*N. * > . s • • , V\ ^ v .•ill:* <^ aP v . - <». ,4 0, Visual Education THIS IS A PARTIAL REPRINT FROM TEACHERS' GUIDE TO KEYSTONE "600 SET" Keystone View Company (INCORPORATED) EDUCATIONAL DEPT. MEADVILLE, PA. ~ NOTICE This booklet is a reprint from the regular TEACH- ERS' GUIDE for the Keystone " 600 Set " of Stereo- graphs and Lantern Slides. The complete work is a volume of 757 pages. It contains 50 complete cross reference classifications on 50 school topics pre- pared by an Editorial Board of 62 Leading Educa- tors. We will be pleased to supply further informa- tion regarding the complete Teachers' Guide which is regularly supplied at $1.00 per volume. The Publishers. Visual Education THIS IS A PARTIAL EEPRINT FKOM TEACHERS' GUIDE TO KEYSTONE "600 SET" Keystone View Company (INCORPORATED) EDUCATIONAL DEPT. MEADVILLE, PA. Copyright 1906 Copyright 1908 Copyright 1911 Copyright 1917 Copyright 1918 Copyright 1919 KEYSTONE VIEW COMPANY ALL STEREOGRAPHS AND LANTERN SLIDES COPYRIGHTED ALL RIGHTS SPECIFICALLY RESERVED m 24 l$ l9 s \ ©CI.A535845 V \ D' IvD STATEMENT The copyright notice on the opposite page tells an interesting story. It records the date of the introduction into school work of a set of stereographs and lantern slides specifically selected to meet school needs and with cross reference classifi- cations to make quickly available the teaching content of the set. The other copyright notices indicate the dates when the first set and plan, originated by Keystone, were revised and improved. When the schools first turned to the stereograph and slide as the most effective forms of visual instruction materials, it was soon determined that the standard sets of Travel Tours then in common use for public and private libraries did not meet class room requirements. There was need of a carefully selected set of scenes closely fitted to the regular course of study. The Keystone View Company noted this need and, with the help of progressive school people, pioneered this field by bringing forth the first school set supplied with the cross reference classification plan — the Keystone " 600 Set " with the Teachers' Guide. The success of the first set equalled the best expectations. The schools found in this set of stereographs and slides just the material needed to make their class-room instruction most efTective. It was widely used and with the later revisions has found a place in thousands of schools. From this extended use under actual teaching conditions there have come the sug- gestions and improvements that have made -the present devel- opment and efficiency possible. Out of the accumulated experience based on the use of the Keystone " 600 Set " in thousands of class rooms, there has come the present " 600 Set." It is a thorough revision both as to photographic content and editorial work. Thousands of dollars were expended to get the subjects our educational advisors deemed essential to the set. The whole world was iv STATEMENT laid tribute that the children in the schools might have at hand the best material obtainable. Every continent yielded its con- tribution. Three Arctic and Antarctic expeditions were levied upon to supply scenes to complete this set. While the actual teaching value of the stereograph or slide has been the determining factor in its selection, there is noted an equitable distribution of the material over the entire geo- graphic range. Every state in the United States is repre- sented. Every important country of the world is cared for i'n a satisfactory manner. The distribution has been made in harmony with the plan of the leading text books on Geography. Whatever text is used will be effectually visualized. In the former Teachers' Guide the scenes were listed and edited from twenty-one special view points. Class room use has demonstrated that a set of illustrations of such rich teach- ing content as the Keystone " 600 Set " has many more points of specific application to the course of study than our previous editorial work had indicated. The new edition" contains 50 cross reference classifications on 50 school subjects and edited by 62 leading educators. This Editorial Board — listed elsewhere — has made a distinct con- tribution to visual education. The revised " 600 Set " is quite the latest and greatest achievement in modern visual instruc- tion material. The Publishers. CONTENTS PAGE Statement in General Introduction By Charles W. Eliot, Ph.D. vii Concreteness in Education By William C. Bagley, Ph.D. ix How to Study Stereographs and Lantern Slides By Frank M. McMurry, Ph.D. xi The Stereoscope and Stereograph • • By Oliver Wendell Holmes xiv How to Use the Stereographs and the Lantern Slides xv Editorial Board xxv FIFTY CLASSIFICATIONS Introduction By Charles T. McFarlane, Pd.D. i i Geographical Classification and Title List By Douglas C. Ridgley, A.B. 3 2 People of All Lands, (Racial Geography) By Mark Jefferson, A.M. 31 3 Production and Manufacturing, (Industrial Geography) By Charles Redway Dryer, M.A., M.D. 45 4 Transportation By Emery R. Johnson, Ph.D., Sc.D. 73 5 Markets and Marketing By J. Paul Goode, Ph.D. 87 6 Natural Forms and Forces, (Physical Geography) By Wallace W. Atwood, Ph.D. 97 7 Zones and Their Effects By Robert De C. Ward, A.M. 109 8 Geography by Nations, (Political Geography) By E. M. Lehnerts, M.A. 121 9 Earth Neighbors.. ..By James F. Chamberlain, Ed.B., S.B. 141 Introduction By Albert Bushnell Hart, Ph.D., LL.D. 149 10 Foreign Beginnings of American History. By Hutton Webster, Ph.D. 151 11 Foundations of the American Nation By Albert Bushnell Hart, Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D. 159 12 Development of Our Nation By H. Morse Stephens, M.A., Litt.D. 165 13 America of Today — Our Resources — Preparedness By Jacques W. Redway, F.R.G.S. 179 14 Government By Arthur Norman Holcombe, Ph.D. 191 15 Community Civics. By Arthur William Dunn, A.M. 203 16 Cities of the World By John Nolen, A.M., Sc.D. 219 Introduction By Franklin Thomas Baker, Ph.D. 243 17 Literary Subjects and Settings Including Mythology By Franklin Thomas Baker, Ph.D. 245 18 English Composition By James Fleming Hosic, Ph.M. 259 19 Spelling By William Estabrook Chancellor, A.M. 269 20 Biography By Charles H. McCarthy, Ph.D. 279 Introduction By Charles F. Curtiss, M.S.A., D.S. 309 21 Soils By Alfred Vivian, Ph.G. 311 22 Farm Crops By W. M. Jardine, B.S.A., LL.D. 319 PAGE 23 Garden, Orchard and Woodlot By R. L. Watts, M.S. 327 24 Animal Husbandry By W. A. Cochel, A.B., B.S. 335 25 Farm Management — Farm Machinery. .By Martin Luther Fisher, M.S. Assisted by Wm. Aitkenhead, A.M., M.E. 341 26 Farm Home and Farm Life • • By A. E. Winship, Litt.D., LL.D. 355 Introduction By Ernest Thompson Seton 363 27 Plants and Plant Associations. .By John M. Coulter, Ph.D. Assisted by George D. Fuller, Ph.D. 365 28 Animals By Ernest Thompson Seton 377 29 Outdoor Life By Daniel Carter Beard (" Dan Beard") 387 30 Vocational Guidance By Meyer Bloomfield, B.A. 393 Introduction By Martha Van Rensselaer, A.B. 403 31 Industries Supplying the Home By Lorenzo Dow Harvey, Ph.D. 405 32 Foods and Cookery By Edna N. White, B.S. 7 . Assisted by Lelia McGuire, B.S. 409 33 Textiles and Clothing By Anna M. Cooley, B.S. .Assisted by Edith P. Chace, B.S. 421 34 Household Administration. . .By Grace Schermerhorn, B.S. 431 Introduction By Charles A. Prosser, Ph.D. 435 35 Industrial Design Including Architecture By Raymond P. Ensign 437 36 Wood — Sources and Uses By George M. Brace, M.A. 469 37 Metals — Sources and Uses By Harry S. Bitting 475 38 Concrete, Stone, Brick and Tile By Charles M. Spofford, S.B. 483 39 Local Industries By Clifford B. Connelley, Sc.D. 491 40 Hygiene — Health Habits By Michael Vincent O'Shea, B.L. 501 Introduction By C. Valentine Kirby 507 41 Drawing — Study of Pictures to Show Elements of Art. By Harry W. Jacobs 509 42 House Design and Decoration; Costume Design By Mary J. Quinn 517 43 Photography By C. E. K. Mees, D.Sc. 543 44 Arithmetic — Visualized Problems By John H. Walsh, LL.B., Ph.D. 557 Introduction By William C. Bagley, Ph.D. 579 45 Children of the World By G. A. Mirick, A.M. 581 46 Plants and Animals By Anna Botsf ord Comstock 595 47 Reading By Charles Madison Curry, A.M. 605 48 Some Things We Eat; Some Things We Wear By William M. Gregory 629 49 Home Geography By R. H. Whitbeck, A.B. 641 50 Travelogue and Lecture Suggestions • By Russell H. Conwell, D.D., LL.D. 653 Index 661 GENERAL INTRODUCTION By Charles W. Eliot, Ph.D. President-Emeritus of Harvard University TRAINING THE POWERS OF OBSERVATION, MEMORY, AND CORRECT DESCRIPTION ALL TOGETHER I have been urging for some years past that American edu- cation is seriously defective in that it provides an inadequate amount of training of the senses, particularly of the eye. It relies far too much on book-work. There ought to be incor- porated into elementary and secondary school work a much larger proportion of accurate eye-work and hand-work com- bined with simultaneous training of the memory and of the capacity for describing correctly, either orally or in writing things observed and done. ■ The Keystone View Company of Meadville, Pa., manufac- tures admirable material for just this training of children and adolescents. This Company provides schools with stereo- graphic views, stereoscopes, and lantern slides to illustrate phys- ical, political, and commercial geography, United States his- tory, nature study, arts and crafts, domestic science, national industries, and architecture. The stereographs and stereo- scope are used in class-work at regular study and recitation pe- riods, the lantern slides for reviews and lectures. On the back of each of the stereographs is a printed description of the scene or object represented, which may be read by the pupil after he has himself studied the stereograph in the stereoscope. Each pupil is expected to remember what he has seen long enough to describe it orally in the class, or to write a short com- position on it after an interval. The teacher may or may not help the pupils to discern and take in all there is to be seen in the stereograph. Once a week or once a fortnight the topic which has been thus dealt with in the recitation room may be reviewed by the teacher before the class by means of the corre- sponding lantern slides ; and another composition may then be viii INTRODUCTION required of each pupil. The stereograph may be used advan- tageously either with or without a textbook. If a textbook be used, the pupils should themselves come to see much more in the stereographs than they find in the book. It is important that each pupil should be trained to describe with all the full- ness and accuracy possible for him what he has seen in the stereographs ; for in this way the pupil receives a discipline which is directly applicable all through life in daily work and play, in increasing his knowledge, and developing his capacities. The process differs entirely from looking passively at moving pictures for an hour or two. That looking yields little more than a transitory entertainment; for it cultivates neither the memory nor the power of correct description. Impressions suc- ceed each other so rapidly that few are fixed in the memory, and the spectator is not called on for any mental effort of his own. Sometimes, of course, strong emotion may fix an impres- sion which would otherwise be fleeting. At the review with lantern slides, every pupil should be given opportunity to'lecture for a few minutes on a slide familiar to him. Reciting on the stereographs and lecturing on the slides will do more for the pupil's enunciation and clearness of state- ment than much reading aloud from a book. English composi- tions written from memory about the stereographs or the slides will always be on subjects which have interested the pupils and about which they really know something. The material manufactured by the Keystone View Company, and sold by them, provides the means of teaching children and adolescents to see accurately, to make mental note of what they have seen, and then to put into language whatever has impressed them. All active-minded and ambitious teachers ought to be interested in this method of teaching; for it is applicable to a great variety of subjects and in all the grades. It is the combination of visual instruction with training of the memory, and practice in accurate reproduction in language of what has been pictured to the eye which so strongly com- mends to progressive teachers and superintendents the method which the Keystone View Company's apparatus makes avail- able in all schools, CONCRETENESS IN EDUCATION By William C. Bagley, Ph.D. Director School of Education, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. Author: "The Educative Process"; "Class Room Management"; "Craftsmanship in Teaching"; "Educational Values"; "School Discipline." Joint Author: "Hu- man Behavior." Editor: School and Home; Joint Editor: Journal of Educational Psychology. It is an old saying that experience is the best teacher. One may, indeed, go beyond this and say that experience is the only real teacher. If we wish to learn about regions that we have never visited, we study maps and pictures and verbal descriptions of these regions, but our study is quite futile un- less we are able to translate these maps and pictures and words into our own experiences. We cannot understand an event in history unless we are able to imagine ourselves in the same situation that conditioned the event, and in order to do this we must have had experiences which we can recall and recon- struct into a likeness of the situation. We cannot compre- hend an industrial process unless we can call upon our ex- perience to interpret the various phases of the process and their relations to one another and to the process as a whole. Theoretically, the most effective kind of education is that in which the learner is brought face to face with actual concrete situations. Theoretically, geography is best taught by travel, inspection, and surveys ; civics by actual participation in social enterprises ; industry by actually turning raw materials into useful commodities. But there are many difficulties in the way of realizing these theoretical advantages of direct learn- ing through actual exp^-iences. Not only is the expense in time and money often prohibitive, but the very complexity of the actual experiences themselves may easily confuse the learner; he is quite likely to be distracted by the multitude of details, and the important lessons are then certain to be over- shadowed and obscured. Effective teaching depends very largely upon the ability to choose just the right details that will force home the impor- tant lessons; to provide an abundance of concreteness at just the right point. The teacher who is really an artist in the x CONCRETENESS IN EDUCATION work of teaching must know both how and where to make the important details stand out sharp and clear — how and where to place the emphasis. Maps, diagrams, models, and pictures may be made most serviceable means to this end. But they are most useful only when they accurately portray typical situations in a way that will insure a maximum of reality. The illustrations in the best modern textbooks are usually well selected from the point of view of their accuracy, and as a rule they represent typical situations. The approach to reality, however, is much more closely realized by pictures projected through the stereopticon, by moving pictures, and by stereo- graphs. The advantage of the stereograph in insuring the illusion of reality lies in the fact that the objects pictured are seen in three dimensions. In this respect it is superior to the ordinary projected picture in which the approach to reality is secured by magnifying the size of the objects represented, and for elementary education it is even superior to the moving picture in which the illusion of reality is due to movement. The stereograph also has the advantage of being more readily adaptable to classroom conditions than any form of projected picture. The first need, of course, is for accurate and typical pic- tures taken by skillful stereoscopists under the guidance of experts in the various fields. This need is happily met by the Keystone set No. 600. This set includes a rich variety of views, representing a wide range of regions and activities. The views have been carefully selected and are systematically arranged. The second need is for supplementary and interpretive ma- terials, and these are supplied by the explanatory text on the reverse of each slide and by the Teachers' Manual. With these aids, the teacher should find no difficulty in training the child to put himself into the pictured situation — actually to feel that he is there in close contact with the objects or taking an active part in the processes that are portrayed. This real- istic translation of one's self into the picture is the first condi- tion to be fulfilled in picture-study, and the relative ease with which this may be accomplished by creating a three-dimen- sional or stereoscopic illusion constitutes the unique advan- tage of the stereograph as an educational agency. HOW TO STUDY STEREOGRAPHS AND LANTERN SLIDES By Frank M. McMurry, Ph.D. Professor of Elementary Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. Author: "How to Study and Teaching How to Study"; "Elementary School Standards." Joint Author: Tarr & McMurry Geographies; " Method of the Recitation." Pictures furnish material for thought as does the printed page, and they even rival print in that task. How extensively, and often exclusively, do advertisers rely upon pictures for attracting customers ! Cartoonists compete with the most gifted writers in newspapers and magazines ; and the great picture galleries of the world quite possibly exert as much influence as the great libraries. One danger of the printed page is that it may lead to no imaging. A little girl who was studying a description in geography of a river valley was asked what she saw, as she reproduced the facts. She replied that she saw the page con- taining the words. There is always this danger in the use of books. But pictures — particularly those providing for the third dimension, as do the stereographs — tend to bring one into the presence of the thing itself. A certain pupil who was look- ing at a stereograph of a deep gorge unconsciously stepped back a few feet to avoid falling in — so actual seemed the danger. Such pictures guarantee reality. Since excellence in method of presenting ideas is largely measured by the vivid- ness with which situations are thus visualized, these pictures possess a decided superiority over textbooks. This very superiority leads to a serious fault. Since pic- tures can do so much for us, they are often relied upon to do all; to convey their facts directly on sight, without any effort on our part in the way of studying or thinking. With this idea in mind many persons give only a few seconds at most to the observation of any picture; and in consequence they xii .:reographs axd laxterx slides regard pictures more as a means of entertainment than sub- r study. Teachr turning that pictures reveal their content at a glance, frequently put no questions on them, while printed matter is studied with care. This attitude gives pictures instruction; for edu- cational aids that call forth no effort necessarily bring little benefit- Even in the actual presence of mountain scenery, or the Yellowstone Canyon, or a large factory, erne's mind has :: work ac :h. One must analyze ex- tensively, m questions :nd seek their answers care, in other words, must really study, if one gets much profit. Books and pictures, being farther removed from reality, require still more effort. The best thoughts in books are not in print; the}* are suggested by the print,' provided the reader's mind is awake. So the principal thoughts derived from a picture do not come immediately into mind ; they have to be sought. Intelligent visitors to picture galleries often stand a half hour before a painting, not mere/ staring at it, but studying it; and they repeat the process day after ] Most, if not all, of thest six hundred stereographs and slides are gems. Many of the ideas that they reveal lie below the surface, and in their stu / ~:>me of the spirit of the real student is necessary. 1. In the first place, these pictures should not be examined in a hum-. Each pupil should follow his own rate, without thought of others, for thoughtful observation is other impossible. Thi- suggestion emphasizes method one — in the article following — as the plan most desirable among the four methods mentioned. 2. One should not look for " just any: : g " in the picture. That is sure to result in very scattered and superficial observa- tion. In order to avoid careless observation the theme of the picture, as suggested in the title should be noted. Also, the ;n the back of the card should be read. Mean- while the picture should be examined at first, not so much to -discover its detailed facts, as the principal questions that it answers. These questions should bear on the main theme of the picture, and be broad enough to require numerous facts STEREOGRAPHS AXD LANTERN SLIDES xiii for their answers. The conception of such questions is not easy work; it is real study, calling for some initiative; but their nature largely determines the value of the study; they are the source of motive for observation, and the basis for or- ganization of details; and as much time may well be spent in finding the questions as in finding their answers. 3. The questions having been fixed upon, the more things one can discover that bear upon them the better ; for this num- ber determines the thoroughness of the knowledge, and the force with which impressions are driven home. On the other hand, facts unrelated to such questions should be disregarded,, because any mention of them would be only an interruption- Proper study of these pictures will be distinguished almost as much by what is omitted, as by what is included. 4. One should study a picture — or read a book — not merely to know what is there, but rather to communicate the results to others, either orally or in writing, or otherwise to use them. By this provision a sense of what is valuable is kept alive and exercised, and one is much more discriminat- ing, in consequence. Unless one is willing to be a passive collector of facts, their utilization must be held in mind from the beginning. This suggestion emphasizes the importance of method four in the article on methods, as a supplement to method one. Note : — It is not generally known that Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes perfected the stereoscope and designed the present form of this popular and effective instrument. It has seemed, there- fore, appropriate that we should give on the following page a quotation from the writings of Dr. Holmes. The statements appeared in a series of magazine articles on the stereoscope and stereograph published in the Atlantic Monthly. They are copy- righte i and are reproduced through the courtesy of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. The Publishers. THE STEREOSCOPE AND THE STEREOGRAPH " A stereoscope is an instrument which makes surfaces look solid. All pictures in which perspective and light and shade are properly managed, have more or less of the effect of solidity ; but by this instrument that effect is so heightened as to produce an appearance of reality which cheats the sense with its seeming truth. . . . " We see something with the second eye which we did not see with the first; in other words, the two eyes see different pictures of the same thing, for the obvious reason that they look from points two or three inches apart. By means of these two different views of an object, the mind, as it were, feels round it and gets an idea of its solidity. . . . " The stereograph, as we have called the double picture designed for the stereoscope, is to be the card of introduction to make all mankind acquaintances. " The first effect of looking at a good photograph through the stereoscope is a surprise such as no painting ever produced. The mind feels its way into the very depths of the picture. " The scraggy branches of a tree in the foreground run out at us as if they would scratch our eyes out. The elbow of a figure stands forth so as to make us almost uncomfortable. " Then there is such a frightful amount of detail, that we have the same sense of infinite complexity which Nature gives us. " A painter shows us masses ; the stereoscopic figures spares us nothing — all must be there, every stick, straw, scratch, as faithfully as the dome of St. Peter's, or the summit of Mont Blanc, or the ever-moving stillness of Niagara. The sun is no respecter of persons or of things. " This is one infinite charm of the photographic delineation. Theoretically, a perfect photograph is absolutely inexhaustible. In a picture you can find nothing which the artist has not seen before you ; but in a perfect photograph there will be as many beauties lurking, unobserved, as there are flowers that blush un- seen in forests and meadows. " It is a mistake to suppose one knows a stereoscopic picture when he has studied it a hundred times by the aid of the best of our common instruments. 11 Do we know all there is in a landscape by looking out at it from our parlor-windows ? " — Oliver Wendell Holmes. HOW TO USE THE STEREOGRAPHS AND THE LANTERN SLIDES Credit for this chapter on methods cannot properly be given to any single educator. It represents the best judgment of several thousand superintendents, principals and teachers who for many years have used the Keystone " 600 Set " of stereo- graphs and lantern slides in daily classroom instruction. To these and other educational leaders is due the credit for the development of these effective methods. LESSON ASSIGNMENT Every lesson normally falls into four parts (1) the assign- ment by the teacher; (2) the preparation of the assignment by the pupils; (3) the class recitation by the pupils, directed by the teacher; and (4) the review, covering a series of lessons. The lesson assignment should be definite. Mention should not only be made of the exact amount of text to be read, but there should also be just enough said to whet the natural curiosity of the pupils. Here is where the stereographs func- tion first. With the assignment there will also be announced that certain stereographs, illustrating the topic in question, will be accessible to all pupils as a part of their lesson prepara- tion. This at once stimulates interest, and thus the teacher's preliminary work is made easy. STEREOGRAPHS FOR THE PREPARATION Stereographs play their direct part in the preparation of the lesson assignment. In this they are well-nigh indispensa- ble. The preparation of the lesson is individual work on the pupil's part. If he is forced to rely wholly on his textual read- ing, many of his conceptions of fundamental facts are sure to be hazy. If the stereographs did no more than correct mis- conceptions through visualization of the objects discussed, their place in the school would be secure. But they serve a xvi STEREOGRAPHS AND LANTERN SLIDES far wider purpose; they help interpret the text to the pupil; they constantly add new ideas of a definite character; they create a genuine enthusiasm for the whole lesson and become a vital stimulant to thought development. The correct time to employ the stereographs is at the point when pupils are grop- ing for concrete conceptions of the topic studied. And this is during the preparation of the lesson. SPECIFIC METHODS Various possible methods of successfully operating the ster- eographs immediately suggest themselves. The one best suited to any school will be determined by class room condi- tion. But actual use on the part of expert teachers, covering a great number of years, has demonstrated that the best results may be obtained by the following methods: REFERENCE TABLE PLAN Method One — Reference Table Plan. At the time the les- son is assigned place the selected stereographs, with stereo- scopes, on a table convenient of access to the pupils. The stereographs should be limited in number, and carefully chosen to supplement the textual assignment. Let the members of the class have free access to the stereographs during the study periods throughout the day, or the teacher may indicate the order in which groups of two to six pupils may study the stereographs. Let it be understood that the descriptions on the back are an integral part of their lesson assignment. When the stereographs are left on the reference table for a day or more this method provides for a careful study of each view on the part of every pupil. By this plan, each child will study the picture for himself, and will fix his images because observational time has been provided. SEAT STUDY Method Tzvo — Seat Study. The selected views are placed in stereoscopes and handed the first pupil in the outside row, during the study period. He observes each stereograph in turn and passes the stereoscopes in order across the aisle to the first pupil in the second row. Each view thus travels to STEREOGRAPHS AND LANTERN SLIDES xvii the first pupils in every row, and then back to the second pu- pils in each row and so on to the whole class. Two or more stereographs illustrating the days' topics may thus be studied during the regular study period in a systematic, thorough way. Each pupil gives to this study only the minute or two that is needed to fix his images and read the descriptive text for each stereograph. [Note — A modification of this plan is to have a pupil read the text to the class before the stereograph is passed. It permits the handling of the scenes more rapidly, but where possible it is best to have each pupil read the text as the scene is studied.] DESCRIPTIONS VALUABLE The descriptions on the backs of the views are written sim- ply. The vocabulary is simple and the sentences are short. These articles were carefully prepared so that the pupils as low as the fourth grade can readily handle them. As an addi- tional help the difficult proper words which the pupil needs to know are marked diacritically. It is quite desirable that the pupils have an opportunity to study this text in connection with the examination of the stereograph. RECITATION-STUDY PLAN FOR DEPARTMENTAL TEACHING Method Three — Recitation-Study. Where school plans do not give study period time for methods One or Two, the Recitation-Study plan gives results that are really wonderful. By this method two or three minutes of the recitation period are used for an intensive study of the stereograph. A pupil places the stereograph in a stereoscope and passes down the rows of seats, permitting each pupil to observe the scene for three or four seconds. At the same time the pupil gives loudly so all the class may hear a statement of facts which he has prepared from a previous study of the scene and its descrip- tion. In this way both the scene and the explanation may be given to a class of 40 pupils in from two to three minutes. If five minutes can be spared it can be used advantageously and permit a longer observation time for each pupil, but two or three minutes will answer. Some may doubt that a scene rich in teaching content can be presented effectively in the time xviii STEREOGRAPHS AND LANTERN SLIDES stated. These do not fully realize the efficiency of Visual In- struction by the Keystone method. [Note — A permissible modification of Method Three is to have the pupil read the description from the stereograph before passing it through the class. Wherever possible the stereographs should be placed on the reference table for further observation and study as opportunity affords.] RECITATION VITALIZED The time for recitation arrives. The pupils are full of the subject, and each is eager to tell what he has seen in his stereo- graphic observations. The views should be kept in reach, because interest begets discussion, and with discussion come differences of opinion. Instead of a perfunctory repetition of printed fact, the recitation is now a vitalized thing. The pu- pils have seen for themselves. They are anxious to report these visual experiences. Much has been written in peda- gogical texts about the socialized recitation. The " 600 Set " offers a simple, natural way of securing it. The teacher takes the role of a director — -her proper function. The pupils do the work, as they rightfully should, since the recitation is theirs and not the teacher's. Incidentally, with the new freedom born of visual experi- ence, the child himself solves the problems of oral expression. Oral composition is more talked about in teachers' books and gatherings, than practiced in schools. That composition mo- tiving has been solved by the Keystone " 600 Set " is attested to wherever the scenes have been put into service. The pupil can talk connectedly and interestingly about things he has seen. Try it for yourself. Select, for example, the scenes on any one industry from the " 600 Set " and let him study them con- secutively. He can tell you or write for you the Story of Silk, or How We Get Our Bread, and dozens of other themes on subjects equally vital to his future activities. ORAL AND WRITTEN COMPOSITION Method Four — Oral or Written Composition. This link- ing of the oral composition with the work in Geography, His- tory, and other regular studies of the course is highly desirable. It saves greatly in time and also impresses the pupil with the fact that the ability to express his thought accurately and flu- STEREOGRAPHS AND LANTERN SLIDES xix ently and in correct English is an essential part of his daily work. Ordinarily the preparation with the stereograph by Methods One, Two, or Three will serve equally well for the special drill in Oral or Written Composition. This is espe- cially true where all will speak or write upon the same sub- ject. But, oftentimes, the following method may be used with advantage. One stereograph is given to each pupil in the class for careful study for a period of from five to eight minutes. Each pupil studies his stereograph with the naked eye and reads carefully the text on the back. During this study period a stereoscope is supplied to each pupil in an outside row. These pupils, for a period of about one minute, examine their stereographs through the stereoscopes. Each stereograph is taken from the stereoscope and retained, while the stereoscope only is passed across the aisle to the next pupil and to the next until the stereoscope has crossed the room. In this way each pupil in the room has five minutes or more for a detailed study of the scene assigned him, and an additional minute for the study of the same scene through the stereoscope. He thus gets a wealth of information and an intensely real impression of the subject upon which he is to speak or write. THE LOWER GRADES Properly selected stereographs may be used with much sat- isfaction and success by the teacher to make observation lesson and story telling vitally real even down to the first grade and kindergarten. They are especially helpful in the first steps in elementary geography, when the child needs concrete concepts of mountains, rivers, lakes, hills, etc. They may assist greatly in interpreting the conditions emphasized in home geography, they create interest in food and clothing, peoples and customs of home and foreign lands and other topics suitable to these grades. LANTERN SLIDES FOR REVIEW When a definite section of the text has been covered in a series of daily lessons, there comes the review of the larger units of subject matter. The object of any review is two-fold; it gives a rounded survey of the material previously studied in detail ; and it corrects erroneous impressions or misunderstand- xx STEREOGRAPHS AND LANTERN SLIDES ings. In short, it is a re-view. Here is where the lantern slides work effectively. Select slides duplicating the stereo- graphs which have been used in the detailed study and throw them on the screen. Let the pupils explain their connection with the review topics — interpret the slides to their fellows. In this way the review is not only comprehensive and cor- rective, but is a real re-view, a re-visualization and fixing of images. Incidentally, the deadliness of the ordinary review lesson is eliminated by the introduction of a new aspect of old materials. Scenes previously made familiar to each individ- ual are now shown to the class collectively, and in a new dress. The lantern slide review clinches essential facts pre- viously studied, clarifies impressions formed and insures cor- rect conceptions through a free interchange of class opinion. This review offers an exceptionally fine opportunity for a drill in oral composition. COMBINATION STEREOGRAPHS AND SLIDES Since any form of visual instruction gives results that are strikingly superior to acquiring knowledge from the printed page, it is not unnatural that the enthusiastic instructor may for a time accept the results from any one form of visual ma- terial as the final product, thereby missing the far greater re- sults that may be obtained by a correct combination of ma- terials and methods as outlined above. The lantern slide has an important place in visual instruction methods. Experi- ence thus far has demonstrated that its greatest usefulness is in the class review. The stereograph is peculiarly adapted to and most effective in the individual preparation of the lesson assignment. Here it is supreme , among visual aids. It will more nearly stand alone than any other visual material. But even the stereograph should be followed by the lantern slide review. This combination of visual materials is the answer to the question every teacher so frequently asks herself ; How ran I make my school work vital? STEREOGRAPHS AND LANTERN SLIDES xxi OUTLINES OF TEACHING CONTENT Keystone Stereographs and Lantern slides are rich in teaching content. It is a pleasant surprise to note how many specific illustra- tions of important teaching points each scene contains. That this fea- ture may be presented more clearly, outlines for serial numbers 564, 117, 276, 80, 6 and 530 are here presented. The other scenes in the entire series may be treated in the same way. One, then, comes to realize more fully the teaching value of the complete " 600 Set " and the advantage of the various classifications as given in the Teachers' Guide. SCENE 564 1. Buildings. (a) Pyramid — Historical significance. (b) Adobe hut — peasant homes — crude construction. (c) Note small pyramid. 2. People. (a) Race. (b) Oriental customs. (c) Tropical dress. (d) Method of carrying burdens. (e) Native children. 3. Vegetation. (a) Palm trees. (b) Rushes and reeds. 4. Water. (a) Overflow of river (enriching arid lands). (b) Other related ideas. 1. Source — from higher altitude and interior rain belt 2. Empties — where — why by delta ? 5. Animals. (a) Camel. 1. Desert method of transportation. 2. Oriental custom of travel. 3. Find second camel. (b) Water fowl. 6. Topography. (a) River flood plain. SCENE 117 1. Vegetation. (a) Cotton. 1. Height (two to four feet). 2. Plant, annual, woody bush, cotton fibers and seeds are utilized. xxii STEREOGRAPHS AND LANTERN SLIDES 2. Topography. (a) Lowlands. 3. People. (a) Black race. 1. Characteristic kinky hair, thick lips, flat nose. 2. Children. 4. Other observations. (a) Shape of cotton boll. (b) Method of gathering the cotton. Note basket and bags. (c) Absence of leaves on cotton plant and trees in background indicate fall of year. (d) Cotton plant is obtained from seed planted in rows about three feet apart. 5. Number of people in addition to those observed in foreground at first glance. 6. Clothing of people. SCENE 276 1. Mountain peaks — sharp, angular, young, mountains. 2. Mountain range — series of peaks with depressions between. 3. Valleys — small, young mountain valleys. 4. Clouds — striking against mountain top. 5. Snow fields accumulated in depressions. 6. Glaciers formed from snow above and melting below. 7. Rivulets, streams, source of river. 8. Fir trees — varying in size. 9. Altitude (effect on vegetation and climate — timber line, snow line). 10. Weathering — erosion, talus cones at foot of mountain. 11. Moraines — material deposited by glacial action. 12. Rock formation — strata. SCENE 80 Liberty Bell. I. Historical Significance. (a) Rung at the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. (b) Tapped with silver hammer, Liberty Loan, 1917. II. Story of Bell. (a) Imported from England, 1752. (b) Broken on trial ringing. (c) Recast in Philadelphia, 1753. (d) Removed to Lancaster, 1777. (e) Returned to State House where it served until 1828. STEREOGRAPHS AND LANTERN SLIDES xxiii (f) Received its present crack while tolling at funeral of Chief Justice Marshall, 1835. (g) Shown at International Exhibitions. (h) Its present location, Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pa. Note, (a) Crack. (b) Motto — Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabit- ants thereof. (c) Simple design of bell. (d) Weathered wooden cross beam. (e) Artistic iron frame. III. Related facts pertaining to Independence Hall. (a) Erected 1729 to 1734 (b) Seat of first Continental Congress. (c) Intimately connected with birth of nation. (d) Here Washington was made Commander-in-Chief of army, 1775. (e) Now Museum of Revolutionary and Historical relics. (f) Here Declaration of Independence was signed, July 4, 1776. SCENE 6 1. Historical Old North Church. 2. Tenement life in crowded city district. (a) Tenants — evidently of foreign birth. (b) Children. (c) Home — unattractive buildings at right. (d) Playground. 1. Granite paved street and gutter. 2. Sidewalk lined with ash and garbage cans. 3. Other observations. (a) Modern overhanging arc street light. (b) Abandoned gas light post. (c) Telephone conduit and wires. (d) Provision for outdoor life on roofs of buildings and iron balconies. (e) Brick and concrete paving on side walk. (f) Water hydrant (fire protection). (g) Vegetation. 1. Trees maintaining life under difficult city conditions. 2. Flower boxes in some windows. xxiv STEREOGRAPHS AND LANTERN SLIDES (h) Old frame buildings still remain, (i) Transportation. 1. Human carriers. 2. Horse and wagon. SCENE 530 1. People. (a) Racial characteristics. 1. Facial features, high cheek bones, slant eyes. 2. Small stature. 3. Optimism. 4. Thrift, suggested by intensive cultivation of land. (b) Dress. 1. Simplicity. 2. Design and pattern of costume. 3. Foot wear. 4. Rice straw hat. 2. Vegetation. (a) Tea on uplands, (utilizing hills and providing good drainage). (b) Rice on lowlands, (irrigation supplying moisture). 3. Topography. (a) Hills and valleys. 4. Related ideas. (a) Only the tea leaf is utilized. (b) The plant is a perennial. (c) Terracing of hillside to utilize all the land surface. 5. Other detailed features. (a) Other tea pickers. (b) Tea sheds and village. (c) Method of carrying basket for freedom of hands in pick- ing tea. EDITORIAL BOARD General Introduction By Charles W. Eliot, Ph.D. President-Emeritus of Harvard University CONCRETENESS IN EDUCATION By William C. Bagley, Ph.D. Director School of Education, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. Author: "The Educative Process"; "Class Room Management"; "Craftsmanship in Teaching"; "Educational Values"; "School Discipline." Joint Author: "Human Behavior." Editor: School and Home. Joint Editor: Journal of Educational Psychology. How to Study Stereographs and Lantern Slides By Frank M. McMurry, Ph.D. Professor of Elementary Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. Author: "How to Study and Teaching How to Study"; "Elementary School Standards." Joint Author: Tarr & McMurry Geographies; "Method of the Recitation." GEOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION By Charles T. McFarlane, Pd.D. Controller and Professor of Geography, Teachers College, Columbia University. Joint Author: Brigham & McFarlane, " Essentials of Geography." 1. Geographical Classification and Title List By D. C. Ridgley, A.B. Professor of Geography, Illinois State Normal University, Normal, 111. Author: "Important Topics in Geography"; "Home Geography" In this chapter is presented the title list of the 600 stereo- graphs and lantern slides which actual classroom use has dem- onstrated as the most effective for purposes of instruction. They are classified geographically by continents and political divisions and give 600 references to the important countries of the world. (See page 3.) xxvi EDITORIAL BOARD 2. People of All Lands (Racial Geography) By Mark Jefferson, A.M. Professor of Geography, Michigan State Normal College, Ypsilanti, Mich. Author of "Teachers' Geography"; "Materials for the Geography of Michigan"; '* Exercises on the Topographic Map." Associate Editor: Journal of Geography. 153 stereographs and slides to which 154 references are made, illustrating the distinguishing features of the great races of mankind and their branches and to show the racial characteristics and development of the great nations. At the same time this classification, by showing homes, clothing, use of implements and industrial processes, necessarily differenti- ates peoples according to their civilization. (See page 31.) 3. Production and Manufacturing (Industrial Geography) By Charles Redway Dryer, M.A., M.D. Geographer, Fort Wayne, Ind. Formerly Professor of Geography and Geology, Indiana State Normal School, Terre Haute, Ind. Author: " Studies in Indiana Geography"; "Lessons in Physical Geography"; "Geography, Physical, Eco- nomic and Regional "; " Natural Economic Geography." 437 stereographs and slides with 968 references showing our industrial resources and equipment. The classification is divided into two main parts, the first of which deals with indus- tries as units under the subheads, Foods, Clothing, Mining and Mineral Industries, Lumbering and Forest Products, and Irrigation. In the second part the process is the fundamental idea presented under the headings, Collective, Productive, Con- structive and Distributive Industries. (See page 45.) 4. Transportation By Emery R. Johnson, Ph.D., Sc.D. Professor of Transportation and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania. Au- thor: "Inland Waterways, Their Relation to Transportation," 1S93; "American Railway Transportation," 1903; "Ocean and Inland Water Transportation," 1906; "Elements of Transportation," 1909; "Railroad Traffic and Rates," 1911; "Pan- ama Canal Traffic and Tolls," 1912; "Measurement of Vessels for the Panama Canal," 1913; "History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United States," 2 vols., 1915. The classification of Transportation presents 345 stereo- graphs and slides with 399 references thereto. It makes plain the universal dependence of modern life upon means of trans- EDITORIAL BOARD xxvii portation. Every method of carrying, both primitive and modern, is illustrated. Human carriers, beasts of burden, carts, wagons, railroad trains, water craft from the Chinese junk to the great ocean liner or submarine and airplanes are shown so classified that the part each one takes in the world's work is easily seen. (See page 73.) 5. Markets and Marketing By J. Paul Goode, Ph.D. Professor of Geography, University of Chicago. Specialist in Economic Geog- raphy and Cartography. Associate Editor Journal of Geography. Lecturer and writer on " Commercial and Economic Geography." Author of important series of wall maps for schools and colleges. 156 stereographs and slides showing the ever increasing idea which the word " market " may be made to convey. In this classification are shown, first, the Primitive Markets where trade is direct. Then the Great Market Centers where the buying and selling is done for a large territory are seen. Next come the Production Centers where commodities are handled in such quantities as to establish a World Market, and last Regions with a Large Demand for a certain commodity are shown to be Markets for that commodity. (See page 87.) 6. Natural Forms and Forces (Physical Geography) By Wallace W. Atwood, Ph.D. Professor of Physiography, Harvard University. Formerly Associate Professor of Geology and Physiography, University of Chicago. Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey. Author of " Interpretation of Topographic Maps "; " Geological and Mineral Resources of the Alaskan Peninsula"; "Physical Geography of the Devil's Lake Region," etc. During past ages the surface of the earth has been changed by natural forces including the atmosphere, ground and sur- face water, snow, and ice and internal forces such as heat and pressure, and by organic agencies including man. These forces have produced the mountains, hills and volcanoes, the lakes and rivers, the capes, peninsulas and islands — all these actions and results are illustrated in this classification of 218 stereographs and slides with 372 references. (See page 97.) xxviii EDITORIAL BOARD 7. Zones and Their Effect on Life. Elevation of Land (Altitude and Its Effect on Life) By Robert De C. Ward, A.M. Professor of Climatology, Harvard University. Author of " Practical Exer- cises in Elementary Meteorology"; "Climate, Considered Especially in Relation to Man." Translator of Julius Hann's " Handbuch der Klimatologie," Vol 1, 2nd ed. Associate Editor Journal of Geography. 185 stereographs and slides with 197 references presenting the effect of climate. (whether resulting from position or alti- tude) upon the general appearance of a country, upon vegeta- tion, crops, occupations and dwellings, are the basis of this classification. Climatic controls over the earth's surface and its flora, and man's mode of life under the limitations imposed by climate, are well illustrated in the views selected. (See page 109.) 8. Geography by Nations (Political Geography) By E. M. Lehnerts, A.M. Assistant Professor of Geography and Geology, University of Minnesota. Associate Editor Journal of Geography A classification of 254 stereographs and slides with 382 ref- erences, showing the extent and distribution of each great nation's possessions, something of the geographic factors in each nation's development and the extent of governmental freedom existing throughout the world. (See page 121.) 9. Earth Neighbors By James F. Chamberlain, Ed.B., S.B. Professor of Geography, State Normal School, Los Angeles, Cal. Associate Editor Journal of Geography. Author: " Field and Laboratory Exercises in Physical Geography"; "How We Are Fed"; "How We Are Clothed"; "How We Are Sheltered"; "How We Travel"; "North America"; "Europe"; "Asia"; "South America"; "Africa." 96 stereographs and slides, with 99 references, dealing not only with telescopic photographs of the sun, moon, planets, comets, etc., but with those scenes upon the earth which show the influences of these earth neighbors upon human affairs. (See page 141.) EDITORIAL BOARD xxix HISTORY AND CIVICS INTRODUCTION By Albert Bushnell Hart, Ph.D., LittD., LL.D. Professor of Government in Harvard University 10. Foreign Beginnings of American History By Hutton Webster, Ph.D. Professor in the University of Nebraska. Author of "Ancient History"; "Early European History"; "Readings in Ancient History"; and "Readings in Medieval and Modern History " This classification of 74 stereographs and slides has been made with the purpose of setting forth the foreign background of American history; to trace its people with their habits and customs to their sources in order that American History may not be isolated but may be seen in its relation to the rest of the world's story. (See page 151.) 11. Foundations of the American Nation By Albert Bushnell Hart, Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D. Professor of Government in Harvard University. Author of " Essentials of American History"; "Formation of the Union"; "Guide to the Study and Reading of American History"; "The Monroe Doctrine"; "National Ideas His- torically Traced"; "New American History"; "Salmon P. Chase"; "School History of the United States"; "Slavery and Abolition"; "Southern South," etc. Editor of the American Nation, "Cyclopedia of American Government"; "American Citizen Series"; "Epochs of American History"; "American His- tory Told by Contemporaries"; "American Patriots and Statesmen," etc. 92 stereographs and slides with 123 references. " The pur- pose of this classification is to introduce the pupil to the for- mative period of American history, extending from the earliest discoveries by Europeans to the organization of the govern- ment under the constitution of 1787. This naturally includes the physical background, the face of the country, then the orig- inal inhabitants and finally some of the scenes of their colonial and revolutionary history." (See page 159.) xxx EDITORIAL BOARD 12. The Development of Our Nation By H. Morse Stephens, M.A., Litt.D. Professor of History, University of California, Berkeley, Cal. Author: "History of the French Revolution"; "The Story of Portugal"; "Revolutionary Europe"; "Colonial Civil Service" 204 stereographs and slides with 310 references " to make young people realize that their country has in time past been carried on by people like themselves ; to make them familiar with social and economic life of the past as well as with polit- ical events and let them feel that constitutions, presidents, wars, battles, treaties are only the external parts. They are of value only so far as they illustrate the great theme of the nation's growth, the nation's mind and the nation's standards." (See page 165.) 13. America of Today — Our Resources — Preparedness By Jacques W. Redway, F.R.G.S. Author: "Manual of Geography." Joint Author: "Natural Geographies"; Commercial Geography "; " Elementary Physical Geography "; Redway School History"; "Book of the United States" This classification presents 169 stereographs and slides, with 202 references which " will lead children to find causes and results of political life in economic conditions, and to under- stand that history is not the action of leaders but of the mass of people." This classification compares our resources with that of other countries. (See page 179.) 14. Government By Arthur Norman Holcombe, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Government in Harvard University. Author of " Public Ownership of Telephones on the Continent of Europe"; "State Government in the United States " This classification of 287 stereographs and slides with 518 references aims to present the topic of government from the constitutional and institutional view point. The operations of government in many situations and under many conditions are noted. One will not fail to note the helpful way in which this chapter and the following one on Community Civics supple- ment each other. (See page 191.) EDITORIAL BOARD xxxi 15. Community Civics By Arthur William Dunn, A.M. Specialist in Civic Education, United States Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. Author of " Community Civics " 299 stereographs and slides with 806 references. " The aim of community civics is to help the child to know his commun- ity, not merely a lot of facts about it, but the meaning of his community life, what it does for him and how it does it; what the community has a right to expect from him and how he may fulfill his obligation, meanwhile cultivating in him the essential qualities and habits of good citizenship." (See page 203.) 16. The Cities of the World By John Nolen, A.M., Sc.D. City Planner, Landscape Architect, Boston, Mass. 342 stereographs and slides with 1024 references, showing the wonderful urban development of the modern world. And because this is new, and the city is one of the main problems of modern democratic society, this classification analyzes cities in their growth and plans, their size and dominant functions. Its purpose is to create intelligent control of civic conditions instead of passive acceptance. (See page 219.) ENGLISH INTRODUCTION By Franklin Thomas Baker, Ph.D. Professor of English Language and Literature, Teachers College, Columbia University 17. Literary Subjects and Settings By Franklin Thomas Baker, Ph.D. Professor of English Language and Literature, Teachers College, Columbia University 255 stereographs and slides with 448 references. The ed- itor, following the idea that the trend of modern education has been steadily away from interest in mere words to interest in xxxii EDITORIAL BOARD the ideas and -things which words denote, has selected those views which illustrate the literature most commonly presented to pupils. The classification emphasizes the fact that knowl- edge obtained by the senses, especially sight, is the basis for both the creation and real appreciation of literary merit. (See page 245.) 18. English Composition By James Fleming Hosic, Ph.M. Head of English Dept. in Chicago Normal School. Editor of English Journal. Secretary, The National Council of Teachers of English. Joint Author: "Practical English for High Schools"; "A Composition Grammar" This classification of 469 stereographs with 1008 references is made to assist growth in power of English expression. " Children in elementary grades cannot speak nor write ef- fectively when burdened with the consciousness of form." What they need is a real audience and something definite to say. The Keystone plan fills these needs. The editor has grouped together a series of possibilities for interesting com- position work, oral and written. The classification includes a variety of business letters concerning real business. (See page 259.) 19. Spelling By William Estabrook Chancellor, A.M. Head Dept. of Economics, Politics and Sociology, College of Wooster (Ohio). Financial Writer. Author of "Evening School Series"; "Graded City Spell- ers"; "How to Teach Spelling"; "Spelling; Its Principles, Methods and De- vices"; "Our Schools: Their Administration and Supervision." The editor has prepared this classification of 482 stereo- graphs and slides with 895 references to show how spelling may be converted from a mechanical process to a living one which will train in initiative ingenuity and accuracy. Sug- gestions are made for each grade from the third to the eighth. (See page 269.) 20. Biography By Charles H. McCarthy, Ph.D. Dean of the School of Philosophy, and Knights of Columbus Professor of American History, Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. Author: •" Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction "; " Civil Government in the United States "; ** Columbus and His Predecessors." EDITORIAL BOARD xxxiii 550 stereographs and slides with 2648 references to the peo- ple who have impressed their lives most strongly on the prog- ress of the race. Listed alphabetically — the Old and New World separately — this classification is replete with useful information for the teacher or student of History and Literature. (See page 279.) AGRICULTURE INTRODUCTION By Charles F. Curtiss, M.S.A., D.S. Dean Division of Agriculture and Director of the Experiment Station, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa 21. Soils By Alfred Vivian, Ph.G. Dean College of Agriculture, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. President Board of Education for State of Ohio 68 stereographs and slides with 76 references, which illus- trate the formation of soils, the kinds and something of their management. (See page 311.) 22. Farm Crops By W. M. Jardine, B.S.A., LL.D. President, Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kan. 78 stereographs and slides with 99 references to show what crops come from the farm and how they are raised. (See page 319.) 23. Garden, Orchard and Woodlot By R. L. Watts, M.S. Professor of Horticulture, Dean Department of Agriculture and Director of the Experiment Station, State Agricultural College, State College, Pa. This selection of 48 stereographs and slides with 49 refer- ences enables the editor to present many helpful items of in- struction dealing with the garden products, orcharding and the timber supply of the woodlot. There is included an interest- ing classification on Landscape Gardening. (See page 327.) xxxiv EDITORIAL BOARD 24. Animal Husbandry By W. A. Cochel, A.B., B.S. Professor of Animal Husbandry, Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kan. 36 selected stereographs and slides with 37 references illus- trate the value of livestock as a dominant factor in agricul- ture. From primitive herding to the highly complex business of the modern feed lot the important items in animal hus- bandry are shown. (See page 335.) 25. Farm Management — Farm Machinery By Martin Luther Fisher, M.S. Professor of Crop Production and Farm Management and in charge Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. Assisted by Wm. Aitkenhead, A.M., M.E. Associate Professor of Farm Mechanics, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. This classification of 96 stereographs and slides with 238 references analyzes and illustrates " the handling of the farm and its equipment so as to produce farm products with the greatest profit and still maintain or even increase the produc- tiveness of the soil." (See page 341.) 26. Farm Home and Farm Life By A. E. Winship, Litt.D., LL.D. Lecturer, Editor Journal of Education, Boston. Author: "The Shop"; "Life of Horace Mann"; "Great American Educators"; "Jukes-Edwards"; " Our Boys " 124 stereographs and slides with 215 references presenting the farm as a home rather than as a business. They show the farm home, the farmer's independence; the scientific knowl- edge needed in his work, the methods of working and the social side of country life. (See page 355.) NATURE STUDY INTRODUCTION By Ernest Thompson Seton Naturalist and Author, Greenwich, Conn. Founder and Chief Woodcraft League EDITORIAL BOARD XXXV 27. Plants and Plant Associations By John M. Coulter, Ph.D. Professor and Head Dept. of Botany, University of Chicago Assisted by George D. Fuller, Ph.D. Instructor in Plant Ecology, University of Chicago This classification of 184 stereographs and slides with 358 references deals with plants, their kinds, their relation to each other, and the factors which determine what plants can live on a given area. (See page 365.) 28. Animals By Ernest Thompson Seton Naturalist and Author, Greenwich, Conn. Founder and Chief Woodcraft League 143 stereographs and slides with 156 references selected to show a great range of animals both domestic and wild with something of their natures, habits and their uses to man. (See page 377.) 29. Out Door Life Boy Scouts, Campfire Girls, Woodcraft League By Daniel Carter Beard ("Dan Beard") Honorary Vice-President, and National Scout Commissioner, Boy Scouts of America, Flushing, N. Y. 356 stereographs and slides, with 369 references which carry us on hikes anywhere on the face of the globe. This series encourages outdoor life and at the same time shows how the imagination and Keystone Views together enable us to travel over the world, " to hit the trail back through history." The classification suggests many themes and lends itself especially as an aid to English Composition. (See page 387.) 30. Vocational Guidance By Meyer Bloomfield, B.A. Director of the Vocational Bureau, Boston, Mass. Author: "Vocational Guidance of Youth"; "The School and the Start in Life"; "Youth, School and Vocation " These 137 stereographs and slides with 178 references bring xxxvi EDITORIAL BOARD the most helpful thought that everything we use and enjoy is the result of our own or some one else's labor, and that to do one's work well means skill, thought, effort and sacrifice. The classification presents the best possible introduction for chil- dren to the vital subject of choosing a life career. (See page 393.) DOMESTIC SCIENCE AND ART INTRODUCTION By Martha Van Rensselaer, A.B. Professor of Home Economics, and Director of Extension Dept. of Home Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Editor and Author of " Reading Course for Farm Home " 31. Industries Supplying the Home By Lorenzo Dow Harvey, Ph.D. President of Stout Institute, Menominee, Wis. Author: "Practical Arithmetic"; " Essentials of Arithmetic " This selection of 90 stereographs with 101 references is de- signed to give the student of Domestic Science and Domestic Art a broad view of the close relationship existing between the home and the great world of industry. (See page 405.) 32. Food and Cookery By Edna N. White, B.S. Head of Dept. of Home Economics and Supervisor of Home Economics Extension Dept. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Assisted by Lelia McGuire, B.S. Assistant Professor of Home Economics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 108 stereographs and slides with 111 references, relating to foods, their values and preparation for use. This classifica- tion ably presents the necessity for intelligent use and conser- vation of foodstuffs. (See page 409.) 33. Textiles and Clothing By Anna M. Cooley, B.S. Associate Professor of Household Arts Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. Author: " Domestic Art in Woman's Education." Joint Author: "Food and Health"; "Clothing and Health"; "The Home and the Family"; "Shelter and Clothing"; "Foods and Household Management"; "Occupations for Little Fingers." Assisted by Edith P. Chace, B.S. Instructor in Household Arts Education, Teachers College, Columbia University EDITORIAL BOARD xxxvii 191 stereographs with 239 references showing the origin and manufacture of materials, the uses of the various textiles, in- dustrial occupations connected with their production and the costumes of various countries both ancient and modern. (See page 421.) 34. Household Administration By Grace Schermerhorn, B.S. Director of Cooking in the New York City Public Schools. Formerly Assistant Professor of Home Economics, University of Idaho; Director of Practice Teaching in Home Economics, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa This classification of 53 stereographs and slides with 60 ref- erences aims to tie together the work done in Foods, Clothing and Shelter, dealing with the subject from the point of view of the home maker. (See page 431.) INDUSTRIAL ARTS INTRODUCTION By Charles A. Prosser, Ph.D. Director Dunwoody Industrial Institute, Minneapolis, Minn. Author: "New Harmony Movement"; "The Organization and Administration of Vocational Edu- cation'"; "The Meaning of Vocational Education," etc. General Editor "Voca- tional Educational Series." National Director of Federal Commission on Voca- tional Education. 35. Industrial Design — Including Architecture By Raymond P. Ensign Instructor in Design, Supervisor of Design Classes, Pratt Institute, Biooklyn, N. Y. These 473 stereographs and slides with 1167 references thereto make a classification which brings a wealth of illus- trative material for Manual Training classes in Design. It shows the advantage taken of Natural Forces, Mechanical Powers and Construction, while the second part gives the His- tory of Architecture and Architectural Design and Construc- tion adapted to uses of every kind. (See page 437.) 36. Wood By George M. Brace, M.A. Director Manual Training High School, St. Paul, Minn. xxxviii EDITORIAL BOARD 147 stereographs and slides with 190 references which illus- trate the place which wood occupies in our life. Its growth, cutting, manufacture and uses form the subject matter of the classification. (See page 469.) 37. Metals — Sources and Uses By Harry S. Bitting President Williamson Free School of Mechanical Trades, Williamson School, Pa. Ill stereographs and slides with 120 references selected to show the sources, preparation, manufacture and uses of our more important metals. (See page 475.) 38. Concrete, Stone, Brick and Tile By Charles M. Spofford, S.B. Hayward Professor of Civil Engineering in Charge of the Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. Author: '"The Theory of Structures." Member, Fay, Spofford and Thorndike, Consulting Engineers, Boston, Mass. 117 stereographs and slides with 137 references make a classification of interest to the pupil, showing the sources and processes of obtaining and preparing these four great build- ing materials and their uses in modern constructive works. (See page 483.) 39. Local Industries By Clifford B. Connelley, Sc.D. Dean School of Applied Industries, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburg, Pa. 122 stereographs with 145 references selected to show the children the industrial life that goes on about them. The views brought together in this classification will give accurate ideas of the industrial activities of the communities in which they live and make personal adjustment to industry easier and better. (See page 491.) 40. Hygiene — Health Habits By Michael Vincent O'Shea, B.L. Professor of Education, University of Wisconsin. Author: " Education as Adjustment"; "Dynamic Factors in Education"; "Linguistic Development and EDITORIAL BOARD xxxix Education"; "Social Development and Education"; "Every Day Problems in Teaching." Editor-in-chief, "The World Book." The 72 stereographs and slides with 188 references in this classification are made the basis for stimulating suggestions as to health habits with regard to outdoor life, work, food and drink, hearing, breathing, air and light, fatigue and cleanliness. (See page 5^1.) FINE ARTS INTRODUCTION By C. Valentine Kirby Director of Art Education, Pittsburgh Public Schools 41. Drawing — Study of Stereographs and Slides to Show Elements of Art By Harry W. Jacobs Director Art Instruction, Public Schools, Buffalo, N. Y. 216 stereographs and slides with 283 references are em- bodied in this classification to give a practical view point on the subject of perspective and drawing in general. Such sub- heads as Parallel Perspective, Angular Perspective, Poster Drawing, Pencil, Pen or Charcoal Sketches from Photographs to Develop Technique, and Nature show the range of subjects illustrated. (See page 509.) 42. House Design and Decoration ; Costume Design By Mary J. Quinn Supervisor of Design, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. Author: " Planning and Furnishing the Home " Art in the home brings art instruction to a practical applica- tion. Houses and furnishings should be studied and children should be taught to judge what is best in a given circumstance. Then, too, the clothes of the people reveal their civilization. They express the manners, the habits of living, the workman- ship, the art of the people. The classification presents 258 stereographs with 387 references. (See page 517.) 43. Photography By C. E. K. Mees, D.Sc. Director Research Laboratory, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y. 223 stereographs and slides with 271 references which fur- xl EDITORIAL BOARD nish instruction as to composition, perspective, lighting, choice of subject and of view and illustrates thoroughly each point ex- plained. This classification is a splendid introduction to the photographers' art. (See page 543.) 44. Visualized Problems By John H. Walsh, LL.B., Ph.D. Associate Superintendent of Schools, The City of New York. Joint Author: ■" Walsh-Suzzallo Arithmetics." Author: "Mathematics for Grammar Schools" ■"New Primary Arithmetic"; "New Grammar School Arithmetic"; "Practical Methods in Arithmetic," etc. This classification of 235 stereographs and slides with 271 references lifts Arithmetic out of abstraction (a position which it too often occupies) into a vital relation with life. By visu- alizing the premises upon which the problems are based, the study is made both interesting and practical. (See page 557.) FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS INTRODUCTION By William C. Bagley, Ph.D. Director School of Education, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. 45. Children of the World, Including Home Life By G. A. Mirick, A.M. Educational Specialist, Cambridge, Mass. Formerly Assistant Commissioner of Education, Supervising Elementary Schools, State of New Jersey. Author: " Home Life Around the World "; "A Grammar for Elementary Schools." Joint Author Kendall and Mirick Series "How to Teach the Fundamental Subjects"; " How to Teach Special Subjects." A classification of 199 stereographs and slides with 397 ref- erences selected from the point of view of the interests and mental capacities of the children who are to use them. Three distinct groupings are indicated so that, regardless of the method of approaching the child favored by the particular school, the material will lend itself readily to the plan used. (See page 581.) 46. Plants and Animals By Anna Botsford Comstock Assistant Professor of Nature Study. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. EDITORIAL BOARD xli Editor Nature Study Review. Author: "Handbook of Nature Study"; "The Pet Book"; "Ways of the Six-footed." Joint Author: "How to Know the Butterflies." This classification of 47 stereographs and slides brings to the little people a wealth of material to encour^e observation, reflection, appreciation and expression. The views are se- lected to appeal constantly to the little child's small fund of ex- perience for the purpose of comparison or relating what is known. (See page 595.) 47. Reading By Charles Madison Curry, A.M. Professor of Literature in the Indiana State Normal School, Terre Haute, Ind. Author: " Literary Readings." Joint Author: Holton-Curry Readers Most of the poems and stories used in the readers of the lower grades as well as the best supplementary readers are illustrated in this classification of 484 stereographs with 721 references. (See page 605.) 48. Some Things We Eat: Some Things We Wear By William M. Gregory Professor of Geography, School of Education, Cleveland, Ohio It is '.the aim of this classification of 129 stereographs and slides with 132 references to make real and vivid the elemen- tary ideas of life; to help children to realize the actual condi- tions under which we live and how dependent we are upon those people who supply our many needs. (See page 629.) 49. Home Geography By R. H. Whitbeck, A.B. Professor of Geography, University of Wisconsin. Editor Journal of Geography This classification of 297 stereographs and slides with 592 references has for its purpose 'the building up of fundamental concepts by directing observation to the home region. It shows the purpose of the home, the need for home industries for supplying our wants, how materials for clothing are ob- xlii EDITORIAL BOARD tained and an understanding of simple industries, of trade, of travel and of transportation. (See page 641.) 50. Travelogue and Lecture Suggestions By Russell H. Conwell, D.D., LL.D. Lecturer. President of Temple University, Philadelphia Oftentimes there is need of a definite listing of lantern slides for a review of regional geography, or other school subject, or when it is desired to use the slides as program material for community meetings to link up the home and the school. This classification of 587 slides with 1489 references will prove very helpful for such use. (See page 653.) GEOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION By Charles T. McFarlane, Pd.D. Professor of Geography, Teachers College, Columbia University Geography is " the study of the earth and its products, of man and his industries and of their influence upon each other." For most school children the study of geography is confined to the early years of school life. It comes at a time when children have had but little first hand contact with the world, its people and their industries and before travel has made them familiar with distant places and people or with the products of the earth and the industries growing out of their preparation for use. With the mind of the child open and receptive the intense real- ity of the stereoscopic presentation insures that the first ideas and concepts formed will be accurate, vivid and permanent. Failing direct contact with the world that lies beyond a familiar horizon children for the most part learn of it through the medium of the spoken word, the printed page, or its pictured representation. For this reason works on geography and travel are usually well illustrated and many of the most modern text books in geography prepared for the use of chil- dren devote a third or more of their space to maps, pictures and other illustrations. No other subject in the elementary school lends itself so readily to the use of illustrative material or requires more of it, and the text book in geography, with its numerous maps and its hundreds of pictures is always the most attractive of school books. Not only do teachers make constant use of the pictures in the text-book itself, but they frequently find too few to meet their requirements. The result is that most teachers of geography are constantly collecting from every possible source pictures valuable for study or for class room use during a lesson period. Collections of this sort are valuable in proportion as they show i 2 GEOGRAPHY — INTRODUCTION clearly and accurately the features or process to be taught, and to the degree that some system of classification and cross refer- ence makes each picture available for instant use in connection with any topic where its use might be helpful. The pictures in the Keystone collection have been carefully chosen because of their teaching quality and because they are susceptible of clear and simple explanation. They are photo- graphs and possess the incomparable advantage of the* stereo- scopic quality. Upon this latter advantage it is not necessary to dwell beyond emphasizing the fact that in no other kind of picture is there the clearness of perspective — the third dimen- sion — that is found in views of this sort. The moving picture fails exactly as does the flat photograph to show this perspective quality and is for that very reason often quite misleading in the impression that it gives. Farther the moving picture can not be studied. Even the least inflammable of films can be " held " for only a brief time without being damaged or destroyed. It flickers on and off the screen with no explanation at all or with the briefest of running comment. The opportunity for a quiet and careful study of the picture un- til its full meaning is understood is altogether lacking. To other disadvantages connected with the use of moving pictures must be added the cost of equipment and the difficulties and dangers connected with showing them. To a remarkable degree the collection of Keystone views meets the needs of teacher and children. They have been care- fully selected for this particular use. They have been grouped and indexed by experts. They may be studied at any time, as often and for as long a time as necessary. The nine classifications immediately following treat the sub- ject of Geography from various view points and with consider- able fullness. The teacher of the lower grades should note especially the classifications " Some Things we Eat ; Some Things We Wear " page 629 and " Home Geography " page 641, also the classifications covering the geographic supplemen- tary reading pages 611 and 613. 1. GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION AND TITLE LIST By DOUGLAS C. RIDGLEY, A.B. PROFESSOR OF GEOGRAPHY, ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY, NORMAL, ILL. This list of 600 views is a complete catalog of the " 600 Set " with titles given in full. In classifications following this Geo- graphical Classification, titles are somewhat abbreviated, or en- tirely changed so that the thought of the Editor of any chapter may be more clearly presented. In every case, however, the stereograph or lantern slide may be quickly identified by the serial number which is always given. If the full title and geo- graphical location is desired, turn to the corresponding number in this list in which the views are numbered consecutively from 1 to 600. The numbers first given are the serial numbers of the " 600 Set," and run from 1 to 600 inclusive. These numbers are fol- lowed by negative numbers. Such a number serves as an ab- solute means of identification. The negative number is fol- lowed by the title of the scene. In all lists following this one the negative number is omitted. Teachers and pupils will be well repaid by making frequent and careful examination of this Geographical Classification in all its main divisions and sub-divisions. A careful study of the exact title and geographical location of the individual scenes will yield excellent results. The serial numbers may be en- tered on outline maps of the United States and of each con- tinent, in their appropriate places. Maps in the text-book in geography, in atlases, and wall maps, can be used to advantage in locating the scenes accurately. The order of the countries is that usually followed by modern text-books in geography. An accurate and comprehensive knowledge of the scenes in this Geographical Classification is indispensable to the teacher who expects to make the best use of the numerous lists follow- 3 4 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION ing this one. Such knowledge is to be obtained by using spare moments occasionally in the examination of the stereographs in regular order, learning the details of the scene, its exact title, and by reading the descriptive matter on the backs of the stereographs. Such examination and study will prove a real delight to the instructor. By knowing well the scenes of the list, and the geographical setting of each, the teacher can de- termine instantly the value of any division of the Classification in relation to the class work which pupils may be pursuing. He is prepared also to select quickly any scene or group of scenes that may bear on any topic that may come incidentally in school work. The topical index at the back of the Teachers' Manual will be found convenient and helpful in linking up these excellent illustrations with the teaching program. Note especially the careful distribution of these superb stereographs and lantern slides over the entire geographic range. Regardless of the region studied, you will usually find some scene in this " 600 Set " that bears directly on the work in hand. This is a distinct achievement which only the remarkable collection of negatives possessed by the Keystone View Company makes possible. Every state in the United States is represented. Surely, this is an important considera- tion to the instructor who would present our great nation in a comprehensive way. The other countries of the world are visualized with a completeness that is as pleasing as it is vital to the best instruction. NORTH AMERICA 303 stereographs or slides UNITED STATES AND POSSESSIONS (Except Asiatic Possessions) 261 stereographs or slides New England States 24 stereographs or slides MAINE — 2 stereographs or slides 1 (12260) Logs from the forest delivered at the stream, Aroostook Co., Me. 2 (14227) Flashlight of wild moose in a Maine forest. NEW ENGLAND STATES NEW HAMPSHIRE — i stereograph or slide 3 (13709) Quarrying granite — Drilling preparatory to splitting, Concord, N. H. VERMONT — 2 stereographs or slides 4 (13701) Marble quarry, Proctor, Vt. — Largest quarry opening in the world. 5 (13706) Chiseling marble — Architectural department, Vermont Marble Company, Proctor, Vt. MASSACHUSETTS — 15 stereographs or slides 6 (6172) Old North Church, Boston, Mass. 7 (6180) Quincy Market and Faneuil Hall, Boston, Mass. 8 (11687) Old State House from Court Street, Boston, Mass. 9 (11686) Longfellow's Home, Cambridge, Mass. 10 (11680) Lexington Common, Lexington, Mass. 11 (22188) Skilled workmen cutting leather for high quality shoes, Mass. 12 (22189) Lasting machine shaping shoes in a Massachusetts shoe factory. 13 (20221) Drying codfish in the sun — Gloucester and harbor in the distance, Mass. • 14 (22080) Spinning cotton yarn in the great textile mills, Lawrence, Mass. 15 (22082) Copying design on copper rolls for printing cotton cloth, Lawrence, Mass. 16 (22083) General view in large printing room of cotton mills, Law- rence, Mass. 17 (22125) Sorting wool after cleaning and washing, Lawrence, Mass. 18 (22127) Doubling frame in a large woolen mill, Lawrence, Mass. 19 (22068) Cut rags after removing from washing drums — Paper mills, Holyoke, Mass. 20 (22070) Inspecting paper delivered by machine, Holyoke, Mass. RHODE ISLAND — 1 stereograph or slide 21 (16773) Skilled workers manufacturing jewelry, Providence, R. I. CONNECTICUT — 3 stereographs or slides 22 (20301) Weighing and sorting raw silk skeins — Silk industry (reeled silk), So. Manchester, Conn. 23 (20312) First drawing or straightening of fibers — Silk industry, So. Manchester, Conn. 24 (20316) Spinning — Silk industry, So. Manchester, Conn. Middle Atlantic States 60 stereographs or slides NEW YORK — 26 stereographs or slides 25 (16774) Looking down on New York's Skyscrapers from Wool- worth Tower (S. W.) over Battery to Statue of Liberty and Harbor. 6 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION 26 (14244) Ferry slips and water front of New York City, from the Brooklyn side. 27 (10558) The Great Brooklyn Bridge, New York. 28 (16760) Old and New City Halls and World Building from City Hall Park, New York City. 29 (1009) Wall Street, the financial center, New York. 30 (13773) Up Broadway from Bowling Green, New York. 31 (16751) Many forms of transportation required in large centers of population, New York City. 32 ( 16752) The Gateway of America — Immigrants landing from barge at Ellis Island, N. Y. 33 (18203) Domestic Art — Dining room and living room. 34 (^2165) Conveyor with trays of loaf sugar received from drying kiln, N. Y. 35 (/2164) Filling and sewing bags of granulated sugar, New York City. 36 (6299) The cemetery at Sleepy Hollow, N. Y. 37 (13511) Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh on the Hudson, N. Y. 38 (12456) A charming landscape, Hudson River Valley, N. Y. 39 (13508) Looking up the Hudson- River from West Point, N. Y. 40 (22260) Folding and ironing linen collars, Troy, N. Y. 41 (22190) General view sewing room — Large shoe factory, Syra- cuse, N. Y. 42 (22019) Solar method of evaporating salt brine — 'Collecting, draining and hauling salt, Syracuse, N. Y. 43 (16753) A busy path of commerce in central New York — Four track railway, electric road at right, Erie Canal at ex- treme left. 44 (16754) Summer spraying in apple orchard, Hilton, N. Y. 45 (16756) Washing 1,000 lbs. of freshly churned butter, Cohocton, N. Y. 46 (16750) Automatic machine for filling and capping bottles of milk. 47 (6708) Picking and loading cantaloupes near Buffalo, N. Y. 48 (6835) Mouth of Erie Canal, Buffalo, N. Y. 49 (149) American Falls, summer view, Niagara Falls, N. Y. 50 (171) The "Beauteous Queen of Cataracts" — American Falls, winter view, Niagara Falls, N. Y. NEW JERSEY — io stereographs or slides 51 (16730) Picturesque Palisades of the Hudson River, looking north, New Jersey. 52 (16762) The Vaterland — the largest ship in the world (1917) — and other German ships seized when war was declared April, 1917, Hoboken, N. J. 53 (22110) Drawing warp for weaving silk cloth in extensive silk mills at Paterson, N. J. 54 (22111) Weaving room in the famous silk mills at Paterson, N. J. MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES 7 55 (22112) Machine weaving dozens of fine taffeta silk ribbons, Pat- erson, N. J. 56 (16717) 1500 hens (White Leghorn) in laying house — Corning Egg Farm, Bound Brook, New Jersey. 57 (16749) Milking scene in modern dairy, Plainsboro, New Jersey. 58 (22096) Firing tableware in the noted pottery center, Trenton, N.J. 59 (22097) Artists decorating porcelain ware, Trenton, N. J. 60 (1007) In the surf, Atlantic City, N. J. PENNSYLVANIA — 24 stereographs or slides 61 (6342) 62 (6322) 63 (6523) 64 (6531) 65 (6414) 66 (6420) 67 (6421) 68 (6365) 69 (20058) 70 (20352) 71 (16729) 72 (11404) 73 (195) 74 (20048) 75 (20049) 76 (7052) 77 (7057) 78 (7064) 79 (13204) 80 (9648) 81 (22128) 82 (7090) Confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers forming the Ohio River, Pittsburgh, Pa. Plant of the blast furnace, Pittsburgh, Pa. Modern pig iron machine at rest, Pittsburgh, Pa. Emptying cooled pig iron from molds into car, pig iron machine, Pittsburgh, Pa. Filling molds with steel, Pittsburgh, Pa. Steel ingot on the " table " of the " blooming " mill, Steel Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. Red-hot steel beam from rolling process being cut into lengths by buzz saw, Steel Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. General view of ovens — Loading coke into the cars, Connellsville, Pa. Filling shell with nitro-glycerine, preparatory to shooting the well — Oil field in Pennsylvania. Shooting well with eighty quarts of nitro-glycerine. Oil field, Pennsylvania. Wagon used to haul ammunition to Admiral Perry on Lake Erie (1813) — "prairie schooner" type — Craw- ford County, Pa. A June carnival — Dancing around the daisy pole, Craw- ford County, Penn'a. Culp's Hill, Gettysburg, Pa. Stripping coal at Hazleton, Pa. Miners going into the slope, Hazleton, Pa. Miner drilling and laborer loading " black diamonds " in the rough, anthracite mining, Scranton, Pa. Loading cage with car of coal at bottom of shaft, Scran- ton, Pa. Tandem automatic slate picker, Scranton, Pa. Shipping coal — Coal breaker in background, Ashley, Pa. The Old Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pa. Spinning room, winding bobbins with woolen yarn for weaving, Philadelphia, Pa. General view of the erecting shop, Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Pa. GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION 83 (16761) School gardens as a practical educational method — Showing Boy Scouts and Camp Fire Girls, Philadelphia, Pa. 84 (22291) Coining presses, Government Mint, Philadelphia, Pa. South Atlantic States 27 stereographs or slides DELAWARE — J stereograph or slide 85 (6952) Gathering peaches, Delaware. MARYLAND — 1 stereograph or slide 86 (6881) "Shucking" oysters, oyster house, Baltimore, Md. DIST. OF COLUMBIA — 9 stereographs or slides 87 (224) The Capitol, Washington, D. C. 88 (16770) Pres. Woodrow Wilson, reading message to joint session of House and Senate, Congressional Chamber, Wash- ington, D. C. 89 (16763) Supreme Court Room, in the Capitol, Washington, D. C. 90 (895) From War, State and Navy Building — White House, Treasury, Pennsylvania Ave. and the Capitol, Washing- ton, D. C. 91 (8025) The White House, Washington, D. C. 92 (16768) The Cabinet Room, Executive Annex to White House, Washington, D. C. 93 (16769) From Washington Monument east to Capitol over Agri- cultural Dept. grounds, Washington, D. C. 94 (22290) Making paper money, Bureau of Printing and Engraving, Washington, D. C. 95 (8046) Congressional Library, Washington, D. C. VIRGINIA — 5 stereographs or slides 96 (8038) Washington's old home, Mt. Vernon, Va. 97 (20197) A mountain of oyster shells to be placed as bedding for young oysters, Hampton, Va. 98 (14196) Pocahontas pleading for the life of John Smith — En- acted by the survivors of the Pamunkey Indian Tribe at the Jamestown Exposition — Opening Day, April 26, 1907. Some operations of the Life Saving Corps — Jamestown Exposition. Great warships in Hampton Roads, Va. 99 (14219) 100 (14158) WEST VIRGINIA — j stereograph or slide 101 (184) Harper's Ferry, West Virginia. NORTH CAROLINA — i? stereographs or slides 102 (6309) Overlooking the Blue Ridge Mountains from Mt. Tox- away, N. C. 103 (6208) Burning charcoal, mountains in western North Carolina. SOUTH CENTRAL STATES 9 SOUTH CAROLINA — ,? stereographs or slides 104 (20010) Flooding the rice fields, South Carolina. 105 (13751) Hoeing rice, South Carolina. GEORGIA — 2 stereographs or slides 106 (13722) Rosin on the docks, Savannah, Ga. 107 (13747) A turpentine farm — Dippers and chippers at work, Sa- vannah, Ga. FLORIDA — 4 stereographs or slides 108 (13740) Harvesting Indian River pineapples, Florida. 109 (314) Old Slave Market, St. Augustine, Fla. 110 (13749) Alligator Joe's battle with a wounded 'gator, Palm Beach, Fla. 111 (9175) Sponge market, Key West Harbor, Fla. South Central States 1 6 stereographs or slides KENTUCKY — 2 stereographs or slides 112 (20092) Tobacco field in Kentucky. 113 (16741) Cabin in which Abraham Lincoln was born, Hodgensville Ky. TENNESSEE — 2 stereographs or slides 114 (23082) Chattanooga and Tennessee River Valley seen from Lookout Mountain, Tenn. 115 (16738) Mining phosphate and loading cars near Columbia, Tenn. ALABAMA — / stereograph or slide 116 (16737) Steel furnace in Alabama's great iron center, Birming- ham, Ala. MISSISSIPPI — / stereograph or slide 117 (9506) Picking cotton on a Mississippi plantation. ARKANSAS — 1 stereograph or slide 118 (16771) Harvesting peanuts, Marianna, Arkansas. LOUISIANA — 2 stereographs or slides 119(12479) Cotton! Cotton! Cotton! Leyee, New Orleans, La. 120 (16757) In the Mississippi Delta at head of passes, north from Pilot's Tower to Cubit's Gap, La. OKLAHOMA — / stereograph or slide 121 (16727) A metropolitan view — Looking north from the Colcord Bldg., over the City of Oklahoma, Okla. TEXAS — 6 stereographs or slides 122 (20054) Spindle Top — An important oil region near Beaumont, Texas. 10 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION 123 (20354) Crude oil stills and can factory, Port Arthur, Texas. 124 (9508) Awaiting their turn at the cotton gin, Greenville, Texas. 125 (20109) Cotton gin, Greenville, Texas. 126 (16579) General view of the Alamo Plaza, San Antonio, Texas. 127 (13756) "Making a drive "— on the Paloduro Ranch, Paloduro, Texas. North Central States 5P stereographs or slides OHIO — 8 stereographs or slides (6697) 128 A comprehensive view of unloaders at work on the ore docks, Conneaut, Ohio. 129 (6705) A trainload of coal for Lake Superior consumption, Con- neaut, Ohio. 130 (13665) Tapping a sugar-maple tree, Portage County, Ohio. 131 (22054) Many forms of crude rubber, Akron, Ohio. 132 (22058) Building up an automobile tire in rubber plant, Akron, Ohio. 133 (22060) An interesting scene in the manufacture of rubber boots and shoes, Akron, Ohio. 134 (22001) Method of placing material in furnace, plate glass works, Rossford, Ohio. 135 (22009) Inspecting plate glass after grinding, Rossford, Ohio. INDIANA — 3 stereographs or slides 136 (16712) Modern methods of corn harvesting — Cutter and binder at work on an Indiana farm. 137 (16755) "When the frost is on the pun'kin and the fodder's in the shock " — Indiana. 138 (21576) A champion team of Percheron draft horses at work on an Indiana stock farm. ILLINOIS — io stereographs or slides 139 (2337) In the heart of the great shopping center, State Street, Chicago. 140 (20250) The world's greatest live stock market, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 111. 141 (20252) The last process in dressing beef — Washing with boiling water, Chicago, 111. 142 (20256) Splitting backbones and final inspection of hogs before placing them in the refrigerator rooms, Chicago, 111. 143 (20257) Trimming and skinning hams before pickling, in prepara- tion for the market, Chicago, 111. 144 (20259) Making link sausages with the aid of machines which stuff ten feet per second, Chicago, 111. 145 (18341) Shearing sheep with power driven shears, Kirkland, 111. 146 (18335) Marshall Joffre, Viviani, Chocheprat and Fabry — French War Commission (1917) — with Gov. Lowden and State officials at Tomb of Lincoln, Springfield, 111. NORTH CENTRAL STATES 11 147 (6399) Loading oats in the field, Illinois. 148 (20118) Building dikes to protect the city from the flood, East St. Louis, 111. MICHIGAN — jo stereographs or slides 149 (16716) Harvesting celery blanched by boards in Michigan's famous celery fields, Kalamazoo, Mich. 150 (22141) Assembling Room — chassis ready for engines — Cadillac Automobile Plant, Detroit, Mich. 151 (22142) Experts testing engines in the Cadillac Automobile Plant, Detroit, Mich. 152 (22143) Employees leaving the Ford Motor Company Factory, Detroit, Mich. 153 (22014) Packing salt into barrels for shipment, St. Clair, Mich. 154 (16731) Greatest canal traffic in the world — Busy scene in the ship canal, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. 155 (22037) A mile underground — loading and handling cars with copper ore, Calumet-Hecla Mines, Calumet, Mich. 156 (22044) Pouring molten copper into ingot molds, Calumet-Hecla Mills, Lake Linden, Mich. 157 (22049) Loading 1400 tons of copper on boat, Houghton, Mich. 158 (11941) "Nursed the little Hiawatha, rocked him in his linden cradle." WISCONSIN — 3 stereographs or slides 159 (16709) Group of modern dairy barns and herd of Holstein cattle, Lake Mills, Wis. 160 (16711) Harvesting and loading silage corn in Wisconsin's famous dairy region. 161 (16732) Reclaiming swamp land — digging ditch with tractor and laying drain tile, Wis. MINNESOTA — 8 stereographs or slides 162 (20033) A load of logs at the Kettle River Landing, Minnesota Pineries. 163 (6965) Steam shovel at work, showing how track is laid, Burt Mine, Mesabi Range, Minn. 164 (6978) Looking between ore docks No. 2 and No. 3, Two Har- bors, Minn. 165 (16708) Holstein cattle and attractive dairy barns and silos, near Moorhead, Minn. 166 (16725) Potato digging machines at work in the famous potato region of the Red River Valley, Moorhead, Minn. 167 (16703) Scene in the busy northern metropolis, Nicollet Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 168 (11942) "Brought forth food and set before them, brought them water from the brooklet." 169 (11943) "From the wigwam he departed, leading with him Laughing Water." 12 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION IOWA — 4 stereographs or slides 170 (16700) General view of the great power dam and locks in the Mississippi River at Keokuk, Iowa. 171 (16701) Fifteen large generators in a row, supplied with power from the Great Dam at Keokuk, Iowa. 172 (16715) Hogs in rape pasture, Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. 173 (16719) Choice Shropshire, Oxford and Cotswold sheep in pas- ture at Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. MISSOURI — 3 stereographs or slides 174 (9518) The magnificent Eads Bridge, St. Louis, Mo. 175 (16714) Busy scene in the Ozark apple region of Missouri — Picking, sorting and packing in barrels. 176 (16704) Shaft house, smelter and tailing pile, zinc and lead mines, Joplin, Mo. NORTH DAKOTA — I stereograph or slide 177 (16740) Threshing wheat in the Red River Valley, North Dakota. SOUTH DAKOTA — 2 stereographs or slides 178 (16733) Plowing rich prairie soil with tractor, South Dakota. 179 (16734) Making a good seed bed. Tractor drawing double disc and 3 section tooth harrows, South Dakota. NEBRASKA — 3 stereographs or slides 180 (16735) Manure spreader followed by tractor plowing sod near Omaha, Neb. 181 (16748) Handling alfalfa hay with hay loader on the farm of Wil- liam Jennings Bryan, near Lincoln, Neb. 182 (16718) Mounted Sioux Indians in "full feather" leaving camp, Nebraska. KANSAS — 4 stereographs or slides 183 (16736) Thrifty and contented hogs (Poland China) in rich al- falfa pasture, Effingham, Kansas. 184 (20201) Corn field, Kansas. 185 (16710) Splendid Hereford cattle in Kansas feeding pens, show- ing open air feeding shed, Manhattan, Kansas. 186 (20075) Thrown! Cowboy and horse holding a lassoed cow, Kansas. Plateau States 28 stereographs or slides MONTANA — 3 stereographs or slides 187 (13638) Copper smelters and mine, Butte, Mont. — the richest mining district in the world. 188 (13641) Cowboy, bronco corral and camps, banks of the Yellow- stone, Montana. PLATEAU STATES 13 actual snapshot of 189 (12269) Lordly monarch of western wilds wild elk, Montana. IDAHO — i stereograph or slide 190 (6157) Sheep grazing on range, Idaho. WYOMING — 7 stereographs or slides 191 (13579) After winter's first visit — gap of the Golden Gate, Yel- lowstone National Park, Wyoming. 192 (13588) Angel Terrace, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 193 (13589) Commotion in the Devil's Ink Pot. A moment of erup- tion, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 194 (13584) "Old Faithful," queen of geysers, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 195 (13581) Rocky Mountain Divide, Yellowstone National Park. 196 (13594) A beaver dam, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 197 (13577) Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone National Park. COLORADO — 8 stereographs or slides 198 (20213) 199 (13719) 200 (2403) 201 (13717) 202 (8008) 203 (8080) 204 (8082) 205 (8014) Cultivating a field "of beets, near Greeley, Colorado. Harvesting barley with combined harvester and thresh- ing machine, drawn by tractor near Ft. Collins, Col- orado. Phoebe's Arch, Palmer Lake, Colorado. Pike's Peak from the Garden of the Gods, Colorado. In the heart of the Box Canyon, Colorado. Stamp mill and gold concentrator, Ouray, Colorado. Ute Indian and family, Colorado. " Dismantled towers and turrets broken ! " — Gift dwellers' palace in the Mesa Verde, Colorado. ARIZONA — 5 stereographs or slides The famous log bridge spanning a chasm 50 ft. wide, Petrified Forest, Arizona. Cultivating field of Egyptian long staple cotton with rid- ing disc cultivator in Salt River Valley, near Phoenix. On the Bright Angel Trail, Grand Canyon of the Col- orado, Arizona. The effects of irrigation on Arizona desert, giant cactus in foreground, Salt River Valley, Arizona. Reclaiming vast areas by irrigation — the Great Roosevelt Dam near Phoenix, Ariz. NEW MEXICO — i stereograph or slide 211 (13720) As in ancient days, pueblo of the Taos Indians, Taos, New Mexico. UTAH — 2 stereographs or slides 212 (2454) Salt Lake City, Utah. 213 (2459) Ogden and Wasatch Mountains, Utah 206 (13516) 207 (13718) 208 (13660) 209 (13724) 210 (16742) 14 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION NEVADA — i stereograph or slide 2\A (16759; A silver mining camp nestled in the mountains, Nevada. Pacific States 28 stereographs or slides WASHINGTON — 6 stereographs or slides 215 (20031; Great chained log rafts, containing millions of feet of lumber, on the Columbia River, Wash. 216 (13618) Port Blakely Mills — largest in the world, near Seattle, Puget Sound, Wash. 217 (20027) Shipping lumber, Washington. 218 (11623) Harvesting in the Great West — combined reaper and thresher, Washington. 219 (14135) Looking down a deep crevasse of Paradise Glacier, sum- mit of Mt. Rainier in the distance — Rainier National Park, Wash. 220 1 12203; Second Avenue from Vaster Way, Seattle, Wash. OREGON — 7 stereographs or slides 221 (13635) 222 (14103) 223 (6228) 224 (13567) 225 (13796) 226 (13624) 227 (13625) A splendid view of Mt. Hood, Ore. Crater Lake, Oregon. When a volcano has been quiet for centuries the inside slopes become weathered enough to support life and the crater may be filled with water and become a lake. Line of sand dur.es, Columbia River, Oregon. One of the great trees that grow in the rainy north- west — showing method of felling, Oregon. Hydraulic mining, Oregon. First haul of the season — salmon industry, Columbia River, Ore. Butchering salmon — interior of a canning establishment, Astoria, Oregon. CALIFORNIA — 15 stereographs or slides 228 (5022) The Sierras, from Glacier Rock, Yosemite Valley, Cal. 229 (5006) The Wawona Tree, Mariposa Grove, Yosemite Valley, Cal. 230 (16743) Market St., Twin Peaks in the distance, San Francisco, Cal. 231 (13299) Remarkable earthquake fissure in the Sobrante Hills, near Berkeley, Cal. 232 (16676) The great American bison that once roamed in countless thousands over our vast prairies. Cal. 233 (20215) A combined steam harvester which reaps, threshes and sacks the wheat, Cal. 234 (16744) Harvesting almonds, San Joaquin County. Cal. 235 (16746) Luther Burbank's spineless cactus, Santa Rosa, Cal. OUTLYING PC EONS 15 236 (16747) Tokay Grapes — In a California vineyard, Acampo, Cal. 237 (13723) Irrigating endless aver. range trees, Redla Cal. 238 (4300) Orar.i ms and fruit, Los Angeles, Cal. 239 I 13528 ) Just out — baby ostriches on the Cawston ostrich farm, California. 240 (13532) Los Angeles pigeon : 241 (1355: Sa r.ia, 242 (16667 j Submarir. :.d and battle-ships and tor- pedo boats in the background, San Die?o Bay, Cal. Outlying Pc u of the United States ept the Phil: stereographs or slides ALASKA — 4 stereographs or slides 243 (9195) Preparing to climb "The Golder Trail, Chilkoot 1 :a. 244 11518) Drying fish on the Yukon River, Alaska, --'- (9374) Placer mining near the Yukon Ri :a. 246 (11530) Gold miners and dog team north of the Arctic Circle, Ala PANAMA C. Z — io stereographs or slides 247 20857) Rubber tree, showing scars from cutting — Palm tree th palm nuts. Panama. 248 (20877; Looking down on the City- and Bay of Panama, from Ancon Hill, Panama Canal Zone 249 (13320) Dwellings erected for employees of old French Canal Company, Colon, Isthmus of Panama 250 (20889) Site of the Gatun. Lock, looking south from the 1 lock towards Lake Gatun — Panama Canal Route. 251 (21740; Excavations measuring 500 ft deep in Gaillard Cut, Panama Canal 252 [21783 North over Gatun Locks and sea level entrance to Panama Canal, Atlantic Ocean in the distance. 1 ' '21784) South over Gatun Locks and Gatun La :ncy Dam in position — a n the Panama Canal. l r - '21781) U. S. S : :■-■■ ri— The first battleship to pass from the Atlantic to the Pacific through the Panama Canal. 255 '21786) Hospital grounds and Ancon Hill from Hotel Tivoli, Panama _ 21787 the Pacific entrance of the Panama Canal — She fortified islands, wireless tower and break . PORTO RICO — 2 stereographs or slides 257 (10252 Overlooking the harbor, San Juan, Porto Rico. 1 :: . 10354 Cutting the sugar cane, Rio Pedro, Porto Rico. 16 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION HAWAII — 3 stereographs or slides 259 (10154) Luxuriant vegetation in the Mauna Loa Valley, Hawaii. 260 (10161) With the flag goes the public school — Royal School, Honolulu, Hawaii. 261 (10156) Pretty hula girls, Honolulu, Hawaii. PHILIPPINES — See Asia. GUAM — See Asia. NORTHERN COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA 23 stereographs or slides CANADA — 17 stereographs or slides 262 (13895) "In the Acadian Land, on the shores of the Basin of Minas." Nova Scotia, Canada. 263 (13882) Indian basket weaving, Prince Edward Island, Canada. 264 (13987) View from Dufferin Terrace, Quebec, Canada. 265 (16061) Iroquois Indians who participated in tercentenary pag- eant (1908), Quebec, Can. 266 (16037) Fifth Royal Highlanders of Montreal in a military parade at Quebec. 267 (10625) The wharves, Montreal, Canada. 268 (20927) Winding bobbins in linen mill — Linen industry, Canada. 269 (20932) Weaving the linen fabric — Linen industry, Canada. 270 (20941) Beets stored in sheds with V-shaped bins having canals underneath to carry them to washing drum. 271 (20944) Beet pulp and juice flowing into large iron tanks, where it is subjected to diffusion by water. 272 (20916) Scraping the hair from the hides roughly by machinery — Tanning industry, Canada. 273 (16316) In the thriving metropolis of Western Canada — Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 274 (13830) A treacherous crevasse in Victoria Glacier — Mt. Lefroy and Mt. Victoria in distance, Canadian Rockies, Canada. 275 (13802) Among the wonderful ice peaks of the Illecillewaet Glacier. 276 (13806) Mt. Sir Donald, the Matterhorn of the North American Alps. 277 (13837) Western terminus of Canadian Pacific Transcontinental R. R., and Burrard Inlet, Vancouver, B. C, Can. NEWFOUNDLAND — ^ stereographs or slides 278 (16320) Harbor of St. John's from the Dry Docks, Newfoundland. 279 (16318) Eskimo dog team on trail, Hopedale, Labrador. SOUTHERN COUNTRIES OF N. A. 17 SOUTHERN COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA 24 stereographs or slides MEXICO — 11 stereographs or slides 280 (10800) Mexico's principal harbor, Vera Cruz. 281 (10809) Home of the peon — the adobe hut, City of Mexico. 282 (10803) City of Mexico, the ancient Tenochtitlan of the Aztecs. 283 (10910) Soldiers' Monument and Castle of Chapultepec, City of Mexico. 284 (10925) Pyramid of Sun, from Pyramid of the Moon, San Juan Teotihuacan. 285 (10926) Filling pig skins with juice from maguey plant used in making pulque, the native drink, Tacuba, Mexico. 286 (10888) Carding room, cotton mills, Orizaba, Mexico. 287 (16106) Rich Gold and Silver Mining Center, El Oro, State of Mexico, Mexico. 288 (10865) The sacred shrine on Cholula Pyramid, and "Old Popo- catapetl," Cholula, Mexico. 289 (16100) Henequen, the wealth of Yucatan, from which sisal hemp fibre is produced, Mexico. 290 (17787) Mexican musicians and dancing girls in national costume. Central America 5 stereographs or slides GUATEMALA — 1 stereograph or slide 291 (12872) Escuintla and the twin volcanoes Fuego and Acatenango, Guatemala, C. A. SALVADOR — 1 stereograph or slide 292 (12860) Tortilla making, Salvador, C. A. NICARAGUA — 1 stereograph or slide 293 (12991) Lake Nicaragua, on Nicaragua canal route, controlled by the U. S., Nicaragua, C. A. COSTA RICA — 1 stereograph or slide 294 (12804) Harvesting bananas, Costa Rica, C. A. West Indies 10 stereographs or slides 5 stereographs or slides Unloading coffee from Porto CUBA- 295 (20518) 296 (9078) 297 (10236) 298 (9072) Havana Wharf, Cuba Rico. General view of the wrecked battleshio Maine. Cutting tobacco grown in the shade of banana trees Province of Havana, Cuba. Farming scene, Province of Havana, Cuba. i8 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION 299 (9415) Santiago and the harbor, Cuba. 300 See Guadeloupe, below No. 302. JAMAICA — i stereograph or slide 301 (9991) A cattle ranch in Jamaica, B. W. I. GUADELOUPE — j stereograph or slide 302 (14439) Coffee pickers at work, Guadeloupe, F. W. I. 300 (14437) Mighty earthquake fissure, Guadeloupe, F. W. I. DOMINICA — i stereograph or slide 303 (14455) The eccentric growth of cacao pods, Dominica, B. W. I. SOUTH AMERICA 38 stereographs or slides BRAZIL — 8 stereographs or slides 304 (20838) Lower city and harbor, Bahia, Brazil. 305 (21822) Avenida Rio Branco from Hotel Avenida on a holiday, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 306 (21821) Children of illustrious Brazilian families in an American private school, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 307 (21851) Tropical view down the slope of Santa Theresa toward the harbor, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 308 (21847) Scene in Rua 15th of November, the principal street, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 309 (21848) Municipal Theatre, one of the handsomest play houses in the world, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 310 (20817) Method of drying coffee, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. 311 (20816) Carts loaded with coffee leaving the plantation, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. URUGUAY — 2 stereographs or slides 312 (20829) Plaza Independencia showing " Portales," Montevideo, Uruguay. 313 (20827) Great dredge by which the harbor is made navigable, Montevideo, Uruguay. ARGENTINA — 8 stereographs or slides 314 (20824) Entrance to the harbor, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 315 (20840) The Government buildings from the balcony of the Bourse. 316 (21809) Four o'clock parade of society in Palermo, a suburb of Buenos Aires, Argentina. 317 (20844) Argentina's famous cattle on range, La Plata, Argentina, So. Am. 318 (21875) Majestic Iguazu Falls, Argentina. SOUTH AMERICA 19 319 (21818) Italian settler and family, vineyards in background, Men- doza, Argentina. .'.20 (20850) Two typical means of transportation — the high cart and the g ; g — Alta Gracia, Argentina. j21 (21817) Along the Mendoza River in the Andean Foothills, Ar- gentina. CHILE — 7 stereographs or slides 322 (21861) Charming Inca Lake (Laguna del Inca) nestling in the Chilean Andes. 323 (21860) Station from which the train climbs 5000 feet in a few miles to the summit, Juncal, Chile. 324 (21843) Cathedral and Plaza, Chilean woman in native dress, Sant'igo, Chile. 325 (22369) Nitrate for agriculture and for war being sacked by natives for shipment, Chile. 326 (21865) The hprbor and city, Valparaiso, Chile. 327 (21836) Goods arriving at docks for shipment, Valparaiso, Chile. 328 (21874) Indians on the Strait of Magellan near Punta Arenas, Chile. PERU — 6 stereographs or slides 329 (21867) Across the Plaza in Arequipa to the famous volcano, Mome Misti, Peru. 330 (21811) In the heart of the rugged Cordilleras Mountains, the Cofa Bridge on the Oroya Railway, Peru. 331 (21871) Natives near wall of Incan Palace — most remarkable monument of ancient Peru, Cuzco. 332 (21869) Tractor with cable drawing harrow and pulverizer to pre- pare soil for planting sugar cane, Lima, Peru. 333 (21868) Replanting the sugar cane in a large hacienda near Lima, Peru. 334 (21870) Refining silver in smelter at the famous mining center of Cerro de Pasco, Peru. BOLIVIA — i stereograph or slide 335 (21866) Famous Copacabana Church near Lake Titicaca in Bolivia, llama in foreground. ECUADOR — i stereograph or slide 336 (21872) Charming Spanish maiden on balcony, Guayaquil, Ecuador. COLOMBIA — i stereograph or slide 337 (21873) Quaint scene in streets of Barranquilla, Colombia. VENEZUELA — 4 stereographs or slides 338 (13314) La Gua;ra, Venezuela, showing fort bombarded by the British in 1902. 20 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION 339 (13315) In the narrow streets of La Guaira, Venezuela — native method of distributing milk unadulterated. 340 (13307) National University and Halls of Congress, Caracas, Venezuela. 341 (13309) The city baker making his daily rounds, Caracas, Vene- zuela. POLAR REGIONS (Except Alaska and Norway) 5 stereographs or slides ARCTIC — 2 stereographs or slides 342 (13325) The twin ships, Windward and Eric — Peary expedition in 1901 — at Nuerke, 800 miles from North Pole, Greenland. 343 (13329) Eskimo girls and part of Crew S. S. Eric — at Upernavik, northernmost Danish trading post, Greenland. (See also 246 Alaska and 413, 414 and 415 Norway) ANTARCTIC — 3 stereographs or slides 344 (13326) Hauling snow for water supply. Belgica Antartic ex- pedition. (1897-99.) 345 (13328) Commander Adrien de Gerlache, leader of the Belgica expedition. (1897-99) on skis hunting seals on South Polar Pack. 346 (13327) Roald Amundsen, discoverer of the South Pole, inspect- ing ice field near glacier, Antarctic Ocean. EUROPE 142 stereographs or slides Great Britain 36 stereographs or slides ENGLAND — 16 stereographs or slides Landing Stage, Liverpool, England. London Bridge over the Thames River, England. Tower of London, London, England. Westminster Abbey, London, England. The Bank of England, London, England. The House of Lords, London, England. The regulator of the world's clocks, Greenwich, England. Birthplace of William Shakespeare, Stratford-on-Avon, England. Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Shottery, England. Shakespeare's Memorial Theater, Stratford-on-Avon, England. Harvesting wheat in Old England. 347 (3028) 348 (2101) 349 (2111) 350 (3002) 351 (3004) 352 (11301) 353 (6146) 354 (3009) 355 (3012) 356 (3010) 357 (13149) GREAT BRITAIN — GERMAN EMPIRE 21 358 (21561) Whitefaced Herefords — an English breed of beef cattle of worldwide fame. 359 (21200) A nightingale on its sheltered nest. 360 (3015) York and its Cathedral, England. 361 (13120) Lake Grasmere and Village from Red Bank, Lake Dis- trict, England. 362 (13123) Rydal Mount, home of Poet Wordsworth, Lake District, England. WALES — J stereograph or slide 363 (2702) Fairy Glen, Bettws-y-Coed, Wales. CHANNEL ISLANDS— J stereograph or slide 364 (21522) Jersey cattle", the most famous product of the Island of Jersey, Channel Islands. SCOTLAND — 9 stereographs or slides 365 (2610) Princess Street and Waverly Gardens, Edinburgh, Scot- land. Highlanders in native costume at the great Forth Bridge, one and one-half miles long, spanning the Firth of Forth, Queensferry, Scotland. Historic Stirling Castle, Scotland. Wallace Monument, the national memorial to Scotland's daring chieftain, Stirling, Scotland. Ellen's Isle, Loch Katrine, Scotland. Aberdeen Angus, a noted breed of beef cattle developed in Scotland. A beautiful and productive type of dairy cattle (Ayr- shire) originating in County Ayr, Scotland. Burns' cottage, room where the poet was born, Ayr, Scotland. A highland home, Scotland. 366 (12711) 367 (12703) 368 (12704) 369 (2607) 370 (21501) 371 (21502) 372 (12700) 373 (12702) IRELAND — 9 stereographs or slides 374 (2517) Queenstown Harbor, Ireland. 375 (12619) Street market in Cork, Ireland. 376 (2503) Blarney Castle, Ireland. 377 (2500) Lakes of Killarney, Ireland. 378 (6110) Peat from Irish bogs, High Street, Killarney, Ireland. 379 (12600) Suspension bridge, Kenmare, Ireland. 380 (2504) Sackville Street, Dublin, Ireland. 381 (2508) Royal Avenue, Belfast, Ireland. 382 (6854) Giant's Causeway, side view of basaltic columns, Ireland. GERMAN EMPIRE — n stereographs or slides 383 (6131) The Reichstags-Gebaude, Berlin, Germany. 384 (10303) Royal Palace, Berlin, Germany. 22 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION 385 (10378) An open air china market, Coblenz, Germany. 386 (2011) Hamburg from across the Elbe, Germany. 387 (10336) Market place and cathedral, Nuremburg, Germany. 388 (10376) Making hay in the highlands of Bavaria, Germany. 389 See France after No. 426. 390 (10352) Toiling in the vineyards — picking the luscious grapes, Rudesheim, Germany. 391 (10377) The Rhine Valley at Bingen, Germany. 392 (10339) The great bridge over the Rhine at Bonn, Germany. 393 (2002) Market, Cologne, Germany. 394 (18000) Zeppelin flying over a German town — Lower valley of the Rhine. BELGIUM — 4 stereographs or slides . 395 (6121) In the vegetable market, Brussels, Belgium. 396 (2084) Milk cart, Antwerp, Belgium. 397 (10115) River Meuse and Pare de la Citadel, Namur, Belgium. 398 (21577) Belgian draft horses — A world champion in foreground. HOLLAND — 5 stereographs or slides 399 (12202) The New Market and canal, Amsterdam, Holland. 400 (12203) On the Leuvehaven, Rotterdam, Holland. 401 (6436) A Dutch fishing village, Island of Marken, Zuider Zee, Holland. 402 (6435) Quaint street in Marken near Amsterdam, Holland. 403 '(12201) Dutch farm hands milking Holstein-Friesian cattle near Rotterdam, Holland. DENMARK — 3 stereographs or slides 404 (13080) Queen Louise Bridge, Copenhagen, Denmark. 405 (13082) A busy market square, Copenhagen, Denmark. 406 (13077) The Krystal-Gade and the Round Tower, Copenhagen, Denmark. NORWAY — 9 stereographs or slide's 407 (13414) The Lotefos, Norway's most famous waterfall. 408 (13408) In the fair and fertile Jordal Valley — Buerbrae Glacier in distance, Norway. 409 (13496) Carding, and spinning wool — Snow capped Mt. Boerte- nose in the background, Telemarken, Norway. 410 (13420) Making the "flat bread" of the Norwegian peasant, Nor- way. 411 (13422) Milking the goats, Hardanger Fjord, Norway. 412 (13467) Grindstones which convert the blocks into wood pulp, Paper Mills, Skotifos, Norway. 413 (15770) Laplanders milking the reindeer, Norway. 414 (15774) Midnight sun, North Cape, Lapland. 415 (15768) Floating whale station, Spitzenbergen, Lapland. SWEDEN — FRANCE — SPAIN 23 SWEDEN — 5 stereographs or slides 416 (13000) General view of Stockholm, Sweden. 417 (13003) The Council Room, Royal Palace, Stockholm, Sweden. 418 (13015) Dalecarlian girls at home, Skansen, Stockholm, Sweden. 419 (13017) Women weeding a field of sugar beets, Sweden. 420 (13029) Custom-house scene and harbor of the enterprising city of Goteborg, Sweden. FRANCE — 12 stereographs or slides 421 (11741) Bird's-eye view of Paris from the Arch of Triumph, France. Avenue des Champs Elysees, Paris, France. Flower market on St. Michael's Bridge at 6 o'clock a. m., Paris, France. The Grand Opera, Paris, France. Notre Dame, Paris, France. Where American troops helped turn the tide of the World's War, Chateau-Thierry, France. Kleber Place, in the heart of Strassburg, France. Glacier des Bossons, Chamonix, France. Mer de Glace (sea of ice), from the Montanvert, Chamonix, France. The Cathedral, near busy docks, Marseilles, France. A seaside paradise — Cannes, France. Women washing clothes, Nice, France. 422 (1641) 423 (11787) 424 (1603) 425 (3104) 426 (18716) 391 (10371) 427 (10732) 428 (10734) 429 (6102) 430 (11760) 431 (11766) MONACO — i stereograph or slide 432 (11754) Monaco — The Prince's Castle in view. SPAIN 433 (15808) -7 stereographs or slides Commodious harbor of Barcelona, looking towards the Columbus Monument and custom-house, Spain. General view of Burgos, Spain. Panorama of Madrid, showing fete celebration in the foreground, Spain. Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain. Picking Valencia oranges, near Valencia, Spain. Andalusian carts coming into town, Almeria, Spain. Rock of Gibraltar, England's only possession on mainland of Europe. SWITZERLAND — io stereographs or slides 440 (10770) To the clouds by rail — Mt. Pilatus, Switzerland. Braving Alpine perils — on the top of Mt. Pilatus over- looking a sea of clouds, Switzerland. The Kapellbrucke crossing the River Reuss, Lucerne, Switzerland. The Wood Carver, Meiringen, Switzerland. Lauterbrunnen Valley and the lovely fall of the Staubbach, Switzerland. 434 (15814) 435 (15800) 436 (967) 437 (15834) 438 (15828) 439 (966) 441 (10798) 442 (10781) 443 (6130) 444 (10750) 24 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION 445 (10702) A mountain chalet, Grindelwald, Switzerland. 446 (10703) Blowing the alpine horn, Grindelwald, Switzerland. 447 (10705) Grindelwald on market day, Switzerland. 448 (10765) Looking at the Matterhorn from Riffelburg Hotel, Switzerland. 449 (10793) Goods for the High Alps, near Zermatt, Switzerland. ITALY — io stereographs or slides 450 (1901) Rome, the Eternal City, from the balcony of St. Peter's, Italy. 451 (11200) The Tiber, Castle of San Angelo, and St. Peter's Cathe- dral, Rome, Italy. 452 (11234) Colosseum, the "King of Ruins," Rome, Italy. 453 (7283) Mount Vesuvius seen from the ruins of Herculaneum, Italy. 454 (1972) A Neapolitan team, Naples, Italy. 455 (16830) Street scene in tenement district, Palermo, Sicily. 456 (1952) Vecchio bridge across the River Arno, Florence, Italy. 457 (6482) Grand Canal, Venice, Italy. 458 (1941) The Cathedral, Milan, Italy. 459 (7282) Lake Como and Village, Italy. AUSTRIA — 3 stereographs or slides 460 (15614) Marie Theresa Platz, Innsbruck, Austria. 461 (15610) Public Square, looking toward Schlossberg, Gratz, Aus- tria. 462 (15607) Along the Danube Canal in the very heart of Vienna, Austria. CZECHO-SLOVAKIA — i stereograph or slide 463 (15668) Historic Carlstein Castle near Prague, Bohemia. HUNGARY — i stereograph or slide 464 (15656) One of Europe's famous avenues, Andrassy Strasse, Budapest, Hungary. 465 See Poland. JUGO-SLAVIA — 2 stereographs or slides 466 (15611) Natives in market place, Serajevo, Bosnia. 467 (17200) View of junction of Save River with the Danube-Hun- garian city of Semlin in distance at the right — from heights of Belgrade, Serbia. BULGARIA — 2 stereographs or slides 468 (17207) Street scene showing peasant woman and sidewalk coffee house, Sofia, Bulgaria. 469 (17218) Native market scene, Ruschuk, Bulgaria. ROUMANIA — 2 stereographs or slides 470 (17200) The great railway bridge over the Danube River at Cerna-Voda, Roumania. TURKEY — TURKEY IN ASIA 25 471 (15658) Roumanian mother and children, on the bank of the Danube, Roumania. TURKEY — 3 stereographs or slides 472 (10953) The famous Galata Bridge and the Golden Horn, Con- stantinople, Turkey. 743 (10977) Mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople, Turkey. 474 (7178) Street scene in Constantinople, Turkey. GREECE — 6 stereographs or slides 475 (964) Athens and Acropolis, Greece. 476 (7127) The Royal Palace, soldiers in national dress, Athens, Greece. 477 (7134) Excavators at work, Old Corinth, Greece. 478 (7155) Ruins of Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece. 479 (7170) Treading out the grain, threshing as in olden days, Greece. 480 (7171) Shepherds and their flocks on the Argive Plain, Greece. FINLAND — I stereograph or slide 481 (6652) Fish wives of Finland — a busy scene on the quay. RUSSIA AND THE UKRAINE — 6 stereographs or slides 482 (6656) Senate and the Academy on the Vasili Island, Petrograd, Russia. 483 (6549) The Kremlin, Moscow, Russia. 484 (6644) The great bell market at the Fair, Nizhni Novgorod, 485 See Poland. 486 (18104) The Krestchatik, the principal street of Kief, one of the famous old cities of Ukraine. 487 (18103) Quaint dairy maids delivering milk in earthenware jars suspended on poles, Kief, Ukraine. 488 (18101) Plowing with a primitive native plow — How the Rus- sian peasant tills his leased fields. POLAND — 2 stereographs or slides 465 (15609) Polish school children, Zakopane, Galicia. 4S5 (20462) Hat and clothes market, Jewish quarter, Warsaw. ASIA 6/ stereographs or slides ASIA MINOR — 3 stereographs or slides 489 (10969) Looking up the Bosporus toward the Black Sea from the heights above Scutari, Asia Minor. 490 (10975) Circassian native types of Asia Minor. 491 (11156) City blacksmith shoeing buffalo on streets of Tarsus, Asia Minor. 26 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION SYRIA — 3 stereographs or slides 492 (11151) Bird's-eye view of Beirut, Syria. 493 (7323) Over the roofs, " the street called Straight," Damascus, Syria. 494 (20703) A Sheik and his bodyguard, Syria. PALESTINE — 4 stereographs or slides 495 (7304) View of Jerusalem, from Mount of Olives, Palestine. 496 (7306) Russian pilgrims returning from the Jordan, on the Jericho road, Palestine. 497 (11071) The threshing floor of Nazareth, Palestine. 498 (11058) Native women grinding wheat, Palestine. Indian Empire 12 stereographs or slides INDIA PROPER — jo stereographs or slides 499 (12501) Madras and harbor, India. 500 (12564) The Howrah Bridge over the Hooghly River in Delta oi the Ganges, Calcutta, India. 501 (12567) Pilgrims bathing in the sacred Ganges before the temple in Benares, the religious center of India. 502 (12531) The Taj Mahal, Agra, India. 503 (12558) Moslem multitudes leaving the Jumma Mosque, Delhi, India. 504 (12560) Abundant and marvelous life of India thronging the spacious thoroughfare, Jaipur, India. 505 (12554) Stately elephants on parade, Jaipur, India. 506 (12565) Spinning and weaving woolen shawls, Srinagar, Kashmir. 507 (12563) Inflated bullock skins for ferry boats on Sutlej River in the Punjab, India. 508 (12561) "The Roof of the World"— The majestic Himalayas rising in matchless splendor above the sea of clouds, Darjeeling, Northern India. BURMA — i stereograph or slide 509 (12553) Giant beasts of burden, patient elephants hauling logs from the Salwin River, Maulmain, Burma. SIAM — i stereograph or slide 510 (23500) Royal elephant hunt, Siam. CEYLON — 2 stereographs or slides 511 (12101) Colombo Harbor from the landing jetty, Ceylon. 512 (12566) Grinding gems, garnets, rubies, sapphires and moonstones, Ratnapora, Ceylon. CHINA AND MANCHURIA — 12 stereographs or slides 513 (12052) "Queen's Road," the business thoroughfare in Hong- kong, China. JAPANESE EMPIRE 27 514 (14559) On the river, Canton, China. 515 (12079) The Yangtze River Valley at Chinkiang, China. 516 (12076) The Chinese substitute for horse power — manipulating a huge stone roller on the streets of Nanking, China. 517 (14554) China's great river Yangtze, showing Hankow from Wuchang, China. 518 (14558) Train of Bactrian camels, Peking, China. 519 (14557) An open air restaurant, Peking, China. 520 (12007) Chinese school children and teacher at the American Board of Missions, Peking, China. 521 (14517) Store of rich Chinese tea merchant, Chifu, North China. 522 (6631) Chinese farmer boys tilling the soil, near Port Arthur. 523 (6571) Chinamen sawing timbers for the Japanese Army, Man- churia. 524 (14555) Caravan passing through an ancient gateway in the Great Wall at the head of the Nankow Pass, North China. Japanese Empire 19 stereographs or slides JAPAN PROPER — 17 stereographs or slides 525 (14812) The Sacred Mountain of Fuji-Yama, Japan. 526 (14032) Tokyo, the Japanese Capital. 527 (14791) Threshing rice by pulling the grains from the stem, Japan. 528 (14730) Rice planters at work, Japan. 529 (14789) Rice harvest — Cutting the straw close to the ground with a sickle, Japan. 530 (14739) A country girl of Old Japan — Among the famous tea fields of Shizuoka, Japan. 531 (14845) Drying sardines on the beach, Beppu, Japan. 532 (14058) All sorts and sizes — A Japanese shoe shop. 533 (14727) Interior of a Japanese home — showing method of sleep- ing. 534 (14045) In the "Land of Flowers," a tea house in Japan. 535 (14047) An idyllic spot where little Japanese maids delight to stroll. 536 (14746) Silk worm incubator, Japan. 537 (14744) Gathering mulberry leaves for the silk worms, Japan. 538 (14748) Feeding mulberry leaves to the voracious young silk worms, Japan. 539 (14750) Silkworm cocoons in their nests, Kiryu, Japan. 540 (14753) Reeling silk from cocoons, Kiryu, Japan. 541 (14757) One of Japan's largest modern silk weaving plants — American machinery and American methods, Kiryu, Japan. 28 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION CHOSEN (KOREA) — 2 stereographs or slides 542 (14076) White-robed pottery peddlers on the streets of Seoul, Chosen (Korea). 543 (20601) Charcoal carriers, Chosen (Korea). SIBERIA — 1 stereograph or slide 544 (14519) Boarding the train at Kansk, Siberia. East Indies jo stereographs or slides JAVA — 1 stereograph or slide 545 (16400) One of the great active volcanoes of Java. PHILIPPINES — 8 stereographs or slides 546 (10085) " Cascos," the floating homes of many thousands — house boats on the Pasig River, Manila, Island of Luzon, P. I. 547 (10058) Calle Real, principal street of Walled City, Manila from top of Parian Gate, Island of Luzon, P. I. 548 (10056) Cattle used as pack animals and for riding — Mayon in the background, Island of Luzon, P. I. 549 (10064) Filipino farmers harrowing rice fields near Manila, P. I. 550 (10070) Hulling rice for breakfast — Island of Luzon, P. I. 551 (10074) Husking coconuts — a familiar scene in the great coconut country near Pagsanjan, Island of Luzon, P. I. 552 (10035) Manila hemp industry — stripping the tree, Philippines. 553 (10047) Manila hemp industry — interior of a native rope factory, Philippines. GUAM — 1 stereograph or slide 554 (16401) Mission Home Grounds, Island of Guam. AFRICA 30 stereographs or slides MOROCCO — 1 stereograph or slide 555 (17130) Teeming Arab life in the market place, Tangier, Morocco. ALGIERS — J stereograph or slide 556 (17000) Harbor of Algiers, Algeria. TUNIS — 1 stereograph or slide 557 (17131) Outside the fine old gate, Bab-el-Hathera, in the walls of Tunis, Tunis. EGYPT — 12 stereographs or slides 558 (9820) Bird's-eye view of Alexandria from British fort, Komed Dimas, Egypt. BRITISH E. AFRICA — UNION OF S. AFRICA 29 559 (17020) The Suez Canal from a German liner, looking north, Africa. 560 (9749) The great Nile Bridge, Cairo, Egypt. 561 (9774) Tilling the soil as in ancient days, Egypt. 562 (9759) Threshing beans in the field, Egypt. 563 (6233) Native boys spinning cotton, Egypt. 564 (9812) Inundation of the Nile, Egypt. 565 (9781) The Sphinx and Second Pyramid, Egypt. 566 (9771) Ancient and modern Egypt, Sakkara. 567 (9843) Caravan leaving oasis in the desert of Egypt. 568 (9737) Ruins of Karnak, Egypt. 569 (6242) The great dam, Assuan, Egypt. BRITISH EAST AFRICA — 4 stereographs or slides 570 (17033) Peeling bark for making bark cloth, Uganda, Africa. 571 (17034) Sisal hemp plantation in blossom, Uganda, Africa. 572 (17011) The native market at Port Florence, Lake Victoria Nyanza, Africa. 573 (17005) Shipping ivory at Mombasa, Africa. GERMAN EAST AFRICA — 1 stereograph or slide 574 (17018) Dar-es-Salaam, the chief city and port of German East Africa. RHODESIA — 4 stereographs or slides 575 (17023) Scene above bridge on the Cape to Cairo Railway, over Zambezi River, near Victoria Falls, Africa. 576 (17004) Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River, Rhodesia, Africa. 577 (17012) Result of a morning's hippopotamus hunt on Mlembo River, Rhodesia, Africa. 578 (17015) Returning with trophies from a big game hunt, Rhodesia, Africa. UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA — 6 stereographs or slides 579 (11979) Gold quartz mining, 10th level, 1,200 feet underground, Robinson Mine, Johannesburg, South Africa. 580 (11881) Imperial Army transports crossing the Vaal River at Viljoen's Drift, South Africa. 581 (17026) Taking out the " diamantiferous blue earth" at Wessel- ton Diamond Mines, Kimberley, South Africa. 582 (17008) City Hall from parade ground, showing Table Moun- tain, Cape Town, South Africa. 583 (11994) Millions of South African gannets, near Cape Town, South Africa. 584 (17014) Penguins on Dassen Island near Cape Town, South Africa. 30 GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION AUSTRALIA AND ISLANDS 8 stereographs or slides NEW SOUTH WALES — i stereograph or slide 585 (15962) Review of the troops, Centennial Park, Sydney, N. S. W. VICTORIA — 2 stereographs or slides 586 (15987) Giant Eucalyptus or Gum Trees, 400 feet high, Victoria. 587 (15908) Federal Parliament Building, Melbourne, Victoria. SOUTH AUSTRALIA — i stereograph or slide 588 (15902) Kangaroo in the zoological garden, Adelaide, South Australia. QUEENSLAND — / stereograph or slide 589 (15986) Sheep on the range, Australia. • TASMANIA — i stereograph or slide 590 (15903) Elizabeth Street and the Union Bank of Australia, Ho- bart, Tasmania. NEW ZEALAND — i stereograph or slide 591 (15978) Looking across Auckland Harbor towards Auckland from Northcote, New Zealand. NEW GUINEA — J stereograph or slide 592 (15985) In a Papuan village, New Guinea. EARTH NEIGHBORS * 8 stereographs or slides 593 (16764) The Sun photographed through forty-inch telescope. Yerkes Observatory. 594 (16648) The full Moon. Yerkes Observatory. 595 (16646) Moon at age of seventeen days. Yerkes Observatory. 596 (16766) The planet Mars. Yerkes Observatory. 597 (16767) The planet Saturn. Solar Observatory, at Mt. Wilson, Cal. 598 (16765) The planet Uranus and two of its moons. Yerkes Ob- servatory. 599 (16647) Meteor in constellation of Orion. Yerkes Observatory. 600 (16645) Morehouse's Comet. Yerkes Observatory. 3. PRODUCTION AND MANU- FACTURING INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY By CHARLES REDWAY DRYER, MA., M.D. GEOGRAPHER, FORT WAYNE, IND. This is an industrial age. In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in our industrial resources and equipment. There has been a marked movement of our population to the larger centers where manufacturing on a large scale has be- come the rule. Our inventive skill and our genius for or- ganization have produced great factories equipped with labor saving machinery, handled by skilled workers. Under such conditions, production has gone forward at a rapid rate. The Great World War has put this vast productive system to the strongest test. It also has served to emphasize most clearly agriculture, which is not only our greatest industry, but also supplies the material for many other industries. This set of stereographs and lantern slides contains a very considerable range of material dealing with industries. In this classification, we are treating Industrial Geography as dealing with Production and Manufacturing, leaving for the classifications on Commercial Geography to present the Transportation and Marketing of products. The instructor may wish to present the question of produc- tion and manufacturing by the consideration of a given in- dustry as a whole. This plan is followed in Part I. Again he may wish to deal with industrial material upon the basis of the processes concerned. For such a classification see Part II. 45 46 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING Part I A. FOOD PRODUCTS 1. VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND THEIR MANUFACTURE (a) GRAINS Corn 180 Fertilizing and plowing corn field. 184 Field of corn, the king of cereals. 136 Modern method corn harvesting. 137 Corn cut by hand. 160 Harvesting and loading silage corn. 165 Silo which enables the dairyman to feed milk-producing green fodder throughout the winter. 292 Primitive way of preparing corn for the table. 341 Primitive way of selling bread, Caracas, Venezuela. Wheat Modern Methods 178 Plowing for wheat with tractor. 179 Making a good seed bed for wheat with tractor. 357 Usual way of cutting wheat with binder. 177 Threshing wheat with modern equipment. 233 Steam reaper and thresher. 218 Combined reaper and thresher using horse power. 154 " Soo " Canal, through which millions of bushels of wheat pass in ship loads on way to eastern elevators and shipping points. •48 Grain ships unloading at elevators, Buffalo. Primitive Methods 488 Russian peasant plowing with primitive plow. 561 Plowing as in ancient days, Egypt. 522 Plowing in China. 527 Ancient mode of threshing in Japan. 479 Threshing as in olden days, Greece. 497 Threshing floor of Nazareth, Palestine. 498 Native women grinding wheat, Palestine. Barley 199 Harvesting barley by modern methods. 410 Making the barley " flat bread," Norway. 566 Barley field, Egypt. Oats 147 Loading oats in the field. 4Q8 Small field of oats, Norway, GRAINS — VEGETABLES — SUGAR 47 Rice 105 Hoeing rice, South Carolina. 104 Irrigating rice field, South Carolina 549 Filipino harrowing rice field. 550 Filipino women hulling rice for breakfast. 528 Rice planters at work, Japan. 527 Thresliing rice, Japan. 530 Rice on the lowlands, tea on the uplands, Japan. 529 Harvesting rice, also showing rice straw hat, Japan. See Paper in this classification for use of rice straw. (b) VEGETABLES Potatoes 47 Potatoes growing on a truck farm. 166 Modern potato digging machines, Minn. Beans 562 Threshing beans in the field, Egypt. Onions, Cabbage 375 Vegetables and eggs for sale, Cork, Ireland. 469 Onions and cabbage for sale in a Bulgarian market. Pumpkins 137 Pumpkins on an Indiana farm. (c) SUGAR Beet 419 Women weeding field of beets in Sweden. 198 Cultivating a field of sugar beets. 270 Beets stored to make into sugar. 271 Beet pulp and juice in sugar factory. 35 Granulated sugar is made from either beet or cane. Cane 332 Tractor preparing soil for planting sugar cane, Peru. 333 Replanting sugar cane near Lima, Peru. 258 Cutting the sugar cane, Rio Pedro, Porto Rico. 35 Granulated sugar is made from either beet or cane. 34 Conveyor with trays of loaf sugar received from drying kiln, New York. Maple 130 Tapping a sugar maple tree; showing gathering tank for the sap and house where sap is evaporated and maple syrup and sugar are made. 48 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING (d) FRUITS Bananas 294 Harvesting bananas, Costa Rica. 259 Banana tree used for ornamentation, Hawaii. 297 The banana planted for shade in a tobacco plantation, Cuba. 302 The banana planted for shade in a coffee plantation, Guadeloupe, F. W. I. 570, 575 The banana in Africa. Oranges 237 Orange groves near Redlands, California. 238 Orange blossoms and fruit, California. 437 Picking Valencia oranges near Valencia, Spain. Pineapples 108 Harvesting pineapples, Fla. Grapes 236 Tokay grapes in a California vineyard. 319 Grape vineyards in Mendoza, Argentina, S. A. 390 Picking the luscious grapes, Rudesheim, Germany. 438 Hauling barrels of Malaga grapes to Almeria, Spain for shipping abroad. 4 Papaya 259 Fruit of the papaw tree, Hawaii. Dates 556, 566 Date palm, furnishing fruit and wood in many semi-desert parts of Asia and Africa. Olive 495 The olive tree, an evergreen tree of the Mediterranean region. 556 Shipping barrels of olive oil from Algiers, North Africa. Peach 85 Gathering peaches in Delaware. Apples 44 Summer spraying in apple orchard in New York. 175 Picking, sorting and packing apples in barrels, Missouri. Figs 489 Three fig trees in foreground, Scutari, Turkey. NUTS — BEVERAGES 49 (e) NUTS Almonds 234 Harvesting almonds, San Joaquin County, Calif. Coconuts 249 The coconut palm in the Panama Canal Zone. 259 The coconut palm in the Hawaiian Island. 551 Husking the coconuts and splitting them to dry in the sun, P. I. Chestnuts 70 Group of tall chestnut trees growing from an old stump. Penn- sylvania has more chestnut timber than has any other state. Peanuts 118 Harvesting peanuts in Arkansas, commonly classed as a nut but in reality a vegetable. Pine Nuts 201 Nut pine, a small scrubby tree with nut-like edible fruit growing in semi-arid regions. (f) BEVERAGES Cocoa 303 Cacao pods, containing beans from which cocoa and chocolate are made. Coffee 302 Picking coffee in Guadaloupe, F. W. I. 310 Method of drying coffee, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, S. A. 311 Carts loaded with coffee leaving plantation, Brazil, S. A. 295 Unloading coffee at Havana wharf, Cuba. 468 Sidewalk coffee house, Sofia, Bulgaria. Tea 530 Among the famous tea fields of Shizuoka, Japan. 521 Store of Chinese tea merchant, Chifu. 534 Tea house in Japan. 373 Serving tea in Scotland. Pulque 234 Field of maguey plants, Mexico. ?85 Filling pig skins with juice from maguey plant, Mexico. 287 Single maguey or century plant, with field of them beyond. 50 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING 2. ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR MANUFACTURE (a) Dairying, Milk and Butter Cows 159 Group of modern dairy barns and herd of Holstein cattle\ Wis. 165 Holstein cattle and attractive dairy barns and silo, Minn. 57 Milking scene in modern dairy, N. J. 46 Automatic machine for filling and capping bottles of milk. 45 Washing 1,000 pounds of freshly churned butter. 487 Quaint dairy maids delivering milk, Kiev, Russia. 339 Native method of distributing milk, La Guayra, Venezuela. 403 Milking Holstein-Friesian cattle near Rotterdam, Holland. 364 Jersey cattle, the most famous product of the Island of Jersey. 356 Dairy shorthorn cattle in England. 371 Dairy cattle developed in County Ayrshire, Scotland. 591 Dairy cattle in New Zealand. Goats 411 Milking goats, Hardanger Fjord, Norway. Reindeer 413 Laplanders milking reindeer, Norway. (b) Beef 370 Aberdeen Angus, a noted breed of beef cattle. 317 Shorthorns, Argentine's famous cattle. 358 White faced Herefords — beef cattle of world wide fame. 127 Making a drive of Hereford cattle in Texas. 185 Hereford cattle, being fattened for market. 140 Cattle at Union Stock Yards, Chicago. 141 The last process in dressing beef — washing with boiling water. 186 Round-up of range cattle on Sherman Ranch, Geneseo, Kans. 301 A cattle ranch in Jamaica. 580 Cattle (Devon in foreground) as draft animals, later as beef. 549 The water buffalo, an important meat supply. Other cattle scenes, 284, 298, 337, 548, 510, 497, 491, 561, 562, 454. For hides and their manufacture see topic of Leather in this classification. (c) Pork 183 Poland China hogs in alfalfa pasture, Kansas. 172 Hogs in rape pasture, Iowa. 180 Group of colony hog houses in distance, Nebraska. 122 The hog is a good forager, oil district, Texas. 142 Splitting backbones and final inspection of hogs before placing them in refrigerator rooms, Chicago. MUTTON — DEER — SEA FOODS 5 1 143 Trimming and skinning hams before pickling in preparation for the market, Chicago. 144 Making link sausages with the aid of machines which stuff ten feet per second, Chicago. By-products of Hog 75, 76, 77, 155, Lard oil for miners' lamps. See also Leather in this classification. (d) Mutton 190, 589 Fine wool Merino sheep grazing on range. (Typical range sheep the world over.) 173 Shropshire, Oxford and Cotswold sheep in pasture, Ames, Iowa. (Choice mutton types.) 480 Shepherds and flocks on Argive plain, Greece. For wool see section on Clothing in this classification also classi- fication Textiles and Clothing. (e) American Bison (Commonly called Buffalo) 232 Formerly an important source of meat supply. (£) Deer 413 Reindeer. A meat supply of growing importance, now shipped from Alaska. 189 Elk, 2 Moose — fast disappearing species of deer family. (g) Chickens, Ducks, Geese, and Pigeons 56 Chickens form an important meat supply. 401 Ducks along the canal in Holland, valuable for meat, eggs, and feathers. 216 Geese, for feather products, meat and eggs. 240 Pigeon farm — extensive " squab " production, Los Angeles. (h) Hippopotamus 577 Hippopotamus — flesh much prized by natives. 578 Natives returning from hippopotamus hunt. (i) Sea Foods Codfish 13 Drying codfish in the sun, Gloucester, Mass. Salmon 226 Netting salmon in the Columbia River, Oregon. 227 Butchering salmon, canning factory, Astoria, Oregon. 244 Indians drying salmon on the Yukon River, Alaska. 52 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING Sardines 531 Drying sardines on the beach, Beppu, Japan. Oysters 97 Bedding for young oysters, Hampton, Va. 86 Shacking Oysters, Baltimore, Md. Fishing in Finland 481 Fisher women selling fish in Finland market. Seal 345 Seal blubber is an important article of diet in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. The oil is used for fuel and the skin for clothing and leather articles. Whale 415 Whale blubber is used for food while the oil and bone form im- portant articles of commerce. 3. INORGANIC PRODUCTS Salt 42 Collecting, draining and hauling salt, Syracuse, N. Y. 153 Packing salt into barrels for shipment, St. Clair, Mich. B. CLOTHING 1. VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND FACTORY PROCESSES (a) Cotton Growing 207 Cultivating field of cotton, Arizona. 117 Picking cotton on a Mississippi plantation. 124 Hauling cotton to the cotton gin. 125 Cottin gin, Greenville, Texas. 119 Cotton in the bale ready for shipment, New Orleans, La. 420 Bales of cotton on wharf, Goteborg, Sweden. 286 Carding room, cotton mills, Orizaba, Mexico. 14 Spinning cotton yarn in textile mills, Lawrence, Mass. 15 Copying design on copper rolls for printing cotton cloth. 16 Printing room of cotton mills, Lawrence, Mass. 563 Primitive method of spinning cotton in Egypt. Uses For scenes showing uses of cotton see classification on Textiles and Clothing also Paper in this classification. FLAX — HEMP — RUBBER 53 (b) Flax 268 Winding bobbins in linen mill, Canada. 269 Weaving the linen fabric, Canada. 40 Folding and ironing linen collars, Troy, N. Y. See also Paper in this classification. (c) Hemp Manila (Abaca — native name) 552 Manila hemp — stripping the tree. 553 Primitive way of making hemp rope, Philippines. 99, 186, 188, 246, 295, 257, 342, 344, 217 Manila hemp rope in use. Sisal 289 Henequen, from which sisal fiber is produced. 571 Sisal hemp plantation in blossom, Uganda, Africa. 357, 136 Show use of binder twine, made of sisal fiber in handling grain. (d) Maguey 285, 287 Show the Maguey plant whose fiber is often used for the manufacture of clothing as well as twine rope, mats, sacks, carpets, etc. The tender heart of the plant can be cooked and eaten. (e) Pina 108 Pineapple leaves from which pina cloth is made. 550 Philippinos wearing pina cloth. (f) Bark Cloth 570 Peeling bark for making bark cloth, Uganda, Africa. (g) Coconut Fiber 551 Coconut husk fiber for making cloth, mats, etc. (h) Rubber Sources 247 A rubber tree showing scars from cutting. 131 Many forms of crude rubber as it comes from the jungles. Manufacture 133 Manufacture of rubber boots and shoes, Akron, Ohio. Uses 46,42,227,130,161,75 Rubber in 'boots. See also Automobiles in this classification. 54 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING 2. ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND FACTORY PROCESSES (a) Wool Sheep Raising 480 Merino sheep on the Argive plains in Greece. 173 Shropshire, Oxford and Cotswold sheep are better -mutton type, being larger than the Merino, but the wool is coarser. 190 Fine wool Merino sheep, Idaho. (Typical range sheep the world over.) 589 Sheep on the range, Australia. Handling of Wool 145 Shearing sheep with power driven shears. 17 Sorting wool after cleaning and washing. Modern Manufacturing Processes 18 Doubling frame in large woolen mill. 81 Spinning room — winding the bobbins, Phila. Primitive Processes 409 Carding and spinning wool, Telemarken, Norway. 506 Spinning and weaving woolen shawls, Kashmir, India. Uses For use of wool in clothing see classification Textiles and Clothing. (b) Silk Silk Culture (Japan) 536 Silk worm incubator. 537 Gathering mulberry leaves for the silk worms. 538 Feeding mulberry leaves to the voracious young silk worms. 539 Silk worm cocoons in their nests. Silk Manufacture (Japan) 540 Reeling silks from cocoons by hand. 541 One of Japan's largest modern silk weaving plants. Silk Manufacture (America) 22 Weighing and sorting raw silk skeins, South Manchester, Conn. The United States buys approximately one-half the raw silk pro- duced by Japan each year. We also buy heavily from China and Italy. Most of this silk comes to us as reeled silk. 23 First drawing or straightening of fibers — spun silk industry. South Manchester, Conn. This silk comes from damaged co- coons and is carded and spun in practically the same way as cotton and wool. 24 Roving frame — silk industry (spun silk), South Manchester, Conn. SILK — LEATHER 55 53 Drawing warp for weaving silk cloth, Paterson, N. J. (Reeled silk). 54 Weaving room in the famous silk mills at Paterson, N. J. 55 Machines weaving dozens of fine taffeta silk ribbons, Paterson, N. J. For uses of silk in clothing see Classification on Tex- tiles and Clothing. (c) Leather Sources 127 " Making a drive " on Paloduro Ranch, Texas. 186 Round up on Sherman Ranch, Kansas. 301 Cattle ranch in Jamaica. 317 Some of South America's famous cattle. 185 Splendid Hereford cattle in Kansas feeding pens. 140 World's greatest live stock market, Chicago. 580,298,561,497,454 Ox hide excellent leather. 159,165,57,403,364,356,371,591,403,339 Dairy cattle finally furnish beef and leather. 549, 491, 474 Buffalo, a source of leather. 562, 548 Humped cattle of Asia. 71,. 138, 218, 229, 195, 188, 182, 147, 136 Horses. 183, 172, 122 Pig skin a good leather. 560, 566, 567, 574, 557, 340, 524 Donkeys. 124,249,175,311,294 Mule skin an excellent leather. 190, 173, 480 Sheep skin much used for gloves, etc. 246, 279, 118, 190, 204, 396, 480 Dog skin used in many ways. 411,447 Goats; 413 Reindeer; 2 Moose; 189 Elk; 335 Llama; 232 American Bison; 110 Alligator; 588 Kangaroo; 345 Seal; 505, 509 Elephants; 577, 578 Hippopotamus. Manufacture. 272 Scraping hair from hides — tanning industry. 11 Skilled workmen cutting leather for shoes, Mass. 41 Sewing room, large shoe factory, Syracuse, N. Y. 12 Lasting machine, shaping shoes in Massachusetts shoe factory. Uses 71, 138 Harness, a very important use of leather. 45, 14 Leather is also extensively used for belting. 98, 158, 182, 168, 169 Indians wearing " Buckskin " garments. 279, 413, 188, 224, 83, 77 Leather boots and shoes. 352, 89, 92 Leather upholstering. 188, 186, 182 Hog skin the usual leather for saddles., 507 Primitive use of inflated bullock skins for ferry boats. 285 Primitive use of hog skin to carry liquids. 56 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING (d) Furs 345 The seal, an important source of fur clothing. 343 The use of fur garments by the Eskimo. 328, 158 Indians using furs for clothing. 246, 243, 279 Use of fur caps and clothing, Arctic regions. 490 Natives of Asia Minor wearing fur caps and coats. (e) Feathers 239 The ostriches supply beautiful ostrich plumes. 216 These geese furnish valuable feathers. C. MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES 1. ORGANIC DEPOSITS (a) Anthracite Coal 74 Stripping coal at Hazelton, Pa. 75 Miners going into the slope, Hazelton, Pa. 76 Miner drilling and laborer loading "black diamonds." 77 Loading' cage with car at bottom of shaft, Scranton, Pa. 78 Tandem automatic slate picker, Scranton, Pa. 79 Shipping coal, coal breaker in background, Ashley, Pa. (b) Bituminous Coal 129 A trainload of bituminous coal from the Pittsburgh fields for Lake Superior consumption. 61 Coal on barges ready for river shipment. Pittsburgh, Pa., is sometimes called the Smoky City on account of the large amount of coal smoke from the various iron and steel mills and other great factories located there. 177 Bituminous coal used in threshing engine. 43, 26, 347 Bituminous coal used in passenger and freight engines and ships. (c) Coke (Made from Bituminous Coal) 68 Coke ovens, loading coke into cars. 62 Two cars of coke at blast furnace. (d) Peat (Irish Coal) 378 Peat from Irish bogs, High St., Killarney, Ireland. (e) Petroleum 122 Spindle Top, an important oil region near Beaumont, Texas. 69 Filling shell with nitro-glycerin for shooting the well. 70 Shooting an oil well. 123 Crude oil stills and can factory, Port Arthur, Texas. 256 A reserve supply of the finished product in tank at the Panama Canal. METALS 57 (f) Phosphate 115 Mining phosphate and loading cars, Term.— an important fer- tilizer. (g) Asphalt 48 Barrels of asphalt shipped from mine, Trinidad Island. 316 Beautiful asphalt boulevard, Buenos Aires. 2. INORGANIC DEPOSITS AND INDUSTRIES (a) METALS (i) Iron 163 Steam shovel at work, Mesabi Range, Minn. 164 Iron ore being loaded on ships, Two Harbors, Minn. 154 Ore ships passing through " Soo " Canal. 128 Unloading iron ore from ships to train for Pittsburgh District. (129 shows train load of coal which the ore ships will haul back to Minnesota.) 62 Iron blast furnace, Pittsburgh. 63 Modern pig iron machine at rest, Pittsburgh. 64 Emptying cooled pig iron from molds into car. Uses 271 Iron pipe; 350, 354, 534, 306, 365 Iron fencing; 484 Iron roof; 63, 64 Cast iron molds; 215, 471 Iron chains. (2) Steel 116 Steel furnace, Birmingham, Ala. 61 Across the Monongahela River may be seen a steel plant in Pittsburgh. 65 Filling molds with steel, Pittsburgh. 66 Steel ingots on the "table" of the "blooming" mill, steel works, Pittsburgh, Pa. 67 Red-hot steel beam from rolling process being cut into lengths by buzz saw, steel works, Pittsburgh, Pa. Uses 82 Erecting shop, Baldwin Locomotive works. 43 Two locomotives and a modern four track steel railway. 242 Steel in submarine; 254 battleship; 27, 174, 575 bridges; 139. 25, 26, 28, 30 skyscrapers; 1 axe; 224 saw; 69 drill; 256 wireless tower; 123 tanks; 170 power plant; 187 factory; 150, 151, 316, 305, 152 automobiles; 250, 252, 253 Panama Canal; 52 steam ships; 161, 166, 178, 179, 180 farm machinery and gas engines; 129, 128, 163 steel cars; 154, 164 freight boats; 177, 218 233 threshing engines; 84, 94 money making machines. For other uses of steel see classification on metals. 58 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING (3) Copper 187 Copper smelters and mines, Butte, Mont. 155 A mile underground — loading and handling cars with copper ore, Calumet-Hecla Mines, Calumet, Mich. 156 Pouring molten copper into ingot molds, Calumet, Mich. 157 Loading 1,400 tons of copper on boat, Houghton, Mich. Uses. 15 Copper rolls for printing cotton cloth, Lawrence, Mass. 151 Insulated copper wires used in auto engines. 324, 486, 273, 590 show trolley wires of copper. 308, 309 Show system of telephone wires, often of copper, especially the long-distance wires. 43 Showing copper telegraph wires. 171 Commutator plates in generators are copper. (4) Brass (Product of Copper) 92,84,89,21,352 Brass lighting fixtures; 88, 92, 94 Brass fans; 494 Brass in rifle shells ; 39, 37, 73 Cannon were formerly made of brass. (5) Bronze (Product of Copper) 80 The old Liberty Bell. Most famous in world. 484 The great bell market, Nizhni Novgorod, Russia. 71 Small bronze bells on harness. 241 San Gabriel mission showing bells. (6) Gold 243 Some of the 40,000 men who entered Klondyke gold field in 1898. 246 Gold miners and dog team north of Arctic Circle, Alaska. 245 Placer mining, near the Yukon River, Alaska. 225 Hydraulic mining, Oregon. 287 Rich gold and silver mining center, El Oro, Mexico. 579 Gold quartz mining, 10th level, 1,200 feet under ground, Robin- son Mine, Johannesburg, S. Africa. 203 Stamp mill and gold concentrator, Ouray, Colorado. Uses 21 Skilled workers manufacturing jewelry, Providence, R. I. (7) Silver 214 A silver mining camp nestled in the mountains, Nevada. 287 Rich gold and silver mining center of El Oro, Mexico. 334 Refining silver in smelter, Peru, S. Amer. Uses 33 Silverware in a well furnished dining room. 84 Silver half-dollars, quarters and dimes being coined at govern- ment mint. PRECIOUS STONES — QUARRYING 59 (8) Zinc and Lead 176 Zinc and lead mines, Joplin, Mo. (b) PRECIOUS STONES (i) Diamonds 581 Mining " diamantiferous bine earth," Kimberley, S. Africa. (2) Garnets, Rubies, Sapphires and Moonstones 512 Grinding gems — garnets, rubies, sapphires, and moonstones — Ratnapora, Ceylon. (c) GLASS Manufacture 134 Placing material in furnace, plate glass works, Ross ford, Ohio. 135 Polishing plate glass after grinding, Rossford, Ohio. Use 33 Cut glass on dining table, plate glass in mirror and mantel. 92 Glass in transom, lighting fixtures, ink wells, mirror, clock face and covering picture. 88 Glass in skylight. 587 Plate glass in Federal building, Melbourne, Australia. 159 Glass windows in modern dairy barn. 152 A well lighted modern factory building, Ford Motor Factory, Detroit. (d) POTTERY 58 Firing tableware, Trenton, N. J. 59 Artists decorating porcelain ware, Trenton, N. J. 33 Finely decorated china on dining table. 372 Porcelain in Robert Burns' Cottage, Scotland. 542, 487, 572, 564, 292 Primitive pottery in other countries. 519 Chinese dishes. (e) QUARRYING (1) Granite 3 Quarrying granite, Concord, N. H.— Drilling preparatory to splitting. 95 Congressional Library — white New Hampshire granite. 7 Quincy market building, Boston, built of granite. 6 Granite blocks used in paving. 569 The great dam, Egypt. Built of Assuan granite. 146 Lincoln Tomb (granite), Springfield, 111. (2) Marble 4 Marble quarry, Proctor, Vt, largest quarry opening in the world. 5 Chiseling marble, Proctor, Vt. 60 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING 87 The extensions of the Capitol building are of Massachusetts marble. 36 Many marble monuments may be seen here. (f) Nitrate 325 Sacking and shipping nitrate at mines, Chile. 3. LUMBERING AND FOREST PRODUCTS (a) Lumbering America 224 Felling great trees that grow in the rainy northwest. 162 Load of logs at Kettle River landing, Minn. 1 Landing and scaling logs, Aroostook Woods, Me. 215 Great chained log rafts, Columbia River, Washington. 216 Large lumber mills, near Seattle, Wash. 217 Loading ships with lumber. Orient 509 Elephants hauling logs from Salwin River, Burma. 523 Chinamen sawing timbers in primitive way. For uses of lumber see classification on Wood. (b) Turpentine 107 Turpentine dippers and chippers at work, Savannah, Ga. 106 Savannah, Ga. Greatest rosin and turpentine market in world. (c) Manufacture of Paper For manufacture of paper from wood pulp, cloth and rice straw see Paper under Miscellaneous Industries, this classification. (d) Charcoal 103 Burning charcoal, N. C. 543 Selling charcoal in Korea. For further material on forest products and their uses see classifi- cation on Wood. 4. MISCELLANEOUS (a) Haying 183 Alfalfa, principal hay and forage crop of West. 181 Handling alfalfa hay with hay loader. 185 Alfalfa hay in barn. 232 American bison eating hay in park. 388 Making hay, Highlands of Bavaria. 408 Hay put up in racks to cure. 454 A unique team eating hay, Naples, Italy. MAKING PAPER — TOBACCO — IRRIGATION 61 (b) Ivory 505, 509, 510 Elephants showing ivory tusks. 573 Shipping ivory at Mombaso, Africa. 577, 578 Ivory of hippopotamus inferior to that of elephant. (c) Making Paper Wood 1 Printing and wrapping paper are mainly made from wood pulp. Timber suitable for paper pulp is fast disappearing in the United States. Much paper pulp is imported from Canada. 412 Grindstones which convert the blocks into wood pulp for the manufacture of paper, Norway. Cloth {Cotton and Linen) 19 Cut rags after removing from washing drums, paper mills, Holyoke, Mass. 20 Inspecting paper delivered by machine, Holyoke, Mass. 94 Paper money from linen rags — 'the toughest and most durable paper made in America. Rice Strazv 533, 534, 535, 536 Show rice paper used extensively by Japanese in the walls and windows of their homes. (d) Making Money 84 Coining presses, Government, Philadelphia, Pa. 94 Making paper money, Washington, D. C. (e) Tobacco 112 Kentucky tobacco field showing ventilated tobacco barns. 297 Cutting tobacco in Cuba. (f) Irrigation Irrigation is not a distinct industry. But because of popular inter- est in this method of production this grouping is supplied. 210 Great Roosevelt irrigation dam, Phoenix, Ariz. 209 Results of irrigation, Salt River Valley, Arizona. 104 Flooding the rice fields, S. C. 105 Hoeing rice, S. C. 237 Irrigating endless avenues of orange trees, Cal. 238 Orange blossoms and fruit, irrigated, Cal. 236 What irrigation does for Tokay grapes, Cal. 284 Irrigation makes good farm land in Mexico. 332 Preparing soil for planting, irrigated district, Peru. 333 Replanting sugar cane preparatory to irrigation, Peru. 549 Filipino harrowing rice field after irrigation. 528, 529, 530 Irrigated rice fields, Japan. 515 Irrigated land in China. 62 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING 569 The great Nile Dam for irrigation purposes. 564 Land irrigated by overflow of Nile River, Egypt. 563 Cotton raised on irrigated land, Egypt. (g) Rubber 247 Rubber tree showing scars from cutting, Panama. 131 Crude rubber from the jungles, Akron, O. 132 Building up an automobile tire, Akron, O. 155, 44 Rubber hose. See also Rubber under Clothing in this classification. (h) Automobiles 150 Assembling room, Cadillac plant, Detroit, Mich. 151 Experts testing motors, Cadillac plant, Detroit, Mich. 152 Employees leaving Ford plant, Detroit, Mich. 109, 167, 305, 229, 308, 315, 316 Automobiles in use. For manufacture of Automobile tires see Rubber above. (i) Construction For a considerable range of industries dealing with the construc- tion of highways, streets, bridges, canals, etc., see Part II of this classification, also Cities and the various classifications under Industrial Arts. See classification on Transportation. See classification on Markets and Marketing. Part II In the following scheme, the character of the' work itself is made the basis for an economic classification of industries and products. A. COLLECTIVE INDUSTRIES These industries do not create anything which did not exist be- fore, but collect raw materials, making only such changes in their form or qualities as are necessary to fit them for transportation and market. They may be carried on by primitive peoples and by the use of simple means or they may demand complex machinery and the exercise of the highest scientific skill. 1. PRIMITIVE a. Plucking 551 Husking coconuts, Island of Luzon, P. I. 259 Luxuriant vegetation in the Manna Loa Valley, Hawaii. 294 Harvesting bananas, Costa Rica, C. A. 303 Cacao pods, Dominica, B. W. I. FISHING — HUNTING — MINING 63 b. Fishing 226 Salmon Industry, Columbia River, Ore. 227 Interior of a salmon canning establishment, Ore. 244 Drying fish on the Yukon River, Alaska. 481 Fish wives of Finland — a busy scene on the quay. 531 Drying sardines on the beach, Beppu, Japan. 13 Drying codfish in the sun — Gloucester, Mass. 97 Oyster shells as bedding for young oysters, Hampton, V'a. 86 " Shucking " oysters, Oyster House, Baltimore, Md. 415 Floating whale station, Spitzenbergen, Lapland. (Whales usually but incorrectly called fish.) Ill Sponge market, Key West, Harbor, Fla. c. Hunting 2 Flashlight of wild moose in Maine forest. 577 Hippopotamus hunt, Rhodesia, Africa. 578 Returning from a big game hunt, Rhodesia, Africa. 345 Commander Adrien de Gerlache, leader of the Belgica expedi- tion (1897-99) on skis hunting seals on South Polar pack. 110 Battle with a wounded 'gator, Palm Beach, Fla. 415 Floating whale station, Spitzenbergen, Lapland. 2. SCIENTIFIC d. Lumbering 224 Method of felling trees, Oregon. 162 A load of logs, Minnesota Pineries. 1 Logs delivered at the stream, Me. 215 Great chained log rafts, Columbia River, Wash. 216 Largest lumber mills, near Seattle, Wash. 217 Shipping lumber, Washington. e. Quarrying 4 Marble quarry, Proctor, Vt. — largest quarry opening in the world. 3 Quarrying granite, Concord, N. H. 5 Chiseling marble, Proctor, Vt. f. Mining Coal 74 Stripping coal at Hazelton, Pa. 75 Miners going into the slope, Hazelton, Pa. 76 Drilling and loading anthracite, Scranton, Pa. 77 Loaded cage at bottom of shaft, Scranton, Pa. 78 Tandem automatic slate picker, Scranton, Pa. 79 Shipping coal — ■ coal breaker in background. 64 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING Petroleum 69 Filling shell with nitroglycerin. 70 Shooting oil well with eighty quarts of nitro-glycerin, Pa. 122 Spindle Top oil region, Texas. 123 Crude oil stills and can factory, Texas. Iron 163 Steam shovel at work, Mesabi Range, Minn. Copper, Zinc and Lead 155 A mile underground — cars with copper ore, Mich. 176 Zinc and lead mines, Joplin, Mo. Gold and Silver 245 Placer mining near the Yukon River, Alaska. 225 Hydraulic mining, Oregon. 579 Gold quartz mining, 10th level, 1,200 feet under ground, Jo- hannesburg, South Africa. 334 Refining silver in smelter, Cerro de Pasco, Peru. 214 A mining camp nestled in the mountains, Nevada. Diamonds 581 Taking out ^e " diamantiferous blue earth" at Wesselton dia- mond mines, Kimberley, South Africa. Phosphate 115 Mining phosphate near Columbia, Tenn. Nitrate 325 Sacking and shipping nitrate at mines, Chile. g. Collecting 130 Tapping a sugar-maple tree, Ohio. 107 A turpentine farm — dippers and chippers at work, Savannah, Ga. 247 Rubber tree, showing scars from cutting, Panama. 131 Many forms of crude rubber, Akron, Ohio. 285 Filling pig skins with juice from maguey plant used in making pulque, the native drink, Tacuba, Mexico. B. PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES These industries assist nature to multiply or create materials which would not otherwise exist and are capable of a high degree of scien- tific development. 3. AGRICULTURE h. Garden Culture 149 Harvesting celery, Kalamazoo, Mich. 47 Harvesting cantaloupes near Buffalo, N. Y. GARDEN CULTURE — FIELD CULTURE 65 83 School gardens, Philadelphia, Pa. 235 Luther Burbank's spineless cactus, Santa Rosa, Cal. i. Field Culture Grains 561 Tilling the soil as in ancient days, Egypt. 522 Chinese farmer boys plowing, near Port Arthur. 488 How the Russian peasant tills his fields. 178 Plowing with tractor, South Dakota. 179 Harrowing with tractor, South Dakota. 180 Manure spreader followed by tractor plow. Sod near Omaha, Nebr. 357 Harvesting wheat in Old England. 199 Barley raised by the " dry farming method." 147 Loading oats in the field, 111. 218 Combined reaper and thresher, Wash. 233 Steam Harvester, reaping, threshing and sacking wheat. 497 The threshing floor of Nazareth, Palestine. 479 Treading out the grain, Greece. 284 Rich farm lands in Mexico. 562 Threshing beans in the field, Egypt. 177 Threshing wheat, North Dakota. 184 Corn field, Kansas. 160 Harvesting and loading silage corn, Wis. 136 Modern methods in corn harvesting, Ind. 137 Corn in the shock, Ind. 549 Filipino farmers harrowing rice fields. 528 Rice planters at work, Japan. 527 Threshing out rice, Japan. 529 Rice harvest, cutting with a sickle, Japan. 105 Hoeing rice, South Carolina. 104 Flooding the rice fields, S. C. 550 Hulling rice for breakfast, P. I. Sugar Beets 198 Cultivating a field of beets, Colorado. 419 Women working in a field of sugar beets, Sweden. Tobacco 112 Tobacco field in Kentucky. 297 Cutting tobacco grown in the shade of banana trees, province of Havana, Cuba. Peanuts 118 Harvesting peanuts, Marianna, Arkansas. Potatoes 166 Potato digging machines, Moorhead, Minn. 66 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING Hay 181 Handling alfalfa hay with hay loader. j. Plantation Culture Sugar Cane 332 Preparing soil for planting sugar cane, Peru. 333 Replanting the sugar cane, Peru. 258 Cutting the sugar cane, Porto Rico. Fruits 294 Harvesting bananas, Costa Rica, C. A. 108 Harvesting pineapples, Florida. Fibers 117 Picking cotton on a Mississippi plantation. 289 Henequen producing sisal hemp fiber, Mex. 571 Sisal hemp plantation in blossom, Uganda, Africa. 552 Manila hemp, stripping the tree, P. I. k. Horticulture 44 Summer spraying in apple orchard, N. Y. 175 Sorting and packing apples in barrels, Mo. 85 Gathering peaches, Delaware. 237 10,000 acres of orange groves, Cal. 238 Orange blossoms and fruit, Los Angeles, Cal. 437 Picking Valencia oranges, Spain. 236 Tokay grapes, Acampo, Cal. 390 Toiling in the vineyards, Rudesheim, Germany. 319 Italian settler and family, vineyards in background, Mendoza, Argentina. 234 Harvesting almonds, Cal. 302 Coffee pickers, Guadeloupe, F. W. I. 310 Method of drying coffee, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 530 A country girl of old Japan — among the famous tea fields of Shizuoka, Japan. 303 Cacao pods, Dominica, B. W. I. 1. Herding — depends on native grasses, mosses, etc. Cattle 127 On the Paloduro Ranch, Paloduro, Tex. 186 Thrown! Cowboy and horse holding a lassoed cow, Kansas. 188 Cowboy, bronco corral and camps, Mont. 301 A cattle ranch in Jamaica, B. W. I. 317 Argentina's famous cattle, La Plata, Argentina, S. A. Sheep 190 Sheep grazing on range, Idaho. 480 Shepherds and their flocks, Greece. 589 Sheep on range, Australia. STOCK RAISING 67 Reindeer 413 Laplanders milking the reindeer, Norway. m. Stock raising is combined with agriculture and depends on home-grown grain and fodder. Cattle 364 Jersey cattle. 371 Ayrshire dairy cattle, Scotland. 403 Milking Holstein-Friesian cattle, Holland. 159 Modern dairy barns and Holstein cattle, Wisconsin. 57 Milking scene in modern dairy, New Jersey. 358 Whitefaced Herefords. 370 Aberdeen Angus, a noted breed of beef cattle. 183 Hereford cattle in Kansas feeding pens. 140 The world's greatest live stock market, Chicago. Swine 172 Hogs in rape pasture, Iowa. 183 Hogs in rich alfalfa pasture, Kansas. Sheep and Goats 173 Shropshire, Oxford and Cotswold sheep. 411 Milking the goats, Hardanger Fjord, Norway. 447 Grindewald on market day, Switzerland. Horses 138 A champion team of Percheron draft horses. 398 Belgian draft horses. Elephants 509 Elephants hauling logs from river, Burma. 505 Stately elephants on parade, Jaipur, India. 510 An elephant hunt, Siam. Birds 56 1,500 Hens (White Leghorns) in laying house, New Jersey. 240 Los Angeles pigeon farm, California. 239 Cawston ostrich farm, California. Insects 537 Gathering mulberry leaves for silk worms, Japan. 536 Silk worm incubator, Japan. 538 Feeding mulberry leaves to silk worms. Japan. 539 Silkworm cocoons, Kiryu, Japan. C. CONSTRUCTIVE INDUSTRIES These industries use all sorts of materials supplied by the collec- tive and productive industries in the construction of things which are largely artificial 68 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING 4. MANUFACTURING The United States Census publishes statistics of 259 distinct lines of manufacture and the number of different kinds of articles pro- duced runs into the tens of thousands. Foodstuffs 292 Tortilla making, Salvador, C. A. 498 Native women grinding wheat, Palestine. 410 " Flat Bread " of the Norwegian Peasant. 45 1,000 lbs. of freshly churned butter, N. Y. 270 Beets stored in sheds at sugar factory. 271 Beet pulp and juice for manufacturing sugar. 34 Conveyor with trays of loaf sugar. 35 Filling and sewing bags of granulated sugar. 141 Dressing beef — washing with boiling water. 143 Trimming and skinning hams before pickling. 142 Splitting backbones and inspection of hogs. 144 Making link sausages. Fibers and Textiles For more complete list see Clothing in this chapter, also classification on Textiles and Clothing. Cotton 563 Native boys spinning cotton, Egypt. 286 Carding room, cotton mills, Mexico. 14 Spinning cotton yarn, Lawrence, Mass. 15 Copying design on copper rolls for printing cotton cloth, Law- rence, Mass. 16 Printing room of cotton mills, Lawrence, Mass. Linen 268 Winding bobbins in linen mill, Canada. 269 Weaving the linen fabric, Canada. Wool 17 Sorting wool, Lawrence, Mass. 409 Carding and spinning wool, Norway. 506 Spinning and weaving woolen shawls, Kashmir, India. 81 Spinning room, winding bobbins with woolen yarn for weaving, Philadelphia, Pa. 18 Doubling frame in a large woolen mill. Silk 540 Reeling silk from cocoons, Kiryu, Japan. 22 Weighing and sorting raw silk skeins, Conn. 23 First drawing of fibers, Conn. 24 Spinning — silk industry, Conn. BARK — COPPER AND GOLD — JEWELRY 69 53 Drawing warp, silk mills, Paterson, N. J. 54 Weaving room, silk mills, Paterson, N. J. 55 Machine weaving taffeta silk ribbons, Paterson, N. J. 541 One of Japan's largest silk mills. Bark 570 Peeling bark for making bark cloth, Uganda, Africa. Cordage 553 Manila hemp rope factory, Philippines. 289 Henequen, source of sisal hemp fiber, Mex. 571 Sisal hemp plantation, Uganda, Africa. Leather Boots and Shoes 272 . Scraping the hair from the hides, Canada. 11 Skilled workmen cutting leather for shoes, Mass. 12 Lasting machine shaping shoes, Mass. 41 Sewing room — large shoe factory, Syracuse, N. Y. Fuel 103 Burning charcoal, North Carolina. 68 Making coke from bituminous coal, Connellsville, Pa. Iron and Steel 62 Plant of the blast furnace, Pittsburgh, Pa. 116 Steel furnace, Birmingham, Ala. 63 Modern pig iron machine, Pittsburgh, Pa. 64 Emptying pig iron from molds into car, Pittsburgh, Pa. 65 Filling molds with steel, Pittsburgh, Pa. 66 Steel ingot on the "table" of the "blooming" mill, Pittsburgh, Pa. 67 Red-hot steel beam being cut into lengths by buzz saw, Pitts- burgh, Pa. Copper and Gold 187 Copper smelters and mine, Butte, Mont. 156 Pouring molten copper into ingot molds, Mich. 203 Stamp mill and gold concentrator, Colorado. 84 Coining presses, Government Mint, Philadelphia, Pa. Jewelry 21 Manufacturing jewelry, Providence, R. I. 512 Grinding gems, garnets, rubies, sapphires and moonstones, Ratna- pora, Ceylon. Salt 42 Solar method of evaporating salt brine — collecting, draining and hauling salt, Syracuse, N. Y. 153 Packing salt into barrels for shipment, St. Clair, Mich. 70 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING Glass and Pottery 134 Method of placing material in furnace, plate glass works, Ross- ford, O. 135 Polishing plate glass after grinding, Rossford, Ohio. 58 Firing tableware, Trenton, N. J. 59 Artists decorating porcelain ware, Trenton, N. J. 385 Pottery market, Coblenz, Germany. Machinery 156 Pouring molten copper into ingot molds, Calumet-Hecla Mines, Calumet, Mich. 151 Experts testing engines in the Cadillac automobile plant, Detroit, Mich. 82 General view of the erecting shop, Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Pa. Wood Pulp and Paper 412 Grindstones which convert the blocks into wood pulp, paper mills, Skotifos, Norway. 19 Cut rags after removing from washing drums — paper mills, Holyoke, Mass. 20 Inspecting paper delivered by machine, Holyoke, Mass. 94 Making paper money, Bureau of Printing and Engraving, Wash- ington, D. C. 5. BUILDING Consists in the erection of large, permanent structures such as houses, ships, bridges, etc. A great variety of materials is used and work- men of many trades are employed, as masons, carpenters, painters, plumbers, etc. 6. ENGINEERING The most complex and technical of all industries, has many branches, closely related to manufacture and building. It plans and constructs engines, machinery, power plants, mills, water works, dams, bridges, tunnels, irrigation, drainage and sewer system, roads, docks, canals and the very largest works of human design. By means of engineering, the great powers of nature, heat, water, wind and electricity are brought into the service of man. Architecture (See classification on Architecture) % Shipbuilding 52 Great ocean liners at the docks, Hoboken, N. J. 100 Warships in Hampton Roads, Va. DAMS — BRIDGES — ROADS — CANALS 71 242 Submarines, battleships and torpedo boats, San Diego Bay, Cal. 280 Mexico's principal harbor, Vera Cruz. 314 Entrance to the harbor, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 394 Zeppelin flying over a German town. 511 Colombo Harbor from landing jetty, Ceylon. Dams and Power Plants 148 Building dikes, East St. Louis, 111. 170 Power dam and locks in Mississippi River, Keokuk, Iowa. 171 Fifteen large generators in a row, supplied with power from the great dam at Keokuk, Iowa. 210 Roosevelt irrigation dam near Phoenix, Ariz. 569 Irrigation dam, Assuan, Egypt. Bridges 27 The great Brooklyn bridge, New York. 101 Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. 174 Eads Bridge, St. Louis, Mo. 348 London Bridge over the Thames, England. 366 Great Forth Bridge, Queensferry, Scotland. 379 Suspension bridge, Kenmare, Ireland. 391 Bridge at Bingen, Germany. 392 Bridge over the Rhine at Bonn, Germany. 442 The Kapellbrucke, Lucerne, Switzerland. 456 The Vecchio Bridge across River Arno, Florence, Italy. 470 Railway bridge over the Danube, Czernavoda, Roumania. 500 The Howrah bridge over the Hooghly River, Calcutta. 575 Bridge near Victoria Falls, Africa. Roads 31 Many forms of transportation required in large centers of popula tion, New York City. 43 Four track railway, electric road, and Erie Canal. 71 Conestoga wagon on good dirt road. 330 Cofa Bridge on the Oroya railway, Peru. 440 To the Clouds by rail — Mt. Pilatus, Switzerland. Canals 48 Mouth of Erie Canal, Buffalo, N. Y. 154 Greatest canal traffic in the world, the " Soo " Canal. 250 Excavating at site of Gatun Locks, Panama. 251 Excavations measuring 500 feet deep in Gaillard Cut, Panama. 252 North over Gatun Locks, Panama. 253 South over Gatun Locks and Gatun Lake, Panama. 254 U. S. S. Missouri in the Panama Canal. 256 At the Pacific entrance of the Panama Canal, 72 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING 293 Part of the proposed Nicaragua Canal route. 457 Grand Canal, Venice, Italy. 462 Danube Canal in the very heart of Vienna. 559 The Suez Canal from a German liner. Docks 106 Along the wharf of Savannah River, Ga. 128 Unloaders at work on ore docks, Conneaut, Ohio. 164 Looking between ore docks # 2 and # 3, Two Harbors, Minn. 174 Docks on the Mississippi River at St. Louis. 267 The wharves, Montreal, Canada. 347 Landing stage, Liverpool, England. 400 On the Leuvehaven, Rotterdam, Holland. 420 Custom House scene and harbor, Goteborg, Sweden. 429 The Cathedral, near busy docks, Marseilles, France. 433 Commodious harbor of Barcelona, looking towards the Colum- bus monument and Custom House, Spain. 556 Harbor of Algiers, Algeria. For more complete list see Harbors in Transportation classification, also Markets and Marketing classification. D. DISTRIBUTIVE INDUSTRIES These industries are concerned with the circulation or movement of people, goods, and ideas. They are dealt with in the chapters on Transportation and Markets and Marketing. 46. PLANTS AND ANIMALS By ANNA BOTSFORD COMSTOCK ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF NATURE STUDY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y. EDITOR " NATURE STUDY REVIEW " A. PLANTS i. Apples 44 The man here is spraying the fruit trees with poisoned water so that the little caterpillars of the codling moth that make our apples "wormy'" will get a drink of it as soon as they hatch from the egg and die before they bore into the tiny apple. He also sometimes puts substances into the water that kills the fungi which attack the fruit. See view 175 for fruit. Did you ever find a wormy apple ? Do you know the history of the cod- ling moth which causes it? 2. Bananas 294 If we could imagine the common dooryard weed, plantain, with leaves 20 feet high we would have some idea of the appearance of the banana plant. From 12 to 16 of these great leaves form a giant rosette at the center of which grows a stalk on which appear clusters of tube-like flowers. Each of these flower clus- ters develops into a bunch of bananas which may weigh from 80 to 100 pounds. In the tropics the fruit is cooked as a vegetable ; in Africa a drink is prepared from it, strong mats are made from the fibers of the leaves and the leaves themselves are dried and used to thatch the roofs of the dwellings. 3. Cactus 209 The cactus is a desert plant. Spines are all the leaves which it has. All the moisture which the cactus can gather, it stores up in its fleshy stems and does not waste it by sending it out to evaporate from leaves. This is a picture of the giant cactus which grows in the Arizona desert, and almost every one of them has in it a woodpecker hole. The owls sometimes nest in these holes so the giant cactus is really a bird house. How many kinds of cacti do you know? Havt' you seen one blos- som? If so, describe it. 4. Cocoa 303 The cacao tree grows about 20 feet high and has large glossy leaves. The fruit is a great pod from 7 to 10 inches long, which 595 596 FOR LITTLE FOLKS — PLANTS, ANIMALS does not grow upon the little branches like the pod of a locust but springs from the trunk or a large branch as if nailed there. Cacao trees grow wild in Central and South America and are cultivated in many countries. The fruit pod is hard and leath- ery and has five cells in each of which are 12 or fewer large seeds. These seeds are called beans; they are gathered and prepared by a long process and are finally roasted and ground into powder which is known to us as cocoa or chocolate. South American Indians used cocoa for food and drink long before Columbus discovered America. 5. Coffee 302 Can you see the coffee fruit which these people are pick- ing? Each fruit is red like a cherry and has two seeds at its center instead of one. Coffee blossoms are white and star-like and it requires six or seven months after the blossoms fall be- fore the fruit is ripe. Look at a coffee bean before it is ground and notice the flat side. Place two of the beans, flat sides to- gether, and see how they grow at the center of the fruit. 6. Daisies 72 The common white daisy is not a single flower but each one is a whole bouquet of tiny yellow flowers in the center and white flowers around the edge. The daisy lives in open fields and has so many strong roots and ripens so many seeds that it crowds out the grass and clover from meadows and the cows and horses will not eat the daisy leaves. Thus the daisy is only good for making daisy chains and to look at. Hozv does the daisy re- semble the sunflozver? Do you knozv any other kinds of daisies besides these ? 7. Grapes 236 Grapes have been grown for thousands of years. There are many species, some of them adapted for hot countries and some fitted for the temperate regions. We have in the United States sev- eral native species. These wild grapevines often climb the highest trees. The fruit of the grape is a berry and therefore what we call a bunch of grapes is really a cluster of berries. In the past grapes have been grown for the making of wines but now they are grown, in America, more largely for raisins and grape juice and for table use. 8. Orange 28, 237 The orange tree is an evergreen and its leaves shine as though they were varnished. The finest of our sweet oranges is a na- tive of China, while the original wild orange of Seville which was planted in Florida by the pioneer Spaniards has very bitter fruit. Now many varieties have been developed by men, one of the most noted being the naval seedless orange which is grown PEACH — PINEAPPLE 597 so largely in California. The orange trees cannot stand heavy- frost without damage. 9. Peach 85 Some trees always wrap their seeds in a pulp which we find most delicious. The peach, plum, and cherry all have this pleas- ant habit but the most interesting part of the peach, from the peach tree's standpoint, is the pit because of the precious seed contained in its thick shell. When the peach pit is planted the hard shell pushes apart like magic and very soon after the seed within begins to grow. Do you think that an almond looks like a peach pit? Can you tell hoiv these fruits resemble and differ from each other ? 10. Peanut 118 The peanut grows on a trailing vine. Its flower is small and yellow and shaped somewhat like the flower of a pea or bean. But as soon as the blossom falls a queer thing happens. The branch on which the little pod is forming becomes stiff and pushes it down into the ground where it grows to be a peanut. If the young pod is not pushed into the ground it fails to grow. In how many different ways is the peanut used? Does its foliage make good hay? 11. Pineapple 108 The pineapple plant is a native of tropical America. In shape it resembles that of the dandelion only the leaves of the pine- apple stand out very gracefully, have many sharp teeth on them, and are from 2 to 3 feet or more in length. From the center of this rosette of leaves arises the fruit stem which at the top is crowded with many flowers in the form of a cone. The fruit develops from these flowers and retains its cone shape and be- cause of this resemblance is called the pineapple. 12. Pumpkin 137 The pumpkin is a beautiful fruit and if it grew on a tree instead of a vine we should think it very wonderful. The pumpkin blossoms are of two kinds and if it were not for the work of bees in carrying pollen from one flower to another no pumpkin would ever grow. The pumpkins were planted by the Indians before Columbus discovered America. Why are pumpkins planted in cornfields? For what do the farmers use pumpkins? Hozu do the children use them at Holloween? 13. School Gardens 83 The good gardener knows how to make the plants feel comfort- able. To do this the gardener must understand each plant that grows and its needs. He must know what sort of roots it has, its stems and leaves, how its blossoms look, and how the seeds grow, in what sort of soil the plant likes to live, and whether 598 FOR LITTLE FOLKS — PLANTS, ANIMALS it needs much or little water. // you have a garden, are you acquainted with all the plants in it? Do you know the weeds from the garden plants ivhen they first appear? 14. Sisal Hemp 571, 289 Strong twine and rope are made from the fiber of hemp ; but there are three very different plants used to make hemp. Sisal hemp is made from the leaves of a near relative of the century plant called Agave rigida which grows in hot countries like Yucatan and Uganda. The leaves grow in a great rosette at the base of the blossom stalks. Each leaf may weigh a pound and a half when fresh but it takes a thousand leaves to pro- duce fifty pounds of fiber. Hozu does hemp twine differ in looks from other twine? Is it stronger? 15. Tea 530 The tea plant is an evergreen shrub which is usually allowed to grow about four or five feet high. The young tender leaves are plucked for tea and these have to go through a long process of curing and drying until finally they are in tiny rolls ready for market. We find at the store black tea and green tea which seem very different in color and taste but they both come from the same plant. The colors are produced by different methods of curing. Tea is grown mostly in China, Formosa and India. B. ANIMALS 1. Alligator 110 Alligators live in the warm waters around the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. The mother alligator makes a nest on the land in which she laj's maybe sixty eggs a little larger than those of a hen. She covers the nest with twigs and dead leaves and the hot sun hatches the eggs. Then she takes the whole brood to shallow water where each baby alligator, scarcely more than eight inches long, can find plenty of small fish to eat. The big father alligator can bellow like a bull. What is alligator's skin used for? 2. Beaver 196 The beaver is the civil engineer of the animal world. It began building dams across our streams before Columbus discovered America. It cuts down trees with its sharp gnawing teeth so that they will fall across the stream and form the foundation of a dam which it then makes tight and firm with grass and sticks. The beaver needs a pond in which to live and build its house and so it builds a dam and makes the pond in a convenient place to find its food. It feeds upon the bark and twigs of trees which it cuts down and sinks in the water of its dam. How does the CATTLE — CHICKENS 599 muskrat resemble the beaver in its habits ? Read "In Beaver World" by Enos A. Mills. 3. Bison — Buffalo 232 The bison is often miscalled "buffalo" but the true buffaloes live in Asia and Africa. The bison used to roam on the western plains in great herds. In 1871 there is record of a herd twenty-five miles long grazing near the Arkansas River. These animals have been hunted and killed until now there are only about two thousand of them left and these are preserved and cared for in our national parks. Compare the bison with cattle and tell how they resemble each other in form and habits. 4. Cattle 57, 127 Cattle are raised either for milk or for beef. The Holstein- Friesian (165), the Jerseys (364), and the Ayrshires (371) are leading dairy breeds of cattle. They give great quantities of rich milk which is one of our chief food products. It is sold as milk or made into butter. The Shorthorns (317), Herefords (185), and Angus (370) are important beef breeds. These, with the exception of some of the Shorthorns, do not give enough milk to make them profitable in the dairy. They take on flesh readily and make good beef. 5. Camel 565, 564, 504, 518 The camel is especially fitted to take long journeys in the desert. Its stomach has a special reservoir of cells in which it is able to store water and so after drinking its fill it can go several days before drinking again. The hump on the camel is comprised largely of fat which is stored food and enables a camel to go for some time with only a small amount of food. The camel's feet are broad and flat and are fitted to travel over the soft, hot sand. The camel is so tall that it has to be taught to kneel in order that people can mount or pack merchandise upon it. 6. Chickens 56 The hen lays an egg a day until she has enough to make a nestful. Then she sits on them for three weeks, keeping them warm and turning each egg over carefully every day until the fluffy little bright-eyed chicks break the shells and come out all clothed in down and active, ready to follow their mother about while she scratches the earth and finds seeds and insects for them to eat. How does the mother hen call her chicks? How does she warn them of danger? Hozv do zve know when she has laid an egg? Hozv are her strong toes and beak fitted to help her get her food? 000 FOR LITTLE FOLKS — PLANTS, ANIMALS 7. Codfish 13 The cod is a fish of the ocean and when it is fully grown may weigh 150 pounds. More than 600 fishing vessels are sent out from the United States each season to catch the codfish which are dressed and packed in salt when caught and at the end of the season are brought home and dried. Much of the fish sold under the name of codfish is not cod but may be some other kind of fish inhabiting the ocean. Read " Captains Courageous," by Kipling, which gives the story of the adventures of the cod fishermen. 8. Eskimo Dogs 279 How tired these dogs look ! They have been harnessed to the loaded sledge which may be seen in the picture and have drawn it many miles over snow and bare roc?k. These dogs are so strong that they are called huskies. They are very much like wolves in appearance and habits. One of these dogs, called " Klondike Jack," pulled 450 pounds 500 miles one winter. See view 246. In what other countries are dogs used to draiv loads ? Why are they better than horses for this purpose in very cold countries? Read " Stickeen" by John Muir. 9. Elephant 509, 510 The elephant is the largest animal we have that lives on land; it is very intelligent and has a wonderful nose which we call a trunk and with which it can pick up a log or a pin. It also has wonderful incisor teeth which we call tusks and which are solid ivory and so large that one may weigh 125 pounds. The young elephants shed these teeth just as we shed our first teeth. See views 505 and 573. What is ivory used for? Where do wild elephants live? Read " Tooinai of the Elephants" in the Second Jungle Book of Kipling. 10. Elk 189 Of all the deer family, the elk is the most magnificent. A bull elk may weigh as much as 900 pounds and have antlers that spread 60 inches from point to point. The strange thing about the antlers is that they are shed each year and new ones grow out again larger than the year before until maturity. It takes about nine years for an elk to attain full sized antlers which may weigh 50 or 60 pounds. The elk feed upon vegetation but they are es- pecially fond of browsing upon trees and shrubs. 11. Gannet 583 The gannet is a sea bird and closely related to the pelican although it is goose-like in form. The wings of our most common species may measure six feet from tip to tip. Gannets nest upon certain chosen islands and each mother bird lays but one egg in a nest, which is usually a mere depression in the earth lined with a little GEESE — HOG — HORSE 601 seaweed. The common gannet is found along the coast of North America, and other species along the South American and South African coasts. The gannets feed on fish and are of great use to the fishermen in aiding them to locate shoals of fish. These birds fly in single file over the ocean at the height of one to two hundred feet and when the keen eyes of one discovers a fish it drops like a bullet upon its prey and rarely misses it. 12. Geese 216 Geese are valuable for their feathers, eggs, and as food. They were formerly more extensively raised than at present. Before the invention of the metallic pens, goose quills supplied all the pens used. Geese are closely allied to ducks (see view 401) but much larger. 13. Goat 411 The goat is closely related to the sheep but its covering is hair instead of wool. Goats live in herds and, in a wild state, prefer mountainous regions. They are very skilled climbers and are very sure-footed. They feed upon vegetation and chew their food like a cow. They also were used as domestic animals in prehistoric ages. Their hair was woven into clothing, their skins were used for leather and also for carrying water. Their milk is considered very nutritious and from it special kinds of cheese are made. The flesh of the young goats makes very good meat. 14. Hog 183 From a very early period indeed the hog has been a domesticated animal. Its flesh provides a large part of the food of many nations. The skin of the hog is made into leather. The bristles are much used for making brushes. For packing house views. See 142 to 144. 592 Even savages have pigs. 15. Horse 398 Look at these horses and see how strong and large their shoulders and necks are and how big and firm are their feet. France and Belgium and England all have developed breeds of horses famous for their ability to draw heavy loads. See views 138 and 71. Where does a strain come upon a horse in drawing a heavy load? Why does it need big firm feet to do this work? Hoiv does a draft horse differ from a trotting horse in form? View 186. What is this horse doing? 16. Kangaroo 558 When any creature has long, strong hind legs it is sure to be a great jumper whether it is a grasshopper, a frog, a rabbit, or a kangaroo; twenty-five feet at one leap and ability to keep it up for miles is the record of the kangaroo. The mother kangaroo has a pouch in which she carries her babies just like our opossum. The kangaroo lives upon grass and its home 602 FOR LITTLE FOLKS — PLANTS, ANIMALS is in Australia. How does the kangaroo fight? What is its skin used for? What country has a kangaroo on its postage stamp? 17. Llama 335 The llama belongs to the same family as the camel and is used as a beast of burden in the mountains of South America. It is about four and a half feet high when full grown. It fur- nishes milk and wool and its flesh is eaten by the Indians. From what wool is alpaca made? 18. Moose 2 The moose is the largest species of all the deer family. The bull moose has antlers that sometimes measure six feet from tip to tip, and may weigh ninety pounds. Moose get their food by browsing on the leaves of shrubs and trees ; they are good swim- mers. The cow moose has no antlers ; it is the cow moose shown in the picture. Do you know in what part of North America the unld moose are still found? 19. Ostrich 239 Here we see two baby ostriches just out of the shell and another egg which has just been pipped. An ostrich egg is about six inches long and equal in contents to two dozen hen's eggs. Back of the fence you can see the full grown birds. They are the largest birds we have. They live in a wild state in Africa but are now raised for their plumes (quill feathers of the wings and tail) as we see in this California scene. The legs are big and powerful and able to deliver a kick almost equal to that of a horse. A full grown male ostrich stands fully seven feet high and weighs almost 200 pounds. 20. Oyster 86 The oyster has such a soft body that it needs its shell to protect it. Although it is so soft, it has a mouth, stomach, liver, heart and gills. When first hatched the young oyster can move about but soon settles and grows fast to some object. It lives in shallow salt water. It has two shells which are hinged and which it can open when it is feeding and can shut when it is frightened. Where are oysters grown? For what are oyster shells used? 21. Penguin 584 The penguin is a bird fitted for swimming and not for flying. It has flippers instead of wings; its feet are strongly webbed and its feathers are scale-like. It stands erect on land and makes its nest in a shallow burrow. The penguins nest in flocks of thousands on certain islands. Their eggs are gathered and sold in the markets of South African towns. How does the duck swim? Hozv does the penguin differ from it in this re- spect? SALMON — SEAL — SHEEP 603 22. Reindeer 413 In the cold and frozen north regions this animal takes the place of both horse and cow. The reindeer is brownish-grey in color ; its hair is an inch thick to keep it warm. Both the males and females have antlers. They have large dewclaws and large crescent-shaped feet which serve as snowshoes. Reindeer live upon the hard dry little plants that we call lichens and they have to dig them from under the snow very often. They were domesticated long ago by the Laplanders. They are used to draw the sledges and their milk and their flesh are used for food. The United States Government in 1891 introduced the reindeer into Alaska. Our native caribou belongs to the rein- deer family. 23. Salmon 226 The salmon are among the best food and game fishes in the world. After they are grown they live in the ocean but they come back to the fresh water streams in great schools to lay their eggs. It is when they are coming back for this purpose that they are caught in the nets and killed by the tens of thou- sands for the markets and canning factories. Where does the canned salmon which we eat come from? Read " The Story of a Salmon" by David Starr Jordan to learn the life history of one of these interesting fish. 24. Seal 345 The fur seal is awkward on land but is a wonderful swimmer al- though it is a mammal and not a fish. It lives in the water most of the time and feeds upon fish and mollusks. In the spring the seals go to favorite islands where the "pup" seals are born and all these young ones live together in thousands ; but each mother can go away and get food and come back and pick out her own baby to feed without making any mistake. Why do the Eskimo hunt and kill the seals? For zvhat is seal skin used? Describe the seal fur. 25. Sheep 173 The sheep are cud-chewing, hollow-horned, hoofed animals; they feed upon grass and herbage, but can also live upon moss and lichens in the high mountains. In some species only the males have horns, in others the females also have them. Sheep have been domesticated since before the dawn of history. Their wool has been used to make clothing, their skins have been used for leather and clothing, their flesh for food. There are many domestic varieties of sheep. The handsomest of all wild sheep is found in North America. It is the bighorn or Rocky Moun- tain sheep. 604 FOR LITTLE FOLKS — PLANTS, ANIMALS 26. Sponge 11 1 The sponge which we use when we take a bath is the skeleton of a very peculiar animal. Its flesh is just like jelly and it covers the whole sponge. It lives grown fast to some rock below the surface of the water. It pumps water through the many pores of its flesh and skeleton and gathers from the water material to eat. The baby sponge can swim about. How are sponges pre- pared for market? 27. Whale 415 The whale is not a fish although it lives in the water. It is warm- blooded and the mother whale feeds her young calf on milk just as a cow feeds hers. The whale breathes air by coming to the surface and filling a breathing chamber with fresh air and then dives and remains under water for some time. When it next comes up for air it spouts out the impure air in a fountain of spray. The whale is the largest animal in the world as it some- times is seventy-five feet long and it may require a hundred years to get its growth. What is zuhalebone? For ivhat is whale oil used? INDEX This index for the Teachers' Guide is prepared on a two- fold working basis. First, there is given for each item paging reference in the various classifications, referring to the pages of the complete Teachers' Guide. Second, there is given in many cases a reference to the serial numbers of 'stereographs and slides, which illustrate the topic. This selection of serial numbers has been purposely limited, so that in going directly to the set for the material, the illustrations will be obvious. We have omitted many references which are necessary when considered in connection with the classifications of which they form a part, but where the references would not be so clear without such explanatory statement. Abbreviations used in this index are as follows: Am. Today = America of Today An. = Animals An. Hus. = Animal Husbandry Arct. = Architecture. Biog. = Biography Children = Children of the World Cities = The Cities of the World Com. Civ. = Community Civics Con. Stone B. & T. = Concrete, Stone, Brick and Tile Cos. Dsn. = Costume Design Dev. Na. = The Development of the Nation Draw. = Drawing Earth N. = Earth Neighbors Eat & Wear = Some Things We Eat, Some Things We Wear Eng. Comp. = English Composition F. Am. Na. = Foundations of the American Nation Farm C. = Farm Crops Farm H. & F. L. = Farm Home and Farm Life Farm M. = Farm Management — Farm Machinery Food & Ckry. = Food & Cookery For. Beg. = Foreign Beginnings of American History Geo. = Geographical Classification Gdn. Orch. & W. = Garden, Orchard and Woodlot Govt. = Government Home Geo. = Home Geography House Adm. = Household Administration House Dsn. = House Design and Decoration Hyg. = Hygiene — Health Habits Ind. Dsn. = Industrial Design Tnd. Sup. Home = Industries Supplying the Home Lit. Sub. = Literary Subjects and Settings Loc. Ind. = Local Industries 661 662 INDEX Metals = Metals — Sources and Uses Mkts. = Markets and Marketing Ntl. F. = Natural Forms and Forces (Physical Geography) Out Door L. = Out Door Life p. = Page pp. = Pages Peo. = People of All Lands (Racial Geography) Photo. — Photography PI. & An. = Plants and Animals PI. Asso. = Plants and Plant Associations Pol. Geo. = Geography by Nations (Political Geography) Prod. Mfg. = Production and Manufacturing Read. = Reading S. No. = Serial Number Sp. = Spelling Tex. & CI. = Textiles and Clothing Trans. = Transportation Trav. & Lee. = Travelogue and Lecture Suggestions Vis. Prob. = Visualized Problems Voc. Guid. = Vocational Guidance Zones = Zones and Their Effect on Life. The numbers given in black faced type are the serial numbers of the stereographs and slides. These serial numbers correspond with the serial numbers in the Geographical Classification and Title List (page 3), also with the serial numbers on the stereo- graphs and slides. This plan enables one to turn directly from the Index to the Title List or to the cabinet of material and select instantly the scene desired. Abbev, Westminster, Geo. p. 20 S. No. 350 Abbot, Lyman, Biog. p. 280 Abraham, Biog. p. 294 Acadia, F. Am. Na. p. 163 S. No. 262 Acropolis of Athens, Geo. p. 25, Ntl. F. p. 108 S. No. 475 Adams, John, Dev. Na. p. 165, Biog. p. 280 S. No. 80, 91 Adams, J. Q., Dev. Na. p. 166, Biog. p. 281 S. No. 87, 88, 91, 92 Adams, Samuel, Biog. p. 281 S. No. 7, 8 Addison, Joseph, Lit. Sub. p. 247 Adelaide, Geo. p. 30 S. No. 588 Admetus, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Administration, Household, pp. 431 to 433 Adobe, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 489, House Dsn. pp. 525, 526, 527 S. No. 211, 281, 290, 299, 564 Arid, Zones p. 114 S. No. 561, 563, 564, 566 Africa, Geo. p. 28, For. Beg. p. 158, House Dsn. p. 520, Cos. Dsn. p. 540, Children p. 588, Read. p. 626, Trav. & Lee. p. 656 S. No. 555 to 584 Africa, British East, Geo. p. 29, Pol. Geo. pp. 128, 130 S. No. 570 to 573 African People, Geo. pp. 28, 29 S. No. 555, 560 to 566, 570, 572, 573, 577 to 580 Africa, South, Geo. p. 29, Pol. Geo. pp. 128. 130 S. No. 579 to 584 Agoonak, Read. p. 611 INDEX 663 Agra, India, Geo. p. 26 S. No. 502 Agriculture, p. 309, Prod. Mfg. p. 64, F. Am. Na. p. 160, Soils p. 311, Farm C. p. 319, Gdn. Orch. & W. p. 327, An. Hus. p. 335, Farm M. p. 341, Farm H. & F. L. p. 355, Metals p. 481, Home Geo. p. 650 Agricultural Implements, Farm M. p. 352 Agricultural Methods, Dev. Na. pp. 167, 175, Am. Today p. 180, Farm C. p. 320, Farm H. & F. L. p. 358, Metals p. 481, hoc. Ind. p. 495, Children p. 593 S. No. 136, 161, 178, 179, 180, 207, 237, 284, 332, 488, 522, 561 Agricultural Methods, Modern, Prod. Mfg. p. 46. Farm C. p. 320, Farm M. p. 343, Metals p. 481 S. No. 44, 45, 46, 147, 149, 159, 166, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 198, 199, 218, 233, 333, 357, 358, 364 Agricultural Methods, Primitive, Prod. Mfg. p. 46, Farm C. p. 320, Children p. 593 S. No. 105, 479, 488, 497, 522, 528, 529, 549, 561 Agricultural College, Geo. p. 12, Govt. p. 199 S. No. 172, 173 Agriculture, Department of, Govt. p. 199 S. No. 93 Air, Hyg. p. 504 Airship, Geo. pp. 22, 23, Trans, p. 86 S. No. 394 Aitkenhead, Win., pp. xxxiv, 341 Alabama, Geo. p. 9 S. No. 116 Alamo, Geo. p. 10 S. No. 126 Alaska, Geo. p. 15, Pol. Geo. p. 123, Dev. Na. pp. 172, 174, Am. Today p. 188, Govt. p. 201, Children p. 585, Read. p. 618 S. No. 243 to 246 Alcibiades, Biog. p. 294 Alexandria, Geo. p. 28, Pol. Geo p. 128 S. No. 558 Alexander, the Great, Biog. p. 294 Alfalfa, Geo. p. 12, Farm C. p. 325 S. No. 181, 183 Alhambra, The, Geo. p. 23, Lit. Sub. p. 249 S. No. 436 Algeria, Pol. Geo. p. 132 S. No. 556 Algiers, Geo. p. 28, Pol. Geo. p. 132, Read. p. 626 S. No. 556 Alligators, Geo. p. 9, Dev. Na. p. 170, An. p. 384, PI & An. p. 598 S. No. 110 Alluvial Soil, Ntl. F. p. 105, Soils p. 313 S. No. 237, 467, 515 Almeria, Geo. p. 23 S. No. 438 Almonds, Geo. p. 14, Prod. Mfg. p. 49, PI. Asso. p. 370 S. No. 234 Alps, Geo. p. 23 S. No. 427, 428, 440 to 449 Altitude, Zones p. 118 Altitude & Effect on Life, pp. 109 to 120 " A man's a man for a' that " — Burns, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Americans, Citizens, Com. Civ. p. 205 American History, Foreign Begin- nings, pp. 151 to 158 American Nation, Foundations, pp. 159 to 164 America of Today — Our Re- sources — Preparedness pp. 179 to 189 America — -Smith, Lit. Sub. p. 252, Read. p. 609 America — Spanish, Geo. pp. 17, 18, 19, 20, Dev. Na. p. 173 S. No. 280 to 341 Among the Icebergs, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Amsterdam, Geo. p. 22, Trans, p. 79, Cities p. 226 . S. No. 399 664 INDEX Amulius, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Amundsen, Roald, Geo. p. 20 S. No. 346 Andersen, Hans Christian, Read. p. 610 Andes, Mountains, Geo. p. 19 S. No. 321 to 323, 329, 330 Andrews, Jane, Read. p. 611 Androclus and the Lion, Lit. Sub. p. 254, Read. p. 609 Angelo, Michael, See Michel- angelo, Biog. p. 302 S. No. 450, 451 Angelus, The, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Angus, Aberdeen, An. Hus. p. 336 S. No. 370 Animals, pp. 377 to 386, Draw. p. 515, Children pp. 584, 591, PI. & An. p. 598 S. No. 2, 110, 118, 138, 172, 173, 188, 189, 232, 335, 345, 364, 411, 413, 505, 509, 549, 565, 588 Animal Husbandry, pp. 335 to 340 Animals & Plants, pp. 595 to 604 Animal, Transportation, Trans, p. 75 Antarctic, Geo. p. 20 S. No. 344 to 346 Anthony, Mark, Biog. p. 294 Anthracite, Geo. p. 7, Prod. Mfg. p. 56, Dev. Na. p. 175, hid. Sup. Home p. 406 S. No. 74 to 79 Antwerp, Geo. p. 22, Cities p. 238 S. No. 396 Apartment Houses, House Dsn. p. 520 S. No. 462 Aphrodite, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Appalachians, Geo. p. 8 S. No. 102, 103 Apple, The — Burroughs, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Apples, Geo. pp. 6, 12, Prod. Mfg. p. 48, Dev. Na. p. 171, PI. Asso. p. 370, Food & Ckry. p. 417, PI. & An. p. 595, Eat & Wear, p. 630 S. No. 44, 175 Apollo, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Apron, Cos. Dsn. p. 536 S. No. 396, 418 Arabs, Cos. Dsn. p. 537, Read. p. 609 S. No. 494, 555, 560, 562 to 566 Arab's Farewell to His Steed, The, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Arbitration, Govt. p. 201 Arch, Ind. Dsn. p. 444, Arct. pp. 448, 454, 464, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 486 S. No. 174, 260, 348, 384, 392, 397, 425, 450 to 452, 456, 524, 557 Architect, Voc. Guid. p. 397 Architectural Composition, Arct. p. 450 Architectural " Orders," Arct. p. 451 Architectural Photography, Photo. p. 550 Architecture, pp. 447 to 468, House Dsn. p. 518 Architecture, Domestic, Arct. p. 458 Architecture, History, Arct. p. 447 Architecture, Industrial Design, pp. 437 to 468 Architecture, Styles, Arct. p. 448 Arctic circle, Geo. pp. 15, 20, An. pp. 382, 385, Cos. Dsn. p. 540 S. No. 246, 342, 343, 413 to 415 Arctic Forests, PI. Asso. p. 372 S. No. 244, 413 Arctic Snows, PI. Asso. p. 372 S. No. 243, 342, 345, 346 Arequipa, Peru, Geo. p. 19 S. No. 329 Ares, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Argentina, Geo. p. 18, Pol. Geo. p. 124, Read. p. 620 S. No. 314 to 321 Argonauts, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Aristides, Biog. p. 294 Aristotle, Biog. p. 294 Arithmetic, Visualized Prob- lems, pp. 557 to 578 Arithmetic — Correlation, Vis. Prob. pp. 558, 567 Arizona, Geo. p. 13, Ntl. F. pp. 98, 99, Read. p. 617 S. No. 206 to 210 Arkansas, Geo. p. 9 S. No. 118 Armada, Spanish, Pol. Geo. p. 127 INDEX 665 Armour, Philip D., Biog. p. 281 Arnold, Benedict, Lit. Sub. p. 254, Biog. p. 281 Arno River, Geo. p. 24 S. No. 456 Aroostook, Me., Read. p. 614 Arrangement, Arct. p. 450 Art & Domestic Science, p. 403 Arts, Domestic, p. 403, Ind. Sup. Home, pp. 405 to 408, Food & Ckry. pp. 409 to 420, Tex. & CI. pp. 421 to 429, House Adm. pp. 431 to 433 Arts, Fine, p. 507, Drazv. pp. 509 to 5\5, House D'sn. pp. 517 to 541, Photo, pp. 543 to 556 Arts, Industrial, p. 435, Ind. Dsn. pp. 437 to 468, Wood pp. 469 to 473, Metals pp. 475 to 481, Con. Stone B. & T. pp. 483 to 489, hoc. hid. pp. 491 to 499 Artemis, Lit. Sub. p. 258 Ash, Wood p. 470 S. No. 369 " A ship, a ship a-sailing," Read. p. 610 S. No. 27, 525 Asia, Geo. p. 25, Children p. 587, Read. p. 624, Trav. & Lee. p. 657 S. No. 489 to 554 Asia Minor, Geo. p. 25, For. Beg. p. 153, Trav. & Lee. p. 657 S. No. 489, 490, 491 Asphalt, Prod. Mfg. p. 57 S. No. 48, 316 Assuan, Geo. p. 29 S. No. 569 Association, Plant pp. 365 to 375 Astronomical Geography, Geo. p. 30, Earth N. pp. 141 to 148 S. No. 593 to 600 Astronomical Photography, Photo. p. 556 S. No. 593 to 600 Athens, Geo. p. 25, For. Beg. p. 153, Read. p. 624 S. No. 475, 476 Atlantic City, Com. Civ. p. 204, Hyg. p. 501 S. No. 60 Atmosphere, Ntl. F. p. 98 Atwood, W- W., pp. xxvii, 97 Auckland, Geo. p. 30 S. No. 591 Augustus, Caius Julius Caesar Oc- tavianus, Biog. p. 294 Auld Lang Syne — Burns, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Australia. Geo. p. 30. Pol. Geo. pp. 128, 129, House Dsn. p. 520, Read. p. 627, Trav. & Lee. p. 657 S. No. 585 to 589 Australia & Islands, Geo. p. 30 S. No. 585 to 592 Australians, Peo. p. 40 S. No. 585, 590 Australia — South, Pol. Geo. p. 129 S. No. 588 Austria, Geo. p. 24, Pol. Geo. p. 137, House Dsn. p. 520, Read. p. 623 S. No. 460 to 466 Authors, Lit. Sub. pp. 247 to 255 Automobile, Geo. p. 11, Prod. Mfg. p. 62, Trans, p. 86, Dev. Na. p. 176, Farm H. & F. L. p. 361, Voc. Guid. p. 396, Loc. Ind. n. 494 S. No. 31, 109, 122, 126, 150, 152, 167, 229, 230, 305, 315, 316 Avon River, Geo. p. 20 S. No. 356 Awnings, Tex. & CI. p. 427 S. No. ICO, 213, 406, 535 Ayr, Scotland, Geo. p. 21 S. No. 372 Ayrshire, cattle, Geo. p. 21 S. No. 371 Aztecs, Geo. p. 17 S. No. 282 B Babies, Children pp. 587, 588 S. No. 6, 158, 204, 328, 338, 455, 534 Bacchus, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Bacon, Sir Francis, Biog. p. 295 Bagley, William C, pp. ix, xxv, xl, 579 Bahia, Brazil, Geo. p. 18 S. No. 304 Baker, Franklin Thomas, pp. xxxi, 243, 245 Balance, Ind. Dsn. p. 440 666 INDEX Balboa, F. Am. Na. p. 163, Am. Today p. 189, Biog. pp. 281, 295 Balconies, House Dsn. pp. 527, 528 S. No. 306, 312, 336, 445 Balfe, J. W., Lit. Sub. p. 255 Balfour, Sir Arthur James, Biog. p. 295 Baltimore, Geo. p. 8 S. No. 86 Bamboo, Geo. pp. 27, 28, IVood p. 470 S. No. 514, 531, 534, 538, 546, 550 Banana, Geo. p. 17, Prod. Mfg. p. 48, PL Asso. pp. 365, 370, Pood & Ckry. p. 417, PI. & An. p. 595, Eat & Wear p. 630 S. No. 259, 294, 297, 302, 570, 575 Bancroft, George, Biog. p. 281 Bannockburn — Burns, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Barcelona, Geo. p. 23, For. Beg. p. 158 S. No. 433 Barefoot Boy, The — Whittier, Lit. Sub. p. 253 Barges, S. No. 61, 267, 429 Bark Cloth, Geo. p. 29, Prod. Mfg. pp. 53, 69, Tex. & CI. pp. 423, 425 S. No. 570 Barley, Prod. Mfg. pp. 46, 65, Farm C. p. 322, Eat & Wear p. 632 S. No. 199, 410, 566 Barns, S. No. 57, 159, 165, 185, 236 Barranquilla, Geo. p. 19, Zones p. 110, Cities p. 225, hid. Dsn. p. 446, Arct. p. 452 S. No. 337 Basaltic Formation S. No. 51, 382 Baskets, Arct. p. 468 S. No. 17, 108, 177, 263, 375, 378, 409, 423, 437, 530, 548, 572 Bathing, Geo. pp. 7, 26 S. No. 60, 501 Battlefields, Famous, Geo. pp. 7, 9, 22 S. No. 73, 114, 397 Battleships, Trans, p. 83 S. No. 100, 242, 254 Bavaria, Geo. p. 22 S. No. 388 Bayly, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Bays, Ntl. F. p. 104 S. No. 248, 492, 527 Beaches, Geo. pp. 7, 23, 27, Ntl. F. p. 103 S. No. 13, 60, 430, 432, 439, 531 Bead-work, Cos. Dsn. p. 541 S. No. 98, 168, 182, 265 Beans, Prod. Mfg. p. 47 S. No. 562 Beard,, Daniel Carter, pp. xxxv, 387 Beaver Dam, An. p. 384, PL & An. p. 598 S. No. 196 Beef, Prod. Mfg. p. 50, Children p. 591, Eat & Wear p. 634 S. No. 127, 140, 141, 185, 186, 301, 317, 358, 370, 580 Beet, Geo. p. 13, Prod. Mfg. p. 47, PL Asso. p. 371 S. No. 198, 270, 271, 419 Beet sugar — See Sugar Beet S. No. 270, 271 Beethoven, Ludwig van, Biog. p. 295 Being a Boy — Warner, Lit. Sub. p. 253 Beirut, Syria, Geo. p. 26, For. Beg. p. 152 S. No. 492 Belfast, Geo. p. 21 S. No. 381 Belgica Antarctic Expedition S. No. 344, 345 Belgium, Geo. p. 22, Pol. Geo, p. 133, Children p. 586, Read. p. 621, Eat & Wear p. 631 S. No. 395 to 398 Belgrade, Serbia, Geo. p. 24 S. No. 467 Bellerophon, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Bells, Arct. p. 468, Metals p. 480 S. No. 71, 80, 241, 484 Bells of Shandon, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Bells, The, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Benares, Geo. p. 26, Trans, p. 80, Cities pp. 232, 235, 238, 242, Arct. p. 459 §. No- 501 INDEX 667 Ben Hur, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Beppu, Japan, Geo. p. 27 S. No. 531 Berlin, Geo. p. 21. Read. p. 622 S. No. 383, 384 Bettws-y-Coed, Wales, Geo. p. 21 S. No. 363 Beverages, Prod. Mfg. p. 49 S. No. 285, 287, 295, 302, 303, 310, 311, 373, 468, 521, 530, 534 Bible, Lit. Sub. p. 247 Big trees, PI. Asso. p. 369, Wood p. 471 S. No. 224, 229 Bingen on the Rhine — Norton, Geog. p. 22, Lit. Sub. p. 251 Biography — The New World, pp. 279 to 294 Biography — The Old World, pp. 294 to 308 Birch, PI. Asso. p. 370 Wood p. 470 S. No. 1, 162 Birch Bark S. No. 169, 263 Birds, Prod. Mfg. p.' 67, An. p. 385, Children p. 590 S. No. 56, 239, 240, 583, 584 Bismarck-Schonhausen, von, Prince Otto Edward Leo- pold, Biog. p. 295 Bison, Geo. p. 14, Prod. Mfg. p. 51, An. p. 380, PI. & An. p. 599 S. No. 232 Bitting, Harry S., pp. xxxviii, 475 Black Beauty, Read. p. 609 Black Race, Peo. p. 43 S. No. 115, 117, 118, 119, 338, 570, 572. 577, 578, 579, 581, 592 Blaine, Tames G., Biog. p. 282 Blake. Wm., Read. p. 610 Blanching Celery S. No. 149 Blankets, Tex. & CI. p. 427, Cos. Dsn. p. 541 S. No. 158, 188, 204, 281 Blarney Castle, Geo. p. 21 S. No. 376 Blast Furnace S. No. 62 Bloomfield, Myer, pp. xxxv, 393 Blooming Mill S. No. 66 " Blow, wind, blow ; and go, mill, go." Read. p. 609 Blue and the Gray, The, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Blue Bells of Scotland, The, Lit. ^ Sub. p. 255 Blue Gum. See Eucalyptus Blue Ridge, Geo. p. 8, Read. p. 613 S. No. 102 Boats, Trans, pp. 78, 79, 80. Arct. p. 466, Draw. p. 515 S. No. 26, 27, 32, 39, 48, 52, 100, 106, 119, 154, 217, 253, 254, 280, 326, 386, 396, 415, 430, 459, 511, 514, 546, 559 Bohemia, Geo. p. 24, Ntl. F. p. 100, Pol. Geo. p. 137, Arch. pp. 461, 462, Draiv- ing p. 510 S. No. 463 Bolivar, Simon, Biog. p. 282 Bolivia, Geo. p. 19 S. No. 335 Bonn, Ger., Geo. p. 22 S. No. 392 Boots, Leather, Prod. Mfg. p. 69. S. No. 161 Boots, Rubber, Geo. p. 10, Prod. Mfg. p. 53? Eat & Wear p. 639 S. No. 42, 46, 75, 130, 133, 161, 227 Borden, Right Honorable Robert . Laird, Biog. p. 282 Bosnia, Geo. p. 24, Pol. Geo. p. 137 S. No. 466 Bosporus, The, Geo. p. 25 S. No. 489 Boston, Geo. p. 5, Com. Civ. p. 203, Read. p. 614 S. No. 6 to 8 Botany (see PI. Asso.) Box tree, PI. Asso. p. 370 S. No. 379 Boys' & Girls' Clubs, Vis. Prob. p. 562 Boys & Girls of Japan, Read. p. 610 S. No. 530, 532, 534, 535 Boy, The Barefoot — Whittier, Lit. Sub. p. 253 S. No. 488 668 INDEX Brace, Geo. M., pp. xxxvii, 469 Brackets, Arct. p. 456 S. No. 260, 376 Brass, Prod. Mfg. p. 58 S. No. 92. 94, 352, 49* Brazil, Geo. p. 18, Pol. Geo. p. 124, Children p. 585, Read. p. 620 S. No. 304 to 311 Bread, Eat & Wear p. 631 S. No. 341, 410 Break, Break, Break — Tennyson, Read. p. 609 Breakwaters S. No. 256, 374, 430, 492, 499, 556 Breathing, Hyg. p. 504 Brick, pp. 483 to 489, Home Geo. p. 644 S. No. 6, 8, 32. 138, 152, 282, 398, 400, 524 Bridges, Geo. pp. 6, 12, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, Prod. Mfg. p. 71, Trans, p. 85, Cities p. 227, hid. Dsn. pp. 440, 444, Arct. p. 464, Metals p. 479. Con. Stone B. & T. p. 486 S. No. 27, 61, 348, 366, 379, 391, 392, 442, 456, 470, 472, 500 Brigs of Ayr, The — Burns, Lit. Sub. p. 248 British Columbia, Geo. p. 16 S. No. 274 to 277 British Empire, Pol. Geo. p. 125 British Isles, For. Beg. p. 155, Children p. 586, Trav. & Lee. p. 656 S. No. 347 to 382 Broadway, Geo. p. 6 S.. No. 30 Bronchos, S. No. 182, 186, 188 Bronze, Prod. Mfg. p. 58 S. No. 71, 80, 241, 484 Brooks, Phillips, Biog. p. 282 Brook, The — Tennyson, Lit. Sub. p. 253 Browning, Robert, Biog. p. 295 Brown, John, Dev. Na. p. 169 Bruce, Robert, Biog. p. 295, Read. p. 610 S. No. 367 Brussels, Geo. p. 22, Com. Civ. p. 203 S. No. 395 Brutus, Marcus Junius, Biog. p. 295 Bryant, William Gullen, Lit. Sub. p. 247 Bryan, William Jennings, Geo. p. 12. Biog. p. 282 S. No. 181 Brvce, James, Viscount, Biog. p. 295 Budapest. Geo. p. 24 S. No. 464 Buddha, see Gautama, Biog. p. 298 Buddhists, Pol. Geo. p. 129 S. No. 501 Buenos Aires, Geo. p. 18 S. No. 314, 315, 316 Buffalo, Trans, p. 77, An. p. 380 PI. & An. p. 599 S. No. 474, 491, 549 Buffalo, N. Y., Geo. p. 6, Trans pp. 80, 81 S. No. 48 Bugle Song — Tennyson, Lit. Sub p. 253 Building Material, Home Geo. pp 643, 649 Buildings, Arct. pp. 462, 465, Con Stone B. & T. p. 485 Factory, Arct. p. 450 Historic, Cities p. 222, Arct. p 461 S. No. 6, 7, 8, 29, 87, 90, 91 93, 95, 349, 425 Primitive, Arct. p. 447 S. No. 113, 205, 281, 298, 331 409, 549, 550 Public, Cities p. 234, Arct. p 457 Religious, Arct. p. 459 S. No. 324, 350, 425, 451, 458 495, 501, 503 Bulgaria, Geo. p. 24, Children p 587, Read. p. 623 S. No. 468, 469 Bnllen, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Burdens on Back, Trans, p. 74 S. No. 243, 328, 449, 507, 530 532, 542, 543 Burdens in Hand, Trans, p. 74 §. No. 46, 47, 69, 182, 258, .516, 531, 544, 555 INDEX 669 Burdens on Head, Trans, p. 74 S. No. 257, 437, 542, 564, 572, 578 Burdens on Shoulders, Trans, p. 74 S. No. 108, 175, 266, 327, 487, 494, 513, 585 Bureau of Fisheries, Govt. p. 200 Bureau of Standards, Govt. p. 200 Burgos, Geo. p. 23 S. No. 434 Burke, Edmund, Biog. p. 295 Burma, Geo. p. 26, Pol. Geo. p. 129, Read. p. 625 S. No. 509 Burns, Robert, Geo. p. 21, Lit. Sub. p. 248, Biog. p. 295 S. No. 372 Burro, See Donkey Burroughs, John, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Business, Com. Civ. pp. 207, 209 Business Letters, Eng. Conip. p. 264 Butler, Benjamin Franklin, Biog. p. 282 Butte, Mont., Com. Civ. p. 204 Butter, Geo. p. 6, Children p. 591, Eat & Wear p. 632 S. No. 45 Buttresses, Arct. p. 456 Byron, Lord George Gordon, Lit. Sub. p. 248, Biog. p. 296 Bvzantine Architecture, Arct. p. 448 Cabbage, Prod. Mfg. p. 47 S. No. 469, 375 Cabin, Uncle Tom's, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Cabinet, The U. S., Pol. Geo. p. 123, Dev. Na. p. 166, Govt. p. 196 S. No. 92 Cables, Metals p. 480 S. No. 27, 379 Cabot, John, F. Ain. Na. p. 162 Cacao, Geo. p. 18, Prod. Mfg. p. 49, PI. Asso. p. 370, Food & Ckrv. p. 418, Eat & Wear p. 632 S. No. 303 Cactus, Geo. pp. 13, 14, PI. Asso. p. 370, PL & An. p. 595 S. No. 209, 235 Caesar, Caius Julius, Biog. p. 296 Cairo, Geo. p. 29, Pol. Geo. p. 130, Cities pp. 222, 229 S. No. 560 Calcutta, India, Geo. p. 26 S. No. 500 Calhoun, John C, Dev. Na. p. 165, Biog. p. 282 California, Geo. p. 14 S. No. 228 to 242 Call of the Wild, The, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Calvin, John, Biog. p. 296 Camel, Trans, p. 77, An. p. 381, Tex. & CI. p. 424, PI. & An. p. 599 S. No. 504, 564, 565, 518 Canada, Geo. p. 16, Pol. Geo. pp. 128, 129, House Dsn. p. 523, Trav. & Lee. p. 655 S. No. 262 to 277 Canals, Geo. pp. 6, 11, 15, 22, Prod. Mfg. p. 71, Trans, p. 79, Dev. Na. pp. 173, 174 S. No. 48, 154, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 293, 399, 400, 457, 462, 559 Cane Sugar, See Sugar Cane S. No. 34, 35 Cannas, PI. Asso. p. 371 S. No. 91 Cannes, Geo. p. 23, Zones p. 113 S. No. 430 Cannon, Metals p. 480 S. No. 39, 73, 254 Cantaloupe, Geo. p. 6, PI. Asso. p. 371, Food & Ckry. p. 418 S. No. 47 Canton, Geo. p. 27, Trans, p. 81, Mkts. p. 90 S. No. 514 Canyon, Geo. p. 13 S. No. 202, 208 Cape Colony, Geo. p. 29, Pol. Geo. p. 128 S. No. 582 to 584 •Capes, Nil. F. p. 103 S. No. 248, 414 Cape Town, Geo. p. 29, Read. p. 627 S. No. 582 Capitol, U. S., Dev. Na. p. 165 S. No. 87 Captains Courageous — Kipling, Lit. Sub. p. 249 670 INDEX Carabao, See Buffalo Caracas, Geo. p. 20 S. No. 340, 341 Caravan, Geo. pp. 27, 29, Trans. p. 77 S. No. 518, 567 Carding, Tex. & CI. pp. 425, 426, £a* 6- JFrar p. 637 S. No. 286, 409 Carlstein Castle, Geo. p. 24, Ntl. F. p. 100, Cities p. 223, Q/h. 0;r//. & IV. p. 333, ^4rcA. pp. 461, 462, Drain- ing p. 510 S. No. 463 Carlyle. Thomas, Biog. p. 296 Carnegie, Andrew, Biog. p. 282 Carpenter's Geographical Readers, Read. p. 613 Carriages, Trans, p. 76 S. No. 312, 349, 383, 424, 472, 547 Carrier, Trans, p. 73 S. No. 27, 43, 246, 396, 449, 518, 548, 578, 580 Cartier, Jacques, For. Beg. p. 157, F. Am. Na. p. 163 Cashmere, See Kashmir Castles, Arct. p. 461, House Dsn. p. 524 S. No. 376, 432, 451, 463 Cathedrals, Geo. pp. 21, 22, 23, Com. Civ. p. 204, Arct. p. 459 S. No. 360, 387, 425, 429, 434, 451, 458 Cato, Marcus Porcius, Biog. p. 296 Cattle, Beef, Prod. Mfg. p. 66, Dev. Na. p. 171, An. p. 379, Tex. & CI. p. 424, hoc. Ind. p. 497, Photo pp. 544, 549, 550 S. No. 127, 140, 185, 186, 301, 317, 358, 370 Cattle, Dairy, Prod. Mfg. p. 50, An. p. 379, Tex. & CI. p.. 424, Loc. Ind. p. 497 S. No. 57, 159, 165, 339, 356, 364, 371 Cattle, Draft. An. p. 380 S. No. 298, 474, 549, 580 Caucasian Race, Peo. pp. 32 to 40 S. No. 3, 5, 69, 94, 235, 266, 306, 355, 378, 390, 396, 402, 409, 455, 471, 487, 490 Causeway, Giant's, Geo. p. 21 S. No. 382 Celery, Geo. p. 11, Eat & Wear p. 636 S. No. 149 Celts. Peo. p. 36 S. No. 366, 373, 378, 443 Census Office, Govt. p. 200 Center of Interest, Photo, p. 545 Central Africa, Children p. 589 Central America, Geo. p. 17, Pol. Geo. p. 124, Children p. 585, Read. p. 619 S. No. 291 to 294 Century Plant, Zones p. 112, PI. Asso. p. 371 S. No. 37, 57, 285, 287, 289 Ceres, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Ceylon, Geo. p. 26, Peo. p. 39, House Dsn. p. 521, Cos. Dsn. p. 537, Read. p. 628 S. No. 511, 512 Chase, Edith P., pp. xxxvi, 421 Chains, Metals p. 480 S. No. 75, 471 Chairs, Arct. p. 466, House Dsn. pp. 526, 530 S. No. 33, 89, 92, 352, 373, 417, 448, 532 Chamberlain, James F., pp. xxviii, 141 Chamberlain, Joseph, Biog. p. 296 Chamonix, Geo. p. 23 S. No. 427, 428 Champlain, Samuel de, For. Beg. p. 157, F. Am. Na. p. 163, Biog. p. 282 Champs des Elysees, Geo. p. 23, For. Beg. p. 157, Cities pp. 221, 226, Biog. p. 301, Arct. p. 465, House Dsn. p. 523 S. No. 422 Chancellor, WilKam Estabrook, pp. xxxii, 269 Chapultepec, Geo. p. 17 S. No. 283 Charcoal, Geo. p. 8, Prod. Mfg. p. 60, Am. Today p. 183, Food & Ckry. p. 410, Wood p. 472 S. No. 103, 543 INDEX 671 Charles VIII (France), Biog. p. 296 Charles XII (Sweden), Biog. p. 296 Charlemagne, Biog. p. 296 Chemical Elements, Action of, Ntl. F. p. 98 Chemistry, Voc. Gaid. p. 398 Chephren, Biog. p. 296 Cherry, Flowering, PI. Asso. p. 370 S. No. 534 Chestnut, Prod. Mfg. p. 49, PL Asso. p. 370, Wood p. 470 S. No. 70 Chicago, Geo. p. 10, Com. Civ. p. 204, Read. p. 617 S. No. 139 to 144 Chickens. Geo. p. 7, Prod. Mfg. p. 51, An. Has. p. 339, An. p. 386, PI. & An. p. 599, Read. p. 610, Eat & Wear p. 634, Home Geo. pp. 644, 649 S. No. 56, 338 Chifn, Geo. p. 27 S. No. 521 Childe Harold's Pilgrimage — Byron, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Children p. 589 Children at Play, Children pp. 582, 589 S. No. 60, 72, 290, 336, 338, 339, 402, 435, 471, 488 Children, Farm, Farm H. & F. L. p. 357 S. No. 72, 83, 236, 487, 488, 522 Children of the World, pp. 581 to 594 Children's Bureau, Govt. p. 200 Children's Clothes, Cos. Dsn. p. 534 S. No. 72, 260, 292, 306, 343, 465, 520, 532 Children, The — Longfellow, Lit. Sub. p. 250, Read. p. 609 S. No. 72 Child's Garden of Verses, A, Read. p. 606 Chile, Geo. p. 19, Pol. Geo. p. 125, Read. p. 619 S. No. 322 to 328 Chilkoot Pass, Geo. p. 15 S. No. 243 Chimneys, House Dsn. p. 518 S. No. 9, 187, 354, 355, 372, 373 China. See Pottery China, Pol. Geo. p. 138, House Dsn. p. 521, Children p. 588, Read, p, 625, Trav. & Lee. p. 657 S. No. 513 to 524 China and Manchuria, Geo. p. 26 S. No. 513 to 524 Chinese, Pco. p. 40, Dev. Na. p. 169 S. No. 227, 519, 520, 521 Chinese Architecture, Arct. pp. 449, 453 S. No. 520, 521 Chinese Stories, Lit. Sub. p. 254, Read. p. 610 Chinkiang, Geo. p. 27 S. No. 515 Chippendale, Houise Dsn. p. 530 S. No. 33 Chocolate, Geo. p. 18, Food & Ckry. p. 418, Children p. 590, Eat & Wear p. 632 S. No. 303 Choosing a Farm, Farm M. p. 343 Chosen (Korea), Geo. p. 28, House Dsn. p. 522, Read. p. 625 S. No. 542, 543 Churches, Com. Civ. p. 204, Arct. p. 460 S. No. 6, 29, 406, 451, 458 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Biog. p. 296 Circle, Draw. p. 509 Cities, Dev. Na. pp. 167, 168, 172, Govt. p. 192, Com. Civ. p. 213, Cities p. 220 S. No. 25, 26, 61, 93, 121, 139, 152, 167, 220, 230 Cities of the World, The, pp. 219 to 242 Cities, Religious, Cities p. 241 Cities, Size, Cities p. 238 Cities, Types, Cities p. 237 City Hall, Geo. p. 6 S. No. 28 City Homes, Arct. p. 460 S. No. 264, 389, 434, 455, 4S7 City Making, Cities p. 220 City Plans, Cities p. 224 Civic Beauty, Com. Civ. p. 211, Arct. p. 465 Civil Service, Voc. Guid. p. 400 672 INDEX Civil War, Dev. Na. p. 168, Am. Today p. 179 S. No. 73 Clav, Con. Stone B. & T. pp. 488, 489 S. No. 581 Clav, Henrv. Dev. Na. p. 165, Biog. p. "283 Cleanliness, Com. Civ. p. 206, Hyg. p. 505 Clearing Land, Soils p. 315 S. No. 224 Cleopatra, Biog. p. 296 Clerks, Home Geo. p. 648 Cleveland, Grover, Biog. p. 283 Cliff Dwellings, Geo. p. 13, Home Geo. p. 642 S. No. 205 Cliffs. Sea, Ntl. F. p. 103 S. No. 432, 439 Climate, Farm M. p. 345 Clothes, Working, Cos. Dsn. p. 533 S. No. 15, 40, 42, 44, 75, 130, 227 243 Clothing, pp. 637 to 639, Prod. Mfg. p. 52, Tex. & CI. pp. 426, 428, Wood p. 472, Children p. 594, Eat & Wear p. 637, Home Geo. pp. 645, 646, 650 S. No. 146, 551, 552, 566, 570, 585 Clothing & Textiles, pp. 421 to 429 Clothing, Modern, Tex. & CI. p. 428 Cloud, The, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Clouds, Earth N. p. 142 S. No. 102, 264, 276, 282, 441, 442, 451, 452, 508, 525 Clubs, Boys' Pig, Vis. Prob. p. 566 S. No. 183 Clubs, Canning, Vis. Prob. p. 564 Clubs, Poultry, Vis. Prob. p. 565 Coal, Food & Ckry. p. 410, Loc. hid. p. 491, Read. p. 616, Home Geo. pp. 646, 650 Coal, Anthracite, Geo. p. 7, Prod. Mfg. pp. 56, 63, Dev. Na. pp. 167, 170, Am. Today p. 184 S. No. 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 Coal, Bituminous, Prod. Mfg. p. 56 S. No. 61, 129 Coastal Plains, Ntl. F. p. 105 S. No. 104, 105, 108, 122, 289, 399 Coast Forms. Ntl. F. p. 103 Coast Guard, The, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Coblenz, Geo. p. 22, Prod. Mfg. p. 70, Cities p. 222, Dev. Na. p. 75, House Adm. p. 432, Arch. p. 446, hid. Dsn. p. 468, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 385 S. No. 385 Cochel, W. A., pp. xxxiv, 335 Cocoa, Prod. Mfg. p. 49, Food & Ckrv. p. 418, PI. & An. p. 595, Eat & Wear p. 632, Home Geo. p. 644 S. No. 303 Coconuts, Prod. Mfg. p. 49, Food & Ckrv. n. 416 S. No. 551, 249, 259 Cocoons, Prod. Mfg. p. 54. Tex. & CI. p. 425, Eat & Wear p. 63S S. No. 536. 539, 540 Codfish, Prod. Mfg. p. 51, An. p. 385, Ph. & An. p. 600, Read. p. 618, Eat & Wear p. 635 S. No. 13 Cofa Bridge, Geo. p. 19 S. No'. 330 Coffee, Geo. pp. 17, 18, 24, Prod. Mfg. p. 49, PI. Asso. p. 370. Food &'Ckry. p. 418, Children p. 590, PI. & An. p. 596, Eat & Wear p. 632, Home Geo. p. 644 S. No. 302, 310, 311, 295, 468 Cohesion, hid. Dsn. p. 437 Coke, Geo. p. 7, Prod. Mfg. p. 56. Am. Today p. 183, Food & Ckry. p.- 410, Home Geo. p. 646 S. No. 62, 68 Colesworthy, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Collars, Geo. p. 6 S. No. 40 Collective Industries, Prod. Mfg. p. 62 Cologne, Geo. p. 22 S. No. 393 Colombia, Geo. p. 19, Read. p. 619 S. No. 337 INDEX 673 Colonial Houses, House Dsn. p. 529 S : No. 9, 10, 37, 90, 91, 96 Colonies: Dutch, Pol. Geo. p. 133 English, Pol. Geo. pp. 129, 130 French, Pol. Geo. p. 132 German, Pol. Geo. p. 137 Colorado, Geo. p. 13, Dev. Na. p. 168, Metals, 476 S. No. 198 to 205 Colosseum, Rome, Geo p. 24 S. No. 452 Columbia River, Geo. p. 14, Read. p. 617 S. No. 215, 223, 226 Columbus, Christopher, Pol. Geo. p. 126, F. Am. Na. p. 162, Biog. pp. 283, 296 Columns, Arct. p. 455 S. No. 8, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 340, 450, 460, 478 Comet, Geo. p. 30, Earth N. p. 147 S. No. 600 Commerce, Dep't, Govt. p. 199, Home Geo. pp. 647, 651 Community, Coin. Civ. p. 203 Community Civics, pp. 203 to 217 Como, Lake, Geo. p. 24 S. No. 459 Composition, Eng. Comp. p. 259 1. Giving Accurate Information, Eng. Comp. p. 260 2. Comparative and General Studies, Eng. Comp. p. 261 3. Studies of Vocations, Eng. Comp. p. 262 3. Recreations, Eng. Comp. p. 262 4. Discussion, Eng. Comp. p. 262 5. Story, Eng. Comp. p. 263 6. Putting Your Reader There, Eng. Comp. p. 264 7. Hiking Reports, Eng. Comp. p. 264 8. Business Letters, Eng. Comp. p. 264 Composition, Arct. p. 450, Photo. p. 544 Composition, English, pp. 259 to 268 Comstock, Anna Botsford, pp. xl, 595 Concrete, Am. Today p. 186, Con. Stone B. & T. pp. 483, 487, House Dsn. p. 528 S. No. 123, 154, 170, 171, 210, 252, 253 Concrete, Stone, Brick & Tile, pp. 483 to 489 Concreteness in Education, p. ix Confucius, Biog. p. 297 Congress, Geo. p. 8, Pol. Geo. p. 123 S. No. 88 Conifers, PI. Asso. pp. 366, 369 S. No. 215, 216, 224 Connecticut, Geo. p. 5 S. No. 22, 23, 24 Connelley, Clifford B., pp. xxxviii, 491 Connor, Ralph, Biog. p. 286 Conquest of Mexico — Prescott, Lit. Sub. p. 251 Conquest of Peru — Prescott, Lit. Sub. p. 251 Conservation, Dev. Na. p. 177 Constantine the Great, Biog. p. 297 Constantinople, Geo. p. 25, For. Beg. p. 155, Read. p. 623 S. No. 472, 473, 474 Containers, Ind. Dsn. p. 437 S. No. 19, 65, 285, 295, 311, 334 Construction, Voc. Guid. p. 396, Ind. Dsn. p. 444 Constructive Industries, Prod. Mfg. p. 67 Conveyor, Ind. Dsn. p. 442 S. No. 34, 63, 67, 217 Conwell, Russell H., pp. xlii, 653 Cookery & Food, pp. 409 to 420 Cooley, Anna M., pp. xxxvi, 421 Coolidge, Susan, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Cooper, James Fenimore, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Cooper, Peter, Biog. p. 283 Copenhagen, Geo. p. 22 S. No. 404, 405, 406 Copper, Geo. pp. 5, 11, 12, Prod. Mfg. pp. 58, 64, 69, Am. Today p. 183, Metals p. 476, Loc. Ind. p. 492, Read. p. 618 S. No. 15, 155, 156, 157, 187 Cordage, Prod. Mfg. p. 69 674 INDEX Corinth, Geo. p. 25, For. Beg. p. 153 S. No. 477 Corinthian Architecture, Arct. p. 451 S. No. 87, 351, 460, 482 Cork, Geo. p. 21 S. No. 375 Corn, Geo. pp. 10, 11, 12, 17, Dev. Na. p. 177, Am. Today p. 181, Farm C. p. 322, PI. Asso. p. 371, Read. p. 615, Eat & Wear pp. 630, 632 S. No. 136, 137, 160, 184, 292 Corn Song — Whittier, Lit. Sub. p. 253 Coronado, F. Am. Na. p. 163 Cortez, Hernando, F. Am. Na. p. 163, Biog. p. 283 Costa Rica, Geo. p. 17 S. No. 294 Costume Design, pp. 531 to 541 Costume, Indian, Drazu. p. 515 S. No. 98, 158, 168, 169, 182, 204, 263, 265, 328 Costumes, Modern, Cos. Dsn. p. 532 S. No. 8, 22, 29, 60, 146, 276, 280, 585 Cottages, Arct. p. 460, House Dsn. pp. 524, 526 S. No. 355, 368, 373, 411, 445 Cotter's Saturday Night, The — Burns, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Cotton, Geo. pp. 5, 9, 10, 17, Prod. Mfg. pp. 52, 68, Dev. Na. pp. 166, 170, Am. Today p. 186, Farm C. p. 324, Ind. Sap. Home p. 406, Tex. & CI. pp. 422, 424, Metals p. 478, Children pp. 584, 590, Eat & Wear p. 637, Home Geo. pp. 645, 650 S. No. 14, 15, 16, 117, 119, 124, 125, 207, 286, 420, 563 Cottonwood, PI. Asso. p. 370. S. No. 182 Coulter, John M., pp. xxxv, 365 Counties, Govt. p. 192 Country Home, Farm. H & F. L. pp. 356, 357 S. No. 96, 147, 181, 236, 373 Courtship of Miles Standish' — Longfellow, Lit. Sub. p 250 Cow, The — R. L. Stevenson Read. p. 607 Cowboys, Geo. p. 12, Loc. Ind. p 497, Hyg. p. 501 S. No. 127, 186, 188 Cows, Prod. Mfg. p. 50, An. Has pp. 335, 336 wS. No. 57, 159, 165, 339, 356 364, 371, 403, 591 Cranes, Ind. Dsn. p. 442 S. No. 65, 82, 128, 150, 156 327 334 Crane, White, An. p. 386 S. No. 535 Crater Lake, Geo. p. 14, Ntl. F. p. 103, Soils p. 313 S. No. 222 Crevasse, Geo. pp. 14, 16 S. No. 219, 274 Cromwell, Oliver, Biog. p. 297 Cronos, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Crops, Farm, pp. 319 to 326, Soils p. 317 S. No. 47, 108, 147, 149, 175, 181, 184, 237, 357 Crossing Brooklyn Ferry, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Crowded Street, The — Bryant, Lit. Sub. p. 247 Cruise of the Cachalot, The, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Cuba, Geo. p. 17, Pol. Geo. p. 123, Dev. Na. p. 172 S. No. 295 to 299 Cultivation, Soils p. 315, Farm C. p. 320. Metals p. 481 S. No. 105, 198, 207, 419 Curry, Charles Madison, pp. xli, 605 Curtiss, Charles F., pp. xxxiii, 309 Customs of American Indians, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Cuzco, Geo. p. 19 S. No. 331 Cyclops, Lit. Sub. p. 257 D Dairy, Geo. pp. 7, 11, Prod. Mfg. p. 50, Trans, p. 77, Am. Today p. 182, Farm M. p. 347, Voc. Guid. p. 394, Loc. Ind. p. 498 INDEX 675 S. No. 57, 159, 165, 339, 356, 364, 371, 403, 591 Daisy, PL Asso. p. 371, PL & An. p. 596, Read. p. 610 S. No. 72, 102 Damascus, Geo. p. 26, For. Beg. p. 152 S. No. 493 Dams, Geo. pp. 12, 13, Prod. Mfg. p. 71, Arct. p. 465, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 486 S. No. 170, 210, 569 Dana, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Danaus, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Dante, Alighieri, Biog. p. 297 Danube River, Geo. p. 24 S. No. 470, 471 Dar-es-Salaam, E. Africa, Geo. p. 29 S. No. 574 Darjeeling, India. Geo. p. 26 S. No. 508 Darius Green — Trowbridge, Lit. Sub. p. 253 Darwin, Charles Robert, Biog. p. 297 Dates, Prod. Mfg. p. 48 S. No. 556, 566 David, For. Beg. p. 152, Biog. p. 297 S. No. 495 Declaration of Independence, F. Am. Na. p. 164, Am. To- day p. 179 Decoration & Design, House — Costume Design, pp. 517 to 541 Deer, Prod. Mfg. p. 51, An. p. 382 S. No. 2, 189, 413 Delaware, Geo. p. 8 S. No. 85 Delhi, India, Geo. p. 26, Com. Civ. p. 204 S. No. 503 Delta Plains, Ntl. F. p. 105 S. No. 120, 500, 558 Demeter, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Demosthenes, Biog. p. 297 Denmark, Geo. p. 22, Pol. Geo. p. 134, House Dsn. p. 522, Read. p. 622 S. No. 404 to 406 Deposits, Ntl. F. pp. 100, 101, 105, Soils, p. 313 S. No. 192, 193, 194 Depth of Field, Photo, p. 549 Derricks, hid. Dsn. p. 442 S. No. 69, 70, 122 Design & Decoration, House — Costume Design, pp. 517 to 541 Design, Industrial, Including Architecture, pp. 437 to 468 DeSoto, Hernando, F. Am. Na. p. 163, Biog. pp. 283, 297 Deserts Arid and Semi-Arid, Zonts, p. 114, PL Asso. p. 371 S. No. 190, 200, 201, 209, 495, 561 to 566, 569 Cold, Zones p. 117, PL Asso. p. 372 S. No. 219, 276, 279, 322, 323, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 440, 441, 448 Detroit, Geo. p. 11, Loc. Ind. p. 494 S. No. 150 to 152 Development of Our Nation, The, pp. 165 to 177 Dewey, George, Biog. p. 284 Diamonds, Prod. Mfg. pp. 59, 64, Read, p 627, Eat & Wear p. 639 S. No. 581 Diana, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Diaz, Porfirio, Biog. p. 284 Dickens, Charles, Biog. p. 297 Dikes, Geo. p. 11 S. No. 148 Dionysius, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Discoverers & Explorers, F. Am Na. p. 162 Dishes, Prod. Mfg. pp. 59, 70, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 488, Ind. Dsn. pp. 446, 468, Home Geo. p. 646 S. No. 33, 58, 59, 372, 373, 385, 519 Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Bea- consfield, Biog. p. 297 Distance, Photo, p. 549 Dist. of Columbia, Geo. p. 8, Pol. Geo. p. 123, Govt. p. 194 S. No. 87 to 95 Distribution, Prod. Mfg. p. 72, Mkts. pp. 87 to 96, Voc. Guid. p. 398 676 INDEX Divides and Passes, Ntl. F. p. 108 S. No. 195, 243, 251 Dixie Land, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Docks, Geo. pp. 6, 9, 11, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 28, Prod. Mfg. p. 72, Trans, pp. 80, 81 S. No. 26, 48, 52, 106, 128, 157, 164, 174, 267, 280, 295, 327, 347, 400, 420, 429, 556 Dodge, Mary Mapes, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Dogs, Geo. op. 15, 16, Trans, p. 77, Am. Today p. 188, An. p. 382, PI. & An. p. 600 S. No. 118, 190, 204, 246, 279, 396, 480, 490, 529 Dog of Flanders — Ouida, Lit. Sub. p. 251 Domes, Arct. pp. 448, 455 S. No. 28, 87, 95, 384, 451, 483, 495, 502 Domestic Science and Domestic Arts, p. 403 Dominica, Geo. p. 18 S. No. 303 Donkeys, Trans, p. 76, An. Hits. p. 338, An. p. 379 S. No. 340, 378, 496, 522, 557, 560, 566, 574 Don't Kill the Birds, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Doorways, Arct. p. 452 S. No. 8, 9, 260, 337, 425, 502 Doric Architecture, Arct. p. 451 S. No. 8, 92, 340, 380 Douglass, Wm, Read. p. 610 Drainage, Ntl. F. pp. 99, 100, Soils p. 316, Farm M. p. 344, Metals p. 481 S. No. 161 Drake, Sir Francis, For. Beg. p. 155, Biog. pp. 284, 297 Dramatized Problems, Vis. Prob. p. 576 Drawing, pp. 509 to 515, Loc. Ind. p. 493 Dredge, Geo. p. 18 S. No. 313 Dress, Earth N. p. 144, Tex. & CI. p. 428, Cos. Dsn. p. 532, Home Geo. p. 645 S. No. 146, 182, 280, 503, 506, 528 to 530, 551, 552, 572, 592 Drift Soil, Soils p. 314 S. No. 427 Drilling, Metals p. 480, Loc. Ind. p. 493 S. No. 69, 122 Drink & Food, Hyg. p. 502 Dromedary, See Camels. Drowned Coasts, Ntl. F. p. 103 Drowned Rivers, Ntl. F. p. 102 S. No. 39, 51, 100, 264 Dryer, Charles Redway, pp. xxvi, 45 Dry Farming, Geo. p. 13, Soils p. 315 S. No. 199 Dublin, Geo. p. 21, Pol. Geo. p. 129, Cities pp. 222, 225, 239, Arct. pp. 451, 455, Read. p. 621 S. No. 380 Ducks, Prod. Mfg. p. 51, An. Hits. p. 339, An. p. 386 S. No. 401 Dunes, Sand, Ntl. F. p. 99, PI. Asso. p. 373 S. No. 223 Dunn, Arthur Wm., pp. xxxi, 203 Dutch, Peo. p. 35, Pol. Geo. p. 133, For. Beg. p. 157, Arct. pp. 458, 460, House Dsn. p. 522, Cos. Dsn. p. 536. Chil- dren p. 586 S. No. 399, 400, 402, 403 Dwarf Trees, PI. Asso. p. 372 S. No. 535 Earth Neighbors, pp. 141 to 148 Earthquakes, Ntl. F. p. 101, Soils p. 313 S. No. 231, 300 East Africa, British, Geo. p. 29, Prod. Mfg. p. 53, Mkts. p. 94, Zones p. 113, Pol. Geo. p. 130 S. No. 570 to 573 East Africa (German) Geo. p. 29, Zones p. 113, Pol. Geo. p. 137 S. No. 574 East Indian Architecture, Arct. pp. 449, 453, House Dsn. p 524 S. No. 499, 501 INDEX 677 East Indies, Geo. p. 28 S. No. 545 to 554 Eat, Some Things We, pp. 629 to 639 Eaves, House Dsn. p. 528 S. No. 445 Economics, Home, See Foods and Cookery, pp. 409 to 420 Ecuador, Geo. p. 19 S. No. 336 Edinburgh, Scotland, Geo. p. 21, Pol. Geo. p. 128 S. No. 365 Editorial Board, pp. xxv. to xlii Education, Am. Today p. 187, Govt. p. 199, Com. Civ. pp. 204,211, FarmH. & F. L. p. 358 Edward IT, Biog. p. 297 Edward III, Biog. p. 297 Edward the Confessor, Biog. p. 297 Eggleston, Edward, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Eggs, Farm M. p. 347, Food & Ckry. p. 413, Home Geo. pp. 644. 649 S. No. 375 Egypt, Geo. p. 28, Pol. Geo. pp. 128, 130, For. Beg q 152, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 487, House Dsn. p. 522, Cos. Dsn. p. 537, Children p. 588, Read. p. 626 S. No. 558 to 569 Egyptian Architecture, Arct. pp. 448, 454, 459 S. No. 561, 564, 565, 566, 568 Eiffel Tower, Cities p. 221, Arct. p. 462 S. No. 421 Electrician, Voc. Guid. p. 397 Electricity, hid. Dsn. p. 440, Home Geo. p. 646 S. No. 151, 171 Elephants, Prod. Mfg. p. 67, Trans, p. 78, An. p. 383, PI. & An. p. 600 S. No. 505, 509, 510 Elevated Railways, Trans, p. 85 S. No. 31 Elevation, Climate, Zones p. 118 Elijah, Biog. p. 297 _ Eliot, Charles William, pp. vii, xxv, Biog. p. 284 Eliot, Sir John, Biog. p. 298 Elk, Geo. p. 13, PI. & An. p. 600, Read. p. 613 S. No. 189 Ellen's Isle, Geo. p. 21 S. No. 369 Ellis Island, Geo. p. 6 S. No. 32 Elizabeth, Queen of England, Biog. p. 298 Elizabethan style of Architecture, House Dsn. p. 524 Elm, PI. Asso. p. 370 S. No. 10, 37, 71, 96 Embargo, Govt. p. 201 Embroidery, Ind. Dsn. p. 447, Cos. Dsn. p. 536 S. No. 465, 468, 471, 487 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, Biog. b. 284 Emmett, D., Lit. Sub. p. 255 Endicott, John, Biog. p. 284 Energy, Solar, Earth N. pp. 143, 144 Engineering, Prod. Mfg. p. 70, Trav. & Lee. p. 659 England, Geo. p. 20, Pol. Geo. p. 128, Gdn. Orch. & W. p. 329, Arct. pp. 448, 452, 461, House Dsn. p. 522, Read. p. 621 S. No. 347 to 362 English, p. 243 English Composition, pp. 259 to 268 English Language, Pol. Geo. p. 127 Ensign, Raymond P., pp. xxxvii, 437 Equatorial Belt, Zones p. 110 S. No. 247, 249, 251, 252, 254, 255, 293, 294, 337, 338, 570, 571, 572, 573 Erie Canal, Geo. p. 6, Trans, p. 78, Dev. Na. p. 167 S. No. 43, 48 Erosion, See Weathering, Ntl. F. p. 98 By Water, Ntl. F. p. 100 S. No. 49, 50, 197, 208, 318, 363, 407, 576 Eruption, Volcanic, Geo. pp. 18, 24, Ntl. F. p. 107 S. No. 453, 545 Eskimo, Geo. p. 20, Peo. p. 40, Prod. Mfg. p. 56, F. Am. Na. p. 161, Tex. & CI. p. 429, Eat & Wear p. 637 678 INDEX S. No. 343 Estuaries, Ntl. F. p. 102, Pot. Geo. p. 135. Ethiopian Race, See Black Race, Eucalyptus, Geo. p. 30, PI. Asso. pp. 366, 370, 374, Wood p. 470, Home Geo. p. 643 S. No. 586 Europe, Geo. p. 20. Children p. 586, Read. p. 620 S. No. 347 to 488 Evangeline — Longfellow, Lit. Sub. p. 250 Evans, Robley Dnnglison, Biog. p. 284 Evaporation, Ind. Dsn. p. 440 S. No. 42, 244, 310, 531 Evaporation, Solar, Earth N. p. 142 S. No. 13, 42, 244, 310, 531 Excavating, Metals p 478 S. No. 250, 251" Expansion, Dcv. Na. p. 172 Explorers, F. Am. Na. p. 162 Eve level, Draw. p. 509 F Factories. Prod. Mfg. pp. 54, 55. Dcv. Na. pp. 166, 170, Com. Civ. p. 207, Cities p. 224, Voc. Guid. p. 396, Ind. Sup. Home p. 407, A ret. pp. 457, 464, Home Geo. p. 646 S. No. 11, 12, 14 to 16, 18 to 20, 22, 23, 24, 40, 41, 62 to 67, 152, 541 Factorv Processes, Prod. Mfg. p. " 52 Falls. Geo. pp. 6, 22. 23. 29 S. No. 49, 50, 318, 407, 444, 576 Family, Com. Civ. p. 205 Faneuil Hall, Geo. p. 5, F. Am. Na. p. 164, Arct. p. 461, Read. p. 614 S. No. 7 Farm Crops, pp. 319 to 326 Farm Home and Farm Life, pp. 355 to 361 Farm Houses. House Dsn. pp. 523, 525, 531 S. No. 147, 181, 236, 409 Farming, see Agriculture, Voc. Guid. p. 394 Farming — General, Farm M. p. 345 Farm Machinery. Geo. p. 12, Dev. Na. p. 167, Am. Today p. 180, Farm M. pp. 341, 352, 354, Farm H. & F. L. p. 358, hoc. Ind. p. 495 S. No. 44, 136, 160, 161, 166, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 218, 233, 332, 357 Farm Management — Farm Ma- chinery, pp. 341 to 354 Farm Methods, Prod. Mfg. p. 46, Dcv. Na. pp. 167, 177, Farm C. p. 320, Farm M. p. 341, Farm H. & F. L. p. 358, Metals p. 481 Modern S. No. 136, 160, 161, 166, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 198, 218, 233, 332, 357 Primitive S. No. 298, 388, 419. 479, 488, 497, 522, 527, 529, 549, 554, 561, 562 Farmyard Song — Trowbridge, Lit. Sub. p. 253 Farragut. David Glasgow, Biog. p. 284 Fatigue, Hyg. p. 504 Feathers, Prod. Mf%. p. 56 S. No. 56, 216, 239 Federal Reserve Board, Govt. p. 200 Ferdinand and Isabella, For. Beg. p. 158, Biog. p. 298 Ferry Boat, Geo. p. 6, Trans, p. 80 S. No. 26, 32, 386 Ferrv Slip, Geo. p. 6 S. No. 26 Fertilizing, Geo. p. 12, Soils pp. 316, 317, Farm C. p. 325, Home Geo. p. 650 Fibers, Prod. Mfg. p. 68, Farm C. p. 324, Tex. & CI. pp. 422, 423, 424, 425, Eat & Wear p. 637 S. No. 17. 22, 117, 124, 145, 268, 553 Fields, Prod. Mfg. p. 65 S. No. 104, 105, 137, 178, INDEX 679 179, 180, 184, 218, 284, 357, 488, 522, 561, 562 Figs, Prod. Mfg. p. 48, PL Asso. p. 70 S. No. 489 Figures in Action, Draw. p. 514 Figures without Problems, Vis. Prob. p. 576 Filipinos, See Philippines Fine Arts. p. 507 Finland, Geo. p. 25, Tex. & CI. p. 429, Cos. Dsn. p. 534, Chil- dren p. 586 S. No. 481 Fins, Pol. Geo. p. 138 S. No. 481 Fir, Balsam, PI. Asso. p. 369 S. No. 162 Fir, Douglas, PI. Asso. p. 369, Wood p. 470 S. No. 216, 224 Fir, Red, PI. Asso. p. 369 S. No. 222, 228 Fireplaces, Arct. p. 467, House Dsn, pp. 518, 526 S. No. 33, 92, 113, 372 Firewood, Food & Ckry. p. 410, Wood p. 471 S. No. 124, 467 Firth of Forth, Geo. p. 21, Prod. Mfg. p. 71, Trans, p. 84 S. No. 366 Fir Tree. The. Read, p. 610 Fish, Prod. Mfg. p. 63. Am, To- day p. 182, Food & Ckrv. p. 413, Children pp. 584, 590, Eat & Wear p. 635, Home. Geo. p. 645 S. No. 13, 226, 227, 244, 481, 531 Fisher, M. L., pp. xxxiv, 341 Fishing Boats, Prod. Mfg. p. 63, An. p. 385, Eat & Wear p. 635 S. No. 13, 481, 531 Fishing Nets, Tex. & CI. p. 428 S. No. 226 Fissures. Geo. p. 14. Ntl. F. p. 101 S. No. 231, 300 Flags, Tex. & CI. p. 427 S. No. 100. 242, 254, 260, 280, 514, 585 Flashlights, Photo, p. 548 S. No. 2, 76, 155, 579 Flax, Prod, Mfg. p. 53 S. No. 40, 268, 269 Flood Plains, Ntl. F. p. 105 S. No. 321, 467, 509, 515, 549, 561, 564, 580 Florence, Italy, Geo. p 24, For. Beg. p. 154 S. No. 456 Florida, Geo. p. 9, Mkts. p. 91, Zones p. 115, Read. p. 615 S. No. 108 to 111 Flowers, Geo. pp. 7, 23, Gdn. Orch. & W. p. 330 S. No. 72, 423, 444, 534 Food, Buying, Mkts. pp. 88, 91, 92, House Adm. p. 432 Food Commission, Govt. p. 201 Food and Drink, Health, Hyg. p. 502 Food, Preparation, Food & Ckry. p. 419 Food, Service, Food & Ckry. p. 419 Food and Cookery pp. 409 to 420 Foods and Foodstuffs, Prod. Mfg. p. 46, Am. Today p. 180, PI. Asso. p. 374, Food & Ckrv. pp. 409, 411, Wood p". 473, Hvg. p. 502, Eat & Wear p. 630, Home Geo. pp. 644, 649 Forage Crops, Farm. C. p. 325 S. No. 118. 172. 173. 181 183, 235, 317, 388, 408 Forces, Natural Forms and, pp. 97 to 108, hid, Dsn. p. 437 Foreign Beginnings of American History pp. 151 to 158 Foreign Children — R. L. Steven- son, Read. p. 607 Forest Hymn — Bryant, Lit. Sub. i.247 Forests, Com. Civ. p. 206, PI. Asso. pp. 365, 366, 367, 368, Wood p. 470 S. No. 70, 102, 162, 169, 195, 196, 221, 224, 228, 229, 388, 427 Forests, Deciduous, PL Asso. p. 368 S. No. 38, 70, 73, 169 Forests, Petrified, PL Asso. p. 367 S. No. 206 680 INDEX Ford, Henry, Geo. p. 11, Biog. p. 285 S. No. 152 Form Adapted to Material, Ind. Dsn. p. 445 Form Adapted to Purpose, Ind. Dsn. 445 For the Little Folks p. 579 Foundation of American. Nation pp. 159 to 164 Fowls, Eat & Wear p. 634 S. No. 56, 216, 401 France, Geo. p. 23, Pol. Geo. p. 131, For. Beg. p. 157, House Dsn. p. 523, Children p. 586, Read. p. 621, Trav. & Lee. p. 656 S. No. 421 to 431 Francis Joseph I, Biog. p. 298 Franklin, Benjamin. Biog. p. 285 Fremont, John C, Biog. p. 285 French, Frances M. Lit. Sub. p. 254 Frey, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Freya or Freyja, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Frigg, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Frost, Ntl. F. p. 100 S. No. 50, 342, 344, 345, 346, 427, 428 Fruit, Geo. pp. 6, 8, 12, 17, Prod. Mfe. op. 48. 66. Dev. Ma. p. 170, Farm M. p. 347, Food & Ckry. r>. 417. Children, pp. 583, 590, Eat & W ear, p. 630 S. No. 47, 85, 108, 175, 234, 236, 238, 259, 294, 55.1 Fruit Growing, Farm M. p. 343 S. No. 44, 108, 175, 237, 390, 437 Fuel, Prod. Mfg. p. 69, Dev. Na. p. 167, Food & Ckry. p. 410, Wood, p. 471 S. No. 68, 74, 76, 77, 79, 103, 129 Fuji-Yama, Japan, Geo. p. 27, Ntl. F. p. 107 S. No. 525 Fuller, George D., pp. xxxv, 365 Fuller, Melville W., Biog. p. 285 Fulton, Robert, Biog. p. 285 Funston, General Frederick, Biog. p. 285 Furnishings, Home, Tex. & CI. p. 426 S. No. 33, 417 Furniture, Arct. p. 466, House Dsn. pp. 519, 526 to 530 S. No. 33, 89, 92, 352, 373, 409, 417, 443 Furs, Prod. Mfg. p. 56, Cos. Dsn. p. 540, Children p. 586 S. No. 158, 243, 246, 279, 328, 343, 345, 490 Gabled Roof, House Dsn. p. 519 S. No. 354 Gaea, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Galicia, Geo. p. 24 S. No. 465 Gambrel Roof, House Dsn. pp. 528, 531 S. No. 236 Game, An. pp. 382 to 386, PI. An. . pp. 598 to 604, Eat & Wear, p. 635 S. No. 2, 110, 189, 345, 415, 577, 578 Ganges River, Geo. p. 26. Ntl. F p. 105. Hvg. p. 505 S. No. 500, 501 Gannets. An. p. 385, PI. & An. p 600 S. No. 583 Garden of the Gods, Geo. p. 13, Read. p. 617 S. No. 201 Garden, Orchard and Woodlot pp. 327 to 333 Gardens, Prod. Mfg. p. 64, Dev. Na. p. 176, Gdn. Orch. & W. p. 327, Voc. Guid. p. 395, Home Ceo. p. 650 S. No. 47, 83, 137, 149 Garfield, Tames Abram, Biog. p. 285 S. No. 87, 88, 91 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, Biog. p. 298 Garrison, William Lloyd, Biog. p. 286 Gas, Food & Ckry. p. 410 Gasoline, Am. Today p. 184 S. No. 123 Gasoline Motors, Prod. Mfg. p. 62, Soils, p. 315, Farm C. p. INDEX 681 320, Gdn. Orch. & W. p. 331, Farm M. p. 353 S. No. 44, 151, 161, 178 to 180 Gatun Lake, Geo. p. 15, Dev. Na. p. 174 S. No. 250 to 253 Gautama (the Buddha), Biog. p. 298 S. No. 501 Geese, Prod. Mfg. p. 51, An. Hus. p. 339, An. p. 386, PI. & An. p. 601, Eat & Wear p. 635 S. No. 216 Gemila, Read. p. 611 Gems, Prod. Mfg. p. 59, Eat & Wear p. 639 S. No. 512, 581 General Introduction, p. vii Geographical Classification, pp. 3 to 30 Geography, p. 1 Geography by Nations (Political Geography), pp. 121 to 139 Geography, Commercial, Trans, p. 73, Mkts. p. 87 Geography, Home, pp. 641 to 652 Geography, Industrial, Prod. Mfg. p. 45 Geography, Political, pp. 121 to 139 Geography, Some Things We Eat ; Some Things We Wear, pp. 629, 639^ Georgia, Geo. p. 9 S. No. 106, 107 Gerlache, Adrien de, Geo. p. 20 S. No. 345 German Empire, Geo. p. 21, Pol. Geo. p. 135, For. Beg. p. 158, Am. Today p. 179, Children p. 587, Read. p. 622 S. No. 383 to 394 Germans, Pol. Geo. p. 136 Geryon, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Gettysburg, Geo. p. 7, Dev. Na. p. 169 S. No. 73 Gettysburg Oration, Lit. Sub. p. 250 Geysers, Geo. p. 13, Ntl. F. p. 100 S. No. 193, 194 Giant's Causeway, Geo. p. 21 S. No. €82 Gibraltar, Geo. p. 23, Pol. Geo. p. 128, Read. p. 624 S. No. 439 Gill-over-the ground, PI. Asso. p. 371 S. No. 359 Gin, Geo. p. 10, Prod. Mfg. p. 52, Dev. Na. p. 166, hid. Sup. Home p. 407, Tex. & CI. p. 424, Eat & Wear p. 637, Home Geo. p. 645 S. No. 124, 125 Ginning, Tex. & CI. p. 424 Girders, Ind. Dsn. p. 443 S. No. 65, 134, 135 Glacial Lakes, Ntl. F. p. 103 S. No. 48, 154, 361, 369, 377, 459 Glacial Plains, Ntl. F. p. 106 S. No. 136, 137, 147, 161, 488 Glacier, Geo. pp. 14, 16, 22, 23, Ntl. F. p. 100, Read. p. 617 S. No. 219, 274, 275, 408, 427, 428, 446, 448 Glaciers, Continental, Ntl. F. p. 101 S. No. 342, 344, 345, 346 Glaciers, effect on Human Affairs, Ntl. F. p. 101 1 Glaciers. Valley. Ntl. F. p. 100 S. No. 219, 274, 275, 276, 279, 408, 427, 428, 446, 448 Gladness of Nature, The, Bryant, Lit. Sub. p. 247 Gladstone, Wm. Ewart, Biog. p. 298 Glass, Geo. p. 10, Prod. Mfg. pp. 59, 70, Dev. Na. p. 171, Am. Today p. 186, Metals p. 478, Hyg. p. 502, Home Geo. p. 647 S. No. 134, 135 Gloucester, Mass. (Harbor), Geo. p. 5, Read. p. 614 S. No. 13 Goats, Geo. p. 22, Prod. Mfg. pp. 50, 67, An. Hus. p. 339, An. p. 380, Tex. & CI. p. 424, PL & An. p. 601, Eat & Wear p. 631 S. No. 411, 447 Goethals, George Washington, Dev. Na. p. 174, Biog. p. 286 S. No. 248 to 256 682 INDEX Goethe, Tohann Wolfgang von, Biog. p. 298 Gold Mining, Geo. pp. 13, 15, 17, Prod. Mfg. pp. 64, 69, Dev. A T a. p. 171, Am. Today p. 184, Metals p. 476, Read. p. 627, Eat & Wear p. 639 S. No. 203, 225, 245, 287 Goldsmith, Oliver, Biog. p. 299 Goode, J. Paul, pp. xxvii, 87 Goodyear, Charles, Read. p. 610 Gordon, Rev. Chas. W. (Ralph Connor), Biog. p. 286 Gorgas, William Crawford, Dev. Na. p. 174, Biog. p. 286 S. No. 248 to 256 Goteborg, Geo. p. 23 S. No. 420 Gothic Architecture, Arct. pp. 448, 453 S. No. 350, 352, 360, 387, 425, 434, 458 Gould, Miss, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Government, pp. 191 to 202, Home Geo. pp. 648, 651 City, Govt. p. 192, Com. Civ. pp. 213, 215 Executive, Govt. p. 195 Judicial, Govt. p. 195 Legislative, Govt. p. 194 Local, Govt. p. 192 National, Pol. Geo. p. 123, Govt. p. 194, Com. Civ. p. 216 Self, Com. Civ. p. 214 States, Pol. Geo. p. 123, Govt. p. 193 Townships, Govt. p. 192 Work, Govt. p. 196 Goves of Blarney, The, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Grains, Prod. Mfg. p. 65, Dev. Na. p. 171, Farm M. p. 346, Food & Ckrv. p. 413, Chil- dren pp. 583, 590, Home Geo. pp. 645, 649 S. No. 137, 147, 177, 184, 199, 218, 233, 284, 357, 479, 497, 527, 529, 550 Granada, Geo. p. 23, For. Beg. p. 158 S. No. 436 Grand Canvon of Col., Geo. p. 13, Nt'l. F. p. 102, Lit. Sub. p. 249, Read. p. 617 §. No. 208 Granite, Geo. p. 5, Prod. Mfg. p. 59, Am. Today p. 185, Voc. Guid. p. 397, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 485, Loc. Ind. p. 493, Hyg. p. 504 S. No. 3, 7, 95, 146, 569 Grant, Ulysses Simpson, Biog. p. 286 S. No. 39, 90 to 92, 114 Grapes, Geo. pp. 15, 22, Prod. Mfg. p. 48, Zones p. 114, Gdn. Orch. & W. p. 331, PI. Asso. p. 371, Food & Ckry. p. 417, Hyg. p. 502, PI. & An. p. 596, Eat & Wear p. 630 S. No. 236, 319, 390 Grasslands, PI. Asso. p. 368 Gravity, hid. Dsn. p. 439 Gratz. Geo. p. 24 S. No. 461 Gra/.ing, Prod. Mfg. p. 66, Farm M. p. 343 S. No. 127, 186, 190, 301, 317, 480, 589 Great Lakes, Trans, p. 80, Am. Today p. 188 S. No. 154 Great Wall of Giina, Geo. p. 27 S. No. 524 Great, Wide, Beautiful. Wonder- ful W T orld, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Grecian Architecture, Arct. pp. 448, 453 S. No. 87, 89, 90, 91, 351, 475, 477, 478 Greece, Geo. p. 25, Pol. Geo. p. 135. For. Beg. p. 153, Children p. 587, Read. p. 624, Trav. & Lee. p. 656 S. No. 475 to 480 Greenland, Geo. p. 20, Peo. p. 40, Zones p. 118, House Dsn. p. 523. Read. p. 628 S. No. 342, 343 Greenwich, Eng., Geo. p. 20, Earth N. p. 145 S. No. 353 Gregory, William M., pp. xli, 629 Grill work, House Dsn. pp. 527, 528 INDEX 683 Grindelwakl, Switzerland, Geo. p. 24 S. No. 445, 446, 447 Grinding, Ind. Dsn. p. 445, Eat & IV ear p. 631 S. No. 292, 498 Ground Water, Ntl. F. p. 99 Guadeloupe, Geo. p. 18, Prod. Mfg. p. 49 S. No. 302, 300 Guam, Geo. p. 28, Zones p. 113, Pol. Geo. p. 123, Dev. Na. p. 172, Govt. pp. 199, 201 S. No. 554 Guatemala, Geo. p. 17 S. No. 291 Guayaquil, Geo. p. 19 "S. No. 336 Guidance, Vocational, pp. 393 to 401 Gulls, An. p. 386 S. No. 415 Gustavus Adolphus, Biog. p. 299 H Habits, Health — Hygiene, pp. 501 to 505 Hadrian-Publius TElius Hadrianus, Biog. p. 299 Haig, Sir Douglas, Biog. p. 299 Hair. Tex. & CI. pp. 423, 426 S. No. 138, 140, 147, 185, 188, 335, 411, 447, 564, 565 Hamburg, Germany, Geo. p. 22, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities pp. 221, 242 S. No. 386 Hamilton, Alexander, Dev. Na. p. 166, Biog. p. 286 Hampton Roads, Va., Geo. p. 8, F. Am. Na. p. 163, Dev. Na. p. 169, Read. p. 613 S. No. 100 Hankow, Geo. p. 27, Cities p. 232, Arct. p. 459 S. No. 517 Hannah Binding Shoes — Lucy Larcom, Lit. Sub. p. 250 Hans Brinker — Dodge, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Harbors, Mkts. p. 89, Ntl. F. p. 104, Pol. Geo. p. 128, Com. Civ. p. 207, Cities p. 229, Home Geo. p. 647 S. No. 25, 26, 257, 277, 278, 299, 304, 313, 314, 374, 430, 489, 492, 499, 511, 514, 556, 574, 591 Hardanger Fjord, Geo. p. 22 S. No. 411 Harness, Prod. Mfg. p. 55 Harpers Ferry, Geo. p. 8, Dev. Na. p. 169, Cities pp. 227, 230 S. No. 101 Harris, Joel Chandler, Lit. Sub. p. 249 Harrow, Geo. pp. 12, 19, 28, Dev. Na. p. 167, Soils p. 315, Farm M. p. 353 S. No. 179, 332, 549 Hart, Albert Bushnell, pp. xxix, 149, 159 Harte, Bret, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Harvest, Farm C. p. 321, Farm M. p. 354, Ind. Dsn. p. 444, Metals p. 481, Hyg. p. 505, Home Geo. p. 650 S. No. 136, 160, 166, 181, 199, 357 Harvest of the Sea, An. p. 385 Harvey, Lorenzo Dow, pp. xxxvi, 405 Hastings, Warren, Biog. p. 299 Hathaway, Anne, Geo. p. 20, Lit. Sub. p. 252, Arct. p. 461 S. No. 355 Hats. Cos. Dsn. pp. 539. 540 S. No. 290, 485, 529, 530, 537, 585 Havana, Geo. p. 17, Pol. Geo. p. 123, Am. Today p. 179, Cities p. 242 S. No. 295, 296 Hawaii, Geo. p. 16, Pol. Geo. p. 123, Dev. Na. p. 172, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cos. Dsn. p. 539, Children p. 585, Read. p. 628 S. No. 259 to 261 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, Lit. Sub. p. 249, Biog. p. 286 Hay, Geo. pp. 12, 22, Prod. Mfg. pp. 60, 66, Farm C. p. 325 S. No. 181, 183, 185, 232, 388, 408, 454 Hay, John, Biog. p. 287 S. No. 91, 92 Headdress, Cos. Dsn. pp. 535, 541 S. No. 168, 182, 262, 411 684 INDEX Health — Air & Light, Hyg. p. 504 Health, Com. Civ. p. 206 Health — Food & Drink, Hyg. p. 502 Health — Work, Hyg. p. 502 Hearing, Hyg. p. 503 Heat, Ntl F. p. 101, Home Geo. pp. 646, 650 Heber, Bishop Reginald, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Hellenic People, Peo. p. 37 S. No. 476, 479 Heidi, Spyri, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Heights of Abraham, The, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Hemp, Geo. pp. 17, 28, 29, Prod, Mfg. p. 53, Dev. Na. p 172^ Farm C. p. 325, PI Asso. p. 370, Tex. & CI pp. 423, 425, PI. & An. p 598 S. No. 289, 552, 553, 571 Henequen, Prod. Mfg. p. 53 S. No. 289 Henry III, King of England, Biog. p. 299 Henry VI, King of England, Biog. p. 299 Henry VII, King of England, Biog. p. 299 Henry VIII, King of England, Biog. p. 299 Hephaestus. Lit. Sub. p. 256 Hera, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Herbs. PL Asso. p. 371 Herculaneum, Geo. p. 24, Arct. p. 448 S. No. 453 Hercules, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Hermes, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Hero Tales from American His- tory — Roosevelt & Lodge, Lit Sub. p. 251 % Herring, An. p. 385 Hiawatha, Lit. Sub. pp. 246, 250, Read. p. 608 S. No. 158, 168, 169 Hides, Geo. p. 16, Prod. Mfg. p. 55, Eat & Wear p. 639, Home Geo. p. 646 S. No. 272 Highlanders — Scotch, Geo. pp. 16, 21, Cos. Dsn. p. 535 S. No. 266, 366, 373 Hikes, Out Door L. p. 388 Hills. Geo. p. 19, Ntl. F. p. 108 S. No. 73, 127, 262, 321, 479, 480, 496, 497, 530 Himalayas, The, Geo. p. 26, Ntl. F. p. 106, Zones p. 113 S. No. 508 Hindenburg, Paul von Benecken- dorff und von, Biog. p. 299 Hippopotamus, Geo. p. 29, Prod. Mfg. v.5\,An. p. 383 S. No. 577, 578 Historical Associations — R. L. Stevenson, Read. p. 607 Historic Buildings, Cities, p. 222, Arct. p. 461 S. No. 6, 7, 8, 29, 87, 90, 349, 351, 353, 425, 463 Historic Homes, Home Geo. p. 643 S. No. 9, 96, 113, 354, 355, 362, 372 History & Civics, p. 149 Hobart, Geo. p. 30, Cities pp. 227, 240, Read. p. 627 S. No. 590 Hoboken, Cities pp. 230, 242, Read. p. 614 S. No. 52 Hogs, Geo. p. 12, Am. Today p. 181, An. Hus. p. 339, An. p. 383, Loc. hid. p. 498, PI. & An. p. 601 S. No. 122, 172, 183 Holcombe, Arthur Norman, pp. xxx, 191 Holland, Geo. p. 22, Pol. Geo. p. 133. For. Beg. p. 157, Chil- dren p. 586, Read. pp. 608, 622 S. No. 399 to 403 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, p. xiv Home, Com. Civ. p. 205, Cities p. 236, Tex. & CI. p. 426, Arct. p. 460, House Dsn. p. 517, Home Geo. pp. 642, 643, 648 Home, Farm, and Farm Life, p. 355 to 361 Home Geography, p. 641 to 652 Home, Industries Supplying the, pp. 405 to 408 Home Life — Children of World, p. 589 Homer, Biog. p. 299 Homes, Arct. p. 460, House Dsn. INDEX 685 pp. 517 to 531, Home Geo. pp. 643, 648 Homes — Historic, Arct. p. 461, Home Geo. p. 643 S. No. 9, 37, 91, 96, 113, 354, 355, 362, 372 Homes — Primitive, Children, p. 592 Homes — Simple, Home Geo. p. 642 S. No. 113, 205, 373, 402, 409, 411, 517, 533, 546 Homespun, Cos. Dsn. p. 535 Homestead Act, Com. Civ. p. 206 Home Sweet Home — J. Howard Payne, Lit. Sub. p. 255, Read. p. 609 Hongkong, China, Geo. p. 26, Pol. Geo. p. 128 S. No. 513 Honolulu, Geo. p. 16, Cos. Dsn. p. 539, Read. p. 628 S. No. 260, 261 Hoover, Herbert C, Biog. p. 287 Horace, Quintus Horatius Flaccus, Biog. p. 299 Horatius at the Bridge, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Horse Cars, Trans, p. 76 S. No. 474 Horses, Geo. pp. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 22, 25, Prod. Mfg. p. 67, Trans, p. 75, An. p. 377, Tex & CI. p. 423, Loc. Ind. p. 497, PI. & An. p. 601 Horses, Carriage, An. Hus. p. 338, An. p. 378 S. No. 195, 207, 221, 312, 383 Horses, Draft, An. Hus. p. 337, An. p. 377 S. No. 42, 71, 136, 138, 149, 166, 198, 218, 357, 398 Horses, Saddle, An. Hus. p. 338, An. p. 378, Photo pp. 544, 549, 550 S. No. 71, 127. 186, 188, 193, 464, 494, 585 Horticulture, Prod. Mfg. p. 66, See Orchards. S. No. 44, 85, 175, 234, 236, 237, 238, 302, 303, 319, 390, 437, 530 Hosic, James Fleming, pp. xxxii, 259 Hotel, House Dsn. p. 528 S. No. 441 Hot Springs, Ntl. F. p. 99 S. No. 192, 193, 194 Houghton, Lord, Lit. Sub. p. 254, Read. p. 610 House, Cities p. 236, House Dsn. pp. 517 to 531 Houseboats, Trans, p. 78, Arct. p. 462 S. No. 457, 514, 546 House Design and Decoration, pp. 517 to 531 House Design and Decoration; Costume Design, pp. 517 to 541 Household Administration, pp. 431 to 433 Housekeeping, Children pp. 584, 590 Housekeeping, Primitive, Children p. 593 . House Planning, House Adm. p. 433 Housework, House Adm. p. 432 Howells, William Dean, Biog. p. 287 Howe, Samuel Gridley, Biog. p. 287 How the Leaves Came Down, Lit. Sub. p. 254 How to Study Stereographs and Slides, p. xi How to Use Stereographs & Slides, p. xv Hudson, Henry, F. Am. Na. p. 161 S. No. 39, 51 Hudson River, Geo. p. 6, Trans, p. 79, Com. Civ. p. 203 S. No. 38, 39, 51 Huerta, Victoriano, Biog. p. 287 Hugo, Victor Marie, Biog. p. 300 Humned Cattle. An. p. 380 S. No. 548, 562 Hungary, Geo. p. 24, Pol. G. 137 S. No. 464 Hunting, Prod. Mfg. p. 63 S. No. 2, 110, 345, 415, 577, 578 Husbandry, Animal, pp. 335 to 340 686 INDEX Huskers, The — Whittier, Lit. Sub. p. 253 Huxley, Thomas Henry, Biog. p. 300 Hyperboreans, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Hydra, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Hygiene — Health Habits, pp. 501 to 505 Hymn to the North Star — Bryant, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Ibsen, Henrik, Biog. p. 300 Ice, Geo. p. 20, Ntl. F. p. 100 S. No. 342, 344, 345, 346 Ice Fields, Ntl F. p. 101 S. No. 344, 345, 346 Ice Fields, work of, Ntl. F. p. 101 Idaho, Geo. p. 13, Read. p. 617 S. No. 190 If 1 Were a Sunbeam — Lucy Larcom, Lit. Sub. p. 250 Iguazu Falls, Geo. p. 18 S. No. 318 I Have a Little Shadow — R. L. Stevenson, Read. p. 607 Illinois, Geo. p. 10 S. No. 139 to 148 Immigration, Geo. pp. 6, 19, Dev. Na. pp. 169, 176, Govt. p. 200 S. No. 32, 319 Immigration Bureau, Govt. p. 200 S. No. 32 Implements, Farm. M. pp. 352, 353, Ind. Dsn. p. 444 S. No. 178, 179, 180, 198, 332, 488, 549, 561 Inca, Geo. p. 19 S. No. 331 Inclined Planes, Ind. Dsn. pp. 441, 442 S. No. 62, 75, 181, 216, 440 India, Geo. p. 26, Pol. Geo. p. 12V, Com. Civ. p. 204, House Dsn. p. 523, Read. p. 626, Trav. & Lee. p. 657 S. No. 499 to 508 Indiana, Geo. p. 10 S. No. 136 to 138 Indian Folk Stories, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Indians, Geo. pp. 11, 12, 13, 16, 19, Peo. p. 41, F. Am. Na. p. 162, House Dsn. p. 529, Cos. Dsn. p. 541, Children pp. 584, 592, Read. p. 618 S. No. 98, 158, 163, 169, 182, 204, 211, 244, 263, 265, 328 Indian Stories, Read. p. 608 Industrial Arts, p. 435 Industrial Design Including Ar- chitecture, pp. 437 to 468 Industrial Geography, pp. 45 to 72 Industries. Prod. Mfg. pp. 45 to 72, Am. Today pp. 179 to 189, Ind. Sup. Home pp. 405 to 408, Tex. & CI. pp 421 to 429, Wood pp. 469 to 473, Metals, pp. 475 to 481, Con. Stone B. & T. pp. 483 to 489 Inland Voyage — Stevenson, Lit. Sub. p. 252 Innsbruck, Geo. p. 24 S. No. 460 Interior, Arct. p. 463, Photo, p. 550 S. No. 33, 88, 89, 92, 352, 372, 417, 533 Interior, D£partment of, Govt. p. 199 International Relations, Govt. p. 201 Interstate Commerce Com. Govt. p. 200 lo, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Ionic Architecture, Arct. p. 451 S. No. 9, 89, 90, 91, 384 Iowa. Geo. p. 12 S. No. 170 to 173 Ireland, Geo. p. 21, Pol. Geo. p. 129, House Dsn. p. 524, Read. p. 620 S. No. 374 to 382 Irish. Peo. p. 36, For. Beg. p. 156 S. No. 374, 375, 378, 380, 381 Iron, Geo. pp. 7, 10, 11. Prod. Mfg. pp. 57, 64, 69, Am. To- day p. 182, Metals p. 476, Loc. Ind. p. 492, Read. p. 616 S. No. 62, 63, 64, 128, 154, 163, 164 Iroquois, F. Am. A T a. p. 161 S. No. 265 Irrigation, Geo. p. 13, Prod. Mfg. p. 61, Dev. Na. p. 177, INDEX 687 Com. Civ. p. 206, Soils p. 316, Farm. M. p. 344 S. No. 104, 199, 209, 210, 237, 527, 528, 530, 549, 564, 569 Irving, Washington, Lit. Sub. p. 249, Biog. p. 287 Islands, Ntl. F. pp. 104, 105 S. No. 25, 99, 256, 369, 382, 401 Isle of Beauty, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Isthmus, Ntl. F. p. 104 S. No. 432 Italy, Geo. p. 24, Pol. Geo. p. 134, For. Beg. p. 154, House Dsn. p. 524, Read. p. 624 S. No. 450 to 459 Ivan the Great, Biog. p. 300 Ivory, Prod. Mfg. p. 61, Eat & Wear, p. 639 S. No. 505, 509, 573, 577, 578 Ivy, Boston, PL Asso. p. 371 S. No. 37 Ivy, English, PI. Asso. p. 371 S. No. 354, 362, 376. Jack Frost, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Jackson, Helen Hunt, Lit. Sub. p. 249 Jackson, Patrick, Dev. Na. p. 166 Jacobs, Harry W., pp. xxxix, 509 Jaipur, India, Geo. p. 26, Trans, p. 78, Cities p. 226, An. p. 382 S. No. 504, 505 Jamaica, Geo. p. 18, Pol. Geo. p. 128, Read, p. 628 S. No. 301 James I of England, Biog. p. 300 Japan, Geo. p. 27, Peo. p. 41. Prod. Mfg. p. 68, Pol. Geo. p. 139, Cities pp. 223, 234, 237, Arct. pp. 450, 453, 459, House Dsn. p. 524, Chil- dren, pp. 587, 588, Read. p. 624, Trav. & Lee. p. 657 S. No. 525 to 541 Japanese Architecture, Arct. pp. 450, 453 S. No. 526, 533 to 536 Jardine, W. M., pp. xxxiii, 319 Jason, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Java, Geo. p. 28, Pol. Geo. p. 133, Ntl. F. p. 107 S. No. 545 Jefferson, Mark, pp. xxvi, 31 Jefferson, Thomas, Dev. Na. p. 166, Biog. p. 288 S. No. 80, 87, 91 Jericho Road, Geo. p. 26 S. No. 496 Jersey Cattle, Geo. p. 21, Prod. Mfg. p. 67, An. p. 379 S. No. 364 Jersey Island, Geo. p. 21 S. No. 364 Jerusalem, Geo. p. 26, Pol. Geo. p. 137, For. Beg. p. 152, Cities pp. 221, 241, Lit. Sub. p. 255 S. No. 495 Jesus, Biog. p. 300 S. No. 495, 497 Jewelry, Mfg., Geo. p. 5, Prod. Mfg. p. 69, Eat & Wear, p. 639 S. No. 21, 512 Jews, Peo. p. 38, Mkts. p. 88, Pol. Geo. p. 138 S. No. 485, 497, 498 Job, Lit. Sub. p. 258 Joffre, Joseph Jacque Cesaire, Geo. p. 10, Dev. Na. p. 175, Biog. p. 300 S. No. 146 Johannesburg, Geo. p. 29 S. No. 579 Johnson, Emery R., pp. xxvi, 73 Jordal Valley, Geo. p. 22, Ntl. F. p. 100 S. No. 408 Joseph, Biog. p. 300 Josephus, Flavius, Biog.. p. 300 Joshua, Biog. p. 300 Juniper, PL Asso. p. 369 S. No. 206 Juno, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Jupiter, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Justice, Dept., Govt. p. 198 S. No. 89 Just So Stories — Kipling, Lit. Sub. p. 249 K Kaffirs, Peo. p. 43 S. No. 581 688 INDEX Kangaroos, Geo. p. 30, -Prod. Mfg. p. 55, An. p. 384, PI. & An. p. 601 S. No. 588 Kansas, Geo. p. 12, Ntl. F. p. 106, Zones p. 116 S. No. 183 to 186 Kansk, Siberia, Geo. p. 28, Peo. p. 38, Cos. Dsn. p. 537 S. No. 544 Karnak, Egypt, Geo. p. 29, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities p. 223, ^4rc/. pp. 448, 453, Con. Stone B. & T. pp. 485, 487 S. No. 568 Kashmir, Geo. p. 26, Peo. p. 39, Prod. Mfg. p. 54, Pol. Geo. p. 129, Ind. Sup. Home p. 407, House Dsn. p. 524, Cos. Dsn. p. 538 S. No. 506 Keats, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Kenilworth, Scott, Lit. Sub. p. 252 Kentucky, Geo. p. 9, Farm C. p. 324, T^ad. p. 615 S. No. 112, 113 Kerchief, Cos. Dsn. pp. 535, 536 Kerosene, See Oil Key, Francis Scott, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Kief, Russia, Geo. p. 25, Cities, p. 226, Food & Ckry. p. 412 S. No. 486, 487 Killarney, Geo. p. 21, Lit. Sub. p. 255 S. No. 377, 378 Kimberley, Geo. p. 29, Peo. p. 43, Prod. Mfg. p. 64, Read, p. 627 S. No. 581 Kim— Kipling, Lit. Sub. p. 250. Kimonos, Cos. Dsn. p. 539 S. No. 532, 534, 535, 536 Kipling, Rudyard, Lit. Sub. p. 249 Kirby, C. Valentine, pp. xxxix, 507 Kiryu, Japan, Geo. p. 27, Peo. p. 41, Prod. Mfg. p. 68 S. No. 539, 540, 541 Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, Earl Kitchener, Biog. p. 300 Knox, John, Biog. p. 301 Korea, See Chosen Kremlin, The, Geo. p. 25, Cities pp. 221, 223, 242, Arct. p. 448 S. No. 483 Labor, Farm M. p. 350 Labor and Equipment, Farm M. p. 350 Labor and Field Crops, Farm M. p. 351 Labor and Fruit Crops, Farm M. p. 351 Labor and Live Stock, Farm M. p. 351 Labor Disputes, Dev. Na. pp. 169, 171, Govt. p. 200 Labrador, Geo. p. 16, Trans, p. 77, An. p. 382, Hyg. p. 504, Cos. Dsn. p. 540, PI. & An. p. 600 S. No. 279 Lady Moon — Lord Houghton, Lit. Sub. p. 254, Read. p. 610 Lady of the Lake, The — Scott, Lit. Sub. p. 252. Lafayette, Marquis de, Biog. p. 301 La Guaira, Geo. p. 19, Peo. p. 34, Mkts. p. 88, Zones p. 110, Cities, pp. 221, 242, Food & Ckry. p. 412, House Dsn. p. 527 S. No. 338, 339 Lake District, Eng., Geo. p. 21 S. No. 361, 362 Lakes, Ntl. F. p. 102, Home Geo. p. 652 Glacial, Ntl. F. p. 103 S. No. 48, 154, 361, 369, 377, 459 Non Glacial. Ntl. F. p. 103 S. No. 222, 293 Plains, Ntl. F. p. 105 S. No. 47, 149, 166 Lakes, Effect on Human Affairs, Nil. F. p. 103 Landscape, Drazv. p. 514, Photo. pp. 552 to 554 S. No. 38, 51, 102, 276, 288, 427, 444, 446, 448, 508 Landscape Gardening, Gdn. Orch. ' & W. p. 328 S. No. 10, 36, 37, 91, 93, 95, 259, 360, 362, 535 INDEX 689 Lansing, Robert, Biog. p. 288 S. No. 92 Lapland, Geo. p. 22, Peo. p. 40, Zones p. 120, An. p. 382, Food & Ckry. p. 412, Tex. & CI. p. 429, Cos. Dsn. p. 534, Children p. 586, Eat. & Wear p. 631 S. No. 413 to 415 Larcom, Lucy, Lit. Sub. p. 250 La Salle, Rene Robert Cavelier, de, Sieur, Biog. p. 288, F. Am. Na. p. 160 Lasso, Geo. p. 12 S. No. 186 Latin People in Europe, Peo. p. 37 S. No. 423, 438, 455, 471 Latitudes, High, Earth N. p. 144 S. No. 243 to 246, 279, 328, 342 to 346 Laundry, House A dm. p. 432 S. No. 40, 431, 455 Laurier, Sir Wilfrid, Biog. p. 288 Lauterbrunnen Valley, Geo. p. 23 S. No. 444 Latin People in America, Peo. p. 34 S. No. 306, 319, 336, 337, 339 Lava, Soils, p. 313 S. No. 453 Lawns, PL Asso. p. 368 S. No. 37, 91, 316, 482, 586, 587 Lawrence, Mass., Geo. p. 5, Prod. Mfg. p. 68, Cities, p. 224, hid. Sup. Home, p. 407, Read. p. 614 S. No. 14 to 18 Lead, Geo. p. 12, Prod. Mfg. p. 64, Metals, p. 476 S. No. 176 Leak in the Dike — Cary, Read. p. 610 Leather, Geo. pp. 5, 16, Prod. Mfg. p. 55, Eat & Wear p. 639, Home Geo. pp. 646, 650 S. No. 11, 12, 41, 272 Leather Shoes, Geo. p. 5, Prod. Mfg. p. 69 S. No. 11, 12, 41 Leaves of Plants, PI. Asso. pp. 366, 369, 374 S. No. 44, 71, 238, 249, 259, 294, 551, 574 L'Enfant, Dev. Na. p. 165 Lee, General Robert E., Biog. p. 288 Legumes, Food & Ckry. p. 415 S. No. 118, 183, 562 Lehnerts, E. M., pp. xxviii, 121 Levees, Am. Today, p. 189, Com. Civ. p. 207, Cities, p. 230, Read. p. 615 S. No. 119, 148 Leverage, Ind. Dsn. p. 440 S. No. 65, 130, 147, 156, 366, 449, 581 Levers, Ind. Dsn. pp. 440, 442 S. No. 130, 147, 156, 250, 418 Lewis and Clark, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Lexington, Mass., Geo. p. 5, F. Am. Na. p. 164, Com. Civ. p. 205, Cities, pp. 222, 233, Arct. p. 449, House Dsn. p. 530, Read. p. 615 S. No. 10 Liberty Bell, Geo. p. 7, Govt. p. 202 S. No. 80 Liberty Bonds, Dev. Na. p. 175 Librarian, Voc. Guid. p. 400 Library, Govt. p. 200 S. No. 95 Life Saving Corps, Geo. p. 8, Govt. p. 197, Com. Civ. p. 207 S. No. 99 Light, Earth N. p. 143, Com. Civ. p. 207, Ind. Dsn. p. 440, Hyg. p. 504, Photo, p. 546 Light, fixtures, Arct. p. 467 Light, Relation to Plants, PI. Asso. p. 374 Li Hung Chang, Biog. p. 301 Lime, Am. Today p. 186 Lincoln, Abraham, Geo. pp. 9, 10, Lit. Sub. p. 250, Biog. p. 288. Read. p. 608 S. No. 73, 88, 91, 92, 113, 146 Linen, Geo. p. 16, Prod. Mfg. p. 68, Tex. & CI. p. 425, Metals p. 478, Eat & Wear p. 637, Home Geo. pp. 645, 646, 650 S. No. 40, 268, 269 Lines, Structural, Arct. p. 450 Lintel, Arct. p. 454 S. No. 89, 91, 92, 351, 506, 568 L'Isle, Roget de, Lit. Sub. p. 255 690 INDEX Literary Subjects and Settings, pp. 245 to 258 Little Brown Baby, Read. p. 611 Little Dark Girl, Read. p. 612 Little Drops of Water, Read. p. 610 Little Mountain Girl, Read. p. 612 Little Pappoose, Read. p. 610 S. No. 158, 204 Liverpool, Geo. p. 20, Peo. p. 35, Prod. Mfg. p. 72, Trans. p. 82, Pol. Geo. p. 128, Earth N. p. 146, Cities p. 231 S. No. 347 Livestock, Prod. Mfg. p. 67, Dev. Na. p. 171, Farm C. p. 325, Farm M. p. 346 S. No. 127, 172, 173, 183, 185, 186, 188, 190 Livingstone, David, Biog. p. 301 Llama, Geo. p. 19, Trans, p. 77, An. p. 381, Tex. & CI. p. 424, PL & An. p. 602 S. No. 335 Lloyd George, David, Biog. p. 301 S. No. 352 Local Government, Pol. Geo. pp. 123, 129, 130, 136, Govt. p. 192 Local Industries, pp. 491 to 499 Loch Katrine, Geo. p. 21, Ntl. F. p. 103 S. No. 369 Lock, Geo. pp. 11, 15, Dev. Na. p. 173, Arct. p. 465 S. No. 154, 252, 253 Locomotives, Geo. p. 7, Trans, p. 84, Com. Civ. p. 208, Metals p. 477, Hyg. p. 503 S. No. 43, 82, 101, 163, 330, 575 Lodge, Henry Cabot, Lit. Sub. p. 251 Loess Soil, Soil p. 314 Logs, Geo. pp. 4, 11, 14, Wood p. 471, Hyg. p. 505 S. No. 1, 162, 215, 216, 509 Log Cabin, Hyg. p. 504, House Dsn. p. 529 S. No. 113, 409 London, Geo. p. 20, Peo. p. 35, Mkts. p. 89, Pol. Geo. p. 128, Cities pp. 221, 223, 225 S. No. 348 to 352 London Bank, Geo. p. 20, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities, p. 235, Arct. p. 461 S. No. 351 London Bridge, Lit. Sub. p. 255, Arct. p. 464 S. No. 348 London, Jack, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, Geo. p. 5, Lit. Sub. p. 250, Biog. p. 289, Read. p. 609 S. No. 9 Longitude and Time, Earth N. p. 145 S. No. 353 Lookout Mt, Geo. p. 9, Dev. Na. p. 169 S. No. 114 Lotefos, The, Geo. p. 22 S. No. 407 Louis IX (France), Biog. p. 301 Louis XVI (France), Biog. p. 301 Louise, Read. p. 612 Louisiana, Geo. p. 9, Prod. Mfg. p. 52, Cities p. 230 S. No. 119, 120 Lowell, Francis, Dev. Na. p. 166 Lowell, James Russell, Lit. Sub. p. 251, Biog. p. 289 Lucerne, Switzerland, Geo. p. 23 S. No. 442 Lumber, Geo. pp. 9, 14, Dev. Na. p. 170, Am. Today, p. 185, Voc. Guid. p. 395, Wood p. 471, Loc. Ind. p. 499 S. No. 107, 217, 523 Lunar Illumination, Earth N. p. 146 S. No. 594, 595 Luther, Martin, Biog. p. 301 Luzon, P. I.. Geo. p. 28 S. No. 546 to 553 M Maccabc-eus, Judas, Biog. p. 301 Macaulav, Thomas Babington, Lit. Sub. p. 254, Biog. p. 301 Machinery, Prod. Mfg. p. 70, Dev. Na. p. 171, Ind. Dsn. p. 443, Metals p. 477 S. No. 53, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 78, 128, 179, 541 INDEX 691 Farm, Farm M. p. 354, Metals p. 481 S. No. 44, 136, 160, 161, 166, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 218, 233, 357, 497 Machinery, Farm — Farm Man- agement, pp. 341 to 354 Madras, Geo. p. 26, Trans, p. 81, Arct. p. 449, House Dsn. p. 525 S. No. 499 Madrid, Geo. p. 23, Pol. Geo. p. 132, Cities pp. 221, 234 S. No. 435 Magellan, Fernando de, Biog. p. 289 Maguey, Prod. Mfg. p. 53 S. No. 285, 287 Mahony, Francis Sylvester, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Maine, Geo. p. 4 S. No. 1, 2 Maine. The, Dcv. Na. p. 172 S. No. 296 Maize, See Corn Making Maple Sugar, Read. p. 610 j Making of an American, The, Lit* Sub. p. 254 Manchuria, Geo. p. 27, Read. p. 625 S. No. 523 Manila Hemp, Geo. p. 28, Prod. Mfg. p. 53, Farm C. p. 325, PL Asso. p. 370, Tex. & CI. p. 425 S. No. 552, 553 Manila, P. I.. Mkts. p. 90, Zones p. 113, Dcv. Na. p. 172, Cities p. 227, House Dsn. p. 525 S. No. 546, 547 Mantels, Arct. p. 467, House Dsn. pp. 530, 531 S. No. 33, 92, 372 Manufacturing, Prod. Mfg. p. 68, Dcv. Na. p. 170, Voc. Guid. p. 396, Tex. & CI. p. 424, hid. Dsn. p. 446, Home Geo. p. 646 Maple Sugar, Prod. Mfg. p. 47, Am. Today p. 185, PI. Asso. p. 370, Wood p. 470, hoc. hid. p. 497, Read. p. 614, Eat & Wear p. 633 S. No. 130 Marble, Geo. p. 5, Prod. Mfg. p. 59, Am. Today p. 185, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 485, Loc. hid. p. 493 S. No. 4, 5, 36, 87 Marconi, Guglielmo, Biog. p. 301 Marie Antoinette, Biog. p. 301 Mariposa Grove, Geo. p. 14, PL Asso. pp. 367, 369 S. No. 229 Marken, Island of, Geo. p. 22 S. No. 401 Markets, Geo. pp. 5, 21, 22, 23, 29, Mkts. p. 87, Com. Civ. p. 203, Farm M. p. 348, Voc. Guid. p. 399, hid. Sup. Home p. 408, Children pp. 592, 594, Home (Teo. p. 644 S. No. 7, 109, 375, 387, 393, 395, 423, 447, 466, 469, 484, 485, 555, 572 Market Centers, Mkts. p. 88 Market Gardening, Voc. Guid. p. 395 Markets and Marketing, pp. 87 to 96 Mars, Geo. p. 30, Earth N. p. 147, Lit. Sub. p. 256 S. No. 596 Marseillaise, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Marseilles, France, Geo. p. 23, Mkts. p. 88, Cities p. 231 S. No. 429 Marshall, John, Biog. p. 289 Mary Had a Little Lamb, Read. p. 610 Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, Biog. p. 302 Maryland, Geo. p. 8 S. No. 86 Massachusetts, Geo. p. 5, Prod. Mfg. p. 68, Tex. & CI. p. 425 S. No. 6 to 20 Mason, Voc. Guid. p. 397 Masonry, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 486 S. No. 27, 174, 331, 348, 366, 379, 391, 392, 397, 450, 470, 565, 569 Matterhorn, The, Geo. p. 24, Nth F. p. 107 S. No. 448 692 INDEX Maulmain, Burma, Geo. p. 26 S. No. 509 Maximilian — Ferdinand Maxi- milian Joseph, Biog. pp. 289, 302 Mayon, Mt. Geo. p. 28, Zones p. 118 S. No. 548 McCarthy, Charles H., pp. xxxii, 279 McFarlane, Charles T., pp. xxv, 1 McGuire, Lelia, pp. xxxvi, 409 McKinley, William, Dev. Na. p. 170. Biog. p. 289 McMurry, Frank M., pp. xi, xxv Meat, Geo. p. 10, Prod. Mfg. p. 50, Mkts. p. 91, Food & Ckry. p. 411, hid. Sup. Home p. 498, Eat & Wear p. 634, Home Geo. pp. 644, 649. See Cattle, Hogs, Sheep, etc. S. No. 127, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 173, 183, 185 Meat Industry, hid. Sup. Home p. 498 S. No. 140 to 144 Meade, General George Gordon Biog. p. 289 Mechanical Construction, hid Dsn. p. 441 Mechanical Power, hid. Dsn. p 440 Mediterranean Climate, Zones p 113 Mediterranean World, For. Beg p. 153 Mees, C. E. K., pp. xxxix, 543 Melbourne. Geo. p. 30. Pol Geo. p. 129, Cities p. 221, Read. p. 627 S. No. 587 Melville, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Memorials, Arct. p. 463 S. No. 146, 356, 365, 368, 451, 502, 561, 565, 568 Mendoza River, Soils p. 313 S. No. 321 Mercury. Lit. Sub. r>. 256 Mesa. Ntl. F. p. 108 Mesabi Range, Prod. Mfg. pp. 57, 64 S. No. 163 Mes-uitc. Pi Asso. p. 370 S. No. 209 Metal, hid. Sup. Home p. 406, hid. Dsn. pp. 438, 446, Arct. p. 467, Metals pp. 475, 476, 477 Metals — Sources and Uses, pp. 475 to 481 Meteor, Geo. p. 30, Earth N. p. 148 S. No. 599 Method of Using Stereographs & Slides, xv to xx Methods. Modern Farming, Prod. Mfg. p. 46, Farm. C. p. 320, Farm H. & F. L. p. 358, hid. Dsn. p. 444, metals p. 481 S. No. 1.60, 166, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 198, 199, 218, 233, 357 Primitive Farmins-. Prod. Mfg. p. 46, Farm C. p. 320, hid. Dsn. n. 444 S. No. 341, 409, 479, 488, 497, 498, 506, 522, 561, 562 Meuse River, Geo. p. 22 S. No. 397 Mexican War, Dev. Na. p. 168, Am. Today p. 179 Mexico, Geo. p. 17, Peo. p. 42, Prod. Mfg. pp. 52. 58. Trans, p. 81, Zones p. 112, Pol. Geo. p. 124, F. Am. Na. p. 163, Tex. & CI, p. 425, Arct. p. 458, Metals p. 475. Con. Stone B. & T. p. 485, House Dsn. p. 525, Cos. Dsn. pp. 533. 534. Photo, p. 554, Children p. 585, Trav. & Lee. p. 656 S. No. 280 to 290 Mexico City, Geo. p. 17, Pol. Geo. p. 124, Dev. Na. p. 174, Cities p. 221 S. No. 282 Michelangelo, Buonarroti, Biog. p. 302 Michigan, Geo. p. 11, Prod. Mfg. pp. 58, 64, Trans, pp. 79, 81 S. No. 149 to 158 Middle Atlantic States. Geo. p. 5, Trav. & Lee. p. 654 S. No. 25 to 84 Milan — Cathedral, Geo. p. 24, INDEX 693 Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities p. 223, Arct. pp. 448, 453 S. No. 458 Military Uniforms, Cos. Dsn. p. 535 S. No. 146, 266, 366, 476, 585 Milk, Geo. pp. 6, 7, 20, 22, 25, Prod. Mfg. p. 50. Food & Ckry. p. 412, Children p. 591, Eat & Wear p. 631, Home Geo. pp. 644, 649 S. No. 46, 57, 339, 396, 403, 411, 413, 487 Miller, Emilv Huntingdon, Lit. Sub. "p. 254 Mills, see Factories Miltiades, Biog. p. 302 Minaret. Arct. p. 448 S. No. 473, 493, 502 Minerva, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Mines and Mining, Geo. pp. 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, Prod. Mfg. pp. 56, 59, 63, Dev. Na. p. 171, Com. Civ. pp. 204, 207, Voc. Guid. p. 395, hid. Sup. Home p. 405, Wood p. 472, Metals p. 475, Home Geo. n. 647 S. No. 69, 70, 74 to 79, 115, 122, 155, 163, 176, 187, 214, 225, 245, 287, 579, 581 Mining Camp. Geo. pr>. 12, 14, 15, 17, Com. Civ. p. 204, Metals p. 475, Read. p. 617 S. No. 187, 214, 246, 287 Minneapolis. Geo. p. 11, Com. Civ. v. 204. Cities p. 225 S. No. 167 Minnesota. Geo. p. 11, Trans, pp. 75. 81, Zones p. 116, Farm C. p. 325. Farm H. & F. L. p. 361. Wood p. 469 S. No. 162 to 169 Mint, Gen. p. 8, Prod. Mfg. p. 58, Govt. p. 197 S. No. 84 Minute Men, Geo. p. 5, F. Am. Na. p. 164 S. No. 10 Minck, G. A., pp. xl, 581 Missionary Hvmn, The, Lit. Sub. p." 255 Mississippi River, Geo. pp. 9, 11, 12, Nil. F. pp. 102, 105, Am. Today p. 189, Read. p. 615 S. No. 119, 148, 170, 174 Mississippi (State), Geo. p. 9, Read. p. 615 S. No. 117 Missouri, Geo. p. 12 S. No. 174 to 176 Mlembo River, Geo. p. 29 S. No. 577 Mohammed, Biog. p. 302 Mohammedan Architecture, Arct. pp. 448, 453 Moltke, von, Helmuth Karl Bern- hard, Biog. p. 302 Mombasa, Geo. p. 29, Zones p. 110 S. No. 573 Monaco, Geo. p. 23, Zones p. 113 S. No. 432 Mon^y, Prod. Mfg. p. 61, Dev. Na. pp. 169, 175, Metals p. 477 S. No. 84, 94 Mongolians, Pee. p. 40 S. No. 343, 510, 519, 523, 530, 532, 538, 543 Monsoon Regions. Zones p. 113 Montana. Geo. p. 12, Prod. Mfg. p. 58 S. No. 187 to 189 Montcalm de Saint-Veran, de. Louis Joseph, Marquis, Biog. p. 289 Montevideo, Geo. p. 18, Photo, p. 551 S. No. 312, 313 Montgomery, Richard, Biog. p. 289 Montreal. Geo. p. 16, Trans, pp. 81, 82, 83, 84, F. Am. Na. p. 163, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities p. 242 S. No. 267 Monuments, Cities P. 221, Arct. p. 463, Con. Stone B. & T. n. 486 S No. 283. 368. 380, 385, 391, 416, 433, 450, 460 Moon, The, Geo. p. 30, Earth N. p. 146, Read. p. 610 S. No. 594, 595 Moose, Geo. p. 4, An. p. 382, PI. & An. p. 602, Read. p. 618 S. No. 2 694 INDEX Moraines, Lateral S. No. 428 Terminal, S. No. 276, 427 Material carried, S. No. 274, 428 More, Sir Thomas, Biog. p. 302 Mormons, Dei'. Na. p. 168 Morocco, Geo. p. 28, Mkts. p. 87, Pol Geo. p. 132, Children p. 588 S. No. 555 Moscow, Geo. p. 25, Pol. Geo. p. 138, Cities pp. 223, 242, Photo, p. 551 S. No. 483 Moses, Biog. p. 302 Moslems, Geo. p. 26, Pol. Geo. p. 129 S. No. 503 Mosques, Cities p. 235, Arct. p. 459 S. No. 466, 473, 483, 493, 495, 503, 558 Moti Guy, Mutineer — Kipling, Lit. Sub. p. 250 Mount Hood, Geo. p. 14, Ntl. F. p. 107, Zones p. 119 S. No. 221 Mount Pilatus, Geo. p. 23, Ntl. F. p. 106 S. No. 440, 441 Mount Rainier, Geo. p. 14, Ntl. F. p. 108 S. No. 219 Mount Tacoma, See Mt. Rainier Mount Vernon, Geo. p. 8, Dev. Na. p. 165, Govt. p. 192, Farm H. & F. L. pp. 356, 361, Arct. p. 461, House Dsn. p. 531 S. No. 96 Mountain Peaks, Ntl. F. p. 107 S. No. 221, 276, 445, 447, 448, 508 Ranges, Ntl. F. p. 107 S. No. 102, 213, 243, 276, 284 Scenes, Trav. & Lee. p. 658. See Alpine Scenery S. No. 102, 219, 274, 275, 276, 444, 446, 448, 449, 508 System, Ntl. F. p. 107 S. No. 508 Mountains, Geo. pp. 8, 14, 16," 17, 22, 23, Ntl. F. p. 106 S. No. 102, 213, 219, 228, 230, 274, 276, 409, 427, 428, 440, 441, 444, 445, 447, 448, 508, 522, 523 Mountains, Effect on Human Af- fairs, Ntl. F. p. 108 S. No. 187, 214, 243, 287, 408, 413, 440, 441 Mountains of World, Ntl. F. p. 108 Old, Ntl. F. p. 107 S. No. 38, 39, 102, 361 Volcanic, Ntl. F. p. 107 S. No. 221, 288, 291, 545, 453, 525, 548 Young, Ntl. F. p. 106 S. No. 201, 213, 276, 322, 323, 427, 440, 441, 445, 447, 448, 508 Mozart, John Wolfgang Amadeus, Biog. p. 302 Muir, John, Lit. Sub. p. 254, Biog. pT290 Mulberry, Geo. p. 27, Prod. Mfg. p. 54, Zones p. 116, PI. Asso. p. 370, An. p. 385, Tex. & CI. p. 423, Chil- dren, p. 588, Eat & Wear p. 638, Hume Geo. p. 645 S. No. 537, 538 Mules, Trans, p. 77, An. Hus. p. 338, An. p. 378 S. No. 124, 175, 249, 294, 311, 438, 479 Muskmelons. See Cantaloupes Mutton, Prod. Mfg. p. 51, Am. Today p. 181, An. Hus. p. 338, Eat & Wear p. 634 S. No. 145, 173, 190, 480, 589 My Heart's in the Highlands — Burns, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Mythology, Lit. Sub. p. 255 N Name of Old Glory, The, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Nainiir. Geo. p. 22 S. No. 397 Nanking, Geo. p. 27, Trans, p. 74, Cities p. 227 S. No. 516 INDEX 695 Naples, Geo. p. 24, Trans, p. 75, For. Beg. p. 154 S. No. 454 Napoleon Bonaparte, Biog. p. 302 Narvaez, F. Am. Na. p. 163 National Parks, Geo. pp. 13, 14, Govt. p. 199 S. No. 191 to 197, 201, 208, 219, 222, 228, 229 Nature, Drazv. p. 514 Nature Study, p. 363 Natural Bridges, Arct. p. 464 S. No. 200, 206 Natural Features of earth surface, Ntl. F. p. 102, Home Geo. p. 651 Natural Forms and Forces, pp. 97 to 108 Natural History, Photography, Photo, p. 554 Naval Stores. See Turpentine & Tar Navy, Am. Today, p. 180, Com. Civ. p. 207 S. No. 100, 242, 254 Navy Department, Govt. p. 198 Nazareth, Geo. p. 26, For. Beg. p. 153, Lit. Sub. p. 247 S. No. 497 Nebraska, Geo. p. 12, Prod. Mfg. p. 65, Zones p. 116 S. No. 180 to 182 Negroes, Geo. pp. 9, 29, Peo. p. 43, For. Beg. p. 158, F. Am. Na. p. 163, Dev. Na. pp. 166, 169, 177, Cos. Dsn. p. 540 S. No. 105, 108, 115, 117 to 119, 570, 572, 577, 578 Nelson, Horatio, Lord Nelson, Biog. p. 302 Nemean Lion, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Neptune, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Nets, Fishing, Tex. & CI. p. 428 S. No. 226, 245 Nevada, Geo. p. 14 S. No. 214 Newburg, N. Y., Geo. p. 6, F. Am. Na. p. 164 S. No. 37 New England States, Geo. p. 4, F. Am. Na. p. 163, Trav. & Lee. p. 654 S. No. 1 to 24 Newfoundland, Geo. p. 16, Pol. Geo. p. 128 S. No. 278, 279 New Guinea, Geo. p. 30, Peo. p. 112, Zones p. 43, House Dsn. p. 525, Cos. Dsn. p. 540 S. No. 592 New Llampshire, Geo. p. 5, Loc. Ind. p. 493 S. No. 3 New Jersey, Geo. p. 6 S. No. 51 to 60 New Mexico, Geo. p. 13 S. No. 211 New Orleans, Geo. p. 9, Mkts. p. 93, Dev. Na. p. 169, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities p. 230, Read. p. 615 S. No. 119 New South Wales, Geo. p. 30, Pol. Geo. p. 129 S. No. 585 Newton, Sir Isaac, Biog. p. 302 New York City, Geo. pp. 5, 6 Trans, p. 81, Mkts. p. 89 Ntl. F. p. 104, Dev. Na. p 167, Govt. p. 195, Com Civ. pp. 203, 208, 210, 212 Cities pp. 220 to 222, 225 Arct. p. 461, Hyg. p 504 S. No. 25 to 35 New York (State), Geo. pp. 5, 6, Zones, p. 116, F. Am. Na. p. 163, Govt. p. 193 S. No. 25 to 50 New Zealand, Geo. p. 30, Pol. Geo. pp. 128, 130, House Dsn. p. 525, Read. p. 628 S. No. 591 Niagara Falls, Geo. p. 6, Nth F. p. 100, F. Am. Na. p. 160, Govt. p. 196, Lit. Sub. p. 249, Read. p. 616 S. No. 49, 50 Nicaragua, Geo. p. 17 Nice, France, Geo. p. 23, Mkts. p. 96, House Adm. p. 432, Children p. 590 S. No. 431 Nightingale, Geo. p. 21, Lit. Sub. p. 253, An. p. 386 S. No. 359 Nile River, The, Geo. p. 29, Prod. 696 INDEX Mfg. p. 62, Pol. Geo. p. 128, Read. p. 626 S. No. 561, 564, 569 Nitrate, Geo. p. 19, Mkts. p. 94 S. No. 325 Nitro-Glycerine, Geo. p. 7 S. No. 69, 70 Nizhni Novgorod, Geo. p. 25, Mkts. p. 88 S.. No. 484 Nogi — Count Nogi Maresuke, Biog. p. 303 Nolen, John, pp. xxxi, 219 Norse Legends, Read. p. 610 North America, Geo. p. 4, Read. p. 613 S. No. 1 to 303 North Cape, Geo. p. 22, Ntl. F. p. 103 S. No. 414 North Carolina, Geo. p. 8 S. No. 102, 103 North Central States, Geo. p. 10, Trav. & Lee. p. 655 S. No. 128 to 186 N. Dakota, Geo. p. 12, Zones p. 117 S. No. 177 Northmen, For. Beg. p. 156 Norton, Caroline, E. S., Lit. Sub. p. 254 Norton, Mrs., Lit Sub. p. 251 Notre Dame, Geo. p. 23, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities pp. 223, 235, Arct. pp. 448, 452, 461, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 485 S. No. 425 Norway, Geo. p. 22, Pol. Geo. p. 134, For. Beg. p. 157 House Dsn. p. 525, Chil- dren p. 586, Read. p. 622, Eat & Wear p. 631 S. No. 407 to 415 Nova Scotia, Geo. p. 16, F. Am. Na. p. 163 S. No. 262 Nuremburg, Ger., Geo. p. 22, Com. Civ. p. 203 S. No. 387 Nuremburg — Longfellow, Geo. p. 22, Read. p. 609 S. No. 387 Nuremburg Stove, Ouida, Lit. Sub. p. 251 Nuts, Prod. Mfg. p 49, Food & Ckry. p. 415, Children pp. 583, 590, Eat & Wear p. 636 S. No. 118, 234, 551 Oak, Wood p. 470 S. No. 146, 369 Oasis, Geo. p. 29, Zones p. 114 S. No. 567 Oats, Geo. p. 11, Prod. Mfg, p. 46, Am. Today p. 181, Farm C. p. 323, Food & Ckry. p. 414, Eat & Wear p. 630 S. No. 147, 408 Ohio, Geo. p. 10 Oceans, Geo. p. 22 S. No. 100, 414, 415, 511 Ocean Transportation, Trans, p. 81 S. No. 52, 277, 280, 295, 314, 326, 511, 556, 559 Occupations, Home Geo. pp. 646, 650. See Industries Ode to the Nightingale, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Odin, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Ogden, Geo. p. 13, Zones p. 117 S. No. 213 Ohio, Geo. p. 10 S. No. 128 to 135 Ohio River, Geo. p. 7, Trans, pp. 80, 85, Dev. Na. p. 167, Am. Today p. 189, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities p. 227 S. No. 61 Oil, Geo. pp. 7, 9, Dev. Na. p. 170, Food & Ckry. p. 410, Metals p. 480, Read. p. 616, Home Geo. pp. 646, 650 S. No. 69, 70, 122, 123 Oklahoma, Geo. p. 9 S. No. 121 Okuma, Count Shigenobu, Biog. p. 303 Old North Church, Geo. p. 5, F. Am. Na. p. 164, Arct. pp. 460, 461 S. No. 6 Old State House (Mass.), Geo. p. 5, F. Am. Na. p. 163, Arct. pp. 449, 461 S. No. 8 INDEX 697 Olives, Prod. Mfg. p. 48, Zones p. 114, PI. Asso. p. 370 Olympia, Geo. p. 25, For. Beg. p. 153 S. No. 478 One Little Bag of Rice — Thomas Smith, Read. p. 610 Onions, Prod. Mfg. p. 47 S. No. 469 Oranges, Geo. p. 23, Prod. JW/g. p 48, Farm M. p. 347, PL Asso. p. 370, Food & Ckry. p. 418, PI. & An, p. 596, Eat & Wear p 630 S. No. 237, 238, 437 Orchards, Geo. pp. 6, 8, 12, 14, 15 23, Prod. Mfg. p. 66, Gdn Orch. & W. p. 330, Farm M. p. 343, Children p 590 S. No. 44, 85, 175, 234, 237 437 Ore, Prod. Mfg. p. 57, Com. Civ p. 204. See Metals S. No. 128, 154, 155, 164, 176 579 Oregon, Geo. p. 14, Zones p. 115 PI. Asso. p. 369 S. No. 221 to 227 Orient, For. Beg. p. 151 Oriental Costumes, Tex & CI. p. 429, Cos. Dsn. p. 537 S. No. 494, 500, 519, 555, 562 Orion, Geo. p. 30, Lit. Sub. p. 257 S. No. 599 Ornament, hid. Dsn. p. 446, Arct. p. 453 O'Shea, Michael Vincent, pp. xxxviii, 501 Ostriches, Geo. p. 15, An. p. 386, PI. & An. p. 602 S. No. 239 " O, the Pretty Flowers ! " Read. p. 610 Ouida, Lit. Sub. p. 251 Outdoor Life, pp. 387 to 392 Out-of-doors Life, Hyg. p. 501 Oxen, Trans, p. 77. An. p. 380 S. No. 298, 561, 580 Oysters, Geo. pp. 8, 9, Prod. Mfg. p. 52, Dev. Na. p. 170, An. p. 385, Food & Ckry. p. 412, PI. & An. p. 602, Eat & Wear p. 635, Home Geo. p. 645 S. No. 86, 97 Pacific States, Geo. p. 14, Trav. & Lee. p. 655 S. No. 215 to 242 Packing Houses, Geo. p. 10, Mkts. p. 91, Govt. p. 199. Cities p. 241, Home Geo. p. 647, See Meat Palaces, Geo. p. 21, Arct. p. 461, House Dsn. p. 518 S. No. 384, 417, 436. 483 Palermo, Geo. p. 24, Peo. p. 37, For. Beg. p. 154, Cities p. 226 S. No. 455 Palestine, Geo. p. 26, Pol. Geo. p. 137, An. p. 377, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 484, Children p. 588, Trav. & Lee. p. 657 S. No. 495 to 498 Palisades, Geo. p. 6 S. No. 51 Pallas Athena, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Palm, Geo. p. 15, PI. Asso. pp. 369, 370, Tex. & CI. p. 423, Wood p. 470 S. No. 247, 249, 259, 301, 551, 556, 566, 567, 574 Panama, Geo. p. 15, Pol. Geo. p. 124, Dev. Na. p. 173, Govt. p. 195, House Dsn. p. 525, Children p. 585, Read. p. 619 S. No. 247 to 256 Panama Canal, Geo. p. 15, Prod. Mfg. p. 71, Trans, p. 79, Dev. Na. pp. 173, 174, Am. Today p. 189, Govt. p. 198. S. No. 248 to 256 Pan American Union, Dev. Na. p. 173, Govt. p. 200 Papaw. See Papaya S. No. 259 Papaya, Prod. Mfg. p. 48, PI. Asso. p. 370, Tex. & CI. p. 423 S. No. 259 Paper, Geo. pp. 5, 22, Prod. Mfg. pp. 61, 70, Am. Today 698 INDEX p. 187, Ind. Sup. Home p. 408, Tex. & CI. p. 427, Wood p. 472, Metals p. 477 S. No. 19, 20, 94, 412 Papoose, Cos. Dsn. p. 541, Chil- dren, p. 584 S. No. 158, 204, 328 Papuans. See New Guinea Paris, Geo. p. 23, Mkts. p. 90, Pol. Geo. p. 132, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities p. 222 S. No. 421 to 425 Parkman, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Parks, Cities p. 232, PI. Asso. p. 368, Arct. p. 466 Parks, National, Govt. p. 199 S. No. 93, 191 to 197, 201, 207, 208, 219, 228, 229 Parthenon, Arct. p. 448. S. No. 475 Passes and Divides, Ntl. F. p. 108 S. No. 195, 243, 251, 322, 323 Pastures, PL- Asso. p. 368 S. No. 127, 173, 183, 190, 301, 480, 589 Patent, Govt. p. 199 Patrick, Saint, Biog. p. 303 Paterson, N. J., Geo. p. 6, Prod. Mfg. p. 55, Cities p. 224 S. No. 53, 54, 55 Paul Revere' s Ride — Longfellow, Lit. Sub. p. 250 Paul, the Apostle, Biog. p. 303 Payne, J. Howard, Lit. Sub. p. 255, Read. p. 609 Peach, Prod. Mfg. pp. 48, 66, PL Asso. p. 370, Food & Ckry. p. 417, PI. & An. p. 597, Eat & Wear p. 630 S. No. 85 Peaks, Mountain, Ntl. F. p. 107 S. No. 221, 276, 445, 447, 448, 508 Peanuts, Geo. p. 9, Prod. Mfg. pp. 49, 65, Dev. Na. p. 170, PL Asso. p. 375, Food & Ckry. p. 415, PL & An. p. 597 S. No. 118 Peary, Robert Edwin, Geo. p. 20, Trans, p. 82, Zones p. 117, Com. Civ. p. 204, Biog. p. 290 Peasant Costume, Cos. Dsn. p. 535 S. No. 373, 388, 390, 393, 396 Peat, Prod. Mfg. p. 56, Food & Ckry. p. 410 S. No. 378 Pedro II — Dom Pedro de Alcan- tara, Biog. p. 290 Pegasus, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Peking, Geo. p. 27, Peo. p. 40, Dev. Na. p. 174 S. No. 520 Penguins, Geo. p. 29, An. p. 385, PI. & An. p. 602 S. No. 584 Peninsulas, Ntl. F. p. 104 S. No. 248, 256, 432 Pennsylvania, Geo. p. 7, Mkts. p. 95, Dev. Na. p. 175, Farm H. & F. L. p. 361, Loc. Ind. p. 493 S. No. 61 to 84 Pense, Read. p. 612 Peon, Geo. p. 17 S. No. 281 People of All Lands, pp. 31 to 44 People — Primitive, Children p. 593 Pericles, Biog. p. 303 Perry, Commodore, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Persephone, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Pershing, John J., Dev. Na. p. 175, Biog. p. 290 Perspective, Photo, p. 548 Perspective, Angular, Draw. p. 511 Perspective, Circles, Draw. p. 509 Perspective, Parallel, Draw. p. 510 Peru, Geo. p. 19, Peo. p. 43, Zones p. 112, Pol. Geo. p. 125, Read. p. 619 S. No. 329 to 334 Peter (Simon), Biog. p. 303 Peter the Great, Biog. p. 303 Petrified Forest, 'Geo. p. 13 S. No. 206 Petrograd, Geo. p. 25, Pol. Geo. p. 138, Cities p. 242 S. No. 482 Petroleum, Prod. Mfg. pp. 56, 64 Am. Today p. 184, Loc. Ind. p. 493, See Oil S. No. 69, 70, 122, 123, 256 INDEX 699 Phidias, Lit. Sab. p. 255 Philadelphia, Geo. p. 7, Prod. Mfg p. 70, Govt. p. 197, Com Civ. p. 212, Cities p. 224 S. No. 80 to 84 Philippines, Geo. p. 28, Zones p 113, Pol. Geo. p. 123, Dev. Na. p. 172, Govt. p. 201 House Dsn. p. 525, Coj -D.m. p. 540, Children p 585, tfrad. p. 628 S. No. 546 to 553 Phoebe's Arch, Geo. p. 13 S. No. 200 Phosphate, Geo. p. 9, Prod. Mfg. p. 57, 501/$ p. 317 S. No. 115 Photography, pp. 543 to 556 Photography, Alpine Scenery, Photo, p. 552 Applied to Engineering, Photo. p. 551 Applied to Factory, Photo, p. 551 Applied to Surveying and Map Drawing, Photo, p. 552 Astronomical, Photo, p. 556 Natural History, Photo, p. 554 Tropical Scenes, Photo, p. 554 Physical Geography, pp. 97 to 108 Piazza, House Dsn. pp. 517, 525 Picture Plane, Draw. pp. 509, 511 Piers, Arct. p. 456, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 486 S. No. 94, 152, 174, 379, 392, 568 Pigeons, Geo. p. 15, Prod. Mfg. p. 51, An. Hus. p. 340, An. p. 386, Eat & Wear p. 634 S. No. 240 Pike's Peak, Geo. p. 13 S. No. 201 Pilasters, Arct. p. 456 Pilatus, Mt., Geo. p. 23, Soils p. 312 S. No. 440, 441 Pina, Prod. Mfg. p. 53, Tex. & CI. p. 423 Pine, PL Asso. pp. 366, 367, 369, Wood p. 470 S. No. 98, 107, 162, 191, 224, 228, ?S5, 388, 407, 418, 449, 527 Georgia S. No. 107 Mountain S. No. 427, 428, 449 Nut S. No. 201, 211 Scotch S. No. 388, 407, 418 White S. No. 162, 265 Yellow S. No. 191, 200, 228 Pineapples, Geo. p. 9, Prod. Mfg. p. 48, Pood & Ckry. p. 417, PI. & An. p. 597, Read. p. 615, Eat & Wear p. 630 S. No. 108 Pine nuts, Pro d. Mfg. p. 49 Pisistratus, Biog. p. 303 Pittsburg, Geo. p. 7, P. Am. Na. p. 163, Am. Today p. 183, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities pp. 227, 230, 241, Read. p. 616 S. No. 61 to 67 Pizarro, Francisco, Biog. pp. 290, 303 Pizarro, Gonzola, Biog. pp. 290, 303 Plains, Coastal, Ntl. F. p. 105 S. No. 104, 105, 108, 122, 289 Compound Alluvial, Ntl. F. p. 105 S. No. 237, 467 Delta, Ntl. P. p. 105 S. No. 120, 500, 558 Effects on Human Affairs, Ntl. F. p. 106 Flood. Ntl. F. p. 105 S. No. 321, 408, 467, 509, 515, 561, 564, 580 Glacial. Ntl. F. p. 106 S. No. 136, 137, 147, 161, 488 Great Western of U. S. Ntl. F. p. 106 S. No. 181, 183, 186, 198, 199 Lake, Ntl. F. p. 105 S. No. 47, 149, 166 Planets, Earth. N. p. 147 S. No. 596, 597, 598 Planting, Farm. C. p. 320- Planting of the Apple Tree — Bryant, Lit. Sub. p. 247 Plants and Animals, pp. 595 to 604 700 INDEX Plants — Food Storage, PL Asso. p. 374 Plants and Plant Associations, pp. 365 to 375 Plaster Walls, House Dsn. p. 522 S. No. 354 Plateaus, Ntl. F. p. 106 Plateau States, Geo. p. 12, Trav. & Lee. p. 655 S. No. 187 to 214 Plato, Biog. p. 303 Playgrounds, Cities p. 232 Plowing, Geo. pp. 12, 25, 27, Prod. Mfg. p. 65, Soils p. 315, Farm C. p. 320, Farm. M. p. 353, Farm H. & F. L. p. 359, Children p. 589, Home Geo. p. 650 S. No. 178, 180, 298, 488, 522, 561 Plucking, Prod. Mfg. p. 62 S. No. 175, 294, 302 Pluto, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Pocahontas, Lit. Sub. p. 254, Read. p. 610 S. No. 98 Poe, Edgar Allan, Lit. Sub. p. 254, Biog. p. 290 Poland, Geo. p. 25, House Dsn. p. 526, Children p. 587 S. No. 465, 485 Polar Regions, Geo. p. 20, Zones p. 117 . S. No. 246, 342 to 346, 413 to 415 Political Geograhy, pp. 121 tc 139 Polo, Marco. Biog. p. 303 Pompey, Biog. p. 303 Ponce de Leon, Juan, F. Am* Na. p. 163, Biog. p. 290 Ponies, An. Hus. p. 338 S. No. 182, 188, 204 Poplar, Lombardy, PI. Asso. p. 370 S. No. 466, 489 Popocatapetl, Geo. p. 17, Ntl. F. p. 107 S. No. 288 Pork, Prod. Mfg. p. 50, Children p. 591, Eat & Wear p. 634. See Meat. S. No. 122, 142, 143, 144, 172, 183 Portable Houses, House Dsn. p. 520 S. No. 575 Porto Rico, Geo. p. 15, Pol. Geo. p. 123, Dev. Na. p. 172, Govt. p. 201, House Dsn. p. 526, Read. p. 628 S. No. 257, 258 Ports, Trans, p. 81, Cities p. 242. See Harbors. Poseidon, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Possessions of U. S., Geo. pp. 15, 28 S. No. 243 to 261, 546 to 554 Posters, Draw. p. 512 Post-Office Dept, Govt. p. 198 Posts, Arct. p. 456 S. No. 96, 109, 272 Potatoes, Geo. p. 11, Prod. Mfg. pp. 47, 65, Dev. Na. p. 175, Farm C. p. 325, Farm M. p. 351, Food & Ckry. p. 416, Eat & Wear p. 635, Home Geo. pp. 645, 649 S. No. 166 Pottery, Geo. p. 7, Prod. Mfg. p 59, Dev. Na. p. 170, Ind. Dsn. pp. 438. 445, 446, Arct. p. 468, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 488 S. No. 58, 59, 292, 372, 487, 519, 542, 564, 572, 385 Pouring, Ind. Dsn. p. 445 S. No. 65, 156, 334 Poultry, Am. Today p. 182 Voc. Guid. p. 395, Chil- dren p. 590. See Chick- ens, Ducks, Geese. S. No. 56. 216. 240, 401 Prague. See Bohemia Prairies, Com. Civ. p. 206, Farm C. p. 321, Farm M. p. 344, PI. Asso. p. 368 S. No. 178, 179, 180, 181 Precious Stones, Geo. p. 26, Prod. Mfg. p. 59, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 489 S. No. 512, 581 Preparation of Soil, Soils, p. 315, Farm C. p. 320. Farm M. pp. 344, 353, Ind. Dsn. p. 444, Home Geo. p. 650 Preparedness, pp. 179 to 189 Prescott, William, Lit. Sub. p. 251 President, Pol. Geo. p. 123, Dev. Na. p. 175, Govt. p. 195 INDEX 701 Pressure, Effect of, Ntl. F. p. 101 Primitive Bridges, Arct. p. 464 Costumes, Cos. Dsn. p. 540 S. No. 182, 328, 570, 572, 578, 592 Design, Ind. Dsn. p. 444 Farm Work, Ind. Dsn. p. 444 S. No. 479, 488, 522, 549, 561, 562 Homes, Children p. 592 S. No. 205, 263, 281, 298, 546, 549 House Construction, House Dsn. p. 526 S. No. 113, 409, 550 Housekeeping, Children p. 593 S. No. 292, 409, 410, 498, 506, 550 Industries, Prod. Mfg. p. 62 Life, Children p. 592 S. No. 98, 158, 204, 263, 328 Manufacturing, Wood p. 471 Markets, Mkts. p. 87 Methods Transportation, Farm M. p. 353 Farming, Farm C. p. 320, Farm H. & F. L. p. 359. See Primitive Farm Work People, Children p. 593 S. No. 328, 343 Pottery, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 488 S. No. 292, 487, 542, 564, 572 Stove, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 484 S. No. 410 Prince Edward Island, Geo. p. 16 S. No. 263 Printing, Voc. Guid. p. 399, Tex. & CI. p. 425, Arct. p. 447 S. No. 15, 16, 94 Privet, European, PI. Asso. p. 371 Problems, Visualized, pp. 557 to 578 Production and Manufacturing, pp. 45 to 72 Production Centers, Mkts. p. 90 Products, Prod. Mfg. pp. 46 to 72, Am. Today p. 180, Farm. C. pp. 320, 325, Voc. Guid. p. 394, Tex. & CI. p. 422, Ind. Dsn. p. 445, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 488 Procter, B. W., Lit. Sub. p. 255 Proctor, Vt, Geo. p. 5, Prod. Mfg. p. 59, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 485, Read. p. 614 S. No. 4, 5 Proportion, Arct. p. 450 Proserpina, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Prosser, Charles A., pp. xxxvii, 435 Protection, Com. Civ. p. 207 Protectorate, Pol. Geo. pp. 123, 130 Protein, PL Asso. p. 375, Food & Ckry. pp. 411, 412 Ptolemy, Biog. p. 303 Pueblo, G. p. 13, Peo. p. 42, House Dsn. p. 529, Food & Ckry. p. 420, Children p. 593 S. No. 211 Puget Sound, Geo. p. 14, Am. Today p. 185, Wood p. 471 S. No. 216, 217 Pulleys, Ind. Dsn. p. 441 S. No. 23, 54, 69, 135, 150, 161, 295 Punjab, The, Geo. p. 26 S. No. 507 Pulque, Geo. p. 17, Prod. Mfg. p. 49, Zones p. 112, Farm C. p. 326, Hvg. p. 503 S. No. 285, 287 Pumpkins, Prod. Mfg. p. 47, Farm C. p. 326, PI. Asso. p. 371, Food & Ckry. p. 418, PI. & An. p. 597 S. No. 137 Pumpkin, The — Whittier, Lii. Sub. p. 253 Pyramid, Geo. pp. 17, 29, For. Beg. p. 152. Arct. p. 448 S. No. 284, 564, 565, 566 Quarry, Geo. p. 5, Prod. Mfg. p. 59, Voc. Guid. p. 397, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 485. See Marble and Granite S. No. 3, 4 Quebec, Canada, Geo. p. 16, Trans. p. 80, F. Am. Na. p. 163, 702 INDEX Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities pp. 221, 223, 239 S. No. 264, 266 Quecnsferrv, Scotland, Geo p. 21, Prod. Mfg. p. 71, Trans. p. 84 S. No. 366 Queensland, Australia, Geo p. 30, Pol. Geo. p. 129 Queenstown, Ireland, Geo. p. 21. Trans, p. 81, Cities p. 231 S. No. 374 Queue, Children p. 588 S. No. 520, 521 Quincy Market, Geo. p. 5. Trans. p. 75, Mkts. p. 88 Com. Civ. p. 203, hid Sup. Home p. 408, House Adm. p. 432 S. No. 7 Quinn, Mary J., pp. xxxix, 517 Race, Black, Peo. p. 43 S. No. 105, 117, 118, 572, 577, 578, 581, 592 Race. Red, Peo. p. 41 S. No. 182, 204, 244, 263. 292, 328 Race, White. Peo. p. 32 Race. Yellow, Peo. p. 40 S. No. 227, 343, 510, 516, 519, 520, 521, 530, 543 Racial Geography, pp. 31 to 44 Rafts, Trans, p. 78 S. No. 215, 507 Railings, Arct. p. 467 S. No. 9, 283, 336, 534 Railroads, Geo. p. 16, Trans, p. ^3, Dev. Na. p. 167, Am. Today p. 188, Voc. Guid. p. 398. Metals p. 479 S. No. 43, 79, 101, 116, 128, 129, 163, 251, 267, 323, 330, 420. 440. 544. 556 Raleigh, Sir Walter, For. Beg. p. 155, Biog. p. 290 Rameses IT. Biog. p. 303 Ramona. Lit. Sub. p. 249 Rands, W. B., Read. p. 607 Range Cattle, Geo. r>T>- 12, 18. Prod. Mfg. p. 50, Mkts. p. 91, An. Hus. p. 336: See Cattle. Ranges, Mountain, Ntl. F. p. 107 S. No. 102, 213, 243 Rankin, Jeannette, Biog. p. 290 Rape, Farm C. p. 325, An. Hus. p. 339, PI. Asso. p. 371, An. p. 383 S. No. 172 Raphael Sanzio, Biog. p. 304 Ranch. Geo. p. 12, Prod. Mfg. pp. 50, 66, Farm M. p. 346, Farm H. & F. L. p. 361, hoc. hid. p. 498. See Cattle & Horses. S. No. 180, 186, 190, 301 Reading, pp. 605 to 628 Reading, " Supplementary," pp. 610 to 628 Reapers, Dev. Na. p. 167, hid. Dsn. p. 444, hoc. Ind. p. 496. See Farm Machin- S. No. 136, 160, 218, 233, 357, 529 Redway, Jacques W., pp. xxx, 179 Redwood, Wood p. 470 S. No. 229 Reichstags — Gebaude, Pol. Geo. p. 136 S. No. 383 Reindeer, Geo. p. 22, Prod. Mfg. pp. 50, 67, Tram. p. 78, An. p. 382, Cos. Dsn. p. 534, Children pp. 586, 591, PI. & An. p. 603, Eat & Wear p. 631 S. No. 413 Religion, Com. Civ. p. 213, Cities p 241 Renaissance, Arct. pp. 449, 453, House Dsn. p. 526 S. No. 7, 8, 28, 90, 91, 95, 96, 329, 351, 383, 384, 424 Republic, Central America, Pol. Geo. p. 124 France, Pol. Geo. p. 131 Mexico, Pol. Ceo. p. 124 Russia, Geo. p. 25, Pol. Geo. p. 137 South America, Pol. Geo. p. 124 Switzerland, Pol. Geo. p. 133 United States, Pol. Geo. p. 122 Residual Soil, Soils p. 313 Resort Cities, Cities p. 240 INDEX 703 S. No. 60, 354, 427, 430, 457 459 Resources, Am. Today, pp. 179 180 Revere, Paul, Lit. Sub. p. 250 Biog. p. 290 Revolution, American, Dev. Na. p 165, Am. Today p. 179 Rhine, Geo. p. 22, Trans, p. 80 Ntl. F. p. 102, Citie's, p. 231 S. No. 391, 392 Rhodes, Cecil J., Biog. p. 304 Rhode Island, Geo. p. 5. S. No. 21 Rhodesia, Geo. p. 29, Pol. Geo. pp. 128, 131, An. p. 383, Read. p. 627 S. No. 575 to 578 Rhododendron, PI. Asso. p. 371 S. No. 362, 379 Rice, Geo. p. 9, Prod. Mfg. p. 47, Dev. Na. p. 170, Am. To- day p. 181, Farm C. p. 322, Food & Ckry. p. 415, Eat & Wear p. 636, Home Geo. pp. 645, 649 S. No. 104, 105, 527, 528, 529, 549, 550 Richard I, the Lion-Hearted, Biog. p. 304 Richelieu, Armand Juan du Plessis, Duke, Biog. p. 304 Riclgley, Douglass C, pp. xxv, 3 Riis, Jacob, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Riley, Tames Whitcomb, Lit. Sub. ' pp. 254, 255 Rio de Janeiro, Geo. p. 18, Mkts. p. 89, Zones p. Ill, Pol. Geo. p. 124, Cities pp. 225, 234, Children p. 589 S. No. 305, 306, 307 Rivers, Trans, p. 80 S. No. 51, 61, 120, 170, 264, 391, 392, 397, 467, 471, 489, 501, 507, 517, 564 Rivers. Drowned. Ntl. F. p. 102 S. No. 39, 51, 100, 264 Rivers, Mature, Ntl. F. p. 102 S. No 101, 170, 391, 392, 580 Rivers, Old, Ntl. F. p. 102 S. No. 106, 467, 470, 509, 517 Rivers, Youno-, Ntl F. p. 102 S. No. 49, 195, 228, 363, 407 Roads, Prod. Mfg. p. 71, Cities p. 224, Home Geo. p. 649 S. No. 31, 43, 71, 195, 209, 221, 330 Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, Lord Roberts, Biog. p. 304 Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore, Biog. p. 304 Rock. See Stone Rock-a-bye Baby, Read. p. 610 Rockefeller, John D., Biog. p. 291 Rocky Mountain, Geo. pp. 12, 13, 16, Zones p. 119, Dev. Na. p. 171 S. No. 187 to 205, 274 to 276 Roman Architecture, Arct. p. 448 S. No. 451, 452 Romanesque Architecture, Arct. p. 448 S. No. 349, 391, 406, 429 Rome, Geo. p. 24, Pol Geo. p. 135, For. Beg. p. 155, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities pp. 221, 222, 223 S. No 450 to 452 Romulus, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Roofs, Arct. p. 457, House Dsn. pp. 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 527, 528, 531 S. No. 37, 355, 384, 442, 461, 492, 499, 517, 558 Roosevelt. Theodore, Lit. Sub. p. 251, Biog. p. 291 S. No. 87, 90, 91 Root, Elihu, Dev. Na. p. 175, Biog. p. 291 Ropes, Prod. Mfg. p. 69, Tex. & CI. p. 428 S. No. 99, 188, 559 Ropewalk, The — Longfellow, Lit. Sub. p. 250 Rosetti, Christina, Read. p. 610 Rotterdam, Holland, Geo. p. 22, Prod. Mfg. p. 72, Mkts. p. 90, Cities p. 228 S. No. 400 Roumania. Geo. p. 24, Pol. Geo. p. • 137, Children p. 587, Read. o. 623 S. No. 470, 471 Rubber, Geo. pp. 10, 15, Prod. Mfg. pp. 53, 62, Dev. Na. p. 176, PL Asso. p. 365, Ind. Dsn, 704 INDEX p. 439, Eat & Wear p. 639, Home Geo. p. 647 S. No. 131, 132, 133, 247 Rubber. Boots, Prod. Mfg. p. 53, Eat & Wear p. 639 S. No. 133 Rubens, Peter Paul, Biog. p. 304 Rubinstein, Anton, Biog. p. 304 Rudesheim, Geo. p. 22, Peo. p. 35, Prod. Mfg. p. 48 S. No. 390 Rugs, House Dsn. p. 530 S. No. 33, 92 Running Water, Ntl. F. p. 99 Ruskin, John, Biog. p. 304 Russia, Geo. p. 25, Pol. Geo. p. 137, Children p. 587, Read. p. 623, Eat & Wear p. 631 S. No. 481 to 488 Ruschuk, Bulgaria, Geo. p. 24 S. No. 469 Sacks, Tex. & CI. p. 427 S. No. 35, 148, 166, 295, 325 Sage Brush, PI. Asso. p. 371 S. No. 188, 190 Sailing Vessels, Trans, p. 82 S. No. Ill, 217, 257, 295, 342, 344, 473, 525 Sails, Tex. & CI. p. 427 S. No. 514, 525 Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, Biog. p. 291 Sakkara or Step Pyramid, Geo. p. 29, A ret. p. 448 S. No. 566 Salmon, Geo. p. 14, Prod. Mfg. pp. 51. 63, Govt. p. 200, An. p. 385, Food and Ckry. p. 413, PL & An. p. 603, Read. p. 618, Eat & Wear p. 635 S. No. 226, 227, 244 Salt, Geo. pp. 6, 11. Prod. Mfg. pp. 52, 69, Food & Ckry. p. 418, Eat & Wear p. 635 S. No. 42, 153 Salt Lake City. Geo. p. 13, Zones p. 117, Cities pp.' 221, 241, Read. p. 617 S. No. 212 Salvador, Geo. p. 17, Peo. p. 42, Prod. Mfg. p. 68 S. No. 292 Sandals, Cos. Dsn. p. 539 S. No. 532 Sand Dunes, Geo. p. 14, Ntl. F. p. 99 S. No. 223 San Diego Bav, Geo. p. 15, Prod. Mfg. p. 71, Read. p. 613 S. No. 242 San Francisco, Geo. p. 14, Trans. p. 85, Com. Civ. pp. 204, 215, Cities p. 238, Read. p. 617 S. No. 230 San Gabriel Mission, Geo. p. 15, Cities, p. 223, Aret. pp. 449. 460, Metals p. 480 S. No. 241 San Juan, Porto Rico, Geo. p. 15, Trans, p. 81, Zones p. Ill, Cities p. 231 S. No. 257 Santa Anna, Biog. p. 291 Santiago de Cuba, Geo. p. 18, Trans, p. 81, Cities p. 231 S. No. 299 Santiago de Chile, Geo. p. 19, Peo. p. 42, Pol. Geo. p. 125, Cities pp. 221, 235 S. No. 324 Sao Paulo, Geo. p. 18, Zones p. 112, Cities pp. 225, 235, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 485 S. No. 308 to 311 Sardines. Geo. p. 27, Prod. Mfg. p. 52. An. p. 385, Eat & Wear p. 635 S. No. 531 Saturn, Geo. p. 30, Earth N. p. 147, Lit. Sub. p. 257 S. No. 597 Saul, Bios;, p. 304 Sault Ste. Marie, The " Soo," Geo. p. 11, Prod. Mfg. p. 71, Trans, p. 79, Am. Todav, P. 188, Com. Civ. p. 204, Read. p. 616 S. No. 154 Savannah. Ga., Geo. p. 9, Prod. Mfg. p. 60, Trans, p. 81, Dev. Na. pp. 169, 175, Cities, p. 230 INDEX 705 S. No. 106 Saw Mill, Geo. p. 14, Prod. Mfg. p. 60, Am. Today p. 185, Wood p. 471, Loc. Ind. p. 499, Home Geo. p. 644 S. No. 216 Scale of Gradation, Photo, p. 546 Scandinavian Mythology, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Scandinavians, Peo. pp. 34, 35 S. No. 407 to 420 Schermerhorn, Grace, pp. xxxvii, 431 School Gardens, Hyg. p. 501, Vis. Prob. p. 563, Children p. 583, PL & An. p. 597 S. No. 83 Schools, Geo. pp. 16, 18. 27, Com. Civ. p. 211, Cities p. 235, Voc. Guid. p. 400 S. No. 260, 306, 520 Schneckenbnrger, Max, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Schurz, Carl, Biog. p. 291 Scotch, Pol. Geo. p. 128, For. Beg. p. 156, House Dsn. p. 526 S. No. 365, 366, 368, 373 Scotch Pine, PL Asso. p. 369 Scotland, Geo. p. 21, Peo. p. 36, Pol. Geo. p. 128, Read. p. 621 S. No. 365 to 373 Scott, General Winfield, Biog. p. 292 Scott, Sir Walter, Lit. Sub. p. 252, Biog. p. 304 " Scot's wha hae wi' Wallace bled." Burns, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Screw, Ind. Dsn. p. 441 S. No. 130, 153 Sea. See Ocean Sea Cliffs, Ntl. F. p. 103 S. No. 432, 439 Sea Dirge — Shakespeare, Lit. Sub. p. 252 Sea Foods, Prod. Mfg. p. 51 S. No. 13, 86, 226, 227, 244, 345, 415, 481, 531 Seal, Geo. p. 20, Prod. Mfg. p. 52, An. p. 385, PL & An. p. 603 S. No. 345 Seasons, Earth N. p. 145 Seattle, Geo. p. 14, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities p. 241 S. No. 220 Sewell, Anna, Read. p. 609 Selective Draft, Govt. p. 200 Selling, Children p. 592, See Mar- kets Semitic People, Peo. p. 38 S. No. 485, 491, 494, 498, 566 Seoul, Chosen, Geo. p. 28 S. No. 542 Sequoia, Geo. p. 14, PL Asso, pp. 366, 367, 369, Wood p. 470 S. No. 229 Serajevo, Geo. p. 24, Mkts. p. 88, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities p. 222 S. No. 466 Serbia, Geo. p. 24, Pol. Geo. p. 137, Read. p. 623 S. No. 467 Seton, Ernest Thompson, pp. xxxiv, xxxv, 363, 377 Seven Little Sisters, Jane An- drews, Read. p. 611 Seward, William Henry, Biog. p. 292 Shadow, Read. p. 607 Shakespeare, Geo. p. 20, For. Beg. p. 156, Lit. Sub. p. 252, Biog. p. 305 S. No. 354, 355, 356 Shaw, Dr. Anna Howard, Biog. p. 294 Shawl Weaving, Geo. p. 26, Prod. Mfg. p. 54, Tex. & CI. p. 426 S. No. 506 Sheep, Geo. pp. 10, 12, 13, 25, 30, Prod. Mfg. pp. 54, 66, 67, An. Hus. p. 339, An. p. 380, PL & An. p. 603, Read. p. 617, Eat & Wear p. 638 S. No. 145, 173, 190, 480, 589 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Shelter, Wood p. 472 Shepherd, The, Read. p. 610 S. No. 480 Sherman, Frank Dempster, Read. p. 610 Sherman, General William Te- cumseh, Dev. Na. p. 169, Biog. p. 292 706 INDEX Shipbuilding, Prod. Mfg. p. 70 Ships, Geo. p. 6, Trans, p. 82, Z)^. Na. p. 175, Drazv. p. 515 S. No. 26, 27, 48, 52, 100, 106, 111, 119, 154, 217, 253, 254, 257, 280, 295, 342, 344, 415, 473, 525 Shizuoka, Japan, Geo. p. 27 S. No. 530 Shoes, Geo. pp. 5, 6, Prod. Mfg. p. 69, Metals, p. 478, tfyg. pp. 503. 504, Eat & Wear p. 639, Home Geo. pp. 646, 650 S. No. 11, 12, 41, 402, 403 Factories, Prod. Mfg. p. 69 Home Geo. p. 646 S. No. 11, 12, 41 Wooden, Wood, p. 472, Eat & Wear p. 639 S. No. 402, 403, 532 Shottery, Eng., Geo. p. 20, Cities p. 236 S. No. 355 Shrubs, PI. Asso. p. 371 S. No. 188, 190, 209, 355, 362, 379 Siam, Geo. p. 26, Prod. & Mfg. p. 60 S. No. 510 Siberia, Geo. p. 28, Cos. Dsn. p. 537, Read. p. 626 S. No. 544 Sicily, Geo. p. 24, Peo. p. 37, For. Beg. p. 154, Hyg. p. 505, House Dsn. p. 524, Chil- dren, p. 587 S. No. 455 Siege of Corinth — Byron, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Sienkiewicz, Henry, Biog. p. 305 Silk, Geo. pp. 5, 6, Prod. Mfg. pp. 54. 68, Ind. Sup. Home p. 407, Tex. & CI. pp. 423, 425. Metals, p. 478, Hyg. p. 503, Eat & Wear p. 638, Home Geo. p. 645 S. No. 22, 23, 24, 53, 54, 55, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541 Silk Worms, An. p. 384 S. No. 536, 538, 539 Silver, Geo. pp. 14, 17, 19, Prod. Mfg. pp. 58, 64, Am. To- day p. 184, Metals p. 476, Hyg. p. 502, Eat & Wear P. "639 S. No. 84, 214, 287 Singing — R. L. Stevenson, Read. p. T507 Sioux Indian, Geo. p. 12, Peo. p. 42, Trans, p. 75, Dev. Na. p. 168, Cos. Dsn. p. 541 S. No. 182 Sisal, Geo. pp. 17, 29, Prod. Mfg. p. 53, Farm C. p. 325, Tex. & CI. p. 423, PI. & An. p. 598 S. No. 289, 571 Sketch Book, Lit. Sub. p. 249 Sketching, Draw. p. 513 Skis, Zones p. 118 S. No. 344, 345 Skyscrapers, Arct. p. 450 " S. No. 25, 26, 28, 30, 121, 139, 230 Slater, Samuel, Dev. Na. p. 166 Slavery, Dev. Na. r>. 166 Slavonic Peoples, Peo. p. 38 S. No. 465, 487, 488, 496, 544 Slavs, Pol. Geo. p. 138 Sleepv Hollow, Geo. p. 6 S. No. 36 Smelting, Loc. Ind. pp. 492, 493 S. No. 62, 156, 187, 334 Smith, Donald Alexander, Biog. p. 305 Smith, John, For. Beg. p. 155, F. Am. Na. p. 163, Read. p. 610 Smith, Samuel, Lit. Sub. p. 252, Read. p. 609 Smith, Thomas, Read. p. 610 Snow, Geo. p. 6, Ntl. F. p. 100 S. No. 50, 276, 427, 428, 448, 542 Snow Queen, The, Read. p. 606 Socrates, Biog. p. 305 Sofia. Geo. p. 24, Cities, p. 226 S. No. 468 Soils, pp. 311 to 317, Farm M. p. 344, PL Asso. p. 372, Ind. Dsn. p. 444, Metals p. 481 Soldiers, Geo. pp. 22, 23. 30 S. No. 293, 426, 476, 567, 585 Solomon, Biog. p. 305 Solon, Biog. p. 305 Some Things We Eat, Some INDEX 707 Things We Wear, pp. 629 to 639 Some Things We Wear, pp. 637 to 639 Song of the Sea, The, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Sound, hid. Dsn. p. 440 South Africa, Union of, Geo. p. 29, Pol. Geo. p. 130 S. No. 579 to 584 South America, Geo. p. 18, Pol. Geo. p. 124, House Dsn. p. 527, Children p. 585, Read. p. 619 S. No. 304 to 341 South Atlantic States, Geo. p. 8, Trav. & Lee. p. 654 S. No. 85 to 111 South Australia, Geo. p. 30, Pol. Geo. p. 129 S. No. 588 S. Carolina, Geo. p. 9, Zones p. 115 S. No. 104, 105 South Central States, Geo. p. 9, Trav. & Lee. p. 654 S. No. 112 to 127 S. Dakota, Geo. p. 12, Zones p. 116 S. No. 178, 179 Spacing, Arct. p. 450 Spain, Geo. p. 23, Pol. Geo. p. 132, For. Beg. p. 157, House Dsn. p. 527, Children p 587, Read. p. 624 S, No. 433 to 439 Spanish America, Geo. pp. 17, 18 19, 20, Dev. Na. p. 173 S. No. 280 to 341 Spanish War, Am. Today, p 179 Spanning Spaces, hid. Dsn. p. 437 Arct. p. 454 Spans, hid. Dsn. p. 437 S. No. 3, 27, 41, 135, 150, 200 206, 242, 506 Specific Gravity, hid. Dsn. p 439 Spelling, pp. 269 to 277 Sphinx, The, Geo. p. 29, Arct. p 448, Con. Stone B. & T, p. 485 S. No. 585 Spitzenbergen, Geo. p. 22, Trans p. 82 S. No. 415 Spofford, Charles M., pp. xxxviii, 483 Sponges. Geo. p. 9, Dev. Na. p. 170, Hyg. p. 502, PI. & An. p. 604 S. No. Ill Spraying, Geo. p. 6, Prod. Mfg. p. 66, Trans, p. 76, Zones p. 116, Gdn. Orch. & W. p. 331, Farm H. & F. L. p. 358, Metals p. 481, Loc. Ind. p. 497, Home Geo. p. 650 S. No. 44 Springs, Ntl. F. p. 99 Springs, Hot, Ntl. F. p. 99 S. No. 192, 193, 194 Spruce, PI. Asso. p. 369, Wood p. 470 S. No. 246, 262, 412 Spy, The — Cooper, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Spyri, Lit. Sub. p. 254 St. John's, Geo. p. 16, Trans, pp. 81, 82. Cities p. 231 S. No. 278 St. Lawrence, Geo. p. 16, Trans. p. 80, F. Am. Na. p. 160 S. No. 263, 264, 265, 267 St. Louis, Geo. pp. 11, 12, Zones p. 116, Am. Today, p. 189 S. No. 148, 174 Sf. Peter's, Rome, Geo. p. 24, Cities p. 221, Arct. p. 460 S. No. 450, 451 Star Spangled Banner, The, Lit. Sub. p. 255 State Department, Govt. p. 196 State & Nat'l Capitals, Trav. & Lee. p. 657 States, Geo. pp. 4 to 14, Pol. Geo. p. 123, Govt. p. 193 Statue of Liberty, Geo. p. 5 S. No. 25 Steamers, Trans, pp. 80, 82, Am. Today p. 188 S. No. 26, 52, 119, 252, 253, 267, 277, 280, 293, 314, 415, 420, 511, 514, 556, 559 Steam Shovel, hid. Dsn. p. 442 S. No. 163, 250, 251 708 INDEX Stedman, Edmund Clarence, Biog p. 292 Steel, Geo. pp. 7, 9, Prod. Mfg. pp 57, 69, Mkts. p. 89, Dev Na. p. 170, Am. Today pp. 182, 183, Voc. Guid. p 396, 7;/d. Dsn. pp. 438, 443 Metals pp. 476, 477, Con Stone B. & T. p. 485, Loc hid. p. 492, Home Geo. p 647 S. No. 65 to 67, 116 Stephens, H. Morse, pp. xxx, 165 Stereoscopic Photography, Photo. p. 549 Stevenson, R. L., Lit. Sub. p. 252, Read. p. 606 Stickeen, A Dog Story, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Stirling, Scot., Geo. p. 21, Cities, p. 235, Lit. Sub. p. 252, Farm H. & F. L. p. 356 S. No. 367, 368 Stockholm, Geo. p. 23, Pol. Geo. p. 134, Cities p. 235 S. No. 416 to 418 Stockman, Voc. Guid. p. 394 Stock-raising, Prod. Mfg. p. 67, Farm M. p. 346, An. p. 377, Voc. Guid. p. 394, Loc. hid. p. 497. See Cattle, Horses, Hogs, Sheep Stockyards, Geo. p. 10, Prod. Mfg. p. 50, Mkts. p. 90, 4n. Hus. p. 337, Food & Ckry. p. 411, Read. p. 617, Eat & Wear p. 634 S. No. 140 Stone, Geo. p. 5, Prod. Mfg. p. 59, hid. Dsn. pp. 438, 445, 446, Arct. pp. 464, 467, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 484, Loc. hid. p. 493, Home Geo. p. 644 Stone, Concrete, Brick & Tile, pp. 483 to 489 Stone, Monuments, Con. Stone B. & T. pp. 486, 487 S. No. 10, 36, 146, 283, 288, 450 Stone, Ruins, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 485 S. No. 205, 284, 331, 452, 478, 568 Stones, Sources, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 485 S. No. 3, 4, 51 Store, Mkts. p. 91, Home Geo. p. 648. See Markets Stories of American Life and Ad- venture — Eggleston, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Stories of Ancient Greece, Read. p. 610 Stories of Ancient Rome, Read. p. 610 Stories of Washington, Lit. Sub. p. 253 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Straits, Ntl. F. p. 104 S. No. 439, 489 Strassburg, Geo. p. 22, Cities pp. 221, 237 S. No. 389 Stratford-on-Avon, Geo. p. 20, Cities p. 235, Lit. Sub. p. 252 Street Cars, Trans, p. 85 S. No. 27, 31, 139, 220, 230, 273, 315, 380, 416, 473, 587, 590 Streets, Geo. p. 6, Cities p. 224, Arct. p. 465, Hyg. p. 504, House Dsn. p. 530, Home Geo. p. 644 S. No. 29, 90, 139, 167, 230, 273, 305, 337, 351, 365, 380, 399, 416, 422, 464, 504, 513 Strikes, Dev. Na. p. 169 Structural Iron & Steel, Am. To- dav p. 186, Voc. Guid. p. 396 Stucco, Flouse Dsn. pp. 518, 524, 527 S. No. 336, 337, 341, 456 Stuyvesant, Peter, Biog. p. 292 Subjects for Photography, Photo. p. 550 Subjects & Settings, Literary, pp. 245 to 258 Submarines, Geo. p. 15, Trans, p. 83, Dev. Na. p. 174, Am. Today, p. 180, Geo. p. 198 S. No. 242 Sub-Tropics, Zones p. 113 Suez Canal, Geo. p. 29, Prod. Mfg. INDEX 709 p. 72, Tran\s. p. 79, Pol. Geo. p. 128, Read. p. 627 S. No. 559 Suffrage, Com. Civ. p. 213 Sugar Beet, Geo. pp. 13. 16, 23, Prod. Mfg. pp. 17, 65, Am. Today p. 182, Farm C. p. 323, Food & Ckry. p. 416, Hyg. p. 505, Chil- dren pp. 584, 590, Eat & Wear p. 633 S. No. 35, 198, 270, 271, 419 Sugar Cane, Geo. pp. 15, 19, Prod. Mfg. pp. 47, 66, Farm C. p. 323, PI Asso. p. 371, Food & Ckry. p. 416, Hyg. p. 503 S. No. 34, 35, 258, 332, 333 Sugar Maple. See Maple Sugar S. No. 130 Suggestions — Lecture, pp. 653, 659 Sun, Geo. pp. 22, 30, Earth N. p. 142 S. No. 414, 593 Supreme Court, Geo. p. 8, Dev. Na. p. 166, Govt. p. 195, Com. Civ. p. 217 S. No. 89 Surf, Atlantic City, Geo. p. 7 S. No. 60 Surface, U. S., F. Am. Na. p. 159 Surface water, Ntl. F. p. 99 Swamp, Geo. p. 11 S. No. 161. Sweden, Geo. p. 23, Pol. Geo. p. 134, For. Beg. p. 157, House Dsn. p\ 528, Read. P. 622 S. No. 416 to 420 Swine. See Hogs Swing, The, — R. L. Stevenson, Read. p. 607 Swiss Alps, Zones p. 119 S. No. 444 to 449 Switzerland, Geo. p. 23, Pol. Geo. p. 133, House Dsn. p. 528, Children p. 587, Read. p. 623 S. No. 440 to 449 Sydney, Geo. p. 30 S. No. 585 Syracuse, N. Y., Geo. p. 6 S. No. 41, 42 Syria, Geo. p. 26, Pol. Geo. p. 137, For. Beg. p. 152, Read. p. 626, Trav. & Lee. p. 657 S. No. 492 to 494 Tabernacle, Arct. p. 460 Table Mountain, Geo. p. 29 S. No. 582 Tables, Arct. p. 466, House Dsn. p. 530 S. No. 33, 92, 417 Tacoma, Mount. See Mount Rainier Taft, William Howard, Biog. p. 292 S. No. 87 90, 91 Taj Mahal, The, India, Geo. p. 26, Cities p. 222, Arct. p. 448 S. No. 502 Talisman, The — Scott, Lit. Sub. p. 252 Talus, Ntl. F. p. 99 Tangier, Geo. p. 28, Mkts. p. 87, Cities p. 222, Cos. Dsn. p. 537 S. No. 555 Tanning. Prod. Mfg. p. 55, Metals p. 478, Hyg. p. 502 S. No. 272 Tar, Dev. Na. p. 170, Am. Today p. 187, Wood p. 473 Tarbell, Ida Minerva, Biog. p. 292 Tariffs, Dev. Na. p. 170 Tarsus, Geo. p. 25, For. Beg. p. 153, An. p. 380 S. No. 491 Tasmania, Geo. p. 30, Pol. Geo. p. 129, Read. p. 627 S. No. 590 Taste for Maine Birch, A — Bur- roughs, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Taylor, Bayard, Biog. p. 292 Taylor, Jane, Read. p. 610. Tea, Geo. p. 27, Prod. Mfg. p. 49, Zones, p. 116, PI. Asso. p. 370, Food and Ckry. p. 419, Hyg. p. 503, Children pp. 588, 590, PI. &An.p. 598, Eat & Wear p. 633, Home Geo. p. 644 S. No. 530, 534 Teaching, Voc. Guid. p. 400 Technique, Draw. p. 513 710 INDEX Tell, to His Native Mountains, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Temperate Zone, Zones p. 115 Temperature, effect on rocks, Ntl. F. p. 98 Temples, Arct. p. 459 S. No. 212, 475, 478, 501, 568 Tenements, Hyg. p. 504, House Dsn. p. 530 Tennessee, Geo. p. 9, Loc. Ind. p. 493 S. No. 114, 115 Tennyson, Alfred, Lit. Sub. p. 253, Read p. 609 Tents, Tex. and CI. p. 427 S. No. 168, 263, 265 Terra Cotta, Ind. Dsn. p. 438, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 488, House Dsn. pp. 521, 527 S. No. 338, 394, 402, 430, 434, 492, 517, 526, 543 Territories, Pol. Geo. p. 123, Govt. p. 201 Teutonic Peoples, Peo. p. 34 S. No. 347, 351, 355, 385, 388, 390, 393, 395, 402, 409, 411, 418 Texas, Geo. p. 9, Prod. Mfg. pp. 50, 52, Dev. Na. p. 168, Com. Civ. pp. 208, 210, 214, Cities p. 221, Ind. Sup. Home p. 407, Metals p. 480, Read. 615 S. No. 122 to 127 Textiles, Geo. pp. 5, 6, 7, 26, 27, Voc. Guid. p. 396, Ind. Sup. Home p. 406, Tex. and CI. p. 422, Loc. Ind. p. 494, Home Geo. p. 646. See Cotton, Linen, Silk, Wool. Textiles & Clothing, pp. 421 to 429 Thackeray, William Makepeace, Biog. p. 305 Thames River, Geo. p. 20, Prod. Mfg. p. 71, Trans, p. 85 S. No. 348 Thanatopsis — Bryant, Lit. Sub. p. 248 " Thank you, pretty cow," Read. p. 610 Themistocles, Biog. p. 305 Thor, Lit. Sub. p. 257 Thorwaldsen, Bertel, Biog. p 305 Three Goats Named Gruff, Read o. 610 Threshing, Geo. pp. 12, 14, 17, 26 29, Prod. Mfg. p. 46, Dev. Na. p. 177, Farm C. p. 321 Farm M. p. 346, Farm H & F. L. p. 361, Food & Ckry. p. 414, Ind. Dsn. p 445, Hyg. p. 504, Eat & Wear p. 631, Home Geo p. 650 S. No. 177, 218, 233, 497, 527 562 Tiber, The, Geo. p. 24, Trans, p 85, Cities p. 228, Lit. Sub p. 257 S. No. 450, 451 Tides, Earth N. p. 146 Tile. See also Terra Cotta. S. No. 161 Tillage, Soils p. 315, Farm C. pp. 320, 321 Timber, Wood p. 472. See Lum- ber. S. No. 70, 74, 75, 77, 78, 122, 155, 581 Tires, Geo. p. 10, Prod. Mfg. p. 62, Trans, p. 86, Voc. Guid. p. 396 Titian Vecelli, Biog. p. 305 Titus — Titus Flavius^ Sabinus Vespasianus, Biog. p. 305 To a Mountain Daisy — Burns, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Tobacco, Geo. pp. 9, 17, Prod. Mf& pp. 61, 65, Zones, p. Ill, F. Am. Na. p. 163, Am. Today p. 187, Farm C. p. 324, Farm M. p. 348, PI. Asso. p. 371, Hyg. p. 503 S. No. 112, 297 Togo, Count Heihachiro, Biog. p. 305 Tokyo, Geo. p. 27, Pol. Geo. p. 139, Cities pp. 221, 237, Arct. p. 450, House Dsn. p. 525 S. No. 526 Tolstoy, Count Lev Nicolaevich, Biog. p. 305 Tools, Farm M. p. 352, Ind. Dsn. INDEX 711 p. 441, Metals p. 477, Loc. Ind. p. 495 S. No. 75, 78, 105, 143, 388, 488, 498, 529, 549, 550, 561, 562 Torpedo Boats, Geo. p. 15, Trans. p. 83, Govt. p. 198 S. No. 242 Tortilla, Geo. p. 17, Peo. p. 42, Prod. Mfg. p. 68, Com. Civ. p. 206, Hyg. p, 505, Eat & Wear p. 632 S. No. 292 To the Daisy — Wordsworth, Lit. Sub. p. 253 Tower, Geo. pp. 20, 21, Ind. Dsn. p. 443, Arct. p. 462 S. No. 349, 376, 406, 421, 425, 442 Towns, Govt. p. 192 Townships, Govt. p. 192 Tractors, Geo. pp. 11, 12, 19, Prod. Mfg. p. 46, Dev. Na. p. 177, Farm M. p. 353, Loc. Ind. p. 495, Draw. p. 510, Photo, p. 552 S. No. 161, 178, 179, 180, 233, 332 Tragedies of the Nests — Bur- roughs, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Trajanus, Marcus Ulpius, Biog. p. 305 Transportation pp. 73 to 86 Transportation — Methods, Dev. Na. pp. 167, 170, Am. To- day pp. 183, 187, Com. Civ. p. 210, Cities p. 223, Farm M. p. 353, Ind. Sup. Home p. 408, Metals p. 479, Loc. Ind. p. 499, Home Geo. pp. 644, 647, 651 Trade Routes, Am. Today p. 188 Trade Wind, Zones p. Ill Trappings, Tex. & CI. p. 427 S. No. 494, 505, 565 Travel, R. L. Stevenson, Read. p. 607 Travelogue & Lecture Sugges- tions pp. 653 to 659 Treasury, Govt. p. 197 S. No. 90 Tree, The — Bjornson, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Trees, F. Am. Na. p. 160, PI. Asso. pp. 365 to 372, Draw. p. 514. See Gar- den, Orchard and Wood- lot. See Wood. See Horticulture. Trinity Church, N. Y., Com. Civ. p. 204, Arct. pp. 456, 460 S. No. 29 Tropics, Zone's p. 110 Trowbridge, J. T., Lit. Sub. p. 253 Trusses, Ind. Dsn. p. 444, Arct. pp. 455, 464 S. No. 150, 202, 270, 271, 330 Tunis, Geo. p. 28, Pol. Geo. p. 132, Cities p. 227, Arct. pp. 448, 452, Read. p. 626 S. No. 557 Turban, Cos. Dsn. pp. 537, 538 S. No. 494, 503, 505, 506, 555, 565, 566 Turkey, Geo. p. 25, Pol. Geo. p. 137 S. No. 472 to 474, 489 to 498 Turpentine, Geo. p. 9, Prod. Mfg. p. 60, Dev. Na. p. 170, Am. Today p. 187, Wood p. 473, Read. p. 615 S. No. 107 Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star — Jane Taylor, Read. p. 610 Two Years Before the Mast, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Tyndall, John, Biog. p. 306 Typee, The, Lit. Sub. p. 255 U Uganda, Geo. p. 29, Prod. Mfg. p. 53, Zones p. 110, Read. p. 627 S. No. 570, 571 Umbrellas, Tex. & CI. p. 427 S. No. 60, 387, 452, 501, 510, 548 Uncle Remus Stories, Lit. Sub. p. 249 Uncle Tom's Cabin, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Underground Water, Ntl. F. p. 99 Uniforms, Cos. Dsn. p. 535 S. No. 146, 266, 293, 366, 426, 476 Union of South Africa, Pol. Geo. p. 130 S. No. 579 to 584 712 INDEX United States, Geo. p. 4, Peo. p 33, Prod. Mfg. p. 46 Trans, p. 74, i J o/. G>o. p 122, P. Am. Na. p. 159 Dev. Na. p. 165, Govt, p 192, Com. Cm/, p. 203 Cities p. 220, Farm C. p 320, Grin. Orch. & IV. p 327, An. Hus. p. 335 Farm M. p. 343, P/. ^o p. 366, Voc. Guid. p. 394 Ind. Sup. Home p. 405 Pood & Ckrv. p. 410 A ret. p. 458, /Food p. 469 Metals p. 475 S. No. 1 to 242 Upon the Mountain's Distant Head, Lit. Sub. p. 248 Uranus, Geo. p. 30, Earth N. p. 147, Lit. Sub. p. 257 S. No. 598 Uruguay, Geo. p. 18, House Dsn. p. 527 S. No. 312, 313 Utah, Geo. p. 13, Dev. Na. p. 168 S. No. 212, 213 Utensils — Household, House A dm. p. 432 Vaal River, Geo. p. 29, Zones p. 112 S. No. 530 Vaca Cabeza de, P. Am. Na. p. 163 Valencia, Spain, Geo. p. 23, Zones p. 114 Vale of Kashmir. See Kashmir Valley, Geo. pp. 6, 14, Ntl. F. p. 102 Valley Glaciers, Ntl. P. p. 100 S. No. 274, 275, 276, 279, 408, 427, 428, 446, 448 Valparaiso, Chile, Geo. p. 19, Trans, p. 82, Zones p. 114, Cities p. 231 S. No. 326, 327 Vancouver, B. C, Geo. p. 16, Trans, pp. 83, 84, Cities p. 242 S. No. 277 Van Rensselaer, Martha, pp. xxxvi, 403 Vaterland, Geo. p. 6 S. No. 52 Vegetable Products, Prod. Mfg. p. 52 Vegetables, Farm C. p. 326, Food & Ckry, p. 417, Children pp. 583, 590, Eat & Wear pp. 631, 635 S. No. 149, 166, 375 Vehizelos, Biog. p. 306 Venezuela, Geo. p. 19, Pol. Geo. p. 125, Govt. p. 196, Children p. 586, Read. p. 620 S. No. 338 to 341 Venice, Geo. p. 24, For. Beg. p. 154, Cities p. 226 S. No. 457 Venus, Lit. Sub. p. 256 Vera Cruz, Geo. p. 17, F. Am. Na. p. 163, Dev. Na. pp. 168, 174, Cities p. 238, Read. p. 618 S. No. 280 Vergil, Publicus Vergilius Maro, Biog. p. 306 Vermont, Geo. p. 5, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 485, Loc. hid. p. 493 S. No. 4, 5 Verrazano, da, Giovanni, For. Beg. p. 154, Biog. p. 293 Vespasian, Titus Flavius, Sabinus, Vespasianus, Biog. p. 306 Vesuvius, Geo. p. 24, Soils p. 313 S. No. 453 Viaducts, Cities p. 227. See Bridge Victoria, Geo. p. 30, Pol. Geo. p. 129 S. No. 586, 587 Victoria, Alexandriana, Biog. p. 306 S. No. 350, 352 Victoria Falls, Geo. p. 29, Com. Civ. p. 204, Read. p. 627 S. No. 576 Vienna, Geo. p. 24, Pol. Geo. p. 137, Cities pp. 222, 226 S. No. 462 Village Homes, A ret. p. 460 S. No. 10, 37, 354, 362, 368, 401, 402, 447, 517, 535 Villages, Govt. p. 192 Vinci, da, Leonardo, Biog. p. 306 INDEX 713 Vines, PL Asso. p. 371 S. No. 37, 47, 137, 236, 319, 354, 359, 362, 376, 390 Vineyards, Geo. pp. 15, 19, 22, Prod. Mfg. p. 48, Mkts. p. 92, Gdn. Orch. & W . p. 331, Loc. Ind. p. 497, Chil- dren p. 590 S. No. 236, 319, 390 Virginia, Geo. p. 8, F. Am. Na. p. 163 S. No. 96 to 100 Vision of Sir Launfal, Lit. Sub. p. 251 Visualized Problems, pp. 557 to 578 Vivian, Alfred, pp. xxxiii, 311 Vocational Guidance, pp. 393 to 401 Volcanic Mountains, Ntl. F. p. 107,. S. No. 221, 288, 291, 453, 525, 545, 548 Volcanic Soil, Soils p. 313 S. No. 192, 194, 222, 453, 545 Volcanoes, Geo. pp. 17, 18, 24, 27, Soils p. 313, PI. Asso. p. 373 S. No. 545, 300, 291, 293, 453, 525 Voltaire, Frangois Marie Aronet, Biog. p. 306 Vulcan, Lit. Sub. p. 256 W Wagner, Richard, Biog. p. 307 Wagons, Geo. p. 7, Trans, p. 75 S. No. 7, 47, 71, 138, 147, 167, 177, 195, 273, 406 Wales, Geo. p. 21 S. No. 363 Wall St., Geo. p. 6, Dev. Na. p. 165, Govt. p. 197, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities p. 225 S. No. 29 Wallace, Gen. Lew, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Wallace, Sir William, Geo. p. 21, Lit. Sub. p. 248, Biog. p. 307 S. No. 368 Walsh, John H., pp. xl, 557 Ward, Robert De C, pp. xxviii, 109 War Department, Govt. p. 197 War of 1812, Am. Today p. 179 S. No. 71 Warner, Charles Dudley, Lit. Sub. p. 253 Warren, General Joseph, Biog. p. 293 Wars, Our, Am. Today p. 179 Warsaw, Geo. p. 25, Mkts. p. 88, Cities p. 222 S. No. 485 Warships, Geo. pp. 8, 15, 17, Am. Today p. 188, Govt. p. 198. See Battleships, Sub- marines, Torpedo Boats S. No. 100, 242, 254, 296 Washing, Geo. p. 23, House Adm. p. 432, Hyg. p. 505 S. No. 431 Washington, D. C., Geo. p. 8, Dev. Na. p. 165, Govt. p. 194, Com. Civ. p. 203, Cities pp. 221, 225, 233, Gdn. Orch. & W. p. 329, Voc. Guid. p. 400, Arct. p. 449, Hyg. p. 504, Read. p. 613 S. No. 87 to 95 Washington, George, Geo. p. 6, F. Am. Na. p. 164, Dev. Na. p. 165, Biog. p. 293, Read. p. 608 S. No. 37, 39, 61, 80, 90, 96 Washington (State), Geo. p. 14, Prod. Mfg. p. 63, Trans. p. 82, Mkts. p. 94, Wood p. 471, Read. p. 617 S. No. 215 to 220 Waste, Com. Civ. p. 211 Watch on the Rhine, The, Lit Sub. p. 255 Water-Carriers, Geo. p. 26 S. No. 502 Water Fronts, Cities p. 229 Water, Ground, Ntl. F. p. 99 Water Power, Am. Today p. 184 S. No. 49, 50, 170, 197, 210, 228, 569 Water, Relation of Plants, PI. Asso. p. 373 Water Supply, House Adm. p. 433 Water, Surface, Ntl. F. p. 99 Water, Underground, Ntl. F. p. 99 Waterways, Cities p. 229. See Transportation Watts, R. L., pp. xxxiii, 327 714 INDEX Weatherby, F. E., Lit. Sub. p. 255 Weathering, Nil. F. pp. 98 to 100, Soils p. 311 Weathering — Fantastic Features, Ntl. F. p. 99 S. No. 197, 200, 201, 208 Weaving, Geo. pp. 6, 26, 27, jFVod. M/#. p. 54, Dev. Na. p. 166, hid. Sup. Home p. 407, Tex. & CI. pp. 425. 426, hid. Dsn. p. 443, Eat & Wear p. 637 S. No. 53, 54, 55, 269, 541 Webster, Daniel, Dev. Na. p. 165. Biog. p. 293 Webster, Hutton, pp. xxix, 151 Wedges, hid. Dsn. p. 441 Wellesley, Arthur, Duke of Well- ington, Biog. p. 307 Wentworth, Thomas, Earl Staf- ford, Biog. p. 307 West Indies, Geo. p. 17, Peo. p. 44, Zones, p. 111. See Cuba, Porto Rico, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Dominica S. No. 295 to 303 West Point, Geo. p. 6, F. Am. Na. p. 164, Govt. p. 198 S. No. 39 West Virginia, Geo. p. 8 S. No. 101 Whale, Geo. p. 22, Prod. Mfg. p. 52, An. p. 385, PI. & An. p. 604 S. No. 415 Wheat, Geo. pp. 12, 13, 14, 20, 26, Prod. Mfg. p. 46, Dev. Na, pp. 171, 175, Am. To- day p. 180, Farm C. p. 321, Food & Ckry. p. 414, Hyg. p. 503, Read. p. 616, Eat & Wear p. 631 S. No. 48, 177, 218, 233, 357, 497, 498 Wheel and Axle, hid. Dsn. p. 441 " When the Frost Is on the Pun'k- in," Lit. Sub. p. 255 Where Go the Boats, R. L. Ste- venson, Read. p. 607 Whitbeck, R. H, pp. xli, 641 White, Edna N., pp. xxxvi, 409 White House, Geo. p. 8, Dev. Na. p. 165, Govt. p. 195, Cities p. 223, Gdn. Orch. & W. p. 329, Farm H. & F. L. p. 356, Con. Stone B. & T. p. 485, House Dsn. p. 531 S. No. 91 Whitman, Walt, Lit. Sub. p. 254 Whittier, John Greenleaf, Lit. Sub. p. 253 Whittington, Dick, Read. p. 610 Who Stole the Bird's Nest? — L. M. Child, Read. p. 609 William I (Germany), Biog. p. 307 William II, Biog. p. 307 William and Mary, Biog. p. 307 William, the Conqueror, Biog. p. 307 Willow, PI. Asso. p. 370 W T ilson, Woodrow, Geo. p. 8, Govt. p. 196, Biog. p. 294 S. No. 88 Windmills, Farm H. & F. L. p. 356, Arct. p. 462 S. No. 108, 400 Windows, Arct. p. 452, House Dsn. pp. 518, 522, 523, 524, 525, 527, 528, 531 Windows — casement, House Dsn. pp. 519, 522, 528 S. No. 354, 442 dormer, House Dsn. pp. 520, 523, 528 S. No. 389, 442, 461 Wind, Trade, Zones p. Ill Windward Coasts, Zones p. 115 Winnipeg, Geo. p. 16, Com. Civ. p. 211, Cities p. 225, Read. p. 618 S. No. 273 Winship, A. E., pp. xxxiv, 355 Winthrop, John, Biog. p. 294 Wisconsin, Geo. p. 11 S. No. 159 to 161 Woden, Lit. Sub, p. 257 Wolf, James, Biog. p. 294 Wood, Geo. pp. 4, 11, 14, 22, Ind. Sup. Home, p. 405, Food & Ckry. p. 410, Ind. Dsn. pp. 438, 446, 447, House Dsn, p. 530, Home Geo. pp. 643, 646, 649. See Lumbering, Trees, Forests Wood carving, Wood p. 472 S. No. 33, 89, 92, 352, 417, 443, 521 INDEX 715 Wood Lot, Gdn. Orch. & W. p. 332 Woodman, Spare That Tree, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Wood Pulp, Geo. p. 22, Prod. Mfg. p. 70. See Paper S. No. 412 Wood — Sources and Uses > pp. 469 to 473 Wool, Geo. pp. 5, 7, 10, 12, 13, 22. 25, 30, Prod. Mfg. pp. 54, 68, Am. Today p. 187, Ind. Sup. Home p. 407, Tex: & CI. pp. 423, 426, Metals p. 478, Children p. 591, Eat & Wear p. 638, Home Geo. pp. 645, 651 S. No. 17, 18, 81, 145, 173, 190, 409, 480, 506, 589 Wordsworth, William, Geo. p. 21, Lit. Sub. p. 253, Biog. p. 308 S. No. 362 Work, Cary, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Work, Health Habits, Hyg. p. 502 World, W. B. Rands, Read. p. 607 World War Dev. Na. p. 175, Am. Today p. 179 S. No. 146, 242, 385, 394, 426 Wren, Sir Christopher, Biog. p. 308 Wright, Orville, Biog. p. 294 Wright, Wilbur, Biog. p. 294 Wyoming, Geo. p. 13 S. No. 191 to 197 Xenophon, Biog. p. 308 Yanetse River, Geo. p. 27 S. No. 515, 517 Yellowstone Nat'l Park, Geo. p. 13, Ntl. F. p. 102, Zones p. 119, Govt. p. 199, Read. p. 618 S. No. 191 to 197 York, Eng., Geo. p. 21, Com. Civ. p. 204, Cities p. 221, Arct. p. 448 S. No. 360 Yosemite Valley, Geo. p. 14, Ntl. F. p. 102, Govt. . p. 199, Read. p. 617 S. No. 228, 229 Young, Brigham, Biog. p. 294 S. No. 213 Yuan Shih-kai, Pol. Geo. p. 138, Biog. p. 308 Yukon River, Geo. p- 15 Zakopane, Geo. p. 24 S. No. 465 Zambezi River, Geo. p. 29, Zones p. 112 S. No. 575, 576 Zeus, Lit. Sub. p. 255 Zeppelin, Geo. p. 22, Trans, p. 86, Pol. Geo. p. 136, Dev. Na. p. 175 S. No. 394 Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von, Biog. p. 308 Zinc, Geo. p. 12, Prod. Mfg. p. 64, Am. Today p. 184, Metals p. 476 S. No. 176 Zones, pp. 109 to 120 y ft* -•4 - *f\ *o A * N * » " • . *W