C.F.EDMINSTER 
 
Book 
 
 COI^KIC.IIT DIlPOSIT. 
 
STRUCTURAL DRAWING 
 
 C. FRANKLIN EDMINSTER 
 Instructor in Department of Fine and Applied Arts, 
 
 PRATT institute, BROOKLYN, NEW YORK. 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
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 Copyright, 1907, by C. FRANKLIN EDMINSTER. 
 Copyright, 19 13, by C. FRANKLIN EDMINSTER. 
 
 ©CI,A357308 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In preparing this work, the author has aimed 
 to present to the mechanic and others who are 
 interested, a systematic course of instruction in 
 structural drawing, beginning with the standard 
 forms and leading to the typical columns, girders, 
 trusses, and framing details. 
 
 The drawings are made as simple as possible, 
 and many isometric views are given to further as- 
 sist in reading and understanding the subject. 
 
 A few problems in geometry and projection 
 have been introduced for the benefit of those who 
 have not studied drawing: also a short chapter 
 covering the general notes on drawing materials. 
 
 The student should begin with the first plate 
 and follow in the order given, mastering each prob- 
 lem in succession. 
 
 C. Franklin Edminster 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 I. Notes on Materials . . . . 7 
 II. Geometrical Problems - - - - 13 
 III. Simple Projection, Introducing the Prin- 
 ciples of Working Drawings - - 24 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 IV. Structural Details - 
 
 V. Steel Mill Construction 
 
 VI. Iron Staircase Construction 
 
 VII. Ornamental Iron Work - 
 
 PAGE 
 
 38 
 
 108 
 132 
 151 
 
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STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 NOTES ON MATERIALS. 
 
 The student beginning the study of struc- 
 tural drawing should provide himself with the 
 necessary instruments of a good quality. He 
 should not be hampered by using inferior ma- 
 terials, as many difficulties will arise under even 
 the best conditions. 
 
 Drawing Boards. — One of the best methods 
 of making a drawing board is to glue together 
 narrow strips of boards, fastening two cleats 
 (about two inches wide) across the back in 
 such a way that there will be perfect freedom 
 for the wood to expand and contract, which it 
 surely will do as the humidity of the atmos- 
 phere changes. This freedom may be obtained 
 
 by cutting slots in the cleats through which the 
 screws pass and placing iron washers under the 
 heads of the screws. A much cheaper board 
 can be constructed by securing narrow pieces 
 across each end, which serve to hold the board 
 from warping. This form of board will answer 
 very well, especially if the paper used is not 
 stretched. It is extremely important that one 
 end and one side of the board should be per- 
 fectly straight. 
 
 Drawing Paper. — Drawing paper that is to 
 be used for general draughting and line work 
 in pencil or ink should have a firm, smooth 
 surface that is not easily roughened when era- 
 
STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 sures are made. As a rule, paper that is well 
 adapted to line work will not receive a flat 
 wash readily. Paper suitable for wash drawings 
 is made with a surface less firm but rougher 
 than for Hne work. Whatman's cold pressed 
 paper possesses unusual properties, in that it 
 works well for both line and wash drawings. 
 For general detail work, some of the tinted 
 papers are more pleasant to work upon than 
 white, as the white is rather trying to the eyes, 
 especially when used in the evening. For highly 
 finished drawings, however, white paper is gen- 
 erally preferred. The right side of the paper 
 can usually be determined by holding it to the 
 light and finding the water-mark, which should 
 read correctly on the side used. Drawing paper 
 may be obtained in sheets of standard sizes as 
 follows: Cap, i3"xi7"; Demy, 15" x 20"; 
 Medium, i7"x22"; Royal, i9"x24"; Super 
 Royal, 19" X 27"; Imperial, 22"x3o"; Ele- 
 phant, 23" X 28"; Atlas, 26" X 34" ; Double 
 Elephant, 27"x4o"; Antiquarian, 3i"x53"; 
 
 Emperor, 48" x 68". The above terms apply 
 only to the sizes of the sheets, and not in any 
 way to grade or quality of the paper. 
 
 T-Square. — The T-square is made of two 
 parts, the head and blade, which are fastened 
 together at right angles to each other. This 
 instrument should be used for drawing horizon- 
 tal lines only, always holding the head against 
 the left-hand edge of the board. Should the 
 draughtsman allow himself to use either left or 
 right side of the board at will, the results ob- 
 tained would be very inaccurate, owing to the 
 fact that two ends or sides of the board are sel- 
 dom, if ever, parallel. Again, many times the 
 T-square blade does not form right angles with 
 the head. One may readily see that horizontal 
 lines drawn under such conditions would not 
 be parallel. 
 
 Triangles. — The draughtsman should provide 
 himself with two triangles ; the 45°, and the 
 30° and 60°. The triangles are used for draw- 
 ing all lines that are not horizontal. Vertical 
 
STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 lines should always be drawn by placing the tri- 
 angle on the upper edge of the T-square blade, 
 holding the pencil or pen in a plane perpendic- 
 ular to the surface of the paper, inclining it 
 slightly, and drawing upward, but never down- 
 ward. In drawing horizontal lines, the pencil 
 or pen should be held in a plane perpendicular 
 to the paper, inclining it slightly to the right. 
 Draw from left to right. Angles of 45°, 30°, 
 60° and go°, with a horizontal line, can be drawn 
 at once by placing the triangle on the T-square 
 blade. 
 
 Instruments. — Instruments should be selected 
 with the greatest care. It is much better to 
 have a few pieces of excellent quality than a 
 great number of inferior make. Choose qual- 
 ity rather than quantity. Instruments should 
 be well cared for, properly wiped each time 
 after using, and the points prevented from con- 
 tact with hard substances which will tend to in- 
 jure them. 
 
 Compasses. — When drawing with the com- 
 
 passes the head should be held lightly between 
 the thumb and two fingers, moving the leg con- 
 taining the lead in the direction traversed by the 
 hands of a clock, inclining it slightly in the 
 direction of the line to be drawn. The joints 
 in the legs should be so adjusted as to keep the 
 lower sections perpendicular to the surface of 
 the paper, and when a circle is of such a size as 
 will not admit of this the lengthening bar should 
 be inserted. 
 
 Ruling Pen: — The ruling pen is a very impor- 
 tant instrument and should be made of the very 
 best hardened steel ; if not, it will give the stu- 
 dent endless trouble. Most of the prepared 
 inks in general use are provided with a quill in 
 the cork of the bottle which lifts a certain 
 amount of ink. The quill may be inserted be- 
 tween the nibs of the pen and the ink allowed 
 to flow into the pen. The ink should not be 
 more than one-fourth of an inch deep between 
 the nibs. Clean the pen frequently by immers- 
 ing it first in clear water and then passing a 
 
10 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 piece of cloth or chamois skin between the nibs. 
 The pen should never be put away after using 
 without being thoroughly cleansed. 
 
 Pencil.— The character of the work performed 
 by a student is generally influenced by the 
 condition in which he keeps his pencil. It is 
 impossible to do accurate work with a dull pen- 
 cil. For all rule work the wedge-shaped point 
 possesses an advantage over the round point, 
 in that it has a greater wearing surface, hence 
 will not require sharpening so often. For 
 all freehand work nothing but the round or con- 
 ical point should be used. Some draughtsmen 
 prefer this point for rule work as well. The 
 wood should be cut well back, leaving at least 
 one-fourth of an inch of the lead exposed. One 
 of the best sharpeners for a pencil is a fine flat 
 file, on which the lead should be frequently 
 applied, to produce a sharp point. Where 
 great accuracy is required, the beginner should 
 use a 4 H pencil. As skill in draughting is 
 acquired, a softer grade may be substituted. A 
 
 medium grade pencil should be used for lin- 
 ing-in the drawings where strength of line is 
 required. 
 
 The Scale. — A scale is an instrument used in 
 reducinsf a drawing that would otherwise be too 
 large for the sheet of paper on which it is to be 
 placed. For instance, if we have a building 
 measuring 40 x 60 ft., the drawing may be made 
 on a scale of % of an inch to i ft. The space 
 occupied upon the plate would be 10 x 15 in., 
 exactly in proportion to the actual size. In 
 using this scale, or proportion, we have taken 
 an actual % of an inch and considered it i ft. ; 
 and this being taken as i ft. we divide it into 
 1 2 parts, each part being equal to i in. There 
 will be found several different scales upon the 
 instrument, all of which are divided in a similar 
 manner. 
 
 Irregular Curve. — This instrument is used in 
 drawing curves that cannot be accomplished by 
 the use of the compass. Such curved lines usu- 
 ally pass through a succession of points which 
 
STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 have already been found. The edge of the ir- 
 regular curve should be so placed (by repeated 
 trials) as to pass through as many points as pos- 
 sible and also a portion of the line already drawn. 
 Never draw through the last point covered by 
 the irregular curve. This operation requires a 
 great deal of care in order to produce a per- 
 fectly smooth curve. 
 
 Penciling. — Too much stress cannot be placed 
 upon the first penciling of a drawing. All draw- 
 ings, whether to be inked-in or left in a strong 
 pencil Hne, should first be worked out with a 
 light line and very accurately placed. Many 
 students have the feeling that they can correct 
 the little errors while lining-in the drawing ; 
 this is not so, the chances being that they will 
 greatly increase rather than diminish the faults. 
 
 Inking, — For highly finished drawings the 
 stick India ink is generally preferred, but for 
 ordinary work the prepared will be found satis- 
 factory, r The great advantage that stick ink 
 possesses over the prepared is, that in case of 
 
 error the line can readily be removed with the 
 ordinary eraser. The disadvantage in using 
 the stick ink is that considerable time each day 
 is required to grind a fresh supply. In inking 
 a drawing the student should ink all circles and 
 arcs of 'circles first, then, beginning with the 
 upper horizontal line, ink in order those below. 
 With the vertical hnes, begin on the left side 
 of the plate and ink each line in succession. 
 When several lines meet at a point always begin 
 to ink from that point, allowing each successive 
 line to dry before drawing another, thus pre- 
 venting a blot that would otherwise occur at 
 their junction. 
 
 Visible Lines, — The visible lines of an object 
 are represented by a full black line. ' 
 
 Invisible Lines. — Invisible lines or lines that 
 are hidden are represented by a dash line, the 
 dashes being about one-quarter of an inch long, 
 the spaces between them being less than one- 
 eighth of an inch. This line should be of the 
 same strength as a visible line. 
 
STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Working Lines. — Working lines are used to 
 obtain certain results, and if left in pencil should 
 be very light, or if shown in ink, should be very- 
 light red or short dash black lines. 
 
 Arrow Heads. — Arrow heads should always 
 be in black and made with great care, their points 
 just touching the line to be measured. 
 
 Dimensioning, — In placing the dimensions it 
 is always well to group as far as possible and not 
 scatter them over the entire drawing. As a rule 
 the same measurement should not appear in 
 more than one view. The measurement line 
 upon which the dimension is placed should not 
 be drawn too near the line measured, usually 
 
 about one-quarter of an inch away. It is cus- 
 tomary to place all dimensions over twelve inches, 
 as feet and inches, thus: 5 '-6" (five feet and six 
 inches), or if in even feet, thus: 3'-o"(three feet 
 and no inches). When the space between two 
 lines is not sufficient to place the measurements 
 in the usual manner they may be placed thus : 
 Horizontal measurements should 
 (Z „ read from left to right, and vertical 
 -^'^-~ -«— rheasurements should read up- 
 ward. Great care should be taken in making 
 figures, as the worth and appearance of the draw- 
 ing depend greatly upon them. 
 
CHAPTER 11. 
 
 GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS. 
 
 Pfob. i. — To bisect a given straight line A B. 
 From points A and B as centers and with 
 any radius greater than half of the Hne A B, 
 describe arcs above and below, intersecting in 
 points I and 2. Draw a straight line through 
 points I and 2, cutting the line A B at 3, thus 
 bisecting the given line A B. 
 
 Pfob. 2. — To bisect an arc of a circle A B. 
 From a point A as center and with any ra- 
 dius greater than half of curve A B, draw arcs 
 above and below. With B as center and the 
 same radius, cut the arcs already drawn in points 
 I and 2. Draw a straight line through points 
 
 I and 2, intersecting the curve A B in 3, which 
 will bisect the given arc A B. 
 
 Prob. 3. — To bisect a given angle ABC. 
 
 With B as center and any radius, draw an 
 arc cutting the lines B A and B C in points i 
 and 2. With points i and 2 as centers and any 
 radius greater than half of arc i - 2, describe 
 arcs intersecting in point 3. Draw a line 
 through points B and 3 which will bisect the 
 given angle ABC. 
 
 Prob. 4. — To trisect a given right angle ABC. 
 
 With B as center and any radius, draw an 
 arc cutting the sides of the right angle in points 
 
14 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 I and 2. With points i and 2 as centers and 
 
 the same radius, draw arcs cutting in 3 and 4. 
 
 Draw lines B 4 and B 3 which trisect the given 
 
 right angle ABC. 
 
 Pfob. 5. — To divide a given straight line A B into 6 
 equal parts (applicable for any number) . 
 
 Draw the line A C at any angle to A B ; lay 
 off on this line 6 divisions, each equal to about 
 1 of A B. Connect points 6 and B by a straight 
 line. From points i, 2, 3, 4 and 5, draw lines 
 parallel with 6 B cutting A B in a, b, c, d and e. 
 
 Prob. 6. — To divide line A B into the same proportional 
 parts as the given line C D. 
 From point A draw a line at any angle to A 
 
 B. Lay off on this line the points correspond- 
 ing to points on line C D. Connect points 4 
 and B. From points i, 2 and 3, draw lines 
 parallel with 4 B, cutting the line A B in a, b 
 and c. 
 
 Prob. 7. — To divide a circle having the center given, 
 into 6 equal parts. 
 
 Draw the diameter 1-5. With points i and 5 
 as centers and radius 1-2 describe arcs cutting 
 
 the circle in points 3, 4, 6 and 7, which, with 
 points I and 5, are the desired divisions. 
 
 Prob. 8. — From point A above the given line B C, 
 draw a perpendicular to B C. 
 
 With point A as center and any radius, cut B 
 C in I and 2. With i and 2 as centers and any 
 radius, draw arcs below. From A draw a straight 
 line to point 3, which is the desired perpen- 
 dicular. 
 
 Prob. 9. — On a given line A B to erect a perpendic- 
 ular at point A. 
 
 With point A as center and any radius, draw 
 an arc cutting A B in i. With i as center 
 and the same radius, lay off points 2 and 3. 
 With points 2 and 3 as centers and any radius, 
 describe arcs above, cutting in 4. Connect 
 points 4 and A, thus erecting the desired per- 
 pendicular. 
 
 Prob. JO. — To draw a line C D parallel to a given line 
 A B at a given distance, as E F above it. 
 
 Erect perpendiculars at points i and 2 by 
 
 Prob. 9, lay off on these the distance E F, giv- 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 ing points 3 and 4. Draw line C D through 3 
 
 and 4. 
 
 Pfob. iU — Through point C draw the line D E paral- 
 lel to A B. 
 
 With point C as center and any radius, de- 
 scribe an arc cutting A B in i. With i as cen- 
 ter and same radius, describe an arc which will 
 cut line A B in 2. With i as center and radius 
 C 2, describe an arc cutting 1-3 in 3. Draw a 
 straight line through points 3 and C, which will 
 be the required line D E. 
 
 Prob. 12. — To construct an angle equal to a given 
 angle BAG. 
 
 Draw the line D F. With A as center and 
 any radius, describe an arc cutting the sides of 
 the angle in points i and 2. With D as center 
 and the same radius, describe an arc cutting D 
 F in 3. With radius 1-2, and 3 as center, de- 
 scribe an arc cutting 3-4 in 4. Draw D E 
 through D 4. E D F is the angle required. 
 
 Prob. 13. — Through point F draw a straight line which 
 
 would meet the intersection of A B and C D 
 
 if continued. 
 
 Draw F i and F 2 at any angle. Connect 
 
 1-2. From point 3 anywhere on A B make 3-4 
 parallel with 1-2, 3 E parallel with i F, and 4 E 
 parallel with 2 F. Pass a straight line through 
 points F and E, which will be the desired line. 
 
 Prob. 14. — Find the mean proportion between the 
 two lines A B and C D. 
 
 Lay ofif on E F, 1-2 equal to A B and 2-3 
 
 equal to C D. Bisect 1-3 in 4. With 4 as center 
 
 and radius 4-1, describe a semicircle. From 2 
 
 erect a perpendicular (Prob. 9) to E F, cutting 
 
 semicircle in 5. 2-5 will be the desired mean. 
 
 Prob. 15. — On the given line A B to construct a square. 
 Draw B i perpendicular to A B (Prob. 9) 
 and equal to A B. With points A and i as 
 centers and A B as radius, describe arcs cutting 
 in 2. Draw A-2 and 2-1. 
 
 Prob. 16. — On a given line A B to construct an 
 equilateral triangle. 
 
 With A and B as centers, and A B as radius, 
 
 describe arcs cutting in i. Draw A i and B i. 
 
 Prob. 17. — Having given the three sides of a triangle, 
 as A B, C D and E F, to construct the figure. 
 
 With point B as center and the radius C D 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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i8 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAAVING. 
 
 describe an arc. With point A as center and 
 E F as radius, describe an arc cutting the first 
 in I. Draw A i and B i. 
 
 Pfob. J 8. — On a given base A B to construct a fegolar 
 hexagon. 
 
 With A and B as centers and A B as radius, 
 
 describe arcs cutting in i. With i as center 
 
 and the same radius, describe a circle. A B is 
 
 equal to j of its circumference. Step ofif 
 
 points 2, 3, 4 and 5, and draw B-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5 
 
 and 5-A. 
 
 Pfob. J9» — Within a given square A B C D to inscribe 
 an octagon. 
 
 Draw the diagonals A C and B D, intersect- 
 ing in I. With A, B, C and D as centers and 
 radius A i, describe arcs 2-3, 4-5, 6-7 and 8-9 : 
 draw 3-6, 5-8, 7-2 and 9-4. 
 
 Prob. 20. — On a given line A B to construct a 
 pentagon. 
 
 With A and B as centers and radius A B, 
 
 describe arcs cutting in i and 2. Connect i 
 
 and 2. With i as center and the same radius. 
 
 describe an arc cutting at 3, 4 and 5. Pass a 
 line through 3-4 to 6, and one through 5-4 to 7. 
 With 7 and 6 as centers and radius A B, describe 
 arcs intersecting in 8. Draw A 7, 7-8, 8-6 and 
 6B. 
 
 Prob. 2J. — On a given base A B to construct an 
 octagon. 
 
 Erect perpendiculars at A and B. Bisect the 
 exterior angles and set off A i and B 2 equal 
 to A B. Connect 1-2, cutting the perpendicu- 
 lars in 3 and 4. Make 3-5 and 4-6 equal to 3-4. 
 Extend line through 5-6 indefinitely. Make 5-7, 
 6-8, 5-9 and 6-10 equal to 3 A. Draw A i, 1-7, 
 7-9, 9-10, 10-8, 8-2 and 2 B. 
 
 Prob. 22. — Within a given equilateral triangle ABC 
 to inscribe a circle- 
 
 Bisect the angles of the triangle by Prob. 3. 
 The bisectors will intersect in i. The perpen- 
 dicular distance from i to any side of the tri- 
 angle will be the radius of the desired circle 
 Note, this problem is true in any form of ti, 
 angle. 
 
Plate 3. 
 
 PROS. 13. 
 7 8 
 
 PROB.j, 20. 
 
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 PROB. 24. 
 
 PROB. 2S. 
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 PROB.I2S. 
 
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STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Pfot. 23. — Within a square A B C D to inscribe four 
 
 semicircles, each touching one side of the square 
 
 and their diameters forming a square. 
 
 Draw diagonals A C and D B, intersecting 
 
 in I. Draw diameters passing througii I. Draw 
 
 2-3, 3-4, 4-5 and 5-2. Draw 6-7, 7-8, 8-9 and 
 
 9-6, which give us points 11, 12, 13 and 14, the 
 
 centers of the required semicircles. 
 
 Pfob. 24. — Within a given equilateral triangle ABC 
 
 to inscribe three equal circles, each touching two 
 
 sides of the triangle and two other circles. 
 
 Bisect the angles of the triangle, letting the 
 bisectors cut the sides of the triangle in i, 2 
 and 3. With centers i, 2 and 3 and radius 1-2, 
 describe arcs cutting bisectors in 4, 5 and 6, the 
 centers of the required circles. A perpendicu- 
 lar (Prob. 8) from the center of any circle to 
 the side of the triangle will determine the radius 
 of the circle, and also the point of tangency. 
 
 Prob. 25. — Within a given circle to inscribe three semi- 
 circles, each touching the circumscribing circle, 
 and their diameters forming a 
 regular triangle. 
 Draw two diameters, 1-2 and 3-4 at right an- 
 gles to each other, intersecting in 5. Divide 
 
 the circle into twice as many parts as there are 
 semicircles to be inscribed, beginning at i. 
 Draw diameters 6-7 and 8-9. Connect 2-3, cut- 
 ting diameter 8-9 in 10, which locates one point 
 of the required triangle. With 5 as center and 
 radius 5-10, set off 11 and 12, which when con- 
 nected form the triangle. Draw lo-ii, 11 -12 
 and 12-10, giving points 13, 14 and 15, the cen- 
 ters of the required semicircles. 
 
 Prob. 26. — Within a given square A B C D to inscribe 
 
 four equal circles, each tangent to two 
 
 others and two sides of a square. 
 
 Draw the diagonals and the diameters mter- 
 secting in i and giving points 2, 3, 4 and 5. 
 Connect points 2-3, 3-4, 4-5 and 5-2, intersect- 
 ing diagonals in 6, 7, 8 and 9, which will be the 
 centers of the required circles. 
 
 Prob. 27. — Within a given circle to inscribe any num- 
 ber of equal circles which shall be tangent to 
 two others and to the circumscribing 
 circle. In this problem, five. 
 
 Divide the circumference of the circle into 
 twice as many equal parts as there are to be 
 circles inscribed. Produce the diameters on 
 
STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 either side of 2-7 until they meet a perpendicu- 
 lar erected to 2-7 at 2. Bisect angles 12 and 13 
 and let bisectors cut diameter 2-7 in 14. With 
 I as center and radius 1-14, draw a circle cut- 
 ting diameters in 15, 16, 17 and 18, the centers 
 of the required circles. 
 
 Prob. 28. — To draw a line tangent to a given circle 
 through a given point A. 
 
 Pass a line through center i and point A in- 
 definitely. With point A as center and any ra- 
 dius, cut this line in points 2 and 3. With 2 
 and. 3 as centers and any radius, describe arcs 
 cutting in 4 and 5. Connect 4 and 5, which 
 vill be the desired line. 
 
 Prob. 29. — To draw a line tangent to a given point A 
 in a circle when the center is not accessible. 
 
 Draw any chord A i. Bisect the chord and 
 arc (Probs. i and 2) in 2 and 3. With A as 
 center and A 3 as a radius, draw an arc 4-5 ; 
 with 3 as center and 3-5 as a radius, draw an arc 
 cutting 4-5 in 4. Draw line through A 4 tan- 
 gent to the circle. 
 
 Prob. 30. — Draw a circle tangent to a given point C in 
 
 line A B and through the fixed point D 
 
 without the line. 
 
 At point C erect a perpendicular (Prob. 9). 
 Connect C D and draw a perpendicular to its 
 center (Prob. i) intersecting the first perpendicu- 
 lar in I, which is the center of the required circle. 
 
 Prob. 31. — Draw a circle tangent to a given circle A, 
 
 also to a given line B C at a given point D 
 
 in the line. 
 
 Pass a line through D perpendicular to B C. 
 
 Lay off D i the length of the radius of circle 
 
 A and draw A i . Draw perpendicular to A i 
 
 (Prob. i) intersecting the line i D in 2, which 
 
 is the center of the required circle. 3 and D 
 
 are the points of tangency. 
 
 Prob. 32. — At a given point E in line D B draw two 
 
 arcs of circles tangent at this point and to 
 
 the two lines A B and C D. 
 
 Make B i equal to B E. Make D 2 equal 
 
 to D E. Draw E 3 perpendicular to D B, 1-4 
 
 perpendicular to A B and 2-3 perpendicular to 
 
 C D. Points 3 and 4 are the centers of the 
 
 required arcs. 
 
STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Ptoh. 33.— Having given parallel lines A B and C D, 
 to connect by two atcs of circle which shall 
 be tangent at points B and C and pass 
 through point E, which is any- 
 where on line B C. 
 
 At B and C erect perpendiculars. Bisect B 
 E and E C, intersecting the perpendiculars in i 
 and 2, the centers of the required arcs. 
 
 Prob. 34. — To draw an ellipse by means of a trammel, 
 having the axes given. 
 
 The semi-diameters of the ellipse are repre- 
 sented by A B and A C. Lay off on the straight 
 edge of a piece of paper 1-2 equal to A B, also 
 3-2 equal to A C. Keeping point i on the 
 short diameter and point 3 on the long, mark 
 off as many points at 2 as desired to form the 
 curve of the ellipse. 
 
 Prob. 35. — To draw a line tangent to an ellipse at any 
 given point, as E, in the curve. 
 
 With point C as center and A i as radius, 
 
 describe an arc cutting diameter A B in F and 
 
 F', which points are called foci. Extend a line 
 
 from F' through E indefinitely. Make E 2 
 
 equal to E F. Bisect the angle F E 2, giving 
 
 the desired tangent. 
 
 Prob. 36. — To draw a line tangent to an ellipse, passing 
 through a given point E without it. 
 
 Find the foci as in Prob. 35. With point E 
 
 as center and radius E F, describe an arc. With 
 
 F' as center and A B as radius, describe an arc 
 
 cutting the first arc in points i and 2. Connect 
 
 F' I and F' 2, cutting the ellipse in points 3 
 
 and 4. Draw lines from E through 3 and 4, 
 
 which will be tangent at 3 and 4. 
 
Plate 4. 
 
 PR0B.28. 
 
 PROB. Z9. 
 
 PROB. 30. 
 
 PROB. 51 
 
 PROB.Si. 
 ^ ,0 
 
 PROB. 33. 
 
 PROB. 36. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 SIMPLE PROJECTION, INTRODUCING THE PRINCIPLES OF WORKING DRAWINGS. 
 
 The working drawings of any object are such 
 drawings, accompanied by the proper measure- 
 ments, as will tell all the facts concerning that 
 object. Such drawings if sent to a mechanic 
 would be sufficient to enable him to perform 
 the desired piece of work without further ex- 
 planation. The number of views required de- 
 pends entirely upon the character of the subject 
 to be drawn; for instance, in Plate 5, Fig. i, 
 two views are sufficient to tell all that concerns 
 the cube, whereas for a more complicated object 
 three or even more views may be necessary to 
 tell all the facts. 
 
 Plate 5. — To draw the front and top views of 
 the cube in three positions. 
 
 Fig. I represents the cube so placed in the 
 top view that two edges are parallel to an imag- 
 inary horizontal line. In drawing the front 
 
 view we suppose the cube to be resting upon a 
 horizontal plane upon one of its faces, and so 
 placed as to appear as a square if seen directly 
 in front. In the top view we are supposed to' 
 be looking down upon the cube, its position 
 being unchanged. As noted before, the cube 
 will be seen as a square in both the front and 
 top views, and these should appear directly 
 above one another. The space between the two 
 views is immaterial, but should be such as to 
 appear well on the sheet. The horizontal lines 
 should be drawn with a T-square, having its 
 head against the left-hand edge of the board, 
 whereas the vertical lines should be drawn with 
 a triangle resting on the edge of the T-square 
 blade. Only three measurements are necessary. 
 They should be carefully placed as indicated in 
 the drawings, the arrow heads just touching the 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Plate 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 CUBE 
 
 
 
 
 FIG. 1. 
 
 
 FIG. i.. 
 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 
 
 
 Z\ 
 
 
 ^--^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v^ 
 
 .-^>^\ 
 
 ki 
 
 
 y 
 
 // \ 
 
 V 
 
 \ ' \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ ! \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 \\ / 
 
 
 \o\ 1 ^^ 
 
 
 
 TOP VIEIW 
 
 
 
 
 \.J\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 TOP 
 
 
 
 V'] 1 
 
 TOP Vliw 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 " cl > 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VI 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 CVJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 FRONT VIEW 
 
 
 FRONT VIEW 
 
 
 FRONT VIEW 
 
 
26 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 extension lines from those that they measure, 
 not overrunning or falling short. 
 
 Fig. 2 represents the cube turned in the top 
 view so that its edges make angles of 45° with 
 an imaginary horizontal line. 
 
 Fig. 3 represents the cube turned in a similar 
 manner, but at angles of 30° and 60° with a 
 horizontal line. In both of these figures the 
 top views should be drawn first. From them 
 project down and construct the front views di- 
 rectly opposite the front view in Fig. i . These 
 problems should be lined-in with a medium 
 grade pencil, making the result lines, or, in 
 other words, the outHnes of the cubes, strong 
 and black, uniform in thickness throughout the 
 drawing, and much resembling an inked line. 
 Extension lines should be at right angles to the 
 lines to be measured, and measurement lines 
 should be left light. Care should be given to 
 printing and figuring, as the appearance of the 
 sheet depends much upon this feature of the 
 work. Figs. 2 and 3 are not necessary as work- 
 ing drawings of a cube, but are given as simple 
 
 exercises for the use of the T-square and trian- 
 gles, and as a method of representing foreshort- 
 ened surfaces and of placing measurements 
 upon inclined lines. 
 
 Plate 6.— Fig. i represents the front, top and 
 side views of an equilateral triangular prism 
 placed so that two of its faces are equally visi- 
 ble in the front view. In this drawing the top 
 view should first be made, from which the 
 front and side views are projected. The stu- 
 dent should take notice that the width of the 
 side view is equal to the altitude of the trian- 
 gles formed by the top view and not to one of 
 its sides, as many beginners are apt to suppose. 
 
 Fig. 2. — Draw. the front and top views of a 
 regular hexagonal prism according to the meas- 
 urements given. In this, as in Fig. i, the top 
 view should be drawn first and the front view 
 projected directly below. Both the triangle in 
 Fig. I and the hexagon in Fig. 2 may be con- 
 structed by the use of the 30° and 60° triangle, 
 or more accurately, by the use of the compasses 
 as given in geometric problems 16 and 18. 
 
Plate 6. 
 
 FIG. 
 
 FIG. s.. 
 
 t 
 
 TRIANGULAR 
 
 AND 
 
 HEXAGONAL PRISMS 
 
 rrop VIEW 
 
 FRONT VIEW 
 
 SIDE VIEW 
 
 FRONT VIEW 
 
38 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 7. — The drawing at the left represents 
 the front and top views of a square pyramid. 
 Note that the height of the pyramid is given 
 on a measurement Hne parallel to the axis and 
 not parallel to the slant line of the pyramid. 
 
 The chimney model is represented by front 
 and top views and a vertical section ; this section 
 
 is supposed to be cut through line A and the 
 front half removed. The surface cut by this ver- 
 tical plane is section lined at 45°. Different 
 pieces of material adjoining one another are sec- 
 tion lined in different directions as shown in 
 this problem. 
 
Plate 7. 
 
 FRONT VIEW 
 
 SQUARE PYRAMID 
 
 AND 
 
 ' CHIMNEY MODEL 
 
 m 
 
 -|<0 -|« 
 
 i.i- 
 
 rfsT ii'f- 
 
 -li- 
 
 ->l< 1">I.5'J 
 
 I I 
 I I 
 I I 
 
 TOP VIEW I 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 SECTION 
 
 FRONT VIEW 
 
3° 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 8, — The drawing at the left represents 
 the front and top views of a paneled prism 
 turned at an angle of 30° and 60°. The top 
 view should be drawn first ; the main lines of 
 the prism and the vertical lines of the panel 
 may then be projected down to their respective 
 places as indicated by the connecting lines. In 
 the drawing at the right we have the front and 
 top views, and a vertical section of a hollow 
 
 flanged cylinder. The top view should be drawn 
 first, as in nearly all cases when the object is 
 based upon the cylinder. As but one piece of 
 material is shown in the section, all the section 
 lines run in the same direction. In mechanical 
 drawing, the front view of objects based upon 
 the cylinder are frequently represented half in 
 elevation and half in section, instead of making 
 a separate drawing of the section, as in this case. 
 
Plate 8. 
 
 SQUARE PRISM 
 
 AND 
 
 HC.LOW CYLINDER 
 
 ^^ 
 
 P 
 
 i 
 
 
 rRONT VIEW 
 
 SECTION 
 
 FRONT VIEW 
 
32 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 9. — Draw the front, top, right and left 
 side views of a cylinder and a cube, as placed in 
 the drawing. Locate the top view, from which 
 project points down, so placing the objects in 
 
 the front view. The spaces A', B', C, D' and E' 
 of the right side view are equal to spaces A, B, 
 C, D and E of the top view The vertical heights 
 in the side views are equal to those of the front. 
 
Plate g. 
 
 COMBINATION or 
 
 CYLINDER *~» CUBE 
 
 
 -eH 
 
 ^^— B- 
 
 C'^ 
 
 Lcrr SIDE VIEW. 
 
 FRONT VIEW. 
 
 RIGrHT SIDE VIEW. 
 
34 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 10, — Fig. i represents the front and top 
 views of a hexagonal prism. In tlic front view 
 this object shows two of its faces equally and 
 is so inclined that its base makes an angle of 
 30° with the horizontal plane. First, draw the 
 front view, making the short lines at 30° and 
 the long lines at 60°, and the distances A and B 
 in the front view equivalent to A' and B' in 
 the diagram Fig. 2 ; this diagram being a reg- 
 ular hexagon. In the top view the distances 
 C, D and E are equal to C, D' and E' in the 
 diagram. Having obtained the position of 
 these horizontal lines, project points in the 
 front view to corresponding lines in the top 
 
 view, giving points to be connected by straight 
 lines. 
 
 Fig. 3. — The top view as shown in this 
 figure is the same as in Fig. i, but turned at an 
 angle of 45°. The front view of this object in 
 the turned position must be quite different in 
 appearance from that in Fig. i ; but all its points 
 will appear to be at the same height as before it 
 was revolved. This being so, we have simply to 
 project corresponding points in the top and front 
 views until the lines intersect, giving the several 
 points, which are connected by straight lines. 
 For instance, point F may be traced from one 
 view to another, as shown in the drawing. 
 
Plate 10. 
 
 riG. I. 
 
 HEXAGONAL PRISM 
 
 Fie. 3. 
 
 FRONT VIEW 
 
 FRONT VIEW 
 
2,6 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate n. — In this plate we have the hexago- the hexagonal prism as shown on the left por- 
 
 nal prism resting across the square prism, their tion of the plate, proceed as in Plate lo. 
 
 projections to be carried out precisely as in the Measurements should be placed only upon 
 
 plate preceding. To find the projection of lines that are not foreshortened. 
 
Plate in. 
 
 FRONT VIEIW 
 
 FRONT VIEW 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 STRUCTURAL DETAILS. 
 
 Plates 12, 13 and 14 are given to acquaint 
 the student witti the exact shapes given to the 
 principal members that enter into the steel 
 structure. He should make careful drawings 
 full size, according to the given measurements, 
 which are talvcn directly from the standards 
 used by the leading rolling mills of America. 
 
 The slant for the flange in both the I and 
 channel beams is drawn to the American Stand- 
 ard of one to six, or i6| per cent. Fillet A in 
 both the I and channel beam is formed by an 
 
 arc whose radius is ^ the thickness of the web 
 at its thinnest section. Fillet B is formed by 
 an arc whose radius is equal to the thickness of 
 the web plus ^ of an inch. 
 
 If the student cannot secure an engineer's 
 scale, he may reduce the decimal fractions to the 
 nearest sixteenth or thirty-second of an inch. 
 With care the scale illustrated below can be 
 made on a heavy paper. This will give any 
 measurement necessary from i^^ of an inch to 
 six inches. 
 
 O I 2 .3 4 .5 .6 7 .8 i 
 
07 
 
 ,,99'Z- 
 
 ^IT 
 
 „9Z0 
 
 1 
 
 iOt 
 
 to 
 
 HL 
 
 J 
 
 u 
 
 z 
 z 
 
 < 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 ;,52"e- 
 
 
 V. 
 
 •,t6'3- 
 
42 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plates 15, 16, 17 and 18 are not given as 
 exercises in drawing, but as reference plates. 
 Thus, Plate 1 5 presents the principal I and chan- 
 nel beams in general use. The student will 
 notice that only a portion of the I and channel 
 
 beam is shown in each case, just enough to 
 give all the measurements necessary to make 
 the completed drawing. For instance, the 
 drawing in the upper left-hand corner presents 
 the measurements for a 3" I beam. 
 
Plate 15. 
 
 DiMEiNsioNS °^ I-Deamsano Channels 
 
 4.00- 
 
 15" C 
 
 9" L 
 
Plate r6. 
 
 Dimensions or Angles 
 
 ANGLES WITH EQUAL LEGS 
 
 16 
 
 l4Xli"L 
 
 
 " " . 
 
 1x1 L. 
 
 5zx'5z L 
 
 3 " , 3 " 
 
 I4:xl4 L. 
 
 !* 3" 
 
 — *i 
 
 '<^mmw/////// \- 
 
 
 3x3'' L. 
 
 k 
 
 3" i' 
 4"' 
 
 xi L. 
 
 4x4 L. 
 
 ANGLES wiTN UNEQUAL LEGS 
 
 ^L. 
 
 • I " I » 
 
 Zix3i L. 
 
 3x35-" L 
 
 < 2e 
 
 
 sJ 
 
 ^tmmmw^w/^ 
 
 '--H 
 
 5!" 
 
 rv^ 
 
 2ix3"L. 
 
 K ^E" 
 
 ->i 
 
 fl 
 
 J< 3" 
 
 ) 
 
 
 mmmmmmm 
 
 
 ^^5 i'" 
 
 3x5" L. 
 
 ^ 
 
 !>' 
 
 ']^A 
 
 16 
 
 -De - 
 
 e'kaf'L. 
 
 "^IWMW^MMWM. 
 
 '(0|<D 
 
 3ix6"L. 
 
 a 
 
 
 4x6 L, 
 
Plate 17. 
 
 «ils!::^7T 
 
 l8-»» 
 
 DIMENSIONS orTEES 
 
 _ TEEIS with ElQUAL LEGS 
 
 32 
 
 3l 
 
 32 
 
 -2i" 
 
 
 
 -*4 K- 
 
 8 
 
 
 1 
 
 '"'"^^^^m, 
 
 i 
 
 — Ji"l< 
 
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 C6 
 
 -^ 1 K 
 
 i. 
 
 -2i 
 
 -«k- Jt~ -^1;:-^ tj--i :;| /. , • z <^ ^<^» 
 
 B...J 
 
 10 
 
 Teeis with Unequal Legs 
 
 I I* — 2 s" — ^ I K 3" H 
 
 '^f^^^^^i T I 1^ — 2i"— ^ 
 
 ^¥^ 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 ^-pm^^mzd"' 
 
 t^^ 
 
 JO 
 
 i-t: 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
folate 1 8. 
 
 Dimensions ^-Z-Bars 
 
 oil" 
 
 -3ie 
 
 04 
 
 ■z-L 
 02 
 
 16 'z 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 fey//4////. 
 
 ^Zf 
 
 
 VDlf °u)l« 
 
 pa" 
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 ^ 
 
 \ ^y///Ay////^,Y//// A 
 
 "IS -K>|« 
 
 i't 
 
 lf> 
 
 -^^^ 
 
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 5"i. 
 
 
 j58 
 
 ^ 1 t -,: ^ 
 
 Vji5 Vilo 
 
 3t 
 
 22 
 
 :4-- --t 
 
 Vf^fiiK- 
 
 
 16 V)5 
 
 Q16 io|2 nisi .._,,. ■ 
 
 I* — 3r -I 
 
 
48 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 19, — Fig. i presents the conventional 
 method of representing the hexagonal nut. 
 The student will see by the table of approxi- 
 mate proportions that the nut is drawn to fit 
 a bolt f" in diameter. Arc A-B is struck 
 from center C limiting the arcs struck from D 
 and E as shown by the dotted lines. 
 
 Fig. 2 presents the conventional method of 
 representing a bolt with a square head and nut. 
 The student should note that the slant of the 
 threads is equal to one half the space between 
 
 two adjoining threads ; that is, A is equal to 
 one half B. 
 
 The drawings on the lower half of the plate 
 give the exact shapes of completed rivet heads. 
 The distance A is governed by the thickness of 
 the plates riveted. In a scale drawing the head 
 of the rivet is always drawn as a semicircle ; 
 but in copying this the student should use the 
 three centers, as indicated, to acquire a better 
 appreciation of the true shape of the head. 
 
50 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 20. — This sheet represents the standard 
 drawings, given by the American Bridge Co., 
 of the loop rod, eye bar and clevis. Two 
 views are given of both the loop rod and eye 
 bar, and three of the clevis. 
 
 This plate makes an excellent exercise in 
 drawing especially in the use of the tangents. 
 To derive the full benefit of the problem the 
 student should make this drawing at least one 
 half full size. 
 
o 
 a. 
 
 r^ 
 
 kJ 
 
 t(<- ^^t^- "^ ■ 
 
 I 
 
 Ul 
 
 -I 
 < 
 o 
 
 (0 
 
52 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 21. — This plate gives the working 
 drawings of a sleeve nut and turnbuckle, accord- 
 ing to the standard proportions given by the 
 American Bridge Co. 
 
 The student should first consider the center 
 
 lines, and after they are placed block in the 
 main proportions ; the small details will follow 
 in order. 
 
 This affords an excellent exercise in drawing, 
 especially in the use of the tangents. 
 
Plate 21. 
 
 -2i"- 
 
 CVI" 
 
 Sleeve Nut 
 
 (CM Vl 
 
 k-2i->, 
 
 SECTION on A B 
 
 -EE 
 
 
 -/ifHlH 
 
 S 
 
 -^ 
 
 r-0"- 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 I CM, 
 
 
 >Tl'>t 
 
 (Vl 
 
 A. 
 
 "T" 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 ^H 
 
 12 
 
 5CALE= t 
 
 TURNBUCKLE 
 
 a e 3 o 
 
 I I I I I I I I . I . I . I 
 
54 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 22, — This plate presents four typical 
 anchors that are in general use. In each draw- 
 ing the front view and horizontal section are 
 shown, that is, the I beam is supposed to be 
 cut horizontally just above its connection with 
 the anchor, thus showing the details more 
 
 clearly. In Fig. i, A represents the front view 
 of the I beam with its connections, B the top 
 view or horizontal section. In drawing this 
 the student should first consider the front and 
 top views of the I beam, after which the anchor 
 and its details may be added, 
 
Plate 22. 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 FlG.l. 
 
 ^^wm 
 
 ANCHORS 
 
 41 
 
 S 
 
 
 ^ le 
 
 >_ 
 
 ^>0 
 
 f^^W^ 
 
 Tiir 
 
 ui t 
 
 
 l^li 
 
 iK> 
 
 
S6 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 23. — Fig. i gives the front, top and 
 side views of two I beams connected by a cast 
 iron separator. For a better understanding of 
 the separator see Fig. 2, and for the details of 
 
 the I beam see Fig. 4. Fig. 3 presents a type 
 of separator used in smaller beams than that of 
 Fig. I. The student should make these draw- 
 ings large, as nearly full size as possible. 
 
tj 
 
 ^^s-0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MM 
 
 ^" \o7 \or 
 
 (5 
 
 .^2-\- 
 
 I I 
 II 
 
 I I 
 I I 
 
 "cJ 
 
 "II 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 <0 
 
58 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 24. — This plate gives the conventional 
 signs for rivets as designed by F. C. Osborn, 
 C. E. 
 
 Fig. I represents the front and bottom views 
 of two angles riveted to a web plate. The 
 student will note that the four rivets at the left 
 of the dotted line are designated as Shop; this 
 means that the riveting is to be done at the 
 shop ; those at the right of the dotted line are 
 
 designated as Field; that is, the riveting is to be 
 done at the building. The student will also 
 notice that the signs indicate whether the rivets 
 are to be countersunk or not, and the side on 
 which the countersinking is to occur. 
 
 Fig. 2 gives the method of showing whether 
 the heads of the rivets are to be flattened or 
 not, and how much ; the amount being indicated 
 by the diagonal lines. 
 
Plate 24. 
 
 Plain 
 
 OsBORN Rivet Signs 
 Shop 1 Field 
 
 CouNTE:f=^suNK -^""Chipped | Countersunkano chipped 
 
 FAB SIDE NEAR SIDE BOTH SIDES I FAR SIDE NEAR SIDE BOTH SIDES 
 
 Plain 
 
 ^>- 
 
 4 — $ — m I f — ^ — ^ 
 
 :esz: 
 
 rh 
 
 I 
 
 ji:^ 
 
 'X////'/. 
 
 "^7- 
 
 ^ 
 
 '^T^ 
 
 ^y ^ T T 
 
 ... : . •• .:azzz 
 
 i 
 
 v///Am<^.- ■/,'/// 
 
 FLATTENED TO i HiGM 
 
 FAR SIDE NEAR SIDE BOTH SIDES 
 
 FFGl • 
 
 Flattened totHigh 
 
 FAR SIDE NEAR SIDE BOTH SIDES 
 
 Flattened to f High 
 
 FAR SIDE NEAR SIDE 50TH SIDES 
 
 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 % % 
 
 r 
 
 ^X^ 
 
 1 
 
 4x 
 
 Jl-X. 
 
 
 I ^.'////////A\ x^///////y//,'/Ayi///y// 
 
 7iTF7 
 
 ■'////x.. 
 
 < '-'','//V//J,-V 
 
 V7771 
 
 "^7 
 
 TT" 
 
6o STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 25. — This plate represents the rivet differs a little from the preceding, being not 
 signs used by the American Bridge Co. and quite as complete, 
 known as the Pencoyd System. This method 
 

 
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62 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 26. — Fig. i gives the front and top 
 views of a single laced column. The student 
 will note that this is made up of two channel 
 beams held in position by plates of steel, in 
 this instance 2" wide by J" thick. 
 
 Fig. 2 represents the drawing of a double 
 laced column. In this, as in Fig. i, the lacings 
 are drawn at an angle of 45°. 
 
 Fig. 3 gives several standard sizes of lattice 
 bars in general use. 
 

 <>- 
 
 <a 
 
 , 19 
 
 
 >" 
 
 ^.7 
 
 ^^C 
 
 
 y _i 
 
 -«*K -0-1 
 
 >i k-«(S 
 
 z 
 
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 03 
 
 ^^ '^^'■^^'.■.'.'.'.'.'.'.^ 
 
 :^ 
 
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 )- 
 
&4 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 27, — This and the following plate rep- 
 resent the framing angles that are in general 
 use among the principal construction compa- 
 nies. The student will note that in every in- 
 stance, the measurement from the center of the 
 first row of rivets to the back of the angle is 
 
 two and one half inches, and from the center 
 of the first row to that of the second, two 
 and one quarter inches. This regularity is de- 
 signed to simplify the punchings for the rivets, 
 so that the several holes may be punched at one 
 operation. 
 
<i> 
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68 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 29. — This plate presents the front, top 
 and side views of the framing of a steel floor 
 beam into a girder. The isometric drawing in 
 the upper right-hand section of the plate is 
 given to show the student more clearly the 
 relative positions of the different members, the 
 
 positions of the rivets being omitted. The 
 size of the rivets in this and all other plates to 
 follow are to be |" unless otherwise mentioned. 
 The drawing should be made at least one half 
 full size, and all measurements placed as indi- 
 cated. 
 
Plate 29. 
 
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70 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 30. — This plate represents the front, 
 top and sectional views of a plate girder. 
 
 This girder is built up with one central plate, 
 known as the web, and reenforced by top and 
 bottom plates and angles. The student will 
 see that the angles used in the upper and lower 
 members are 5" x 6" while the stiffeners or 
 upright angles are 4" x 4". Both single and 
 double riveting is used in this girder. The 
 space between the rivets which is technically 
 called "pitch," is governed by the character of 
 the design and the load to be carried. The 
 
 maximum spacing for a f " rivet is 6" and the min- 
 imum 2^". The distance between the center of 
 a rivet and the outside edge of any flange 
 should not be less than i;^". 
 
 The measurement directly to the right of the 
 section is read thus : Six 3^" spaces are equal 
 to I '-9". This applies to the spacing of rivets 
 when several are spaced equally as in this 
 drawing. 
 
 This problem should be drawn at least one 
 fourth full size. 
 
Plate 30. 
 
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f]2 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 31, — This drawing represents the front, general instructions given in the foregoing 
 top and sectional views of a box girder. The plate may apply to this drawing. 
 
Plate 31. 
 
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74 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 32, — This drawing presents the front, 
 top and side views of a base together with the 
 connection of a "closed column." The base is 
 made of cast iron, the top surface being faced 
 or planed off at the mill, giving an even bear- 
 ing surface for the column. 
 
 The small circle at A represents a hole in the 
 casting, about i^" in diameter. These holes are 
 
 arranged so the mason can pour in grout (thin 
 mortar), after the base is properly set. By this 
 method the mason is able to fill any openings 
 that may have been left unfilled. 
 
 This type of base is quite generally used ; 
 but in practice, special designs and dimensions 
 must be considered to meet the requirements 
 of the particular problem. 
 
Plate 32. 
 
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76 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 33, — This drawing gives the front, top 
 and side views of a "closed column," built up 
 of plates and angles. It is an enlarged detail 
 of the preceding plate, taking in the portion of 
 
 the column above the face line. Detail A 
 gives the measurements necessary to make the 
 drawing of the upright angle, while section B 
 gives the measurements for the horizontal angle. 
 
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78 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 34, — This drawing presents an " open 
 section column," built up with an I beam and 
 two channels. Detail A gives a portion of the 
 
 necessary measurements in making the drawing. 
 The student should draw this to a large scale in 
 order to get the full benefit of the problem. 
 
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 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 35. — This plate presents a " closed col- 
 umn," built up of four Z-bars and three plates. 
 Two angles are used at the base to stiffen and 
 create a proper connection between the base 
 
 and the column. Fig. i gives an enlarged de- 
 tail of a portion of one of the Z-bars. This is 
 given to assist the student with the minor 
 details. 
 
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82 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 36,— This plate gives the front, top and 
 side views of the connection between an I-beam 
 and a Z-bar column. This is one of the sim- 
 plest connections in use, the supporting mem- 
 ber being simply an angle iron. The student I-beam, 
 will note that the solid black openings as at A 
 
 indicate "field riveting," that is, the riveting is 
 to be done as the building is being erected. 
 
 Fig. I presents an enlarged detail of one of 
 the Z-bars while Fig. 2 gives the detail of an 
 
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84 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 37. — This plate presents the front, 
 top and side views of a Z-bar column, showing 
 the connections with I-beams. The I-beams 
 are connected to the column by means of two 
 horizontal angles, the lower one being reen- 
 
 forced or supported by means of two vertical 
 angles. The student should note that the leg 
 of the angle in each case comes directly under 
 the web of the I-beam. 
 
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86 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 38, — This plate gives the front, top and 
 side views of a channel column with its various 
 I-beam connections. In many respects the 
 connections in this are similar to the last plate. 
 
 Just above the I-beam connections a method 
 
 of splicing the column is shown which usually 
 occurs every second story. Fig. i gives the 
 detail of the channel, Fiar. 2 the detail of the 
 
 12" I-beam, 
 I-beam. 
 
 and Fig. 
 
 ■I the detail of the 8' 
 
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88 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 39.— This plate gives a typical form umn is seldom used on account of expense, 
 of the Phoenix segmental column. The col- but makes an excellent exercise in drawing. 
 

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92 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 41. — This drawing gives three views of prevent the weight from bearing on the outside 
 
 a typical cast-iron column with its connections. edge of the seat should any deflection of the 
 
 The student will note that the top of the beam take place, 
 lug or seat, has a slight pitch. This is done to 
 

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94 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 42, — ^Thls plate shows three views of a 
 typical cast-iron column and its connections. The 
 connection at A is arranged for a double I-beam 
 girder, while that at B is for a single I-beam. 
 
 The connection used to join the double 
 I-beams with the column serves as a separator 
 as well as a connection. 
 
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96 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 43. — This drawing gives the front, top 
 and side views of a square cast-iron column 
 with its several connections. 
 
 The method of joining the beams is shown 
 just above the section A-B. These connec- 
 tions occur at each floor, differing from steel 
 columns, which usually run through two floors. 
 
 The student should note that the I-beams are 
 
 connected to the column by means of angles, 
 unlike the last two plates in which cast-iron 
 lugs were used. 
 
 The isometric drawing in the upper right- 
 hand section of the plate is given to assist the 
 student in reading and making the drawing. 
 The rivets and bolts are omitted in this part of 
 the plate. 
 
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98 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 44, — The drawing in the upper section 
 of the plate gives the conventional method of 
 representing a typical beam-plan. The student 
 will note that the main girders are represented 
 by a single line, as at G ; while the floor beams 
 by a line running in the opposite direction. 
 The dot-and-dash line indicates the position of 
 the tie-rods. 
 
 The drawing occupying the lower portion of 
 the plate represents an enlarged detail of one 
 of the floor panels, showing the manner in 
 which the beams and girders are framed to- 
 
 gether. 
 
 For a more comprehensive presentation, 
 study the two following plates. 
 
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STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 45. — Gives a working drawing of terra- may be used with the beam-plan of the fore- 
 cotta floor construction, end method, such as going plate. 
 
Plate 45. 
 
 
 
 
 
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I02 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 46, — This drawing gives the front, top 
 and right side views of the plate and angle col- 
 umn used in Plate 44. In making the drawing 
 the student will do well to locate the main lines 
 of the column and girder in all three views be- 
 fore considering the minor details. 
 
 Fig. I gives the detail of the angle used in 
 
 building up the column. Fig. 2 gives the de- 
 tail of the 15" I-beam girder. Fig. 3 gives the 
 detail of the 9" I-beam. Fig. 4 gives an iso- 
 metric view showing the relative positions of 
 the several members. Make the drawing to as 
 large a scale as possible. 
 
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104 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 47. — This plate represents the working 
 drawings of column, No. 32, Plate 44, showing 
 the connections between the spandrel beams 
 and the column. These beams are located at 
 the floor level and carry the wall above as well 
 as their portion of the floor. 
 
 Figs. I, 2 and 3 represent the front, top and 
 side views of the spandrel girder as shown at 
 section E. F., Plate 44. 
 
 The student should first lay out the three 
 views of the column and the main 15" girder, 
 after which proceed to the details. 
 
Plate 47. 
 
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 Column Connection, 
 
 Wall and Floor 
 Construction 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 STEEL MILL CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Plate 50. — This plate gives the elevation and 
 two sectional views of a typical mill construc- 
 tion. The corrugated iron in the elevation is 
 largely omitted to show the student the method 
 
 of framing. 
 
 In drawing this, it will be well to 
 
 make the sections first and project directly from 
 these to the elevation. The drawing should be 
 made large ; and for a more definite idea of the 
 construction the student will do well to con- 
 sult the four plates of details that follow. 
 
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STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 51. — This plate presents the detail 
 drawing of a corner of the building, including 
 a part of the foundation. While making this 
 the student should consult the previous plate, 
 and not merely copy the lines as given. Every 
 
 line should be considered in both drawings. 
 
 The corrugated iron in the top view is shown 
 as a single wavy line. It is best to draw the 
 sections before the elevation. 
 
STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 52, — This plate gives the detail draw- 
 ings of an upper corner of the building, taking 
 in the cornice. 
 
 The section at the right should be considered 
 before drawing the elevation. Draw the main 
 
 outlines of the frame before any of the minor 
 details. Note that the front view of the gutter 
 is omitted, leaving the framework to stand out 
 clearly. 
 
ii6 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 54. — This illustration represents the 
 detail of the window and a portion of the foun- 
 dation, as shown in Plate 50. This and the 
 above mentioned plate should be studied care- 
 
 fully. Draw the two sections first, and then 
 project to the front view, completing the draw- 
 
it ' 
 
 I-I— ■ 
 
ii8 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 55» — This plate presents the details of 
 the window, as shown in Plate 50. This draw- 
 ing takes in the upper portion of the window as 
 well as a section through the meeting-rail. 
 
 In making the drawing consider first the sec- 
 tions and the main framework, and later the 
 minor details. 
 
Plate 55. 
 
 '-1- 
 
 L 
 
 ^ 
 
 r^ 
 
 4~i 
 
 -::^ 
 
 vt 
 
 
 
 ii-t' 
 Li 
 
 CORRUGATED 
 STEEL 
 
 -# 
 
 ZTi. 
 
 c /zn/yy-/^ 
 
 ~ 'to 
 
 _1 
 
 FLASHING 
 
 Details ■~^ 
 
 OF Window ^ 1] 
 
in 
 a. 
 
 uJ 
 Q 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 o 
 
122 • STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 57. — This illustration gives the general ing consider the plates that follow, especially in 
 outlay of a sixty-foot truss, showing the position locating the smaller details. 
 
 of its several members. In making this draw- 
 
Plate 57. 
 
 Detail or Truss 
 
 60-0 C-C ANCHOR BOlTS 
 
 Scale i t t > t -1— 
 
124 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 58, — This and the three following plates 
 represent details taken at the principal connec- 
 tions, as shown in Plate 57. 
 
 In this as in the details mentioned several 
 
 views are given to bring out all the facts con- 
 cerning the connections. The student should 
 make a careful study of every portion, noting 
 the manner in which the members are connected. 
 
Plate 58. 
 
 Details or truss 
 
 Scale 
 
 iU 
 
 Ar- 
 
 £:j_ 
 
 i« — 
 
 ^MMM>^^^> 
 
 -7-2i SP5-l-3i 
 
 ^>- 
 
 ixy^XM^Mxy 
 
 ^=^^ r-: -7 
 
 ->l<-J'-^t« 7-2i SP5-l-3i- 
 
 
 ..I I 
 
 
 t^t 
 
 ■-iB 
 
 
 t i 
 
 -5-1- 
 
 — H 2 
 
 ■;;-*-■ 
 
 in 
 
 I ? 
 
 Ifl' HOLES 
 
 ri_i:x 
 
 
 ^:s c:^_^\ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 fe 
 
 ^^? 
 
 
 /: :i_£ x-£ x_^ i-z i. 
 
 ^ 7~^ T~W-^ 7-^ 7^ 7-X 7-C 7 
 
 I !__ 
 
 ' ~7~' — ~r: — '~~r~. i — , 1 
 
 K-4— >l< 3-* SPS-I-O- x«-3-*t 
 
 h ; 1-7'—- -*l 
 
 SECTION o'fA-B 
 
Plate 59. 
 
 Details of Truss 
 
 1" 6 4) d) (^J) 
 
 £x_i::i 
 
 -6i' >K- 
 
 -Zi ?P5-T-6 
 
 ^»r 
 ^M ^ 
 
 ^ — (> — "►-^^j»^ — <» — ^ 
 
 cx-Xb 
 
 
 SECTION °nC-D 
 
 5-3 
 
 l|-k"2u,i..£:-lT 
 
 
 a 
 
 la";2Uik^l4 
 
 
 O 
 
 -CX 
 
 -K> 
 
 ^7~q7 
 
 ^> 
 
 ^^^^> 
 
 rpi '^iv'i^^ 'T' ^ '1^ 
 
 fed 
 
 vp Uy 
 
 i;7 
 
 ^T' 
 
 <^>^> 
 
 P^-^-^^- 
 
 ^?^ 
 
 , : .,L_ 
 
 i >>> M - 
 
 1 ^ f I f f Y 
 
 M M J^ 
 
 SECTION °~A-B 
 
 ^ . liiiKaj^ 2- 4' ^ 
 
Details of truss 
 
 Plate 60. 
 
 '-wix 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 "J 
 
 .A 
 
 yp \ry v 
 
 ^::> 
 
 O 
 
 ^^ 
 
 cx 
 ex 
 cx 
 
 > 
 
 X5 
 X) 
 
 > 
 
 SECTION onA-B 
 
 Scale i i i T i i t i i- 
 
Plate 6i. 
 
 Details of truss 
 
 
 SECTION ON A-B 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 IRON STAIRCASE CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 Plate 62, — This plate gives the front, top and 
 side views of an iron staircase. In making a 
 drawing of this the student should study the 
 three following sheets of details and not merely 
 
 copy the lines given. The exercise can be made 
 more helpful by changing the conditions of the 
 problem slightly, and using this as a reference 
 
 plate. 
 
Plate 62. 
 
 Drawing 
 
 6TAIRGA5E 
 
 ¥ 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
£34 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 63. — This plate presents the detail draw- 
 ing of the lower portion of the staircase together 
 with the newel-post, as shown in Plate 62. 
 
 The isometric drawing in the upper left-hand 
 portion of the sheet is given to assist the student, 
 
 showing how the riser and treads are secured to 
 the newel-post and the stringer. The student 
 in making this drawing should first locate the 
 risers and treads in all three views, then the 
 newel-posts, and finally the minor details. 
 
Plate 63. 
 
 ■| TAP BOLTS 
 
136 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 64, — This drawing gives the detail of 
 staircase taken at the square landing, Plate 62, 
 showing the connections of the risers and treads 
 with the angle-posts and the stringers. The 
 isometric drawings are given to assist in locating 
 
 the various members of the staircase and show- 
 ing their connections. 
 
 To make an intelligent drawing tliis problem 
 should be studied in connection with the above 
 mentioned plate. 
 
Plate 64. 
 
 NOTE-SLAXt ON 
 
 TREADS \z THICK 
 
 SU^TE ON 
 
 LANDING 2THICK 
 
138 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 65* — This plate presents the upper sec- connections between the stringer and the I-beam 
 tion of the staircase (Plate 62), showing the girder. 
 
Plate 65. 
 
 i_ <7rr/>777^ - 
 
 Detail or String 
 
 0^ 
 
 1,1, 1 .1,1 I , I , I. M t 
 
340 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 66, — This drawing presents three views 
 of an iron staircase which is enclosed on three 
 sides by a brick wall. 
 
 The student should first consider the plan, 
 
 after which carefully lay out the outline of the 
 treads and risers in both the front and side views. 
 The following plates should be carefully studied 
 in relation to the minor details. 
 
142 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 67. — This plate presents the working 
 drawing of the lower section of the staircase, 
 including a portion of the newel-post. By the 
 isometric drawing one will readily see the con- 
 nections of the various parts. The details should 
 
 be drawn as large as possible. The iron dowel 
 protruding from the lug on the stringer, as rep- 
 resented at A, is arranged to hold the slate tread 
 in position. 
 
Plate 67. 
 
 DETAIL or Stair 
 
 kk 
 
 T' 
 
 
 r 
 
 in I 
 
 r 
 
 1— 
 
 rtt 
 
 1— 
 
 -+- 
 
 I I 
 
144 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 68, — In this drawing we have the front, 
 top and side views of an angle-post, showing 
 how the risers and treads are connected with the 
 stringers and angle-post. In making the draw- 
 
 ing the student should first locate the angle-post 
 in the three views, then the risers and treads, 
 finally the lug connections. If he follows this 
 method little difficulty will be encountered. 
 
o 
 a. 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 I- 
 
 U 
 
 Q 
 
 -4 
 
 -- fi 
 
 -p^ 
 
 
 ¥ 
 
 D 
 
 =i 
 
 
 -L >K- 
 
 ! r-^. 
 
 i£Od 310NV 
 
146 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 69, — This drawing gives the connection 
 between the upper portion of the staircase and 
 the floor construction. First locate the I-beam, 
 then the floor and ceiling lines, after which the 
 
 main lines of the stringer and tread, finally the 
 small details. The isometric drawing in the 
 upper left-hand section of the plate will greatly 
 assist the student. 
 
Plate 69. 
 
 Stair Details 
 
 FLOORING 
 
 (^^ 
 
 T 
 
 ^sys^^^P ^ 
 
 :^ 
 
 
 X^ STEEL ROD SPACER 
 
 ~^' 
 
 FLAT BAR IMBED 
 CONCRETE 
 
 IXt FLAT BAR^ 
 
 10 
 -I 
 
 
 ^. 
 
 wire: netting 
 
 STRtTCHElD ON BARS 
 
148 
 
 STRUCTURAL DRAWING. 
 
 Plate 70. — This and the following four plates 
 present an iron staircase in which winders are 
 introduced. The main features in this problem 
 are not unlike those of the two foregoing exam- 
 
 ples, and by carefully studying the isometric 
 drawings little or no difficulty will be encoun- 
 tered. 
 
o 
 
 (0 
 
 IL 
 
 < 
 
 
 u 
 
 h 
 
 q: 
 
 (0 
 
 <r 
 
 6 
 
 <^ 
 
fe/ / // 
 
 / / // 
 / / // 
 
 / / I \ // / 
 
Plate 73. 
 
 isometric 
 op- 
 Staircase Detail 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 ORNAMENTAL IRON WORK. 
 
 Plate 74. — This and the following plates are 
 given as simple exercises in ornamental iron 
 construction. To derive the full benefit the 
 
 student should make the drawings to as large 
 a scale as possible. 
 
Plate 74. 
 
 DETAIL 
 
 OF 
 
 WROUGHT IRON RAILING 
 
 Detail of 
 Connection at -/?. 
 
 ^ 
 
 a_ 
 
 J 
 
 B 
 
 D&toil of 
 Connection at -B> V 
 
 '2ZZZ, 
 
 vzzzz. 
 
 •izzzzz. 
 
 Front Viz-oy 
 
 TZZZZZ. 
 
 Section /?-0. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 5fone. 
 
Plate 75. 
 
 DETAIL OF RAILING 
 
 7-D C.toC. 
 Flan 
 
 Connection at 
 3 
 
Plate 76. 
 
 ^^l 
 
 ♦ [i^ » ^ ^ ^ ^Ij 
 
 Top Vieoj. 
 
 DETAIL 0^ 
 IRON GATE AND FENCE 
 
 Detail of, 
 Cap 
 
 
 k A 
 
 H 
 
 ^-. 
 
 /-a 
 
 -3'^: 
 
 
 iF 
 
 ■ifxzfxl 1^ 
 
 C: 
 
 Connection 
 .at A 
 6tone- 
 
 % 
 
 i 
 
 Connection 
 at B. 
 
 > r~' 
 
 -}ii'r 
 
 oiir3 
 
 n 
 
 Connection 
 at C. 
 £' 2;' 
 
 
 Connection 
 at E 
 
 [^ 
 
 irr 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^3 
 
 TDT 
 n m 
 
 1.V 
 
 c 
 
 / (I n ' 
 '.1/' 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 f^.: 
 
 Connection at D 
 
 # 
 
 at 
 
 Front View-. 
 
 Connection at F 
 
 Connection atG 
 
Plate 77. 
 
 n-t I — I I — 
 
 DETAIL OF 
 FIRE ESCAPE 
 
 o 
 ^^I — 
 
 ^ .ail 1 
 
 Connection ^ 
 at E. 
 
 R 
 
 D 
 
 ^ ) 
 
 "^ 
 
 - 
 
 
 S ^ r 
 
 
 
 u. 
 
 ) 
 
 ,ro^tf :=r : 
 
 
 Section C-D. 
 
 ^? B? 
 
 Connection at A 
 
 Connection at C. 
 
 Connection at D. 
 
 -fX4- Hats. 
 
Plate 78. 
 
 DETAIL or 
 FIRE ESCAPE 
 
 Section C-P Covncciiori oLtC 
 
 3/de. Vieur 
 
 Frovt VieiAf 
 

 — .ti:-s 
 
 s 
 
 (J 
 
 b 
 
 ^ i 
 
 cnx 
 
 /l//VOA<r nr ^/TOff 
 
 =^- 
 
 E 
 
 (J 
 
 1 
 
 E 
 
 / 
 
 
Plate 80. 
 
 HORIZONTAL JiCCTION 
 .THROUGH COUBT W/NDOWC: 
 
 i' cT ■ a' -^ * 
 
CO 
 
OCT 20 1918 
 
 Deacidified using the Bookkeeper proces 
 Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
 Treatment Date: Nov. 2003 
 
 PreservationTechnologie; 
 
 A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATIO 
 
 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 
 Cranberry Township, PA 16066 
 (724)779-2111 
 
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