I Library of Congress. ^ 'm -pr .^; Shelf *_U_0_ M i m .^ PiMjUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.^mi .#-^1^ 9-167 $wm A HAND BOOK TO THE MODERN PROVENCAL LANGUAGE, SPOKEN IN THE SOUTH OF FRANCE, PIEDMONT, ETC. by; J: DUNCAN CRAIG, M.A. AUTHOR or "SCRIPTURAL COINCIDENCES," CURATE PERPETUAL OF TEMPLE BRADY, CHAPLAIN TO EOET CAMDEN, AND EX-CHAPLAIN OF IRISH CONVICT SERVICE. ""Plaz mi Lou cantar prouvencales." — Irederick I., Empereur d' Allemagne. ' Sounding of sweet Provencal song and sun burnt mirth."— Keats. LONDON: JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE. M:.rccci,xiii. fC 3S7f ■-^ ^V _^ ^^- 4^ LONDON: J. PICKTON, PRTNTKB, , GREAT PORTLAND STREET, OXl-QRI) STKKET \r 1900 TO HIS EXCELLENCY THE EARL OP CARLISLE, K.G., VICE-ROY OF IRELAND, THIS WORK IS, {Bl/ Permission) WITH THE UTMOST RESPECT, DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOE. CO JN' TENTS. PliEFACE .... Prologomena . KuLEs FOK Pronunciation Nouns of Number . The Verb Passive Verbs Neuter Verbs Impersonal Verbs Eeflected Verbs , Verb Phrases The Pronoun . Personal Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Relative Pronouns Interrogative Pronou Indefinite Pronouns The Noun The Article . PAilE vii viii 1 5 f> 22 23 27 28 80 31 31 33 31 31 35 35 30 VI CONTENTS, PAGE The Adjective . 38 The Pauticiple . . . . . 41 The Adverb ..... 41 The Preposition 43 The Conjunction . . 44 The Interjection ..... 46 Syntax 46 Vocabulary of Important Words 53 Dialogue 1 .... , , 86 Dialogue 2 .... . , 90 A Legend of Simie , 94 Rock of Ages .... . 104 PREFACE. In introducing to the British public our Handbook to the Modern Provenqal, we feel that but little apology is requisite. A language, to the work of one of whose Troubadours, Eaimbaud de Yachieras, named Les Pleurs du Siecle, it has been by some supposed that Milton was indebted for the idea of his sublime poems, and which has influenced so extensively both French and Italian literature, cannot be uninteresting to the student. The present century may be well denominated the Eenaissance of the Proven9al ; were no other poem than the charming Idyll Fran- gonette, that chef-d'oeuvre of M. Jasmin, extant in this tongue, this would be sufficient to stamp it with renown. But when, united with the traditions of the past, and with the beauteous scenery and clime of this Proven9al shore, there still is dear to* the hearts of millions, a language so sweet, so sonorous, so musical, and which combines with former glories a still more natural and more touching recent fame, the endeavour to present the English student with a Handbook which may serve as an introduction to the language, cannot but prove of a certain measure advantageous to the cause of Philology, besides furnish- ing the traveller with a work which may prove of essential ad- VIU PROLOGOMENA. vantage to him. Jasmin's beautiful comparison of his loved mother-tongue, this Provengal language can well be appreciated by such. He compares it to one of those grand old elms of the promenade of Agen, which, having in a storm lost some of its branches, the local authorities send men to dig it out ; but ere long the pick-axes became unhafted, the men grew tired, the tree was forsaken ; and when the summer came again, and glorious verdure clothed its boughs, and birds sang sweetly in its branches, men rejoiced that its roots had been so numerous and so strongly planted. So have the seasons passed over the language of the south, doomed to death, as it were, by savants^ still it blossoms and spreads the more, and will, in this its era of revival, only the more increase its influence, and attract atten- tion to its poet sons. PEOLOGOMENA. Sect. 1. We may, to a certain extent, says M. Cabrie, estimate the moral influence which one nation has exercised upon another, by calculating the number of words which it has implanted in their language. China, for example, conquered by the Tartars, imposed its manners, customs, and language upon its oppressors — the victorious Francs adopted the tongue and the civilisation of the Komans, whom they had subdued in Gaul ; we may thus compare the etymologist to an antiquary, who, exploring the foundations of a monument covered with the sand and dust of ages, disinters, one by one, from their prior state of confusion, the varied forms of architecture belonging to PROLOGOMENA. IX the different epochs of which these recall the living souvenirs. Wondrous, in truth, is the affinity of language; the Greek teaching his child in the ancient form JShti, essi, esmi, I am, thou art, he is, afford a striking proof of their relationship with the Indian saying, Osi^ osti, osmi. The Latins, and the people of Germanic origin, when comparing their languages with the Sanscrit, can show a strange similarity of contact. The Latin serpens is the Indian sarpah ; the Latin dorium is the Indian dananiy a gift ; the English end is the Indian anta ; the English sister, German scJiewsster, and Indian swastri, have a close rela- tionship. These words must have sprung from the same origin, for otherwise, how could people, separated as well by such difference of manners as of degree, have fallen by chance upon a matter so arbitrary as language, had they not had both long and varied relations. Sect. 2. If we glance for a moment at the fact, that among the different Celtic tribes inhabiting Gaul sixteen centuries before the Christian era, the Phoenician colonists had lived and worked, and inculcated their language and their customs, and that their era had been followed by a colonisation of the sea coast by the polished Greeks, when in Marseilles, Narbonne, and other settle-* ments, the language of these colonisers spread itself, so that at Marseilles, in after times, the youth of Italy studied the chefs- d'oevres of ancient Greece, and even named it the modern Athens — Yarro, in his time, calling the Marseillaise Trilingues, because they spoke both Greek and Latin, and the tongue of Gaul itself — and if we remember, that after the Greeks, the Eomans far X PROLOGOMENA. and wide through Gallia spread their Latin tongue, so that the tongue of Horace and of Cicero spread throughout that enormous region, from the Tagus to the Var — then, when in the fifth cen- tury, the Francs swept over Gaul, and three centuries subsequent, the Saracens in Spain and on either side of the Pyrenees had rolled in the current of their manners, faith, and language — can we wonder, that that Latin tongue which Quintilian had declared was already totally changed, was now entirely altered and corrupted. Sect. 3. The conservative influence of the Latin Church in her uniform use of the Latin tongue in her liturgies, has been shown by M. Cabrie to have been not at all what had been generally imagined, in fact, he scruples not to say, that the very fact of her teachers not caring for a grammatical purity of the Latin in comparison with their earnest desire of spreading Christianity itself by its means, has been one of the greatest causes of its decadence — " The court of Eome itself pressed on the destruction of the Latin tongue ; the new idiom (the Eomance or Proven9al), young and full of life, appeared to it with reason, more adapted to propagate the Christian faith than the decrepit language which, in the era of its splendour, had served to spread the hideous errors of Polytheism. Gregory the Great affected the greatest contempt for all grammatical rules ; he regarded it as an unworthy matter to submit the tenets of the celestial oracles to the rules of Donatus. Writing to Didier, Bishop of Vienna, to reproach him for giving lessons in the Latin tongue — ' We have groaned over it,' says he ; ' No, the same mouth PROLOGOMENA, XI cannot express the praises of Jupiter and those of JESUS CHRIST.' This is the same Gregory who, incited by the hatred which he bore to paganism, caused all the copies of Titus Livy which he could find, to be burned ; copies which, some ages after, Leo the tenth would have ransomed in weight of gold." Sect. 4. We must remember, that the classical Latin of Cicero, or of Yirgil, or Horace, was very different indeed from what Sulpicius Severus calls the Gallice loquere of the people of Gaul ; in fact, a Proven9al peasant would this day be as much at his ease if asked to translate a page of Penelon or of Eacin, as the Latin-speaking Gaul would if he were handed an eclogue of Virgil or one of the satires of Quintus Horatius. Mingled with the Latin of Gaul were Celtic phrases and idioms, besides Cymric expressions, and when there the Prancs lent many of their words to serve the throng ; this northern Latin became the modern French tongue, or as we shall call it, the northern daughter of the Latin tongue. Sect. 5. The southern daughter, this child of the Latin, adhering in feature and complexion more closely to the mother, this Proven9al or Eomance, cradled among the sunny shores of southern France, Italy, and northern Spain ; this language so sweetly euphonious in its utterance, spoken even yet in the Pays de Yaud, and having dialects cognate to it in Savoy and many of the Swiss Cantons ; this Proven9al, in which the Ranz des Vaches was written, that sweet song proscribed by the armies of the Eepublic, lest its melancholy strains should affect with un- controllable longing the heart of the Swiss soldier, and draw him Xll PROLOGOMENA. with resistless force of home woe to his wife, his children, the green grass of the churchyard, and loved charch of his fore- fathers, and which even now the Swiss in foreign lands cannot hear without tears of sad remembrance ; this Provencal tongue of Troubadour and Minstrel bard, is that to which we purpose now to make our Handbook introductory. Sect. 6. What influence the annexation of the country of Nice, so long desired by France, and of whose grey olive trees and perfume gardens, and orange and citron groves, Talleyrand observed, that had he but known they were so beautiful he would not have given them up so easily to the King of Sardinia — what influence this junction of the garden of Piedmont to France may exercise upon the destiny of the Proven9al language remains to be seen. It is a curious fact, that the Proven9al is more Gallicized in the country of Nice than even at Antibes. The Nizzards say Lo Fere, or Paire. The people of Antibes use the words Zo Fire for Father. The Sardinian Abbe uses this language in his sermons preached unto his congregation ; the Sardinian uses it in the manifold transactions of his life ; the , child learns its tones in his cradle, and speaks it with his fellows when grown up ; perhaps thus some influence may be exercised upon that sunny shore of southern France where this noble lan- guage seems now as though the village Cure were half ashamed to use it, or the village metage or ouvrier of the to\^ns, prefers rather to chant the Morceaux des Huguenots than the Souvenirs of Jasmin, in those glorious summer evenings, when nature seems to soothe the mind, and when the tranquil beauty of the scene adumbrates with a certain power the glory of the better land. PROLOGOMENA, XlU Sect. 7. There are, it is true, many dialects of the ProveriQal; in fact, this constitutes an inherent element of decay. Mont- pellier and Nimes differ in many respects in speaking the Pro- vencal; at Montpellier the pronunciation, says M. Cabrie, is sweet and pleasant to the ear, at Beziers it is short, and at Marseilles hard. I know a little town in Languedoc where the inhabitants only pronounce the iinals of each phrase in singing ; 1 allude to Serignan, near Beziers. Of course the orthography of the language differs much, chiefly from the want of fixed rules; aimado (loved) is in one place written with an "o," in another with an "a," aimada ; some write que with a "q," others with a " ch," as che. Should a fixed canon be laid down, or should a " language congress " or Provencal academic be formed among the southern etymologists, this would be the best means of putting an end to so perplexing a state of matters. ' These differences, however, affect but very slightly the value of a work like ours, which teaches, in a small compass, the most important principles and words of the Provencal. Sect. 8. But a still more important and more certain means of preserving the Provencal language, is a well executed transla- tion of the Holy Scriptures into its much loved words and phrases. Who can doubt but that had such a version been executed centuries ago, and circulated among the people— those blessed truths which tell us of life and immortality secured to the repentant sinner through the blood and righteousness of a crucified Eedeemer — would, at the same time, have effected for the Provencal what Chateaubriand tells us our noble English b XIV EROLOGOMENA. version Jias performed for our English tongue, namely, ** it has fixed it." Those same Scriptures, without whose Old Testament language, the Semitic dialect called the Hebrew would now have been a long time unknown to man, save when some sunburnt traveller exhumed its sentences engraven on buried monuments of the past, or without whose New Testament the Greek dialect, as spoken in the apostolic days in various parts of Asia, would have been a thing unknown and lost for ever. Who cannot doubt but that which the Scriptures have done for the soul and mind of the Anglo-Saxon, chasing away those nightmares of fanaticism, persecution, and blind bigotry, and substituting the love of God and man instead — who can doubt but that tliese same Scriptures which have made our language what it is, would do as much for the Provencal, if circulated from the poor man's cottage to the ouvrie's workshop, from the whirling Var to the waters of Marseilles, or olive groves of Ventimiglia. Not even all the reveries of the Troubadours, not even the romantic Arnaud de Marveil, of whom even Dante and Petrarch have sounded the warm praises — as one of the grand masters of the poetic art — not even that terrible Troubadour, Bertrand de Born, renowned alike for the vigour and sweetness of his lays as well as for his prov/ess in the field, and who lay dead in his coffin clothed in the habit of a monk of Citeaux, and yet has been placed by Dante in the region of despair, holding, suspended by its flowing tresses, his severed head between his hands, and pronouncing lamentable words of hideous terror — not even all these knightly poets have now availed to rescue their loved PROLOGOMENA. XV Provencal from the corroding traces of corruption and decay. Nor even those modern Troubadours, Jasmin, Bellot, Auguste Tendon, Vidal, Peyrottes, those Provencal poets of the present century — not even their exertions can avail to preserve their loved language in its purity and chasteness, unless it be conse- crated and preserved by placing the Scriptures of truth, from childhood to old age, in the hands of its sons and daughters. Sect. 9. We have thus traced the origin of this Provencal or Eomance ; we have seen the Latin tongue, when fading away, still fondly twining itself around the olive trees and purpling vines of the sunny south — still lingering in the speech of the swarthy peasant and fierce noble of the joyous Provencal shore ; we have seen the polished Greek of Marseilles lending the classic phrases of his language, and the chivalrous Arabian mingling his words with its sonorous utterance. And then time, in its flight, changing many terms, and altering many expressions, we have seen thus the Provencal daughter sitting on the mother's tomb, and then beneath a sky so beautiful, in a land of perfumes and of flowers, beneath the sweet flowers of the orange, and under the olive, and almond, and citron shade — poetry being a real necessity of the mind — man, in this Arcadia as it were, breathed forth his sweet and yearning aspirations in the language of song. Thus, for two centuries, bloomed that sweet Flower of Provence — withered in the thirteenth century, stricken, as it were, to death, by the cruel persecutions inflicted upon the Albi- genses, those hunted-down people of God, because they would not deliver up the faith once given to the Saints — and finally XVI PROLOGOMENA. overcome by the apparition of the Italian, that Hercules rising from his cradle. Sect. 10. The influence of the Provencal upon other lan- guages has been undoubtedly admitted. Dante, as well as Petrarch, admired the poetry of the Troubadours, and the latter having lived in Provence for the greater part of his life, shows in many poems evident traces of Provengal imitation. The popular sonnet, S^amor non e, is well known to have been a literal translation of that of Jordi, a celebrated Troubadour of the age preceding. Montaigne, in his quaint style, so graphic and picturesque, is more than suspected of having been indebted to the Proven9al ; and Chaucer is stated by Dryden to have used the same language as a means of polishing the asperities of the English of the age. Dryden himself esteemed the Proven9al as by far the most cultivated and elegant language of the twelfth century. In fact, in most European courts the wandering Trou- badours sang their plaintive lais, and offered, as models of com- position, to the rising New-Latin tongues, the beauteous models of Provengal poetry. Sect. 11. Prom the day of William of Guyenne, that bold crusader, to that of Esteve de Blesieres, some two hundred Troubadours have left to us their songs. Not in the history of the cloistered monks, living apart from men, and mingling with their bare details of fact the legends of a superstitious fancy, but in the works of these knightly poets, are we to look for the true and graphic paintings of the manners and people of the age. Against sovereign, bishop, priest, and monk alike, they launched PROLOGOMENA. OTll the arrows of a piquant and virtuous indignation. And thus poetry revelled in this sweet fragrant. Provengal clime. The chase, the tournay, the court, frequented by the Troubadour, imbued with deep religious fervour, many of them sought the Holy land with the vast armies of the Crusaders, while others, staying tranquilly at home, sang the charms of the demoiselles to whom they owed allegiance. " Al chan d'ausels commenza ma chansas. Chant aug chantar la ghianta et aiglos^, E'pels cortits veg verdegar lo luis, La blava fiors que par entrels sablos. La us' espand la blanca fior del lis." {Thus 7'enderable.) " With singing of the birds begins my song, When lark and blackbird thus again I hear. The meadow fields with green are clothed along, And blue flowers rustle gently on mine ear. While waters murmur thro' the silv'ry sand, And lilies snow-white flowers on either side expand." Thus runs one of their poesies. These poems have been divided into two classes, the sirventes and the chansoz ; the former em- bracing more the subject of the day than the latter, which generally sang the praises of the betrothed lady of the Trou- badour. There still exists a touching little sirvente, composed by Eichard the Lion- heart, in which he wails over his two years' captivity in Germany, and says that he would have ransomed the humblest Poitevin, Gascon, Norman, or Englishman beneath his rule, who had fallen into the enemies' power. b 2 XVlll PROLOGOMENA. The sojourn of the Pope at Avignon, localised the Italian in the very fountain of the Provencal; the noble chatelaines read the tales of Boccaccio, or the sonnets of Petrarch, instead of the sirventes of their compatriots, while soon united to Prance, the • southerns had to learn its language ; and so the sweet idiom of the knights took shelter among the people of the country districts, flying, as it were, from the overpowering grasp of its northern relation. Sect. 12. But few works of any note appeared in the Provencal, from the end of the thirteenth to the beginning of the seventeenth century. The Order of St. John of Jerusalem, still preserved among its knights the Order of the Tongue of Provence, and in many a hard-fought battle, these gallant cava- liers remained faithful to the traditions of past Provencal valour ; but it was not until Goudouli, in his noble Stances sur la Mort d^ffenri IF,, his Chant Royal and Bonnets, taught Prance, that the southern harp still existed, though, it may be, with chords long disused to song and melody. It was not till Pierre Goudouli, who has so sweetly sung The Violet of March which brings us back the Spring, and in that sweet refrain has half caused us to forget Gabriel Chiabera's exquisite poem on the spring violet, too — even he has shown us, that what the southern harp has lost in fiery force, it has gained in sweetness, and what it may have lost in varied imagery, it has gained in nature and in pathetic power. Had Smollett, when, a hundred years ago almost, heart-broken, shattered in spirit as in body, passing through Provence, in his own touching description, — " Patria relicta, tristitia, solicitudo sequuntur, — " PROLOGOMENA. XIX words sadly descriptive of Ihe mere worldly man, whose grasp of this life is fast failing, and whose prospect of the better life is clouded over with dark hopelessness — had he known of Goudouli, Sage de Montpellier, Dupry de Carpentras, the author of the exquisite Ranz des VacJies^ not of the air itself, which boasts of a higher antiquity, but of the words set to it — besides Gros de Marseille, who wrote that wise epilogue or fable, the Dervise and the Grand Visier — he would scarcely have penned the words, " It, the Provencal, is neglected here at Nice^ as the language of the vulgar; it must have undergone changes," he remarks, with truth, '' and corruptions in the course of so many ages, especially as no pains have been taken to preserve its original purity, either in orthography or pronunciation ; scarce anybody here knows* either its origin or constitution." He then giveja canzon, from which we shall extract a verse, as tending to show how Italianized the Provencal has become on the far side of the Var :— " Qu' ario de Paradis ! Que maesta divino ! La belezza eblovis. La bonta I'ueigi raffino ; Jeu vous saiudi, E demandi en socours, E senso autre preludi, Canti laus uvostre honours." *' What air of Paradise ! What majesty divine ! The beauty dazzles, The goodness refines the eye ; XX PROLOGOMENA. I salute you. And ask for aid, And without other prelude, I sing your honours." Even in this simple verse, how musically the words flow, and the reader will mark also the old Proven^cal of writing with an " h " words which, in Latin, commence with that letter, as Honours, Latin Honor, and which, generally speaking, has now disappeared, though Ra, from Am, Latin Habeo, I have, still retains it. Still, Smollett was, in a great measure, right ; after some six months' residence in Sardinia, and inquiry upon my part, the only work that I could procure relative to this language was a small brochure by Don Giausep Miceu, to which I am much indebted in the following work. On the Italian side of the Yar, with the exception of the songs of welcome composed by the Nizzards in honour of the visits of Ke Galantuomo, and a long satirical poem called the Hemiad, intended to satyrise the sacristan of one of the churches, I am not aware that any publications have appeared in the Provengal of late years. A translation of a popular little libretto, the well-known Sinner's Friend, has been circulated among those speaking it by pious tourists, desirous of the furtherance of those blessed truths of reliance upon the finished work of the Eedeemer> which have been always dear to the hearts of Christians. The gallant Victor Emmanuel himself, is well skilled in Lo patouas de Nizza, as it is termed. Sect. 13. The nineteenth century, however, has witnessed a PROLOGOMENA. XXI wondrous awakening in the Provencal muse. Jasmin of Agen has shown to France, and through the charming version of Longfellow, to England, in the Blind Girl of Chastel Cuille the exquisite effects which the Romance tongue is capable of. When this Bard of the people arrived in Paris, received even by Eoyalty itself, welcomed in the saloons of the great, and in the most brilliant reunions hearing the repetition of his verses hailed by the most rapturous plaudits, reading as he did under the great difficulty of an almost total ignorance of his language on the part of his Parisian auditory. Still, as he read slowly over the text itself, then translated it word by word, and then declaimed it with wondrous fire, his readings were broken by repeated thunders of applause. In fact, Paris was as enthusi- astic as Marseilles, Toulouse, Bordeaux, or even Agen itself could have been. Thousands of copies of his works, accompanied by a literal translation, having been sold, attest the wondrous awakening of the Provencal lyre. Sect. 14. The Troubadours of our day are almost in- variably men of the people — working for their daily bread, familiar with the cares, the joys, the sorrows of humanity, they sing them with a power and pathos that gains entrance to the ProvenQal heart ; witness The Song of the Consimptive, by Peyrottes : — " The autumn leaves are quickly dying. The swallow seaward fast is flying ; My soul for better life is sighing. In Heavenly land so fair. XXU PROLOGOMENA. Flower of my youth has passed away, Beauty lies breathless in decay ; Yet love, deep, tender, with me stay, When I am entering there. Come, death, with all thy gloomy band ; ' Close to thy margin — Grave — I stand ; My sufiPerings close with life's brief sand. No sorrow there, nor care. JESUS my sin has washed away. My soul be this, thy only stay — And mother, let not want dismay. He will a Home prepare. With less'ning voice, soon hushed in death. Thus spake the sick man's dying breath. While sounded on each house beneath. The parting bell in air." Sect. 15. One peculiarity, common to the Provencal as to the Italian, is, its amazing number of diminutives and augmenta- tives. M. Philis relates an anecdote to this purpose. He says there was, at Solliez, in Provence, a convent of Capuchins, and although this was a mendicant order, it appears that the monks used occasionally to solace themselves with the very innocent recreation and pleasure of taking a cup of cafe an lait at break- fast. One morning one of these fathers went to the refectory with this intention ; as he entered the kitchen he saw a great smoking jug of coffee ; immediately, with a sorrowful air and loud voice, he exclaimed, " Perche es aquelo escudelasso ? " For PROLOGOMENA. XXIU whom is that great pitcher of cafe au lait? — '' Es per bous^'' It is for you, replied the cook — '' AhT^ cried the monk, with joy and lowered voice, *' Es per yeu aquelo escudeletto ? " Is that pretty little porringer for me ? There is a subtlety and finesse between the meaning of this augmentative and diminutive, which can only be well understood by those who know the Italian and Provengal perfectly. Sect, 16. Another peculiarity of this language is, says M. Cabrie, that such is its richness and beauty, that it can express a crowd of shades of meaning which escape the French. Thus, the latter use the words hacJie, coignee, serpette^ to express our hatchet or axe. But the Proven9al has a much greater number : there is PoudadouirOy an instrument for cutting the vine ; a term used in the Spanish language, as the readers of Don Quixote in the original are aware. It has the words Ficoussin and Fuoissoun to express hatchets for cutting down large branches of trees ; the terms Tranchet and Serpetto for pruning and clearing instru- ments ; and the word JDestrau to designate a large axe. But how express in French the so complex and so expressive idea contained in Se poucJiegea^ which means to search hastily in one's pockets, in the fear of having lost something ; and CJiaucMlla^ whose imitative harmony expresses so well the action of a child who amuses himself by treading in water, and making it gush out from under the soles of his feet ; and S'espata, to express the action of a man's falling headlong. Thus do we present our Handbook, friendly reader, unto thee ; with all its imperfections it will have its good results, and XXIV PROLOGOMENA. perliaps one, and that not quite the least, that it will prove a slight bond of interest between two great and noble nations. The more, I feel convinced, that we know of France, both northern and southern, the closer the bond of union will be drawn between us ; let us give credit to both ruler and people for those great and splendid qualities which they each possess, and among those, let us rank sincerity. I shall never forget being at Marseilles when that gallant stand was made by .a few Englishmen against all the might of the Kussian army engaged in the battle of Inkerman, I think it was , and when a French news-vendor, giving out the news, changed the word, and said a few thousand Frenchmen instead of Englishmen, in answer to my observation he replied, ''It is all the same thing. Sir." I felt rebuked, I own — may it ever prove thus — and in the eloquent words of Jasmin,' when he pictures the Proven9al language as his second mother lying on the bed of languishing, and says seasons have passed away, and will pass away, and will roll on, and their echoes sound in our ears — ^but this loved tongue shall not and must not die — our mother, she recalls our own dear mother, sister, friend, and crowds of bye-gone associations, which come into our minds while sitting by the evening fire. It is the language of our toils and labours — she comes with us at our birth, she lingers on our tomb. This Handbook I^now present to thee, my reader, and may the parting thought accompany thee of the happy land and blessed age when all languages shall merge into the great triumphal language of praise and adoration to the Triune JEHOVAH. HAND BOOK TO THE MODERN PROVENCAL LANGUAGE. PART I. RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION. There are twenty-two letters in this language; they are the same as in English^ except that there is no K, W, X, Y. Six letters are vowels^ a^ e, i^ o^ u^ j. There are ten parts of speech — the Verb^ the Pronoun^ Noun, Adjective, Article, Adverb, Preposition, Participle, Conjunction, and Interjection. There are two genders — Masculine and Feminine. Two numbers— Singular and Plural. The words in this language are always written as they are pronounced, especially those which have almost the same sound, in order to distinguish them, as — we write. Coou, to distinguish (a hurt, or wound, same as un urt, una blessura) . Doou marks the genitive. Dau marks the ablative. Foou for si deu (It ought. It must be) . Fau for first person, indicative present of faire (to do), ^a do.^^ Poou is for the adverb, poco, peu, little, and also — Poou, from poude, to be able (is 3rd person indicative^ singular) . 2 RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION* Pauou means fear or fright. Sau is salt, and san is from saupre, to know, also — Son (accented) means '' The Voice f' unaccented, it is the 3rd pers, plural, p. I, of estre, to be, ^^they are/^ or the possessive pronoun. Troou means Troppo, trop (too much) . Trau means a small opening. Voou (3 p. s. p. Indie, of voule), "he wishes.^^ Vau is from ana, " I go.^^ Ha (he has), a, is the preposition "To.^^ Vou (ye or you), if placed after the verb, as in the im- perative always happens, then is written vo, and is united with the verb, as souvenevo (remember you) . PRONUNCIATION. The letter a, when unaccented and found at the end of a word, holds the place of the French mute e, and is scarcely pronounced ; as in nizza, aima, canta, luna — (anciently written nisso, aimo, luno) for this reason. But if found in the middle of a word, or at its end (as taking the place of the strong French e, or the syllable er) , then it takes the accent, and is pronounced strongly. When finally it is found alone to make the word, it is pronounced strongly ; as cantk (to sing), bonta (good- ness), verity (truth), ma, fa, ha. In other words unaccented, it is scarcely felt ; accented, it is strongly pronounced. e, when e is accented, as e, it is pronounced strongly, as at the end of the following words — premie, darrie, mestie. In the penultimate syllable,^ when the last vowel is mute, it is pronounced strong and open; as premiera, precede, liege. But if e be unaccented, it is always mute, or scarcely pronounced ; as at the end of the words poble, dimeneghe, perche, soubre, die. i, unaccented, is pronounced naturally without dwell- ing upon it, or when it is alone in the word, it is iu the THE ACCENT. 6 same way lightly pronounced. But when accented, it is pronounced strongly ; as durmi^ legi, veni. b, accented, is pronounced strong, accb, aissb ; when followed by d, I, r, st, it is also pronounced strong ; as puort, faol, indispost, for (indisposat) . When unac- cented at the end, or in the middle of a word, or followed by n, Sy m, only, o is pronounced like the French ou. u, if in the same word it is followed by o, is pro- nounced ou; as fuorty puort ; but otherwise it is pro- nounced naturally. The letter j is for double i ; thus you should pro- nounce pleja plei'ia, vojella voi-iella, ai, ei are pronounced as if the vowels were separated. au is pronounced aou. eu is pronounced eou, ou is the French ou. no is pronounced oub. ch and gh are pronounced as in Italian ; i.e., ch is pronounced like k, as bochsa, boksa. THE ACCENT — f) The accent is a mark placed over the vowel to make it sound stronger, and to make it be dwelt longer on -, as in the words, verita, audi, acco, virtu, mestie. In this language we only use one accent, which serves also as the French tremra, or English dioeresis ; or, to make two vowels, be each separately pronounced ; as in the words — pais aura, etc. (country) (now) The accent is written thus — (") (aura, means now — aura, lie shall have.) THE APOSTROPHE — {') Marks the elision of one of these four vowels, a, e, i, o. 4 RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION. a followed by a vowel, or by an h, is omitted in the words — La — as L^anima, Tidea, Topera, Tunita^ Than aimat, for La anima, la opera, la lian aimat, la unita. . Sensa (without) sens^argen (for sensa argen) (without money.) Coura (when) cour^eu vendra for coura eu vendra. Coma, com'achella. Coouca, couc^ antra. Coouca before e and i takes an A, thus — CbouchHdea, cboucKespada, e followed by a vowel is left out in the words — De of. brula d^'amour (to burn with love.) Manca d^ esperanza (to want hope.) Che and perche, puische, as ch' has face (What hast thou done?) Ch^impuorta? Perch^has parlat (Why hast thou spoken?) PuiscVeu non es vengut (Since he is not come.) Embe^ (with) (same as French avec and the Italian con), emVeUy emVacco, for embe eu, embe acco (With him.) i, followed by a vowel, is lost in mi, ti, si, pronouns. Louis m^aima (Louis loves me) ; leu t^escouto (I hear thee) ; eu s'offre (he offers) . 0, followed by a vowel, is lost in Lo ; we say U amour (Love) for Lo amour ; L^ordre (order) ; Uhan trouvat for lo han trouvat (They have found it) . en is lost in the word nen, which means nou (personal pronoun) (us). And in nen (demonstrative pronoun), which means ^^ of that thing,^^ when it is followed by a vowel, or an h. Thus n^ha parlat (for nou ha parlat) (he has told us) or (he has told to us of that thing). ou is lost before a vowel, or before an h, in the per- sonal pronouns nou, vou (we, ye) ; as Louis n^aima (Louis loves us) ; leu v^escouti (I hear you) ; instead of Louis nou aima, leu vou escouti, * Anciently written and spoken Ambe. NOUNS OF NUMBER. You should particularly observe that these articles and the demonstrative pronouns never lose in the plural the final vowel. You should always write them — Lit Enfan (The children) li anima-, achellu ouvrie (these workmen) ; achesti opera (those works). NOUNS OF NUMBER ARE CARDINAL AND ORDINAL. CARDINAL. CARDINAL. Un. . . One Vintun Twenty-one Doui . . . Two Vintadoui Twenty-two Tre . . Three Vintatres . Twenty-three Catre . . . "Four Yintacatre Twenty-four Sine . . Five Vintasinc . Twenty-five Siei . . Six Yintasiei . . Twenty- six S^t^ . . Seven Vintaset . . Twenty-seven Vuece . . . Eight Vintavuece Twenty-eight Nbou . . Nine Vintanbou Twenty-nine Dfes . . Ten Trenta . . Thirty Ouze . . . Eleven Caranta . . Forty Douze . . Twelve Sincanta . , Fifty Treze . . Thirteen SoLiassanta . Sixty Catorze . . Fourteen Settanta . Seventy Chinze . . Fifteen Yuettanta Eighty Seze . . Sixteen Nouzanta . . Ninety Deseset . . Seventeen Sbn ... One hundred Desevu eoe . Eighteen Mille, etc. One thousand Deseno ou . Nineteen Doui mille Two thousand Yint . . Twenty Tre mille, etc. Three thousand The Ordinal numbers are formed from the Cardinal. They are as follows : — Premie . . . . . . First or premiera (fem.) Segont Second or segonda (feminine) Trouasieme . . . , . Third or trouasiema Catrieme Fourth or catriema, etc. b2 6 THE VERB. Sinchierae Fifth Sisieme . . . . . . Sixth Settieme Seventh Vuittieme . . . . . Eighth Nouvieme Ninth Disieme Tenth Onzieme Eleventh Douzieme Twelfth Darrie Last — Darriera Una desena A half score Una dousena .... Una vintena .... Una sentena -x or i ... Un sentenau ^ A dozen A score A hundred Lo double . . Double Lo triple . . . Triple La mitan . . . The half Lo ters Lo cart THE ' VERB. I . The third The quarter The subject whether it be noun or pronoun is put after the verb. 1. When you ask a question^ as — Che pensera de tu lo mestre ? What will the master think of you ? 2. When relating the words of any one — " leu mi cresi urous" (said a workman) '* coura puodi tra- vaiglia touta la semana." " I think myself happy when I can work all the week." 3. After the word tau, ensin (such^ thus)^ as — Tau era lo mien avis — (Such was my advice.) Ensin mouret achell'ome — (Thus died that man.) 4. After the impersonal verbs es ar rivat, es tomb at, etc.; as— THE VEKB. 7 Es arrival un gran malur. (There has happened a great misfortune.) Ea tombat una fuorta pleja. (There has fallen a great rain.) II. 1. You should never use the perfect form aimeri, senieri, renderiy except in speaking of a time entirely passed — thus^ you should never say — '' leu travaiglieri esto matin, anguei, esta, semana, est' an, ^' " I worked this morning, to day, this week, this year ; " because the day^ week^ year, is not entirely past yet; but you should say rather — " len hai travaigliat esto matin, esta semana," etc. " I have worked this morning, this week," etc. using the other form of the perfect. 2. When the time is entirely past, you may use both forms of the perfect, as " leu travaiglieri or hai travaigliat la semana ^assada, Van passat ier.^' '' I worked or have worked the past week, past vear, yester- dav." III. The conjunction che puts the verb that follows it in the subjunctive mood. 1. When the first verb is in the present or future, put in the present subjunctive the verb after che^ as — Lu vuostre parent s j • [ che vautre sighes plus attent. ^ (_ desu'eran j or Your parents desire that you should be more attentive. 2. When the first verb is one of the perfects, put the second verb in the imperfect subjunctive, as — ' desirerion desireron i - r i • i 1 1 • i. I che vautre loughessias plus han desirat ) .^ , ^ ^ V 1 • i. f attent. avion desu'at aurion desirat , Lu vuostre parent THE VERB. IV. Some verbs mav be declined in two manners, thus — rComporre, descomporre, interporre, \Composa, decomposa^ interpose, which both mean to compose, discompose, interpose; may be declined in a double manner — rComporre, descomporre, interporre, being derived < from the Italian, are of the third conjugation, like [^rendre ; I but Composk, decomposa, interposa, being derived < from the French, are of the first conjugation, like \^aima, rCorriege (Italian) is of the third conjugation; < Corrigik (French) same meaning (t(^ correct), is first [^ conjugation; but you should remark that the third person singular of the present indicative of both verbs is eu corriege. The same may be said of the verb prottegia, etc. (to protect.) The verb then signifies to be, to do, or to suffer, and has three principal tenses — The present, the past or perfect, and future. ESTRE, TO Be. {First Auxiliary Verb) Estre, to be Present Infinitive. Estre estat, to have been Past Infinitive. Essen, being Present Participle. Estat, estada, essen, estat, been Past Participle Devent estre, about to be Future Participle. En essen, Gerund. INDICATIVE. PRESENT. IMPERFECT. leu Sieu ^ leu Eri ^ Tu Sies Tu Eres Eu or Ella Es , lam, ' etc. Eu or Elli Era I was. Nautre Sien Nautre Eravan ^ etc. Vautre Sies Vautre Eravas EUuorEUi Son j Ellu or Elli Eron j SECOND PERFECT. Fougheri or Sieu estat ^ Fougheres Foughet Fougherian Fougherias Fougheron Sies estat Es estat Sien estat Sies estat Son estat Serai Seras Sera I^UTURE. Seren Seres Seran I shaU be THE VERB. PLUPERFECT. S Eri Estat ^ I Eres Estat Era Estat I had ave Eravan Estat ' been een Eravas Estat Eron Estat , FUTURE PAST. Serai estat Seren estat ^ I shall Seras estat Seres estat >■ have Ser a estat Seran estat ^ been IMPERATIVE^ (no first person.) Sighes tu Sighe eu Sighen nautre Sighes vautre Sighen ellu Be thou, etc. CONDITIONAL. Serii Series Seria PRESENT. Serian ^ I Serias [ should Serion ^ be Serii estat Series estat Seria estat PAST. Serian estat ^ I should Se riasestat > have Serion estat ^ been SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. Che ieu sighi Che tu sighes Che eu sighe Che nautre sighen Che vautre sighes Che ellu sio;on ) That I may be, etc. IMPERFECT. Che ieu sighessi, or foughessi, or foussi Che tu sighesses, or foughesses, or fousses Che eu sighesse, or foughesse, or fousse Che nautre sighessian, or foughessian Che vautre sigbessias, or foughessias Che ellu sighesson, or foughesson, or fousson That 1 mio;ht be 10 THE VERB. PERFECT. Che ieu sighi estat Che tu sighes estat Che eu sighe estat Che nautre sighen estat Che vautre sighes estat Che ellu sigon estat That T may- have been PLUPERFECT. Che ieu sighessi, or foughessi, or foussi estat Che tu sighesses, or foughesses, or fousses estat Che eu sighesse, or foughesse, or fousse estat Che nautre sighessian, or foughessian estat Che vautre sighessias, or foughessias estat Che ellu sighesson, or foughesson estat That I might have been AvE^ TO Have. [Second Auxiliary Verb,) (Ave, to have.) (x\ve agut, to have had.) (Aven, having.) (Agut, aguda, aven agut, had.) (Devent ave, about to have.) (En aven.) INDICATIVE. Hai Has Ha PRESENT. Aven ^ Aves [ I Han ^ have Ieu haigheri, Tu haigheres, Eu haighet, Nautre haigherian, Yautre haigherias, Ellu haio'h'eron Avii Avies Avion PERFECT. and hai agut has agut ha agut aven agut IMPERFECT. Aviavan ^ Aviavas > Avion ^ I had y.I have had aves agut ban agut Avii agut Avies agut A via agut PLUPERFECT. Aviavan agut Aviavas agut Avion agut I had had Aurai Auras Aura FUTURE. Auren -^ Aures > Auran ^ I shall have THE VERB. 11 Aiirai agut Auras agut Aura agut FUTURE PAST. Auren agut -s Aures agut > I shall have had Auran agut ^ IMPERATIVE^ (no first person). Haighes tu Haighea nautre | ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ Haighe eu Haighes vautre ) Haigon ellu CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. leu auiii Tu amies Eu auria Nautre aurian Vautre aurias Ellu aurion. PAST. Aurii agut Auries agut I should Auria agut have Aurian agut Aurias agut Aurion agut SUBJUNCTIVE. I I should ( have had PRESENT. Che ieu haighi Che tu haighes Che eu haighe Che nautre haighen Che vautre haighes Che ellu hai2:on That I may have IMPERFECT. Che ieu haighessi Che tu haighesses Che eu haighesse That I Che nautre haighessian/" might Che vautre haighessias have Che ellu haighesson PERFECT. Che ieu haighi agut Che tu haighes agut Cheu eu haighe agut Che nautre haighen agut Che vautre haighes agut Che ellu haigon agut PLUPERFECT. Che ieu haighessi agut Che tu haighesses agut Che eu haighesse agut Che nautre haighessian agut Che vautre haighessias agut Che ellu haighesson agut That I may have had That I might have had 12 THE VERB. OF THE CONJUGATION OF ACTIVE VERBS. There are three conjugations of active verbs ; the 1st has the infinitive ending in a accented ; as^ for instance, the verbs aima (to love), canta (to sing). 2nd has the infinitive ending in t accented ; as the verbs senti, audiy legi. 3rd has the infinitive ending in e, not accented ; as rendre. All verbs ending in a (accented) are conjugated or declined, as aima] as, for example, mangia (to eat), travaiglia (to work), dansa (to dance). It is to be observed that in speaking this language, the pronouns before the verb are generally omitted; thus, we say Aimi instead of leu airni (I love) ; for Tu cantes we say Cantes (Thou singest) ; Dansan we say instead of nautre dansan (we dance) ; Aimon instead of ellu aimon (They love) ; Aimas instead of vautre aimas (ye love) . MODEL OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. In a. PRESENT. PERFECT, Aimi ^ Aimavi ^ Aimeri, and hai aimat ' Aimes I >love, etc. Aimaves Aimeres has aimat Aima Aimava , I was Aimet ha aimat Aiman Aimavan loving Aimerian aven aimat Aimas Aimavas Aimerias aves aimat Aimon, Aimavon, Aimeron han aimat , PLUPERFECT. FUTU'^E. A vii aimat Aimerai Avies amiat Aim eras Avia aimat I had loved Aim era i. T -i.,.n Aviavan aimat Aimeren / ^ ^"^^^ Aviavas aimat Aimeres Avion aimat . Aimeran > I Have loved THE VERB. 13 Aurai aimat Auras aimat Aura aimat PAST FUTURE. Auren aimat Aures aimat Auran aimat Shall have loved IMPERATIVE, (no first person). Aima tu Aime eu Aim en nautre Aimas vautre Love thou Aimon ellu Aimerii Aimeries Aimeria CONDITIONAL, PRESENT. Aimerian Aimerias Aimerion I shall love PAST. Aurii aimat Auries aimat Auria aimat Aurian aimat Aurias amat Aurion amat I should have loved PRESENT. Che ieu aimi Che tu aimes Che eu aime Che nautre aimen Che vautre aimes Che ellu aimon SUBJUNCTIVE. IMPERFECT. Che ieu aimessi That Che tu aimesses I Che eu aimesse / may Che nautre aimessian love Che vautre aimessias Che ellu aimesson That I ( might love PERFECT. Che ieu haighi aimat Che tu haighes aimat Che eu haighe aimat Che nautre haighen aimat Che vautre haighes aimat Che ellu haighon aimat That I may have loved 14 THE VERB. That 1 might have loved PLUPERFECT. Che ieu haighessi aimat Che tu haighesses aimat Che eu haighesse aimat Che nautre haighessian aimat Che vautre haighessias aimat j Che ellu haighesson aimat J Infinitive Present Aima (to love). Ave aimat (to have loved). Aimant (loving). Deven aima or (about to love). Aimat ^ aimada^ aven aimat (loved). En aiman (in loving). Un aven aimat (in having loved). En deven aima (in being about to love). Aimat, aimada (loved). Aven aimat (having loved). Infinitive Past Present Participle Future Participle Past Participle Gerund Present Gerund Past Gerund Future Past Participle MODEL OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. In I, I yfeel I etc. PRESENT. Senti Sentes Sente Senten Sentes Senton } PLUPERFECT Avii sentit ^ Avies sentit [ Avia sentit Aviavan sentit Aviavas sentit Avion sentit IMPERFECT. Sentii Senties Sentia Sentavan Sentavas Sention felt PERFECT. Senteri and hai sentit I had felt Senteres Sentet Senterian Senterias Senteron Senterai Senteras Sentera Senteren Senteres Senteran has sentit ha sentit aven sentit aves sentit han sentit FUTURE. ! I )have felt I shall feel FUTURE PAST. Aurai sentit Auras sentit Aura sentit Auren sentit Aures sentit Auran sentit >. ) I shall have felt THE VERB* 15 IMPERATIVE, (no first person) . Sente tu Sente eu Feel thou Let him feel Senton ellu Senten nautre Sentes vautre Let us feel Let us feel Let them feel CONDITIONAL. PEESENT. Senterii Senterian Senteries Senterias Senteria Senterion PAST, leu aurii sentit ^^ Tu auries sentit 1 Eu auria sentit [ Nautre aurian sentit Yautre aurias sentit Ellu auiion sentit j I should feel I should have felt SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. Che ieu senti ^ Che tu sentes Che eu sente Che nautre senten Che vautre sentes Che ellu senton \ That I / may feel Che ieu sentessi ^ Che tu sentesse Che eu sentesse < . , , Che nautre sentessian / - °- Che vautre sentessias \ Che ellu sentesson y I That I feel PERFECT. Che ieu haighi sentit Che tu haighes sentit Che eu haighe sentit Che nautre haighen sentit Che vautre haighes sentit Che ellu haighen sentit }That I may have felt 16 THE VERB. Sent! Ave sentit Sentent Sentit, sentida, aven sentit Deven senti PLUPERFECT. Che leu haighessi sentit Cbe tu haigliesses sentit Che eu haighesse sentit ( That I might Che nautre haighessian sentit / have felt Che vautre haighessias sentit Che ellu haighesson sentit Infinitive Present ") To feel, to perceive, or be Infinitive Past j sensible of; To have felt. Participle Present Feeling. Felt. > Participle Past Participle Future About to feel. En senten, En aven sentit. En deven senti. In feeling. In having felt, In being about to feel. MODEL OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. In e. INDICATIVE. I return, or restore, or render PRESENT. leu rendi Tu rendes Eu rende Nautre renden Vautre rendes Ellu rendon PERFECT. Eenderi and hai rendut ^ Eenderes has rendut Have Eendet ha rendut v re- Eenderian aven rendut : turn- Eenderias aves rendut ed Eenderon han rendut j IMPERFECT. leu rendii Tu rendies Eu rendia Nautre rendavan Vautre rendavas Ellu rendion PLUPERFECT Avii rendut ^ Avies rendut Avia rendut Aviavan rendut Aviavas rendut Avion rendut I returned Had returned Eenderai Eenderas Eendera Eenderen Eenderes Eenderan FUTURE. I shall return FUTURE PAST. leu aurai rendut Tu auras rendut Eu aura rendut (and so on for plural.) I shall have the re- ( turned ) THE VERB* 17 CONDITIONAL. Kenderii Renderies Eenderia Renderian Renderias Renderion PRESENT. )I should return Rende tu Rende eu Renden nautre Rendes vautre Rendon ellu PAST. Aurii rendu t Auries rendut Auria rendut Aurian rendut Aurias rendut Aurion rendut I should have returned IMPERATIVE^ (no first person) . Restore or return thou SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. Che ieu rendi Che tu rendes Che eu rende Che nautre renden Che vautre rendes Che ellu rendon I That I I may return IMPERFECT. Che ieu rendessi ] Che tu rendesses Che eu rendesse Che nautre rendessiauj Che vautre rendessias j Che ellu rendesson J That I might return PERFECT. Che ieu haighi rendut Che tu haighes rendut Che eu haighe rendut Che nautre haighen rendut Che vautre haighes rendut Che ellu haigon rendut PLUPERFECT. Che ieu haighessi rendut Che ti» haighesses rendut Che eu haighesse rendut Che nautre haighessian rendut Che vautre haighessias rendut Che ellu haigrhesson rendut (^ That I may have / returned That I might have returned ; Infinitive Present Infinitive Past Participle Present Rendre (to return, to render, to restore). Ave rendut (to have returned). Rendent (returning). 18 THE VERB. Participle Past Eendut^ renduda, aven rendut (restored). Future Devm rendre (about to return), Gerund Present JEn rend en (in returning). Past En aven rendut (in having returned). Future En deven rendre (in being about to return). All verbs in e are declined as rendre^ attendrey enten- dre ^ vendre, esprime, etc.^ etc. (to wait^ to hear, under- stand_, to sell, to express.) There are two other forms of the perfect which are rarely used ; as — leu haiglieri and hai agut *) aimat, sentit Tu haigheres and has agut j rendut (and so on). All verbs in i are declined as senti, audi^ benedi, sepeli, etc. (to hear^ bless^ bnry.) But we must observe that the verbs in i in this language^ which in Italian end the first person of the Indicative in ^sco^ in this lan- guage end it in issi ; as sepelissi, benedissi^ etc. FORMATION or THE TENSES, From the Infinitive present (as aima, senti, rendre) is formed the present Indicative — In the first conjugation, by changing a into i^ aima, ieu aimi. In the second, by removing the accent — sentt, senti ; and in some verbs by adding ssi, as feni, fenissi (to punish, to end) . In the third, by changing re or e into i ; as rendre makes rendi — pareisse, pareissi (to restore, to appear) . Exceptions : — Ana makes ieu vau (I go) ; esta, estau ; cugli, curbi, legi make cuegli, cuerbi, liegi ; mouri, muori (I die) ; ave, hai ; estre, sieu ; beure, buvi (I drink) ; comporre, componi ; dire, dieu (I say) ; faire, fau ; falle foou ; plooure, ploou ; poude, puodi ; saupre, sabi ; si rire THE VERB. 19 makes ieu mi rieu; vieure, vivi (I live); veire^ veu; voule; vuoli ; trouva^ trovi (I find) . Imperfect oi first conjugation by adding vi; as aima vi, anavi, etc. Of second conjugation by adding i^ as sentii; and in some verbs ssii, as fenissii. Of third conjugation by changing re or e into li — rendii^ pareissii from rendre^ pareisse (to appear) . Exceptions: — Esta^ estaii; estre^ eri; beure^ buvii; compore^ componii (drink^ compose) ; saupre which makes sabii; vieure^ vivii (to know^ to live). The Perfect by changing a, i, re^ or e into eri ; as aimeri, senteri, renderi. Exceptions: — Esta makes estagheri (I have remained); estre^ fougheri ; ave, haigheri ; legi^ ligeri ; teni^ tengheri ; veni, vengheri ; beure^ beugheri ; comporre, composeri; dire^ digheri; faire^ fagheri; falle makes f ooughet ; plooure^ plooughet (it rained) ; poude^ pous- cheri ; si rire^ mi righeri ; veire^ vegheri ; vieure^ vieugheri ; voule^ vougheri (to read^ hold^ come drink, compose^ say, do, it ought^ it rains, to be able, to laugh, see, live, to wish. The Future changes a, 2, re, or e, into erai — aimerai, senterai, renderai, fenisserai, pareisserai. Exceptions are : — Leg! makes hgerai Falle fbourai Poude pourrai Vuole vourrai Esta makes estarai Estre serai Ave aurai Comporre composerai Teni, veni, and mettre, and their compounds make Tendrai, vendrai, and mettrai ; vale makes varrai. The Conditional changes a, t, re, or e, into e7*ii ; as aimeriiy senterii, renderii, pareisserii. The Exceptions are the same verbs as in the formation of the future are excepted. You change the future ai 30 THE VERB, into U to get the coiiditioiial; as estre^ serai, serii; ave, aurai, aurii. Imperative is formed by (for the first conjugation) taking off the accent from a (aima, aima) . For secondyhf changing i into e (senti, sente). For third, changing re into e ; as rendre is changed into rende. Exceptions are : — Estre makes sighes Ave haighes Legi Hege Dire dr Sirire rieti Mouri muor ^ (To die) ^ , The Subjunctive present changes a, i, re^ or e into i ; vls che ieu, aimi; che ieu senti ; che ieu rendiy etc. Teni makes ten Beure beu Comporre compone Faire fai Vieure . vieu Ana vai Esta estai Exceptions are :— Ana Esta Estre Ave Legi Teni Veni Beure Comporre Dire Faire Plboure Poude Sirire Veire Vieure Voule makes CD o PRESENT. vagbi estaghi sighi haighi liegi tenghi venghi beughi componi dighi faghi or fassi che plboughe puoschi mirighi veghi vieughi vuoghi Falle fooughesse. IMPEKFECT. Estaghessi Sighessi Haighessi Ligessi Tenghessi Venghessi Beughessi Composessi Dighessi Faghessi Plboughesse Plouschessi Mirighessi Veghessi Yieughessi Vouoihessi Togo To remain To be To have To read To hold To come To drink Compose To say To do Weep Be able To laugh To see To live To wish THE VERB. SI The Imperfect Subjunctive changes a, i, re, into essi ; as aimessi, rendessi, sentessi. The Exceptions are given above. You obtain the past participle by (in the first and second conjugation) adding t ; as aim^^ aimat; senti, sentit; and of course removing the accent. In the third conjugation by changing re, or e, into ut ; as rendre, rendut. Aimat, sentit, rendut, make the feminine aimada, sentida, rendada. Exceptions are: — Estre Estat, estada To be Ave Agut, aguda To have Curbi Cubert, cuberta To cover Teni Tengut, tenguda To hold Mouri Muort, muorta To die Veni Vengut, venguda To come Dire Dice, dicia To say Faire Pace, facia To do Beure Beugut, beuguda To drink Comporre Compost, composat To compose Falle Paugut To want Plboure Ploougut To weep Mettre Mes, messa To put Muovre Mos or mouvut To move Naisse Nat, iiada To be born Poude Pouscut To be able Eire Eit, rida To laugh Assolve Assolt or assolvut To absolve Eesolve Eesolut, resoluda To resolve Traire Trace To milk Veire Vist, vista To see Vieure Vieugut To live Voule Vougut To wish You should well observe that, by adding to this past participle, the respective tense of the auxiliary verbs ave, estre (to have, to be), you form all the compound 22 THE VERB. tenses ; as ieu hai aimat (I have loved) ; leu avii aimat (I had loved) ; leu hai sentit ; leu avii rendut, etc., etc. By means of these rules for the formation of the tenses, and their exceptions, the student can conjugate any verb, whether regular or irregular, in this language. PASSIVE VERBS. You can decline every passive verb by simply joining its past participle to the auxiliary estre (to be), and then declining estre through all its moods and tenses. There is only one conjugation for all passive verbs. INDICATIVE. PRESENT. , leu sieu aimat or aimada ^ . Tu sies aimat or aimada | Eu es aimat or aimada Nautre sien aimat or aimada , Vautre sies aimat or aimada Ellu son aimat or aimada )I am loved, etc. Was loved IMPERFECT, leu eri aimat Tu eres aimat (and so on.) PLUPERFECT. Eri estat aimat -. I have Eres estat aimat > been (and so on.) ^ loved FUTURE Serai estat aimat ^ Seras estat aimat > (and so on.) ^ CONDITIONAL. PERFECT. Eougheri or sieu estat aimat y Have Fougheres or sies estat aimat > been (and so on.) ^ loved FUTURE. Ieu serai aimat ^ I shall Tu seras aimat > be (and so on.) ^ loved PAST. I shall have been loved PRESENT. Ieu serii aimat Tu series aimat Eu seria aimat Nautre serian aimat Vautre serias aimat Ellu serion aimat I should be loved PAST. Ieu serii estat aimat ^^ I , T V should (and so on.) , ^^^ Nautre serian estat aimat j been Vautre serias estat aimat i loved Ellu serion estat aimat ) THE VERB. IMPERATIVE, (no first person). Sighes aimat tu 1 Be thou loved Sighe aimat eu \ Let him be loved Sighen aimat nautre Sighen aimat vautre Sighon aimat ellu 23 Let us be loved Be ye loved Let them be loved (Be thou loved, etc.) SUBJUNCTIVE, PRESENT. Che ieu sighi aimat Che tu sighes aimat > That I may be loved J (and so on.) ^ IMPERFECT. Che ieu sighessi, foughessi, or ^ Che ieu foussi aimat > That I might be loved (and so on.) ^ PERFECT, Che ieu sighi estat aimat \ Che tu sighes estat aimat [ That I may have Che ellu sighon estat aimat ( been loved j etc., etc. j PLUPERFECT. Che ieu sio-hessi, fouffhessi, or ^ rri, x t - -h. -■ r>-i. r ^ I. 1. • i. 1 That I miffht Che loussi estat aimat > , , i j .TV S have been loved (and so on.) -^ Infinitive Present Estre aimat or aimada, aimadi (to be loved). Infinitive Perfect Estre estat aimat or aimada^ aimadi (to have been loved). Past Participle Essen aimat or aimada (being loved). Future JDeven estre aimat or aimada (about to be loved.) NEUTER VERBS. The neuter verb is neither active nor passive, and expresses an action which terminates in its doer ; as ieu vau (I go), ieu veni (I come), ieu duermi (I sleep), ieu tombi (I fall.) 24} THE VERB. The greatest number of neuter verbs are declined with the auxiliary ave (to have) ; as ieu hai durmit (I have slept), but some are declined with estre (to be) ; as anhy veniy tombhy arriva (To go, to come, to fall, to happen) . We will decline ana, which takes estre, and durmi, which takes ave, as those verbs which present some irregularity ; as ana, you conjugate arriva, passa, tomba, month, cala, intra, mouri, naisse, sorti, veni, parti, etc. (To mount, to enter in, to enter, to die, be bom, to leave, to come, to set out). As durmi, you conjugate camina, marcia, courre, passeggia, and some others (To walk or travel, to march, run, to promenade) . Ana, to Go. Estre anat or anada (to be gone). Participle Present Anant (going), anat, anada, esseu anat (gone). Future Lhen ana (to be about to go). Gerund Present En anan (in going). Gerund Past En essen anat (in being gone) (having) » PRESENT. IMPERFECT. Ieu vau >| Ieu anavi ") I went. Tu vas Tu anaves ) etc. Eu va 1 1 go Nautre anan / etc. Vautre anas EUu van ) PERFECT. Aneri, and sieu anat, or anada ^ Aneres, and sies anat, or anada > I have gone etc. ^ ^ PLUPERFECT. - Ieu eri anat ^ Tu eres anat [ I had gone etc. •> FUTURE, Ieu anerai > Tu aneras [ I shall go etc. ) THE VERB. 25 FUTURE PAST. leu serai anat, etc. (I shall have gone.) ' CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. leu anerii (I should go). Tu aneries, etc. (Thou shouldest go). PAST. leu serii anat (I should have gone). Tu series anat, etc. (Thou shouldest have gone). IMPERFECT. Vai, or vai tu ) Yaghe eu Anen nautre ) Go thou, etc. Anas vautre Vagon ellu SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. Che ieu vaghi Che tu vaghes Che eu vaghe Che nautre anen Che vautre anes That I may go Che ellu vagon IMPERFECT. Che ieu anessi ^ That I Che tu anesses [ might etc. ^ gro PERFECT. Che ieu sighi anat Che tu sighes anat Che eu sighe anat etc. PLUPERFECT. Che ieu sighessi, foughessi, or foussi anat Che tu sighesses, foughesses, or fousses anat (and so on.) That I may have gone Duermi Duermes Duerme DuRMi, TO Sleep. PRESENT. Durmen Durmes Duermon That I might have gone sleep, etc. 26 THE VERB, IMPERFECT. leu durmii Tu durmies (and so on.) I slept or was sleeping PERFECT. Durmeri and hai diirmit ^ Durmeres and has durmit > PRESENT. leu durmerii Tu durmeries (and so on.) (and so on.) PLUPERFECT. leu avii durmit *) I had Tu avies durmit j slept FUTURE. leu durmerai, etc. — (I shall sleep) FUTURE PAST, leu aurai durmit -. I shall Tu auras durmit > have (and so on.) ^ slept CONDITIONAL. PAST, leu aurii durmit Tu auries durmit (and so on.) IMPERATIVE. I have slept ]' should sleep I should have slept Duerme or duerme tu Duerme eu Durmen nautre Durmes vautre Duermon ellu Sleep thou Let him sleep Let them sleep SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. Che ieu duermi Che tu duermes Che eu duerme Che nautre durmen Che vautre durmes Che ellu duermen That I may sleep IMPERFECT. Che ieu durmessi -. That I Che tu durmesses > might (and so on.) ^ sleep PERFECT. Che ieu haighi durmit Che tu haighes durmit Che eu haighe durmit (and so on.) That I may have slept THE VERB. 27 PLUPERFECT. Che ieu haighessi durmit ^ That I Che tu haighesses durmit 1^ might Che eu haighesse durmit f have (and so on.) J slept INFINITIVE. PRESENT. PAST. Durmi, to sleep Ave durmit, to have slept PARTICIPLE. PRESENT. PAST. Durment, sleeping Durmit, durmida, aven durmit, slept FUTURE. Deven durmi, about to sleep GERUND. PRESENT. PAST. En durraen, in sleeping En aven durmit, in having slept IMPERSONAL VERBS Are those which are only used in the third person singular through all their tenses ; as ploou (it rains), fooUj convert, ewpuorta (it must, it becomes, it behoveth). Falle, It Must. PRESENT. IMPERFECT. Fbou, it must or Fallia PERFECT. PLUPERFECT. ^ooughet and ha foougut A via fougut FUTURE. FUTURE PAST. Fboura Aura foougut CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. PAST. Foouria Auria fbou«:uf NO IMPERATIVE. 28 6 THE VERB. SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT. Che fooughe PAST. Che fboughesse PERFECT. Che haighe foougut PLUPERFECT. Che haighesse foougut INFINITIVE, PRESENT. Falle PAST. Ave foougut PARTICIPLE. Pbougut. REFLECTED VERBS Are those which express the action which the subject makes upon itself; as ieu mi laudi (I praise myself), ieu mi flatti (I flatter myself), ieu mi penti (I repent, am sorry). You conjugate the reflected verbs in their com- pound tenses with the verb estre (to be) . Si Penti, To Repent. Ieu mi penti Tu ti pentes Eu si pente Nautre si penten Vautre vou pentes Ellu si penton IMPERFECT. Ieu mi pentii ") (and so on.) ) PERFECT, I repent or am sorry etc. I repented Ieu mi penteri, and mi sieu 1 t ^ i. i (pentitorpentida)etc. j I have repented ^ I had repented PLUPERFECT. Ieu m'eri pentit or pentida (etc.) THE VEEB. 29 FUTURE. leu mi penterai 7 t i. n j. . .^ s > 1 shall repent PAST. leu mi serai pentit or pentida ^ t t, i] Tu ti seras pentit or pentida I -, Eu si sera pentit or pentida • / , -, (and so on.) J '^'^'''^'^ CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. leu mi pentererii 7 t l u x (and so on.) J I should repent PAST. leu mi serii pentit or pentida 7 t i n i ± -^ rpx- V 1-4. ^.j--j ri should have repented iu ti series pentit or pentida ) ^ IMPEHATIVE. Penteti tu Repent thou Che si pente eu Let him repent Si penten nautre Let us repent Pentevo vautre Eepent ye Che si penton eliu Let them repent SUBJUNCTIVE, PRESENT. Che ieu mi penti -. Che tu ti pentes > That I may repent (etc.) ^ IMPERFECT. Che ieu mi pentessi 7 m ^ t • i,i. j. / , x^ > ihat i might repent PERFECT. Che ieu mi si^hi pentit or pentida 7 rn i. t i i i ° / / X ^ >• ihat i may have repented INFINITIVE. Si penti To repent or be sorry for S'estre pentit or pentida To have repented 30 THE VERB. PARTICIPLE. PAST. Pentit, pentida, s'essen pentit Eepented, penitent FUTURE. Deven si penti About to repent GERUND. En si penten In repenting En s'essen pentit In having repented L'intemperansa es un vissi outous e desouourant ; a clieu che beu embe ecces es raramen en estat de faire lo sieu travaigl. Intemperance is a shameful and dishonouring vice ; he who drinks to excess is rarely able to do his work. It may be^ perhaps^ as well to observe here to the reader^ who is unacquainted with Latin, that The Gerund is so named from its double use, both as a verb and as an adjective. It^s a sort of verbal noun, partaking of the nature of the participle. A COLLECTION OF VERB PHRASES. Eu Taganta, e tira. He seized it and pulled. Aloura continua a tira. Then he continued to pull. Per ima buon' oura. For a good hour. Che auria face la sieu fortuna. Which would have made his fortune. Coura fatigat de tira. When weary of pulling. Voughet lo vompre. He wished to break it. Prova se poon embe li man. He tried if he could with his hands. Ea embe li den. He tried with his teeth. Lo trova troou dur. He found it too hard. \ Lo batte entra dona peira. He beat it 'tween two stones, Aloura seu courre a mason. Then he ran to a house. Per ana piglia un poiron. To go to take a reaping hook. Cau foughet la sieu sorpresa. What was his surprise. En retournan de non trouva plus ren meme lo cap che avia vist flottonea. In returning to find no more nothing even the head which he had seen floating. THE PRONOUN. 31 THE PRONOUN. THE PERSONAL PRONOUN. FIRST PERSON — ieU, I. leu, as leu canti, I sing. Deieu, of me. A ieu, mi, m', to me, as lo rrC ha donate lie gave me it. Mi, m', me, as maima tu^ love me. Da ieu, from me, as VJia ressut da ieu, he received it from me. Nautre, as nautre cantan, we sing. De nautre, of us. A nautre, nou, nen, n', to us. Nautre, nou, nen, n', us. Da nautre, as VJia ressut da nautre, lie received it from us. SECOND PERSON — tUy tllOU. Tu Thou Detu Of thou A tu, ti, t' To thou Ti, t' Thou Datu Erom thou Vautre Ye De vautre Of ye Avautre, , vou, v' To ye Vautre, vou, v' Ye Da vautre Erom ye THIRD PERSON — eu OY clla, lie or she. Iasculine. Feminine. Eu Ella He, she D'eu D'ella Of him, of her En eu, li En ella, li Eu, lo, r Ella, la, 1' Da eu Da ella Erom him, her Ellu Elli They D'ellu D'elli Of them En ellu, li En elli, li Ellu, lu Elli, li Them Da ellu Da elli From them 32 THE PRONOUN. OBSERYATIONS. All the other demonstrative pronouns belong to this third class of personal pronouns ; as acheu^ acheW achella, achestOy achesta^ esto, esta. 2. The pronoun si is sometimes reflective, that is, marks that the action of the verb falls upon the person himself who acts ; Louis si dona de pena, i.e., Louis gives trouble to himself; Louis si lauda (Louis praises himself) . Sometimes it is indefinite as si di, si pens a, si parla, and then it is the same as the French on^ as on dit, si di (they say), si parla (they speak), si pensa (they think) . 3. Nen signifies not only a nautre (to us), nautre (us), but also d'eu, d'ella (of him, of her), d^ellu^ d^elli (of them), d^achella, or d^achelli cauva (of that, or of that thing) . Nen is the same as the French il nous en, 4. Nin signifies en eu, en ella^ en ellu, en elli, d'achdla, or d^achelli cauva (to him, her, them, of that thing), as when we say nin doneri we mean I will give to him, to her, to them, of that thing. Nin answers to the French Je lui en^ tu lui en, il lui en. 5. Ten means a tu d^achella cauva ; thus ten donet is (he gave to thee of that thing) . Ten is the French T^en. 6. Ven means to you of that thing or things ; thus Ven doneri is to you of that thing. Ven is Vousen, 7. Sen is used for of that, of that person, of that thing, of that place ; thus sen parla means si parla d^achella persona or d^achella cauva (they speak of that person or that thing). Sen partet is partet d^acheu or d^achesto luec (from that place.) Sen means also a si memc] thus sen THE PRONOUN, 33 digheron is for digheron a si meme (they spoke to himself) . 8. Li is used for the Italian vi and for the French y (there) ^ as li era doui mille persona (there were two thousand persons there), leu li eri (I was there). 9. Ni is used for the Italian ve ne and the French il y en, as cantu ni era ? (how many were there ?), ni era doui mille (there were two thousand of them there) . 10. Accb, aissb are two neuter pronouns^ which signify achella cauva, achesta cauva (that thing, this thing), accb^ assb, answer to the French cela (that), ceci (this). POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Are those which mark the possession or dependence of a thing, as lo mieu libre (my book or the book which I possess), lo tieu giardin (thy garden), lo sieu mestre (his master), or lo mestre souta de cu eu travaiglia, i.e., the master under whom he works. REMARKS. Mieu (mine), tieu (thine), sieu (his), never change before a noun, whether it be masculine or feminine, singular or plural; thus we say lo mieu libre (my book), lu mieu libre (my books), la sieu boutiga (his shop), li sieu boutigu (his shops). But when mieu, tieu, sieu, are placed after the noun, or when they are found alone in the sentence, then in the feminine they become mieva, tieva, sieva, and in the plural mievi, iievi, sievi ; thus we say Uanima mieva (my soul), De cu son achelli pluma? (Whose are these pens?), son mievi, tievi, sievi (they are mine, thine, his) . 2. Mon, ton, son, ma, ta, sa, are only used with a singular noun of relationship, dignity, and with master and mistress. Mon pere, ma mere, son oncle, sa tanta, ton cousin, ta cousina, sa santita, son eccelensa, mon 84 THE PRONOUN. mestre, sa mestressa (my father^ my mother^ his uncle, his aunt, thy cousin, thy lady cousin, his holiness, his excellency, my master, his mistress). But in the plural we use mieUy tieu, sieu, as lu mieu frere (my brothers), lu tieu mestre (thy masters), li sieu sorre (his sisters). 3. Nuostre, vuostre, make in the feminine nuostra, vuostra, and in the feminine plural nuostri, vuostri ; as Lo nuostre Rei, la nuostra Regina (our King, our Queen) ; Lu nuostre Prinse (our Princes) ; Li nuostri Princessa (our Princesses). THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS Are those which have relation with the noun, person, or thing, which precedes them ; as when we say L^ome che travaglia merita lo salari (the man who works deserves his wages) , who (che) is a relative pronoun, relating to ome (man) ; again, lo libre che liges esbuon, che is another relative pronoun, referring to book (libre) (the book which thou readest is good) . Ome and libre (man and book) are called the antece- dents. When the antecedent is a single person or thing, the relative pronoun used is che, local (who or which), la cala doou cal, de lacala (of the which), de don au cal a la cala (to which), che, local, la cala (which), dau cal, da la cala, da dou (from which). But when the antece- dents are many persons or things, you use che, lu cal, li call (which) ; dei cal, de li cali, de don ; ai cal, a li call; che, lu cal, li cali; dai cal, da li cali, da dou. INTERROGATIVE PRONOtlNS In this language are twofold, those of quality, and those of quantity; of quality, as cu (who), che (what), and cau (what thing) ; of quantity, as cau or cautu (how many), as cau or cauta eron au conseu? (how many were at the concert ?) THE NOUN. 35 Cu means who is that who^ as cu ha parlat means who has spoken ? or who is that who has spoken. Che means what thing is that^ as che ares dice, what have you s^id ? or what thing is that you have said ? Cau is what person or thing is that ? as cau aves visf ? what person or thing have you seen ? INDEFINITE PEONOUNS Are those which signify the person or thing in an indefinite manner ; they are — 1 . Those which are never placed with a noun ; as si cooucun, cbuucuna, caussissighe, cadun, caduna, cbou- carren, ren (himself, some one^ man^ woman^ any one^ each one^ something, anything). 2. Those which are always joined with a noun ; as cbouche, cbouca, cada, certo, certa (some one, some, each every> certain, some). 3. Those which may or not be united with a noun ; as degun, deguna, meme, autre, tau, tala, plusiur, tout, touta (any, himself, itself, other, such, many every, all) . 4. Those which are followed by che ; as cussissighe che, caussissighe che, tout che, touta che (any one that, anything that, all that, every or all that, every one that. THE NOUN Is either common or proper, singular or plural, mascu- line or feminine. The common noun is the name of many persons or things ; as ome, aubre, majou (man, tree, house) . H:\ie proper noun is given to a single person or thing; as Adam, Nissa, Lo Var (Adam, Nice, The Var) . The number of the noun is only distinguished by the article, the noun itself undergoing no change. 36 THE ARTICLE. THE ARTICLE Is a word placed before the noun to mark its number and gender. It is either definite, as lo, la (the), or indefinite, as un, una (a) . Un and lo are put before a masculine singular noun, as un ome, lo pere. Una, la, before a feminine noun singular, as una frema (a woman), la mere (the mother). Un, una, make de in the plural, as un ome, de ome men). Lo makes in plural lu, as lo pere, lu pere. La in plural is li, as la mere, li mere (the mother, the mothers). DECLENSION OF A NOUN WITH THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. MASCULINE NOUNS. Lo pere Doou pere Au pere Dau pere The father L'aubre Of the father De l'aubre To the father A l'aubre Erom the father Da l'aubre PLURAL. The tree Of the tree To the tree From the tree Lu pere Dei pere Ai pere Dai pere The fathers Lu aubre Of the fathers Dei aubre To the fathers Ai aubre From the fathers Dai aubre NOUNS FEMININE. The trees Of the trees To the trees From the trees La fila (a row or file) L'aissa De la fila Le l'aissa A la fila A l'aissa Da la fila Da l'aissa The axe Of the axe Tt3 the axe From the axe PLURAL. Li fila De li fila A H fila Da li fila Li aissa De li aissa A li aissa Da li aissa The axes Of the axes To the axes From the axes THE ARTICLE. 37 Deou is for De lo Dei Be lu Au is for A la Ai A lu JDau is for Ba lo Bai Ba lu \ Of the I To the I From the DECLENSION OF INDEFINITE ARTICLE. Un, una. NOUNS MASCULINE {uu). Un marteu (hammer) Un estella (a star) D'un marteu D'un estella En un marteu En un estella Da un marteu Da un estella PLURAL. De marteu D'estella De marteu D'estella En de marteu En d'estella Da marteu Da estella NOUNS FEMININE (una), Un'anima (a soul) Una regla (a rule) D' un'anima D'una regla En un'anima En una regla Da un'anima Da una regla PLURAL. D'anima De regla D' un'anima De li regla En un'anima En de regla Da un'anima Da reo-la V.j^X, 1. To a person or thing you put before it^ as O PietrOy O Maria^ mestiey terra (Peter^ Mary^ trade^ earth). But to a man, as a common noun^ you say Vomey instead of O ome, 2. When there are two nouns which do the action indicated by the verb, the verb is put in the plural, as Lo mestre e lo garson travaigliavon (the master and the boy worked) . 38 THE ADJECTIVE. THE ADJECTIVE Is a word which added to the noun expresses the quality of the person or thing which that noun expresses, as buon pere, buona mere, beu giardin, bella campagna, buon buona, beu bella, are adjectives ; they express the quality of the noun, as good father, good mother, good garden, beautiful country. Gender, number, and degree, are considered in the adjective. The gender of the adjective is always marked by the last letter, as buon, buona. HOW TO FORM THE FEMININE OF THE ADJECTIVE. General Rule. When the masculine adjective ends in e, you change e into a, as sensible, sensibla (sensible), agreable, agre- abla, aimable, aimabla. When the masculine adjective does not end in e, you add a to form the feminine ; as buon, buona ; prudent, prudent a ; gran, granda (great) ; sant, santa (holy). The exceptions are as follows : — 1. The adjective lone (long) makes longa, 3. The adjectives ending in t change it into da, as fenit,fenida (finished) ; benedit, benidida (blessed) ; but net makes neta; plat, plata, 3. Adjectives ending in ur make the feminine in usa, as trompur, trompusa (deceitful) ; but "pur makes pur a (pure) ; madur, madura (ripe) ; segur (secure), segura (safe) . \ 4. Adjectives in ous make oua, as dangerous, dan- geroua ; urous, uroua (happy) ; but dous (sweet) makes doussa ; roussa is feminine from 7'ous. 5. Adjectives in tour make irissa, sls peccatour (sin- ner), peccatrissa ; protettour, protettrissa (protector) ; but superiour makes superioura. THE ADJECTIVE. 39 6. The most of the adjectives ending in I, s, double those letters ; thus crudel, crudella (cruel) ; gras, grassa (fat) ; gros, grossa ; beu and nouveu make bella and novella (fair^ new) ; because in the masculine, when followed by a vowel^ we say bel ome, nouvel abit (fine man^ new coat) . HOW TO FORM THE PLURAL. The masculine adjective does not change in the plural^ except buon (good) which makes buoi, beu, bei, piccion (little), piccioui. The feminine adjective changes a into i, as buona, buoni; blanca (white), blanchi; grossa, grossi; urous, uroui. COMPARISON. Three degrees of comparison — positive, comparative, superlative. The positive is the adjective itself, as buon, beu (good, fair) . The comparative comparing two things together, one must be equal to, more than, or less than the other. Comparison of equality is marked by aussi, autan, tan, before the adjective, as la violet la es autan bella che la rosa (the violet is as fair as the rose) . Comparison of superiority is marked by plus before the adjective, as la violetta es plus bella che la rosa (the violet is more fair than the rose). Comparison of inferiority is marked by putting men or manco before the adjective, as la rosa es men bella che la violetta (the rose is less fair than the violet) . *;^^"There are two articles which express comparison simply, or form the comparative only — migliou (better), same rs plus bon (more good), aiiApegiou (worse), same as plus marrit (more bad) . In this tongue you can use both equivalents — mendre in place oi plus piccion \s> only used when speaking of age. 40 THE ADJECTIVE. ' The superlative, which expresses the quality in the highest degree, is formed in two ways — 1. As in Italian by adding issimo^ issima, as bellissimo, bellissima (fairest) ; santissimOy santissima (holiest) ; grandissimo, grandissima (greatest) . 2. By putting lo plus, la plus before the positive, as lo plus beu (the fairest); la plus bella (the fairest); lo plus sant, la plus santa (most holy) ; lo plus gran, la plus grana (grandest). There are in this language, nouns and adjectives which, by changing their termination, increase or lessen their meaning. You increase the meaning by ending the masculine in as, as un omenas (a big man), un cavalas (a large horse), un ignorant as (an ignorant fellow). You increase the meaning by ending the feminine in assa, as una fremenassa (a large woman), una ignoran- tassa (a very ignorant woman) . This augmentation is used ordinarily in contempt. You diminish the meaning by ending the masculine in et and the feminine in etta, as un omenet (a little man), un libret (a little book), and santet, granet, picciounet ; feminine as una fremenetta (a little woman), una bar- chetta (a small bark) (or boat), granetta, santetta, picciounetta, 1. When an adjective relates to two singular nouns, it is put in the plural, as lo mestre e Vouvrie son buoi (the master and workmen are good ones). 2. When the two nouns are of different genders, the adjective should be masculine, as la mere't^ Venfan son bei (the mother and child are handsome, fair). 3. The adjective gran, grana, when it is placed before a feminine noun becomes or is left gran, and not grana, as la gran puorta, la plus gran part (the great gate, the greatest part) . We thus sacrifice the rule to the ear. 4. The adjective should agree in gender and number iJ THE PARTICIPLE. — THE ADVERB. 41 with its noun^ as lo buon pere, la buona mere, lu bei giardin (the fine gardens) ; li belli flou (the fine flowers) ; buon is singular masculine, to agree with pere ; buona, feminine singular, to agree with mere ; bei is masculine plural; belli, feminine plural, to agree with their nouns. 5. Remember always that the noun never changes in the plural, and is only distinguished by the article. 6. As regards the place of the adjective there is no fixed rule, there are some which you put before the noun, as beu giardin (fine garden), buon antis, and others which are placed after the noun, as majon grana (great house), taula ronda (round table), etc. To express a man of merit, you should always put gran before ome, as gran ome is a great man, and sagia before frema to mean a leveiris (sage femme) (midwife) . THE PARTICIPLE Though part of the verb is treated as an adjective, as coming from the verb, it preserves its force and mean- ing, as aimant DIEU (loviug GOD), airnat da DIEU (loved of GOD). It is treated as an adjective, as marking the quality of a person or thing, as ofne aimant (a loving man), virtit prouvada (tried virtue) , our a sonada (hour struck). THE ADVERB Is joined generally to the verb or adjective to deteriuine its.*signification, as achelF eufan parla distintamen (that child speaks distinctly), achelV ouvrie gagna touplen (that workman earns much) . Distintamen and touplen are adverbs, as expressing the manner and the quantity. 42 THE ADVERB. ADVERBS { 3F ORDER. Premieramen Firstly Segondamen Secondly Davan Before Apres After Ensuita Afterwards, then OF PLACE. Asssi Here Pubro Without Don Where Damon Aiglia There Davan Before Dela Over, beyond Dessa Upon, over, above Soubre Over, upon Luen Far off, afar Souta Under Proce Near. Dintre Within OF 1 ^IME. ler Testerday Tougiou Always Deman To-morrow Giamai Never Subito f Immediately \ Suddenly Davantie Before Autrifes Another time Yite Souven Quickly Often Passademari jPast J To-morrow OF QU. ENTITY. Touplen Much Autan As Pbou Little Aussi As Asses Sufficient Pron Some, more, any Plus More Trbou CToo much, too ( many Men Less Mai More ADVERBS OF MANNER. All the adjectives /67?2mme are formed thus, as longa- men (longly), largamen (largely), agreablamen (lagre- ably), modestamen {modesty) , rar amen (rarely). There are also masculine adje ctives which may serve as adverbs, as fuort, haut, plan (strong, high, slow), parla plan (to speak slow). THE PREPOSITION. 43 THE PREPOSITION Or ^^ mes davan,^^ that " put before^^ the noun, serves to connect the following noun or pronoun with the pre- ceding one, as in la lus dobu soleu (the light of the sun). Dbou^ here is the preposition. PREPOSITIONS OF ORDER. Davan (before) I ^^ ^^^Tf \^^ "' ^'^S^^^ ^^''^^ ^^"^"^ ^ ^ ( courne> Da (from) Ba Nissa a Turin.^ Despi (since) Despi de Tan passat^ Entra, tra (among, betwen) OF SEPARATION. Eccetto (except) Perdre tout eccetto Tonour.* Sensa (without) Mestre sejisa garson.^ Fuora (unless) Faire de tout fuora doou mau.^ OF OPPOSITION. Contra (against) Ana coyitra lo vent.7 Maugra (in spite of) Es partit maugm ieu.^ odant Tsj , , / 1. 'i\. L J- N fLha vou^ut fane non odani JNon ostant (not withstand mo:) \ ^ -i • • j q ^ ^^ (^ 1^ proibission de son pere.^ TO MARK REASON WHY. ^r. , /. i^ f Lo courrie non espartit vid lo Yist (m consequence of) K . , m ^ ^ ^ ( marri temp/" OF UNION. I Embe (with) Mangia emV ei sieu amic.^^ Oltre (besides) Li era sincanta fenestra oltre li puorta.^^ 1 The news arrived lefore the courier. 2 From Nice to Turin. 2 Since the past year. * To lose all except honour. ^ Master without man. ^ To do everything unless evil. 7 To go against the wind. s He set out in spite of me. ^ He would do it notwithstanding his father's prohibition. ^^ The courier is not set out in consequence of the bad weather. 1^ To eat with his friend. ^^ There were fifty windows besides the doors. 44 THE CONJUNCTION. Segon, selon, suivan (according to, conformably to, vvitli). Travaiglia suivan li regla (to work according to the rules). Ana selon lo vent (to go with the wind). Vieure segon 11 lei (to live according to the laws). OF PLACE. A (at, to, to the) as Vieure a Nissa (to live at Nice) ; ana a Genova (to go to Genoa) ; attacca a la muraiglia (to hang to the wall). Apres (after), anerai apres de vou (I will go after you). Davan (before), marcia davan dbou regimen (to march before the regiment). Darrie (after^ behind), lu varlet van darrie desou mestre (the servants go behind their masters). De (from), sourti de la villa (to come Q\)Xfrom the city). Dintre (within, inside), passegia dintre d'un giardin (to walk within a garden). Dau, da lo, da la (from the), acheu libre es dau libraire (that book is from the shop). En (in), Vieure en Piemont (to live in Piedmont). Entra, tra (among), acheu capitani foughet trouvat entra or tra lu muort (that captain was found among the dead). Soubre, su, era assettat souhre d'un aubre (he was seated upon a tree) ; avia lo capen su la testa (he had the cap on the head.) Souta (under), mettre un tapis souta lu peu (to put a carpet under the feet) ; tout sench' es souta lo siel (all that is under heaven). Ver (towards), la proua anada ver la terra (the prow went towards land). TO MARK END OR PURPOSE. Enver (towards), caritable erwer lu paure (charitable to the poor). Su (upon, or of), m'ha escrice su d'achest' affaire (he has written of that matter). Per (for), estudia per empara (to study to learn) ; Hravaiglia per lo ben publico (to work /or the public good). THE CONJUNCTION Serves to join words and sentences together, as blanc negre (black or white) ; Pietro si ri anguei, ma si THE CONJUNCTION. 45 plourera deman (Peter laughs to-day^ but will cry to- morrow. Or and but are conjunctions. CONJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS. E (and), aussi (also), oltreche (besides that), Deplus (more- over), doouresta (but), encara (yet, withal), coma (as), ni (nor), che (than, as), tamben (also, likewise, as well) {Spanish). OF OPPOSITION. Ma (but), sepandan (nevertheless), pura (albeit), eppura (yet, nevertheless). OF EXCEPTIONS. Quache (although), senon (if not). OF COMPARISON. Coma (as), de la meme maniera che (in the same manner as). OF TIME. Coura (when), enta chen (as long as). CONDITIONAL. En cas che (in case that), suppost che (suppose that), se (if). OF DIVISION. 0, ben, pura, sighe (Oh ! well 1 however ! it may be). TO GIVE A REASON WHY. Car, perche, de face, sicoma, puische (for, because, as, since). TO MARK INTENTION. A finche, de poouche (in order that). OF CONCLUSION. Or, donca, ensin, de manier a che, de sorta che (^now, then since, thus, so that). The conjunction che is the one most often used^ and is distinguished from the relative pronoun che by this fact^ that you never change che conjunction for lo cal, la cola (the^ which) . In joy, grief, &c., we express the sentiments of our mind by the 46 THE PROVENCAL SYNTAX. INTERJECTION. In joy we use Ah ! Ben I (Well). In grief, AM / Ohi ! Out ! (Alas !) When admiring, we say Bravo ! Oh ! When in terror, Ah I Oh ! To encourage, we say Courage I Anen I To terrify, m / Vail To call, Hei ! Oou / (Hilloa ! Ho !) To command silence, Ciuto ! Sciut / ON THE PROVENCAL SYNTAX. Syntax is the rightly placing and connecting the words of a sentence. It is divided into the syntax of concordance and the syntax of government or regime. The first is when the parts of speech agree with one another, as the noun with the adjective, and the nomi- native with its verb. The second is when one word governs another. SYNTAX OF CONCORDANCE. 1. Every verb not in the infinitive, agrees with its noun and pronoun in gender and number, as thus — Eu park (he speaks), ellu parlon (they speak), lu enfan parlon (the children speak) . 2. When the subject is one of those words, la plus part (the most part), touplen (much, many), la plus gran part (the greatest part), is is more graceful to put the verb in the plural, as la plus gran part eron d^estrangie (the greatest part were strangers) . 3. Should the subject pronouns be of difierent persons, the verb takes the most noble; the first is more^noble than the second person, and that than the third. All nouns are of the third person. Example — Tu e leu ligen (Thou and I read), Tu e ton frere travaiglias (you and your brother work). THE PROVENCAL SYNTAX. 47 4. Although the Provenfal^ like the Latin^ omits usually the personal pronoun before the verb, we should never omit it when there are in the sentence two verbs which mark opposition, as Tu ti ries, e ieu mi plouri, (You laugh and I weep), Eu giuega, e ieu travaigli (he plays and I work) . SYNTAX OF REGIME. The active verb is that after which you may put somebody or something, as aima cooucun, aima cooucar- ren, cooucun and cooucarren are the accusatives of the verb. The accusative, when not a pronoun, is always placed after the verb, as Ieu aimi DIEU (I love GOD) . When it is a pronoun it is usually put before the verb, as Ieu faimi (I love thee) for Ieu aimi tu, nautre Vaiman (we love him) for nautre aiman eu. Some active verbs may have a second form, which is the dative or ablative. This second form is marked by the preposition a, de, da, as dona un libre a Venfan (to give a look to the boy) ; escrieure una lettra au sieu amic (to write a letter to his friend) ; accusa cooucun de furt (to accuse some one of theft) ; libera cooucun de la muort (to free some one from death) ; a Venfan^ an sieu amic, de furt, de la muort, are the datives and ablatives. REGIME OF PASSIVE VERBS. There is a way of making every active verb passive, which demands notice. Thus Ieu aimi mon pere (active) (I love my father) becomes passive, thus^ — Mon pere es aimat da Ieu (my father is loved of me). You take as your passive nominative your active direct accusative and for you passive accusative you take your active nominative, which you join to the verb with the prepo- sitions da, da V, dau, dai, da la, da li, Dieu castighera lu marrit is lu marrjt seran castigat da Dieu (God will chastise the wicked, forms, The wicked will be chastised by GOD). 48 THE PROTENCAL SYNTAX. NEUTER VERBS Have also some of them a dative and ablative^ known by its being connected with them by a or de^ as lo pais de Nissa conven ai estrangie (the country of Nice suits strangers) ; li nuostri campagna abondon d^oli (our fields abound with oil) ; lo travaigl plas a Vome sage (labour is pleasant to the wise man), REFLECTED VERBS. Miy tiy si, vou, which are the accusatives of the reflected verbj=' sometimes are accusatives, as nautre si laudan (we praise ourselves) ; tu ti blesses (thou hurtest thyself) ; and sometimes they are the dative, as leu mi fau una lei, i.e., leu fau una lei a leu (I make a law to I) ; eu s'es donat de pena, i.e., ha donat de pena a si meme (he himself has given trouble, he has given trouble to himself) . A noun may be governed by two verbs or by two adjectives, provided that they are not under different cases. Thus we may say achelFome es util e car a la sieu famiglia (that man is useful and dear to his family); but we cannot say achelFome es util e content de la sieu famiglia (that man is nseful and content with his family) or (of the his family) ; because you cannot say useful of his family. There are single prepositions joining the noun, as lo libre de Pietro (the work of Peter) ; Famour enver Dieu (love towards GOD) ; and there are others which require de, as davan de la Puorta, Dintre de majon (before the door, within the house). ^ ON THE REGIME OF ADJECTIVES.^ There are some adjectives which require e, others which demand a or eu joined to the succeeding noun, which they call the government of the adjective. Example — Digne de recompensa, content de mouri, avantagious en ellu, semblable a son pere, beu a veire, util THE PROVENCAL SYNTAX. 49 a'Pome^ avido doou travaigl; (worthy of recompense, content to die^ like to his father, fain to see^ useful to man, eager of work). In these sentences the substantives are the governed of the adjectives. CONJUNCTIONS. The following conjunctions govern the substantive mood, those of desire or doubt ; as sighe che, sensa che, se non es che, quache^ giuscKa tan che, encara che, a manco che, suppost che, pourvuche, de poou che, afin che, Sighe che venghesse (would that he came). Quache ieu travaigliessi (though I should have worked). Pourvue che preghes (provided thou pray est). Giusc'a tan che eupreghesse (until as soon as he prays). Afin che parlesses (that thou should speak). Encara che non arrivesse (yet that he should not arrive). Suppost che man chessias (suppose you should fail). Sensa che fousse vengut (unless that he had come). ON THE PRONOUNS. 1. Vou used for the word tu (thou or you) makes its verbH plural, but the following participle or adjective should be singular — La mieu figlia vou seres estima da si sies sagia (my daughter you will be esteemed if you are wise). 2. Lo, la, lu, li, when before a noun, are articles, as lo kei (the king), li prinsessa (the princesses) ; and when before a verb they are pronouns, as leu lo conoissi (I know it), nautre li aiman (we love them). 3. The pronoun lo has neither gender nor number when it is used as an adjective. Thus if we say to a lady — Madame sies malauta? she should say^ Oui, lo sieu, and not la sieu, because lo refers to the adjective malauta. 4. After an indefinite subject only, is si meme used, as after cadun, si, degun, non. 50 THE PROVENCAL SYNTAX. Non si deu giamai parla de si meme (one should never speak of himself). Cadun aima si meme (every one loves himself). Non aima che si meme es un vissi (to love only oneself is a vice). 5. Achesto, achesta, serve to mark a person or thing near to him who speaks or which is last spoken of. Acheu or acheir^ achella, denotes a person or thing more remote, or which is spoken of in the first instance. Lu doui filosofo Eraclito e Democrito eron d'un carattere tout- a-fet different; acliesto si riia tougion, acheu tougiou si plourava; (the two philosophers Eraclitus and Demoeritus were of a character entirely different; this one always laughed, that always wept). Achesto (this), achel? (that). Jchesf aubre es un orangie, acheu (or achelV) autre es un sitronie (this tree is an orange, that is a citron). THE PARTICIPLE. 1. When with the auxiliary verb estre (to be), the past participles, such as finite rendut, etc., follow the rule of the adjective. Mon frere es estat castigat. Lu mieu frere son estat castigat. Ma sorre es estada castigada. Li mieu sorre son estadi castigada. My brother has been "l My brothers have been y * he 1 My sister has been (^ My sisters have been J 2. "When with the auxiliary ave (to have)) then they never change, as Mon pere ha ressut Ma mere ha ressut i i , , T • p V 1 i. \ una lettra. Lu mieu irere ban ressut Li mieu sorre han ressut My father, mother, brothers, listers have received a letter. THE PROVENCAL SYNTAX. 51 The exception to this general rule is when there are the demonstrative pronouns la li, before the verb ave, you should say — La lettra che ton frere ha ressut Thai legida. The letter which thy brother has received I have read. The plural, also, as in the foregoing examples — Li lettra che li avii prestut U m'ha rendudi. The letters which I had lent them they have restored to me. END OF PART I. MODEM PEOYENCAL LANGUAGE. PAET IL VOCABULVIIY OF IMPOETANT WORDS. KELIGIOUS GOD, BlOU, The Lord JESUS CHRIST, Lo Seignour JESUS CHRIST. The HOLY SPIRIT, Lo SANT ESPRIT. The CREATOR, Lo CREA- TOUR, The SAVIOUR, Lo SAU- ruR. The COMFORTER, Lo COUNSOULATOUR. The Gospel, Vevangilo. The Bible, Bibla. The Eucharist, eucharistia. Baptism, baptemo. Heaven, Ciel, Hell, Enfer. An angel, angi. Angelical, ayigelique, ica. The blessed in Heaven, hen- hurous^ ben-Jiurousa. A soul, ama. A ransom, ranqoun. A sacrifice, sacrifici. Faith, /^. Hope, esperanqa. Love, amour. Sin, peccat. Sinner, peccadour. An offering for, offranda per. TERMS. Sole, only, soulet, souleta, unique^ ica. Well loved, ben-aimat. Atonement, propiciation. To believe, croire. To v^ash away, esfaqar, neie- gear. Washed away, esfagat, esfacada^ netegeal^ ada. To wash, lavar^ lavar se. A prayer, priera, preguiera. The blood, lo sang. Clean, white, blanc, blonca. Sanctification, sanctification. To make holy, sanctijiar. Cross, c7'ous. Made holy, sanctifiat, ada. Making holy, sanctifiant^ anta. To pardon, pardomiar. Pardoned, pardonnat^ ada. Nature, natura. Holiness, santetat. Spiritual, 'ally ; espirituel, ela. To bless, benesir. Blessed, benesit, ida. Peace, pax. Good Christian, bon chrestian. Protestant, proutestant, 'anta. Protestantism, pi^outestaniism. Belief, crouyauca. 54 VOCABULARY. DEVOTIONAL TERMS, ETC. Innocence, innoucenqa. Innocent, innoucent. Very innocent, innoucentas. Justified, justifiat^ ada. To justify, justifiar. Justice, justiqa. Justification, justification. Huguenot, Jmganaud^ aiida, Calvinist, calvinisto. Lutheran, lutkerien, ^ena, Calvinism, calvinisine. Catechism, catecMsme, Catechist, catechisto. To catechise, catecJiisar. A preacher, predicatour. Sermon, sermoun. Theologian, theologien. Theology, theologia. Only son, fils unique. Eedeemek, redemptour. Salvation, salut, felicitat eternel. Acts of Apostles, Ades deis Apotros. or ECCLESIASTICAL MATTERS. An apostle, apotro. Prophet, propJieto. Prophecy, prophetia. Evangelist, evangelisto. Pastor, pastour. Church, eglisa. Bishop, evesque. Priest, capelan, preire. Deacon, diacre, Deaconate, diacounat. Scripture reader, colportur. Christmas, Calendas^ Nouvel. Easter, Pascas, Lent, Caresma. Carnival, carnaval. THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS. January, Janvier, Eebruary, Fevrier, March, Mars. April, Abriou. May, Mai. June, Jun. July, JuilJiet. August, Aoust, Oust. September, Septembre. October, Octobre. November, Novembre. December, Decembre. THE DAYS OE THE WEEK. Monday, Diluns. Tuesday, Dimars. Wednesday, JDimecres, Thursday, Bijoous. Passport, passa-port. To viser a, visar. Friday, Divendre^ Saturday, Dissato. Sunday, Dimenche^ Sabbat. ON THE ROAD. Victuals, los vioures. A hackney coach, fiacre. VOCABULARY. 55 ON THE EOAD — {continued). A carriage, voitura. Wheel, roda. Storm, auragi. Stormy, aurageous, ousa. Tempest, tempesta. Tempestuous, tempestuous^ ousa. A fog, broulhardy nehla. Dew, roMsada. THE FOUR Spring, prima, printems. Summer, estiou. Autumn, autoun. Winter, hivern. To pass the winter, Mvernar, To ripen in autumn, autounar. Thunder, iron. Lightning, eslious. Map book, routier. A lacquey, laccai, Suberb of a town, bourgada. A fioxm, flour in. A franc, franc, A rock, roc^ roca, rocas. SEASONS, ETC. A summer's sojourn, or a summer's work, estivalha. To pass the summer, estivar. The latter part of autumn, estiou de JSt, Martin,^ DIVISIONS OF TIME. Day, jour. Night, nuech. All the night, nuecliada. Noon, miejour. Midnight, miegea-nuech. Morning, matin. Evening, sera. Dawn, aula. To-day, liui, enqyUhui. Yesterday, hier. To-morrow, deman, An hour, Mr. Half an hour, demi-Jiur. Minute, minuta. Moment, moument. Week, semana. Month, mes. Space of a month, mesada. Year, an. Age, siecle. Eternity, eternitat. Sun, souleou. Moon, luna. Comet, cometa. Stars, estellas. CELESTIAL OBJECTS. Shooting stars, estellas que toumhoun. Planet, planeta. Pole star, estella poularia. * In French L'Ete de St. Martin, extending from All Saints' day to Martinmas. 56 VOCABULARY. The sight, vista. Hearing, ausida. Smell, ooudorat. Taste, goust. THE FIVE SENSES, ETC. Touch, lo toccar. To touch lightly, raspagnar. To touch, toccar r PARTS OF THE BODY. Body, corps. Head, testa. Face, cisagi. Forehead, front. Eye, huelh. Eyebrows, seilhas. Eyelid, parpela. Nose, nas. Little nose, nasoun. Nostrils, narra. Cheek, gant. Lip, houca, labra. Mouth, houca^ houcha. Tooth, dent. To examine the teeth, dentar. Arm, bras. Elbow, coude. Wrist, pougnet. The hand, man. Hot hand, man cauda. Finger, det. Thumb, pouce. Joint, jointura. Nail, oungla. Fist, poung-pugn. Stomach, estoumac^ ventre. Back, dos, Eib, casta. Back bone, rasteou. Knee, ginoulh. Leg, camba. Foot, ped. Heel, taloun. INTERNAL PARTS OF THE BODY. Bone, OS, Marrow, meoulha. Flesh, caim. Fat, graissa. Blood, sang. Vein, vena, veneta, venassa. Artery, artera. Pores, poros. Nerve, nerf nervi. Muscle, muscle, iVLuscular, musclat, ada. Brain, cervel, cerveau. Entrails, entralhas. Heart, cor, couer. Lung, pooumoun. Liver, fege. Gale, feou. Bladder, bouffigh. Milk, lacJi, Stomach, estoumac. Weak stomach, estoumagoun. Hair on body, peou, pel. Hair of head, clieou. Head of hair, chevelura. VOCABULARY. 57 PARTS OF THE BODY, ETC., SPIEIT, ETC. Ancle bone, cavilha. The mind, esprit. The will, voulountat. The reason, rasoun, resoun. Memory, mQmori^ memoir a. Knowledge, conneiBsenqa, Love, amo2ir. Hatred, odi, Joy, joya, Joi, gaud. Fear, petega^ paour. CONCERNING FOOD, ETC. (LIQUIDS.) Tea, the. Coffee, caffe. Chocolate, cJiocolat, Tea pot, tlieiere. Cup, tassa. Little cup, tasseta. Large cup, tassassa. Milk, lack. Asses' milk, lacJi de sauma. Lime milk, lacJi de caus. Snow water, aigua neou. Bad water, aiguassa. Mineral waters, aigtias caudas. Rain water, aigua de pluia. Hot water, aigua cauda. Hot, caud, Cauda, GoXdiy f red, fredda. Beer, hierra. Cream, crema^ craina. Cow's cream, hurada Oil, oli. To oil, oliar. Claret, vin claret. Vinegar, vinaigre. Wine, vin, Eau de vie, aiguardent, A small sup of wine, chiquet. Water, aigua. Sauce, saussa. Soup, soupa. Pea Soui[i, paoutilha. Bad Soup, bouriaca. Drinking, lo heoure. To drink, heoure. Thirst, set. SPICES, ETC. Sugar, Sucre, Brown sugar, cassounada. Pepper, pebre. Ginger, gingimbre. Cloves, claveou de girojie. Cinnamon, canela. Mace, macis. Saffron, sa/ran. Liquorice, regalissi. Sweetmeats, counjitura. The dessert, dessert. Sugar plums, drageya. Quince conserve, coudounat Cyder, cidre. The dregs, grea, crapa. Dregs of oil, cacassa. Dear wine, vinet. Wine merchant, vinachier. Mushrooms, cliampignoun, A fritter, bigneta. Capers, capra, tapena. Leaven, levam. 58 VOCABULARY. OF FOOD Meat, vianda. Hunger ^6. To be pleased with, se plaire. Pleasantly, plesemment. Pleasant, plesent. Pleasing, plesenta. Penitence, penitenqa, '^Qmi^ni, penitent, enta. To want ^NOY()i% 'desfautar. Paroxism, paroxismes, redou- blament, A sigh, souspir. A metal, metal. Mineral, mineraii. OF METALS. Gold, or, aur. Silver, argent. VOCABULARY. 73 OF METALS Fulminating gold, or fulmi- nant. Fulminating silver, argent ful- Quicksilver, argent viou. Silvered over, argeniat, ada. Iron, ferre. Steel, acier. Lead, ploumh. Tin, ferre-blanc, FLOWEKS, Fern, fougiera. Female fern, feowoe. Fern ground, feouviera. Field full of fern, falgueiras, A flower, flour. Eose, rosa, Violet, viouleta. Ehododendron, hourgenc. Eose of Jericho, rom de JericJio. Dog rose, grata-cuou. Christmas rose, mardoure. Proven9al rose, mala rom. Holly rose, 'pa^sa rosa. Dew, rousada. Dew morning, aiguagnada. Dew heavy, aiguagnas. Covered with dew, aiguagnous^ ottsa. Eose bush, 7vsier, Dog rose bush, agourencier. White rose tree, agourencier. Yellow rose tree, rosier jaune. OF TABLE A plate full, assietada, sietada. A spoon full, culJiierada, A fork full, JourcJietada. -{continued). Pewter, estam. Laboratory, lahoratoire. Yellow brass, loutoun. Zinc, zinc. Brass, aram. Bronze, hrounze. To bronze, hrounzar. Mineralogy, miner alougia . Mineralogist, miner along isto . PLANTS, ETC. Monthly rose, rosier de tons leis mous, . Eose garden, rosolJi. Bengal rose, rosier de Bengalo. Lavender, lavanda, espic. Sun flower, tournasol. Passion flower, flour de la passion. Orange flower, naffra. Artificial flowers, flou7's arti- flcielas. Floweret, flour eta. To flourish, flourir. Flourishing, flourissant, anta. Florist, flourista, Lily, flour de lis. Asphodel lily or yellow lily, lis jaune, Lily, lis, Eed lily, martagoun. Primrose, couguou. Cowslip, museta. Orchid, evesques. WARE, ETC. Spoon, culhier. Knife, couteou, coutel. Fork, fourclieta. 74 VOCABULARY. or TABLE "WARE, Plate, assieta, sieta. Dish, plat, platet, platas. Glass, veii^e. Water croft, garaffa. Bottle, boutelha, A cup, tassa. Saucer, saussiera. Small spoon, cuilheiroun. Small knife, coutelet. Large knife, coutelas. A cutlas, coutelas. Large cup, bowl, tassassa. ETC. — (continued). Small cup, tasseta. To taste, goustar, tastar. Small bottle, boutelheta. Square glass bottle, papamoli. To bottle, emboutelhar. Coffee pot, caffetiera. Coffee pot made of clay, bricou. Cafe fran^ais, ceze. Moka coffee, caffe Moka, Chessboard, damier. Chess, ecJieca. [nagi, Ee verse of fortune, revira ma- VARIOUS A curate, cui^at. A curacy, cur a. Leather seller, curatier. Leather selling, curataria. Leather, cuer. A cutler, coutelier. To cost, coustar. Wine taster, tasta vin. Printer's ink, anci^a dHm^pri- maria. An ink bottle, ancrier^ escritori. WOKDS. Ink, ancra. Severe cold of the head, rlwou- mas doou cerveou. Cold caused by the sun in the head, pegoumas. Small enclosure, clauset. Enclosure, claus, enclous. Circumference or enclosure, circuit, encenta. Shut in with rock, clua, A protest, proutest. NECESSARIES A trunk, porta manteou, malla, A *' pass" for one to journey onwards, passavant. Crested paper, papier marcat. Stationery, papetarla. Brown paper, papier fouel. Paper, papier. Papers, papiers. Parcel, paquet. Has, Houn. To make up parcels, par- quetiar. Packet boat, paquebot. Little vessel, vaissela. OP TRAVELLING. Ship, viasseou. Horse shoe, ferre de cMvou. Parrier's hammer, destrier. Farrier's pouch, claviera. A nail, clavel, claveou. A little nail, claveloun. Nailed, claveldt, 'ada. To whip, fessar, fouitar. The whipper, fouitai?'e. A small hammer, martelet. A shoeing hammer, brocadour. A cog wheel, rodet. x\. hack horse, montttra. VOCABULARY. 75 NECESSARIES OF TRAVELLING, ETC- Oats, civ ad a. To give oats to, acivadar. Black wheat, blad negre. liuck wheat, blad sarrazin. Red wheat, blad rouge. Wheat, blad. A straw litter, apalkun. Barley, hordi. To litter straw, apalkar. Much straw, palka, palkarada. To take straw from a vehicle, despalhar. Ford of a river, gqfa. Fordable, que se poou gaffar. Sea port, port, se pouert. Refreshment, refi^escament. To refresh oneself, se refrescar. Refreshing, refrecJmsent^ ^erda, A wax light, hougia, A stove, estuba. Kitchen, cousina. Matches, alumeta. Cork screw, lira bouclioun. Thief, volur^ volusa. Almanack, almanacJi. Mountain, mountagna. Mountaineer, mountagnard. Mountainous, mountagnous, ^ousa. A height, mount ada. To mount, mountrar. Mounting up, mountagi. A mountain, mont^ mount, A windy mountain, piech aurous, A high mountain, piech haul. A great mountain, pujoulas. Money, mouneda. Florin, flourin. To change money, esmovnedar. Small change, mounedalha, A coiner, mounedaire. Squall of a mistral wind, mistralada, A list, lista. A brook, riou^ rivacJioun. Servant, servant. Female servant, servanta. To attend on, servir. Situation, situation. Situated, situat, situada. Water drinker, beou Vaigua. Cave, sousterren. Spectator, es'pectatour, Hrica, To drive, menar^ cassar. Liqueur, licour. The drag of a wheel, sabot. Sand, quicksand, sabla, Sandhole, areniera, Sandy, sablounous^ 'otisa. Smuggler, contrabandler. Contraband, contrabanda. Frost nail, crampoun deferre. Convict, foiirqat. Bench to which convicts are chained, brancado. Boat, barque. A cart, car ret a. Carman, carretier, Hera. Large cart, carretassa. A hamlet, Jiameou, fourestoun. Breath, Jialena. To loose breath, estavanir. Bleaching, bleacliing. Very far off, a pampaligousta. A wild valley, vanfera. A high valley, vausubiera. 76 VOCABULARY. NECESSARIES OF TRAVEL TALK. A deep valley, vaucrosa, A small valley, valoun, A valley full of water, vali* quiera. A valet, varlet, varletoun, A courier, courrier. Bandit, bandit. An assassin, copa gorgea: Danger, dangler. To be in peril, perigolar. A valley, valeya. Waiter, boy, gargoun. Washerwoman, blanchissusa. Washing yard, blancharia. IMPLEMENTS WHICH ONE HAS NEED OF. A stick, bastoun. Umbrella, para'plma. Baggage, bagagi. Little stick, bastounet. A large stick, bastounas. Spectacles, porta-vista. Achromatic spectacles, luneta acromatica. Guide, guidas, guido. To guide, guidar. A directory, guidana. Watch, mouestra, A tent, tenda. Tent of thatched straw, cluau. Parasol, parasol. Penknife, canify ganif. Pencil, crayoun. Pin, espingla. Small pin, espingleta. To fasten with pins, espilhar. Toothpick, cura-dent. Chinese ink, ancra de la China. WEAPONS, ETC. Pistol, pistoulet. Gun, fusil. Pistol shot, pistouletada. To fire a pistol, pistouletegear. Sword, espasa, espadran. A bad hunter, cassairot. The chase, cassa. A cannon, canoun. A large cannon, canounas. Cannonading, canounada. Gunpowder, poudra a canoun. Carabine, carabina. Captive, captif, captiva. Carnage, carnagi, A hunter, cassaire. A cartridge, cartoucha. Barrack, caserna. Case mate, casa-mata. A hut, cahanoun. A place, endrech. In that place, aguito. Protection, pro^tectiou. SALUTATION. Good day, bon jour. Good evening, bon soir^ bona sera. Adieu, adiou. Soon, benleoUy leou. Welcome (adj.), benvengut, ^da- Good day, sir, bon jour^ moussu. Good evening, madam, bona sera, madama. Perhaps, be^sai, beleou. VOCABtJLARY. 77 HANKS AND OCCUPATIONS. King, rey, rei. Queen, reina. Prince, prince. Princess, princessa. Emperor, emperour, Duke, fuc. Duchess, ducJiessa. Bishop, evesque. Banker, hanqider. Gentleman, gentilhome. Soldier, soldat. Soldier's child, soldatoun. Soldier's wife, soldata. Sailor, matelot. Carpenter, charpentier. Peasant, j!?fl:^5«;^, ^ana. Merchant, marcliand^ 'anda. Cow herd, vaclieiroon. A doctor, medecin. Stranger, edr angler^ ""era. Corporal, capourau. Captain, capitani. Mayor, mero^ mairo. Superintendent of an oil mill, raedre de banc. Machinist, macJiinisto. Journeyman, journalier. Old man, vielkard. Old man and woman, viel^ vielka. Preemason, franc r/iaqoun. A bad fellow, marrias. A bad woman, marriassa. Yiscount, vicomte. Viscountess, vicomtessa. Viceroy, vice-rei. Vice-president, vice-president. Justice of peace, jiigi-de-'paix. Virgin, viergi. Y ice- chancelloY , vice -chancelier . Vicar, vicarL Vice-admiral, vice-amir au. Vice -legate, vice-leg at. Vice-consul, vice-co7isou. Vice (adj.), vice, vici. Veterinary surgeon, veterinaire. Widower, veoics. Widow, veotisa. Villager, foure%tier^ iera. Country lass, perneta. Lieutenant, luetenent. Lieutenant-general, luetenent generau. Professor, proufessour. OF NATIONALTIES. Englishman, Angles. Englishwoman, Anglesa. England, Anglaterra. L'ishman, Irlandes. Lishwoman, Irlandesa. Frenchman, Frances. Frenchwoman, Francesa. Spaniard, Espagnoou, Spanish woman, Espagnola. Italian, Italien. Italian woman, Italiena. Dutchman, Holandes. Dutchwoman, Holandesa. Grerman, Alemand. German woman, Alemanda, Germany, Alemangna. Dane, Banois. Denmark, Banemarch. American, American. American woman, Americana. H 2 78 VOCABULARY. OF NATIONALITIES — {continued,) America, America, Asia, Asia. Asiatic, Asiatique, Hca. Africa, Africa. African, African, ^cana. Europe, Europa. European, Europeen, 'ena, Turk, Turc. Swiss, Suisse, Swiss girl, Suissa. Egyptian, Egyptien. Egyptian woman, Egyptina. Jew^, Judiou. Jewess, Judionva. Wandering Jew, Juif errant. Austrian, Autrichien. Austria, Autriclia. Greek, Grec, Greca, TITLES. Maiden, donzella. Master, mestre. Mistress, mestressa. Don (title of honor), don. Sir, m.oussu, moussur. Young sir, moussurot. My lord, mmmsignour. To '' my lord" one, mounseig- nourisar. To give a sobriquet to one, escaissar. Sobriquet, soubriquet, escai- noum, Madame, madama. Miss, madameisella. Bachelor, bachelier. My lord, milord. My lady^ miladi. CONCERNING PROPER NAMES. Magdalene, Madelena. Lucretia, Lucressa. Lubin, Lubin. Lucien, Lucifer, Louis, Louis, Little Louis, Louiset. Leopold, Leopold, Leon, Leo7i. Leonard, JuConard. Eobin, lloubiu. Eobert, Robert. Thomas, Thoum.as. Tiberius, Tiberi. Mattliew, Mathiou, Matilda, Mathilda. Mary, Maria. Mariana, Mariana. Stephen, Esteve. Mary, Mari. Sebastian, Bastian. Little Sebastian, Bostianoun, Anne, Ana. Henry, Henric. Henrietta, Henrieta. Joseph, Joousep. Little Joseph, Joousepoun. Joachin, JoacJiin,^ James, Jacqus. Jules, Julo. John, Jean, Gian. Jack, Jeanot. Jean, Jeana, Jeaneta. Little Jean, Jeanetoun. Charlotte, Charlota, VOCABULARY. 79 PROPER NAMES William, Guilheoume. Gustavus, Gustavo, A Jesuit, Jesuisto, Josephine, JoousepJiMna, Franconette, Franqouneta, Francis, Franqois. Prancessa, Frangoise. Edward, Edouard, Edmond, Edmoun, Marguerite, Margarida, Bida, Fat Margaret, Didasm. Victor, Victor. —{continued.) Toung Victor, Tictoret, Victoria, Victoira, Victorin, Victourin. Vespasian, Fesjjasias, Paul, Faul. Young Paul, Pauloun. Pauline, Faulina. George, Georgi. Andrew, Andre, Young Andrew, Andreloun. Andronica, Andronel. Nicholas, Nicolo, ADJECTIVES, INDISPENSABLY NECESSARY TO BE KNOWN. Good, ban, hona^ houen^ bouena. Bad, marrit, Hda, W^ise, sagi. Wisely, sageament. Great, grand, granda. Little, j)ichot, ta, pichoun, na. Big, gros, grossa. Thick, espes, espessa. Thin, 7m?ice, minga. High, aut, auta, A little high, autet. Low, bas, hassa. Long, long, long a. Short, court, "a. A little short, courtet. Wide, la7'ge, largea. Narrow, estrech, 'a. Eight, drecli, dreclia. Left, gaucJi, gaucha, )01d, vielh, vielha, ^New, noou, nova. Fat, gras, grassa. Lean, maigre, ^gra. Heavy, pesant, 'a. Dull, lourd, 'a. Light, leougier, Hera, Full, plen, plena. Empty, vuide, vuida. Very small, petitoun. Very thin, minsoulin. Highly, autament. Hight, autour. Lightly, leougiearament. Bowed with age,courcoussounit, ^ida. Hard, dur, dura. Soft, mol, mola, mouel. Easy, facile, Hla, Sweety dous, douqa. Bitter, amar, amara. Sour, aigre, aigra. Clean, net, neta, 1>^ eat, propre, 'a. Dirty, sale, sala. Nasty, vilen, vilena. Sourness of stomach, crem,our. Sour things, aigrun. Cold, fred, 'da. Hot, caud, Cauda. Drr, sec, secca. 80 VOCABULARY. ADJECTIVES, ETC' — (continued.) To dry, seccar. Dried up, seccat, seccada. Dryness, seccar essa. Horse to dry things on, secca- dour. Secular, secularL Secret, secret, secreta, A hidden place, seer eta. Wet, bagnaty ^ada. Damp, Jiumidey Hda, Strong, fort, forta. Weak, feible, feihla, Stiff, rede, 'eda. Limber, souple, ^pla. Handsome, bel, beta, beou. Pretty, joli, jolia, poulit, Hda, Ugly, laid, 'a. Blind, arreglat, ^ada. Lame, boitous, 'ouse. Dumb, 77iut, muta. Deaf, sourd, ^da. Hunchbacked, gibous, ^oua, bossut, 'uda. Squinting, lusc, guecJion. Bold, hardU, Hda, Jiardia. Civil, poulit, Hda. Cunning, fin, fina. Sharp, ronsat, ^ada. Playful, badin, hadina. Cruel, cruel, 'ela. Fickle, volagi, ^gea. Lavish, proudigue, Hga. Niggardly, cJiicou, primament. Loyal, fidele, 'ela. Chaste, chaste, cliasta. Sober, sobre, 'bra. Stubborn, oupiniastre, 'astra. Bash, temerari, 'aria. Other, autre, antra. Some, quanque, quaqua. Ungodly, empio, empia. Sincere, sincere, 'a. Just, juste, justa. Indocile, indoucile, Hla. Crooked, courbat, 'ada. Maimed, estroupiat, 'ada. One eyed, borni, 'ia. Plat nosed, camus, camussa. Formality, formalitat. Formal, formel, 'ela. Formidable, formidable, 'a. Ferocious, feroce, feroqa. Ferocity, ferocitat. Weakly, feblament. Weakness, fehlessa. To weaken, fehlezir. Insipid, fade, fada. Kustique, rustique, 'ica. Again, encara. Another thing, aure. Other times, outras fes. Glorious, glorious, 'ousa. Glorified, glorifiat, 'ada. To glorify, glorifiar. Slippery, glissant, 'anta. To slip on ice, escouranchar . To slip, resquilhar. To creep into, insinuate one- self, coulinar se. A slip or slide, glissada. A slide, resquilliadqur . Awkward, desgaubrat. Awkwardly, gauchament. Lying (of place), coucat, 'ada. Against the grain, cahin caha. Indispensable, indispensable, 'abla. Indiscreet, indiscret, 'eta. VOCABULARY. 81 ADJECTIVES, ETC. — {continued). Indolent, indoulent, ^enta. Sick, malaut^ ^auta. Incorrigible, incourrigible, ^a. Incredulous, incredule, '«. Indigested, indigest, ^esta. Unworthy, indigne^ ^igna. Father, paire, pero, papa. Mother, maire. Sister, sor^e, souere. Brother, /ra^V6. Aunt, tanta. Uncle, ouricle, harha. Wife, espousa. Bride, femna. Husband, espous. Bridegroom, ma7% Grandfather, grand paire. Grandmother, grand maire. Godfather, pairin. KINDRED. Godmother, mairina. Son-in-law, beou fih. Daughter-in-law, hel Jilha, Son, Jils, Daughter, filha. Cousin, cousin, cousina. Loving one's mother too much to leave her, ameirassit, Hda, Dear little mother, maireta. To love one's father, pairegear. Grandson, falen. Granddaughter, JilJieta. Pupil, pupile, ila. WORDS NECESSARY TO BE KNOWN. Abdomen, ventre Abolish, to, aboulir. At bay, abois. Abundance, aboundance. Abounding, aboundanty 'anta. Abominable, abouminable. Abyss, ahyme. Ablution, ablution. Abortive, neblat, neblada. Abridgment, abregeat. Abridged, abregeat, ada. Apricot, tree, abricot, abricotier. Absence, absent, absenga, ab- sent, ^enta, Absent oneself, to, s^absentar. Absolution, absouliition. Absorbed, absourbat, ada. Absorption, absourption. Absorb, to, ahsourbar. Abstinence, abstinengi. Absurd, absurde, da. Absurdity, absurbitat. Abuse, abus. Acacia garden, casseyer. Acacia, acacia. Academy, academia. Accelerate, to, accelerar. Accent, accent. Accompany, to, accoumpagnar. Accompanied, accoumpagnat, 'ada. Accomplish, to, accomplir, it, id a. Accouchement, acCoucJiament. Accoutrement, acoutrament. Accustom Q>Vi.t^^i,s' accoutumer . Accustom, to, accoust'umar . Accuse, to, accusar, sat, ada. Acquire, to, acquerir. Acquired, acquist, ista, isa. 82 VOCABULARY. WORDS NECESSARY TO Acquit, to, acq^idtar. Act, an, acte Activity, activitat. Actual, actuel, ela. Actually, actuelament. Adapt, to, adaptar. Adjacent, adjacent, enta. Admire, to, admirar. Admonition, awionestassio. Admonish, to, admonestar. Admonished, admonestat, ada. Admission, admission. Admissible, admissible^ ibla. Admitted, admes^ essa. Adorer, adorafour. Address, to, adressar. Address, adressa. Adversary, adversaria aria. Adversity, adversitat. Affability, affabilitat. Affaire, affaire. Affection, affection. Agony, agounia. Agriculture, agricultura. Agriculturer, agricultour. Aide-de-camp, aido'de'Camp, Albergo or inn, aubergea. Alert, alerto, ta. Alliance, allianqa. Alternative, alternativa. Amusement, amusament. Amuse, to, amusar. Ancestors, ancetros. Ancient, ancently, ancian, ana, ancianament. Anemone of the Alps, barbua. Anguish, to, angoissa^angoissar. Animate, to, animar^ at, ada. Animal, an, animal, animau. BE KNOWN — {continued) . Animal, small, animalot. Animal, large, animalos, Antichamber, antichambra, Anthrav, carboun. Antidote, antidoto. Anxiety, anxietat. Appetite, appetit. After, apres. After dinner, apres-dinar. Afternoon, apres-miejour. After to-morrow, apres-deman. Aqueduct, aqueduc. Aquatic, aquatique, ica. Arabesques, arabescas. Archangel, arcliangi. Archdeacon, arcMdiacre, Architect, architecto. Avidity, aviditat. Arithmetic, arithmetica. Arnica, estourniga. Artisan, artisan, mesteirau. Altar, autar. Authorization, autourisation . Authorize, to, autourisar, at, ada. Bait of a hook, morsa, esca, amorsa. Bait, to, amorsar, morsar. Baths of hot water, bans. Ballad, a little, baladeta. Ballad, a, balada. Balsamic, balsamique, ica. Balustrade, balustrada. Barber, barbier. Barley, to thrash, escoussegear , Beat linen, baular. Box, a, bouita. Bonnet of a priest, bonnet de capelan. VOCABULARY. 83 WORDS NECESSAUY TO Bonnet, hounet. Do. child's, carpan. Buckle, houcla, hlouca. Buckle, to, bloucai^ ada, ^clat. Broth, sowpeta. Bourse (purse), boursa. Bourse hotel de la Exchange, the, logea^ boursa. Bourse (purse, a full), boiissada; a scanty purse, bourseta. Bookseller, libraire. Compass, mariner's, cou7npass de mar. Catholic, Catholique^ ica. Catalogue, catalogo. Chart, geographical, carta geo- grapJiica, Corpse, cadavre, Cadeau or gift, cadot. Cabin or cot, cabana. Do. one who lives in a, cou- tarel. Do. thatched, cauma. Do. portable, of shepherds, bressa. Cabaret or inn, cabaret. Calm oneself, to, se calmar. Camphor, campJiourata. Canvas, sketch rough draught, canevas. Carp, a, carpa. Coach, carrossa. Coachmaker, carrossier. Carriole, a, carriola. Carte blanche, full permission, carta blanca. Chamber, chambra. Chamois, chamous. Coal, carboun. BE K^owi^^ (continued). Collier, coalman, carbounier, ie7'a. Colliery, small, a coalwoman, testa negra. Drastic, drastique, ica. District, district. Diuretic, diuretique^ ica. Divide, divisar. Divulge, divulgar. Employ, to, emplegar. Employ oneself, to, s'emplegar. Employment, empleg. Exact, exact, acta. Exaggerate, exagerar. Exaltation, exaltation. Excusable, excusable, bla. Excuse, excusa. Excessive, excessive, iva. Exotique, esirangier, iera. Friend of the heart, cardachou. Friend, amic, ia. Friend, good, amiguet. Fagot, gaveo. ^lame, Jlama. Do. sm'd\l,fla7?ia?vta. Fracture, fractura. Fracture, to, roumpre. Gum arable, gouma arabica. Gum, gouma. Gum, cherry, meliga. Grammar, grammera. Gratuitously, gratuitament. Grotto, a, crota, hauma. Garland, guirlanda. Hammock, Jiamac. Haricot "^XdiWi, fay oouiera. Haricot, fayoow. Havre sac, abrassac. Hyssop, mariarma. 84 VOCABULARY. WORDS NECESSARY TO Idolatry, idolatria. Inhabitable, inhabitable, ^bla. In-promptu, in-'prom/ptu. Inscribe, to, inscrioure. Inscription, inscription. Introduction, introuduction. Introduce, introuduire. Do. oneself, s^introu- Invoke, invocar. Jealous, jalous, ousa. Do. cured of being, des jaloMsit, ida. Jar, jarra. Do. little, jarr eta. Jasmin, jaussemin, John Baptist, Jean Bapiisto. Kilogramme, kilogrammo. Lantern, lanterna. Languish, to, languir, Latin, Latin, ina. Lemonade, limounada. Liquid, clar, liquids, ida. Lodge, to, loger. Lodging, logeament. Luxurious, luxurious, ousa. Merchandise, marchandisa. Melon, meloun. Menace, menaqa. Memory, to lose one's, desme- mouriar. Memory, lost, desmemouriat, ad a. Mint, green, menta. Meridian, slumber, dormida. Monk, mouine. Naphtha, oli petroli. Navigator, navigaire. Negligence, negligenci. BE KNOWN — {continued). Neglect, to, negligear. Nonchalance, nounchalanqa. Novice, nouviqi, iqa. Nutritive, nutritif, iva. Number, numerot. Numerous, noumbrous, ousa. Name, noum. Number, noumbre. Obedience, obedienqa. Obey, to, oubeir. Obeisance, an, oubiessanqa. Obedient, oubiessent, enta. Oblige, to, oubligear. Oculist, oculisto. Odontalgia, toothache, mau de dents. Omission, oumission. Orangeade, orangeada. Ornament, to, ornar. Ortolan, Jiortoulan. Osier, vege, vese. Pamira, fruit basket, bertoul. Paradise, paradis. Pardon, pardoun. Parisian, Parisien, ena. Passage, right of, pezage. Pass, passa. Poor, the, paurilha. Poverty, pauretat. Pendule or clock, pendula. Perpendicular, perpendiculari, aria. Person, persounU. Piano, piano. Pilot, piloto. Plant, plant, plantun. Plantation, plantation. Planted, plantat, ada. Plant, to, plantar. VOCABULARY. 85 WORDS NECESSARY TO Plant, to, to strike root, aharbar. Poem, jjoema. Poetry, poesia. Pear, per a. Pear tree, ^^Adi^ pouerrefer. Pear tree, pouerre, porre. Pea, pese. Pot or vase, pot, potet. Precipice, precipici. Precious, precious, ousa. Pronounce, pronounqar. Pronunciation, pronoimciation. Proprietor, proprietari. Providence, prouvidenqa. Pustule, pustulu, Pyrenees, the low, Pyreneas Pyrenees, the high, Fyreneas aulas. Quarrel,' ^M^reZ«. Quarrel, to, querelar. Quarrels, maker of, pacJiacaire, Question, question. Quit, to, quitar, Eank, rang. Eancidity, rancir. Eare, rare, ara. Eanunculus, peta sauma. Do. renouncula, Eepast, repast. Do. small, repassoun, Eepose, repaus, Eest oneself, to, se repausar. Southward, adrech. Season, sesoun. Seriously, seriousament. Sense, sens. Sensitive, sensitiva. BE KNOWN — {continued). Seize, to, sesir. Sirocco, siroco. Sirop, sirop. Society, soucietat. Suspicion, soupcoun. Suspicious, souspicJious, ousa. Suspect, to, soupcouuar. Special, especial, ala. Studious, esiudious, ousa. Sulphurous, sidfm'ous, ousa. Supposition, supposition. Secure, segur, ura. Termination, terminesoun. Terrace, terra^sa. Toilet, teleta. Tomb, toumbeou. Trance, estransi, transa. Transfer, to, transferar, at, ada. Transgression, transgression. Transgressor, transgressour. Translation, translation. Usage, usagi. Useful, utile, ila. Vase, vase. Vehemence, vehemensia. Vegetation, vegetation. Xavier, p.n., Xavier. Youth, jouinessa. Young, jouine, jouina. Young man, jouine home. Do. 2i\QXY,jouvenet. Zoology, zoologia. Zone, zona. Zealous, zelat, ada. Zephyr, zephyr. Zig-zag, zig-zag. Zero, zero. Zenith, zenith. 86 DIALOGUE. THE DIALOGUES. DIALOGO 1°^^^- UN MESTRE E LO SIEU GARSON. Mestre, — ^Antoni, ieu lo t^hai tougiou dice, e lo ti repeti^ un buon mestie es un tresor. Non es pas soula- men de medessin e d^avocat che voou lo pais^ voou aussi de buoi mesteirant, d^ouvrie fuort^ abile e virtuous. Perche venes tan tardi esto matin ? Garson, — Perche non hai plus idea de travaigli^ in achesto pais. Hai tougiou audit dire ch^ un ouvrie deu sourti^ se v6oi\ si perfessiouna, e es ben senche vuoli faire. Mestre. — leu e tantu autre che ti pourrii noma, che mandan au giou d^anguei lu nuostre travaigl a Paris, a Londra, e meme eu Russia, non sieu giamai sortit de Nissa. Per ieu men teni buon. Lo SIGNOUR ha benedit lu mieu travaigl. Nat paure, commenseri a travaiglia souta d\in mestre, che m^aimava coma Ieu t^aimi, e che non cessava de mi repetk — " Lo mieu enfan, lo travaigl fa Vome ric^ tan che es accompagnat da Teconomia, e Fome si poou tougiou dire ric, tan che non ha de deute.^^ Coura mon mestre mouret, haigheri a pena per mi mettre una picciouna boutiga ; ma aiira en mi travaiglian onestamen hai de ben, de reputassion, e de credi. Tu en ciangian de pais veiras d^aubre vert, de majon blanchi, d^ome embe doui camba; ma tout acco^ lo puodes veire aissi. Gar son, — Se ieu vuoli faire lo tour deFransa, non es pas per veire de pais, ma plutot per mi perfessionna, coma ieu v'hai degia dice. Mestre, — Si, tau era I'intension de tantu ouvrie de la mieu connoissensa, lu cal apres estre estat touplen de temp en li capitali, non nen conoission che lu teatre. DIALOGUE. 87 THE DIALOGUES. DIALOGUE 1. A MASTER AND HIS WORKMAN. Master, — Antony^ I it to thee have always said, and it to thee I repeat, a good trade is a treasure. It is not only of doctors and lawyers that the country wishes, it wishes also good artizans, strong labourers, skilful and virtuous. Why comest thou so late this morning ? Workman, — Because I have not more idea of working in this country. I have always heard say that a work- man ought to travel, if he wishes to make himself perfect, and it is that which I wish to do. Master, — I and many others whom to thee I can name, who send to-day our work to Paris, London, and even to Russia, never have travelled out of Nice. For myself I find myself very well of it. The LORD has blessed my work. Born poor, I began to labour under a master, who loved me as I love thee, and who ceased not of to me repeating — ^^ My child, work makes the man rich, as long as it is accompanied by economy, and the man himself can always call rich, so long as he has not debts/' When my master died I had much ado (I had hardly) to set up a little shop ; but at this moment, by my working honestly, I have goods, reputation, and credit. Thou, in changing the country, will see green trees, white houses, men with two legs ; but all this you can see here. Workman, — If I wish to make a tour of Prance, it is not to see the country, but rather to perfect myself, as I you have already told. Master, — Yes, such was the intention of many work- men of my acquaintance, the who after having been much time in the capitals, of it knew nothing but the 88 DIALOGUE. li puorta, e lu cabaret^ e li ban chitadi, per retourna au pais paure e ignorant comk n^eron partit. Un apprendis au contrari che passa per toui lu grado en lo meme atelie achista esperiensa e pratiga. Lo camin es un pbou lone, ma es segur. Pensa pi ai perigl che has da courre. En li villa dou has da ana de faus com- pagnon t^esperon per ti faire complici dei sieu desordre ; lu caffe e lu oste^ lu licour e Faigarden che brulon lo cors e uson Fesprit, ti presenteran li sien giouissensa bestiali ; lu bal e li festa, la pompa e li moda son de gouffre tougiou dubert che t^attireran de mille cousta a la fes ; e li frema ! Li frema, set a dire^ la maschera de la debauccia au front de la voluptk. Piglia garda ! Gar son, — Eppura^ che faire? Nou poudes ignord^ mestre, che Nissa es un villa_, dou per ave touplen de travaigl foou estre estrangie^ o ben ana faire lo tour^ e pi veni si mettre un gran magazin^ e parla franses. Mestre. — Per troou Fesperiensa demuostra la verity de senche venes de dire ; ma sabes-tu de don ven achelP abus? Eu ha doui soursa; la premiera es che li mar- ridi pratiga aimon tougiou mai si servi da cu non li conoisse ; achesti nou han giamai enrichit degun^ e es ben de non li ave. La segonda es che achelF ouvrie, soubre des che han vojagiat coma eu^ e dei cal noou si son perdut^ ha emparat a faire economia^ e ha achistat una certa maniera de parla e de vieure, che li attira Festima e la confidensa ; e achesta ressours a la puodes trouvk aissi. Garson. — E ben^ leu farai com^ acheu disieme. Mestre, — Cu es che ti respuonde de re^ssi coma eu? Es ben plus probable che t^arrive coma ai autre noou. Se m^en creses^ restas aissi e ti travaiglies ; puodes tam- ben sens a sorti de Nissa ti rendre abil e estimable, ma se non vuos creire a la mieu longa experiensa^ crei au manco en achella d^ acheu che nat paure coma tu^ cmbe la sieu assiduita e la sieu applicassion, devenghet un dei i DIALOGUE. Oy theatres, the gates, and the public houses, and who have quitted to return to the country poor and ignorant as of it they were set out. An apprentice, on the contrary, who passes through all the grades in the same work- shop, acquires experience and practice. The way is a little long, but it is secure. Think after all on the perils which thou hast to run. In the cities where thou hast to go, false companions thee hope to make accomplice of their disorders ; the coffee houses and the wine houses (cabarets), the liqueurs and the brandy which burn the body and consume the soul, will present to thee their beastly enjoyments; the balls and the banquets, the pomps, and the fashions, are gulfs always open, which will drag thee from a thousand sides at once (a la fois) . And the women ! the women, that is to say, the masque of debauchery on the face of pleasure. Take care ! Workman, — Nevertheless, what is to be done ? You cannot be ignorant, master, that Nice is a city, where to have much of work one must be a stranger, or even to go to make the tour, and then to come to set up a great shop, and speak French. Master, — Very much experience demonstrates the truth of that which thou hast come to say ; but knowest thou from whence comes that abuse ? It has two sources ; the first is that the wicked customers love always more to serve themselves from those who know them not — these have never enriched any one, and it is well not to have them — ^the second is, that that work- man upon ten (one workman out of ten) who have travelled like him, and of whom whom nine are lost, has learned to practise economy, and has acquired a certain manner of speaking and of living which attracts to him the esteem and confidence ; and this resource you may find here. Workman, — Well then, I will do like the tenth (man) . Master, — Who is it answers that you will succeed like i2 90 DIALOGUE. plus grant ome doou siecle passat; vuoli parlk doou celebre e sage Franklin. Ve aissi li massima che si recueiglion dai sieu ouvrage. DIALOGO 2^ A UN PROPRIETARI E LO SIEU METAJE. Proprietari, — O Meou^ eh ! perche non has encara semen at achella part r Metaje. — Che voou^ monssu; lo temp giusc^ aiira non rha permes ; e pi la luna ! Proprietari, — Che luna ? Ah ! lo sabi che vautre embe la vuostra luna giouve e luna vieiglia^ luna buona e luna marrida^ o embei vuostre giou d^or laissas toui lu vuostre travaigl en darrie. Es ver che li ha certu travaigl de la campagna per lu cal sembla che si deughe osserva la luna, coma seria la taiglia dei buosc ; ma en touplen d^ autre la luna non li ientra per ren. ])e fkce che vou dire che en achest ^an che per li loughi pleja non aves pouscut semena en lo mes de Novembre, aura che sieu degia ver la fin de Desembre non si regarda plus mi la luna, ni lo giou. Mon cer, lu travaigl de la compagna han toui la sieu seson ; non la laissa passa eveiras che tout anera per tu lo migliou doou monde. Metaje. — Ma veghe, moussii, la buon ^anima de mon pere mi cuntava, che la buon ^anima de mon paigran li diia tougiou che acheu che semena de luna giouve non recueigle che de paiglia ; se planta, non ramassa che de DIALOGUE. 91 him ? It is much more probable that it happens to you as to the other nine. If you will believe me of it, you will remain here and work ; you can as well without leaving Nice render thyself skilful and estimable. But if you wish not to believe in my long experience, believe at least in that of him, who born poor like you, with his assiduity and his application became one of the greatest men of the past century ; I wish to speak of the celebrated and wise Franklin — (Ve aissi) — See here the maxims which are gathered from his works. DIALOGUE 2. A LANDLORD AND HIS TENANT. Landlord, — Ha ! Bartholemew^ why hast thou not yet sown this part ? Tenant. — What wish you, sir; the weather until this day has not allowed it ; and then the moon ! Landlord, — What moon ? Ah ! I know that you with your young moon and old moon, good moon and bad moon, or with your golden days, leavest all your work behindhand. It is true that there are certain country works for the which, it seems, that one ought observe the moon, as would be the cutting of woods ; but in many others the moon does not enter for any- thing (nothing) . In fact that you say that in this year^ that thro^ the long rains thou hast not been able to sow in the month of November; now that we are already towards the end of December, you regard not more neither the moon nor the day. My dear, country works have all their season ; do not let them pass, and thou wilt see that all will go for thee the best in the world — (splendidly) . Tenant, — But see, sir, the good soul of my father (my late father) told me, that the good soul of my grand- 92 DIALOGUE. fueglia^ se poua li souca^ non fa che de gaveu— ma laissen acco acchi. Estan se sieu en darrie dei travaigl^ veghe, lo marri temp^ un giou passa Pautre escapa ; che nin puodi ieu ? Proprietari, — Si, vautre en campagna fes tougiou coma faia vuostre pere^ e non sies buoi a faire la plus piccionna prova. D'acchi nen ven che aves tougiou li meme espessa marridi, e tougiou la meme miseria deplo- rabla, en tan ch^en d^ autre pais^ don la cultura de li terra florisse, li recolta redoublon^ li espessa s^amiglioron e lo paisan poou mettre^ au manco lo Dimeneghe e li festa^ doui lieura de vianda en la pignata. Vautre^, se vou proposon coouc ^amigliouramen^ che v^espragneria de fatiga e d^espesa^ e vou moltiplicheri^ lo produce^ non voules Tadotta^ perche vuostre pere e vuostre paig- rau non Than practicat. Ma veughen au temp che t^ha face retardk lu travaigl. Toui lu giou non son pas estat marrit? Poudies ben comensa en lo premie giou de beu temp ? Metaje, — Moussu^ se foughessian devin, nou serian mai meschin. E eu s^asperava en una pleja tan con- tinuada? Aven ben vist coouca fes lo soleu; ma metten che anguei fasse beu temp che fara deman ? Proprietari, — Es ver che non si poou devina ; ma la longa esperiensa ha sauput tira da li osservassion facci eu Tatmosfera, su lu cors terrestre e su lu animau de signau de pleja e de beu temp^ che non trompon casi giamai. Metaje, — Moussu^ voou che lo li dighi, aura m^eu avisi che nen sau mai che ieu. Canti b6lli cauva che s^empara su lu libre ! Che regret nou hai de non estre anat a Fescola ! DIALOGUE 93 father told him, always that he who sowed of a young moon would not reap but of straw ; if he planted would only gather leaves; if he would not make but vine branches — but let us leave that there. If my labours are behindhand^ see the bad weather, one day passses, another escapes ; what of it can I do ? Landlord, — Yes, in your country you always do as did your fathers, and your are not good to do the smallest trial. From thence of it comes that you have always the same bad kinds, and always the same deplo- rable misery, when in other countries, where the culture of the land flourishes, the harvests redouble, the species become better, and the peasant can place, at least on the Sunday and the festivals, two pounds of meat in the pot. You, if they propose any amelioration which would spare you fatigue and expense, and would multi- ply you the produce, would not adopt it, because your father and your grandfather have not practised it. But come to the weather which has caused thee to delay working. All the days have not been bad ! Couldest thou have well commenced on the first day of fine w^eather? Tenant,' — Sir, had we been conjurors we would never be paltry follows. And who would hope in a rain so continued ? We have indeed seen sometimes the sun, but suppose that to-day it is fine weather, who is it can divine the weather that will be to-morrow ? Landlord. — It is true that we cannot divine ] but a long experience has known how to draw from observa- tions made in the atmosphere, upon the terrestrial bodies, and upon animals, signs of rain and of fair weather, which almost never deceive. Tenant, — Sir, do you wish that I tell it you, now I perceive (I am of opinion) that of it you know more than I. How many beautiful things they learn from books! What regret have I not of not having been at school? 94j legend. LEGENDA. LO TRESOR DE SIMIE. DE NISSA. ^^ Conoisses ben acheu gran palai che si ve aiglik entrk li roina doou temple d' ApoUon e achelli de la tina dei Pagan/' diia ai sieu enfan, en una d' achelli longhi serada driver, Barba* Gian^ paisan de Simie^ assetat en un canton doou fuec, a Fentour doou cal si veion li sieu figlia e li sieu nuora cbe filavon lo canebe^ lu sieu enfan che rasclavon su lo bee de li lieu sappa li spiga de Turc che avion recuglit en Pautom, e lu sieu felen che faion rosti de fava su Fissendre caut e che, apres li ave retiradi emb'un trouchiglion, li faion craca souta li den sensa si dona la passiensa de li laissa gela. ^^Aves ben visit tanti fes, en passan^ achell ^antica majon ? Ebben^ davan che fosse restaurada, degun non ha mai poscut Pabita. Sabes vautre lo perche T^ ^^Non, non, paigran/^ responderon toui ensen en aussan lu ues soubre d^eu, e eu lo fissan emb^ un' aria plena de curiosita ; feuen lo plesi de nen cunta tout senche sabes/' " Vuoli ben vou contenta per v'empasa lo vieure doou monde, e par impedi aussi Nourada e Ghidon de s'endurmi, car nou es encara set oura e mi sieu degia enavisat ch^elli commenson a mi faire de profondi reverensa embe la coulougna, e embe la testa — Lucressia, garnisse lo calen, perche serai un poou lone, e non s^ane- Ten couccia che ben tardi/^ " Non fa ren/^ si metteron toui a crida, ^^ nou fa ren ; passeren la 7iuece entiera se voules, basta che vou tenghes paraula/^ * The Sardinian peasants call those who have passed their fiftieth year " JBarba, or Uncle." LEGEND. 95 A LEGEND. THE TREASURE OP SIMIE. A LEGEND OF NICE. " You know well that great palace which is seen there between the ruins of the temple of Apollo and those of the loine vat of the Pagans/^ "^ said to his children^ on one of those long winter evenings^ Uncle John^ a peasant of Simie^ seated in a corner of the hearth (fire) , round which were seen his daughters and their nurse, who were spinning hemp ; his boys, who were scraping on the beak of their spades the ears of Indian corn which they had gathered in autumn ; and his grand- children, who made roast beans on the hot cinders, and who after having withdrawn them with a crooked stick, made them crack under their teeth, without giving themselves patience to let them cool. " Well have you seen many times in passing that old house? Well then, before that it was restored nobody could ever dwell in it. Do you know why V^ '^ No, no ! grandfather,^^ they all answered together, raising their eyes upon him, and fixing them on him with an air full of curiosity. Do us us the pleasure of telling of it all that you know.^^ ^^ I wish truly to please you by showing you the way of the world, and by hindering also Honorata and Bridget from sleeping, for it is not yet seven hours (o^ clock), and I am already warned that they have com- menced to make me profound reverences with distaff and with head. Lucretia, garnish the lamp, because I will be a little long, and we will not go to bed till very late.^^ ^^ It makes no matter,^^ they began all to cry; ^^it makes no matter ; we will pass the entire night if you wish, provided that you have words enough.^^ * The " wine vat of the Fagan^^^ is the expressive name given by the Sardinian peasants to the old Roman amphitheatre of Simie, because of its round form. 96 LEGEND. ^^ Fes donca toui ben attension, perche senche leu vau vou dire^ esinteresant^ e le teni da la buon ^anima de mon paigran che era un ome ardit^ franc e real/^ " Lone temp davan che lu padre, che edificon achesto luec embe la santita de la sieu vida, venghesson basti e abbita lo convent che domina achesta cuola, agreabla e fertila, — nn ermita s^era vengut fabrica un^ umbla cabana en mittau dei cal che son format de muraiglia de Fantica villa llomana che si nomava Cimella, e menava aissi una vida retirada e penitenta. La sieu aria de bonta non tardet a li attirk Testima, lo respet, e la venerassion de toui lu abitant doou cartie, e cadun venia lo consulta en lu sieu dubi, e li demanda Faguida de li sieu preghiera en lu beson. Lo paire de vuostre paigran surtout s^estacchet en acheu sant^ ome de Pamitie la plus intima, e anava souven passk d^oura entieri en la sieu compagnia. Un giou che eron soulet assetat a Fombra d^un aulivie sauvage, F ermita li dighet — ^^ ^ Mon cer Gaspa, leu sabi che tu embe plusiur autre giouve doou tieu age aves format lo proget d^ana en serca doou Tresor de Simie ; aissi ieu sieu lo soulet che conoissi lo puost don es escondut, e tout senche foou faire per li ana. Siccoma leu senti che la mieu fin s'approccia a gran pas, ti vuoli tout descurbi, afin che non t^espones giamai au perigl d^una tau imprudenta resolussion. *^ ^En intran en lo vestibulo d^achella majon magica en la cala de nuece s^aude tan de remon, e che foughet fabricada non per estre abitada, ma pluto per escondre la dubertura doou conduce souterran che -de Simie, en passan souta la liece de Paglion, va about! per un ^autra dubertura de la su la cuola de Vinaigrie, si trova a la dreccia una larga escalinada che mena premieramen en una gran salla de forma carrada, ramplida de laveso, plassat en ordre, coma lu volume d^una biblioteca. En fassa de la puorta d^intrada li ha un^ antra puorta de LEGEND. 97 " Well then, all pay attention, for that which I am going to tell you is interesting, and I have it from the good soul of my grandfather (my late), who a bold, frank, and loyal man/^ ^^ Long time before that the fathers, who edify this place with the sanctity of their life, had come to build and inhabit the convent which lords over that agreeable and fertile hill, — a hermit came to build an humble cabin in the midst of the rubbish which is formed of the walls of the ancient Koman city named Chimella, and led there a retired and penitent life. His air of kind- ness was not slow in attracting to him the esteem, respect, and veneration of all the inhabitants of the quarter, and each one came to consult him in his doubts, and to demand the aid of his prayers in their need. The father of your grandfather especially attached himself to this holy man, with a most intimate friendship, and often went to pass whole hours in his company. ^^ One day that they were seated alone in the shade of a wild olive tree, the hermit said to him — ^^ ^ My dear Gaspar, I know that thou with many other young men of thy age, hast formed the project of going in search of the Treasure of Simie ; here, I am the only one who knows the situation where it is hidden, and all that must be done to go there. As I think that my end approaches at a great pace, I will discover all to thee, in order that you may never expose yourself to the peril of so imprudent a resolution. " ^ In entering the vestibule of that magic house, in which at night are heard so many noises, and which was built, not to be inhabited, but rather to hide the opening, from which leads the subterraneous passage, which from Simie passing under the bed of the Paglion, ends by another mouth under the hill of Vinaigrie; you find at the right hand a large staircase which leads first into a large hall, of a square form, filled with (laveso) K 98 LEGEND. bronso che esta tougion sarrada^ ma die si poou durbi fassilamen da cu nen conoisse lo segret^ car non li ha ch^ a li souffla soubre tre fes^ e subito si ve vira su In sieu ganchi. D^achi si descuerbe la continuassion de la gran escalinada^ e non es cbe apres estre calat encara per des minuta^ che si ve degia pareisse au luen la ciambra doon tresor. Ella es situada tout a fet sonta lo liece de Paglion ; la sieu forma es un sesagono, e la sieu volta^ en s^aussan su la cornis che sierve de capiteu^ constituisse una piramida concava de la meme figura^ de la cala pendon^ coma tantu lustre/ lu plus bei tue creat dai de gout d^aiga^ che trapanon. En mittan li ha un taulie redon su lo cal son plassat una cabra e un cabria d^or macif, d^estatura naturala. Au costa d^acheu taulie che regarda la puorta esta asselat lo diau che deu veglia a la garda d^achellu ogget pressious, Eu duerme sepandan un^oura cada giou en repauan la testa su lu sieu doui bras che mette Fun contra Fautre, estendut su lo taulie^ e si ten au costa drece una trombetta aussi d^or lo plus pur. Se eu tauche duerme, coouc^un venghesse a cala en achella crotta, achesto non auria che da empoigna subito la trombetta, e si mettre a sona; aloura lo diau, quache si reveigle, resta coma encadenat e non poou plus li faire ren. De plus una troupade diablon, che sorterion de touta part, li si presenterion pront a obedi ai sieu ordre, e a trans- porta tout acheu tresor dapertout don eu vourria. Ma piglia garda, Toura doou demoni non es che mieggi ^oura suivan la nuostra maniera de cunia, Perche eu divide lo giou en caranta vuece oura ; ensin non duerme che mieggi'oura de li nuostri. Ma Fojara en la cala lo diau s'abandoQ au suon non es conoissuda che dau Gran Turc, lo cal brama despi loc temp achesti immensi richessa. Aussi cauti fes eu ha mandat de vaissen veni descala li sieu troupa su la nuostra plaja, afin de sen rendre ra estre ? E li auria reussit surtout en lo XVI. siecle, se la nuostra Nissarda eroina Catarina Segurana LEGEND. 99 bronze cauldrons, placed in order^ like the volumes of a library. In front of the entrance door, there is another door of bronze^ which is always closed, but which can be easily opened by him who knows the secret of it — for you have only to blow upon it three times, and suddenly it will turn upon its hinges. From thence discovers itself the continuation of the grand staircase, and it is only after having travelled farther (or yet) ten minutes, that one sees himself already appear in the place of the treasure chamber. It is situated entirely under the bed of the (river) Paglion; its form is a sesagon, and its vault raising itself on the cornice that serves as pillars, forms a concave piramid of the same shape (sesagonal), from which hang like so many lustres the most beautiful objects formed of drops of water which pierce through. In the midst, there is placed a round table upon which is placed a goat and a kid of massy gold, and of the natural stature. At the side of this table, which faces the door, is seated the demon who must watch for the protection of these precious objects. He sleeps, nevertheless, one hour each day, reposing his head on his two arms, which he puts the one against the other, extended on the table, and he holds at his right side a trumpet also of pure gold. If while he sleeps, any one should come to enter into that cave, he would only have to grasp suddenly the trumpet, and set himself to sound it; then the demon, although he awake, remains as though chained, and can no more do anything. Further-more, a troup of demons, who will issue from every quarter, will present themselves to him ready to obey his orders, and to transport all that treasure wheresoever he may please. But, take care, the demon^s hour is only half- an-hour of our (time), because he divides the day into forty-eight hours; thus he only sleeps half-an-hour after our manner of counting. But the hour in which the demon gives way to sleep, is only known to the 100 LEGEND. non haigliesse attaccat lu Sarrain en li carriera meme de la villa^ e non lu haighesse forsat a regagnk a rabaton li sieu barca^ apres, li ave tuat lo puorto enseigna su d'acheu canton che si demanda encara aura lo canton de Sarrain. Canti fes aussi eu ha proposat a Fautorita doou pais, per condisssion de pas, lo cession doou soulet Simie, en li escriven acliesta demanda laconica — * Dammi Simmarro, E mi ti dar la pace.' Ma lu sieu esfuors son tougiou estat inutil, e la sieu demanda non es mai estada escotada ; de maniera che lo tresor es encara intact. '^ ^ Abandona donca lo tieu proget, mon cer Gaspk ; serca a faire la tieu fortuna en travaiglian, ella sera plus doussa e plus solida.^ ^^Apres li ave donat achesto darrie avis, en lo congedit. " Cooucu giou apres Fermita mouret en concet de santita. Ma non era encara finida Fannada che mon paigran pigliat o da la curiosity, o da Tamour de li richessessa si laisset tentk dai sieu cambarada che vougheron mettre en esecussion lo proget che avion format Pan de devan. Eron una dousena — Giaume Labrigna che era lo plus couragious, e en meme temp lo plus avide de toui, voughet lo premie calk soulet. Arrivat en la salla dei laveso nen pigliet doui, e remontet subito trionfant per lu mostra ai sieu amic che lo resseveron en eschirassan. Siccoma achestu laveso pareission estre de coouche valour, esperas dighet ai autre, Teu tourni ank faire un viage, e calk tourna soulet; ma achesta fes, en piglian lu doui laveso su Festagiera lu faghet urta Tun contra Fautre, e lo remon che fagheron rebombet tan fuor en acheu souterran cavernous che reveigliet lo diau. Lo coou per acheu giou foughet mancat. ^^Lo lendeman de buon matin si renderon tournk toui su lo luec. Un de la troupa comensava tourna a jLEGEND. 101 Grand Turk, who for a long time desires these immense riches. Thus many times he has commanded his vessels to come and disembark his troops upon our coast, in order to render himself its master. And he would have succeeded, especially in the sixteenth century, if our Nizzard Heroine Catherine Segurana, had not attacked the Saracens in their assault on the city, and had not forced them to regain their ships as fast as possible (a rabaton) ; after having killed their standard bearer in that quarter which is named even now the Quarter of the Saracens, Many times also he has pro- posed to the authorities of the country, as conditions of peace, the cession of Simie alone, by writing this laconic demand — ' Give me Simarro, And I'il grant you peace.' But his efforts have always been useless, and his demands have never been heard, so that the treasure is still untouched. ^^ ^ Abandon then thy project, my dear Gaspar ; seek to make thy fortune by working, it will be more sweet and more sure.^ ^' After having given him this last advice he dismissed him. *^ Some days afterwards the hermit died m the odour of sanctity; but the year was not finished when my father, seized either by curiosity or by the love of riches, proposed to his comrades that they should put in execution the project which they had formed the year before. They were a dozen of them, Giaume Labugna, who was the most courageous and at the same time th6 most greedy of all wished first to enter alone. Arrived in the hall of bronze cauldrons, he took two of them, and triumphing remounted suddenly to shew them to his friends, who received him uttering prolonged shouts of joy. ^ As these cauldrons seem to be of some value, you hope,^ said he to the K 3 102 LEGEND. parla dei laveso. Aloura mon paigrati — ^ Fraire/ li dighet^ ^ non tarden, calen donca subito^ e marcen plan plan de doui en doui/ Cadun si piglia en li man un^ antorcia a vent^ e s'encaminon. Assi soulamen de li pensk^ mi ven la car de gallina. Degik avion traversat a sauvamen la premier a salla e eron arrival a la pnorta de bronso, che mon paigran duerbe en li souflantre fes soubre ; degi&, s^approciavon de la ciambra redoubtabla e descurbion de luen lo bramat tresor, lo diau che durmia^ e la prodigioua trombetta ; degi^ acheu che marciava lo premie si disponia a faire lo saut per empoigna Tinstrument e sona lo coou decisivo ; coura nna vons^ che non si sau de don venghe, crida^ ^ Paure vautre ! ch^anas faire ?' Vaiti piglia I"^ L^espavent lu sesisse^ remonton Tescalinada en desordre, li antarcia s^amuerson e siccoma, per non non si perdre, lu darrie sercon de s^aganta a li camba dei premie^ achestu, en cresen che sighe lo diau che vooughe lu si piglia, ; fan de tan esfuors che tombon de lassituda, e non nen serion giamai plus sortit, se de foura non fousson vengut au sieu secours. Li suita d^ achelP escapada fougheron funestissimi^ car cartre d^ achellu gionin ^ome nen moureron cooucu giou apres en una ravaria furioua; sine o siei autre nen fagheron una longa maladia en la cala li caschet li den^ e giusca li ongla ; enfin toui sen ressenteron plus o manco. " Ve acchi^ lu mieu enfan^ perche s^es tougiou creg- nut de s'approcik d^ acheu palai surtout de nuece temp/^ * Vaiti pi^Ua is equivalent to the French C^en est fait Note. — The word escMrassa, meaning "to utter loud and long shouts of exultation and joy," is used to denote the wild hurrahs of the Sardinian peasantry during the marriage banquet of one of their number. LEGEND. 103 others, ^that I will turn to proceed to make a journey/ and alone he turned to enter (again) ; but this time, in taking the two cauldrons on the stairs, they made a shock one against the other, and the noise which they made resounded (swelled out) so strong in that caver- nous passage that the demon awoke. The attempt for that day had failed. ^^ The next day early they all repaired to turn to the place. One of the troop began to speak of the cauld- rons. Then (said) my grandfather — ^ Brothers,^ quoth he, ^ let us enter then quickly, let us not delay, and let us march plan, plan, two by two,^ (Cadun) each one took in his hand a torch, and they journied on. Here at the very thought alone (comes to me the heart of a hen) I shudder ! Already they had traversed safely the first hall, and had arrived at the bronze gate, which my grandfather opened by blowing on it thrice; already they had approached the dreadful chamber, and dis- covered far off the wished for treasure, the demon that slept, and the huge trumpet ; already he who marched first was disposing himself to make the leap to seize the instrument and sound the decisive blow, — when a voice, that they knew not whence it came, cried out, ^ Poor you ! what are going to do T It was all up. Fright seized them ; they remounted the stairs in dis- order j the torches went out ; and as the last, not to loose themselves, sought to lay hold of the legs of the first, these believing that it was the demon who wished to seize them, made such efforts that they fell of weari- ness, and would never more have issued from it, if from without they had not come to their aid. The issues of this escapade were most mournful, for four of these young men died of it some days after in a raging delirium, five or six others of it experienced a long illness, in which they lost teeth and even their nails ,• finally all felt it more or less. " See here, my children, why they fear always to approach that place, especially at night time.^^ 104 KOCK OF AGES. ROCCIA DE SECOLI. Roccia de secoli — schiusa per me, Fa che nascondermi — io possa in te. L^acqua e il saague che zampillano Da^ tuoi fianchi lacerati Su me piovano, e sien duplice Medicina a' miei peccati, E per sempre ne sbandiscano La sozzura ed il poter. Tutto il travaglio — della mia mano Tue leggi adempiere — vorrebbe invano : Del mio zelo infaticabile Sia pur Popra ognor fervente ; Da quest^ ocohi amare lagrime Sgorgliin pure eternamente ; Non potrian mie colpe torgere, Tu, sol tu mi puoi salvar. Abbietto e povero — nulla in man reco : In croce stringermi — io sol v6 teco. Nude affatto a te rivolgomi, O Gesu, perche mi vesta : La tua grazia imploro e supplico, Sol conforto che mi resta. Lordo, al fonte io volo. ... ah ! lavami, Od io muojo, o Redentor. O duri il rapido — soffio vitale, O i rai m^ottenebri — sonno mortale : Quando sciolta nndra quest antena Verso un mondo sconosciuto Per mirarti del giudizio Sovra il trono in ciel seduto. Roccia de^ secoli — schiusa per me, Deh ! fa che ascondermi — io possa in te. ROCK OF AGES. 105 ROCK OF AGES. Rock of Ages — cleft for me, Let me hide myself in Thee, Let the water and the blood From Thy riven side which flowed Be of sin the double cure, Cleanse me from its guilt and power. All the labour of my hand Can^t fulfil Thy laws demand. Could my zeal no respite know, Could my tears for ever flow, All for sin cannot atone. Thou must save, and Thou alone. Nothing in my hand I bring. Solely to Thy cross I cling, Naked come to Thee for dress, Weary look to Thee for rest. Vile I to the Fountain fly. Wash me. Saviour, or I die. While I draw this vital breath, When my eyelids close in death, "When I soar to worlds unknown, See Thee on Thy judgment throne. Rock of Ages — cleft for me. Let me hide myself in Thee. The foregoins; noble version of that exquisite hymn " Eock of Ages," which so sweetly soothed the dying moments of that great Prince whose loss is only day after day more felt by us, was composed by Count Ottavio Tasca, and is inserted here that the reader may derive as much pleasure as the author has from its perusal. LONDON: F. PICKTON, PEINTEPv, 89, GEEAT PORTLAND STEEET, OXTGED STEEET. PHILOLOGICAL BOOKS ON SALE BY JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, A DICTIONAEY OF AUCHAIC AND PROYINCIAL WORDS, Obsolete Phrases, Proverbs, and Ancient Customs, from the Reign of Edward I. 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