspes, Xerxes, Cyrus the Younger. Homer, HesioIarriage of Mary of Burgundy to Maximilian of Austria, Discovery of America. Wars of the Roses. Conquest of Grenada. 96 GENERAL HISTORY. XVI. Reformation. Conquest of Mexico and Peru. Kise of the Jesuits. Wars of Spain and France for possession of Italy. Rise of the Dutch Republic. Reli;2fious Wars in France. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. Spanish Armada. Reigu of Henry IV in France. Edict of Nantes, XVII. English Colonization in America. Civil War in England, English Revolution. Thirty Years War, 1618-48. Peace of Westphalia. Rise of Sweden under Gustavus Adolphus. Rise of Russia under Peter the Great. Reign of Louis XIV. XVIII. War of the Spanish Succession. House of Hanover Succeeds to English Throne, War of the Austrian Succession. Seven Years War, and Peace of Paris. American Revolution and Independence. French Revolution. Watt's Invention of the Steam-engine. Whitney's Cotton-gm. British Conquest of India. XIX. Career of Napoleon. French Revolutions of 1830 and 1848. Coup d'Etat of 1851. Freedom and Unification of Italy. Seven Weeks War. Franco-Prussian War. English Reform Bill. Crimean War. American Civil War. Turko-Russian War. Invention of Liocomotive, Telegraph, Photograph, Armored Ships, Sewing-machine, Vulcanized rubber. Mowing, Reaping and Binding Machines, Discovery of illuminating gas. Anaes- thetics, Petroleum, iBf^, 'M