Copyright N°_ 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 
 
DISTINGUISHED 
 RESIDENTS 
 
 OF WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 SCIENCE-ART-INDUSTRY 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 AND REFERENCES 
 
DISTINGUISHED 
 RESIDENTS 
 
 OF WASHINGTON. D. C. 
 
 SCIENCE-ART-INDUSTRY 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 AND REFERENCES 
 
 COMPILED AND EDITED BY 
 ALBERT D. AILLER 
 
 1916 
 
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 COPYRIGHT 1916 
 
 By ALBERT D. AILLER 
 
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Preface 
 
 In presenting this book to the public the author wishes 
 to permit no other motive for its inception and publica- 
 tion than the desire to render due acknowledgment and 
 credit to those men and women of Washington, D. C, 
 who have attained special distinction in the various 
 fields of art, science and industry. It is not presumed 
 that all such have been included; far from it! But that 
 the list herein is largely representative of those pre- 
 eminent and most distinguished cannot be denied. This 
 is especially true of the scientific representatives, those 
 highly intellectual men who are constantly searching 
 the hidden and most valuable principles and storerooms 
 of nature, and by their ceaseless and skillful efforts 
 revealing more of the beauties, wonders and benefits of 
 creation. Our country is in the forefront for intelligent' 
 and fruitful research, as well as in the other vocations for 
 mankind's advancement and comfort, and no city in the 
 entire country proportionately presents such a large col- 
 lection of brilliant, useful and distinguished results. 
 
City of Washington 
 
 It is altogether fitting that the United States, the richest 
 of all countries in wealth, industry, and natural resources 
 and scenery, should possess the most beautiful National 
 Capital City — Washington. The name itself — given in 
 honor of the man whose genius of .leadership in conflict, 
 statesmanship, engineering, sacrifices, love of country, 
 truth and universal human regard early won him the 
 most beloved place in the affections of his countrymen, 
 and the world's highest esteem — was, and is today, a 
 sufficient inspiration for our country to make of Washing- 
 ton City preeminent in substantial and esthetic taste. 
 No other city presents to its citizens and visitors such 
 charms and advantages. The streets and avenues, 
 respectively running in cardinal and diagonal directions, 
 are broad and well-paved, with rare trees, brought from 
 all sections of the world, lining both sides completing 
 graceful archways and frames for beautiful vistas from 
 early spring until late autumn. The best and most 
 varied architecture of the world is represented, and many 
 of the homes are nothing less than palaces in construction 
 and appointment. The numerous parks, squares and 
 triangles, rich with heroic-size monuments, shrubbery, 
 greens, trees and flowers, are most luring in their inspira- 
 tion, reverence and recreation. While from the time 
 that Washington was selected as a site for our National 
 Capital, 1790, to the present, the Government has been 
 generous in its appropriations of money, much of the- 
 credit of the city's unsurpassed magnificence is due to the 
 public-spirited enthusiasm and indomitable energy of 
 many of its leading citizens past and present. The 
 inspiring Capitol, the magnificent Library of Congress, 
 the National Museum, the Washington Monument, the 
 White House, the State, War and Navy, and Treasury 
 Buildings, the Union Station, the Lincoln Memorial, and 
 many other noble works of architecture are examples to 
 the world of the lofty and magnanimous regard and 
 affection which emanate from the breasts of a favored 
 and united free people. 
 
Scientific Washington 
 
 SCIENCE, in a general sense, is denned as knowledge, 
 or certain knowledge; the comprehension or understanding 
 of truth or facts by the mind, especially as demonstrated 
 by induction, or observation. And a scientist is one 
 skilled in, or devoted to science. It is also perfectly 
 befitting that Washington should stand out as one of the 
 leading scientific centers of the world. There is nowhere 
 in the United States such facilities for research into 
 nature's boundless laws, gifts and powers, and no city, 
 perhaps, offers such a large proportion of preeminent 
 authorities in the various subjects of science. Among 
 the numerous splendid scientific associations of Washing- 
 ton there are two which stand out most prominently 
 among the world's leaders, the National Academy of 
 Sciences, and Washington Academy of Sciences. 
 
 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES is an asso- 
 ciation empowered by an Act of Congress, approved 
 March 3, 1863, and by subsequent amendments. As its 
 name signifies, it is national in character. All members 
 must be citizens of the United States, but the academy 
 has the power to elect fifty foreign associates. The latter, 
 together with the honorary members, have no voice in the 
 business of the academy, but have the privilege of attending 
 the meetings, and of reading and communicating papers 
 to the academy. The membership is comprised of the 
 leaders of science from all parts of the country, and in the 
 list will be found nearly all the great scholars of the various 
 colleges and universities. The academy is regarded as 
 the official adviser to the Government on scientific 
 matters. The annual meeting is held in Washington, 
 beginning on the third Monday in April, and an autumn 
 meeting held at time and place the academy elects. The 
 officers are: President, William H. Welch, Baltimore; 
 vice-president, Charles D. Walcott, Smithsonian Institu- 
 tion, Washington; foreign secretary, George E. Hale, 
 Mt. Wilson Solar Observatory, Pasadena, Cal.; home 
 secretary, Arthur L. Day, Geophysical Laboratory, Wash- 
 ington; treasurer, Whitman Cross, U. S. Geological 
 Survey, Washington. Additional members of council: 
 Edmund B. Wilson, Columbia University, New York 
 
City; E. G. Conklin, Princeton; J. M. Coulter, University 
 of Chicago; R. H. Chittenden, Sheffield Scientific School, 
 New Haven, Conn.; Arthur A. Noyes, Massachusetts 
 Institute of Technology, Boston; W. H. Howell, John 
 Hopkins University, Baltimore. 
 
 WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES has a 
 membership of approximately 375, of which 250 are 
 resident and 125 non-resident members. Briefly, it is 
 designated as the clearing-house for the numerous scien- 
 tific societies of Washington. Most all the learned, 
 scientific men of the city are enrolled, and many of them 
 are preeminent as authorities in their respective fields of 
 study and research. The officers are: President, L. O. 
 Howard, entomologist; vice presidents, from the Anthro- 
 pological Society, J. W. Fewkes; Archaeological Society, 
 Mitchell Carroll ; Biological Society, W. P. Hay; Botanical, 
 R. H. True; Chemical, R. B. Sosman; Engineers, J. C. 
 Hoyt; Electrical Engineers, C. B. Mirick; Entomological, 
 W. D. Hunter; Foresters, G. B. Sudworth; Geographic, 
 O. H. Tittman; Geological, T. Wayland Vaughan; His- 
 torical, James W. Morgan; Medical, E. Y. Davidson; and 
 Philosophical Society, J. L. Briggs; non-resident vice- 
 presidents, E. C. Pickering, Harvard Observatory; and 
 A. C. Mayer, Princeton; recording secretary, W. J. 
 Humphreys, Weather Bureau; treasurer, William Bowie, 
 Coast and Geodetic Survey; board of editors, William R. 
 Maxon, National Museum; Edson S. Bastin, Geological 
 Survey; and N. Ernest Dorsey, Bureau of Standards; 
 managers, A. H. Brooks, Geological Survey; L. O. Howard, 
 Bureau of Entomology; L. Stejneger, National Museum; 
 W. H. Holmes, National Museum; G. K. Burgess, Bureau 
 of Standards, and C. L. Alsberg, Bureau of Chemistry. 
 
Art 
 
 Not only in the Fine Arts, such as painting, sculpture 
 and architecture, but also in the Liberal Arts, Washington 
 occupies distinguished rank. It is questionable whether 
 any other city of equal size can pride itself upon so many 
 excellent schools and colleges of learning, or can display 
 within a similar space so much that so distinctively 
 appeals to the artistic taste. Among the institutions 
 exclusively devoted to the advancement and preservation 
 of the Fine Arts there are two which have international 
 reputations. They are the National Gallery of Art and 
 The Corcoran Gallery of Art. 
 
 NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART is cared for as a 
 department or branch of the National Museum. The 
 officers are, therefore, the secretary of the Smithsonian 
 Institution, Charles D. Walcott; assistant secretary, 
 Richard Rathbun, in charge of the National Museum, and 
 W. H. Holmes, curator or custodian of the collections. 
 The advisory committee consists of C. Y. Turner, of 
 Baltimore and Washington, chairman; Frederick Crownin- 
 shield, Edwin H. Blashfield and Herbert Adams, of New 
 York City; William H. Holmes, of Washington, secretary. 
 Although the Gallery of Art department was authorized 
 and directed by an Act of Congress in 1846, it was actually 
 organized only ten years ago, and "has already become 
 an acknowledged factor in matters of art in this country." 
 Millions of dollars are represented in the donations of 
 paintings, drawings, engravings, statues, casts, bronzes, 
 pottery, panels, screens, jade, etc. The principal con- 
 tributor has been Charles L. Freer, of Detroit, Mich., 
 chiefly of oriental art, unequalled in this or any foreign 
 country. Another notable donor, yearly since 1907, has 
 been William T. Evans, whose gifts chiefly represent the 
 works of contemporary American artists, comprising 
 151 paintings, 115 proofs of wood engraving, etc. 
 
 THE CORCORAN GALLERY OF ART, located at 
 Seventeenth Street and New York Avenue, including 
 ground, building, contents and fund, was a gift of the 
 late William Wilson Corcoran by deed, dated May 10, 
 1869, "to be used solely for the purposes of encouraging 
 
 8 
 
American genius in the production and preservation of 
 works pertaining to the Fine Arts, and kindred objects." 
 The present magnificent building, occupied January 8, 
 1897, is 259 feet in length and 133 feet in depth and of 
 Neo-Grecian architecture. It was constructed of white 
 Georgia marble on a basement of Milford pink granite. 
 The exhibits, especially of painting and sculpture, are 
 truly illustrative of America's most famous works in art. 
 The officers are: president and treasurer, Charles C. 
 Glover; vice-president, William Corcoran Eustis; secre- 
 tary and director, Frederick B. McGuire; assistant 
 director, C. Powell Minnigerode; trustees, F. B. McGuire, 
 W. C. Eustis, C. C. Glover, Thomas Hyde, John M. 
 Wilson, Arthur Jeffrey Parsons, William A. Clark and 
 Henry White. 
 
 Industrial Washington 
 
 Washington cannot boast of any great manufactories 
 or industrial plants, but it can lay claim to a veritable 
 beehive of industrial activity. Here labor deals most 
 largely with constructive, economic, scientific and 
 administrative principles and deductions. In recent 
 years our Government has advanced rapidly in its ideas 
 and in its conceptions of the value for the conservation of 
 our labor, and daily one can witness in our National 
 Capital City thousands upon thousands of men and 
 women engaged in delving into the scientific and practical 
 problems, statistics and results which are of the utmost 
 vital importance in promoting the health, wealth and 
 contentment of the nation at large. 
 
 AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR, an organi- 
 zation under whose banner most all the labor unions of 
 the country are affiliated, has its national headquarters 
 in Washington. It is the one great labor institution, 
 generally recognized by State and National Governments, 
 and in the industrial world, as most representative on all 
 great questions involving labor conditions as a whole. 
 The official family of this institution is as follows: Presi- 
 dent, Samuel Gompers; secretary, Frank Morrison; 
 treasurer, John B. Lennon, Bloomington, 111.; vice-presi- 
 dents, first, James Duncan, Quincy, Mass.; second, 
 James O'Connell; third, D. A. Hayes, Philadelphia; 
 fourth, Joseph F. Valentine, Cincinnati; fifth, John R. 
 Alpine, Chicago; sixth, H. B. Perham, St. Louis; seventh, 
 Frank Duffy, Indianapolis; eighth, William Green, 
 
Indianapolis. On July 4, 1916, there was dedicated in 
 Washington a "Temple of Labor," a new handsome six- 
 story office building, constructed and owned by, and to 
 be the home of this widely influential organization. 
 
 Through the courtesy, and from the pen, of Mr. Ethel- 
 bert Stewart, chief statistician of the Bureau of Labor 
 U. S. Government, interesting and reliable statistics and 
 other facts relating to the American Federation of Labor 
 and labor in general are here presented : 
 
 "The American Federation of Labor is thirty-five years 
 old. Of course the so-called labor movement in the 
 United States is much older than that. Some of the 
 unions which go to make up the American Federation of 
 Labor, as, for instance, the International Typographical 
 Union, date from 1852. Local trade unions going to 
 make up these national organizations affiliated with the 
 American Federation have had over one hundred years of 
 continued existence. The present Washington (D. C.) 
 Printers' Union, for example, was organized in 1815; but 
 the American Federation of Labor, as such, was born in 
 Pittsburgh in 1881. It now has in its affiliations eighty- 
 six national and international trade unions, these in turn 
 having some 30,000 local branches or unions, with 
 1,882,500 members; it has 489 Federal local unions with 
 23,763 members. 
 
 "Labor creates all value, but not all price. In fact, 
 having produced the utilities of the world labor has little 
 or no voice in fixing the price of its creative handiwork. 
 The difference between wages and prices; between what 
 men get for work and the cost of living, or the prices they 
 have to pay for the products of their own labor — speaking 
 of labor in the mass — creates the labor question or problem. 
 The difference between wages and cost of living fixes the 
 standards of living for wage-earners. To maintain high 
 standards of living by keeping wages on an even pace with 
 prices is the active province of organized labor. It is, of 
 course, the mute struggle of all labor. Organized labor is 
 that part of the whole mass of labor which has become 
 conscious of its relation to the world of work; has found 
 itself; is prepared to raise its voice and contend — not only 
 for its share of production — but its share in the conditions 
 under which labor itself shall be performed. Back of 
 the numbers organized is the mute and almost uncon- 
 scious concurrence of the unorganized in the main purpose 
 and plan of the organized. It is as foolish as it is futile 
 
 10 
 
to attempt to minimize the power of organized labor by 
 comparing the number of workers in and out of trade 
 unions. One writer compares the census returns of all 
 persons engaged in gainful occupations, 38,167,336, with 
 all organized wage-earners, which number approximates 
 2,500,000, inclusive of the railroad organizations and the 
 bricklayers and other unions not affiliated with the 
 American Federation, thus making it appear that less than 
 7 per cent are organized. But the 38,167,336 contains 
 12,659,203 farmers, 3,614,670 merchants, 3,772,174 em- 
 ployed as domestics and personal servants, 1,663,569 
 doctors, lawyers, ministers, and other professional men 
 and women, besides hundreds of thousands of others who 
 are not wage-earners and by whom no attempt at organi- 
 zation has ever been made. 
 
 "The census gives 6,615,046 as the number of actual 
 wage-earners in the manufacturing industries ; it is impos- 
 sible to match these up by occupations and industries with 
 the membership of unions because census classifications 
 and trade-union jurisdictions do not conform with each 
 other. In a few industries a comparison can be made; 
 for instance, the census gives 743,293 as the wage-earners 
 in the coal industry divided between anthracite (173,504) 
 and bituminous (569,789) ; the United Mine Workers have 
 312,000 members; here is nearly a 50 per cent organiza- 
 tion, but in some States, as in Illinois, there is a 100 per 
 cent organization, and nearly so in Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, 
 and the territory covered by the Southwestern Coal 
 Operators' Association, while in Tennessee and Alabama 
 coal fields the union is almost nil. This but illustrates 
 the absurdity of comparisons of trade-union figures with 
 census returns on occupations. In some cities the printers 
 are 90 per cent organized; in most large cities a high per- 
 centage would be found, while if all the villages having a 
 newspaper are included, as in the census, the percentage is, 
 of course, materially reduced — probably to 40 per cent. 
 Brewery workers throughout the country are 90 per cent 
 organized. Cigar makers are 45 per cent organized; 
 while the largest factories producing a machine made 
 cigar, and employing women principally, are not organized 
 at all. 
 
 "It is thus seen that the number of unionized workers, 
 compared with the total people engaged in making a 
 living, is meaningless; that even confined to wage-earners, 
 the census material gives no basis for comparison with 
 
 11 
 
union Ymembership ; that unionism is strong in some 
 centers of a given industry and weaker in others; the 
 potteries, for instance, while only about 40 per cent 
 organized in the eastern pottery or 'Trenton fields, ' are 
 more nearly 90 per cent in the western or '.Ohio fields.' 
 At one time there was not a non-union window glass 
 blower in the world; now a machine makes almost half 
 the window glass made in the United States, and the union 
 is very weak. It is said there is not a non-union gold 
 beater in the United States; on the other hand, there 
 might perhaps be found an occupation in which there is 
 not a union man. Neither one proves nor disproves 
 anything. Trade unionism has done, is doing, more 
 than any other one thing to keep the wages of workmen 
 up to the standard of American living; in its struggle to 
 that end it has not only the strength of its own two 
 million and a half of members, but the silent strength of 
 the vast majority of unorganized wage- workers ; and the 
 silent strength that comes from the sympathy of millions 
 who are not wage- workers, but who believe in men and 
 women. . 
 
 "That the American rate of wages for men has kept 
 nearer the standard of living than in any other country is 
 proven by the fact that here, more than elsewhere, men 
 are able to support the families without the aid of the 
 labor of women. True, there are 8,075,772 women 
 engaged in gainful occupations in the United States, but 
 this is but 18 per cent of the total number so engaged. 
 In France, of the people at work, 35 per cent are women; 
 in Germany, 34 per cent; in Austria, 42 per cent; in 
 Hungary, 30 per cent; in Italy, 32 per cent; in Belgium, 
 29 per cent; while in the United States, as stated above, 
 18 per cent. 
 
 "All Americans are proud of this, and most of us, when 
 we are not in the excitement of some of the industrial 
 conflicts which, while they irritate, really help to maintain 
 higher standards, are ready to admit that the credit 
 belongs largely to trade unionism; and that Samuel 
 Gompers, more than any other one man, has stood out 
 preeminently the representative of this force that — 
 noisily at times, but for the most part silently — has made 
 for higher standards of living and better types of men 
 and women." 
 
 COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, 
 with headquarters in the Southern Building, Washington, 
 
 12 
 
while only of recent origin, is completely allied and 
 bound up with the question of labor. It promises to 
 become of nation-wide importance in arousing the general 
 public's interests and wielding a favorable influence for 
 State and National legislation which it proposes and 
 endorses. Realizing its prospective universal importance, 
 as well as the fact that it has already assumed a prominent 
 position in industrial affairs, we deem it fortunate to be 
 able to present an intelligent brief of the principles and 
 aims of the committee, through the courtesy of Mr. 
 Dante Barton, vice-chairman, who speaks as follows : 
 
 "The committee is a voluntary association of men and 
 women headed by Mr. Frank P. Walsh and includes the 
 three labor members of the United States Commission on 
 Industrial Relations who signed with Mr. Walsh the main 
 or Manly report — John B. Lennon, James O'Connell and 
 Austin B. Garretson. The other members of the com- 
 mittee are John P. White, president of the United Mine 
 Workers of America; John Fitzpatrick, president of the 
 Chicago Federation of Labor ; Agnes Nestor, of the Chicago 
 Women's Trade Union League; Helen Marot, of New 
 York; the Right Reverend Charles D. Williams, Bishop 
 of the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan ; Frederick C. Howe, 
 of New York; Amos Pinchot, of New York, and Dante 
 Barton, formerly of Kansas City, now of Washington. 
 On the staff of the committee in charge of the publicity 
 department is George P. West, who wrote for the United 
 States Commission the report on the Colorado strike. 
 To hasten the overthrow or collapse of that which is 
 incompetent or cruel, and the substitution therefor of a 
 satisfactory industrial order is the object of the committee. 
 By the investigations of the United States Commission 
 labor was encouraged to stand up before all the world and 
 say it was a man, or a woman, or a child. Organizations 
 of workers and then collective bargaining and political 
 and direct action by workers are the instruments by 
 which power is to pass from the hands of the few into the 
 hands of the many. The committee strikes hardest for 
 collective action by workers and union organizations. It 
 believes in, and hammers for any sort of workers collective 
 action or unionism that gets there. It believes any sort 
 of united action will grow into right sort (if it has not 
 started right) through experience and activity. The 
 eight-hour day has the strongest support of the com- 
 mittee, and it agrees with Mr. Walsh in his address at 
 
 13 
 
Pittsburgh on April 30, last, when he said: 'I hold that 
 the eight-hour day is so incontestably right that the 
 demand for it is not the subject for arbitration. It 
 should be taken as a matter of inalienable right through 
 the economic power of the workers. Not only should no 
 man be compelled to work more than eight hours a day, 
 but no man should be permitted to work more than 
 eight hours a day, except with the consent of his fellow 
 workers and under conditions which they impose by their 
 collective bargaining power, to see that the man does not 
 invade and imperil the rights of his fellow. I hold further 
 that the right of workers to collective bargaining and the 
 right of every worker to be protected by his fellow workers 
 from arbitrary discharge are also the inalienable rights of 
 modern industry and they also are not subjects for 
 arbitration.' The committee believes that legislative and 
 political action and direct action should restore natural 
 wealth to the public, should guard still ungrabbed natural 
 resources for the public, and, in the case where art and 
 science and labor combine with nature in the production 
 of wealth, that those who produce the wealth should 
 receive each the full measure of his production. To give 
 this belief effect, the committee has worked for rightful 
 labor legislation and against legislative acts designed 
 further to injure and restrict the rights of labor. It has 
 fought special privilege grabs — of water power, coal and 
 oil lands, etc. — and more subtle grabs at privilege such as 
 that to get all rural credits more firmly in the hands of a 
 bankers' trust. The first work of the committee, and a 
 prolonged one, successfully ended, was to procure the 
 printing of the final report of the Commission on Indus- 
 trial Relations and of the full testimony taken by the 
 Commission at its several hearings. An earnest effort to 
 increase the labor group in Congress has been made and 
 is being made by the committee. It urges all workers to 
 nominate and vote for their own class representatives in 
 all State and National legislative districts. The publicity 
 attained by the committee is mainly that afforded by the 
 organized labor and the Socialist newspapers and the 
 periodicals. Its news letters and reports and articles are 
 furnished by it to more than 1,400 of such publications. 
 Also they are given to the Associated Press, the United 
 Press and all the big daily newspapers. Variety, or 
 individuality, of opinion and of life is maintained by the 
 twelve members of the committee who are laboring 
 
 14 
 
together for a social and industrial democracy in which 
 men and women may lead free, individual lives and have 
 free individual opinions without oppression and without 
 poverty." 
 
 Representative Business Organizations 
 
 WASHINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, with 
 headquarters in Star Building, had in 1916 a membership 
 of upwards of 500. Its general purposes are denned as 
 follows: "To promote the general welfare of the citizens 
 of the District of Columbia, particularly to adopt ways 
 and means for the advancement of their business interests 
 by affording a field for the exercise of concerted thought 
 and activity; to promote and nurture commercial and 
 manufacturing enterprises in the District of Columbia; 
 to bring the citizens of the District of Columbia, especi- 
 ally its business men, into more friendly intercourse and 
 closer relationship." The board of directors are: Presi- 
 dent, P. T. Moran, flour and feed; first vice-president, 
 A. L. Sinclair, lawyer; second vice-president, A. Schulteis, 
 accountant; treasurer, Ralph W. Lee, insurance; counsel, 
 Chapin Brown; secretary, Thos. Grant; Messrs. Cuno 
 H. Rudolph, banker; Jos. I. Weller, lawyer; D. J. Kauf- 
 man, merchant; Lewis J. Battle, physician; Clarence P. 
 King, lawyer ; Merritt O. Chance, secretary ; Louis Otten- 
 berg, lawyer; B. W. Guy, merchant; H. H. Glassie, lawyer; 
 John G. Capers, lawyer ; Wm. F. Gude, merchant ; H. T. 
 Offterdinger, mechant; W. J. Kehoe, merchant; Wm. M. 
 Dove, secretary s , Claude E. Miller, merchant; Wm. T. 
 Galliher, banker; Geo. H. Judd, printer; A. F. Jorss, iron 
 and steel; A. P. Clark, Jr., architect; Jos. Berberich, 
 merchant; Isaac Gans, merchant; D. J. Callahan, general 
 manager; Robt. N. Harper, manufacturer and banker; 
 Geo. P. Killian, manufacturer; John F. Slaven, cashier; 
 Wm. O. Johnson, general agent; John L. Newbold, 
 transfer and storage; H. B. F. Macfarland, lawyer; C. L. 
 Howser; O. S. Metzerott, treasurer. 
 
 WASHINGTON BOARD OF TRADE, organized in 
 1889, offices in the Star Building, had in 1916 an active 
 membership of over 1,400 public-spirited citizens, repre- 
 sentative of every business and profession from all parts 
 of the District. It has always unselfishly and with keenest 
 interest lent its best efforts toward the accomplishment of 
 material benefits for the health, prosperity and develop- 
 
 15 
 
ment of the District of Columbia, and of Washington as 
 a city befitting the Capital of the country. The actions 
 of the board are recognized by Congress and Board of 
 District Commissioners as voicing public opinion upon 
 matters concerning the essential needs for the District's 
 government and advancement and its citizens' general 
 welfare. Among the things which the board has success- 
 fully championed are: Abolition of grade crossings and 
 placing overhead wires underground; completion of the 
 sewerage and sewage disposal systems; widening and 
 deepening the channel of the river; reclamation of the 
 Anacostia flats ; preparation and enactment of the Code of 
 Law for the District; furthering the Park Commission 
 Plans for the future development and beautification of 
 Washington; increase and filtration of the water supply; 
 fire-proof buildings for public schools and approval of the 
 maintenance of National Guards throughout the country. 
 It is also constantly interested in maintaining the proper 
 and lawful status of the District in its financial relations 
 with the Federal Government. The officers are : President, 
 Edwin C. Brandenburg, lawyer; first vice-president, Wil- 
 liam T. Galliher, banker; second vice-president, William 
 D. West, hardware merchant; secretary, J. Harry Cunn- 
 ingham, vice-president, Lanman Engraving Co. ; treasurer, 
 Walter H. Klopfer, special insurance representative; 
 general counsel, John B. Larner, lawyer ; assistant secretary, 
 William M. Shuster, lawyer. The directors are all the 
 officers (excepting assistant secretary), and H. Clifford 
 Bangs, real estate; Edwin R. Brooks, merchant; Walter 
 C. Clephane, lawyer; Edward F. Colladay, lawyer; Wm. 
 John Eynon, manager; Cuno H. Rudolph, banker; J. H. 
 Small, Jr., florist; Arthur A. Birney, lawyer; Walter A. 
 Brown, real estate; Edward E. Clement, lawyer; Daniel 
 Frazer, photo-lithographing; C. J. Gockeler, manager; 
 Robert N. Harper, manufacturer and banker; Harry L. 
 Rust, real estate; William C. Woodward, physician; 
 Edward H. Droop, merchant; John Joy Edson, banker; 
 Theodore W. Noyes, editor; James F. Oyster, merchant; 
 John Poole, banker; Samuel J. Prescott, contractor; 
 Frank P. Reeside, secretary; William H. Saunders, railway 
 president, and Odell S. Smith, real estate. 
 
 THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, whose national 
 headquarters are in the Riggs Building, is a league of 
 business organizations of the entire nation, including 
 
 16 
 
chambers of commerce and other local commercial, and 
 national and State trade organizations. Its purposes 
 may be summed up as follows: To focus business senti- 
 ment; to make more available and more useful the work 
 of the various government bureaus; to encourage and 
 promote the organization of associations of business men 
 in all parts of the country, and to study their work and 
 value, and clear the information for general benefit and 
 efficiency; to advocate and urge most effective business 
 standards; to become the source of information with 
 respect to new opportunities for trade expansion; to be 
 watchful of every influence calculated to retard our 
 commercial development, and to analyze all statistics 
 with regard to the production and distribution of our 
 manufactures at home and abroad. It considers only 
 national questions. It had its inception in a conference 
 called by the President of the United States in April, 1912, 
 and in 1916 had enrolled over 700 organizations, repre- 
 senting more than 300,000 firms and individuals in every 
 State in the Union; also the District of Columbia, the 
 Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, Alaska, and the American 
 Chambers of Commerce at Paris, Berlin, Milan, Con- 
 stantinople, Shanghai and Rio de Janeiro. Its officers are : 
 President, R. Goodwyn Rhett, Charleston, S. C. ; hon- 
 orary vice-presidents, Harry A. Wheeler, Chicago, John 
 H. Fahey, Boston; and A. B. Farquhar, York, Pa.; vice- 
 presidents, Henry L. Corbett, Portland, Ore.; Joseph H. 
 Defrees, Chicago; Robert F. Maddox, Atlanta, Ga.; and 
 Samuel McRoberts, New York; treasurer, John Joy 
 Edson, Washington, D. C. ; chairman, executive com- 
 mittee, Joseph H. Defrees, Chicago; general secretary, 
 Elliott H. Goodwin, and assistant secretary, D. A. Skinner, 
 both of Washington, D. C. The directors are: S. B. 
 Anderson, Memphis; L. C. Boyd, Indianapolis; Thomas 
 Burke, Seattle; William Butterworth, Moline (111.); 
 Howell Cheney, South Manchester (Ct.) ; W. L. Clause, 
 Pittsburgh; James Couzens, Detroit; R. T. Cunningham, 
 Fairmount (W. Va.) ; Wm. H. Douglas, New York; A. I. 
 Esberg, San Francisco; H. L. Ferguson, Newport News; 
 Edward A. Feline, Boston; L. S. Gillette, Minneapolis; 
 G. A. Hollister, Rochester (N. Y.); Charles S. Keith, 
 Kansas City; C. A. McCormick, New Brunswick (N. J.); 
 R. A. McCormick, Baltimore; James R. MacColl, Provi- 
 dence (R. I.); E. T. Meredity, Des Moines; Charles Nagel, 
 
 17 
 
St. Louis; John W. Philp, Dallas; R. G. Rhett, F. A. Sei- 
 berling, Akron; Leon C. Simon, New Orleans; and Thomas 
 B. Stearns, Denver. 
 
 Distinguished Clubs 
 
 COSMOS CLUB stands among the foremost social 
 institutions in this country, first, because of its exclusive- 
 ness; secondly, because of its distinguished membership. 
 It was organized November 16, 1878, and in its articles of 
 incorporation it is stated: "The particular objects and 
 business of this association are the advancement of its 
 members in science, literature, and art, their mutual 
 improvement by social intercourse, the acquisition and 
 maintenance of a library and the collection and care of 
 materials and appliances relating to the above subjects." 
 Article I of the club's by-laws well defines its membership 
 requirements, as well as restrictions, there being no royal 
 road to entrance: "This club shall be composed of men — 
 (a) Who have done meritorious work in science, literature 
 or the fine arts; (b) Who, though not occupied in science, 
 literature or the fine arts, are known to be cultivated 
 therein; (c) Who are distinguished in a learned profession 
 or in public service." Its membership is about 1,100, of 
 which 700 are resident members and 400 non-resident. 
 The President of the United States, most all of his Cabinet, 
 and many of the country's leaders in science, art and 
 literature are among those who find the social atmosphere 
 of this famous club delightful and satisfying for recrea- 
 tion or repose. The clubhouse is most favorably situated, 
 corner of H Street and Madison Place, overlooking 
 Lafayette Square and within a block of the White House. 
 The original building, of colonial style of architecture, is 
 known as the "Dolly Madison House." Richard Cutts, 
 a brother-in-law of Mrs. Madison, is accredited with 
 having built it in 1818. President Madison bought it in 
 1828 and presented it to his wife, who, after his death, in 
 1837, removed to it and occupied it until her death in 1849. 
 It then was purchased by Admiral Charles Wilkes, whose 
 heirs sold it to the Cosmos Club. During the Civil War, 
 after the battle of Bull Run, it was occupied by General 
 McClellan. Additions and a roof garden were later built 
 to accommodate the wants of the club. Two life-size 
 portraits of Mrs. Madison, who was one of the most 
 popular first women of our nation, and many other rich 
 
 18 
 
paintings grace the walls, while refinement, culture and 
 comfort are indicated everywhere throughout this his- 
 toric house. From the roof there is obtained probably 
 the most magnificent panoramic view of nature's, as well 
 as man's, work to be found in all Washington. The 
 officers (1916) are: President, Hugh M. Smith, chief 
 commissioner of U. S. Fisheries; vice-president, F. W. 
 Clarke, chief chemist, U. S. Geological Survey ; secretary, 
 D. L. Hazard, scientific assistant, U. S. Coast and Geo- 
 detic Survey; treasurer, Dr. A. B. Coolidge, medical 
 examiner, U. S. Bureau of Pensions. The managers: 
 Arthur P. Davis, head of U. S. Reclamation Service; 
 John Joy Edson, financier; S. S. Voorhees, scientific 
 assistant, U. S. Bureau of Standards; C. L. Marlatt, 
 entomologist; F. H. Moffit, geologist, U. S. Geological 
 Survey ; H. S. Washington, professor, Geophysical Labora- 
 tory; R. W. Baker, physician; J. H. Hanna, engineer, vice- 
 president Capital Traction Company, and G. R. Putnam, 
 commissioner, U. S. Lighthouses. It might be interesting 
 to note here that the first full-term president of the Cosmos 
 Club, 1878, was the late Dr. S. F. Baird, at that time com- 
 missioner of U. S. Fisheries, and the president at this time, 
 1916, is Dr. Hugh M. Smith, who occupies the same posi- 
 tion in government service. A very striking compliment 
 was recently paid to this club by one of the world's 
 greatest scholars, when he said: "Ask for information on 
 a single subject of human interest, you will find someone 
 to answer it, not only in science, but any other subject, 
 and it will be expressed pleasantly and informally." 
 
 NATIONAL PRESS CLUB was organized in 1908 
 with less than fifty members; it now boasts of a thousand. 
 From "Foreword," an introductory to an unique and 
 artistic book published by the club for the use of its 
 members, we quote as follows: "The National Press 
 Club is best introduced by its name. Its title expresses 
 its scope, its character and its purposes. It is 'National' 
 because its membership and its interests are nation-wide, 
 it is ' Press ' because it is made up of writers and of those 
 whose intimate contact with writers arises in their partici- 
 pation in affairs of the country and the world ; it is ' Club * 
 because its chief purpose is to bring its members together 
 for social intercourse, exchange of ideas, and entertain- 
 ment." It numbers among its members some of the 
 most distinguished men of the country, such as the Presi- 
 dent of the United States, several Cabinet members and 
 
 19 
 
governors of two States, who respectively joined the club 
 as writers, publishers or reporters, prior to receiving 
 political honors. The club enjoys the comforts of a well- 
 equipped and well-appointed home, the seventh floor and 
 roof of the Riggs Building. I ts officers and directors (1916) 
 are : President, Theodore H. Tiller, Washington Times; vice- 
 president, Grafton S. Wilcox, Associated Press; secretary, 
 Charles C. Hart, journalist; treasurer, John B. Smallwood, 
 Washington Star; financial secretary, Jesse S. Cottrell, 
 Nashville Banner; chairman of board, Gus J. Karger, 
 Cincinnati Times-Star; Mark L. Goodwin, Dallas News; 
 Frank B. Lord, Buffalo Times; Guy Mason, International 
 News Service; B. A. Mattingly, Washington Times; 
 John E. Nevin, International News Service; James L. 
 Wright, Cleveland Plain Dealer. 
 
 UNIVERSITY CLUB, occupying its own beautiful 
 six-story stone and brick building, corner of McPherson 
 Place and I Street, N. W., has a membership in all classes 
 of over 1,450, of which 925 are resident members. Its 
 objects are educational, literary, musical and scientific, 
 for the promotion of the arts and for mutual improvement. 
 Board of governors: President, Myron M. Parker, finan- 
 cier; first vice-president, Martin A. Knapp, chairman of 
 U. S. Board of Mediation and Conciliation; second vice- 
 president, J. Miller Kenyon, lawyer; secretary, Ralph P. 
 Barnard, lawyer; assistant secretary, Oliver Metzerott, 
 lawyer; treasurer, Henry P. Blair, lawyer and president 
 of School Board; assistant treasurer, William Waller; 
 Wm. D. Hoover, banker; Hon. John W. Davis; Hon. Job 
 Barnard; Rudolph Kauffman, editor; George Tulley 
 Vaughan, physician; Henry H. Flather, lawyer; Daniel 
 W. Shea, professor; Claude N. Bennett, lawyer. 
 
 METROPOLITAN CLUB possesses commodious, 
 artistic and comfortable quarters in its own five-story 
 brick and stone building, corner Seventeenth and H 
 Streets, N. W. It was organized "for literary, mutual 
 improvement and social purposes" and has a large and 
 select membership. Its officers and governors (1916) are: 
 President, Woodbury Blair, lawyer; vice-presidents, 
 Marcellus Bailey, major, U. S. Army, retired, and Joseph 
 P. Sanger, major general, U. S. Army, retired; treasurer, 
 John F. Wilkins, financier; secretary, Reginald S. Huide- 
 koper, ex-assistant U. S. district attorney; Nathaniel 
 Wilson, lawyer; John A. Baker, retired; John Hubbard, 
 rear-admiral, U. S. Navy, retired; William Corcoran 
 
 20 
 
Eustis, retired; Eugene H. C. Leutze, rear-admiral, U. S. 
 Navy, retired; Truxton Beale, diplomat and writer; 
 Alexander Rodgers, colonel, U. S. Army, retired; Frederick 
 H. Brooke, architect; Alexander B. Legare, retired, and 
 Larz Anderson, ex-minister to Belgium. 
 
 THE ARMY AND NAVY CLUB, as its name implies, 
 is the social rendezvous for those who either have been in 
 the past or are now engaged in the military or naval 
 service of our country. Its membership is large, and on 
 the list will be found many of the names of our country's 
 most notable men. It has a large, well-appointed and 
 most comfortable clubhouse at the corner of Connecticut 
 Avenue and I Street, N. W. The officers are: President, 
 Rear-Admiral Hugo Osterhouse, U. S. Navy; vice-presi- 
 dent, Brig. Gen. Montgomery M. Macomb, U. S. Army; 
 treasurer, Paymaster John F. O'Mara, of Navy ; secretary , 
 Maj. Joseph P. Tracy, U. S. Army. Board of directors: 
 Lieut. Col. Wm. M. Wright, U. S. Army; Lieut. Com- 
 mander John M. Enochs, U. S. Navy; Lieut. Commander 
 Wm. W. Galbraith, U. S. Navy; Capt. Ridley McLean, 
 U. S. Navy; Maj. Wm. S. Graves, U. S. Army; Capt. E. 
 H. Ellis, U. S. M. C; Brig. Gen. Henry P. McCain, U. S. 
 Army; Capt. Joshia S. McKean, of Navy, and Lieut. Col. 
 Wm. W. Harts, U. S. Army. 
 
 GRIDIRON CLUB is one of the best known in the 
 country. Two dining sessions are held annually at head- 
 quarters, New Willard Hotel, at which the President of 
 the United States and other dignitaries are not only 
 special guests, but the special marks for unique and witty 
 darts; in fact they constitute the meat which is "roasted" 
 on both sides as it wriggles and broils while languishing on 
 the grates of the human gridiron. The club is chiefly 
 comprised of representative newspaper correspondents 
 from all sections of the country. The officers for 1916 are : 
 President, Louis W. Strayer, Pittsburgh Dispatch; vice- 
 president, Ira E. Bennett, Washington Post; secretary, 
 J. Harry Cunningham, vice-president, Lanman Engraving 
 Company; treasurer, James P. Hornaday, Indianapolis 
 News. Executive committee (in addition to the officers), 
 Arthur W. Dunn, American Press Association; Philander 
 C. Johnson, Washington Star; Leroy T. Vernon, Chicago 
 News. 
 
 CHEVY CHASE CLUB is the largest of Washington's 
 country clubs, with a membership of nearly 1,500. It 
 owns a tract of 200 acres of rich, rolling country, on which 
 
 21 
 
is a spacious, well-equipped clubhouse, eighteen-hole golf 
 course and many tennis courts, the value of all being 
 conservatively estimated at $ 1 ,000.000.00. It is a popular 
 place of recreation for many of the nation's leading repre- 
 sentatives. It was organized in 1892 as an association 
 "for literary purposes, mutual improvement, and the 
 promotion of social intercourse by the encouragement 
 and support of all outdoor sports and amusements." 
 The officers and governors for 1916 follow: President, 
 John F. Wilkins, financier; vice-president, Clarence R. 
 Wilson, ex-district attorney, D. C; secretary, James H. 
 Hayden, lawyer; treasurer, Charles J. Bell, banker; John 
 A. Mcllhenny, president of U. S. Civil Service Commis- 
 sion; Thomas Hyde, banker; Augustus S. Worthington, 
 lawyer, retired; Charles G. Treat, colonel, general staff 
 corps, U. S. Army; Benjamin S. Minor, lawyer, president 
 of Washington American League Baseball Club; Frank 
 K. Hill, captain, U. S. Navy, retired; James Dudley 
 Morgan, physician; Murray A. Cobb, real estate; Alex- 
 ander Britton, lawyer; William D. Hoover, banker, and 
 Erasmus M. Weaver, brigadier general, chief of Coast 
 Artillery Division. 
 
 WASHINGTON GOLF AND COUNTRY CLUB 
 is located at Jewell Station, Alexandria County, Virginia, 
 was incorporated June 17, 1915. It has an active and 
 associate membership of over 300, and a non-resident of 
 nearly fifty. The club's roster is representative of the 
 highest type of citizenship and many thereon are dis- 
 tinguished in national or District affairs, President Wilson 
 being one of them. Two hundred acres of beautiful 
 rolling country, a standard golf course and comfortable 
 clubhouse constitute the property. The officers and 
 directors are: President, Dr. Joseph Taber Johnson; vice- 
 president, Frank Upman, architect; secretary, Dion S. 
 Birney, lawyer; treasurer, Boyd Taylor, banker; Dr. P. 
 M. Rixey, U. S. Navy, retired; William C. Barr, dentist; 
 Arthur A. Birney, lawyer; John H. Clapp, James A. 
 Drain, editor; Richard P. Hawes, Alexander T. Hensey, 
 real estate; Almerico Zappone, chief of division, accounts 
 and distribution, U. S. Government; C. T. Kingsbury, 
 president, Rosslyn Supply Co.; Edward F. Looker, 
 banker; James T. McClenahan, dentist; C. V. Piper, 
 scientist; Oliver P. Newman, commissioner; Edmund A. 
 Varela, Carnegie Institute. 
 
 22 
 
COLUMBIA COUNTRY CLUB, located in the attrac- 
 tive suburb of Chevy Chase, owns 125 acres, a splendid 
 modern building, standard golf course and tennis courts. 
 It has a membership of 650, including Vice-President 
 Marshall, Speaker Clark, over forty senators and con- 
 gressmen, and many of the city's leading citizens. Its 
 officers and directors (1916) are: President, Emmons S. 
 Smith; vice-president, Dr. W. S. Harban; secretary, 
 Arthur B. Shelton; treasurer, John Poole; Messrs. James 
 Baird, James Sharp, Robert L. Corby, George P. James, 
 John L. Weaver, Alpheus Winter, Horace A. Dodge, 
 Harold E. Doyle, H. C. Sheridan, L. Whiting Estes, 
 W. E. Shannon, A. Y. Leech, Jr., James E. Baines, Dr. 
 W. H. R. Brandenburg and Frank Govern. 
 
 WASHINGTON SUBURBAN CLUB, with 180 acres, 
 is located within the city's limits. A comfortable club- 
 house, a nine-hole golf course and several tennis courts 
 are its chief attractions for a large and select membership. 
 
 23 
 
Distinguished Washingtonians 
 
 ABBE, Cleveland, A.B., A.M., S.B., Ph.D., LL.D., 
 Meteorologist, born December 3, 1838, New York. On 
 September 1, 1869, inaugurated daily weather forecasts 
 for Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, which at once led 
 United States Government to take up similar work; 
 became widely known as "Old Probs." In U. S. Weather 
 Bureau and its predecessor since 1871; founder and 
 editor of Monthly Weather Review, editor of the Bulletin 
 of the Mount Weather Observatory ; professor of meteor- 
 ology, George Washington University ; lecturer on meteor- 
 ology in John Hopkins. Member and gold medalist of 
 the National Academy of Sciences and many other 
 scientific societies. Author: Report on Total Eclipse, 
 1878, 1881; Report on Standard Time, 1879, which 
 started the agitation that resulted in the modern standard 
 hour meridians from Greenwich; Meteorological Apparatus 
 and Methods; Preliminary Studies in Storms and Weather 
 Prediction; The Mechanics of the Earth's Atmosphere (3 
 volumes) ; The Altitude of the Aurora, Physical Basis of 
 Long Range Forecasting. Address, U. S. Weather 
 Bureau. 
 
 ABBOT, Charles Greeley, B.S., M.D., Astrophysicist; 
 born May 31, 1872, at Wilton, N. H. Assistant, 1895, aid, 
 acting in charge, 1896-1906, and director since 1907 of 
 the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Continu- 
 ously engaged in original researches on the solar radiation; 
 first completed and published (with S. P. Langley) 
 mapping of the infra-red solar spectrum, as described in 
 Volume L, Annals Astrophysical Obs. Conducted expedi- 
 tions to observe total solar eclipses of May 28, 1900, 
 May 18, 1901, and January 3, 1908; now engaged in 
 studies of total amount and variability of solar radiation, 
 its absorption in the solar and terrestrial gaseous envelopes, 
 and the effects of its variability on climate. Author: 
 Annals Astrophysical Observatory, Vols. II, III; "The 
 Sun," Appleton's 1911, and of numerous articles on 
 apparatus, methods and results of solar research. The 
 discovery of the variability of the sun is given as the most 
 distinguished of his many high attainments of public 
 
 24 
 
interest. Fellow, American Association for the Advance- 
 ment of Science; member, Astronomical and Astrophysical 
 Society of America, Philosophical Society of Washington, 
 Washington Academy of Sciences, American Philosophical 
 Society of Philadelphia, National Academy of Science, 
 Astronomical Society of Mexico, Soc. Astr. de France, 
 Deutsche Meteor. Gesells., Academy Arts and Sciences 
 of Modena. Draper and Rumford medallist. Home, 
 2203 K Street N.W. 
 
 ADAMS, Harriet Chalmers (Mrs.), Explorer, Lecturer, 
 Writer; born at Stockton, Cal.; wife of Franklin Pearce 
 Adams, editor and writer. The first white woman to 
 reach certain parts of Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and 
 French Guiana; has visited every land on earth that had 
 been Spain's (in Asia, Europe, Africa and the New World) ; 
 has visited every ancient American tribe in the New World, 
 and spent a year on the fringe of Asia, from Siberia to 
 Sumatra, studying the problem of early transmigration 
 to America; first white woman to cross Haiti from which 
 island she brought prehistoric animal, Solendon, to the 
 United States; has reached an altitude of 19,200 feet in 
 the Andes Mountains and been to the southernmost 
 settlement in the world; she is a writer and lecturer on 
 parts of world known to no other civilized woman. 
 Honorary member of Academy of Science and Art of 
 Cadiz, Spain; Fellow Royal Geographical Society (Lon- 
 don), National Geographic Society, Geographical Society 
 (Philadelphia), Geographical Societies of Peru and 
 Bolivia, Author's League, National Institute of Social 
 Sciences. She has written many articles in National 
 Geographical Magazine, World's Work (English and Span- 
 ish issues), Bulletin of Pan-American Union, Review of 
 Reviews, World, Outlook, Harpers Weekly, etc.; given 
 many lectures on South American, North African and 
 Asian topics. Address, The Marlborough. 
 
 ALSBERG, Carl Lucas, A.B., A.M., M.D.; Chief of 
 the United States Bureau of Chemistry; born April 2, 
 1877, New York City. After graduating from college in 
 this country, he did post-graduate work in Germany 
 during 1901, '02, and '03; subsequently taught chemistry 
 in the medical department of Harvard University; 
 entered Department of Agriculture, U. S. Government, 
 November, 1908, and was chemical biologist in charge of 
 the poisonous plant laboratory; was promoted to chief 
 of chemistry, December, 1912. He has written numerous 
 
 25 
 
articles on the results of scientific researches in physiology, 
 pharmacology, chemistry, etc., published in various 
 scientific journals; also Government bulletins: The Rela- 
 tion of Barium to the Loco-Weed Disease; Contributions 
 to the Study of Maize Deterioration; The Determination 
 of the Deterioration of Maize, with Incidental Reference 
 to Pellagra. Fellow of American Association for the 
 Advancement of Science; counselor-at-large of American 
 Chemical Society; member, Society of Biological Chem- 
 istry (past president), American Philological Society, 
 Council of Pharmacy and Chemistry of America, Medical 
 Society, American Milk Commission, secretary-treasurer 
 and chairman of editorial board of Society of Official 
 Agricultural Chemists, Society of Pharmacology and 
 Experimental Therapeutics, American Association of 
 Cancer Research, Society for Experimental Biology in 
 Medicine, American Pharmaceutical Association, and 
 others: also Cosmos Club. Home, Cosmos Club. 
 
 BARTON, Dante, Vice-chairman of the Committee on 
 Industrial Relations, headquarters in Washington, D. C. ; 
 born September 27, 1870, Perth Amboy, N. J. He was 
 educated in the public schools of Jefferson City, Mo., to 
 which place he was taken when a child by his parents. 
 In 1890, when only 20 years old, he was appointed an 
 assistant reporter to the Supreme Court of Missouri, and 
 performed such work for seven years. While thus en- 
 gaged, he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1893. 
 In 1 897 he was one of a party which went to Alaska during 
 the great gold strike and his prospecting and mining 
 proved a financial success. He returned home during 
 the winter of 1899; shortly thereafter he became an 
 editorial writer on the Kansas City (Mo.) Star, and during 
 his fourteen years in that service he was generally regarded 
 as a versatile and fearless writer. He became keenly 
 interested in the conditions and welfares of the laboring 
 classes, and the development of industrial democracy. 
 At the earnest solicitation of Hon. Frank P. Walsh, chair- 
 man, Mr. Barton became a member and was appointed 
 vice-chairman of the Committee on Industrial Relations, 
 organized by Mr. Walsh to further the work which had 
 been covered and recommended in report of the U. S. 
 Commission on Industrial Relations. He has frequently 
 contributed articles on various subjects to magazines and 
 journals. Home, 3314 Carolina Place. 
 
 26 
 
BARTSCH, Paul, B.S., M.S., Ph.D.; Naturalist; born 
 August 14, 1871, Tuntschendorf, Breslau, Silesia, Ger- 
 many. Served as aide in division of molluska from 18% 
 to 1905, and became assistant curator of United States 
 National Museum in 1905; professor of zoology, George 
 Washington University, since 1899; professor of histology, 
 medical department, since 1901 ; and director of histologic 
 and physiologic laboratories since 1904, in Howard Uni- 
 versity. Associate editor of The Osprey since 1900; in 
 charge of pearl mussel inquiry, Mississippi Valley, U. S. 
 Bureau of Fisheries, 1907; Smithonian representative to 
 Philippine Expedition, 1907-09, and Gulf of California 
 Expedition, 191 1 , on the U. S. Steamer Albatross. Fellow, 
 American Association for the Advancement of Science; 
 member, Washington Academy of Sciences, Washington 
 Biological, Botany Microscopic (president 1900-02) So- 
 cieties, American Ornithologists' Union, German- American 
 Technical Society (president, 1910-13; national president, 
 1912-13); Conchological Society of Great Britain and 
 Ireland, Malakozool Gesellschaft, Germany, Washington 
 Biologists' Field Club, Wilson's Chapter Agassiz Asso- 
 ciation, American Fern Society, Sigma XI, etc.; also 
 Cosmos Club (Washington). Home, 1456 Belmont 
 Street, N. W. 
 
 BAUER, Louis Agricola, C.E., M.S., A.M., Ph.D., 
 D.Sc, Magnetician; born January 26, 1865, at Cincinnati, 
 Ohio. Astronomer and Magnetic Computor, U. S. Coast 
 and Geodetic Survey, 1887-92; docent in mathematical 
 physics, University of Chicago, 1895-6; instructor in 
 geophysics, 1896-7, and assistant professor of mathe- 
 matics and mathematical physics, 1897-9, University of 
 Cincinnati ; inspector magnetic work and chief of Terres- 
 trial Magnetism Division, U. S. Coast and Geodetic 
 Survey, 1899-1906; director of department of Terrestrial 
 Magnetism, Carnegie Institute of Washington since 1904; 
 chief, Division of Terrestrial Magnetism, Maryland 
 Geological Survey, 1896-99; astronomer and magnetician, 
 Western Boundary Survey of Maryland; lecturer in 
 terrestrial magnetism, John Hopkins University, since 
 1899; editor Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric 
 Electricity, since 1896. Honorable member of Sociedad 
 Clentifica Antonio Alzate, Mexico ; member of permanent 
 committee on terrestrial magnetism and atmospheric 
 electricity of International Meteorological Conference 
 and of International Association of Academies; corre- 
 
 27 
 
sponding member of •Gottingen Royal Academy of Sciences, 
 and of Portugal Royal Academy of Sciences; fellow, 
 American Association for the Adanvcement of Science; 
 vice-president and chairman of Section B, 1909); member 
 of Washington Academy of Sciences, American Physical 
 Society, American Philosophical Society, American Acad- 
 emy of Arts and Sciences, Philosophical Society of Wash- 
 ington (president, 1908), Association of American Geo- 
 graphers (1st vice-president, 1909). Received the Charles 
 Lagrange prize (Physique du globe) of Academic Royale des 
 Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux Arts de Belgique, 1910; 
 George Neumayer gold medal for meritorious work in 
 terrestrial magnetism, Berlin, 1913; honorary member of 
 Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society of England, 1911. 
 Gave the Halley lecture in terrestrial magnetism at 
 University of Oxford, England, 1913. Frequent contri- 
 butor to scientific press on terrestrial magnetism. Home, 
 The Ontario. 
 
 (Dr. Bauer is generally esteemed among scientists the world over 
 preeminent as an authority in the study of terrestrial magnetism — 
 Ed.) 
 
 BECKER, George Ferdinand, B.A., Ph.D.; Geologist; 
 born January 5, 1847, in New York. Instructor in mining 
 and metallurgy, University of California, 1875-9; United 
 States geologist-in-charge, 1879-83, and since 1894; 
 special agent Tenth Census, 1879-93. Examined gold 
 and diamond mines of South Africa, 1896. Detailed to 
 serve as geologist with Army in Philippines, 1898-9; now 
 in charge of division of chemical and physical research, 
 U. S. Geological Survey; geophysicist of Carnegie Institu- 
 tion. Member of committee, National Academy; ap- 
 pointed January, 1903, to prepare report, at President 
 Roosevelt's request, on desirability of instituting scienific 
 explorations of the Philippine Islands and on the scope 
 proper to such an undertaking. Member, National 
 Academy of Sciences, Washington Academy of Sciences, 
 Geological Society of America, American Institute of 
 Mining Engineers, American Philosophical Society and 
 Metropolitan and Lock Tavern clubs. Author: Atomic 
 Weight Determinations (1880), Geology of the Comstock 
 Lode (1882), Statistics and Technology of the Precious 
 Metals (with S. F. Emmons, 1885), Geology of Quick- 
 silver Deposits of the Pacific Slope (1888), Gold Fields of 
 Southern Appalachians (1895), Gold Fields of Alaska 
 (1898), Gold Fields of South Africa, (1897) Geology of 
 
 28 
 
the Philippines (1901), Experiments on Slaty Cleavage 
 (1904), Smithsonian Mathematical Tables, Hyperbolic 
 Functions (1909, with C. E. Van Orstrand); also many 
 minor memoirs. Home, 1700 Rhode Island Avenue. 
 
 BELL, Alexander Graham, LL.D., M.D., Sc.D., Ph.D.; 
 Scientist, Inventor, and Benefactor; born March 3, 1847, 
 Edinburgh, Scotland. His father was the late Alexander 
 Melville Bell, an eminent phonetician and lecturer on 
 elocution, and inventor of "Visible Speech" symbols; 
 his mother was Eliza Grace Bell, daughter of Dr. Samuel 
 Symonds, surgeon in the Royal Navy. Taught at home 
 by parents, especially by his mother, whose musical 
 talent he inherited; also by August Benoit Bertini, 
 musical authority and composer; graduated when 13 
 years old from Royal High School ; went to London, where 
 he received instruction in elocution and the mechanism of 
 speech from his grandfather, late Alexander Bell, an 
 authority on these subjects. He was further similarly 
 trained by his father, being expected to follow the family 
 profession. For a year he was employed as pupil-teacher 
 at Weston-House Academy, Elgin, Scotland, after which 
 he attended lectures on Latin and Greek at University of 
 Edinburgh. For two following years he taught elocution 
 and music and was resident master at Elgin ; for a year in- 
 structor in Somersetshire College, Bath, England; then 
 became assistant to his father, who had removed to 
 London to lecture on elocution in University College. In 
 1868 he taught several deaf -born children to speak, and 
 from July to December had entire charge of his father's 
 professional affairs while the father was on lecture tour 
 in America. Early next year be became his father's 
 partner. During 1868-1870 he attended anatomy and 
 physiology courses at University College. He lost his two 
 brothers by tuberculosis, and fearing that remaining son 
 might fall a victim, his father resigned his lectureships, 
 disposed of his practice and moved with family to a coun- 
 try place at Tutelo Heights, near Brantford, Ontario, 
 Canada, where the subject of this sketch regained his 
 health. Beginning April 1, 1871, he gave special instruc- 
 tions to teachers of deaf children in use of his father's 
 physiological symbols of visible speech in Boston and 
 Northampton, Mass., Hartford, Conn., and other cities. 
 In 1892 he opened in Boston the School of Vocal Physi- 
 ology, a normal training school for teachers of the deaf. 
 From 1873 to 1877 he was professor of vocal physiology 
 
 29 
 
in School of Oratory of Boston University; then went 
 abroad to lecture on the telephone. Inventions: When 16 
 years old devised a method for removing the husks from 
 wheat, and with his brother made a speaking automaton; 
 in 1874 produced the harmonic multiple telegraph; 1875, 
 found the fundamental method that underlies the electric 
 transmission of speech in any form in the world; 1875, 
 the magneto-electric speaking telephone; 1880, the photo- 
 phone for transmitting speech and other sounds to a dis- 
 tance by means of a beam of light; 1881, an induction- 
 balance with magneto-electric telephone for painlessly 
 locating bullets or other metallic masses lodged in the 
 human body, also telephone to determine the position and 
 depth of these metallic masses; 1881, the spectrophone, 
 for determining the range of audibility of different sub- 
 stances in the spectrum; 1884-6, joint inventor of the 
 graphophone-phonograph and flat disc records for record- 
 ing and reproducing speech, music and other sounds, "the 
 commercial origin of the sound-recording art;" 1903, 
 tetrahedral kites and kite-structures; 1903-1908, joint 
 inventor in a number of improvements designed to pro- 
 mote aerial locomotion in connection with the Aerial 
 Experiment Association. Medals Awarded: Centennial 
 Exposition, Philadelphia, 1876; Royal Cornwall Poly- 
 technic Society "James Watt," 1877; Massachusetts 
 Charitable Mechanics Association (two medals) ; Society of 
 Arts (London) "Royal Albert;" Republique Francaise 
 Exposition Universelle Internationale at Paris (two 
 medals) in 1878; Society of Arts (London) "Royal Albert," 
 1881; The Karl Koenig von Wuerttenberg, and Society 
 of Arts (London) "Royal Albert," 1902; "John Fritz," 
 1907; Franklin Institute (Philadelphia) "Elliott Cresson," 
 1912; "David Edward Hughes" (two), 1913; American 
 Institute of Electrical Engineers "Thomas Alva Edison," 
 1914. In 1880, France awarded him the Volta Prize of 
 50,000 francs for the electrical transmission of speech; 
 and 1881, he was decorated and created an officer of the 
 Legion of Honor of France. He is a member (life, active, 
 honorary or corresponding) of scientific, electrical, literary, 
 or educational societies of Boston, London, Philadelphia, 
 Washington, Paris, etc.; (founder, endower and ex- 
 president) American Association to Promote the Teaching 
 of Speech to the Deaf; also Telephone Pioneers, Cosmos 
 Club, Aero Club of America, Bras d'Or Club, National 
 Association for Constitutional Government, etc. In 1887 
 
 30 
 
he founded and endowed the "Volta Bureau for the 
 Increase and Diffusion of Knowledge Relating to the 
 Deaf," Washington, D. C. As a special agent of the 
 Bureau of Census he determined the scope of that part of 
 the Twelfth Census relating to the deaf of the United 
 States living June 1, 1900; he initiated the inquiry, 
 specified the tabulations, conducted the correspondence 
 and prepared text of special report of 200 pages, highly 
 valuable to all investigating any phase of deafness. He 
 was appointed by Congress a Regent of the Smithsonian 
 Institution in 1898, and regularly reappointed since. In 
 January, 1904, he brought the remains of James Smithson, 
 founder of the Smithsonian Institution, from Genoa, 
 Italy, to New York, where they were received with national 
 honors and then conveyed to Washington. Home, 1331 
 Connecticut Avenue, Washington. 
 
 BELL, Charles James, Financier, President of American 
 Security and Trust Company, was born April 12, 1858, 
 at Dublin, Ireland. Graduated from the Wesleyan 
 College of Dublin; came to America when a young man. 
 He has taken an active interest in various charitable, 
 social and civic enterprises of Washington; he is a trustee 
 of the National Geographic Society, and Public Library; 
 and a member of the Metropolitan, Chevy Chase, Cosmos 
 and Commercial Clubs. Home, 1327 Connecticut Ave- 
 nue, N. W. 
 
 BENEDICT, James Everard, A.B., A.M., Ph.D.; 
 Naturalist; born January 5, 1854, Norwalk, Conn. 
 Chief of the exhibits of Biology, United States National 
 Museum. Contributed many papers on natural history 
 subjects. Address, United States National Museum. 
 
 BERLINER, Emile, Inventor; born, Hanover, Ger- 
 many, May 20, 1851; came to the United States, 1870. 
 Invented loose contact telephone transmitter of micro- 
 phone, 1877; discovered that a loose contact will act as a 
 telephone receiver, 1877; and was the first to use an in- 
 duction coil in connection with transmitter (patented 
 1878); patentee of other valuable inventions in tele- 
 phony; in 1887 invented the Gramophone, first talking 
 machine which utilizes a groove of even depth and varying, 
 for which he was awarded John Scott medal by the 
 Franklin Institute, Philadelphia; also invented and 
 perfected the present method of duplicating disc records. 
 Engaged in educational campaign against dangers of raw 
 milk and other dairy products, since 1901. Author and 
 
 31 
 
Co-author of pamphlets, dealing with prevention of 
 sickness. Published "Conclusions," dealing with philo- 
 sophical and religious questions. Address, 1458 Co- 
 lumbia Road. 
 
 BERRYMAN, Clifford Kennedy, Cartoonist; born 
 April 2, 1869, Versailles, Ky. Self-taught in drawing; 
 draftsman in U. S. Patent Office, 1886; general illustrator, 
 1891-96, and cartoonist, 1896-1907, on Washington Post; 
 cartoonist on Washington Evening Star, since February 
 1, 1907; originator of "Teddy Bear." Author: Berry- 
 man's Cartoons of the 58th House (probably the only 
 cartoonist who has cartooned every member of any one 
 Congress). His cartoons have been copied in many 
 leading newspapers and magazines. Home, 1754 Euclid 
 Avenue, N. W. 
 
 BOARDMAN, Mabel Thorp, A.M., by Yale; LL.D., 
 by Western Reserve University; member, Central Com- 
 mittee of the American National Red Cross, and world- 
 wide distinguished for her work in connection with that 
 association. Born at Cleveland, Ohio; daughter of 
 William Jarris and Florence Sheffield Boardman, and 
 granddaughter of Joseph E. Sheffield, founder of the 
 Sheffield School at New Haven, Conn. She was U. S. 
 delegate, Eighth International Red Cross Conference, 
 London, 1907, and Ninth Conference at Washington, 1912. 
 Decorated by King of Sweden with personal order, 1909; 
 Gold Crown, Italy, 1909, and Fifth order of Crown by 
 Emperor of Japan. Member, Congressional Club; author 
 of Under the Red Cross Flag (1915). Home, 1801 P 
 Street, N. W. 
 
 BORDEN, William Cline, M.D.; Surgeon; born May 
 19, 1858, at Watertown, N. Y. Appointed first lieutenant, 
 assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, December 3, 1883 ; captain, 
 1888; major brigade, surgeon volunteers from June 4, 
 1898, to March 31, 1899; major surgeon, 1901 ; lieutenant, 
 colonel and retired 1909. Commanded General Hospital 
 at Key West during Spanish-American War; General 
 Hospital, Washington, 1898-1907; also professor of 
 military surgery, U. S. Army Medical School, and of 
 surgery, pathology, and military surgery at Georgetown 
 University, 1898-1907; commanded the Division Hospital, 
 Manila, 1908; professor of surgery and dean of Medical 
 Department, George Washington University, and surgeon 
 in-chief of that University Hospital since June 15, 1909. 
 Fellow and one of the founders of College of American 
 
 32 
 
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Surgeons; member, Medical Society, Surgical Society and 
 Medical History Society, D. C, American Medical 
 Association, Association of Military Surgeons of U. S., 
 New York Society Sons of American Revolution, and 
 Cosmos, Crescent and Yacht Clubs. Author: Use of 
 the Roentgen Ray by the Medical Department of the 
 U. S. in the War with Spain (published by joint resolution 
 of Congress, 1909); also many medical monographs and 
 articles. Home, 2306 Tracy Place, N. W. 
 
 BRAISTED, William Clarence, Ph.B., M.D.; Surgeon 
 General, U. S. Navy; born October 9, 1864, Toledo, Ohio. 
 Entered Navy as an assistant surgeon September 26, 
 1890; promoted to surgeon, March 3, and medical in- 
 spector, October 20, 1913. Has served on many vessels 
 and at many naval hospitals; twice instructor in surgery 
 at Naval Medical School; fitted out and equipped the 
 hospital ship Relief, 1904. Represented the Medical 
 Department in Japan during the Russo-Japanese War; 
 assistant chief of Bureau of Medicine and Surgery from 
 1906-12, and assisted in reorganization of same and of 
 the medical service of the Navy; served with Dr. Rixey 
 as attending physician at White House, President Roose- 
 velt's administration, 1906-07; fleet surgeon, Atlantic 
 fleet, 1912-14; made surgeon general and chief of Bureau 
 of Medicine and Surgery, February, 1914. Member, 
 Military Surgeons of U. S. (president, 1912-13); National 
 Board of Medical Examiners (president) ; fellow, American 
 College of Surgeons; vice-president, board of directors, 
 Columbia Hospital for Women ; member, board of visi- 
 tors, Government Hospital for Insane; central committee 
 and war relief board of American National Red Cross. 
 Decorated by Emperor of Japan and by President of 
 Venezuela, order of "Bolivar." Member, Army and 
 Navy, and Washington Country Clubs. Home, 2158 
 California Street. 
 
 BRANDEIS, Louis Dembitz, LL.B., A.M.; Associate 
 Justice of the United States Supreme Court; born 
 November 13, 1856, Louisville, Ky. Admitted to bar, 
 1878; in practice, Boston, from 1879-1916; was counsel 
 for Mr. Glavis in Ballinger-Pinchot investigation, 1910, 
 and for shippers in advanced freight rate investigation 
 before Interstate Commerce Commission, 1911; counsel 
 for the people in proceedings involving the constitution- 
 ality of Oregon and of Illinois women's ten-hour laws and 
 Ohio nine-hour law; and in preserving Boston municipal 
 
 33 
 
subway system; in establishing Boston sliding-scale gas 
 system, and the Massachusetts saving bank insurance; 
 also (1906-13) in opposing the New Haven Railroad 
 monopoly of transportation in New England; was chair- 
 man of arbitration board, New York garment workers' 
 strike, 1910. Honorary member, Phi Beta Kappa 
 (Harvard); member, Union City, Exchange (Boston), 
 Harvard (New York), Dedham (Massachusetts) Clubs. 
 Author of articles on public franchises in Massachusetts, 
 life insurance, wage-earners' life insurance (saving bank 
 insurance), scientific management of labor problems and 
 the trusts, etc. Contributor to legal reviews. Appointed 
 Associate Justice of U. S. Supreme Court by President 
 Wilson, taking his seat in May, 1916. 
 
 BROOKS, Alfred Hulse, B.S., Geologist; born July 18, 
 1871, Ann Arbor, Mich. Assistant geologist, U. S. Geo- 
 logical Survey, working in various States, and 1898-1903 
 engaged in geological and exploratory work in Alaska; 
 geologist in charge of division of Alaskan mineral resources 
 since 1902; vice-chairman, Alaskan Railroad Commission, 
 1911-12. He received the Charles P. Daly gold medal, 
 American Geographic Society, 1913; the Conrad Malte- 
 brun gold medal, Geographic Society of Paris, 1913. He 
 wrote "The Geography and Geology of Alaska' ' ; also other 
 papers on Alaska. Home, 3 100 Newark Street. 
 
 CAMPBELL, Marius Robison, Geologist; born Sep- 
 tember 30, 1858. Early education in common schools, 
 and then taught in country schools; subsequently at- 
 tended Ohio State University. Was a civil engineer on 
 railway construction, 1886-8; geologist in charge, Section 
 of Western Mineral Fuels, in U. S. Geological Survey 
 since 1889, and regarded as an authority on coal deposits. 
 Fellow, Geological Society of America ; member, American 
 Institute of Mining Engineers, Geological Society of 
 Washington, Association of American Geographers, and 
 Cosmos Club. Author of numerous papers on geology 
 and physiography in official reports of the survey. In 
 charge of all coal and oil surveys, giving special attention 
 to the coal fields of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific 
 Coast. Home, The Mendota. 
 
 CARLETON, Mark Alfred, B.Sc., M.Sc, Cerealist; 
 born March 7, 1866, Jerusalem, Ohio. Cerealist in U. S. 
 Department of Agriculture since 1894, and now in charge 
 of cereal investigations. Was agricultural explorer for the 
 Government in Russia and Siberia, 1898-9. Has intro- 
 
 34 
 
duced several new grain crops from foreign countries, in- 
 cluding especially the durum wheat industry now valued 
 at $40,000,000 annually; decorated with order Merite 
 Agricole by French Government; introduced the cereal 
 crops to the value of over $ 1 00,000,000 annually. Member 
 of American Association for the Advancement for Science, 
 National Geographic Society, Botanical Society of 
 America, Biological and Botanical Societies of Washing- 
 ton, American Phytopath Society, American Genetic 
 Association, Interstate Cereal Conference, American 
 Society of Agronomy (a founder), Kansas Academy of 
 Science. Author : Studies in the Biology of the Uredineae, 
 Cereal Rusts of the United States, Basis for Improvement 
 of American Wheats, Emmer, Macaroni Wheats, Winter 
 Emmer, Russian Cereals Adapted for Cultivation in 
 United States, Commercial Status of Durum Wheat, 
 Barley Culture in the Northern Great Plains, Ten Years' 
 Experience with Swedish Select Oats, Future Wheat 
 Supply of the United States, Hard Wheats Winning Their 
 Way, The Small Grains (text-book). Address, Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture. 
 
 CARPENTER, Frank George, A.B., A.M., Litt.D., 
 Traveler and Correspondent; born May 8, 1855, Mans- 
 field, Ohio. Began newspaper work as legislative corre- 
 spondent for the Cleveland Leader, at Columbus, 1879; in 
 European and Egyptian travel, 1881 ; filled special assign- 
 ments at Washington for Cleveland Leader, 1882 ; American 
 Press Association, 1884; New York World, 1887; took trip 
 around the world for newspaper syndicate and Cosmo- 
 politan Magazine, 1888-9; newspaper tour to Mexico, 
 1891; to Russia, Germany and England, 1892; to China, 
 Japan and Korea, 1894; in South America, 25,000 miles 
 of travel, 1898; in Philippines, China, Java, Australia and 
 New Zealand, 1900; to investigate American "commercial 
 invasion" in England, France, Germany, Russia, Holland, 
 Belgium, Norway, Sweden and Denmark, 1902; to 
 Panama, Cuba and Canada, 1905; in Africa, part of 
 1906-7; going from Morocco to Egypt, and from Cairo to 
 the Cape; in Asia investigating the awakening of China, 
 Korea and Japan, 1908; in India, Turkey, Palestine and 
 Egypt, completing second trip around the world, 1909; 
 letter-writing tour of Central America and Panama, 1912; 
 in Mexico during the revolution, 1913; letter-writing tour 
 of South America, 1914. Member, Cosmos, Gridiron, 
 National Press, University (Washington), Beta Theta Pi 
 
 35 
 
(New York) clubs; also many scientific and learned 
 societies. Author: Carpenter's Geographical Readers — 
 Asia (1897), North America (1898), South America (1899), 
 Europe (1902), Australia, Our Colonies and Other Islands 
 of the Seas (1904), Africa (1905), Through Asia with the 
 Children (1898), Through North America with the 
 Children (1898), Carpenter's Readers of Commerce and 
 Industry; South America — Social, Industrial and Political 
 (1900); How the World Is Fed (1907), How the World Is 
 Clothed (1909), How the World Is Housed (1911); also 
 very many articles in leading American journals and 
 magazines. Home, 1223 Connecticut Avenue. 
 
 CHITTENDEN, Frank Hurlbut, Sc.D., Scientist; 
 born November 3, 1858, Cleveland, Ohio. Entomologist 
 since 1891 in U. S. Department of Agriculture. Aims to 
 furnish American people with information for control of 
 insect pests, especially injurious to truck crops and 
 stored products. Author: Insects Injurious to Stored 
 Grain, Control of the Mediterranean Flour Moth by 
 Hydrocyanic-acid Gas Fumigation, and about 300 other 
 titles, including book — Insects Injurious to Vegetables. 
 Contributed to Encyclopedia Americana, Century Dic- 
 tionary, American Miller, etc. Member of the Brooklyn 
 Entomological Society, American Association for Advance- 
 ment of Science, Entomological Society of Washington, 
 Association of Economic Entomologists. Home, 1323 
 Vermont Avenue N. W. 
 
 CLARKE, Frank Wigglesworth, S.B., D.Sc, LL.D., 
 Chemist; born March 19. 1847, in Boston. Instructor, 
 Cornell, 1869; professor of chemistry, Howard University, 
 Washington, 1873-4; professor, chemistry and physics, 
 University of Cincinnati, 1874-83; chief chemist, U. S. 
 Geological Survey and honorary curator of minerals, 
 U. S. National Museum, since 1883. Chairman Inter- 
 national Committee on Atomic Weights; Chevalier de la 
 Legion d'Honneur; Wilde medallist, Manchester (Eng- 
 land) Literary and Philosophical Society, 1903; member, 
 International Jury of Awards, Paris Exposition, 1900; 
 member, National Academy of Sciences, Washington 
 Academy of Sciences (president), American Association 
 for the Advancement of Science; corresponding member, 
 British Association for Advancement of Science, Edin- 
 burgh Geological Society, and Geological Society of 
 London; past president of American Chemical Society; 
 honorary member, Manchester (England) Literary and 
 
 36 
 
Philosophic Society, Minerological Society of London, 
 and The Chemical Society of London; member, American 
 Philosophical Society, Imperial Society of Naturalists of 
 Moscow, Cosmos Club (vice-president, 1916). Author: 
 Weights, Measures and Money of All Nations, Elements 
 of Chemistry, Constants of Nature, Report on the Teach- 
 ing of Chemistry and Physics in the United States (1881), 
 Elementary Chemistry (with Louis M. Dennis, 1902), 
 Laboratory Manual of Elementary Chemistry (with 
 Dennis, 1902), Recalculation of the Atomic Weights; also 
 Data of Geochemistry and other bulletins, U. S. Geo- 
 logical Survey, and over 100 papers on chemistry and 
 mineralogy. Address, U. S. Geological Survey. 
 
 CROSS, (Charles) Whitman, B.S., Ph.D., Geologist; 
 born September 1, 1854, Amherst, Mass. Assistant 
 geologist, U. S. Geological Survey, 1880-8; geologist 
 since 1888; chief, section of Petrology, 1903-6. Member, 
 National Academy of Sciences (treasurer), Geological 
 Society of America, Washington Academy of Sciences, 
 Geological Society of London, and others. Author of 
 geological reports and maps published by U. S. Geological 
 Survey, and of many papers in periodicals on geological, 
 petrographical or mineralogical subjects. Part Author, 
 Quantitative Classification of Igneous Rocks (1903). 
 Home, 2138 Bancroft Place. 
 
 CROZIER, William, Brigadier General, Chief of Ord- 
 nance, and member of board of Ordnance and Fortifica- 
 tion, U. S. Army; born February 19, 1855, Carrollton, 
 Ohio. Graduated from U. S. Military Academy, 1876; 
 served successively as second lieutenant, Fourth Artillery; 
 first lieutenant, Ordnance; captain (14 years' service); 
 made major inspector-general of volunteers, May 17, 
 1898; honorably discharged from volunteer service, 
 November 30, 1898; was appointed professor of natural 
 and experimental philosophy, U. S. Military Academy, 
 February 23, 1901, but declined; became brigadier general, 
 chief of ordnance, U. S. Army, November 22, 1901. He 
 served in Powder River campaign against the Sioux 
 Indians, winter of 1876-7; in campaign against the 
 Bannocks, 1878. With Gen. Buffington, invented the 
 Bumngton-Crozier disappearing gun carriage, and also 
 invented a wire gun. He was delegate to the International 
 Peace Conference at The Hague, 1899; staff officer in 
 field, Philippine insurrection, 1900; chief ordnance officer 
 of Pekin relief expedition, 1900; president of Army and 
 
 37 
 
War College, 1901. Member, American Association for 
 the Advancement of Science, American Geographic 
 Society, and following clubs: University, New York 
 Yacht (New York); Metropolitan, Army and Navy, 
 Chevy Chase (Washington). Home, 1735 Massachu- 
 setts Avenue N. W. 
 
 DALL, William Healey, A.M., D.Sc, LL.D., Naturalist; 
 born August 21, 1845, at Boston. Lieutenant in Inter- 
 national Telegraph Expedition to Alaska, 1865-8; in 
 U. S. Coast Survey, Alaska, 1871-84; geologist and 
 paleontologist, U. S. Geological Survey, 1884-1916; also 
 since 1880, honorary curator, U. S. National Museum; 
 also professor invertebrate paleontology, Wagner Insti- 
 tute of Science, Philadelphia, since February, 1893. 
 Author: Tribes of the Extreme Northwest, Scientific 
 Results of the Exploration to Alaska, Reports on the 
 Mollusca of the Blake Expedition, Alaska and Its 
 Resources, Biography of Spencer F. Baird, Coast Pilot 
 of Alaska; also numerous monographs. He is a member 
 of nearly all American scientific societies whose work and 
 membership relate to the natural sciences, and many of 
 those in Europe. He is foreign correspondent of the 
 Geological Society of London, and of societies in Paris, 
 Berlin, Vienna, Leipzig and Stockholm; also member of 
 Appalachian, Travel and Cosmos Clubs. His two 
 principal contributions to knowledge (personally regarded) 
 are: (1) The exploration of Alaska, begun under the 
 Telegraph Expedition of 1865 and continued under the 
 auspices of the Coast Survey and U. S. Geological Survey 
 for thirty-five years. The results were books, scientific 
 memoirs, Coast Pilot, and charts to the number of over 
 100. (2) The Study of the Molluscan Shell Fauna of 
 the Pacific Coast continued now for half a century, 
 from the Arctic to Cape Horn, and on which more than 
 300 scientific articles, monographs, etc., of the living and 
 fossil shells of that region have been published. He has 
 also performed a great amount of biographical work on 
 deceased men of science, including his biography of the 
 late Prof. Baird, and memoirs on the members of the 
 National Academy of Sciences, Messrs. Gabb, White 
 (C.A.), Stimpson, Gill (Dr. Theodore) and others. 
 Home, 1 1 19 Twelfth Street N. W. 
 
 DAY, William R., B.S., LL.D., Associate Justice of 
 the Supreme Court of U. S. ; born April 17, 1849, at 
 Ravenna, Ohio; son of Judge Luther Day, of Supreme 
 
 38 
 
Court of Ohio; graduated from academic department of 
 University of Michigan in 1870, spending one year in the 
 law department of same institution; admitted to the bar 
 and began the practice of law in Canton, Stark County, 
 Ohio, in 1872; elected judge of Court of Common Pleas 
 in 1886; appointed U. S. district judge for the northern 
 district of Ohio by President Harrison in 1889, which 
 position he declined; appointed Assistant Secretary of 
 State by President McKinley in April, 1897; Secretary of 
 State from April to September, 1898, which position he 
 resigned to accept the chairmanship of commission which 
 negotiated the treaty of peace with Spain; appointed 
 U. S. circuit judge for the Sixth judicial circuit by Presi- 
 dent McKinley in February, 1899; made an associate 
 justice of the U. S. Supreme Court by President Roosevelt 
 on March 2, 1903. Home, 1301 Clifton Street. 
 
 DAY, Arthur Louis, A.B., Ph.D., Physicist; born 
 October 30, 1869, Brookfield, Mass. Instructor of phy- 
 sics, Yale, 1894-97; member of scientific staff, Physika- 
 lisch-Technische Reichanstalt, Charlottenburg, Germany, 
 1897-1900; physical geologist, U. S. Geological Survey, 
 1900-06; director of geophysical laboratory, Carnegie 
 Institution, Washington, since January, 1907. Member, 
 National Academy of Sciences (home secretary since 1913), 
 Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Deutsche Bunsen 
 Gesellschaft, Washington Academy of Sciences, Geological 
 Society of America, American Physicists' Society, Amer- 
 ican Chemical Society, Geological and Philosophical 
 Societies of Washington. Has written many papers upon 
 physical and geophysical investigations at high tem- 
 peratures in American and German scientific journals. 
 Home, 3 1 50 Highland Avenue, Cleveland Park, D. C. 
 
 DAY, David Talbot, A.B., Ph.D., Geologist; born 
 September 10, 1859, Rockport, Ohio. Demonstrator of 
 chemistry, University of Maryland, 1884-85; chief mining 
 and mineral resources division, 1886-1907; and expert 
 in charge of petroleum investigations since 1907, of U. S. 
 Geological Survey. Exhibitor, Centennial Exposition, 
 Philadelphia, 1876; special agent, U. S. Geological Survey, 
 1883-85; in charge of petroleum exhibitions, Chicago 
 Exposition, 1893; director of mining, Cotton States and 
 International Exposition, Atlanta, Ga., 1896; secretary of 
 Jury of Awards, Tennessee Centennial, 1897; director of 
 mining, Trans-Mississippi Exposition, 1898; in charge of 
 petroleum, etc., Philadelphia Centennial, 1899; Paris 
 
 39 
 
Exposition, 1900; in charge mining, Buffalo Exposition, 
 1901; honorary chief, department of mines and metal- 
 lurgy, St. Louis Exposition, 1904; honorary commissioner 
 of mining, Lewis and Clark Exposition, Portland, Ore., 
 1905; Jamestown Exposition, 1907; U. S. Commissioner of 
 International Commission for Petroleum Tests, 1907-09; 
 president, fuel section, International Congress of Applied 
 Chemistry, 1912. Member, American Institute of Min- 
 ing Engineers, National Geographic Society, Geological 
 Society of America, American Chemical Society, National 
 Statistics Society, Geographic Society of Switzerland, 
 Engineers' (New York) and University (Washington) 
 Clubs. Compiler of Mineral Resources of the United 
 States, 1885-1904; contributor of special chapters to 
 same, 1892-93-94. Home, The Mendota. 
 
 DEWEY, George, LL.Q., Admiral, U. S. Navy; born 
 December 26, 1837, at Montpelier, Vt. Entered U. S. 
 Naval Academy, Annapolis, at age of 17 and was grad- 
 uated in 1858. Was commissioned lieutenant at out- 
 break of Civil War under Admiral Farragut and assigned 
 to the sloop-of-war Mississippi. His first experience 
 under fire was in 1862 when the West Gulf squadron 
 forced a passage up the Mississippi River ahead of Farra- 
 gut. Later the sloop Mississippi went aground in the 
 middle of the night, while attempting to run the batteries 
 of Port Hudson. Here she was riddled with shot and set 
 on fire by the enemy's batteries, compelling officers and 
 crew to abandon her and with great difficulty make their 
 escape to the other shore before the flames reached her 
 magazines and she exploded. Other notable engagements 
 in which Dewey figured in this war were at Donaldsville, 
 1863, and at Fort Fisher in winter of 1864-65. He sub- 
 sequently served for two years on the Kearsarge and the 
 Colorado, and two years at the Naval Academy. From 
 1870 to 1875 he was in command of the Narfagansett, and 
 rose to be a commander; afterward attached to the 
 Lighthouse Board; in 1882 in command of the Juniata of 
 the Asiatic squadron; in 1884 took charge of Dolphin, one 
 of the first vessels of the new navy ; 1 885-88 in command of 
 the Pensacola, then flagship of the European squadron; 
 then followed shore duty, during which time he served as 
 chief of the Bureau of Equipment at the Navy Depart- 
 ment, and afterward on Lighthouse Board for second 
 time; in 1896, promoted to commodore, and made presi- 
 dent of the Board of Inspection and Survey. A few 
 
 40 
 
weeks before the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, 
 he was placed in command of the Asiatic squadron. 
 With orders to "capture or destroy the Spanish squad- 
 ron," under command of Admiral Montojo, he sailed 
 from Mirs Bay, China, April 27, 1898. At 11.30 p. m., 
 Saturday, April 30, his squadron entered the channel of 
 Manila Bay, and early Sunday morning, May 1, sank, 
 burned or captured all the enemy's ships in the bay; 
 silenced and destroyed three land batteries, obtained 
 complete control of the bay, so that he could take the 
 city, the chief port of the Philippines, at any time, all 
 accomplished without the loss of a single man, and having 
 only nine wounded. On August 18 following, Dewey and 
 his ships aided Gen. Merritt in the capture of Manila. 
 In recognition of his achievements in Manila Bay, Dewey 
 received the thanks of Congress, which awarded to him a 
 magnificent sword and medals to his men. As a further 
 recognition, Commodore Dewey on May 7, 1898, was 
 promoted to be a rear-admiral, and subsequently, March 
 3, 1899, he was made admiral of the navy under act of 
 Congress, approved March 2, 1899, restoring the rank for 
 the especial purpose of doing adequate honor to the hero 
 of Manila Bay. In 1901 he was president of the Schley 
 court of inquiry, and in 1902 was appointed commander- 
 in-chief of the united squadrons and fleets mobilized for 
 extraordinary maneuvers. Home, 1601 K Street N. W. 
 DILLER, Joseph Silas, S.B., Geologist; born August 
 27, 1850, Plainfield, Pa. Taught in State Normal School, 
 Westfield, Mass., 1873-77; geologist, Assos Expedition, 
 1881-83; geologist, U. S. Geological Survey since 1883. 
 Has published many geological papers in scientific jour- 
 nals and reports of U. S. Geological Survey, principal 
 subjects being Asbestos, Talc and Soapstone, Chromic 
 Iron Ore, Mineral Resources of Southwestern Oregon, 
 Mount Shasta — Some of Its Geologic Aspects (1915), 
 Lassen Peak — Our Most Active Volcano (1916), The 
 Volcanic History of Lassen Peak (1916). He is especially 
 distinguished as an authority on volcanoes. Associate 
 editor of American Journal of Science. Vice-president, 
 section E, American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science; ex-vice-president, Geological Society of America; 
 ex-president, Geological Society of Washington; ex- 
 secretary and manager, Washington Academy of Sciences. 
 Member of Cosmos Club. Home, 1466 Belmont Street. 
 
 41 
 
DUNBAR, Ulric Stonewall Jackson, Sculptor; born 
 January 31, 1862, London, Ontario, Canada. Profes- 
 sionally engaged as a sculptor since 1889; did figures for 
 Atlanta, Buffalo, St. Louis, Los Angeles and San Francisco 
 Expositions for which he received medals and diplomas; 
 executed over 125 portrait busts, principally of prominent 
 men, for U. S. Capitol, and Corcoran Gallery of Art, 
 Washington; State Capitol, St. Paul; Union Club, New 
 York; of Philadelphia, Atlanta, and other large cities; 
 principal monument of Norwich, Conn.; and others of 
 equal note including bronze statue of late Gov. Alex. R. 
 Shepherd for front of new Municipal Building, Washing- 
 ton. Served three years in volunteer military service of 
 Canada. Member, National Art Association, Society 
 Washington Artists, National Society of Fine Arts, Arts 
 Club of Washington. Inaugurated School of Sculpture, 
 November, 1915. Home, 212 Willow Avenue, Takoma 
 Park, D. C. 
 
 EDSON, John Joy, LL.B., Banker and public-spirited 
 citizen; born May 17, 1846, at Jefferson, Ohio. Served 
 in Sixty-first New York volunteers, 1861-3; graduated, 
 Columbian (now George Washington) University, 1868; 
 admitted to bar 1869; organized, 1879, and president since 
 1898, Equitable Cooperative Building Association; presi- 
 dent, Washington Loan and Trust Company since 1894. 
 Was member of presidential inaugural executive com- 
 mittees of 1889, 1893, 1897, 1901, and 1905. Member, 
 ex-president, National Home Hospital, Civil Service 
 Reform Association of District of Columbia, and Board 
 of Charities; treasurer, George Washington University 
 (1903-5), Associated Charities since 1897, National 
 Geographic Society since 1901, and Chamber of Com- 
 merce of United States since its organization in 1913; 
 member (appointed by President Roosevelt) of Prison 
 Committee of Penal Institute of District of Columbia. 
 Also member and actively interested in many charitable 
 and other organizations, etc. Declined position as Com- 
 missioner of District of Columbia, tendered by Presidents 
 Harrison and McKinley respectively. Home, 1324 Six- 
 teenth Street N. W. 
 
 EVANS, Henry Ridgely, LL.B., Litt.D., Author; born 
 November 7, 1861, Baltimore. Has been with the 
 editorial division of the U. S. Bureau of Education since 
 1911; is a student of psychical research and Masonic 
 antiquities. Author: Historical Introduction and Biblio- 
 
 42 
 
graphy to Hopkins' Magic, Illusions and Scientific Diver- 
 sions (1897), The Spirit World Unmasked (1902), The 
 Napoleon Myth (1905), The Old and the New Magic 
 (1909), The House of the Sphinx (1907), Romance of the 
 Dead, or Mummies and Mortality (1913). Compiled 
 list of writings of William Torrey Harris (1907), Bibliog- 
 raphy of Industrial, Vocational and Trade Education 
 1913), and Expressions on Education by American States- 
 men and Publicists (1913), respectively published by 
 U. S. Bureau of Education. He has written many articles 
 and brochures on Masonic symbolism and antiquities. 
 Home, Dumbarton Court, 1657 Thirty-first Street N. W. 
 
 FAIRCHILD, David Grandison, B.S., M.S., Botanist; 
 born April 7, 1869, at Michigan State Agricultural College. 
 Botanist since 1889; agricultural explorer since 1898; in 
 charge of foreign explorations since 1903; organized the 
 work of seed and plant introduction, U. S. Department of 
 Agriculture, 1897, now the office of Seed and Plant Intro- 
 duction and Distribution; in charge of office since 1906. 
 Made special researches in botany since 1896 as assistant 
 to Barbour Lathrop on four expeditions in search of 
 economic plants for introduction into the United States; 
 to Dutch East Indies, 1895; to South Sea Islands, Siam, 
 Australia and New Zealand, 1896-7; to West Indies, 
 South America, Egypt, Ceylon, and Dutch East Indies to 
 New Guinea, 1898-1900; to Japan, China, Ceylon and 
 Persian Gulf, 1901-2; Africa, 1903. Member, Inter- 
 national Society of Botanists, American Association for 
 the Advancement of Science, American Pomological 
 Society, Society for Promotion of Agricultural Science, 
 Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft, and Cosmos and Chevy 
 Chase Clubs. Author of numerous bulletins of the 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture and contributor to 
 botany journals and proceedings. Home, 1331 Connecti- 
 cut Avenue. 
 
 FEWKES, Jesse Walter, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Ethnolo- 
 gist; born November 14, 1850, Newton, Mass. Assistant 
 in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 1881-9; 
 editor, Journal of Ethnology and Archaelogy, 1890-4; 
 ethnologist, Bureau American Ethnology, Smithsonian 
 Institution, since 1895. In charge of the excavation and 
 repair of Casa Grande, Ariz., Spruce Tree House, Cliff 
 Palace, Colo., 1908-9. Secretary, Boston Society Natural 
 History, 1889-91 ; fellow, American Academy of Arts and 
 Sciences, etc.; Knight, Order of Isabella the Catholic 
 
 43 
 
(Spain), 1892. Author of several pamphlets on marine 
 zoology and contributions to American archaeology and 
 ethnology, published in government reports. Address, 
 Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 FISHER, Albert Kenrick, M.D., Assistant Biologist, 
 charge of economic investigations, Biological Survey, 
 U. S. Agricultural Department. Born March 21, 1856, 
 at Sing Sing (now Ossining), N. Y. Graduate of the 
 College for Physicians and Surgeons. President of the 
 American Ornithologists' Union; ex-president of the 
 Washington Biological Field Club; member of the ad- 
 visory commission of the American Game Protective 
 and Preservation Association. Author : Hawks and Owls 
 of the United States, Birds of the Death Valley Region, 
 California. Interested in the advancement of economic 
 zoology. In charge of campaign for the extermination of 
 noxious rodents, which if successful will allow increase of 
 1,000,000 more cattle and 1,000,000 more sheep in public 
 domain, and the destruction of predatory animals, which 
 will save $25,000,000. Also member of the Boone and 
 Crockett, Cosmos, Nuttall Ornithic (Cambridge), Copper 
 Ornithological (California) Clubs, and Seismaean (New 
 York) and Biological (Washington) Societies. Address, 
 Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture. 
 
 FLEMING, John Adam, B.S., Magnetician; born 
 January 28, 1877, Cincinnati, Ohio. In charge of Depart- 
 ment of Terrestial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution, 
 Washington, since 1904; chief of Observatory Division 
 since June 1, 1915. Fellow of the American Association 
 for the Advancement of Science, Natural Geographic 
 Society, Washington Academy of Sciences; member of 
 Philosophical Society of Washington, and Cosmos Club. 
 Author: Scientific Results of the Ziegler Polar Expedition 
 of 1903-1905. Contributor of numerous articles and 
 reviews on terrestrial magnetism. Address, Thirty-sixth 
 Street and Broad Branch Road. 
 
 GARLINGTON, Ernest Albert, Brigadier General, 
 U. S. Army; Inspector General; born February 20, 1853, 
 Newberry Court House, S. C. Graduated from U. S. 
 Military Academy, 1876; assigned to Seventh Cavalry; 
 became colonel March 1, 1901; promoted to brigadier 
 general, inspector general, U. S. Army, October 1, 1906. 
 He commanded the Greely Relief Expedition in 1883; 
 severely wounded in battle with hostile Indians at 
 Wounded Knee, P. O., December 29, 1890, and was 
 
 44 
 
awarded Congressional Medal of Honor for distinguished 
 gallantry in that action; he was present at battle siege 
 and surrender of Santiago de Cuba. Member, Metro- 
 politan and Chevy Chase Clubs. Author: Historical 
 Sketches of The Seventh Cavalry Regiment — A Cate- 
 chism, Cavalry Outposts, Advance and Rear Guards, 
 Reconnaissance, etc. Home, 1742 R Street N. W. 
 
 GIBSON, Preston, Playwright; born March 13, 1879, 
 Washington, D. C. Member of the Bezerlius Society 
 (Yale) ; Clubs : Natural Steeplechase and Hunt (Chicago) ; 
 Metropolitan, Chevy Chase, Playhouse, Racquet and 
 Squash (Washington); Yale, Lambs, Strollers, Players 
 (New York). Author (plays): Mrs. Erskine's Devotion, 
 Fate, Cupid's Trick, Success, the Vaccuum, The Turning 
 Point, Derelicts, Drifting, The Secret Way, Magnolia, 
 Treason, Adelia, The Missing Inventor, Lola Montez. 
 Address, Colorado Building. 
 
 GILBERT, Grove Karl, A.B., A.M., LL.D., Geologist; 
 born May 6, 1843, Rochester, N. Y. With U. S. Geo- 
 logical Survey since 1879. Member, American Associa- 
 tion for the Advancement of Science (past president), 
 London Geological Society (Wollaston Medal, 1899), 
 Geological Society of America, American Society of 
 Naturalists, Association of American Geologists, Geo- 
 logical Society of Washington, Philosophical Society of 
 Washington, National Academy of Sciences, American 
 Philosophical Society, American Geographic Society, 
 National Geographic Society, Seismological Society of 
 America, Washington Academy of Sciences, Anthropo- 
 logical Society of Washington. Awarded Walker Grand 
 Prize, Boston Society of Natural History, 1908. Editor 
 of Geological and Physical Geography Departments, 
 Johnson's Encyclopoedia, Author : Geology of the Henry 
 Mountains, Lake Bonneville, Introduction to Physical 
 Geography (1902), Glaciers and Glaciations, Vol. Ill, 
 Harriman Alaska Expedition, Transportation of Debris 
 by Running Water. Dr. Gilbert is generally acknowl- 
 edged as the most eminent geographer of this country 
 and perhaps of the world. Home, 1919 Sixteenth Street 
 N. W. 
 
 GLOVER, Charles Carroll, Financier; born November 
 24, 1846, on a farm in Macon County, North Carolina. 
 Clerk in a book store for three years prior to entering, at 
 age of 19, the employ of Riggs 6i Co., bankers, Washing- 
 ton, as clerk; became partner in firm, 1873, and since its 
 
 45 
 
organization, July 1, 1896, has been president of Riggs 
 National Bank; also vice-president of Capital Traction 
 Company. Inaugurated and successfully carried through 
 Congress projects for establishing of Rock Creek and 
 Potomac Parks and securing for the District of Columbia 
 a site for Fort Reno reservoir. Ex-president of Washing- 
 ton Stock Exchange; member of Federal Commission on 
 Changing Date of Inaugural of President of United States; 
 Washington National Monument Society; president and 
 treasurer of Corcoran Gallery of Art. Home, 1703 K 
 Street N. W. 
 
 GOMPERS, Samuel, President, American Federation 
 of Labor; born January 27, 1850, London, England. 
 Educated in public schools and by evening study, having 
 begun his trade as cigar maker when only 10 years old. 
 When 13 years came with his parents to United States 
 and located in New York City. Practically laid the 
 foundation for his subsequent leadership among men 
 when as a mere boy he became active in a "Judge and 
 Jury Club;" joined the Cigar Makers' Union when 14 
 years old (there being no age limit then) ; few years later 
 was one of the organizers and moving spirits in the 
 "Rising Star Social and Debating Club" in East Side of 
 New York; from the latter he and others organized the 
 Rising Star Lodge of Odd Fellows, and still later, 
 from the last mentioned, organized Stephen A. Douglas 
 Lodge, of which he was the first executive officer; also 
 organized an "Economical and Sociological Club" from 
 members of his Cigar Makers' Union, and was vice- 
 president of the "local union" of last mentioned for nine- 
 teen years; also president many years, and delegate to 
 various conventions of the International Union, which in 
 1880 elected him as a member of a commission from 
 various international labor organizations to devise ways 
 for the organization of a federation of all bodies, resulting 
 in the American Federation of Labor in 1881; was the 
 first vice-president, declining the nomination for president, 
 which latter office he was elected to in 1882, and has 
 since filled, excepting for two years; and until 1886 he 
 served gratuitously while working at his trade. Mr. 
 Gompers is a forceful and logical speaker and writer, 
 and his thirty-two years' service as head of an allied 
 organization of laboring people, whose membership in 
 1916 was over 2,500,000, best emphasizes his great 
 sagacity and leadership. He has given courses of lectures 
 
 46 
 
by invitation in many of the leading colleges and univer- 
 sities of our country; is editor of the American Federa- 
 tionist and author of "Labor in Europe and America" 
 (published by Harper's, 1910); a member of National 
 Geographic Society; committee of 100, Federal Regula- 
 tion of Public Health; National Civic Federation, Ameri- 
 can Political Science Association, Society for Prevention 
 of Tuberculosis, Lincoln Memorial Farm Association, 
 American Academy of Political and Social Science, 
 National Good Roads Association, Peace Societies (Wash- 
 ington and New York), Advisory committee Inter- 
 national Association Mothers' Day, Chamber of Com- 
 merce, National Editorial Faculty (Philadelphia), Lincoln 
 University Endowment Association, Civic Forum, and 
 forty others of a scientific, social, industrial, beneficial, or 
 fraternal character. He has declined nominations to 
 State Senate and United States Congress, and all political 
 and commercial offers, preferring to devote his entire 
 time and attention to executive duties of his organization 
 and such associations which tend to morally uplift and 
 advance his fellowmen. Among the many movements 
 he is vitally interested in are shorter working hours, 
 Saturday half holidays, abolition of child labor, higher 
 wages, extension of public school system, workmen's 
 compensation, sanitation, safety appliances and condi- 
 tions, safety and freedom on sea, raising standard of the 
 miners' work, right of free speech and free press, the enact- 
 ment of labor provisions of the Clayton anti-trust laws 
 and declarations, the absolute understanding that the 
 labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of 
 commerce, the remedying of the abuse of injunction writ 
 and resecuring of the right of trial by jury, etc. In 1916 
 the Georgia Federation of Labor unanimously decided 
 upon setting aside the twenty-seventh of each succeeding 
 January (birthday anniversary of this sketch), to be 
 observed as a tribute to labor and designated as "Gompers' 
 Day" in honor of the "Grand Old Man of Labor," as he 
 is affectionately regarded, and to urge a similar action 
 throughout all the States of the Union. Home, 2122 
 First Street N. W. 
 
 GORGAS, William Crawford, A.B., M.D., Sc.D., LL.D., 
 Surgeon General, U. S. Army; member, central com- 
 mittee, American National Red Cross; board of commis- 
 sioners, Soldiers' Home, and board of visitors, Govern- 
 ment Hospital for the Insane; born October 3, 1854, 
 
 47 
 
Mobile, Ala. Appointed a surgeon in the U. S. Army 
 June 16, 1880, and arose to major surgeon, July 6, 1898; 
 he was chief sanitary officer of Havana and in charge of 
 sanitary work there, 1898-1902; applied methods of com- 
 bating yellow fever which eliminated that disease in 
 Havana; made assistant surgeon-general, by special act 
 of Congress, for yellow fever work at Havana, March 9, 
 1903. Was made chief sanitary officer on Panama Canal 
 operation, March 1, 1904; member of Isthmian Canal 
 Commission since March 4, 1907; permanent director of 
 International Health Commission of Rockefeller Com- 
 missions; recipient of Mary Kingsley medal from Liver- 
 pool School of Tropical Medicine, May 27, 1907. Honor- 
 ary fellow of New York Academy of Medicine, 1908; 
 associate fellow, College of Physicians of Philadelphia; 
 associate member, Societe de Pathologic Otolique, Paris, 
 1908; president, American Medical Association, 1908-9; 
 and American Society of Tropical Medicine, 1910 ; member, 
 American Public Health Association, and Association of 
 Military Surgeons; United States delegate to First Pan- 
 American Medical Congress, Santiago, Chili, 1908. 
 Home, The Highlands. 
 
 GREELY, Adolphus Washington, Major General, 
 U. S. Army; Explorer and Scientist; born March 27, 1844, 
 at Newburyport, Mass. ; educated in and graduated from 
 public schools. He served in the Civil War, 1861-65, 
 arising from private and brevetted a major before he was 
 21 (thrice wounded). In the Regular Army, after frontier 
 services, he was during thirty-eight years subordinate and 
 then chief of the Signal Corps. Within this time he 
 established the flood or danger lines of the great rivers 
 and reorganized the service generally. He commanded 
 (1881-84) the expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, this 
 being one of fifteen international stations established for 
 scientific work under plans of the Hamburg International 
 Polar Conference of 1879. Scientifically the Greely 
 expedition made the nearest gravity observations to the 
 North Pole, ascertained the climatic conditions of Grinnell 
 Land, made glaciological studies, determined the hitherto 
 unknown secular magnetic variation of that region, and 
 through its tidal observations first disclosed the conformity 
 of the sidereal day with the diurnal inequality of the tidal 
 waves of the earth. Although primarily scientific, the 
 explorations of the expedition covered unknown lands 
 one-eighth the way round the globe north of the eigh- 
 
 48 
 
teenth parallel. The discoveries included the interior of 
 Grinnell Land, the shores of the western polar sea, and 
 the extension of Greenland to within 15 miles of its 
 extreme northern latitude. The attainments by Lock- 
 wood and Brainard of Greely's command of the then 
 farthest north, 83° 24' N., in May, 1882, wrested from 
 England an honor held for three centuries; it is the only 
 world's record verified by a later explorer. Unvisited by 
 the promised relief ships of 1882 and 1883, Greely's party 
 journeyed from Lady Franklin Bay, 400 miles, landing at 
 Cape Sabine, where, however, he found neither relief nor 
 promised supplies. During nine months of waiting, 
 eighteen of the twenty-five men perished; the survivors 
 were rescued by Commodore W. S. Schley. Scientific 
 observations ceased forty hours before the rescue. Greely 
 received the thanks of the British Government and was 
 awarded the Founder's medal of the Royal Geographical 
 Society, the Roquette medal from the Societe de Geo- 
 graphic, and was honored by seven other foreign societies 
 for his Arctic work. His work having been in line of duty, 
 he received no special recognition from the United States. 
 In 1887 President Cleveland appointed him Chief Signal 
 Officer, and was the first enlisted man of the Civil War to 
 reach the grade of general in the Regular Army. Under 
 Greely, 21,000 miles of military telegraph lines were 
 built in United States, Cuba, Porto Rico, China, Philip- 
 pines, and the unique Alaskan system of land, cable, and 
 wireless where commercially a first long wireless section 
 was operated. During Spanish-American War Greely 
 was in charge of the censorship of cables; in 1906, with 
 rank of major general, he was in command at San Fran- 
 cisco for ten weeks after the earthquake and fire; in 1907, 
 he successfully terminated without bloodshed the Ute 
 campaign in Wyoming; in 1908, he was retired for age. 
 He became a member of the International Colonial Insti- 
 tute, and seven times represented his country abroad, the 
 last time at London as military ambassador at the 
 coronation of George V. Author: Isothermal Lines of 
 the United States (1881), Chronological List of Auroras 
 (1881), Diurnal Fluctuations of Barometric Pressure 
 (1891), Three Years of Arctic Service (2 vols., 1885), 
 Proceedings of Lady Franklin Bay Expedition (1888), 
 American Weather (1890), American Explorers (1894), 
 Handbook of Polar Discoveries (1896, 5th edit, enlarged 
 1910); Rainfall of Western States and Territories (1888), 
 
 49 
 
Climatology of Arid Region (1891), Public Documents of 
 First Fourteen Congresses of United States, 1784-1817 
 (1900), Handbook of Alaska (1909); was contributor to 
 New International Encyclopedia. Despite the fulness 
 of his life in connection with duties of national and inter- 
 national importance, General Greely has consistently 
 given time and attention to city affairs during his forty- 
 eight years of residence in Washington. He has served as 
 president of the Sons of the American Revolution, of the 
 Literary Society and of the Unitarian Club. He was one 
 of the founders of the National Geographic Society, and 
 though he several times declined the presidency of the 
 society he has served continuously on its board of mana- 
 gers. For two years he was professor of geography in the 
 Corcoran Scientific School of the George Washington 
 University. Two winters he lectured at the Catholic 
 University. He raised personally the funds for the first 
 Free Public Library in the District, and as its president 
 supervised its operations until Congress established the 
 present City Library. There have been in the past 
 thirty years few movements relating to literary, patriotic 
 and welfare interests of Washington in which he has not 
 participated actively. His home, 1914 G Street N. W., 
 was built about 1802 by Commodore Truxton, and later 
 was occupied by Lewis Cass. 
 
 GUDE, William Frederick, Florist and Representative 
 Citizen; born January 4, 1868, at Lynchburg, Va. His 
 firm has international prominence in rose production, 
 having received over 100 prizes, and twice the Dorrance 
 trophy, an unexcelled recognition; the Red Radiance rose 
 is perhaps unequalled. He is past president, and the only 
 official representative appointed (acting since 1901) at 
 the National Capital for and in behalf of Society of 
 American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists, and is 
 chairman of law committee. Was chairman of the 
 encampment committee of citizens, District of Columbia, 
 for 49th Grand Army encampment, 191 5 ; is vice-president, 
 Ruppert Home for Aged ; past potentate of Washington's 
 Mystic Shriners; present exalted ruler of Elks; member 
 (three times president) Chamber of Commerce, and over 
 sixty fraternities and associations; chairman of Memorial 
 Society for erection of monument to late William R. 
 Smith, who, for over fifty years, was superintendent and 
 curator of Government Botanical Gardens. Home, 
 3800 New Hampshire Avenue. 
 
 50 
 
HAGUE, Arnold, Ph.B., Sc.D., LL.D., Geologist; born 
 December 3, 1840, in Boston, Mass. Was assistant 
 geologist, U. S. Geological exploration, fortieth parallel, 
 and made investigations of mines and mining processes 
 in Nevada, etc., 1867-77; Government Geologist, Guate- 
 mala, 1877-8; examined mines in northern China for 
 the Government, 1878-9; geologist of U. S. Geological 
 Survey, 1879. Was a member of commission appointed 
 by National Academy of Sciences at request of U. S. 
 Government, 1896, to prepare plan of National forest 
 reserves; vice-president, International Geological Con- 
 gress, Paris, 1900, and Stockholm, 1910. Member of 
 National Academy of Sciences (home secretary), Geological 
 Society of America (president, 1910) ; Geological Society of 
 London and American Philosophical Society ; also Century, 
 University (New York), Metropolitan and Cosmos 
 (Washington) clubs. Author: Descriptive Geology, Vol. 
 II, U. S. Geological Exploration, Fortieth Parallel (with 
 S. F. Emmons), 1877; On the Development of Crystalliza- 
 tion in the Igneous Rocks of Washoe, Nevada; Geology 
 of the Eureka District, 1892 ; Geology of the Yellowstone 
 National Park (with others), 1899; Atlas of the Yellow- 
 stone National Park (twenty-seven plates), 1904; The 
 Origin of the Thermal Waters in the Yellowstone National 
 Park, 1911; contributor to scientific journals and maga- 
 zines, etc. Home, 1724 I Street N. W. 
 
 HAMILTON, Franklin Elmer Ellsworth, A.B., S.T.B., 
 Ph.D.; Bishop, Methodist Episcopal Church; born 
 August 9, 1866, Pleasant Valley, Ohio. Graduated from 
 Harvard University, 1887, and subsequently studied in 
 universities of Berlin and Paris nearly three years; was 
 professor of Greek and Latin at Chattanooga University, 
 1887-8; graduated from the School of Theology of Boston 
 University and ordained in Methodist Episcopal ministry, 
 1892; organized and built church in East Boston, Mass., 
 1892-5; pastor of Newtonville, Mass., 1895-1900; First 
 Church, Boston, 1900-8; chancellor and trustee of Ameri- 
 can University, Washington, 1908-12. During 1905-6 he 
 made a trip around the world to study missions and 
 religions; has written on results of observations; lectures 
 widely before societies and conferences ; prepared the hand 
 book of bibliography used in the celebration in America 
 of the Two-hundredth anniversary of the birth of John 
 Wesley; published "Why the Pilgrim Fathers Came to 
 America," "The Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary 
 
 51 
 
of Founding of Harvard College." He was president of 
 Epworth League of New England, 1902-4; vice-president 
 of Epworth League of the world since 1908; delegate to 
 General Conference, Baltimore, 1909 (chairman of New 
 England delegation) ; delegate to Ecumenical Methodist 
 Conference, Toronto, 1911. Member, Phi Beta Kappa; 
 was president of Old South Historical Society, 1886, and 
 awarded Old South Prize, 1885; also member of Ends of 
 the Earth (New York), and Harvard (Boston) clubs. He 
 was elected bishop by the General Conference of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, held at Buffalo, N. Y., on 
 May 19, 1916, with headquarters at Washington. 
 
 HARDING, Alfred, A.B., D.D., LL.D., Bishop, 
 Protestant Episcopal Church; born August 15, 1852, 
 Lisburn, Ireland. Deacon, 1882, and priest, Protestant 
 Episcopal Church, 1883; assistant rector, St. Paul's 
 Parish, Baltimore, 1883-7; rector, St. Paul's Church, 
 Washington, 1887-1909; consecrated bishop of Washing- 
 ton, January 25, 1909. President, Trustees of National 
 Cathedral School for Girls and National Cathedral 
 School for Boys. Member, Alpha Delta Phi (New York), 
 also Cosmos Club. Home, Bishop's House, Cathedral 
 Close. 
 
 HILLEBRAND, William Francis, Ph.D., Chemist; 
 born December 12, 1853, Honolulu, H. I. Assayer, 
 Leadville, Colo., 1879-80; Chemist, U. S. Geological 
 Survey, 1880-1908; chief chemist of Bureau of Standards, 
 Washington, since 1908. Professor of general chemistry 
 and physics, National College of Pharmacy, 1892-1910. 
 Member, National Academy of Sciences, American 
 Chemical Society (president, 1906), Ajnerican Philoso- 
 phical Society, Colorado Scientific Society (honorary); 
 fellow, American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science; corresponding member, Gottengen Gesellschaft. 
 Author: Some Principles and Methods of Rock Analysis 
 (two editions, 1900, 1902); Methods of Silicate and 
 Carbonate Analysis (1907); also numerous papers relating 
 to mineral chemistry. Home, 3023 Newark Street, Cleve- 
 land Park, D. C. 
 
 HOLMES, Oliver Wendell, LL.D., LL.B., D.C.L., 
 Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of United States; 
 born March 8, 1841, in Boston, Mass.; graduated from 
 Harvard College. 1861; commissioned first lieutenant of 
 Twentieth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, July 10, 
 1861; captain, March 23, 1862; appointed aid-de-camp to 
 
 52 
 
Brigadier Gen. H. G. Wright, and served until expira- 
 tion of term of service; brevets as major, lieutenant 
 colonel, and colonel; wounded several times during war; 
 Harvard Law School, LL.B., 1866; editor of American 
 Law Review from 1870-73; lectured at Lowell Institute; 
 practiced law in firm of Shattuck, Holmes & Munroe 
 from 1873 to 1882; took professorship at law school of 
 Harvard College in 1882, and on December 8 of that year 
 was commissioned a member of the supreme judicial 
 court of Massachusetts; August 2, 1899, he was made 
 chief justice of the same court. He was appointed a 
 Justice of the Supreme Court of United States by Presi- 
 dent Roosevelt, and took his seat on December 8,1902. 
 Corresponding fellow of the British Academy. Author: 
 Twelfth Edition of Kent's Commentaries, The Common 
 Law; also many articles on law topics and speeches. 
 Home, 1720 I Street. 
 
 HOLMES, William Henry, Teacher, Geologist, An- 
 thropologist, Artist; born near Cadiz, Harrison County, 
 Ohio, December 1, 1846. Graduated from McNeely 
 Normal College, 1870, and instructor at same in geography 
 and natural history, 1871. Positions: Artist to the U. S. 
 Geological Survey of the Territories, 1872-73; assistant 
 geologist, U. S. Geological Survey, 1874-79; curator, 
 National Museum, 1882-93; in charge of archaeological 
 explorations, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1889-98; 
 curator anthropology, Field Museum of Natural History; 
 and instructor in Anthropic geology, University of 
 Chicago, 1894-97; head curator, department of anthro- 
 pology, National Museum, 1898-02; chief, U. S. Bureau 
 American Ethnology, October, 1902-09; head curator, 
 department of anthropology National Museum, since 1910; 
 curator, National Gallery of Art, since 1909; U. S. delegate 
 to the Sixteenth International Congress of Americanists, 
 Stutgart, 1904; U. S. delegate to First Pan-American 
 Scientific Congress, Santiago, Chili, 1908-09; U. S. dele- 
 gate to Second Pan-American Scientific Congress, Wash- 
 ington, 1915; chairman, Section of Anthropology of same; 
 acting president, Nineteenth International Congress of 
 Americanists, 1915; chairman, Managing Committee, 
 School of American Archaeology since 1911. Member, 
 American Association for the Advancement of Science 
 (vice-president, 1909), National Academy of Sciences 
 1905-16, Anthropological Society of Washington (presi- 
 dent, 1900), Archaeological Institute of America, American 
 
 53 
 
Folk-Lore Society, Archaeological Institute of Great 
 Britain and Ireland, American Anthropological Association 
 (president, 1909), National Society of Fine Arts (presi- 
 dent, 1909), Washington Water Color Club (president, 
 1910-16), American Federation of Fine Arts, 1910, 
 Cosmos Club (founder, president, 1907) . Author : Archae- 
 ological Studies Among the Ancient Cities of Mexico, 
 1895; Stone Implements of the Potomac-Chesapeake 
 Tidewater Province, 1897 (Loubat quinquennial prize of 
 $1,000 for same, 1898); Revision of Evidence Relating to 
 Auriferous Gravel Man in California; also numerous 
 papers on ethnology, archaeology and art, especially 
 ceramics, textiles and stone-working arts, ornaments, and 
 culture history. Among the early notable works of the 
 subject of this sketch was his studies and reports of the 
 cliff dwellers and other ancient remains of our country, 
 which appeared in 1877 and immediately established his 
 reputation as an artist, observer and scientist, with an 
 admirable literary style. Dr. Holmes has the unique 
 distinction of filling two high and most important posi- 
 tions at this time in the Government service, viz. : head 
 curator of the department of anthropology, and curator 
 of the National Gallery of Art. His principal aims and 
 objects of public interest at this date are to write the his- 
 tory of man in America, and. to develop museums and art 
 galleries for the nation. He has a world-wide reputation 
 in the various fields of his endeavors, and as an archaeol- 
 ogist stands preeminent in America. Home, 1454 Bel- 
 mont Street, Washington. 
 
 HOWARD, Leland Ossian, B.S., M.S., Ph.D., M.D., 
 LL.D., Entomologist; born June 11, 1857, Rockford, 111. 
 Assistant entomologist, 1878-94, and chief of Bureau of 
 Entomology since June 1, 1894, in U. S. Department of 
 Agriculture. Honorable curator, Department of Insects, 
 U. S. National Museum, since October 31, 1895 ; consulting 
 entomologist, U. S. Public Health Service since 1904. 
 Trustee, Cornell University, 1900-05; permanent secre- 
 tary, American Association for the Advancement of Science ; 
 was president of Association of Economic Entomologist, 
 1894, of Biological Society, Washington, 1897-98; and 
 Cosmos Club, 1909; honorary member of many foreign 
 scientific societies. Was for some years editor of Insect 
 Life (journal of Department of Agriculture) ; prepared 
 definition of entomology for Century and Standard dic- 
 tionaries ; for some time was lecturer on insects at Swarth- 
 
 54 
 
more College, and Post-Graduate School of Georgetown 
 University. Author: Mosquitoes — How They Live, etc. 
 (1901) ; The Insect Book (1902) ; The House-Fly— Disease 
 Carrier (1911); monographs — Mosquitoes of North 
 America, Carnegie Institute, 1912; also many government 
 publications. Contributor to New International Encyclo- 
 poedia. Home, 2026 Hillyer Place. 
 
 HUGHES, Charles Evans, A.B., A.M., LL.B., LL.D., 
 ex-Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United 
 States; born April 11, 1862, at Glens Falls, N. Y.; at- 
 tended Colgate University and Brown University, and 
 was graduated from the latter in 1881; studied law at 
 Columbia Law School, 1882-84, holding prize fellowship 
 there from 1884 to 1887; admitted to the bar in 1884, and 
 practiced in New York City from 1884-1891 and from 
 1893-1906; professor of law at Cornell University from 
 1891-1893; special lecturer at Cornell, 1893-95, and in 
 New York Law School, 1893-1900; counsel to Stevens 
 Gas Committee of New York Legislature in 1905, and 
 counsel to Armstrong Insurance Company of New York 
 Legislature in 1905 and 1906; special assistant to U. S. 
 Attorney General in matter of the coal investigation of 
 1906; declined the nomination for the office of mayor of 
 New York City in 1905; elected Governor of New York 
 for two terms, January, 1907, to December, 1908, and 
 from January, 1909, to December, 1910; appointed by 
 President Taft an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 
 of United States in May, 1910; took his seat on October 
 10, 1910. Fellow of Brown University; member of 
 American Bar and other associations, and University, 
 Union League, Lawyers', Brown, Delta Upsilon, and 
 Nassau (County) clubs. Resigned as associate justice of 
 U. S. Supreme Court on June 16, 1916, to accept the 
 Republican nomination for President of the United States. 
 Home, 2100 Sixteenth Street. 
 
 HUNT, Gaillard, Litt.D., LL.D., Chief of Division of 
 Manuscript, Library of Congress, and Author; born 
 September 8, 1862, New Orleans, La.; son of William H. 
 Hunt (Secretary of Navy). Has filled many prominent 
 assignments by United States Government; was former 
 chief of Bureau, State Department; prime mover in con- 
 sular reform and also in naturalization reform. Member, 
 American Historical Association and Cosmos Club. 
 Author: The Seal of the United States, The American 
 Passport, Department of State of the United States, Life 
 
 55 
 
of James Madison, John Calhoun (American Crisis Bio- 
 graphies), Dis-union Sentiment in Congress in 1794, 
 Life in America One Hundred Years Ago. Editor: 
 Fragments of Revolutionary History, The Writings of 
 James Madison, The First Forty Years of Washington 
 Society, The Journals of the Continental Congress in 
 Succession to Worthington F. Ford. Address, Library of 
 Congress. 
 
 IDDINGS, Joseph Paxson, Ph.B., Sc.D., Geologist; 
 born January 21, 1857, Baltimore, Md. Assistant 
 geologist, 1880-8, geologist, 1888-92, and again since 
 1895, in U. S. Geological Survey; associate professor, 
 petrology, 1892-5, professor, 1895-1908, in University of 
 Chicago. Member, National Academy of Sciences ; foreign 
 member, Geological Society (London), Scientific Society 
 of Christiania ; honorary member, New York Academy of 
 Sciences; fellow, American Association for the Advance- 
 ment of Science, and Geological Society of America; 
 member, American Philosophical Society, etc. Joint 
 author: Geology of the Yellowstone National Park (1899) ; 
 Quantitative Classification of Igneous Rocks (1903). 
 Translated and abridged H. Rosenbusch's Microscopical 
 Physiography of the Rock-Making Minerals (1898). 
 Author: Rock Minerals (1906), Igneous Rocks (1909, Vol. 
 II, 1913). Has written many published geological 
 reports and papers. Address, U. S. Geological Survey. 
 
 JOHNSTON, William Hugh, President International 
 Association of Machinists; born December 30, 1874, at 
 Nova Scotia. Educated in public schools. With his 
 mother and sisters (father having died) he located at 
 Providence, R. I., in 1886; learned machinist's trade; 
 afniliated with the machinists' organization in 1895, and 
 successively filled the various positions of the local body; 
 was president of the New England district from 1904- 
 1907; business agent for the international organization 
 in Providence from 1907-1909. In September, 1909, 
 removed to Washington, where he was made president of 
 District 44, comprising all of the organized machinists in 
 Government service — army, navy, and canal zones; also 
 incidentally the legislative representative for the associa- 
 tion. He was elected president of the International 
 Association in 1911 and assumed duties, January, 1912; 
 has been reelected at each biennial election since. He has 
 injected into the organization many original ideas which 
 have materially assisted in the progress of the organiza- 
 
 56 
 
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 73 co 
 
tion, which in 1916 numbered 100,000 members. He 
 personally regards the labor movement as affording him 
 the greatest field for usefulness, wherein his fellow-men can 
 best be served. He frequently appears as a speaker, and 
 contributes much that is published in the organization's 
 official organ and other labor journals. Home, 224 South 
 Carolina Avenue N. E. 
 
 KAUFFMAN, Rudolph, A.B., Journalist; born October 
 5, 1853, Zanesville, Ohio. Managing editor and part 
 owner, Washington Evening Star. Member of the Board 
 of Managers of the National Geographic Society, and 
 Gridiron, Cosmos, Chevy Chase, National Press, Blue 
 Ridge, Rod and Gun, University and Commercial Clubs. 
 Address, Evening Star Office. 
 
 KEARNEY, Thomas Henry, Botanist; born June 27, 
 1874, Cincinnati, Ohio. Physiologist since 1902 in charge 
 of alkali and drought resistant plant investigation, 
 Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture. 
 Member of the American Association for the Advance- 
 ment of Science, Botanical Society of America, Washing- 
 ton Academy of Sciences, Botanical and Biological 
 Societies of Washington, and Cosmos Club. Address, 
 3401 Thirty-fourth Place N. W. 
 
 KELLERMAN, Karl Frederick, S.B., Plant Physiolo- 
 gist; born of American parents, December 9, 1879, 
 Gottingen, Germany. Assistant chief of Bureau of Plant 
 Industry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Fellow, 
 American Association for the Advancement of Science; 
 member of the Biological Society of Washington, Society 
 of American Bacteriologists, Botanical Society of America, 
 American Public Health Association, Delta Upsilon, Sigma 
 XI, and Cosmos and National Press Clubs. Author: 
 Scientific articles on soil bacteriology and water and 
 sewage treatment. Address, 1523 Buchanan Street N. W 
 
 KENDALL, William Converse, A.B., A.M., M.D., 
 Naturalist; born April 4, 1861, Freeport, Maine. Scien- 
 tific assistant and with Bureau of Fisheries since 1889. 
 Has written many important scientific papers, published 
 in reports of Bureau of Fisheries, U. S. National Museum, 
 Smithsonian Institution, Museum Comparative Zoology, 
 Boston Society Natural History, etc., etc.; also ornitho- 
 logical articles, juvenile stories, and other articles for 
 magazines and papers. Deeply interested in food and 
 game fish conversation; rational fish-cultural stocking of 
 public waters, habits of fishes and ecology of aquatic life 
 
 57 
 
in general; also in botany, as well as in educational and 
 medical progress. Conducts a summer recreation camp 
 for boys at Sebago Lake, Me., featuring nature study and 
 woodcraft; is a registered guide for all of Maine. Fellow 
 of the American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science; member, National Institute of Social Sciences, 
 Washington Academy of Sciences, Washington Biological 
 Society, American Fisheries Society, American Forestry 
 Association of Portland (Me.), Society of Natural History 
 Patrons of Husbandry, etc. Address, 1130 Park Road 
 N. W. 
 
 KNOWLTON, Frank Hall, B.S., Ph.D., Botanist, 
 Paleontologist; born September 2, 1860, Brandon, 
 Vermont. Attached to U. S. National Museum since 
 1884; geologist since 1907 in U. S. Geological Survey; 
 founder and editor of the Plant World, 1897-1904; 
 assisted on the Century Dictionary, writing definitions in 
 botany; had whole charge of botany for Standard Dic- 
 tionary, preparing about 25,000 definitions; assisted on 
 the new edition (1900) of Webster's; prepared botany 
 matter for the Jewish Encyclopedia. Member of the 
 Geological Society of America, Paleontological Society 
 of America, American Ornithologists' Union, Washington 
 Academy of Sciences, Biological Society, Botany and 
 Cosmos Clubs. Author: Fossil, Wood and Lignites of the 
 Potomac Formation, Fossil Flora of Alaska, Catalogue 
 for the Cretaceous and Tertiary Plants of North America, 
 Fossil Flora of Yellowstone National Park, Birds of the 
 World, Fossil Flora of the Raton Mesa Region of Colo- 
 rado and New Mexico, Flora of the Laramie of the 
 Denver Basin of Colorado, etc. Address, U. S. National 
 Museum. 
 
 KOBER, George Martin, M.D., LL.D., Physician; 
 born March 28, 1850, Alsfeld, Germany. Acting assistant 
 surgeon, U. S. Army, 1874-86; professor of hygiene since 
 1890, dean of medical department since 1901, Georgetown 
 University; member of consulting staff of the Children's 
 Hospital, Georgetown University Hospital and Wash- 
 ington Asylum Hospital. Secretary of Washington Sani- 
 tary Improvement Company since 1898. Member of 
 President's Home Commission, and Board of Charities, 
 District of Columbia. President, Association of American 
 Medical Colleges, 1906; president, Section IV, industrial 
 and occupational hygiene, Fifteenth International Con- 
 gress on Hygiene and Demography; fellow, American 
 
 58 
 
Association for the Advancement of Science; secretary, 
 Association of American Physicians; president, Medical 
 Association of District of Columbia, 1898; Anthropo- 
 logical Society of Washington, 1906-07; Medical and 
 Surgical Society of District of Columbia, 1889, and Medical 
 Society of District of Columbia, 1899; member, American 
 Anthropological Society, Washington Academy of Sciences, 
 American Medical Association; honorary member, Asso- 
 ciation of Military Surgeons of United States. Author 
 (monographs): Urinalysis, Milk in Relation to Public 
 Health, Industrial Hygiene, Social Betterment, House 
 Sanitation, and over 100 journal articles and reviews on 
 medicine, surgery and sanitary subjects. Home, 1819 
 Q Street N. W. 
 
 LEUPP, Francis Ellington, A.B., A.M., LL.B, LL.D., 
 Author; born January 2, 1849, New York. Assistant 
 editor, New York Evening Post, 1874; editor and part 
 owner, Syracuse Herald, 1878-85; Washington Staff 
 contributor, New York Evening Post, 1885, and in charge 
 of that paper's Washington bureau, 1889-1904; editor of 
 Good Government, official organ of National Civil 
 Service Reform League, 1892-5; member of U. S. Board 
 of Indian Commissioners under President Cleveland, 
 1895-7; U. S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1905-9. 
 Member, Sons of American Revolution, and Cosmos, 
 Chevy Chase and Gridiron Clubs. Author: How to 
 Prepare for a Civil Service Examination (1898), The Man 
 Roosevelt (1904), The Indian and His Problem (1910), 
 Biography of William H. Taft, for Scribner's "Lives of 
 the Presidents (1914). Editor: Memorial Volume to 
 William Cullen Bryant (1878). Home 1813 Sixteenth 
 Street N. W. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, Grace Denio, Author; born November 
 19, 1849, New York; daughter of Edwin C. and Grace 
 Hill (Hubbard) Litchfield. Resided in Washington since 
 1888. Author: Only an Incident, The Knight of the 
 Black Forest, Criss-Cross, A Hard-Won Victory, Little 
 Venice, Little He and She, Mimosa Leaves, In the Crucible, 
 The Moving Finger Writes, Vita, The Letter D, The 
 Supreme Gift, Narcissus, Baldur the Beautiful, The Nun 
 of Kent, The Burning Question, and Collected Poems. 
 Address: 2010 Massachusetts Avenue. 
 
 LUCAS, Anthony Francis, Mining Engineer; born 
 September 9, 1855, Trieste, Austria. Has discovered 
 various beds of crystal rock salt, occurring in domes and 
 
 59 
 
to great depths, 3,000 feet and over, of solid rock salt; 
 also large deposits of sulphur and petroleum; by follow- 
 ing the dome theory on the Coastal Plains in search of 
 mineral deposits, he drilled the discovery well, January 
 10, 1901, at Spindle Top, Tex., with a capacity of over 
 100,000 barrels of petroleum per day, thus opening up 
 a previously unknown petroleum industry on the Coastal 
 Plains of Louisiana, Texas, Mexico, etc. His chief 
 interest lies in the research for deep-seated economic 
 resources. Member, American Institution of Mining 
 Engineers, American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science, Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, Washington 
 Society of Engineers, Washington Geological Society, 
 American Electro-chemical Society, Engineers' (New 
 York) and Cosmos (Washington) Clubs. He is the author 
 of technical papers, principally on Economic Geology of 
 the Coastal Plains. Address, 2300 Wyoming Avenue 
 N. W. 
 
 MACFARLAND, Henry Brown Floyd, Lawyer and 
 Orator; born February 11, 1861, Philadelphia. President 
 of Board of Commissioners of District of Columbia, 
 1900-10; member of law firm, Tucker, Kenyon and 
 MacFarland (Washington) since January, 1910. He was 
 chairman, Citizens' Committee, National Capital Cen- 
 tennial, 1900; delivered the Centennial Address, Execu- 
 tive Mansion, December 12, 1900; District of Columbia 
 Day Address at Buffalo Exposition, September 3, 1901; 
 at St. Louis Exposition, October 19, 1904; and at James- 
 town Exposition, June 11, 1907. President of Inter- 
 national Convention of the Y. M. C. A., 1904. Chairman 
 of the Joint Citizens' Committee on the Fiscal Relation 
 between United States and District of Columbia (1915-16). 
 He has written many monographs on District of Columbia 
 affairs and on national and international law subjects. 
 Home, 1208 Eighteenth Street N. W. 
 
 MARSHALL, Robert Bradford, Geographer; born May 
 22, 1867, Amelia County, Va. Assistant topographer, 
 1889-90, topographer, 1890-1904, geographer, 1904-8, and 
 chief geographer, 1908-16, in U. S. Geological Survey; 
 appointed superintendent of the National Parks of the 
 United States, 1916. Chairman, 1,000,000 map com- 
 mittee for United States portion of map of the world; 
 chairman, United States delegation to Tenth International 
 Congress of Geography, Rome, 1912. Member, American 
 Society of Civil Engineers, Washington Society of En- 
 
 60 
 
gineers, Geological Society of Washington, Sierra Club 
 (California), Canadian Camp, New York, National 
 Geographic Society, Cosmos Club. Home, 3157 Eigh- 
 teenth Street N. W. 
 
 MARSHALL, Thomas R., A.B., A.M., LL.D., of 
 Indianapolis, Ind., Vice-President of the United States; 
 born March 14, 1854, in North Manchester, Ind.; son of 
 Dr. Daniel M., and Martha A. Patterson Marshall; 
 graduated from Wabash College in 1873; began the 
 practice of law in Columbia City, Ind., on his twenty- 
 first birthday and continued without interruption there 
 until 1908, when he was elected governor of Indiana; 
 was married, October 2, 1895, to Miss Lois I. Kimsey, of 
 Angola, Ind. Member of University, Country, Indian- 
 apolis Literary Clubs, and a number of societies; regent 
 of Smithsonian Institution. He was elected Vice-Presi- 
 dent in 1912. Address, The New Willard. 
 
 MARVIN, Charles Frederick, Meteorologist; born 
 October 7, 1858, Putnam, Ohio. Appointed on civilian 
 corps of signal service, 1 884 ; and professor of meteorology, 
 U. S. Weather Bureau; chief of Weather Bureau since 
 August 4, 1913. Conducted the experiments upon which 
 are based the tables used by the Weather Bureau for 
 deducing the moisture in the air ; made important investi- 
 gations of anemometers for measurement of wind veloci- 
 ties and pressures, etc. ; invented instruments for measuring 
 and automatically recording rainfall, snowfall, sunshine, 
 atmospheric pressure, etc. ; has made extensive studies and 
 written on use of kites for ascertaining meteorological 
 conditions in the free air, the registration of earthquakes, 
 the measurement of evaporation, solar radiation, tem- 
 perature with electric resistance thermometers, etc. 
 Home, 1501 Emerson Street N. W. 
 
 MATTHES, Francois Emile, B.S., Geologist; born 
 March 16, 1874, Amsterdam, Holland; came to the 
 United States in 1891. Entered U. S. Geological Survey 
 service 1896; was topographer in charge of important 
 surveys in Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming, 1898-99; 
 Rocky Mountains (Glacier National Park), Montana, 
 1900-01 ; Grand Canyon of the Colorado River, 1902-04; 
 Yosemite Valley, California, 1905-06; Mt. Rainier 
 National Park, 1910-11; detailed on field investigations, 
 Earthquake Commission, California, 1906; associate 
 geologist since 1914. Fellow of Geological Society of 
 America, American Geological Society, and American 
 
 61 
 
Association for the Advancement of Science; treasurer 
 of the Association of American Geographers; member, 
 Washington Academy of Sciences, Geological Society 
 (secretary, 1909-10, Washington); associate member, 
 American Society of Civil Engineers; corresponding 
 member, Appalachean Mountain Club; member, Sierra, 
 Cosmos (Washington), and Harvard Travelers (Boston) 
 Clubs. Wrote various geological reports and articles. 
 Author: Glacial Sculpture of Bighorn Mountains, Wyo.; 
 Twenty-first Annual Report, U. S. Geological Survey 
 (1901) ; Sketch of Yosemite National Park (191 1) ; Mount 
 Rainier and Its Glaciers, Department of the Interior 
 (National Park Publications, 1914). Home, 1624 Twenty- 
 ninth Street N. W. 
 
 McELROY, John, Editor and Author; born August 25, 
 1846, Greenup County, Kentucky. Learned printing 
 trade and worked at St. Louis and Chicago; enlisted in 
 McClernand Body Guards, October, 1862, and became 
 acting sergeant major, Sixteenth Illinois Cavalry; was 
 taken prisoner at Jonesville, Va., January 3, 1864, and 
 confined in Andersonville and other prisons until close of 
 the war; reporter on Chicago papers, 1868-72; editor, 
 Toledo Blade, 1874-84; managing editor, National Tribune 
 (Washington) since 1884. Senior Vice-Commander-in- 
 Chief, General Army of the Republic, in 1901. Author: 
 Andersonville (1879, reached sale of 600,000 copies), 
 Army of Cumberland (1906), Economic Functions of 
 Vice (1907), Army of the Tennessee (1907), Army of the 
 Potomac (1908), The Struggle for Missouri (1909). 
 Home, 1412 Sixteenth Street N. W. 
 
 McKENNA, Joseph, Associate Justice of the Supreme 
 Court of United States; born August 10, 1843, in Phila- 
 delphia, Pa. ; attended St. Joseph's College, Philadelphia, 
 until 1855, when he removed with his parents to Benicia, 
 Cal., studying law there at the Collegiate Institution; 
 admitted to the bar, 1865; twice elected district attorney, 
 for Solano County, California, beginning in March, 1866; 
 Congressman in sessions of 1875 and 1876; elected to 
 Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, Fifty-first, and Fifty-second Con- 
 gresses; resigned from the last to accept position of 
 United States circuit judge, to which he was appointed 
 by President Harrison in 1893; resigned that office to 
 accept place of Attorney General of United States in 
 Cabinet of President McKinley; appointed December 16, 
 1897, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of 
 
 62 
 
United States and took his seat January 26, 1898. Home, 
 The Connecticut, Washington. 
 
 McKIM, Randolph Harrison, A.B., D.D., LL.D., 
 D.C.L., Clergyman; born April 15, 1842, Baltimore, Md. 
 Served in Confederate Southern Army, 1861-5; deacon, 
 1864; priest, 1866, of Protestant Episcopal Church; 
 assistant, Emanuel Church, Baltimore, 1865; rector, St. 
 John's, Portsmouth, Va., 1866-7; Christ Church, Alex- 
 andria, Va., 1867-75; Holy Trinity, Harlem, New York, 
 1875-86; Trinity Church, New Orleans, 1886-8; Epiphany 
 Church, Washington, since 1889. Elected dean of Theo- 
 logical Seminary of Virginia, 1897; president, House of 
 Deputies, 1904, 1907, 1910. Author: A Vindication of 
 Protestant Principles (1879), The Nature of the Christian 
 Ministry (1880), Future Punishment (1883), Bread in the 
 Desert, and Other Sermons (1887). Christ and Modern 
 Unbelief (1893), Leo XIII at the Bar of History (1897), 
 Present Day Problems of Christian Thought (1900), 
 The Gospel in the Christian Year (1902), The Confederate 
 Soldier — His Motives and Aims (1904), The Problem of 
 the Penteteuch (1906), The Anglican Ideal of Catholicity 
 (1903), Lee, the Christian Hero (1907), Tercentenary of 
 English Civilization in America (1907), A Soldier's Recol- 
 lections (1910), Numerical Strength of the Confederate 
 Army (1912), Catholic Principles and the Change of Name 
 (1913) ; also pamphlets on marriage and divorce, and other 
 subjects. Chaplain-General, Sons of Revolution; presi- 
 dent, District of Columbia Society of Sons of Revolution, 
 1912-13; member, Society Colonial Wars; also Cosmos 
 and Chevy Chase Clubs. Home, 1623 K Street N. W. 
 
 McREYNOLDS, James Clark, B.S., of Nashville, 
 Term., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States; born February 3, 1862, at Elkton, Ky.; 
 son of Dr. John O. and Ellen (Reeves) McReynolds; 
 B.S., Vanderbilt University, 1882; graduate of University 
 of Virginia law department, 1884; unmarried; practiced 
 at Nashville, Tenn., for many years; professor, law school, 
 Vanderbilt University, 1900-1903; Assistant Attorney 
 General of the United States, 1903-1907; removed to New 
 York to engage in private practice; was specially retained 
 by the Government in matters relating to enforcement of 
 anti-trust laws, particularly in proceedings against the 
 Tobacco Trust and the combination of the anthracite coal 
 railroads, etc.; was appointed Attorney General of the 
 United States, March 5, 1913, and Associate Justice of 
 
 63 
 
the Supreme Court, August 29, 1914, and took his seat, 
 October 12, 1914. Address, The Shoreham, Washington. 
 
 MERRIAM, Clinton Hart, M.D., Naturalist; born 
 December 5, 1855, New York. Chief of U. S. Biological 
 Survey, 1885-1910; resigned to conduct biological and 
 ethnological investigations under special trust fund 
 established by Mrs. E. H. Harriman; he is consulting 
 biologist for U. S. Government and Research Association 
 of U. S. National Museum. Fellow of the American 
 Ornithologists' Union, and American Association for the 
 Advancement of Science; member, National Academy of 
 Sciences, American Philosophical Society, American 
 Society of Naturalists, American Geographical Society, 
 Washington Academy of Sciences, Biological Society of 
 Washington, Zoological Society of London. Author: 
 Birds of Connecticut, Mammals of the Adirondacks, 
 Geographic Distributions of Life in North America; 
 Trees, Shrubs, Cactuses and Yuccas of Death Valley 
 Expedition; Biological Survey of Mount Shasta, Cal.; 
 Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States, Totemism 
 of California, The Dawn of the World, and many other 
 books, as well as about 300 papers on zoology, botany, 
 and ethnology subjects. [Dr. Merriam has declined a 
 number of proffered honorary degrees. — Ed.] Address, 
 The Northumberland. 
 
 MERRILL, George Perkins, B.S., M.S., Ph.D., Geolo- 
 gist; born May 31, 1854, Auburn, Me. Head Curator, 
 Department of Geology, U. S. National Museum, since 
 1 897 ; professor, geology and mineralogy George Washing- 
 ton University from 1893 to 1905; expert special agent in 
 stone quarry statistics, Twelfth Census. Author: Stones 
 for Building and Decorations; Rocks, Rockweathering 
 and Soils; The Collection of Building and Ornamental 
 Stones in the U. S. National Museum; The Non-Metallic 
 Minerals, etc.; contributions to Standard Dictionary, 
 Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia, Dictionary of Architec- 
 ture, Nelson's Encyclopedia, and Cyclopedia of American 
 Agriculture; also many scientific papers dealing more 
 particularly with the subjects on meteorites and petrog- 
 raphy. Member of the Geological Society of America, 
 Geological Society of Washington, Washington Academy 
 of Sciences, American Institute of Architects (associate), 
 and Cosmos Club. Home. 1422 Belmont Street N. W. 
 
 64 
 
MEYER, Balthasar Henry, B.L., Ph.D., LL.D., 
 Economist; born May 28, 1866, Mequon, Wis. Member 
 of faculty, University of Wisconsin, 1897-1911; Railroad 
 Commissioner of Wisconsin, 1905-11. Appointed by 
 President Taft a member of Railroads Securities Commis- 
 sion, 1910-11; and member of the Interstate Commerce 
 Commission, 1911, and since so engaged. Member, 
 American Economic Association, American Academy of 
 Political and Social Science, Wisconsin Academy of 
 Letters, Arts and Sciences, Wisconsin Historic Society, 
 and various other organizations; also Cosmos Club. 
 Author: Railway Legislation in the United States; also 
 various monographs on transportation and other economic 
 questions; addresses, etc. Home, Highlands Manor, 
 Wisconsin Avenue. 
 
 MILES, Nelson Appleton, LL.D., Lieutenant General, 
 U. S. Army; born August 8, 1839, Westminster, Mass. 
 Entered volunteer service of army, 1861, as first lieuten- 
 ant, Twenty-second Massachusetts Infantry, and rose to 
 major general, 1865; honorably mustered out volunteer 
 service, senior officer commanding U. S. Army, 1895-1903 ; 
 made lieutenant general, U. S. Army, June 6, 1900. 
 Won promotion for gallant, meritorious or distinguished 
 conduct at battles of Reams Station, Va., Chancellorsville 
 (severely injured), Spottsylvania ; awarded Congressional 
 Medal of Honor, July 23, 1892. Commanded an army 
 corps at 25 years of age; conducted several campaigns 
 against hostile Indians on western frontier, notably that 
 against Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Chief Joseph, Geronimo 
 and Natchez ; represented United States at Turco-Grecian 
 War, and also at Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, 1 897 ; 
 retired after 42 years' service, August 8, 1903. The 
 general maintains a great interest in the further promo- 
 tion and encouragement of patriotism among all our 
 people. He is a member of many societies and clubs in 
 different parts of the country. Author: Personal Recol- 
 lections, or From New England to the Golden Gate; 
 Military Europe; Observations Abroad; Serving the 
 Republic; also many magazine articles. Address, Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 MILLER, Gerrit Smith, Jr., A.B., Zoologist; born 
 December 6, 1869, Peterboro, N. Y. Assistant curator of 
 mammals, U. S. National Museum, 1898-1909; curator 
 since 1909. Has written: The Families and Genera of 
 Bats, Catalog of the Land Mammals of Western Europe 
 
 65 
 
in the British Museum, List of North .American Land 
 Mammals in I ted States in the National Museum 
 
 (1911): a .: t 250 monographs and contributions to 
 
 . cntific journals _ 5 National Museum. 
 
 MIL L S tason, Brigadier General. U.S. Army 'retired) ; 
 
 bom August : . [834, on a farm in Boone County, Ind.; 
 
 educated at West Point, 1855-7 Laid out first plan for 
 
 :: El Paso, I -: . Hid in 1859 was surveyor to com- 
 
 - nich established boundary between New Mexico, 
 
 - _ ana, Tennessee and Texas. Became first lieutenant 
 n E . piteenth U. S. Infantry Mv 14, 1861 ; made captain, 
 -red to Cavalr 187] and arose to brigadier 
 general, June 16, 1897. Never absent during Civil War, 
 either on leave or from disabi::: and was present in all 
 engagements of his regiment; participated in most of 
 Indian wars since and commanded U. S. troops at battle 
 of Slim Buttes. Dakota, September 9, 1876; military 
 attache to Paris, 1878. Invented the woven cartridge 
 md loom for its manufacture) , now exclusively used 
 in U Ann; and md British .Army. Since 
 
 October 26, 1863, member Mexican Boundary Commis- 
 skm. Retired by his own request June 22, 1897. Home, 
 2 Dupont Circle. 
 
 MONROE, Harriet Earhart, Literateur and Philan- 
 thropist; born 1842, Indiana, Pa. ; daughter of Rev. David 
 and Mary Earhart. Wrote: The .Art of Conversation; 
 Heroine of the Mining Camp; Historical Lutheranism 
 •lated into thirteen languages;: Washington. Its 
 Sights and Insights ; History and Dramatization of the 
 Life of Gustavus Adolphus : Twice-Born Men in -America. 
 Si :-esent writes weekly for Lutheran Church Work and 
 Observer, reaching constituency of 50,000 people. Vice- 
 president (and for last four years acting president) of 
 Gospel Mission, a rescue work of Washington. From 
 1888 to 1905 she lectured on church history in every 
 narthern and most of southern cities of this country; 
 examined schools in foreign countries under letters from 
 Bureau of Education, and for fifteen years was president of 
 a collegiate institute at Atchison, Rans. Home, 204 A 
 Street S E. 
 
 30MERY, James Shera, B.D., D.D.. Clergy- 
 man; born October 17, 1864, Mount Carmel, Ind. Or- 
 dained in the Methodist Episcopal ministry, 1893 ; pastor 
 respectively of St. Paul's Church, Toledo, Ohio; Trinity 
 Zflurcb, Denver, Colo.; *■ nd rowler Churches, 
 
 66 
 
-neapoiis, Minn., to l c -olitan Undo 
 
 Washington, 1911-16; appointed to Calvary duel 
 Washington, 1916. Author: John Ruskin— I x of 
 
 a New Age. Contributor to religious papers and re - 
 Lecturer on sociologic and liter ar subjec Home : 
 
 MOORE.. Henry Frank AJB ?h.D., Idsthyologist; 
 Deputy Commissioner. U. S. Bureau of Fata :crn 
 June - ^^ in Philadelphia. During surnrr :-3- 
 
 CM--' re -as in charge of field part.-. aine and on 
 
 the Great Lakes, in connection with the Joint Interna - 
 tkxial Commission, conducting investigations concerning 
 
 1 1 ■-_ i : Bthodfa natural history and r e g afa ** 
 
 the fisheries : : : boundary waters. Prepared part of 
 
 re pc -; :: the commission and later p .. -. . shed i . : recial 
 report m the informatics aoqu red concerning ~ing 
 
 and herring fisheries of Maine. On July " 1891 entered 
 the permanent service of the bureau as scientific assistant; 
 was promoted to natura. s ti i I i mm i i AJbairm^ : a 
 
 April : senior scientific assistant Novem: 
 
 19C I b 5 start in charge of inqu - c nes 
 
 July 1, 1911. and received a recess irccirtmentas 
 commissioner April 15. 1915. During this - ; :" K has 
 performed duties in connection with all of the : 
 aUiviti c s BBoepC io _~ fish culture and has cbschar 
 administrative functions in gradually increasaig to«. 
 sire . For many years was in imm e di a te charg-. 
 
 investigations and i -rertaents rda: .- aj .: 
 other shell fish in practically ewer State : : the 
 and Gulf coasts, and in connection there^ : bas 
 votes of thanks from the legislature s 5 .vera! 
 Has i so :: ■ - apod i 5; stem :: sponge culture 
 applied on a large commercial scale in Florida, a 
 
 :: Bt ; s - offic :.- reports I has reenadopc;; b -rks 
 
 on pract cal and scientaic phai the shell-fish and 
 
 Articular, and is die author of numerous 
 ;-; . ;; ;5r. ; :r :~esc 5. : ::: ; ?cme : 
 which r .:. material pecuniar- m : bc anon c afcje 
 
 to thefishc Bccncemed Has made a special: 
 econor- 
 
 for - -'--" - - ' - -:..:- 
 
 tion on larkets K fenrju Academy :: 
 
 Scfcnres (Phiiadelp Sac -*%- 
 
ton, American Fishery Society, Imperial and Royal 
 Fishery Society of Vienna (honorary), and others; also 
 Cosmos Club. Home, The Concord. 
 
 MORRISON, Frank, LL.B., General Secretary, Amer- 
 ican Federation of Labor; born November 23, 1859, 
 Franktown, Ontario, Canada. Was educated in public 
 schools; one year in high school; in 1894 awarded the 
 degree of bachelor of laws by Lake Forest University Law 
 School, Chicago. He was elected secretary of the American 
 Federation of Labor in 1897 and has been his own suc- 
 cessor ever since. He is an indefatigable worker, and 
 stands high in the advisory circles of labor in this country. 
 Address, Ouray Building. 
 
 MUNROE, Charles Edward, S.B., Ph.D., LL.D., 
 Chemist; born May 24, 1849, at Cambridge, Mass. 
 Assistant in chemistry, Harvard, 1871-74; professor of 
 chemistry, U. S. Naval Academy, 1874-86; chemist to 
 torpedo corps, U. S. Naval Torpedo Station and War 
 College, 1886-92; head professor of chemistry since 1892, 
 and dean of Corcoran Scientific School and of graduate 
 studies, George Washington University. Member, U. S. 
 Assay Commission 1885, 1890, 1893; expert special agent 
 in charge of chemical industries of United States for 1900, 
 1905, 1910 censuses; consulting expert, U. S. Geological 
 Survey and U. S. Bureau of Mines. Inventor of smoke- 
 less powder and authority on explosives; author of over 
 100 books and papers on chemistry and explosives. 
 Commander Order of Medjidieh, Turkey, 1901. Fellow, 
 American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia; Deutsche 
 Chemische Gesellschaft, Berlin; member, Chemical So- 
 ciety of London, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 
 Society of Chemical Industry, England, American Asso- 
 ciation for the Advancement of Science, American Chem- 
 ical Society (president, 1898-99), Washington Chemical 
 Society (president, 1895-96), Washington Academy of 
 Sciences. Home, 21 15 S Street N. W. 
 
 NEEDHAM, Charles Willis, LL.B., LL.D., Educator 
 and Lawyer; born September 30, 1848, Castile, N. Y. 
 Practiced law at Chicago, 1874-90; Washington, 1890-97; 
 elected professor of law, 1897; organized, and elected dean 
 of the School of Comparative Jurisprudence and Diplo- 
 macy, 1898; president, 1902-10, The George Washington 
 University. Served as assistant solicitor, Interstate 
 Commerce Commission, and has been assistant counsel 
 for same since March 1 , 1914. Lecturer upon legal ethics, 
 
 68 
 
constitutional law, trusts and trade unions. Delegate, 
 Congres Internat. de Droit Compare, 1900; Congres 
 Internat. des Chemins de Fer, Congres Internat. D'Assis- 
 tance Publique et de Blenfaisance Privee, Paris; speaker 
 upon jurisprudence, Congress of Arts and Sciences, St. 
 Louis Exposition, 1904, and upon Free School Day, 
 Jamestown Exposition, 1907. Member American Eco- 
 nomic Association, etc. Author of several pamphlets on 
 education, law and jurisprudence; contributor to periodi- 
 cals. Member of Cosmos, University, and Washington 
 Country Clubs. Home, 1809 Phelps Place N. W. 
 
 NELSON, Edward William, Naturalist; born May 8, 
 1855, Manchester, N. H. Assistant chief, Bureau of 
 Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 
 Scientific explorations into Alaska, 1877-81; naturalist 
 of the U. S. revenue steamer Corwin during cruise on 
 Arctic search expedition for Jeannetts, 1881; with De- 
 partment of Agriculture since 1890; member of the Death 
 Valley Expedition, 1890-91 ; most of the time from 1892- 
 1905 in scientific exploration in Mexico. Member of the 
 American Ornithologists' Union (ex-president), Washing- 
 ton Biological Society (ex-president), Washington Acad- 
 emy of Sciences, and Cosmos, Boone, and Crockett and 
 Explorers' Clubs. Author: Report on Natural History 
 Collections made in Alaska, also monographs: Birds of 
 Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean, Squirrels of Mexico and 
 Central America, The Eskimo about Bering Straits, 
 Rabbits of North America, and a large number of shorter 
 scientific papers on birds and mammals. He is greatly 
 interested in increasing our knowledge of and conservation 
 of our bird and mammal fauna. Residence, The North- 
 umberland. 
 
 NICOLAY, Helen (Miss), Author; born March 9, 1866, 
 in Paris, France, of American parents; her father, the late 
 John George Nicolay, was secretary to President Lincoln. 
 Author: The Boys' Life of Abraham Lincoln (1906), The 
 Boys' Life of Ulysses S. Grant (1909), Personal Traits of 
 Abraham Lincoln (1912), Our Nation in the Building 
 (1916). Contributor to magazines. Residence, Wood- 
 ward Apartments. 
 
 NOYES, Theodore Williams, A.B., A.M., LL.D., 
 LL.M., Editor and Author; born January 26, 1858, at 
 Washington. Editor of the Evening Star since 1908; 
 associate editor from 1887 to 1908; began as reporter on 
 same paper in 1877; from 1883-87 practiced law in South 
 
 69 
 
Dakota. Trustee of George Washington University 
 since 1 889 ; president, Washington Public Library Trustees 
 since 1896; president, Oldest Inhabitants' Association of 
 District of Columbia; member and ex-president of Board 
 of Trade, and many other organizations. Author: The 
 National Capital, Newspaper Libels, Notes on Travel, 
 War of the Metals, Finances of the National Capital 
 Partnership, Conditions in the Philippines, Oriental 
 America and Its Problems; also the following published 
 public addresses : District's Centenary (1891), Unveiling of 
 Monument to A. R. Shepherd (May 3, 1909), for Wash- 
 ington at dinner to President Taft (1913), for Washington 
 before Congressional Joint Fiscal Committee (October 26 
 and November 15, 1915), and for District Representation 
 in Congress and Electoral College before Senate District 
 sub-committee (February 24, 1916). Among Mr. Noyes' 
 principal public services may be mentioned the following : 
 He is the father of the Washington Public Library, was 
 chiefly instrumental in ridding the city of grade crossings 
 and railroad occupancy of parks; in keeping overhead 
 trolleys out of Washington ; in maintenance of the Organic 
 Act of 1878, fixing the financial relations between nation 
 and capital; and in the advocacy since 1888 of a consti- 
 tutional amendment giving the District representation in 
 Congress and Electoral College. Home, 1730 New 
 Hampshire Avenue. 
 
 O'CONNELL, James, President, Metal Trades' De- 
 partment, American Federation of Labor; born August 22, 
 1858, while his parents were visiting at Minersville, Pa. 
 He was raised, and graduated from the public schools at 
 Oil City, Pa. He learned the machinist's trade, and 
 joined the Knights of Labor in 1883. He assisted in 
 organizing the International Association of Machinists 
 and elected national president in 1893, a position he filled 
 until 1911, when he was elected president of the Metal 
 Trades' Department. He has been vice-president of the 
 American Federation of Labor since 1895. In 1898 he 
 was selected by the American Federation of Labor as a 
 delegate to represent the American labor movement at 
 the British Trade Union Congress held at Plymouth, 
 England, September, 1899. He was a member of the 
 U. S. Government Commission on Industrial Relations, 
 1912-15; now a member of a voluntary Committee on 
 Industrial Relations with view to carrying into effect the 
 recommendations of the United States Commission. 
 
 70 
 
During his service as head of machinists' organization it 
 grew from 4,000 members to 80,000, and brought about 
 many improvements, affecting hundreds of thousands of 
 workmen throughout the country. The Metal Trades' 
 Department, over which he presides, covers eleven inter- 
 national organizations of metal workers with a combined 
 membership of about 300,000 in 1916. Home, 2126 
 First Street N. W. 
 
 PAGE, Thomas Nelson, LL.B., Litt.D., LL.D., Ameri- 
 can Ambassador to Italy, and Author; member, Washing- 
 ton National Monument Society; born April 23, 1853, 
 Oakland Plantation, Hanover County, Va. Practiced 
 law, Richmond, Va., 1875-93; lecturer. Member, Amer- 
 ican Academy Arts and Letters, and Metropolitan, 
 Cosmos, Alibi (Washington), Westmoreland (Richmond), 
 Tavern (Boston), Authors, Century, University (New 
 York) Clubs. Author: In Ole Virginia (1887), Two Little 
 Confederates (1888), On New Found River (1891,1906), 
 The Old South (1891), Among the Camps (1891), Elsket 
 and Other Stories (1892), Pastime Stories (1894), Befo' de 
 War (with Armistead C. Gordon, 1894), The Burial of the 
 Guns (1894), Unc' Edinburg Men Lady, Marse Chan, 
 Polly, Social Life In Old Virginia, The Old Gentleman of 
 the Black Stock (1896), Two Prisoners (1897), Red Rock 
 (1898), Santa Claus' Partner (1899), A Captured Santa 
 Claus (1902), Gordon Keith (1903), The Negro— the 
 Southerner's Problem (1904), Bred in the Bone (1905), 
 The Coast of Bohemia (poems, 1906), Under the Crust 
 (1907), The Old Dominion — Her Making and Her Man- 
 ners (1908), t Robert E. Lee, the Southerner (1908), 
 Tommy Trot's Visit to Santa Claus (1908), John Marvel, 
 Assistant (1909), Robert E. Lee, Man and Soldier (1912), 
 The Land of the Spirit (1913). Appointed Ambassador 
 Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Italy, June 21, 1913. 
 Home, 1759 R Street. 
 
 PALMER, Theodore Sherman, A.B., M.D., Biologist; 
 born Oakland, Cal., January 26, 1868; assistant chief of 
 U. S. Biological Survey. First assistant ornithologist, 
 1890-96; assistant chief of Biological Survey, 1896-1902, 
 1910-14; assistant in charge of game preservation, 1902-10, 
 and since 1914. Fellow, American Association for the 
 Advancement of Science, American Ornithologists' Union; 
 member, American Society of Naturalists, American 
 Bison Society, American Breeders' Association, American 
 Fisheries Society, American Forestry Association, Cooper 
 
 71 
 
Ornithological Club, National Geographic Society, New 
 York Zoological Society, Washington Academy of Sciences, 
 Biological Society of Washington (president, 1909-10), 
 National Association of Audabon Societies (vice-presi- 
 dent). Author: Jack Rabbits of the United States (second 
 edition, 1897), List of Generic and Family Names of 
 Rodents (1897), Legislation for the Protection of Birds 
 Other than Game Birds (second edition, 1902), Review of 
 Economic Ornithology in the United States (1900), 
 Index Generum Mammalium (1904), Hunting Licenses 
 (1904); also numerous short papers on game protection; 
 also (with Henry Oldys) Laws Regulating the Transporta- 
 tion and Sale of Game (1900), Digest of Game Laws for 
 1901, Game Laws for 1915 (sixteenth edition), Importa- 
 tion of Game Birds and Eggs for Propagation (1904). 
 Home, 1939 Biltmore Street N. W. [Dr. Palmer is 
 generally esteemed in scientific circles preeminent as an 
 authority on wild game and fowl. — Ed.] 
 
 PEARY, Josephine Diebitsch, Arctic Traveler and 
 Author, wife of Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary; born at 
 Washington. Accompanied her husband on his 1891-2 
 and 1893-94 expeditions as far as Greenland, and was 
 first white woman to winter with an arctic expedition; 
 gave birth to a daughter (Marie Ahnighito), the most 
 northerly born white child in the world. Was with her 
 husband on arctic trip of 1897; went north to meet her 
 husband in 1900 when the ship caught in ice, compelling 
 her to winter with her little daughter at Cape Saline, 
 78° 42' north latitude; went north again in 1902, returning 
 with her husband. Honorary member of Philadelphia 
 Geographic Society, American Alpine Club, and honorary 
 vice-president of Alaska Geographic Society. Author: 
 My Arctic Journal, The Snow Baby, Children of the 
 Arctic. Home, 1831 Wyoming Avenue N. W. 
 
 PEARY, Robert Edwin, C.E., LL.D., Sc.D., Rear 
 Admiral (retired), U. S. Navy, and Arctic Explorer; 
 discovered the North Pole, April 6, 1909; born May 6, 
 1856, at Cresson, Pa. ; son of Charles N. and Mary (Wiley) 
 P. Peary. Entered U. S. Navy as civil engineer, October 
 26, 1881; assistant engineer, Nicaragua Canal Surveys, 
 1 887-8 ; invented rolling-lock gates for canal. Made recon- 
 naissance of Greenland inland ice-cap, east of Disco Bay, 
 70° north latitude, 1886; chief of Arctic expedition of 
 Academy of National Sciences of Philadelphia, June, 
 1891, to September, 1892, to northeast angle of Greenland 
 
 72 
 

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 Viz'M 1 
 
(Independence Bay) 81° 37' north latitude; discovered 
 and named Melville Land and Heilprin Land, lying 
 beyond Greenland; determined insularity of Greenland 
 for which he received the Cullom medal of American 
 Geographic Society; Patron's medal of Royal Geographic 
 Society, Edinburgh. From 1893-5 made another Arctic 
 voyage; made thorough study of a little tribe of Arctic 
 Highlanders; discovered (1894) famous Iron Mountain 
 (first reported by Ross, 1818), which proved to be 3 
 meteorites, one weighing 90 tons, largest known to exist ; 
 made summer voyages, 1896, 1897, bringing the Cape 
 York meteorites to United States; commanded Peary 
 Arctic Club (New York) expedition, 1898-1902, and 
 rounded northern extremity of Greenland Archipelago, 
 the last of the great. Arctic land groups; named the 
 northern cape, the most northerly land in the world (83° 
 39' north latitude), Cape Morris K. Jesup; attained 
 highest north in Western Hemisphere (84° 17' north 
 latitude). Sailed north again, July, 1905, in S. S. Roose- 
 velt, specially built by Peary Arctic Club; returned 
 October, 1906, having reached "highest north" (87° 6' 
 north latitude). Started on eighth Arctic expedition, 
 July, 1908, on the Roosevelt, proceeding northward to 
 Kane Basin, through Robeson Channel, establishing 
 winter base at Cape Sheridan, September 5, 1908; left 
 Cape Sheridan for Cape Columbia, Feburary 15, 1909, in 
 five detachments; the detachments were sent back one 
 after another, the fourth in command of Capt. Bartlett, 
 leaving Peary near the eighty-eighth parallel; from here, 
 with one member of his crew and four Eskimos, he made 
 his final dash of 130 miles to the Pole in five days, reach- 
 ing there on April 6, 1909. He spent 30 hours at and be- 
 yond the Pole. The journey from Cape Columbia to the 
 Pole was made in twenty-seven marches; the return in 
 sixteen marches. He was promoted to the rank of Rear 
 Admiral and given thanks of Congress by special act, 
 March 3, 1911; also special gold medals of National 
 Geographic Society ; Royal Geographic Society (London) ; 
 Philadelphia Geographic Society, and Peary Arctic Club; 
 Hubbard gold medal, National Geographic Society; Daly 
 and Cullom gold medals, American Geographic Society; 
 gold medals of Imperial German, Austrian and Hungarian 
 Societies, Royal, Royal Scottish, Italian and Belgian 
 Societies; Swiss, Paris, Marseilles, Normandy, and City 
 of Paris; Culver Gold Medal of Chicago Geographic 
 
 73 
 
Society; Kane gold medal of Philadelphia Geographic 
 Society. President, American Geographic Society, 1903; 
 president, Eighth International Geographic Congress, 
 Geneva, 1908, and the tenth, at Rome, 1913; president, 
 Explorers' Club; U. S. Government delegate to Inter- 
 national Polar Commission, Rome, 1913. Was made 
 Grand Officer, Legion of Honor by President of France, 
 1913. Member, American Society of Civil Engineers; 
 honorary member of Philadelphia Geographic Society, 
 American Alpine Club, National Geographic Society, 
 Museum of National History, New York Chamber of 
 Commerce, and all the principal home and foreign geo- 
 graphic societies. Author: Northward Over the Great 
 Ice (1898); Nearest the Pole (1907); The North Pole 
 (1910) ; contributor to geographic journals and magazines. 
 Home, 1 3 1 Wyoming Avenue N. W. 
 
 PEDLEW, Henry Edward, M.A., Philanthropist; born 
 April 26, 1828, at Canterbury, England. He was one of 
 the founders of Keble College, Oxford ; was identified with 
 various London hospitals, and charities. Came to United 
 States in 1873; organized Bureau of Charities in New 
 York in association with Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., A. S. 
 Hewitt and others; active in organizing night refuges, 
 free circulating library, coffee houses, the first tenement 
 house reform movement and the erection of improved 
 dwellings. Was commissioner of public schools ; president, 
 Society for Improving Condition of Poor, Sanitary 
 Reform, St. George's and other societies. Has resided in 
 Washington since 1888, and active here in work among 
 the negroes, in the formation of the Washington Protestant 
 Episcopal Diocese, and in aiding the building of the 
 Washington Cathedral. Home, 1637 Massachusetts 
 Avenue N. W. 
 
 PITNEY, Mahlon, A.B., A.M., LL.D., Associate 
 Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States; born 
 February 5, 1858, at Morristown, N. J.; graduated from 
 College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) with 
 degree of A.B. in 1879; received the degree of A.M. in 
 1882; admitted to practice in New Jersey as attorney-at- 
 law in 1882 and licensed as counselor in 1885; elected to 
 Congress in 1894 and reelected in 1896 to represent the 
 fourth congressional district of New Jersey; elected in 
 1898 to represent his native county of Morris in Senate 
 of New Jersey for a term of three years, and in 1901 served 
 as president of that body. On February 5, 1901, he was 
 
 74 
 
appointed by Governor Voorhees to be an associate 
 justice of Supreme Court of New Jersey for a term of 
 seven years, to commence November 16, 1901; served in 
 that capacity until January 23, 1908, when he became 
 chancellor of State of New Jersey, by appointment of 
 Governor Fort, for a term of seven years; appointed by 
 President Taft an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 
 of the United States and took oath of office on March 18, 
 1912. He has received the degree of LL.D. from Prince- 
 ton University and from Rutgers College. Home, 1763 
 R Street. 
 
 PRESTON, George, Secretary-Treasurer of Inter- 
 national Association of Machinists; born November 3, 
 1864, at Peterborough, England. His early education 
 was limited to National School of England, but advanced 
 himself intellectually and to a large degree by evening 
 study and the selection of wholesome reading material. 
 He learned the machinists' trade in his native country, 
 and came to United States, locating at Detroit, Mich., 
 when 21 years old. He at once became affiliated with the 
 labor movement in that city, and in ten years, or in 1895, 
 had so ingratiated himself into the confidences of the union 
 machinists of the country by his active and intelligent 
 efforts that he was chosen as secretary-treasurer of the 
 international body, a position he has most creditably 
 filled ever since, having been chosen at each succeeding 
 biennial election. In that time the association has grown 
 from 6,000 to 100,000 members. He introduced account- 
 ing and individual membership records' systems, main- 
 tained at headquarters, which have been universally 
 commended for their simplicity and reliability. He is 
 intensely interested in such economic questions which 
 tend to arouse greater public interest in the welfare of 
 tradesmen and laboring people generally ; and that will so 
 advance these classes of people educationally as to fit 
 them for the highest possible citizenship. He is a fre- 
 quent contributor to the official organ of his association, 
 Machinist's Journal, and other labor journals. Home, 
 1921 Thirty-fifth Street. 
 
 PUTNAM, Herbert, A.B., Litt.D., LL.D., Librarian, 
 Library of Congress; born September 20, 1861, New York. 
 Admitted to bar, 1886; librarian, Minneapolis Atheneum 
 (1884-87), Minneapolis Public Library (1887-91); prac- 
 ticed law, Boston, 1892-95; librarian of Boston Public 
 Library (1895-99), of Congress since March, 1899; was 
 
 75 
 
Trustee of Public Library, District of Columbia, for a 
 number of years, ending 1914. Overseer of Harvard, 
 1902-06. Fellow, American Academy of Arts and 
 Sciences ; member, American Librarian Association (presi- 
 dent 1898 and 1904), Cosmos (president, 1912), Chevy 
 Chase and Harvard University Clubs. Has published 
 numerous articles in reviews and professional journals. 
 Address, Library of Congress. 
 
 RANSOME, Frederick Leslie, B.S., Ph.D., Geologist; 
 born December 2, 1868, Greenwich, England. Fellow in 
 geology (teaching mineralogy,) University of California, 
 1893-95; assistant in mineralogy and petrography, 
 Harvard, 1896-97; assistant geologist, 1897-1900, and 
 geologist since 1900 in U. S. Geological Survey; in charge 
 of section of western areal geology and of metalliferous 
 deposits since 1912, and is respected as an authority. Was 
 lecturer on ore deposits in University of Chicago, 1907. 
 Fellow, Geological Society of America, American Associa- 
 tion for the Advancement of Science; member, American 
 Institute of Mining Engineers, Mining and Metallurgical 
 Society of America, Washington Academy of Sciences, 
 Geological Society of Washington, National Geographic 
 Society, Sigma XI, Phi Beta Kappa, Cosmos Club. 
 Author of numerous official monographs on the geology 
 of western mining districts, and papers published in 
 scientific journals. Associate editor of Economic Geology, 
 and Journal of Washington Academy of Sciences. Home, 
 1455 Belmont Street. 
 
 RATHBUN, Mary Jane (Miss), Carcinologist ; born 
 June 11, 1860, Buffalo, N. Y. Educated in common and 
 high schools. Employed in U. S. Fish Commission, 
 1884-7; since 1887 in U. S. National Museum; now assist- 
 ant curator, division of Marine Invertebrates. Member, 
 Biological Society of Washington, Washington Academy 
 of Sciences, American Society of Naturalists; fellow, 
 American Association for the Advancement of Science; 
 author of various papers in Proceedings of U. S. National 
 Museum and of several scientific societies. Address, 
 Hammond Court. 
 
 RIDGWAY, Robert, M.S., Ornithologist; curator, 
 division of birds, U. S. National Museum, since 1880; 
 born July 2, 1850, at Mount Carmel, 111. Was zoologist, 
 U. S. Geological Exploration of Fortieth Parallel (under 
 Clarence King) in California, Nevada, Southern Idaho, 
 and Utah, 1867-9. Member, permanent ornithological 
 
 76 
 
committee, First International Congress, Vienna, 1885; 
 honorary member, Second Congress, Ornithologique 
 International, Budapesth, 1891 ; member of committee of 
 patronage International Congress of Zoology, London, 
 1897. Fellow, American Ornithologists' Union (a founder 
 and president, 1898-9, 1899-1900), National Geographical 
 Society, corresponding member of Zoological Society of 
 London; honorary member of British ornithologists' 
 Union, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 
 Royal Australian Ornithological Union, Deutsche Ornithol. 
 Gesellschaft, etc. Author: A History of North American 
 Birds (five volumes, with Prof. Spencer F. Baird and Dr. 
 Thos. M. Brewer), A Manual of North American Birds, 
 A Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists and Compen- 
 dium of Useful Information for Ornithologists, The 
 Ornithology of Illinois (two volumes), The Birds of North 
 and Middle America (seven volumes); Color Standards 
 and Color Nomenclature ; also about 500 papers, large and 
 small. Address, U. S. National Museum. [Most eminent 
 authority on Ornithology in U. S. — Ed.] 
 
 ROSA, Edward Bennett, B.S., Ph.D., Physicist; born 
 October 4, 1861, Rogersville, N. Y. Professor of physics, 
 Wesleyan University, 1891-1902; physicist, 1901-10, and 
 chief physicist since 1910, National Bureau of Standards. 
 Contributor to American and European journals of physics 
 and electricity, and to the Bulletin of National Bureau of 
 Standards, making a special department of theoretical 
 and applied electricity, and electric measurements. 
 Secretary, International Committee on Electric Units 
 and Standards; honorary secretary, International Electric 
 Congress, San Francisco, 1915. Member, National Aca- 
 demy of Sciences, American Philosophical Society, 
 American Association for the Advancement of Science, 
 American Institute of Electrical Engineers, American 
 Physical Society, Illuminating Engineering Society, Societe 
 Francaise de Physique, Washington Academy of Sciences, 
 Washington Philosophical Society, Cosmos Club. Home, 
 31 10 Newark Street, Cleveland Park, D. C. 
 
 RUSSELL, William T., D.D., LL.D., Catholic Clergy- 
 man; born October 20, 1863, at Baltimore, Md. Or- 
 dained a priest, 1889; secretary to Cardinal Gibbons, 
 Baltimore, 1894-1908; rector, St. Patrick's, the mother 
 and largest Catholic church of Washington, since 1908. 
 Created Domestic Prelate to Pope Pius X, June 20, 191.1. 
 President of St. . Vincent's and St. Joseph's Orphan 
 
 77 
 
Asylums, Washington. Author: Maryland, The Land of 
 Sanctuary; Who Were the Founders of Religious Liberty 
 in United States?; also, History of the Archdiocese of 
 Baltimore in Catholic Encyclopedia. Address, St. Patrick's 
 Rectory. 
 
 SCOTT, Hugh Lenox, L.H.D., Major General, U. S. 
 Army, Chief of General Staff Corps and President of 
 Board of Ordnance and Fortification ; born September 22, 
 1853, Danville, Ky. After graduating from the U. S. 
 Military Academy in 1876, served successively in Ninth, 
 Seventh, Third and Fourteenth Cavalries; made colonel, 
 Third Cavalry, August 18, 1911; promoted to brigadier 
 general, March 23, 1913. Served in Sioux expedition, 
 1876; Nez Perce expedition, 1877; Camp Robinson, 
 Nebraska, and Cheyenne expedition, 1878; routine duty, 
 principally with Indians of the Plains, 1878-91 ; honorable 
 mention from the War Department, Oklahoma, 1891; 
 in charge of investigation of Ghost Dance disturbances, 
 1890-91 ; enlisted and commanded Kiowa, Comanche and 
 Apache Indians, Troop L, Seventh Cavalry, 1892, until 
 mustered out after five years' enlistment (last Indian 
 troop mustered out); in charge of Geronimo's band 
 Chiricahua Apaches, 1894-97. On duty at Bureau of 
 Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, writing work on 
 sign language, Plains Indians, North America, November, 
 1897; adjutant general in Cuba, 1898-1903; governor, 
 Sulu Archipelago and commanding military post of Jolo, 
 Philippine Islands, 1903-06; abolished slavery and the 
 slave trade in the Sulu Archipelago; superintendent and 
 commandant of U. S. Military Academy, with rank of 
 colonel, September 1, 1906, to August 31, 1910; on duty, 
 March and April, 1908, settling troubles of Navajos, in 
 New Mexico and Mexican Kickapoos in Arizona for 
 Interior Department; again in 1911, for same department, 
 trouble with Hopi Indians at Hotevilla, Arizona; engaged 
 in settlement for War and Interior Departments, of 
 Apache prisoners of war, Oklahoma and New Mexico, 
 1912; commanded Third Cavalry, Fort Sam Houston, 
 Texas, 1912; commanded Second Cavalry Brigade and 
 Patrol of Mexican border, from April, 1913. Settled 
 by diplomacy the Navajo Indian trouble at Beautiful 
 Mountain, Arizona, November, 1913; assistant chief of 
 staff, U. S. Army, April 22, 1914; chief of staff since 
 November 17, 1914. Settled by diplomacy impending 
 conflict on Mexican border at Naco, Arizona, January, 
 
 • 78 
 
1915; settled Piute Indian trouble, Bluff, Utah, March, 
 1915; made major general April 30, 1915; recovered proj> 
 erty of foreigners confiscated by General Villa in Mexico, 
 August, 1915. Author of various monographs and reports 
 relating to Plains Indians. Address, Fort Meyer. 
 
 SCOTT, John Reed, A.B., A.M., Author; born Septem- 
 ber 8, 1869, Gettysburg, Pa. Began practice of law in 
 native city in 1891; removed to Pittsburgh, 1898; 
 member of law firm of White, Childs & Scott, 1898-1907. 
 Member, Society of Cincinnati, Society of Colonial Wars, 
 Sigma Chi, and Metropolitan (Washington) Club. Au- 
 thor: The Colonel of the Red Huzzars (1906-07), Beatrix 
 of Clare (1907), The Princess Debra (1908), The Woman 
 in Question (1909), The Imposter (1910), In Her Own 
 Right (1911), The Last Try (1912), The First Hurdle 
 (1912), The Unforgiving Offender (1913), The Red 
 Emerald (1914). Address, Metropolitan Club. 
 
 SCRIVEN, George Percival, Brigadier General, Chief 
 Signal Officer, U. S. Army; born February 21, 1854, 
 Philadelphia. Graduated from U. S. Military Academy, 
 1878; served successfully as officer in Eighth Infantry, 
 Third Artillery, and Signal Corps; promoted to captain, 
 June 14, 1892; major, Signal Corps, volunteers, May 20, 
 1898; major, Signal Corps, U. S. Army, February 2, 1901 ; 
 lieutenant colonel, July 6, 1904; colonel, January 19, 
 1912; brigadier general and chief signal officer of the 
 Army, March 5, 1913. Was military attache, Mexico 
 City, 1894; at Rome, 1894-97; present at coronation of 
 Emperor of Russia, 1896; detailed with Turkish forces, 
 1897; chief signal officer, Department of Gulf, Spanish- 
 American War, May-June, 1898; with Fourth Philip- 
 pine Expedition, 1898; on General Wesley Merritt's staff 
 in Philippines; served in Cuba, 1899, and in Philippines; 
 chief signal officer of the Visayas, and of China Relief 
 Expedition, August-November, 1900; in Philippines to 
 May, 1901; on duty at St. Louis Exposition, 1904; chief 
 signal officer, Department of East, 1904-09; Philippine 
 Division, 1909-11 ; assistant to chief officer of the Army, 
 July, 1911, to February, 1913. Member, Military Order 
 of Foreign Wars, Spanish War Veterans; received badges, 
 Spanish- American War, Philippines, Army of Cuban 
 Occupation, China Relief Expedition, Crown of Italy. 
 Recommended by General Chaffee to be brevetted lieu- 
 tenant colonel "for gallant conduct at Yangtsum, August 
 6, 1900, and at Peking, August 14 and 15, 1900/* 
 
 79 
 
Appointed by President a member of National Advisory 
 Committee for Aeronautics, and elected chairman. 
 Member, University, Athletic (New York), Army and 
 Navy, Metropolitan, Chevy Chase, Riding and Hunt 
 (Washington), clubs; awarded gold medal by Military 
 Service Institution for article, " Nicaragua Canal and Its 
 Military Aspects" (1893) ; wrote (brochure) "Transmission 
 of Military Information" (1908); also various reports and 
 documents. Home, 2009 N Street, N. W. 
 
 SMITH, Erwin F., S.B., Sc.D., Plant Pathologist; 
 born January 21, 1854, Gilbert's Mills, N. Y. Expert 
 pathologist, U. S. Department of Agriculture, since 1 889 ; 
 now in charge of laboratory of plant pathology, Bureau of 
 Plant Industry. Associate editor, Centralblatt fur Bac- 
 teriobgie (2 Abt.); contributor to the Standard Dic- 
 tionary. Ex-president, Society for Plant Morphology 
 and Physiology; fellow, American Association for the 
 Advancement of Science (vice-president, Section G, 1906) ; 
 president, Society of American Bacteriologists, 1906, and 
 Botanical Society of America, 1910, etc.; member, 
 National Academy Sciences, and of Cosmos Club. 
 Author: Bacteria in Relation to Plant Diseases (Vol. I, 
 1905; Vol. II, 1911; Vol. Ill, 1914); also various papers 
 on general botany, mycology, sanitary science and 
 bacteriology. Home, 1474 Belmont Street. 
 
 SMITH, George Otis, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Geologist; 
 born February 22, 1871, at Hodgdon, Me. Engaged in 
 geological work in Michigan, Utah, Washington, and in 
 New England, since 1893; assistant geologist and geo- 
 logist, 1896-1907, and director since 1907 of the U. S. 
 Geological Survey. Fellow, Geological Society of America 
 and American Association for the Advancement of Science; 
 member, American Institute of Mining Engineers, Ameri- 
 can Forestry Association, Washington Academy Sciences, 
 Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, etc., and 
 Cosmos and University Clubs. Author of reports on 
 areal, economic, petrographic and physiographic geology 
 in publications of the U. S. Geological Survey; also 
 important pamphlets on political economy, with special 
 references to mineral resources. Home, 2137 Bancroft 
 Place. 
 
 SMITH, Hugh McCormick, M.D., LL.D., Ichthyolo- 
 gist; born, November 21, 1865, at Washington, D. C. 
 Entered U. S. Fish Commission (now Bureau of Fisheries), 
 as assistant, 1886; assistant in charge of division of fisheries, 
 
 80 
 
1892-7; assistant in charge of scientific inquiry, 1897-93; 
 director of biological laboratory, U. S. Fish Commission, 
 at Woods Hole, Mass., 1901-2; co-special agent in charge 
 of fisheries, Tenth Census ; deputy commissioner of fisheries, 
 1903-13; commissioner since 1913. Member, medical 
 faculty, Georgetown University, 1888-1902, and professor, 
 normal histology, 1895-1902. He has represented the 
 Government at various international fishery congresses; 
 from 1906-1913 was expert adviser of Food and Drugs 
 Board and of Bureau of Chemistry in fishery cases; 1907- 
 1910, director of Albatross expedition for investigation of 
 the fisheries and aquatic resources of the Philippine 
 Islands; 1910, expert special assistant of U. S. counsel at 
 the arbitration of the North Atlantic Fisheries Dispute at 
 The Hague, and named as U. S. representative for ad- 
 judication of disputes arising under The Hague award; 
 1912, representative of Government on the Permanent 
 International Council for the exploration of the sea; 
 1909-1913, member, research committee, National Geo- 
 graphic Society, and associate editor, National Geographic 
 Magazine; 1908, secretary-general, Fourth International 
 Fishery Congress, Washington. Has visited every part 
 of the United States and made examination of all branches 
 of the fisheries. Has also made special investigations of 
 fisheries and fish culture of various foreign countries, in- 
 cluding France, England, Scotland, and Holland (1900), 
 Japan (1903, 1907), Norway (1905), China, Ceylon (1907, 
 1908), Holland (1910), England, Germany, Denmark 
 (1912). Publications include several hundred papers, 
 monographs, etc., dealing with economic, legal, inter- 
 national, and scientific phases of the fisheries and aquicul- 
 ture of United States and foreign countries. Fellow, 
 American Association for the Advancement of Science; 
 member, American Ornithologists' Union, American 
 Society of Naturalists, American Fisheries Society, 
 National Geographic Society, Biological Society of Wash- 
 ington, Washington Academy of Sciences, Medical Society 
 of District of Columbia; honorary member, Imperial 
 Russian Society Aquiculture and Fisheries, Imperial 
 Austrian Society of Fisheries; corresponding member, 
 German Sea Fishery Society, and Hamburg Head Fishery 
 Society; member, Cosmos Club (president, 1916.) Home, 
 1209 M Street N. W. 
 
 81 
 
STAFFORD, Wendell Philips, LL.B., Judge and 
 Author ; born May 1 , 1 861 , at Barre, Vt. Practiced law at 
 St. Johnsbury, Vt. ; member, Vermont House of Repre- 
 sentatives, 1892; reporter of decisions of Supreme Court 
 of Vermont, 1896-1900; judge of Supreme Court of 
 Vermont, 1900-04; associate justice Supreme Court of 
 District of Columbia since June 9, 1904. Professor of 
 equity jurisprudence, George Washington University, 
 since September 1 , 1908. President, Vermont Bar Associa- 
 tion, 1898-9. Lectured frequently in Vermont, and 
 occasionally in Boston, New York and Washington. 
 Member, Cosmos Club. Author: North Flowers (poems, 
 1902), Dorian Days (1909), Speeches (1913); edited 
 sixty-ninth, seventieth and seventy-first volumes, Ver- 
 mont Reports; contributor of poems and articles to 
 magazines. Home, 1725 Lamont Street N. W. 
 
 STEJNEGER, Leonhard, Naturalist; born October 30, 
 1851, at Bergen, Norway; cand. juris., University of 
 Krishama, 1875; came to the United States in 1881; was 
 on a natural history expedition to Bering Island and 
 Kamchatka, 1882-83, collecting for U. S. National Mu- 
 seum; assistant curator of birds, 1884-89, of reptiles, 
 since 1889, and head curator of biology, since 191 1, U. S. 
 National Museum. Revisited Commander Islands, 1895, 
 for Fish Commission to study fur-seal question, and again, 
 1896-97, as member of U. S. Fur Seal Commission. 
 Delegate from Smithsonian Institution to Zoological 
 Congress, 1901, '04, '07, '13, and to International Orni- 
 thologists' Congress, 1905; studied museum administra- 
 tion and finances in Europe 1901, '04, '05. Life member, 
 Bergen Museum; member of Academies of Sciences in 
 Christiana and Washington; fellow, Ornithologists' Union, 
 and American Association for the Advancement of Science; 
 correspondent member, Zoological Society (London), 
 British Ornithological Union, Philadelphia Academy of 
 Natural Sciences; member, Biological Society of Wash- 
 ington (president, 1907, 1908), Permanent International 
 Ornithological Committee, Permanent Committee and 
 Committee on Nomenclature of International Zoological 
 Congress, Association of American Geographers; honorary 
 member of California Academy of Sciences; knight, .first 
 class, Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav (1906). Author : 
 Norsk Ornitologisk Ekskursjons-fauna (1873); Norsk 
 Mastocoologisk Ekskursjons-fauna (1874); Results of 
 Ornithological Explorations in the Commander Islands 
 
 82 
 
and in Kamchatka (1885); Standard Natural History, 
 Vol. IV, Birds (greater part, 1885) ; Report of the Rookeries 
 of the Commander Islands, Season of 1897 (1897; The 
 Asiatic Fur-Seal Islands and Fur-Seal Industry (1898); 
 The Relations of Norway and Sweden (1900); The 
 Herpetology of Porto Rico (1904); The Herpetology of 
 Japan and Adjacent Territory (1907); The Origin of the 
 So-called Atlantic Animals and Plants of Western Norway 
 (1907); also many monographs and contributions on 
 zoological subjects. Home, 1472 Belmont Street. 
 
 STRATTON, Samuel Wesley, B.S., D.Sc.; born July 
 18, 1861, at Litchfield, 111. Instructor of mathematics, 
 assistant professor and professor of physics and electric 
 engineering, University of Illinois, 1885-92; assistant 
 associate and professor of physics, University of Chicago, 
 1892-1901; director, National Bureau of Standards, 
 Washington, since 1901. Ensign, lieutenant, junior 
 grade, lieutenant, and lieutenant commander, Illinois 
 Naval Militia, 1895-1901 ; lieutenant, U. S. Navy, during 
 Spanish-American War, May to November, 1898; com- 
 mander District of Columbia Naval Militia, 1904-12. 
 Member, International Committee on Weights and 
 Measures, American Institute Electrical Engineers, Amer- 
 ican Physical Society, American Philosophical Society, 
 American Association for the Advancement of Science, 
 Washington Philosophical Society, American Society for 
 Testing Materials, Cosmos and Chevy Chase Clubs. 
 Home, Seventeenth and I Streets N. W. 
 
 STRAUSS, Joseph, Rear Admiral, Chief of Bureau of 
 Ordnance, U. S. Navy; born November 16, 1861, Mt. 
 Morris, N. Y. Graduated from U. S. Naval Academy, 
 1885. Most important assignments as an officer: cruises 
 in various parts of world, 1885-87; hydrographic surveys 
 on east and west coasts of United States and in Alaska, 
 1887-90; cruising, 1890-93; in Bureau of Ordnance, 
 1893-96; cruises in South America, 1896-1900, and engaged 
 in the blockage of Cuban Coast, 1898; in charge of U. S. 
 Naval Proving Ground, 1900-03; inspector of ordnance, 
 Naval Proving Ground, 1906-08; commander of cruiser, 
 Montgomery, in experimental work on torpedoes, 1909-10; 
 assistant aid for material, Navy Department, 1910-12; 
 commanded battleship Ohio, 1912-13; made Chief of 
 Bureau of Ordnance, with rank of rear admiral, October, 
 1913. He was a member of commission to finally decide 
 on cause of destruction of the Maine after she had been 
 
 83 
 
undermined in Havana Harbor; member of Armor 
 Factory Commission, 1914. He invented the superposed 
 turret system of mounting guns on battleships in 1895. 
 Has written various articles on ordnance and ballistics. 
 Home, 2208 Massachusetts Avenue N. W. 
 
 TAYLOR, Hannis, LL.D., Lawyer and Author; born 
 September 12, 1851, New Bern, N. C. Admitted to bar, 
 1870; practiced at Mobile, 1870-92; U. S. Minister to 
 Spain, 1893-97; special counsel for U. S. Government 
 before Spanish Treaty Claims Commission, 1902; counsel 
 for the U. S. before Alaska Boundary Commission, 1903 ; 
 now in general practice. Honored by Institute of France, 
 1909. Author: The Origin and Growth of the English 
 Constitution, International Public Law (1902), Juris- 
 diction and Procedure of the Supreme Court of the United 
 States, The Science of Jurisprudence (1908), The Origin 
 and Growth of the American Constitution; Cicero — a 
 Sketch of His Life and Works, Commentary on the 
 Roman Constitution and Roman Public Life (1916). 
 Home, 2018 O Street N.W. 
 
 VAN DEVANTER, Willis, LL.B., LL.D., Associate 
 Justice of the Supreme Court of United States; born, 
 April 17, 1859, at Marion, Ind.; attended public schools 
 of his native town and Indiana Asbury (now DePauw) 
 University (LL.D., 1911); graduated from law school of 
 Cincinnati College in 1881 ; practiced his profession at 
 Marion, Ind., until 1884, subsequently at Cheyenne, 
 Wyo., where he served as city attorney, a commissioner 
 to revise statute law of Wyoming, and a member of the 
 Territorial legislature; appointed chief justice of Territorial 
 Supreme Court by President Harrison in 1889, and by 
 election was continued as chief justice on the admission 
 of the Territory as a State in 1890 (soon after resigning to 
 resume active pratice); chairman of Republican State 
 Committee in 1894; was a delegate to Republican National 
 Convention and also a member of Republican National 
 Committee in 1896; appointed assistant attorney general 
 of United States by President McKinley in 1897, being 
 assigned to Department of the Interior, and served in 
 that position until 1903; professor of equity pleading and 
 practice 1898-1903, and of equity jurisprudence 1902-3 
 in Columbian (now George Washington) University; 
 appointed U. S. circuit judge, eighth circuit, by President 
 Roosevelt in 1903; appointed Associate Justice of the 
 Supreme Court of the United States by President Taft, 
 
 84 
 
December 16, 1910, and took his seat January 3, 1911. 
 Home, 1923 Sixteenth Street. 
 
 VAUGHAN, T. Wayland, B.S., A.B., A.M., Ph.D., 
 Geologist; born September 20, 1870, Jonesville, Tex. 
 Educated in this country and studied at museums in 
 Europe. Engaged in geologic and paleontologic re- 
 searches, with U. S. Geological Survey, since 1894; geo- 
 logist in charge of Coastal Plain Investigations since 1907; 
 custodian of Madreporarian corals, U. S. National Museum 
 since 1903. Specialist on Tertiary geology and fossil and 
 recent corals. Fellow of American Association for the 
 Advancement of Science, Geological Society of America, 
 Paleontological Society and Association of American 
 Geographers; member, Geological (president, 1915), 
 Biological, and Fine Arts Societies of Washington (vice- 
 president since 1914); corresponding member, Academy 
 of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and others; member 
 of Cosmos Club. Author : The Eocene and Lower Oligo- 
 cene Coral Faunas of the United States; Monograph 39, 
 U. S. Geological Survey ; Recent Madreporaria of Hawaiian 
 Islands and Laysan, Bulletin U. S. National Museum; 
 and many other memoirs and articles on geology, oceano- 
 graphy, paleontology, and recent corals. He has paid 
 much attention to the origin of coral reefs. Home, 1721 
 Riggs Place. 
 
 WALCOTT, Charles Doolittle, LL.D., Ph.D., Sc.D., 
 Paleontologist; secretary, Smithsonian Institution since 
 1907; born March 31, 1850, at New York Mills, N. Y. 
 He early showed a predilection for geologic research; 
 became assistant geologist, U. S. Geological Survey 1879, 
 and successively held many important positions. The 
 Cambrian rocks and faunas of the United States have been 
 especial subjects of inquiry; in 1888 presented his re- 
 searches before International Geological Congress, London. 
 In 1894 succeeded to the directorship of the U. S. Geo- 
 logical Survey, which position he held until his resignation 
 in 1907 to become secretary of the Smithsonian Institu- 
 tion. Was secretary of the Carnegie Institution of Wash- 
 ington, and its direct administrative officer from 1902 to 
 1905, and a member of its executive committee from 1902 
 to present time. Director of U. S. Reclamation Service, 
 1902-1907. Member, National Academy of Sciences 
 (vice-president) , Washington Academy of Sciences (presi- 
 dent, 1899-1910), American Association for the Advance- 
 ment of Science (fellow; vice-president, 1893), American 
 
 85 
 
Academy of Arts and Sciences (associate fellow), Geologi- 
 cal Society of America, American Philosophical Society, 
 London Geological Society (Bigsby Medal) , Hayden Medal, 
 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadephia, Accademia 
 dei Lincei, Christiania Scientific Society, Imperial Society 
 of Naturalists of Moscow. Member of the Cosmos, Uni- 
 versity, and Chevy Chase Clubs, and Archeological Society 
 (president) of Washington, and of the Alpine Club of 
 Canada, the Appalachian Mountain Club, and the Aero 
 Club of America. Appointed by the President on National 
 Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (chairman of execu- 
 tive committee) . Author : The Trilobite ; Paleontology of 
 the Eureka District; The Cambrian Faunas of North 
 America; The Fauna of the Lower Cambrian or Olenellus 
 zone; Correlation Papers; Cambrian Brachiopoda; The 
 Cambrian Faunas of China; Cambrian Geology and 
 Paleontology; The Cambrian and its problems in the 
 Cordilleran region; Discovery of Algonkian Bacteria; 
 Evidences of primitive life, besides many other papers 
 and reports. Married: (1) in 1888, Helena B. Stevens 
 (deceased); (2) June 30, 1914, Mary Morris Vaux, of 
 Philadelphia. Residence, 1743 Twenty-second Street 
 N. W. ; office, Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 WHITE, David, B.S., Paleobotanist ; born July 1, 
 1862, Palmyra, N. Y. Assistant paleontologist, U. S. 
 Geological Survey, 1886-94; assistant geologist, 1894- 
 1900; geologist, 1900-12; chief geologist since 1912; 
 associate curator, National Museum. Early in life he 
 became interested in fossils and in the study of ferns, so 
 common in the coal measures of the Appalachian region. 
 Despite the fact that scientifically at that time fossil 
 plants were generally regarded as only interesting as 
 specimens for museum purposes, and wholly unreliable 
 for identification of coal fields, he became convinced that 
 the comparative ages of rocks could be determined by a 
 careful comparison of the remains of ferns and other plants 
 that were buried in them. He was selected to handle the 
 labeling and classification of the immense collection of 
 fossil plants presented to the U. S. National Museum by 
 R. D. Lacoe, of Pittston, Pa., and this gave him an excel- 
 lent opportunity to extend his knowledge in that study. 
 In 1894 he joined a party of United States geologists in 
 the coal fields of West Virginia to make a practical test 
 of his ideas, regarding the development of the ancient 
 plants that formed the coal. He determined the identity 
 
 86 
 
of the coal beds from place to place by means of the fossil 
 plants, and his method was soon acknowledged as fully 
 reliable, in fact, the evidences of the senses, whereby 
 identity of coal beds established by means of outcrops, 
 were soon regarded as only reliable when confirmed by 
 the fossil plant method. For many years a standing 
 reward had been offered to the man who could find the 
 great Pocahontas coal bed on New River, some 30 or 40 
 miles distant from the Pocahontas field, but it remained 
 for David White, by aid of fossil plants, to actually trace 
 the bed and locate the famous coal, but found that it was 
 only a foot or so thick. The discovery was invaluable as 
 it settled for all time the controversy as to whether or not 
 the coal bed shows along New River, and it prevented 
 further expenditure of time and money in a useless search. 
 The most eminent geologists of the day have had to modify 
 their views regarding the correlation of the coal beds on 
 New River with those of Pennsylvania, through the evi- 
 dence afforded by fossil plants, but its value would have 
 been of little use had not the right man made the inter- 
 pretation. Not only in this field, but the correct inter- 
 pretation of the entire coal fields of the Mississippi Valley 
 has largely depended on this work, whose value is becom- 
 ing more and more generally regarded as indispensable. 
 Coal operators are beginning to realize that it is of the 
 utmost importance to know what coal bed they are work- 
 ing, and to be able to determine with a certainty whether 
 it extends into the next ravine, valley, or county. He 
 stands today as one of the foremost paleobotanists of the 
 world. Member of various scientific societies; author of 
 various important papers on geology and paleontology 
 for government and scientific publications. Home, 
 2812 Adams Mill Road N. W. 
 
 WHITE, Edward Douglass, LL.D., D.C.L., Chief 
 Justice of the United States; born November, 1845, in 
 parish of Lafourche, La.; educated at Mt. St. Mary's, 
 Emmittsburg, Md., Jesuit College, New Orleans, George- 
 town (D. C.) College; served in Confederate Army; 
 licensed to practice law by the Supreme Court of Louisiana 
 in December, 1868; State senator, 1874; was appointed 
 associate justice of the Supreme Court of Louisiana in 
 1878; U. S. Senator from Louisiana from March 4, 1891, 
 until March 12, 1894, when he was appointed Associate 
 Justice of the Supreme Court of United States. Ap- 
 pointed by President Taft, December 12, 1910, Chief 
 
 87 
 
Justice of United States, and took oath of office, December 
 19, 1910. Member and regent, Smithsonian Institution. 
 Home, 1717 Rhode Island Avenue. 
 
 WILEY, Harvey Washington, A.B., A.M., M.D., 
 B.S., Ph.D., LL.D., Sc.D., Chemist; born October, 1844, 
 Kent, Indiana. Professor of Latin and Greek, Butler 
 College, Indianapolis, 1868-70; teacher of science, High 
 School, Indianapolis, 1871; professor of chemistry, 
 Butler University, 1874; professor of chemistry, Purdue 
 Univeristy, and State chemist of Indiana, 1874—83 ; chief 
 chemist, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1883-1912; 
 professor, agricultural chemistry, George Washington 
 University, since 1899; consulting professor, Brooklyn 
 Polytechnic Institute, 1905. Member of Jury of Awards, 
 Paris Exposition, 1900; U. S. delegate to Third Inter- 
 national Congress of Applied Chemistry, Vienna, 1898, 
 to Fourth at Paris, 1900, Fifth at Berlin, 1903, Sixth at 
 Rome, 1906, Seventh at London, 1909 (chairman, Amer- 
 ican committee); honorary president, First International 
 Congress for Repression of Adulteration of Alimentary 
 and Pharmaceutical Products, Geneva, 1908; U. S. 
 representative, Soc. univ. de la Croix blanche de Geneva; 
 president of U. S. Pharmacopoeial Convention, 1910-20; 
 vice-president, 1886, secretary of council, 1890, and 
 general secretary, 1891, of American Association for the 
 Advancement of Science; president, American Chemical 
 Society, 1893-94, and American Therapeutic Society, 
 1911. Member, American Medical Association, American 
 Pharmaceutical Association, American Public Health 
 Association, Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft, Indiana 
 Academy of Science, Philosophical Society of Washington, 
 Washington Academy of Sciences (vice-president, 1909) 
 Society of Chemical Industry, Society of Biological 
 Chemistry; honorary member of American Brewing 
 Institute, Franklin Institute (Philadelphia), Philadelphia 
 College of Pharmacy, British Federated Institute of 
 Brewers, Verein Zuckertechniker, Society of Public 
 Analysis, and Soc. d'Hygiene alimentaire, Physico- 
 Chemical Academy, Italy ; corresponding member of school 
 of chemical science, Museo de la Piata, Argentine Re- 
 public. Chevalier du Merite Agricole (France), 1900; 
 medal (first class) Physico-Chemical Academy, Italy, 
 1908; Chevalier Legion of Honor, France, 1909; also 
 member of Cosmos Club (president 1910-11). Contrib- 
 uting editor of Good Housekeeping Magazine since 1912. 
 
 88 
 
Author: Songs of Agricultural Chemists (1892); Princi- 
 ples and Practice of Agricultural Chemistry (3 volumes, 
 1894-97; second edition, 1909-11); Foods and Their 
 Adulterations (1907-11; second edition, 1911); 1,001 
 Tests (1914) ; The Lure of the Land (1915) ; Not by Bread 
 Alone (1915); also sixty government bulletins and 225 
 scientific papers, etc. Home, 2345 Ashmead Place. 
 
 WILSON, Woodrow, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., LL.B., LL.D., 
 President of United States; born December 28, 1856, 
 Staunton, Va. ; son of Rev. Joseph R. and Jessie Woodrow 
 Wilson; ancestry on both sides Scotch-Irish. His boy- 
 hood days were spent in Augusta, Ga., Columbia, S. C, 
 and Wilmington, N. C, where he prepared for college 
 with private tutors and at the schools of these places. 
 His real educator, however, was his father, a scholar of 
 high order. He entered Davidson College, N. Q, in 1874, 
 and remained one year; entered Princeton College in the 
 fall of 1875, and graduated in 1879; then entered the 
 University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., as a law stu- 
 dent, and was graduated in 1881; practiced two years at 
 Atlanta, Ga. From 1883-85 he did graduate work at 
 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., in political 
 economy and history; 1885-88, professor of history and 
 political economy at Bryn Mawr College, Pa.; 1888-90, 
 professor in the same branches of science at Wesleyan 
 University. In June, 1890, he was elected professor of 
 jurisprudence and political economy at Princeton Uni- 
 versity, the department being divided in 1895, and he 
 was assigned the chair of jurisprudence; 1897, he was 
 promoted to the McCormick professorship of jurispru- 
 dence and politics. In 1902 he was elected president of 
 the University, resigning both that office and his pro- 
 fessorship in October, 1910, immediately after his nomi- 
 nation for governor of New Jersey, to which office he was 
 elected November 8, 1910; elected President of the 
 United States, November, 1912, and assumed office 
 March 4, 1913. He was first married June 24, 1885, to 
 Miss Ellen Louise Axson, of a distinguished family of 
 Savannah, Ga. Mrs. Wilson died at the White House on 
 August 6, 1914. The President has three daughters, 
 Miss Margaret Woodrow Wilson, Mrs. Francis Bowes 
 Sayre, and Mrs. William Gibbs McAdoo. He is the 
 author of the following works : Congressional Government 
 (1885); The State-Elements of Historical and Practical 
 politics (1889); Division and Reunion (1893); An Old 
 
 89 
 
Master, and Other Political Essays (1893); Mere Litera- 
 ture and Other Essays (1896) ; Life of George Washington 
 (1896); History of the American People (1902); Consti- 
 tutional Government in the United States (1908). He 
 was married at Washington, December 18, 1915, to Mrs. 
 Edith Boiling Gait, of that city. Home, The White 
 House. 
 
 WOODWARD, Robert Simpson, C.E., Ph.D., LL.D., 
 Sc.D., Scientist; president, Carnegie Institution of Wash- 
 ington since 1905. Born July 21, 1849, at Rochester, 
 Mich. Was assistant engineer, U. S. Lake Survey, 
 1872-78; assistant astronomer, U. S. Transit of Venus 
 Commission, 1882-84; astronomer, geographer and chief 
 geographer, U. S. Geological Survey, 1884-90; assistant, 
 U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1890-93; professor, 
 mechanics and mathematical physics, 1893-1905, and 
 dean of School of Pure Science, 1895-1905, Columbia 
 University; associate editor, "Annals of Mathematics," 
 1 888-99, and of ' ' Science ' ' since 1 894. Member, National 
 Academy of Sciences, American Association for the Ad- 
 vancement of Science (treasurer, president, 1900-01), 
 American Mathematical Society (president, 1898-1900), 
 New York Academy of Sciences (president, 1900-02), 
 Washington Philosophical Society (president, 1910), 
 Washington Academy of Sciences (president, 1915), 
 Cosmos and University (Washington), and Century 
 (New York) Clubs. Author: Smithsonian Geographical 
 Tables, Higher Mathematics (with Mansfield Merriam), 
 Annual Reports of Carnegie Institution (since 1905, 
 published annually in book form) ; also important reports, 
 memoirs, and papers on subjects in astronomy, geodesy, 
 mathematics, physics, and education, such as "The Mass 
 of the Atmosphere," "Gravitation Constant," "Varia- 
 tion of Latitudes," "Length of the Day," "Gravimetric 
 Measures," etc. His principal diversions are boating, 
 motoring and farming. Address, Carnegie Institution. 
 WOODWARD, Samuel Walter, Merchant; born 
 December 13, 1848, Damariscotta, Maine. With Alvin 
 Lothrop, started dry goods store in Washington in 1880; 
 now among the larger department stores of the United 
 States. Director of the Board of Trade (ex-president); 
 member, board of managers, Public Library; trustee, and 
 has given $100,000 toward enlarging the work of Calvary 
 Baptist Church; was president, board of managers, 
 Y. M. C. A., for ten years. Home, 20 1 5 Wyoming Avenue. 
 
 90 
 
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