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MARYLAND IN THE BEGINNING: 
 
 ( ' ^ 
 
 A liKIKF M'lOriTTKD TO 'rilK 
 
 HISTORICAL ANJ:> POLITICAL SCIENCE 
 ASSOCIATION 
 
 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 
 
 EDWARD D. NEILL 
 
 ' Truth IS the daughter of Time," 
 
 / ?» 
 
 '■^' Oui statuit aliquid, parte inaudita altera, 
 .^ yfequum licet statuerit, haud sequu-. fuit." 
 
 BALTIMORE. 
 
 CUSHINGS AND BAILEY 
 262 BaUiruore Street. 
 1884. 
 

 ?//^ 7/4^^ 
 
 By tr»nefo» 
 
 OCT 20 1915 
 
 '.wnsoN. SMITH a harr:so'i 
 PRINTERS, 
 
 MISKEAPOLIS, MI^^• 
 
TO THE 
 
 PRESIDENT, PROFESSORS, 
 
 and Graduate Students 
 
 OF 
 
 jOHi\»S HOPKINS UNIVERSITY; 
 
 Whose researches have thrown light 
 upon American History, 
 
 This Brief- 
 Is dedicated by One, 
 Some of whose ancestors, nearly two centuries ago, 
 were planters, and whose father and wife 
 were born and educated in 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 

 MARYLAND IN THE BEGINNING. 
 
 THE MARYLAND CHARTER. 
 
 or all the proprietary grants b}' James the First, 
 and Charles the First, the charter of Maryland was 
 the only one containing a clause restricting the de- 
 velopment of Christianity, bj^ requiring all churches 
 and chapels to be erected in accordance with laws 
 of the Church of England. 
 
 The charter of Nova Scotia, in favor of William 
 Alexander, Earl of Stirling, A. D. 1G21, mentions 
 his desire " for the propagation of the Christian re- 
 religion." and as Proprietor "his gift and right 
 of patronage of churches, chapels, and benefices." 
 
 The charter of Barbadoes was given in A. D. 1627 
 to the Earl of Carlisle, who had a laudable and 
 pious design of propagating the Christian religion 
 with the privileges of the Bishop of Durham in the 
 kingdom of England, 
 
 The charter of Carolana in A. 1). l()2y was sealed 
 to Attorney-General Heath, "excited with a lauda- 
 ble zeal for the. propagation of the Christian taith"" 
 and with " privileges of the Bishop of Durham." 
 
 The charter of Avalon' A. D. 1()23 granted to Sir 
 
 1 Gardiner in his " Charles the First, from 1G28— 1637," erroneously mentions 
 Ihat the charter of Maryland was copied vord for word from Avalon. 
 
 (V) 
 
(lieorge Calvert then principal Secretary of State. 
 has the same language, as those mentioned, as to 
 the desire to propagate Christianit.y. and also gives 
 the privileges of any Bishop of Durham within the 
 bishoprick or County Palatine of Durham,'" and 
 " the patronages and advowsons of all churches 
 which, as Christian religion shall increase within 
 the said region, isles, and limits, shall hai)pen to 
 be erected." 
 
 The charter ot Marjdand granted to Cecil Calvert, 
 Baron of Baltimore, and confirmed on the 25th ot 
 •lune, 1632, conferred to the Proprietor the privi- 
 leges of a Bishop of Durham, and the patronage 
 and advowsons of all churches, but contained a 
 clause not in the others, which reads "together 
 with license a.nd faculty of erecting and founding 
 churches, .chapels and places of worship, in con- 
 venient and suitable places within the premises, 
 and causing the same to be dedicated and conse- 
 C/rated according to the ecclesiastical laws of our 
 kingdom of England.'' 
 
 Sir Edward Northey. Attorney General of Eng- 
 land, having been asked as to the force of this claiise. 
 wrote: '* As to the said clause in the grant of the 
 province of Maryland, T am of opinion, the same doth 
 not give him power to do anything contrary to the 
 » ecclesiastical laws of England."' 
 
 A fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, J. A. Doyle 
 in his English Colonies in America, on page 281, of 
 the edition published in 1SS2 by Henry Holt and Com- 
 
 1 "'Opinions on interesting mihjccts <if pulilic laics, lii:., London, 1781.'" 
 (Mialiners, the compiler of this vohiine, eihicutcd ;it Aberdeen, Seotluntl, eiime 
 lo Maryland and praetieed law, but after the Declaration of Independence by the 
 (.lolouies. bt'went to London, and was for years a Clerk of the Board of Trade. 
 
paii}^, New Y()i-k, in discussing the Maryland Charter, 
 writes: "It made Baltimore in his proprietary char- 
 acter almost independent of the Crown. The only 
 limitation to this was a clause, requiring that all 
 cliurches and places of worship should be dedicated 
 according to the ecclesiastical laws of the Cliurch 
 of England. That Baltimore should have accepted 
 this clause is significant, as it quite dispels the idea 
 that he intended his colony as a special refuge for 
 his own sect, a stronghold for persecuted Romanism." 
 
 ir. 
 
 EMBARKATION OF COLONISTS. 
 
 (jeorge Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, was not 
 a rich man when he died in A. D. 1G32, and after the 
 Charter of Maryland was issued to his son Cecil, the 
 second lord, some time elapsed, before, the latter 
 could obtain the assistance of those who had means, 
 to unite with him in sending out a colony. In a 
 letter of Cecil, Lord Baltimore, to Thomas, Earl of 
 Strafford' written on the 10th of January, I600 
 (0. S.) from Odiham, he uses this explicit language: 
 ■■ I have, as 1 said, at last, by the help of some of 
 your Lordship's good friends, and mine, overcome 
 these difficulties, and sent a hopeful colony into 
 Maryhind. with a fair and prol)able expectation of 
 good success, however, without danger of any great 
 
 1 " LcHers and dixpalchesof Thomas, Karl of SlaXtuiJ,'' J)iihliii, ]7-(0, \o\. I., \t. 17S. 
 
])i'ejudice unto myself,' in respect that many others 
 are joined with me in the adventure." 
 
 During the month of July, 1038, a ship of about 
 o5() tons burden, called the '' Ark of Maryland." with 
 a crew of " about forty men," had been engaged to 
 carry the first colonists. ' Several weeks elapsed be- 
 fore the emigrants were ready, and after the '"Ark" 
 with a pinnace of twenty tons named the "Dove,"" 
 had fallen down the Thames, a rumor spread that 
 there were some on board who had not taken 
 the oath of allegiance, and on the IDth of October, 
 Coke, the Secretary of State, informed Admiral 
 Penington, "that the Ark, Richard Lowe, Master, 
 carrying men for his new plantation in or about 
 New" England, had sailed from Gravesend contrary 
 to orders, the company in charge of Capt. Winters, 
 not having taken the oath of allegiance." Tn con- 
 sequence of this information Ed^vard AYatkins. the 
 London searcher, was sent after them, and going on 
 board the ship and pinnace, offered the oath of al- 
 legiance to about one hundred and twenty-eight 
 persons, some, who had been on board, liaving for- 
 saken the ships.^ This was on the 2.")th of Octo])er. 
 and some days elapsed before the ships left. 
 
 Lord Baltimore, in the same letter to the* Earl ot 
 Stratford Avhich has already been quoted, gives the 
 following version of the stoppage of the ship and 
 
 1 As late Hs Feliriinry 17, 1639-10 E;irl Ar\indel of Wardoiiv, wrott- to Windc- 
 liank, one of the Secretaries of the Kiiif;- : " My son Haltimorc is brouj;lit so lov 
 witVi his settin;;:: forward the plantations of Maryland, witli the claims, lawsuits, 
 nnd oppressions which he has met with in th"it business , that 1 do not sec how he 
 could subsist, if I did not give him diet for his wife, children, and servants," "Cnl. 
 KlatP Fapers." 
 
 2 For order of the j'rivj- Council relative to this vessel, sec Neill's "Fo»>i{i«)* 
 nf Mnryland ," Munsell, Albany, 1S76, paffc 50. 
 
 3 The report of Watkins is pnblishc<l in " Founders of .Vf(ri/((i)id," piiRC 61. 
 
pinnace. He writes: "After many difficulties since 
 your Lordship's departure from hence, in the pro- 
 ceedings of my phmtation wherein I felt your Lord- 
 ship's absence, I have at last sent away my ships, 
 and have deferred my own going till another time; 
 and indeed, mj^ Lord, it is not one of the least 
 reasons of my stay at this time, the great desire T 
 had to wait for your Lordship in that kingdom 
 [Ireland], which I must confess my own affections 
 importuned me to, when you went from hience, and 
 I should have done it, had I been at liberty, but as 
 1 said, ni}^ Lord, my ships are gone, after having 
 been in so many ways troubled by my adversaries, 
 after they had endeavored to overthrow my busi- 
 ness at the Council-board, after they had informed 
 by several means, some of the Lords of the Coun- 
 cil that I intended to carry over nuns into Spain, 
 and soldiers to serve that King, which I believe 
 your Lordship will laugh at as well as they did, 
 after they had gotten the Attorney General to 
 make an information in the Star Chamber that my 
 ships were departed from Gravesend without any 
 cockets from the custom-house, and in contempt of 
 all authority, my people abusing the King's officers 
 and refusing to take the oath of allegiance, where- 
 upon their Lordships sent present orders to several 
 captains of the King's ships who lay in the Downs, 
 to search for my ships in the river, and to follow 
 them into the narrow seas if they were gone out, 
 and to luring them back to Gravesend, which they 
 did, and all this done before I knew anything of it, 
 but imagined that my ships were all well advanced 
 on their voyage. But, not to trouble your Lord- 
 
10 
 
 ship with too many circumstances, I, as soon as I 
 had notice of it, made it plainly appear unto their 
 Lordships that the Attorney was abused and ill- 
 informed, and that there was not any just cause 
 of complaint in any of the former accusations, and 
 that every one of them were most notoriously and 
 maliciously false; whereupon thej^ were pleased to 
 restore my ships to their former libertj^" 
 
 It was not, however, notoriously and maliciousl}^ 
 false that he had made arrangements to put on 
 board those who could not take the oath of jalle- 
 giance. 
 
 As soon as he obtained the grant of Maryland he 
 had secretly provided for sending Jesuits into the 
 colony. Henry More, Vice Provincial of the Jes- 
 uits writes: "The said Baron [Baltimore] immedi- 
 ately treated with Father Richard Blount, at that 
 time Provincial, at the same time writing to Father 
 General, earnestly begging that he would select cer- 
 tain Fathers as well for confirming the Catholics in 
 their faith, and converting the heretics who were 
 destined to colonize that country, as also for propa- 
 gating the faith amongst infidel savages." The 
 Jesuit Fathers are supposed to have joined the 
 ships at the Isle of Wight.' 
 
 In the " Relation of the Lord Baltimore's Planta- 
 tion," issued by the Proprietor in 1635, there is a 
 most excellent statement as to the beginning of the 
 Province in the following language: "His Most 
 Excellent Majesty having by his letters patent 
 under the great scale of England granted a certain 
 country in America, now called Maryland, in honor 
 
 1 '■ Records of the Engflisli Province of Jesuits, ' by Henry Foley, S, J., Vo'.S. 
 
11 
 
 of our gratious Queen, unto the Lord Baltimore, 
 with divers privileges and encouragements to those 
 that should adventure with his Lordship in the 
 Plantation of that country; the benefits and hon- 
 ors of such an action was readil}^ apprehended by 
 divers gentlemen of good birth and qualitie, who 
 thereupon resolved to adventure their persons and 
 a good part of their fortunes with his Lordship in 
 the pursuit of so noble, and in all likelihood so 
 axlvantageous, an enterprize. The Lord was at first 
 resolved to go in person, but more important reasons 
 persuading his stay at home', he appointed his 
 brother, Mr. Leonard Calvert, to go as Governor in 
 his stead, with whom he joined in commission Mr. 
 Jerome Hawley and Mr. Thomas Cornwallis, two 
 worthy and able gentlemen. 
 
 '' These, with the other gentlemen adventurers and 
 their servants to the number of near 200 people," 
 embarked themselves for the voyage in the good 
 ship called the Ark of 300 tunne and upward, which 
 was attended b}^ his Lordship's pinnace called the 
 Dove of about 50 tunne." 
 
 On Friday, the 22d of November, 1633, the expe- 
 dition sailed from the Lsle of Wight. 
 
 1 Cardinal Manning in reply to Gladstone makes the following inaccurate 
 statements : "Lord Haltimore, who had been Secretary of Slate under James I., 
 in 163). emigrated to the American plantations " 
 
 2 Near two hundred people is a correct statement. In a hurried letter to the 
 Earl of Strafl'ord, Baltimore makes the number three hundred. 
 
 In an elaborate essay published in I8s;j, by the Maryland Historical Society. 
 on '■ The Foundation of Maryland," by Bradley T. Johnson, it is assumed that 
 only one hundred and twenty-eight colonists left the Thames, because one month 
 before they sailed iiom the Isle of Wight, there happened to be one hundred and 
 twenty-eight on board at Gravesend. Aft -r October 25th. 16:53, wlie i the oath of 
 allegiance was administiTcd, it was possible for others to have come on board be- 
 fore the vessel went to sea. It is also assumed that the remainder of the near two 
 hundred came on board at the Isle of Wight. For this stalenicnt I can (ind no 
 proof Lord Baltimore writes that two of his brothers " with very near twenty 
 otlier gentlemen of very t;()od fashion," were in tlie first expedition. Mr. .lolinson 
 makes the uentlemen twt-nty, besides Leonard Calvert. Cornwallis and Hawley, 
 in all twenty-three, including the three Jesuits. There were, in fact, when the 
 expedition .sailed from the Isle of Wight, but twenty in all. One of these, Fairfa.ic, 
 and perhaps others, died on the voyage. 
 
^f*** 
 
 in. 
 
 FAITH OF THE COLONISTS. 
 
 More than three-fourths of the colonists were not 
 ^ in sjniipathy Avith the Church of Rome, and the 
 gentlemen of most influence in the early Maryland 
 settlement were all decided adherents to the Church 
 of England. The Jesuit Fathers are emphatic on 
 this point. In a communication supposed to have 
 been written by Father White to his Superior, the 
 opening sentence is in these words: " In a country 
 like this, newly planted, and depending wholly upon 
 England for its subsistence, where there is not, nor 
 can be, until England is re-united to the Church, 
 y^any ecclesiastical discipline established by laws ot 
 the Province, or granted by the Prince, nor Provin- 
 cial Synod held, nor Spiritual Courts created, nor 
 the canon laws accepted, nor ordinary or other 
 ecclesiastical persons admitted as such. northeCcdho- 
 llc ReVKjion publicly allowed. And Avhereas three- 
 parts of four, at least, are heretics, I desire to be 
 resolved." 
 
 In tlie important Assembly which met on the 25th 
 "of January, 1687, 0. S., there were only a few ad- 
 ^ herents of the Church of Rome. Father More in 
 a memorial laid before the Sacred Congregation for 
 the Propagation of the Faith, writes: ''For since 
 the said Baron was unable to govern Maryland in 
 person he appointed as his substitute a certain Mr. 
 Lewger' his Secretary, who was formerly a minister 
 
 1 liOWger was a college friend at Oxford of Lord Baltimore. A notice of him 
 will he found in "'Terra Maria:.'" J. B. IJppineott& Co., Philadelphia, 1867.^ Also- 
 in "Engiisli Colonization of America." Strahan 6i Co., London , ISTl, and "'Found- 
 ers of Maryland " .loel Muusell, Albany, 1S7C. 
 
and preacher, and being converted to the faith, re- 
 tained yet much of the leaven of heresy, for he still 
 maintained those dogmas so justly ofiensive to 
 Catholic ears, that no external jurisdiction was given 
 by God to the Supreme Pontiff, but merely an inter- 
 nal one, in foro conscientia^."" 
 
 After specifying some other propositions ad- 
 vanced by Mr. Lewger, Father More used this lan- 
 guage: "Therefore this Secretary having sum- 
 moned the Parliament in Maryland, composed with " 
 few exceptions of heretics, and presided over l)y 
 himself, in the name of the Lord Baltimore him- 
 self, he attempted to pass ''' * * laws repug- 
 nant to the Catholic faith and Ecclesiastical immun- » 
 ities.'" 
 
 Gerard, a young man of twenty years of age, 
 whose family in England sympathized with tlie 
 Church of Rome, in about twelve lonths returned 
 home.' The young brothers of Sir John Winter 
 lived but two or three years. Every one of the 
 original twenty, except the three Jesuits, of whom 
 we know anything, who had intelligence and force 
 of character and settled in the Province was ^ 
 not a Roman Catholic. Father More writes to the 
 
 1 Lewger was the first Secretary of the Province, and received all papers. 
 As Governor Calvert was obliged to be absent during a portion of the session he 
 issued a coinnii.-ision of which the following is an extract: "I have authorized 
 and deputed and do hereby appoint, authorize and depute Mr. .Joliu I.ewger, Sec- 
 retary, in my name and place, to hold and continue tlie said Assembly at the day 
 appointed and give service forme; also to adjourn and dismiss the Assembly." 
 
 2 " Reconls of the linglish I'rovince of the Society of Jesus," Vol. 3. p. 362. 
 See also on article "Light upon the Kurly History of Maryland," Pennsylvania 
 Historical Society Magazine, Vol.5, 18WL page !'>l. 
 
 3 liichard. brother of Sir William Gerard Ht., in 1635, returned to England, 
 raised a company of foot, and went into the service of Spain in the low countries. 
 He visited Queen Henrietta .Maria, of England, at the Hague, who commissioned 
 him as Lt. -Colonel during the civil war to ra'se ti-oops He then joined Charles 
 the First at ().\ford. anil in the attack of Hurton on Trent, was severely wounded. 
 He went with the King to Hurst Ciistle. and bore his last message to the (iucen. 
 After the restoration he became cup-bearer to thetiucen INIother, and die<l at luce, 
 8ept. 5, 16X0. 
 
14 
 
 Propaganda at Rome, in a Memorial, which is in the 
 third volume of the Records of the English Jesuits, 
 edited by Foley, that the Jesuits in Maryland can- 
 not expect " sustenance from heretics hostile to the 
 faith, nor from the Catholics, wlio are for the most 
 part poor.'' And yet Mr. Bradley T. Johnson, in 
 his paper on the ''Foundation of Maryland," pub- 
 lished l)y the Maryland Historical Society, makes 
 the following statement: 
 
 " The first colony was numerically Protestant; 
 politically, socially, and religiously it was Roman 
 Catholic' The physical power was Protestant; the 
 intellectual and moral and political control was 
 Roman Catholic." 
 
 IV. 
 
 ARRIVAL m MARYLAND. 
 
 Governor Calvert was kindly received at Point 
 (yomfort by Governor Harvey, of Virginia, and he 
 offered him "as much brick and tiles as he should 
 have occasion to employ until he made his own."' 
 
 Captain Newport in A. D. 1607, at an island at 
 the foot of the Falls of the James River planted a 
 cross, and took, possession of Virginia in the name 
 of King James, and on March 25th, 1B34, upon 
 Saint Clement's island in the Potomac River, Gov- 
 
 1 Scliarf in liis History of Maryland writes as if he had not seen the .Jesuit 
 statement as to the overwhehniiiK majority of I'rotestants in the first Colony, and 
 also that of the Hishop of London in li.76 : "Those of the llomish belief who, 
 'tis oonjeeturoil, do not amount to one of a hundred of the people " 
 
 2 IViany old houses in INhiryland and Virginia are erroneously supposed to 
 liave Iieen hmlt of hriek brouR'ht from Enf>land. 
 
15 
 
 ernor Calvert planted a cross. "The Relation of 
 Maryland " published* in 1684, thus describes the cer- 
 emony: "We all kneeled down and said certain 
 prayers, taking possession of the country for our 
 Saviour, and the King of England." Father White 
 gives a fuller account. 
 
 Leaving the "Ark " at the island, Governor Cal- 
 vert in the pinnace " Dove," ascended the river as 
 far as the Indian village " Paschatoway." After a 
 brief visit he returned, and then he went to a trib- 
 utary of the Potomac which was called Saint 
 George, and the colonists went up this stream 
 "about four leagues." Captain Henry Fleet, a 
 Protestant of Virginia, "a man especially accept- 
 able to the savages, well versed in their language, 
 and acquainted with the country, pointed out to 
 the Governor a spot so charming in its situation 
 that Europe itself can scarcely show one to surpass 
 it," which was the Indian village of Yoacomoco, 
 and here Calvert and party located and named the 
 place Saint Mary. 
 
 1 The lirst work on the Provhice of Maryland had this title: "A relation of 
 the successful beginnings of the lord r.altiniore's Plantation in Mary Land I'eing 
 an extract of Ortain Letters written from thence, and by some of The Adventurers 
 to Tlieir 1^ riends in Kngland. 
 
 Anno Domini 1634.'' 
 Tliis little book was reprintei I by Joel Muiisell, Albany, in 1S65 
 The next year another book appeared, called: 
 
 A 
 
 RELATION 
 
 of 
 
 INfaryland, 
 
 Together ^ 
 
 f A Map of the Country, • 
 
 I The <'()n(iilions of Plantations, 
 With - His Afajestic's Charter to 
 j the Lord Baltimore. 
 [ 'J'ranslatcd in I'^niilish. 
 These bookes are to be had at Master William Peaslcy, Esq., his house on the 
 back side of Drury Lane, neere the Cock Pit Playhouse; or in his alwetice. at 
 Master John Morgan's house in High Holborne. over agamst the Dolphin, Lon- 
 don. 
 
 September the 8, Anno Dom. I63'>." 
 This was reprinted l)y Joseph tfabin. New York, in 1865. 
 
16 
 
 V. 
 
 THE FIRST COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 THOMAS CORNWALLLS, 
 
 Lord Baltimore priidentl)^ associated Thomas 
 Cornwallis and Jerome Hawley with his brother 
 Leonard Calvert in the first government of the Prov- 
 ince. Grovernor Calvert never exhibited any execu- 
 tive ability. George Evelyn, who knew the family, 
 once said: "What was Leonard Calvert himself at 
 school but a dunce and blockhead; and now it has 
 come to this, that such a fellow must be Governor 
 of a Province and assumes such lordly airs.'" Ob- 
 stinacy in public affairs, want of thrift, and subserv- 
 iency to the strong minded Margaret Brent, did 
 not add to his popularit5^ His nuncupative will as 
 recorded at Annapolis, betrays poverty of mind and 
 poverty in this world's goods.' Without the pres- 
 ence of Thomas Cornwallis there would have been 
 great confusion in public affairs, and the colony 
 might have failed. He was the foremost man in 
 "intellectual and moral and political" matters. 
 
 His ancestors for many generations had occupied 
 positions of distinction in England.' His grand- 
 
 1 Streeter's "First Commander of Kent Island," pa^e 6. 
 
 2 An ahslritct is in "Founders of Maryland." page 66 He leaves his cloth 
 suit of clothes to Richard '\Villani,a servant.his black suit to another servant, James 
 Lindsay. To Margaret Brent he said: "I make you my sole executor. Take 
 all and pay all." 
 
 '.i In the days of Richard the Second, an ancestor, Thomas Cornwallip, was a 
 merchant in London His great-grandson, ."^ir Thomas, was recalled before 
 the taking ol Calais, and in Queen Mary's time built Bronie Hall in Suffolk. The 
 following pas(iuina<les appeared in his time. 
 
 " Who built Urome Hall? .Sir Thomas Cornwallis. 
 How did he build it? By selling of Calais " 
 Another was: 
 
 ■'Sir Thomas Cornwallis what got you for Calais? 
 Brome Hall. Brome Hall as lar^e as a palace." 
 Sheriff Thomas Cornwallis of London, A. D l:i7H, was also an ancestor of Lord 
 Cornwallis who surrendered at YorKtown. See t Correspondence of Marquis Corn- 
 wallis, Vol. 1, London, 1869. 
 
17 
 
 father Sir Charles Cornwallis. the second son of Sir 
 Thomas Cornwallis, Kt., Comptroller of the House- 
 hold of Queen Mar3% was knighted by James the 
 First, and in A. D. 1603, sent as Ambassador to Spain. 
 A Jesuit Father in a letter preserved in the "Rec- 
 ords of the English Province of the Society of Jesus," 
 writes of "Sir William Cornwallis who married the 
 daughter of Baron Latimer,' and his brother Charles, 
 w^ho are not Catholics." 
 
 Upon his return from Spain. Sir Charles was 
 made Treasurer of the Household of Prince Henry, 
 and subsequently wrote a book which was pub- 
 lished in 1()41, with the title "The Life and Death 
 of Henry, Prince of Wales."' 
 
 The father of the Maryland Commissioner/ Sir 
 William Cornwallis, Knight, of Brome, Suffolk, 
 was distinguished for his virtues and talents, and 
 for his literary essays. 
 
 When Cornwallis embarked for America, he was 
 about thirty-three years of age, and his partner in 
 business, John Saunders, was a fellow passenger, 
 who died soon after his arrival in Maryland. 
 
 In defending the Province froui the aggressions 
 of Virginia traders and the incursions of the sav- 
 ages he was always the leader, and a publication ot 
 that period^ described him as "that noble, right 
 
 1 His wife Lucy was tlic third daujjhterof John Neville, Lord Latimer. Vis- 
 itation ofi^'otliiifiliamiihire" 
 
 2 His mother was Catherine, the daughter I'f Sir I'liilip Parker, of Erwarton, 
 Sullblk. His uncle Thomas married Anna, daughter of Samuel Bevercott, the pre- 
 decessor of William lirewster, tlie Itadcr of the Plymouth Colony as Postmaster 
 at Scrooby 
 
 3 Sir VViiliani Cornwallis. the younger, was the author of the following works: 
 
 ''Essays." I>ondon 1000. 
 
 "Discourses upon .Seneca, the tragedian," 1601. 
 
 "I'nion of England and Scotland." ItiOl 
 
 "Essay.s upon t^adnessand Julian the Apostate," Kilt!. 
 
 "Praise of King Richard," 1()17. 
 
 4 Nova Albion. 
 
18 
 
 valiant, and politic soldier." In commercial affairs 
 he was at the head and was recognized as the 
 wealthiest man in the settlement. In an assess- 
 ment of taxables of St. Mary in 1641, for 806 pounds 
 of tobacco, the amount levied . upon him was one- 
 foiirth, 200 pounds, and the next largest levy was 
 for 50 pounds. Among the unprinted records of 
 Maryland there is this description of his surround- 
 ings in his own language: "By God's blessing upon 
 his endeavors he had acquired a settled and com- 
 fortable subsistence, having a comfortable dwelling- 
 house furnished with plate, fine hangings, bedding, 
 brass, pewter, and all manner of household stuff, 
 worth altogether a thousand pounds, about twenty 
 servants, at least a hundred head of cattle, a great 
 stock of swine and goats, some sheep and horses, a 
 new pinnace about twenty tons, well rigged and 
 fitted, besides a new shallop and other small boats."' 
 
 In the legislature he was ever watchful that there 
 was no encroachment upon the liberties granted by 
 Magna Charta, by the Proprietor or his repre- 
 sentative, Leonard, Calvert, the Governor of the 
 Province. 
 
 The first legislature of whose proceedings we 
 have any record is that which assembled in Janu- 
 ary, 1()87, 0. S., 1638 N. S., and in this Cornwallis 
 was the master spirit. While Governor Calvert 
 ever narrow and impolitic declared that the Assem- 
 bly had no power to frame laws, the members pro- 
 ceeded to appoint a committee of five on legislation. 
 Cornwallis received fifty-four votes, and George 
 
 1 Johnson's ' foundation of Maryland,' pa^e 16S. . 
 
19 
 
 Evelyn forty-eight votes, while Governor Calvert had 
 only thirty-eight. From the proceedings of the 
 Assembly, the following is taken. "On the 8th day 
 of February between two and three o'clock in the 
 afternoon, the House "being sat" the President [Cal- 
 vert] declared that he thought it fit to adjdurn the 
 house for a longer time, till the laws which they 
 would propound to the Lord Proprietor were macie 
 ready. 
 
 "Captain Cornwaleys replied they could not spend 
 their time in any business better than this, for the 
 country's good, and one of the planters demanded 
 the reason, why it should be adjourned, and said 
 they were willing to leave the other business to at- 
 tend to it." 
 
 The President replied he would be accountable 
 to no man for adjourning it. After a committee of 
 three was appointed on motion of Cornwallis, con- 
 sisting of Evelyn, himself, and Governor Calvert, 
 there was an adjournment until the 2()th of the 
 month. When that day arrived, the Assembly was 
 adjourned to the 6th of March, and then again until 
 the 12th, when the session was resumed, and twenty 
 bills prepared l)y the Committee were read for the 
 first time. The next day fourteen other bills had 
 their first reading. Among the bills passed, during 
 this month, was a Bill creating General Assemblies, 
 which provided that "The Lieutenant General and 
 Secretary, or his Deputy, and gentlemen summoned 
 by special writ, and near two burgesses out of every 
 hundred, at the choice of the freemen, at any time 
 hereafter assembled, shall be judged a General 
 Assembly.'" 
 
 1 Gov. Sliarpe in "Ainericfin Magazine" of 1758, p. 265. 
 
20 
 
 Doyle commenting upon the proceedings of this 
 Assemblj^ writes' : "Apart from the intrinsic merits 
 or demerits of the proposed hiws, it was clearly a 
 most serious (question whether the initiative in 
 legislation was to belong to the Proprietor or the 
 colonisfs. The division which followed illustrated 
 forcibly the evils of the proxy system. The acts 
 intended by the Proprietors were rejected by thirty- 
 seven votes to eighteen. Doubtless there were 
 proxies on both sides, but in the minority twelve of 
 them were in two hands those of the Governor, and 
 of Counsellor Sawyer [Lewger] who had been lately 
 associated with Hawley and Cornwallis. No better 
 illustration could have been found of the progress 
 of the liberty of the colony involved in its anomal- 
 ous system. * '•' * * * 
 Baltimore's motives throughout the whole of these 
 affairs, as indeed throughout his career, are hard to 
 be understood. He seemed first to have asserted a 
 claim to holding practically almost absolute power, 
 then, without any apparent reasons, to have aban- 
 doned this position, and in a temperate letter em- 
 powered his brother as Governor to assent to such 
 laws as should be concerted with and approved of by 
 the freemen and their deputies." This assent was 
 subsequently to be ratified by the Proprietor him- 
 self. 
 
 Under the call of the Governor a new Assembly 
 convened on the 25th February, 161-' and the first 
 Maryland code was enacted by it, and approved by 
 Lord Baltimore. 
 
 1 Doyle, page 289. 
 
21 
 
 From the days of the obtaining of the Magna 
 Oharta, it had been the custom of Parliament upon 
 the inauguration of a new government to declare at 
 the outset that Holy Church shall have her liber- 
 ties. Upon the accession of Edward the First to 
 the throne, it was enacted A. D. 1297, that ''the 
 Church of England shall be free and shall 
 have all her rights and liberties inviolable." 
 When the second Edward assumed the reins of 
 government, it was enacted, A. D. 1311, "■That the 
 Holy Church should have all her franchises in such 
 sort as she ought to have." When the third Edward 
 came into power the Parliament of A. D. 1340. de- 
 clared that '' Holy Church shall have her liberties 
 and quietness." As soon as second Richard entered 
 upon his reign it was again declared that ''Holy 
 Church shall have and enjoy all her liberties, wholly 
 and without blemish." In A. D. 1399, when Henry 
 the Fourth had succeeded to the throne, it was en- 
 acted that Holy Church should have "her rights 
 entirely and without im blemishing." So the same 
 language is used at the beginning of siwcessive 
 reigns. 
 
 'In the Acts passed by the Parliaments in the time 
 of Henry the Eighth, the Holy Church is distin- 
 guished from what is called in the statutes " the 
 See of Rome." The laws in the time of King James 
 make a distinction between the " religion estab- 
 lished in this realm,"" and "the pretended authority 
 of the See of Rome." Cornwallis the guiding mind 
 of Maryland, was descended from statesmen, and 
 his fathers house when he was a youth had been 
 frequented by scholars, and when a code, in 1638-9, 
 
22 
 
 was to be framed for the Province of Maryland, he 
 would naturally insist upon venerable precedents, 
 and with his fellow members declare that "Holy 
 Church within this Province shall have all her rights 
 and liberties," having in mind the Church alluded 
 to in the Charter, the Church of England, hj whose 
 forms all churches and chapels are to be dedicated 
 to public worship.' 
 
 As the differences increased between Charles the 
 First and Parliament, party lines began to be clearly 
 draAvn between the Proprietor and the people of the 
 Province. Governor Calvert sympathized with the 
 King," and Cornwallis with the Parliament partj^ 
 During the year 1640 the latter visited England, 
 and in December, KUl, returned in a ship command- 
 ed by Captain Richard Ingle with whom he was, 
 at that time, on friend 1}^ terms. 
 
 By order of the Lord Baltimore, there was a re- 
 organization of the Maryland government in 1642, 
 and ( Jornwallis was named as Councillor, but when 
 on the 16th day of September, the commission was 
 tendered " he absolutely refused to be in commis- 
 sion or to take the oath *' probably because it omit- 
 ted the clause of the old form, "saving, ni}'- allegi- 
 ance to the Crown of England." 
 
 In October, 1643, Charles the First, then at Ox- 
 ford, gave to Governor Calvert, then in England, a 
 letter of marque to seize upon all ships belonging to 
 London. Late in that year Captain Richard Ingle, ot 
 
 1 It is quite remarkable that the scholarly Gardiner in "Hisloru of Charles the 
 Firsi. IfiJS to l<i37" should -tate that the term Iloly Church was never applied to the 
 Church of England. In the writ for buriiing Legate in X J). I62J, King James calls 
 the ( hurch of England the "Holy .Mother Church" and also uses these words: 
 '"Now thiTeforc as a /.ealot of justice and a defendant of the Catholic faith and 
 willing to maintain and defend the Holy Church and the rights and lihL-rties of the 
 same.'' 
 
28 
 
 London, with a commission from Parliament, arrived 
 in Maryland waters, and for words spoken about the 
 King, in discussion, concerning his differences with 
 Parliament, he w'as arrested, in the absence of Cal- 
 vert, by Deputy Governor Brent, for treason, and 
 his goods and ships seized. 
 
 Gornwallis out of affection for Parliament found 
 means to free Ingle and restore to him his ship and 
 goods. For this manifestation of sympathy he was 
 fined and '' paid the highest sum that could be laid 
 upon him," and then embarked with Ingle for Eng- 
 land.' 
 
 In August. 1644, Parliament commissioned the 
 Reformation, Captain Ingle, to cruise in the Chesa- 
 peake Bay and its tributaries, and Gornwallis who 
 was still in England entrusted him with goods to 
 the value of two hundred pounds. 
 
 In February, 1645, Ingle appeared at the mouth of 
 St. Inigo's Creek, Maryland, and there was a general 
 uprising in favor of Parliament by the servants of 
 the absent Gornwallis, and Ingle allowed his house 
 to be plundered of plate and furniture to the 
 amount of £1000, and cattle, a shallop and pinnace, 
 worth twice as much moi'e was seized.' 
 
 Governor Calvert was obliged to flee into Virginia, 
 and the Jesuit Fathers, AVhite and Fisher, were 
 brought to England, as prisoners, by Ingle. To 
 shelter himself from the common law and hold the 
 goods. Ingle reported Gornwallis as an enemy of the 
 Commonwealth. After a full examination, Gorn- 
 wallis was allowed a commission for the examina- 
 
 1 Proceedings ot House of Lords in 6th Report of Parliament Hislorical Com- 
 mission . 
 
 2 See Maryland MSS. 
 
24 
 
 tion of witnesses in Maryland, and to prevent this, 
 Ingle caused him to be arrested and imprisoned 
 upon two feigned oaths, but Cornwallis was soon re- 
 leased by his friends. By false allegations. Ingle 
 now obtained an order to stop proceedings at law, 
 till matters mentioned in his petition were de- 
 termined. Cornwallis' after attending the House ot 
 Lords for several days, with counsel on the 24th ot 
 February, 1645-6 asked "that the case might be 
 speedily heard by them, or else that he might be 
 left at liberty to try his action at law." The case 
 dragged its slow length along for several months, 
 but in September, 1647, the matter was com- 
 promised by Ingle appointing Cornwallis his at- 
 torney to attach certain moneys due in Virginia and 
 Maryland, which were to be applied to the settle- 
 ment of the claim of the latter. 
 
 For eight years Cornwallis attended to business 
 in England, and in 1652 returned to Maryland, now 
 under control of the friends of Parliament, to de- 
 mand compensation for injuries done to his propert}^ 
 In a Memorial to the Assembly he used these 
 words: ''It is well known, he hath at his great cost 
 and charges, from the first planting of this Province 
 for the space of twenty-eight years, been one of the 
 greatest propagators and increasers thereof, by the 
 yearly transportation of servants, whereof divers 
 have been of very good rank and quality, towards 
 whom and the rest he hath always been so careful 
 to discharge a good conscience, in the true perform- 
 ance of his promise and obligations, that he was 
 
 1 Streetcr ill "Maryland l^apers," page 190, erroneously writes: "I infer there- 
 lore that during this period he was engaged in improving his plantation in fit. Mary 
 County, still known as Cornwaleys' Neck." 
 
25 
 
 never taxed with any breach thereof, though it is 
 also well known, and he doth truly own it, that the 
 charge of so great a family as he hath always main- 
 tained was never defrayed by their labor.""" 
 
 This year he made a contract with Cornelius 
 Canada, brickmaker, and former servant of Gov- 
 ernor Green, to deliver thirty-six thousand sound, 
 well-burned bricks before a certain day in June, 
 1653, and another twenty-fouf thousand before the 
 24th of June, 1654. In the year 1654 he again vis- 
 ited England, and was married about 1657 to Penel- 
 ope, a daughter of John Wiseman, of Middle Temple, 
 and Tyrrel's in County Essex. In 1658, with his 
 young wife, he paid a visit to Maryland, but early in 
 1659 he left never to return. His affairs in the Prov- 
 ince were entrusted to an attorney, and he began 
 to be designated as a ''merchant of London." As 
 age advanced he retired to Burnham Thorpe. His 
 will is dated January 2d, 1675-6 and was proved on 
 the 4th of the next March. He left four sons and 
 two daughters, and his second son, Thomas, born in 
 1662, was a clergyman of the Church of England.^ 
 
 COMMISSIONER JEROME HAWLEY. 
 
 Commissioner Jerome Hawley resided but a short 
 time in the Province. He belonged to a family that 
 had long been connected with the Parish of Brent- 
 ford in County Middlesex, England. In the time 
 of Queen Elizabeth a Jerome Hawley had a freehold 
 there, and James the First granted the profits of a 
 
 1 Marylanrt IMS^ quoted in ''Foxindcrs of Maryland " Mtinsell, 1876. 
 
 2 "Founders of Maryland," page 81. 
 
26 
 
 market there,' to James Hawley, whose privilege 
 was afterwards sold to one Sanders, who in 1688- 
 died.^ 
 
 The Commissioner had three brothers, James,^ 
 Henry and William. Henry was long identified 
 with the colonization of the Western continent. As 
 early as 1628 he visited the Barbadoes of which the 
 Puritan Earl of Warwick was Proprietor, and in 1629 
 succeeded Sir William Tufton as Goverror. In 
 1632 he caused Tufton to be shot, and was recalled 
 home, and was in England when the Calvert expe- 
 dition sailed, and he returned to Barbadoes in less 
 than two weeks after it settled at Saint Mary. 
 
 He frequently visited England after this, and dur- 
 ing his absence in 1639 his brother William acted 
 as Governor. He lived until after the restoration 
 of Charles the Second, and in 1666 was one of the 
 Council of Barbadoes. William Hawley some time 
 after 1640, came to Maryland, and was inl650, one 
 of the signers of the Protestant Declaration. 
 
 Jerome Hawley, the Commissioner, had been a 
 sewer, or superintendent of meals of Queen Henrietta 
 Maria. A iter living in Maryland about a year he re- 
 turned to England, and in June, 1635, was in London 
 and wrote to Secretary Windebank that he would go 
 to court with him on the next Sunday. On the 11th 
 of December, he was before the Privy Council, at 
 which Archbishop Laud was present, and to the 
 question whether he had ever said that it was de- 
 
 1 Lyson's "Z,o?i(iou and Environs." 
 
 2 Ptrliaps the piirttier of ' oniwallis. , „ , ,. , ,„ 
 
 3 James ivsided at DreiUfoid. Over the north gallery of ^^t. Lawrence Church 
 there is a monument to James Hawley, who died in 1U(J7. Lyson. 
 
27 
 
 signed "to plant in Maryland the Romish religion" 
 he "utterly denied."^ 
 
 On the 29th of February, 1635-6, a warrant was 
 issued loaning the "Black George," a government 
 vessel, to Hawley, and Governor Harvey of Virginia, 
 they to provide the crew and pay the wages. There 
 were many delays in loading the ship, and on the 
 9th of August Lord Wimbledon, from Portsmouth, 
 wrote to Secretary Windebank that Governor Har- 
 vey was still in London and he was "sorry to see so 
 many persons on a journey of such charge, and 
 spending their victuals and money so unnecessarily, 
 for they have been here a month." And he added 
 that he "did not wonder that such journeys of our 
 nation did not prosper." The " Black George " was 
 yet in port on the 11th of November, and Hawley 
 objected to the disturbance of his goods in the hold 
 in order that there might be a search for a leak. 
 The leakage continued to increase so that the ves- 
 sel at last had to be abandoned, and Harvey, Haw- 
 ley and their associates were obliged to pay and 
 discharge the crew. 
 
 During the winter of 1637, Hawley remained in 
 England, and the King was induced to appoint him^ 
 to the office of Treasurer of Virginia, which had 
 been vacant since the dissolution of the Virginia 
 Company, and Governor Harvey was instructed to 
 see that he took the oath of allegiance. He sailed 
 in the ship Friendship, and took some toils to catch 
 
 1 "Cdl Slnlc Papers, Pom. ■'Series " 
 
 2 About tlui same time. Giihii.-l Hawley, who might h'lvo been a brother, and 
 the same Gabriel who p"titioneil the En-l India Company in l<)2l to be employed 
 as steward's mate on the " KuKJe." and tlie person who superintendetl the sliipj.inK 
 of the Maryland colonists in lt>J3, was appointed surveyor (jleuerat of Vir};inia, and 
 soon died. 
 
28 
 
 deer' which he had promised to send to the King. 
 Arriving in Virginia "late in the year" of 1637 0. 
 S. early in 1G3S N. S., he entered upon the duties of 
 his office. Soon after, in the month of February, 
 16oS, although a councilor of Virginia, he visited 
 Maryland, and one day sat as a member ot 
 the Assembly. A citizen of Jamestown wrote to 
 his brother, a clerk of Secretary Windebank under 
 date of the 26th ot February, 1637-38, "Mr Hawley 
 has not proven the man he took him for, having 
 neither given satisfaction for money received of 
 him, nor brought him any servants," and that he 
 was then on a visit to Maryland.' A letter of Haw- 
 ley written on the Sth of May 1638 is extant' rela- 
 tive to the arrival of ships from Sweden at James- 
 town. During the month of August, this year, he 
 died, and Cornwallis, his fellow Maryland Commis- 
 sioner, was the administrator of his estate. 
 
 vr. 
 
 LEADING MEN IN THE BEGINNING. 
 
 •lUSTINIAN SNOW. 
 
 Justinian Snow came to Maryland with Governor 
 Calvert, in the responsible position of commercial 
 agent for Lord Baltimore, and in 1639 died. In the 
 Relation of Father White is the narrative of an 
 Indian chief, Tayac, who said "That his father, 
 
 1 The (leer were snared, and four placed upon Capt. .Terry Hlucknian's ship, 
 in wooden cajies, but Hiey died l>efore reaching Enj^land. "Sainsbury Calendar." 
 
 2 "ffahhsbnry Culeiidar Coli'tiial." 
 
 a Hawhiy's letter in "N. Y. Col. Documents," Vol. lir. 
 
29 
 
 deceased some time before, appeared to be present 
 before his eyes, accompanied by a god of a black 
 color, whom he worshipped, beseeching him that 
 he would not desert him. At a short distance, a 
 hideous demon, with a certain Snow, an obstinate 
 heretic from England, and at length, in another 
 part, the Governor of the Colony and Father White 
 appeared, a God also being his companion, but 
 much more beautiful, who excelled the unstained 
 snow in whiteness, seeming gently to beckon the 
 King to him. From that time, he treated both the 
 Governor and Father with the greatest affection." 
 
 Snow's brother, Marmaduke, followed him to the 
 Province, and was with him, in 1638, a member of 
 the Assembly. Another brother, Abel, was clerk in 
 the Chancery Office, London. His sister, Susanna, 
 was the wife of Surgeon Thomas Gerard, whose 
 name often appears in the Maryland Records. 
 
 HENRY FLEET. 
 
 Henry, Fleet years before the charter of Maryland 
 was granted, traded with the Indians of the Potomac 
 River. 
 
 In the Fall of 1621 the ship Warwick and pinnace 
 Tiger, sailed from the Thames with supplies, and 
 thirty-eight young women selected witli care, as 
 wives for Virginia planters. The Tiger afterward 
 went with twenty-one men up the Potomac to trade 
 with the Indians for corn, and in 1622 erected a 
 stockade at Potomac Creek. While among the 
 Anacostans, who lived on or near the site of the city 
 of Washington, on the 23d day of March, 1623, they 
 
30 
 
 were attacked, and Fleet and others captured,' 
 After living with the Indians about four years he re- 
 turned to England,^ and was engaged by William 
 Clobery of London in September 1629, to sail in the 
 ship Paramour. On the 4th of July, 1631, he again left 
 London in the ship Warwick owned by Griffith and 
 Company, as their factor. Toward the last of Octo- 
 ber he was in Yoacomoco where he had lived with 
 the Indians, purchasing corn, which he carried to 
 NewEngland. Winthrop in his journal under March 
 24, 1631-2, writes: " The bark Warwick arrived at 
 Natescua, having been at Piscataquack and Salem 
 to sell corn which is brought from Virginia," and 
 under date of April 9, 1632 he makes this entry: 
 "The bark Warwick and Mr. Maverick's pinnace 
 went out toward Virginia." 
 
 On the 13th of May, 1632, Capt. Fleet^ arrived at 
 Captain William Clayborne's in Accomac, where 
 he stayed three days, and then accompanied by 
 Clayborne crossed the Chesapeake. After visiting 
 Yoacomoco, he sailed up the Potomac to the Indian 
 village, in what is now Strafford County, Virginia, 
 and on the 1st of June sent back the pinnace of 
 twenty tons with a cargo of corn, and on the 27tli 
 he was anchored near the great Falls of the Poto- 
 mac. After this he formed a partnership for trad- 
 ing with Governor Harvey of Virginia, and through 
 him, he made the acquaintance of Governor Calvert 
 and selected a site for his colony. Six weeks after 
 
 i Letter of Edward Hill to his brothe ■ John Hill, mercer in Lumber [Lombard | 
 Street. Appendix to EiKhth K'eport "Hist. Coinmis.sion." p. 41 
 
 2 See a notice of Fleet iu •Founilcrs of Marykuid," pp 9-18, and his jouriisil of 
 a"Vo.va{j;c in the " Warwick." pp. 19-37 Some writers, followinij: a typographical 
 error in a caption of the "Foimdcrs of Maryland,^' call the ve^s!scl " Virginia." 
 
 i In the Henry Holt and Company edition of Doyle, Henry Fleet is called 
 Henry Clay, probably a typographical error. 
 
31 
 
 the town of Saint Mary was named, on the 9th of 
 May, 1634, there was assigned to Fleet two thousand 
 acres on St. George's River, St, tjeorge's Hundred, 
 subsequently known as the Manor of West Saint 
 Mary. 
 
 He was a member of the Assembly in 1638, as was 
 his brother Edward who accompanied him in 1631 
 to the Falls of the Potomac, and also two other 
 brothers, John, and Reynold or Rainold. When 
 the troubles growing out of the civil war in Eng- 
 land began, Fleet moved to Virginia, and in Decem- 
 ber, 1652, he was a member of the Virginia Legisla- 
 ture, and in 1654 was appointed interpreter for a 
 proposed expedition against the Indians. Fleet's 
 Point, which appears on the IT. S. Coast Survey Map 
 of 1860, between the 37th and 38th degrees of lati- 
 tude, probably indicates where he once dwelt. In 
 1665 Captain Fleet's house was a stopping place for 
 travellers, and for improper conduct there, a Mr. 
 Carline and a woman servant from Maryland were 
 tried by the Rappahanock Court, and the former 
 was fined, and the latter was ordered to have thirty 
 lashes.' 
 
 GEORGE EVELYN. 
 
 Robert Evelyn, of Godstone, on the 18th of March, 
 1590, at St. Peter's, Tower Hill, London, married 
 Susanna, daughter of Gregory Young, of London, 
 who was about twenty years of age. Their 
 son George was born, in London, on the 31st 
 of January, 1582-3, and on the 24th of 
 October, 1620, entered as a student at Middle 
 
 1 See Hanson's "Kent County, Maryland.''^ 
 
Temple, and afterward married Jane, daughter 
 of Richard Crane, of Dorset. His brother, 
 Robert,' with his uncle, Capt. Thomas Young, in the 
 summer of 1634, exj^lored the Delaware River as far 
 as the falls. In December, 1()34, Robert sailed for 
 England, bearing letters from Governor Harvey, of 
 Virginia, and did not return until about the year 
 1637, having beeti appointed Surveyor General ot 
 Virginia, in the place of Gabriel Hawley, deceased. 
 
 His brother, George, about this time arrived at 
 Kent Island as the agent of a firm of London mer- 
 chants. At first he slightingly spoke of Governor Cal- 
 vert and asked these questions : "Who was his grand 
 father but a grazier? What was his father? What 
 was Leonard Calvert himself at school but a dunce 
 and blockhead?" But soon he became a supporter 
 of Lord Baltimore, and an opponent of Clayl)orne, 
 for whom he had professed friendship, and by a 
 power of attorney from the London firm took 
 possession of their property, which had been held by 
 Clayborne. 
 
 After the avowal of friendship to the Proprietary 
 he was commissioned in November, 1637 as "' The 
 first commander of Kent Island," and was a promi- 
 nent member of the Assembl}' which convened on 
 the following January. At Piney Point on the Po- 
 tomac he obtained a grant of three hundred acres 
 called the "Manor of Evelinton," and on April 3, 1638, 
 entered lands for Daniel Wickliff, Randall Revell, 
 Thomas Hebdan and other persons.^ The next month 
 
 1 His father, also Robert, is vaitl in the "Evelyns of America" to have visited Vir- 
 ginia, before A D IHIO, and to have subscribed seventeen pounds as an Adventurer 
 of tlie Virginia Company, ot London. 
 
 2 "Founders of Maryland " p 54. 
 
he assigned all interest' in the Manor " to his dear 
 brother Robert Evelyn," and went to Virginia and 
 from thence to England. 
 
 His cousin John Evelyn, the author of "■ Sylva " 
 in his Diary under date of 26th of February 1649, 
 writes: "Come to see me, Captain George Evelyn 
 my kinsman, the great traveller and one who be- 
 lieved himself a better architect than really he was, 
 witness the portico in the garden at Wotton ; yet 
 the great room at Albury is somewhat better un- 
 derstood. He had a large mind but he overbuilt 
 everything." Under the date of 8th of June, 1653, 
 is this entry: "Came my brother George, Capt. Eve- 
 lyn the greate traveller," and some others whose 
 names we omit," 
 
 In 1653 Captain George Evelyn furnished a design 
 for a Doric i^ortico which was built in front of the 
 hill at Wotton. In the central niche was a stone 
 statue of Venus holding a dolphin out of whose 
 mouth ran water, which still exists in a good state 
 of preservation.' 
 
 In 1640 George Evelyn purchased lands in James 
 City County, Virginia, which on the 28th of April, 
 1650, he gave to his second son Mountjoy. The wife 
 of Col. Daniel Parke, the ancestor of late G. W. Parke 
 Custis, of Arlington, Va., was a Miss Evelyn, and his 
 daughter Lucy married Col. William Byrd, and part 
 of the Byrd estate at Westover, on the James River, 
 Va., was called Evelington.' 
 
 1 Streeter's "First Commnnder of Ken) Island." p 43. 
 
 2 "Evelyn's Diary," liohii Kdition, 1863, vol. I, pj). 257-298. 
 
 3 Scull's " I'.veli/ns in America," p. 357. 
 
 4 Scull, p. 3. 
 
34 
 
 VII. 
 
 BALTIMORE S DISPUTE WITH JESUIT MISSIONARIES. 
 
 The Jesuit missionaries, in disregard of the com- 
 mon law of England/ and without consulting the 
 Projjrietor of the Province, had obtained lands from 
 the Indians, and also under the terms of the Pro- 
 prietary law entered thousands of acres for the use 
 of the Society of Jesus. Lord Baltimore saw that 
 if this course was to continue he would incur the 
 displeasure of England, and perhaps have his char- 
 ter revoked. He therefore appointed John Lewger, 
 his college friend, once a clergyman of the Church 
 of England but at that time a Roman Catholic, Sec- 
 retary of the Province, with instructions to correct 
 the abuses of the Jesuit Fathers. 
 
 Upon his arrival in Maryland Lewger made known 
 the wishes of Lord Baltimore, and "insisted that all 
 grants of the land should be vacated, whether from 
 the Indians or from the Proprietary, to Thomas 
 Copley, who held the land for the use of the So- 
 ciety." He also had laws passed asserting the 
 supremacy of the General Assembly in matters 
 temporal, and the regulation ot marriage. The 
 Fathers resisted the Proprietor, and wrote to Father 
 Henry More, who immediately appealed to the 
 Propaganda, and in his Memorial to the Cardinal 
 Prelect uses this language : " The Fathers of this 
 Society warmly resisted this foul attempt, profess- 
 ing themselves ready to shed their blood in defence 
 
 1 Johnson, p. 63. 
 
35 
 
 of the faith and liberty of the church, which firm- 
 ness greatly enraged the Secretary [Lewger], who 
 immediately reported to Baron Baltimore that his 
 jurisdiction was interrupted by the Fathers of* 
 the Society, whose doctrine was inconsistent with 
 the government of the Province. Hence the said 
 Baron being offended, became alienated in his mind 
 from the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, and at 
 first, ipso facto, seized all their lands and let thenu 
 to others, as though he was the Lord and Proprie- 
 tor of them. ****** r^Y^Q ^^[^ Baron, 
 with others favorable to his opinons, began to turn 
 his attention to the expulsion of the Fathers and 
 the introducing others in their stead, who would 
 be more pliable to his Secretary. Therefore he 
 proceeded next year to petition the Sacred Congre- 
 gation of the Propagation of the Faith in the name 
 of the Catholics of Maryland, to grant a prefect and 
 priests of the secular clergy faculties for the same 
 mission. ***** Bxit the Sacred Congre- 
 gation being entirely ignorant of these matters, 
 granted the petition, and in the month of August, 
 1641, faculties were expedited from the Sacred Con- 
 gregation, and were transmitted to Dom Rosetti, 
 now Archbishop of Tarsus. But since, either the 
 Prefect is not as yet appointed, or the faculties de- 
 livered, but are as yet, it is hoped, in the hands of 
 Father Phillips, the confessor of the Queen of Eng- 
 land, the Provincial humbly begs of your Eminence 
 to deign to direct that the said faculties may be re- 
 pealed if the matter is yet entire, or if by chance 
 the faculties are delivered, that the departure of 
 new priests may be retarded for so long as to allow 
 
36 
 
 the Holy See to decide upon what is best for the 
 good of souls. 
 
 " The Fathers do not refuse to make way for other 
 labourers, but they humbly submit for considera- 
 tion whether it is expedient to remove those who 
 first entered into that vineyard, at their own ex- 
 pense, who for seven years have endured want and 
 sufferings, who have lost four of their own confreres 
 laboring faithfully unto death.'" 
 
 In September, 1642, two priests in England de- 
 sired to join the Maryland mission, but Baltimore 
 declared that " he could not in prudence allow them 
 to go unless an agreement was first made." On the 
 5th of October. Baltimore's sister, the wife of Wil- 
 liam Peasley, wrote: " I have been wit hmy brother, 
 but he is inexorable until all conditions be agreed 
 upon by you." 
 
 It had been agreed by the Provincial of the So- 
 ciety of Jesus in England," among other i)oints, 
 '' that no Jesuit shall be sent to Maryland without 
 the license of the said Lord Baltimore and his heirs 
 having been first obtained." It was also agreed in 
 this language: "Since it is sufficiently clear that 
 Maryland depends upon England, that it could not 
 support itself unless they frequently sent over sup- 
 plies of necessaries, and since it is not the less evi- 
 dent that those privileges, exemptions, etc., which 
 are usually granted to eccesiastical persons of the 
 Roman Catholic Church by Catholic princes in their 
 
 IThis Memorial was first luiblished in full in Foley's '• Jiccordx of the Kngluh 
 Province of the Society of JcsusV Lotidoii, Burns & Gates. 1878. In 1881 it \va^ 
 republished by Neil! as an appendix to an article in vol. V ot" Pennsylvania Histor- 
 ical Society Mngozine." It also appears in Hradley T. Jolinson's " i''ou7i</(i/ton o/ 
 Maryland." published in 1883 by tl.e Maryland Historical Society. 
 
 2 For Form of Agreement see page 91) of Johnson's ''■Foundation of Maryland." 
 
37 
 
 own countries, could possibly be granted here with- 
 out grave offence to the King and State of England, 
 which olfence, however, may be called a hazard 
 both to the said Baron and especially the whole 
 colony. Therefore none of our said Society shall 
 apply by any spiritual authority, or in any other 
 manner demand or require from the said Baron, or 
 heirs, or any of the officials in Maryland, any priv- 
 ileges, exemptions, etc., in temporal matters except, 
 such as are publicly granted to the Society, or the 
 Roman Church in England." 
 
 The Jesuits intending to go to Maryland assented 
 to these conditions and sailed, and Father White, 
 in his Relation, has told us how far they observed 
 them. He writes: "When our people declared it 
 to be repugnant to the laws of the Church, two 
 priests were sent from England who might teach 
 the contrary, but the reverse of what was expected 
 happened ; for our reasons being heard, and the 
 thing itself being more clearly understood, they 
 easily fell in with our opinion." 
 
 VIII. 
 
 THE ACT OF 1649, CONCERNING RELIOmN. 
 
 The conflict of opinion between the Maryland 
 Jesuits and Lord l>altimore was injurious to the in- 
 terests of the Proprietor. The fact that the Jesu- 
 its held themselves above the laws of England, not 
 only retarded immigration to the Province, but led- 
 to serious political complications. The members 
 
38 
 
 of the House of Commons on the 10th of December, 
 1641, presented an address ' to Charles the First at 
 Hampton Court, in which they complained that he 
 had permitted another State moulded within this 
 State; independent in government; contrary in in- 
 terest and affection, secretly corrupting the ignor- 
 ant or negligent professors of religion." 
 
 Lord Baltimore after this began to enlist Puritan 
 influence to increase the population of the Province. 
 Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts on the 13th 
 of October, 1643, writes in his journal : " The Lord Bal- 
 timore, owner of much land in Virginia, being him- 
 self a Papist, and his brother, Mr. Calvert, the Gov- 
 ernor there, being a Papist also, but the colony 
 consisting of both Protestant and Papist, he wrote 
 a letter to Capt. Gibbons, of Boston, and sent a 
 commission, wherein he made a tender of land in 
 Maryland to any of ours that would transport them- 
 selves thither, with free liberty of religion and all 
 the privileges which the place affords, paying such 
 rent as should be agreed upon; but our Captain 
 had no mind to further his desire, even had any of 
 our people temptation that way." 
 
 The agitation for toleration in worship began to 
 increase in England.^ In a work called the " Com- 
 passionate Samaritan" it was requested "that the 
 
 1 Rushworlli 
 • 2 I/ord Robert Brooke, who fell In battle in IHJflat r.itchfield, in liis "Treatise on 
 Episcop'icii, ' wrote : " I must coi'fes-* I betjiii to think there may besometliintj more 
 of tiod in tiiesi- seels wh ch they call new seliismstlian appearat first {•linipsi;." 
 
 John Milton, in his speech for the liberty of nnlicenM><l printiiifr. hi I('45, ad- 
 dressed to Pailiamcnt. uses these words : 'Ye know him I am sure; yet I for 
 h nors sake, and may it be eternal to him. shull n:inie him the I.okd Buooke, 
 
 He. wr tinji: of Kpiscopaey. and by the way treiitintj of se ts and .schisms 
 
 He there exhorts ns lo bear with pa ienceavid humility those, however they may 
 bemisc'lled th t desire to live purely in such a use of God's ordinanc •» aa the 
 best tf"i<lance of their conscience gives theui, and to tolerate them, though iu sum'e 
 discunformity to ourselves.' " 
 
39 
 
 Parliament will stop all proceedings against them, 
 and for future provide that, as well particular and 
 private congregations, as public, may have public 
 protection, that all statutes against the Separatists 
 be reviewed and repealed; and that the Press may 
 be free for any man that submits nothing scanda- 
 lous and dangerous to the State; that this Parlia- 
 ment prove themselves loving fathers to all good 
 men, bearing respect unto all, and so inviting an 
 equal assistance and affection from all."' 
 
 On the last day of January, 1643-4, three clergy- 
 men in the Bermudas, N. White, W. Golding and 
 the aged Patrick Copland, withdrew from the 
 Church of England. White before coming to the 
 island had been a zealot for all the ceremonies ot 
 the Church. Golding was possessed of a good library, 
 and Copeland, or Copland, was the friend of Nicho- 
 las Ferrar, the gentle ritualist of Little (lidding, 
 though widely differing as to church ceremonies. 
 Through Ferrar's influence he went, in 1G26, to the 
 Bermudas." 
 
 White soon proceeded to England to confer with 
 Copland's friend the Earl of Warwick, and on the 
 24th of October, 1645, the House of Commons -or- 
 dered that there should be liberty of conscience in 
 the Bermudas or Somer Islands, and that the Com- 
 mittee of Lords and Commons for Plantations should 
 see that it was executed. On the 4th day of No- 
 
 1 Quoted ill "D/ppcj- Dippcff," by Daniel Featley, D.D., London, 1631. Featley 
 died ill April 164') 
 
 '2 H'or a ('nil notice of Copland, or f^opeland, see " Founders of UlaryUtnd" Muii- 
 sell, 1870. pp. 111-115, als) Neill's ''' Enylish Colonization of America,'" London, ls7l, 
 pp 161-18L 
 
40 
 
 vember this Committee' issued a declaration which 
 after recounting that certain persons in Bermudas 
 or Somer Islands did petition that "they, with others 
 which shall join themselves unto them in matters 
 of worship, might by the Parliament's assent and 
 authority be freed from all molestation or trouble 
 for any ceremony and imposition in matters of 
 God's worship, either in those parts of America 
 where now they are, or hereafter, may be planted," 
 mentioned the order of the 24th of October of the 
 House ot Commons. The following proclamation 
 is then made: 
 
 "Now know all manner of persons that this may 
 concern, that we, the said Robert Earl of Warwick. 
 Governor in Chief and Lord High Admiral of all 
 those Islands, together with the said Commissioners 
 whose names w^ith our seals are hereto subscribed 
 and added, according to the said petition, and in 
 pursuance of the said order of Parliament, duly 
 considering the justice and equity of the premises> 
 as also the great hindrance of the so much to be 
 desired propagation of the Gospel of Jesus Christ in 
 the purity tliereof in all parts of the world, * * 
 * * * do by these presents grant unto the said 
 petitioners and to all others that do or shall here- 
 after inhabit or abide in those parts of the world 
 that shall join with them * '■• ''' protection, im- 
 munity and freedom from all trouble and molesta- 
 tion by and for any ceremony or imposition in the 
 
 1 The Committee were: — 
 
 Lords Wnrwick, Artli. Haslerigg, 
 
 Pembroke. Keii Hydiard, 
 
 Manchester, II Vayne, 
 
 Say and Seale, Cornelius Holland, 
 
 P.Wharton, Myles Corbett. 
 
41 
 
 matter ot God's worship, and do here))y require all 
 the Governors '^ '■' * "^' '•' and all the inhab- 
 itants whatsoever within the ports and throughout 
 the coast of America, as aforesaid, to suffer them 
 quietly, freely and peaceably to worship God ac- 
 cordingly in those Islands, and also in all other 
 parts and throughout the coasts of America as afore- 
 said. And if in case they shall at any time or times 
 hereafter think fit to remove or transplant them- 
 selves or their habitations, or any of their goods or 
 estates, to any other part of America, not only for 
 to suffer and permit them, with all that is theirs, so 
 to do without let or disturbance, but also to afford 
 them all necessary aid, help and assistance therein, 
 as the}' will answer the contrary and the high con- 
 tempt of the power and authority of Parliament 
 aforesaid;'' 
 
 In 1646 Governor Sayle, of Bermudas, and the 
 clergyman Golding, hj way of Boston, went to Eng- 
 land in the interests of a free church. 
 
 On his way Sayle invited the Planters of James 
 River, Virginia, whose pastor was formerly Gover- 
 nor Berkeley's chaplain, the liev. Thomas Harri- 
 son, to unite with them in a settlement on an isle 
 of the sea. On November 2d, 1646, by the hands of 
 the same Captain Edward Gil)bons that in 1643 had 
 borne Lord Baltimore's letter, he sent a note to 
 Governor Winthrop, in which he wrote: " Had your 
 proposition found us risen up, in a posture of re- 
 moval, there is weight and force enough [in 
 yours] to have stricken us down again." It is pos- 
 
 1 For the full text see Lefroy's "Bermudas," vol. 1, pp. COl-603. 
 
42 
 
 sible that Winthrop, of Boston, may have proposed 
 that Harrison and his church members should set- 
 tle in Maryland, instead of starting to a distant 
 island.' 
 
 About the time that Governor Sayle- reached 
 London, on the 24tli of NoveiAber, 1646, the Planta- 
 tion Commissioners reported to Parliament: "That 
 Lord Baltimore had v\qckedly broken his trust, and 
 asked that they might be authorized to appoint the 
 Governor and other officers of Maryland." Tn the 
 language of Charles the Second, then an exile at 
 Breda, in a commission appointing Sir William 
 Devenant Governor of Maryland, Baltimore "did 
 visib}^ adhere to the rebels of England," from this 
 time until the restoration. To serve his interests 
 in Maryland he w^as willing to remove Roman Catho- 
 lics and appoint a Governor and other officers who 
 would be pleasing to Parliament. His consultations 
 were frequent with the men in power. 
 
 A daughter of Christopher Wandesforde, whose 
 father had been a confidential adviser of the Earl 
 of Strafford, and his successor as Deputy of Ireland, 
 wntes in her autobiographj'^' that a meeting was 
 held at her uncle's house in London, of the Close 
 
 1 In London. A. D. 1647, a treatise was published by Samuel Kieliardson with this 
 title " The Necessity of Toleration in Matters of Keligion ; or. Certain Qnestioiis pro- 
 pounded to the Synod tending to prove that Corporal Piinishvtenl oiiiiht not to l>e inflicted 
 upon snch as hold errors in lieligion and that in matters of Religion men ought not to be 
 cotnpelle'l. but have Liberty and Freedom.'^ 
 
 2 Sayle in lii-17 succcodod in forniiiifi; a company in I>ondon for the settling of 
 one of the Bahamas Islands, with entire liberty of conscience for each settler. In 
 October, ltl47, he rfturned to Bermudas and said. ' they had toleration in England, 
 and that in the city of London the Epijicopai ministers did preach, the Presbyteri- 
 ans did teach and the Independents did teach.and where the Presbyterians taught 
 he cou d ever lind above u half score of people, but all the rest constantly full.-' 
 (See l.efroy's "Jfernuidas" vol. I, p. 6;'.0.) 
 
 Sayle went to the I-le Elenlhera in 1G49, with the a^ed ("<)i>land and others, 
 and established a tree church, l)ut the settlement was unwucces^lnl. (Sec "A Chup- 
 ierof Aniericnn > htirch Ilistortj" in the " \'enj Enf/'ander," New Haven. Ct., July, 1S79.) 
 In .Inly. Iti69, t^ayle was commissioned as Governor of (aroliiui In the constitu- 
 tion prepared by .John LocUe, the philosopher, it was provided ''that any .•^cven or 
 more persons agreeing in any religion .'ihall institute a church or jirofession, to 
 which they shall give some name to distinguish it from others." 
 3 Camden Society Publication. 
 
43 
 
 Committee of Parliament to consult about ohe 
 King's trial, and her uncle told her 'that Mr. Rush- 
 worth, another of the collectors of Parliament, came 
 to him some days before the said consult, and de- 
 sired the liberty of a large room in his house for 
 that day ; to give him the key of the door, that he 
 and his company might privately pass and repass 
 without molestation.' The company came in the 
 morning, but not together, but one after another, 
 and were about a dozen. He saw several disguised 
 faces, particularly, he knew the Lord Baltimore 
 * * * and others suspected to be Papists or fa- 
 natics, which strange mixture did much surprise 
 him." 
 
 Harrison, the Virginian clergymen who had cor- 
 responded with Winthrop, was in London in 1648, 
 the year when Lord Baltimore conceded to the 
 suggestion of the Parliament Committee on Planta- 
 tions, and to conciliate different parties removed 
 the Roman Catholic Governor Green, and appointed 
 William Stone,,of Hungars Neck, on Eastern Shore 
 of Virginia, nephew of Thomas Stone, haberdasher, 
 of London, and brother-in-law of Francis Doughty, 
 a Protestant clergyman, and in his commission is 
 found for the first time the pledge ''not to disturb 
 any person professing to believe in Jesus Christ 
 merely for or in respect of his or her religion or the 
 free exercise thereof." ' 
 
 1 Franc's Dovifjlity was the son of a Bristol Alderman, and is supposed to have 
 been the Vi<ar of GodlK-rry, (Jloni'c-^ter. who w.s arra'uned for speaking of the 
 Kiiij; US ••( liarl<-s by c.-niinon ele.'Iion and tjen 'ral consent, Kimlc or Enpland " 
 In Ifi 9 he Oiime to Mas>acliiis>.i. its, and subseqnently preached to the lOnjrlish- 
 epeakin.' nieinljer.-t of the Itefi.rnn d ■ liurch in Manhattnn Is e. now New York 
 City He then pleached in Lower Acconiai', where Stone ri sided. In 1(5'! he re- 
 sided in Maryland At one time he pieaclied in Settinnl>ourne parish. Virginia, 
 atiout ten nides from tlie piantat on of John Wasi in ton. the iinmi^^rant, and 
 while there it was ' onii)lain< tl that he was a non conformi.st." and that on one oc- 
 6as on " he denied the snpr nia( y of the Kinfj. contrary to the canons of the 
 Chnrcll of England." Neill's "Viiyinia Colonial C7ei-/;i/," Philadelijliia, IbT?. di> 
 16-17. 1 . HI 
 
44 
 
 Hammond, a friend of Lord Baltimore, writes as 
 to the Puritan immigration from Virginia, showing 
 that conferences and correspondence had been 
 held with Lord Baltimore and his deputies after 
 the Virginia Legislature of 1647 had expelled Non- 
 conformists. His words are : "Maryland is counted 
 by them as a refuge; the Lord Proprietor and his 
 Government solicited to, and several addresses and 
 treaties' made for their admittance and entertain- 
 ment in that Province. * ''•' * Their propositions 
 were hearkened to and agreed on, which was that 
 thej^ should have convenient portions of land as- 
 
 " signed them, and liberty of conscience, and privilege 
 to choose their own officers, and hold court within 
 themselves. 
 
 "• An Assembly was called throughout the whole 
 country, after their coming over, consisting as well 
 of themselves as the rest, and because there were 
 some few Papists that first inhabited, these, them- 
 selves and others being of different judgement, an 
 act was passed that all professing in Jesus Christ 
 
 '^ should have equal justice." This writer also men- 
 tions, that at the request of the Virginia Puritians 
 " the oath of fidelity was overhauled and this clause 
 added to it. ' provided it infringe not the liberty of 
 conscience.'*"' 
 
 ^ The act concerning Beligion, in April 1649, by the 
 Maryland Assembly," was not approved by Lord Bal- 
 timore for more than a year. In the Record Book 
 is the following note appended, signed Philip Cal- 
 
 1 " Leah and Hachel," London 1656. 
 
 2 Tn " Dexcnption of New Albion" pr'mteA in 1648, Plowden who had reoeiitly 
 visited the Piiritans in' Virginia anlieipatod the ideas of tlie Act of 16 19 by proposing: 
 
 1. An Act to settle and establish the fundamentals of Christianity. 
 
 2. To punii-h for contempt, such as "bitter, rail and condemn others." 
 3 To act in mildness, love, and charity, and gentle language, 
 
45 
 
 vert. "An Act ot Assembly, .2 1st April 164^), con- 
 firmed by the Lord Proprietor, by an instrument 
 nnder his hand and seal, dated August 2()th, 1650." 
 Lord Baltimore, in his defence before Parliament, 
 wrote: "Although those laws were assented unto 
 by the Lord Baltimore in August, 1 650, yet it ap- 
 pears, that some of them were enacted in Maryland 
 by the Assembly there in April, 1649." In another 
 place, referring to the laws ot 1650, he uses these 
 words. " It was one of those laws passed by the 
 Assembly in Maryland in April, 1650, when the peo- 
 ple there knew of the late King's death, a year after 
 the other law above .mentioned with divers others, 
 which were enacted in April, 1649, as aforesaid, 
 though in the ingrossment of them all here, when 
 the Lord Baltimore gave his assent to them al- 
 together, August, 1650, it was written before it be- 
 cause they were transposed here in such order as 
 the Lord Baltimore thought fit, according to the 
 nature, and more or less importance of them, 
 placing the act concerning religion first. '"^ 
 
 The act was contrary to the teachings of the 
 Church of Kome, since it recognized as Christians 
 those who rejected the Pope. During the year 1649 
 the zealous Philip Fisher, who had been, in 1646. 
 carried to England, was again in the Province, and 
 when the Assembly of 1650 met there was an ex- 
 pression of dissatisfaction with the act. 
 
 1 Blome in his " Britannia," published in 1673, at London, mentions Lord Balti- 
 more as one of his subscribers, and he asserts that " His Lordship by Advice of the 
 ■Generiil Assembly of the rrovincc. hath long-siiioe established a model of j;ood and 
 wholesome laws, with toleration of religion, to all such that profess faith 
 in thrist." 
 
 "Lord Baltimore's Case" printed in ICf).'! uses these words: " As that by (j^eneral 
 consent of the Protestants, as well as Roman ('atholics it is established by a law 
 there as well as freedom of conscience and cxcrcisi' of religion within that Province 
 is to all that profess to believe in Jesus Christ." 
 
46 
 
 The burgesses of that year were : John Hatch 
 and Walter Blane, of St. Georges ; John Medley, 
 William Broiigh and Robert Robins, of Newtown ; 
 Philip Land and Francis Brooks, of St. Marys ; 
 Thomas Matthews, of St. Inigos ; Thomas Sterman 
 and George Manners, of St. Michaels ; Francis Posey, 
 of St. Clements : James Cox and George Pndding- 
 ton, Ann Arundel ; Robert Vaughan. Isle of Kent. 
 
 When the delegates were to be sworn, all the 
 Roman Catholics, four in number, objected to the 
 principles of the act concerning Religion, passed the 
 year before. Medley, Manners and Land thought 
 it was not right to issue a perpetual law upon the 
 subject, but Thomas Matthews, who came from the 
 j)recinct where Father Fisher now lived, told the 
 Assembly he could not take the oath of toleration, 
 "as he wished to be guided in matters of conscience 
 by spiritual counsel.''^ He was therefore con- 
 demned and expelled, and Cuthbert Fenwick, for- 
 merly the servant, and afterward the agent of 
 Thomas Cornwallis, was returned in his place. 
 
 After Lord Baltimore, in 1650, assented to the 
 Act of 1649 concerning religion he professed fidelity 
 to the Commonwealth, and incensed" Charles, in 
 exile at Breda. Doyle, in " Encflislt Colonies in 
 >lw?e>vVr/,"' writes, perhaps too severely : ''Two years 
 later Baltimore fairly cut himself adrift from the 
 
 1 Maryland MSS 
 
 2 After the pus.sage of the Act of 1649, Charles, in exile at I'reda. save to the 
 poet Daveiiaiit a eoniinission as Governor of Maryland It begins with this soii- 
 ten<'e: "Whereas the Lord Baltimore, I'roprietor of the Province and Plantation 
 of MaryUmd, in America, doth visibly adhere to the rebels of England, and admits 
 all kinds of schismaticks and sectaries, and other ill affected persons into the said 
 Plantation of Maryland, so that wc have cause to apprehen<l very great prejudice 
 to our service thereby." See "' Founders of Maryland.^' page 126 The commission in 
 full is printed in Appendix, pp. 11:5, 1 U, " Virginia Boundary Commissioners' Report,' 
 Richmond, 1873. 
 
 3 '• Hew York Kdition." Henry Holt and Company, pp SlO-oll. 
 
47 
 
 party which had hitherto commanded his allegi- 
 ance. In August, 1652, he published a manifesto 
 setting forth the various reasons against uniting 
 Maryland to Virginia. The document is in every 
 way a remarkable one. The arguments against the 
 union are set forth with consummate ingenuity, 
 and it must be said with some shamelessness. The 
 son of a royal favorite, he who owed all his worldly 
 position to court patronage, did not shrink from 
 pleading the fidelity of his colony, to the Common- 
 wealth, and contrasting it with the stubborn roy- 
 alism of A'^irginia. 'It would much reflect upon the 
 honor of the Parliament, if he should become a 
 laughing stock to his enemies for his fidelity to the 
 Commonwealth.' Maryland, he went on to urge, 
 might serve in time of trouble as a refuge for the 
 distressed Puritans from Virginia. '"\ 
 
 TX. 
 
 THE JESUIT MISSION. 
 
 The Superior of the Jesuit Mission in Maryland 
 in a report for the year 1693 mentions "that inter- 
 course with the Indians was less than could be wished, 
 nor have Ours established any fixed mission to 
 them.'" 
 
 Sixty years before this was written the first Jesuits 
 left England, and in 1634 arrived in the Province. 
 
 1 '■ Tlie Lord B'tltimore's disc" was i)ripte<l in LoikIoii in 1653. It was reprinted in 
 the Appendix to "Jiiport of Viriiinia Commissioiters on Boundary Line between Mary- 
 land and Virtiinia" Kiehinond, 1873. 
 
 2 The facts of this chapter are hirgely taken from Foley's " Records of Englith 
 Jesuits," and Oliver's '' Hioijraphy." 
 
48 
 
 They were Fathers Andrew White, PhiliiD Fisher, 
 John Gravener, alias Altham, Timothy Hays, alias 
 Hammer, and a temporal coadjutor, Thomas Ger- 
 vase. 
 
 Andrew White was born in London about 1579. 
 and was educated at Douay. After being engaged 
 in England as a missionary for some time, he be- 
 came a professor in Jesuit Colleges in Spain and 
 also at Louvan and Liege. With Fisher he was 
 carried from ^Iai;yland in lG4o by Captain Ligle to- 
 England. There he was tried and found guilty of 
 - teaching doctrines contrary to the statutes, but on 
 the 4th of Jul}^ 1646, judgment was stayed. After 
 remaining in Newgate prison eighteen months, on 
 the 7th of January, 1648, 0. S., the House of Com- 
 mons '' did concur with the Lords in granting the 
 petition of Andrew White, a Jesuit, who was 
 brought out of America, into the kingdom by force, 
 upon an English ship," and ordered him to be dis- 
 "charged. provided he left the kingdom within fifteen 
 days.^ In accordance with this order he left Eng- 
 land; but after a prolonged absence returned to 
 England, where he died on the 27th of December, 
 1656, nearly eighty years of age.' 
 
 Philip Fisher was born in Madrid, Spain, in 
 1595-6, entered the order in 1616-17, and in 1636 
 was Superior of the Maryland Mission. With 
 White, he was in 1646, taken to England by Ingle, 
 for violating the law relating to ecclesiastics. 
 
 After being confined for some time in Newgate 
 Prison, by the influence of Secretary Windebauk. 
 
 1 " Hovse of Commons Joitrnal." 
 
 2 Oliver's " Bioyroph;/ of Jesuils." , 
 
49 
 
 he was released, and harbored, until he found an op- 
 portunity to go to America. His hopeful letter, 
 upon returning to Maryland, addressed to Caraffa, 
 General of the Jesuits, and dated March 1st, 1648, 
 0. S., is worthy of preservation, and is as follows : 
 
 "At length my companion and myself reached 
 Virginia in the month of January, after a terrible 
 journey of seven weeks. There I left my compan- 
 ion and awaited myself of the opportunity of pro- 
 ceeding to Maryland, where 1 arrived in the month 
 of February. By the singular Providence of God, I 
 found my flock collected together after they had 
 been scattered these three long years, and they 
 were really in more flourishing circumstances than 
 those who had oppressed them. With what joy 
 they received me, and with what delight T met 
 them, it would be impossible to describe, but they 
 received me as an angel of God. I have been with 
 them a fortnight, and am preparing for a painful 
 separation, for the Indians summon me to their 
 aid, and they have been ill-treated by the enemy 
 since I was torn from them. I scarcely know what 
 to do, but cannot attend to all. God grant that 1 
 may do his will to the greater glory of his name. 
 Truly flowers appear in our land, may they attain 
 to fruit. , 
 
 " A road by hind through the forest has just been 
 opened from Maryland to Virginia. This will make 
 it but a two days' journey, and both countries can 
 be united in one mission. After Easter, I shall v/ait 
 upon the Governor of Virginia on important busi- 
 ness. May it terminate to the praise and glory of 
 God. My companion, I trust, still lies concealed : 
 
50 
 
 but next year 1 hope to have two or more colleagues, 
 with the permission of your fraternity, to whose 
 prayers and sacrifices T earnestly commend this 
 mission, myself, and all mine." In the year 1()52 he 
 died. 
 
 John Gravener, alias Altham, was born in War- 
 rickshire in 15S9, entered the Society of Jesuits in 
 •1()24. and on November 5. 1040, died of fever at Saint 
 Mary. 
 
 Timothy Hayes, alias Hammer, was born in Dor- 
 setshire, and before 1636 had returned to England. 
 
 Thomas Gervase. a temporal coadjutor, was born 
 in Derbyshire in 1590, and in 1624 entered the 
 Society. He, with Gravener and Fisher, was in 
 1627 at Clerkenwell College. He died in Maryland 
 late in the summer of 1637 of fever. 
 
 John Rogers, born at Fro me, in Somersetshire, in 
 1584, the son of Protestant parents, and for a time 
 a student at Oriel College, Oxford, having been 
 converted to the Church of Rome, entered the 
 Society in 1624; came to Maryland about 1636. and 
 before 1 638 returned to England. 
 
 During the year 1637 the Mission was strengthened 
 by the arrival of Copley and Knowles. 
 
 Thomas Copley was the grandson of Thomas 
 Copley, who fled to ^aris during Queen Elizabeth's 
 reign, and was knighted by the King of France. His 
 father. William, married Margaretta Prideaux. who 
 had been educated under her aunt, a prioress 
 of Louvain. He was the eldest son, and educated 
 at Louvain. In the Calendar of British vState Papers 
 under date of December 1, 1634, Thomas Copley, in 
 a petition to the King states that he is an alien 
 
51 
 
 born, and therefore believes he is not liable to trou- 
 ble for his religion, by the laws of the realm, yet 
 fearing he may be molested by some messengers 
 while following occasions which concern his fath- 
 er's and his own estate, prays his Majesty to refer 
 his petition to one of the principal Secretaries. On 
 the 10th of the month a warrant of protection was 
 issued^ under the King's seal. He arrived in Mary- 
 land on the Sth of August, 1637, and was a valuable 
 temporal co-ad jutor, and held lands as Thomas- 
 Copley, Esq., for the use of the Society. Among the 
 Land Office memoranda is the following: '' Thomas 
 Copley, Esq., demandeth 4,000 acres of land due by 
 conditions of plantations, for transporting into this 
 Province himself, and twenty able men at his own 
 charge to plant and inhabit in the year 1637." A 
 few months later it is recorded that there has been 
 "shipped in the St. Margaret for Thomas Copley, 
 Esq., cloth, hatchets, knives, hoes, to trade with the 
 Indians for beaver.'" On the 13th of May, 1638, 
 there was also entered "for Mr. Thomas Copley, one 
 hundred weight of beaver, traded for with the In- 
 dians." He was living in 1650, but the time of his 
 death has not been ascertained. 
 
 John Knowles, who came in the same vessel with 
 Copley, was l)orn in Staffordshire in 1607, and en- 
 tered the Society in 1634. In about six weeks after 
 his arrival in Maryland he died. 
 
 Two more missionaries, Poulton and Morley, ar- 
 rived m 1638. 
 
 Ferdinand Poulton, alias John Brock or Brookes, 
 was born in Buckinghamshire about 1630, and on 
 
 1 Copy of tlie warrant is in " Foumlers of Maryland,'" Minisell, 1879, p. 92. 
 
52 
 
 the 5th of July, 1641, he was accidentally shot, 
 while crossing the river, near St. Mary. 
 
 Walter Morley was born in 151)1 at London, 
 educated at Rome, and died in Maryland on the 
 Oth of March, 1641, a few months before Poulton. 
 He was a temporal co-adjutor. 
 
 In the Jesuits reports it is mentioned that in 1642 
 the only missionaries in Maryland were White, 
 Fisher and Rigby; Clervase, Gravener, Poulton, and 
 Morley' had died, while Hays and Rogers had re- 
 turned to England. 
 
 In 1644 one known as Father Bernard Hark- 
 well, or Hartwell, had joined the mission and acted 
 as Superior. 
 
 John Cooper came about the same time, was born 
 in Hants, A. D., 1600, entered the Society in 1632. He 
 was taken prisoner with White and Fisher, and 
 in 1646 died in Virginia. From A.D. 1645 to 1648, 
 there were no Jesuit priests in Maryland. 
 
 1 Foley, in part 7th of " Records of English Jesuits," mentions Henry Morley, aliaa 
 Lawrence Kisby who came to Maryland, but left the Society of Jesus, in 1648. >hea 
 in ' limiory of Catholic Missions:' writes that Father Roger Kigbv, born in Lancashire 
 in 1G08, entered the Society at 21 years of age; came to Alary land about 1640; carried 
 to Virginia and died. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Actof 1G49 concerniug religion. 37. 
 opposed by Koman catholics,46. 
 Alexander, 8ir William, 5. 
 Anacostan Indians. 29 
 Ark. the ship detained, 8, 11. 
 Arundel, of Wardour, 8. 
 Avalon, charter of 5. 
 
 Baltimore, Lord first, see Calrert 
 
 George. 
 Baltimore, Lord second, see Calvert 
 
 Ctcil. 
 Barbadoes, charter of, 5. 
 Bermudas, non-conformists. 39. 
 "Black George." shi]> leaks, 27. 
 Blackmau. Capt. , receives deer, 28. 
 Blane Walter, 46 
 Blome, on toleration act. 45. 
 Blount, father Richard S .J., 5, 10. 
 Books, earliest on Maryland, 15. 
 Brent, Margaret 16 
 Brick offered by Gov. Harvey, 14. 
 Brick made in Maryland. 25. 
 Brickmaker, early, 25. 
 Brome Hall, Suffolk, 16. 
 Brooke, Francis, 46. 
 Brooke, Lord, on toleration, 38. 
 Brough. William, 46. 
 Byrd. Col. of Westover, Va , 33. 
 
 Calvert, George, 1st Lord Balti- 
 more. 6. 
 
 Calvert, Cecil, 2d Lord Baltimore, 
 7, 9 ; poor, 7, 8 ; arrangements 
 with Jesuits. 1 ; critici.sed, 21, 
 46; wishes to expel Jesuits, 35; 
 censured by Charles 2d, 42, 46; 
 alleged fidelity to Parliment, 
 4.3, 46. 
 
 Calvert,Leonard,Gov. embarkation 
 11 ; plants a cross, 15 ; poverty 
 of, 16; criticicism on, 16, 32; 
 flees to Vi' ginia, 23 
 
 Canada. Cornelius, an early brick- 
 maker, 25. 
 
 Cardinal Manning, error of, 11. 
 
 Carlisle Earl, charter of, 5. 
 
 Carolana, charter of, 5 
 
 Catholics Koman, few, 12, 14, 44. 
 
 Catholics Protestant, many, 12, 14. 
 
 Chalmers, George, lawyer, 6. 
 
 Charter of Avalon. of Barbadoes, 
 of Carolana. of Maryland, 5. 
 
 Clayborue, William. 30, 32. 
 
 Cooper. .John, Jesuit, noticed, 52. 
 
 Copley, Thomas, Jesuit, noticed, 50. 
 
 Coruwallis, Thomas. 11; ancestry 
 of, 16, 17 ; his prominence, 18, 
 19; house described, 18, 23; 
 assists Capt. Ingle, 23 ; is fined 
 for sympathy with Ingle, 23 • 
 marriage of, 25 ; death of, 2"). 
 
 Coruwallis, Rev Thomas, 25. 
 
 Custis, G. W. P., 33. 
 
 Davenant, the poet, commissioned 
 
 as Gov. of Md , 4 , 46. 
 Deer for King Charles, 28. 
 Dove, the pinnace, 8, 11. 
 Doyle, on Md. Charter, 7, on Lord 
 " Baltimore, 20, 46. 
 
 Evelyn, George, ancestry of, 31 • 
 commander of Kent. Island, 
 32 ; architect and traveler, 33. 
 
 Evelyn. John, cousin of George, 
 33; diary of, 33. 
 
 Evelyn, Robert, brother of George, 
 32 ; explores Delaware river, 
 father of George, 31, 32. 
 
 Evelyn, Mountjoy, son of George, 
 33. 
 
 Faith of the Coloni.sts, 11. 
 Fen wick, Cnthbcrt. 46 
 Ferrar, Rev Nicholas, 39. 
 Fisher, Philip, Jesuit missionary, 
 
 noticed. 48, 49. 
 Fleet, Edward, son of Henry, 31. 
 Fleet. .John, son of Henry, 31. 
 Fleet, Reynold, son of Henry, 31. 
 
54 
 
 Index. 
 
 Fleet, Henry, Prolertant. 15; early 
 trader, 29; captured by In- 
 dians, 30; factor of Warwick, 
 ;*.it; at Falls of Potomac, oO; in 
 iMd. Assembly, HI ; in Va As- 
 sinnbly. ?A. 
 
 Gardiner's error as to Md- charter, 
 5; as to Holy cliiirch, 22 
 
 Gerrard, Richard, notice of. i:{. 
 
 Gerrard, Surgeon, 29. 
 
 Gervase, Thomas, Jesuit mission- 
 ary, noticed. 50. 
 
 Gibbons, Capt Edward, 38, 41. 
 
 Gravener. John, .Jesuit mission- 
 ary, noticed, 50. 
 
 Hammond, on Puritan immigra- 
 tion 44. 
 
 Harrison, Rev. Thomas. 41, 42 
 
 Harvey, Gov. of Va , 14,27, 30 
 
 Hawley, Gabriel, 27. 
 
 Hawley, Gov ot Harbadoes, 21. 
 
 Hawley, James, 21. 
 
 Hawle3", Jerome, early life. 21. 
 
 Hawley, .Jeronie, notice of, 25. 28. 
 
 Hawley. William, brother of Jer- 
 ome, 21. 
 
 Hayes. Timothy .Tesuit Mission- 
 ary, noticed. 50. 
 
 Hebden Thomas, 32. 
 
 Hill, i:dward, 30 
 
 Holy Church, meaning of, 21. 22. 
 
 Ingle. Capt Richard. 22, 23, 24. 
 
 •Jesuit missions to Indians, 47. 
 
 Jesuit controversv with Baltimore, 
 34, 37. 
 
 Jesuit missionaries, notices of, 
 47, 52 
 
 Johnson, Bradley T. essay of. II, 
 14. 
 
 Knowles, John, Jesuit nn.ssiouary, 
 noticed 51. 
 
 T.and Philip. 4r> 
 
 Laud, Archbishop, 27. 
 
 Lcwger, John, Secretary, 12, 13,20. 
 
 Lewger, .John, offends Jesuits, 13. 
 
 Lindsey, James, servant, 16 
 
 Manners, George. 46. 
 
 Manning. Cardinal inaccurate, 11. 
 
 Matthews, Thomas, 46. 
 
 Maryland charter restrictive, 5, 6; 
 oi)inions on, 6, 7. 
 
 More, Henry, Vice Provincial, S. 
 J., 12; "censures Lewder, 12, 
 13 ; declares that Roman Cath- 
 olics are lew and poor, 12, 14. 
 
 Morley, Walter. Jesuit missionary 
 
 52. 
 Newport, Capt. plants a cross, 14. 
 Northey. Sir Edward, on Md. 
 
 charter, 6 
 Nova Scotia, charter of, 5. 
 Oath, of allegiance. 8, 27 
 Oath of fidelity overhauled, 44. 
 
 Paschatoway, 15. 
 
 Penington. Admiral, 8. 
 
 Peasley, William, 15,36. 
 
 Piscataquack, 30. 
 
 Plowden on toleration, 44 
 
 Protestants, a large majority, 12, 
 14. 
 
 Puritan immigration desired, 38, 
 44. 
 
 Poulton, Ferdinand, .lesuit mis- 
 sionary, 51. 
 
 Posey, Francis, 46. 
 
 I'uddiugton, George, 46. 
 
 Revel 1, Randall. 
 
 Rigby. Jesuit missionary. 
 
 Robbins, Robert. 46 
 
 Rogers Jesuit missionary, .50 
 
 Roman Catholi(;s, few and poor, 
 
 13, 14 ; oppose act of, 1649 
 Rosetti, Atchbishop, 35. 
 
 St Mary, town site selected, 15. 
 
 Salem, 30 
 
 Sayle, Governor, 41. - 
 
 Scliarf, not ac(iuainled with Jesuit 
 records, 14. 
 
 Snow, Abel, 29; .Justinian, 28, 29; 
 Marmaduke, 29 ; Susanna, 29. 
 
 Stratford, Earl of. letters to 7. 9 
 
 Streeter, S F. misapprehennon of, 
 24. 
 
 Toleration, Lord Brooke on, 38 ; 
 Maryland, act of, 27; Milton 
 on, 3S ; for Somer Island 39, 
 40 ; pamphlet by Richard.-<on, 
 42 ; as expressed by Plowden, 
 44 ; proclamation of parlia- 
 ment, 41. 
 
 Vanghan, Robert, 46. 
 Warwick, earl of, on toleration, 41 . 
 Winthrop, Gov 3S. 41. 
 White, father Andrew, noticed, 48 
 Young Thomas explores Delaware 
 hiver, 32. 
 

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