Class. 
 Book. 
 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 The Library of Congress 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/pennsylvaniagermOOnead 
 
^mnsptoama^rnnan 
 
 in tfoe 
 
 •ettlentent of itflarplanfc 
 
 BY 
 
 DANIEL WUNDERLICH NEAD, M.D. (Univ. of Pa.) 
 
 Member of the Pennsylvania-German Society ; the Historical Society of 
 
 Pennsylvania ; the Historical Society of Berks County ; the 
 
 Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution, etc. 
 
 " Forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit."— VIRGIL 
 ILLUSTRATED BY JULIUS F. SACHSE, LITT.D. 
 
 Part XXV. of a Narrative and Critical History 
 
 prepared at the request of 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society 
 
 LANCASTER, PA. 
 1914 
 
/- / 
 
 C5 
 
 
 Copyrighted 1913 
 
 BY THE 
 
 pennsslvaniasfficrman Society 
 
 Press of 
 
 The New Era printing coupam? 
 
 Lancaster, pa. 
 
 ©CI.A379886 
 J . -I 1914 v 
 
M7. 
 
 FOREWORD. 
 
 " 
 
 r 
 
 jOR a century and a half 
 the term " Mason and 
 Dixon's Line" has been a 
 more or less familiar expres- 
 sion, and for the greater part 
 of the latter half of that 
 period it was frequently on 
 men's tongues. The lines 
 drawn on the earth's surface 
 by geographers or laid out by 
 the wisdom of statecraft are 
 often taken in too literal a 
 sense; and so, in the course of time, it came to pass that 
 Mason and Dixon's Line came to be regarded almost as a 
 tangible barrier : the line dividing the North from the South. 
 Yet, as a matter of fact, were it not for the monuments set 
 up at stated intervals it would be impossible to tell where 
 the jurisdiction of one commonwealth ends and that of the 
 other begins, The mountains and valleys are continuous, 
 the fertile fields lie side by side, there is no difference to be 
 found in the people, and it not unfrequently happens that 
 a farm will lie partly on one side of the line and partly on 
 the other, and there are even houses through which the line 
 runs, one part of the house being in Maryland and the 
 other part in Pennsylvania. 
 
vi The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 But outside of the question of contiguity there is a senti- 
 mental attachment between the states of Maryland and 
 Pennsylvania. Had the boundary between the two colonies 
 been fixed at the point where the respective charters appar- 
 ently placed it, the fortieth parallel of north latitude, a 
 considerable portion of the territory now included within 
 the state of Pennsylvania would belong to Maryland. The 
 fortieth parallel runs about on a line with Lehigh Avenue 
 in Philadelphia, so that had that meridian been decided on 
 as the dividing line between the two colonies the greater 
 part of the city of Philadelphia would now be situated in 
 Maryland. So too would be a strip of territory nearly 
 _ twenty miles in width, extending across the state and tak- 
 ing in such towns as West Chester, York, Chambersburg, 
 and all the fertile country surrounding those towns. 
 
 In the following pages an attempt has been made to 
 gather together in brief form what is known concerning the 
 influence of the Pennsylvanians in the settlement of the 
 western part of the colony of Maryland. There is no 
 claim of originality, but use has been freely made of the 
 results of other investigations. It is very unfortunate that 
 there are but few records in existence concerning the period 
 under consideration, so that many points cannot be deter- 
 mined, but what is known has been put together in concise 
 form for convenient reference. 
 
 The writer wishes here to express his thanks to Dr. 
 Julius F. Sachse for preparing the illustrations, which add 
 materially to the interest in the work, and also to Dr. Frank 
 R. Diffenderffer for material assistance in searching old 
 records. 
 
 &7Xs>v<jU CXJ 4JLrK.dJLrdU*JL Jv^a-cg 
 
 Reading, Pennsylvania, ' 
 
 December, 1913 1 . 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 The Maryland Colony 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 The First German Settlers 
 
 12 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Germans in Pennsylvania . . 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Movement to Maryland . . 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 The Monocacy Road 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 The First Settlements 
 
 27 
 
 37 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
viii The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Home-Making in the Wilderness 66 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Mechanical Arts and Industries 80 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 The Religious Life 89 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 Education, Redemptioners, Servitude 108 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 The Border Troubles 121 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 The French and Indian War 141 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 Fort Frederick 163 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 The Pre-R evolutionary Period 176 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Preparing for the Struggle 196 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 The Flying Camp 205 
 
Contents. ix 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 The German Regiment 224 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Service of the Maryland Troops 241 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Forwarding the Cause at Home 260 
 
 Index to Proper Names 272 
 
 Index to Subjects 299 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Archives of Maryland. 
 
 Banvard, Joseph. Pioneers of the New World, and the Old French War. 
 
 Chicago, i8'8o. 
 Bozman, John Leeds. The History of Maryland from its first Settlement, 
 
 in 1633, to the Restoration, in 1660. % vols. Baltimore, 1837. 
 Browne, William Hand. Maryland, the History of a Palatinate. Boston, 
 
 1904. 
 Brumbaugh, Martin Grove. A History of the German Baptist Brethren in 
 
 Europe and America. Mount Morris, 111., 1899. 
 Colonial Records of Pennsylvania. 
 Doddridge, Joseph. Notes on the Settlements and Indian Wars of the 
 
 Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania, from the Year 1763 until 
 
 the Year 1783. Wellsburgh, Va., 1824. 
 Eddis, William. Letters from America, Historical and Descriptive. 
 
 London, 1792. 
 Griffith, Thomas W. Annals of Baltimore. Baltimore, 1824. 
 Harbaugh, Henry. The Life of Michael Schlatter. Philadelphia, 1857. 
 James, Bartlett B. The Labadist Colony in Maryland. Baltimore, 1899. 
 Johnson, John. Old Maryland Manors. Baltimore, 1883. 
 Kercheval, Samuel. A History of the Valley of Virginia. Woodstock, 
 
 Va., 1850. 
 Kuhns, Levi Oscar. The German and Swiss Settlements of Colonial 
 
 Pennsylvania. New York, 1901. 
 McCormac, Eugene Irving. White Servitude in Maryland, 1634-1820. 
 
 Baltimore, 1904. 
 McMahon, J. V. L. An Historical View of the Government of Maryland, 
 
 from its Colonization to the Present Day. Baltimore, 1837. 
 McSherry, James. History of Maryland. Baltimore, 1904. 
 
Xll 
 
 Bibliography. 
 
 Mereness, Newton D. Maryland as a Proprietary Province. New York, 
 
 19011. 
 Neill, Edward. The Founders of Maryland as Portrayed in Manuscripts, 
 
 Provincial Records and Early Documents. Albany, 1876. 
 Pennsylvania Archives, First and Second Series. 
 Ridgely, David. Annals of Annapolis. Baltimore, 1841. 
 Scharf, J. Thomas. The Chronicles of Baltimore. Baltimore, 1874. 
 
 History of Maryland from the Earliest Period to the Present Day. 3 
 
 vols. Baltimore, 1879. 
 
 History of Western Maryland, being a History of Frederick, Mont- 
 gomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany and Garrett Counties. 2 vols. 
 Philadelphia, 1882, 
 
 Sioussat, St. George Leakin. Economics and Politics in Maryland, 1720- 
 
 1750. Baltimore, 1903. 
 Steiner, Bernard C. Beginnings of Maryland, 1631-1639. Baltimore, 
 
 1903. 
 
 Maryland under the Commonwealth. A Chronicle of the Years 1649'- 
 
 1658. Baltimore, 19 in. 
 
 Maryland during the English Civil Wars. Baltimore, 1906-7. 
 
 Western Maryland in the Revolution. Baltimore, 1902. 
 
 Schultz, Edward T. First Settlements of Germans in Maryland. Fred- 
 erick, Md., 1891& 
 
 Society for the History of Germans in Maryland. 16 annual reports. 
 
 Thomas, James Walter. Chronicles of Colonial Maryland. Baltimore, 
 1900. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Maryland Colony. 
 
 ^HE settlement of Maryland 
 w was the culmination of the 
 plan of George, Lord Baltimore, 
 to found a colony where the in- 
 habitants might worship God ac- 
 cording to the dictates of their 
 consciences. 1 Sir George Calvert 
 was brought up a Protestant and, 
 enjoying the personal friendship 
 of James I., he obtained rapid ad- 
 vancement in the government service and was finally made 
 
 1 " It cannot with evident certainty be stated that Sir George Calvert, in 
 the settlement of either of his provinces, Avalon or Maryland, had in view 
 the formation of an asylum for English Catholics, although it is so stated 
 by several historians ; such intention of his being nowhere clearly expressed 
 by himself, unless it be in the before mentioned MS. account of Avalon, by 
 Sir George himself, still remaining in the British Museum, the contents of 
 which we have no opportunity of examining. With regard to Maryland, 
 the fact, ascertained in history, as well in the records of the province, that 
 most of the first colonists of that province were Roman Catholics, leaves a 
 strong inference that it was the original contemplation of Sir George 
 thereby to erect for such Catholics a place of refuge. In respect to 
 Avalon, however, we have not this fact, as a ground for such inference." — 
 Bozman's " History of Maryland," Vol. I., p. 242. 
 
 5 
 
6 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 principal Secretary of State. In 1624 he became a Roman 
 Catholic and at once resigned his position as Secretary, 
 but the king kept him as a member of the Privy Council 
 and created him Lord Baltimore, of Baltimore, in Ireland. 
 
 At this time the laws of England were very severe 
 against the Roman Catholics and in order to escape perse- 
 cution Lord Baltimore determined to found a colony where 
 religious liberty would be secured to all the inhabitants. 
 For some years he had been interested in schemes for 
 colonizing America, having been one of the councillors of 
 the New England Company and a member of the Virginia 
 Company until its charter was revoked, when he was 
 appointed one of the council for the government of that 
 colony. He first turned his attention to New Foundland 
 and, securing a grant in that locality, he erected a province 
 which he named Avalon. 2 After first sending a small 
 party of colonists, he went thither himself with his family, 
 but a residence of two years convinced him that that local- 
 ity was not suited for the successful planting of a colony, 
 and he sailed for Virginia. 
 
 The authorities in the Virginia colony would not allow 
 him to land unless he would take the oath of allegiance 
 and supremacy, and this his religious principles would not 
 allow him to do. He, therefore, sailed north and explored 
 the shores of the Chesapeake above the Virginia settle- 
 
 2 Bozman, Vol. i, p. 240, quotes Oldmixon's " British Empire in Amer- 
 ica," as follows: "This gentleman" (Sir George Calvert) "being of the 
 Romish religion was uneasy at home, and had the same reason to leave 
 the kingdom, as those gentlemen had, who went to New England, to 
 enjoy the liberty of his conscience. He therefore resolved to retire to 
 America, and finding the New Foundland company had made no use of 
 their grant, he thought of this place for his retreat; to which end he 
 procured a patent for that part of the island, that lies between the bay 
 of Bulls in the east, and cape St. Mary's in the south, which was erected 
 into a province, and called Avalon." 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 7 
 
 ment, and finding this territory suitable for his purpose he 
 returned to England and petitioned Charles L, who by 
 that time had succeeded his father, for a grant of land in 
 that locality. Opposition arose from the Virginia authori- 
 ties and, although the king was favorably disposed toward 
 Lord Baltimore, the matter was delayed, and before the 
 charter was finally granted, on June 20, 1632, Lord 
 Baltimore died, and the charter, when issued, was in the 
 name of his eldest son, Cecilius. 
 
 The charter granted to Lord Baltimore was the most 
 liberal ever granted by the English crown. It erected the 
 colony into a palatinate, 3 and created the proprietary but 
 little short of a ruling sovereign. He was made " abso- 
 lute lord of the land and water within his boundaries, could 
 erect towns, cities, and ports, make war or peace, call the 
 whole fighting population to arms, and declare martial 
 law, levy tolls and duties, establish courts of justice, ap- 
 point judges, magistrates, and other civil officers, execute 
 the laws, and pardon offenders; he could erect manors with 
 courts-baron and courts-leet, and confer titles and dignities, 
 so that they differed from those of England; he could 
 make laws with the assent of the freemen of the province, 
 and, in cases of emergency, ordinances not impairing life, 
 
 3 The terra Palatinate originated with the early Frankish or German 
 rulers who bestowed on an officer known as the "Count of the Palace" 
 (comes palatii, or palatinus) certain powers nearly equaling those of 
 royalty. Later these powers were bestowed on powerful vassals who, to 
 all intents and purposes, became kings, except that they acknowledged the 
 suzerainty of the appointing sovereign. In England certain counties were 
 made palatinates, and the charter granted to Lord Baltimore gave him 
 all the "rights, jurisdictions, privileges, prerogatives, royalties, liberties, 
 immunities and royal rights, and temporal franchises whatsoever ... as 
 any bishop of Durham, within the bishopric or county palatine of Durham, 
 in our kingdom of England, ever heretofore hath had, held, used, or 
 enjoyed, or of right could, or ought to have held, use or enjoy." 
 
8 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 limb, or property, without their assent; he could found 
 churches and chapels, have them consecrated according to 
 the ecclesiastical laws of England, and appoint the in- 
 cumbents." 
 
 Having received his charter, Lord Baltimore immedi- 
 ately proceeded to organize an expedition to colonize the 
 territory which had been granted to him. He secured two 
 vessels, the Ark and the Dove, on which his party of 
 colonists embarked and sailed from Cowes on November 
 22, 1633. There were about two hundred in the party, 
 of whom about twenty were " gentlemen adventurers," as 
 they were called: men of fortune who took part in the 
 enterprise partly in a spirit of adventure, although, no 
 doubt, some of them sought a religious asylum, the bal- 
 ance of the company being made up of servants and crafts- 
 men of various kinds. Lord Baltimore had intended 
 accompanying the expedition, but his presence in England 
 being necessary he placed his brother Leonard in command 
 as governor. Early in the following spring they reached 
 the Chesapeake, and after stopping at an island near the 
 mouth of the Potomac, which they named St. Clement's, 
 where, on March 25, 1634, they celebrated their first mass 
 in the new world, Governor Calvert with a small party 
 started out to seek a suitable location for their settlement. 
 He had secured as guide Henry Fleete, an Englishman 
 who was well acquainted with that part of the country, 
 having spent several years among the Indians. But 
 although Fleete was thoroughly acquainted with the sur- 
 rounding country he was not the first of his countrymen 
 to visit it. 
 
 The first white man to visit the territory now embraced 
 within the state of Maryland was Captain John Smith, of 
 Virginia. Very soon after the foundation of the James- 
 
THE PENNSYLVANIA-G 
 
 CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH'S 
 
VIAN SOCIETY. 
 
 OF VIRGINIA, 1606. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 9 
 
 town settlement that hardy pioneer turned his attention to 
 exploring the country to the north, and in the summer of 
 1608 he made two trips in an open boat, with a few com- 
 panions, and made his way as far north as the mouth of the 
 Susquehanna, exploring the different rivers and marking 
 them on his map with an accuracy that is scarcely exceeded 
 at the present day. He rowed up the Potomac river to a 
 point above the present site of Washington, as far as he 
 could go in his boat, and has given us a comprehensive 
 description of that part of the country. Of this expedition 
 Lossing says: 4 "It was one of the most wonderful of 
 exploring expeditions, considered in all its aspects." 
 
 Under the guidance of Fleete the party went a short 
 distance up the Potomac, and at a point where an Indian 
 town already existed a tract of land was purchased from 
 the Indians and a town laid out which was named St. 
 Mary's. During their first year the colonists subsisted 
 largely upon supplies of food, chiefly Indian corn, obtained 
 from the Indians. The policy followed by Governor 
 Calvert in his treatment of the Indians was such as to gain 
 their friendship, and thus were avoided many of the dis- 
 asters which overtook colonists in other parts of the 
 country. The Maryland settlers, as a rule, were free from 
 attacks by hostile Indians. 
 
 It was evidently Lord Baltimore's intention to found an 
 aristocratic state, based on large holdings of land, the 
 land to be kept in the family of the original owner through 
 the law of entail. The first allotment of land to the 
 settlers was made with this end in view. In the proprie- 
 tary's instructions to his brother Leonard, who represented 
 him, he advises him that he is to 
 
 4 Quoted by Scharf, " Chronicles of Baltimore," p. 8. 
 
io The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 " make or cause to be made under our great seal of that our said 
 province unto every first adventurer for every five men aged between 
 sixteen and fifty years, which such adventurer did bring into our 
 said province to inhabitt and plant there in the year of our Lord 
 1633, and unto his heirs forever, a grant of two thousand acres of 
 land of English measure for the yearly rent of 400 lb. of good 
 wheat, . . . 
 
 And we do further will and authorize you, that every two thou- 
 sand acres, and every three thousand acres, and every one thousand 
 acres of land so to be passed or granted as aforesaid unto any adven- 
 turer or adventurers, be erected, and created into a manor to be 
 called by such name as the adventurer or adventurers shall desire." 5 
 
 But this plan of Lord Baltimore's did not succeed. 
 While it was possible for a colonist, by bringing over a 
 large number of servants, to obtain a large grant of land, 
 it was unusual to find plantations containing more than one 
 thousand acres. Prior to 1700 there were few towns and 
 these did not grow very rapidly. The character and occu- 
 pations of the inhabitants militated against the growth of 
 towns. The colony of Maryland had been established by 
 Lord Baltimore as a religious asylum where the inhabi- 
 tants might worship God according to the dictates of their 
 consciences, and although he was a Roman Catholic, no 
 attempt was made to prevent those who belonged to 
 Protestant denominations from settling in the colony. 
 Indeed, it is probable that of the first colonists the greater 
 number were Protestants. Most, if not all, of the " gen- 
 tlemen adventurers " were probably Roman Catholics, but 
 of the servants and laborers there is no doubt that a very 
 large proportion were Protestants, although there is no 
 way of accurately determining this, as there is no record of 
 the names of all the colonists. These settlers were planters 
 
 5 Bozman's " History of Maryland," Vol. II., pp. 38-40. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland, n 
 
 and farmers and the plantations were, as a rule, spread 
 over a rather extended territory. There were no manu- 
 factories, and what manufactured goods were required 
 were brought over from England. 
 
 Following the example of the Virginia colonists, the 
 newcomers almost immediately began the cultivation of 
 tobacco. Indeed more attention was paid to this than to 
 anything else. The chief aim of the planters was to raise 
 as much tobacco as possible, for, being the currency of the 
 colony, all other commodities were purchasable with it, 
 and a man's possessions were reckoned in accordance with 
 the amount of tobacco he could produce. The natural 
 consequence of this state of affairs was that the quality of 
 the tobacco soon began to deteriorate, while the growing 
 of corn and other necessaries of life almost ceased. As 
 early as 1639 an act was passed compelling every grower 
 of tobacco to plant and cultivate two acres of corn for 
 each member of his family. The next year another act 
 was passed limiting the culture of tobacco to so many 
 plants per head, but even these laws did not improve 
 matters much. The colony did not grow very rapidly, the 
 settlers confined themselves almost entirely to the terri- 
 tory adjacent to tidewater, and it was not until the coming 
 of the German settlers, who by their thrift and industry 
 showed the possibilities of the fertile fields, that the colony 
 began to make rapid strides forward. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 The First German Settlers. 
 
 U 
 
 HERE is nothing in the 
 records to show that there 
 were any Germans among the 
 first party sent out by Lord Bal- 
 timore to found the colony of 
 Maryland, but it is extremely 
 probable that among that com- 
 pany of two hundred people, 
 consisting chiefly of servants and 
 artisans, there were a number of 
 Germans. The colony had been 
 founded as an English settle- 
 ment, and it is evident that foreigners were not desired, for 
 while there was no direct prohibition of the settlement of 
 foreigners in the colony, there was no inducement to lead 
 them in that direction. The terms upon which land was to 
 be granted to colonists was such as to lead to the formation 
 of an aristocracy, which was undoubtedly Lord Baltimore's 
 purpose, and naturally this aristocracy would be expected 
 to be made up of wealthy Englishmen who could take ad- 
 vantage of the conditions of plantation. According to the 
 
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Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 13 
 
 instructions sent out by Lord Baltimore to his brother, in 
 1 63 6, any member of the first party of colonists who brought 
 over with him five men was to receive two thousand acres 
 of land subject to an annual quit-rent of four hundred 
 pounds of wheat. The same allotment of land was made 
 to those who came over in the years 1634 and 1635, bring- 
 ing with them ten men, but the rent was to be six hundred 
 pounds of wheat, and those who came over later, or 
 brought fewer men, were to be granted smaller amounts 
 of land. 6 As Bozman says : 7 " It will be readily perceived, 
 that these instructions, or conditions of plantation, were 
 well calculated to induce men of some property in England, 
 who were able to bear the expense of transporting serv- 
 ants and dependents, to emigrate to this province. It is 
 true, that it was sketching out aristocratic features in the 
 future government of the province, which in other times, 
 might have been supposed to operate in discouragement of 
 emigration." 
 
 But it was evidently this class of people that Lord Balti- 
 more wanted, and foreigners were not even allowed to own 
 land nor had they any political rights. It was not until 
 1648 that foreigners were allowed to take up land. In 
 the commission of William Stone, lieutenant of the prov- 
 ince, accompanying the conditions of plantation of 1648, 
 and dated at Bath, August 20, 1648, Lord Baltimore 
 writes : 
 
 And we do hereby authorize and Require you till we or our heirs 
 shall signify our of their Pleasure to the Contrary from time to 
 time in our name and under the Great Seal of the said Province 
 of Maryland to Grant Lands within our said Province to all Ad- 
 venturors or Planters to or within the same upon such terms and 
 
 6 Archives of Maryland, Vol. Ill, p. 471 
 
 7 " History of Maryland," Vol. II., p. 38. 
 
14 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Conditions as are expressed in the said last Conditions of Planta- 
 tion bearing date with these presents and according to the forms 
 of Grants above mentioned and not otherwise without further and 
 special warrant hereafter to be obtain d for the same under our or 
 our heirs hand and seal at Arms and whereas we are Given to 
 understand that as well divers Frenchmen as some other People 
 of other Nations who by our former as also by these last Conditions 
 of Plantation are not Capable of having any lands within our said 
 Province and are already seated or may hereafter with our or you 
 our Lieutenants leave there for the time being seat themselves in 
 our said Province we do hereby Authorize you to make any Person 
 or Persons of French Dutch or Italian discent as you shall think 
 fit and who either are already planted or shall hereafter come and 
 Plant in our said Province Capable of our said last Conditions of 
 Plantation and do hereby Give you Power to Grant Lands there- 
 upon within our said Province unto them and every of them accord- 
 ingly as well for and in respect of themselves as for and in respect 
 of any Person or Persons of British or Irish discent or of any of 
 the other discents aforesaid which they or any of them and also 
 which any other Person of British or Irish discent shall hereafter 
 with our or you our said Lieutenants leave transport into the said 
 province in the same and in as ample manner and upon the same 
 terms and Provisoes as you are hereby or by our Commission to 
 you for the Government of the said Province authorised to Grant 
 any Lands to any Adventuror or Planter of British or Irish discent 
 within the said Province. 8 
 
 The following year the conditions of plantation were 
 abrogated and new ones issued under date of July 2, 1649. 
 The new ones were practically the same as those issued the 
 year before except that they authorized an increase in the 
 size of the manors to be granted. Lord Baltimore gives 
 as his reason for issuing the new ones that those of 1648 
 " were not like to give sufficient encouragement to many 
 
 8 Archives of Maryland, Vol. III., p. 222. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 15 
 
 to adventure and plant there." Bozman seems to think 9 
 that this action on the part of Lord Baltimore, in allowing 
 foreigners to take up land, was prompted chiefly by his 
 anxiety to increase the population of the province, and 
 that he was undoubtedly indifferent as to what sect of 
 Protestant religion his colonists belonged. Whether this 
 liberality on the part of Lord Baltimore led to any increase 
 in the number of Germans who settled in the colony is not 
 evident, but it is extremely probable that it did have that 
 effect. There is no doubt that from a very early period in 
 the history of Maryland the colony was constantly receiv- 
 ing additions from the neighboring colony on the Dela- 
 ware, which at the time of the founding of the colony of 
 Maryland was under the control of the Dutch. It is true 
 that these additions were not made up of a very desirable 
 class of people, consisting chiefly, as they did, of runaway 
 servants. The records of the Dutch and Swedish colonies 
 on the Delaware frequently mention occurrences of this 
 kind. In a letter from Director-General Peter Stuyvesant 
 to the directors of the Dutch West India Company, dated 
 September 4, 1659, ne says : 10 
 
 The City's affairs on the Southriver are in a very deplorable and 
 low state. It is to be feared, that, if no other and better order is 
 introduced, it will be ruined altogether; it would be too long and 
 tedious, to report all the complaints brought from there, nor can 
 all be received (as true;) but it is certainly true, that the people 
 begin to run away in numbers, as for instance, while I write this, 
 there arrives from there an English ketch, which went there with 
 some provisions from Boston three weeks ago; the skipper of it, a 
 well-known and trustworthy man, says that during his stay of 14 
 days at the Southriver about 50 persons, among them whole fam- 
 ilies, run away from there to Virginia and Maryland. 
 
 9 " History of Maryland," Vol. II., p. 342. 
 
 10 Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, Vol. VII., p. 611. 
 
1 6 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Again, on the 17th of the same month Stuyvesant 
 writes i 11 
 
 We mentioned in our last letter the deplorable and bad state of 
 affairs in the City's Colony on the Southriver, caused by the deser- 
 tion and removal of the Colonists to Maryland, Virginia and other 
 places, which increases daily in such a manner, that hardly thirty 
 families remain. 
 
 It is very probable that the state of affairs was greatly 
 exaggerated by Stuyvesant, as there is no record of such 
 wholesale additions to the population of Maryland, and 
 the few stragglers who did make their way into that col- 
 ony were not in sufficient numbers to leave any records of 
 their doings. One of the first of the German settlers in 
 Maryland of whom we have any record, and the first who 
 may be called a Pennsylvania-German, was Cornelius 
 Commegys. He had formerly lived in the colony on the 
 Delaware, and after spending some time there had re- 
 moved to Maryland. The exact date of his arrival in the 
 latter colony is not known, but it was probably about 1661, 
 as he was naturalized on July 22 of that year. In the 
 same year Augustine Herman, writing to Vice-Director 
 Beekman, of the Dutch colony on the Delaware, says: 
 "Nothing could be done with Cornelius Comegys this 
 year, it must be done next year and some other instructions 
 sent from the Manhattans, which upon my return home I 
 shall help your Honor to procure." 12 This would seem 
 to indicate that there was some trouble in connection with 
 Commegys's removal to Maryland. Weishaar 13 says that 
 
 11 Ibid., p. 617. 
 
 12 Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, Vol. VII., p. 697. 
 
 13 Report of the Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland, 
 Vol. XV., p. 19. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 17 
 
 on July 30, 1666, Commegys received a patent for 150 
 acres of land in Cecil county. Later on he obtained a 
 much larger tract of land, for the proceedings of Council 
 show 14 that on December 15, 1669, he was granted a 
 patent for 350 acres of land. There is very little known 
 of the history of Cornelius Commegys. Weishaar says: 
 "When in 1679 tne two Labadists, Danker-Schilders and 
 Sluyter-Vorstmann visited Maryland, they found Com- 
 megys in possession of a large farm, and his son Cornelius 
 was about to buy a farm for himself. His first wife 
 Wilhemintye, however, had died, and he was married 
 again to an English woman." 
 
 It may be interesting to note the manner in which for- 
 eigners were naturalized at this time. It must be remem- 
 bered, however, that at that period there was not the same 
 distinction between the terms Dutch and German that 
 there is to-day. In fact, the term German was rarely used, 
 and the appellation Dutchman was indiscriminately applied 
 to the representatives of all the Teutonic races. Under the 
 heading " Denization of Swedes and Dutch," in the Pro- 
 ceedings of Council, appears the following paper: 15 
 
 " Cascelius Absolute Lord and Proprietary of the Provinces of 
 Maryland and Avalon Lord Barron of Baltemore &c To all per- 
 sons to whome theis shall come Greeting in our Lord God Ever- 
 lasting. Whereas Peter Meyor late of New Amstell and Subject 
 of the Crowne of Sweeden hauing transported himselfe his wife 
 and Children into this our Province here to inhabite hath besought 
 us to grante him the said Peter Meyor leaue here to Inhabite and 
 as a free Dennizen freedome land to him and his heires to purchase 
 Knowe yee that we Doe hereby Declare them the said Peter Meyor 
 his wife and Children as well those already borne as those here- 
 
 14 Archives of Maryland, Vol. V., p. 59. 
 
 15 Ibid., Vol. III., p. 428. 
 
1 8 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 after to be borne to be free Dennizens of this our Province of 
 Maryland And doe further for vs our heires and Successors 
 straightly enjoyne Constitute ordeine and Command that the said 
 Peter Meyer be in all things held treated reputed and esteemed as 
 one of the faythful people of us our heires and Successors borne 
 within this our Province of Maryland And likewise and lands tene- 
 ments Revenues Services and other hereditam ts whatsoeu 1 " within 
 our said Province of Maryland may inherrite or otherwise purchase 
 receive take haue hould buy and possesse and them may occupye and 
 enjoye Give Sell alyen and bequeathe as likewise all libertyes fran- 
 chises and priviledges of this our Province of Maryland freely 
 quietly and peaceably haue and possesse occupye and enjoye as our 
 faythful people borne or to be borne within our said Province of 
 Maryland without lett Molestacon vexacon trouble or Greivance 
 of us our heires and Successo 1 " 3 and Custome to the contrary hereof 
 in any wise notwithstanding Giuen at Saint Marys vnder the Great 
 Seale of our said Province of Maryland this two and twentyth day 
 of July in the thirtyth yeare of our dominion over the said Province 
 of Maryland Annoq domini One thousand six hundred Sixty one 
 Wittness our Deare Brother Philip Calvert Esq 1 " our Leivetennant 
 of our said Province of Maryland." 
 
 Accompanying this paper is the following list of names 
 of persons who were to be included in this process of 
 naturalization : 
 
 Axell Stille Bartholomew Hendrickson 
 
 Peter Jacobson Cornelius Urinson 
 
 Marcus Sipherson John Urinson 
 
 Clement Micheelson Andreu Toreson 
 
 Hendrik Hendrickson Paul Johnson 
 
 Andrew Clementson Gothofrid Harmer 
 
 Peter Montson Jacob Micheelson 
 
 Hendrick Mathiason Cornelius Comages 
 
 Mathias Cornelison Michaell Vandernorte 
 John Wheeler 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 19 
 
 While this naturalization apparently accorded to the 
 persons naturalized all the rights and privileges of 
 natural-born citizens, such was evidently not the case, for 
 at the meeting of the assembly thirteen years later, 1674, 
 a number of these persons along with others, presented a 
 petition asking that 
 
 they and every one of them shall from henceforth be adjudged 
 reputed and taken as natureall borne people of this Prouince of 
 Maryland and alsoe that they and every one of them shall and may 
 from henceforth by the same Authority be enabled and adjudged 
 to all intents and Purposes able to demand Challenge aske haue 
 hold and Injoy any Lands Tenements Rents & Hereditaments 
 within this Prouince as Heire or Heires to any of their Ancestors 
 by Reason of any discent in fee simple feetayle Generall or Speciall 
 or Remainder vppon and fee Tayle generall or speciall to come to 
 them or any of them by discent in fee simple feetayle Generall Spe- 
 ciall or Remainder vppon any Estate tayle as aforesaid or by any 
 other Lawfull Conveyance or Conveyances or meanes whatsoever 
 as if they and every of them had been borne within this Prouince 
 or were of Brittish or Irish discent as aforesaid and alsoe that they 
 and every of them from henceforth shall and may be Enabled to 
 prosecute maintaine & avow Justifie and defend all manner of 
 accons suites plaints or other demands whatsoever as Liberally 
 franckly freely Lawfully fully and securely as if all of them had 
 been Natureall borne within the Prouince of Maryland. 16 
 
 The most distinguished German who at that period 
 made his home in Maryland was Augustine Herman. 
 Although he was born at Prague, Bohemia, it is very prob- 
 able that Herman was a German. He entered the service 
 
 16 Archives of Maryland, Vol. II., p. 400. The names in this petition 
 show how rapidly the process of anglicizing the names of foreigners pro- 
 ceeded. For instance, Hendrik Hendrickson had become Henry Hender- 
 son; Hendrick Mathiason, Henry Mathews; Andrew Clementson, Andrew 
 Clements. 
 
20 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 of the Dutch West India Company and came to New 
 Amsterdam, where he attained a position of prominence 
 and married a relative of Peter Stuyvesant. When the 
 trouble between the Maryland colony and the Dutch 
 settlers on the Delaware seemed to be reaching an acute 
 stage on account of the actions of Col. Nathaniel Utie, 
 who had been sent to the Delaware colony by Governor 
 Fendall, of Maryland, and notified the settlers there that 
 the territory in question belonged to Maryland and de- 
 clared that they must either leave or recognize the author- 
 ity of Maryland, Augustine Herman was sent by Stuy- 
 vesant as one of the commissioners to confer with the 
 Maryland authorities and try to bring about a settlement 
 of the difficulty. Their mission was a failure, but Herman 
 seems to have been very favorably impressed with the 
 locality and determined to make his home in Maryland. 
 The various boundary disputes had taught Herman the 
 importance of having a map of the territory, and he made 
 a proposition to Lord Baltimore to the effect that he would 
 make a map of the country if he were granted a certain 
 amount of land with the privilege of a manor. This prop- 
 osition was accepted, and in September, 1660, Herman 
 received a grant of four thousand acres of land, to be 
 selected where he saw fit. The tract chosen was on the 
 Elk river, and early in the following year, having bought 
 the land from the Indians, he settled on Bohemia Manor, 
 as he named his acquisition. He immediately went to 
 work on his map, which was completed in 1670. It 
 covered the whole section of country between North Caro- 
 lina and the Hudson river. In the acknowledgment of 
 the receipt of the map Herman was informed 
 
 That His Lordship had received no small Satisfaction by the 
 variety of that mapp, and that the Kings Majesty, His Royall 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 21 
 
 Highness, and all others commended the exactness of the work, 
 applauding it for the best mapp that ever was drawn of any country. 
 
 Herman was naturalized by act of assembly on Sep- 
 tember 17, 1763, it being the first act of this kind passed 
 by the assembly. It also included Herman's brother-in- 
 law, George Hack, Garrett Ruttzn and Jacob Clauson. 
 The record of this transaction in the "Assembly Proceed- 
 ings, September-October, 1663," is as follows: 17 
 
 Thursday Sep 1 17 th 
 
 Then was read the pet n of Augustine Herman for an Act for 
 Naturalizacon for himselfe Children and his brother in Lawe 
 George Hack 
 
 Ordered that An Acte of Naturalizacon be prepared for the 
 Consideracon of both howses to naturalize Garrett Ruttzn and his 
 Children and Jacob Clauson ffreemen of this Province 
 
 Ordered likewise that an Acte of Naturalizacon be prepared for 
 Augustine Herman, and his Children and his brother in Lawe 
 George Hack and his wife and Children. 
 
 Herman attained considerable prominence in the colony 
 and filled various offices. He took an active part in the 
 quarrels arising over the boundary between Maryland and 
 Pennsylvania, and his house was named, in 1682, as the 
 place of meeting for Lord Baltimore and Governor Mark- 
 ham, of Pennsylvania, to discuss the question. It was also 
 on Herman's land that the Labadist colony was estab- 
 lished. 18 The Labadists were a pietistic sect founded in 
 Germany about 1669 by Jean de Labadie. Labadie, who 
 
 17 Archives of Maryland, Vol. I., p. 462. 
 
 18 For a full account of the Labadists see " The Labadist Colony in 
 Maryland," by Bartlett B. James. 
 
22 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 was born in 1610, had been educated as a Jesuit priest, but 
 his pronounced inclination towards mysticism, as well as 
 his eccentricities, made him objectionable to the Society of 
 Jesus, and he easily secured his release from that order 
 and became a free lance. His attacks on the Roman 
 Catholic church, and more particularly the Jesuits, led to 
 his persecution and he was driven by the authorities, civil 
 and ecclesiastical, from one place to another. About 1650 
 he adopted the Calvinistic doctrines and was ordained a 
 Protestant minister, but he soon found that, from his 
 viewpoint, the Protestant church also needed reformation, 
 and he attempted this reformation so vigorously that he 
 again antagonized both the civil and ecclesiastical authori- 
 ties and was finally deposed from the ministry. He then 
 established an independent church to teach the pure prin- 
 ciples and practices of the Christian faith, as he conceived 
 them. He attracted followers and located at different 
 places but was compelled to move, until finally, after the 
 death of Labadie, the colony located at Weiward, in 
 Friesland. The needs of the colony required more land 
 for their support than they could procure at Weiward, and 
 in 1679 the Weiward assembly sent Peter Sluyter and 
 Jasper Danckers to America to look for a location for a 
 new colony. These two men traveled under the names of 
 P. Vorstman and J. Schilders. While in New York they 
 made the acquaintance of Augustine Herman's son Eph- 
 raim and accompanied him to Maryland, where they met 
 the elder Herman. The two Labadists were much pleased 
 with the locality and Herman was very favorably im- 
 pressed with them. They were very anxious to secure 
 part of his land for their colony, but while he would not 
 agree to sell them any of it he became so entangled with 
 them that later on he was compelled by legal action to 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 23 
 
 transfer part of his estate to them. 19 The two commis- 
 sioners returned to Weiward to make their report to the 
 assembly, and in 1683 brought back with them the nucleus 
 for a colony and, through legal action, compelled Herman 
 to transfer to them nearly four thousand acres of land, 
 consisting of four necks of land eastwardly from the first 
 creek that empties into Bohemia river, from the north or 
 northeast to near the old St. Augustine, or Manor church. 20 
 The colony did not grow very rapidly and never amounted 
 to much more than one hundred persons. It was domi- 
 nated by Sluyter, who assumed the title of bishop, and who 
 gradually managed to secure title to most of the land. He 
 exacted rigid obedience from every member of the com- 
 munity, to whom was assigned some part of the work. 
 Some of them had to see to the cooking, others to the 
 housework. The fields had to be cultivated by some, 
 while others looked after the stock. " The different fam- 
 ilies had dwellings according to their needs, though, by 
 partitioning off the larger compartments, strict economy 
 of space was observed. All rooms were at all times open 
 to the pastors and to those who held oversight in their 
 name. Those who joined the community resigned into the 
 common stock all their possessions. Individuality in 
 attire was suppressed. Degrading tasks were assigned to 
 those suspected of pride. Samuel Bownas, a minister of 
 the Society of Friends, in the record of his visit to the 
 community gives a more particular account of their table 
 discipline than can be found elsewhere. He says : ' After 
 we had dined we took our leave, and a friend, my guide, 
 went with me and brought me to a people called Labadists, 
 where we were civilly entertained in their way. When 
 
 19 James, "The Labadist Colony in Maryland," p. 35. 
 
 20 Ibid., p. 38. 
 
24 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 supper came in, it was placed upon a large table in a large 
 room, where, when all things were ready, came in at a call, 
 twenty men or upwards, but no women. We all sat down, 
 they placing me and my companion near the head of the 
 table, and having passed a short space, one pulled off his 
 hat, but not so the rest till a short space after, and then 
 they, one after another, pulled all their hats off, and in 
 that uncovered posture sat silent uttering no word that we 
 could hear for nearly half a quarter of an hour, and as 
 they did not uncover at once, neither did they cover them- 
 selves again at once, but as they put on their hats fell to 
 eating not regarding those who were still uncovered, so 
 that it might be ten minutes time or more between the first 
 and last putting on of their hats. I afterward queried 
 with my companion as to their conduct, and he gave for 
 an answer that they held it unlawful to pray till they felt 
 some inward motion for the same, and that secret prayer 
 was more acceptable than to utter words, and that it was 
 most proper for every one to pray as moved thereto by the 
 spirit in their own minds. I likewise queried if they had 
 no women amongst them. He told me they had, but the 
 women ate by themselves and the men by themselves, hav- 
 ing all things in common respecting their household affairs, 
 so that none could claim any more right than another to 
 any part of their stock, whether in trade or husbandry.' " 21 
 
 According to the belief of the Labadists the church was a com- 
 munity of holy persons who had been born again from sin, held 
 together by the love of truth as it is in Jesus Christ. They laid 
 great stress on the power of the Holy Ghost, operating not only 
 through the scriptures and the administration of the sacraments, 
 but also by direct communication with the souls of the elect. The 
 presence of the Holy Ghost was indicated by the conduct of the 
 
 21 Ibid., p. 16. 
 
THE PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 
 AUGUSTINE HERN! 
 
*MAN SOCIETY. 
 
 m&jfe.w^' ^Sa&sj; 
 
 ?^ ^fsc^^ 1 - s * 
 
 S MAP, 1670. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 25 
 
 believer. They did not believe in infant baptism because it could 
 not be foretold whether the child would grow up in the fear of 
 God or in sin. To them baptism was the sealing of a new covenant 
 with God and insured the washing away of sins. They held that 
 the believers and unbelievers should be kept apart, and carried this 
 doctrine to such a length that they believed it was the duty of a 
 husband and wife to separate if either were not of the elect. They 
 held themselves as freed from allegiance to any law. 
 
 "Labadism," says James, 22 "was essentially a mystical 
 form of faith, teaching supreme reliance upon the inward 
 illumination of the Spirit. And yet the works of the 
 Labadists disclose a high form of Christian faith and aspi- 
 ration. Whatever its defects, and the opportunities for 
 hypocritical pretence which it offered, Labadism was yet 
 a standard of faith and conduct which no one could con- 
 form to without at the same time exemplifying high Chris- 
 tian graces." 
 
 The Labadist colony on Bohemia river ceased to exist 
 as such shortly after the year 1720. 
 
 According to Weishaar, 23 other Germans who settled in 
 Maryland prior to 1700 were Martin Faulkner, who was 
 granted 150 acres of land in Anne Arundel county, Sep- 
 tember 23, 1680; Daniel Hast, Somerset county, August 
 30, 1680; Robert Knapp, September 22, 1 68 1 ; Christo- 
 pher Geist, August 10, 1684; William Gross, October 24, 
 1684; Richard Schippe; John Leniger, October 10, 1683; 
 Rudolph Brandt, June 12, 1686; William Blankenstein, 
 about 1685; John Falkner, 1685; Thomas Faulkner, June 
 12, 1688; William Gross, May 2, 1689; William Lange, 
 November 10, 1691 ; Robert Sadler, April 4, 1689. 
 
 22 " The Labadist Colony in Maryland," p. 14. 
 
 23 Report of the Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland, 
 Vol. XV., p. 20. 
 
26 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 These are practically all the Germans who had settled 
 in the colony before 1700. Compared with those of 
 other nationalities they were few in number and were not 
 of sufficient importance to make any impression in consider- 
 ing the character of the inhabitants. Maryland was still 
 English in all respects and it remained so until the large 
 influx of Pennsylvania-Germans a third of a century later. 
 
 SPINNING WHEEL. 
 
MHBBMtO V 
 
 
 WSM 
 
 
 ■■€ 
 
 *1 
 
 Sm 
 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Germans in Pennsylvania. 
 
 3f 
 
 ROM the time that Moses 
 led the hosts of Israel out 
 of Egypt toward the Prom- 
 ised Land history records no 
 such exodus of a people as 
 that which took place from 
 the Rhenish provinces of Ger- 
 many in the early years of the 
 eighteenth century. The op- 
 pressed and impoverished in- 
 habitants went, not by scores, 
 nor even by hundreds, but 
 literally by thousands. In this day we can scarcely realize 
 the extent of the emigration which took place from Ger- 
 many at that time, nor the causes which brought it about. 
 These causes were varied, though it was the ruthless devas- 
 tation of the valley of the Rhine, commonly known as the 
 Palatinate, during the Thirty Years' War and those which 
 followed it, "more than any other cause that started the 
 great and steady stream of German blood, muscle and 
 brains to Pennsylvania's shores." 24 
 
 24 Julius F. Sachse, Litt.D., in Proceedings and Addresses of the Penn- 
 sylvania-German Society, Vol. VII., p. 172. 
 
 27 
 
28 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Almost with the opening of the Thirty Years' War, in 
 1620, the troops of the Emperor Ferdinand II. of Ger- 
 many, under Tilly and Maximilian, devastated the Protes- 
 tant lands and cities of the Palatinate, and began the 
 ravages which marked that war. The Protestants retali- 
 ated, with the result that the country was almost depopu- 
 lated. Before this war the Palatinate was credited with 
 a population of half a million souls; at the close of the 
 struggle a census showed less than one third of the original 
 number. 25 It has been estimated that in the first half of 
 the seventeenth century two thirds of the people of Ger- 
 many perished from war, pestilence and famine. One of 
 the effects of the war was the destruction of almost all 
 trade and commerce. During the war Alsace, adjoining 
 the Palatinate, was so terribly devastated by the French 
 that the German Emperor found himself unable to hold it. 
 The population was greatly reduced in numbers and much 
 of the land was left uncultivated. 
 
 With the end of the Thirty Years' War the impover- 
 ished and destitute inhabitants of Germany hoped for a 
 respite from their troubles and for a chance to rebuild 
 their homes and rehabilitate their fortunes. But that hope 
 was in vain. In 1674, during the Dutch War, Turenne 
 pushed forward into the Palatinate, defeated the imperial- 
 ists at Sinzheim, and deliberately destroyed the whole 
 country. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, in 
 1685, large numbers of Huguenots left France and settled 
 in the Palatinate. The French king becoming angered 
 because the Palatine Elector gave shelter to these perse- 
 cuted people, sent Louvois with one hundred thousand 
 soldiers, with orders to destroy the Palatinate. "How 
 well this horde of murderers did his bidding," says Dr. 
 
 25 Ibid., p. 125. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 29 
 
 Sachse, " is a matter of history. Even to the present day, 
 after the lapse of two centuries, the line of march may be 
 traced from the Drachenfels to Heidelberg. Crumbling 
 walls, ruined battlements and blown-up towers still remain 
 as mementoes of French vandalism." 26 
 
 But even this was not the end of their chapter of hor- 
 rors, for with the opening of the eighteenth century the 
 War of the Spanish Succession caused the country again to 
 be overrun, and what little the previous marauders had left 
 was destroyed by the flames and battles of another invasion. 
 The few people who were left were in the direst poverty. 
 Even those who a few years before were well-to-do, were 
 now no better off than their poorest neighbors, for with 
 their homes destroyed and their fields uncultivated they 
 had nothing, and no prospects of having anything. 
 
 But, as though the trial by the sword and flames was 
 not enough, nature did what she could to still further afflict 
 the stricken inhabitants of the Palatinate. The winter of 
 1708-9 was unusually severe. The cold was intense and 
 long-continued, and the half-starved and destitute inhabi- 
 tants were illy-prepared to withstand the rigors of that 
 unusually severe winter, so that many of them perished 
 from the cold. To the little remnant that was left it 
 seemed as though they had been forsaken by God as well 
 as by man, and they were ready to turn in any direction 
 that offered an escape from the terrible situation in which 
 they found themselves. 
 
 At this juncture the agents sent out by William Penn, 
 and to a lesser degree by some of the proprietors of some 
 of the other American colonies, made their appearance 
 and distributed broadcast glowing accounts of the new 
 
 26 Proceedings and Addresses of the Pennsylvania-German Society, Vol. 
 VII., p. 170. 
 
3<d The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 homes that might easily be founded in the land across the 
 sea. The poverty-stricken, starving people jumped at the 
 chance that was offered and rose en masse and made their 
 way as best they could to the nearest seaports and started 
 for England as the first stage in their journey to the new 
 home beyond the sea. They went literally by the thousand. 
 In May or June, 1709, the Germans began to arrive in 
 London, and by October between 13,000 and 14,000 had 
 come. 27 The coming into England of so large a number 
 of destitute people with no means of sustenance presented 
 to the English people a problem which had to be met 
 promptly. As Dr. Diffenderffer says, " Never before, 
 perhaps, were emigrants seeking new homes so poorly 
 provided with money and the other necessaries of life to 
 support them on their way as were these Palatines. . . . 
 From the day of their arrival in London they required the 
 assistance of the English to keep them from starving. 
 There was little or no work; bread was dear, and the only 
 thing to do was to bridge the crisis by raising money by 
 public subscriptions." 
 
 A large amount of money was collected and by direction 
 of Queen Anne one thousand tents were taken from the 
 Tower of London and set up in the country outside of 
 London. In these camps many of the emigrants were shel- 
 tered, while others were housed in barns and warehouses, 
 and some in private houses. The government took active 
 steps to get rid of the foreigners as quickly as possible, 
 and eventually they were disposed of. Nearly four thou- 
 sand of them were sent to Ireland, 28 where their descend- 
 
 27 Frank R. Diffenderffer, Litt.D., in Proceedings and Addresses of the 
 Pennsylvania-German Society, Vol. VII., p. 266. 
 
 28 Dr. Diffenderffer is of the opinion that if these German colonists did 
 not actually establish the linen industry in Ireland they gave it such an 
 impulse as to make it the most important textile industry in that country. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 31 
 
 ants live to this day. Many of the Roman Catholics were 
 returned to the places from which they had come, and a 
 large party, numbering over three thousand, was sent to 
 the New York colony, many of whom eventually found 
 their way down into Pennsylvania and settled in the Tulpe- 
 hocken region. 
 
 This was practically the beginning of the German emi- 
 gration to America, although the Crefeld colony under 
 Pastorius had made a settlement at Germantown in 1683 
 and Kocherthal, with his fifty-three companions, had 
 founded Newburg on the Hudson at the beginning of 
 1709. A constant stream of German colonists followed, 
 at first slowly, then in larger numbers, the greater number 
 going to Pennsylvania. By 17 17 so many of them had 
 arrived in that colony that alarm was excited in the minds 
 of the authorities. In that year Governor Keith thought 
 the matter of sufficient importance to recommend that the 
 masters of all vessels bringing in foreign passengers be 
 required to furnish lists of all such persons and that the 
 emigrants be required to take the oath of allegiance. 
 Through this recommendation being, at a later period, 
 enacted into a law a fairly accurate record of the number 
 of German emigrants who came into Pennsylvania has been 
 preserved. The exact number is not known, as many came 
 before the records were begun, in 1727, and some of these 
 records appear to have been lost, but Professor Oscar Kuhns 
 has gone over the lists very carefully and has figured out 
 that between 1727 and 1775 the number of Germans who 
 came to Pennsylvania was about 6 8, 8 7 2. 29 The authori- 
 ties of the province did not look kindly upon this influx 
 of German emigrants. Secretary James Logan was par- 
 ticularly outspoken in his opposition to them, and on a 
 
 29 " The German and Swiss Settlements of Colonial Pennsylvania," p. 57. 
 
32 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 number of occasions wrote unfavorably concerning them. 
 On march 25, 1727, he wrote to John Penn: "We have 
 many thousands of foreigners, mostly Palatines, so-called, 
 already in y e Countrey, of whom near 1500 came in this 
 last summer; many of them are a surly people, divers 
 Papists amongst them, and y e men generally well arm'd. 
 We have from the North of Ireland, great numbers yearly, 
 8 or 9 Ships this last ffall discharged at Newcastle. Both 
 of these sorts sitt frequently down on any spott of vacant 
 Land they can find, without asking questions; the last 
 Palatines say there will be twice the number next year, & 
 y e Irish say y e same of their People." 
 
 The proprietaries were naturally influenced by the un- 
 favorable reports sent to them concerning the German 
 emigrants and in consequence, although they were doubt- 
 less actuated by other motives, determined to have them 
 settle on the outlying lands so that they might serve as a 
 bulwark between the inhabitants of the more-thickly 
 settled parts of the province and the hostile Indians. In 
 1729, John, Thomas and Richard Penn wrote to Secre- 
 tary Logan : " As to the Palatines, you have often taken 
 notice of to us, wee apprehend have Lately arrived in 
 greater Quantities than may be consistent with the welfare 
 of the Country, and therefore, applied ourself to our 
 Councill to find a proper way to prevent it, the result of 
 which was, that an act of assembly should be got or en- 
 deavoured at, and sent us over immediately, when we 
 would take sufficient Care to get it approved by the King. 
 With this resolution we acquainted the Governour, by 
 Cap 1 Stringfellow, to Maryland, the 25 th Feb 17 a Duplicate 
 of which we have since sent by another shipp, both w cl1 
 times we also enclos'd Letters for thee; but as to any other 
 people coming over who are the subjects of the British 
 
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY. 
 
 TALLOW CANDLE MOULDS. 
 FLAX HACKLES. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 33 
 
 Crown, we can't Conceive it anyways practicable to pro- 
 hibit it: but supposing they are natives of Ireland & Roman 
 Catholicks, they ought not to settle till they have taken the 
 proper Oaths to the King, & Promis'd Obedience to the 
 Laws of the Country, and, indeed, we Can't Conceive it 
 unreasonable that if they are Inclinable to settle, they 
 should be oblig'd to settle, either Backwards to Sasque- 
 hannah or north in y e Country beyond the other settle- 
 ments, as we had mentioned before in relation to the Pala- 
 tines ; but we must desire Care may be taken that they are 
 not suffered to settle towards Maryland, on any account." 30 
 
 Not only did the provincial authorities feel apprehen- 
 sion concerning the large number of Germans who were 
 coming into the colony, but the same impression prevailed 
 among the English generally, and even as late as 175 1 
 Benjamin Franklin said: "Why should the Palatine boors 
 be suffered to swarm into our settlements, and, by herding 
 together, establish their language and manners, to the 
 exclusion of ours? Why should Pennsylvania, founded 
 by the English, become a colony of aliens, who will shortly 
 be so numerous as to Germanize us, instead of our Anglici- 
 fying them, and will never adopt our language or customs 
 any more than they can acquire our complexion? " Frank- 
 lin later realized that he had made a mistake in speaking 
 so contemptuously of this element which formed so large 
 a proportion of the population of Pennsylvania, and tried 
 to smooth it over by trying to make it appear that he had 
 used the word " boor " in the sense of " farmer." 
 
 But in spite of the opposition to them the Germans con- 
 tinued to come in increasing numbers. It is said that in 
 17 19 six thousand German emigrants came to Pennsylva- 
 nia, but as accurate records were not kept at that time it is 
 
 30 Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, Vol. VII., p. 140. 
 3* 
 
34 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 probable that this estimate is exaggerated. In 1727, when 
 fairly accurate records were kept, over twelve hundred 
 landed, while in 1732 the number was between two and 
 three thousand. As the eastern section of the country be- 
 came more thickly settled the Germans spread out to the 
 west and southwest and settled in the more remote parts 
 of the colony, often on land not yet purchased from the 
 Indians, as was the case with the party from Schoharie 
 county, New York, who made their way through the 
 unbroken forests, following the Susquehanna, and settled 
 at Tulpehocken. They were part of the party who settled 
 in Livingston Manor, in 17 10, and after spending some 
 years there had gone to Schoharie, whence they were again 
 impelled to move. The Indians naturally resented this 
 encroachment upon their lands and frequently assumed a 
 hostile attitude, making attacks on unprotected settlements. 
 The settlers appealed to the authorities for aid in repelling 
 these attacks, but, in addition to the fact that the Quaker 
 authorities were opposed to furnishing means for warfare 
 and bloodshed, they were almost continually having con- 
 troversies with the governors and proprietaries, and but 
 little was done in the way of furnishing protection, and the 
 inhabitants of the outlying sections were usually left to 
 their own devices. 
 
 The condition of these settlers is well illustrated in a 
 letter 31 written by Casper Wistar from Philadelphia, 
 under date of November 8, 1732 : 
 
 Being importuned daily by so many of our countrymen to re- 
 lieve them from the great distress, into which they have come, 
 partially through their own thoughtlessness, and partially by the 
 persuasion of others, and it being absolutely impossible to help all, 
 
 31 Quoted by Rev. Dr. Henry E. Jacobs, in Proceedings and Addresses of 
 the Pennsylvania-German Society, Vol. VIII., p. 142. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 35 
 
 sympathy for the poor people still in the Fatherland, and who, 
 before undertaking such a journey, have time to reflect, constrains 
 me to give a true account of the conditions of things in this new 
 land. I make this particular request that these facts may be re- 
 ported everywhere, that no one may have the excuse for learning 
 them only from his own personal experience. 
 
 Some years ago this was a very fruitful country, and, like all 
 new countries, but sparsely inhabited. Since the wilderness re- 
 quired much labor, and the inhabitants were few, ships that 
 arrived with German emigrants were cordially welcomed. They 
 were immediately discharged, and by their labor very easily earned 
 enough to buy some land. Pennsylvania is but a small part of 
 America, and has been open now for some years, so that not only 
 many thousand Germans, but English and Irish have settled there, 
 and filled all parts of the country; so that all who now seek land 
 must go far into the wilderness, and purchase it at a higher price. 
 
 Many hardships also are experienced on the voyage. Last year 
 one of the ships was driven about the ocean for twenty-four weeks, 
 and of its one hundred and fifty passengers, more than one hun- 
 dred starved to death. To satisfy their hunger, they caught mice, 
 and rats; and a mouse brought half a gulden. When the sur- 
 vivors at last reached land, their sufferings were aggravated by 
 their arrest, and the exaction from them of the entire fare for both 
 living and dead. This year ten ships with three thousand souls 
 have arrived. 
 
 One of the vessels was seventeen weeks on the way and about 
 sixty of its passengers died at sea. All the survivors are sick and 
 feeble, and what is worst, poor and without means; hence, in a 
 community like this where money is scarce, they are a burden, and 
 every day there are deaths among them. Every person over four- 
 teen years old, must pay six doubloons (about 90 dollars) passage 
 from Rotterdam, and those between four and fourteen must pay 
 half that amount. When one is without the money, his only 
 resource is to sell himself for a term from three to eight years or 
 more, and to serve as a slave. Nothing but a poor suit of clothes 
 
2,6 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 is received when his time has expired. Families endure a great 
 trial when they see the father purchased by one master, the mother 
 by another, and each of the children by another. All this for the 
 money only that they owe the Captain. And yet they are only 
 too glad, when after waiting long, they at last find some one will- 
 ing to buy them; for the money of the country is well nigh ex- 
 hausted. In view of these circumstances, and the tedious, expen- 
 sive and perilous voyage, you should not advise any one for whom 
 you wish well to come hither. All I can say is that those who 
 think of coming should weigh well what has been above stated, 
 and should count the cost, and, above all, should go to God for 
 counsel and inquire whether it be His will, lest they may under- 
 take that whereof they will afterward repent. If ready to haz- 
 ard their lives and to endure patiently all the trials of the voyage, 
 they must further think whether over and above the cost they will 
 have enough to purchase cattle, and to provide for other necessities. 
 No one should rely upon friends whom he may have here ; for they 
 have enough to do, and many a one reckons in this without his 
 host. Young and able-bodied persons, who can do efficient work, 
 can, nevertheless, always find some one who will purchase them 
 for two, three or four years; but they must be unmarried. For 
 young married persons, particularly when the wife is with child, 
 no one cares to have. Of mechanics there are a considerable num- 
 ber already here; but a good mechanic who can bring with him 
 sufficient capital to avoid beginning with debt, may do well, 
 although of almost all classes and occupations, there are already 
 more than too many. All this I have, out of sincere love for the 
 interests of my neighbor, deemed it necessary to communicate con- 
 cerning the present condition in Pennsylvania. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The Movement to Maryland. 
 
 2) 
 
 URING the first century of 
 its existence the colony of 
 Maryland did not grow very rap- 
 idly and it was, relatively, of minor 
 importance. The territory actu- 
 ally settled consisted chiefly of a 
 narrow strip along Chesapeake 
 Bay, the colonists showing but little 
 inclination to locate very far from tidewater. This was but 
 natural, for everyone was devoting his energies to raising 
 tobacco, and to dispose of this it had to be shipped abroad, 
 and the numerous inlets along the coast afforded ample op- 
 portunity for this shipment, without the necessity of a long 
 haul to the port of lading. It is curious to note how every 
 settler devoted all his time and labor to the raising of 
 tobacco, without regard to reason, and to the exclusion of 
 the necessaries of life; but tobacco was the only medium 
 of barter and exchange, and all debts, public and private, 
 were settled in that commodity. Naturally, therefore, 
 everyone wanted to raise as much tobacco as possible, and 
 the result, was that but little attention was paid to the 
 quality, and the consequent lowering of value of the prod- 
 
 37 
 
38 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 uct brought the young colony into financial difficulties with 
 all the evils attendant on a depreciated currency. The 
 enactment of laws requiring the settlers to raise a certain 
 amount of corn and other commodities had scarcely any 
 effect, and it was not until 1748, more than a hundred 
 years after the founding of the colony, that an effective 
 law regulating the production of tobacco was enacted. It 
 was this restriction of the settlements to the neighborhood 
 of the coast and the evils arising from the unlimited culti- 
 vation of tobacco that undoubtedly limited the growth of 
 the colony, although the feudal system in force in the 
 tenure of land had something to do with it. The colony 
 was practically at a standstill. In 1689, fifty-six years 
 after its foundation, it had a population of but 25,000. 
 In the next twenty-one years, to 17 10, the population in- 
 creased but five thousand, and in 1733 the number of tax- 
 able inhabitants, including all males above the age of 
 fifteen, was but 31,470; but about this time the German 
 settlers began to come into Maryland from Pennsylvania, 
 although it was not until some years later that they came in 
 sufficient numbers to materially affect the progress of the 
 colony. When this movement reached its height the effect 
 was decidedly noticeable, and by 1756 the population had 
 increased to 130,000, and by far the greater number of 
 these were Pennsylvania-Germans. 32 
 
 When the Germans began to arrive in Pennsylvania in 
 large numbers in the early part of the eighteenth century, 
 and spread out over that colony to the west and south, it 
 was but natural, in view of the unsettled condition of the 
 boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania, that some 
 of them should get over the dividing line into Maryland. 
 
 32 Louis P. Hennighausen, in Report of the Society for the History of 
 Germans in Maryland, Vol. VI., p. 14. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 39 
 
 As early as 17 10 this has been noted, for on October 27 
 of that year the journal of the Maryland House of Dele- 
 gates records that 
 
 This House being informed several Palatines were come to 
 settle in this Province & being willing and desirous to encourage 
 those poor People in their Industry have resolved that those Pala- 
 tines with their Servants shall be free this present year from paying 
 any publick, County, or Parish Levy or Charge, to which they 
 pray the Concurrence of the Honble Council. 33 
 
 But there was no marked movement of the Germans 
 from Pennsylvania into Maryland until the latter part of 
 the second decade of the eighteenth century, and then one 
 of the chief causes in bringing about this movement was 
 the indifference of the Quaker authorities of Pennsylva- 
 nia to the safety of the inhabitants of the back counties. 
 They were well satisfied to have these sturdy Germans on 
 the western frontier to serve as a barrier between them- 
 selves and the hostile Indians, but they were very unwilling 
 to go to any expense to provide the settlers with means 
 of protecting themselves. Among the numerous appeals 
 to the Pennsylvania authorities was the following petition 
 from a number of settlers in Colebrook Valley, asking for 
 protection from the attacks of the Indians who had already 
 attacked the settlers near Falckner's Swamp and Goschen- 
 hoppen : 34 
 
 To his Excellency Patrick Gordon Esqr Governor Generall In 
 chie(f) Over the Province of pencilvania And the Territoris 
 Belonging Bonbrenors township and the Adjacences Belonging 
 May ye 10 th 1728 
 We think It fit to Address your Excellency for Relief for your 
 
 Excellency must know That we have Sufered and Is Like to Sufer 
 
 33 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XVII., p. 524. 
 
 34 Pennsylvania Archives, First Series, Vol. I., p. 213. 
 
4Q 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 By the Ingians they have fell upon ye Back Inhabitors about 
 falkners Swamp & New Coshahopin Therefore We the humble 
 Petitionors With our poor Wives And Children Do humbly Beg 
 of your Excellency To Take It into Consideration And Relieve 
 us the Petitionors hereof Whos Lives Lie at Stake With us and 
 our poor Wives & Children that Is more to us than Life There- 
 fore We the humble Petitionors hereof Do Desire An Answer 
 from your Excellency By ye Bearor With Speed So no More at 
 present from your poor Afflicted People Whose names are here 
 Subscribed 
 
 John Roberts 
 Jn Pawling 
 Henry Pannebeckers 
 Wm Lane 
 John Jacobs 
 Isaac Dubois 
 Israeli Morris 
 B en j amen Fry 
 Jacob op den graef 
 Johannes Scholl 
 Richard Adams 
 George Poger 
 Adam Sollom 
 Dirtman Kolb 
 Martin Kolb 
 Gabriel Showier 
 Anthony halmon 
 John Isaac Klein 
 Hans Detweiler 
 William Bitts 
 Heinrich Rutt 
 Hubburt Castle 
 Henery Fentlinger 
 Christian Weber 
 Gerhart de hesse 
 
 H enrich Kolb 
 John fret 
 Paul fret. 
 Wm Smith 
 Peter Rambo 
 David young 
 Christopher Schmit 
 Garret Clemens 
 Johannes Reichardt 
 Mathias Tyson 
 Peter Johnson 
 Jost hyt 
 
 Christian Alibock 
 hans Rife 
 Daniel Stowford 
 Abraham Schwartz. 
 Johann Vallentin Kratz. 
 John Johnson 
 Colly hafilfinger 
 Nickolas huldiman 
 Michal Sigler 
 Christian Stoner 
 Johannes Garber 
 John huldiman 
 Claus Johnson 
 
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY. 
 
 
 
 
 
 9S*~ 
 
 *?&* 
 
 *im$ 
 
 
 
 
 "irrc 
 
 
 
 
 PETITION FROM THE SETTLERS IN COLEBROOK VALLEY, PA. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 41 
 
 Lorentz Bingamon Nicholas hicks 
 
 Richard Jacob Johannes Lisher 
 
 Hermanes Kusters Jacob Shimor 
 
 Peter Bun Michall Cross 
 
 Jacob Engners Peter Rife 
 
 Hans George Rife 
 
 Conrad Cusson George Mire 
 
 Jacob Mernke Postron Smith 
 
 Christian Nighswanger Edward Scherer 
 
 Conrad Knight Jacob Crontor 
 
 Jacob Kolb Jacob Stoferd 
 
 hons Wolly Bergy Henrey Stoferd 
 
 John Mior Paul fret. Junior. 
 
 This appeal, like so many others of similar import, 
 brought no response from the authorities. Among the 
 signers of this petition was Jost Hyt, or Jost Hite, as he 
 is generally designated in the Virginia records. Hite, who 
 appears to have been a man imbued with the courage of his 
 convictions, apparently became disgusted with the manner 
 in which the rights of the inhabitants were ignored by the 
 authorities, and determined to seek a home in some other 
 locality where the safety of the settlers would not be a 
 matter of indifference to those in authority. Thus was 
 started a movement which resulted in the peopling of 
 a state. 
 
 In 1709 Franz Ludwig Michel and Baron Christopher 
 von Graffenried, from Berne, Switzerland, established a 
 colony in North Carolina, but on account of the Indian 
 massacres, as well as the fact that the settlers were not 
 able to obtain land upon as favorable terms as they had 
 expected, most of the colonists removed into the colony 
 of Virginia. Here they were favorably received by Gov- 
 ernor Alexander Spottswood, who established a colony for 
 
42 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 them at Germanna, where he erected an iron-works in 
 which a number of the foreigners found employment. 
 This settlement, however, did not prosper and soon became 
 extinct, and the inhabitants located in other parts of the 
 colony. The presence of these Germans with their thrift 
 and industry naturally excited a desire to have more of 
 the same kind of people in the colony, and in 1730 Isaac 
 and John Van Meter, two Dutchmen whose father had 
 settled on the Hudson, obtained from the Governor of 
 Virginia a patent for 40,000 acres of land in that colony, 
 on condition that they would settle two hundred German 
 families on the land ceded to them. In looking for a place 
 where he might locate under more favorable conditions 
 than he had found to obtain in Pennsylvania, Jost Hite 
 made an agreement with the Van Meters and became a 
 partner in the plan to found a German colony in Virginia, 
 and in 1732, with his family, his son-in-law, George Bow- 
 man, Jacob Chrisman and Paul Froman, with their fami- 
 lies, and several others — sixteen families in all— left York, 
 crossed the Potomac, and settled near where Winchester 
 now stands. Although a little before this, as early as 
 1729, a few Germans had made their way down from 
 Pennsylvania into Maryland and settled near the Mono- 
 cacy river, this settlement of Hite's may be considered as 
 the entering wedge which started the great movement of 
 the Germans from Pennsylvania into Maryland and Vir- 
 ginia. In pursuance of their plan Hite and Van Meter 
 traveled through the German settlements to the north and 
 extolled the advantages of the territory they were exploit- 
 ing, and thus started the movement towards the south. 
 
 Charles, Lord Baltimore, becoming aware of this move- 
 ment, and desiring to obtain settlers for the unoccupied 
 
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY. 
 
 ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD, 
 
 GOVERNOR OF VIRGINIA. BORN 1676; DIED 1740. 
 

 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 43 
 
 western portion of his colony, issued the following proc- 
 lamation : 
 
 By the Right Honourable Charles Absolute Lord and Pro- 
 prietary of the Provinces of Maryland and Avalon Lord Baron of 
 Baltimore &c 
 
 Wee being Desireous to Increase the Number of Honest people 
 within our Province of Maryland and willing to give Suitable 
 Encouragement to such to come and Reside therein Do offer the 
 following Terms : 
 
 I st That any person haveing a ffamily who shall within three 
 Years come and Actually Settle with his or her Family on any of 
 the back Lands on the Northern or Western Boundarys of our 
 said province not already taken up between the Rivers Potomack 
 and Susquehana (where wee are Informed there are Several large 
 Bodies of Fertile Lands fit for Tillage, Which may be Seen aithout 
 any Expence) Two hundred Acres of the said Lands in ffee Simple 
 Without paying any part of the fforty Shillings Sterling for every 
 hundred Acres payable to Us by the Conditions of Plantations, 
 And without paying any Quit Rents in three Years after the first 
 Settlement, and then paying four Shillings Sterling for Every 
 hundred of Acres to us or our Heirs for every Year after the ex- 
 piration of the said three Years. 
 
 2 d To allow to Each Single person Male or Female above the 
 Age of Thirty & not under Fifteen One hundred Acres of the 
 said Lands upon the same Terms as mentioned in the preceding 
 Article. 
 
 3 d That We will Concour in any reasonable Method that shall be 
 proposed for the Ease of such New Comers in the payment of their 
 Taxes for some Years And We doe Assure all such that they shall 
 be as well Secured in their Liberty & property in Maryland as any 
 of his Majesty's Subjects in any part of the British Plantations in 
 America without Exception And to the End all persons Desireous 
 to come into and Reside in Maryland may be Assured that these 
 Terms will be Justly & Punctually performed on our part Wee 
 
44 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 have hereunto sett our hand and Seal at Arms, at Annapolis this 
 Second day of March Annoq Domini 1732. 35 
 
 This exceedingly liberal offer of land at a rental of about 
 one cent per acre per annum, with no rent to be paid for 
 three years, naturally attracted the attention of the emi- 
 grants, and, as Hennighausen says, 36 "the settlers on 
 their way to Spottsylvania, seeing the rich soil of Frederick 
 county offered to them on such liberal terms, did not pro- 
 ceed further, but stuck their spades into the ground right 
 then and there." 
 
 A little later another element that had considerable 
 weight in inducing many already settled in Pennsylvania 
 to go farther south was the fact that the winter of 1 740-1 
 was an intensely cold one. Not only were there prolonged 
 periods of intense cold, but an unusual quantity of snow 
 fell, so that there was a great deal of suffering all through 
 the settlements of Pennsylvania. 37 While the severe 
 weather prevailed over the most of America, and was 
 almost as marked in Virginia as it was in Pennsylvania, 
 many of the inhabitants of the latter colony, under the 
 impression that farther south the climate would be less 
 rigorous, removed from the settlements already formed 
 in Pennsylvania, and went to Maryland and Virginia. 
 
 ss Archives of Maryland, Vol. XXVIII., p. 2.3. 
 
 36 Op. cit., p. 15. 
 
 37 Blodget's "Climatology of the United States," p. 144, says: "It was 
 commonly called ' the cold winter. 1 
 
 . > » 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 The Monocacy Road. 
 
 £ 
 
 EFORE the coming of the 
 white man the original own- 
 ers of the American continent had 
 made many paths, or " trails," as 
 they were called, running from 
 one section of the country to an- 
 other for the use of their war 
 parties, or on their hunting expe- 
 ditions. At first, before any roads 
 were cut, the settlers found it con- 
 venient to continue using these trails, as they were generally 
 the shortest route between any two points. They were suit- 
 able for travelers on foot or for pack-horses, but could not 
 be used for wagons, and as the needs of the settlers devel- 
 oped many of the Indian trails were widened into roads, 
 and not a few of the well-known highways of to-day are but 
 the amplification of the by-paths over which the redman 
 found his way through the primeval forest. One of these 
 Indian trails started at a point on the Susquehanna river 
 near where Wrightsville now stands and extended through 
 the territory now forming parts of York and Adams 
 
 45 
 
46 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 counties, Pennsylvania, to a point on the Monocacy river 
 near the boundary between the provinces of Maryland and 
 Pennsylvania, thence to the Potomac river, crossing the 
 South Mountain through a gap known as Crampton's Gap. 
 It was over this trail that the first Germans went from 
 Pennsylvania to Maryland, in 17 10, and later when the 
 movement became more extensive the same route was used. 
 When communication between the settlements in Mary- 
 land and Pennsylvania became more frequent the neces- 
 sity of having better means of travel became urgent and 
 steps were taken to have a road properly laid out. In 
 1739 application was made to the Lancaster county court 
 for the appointment of viewers for such a road. The 
 record of this proceeding may be of interest. It is found 
 in "Road Docket No. 1, from 1729 to 1742," and is as 
 follows : 
 
 " 1739. At a Court of General Quarter Sessions, held at Lan- 
 caster, the Seventh day of August, in the thirtieth year of His 
 Majesty's reign Anno Dom. before John Wright, Tobias Hen- 
 dricks, Thomas Edwards, Samuel Jones, Edward Smout, Thomas 
 Lindley, Anthony Shaw, Samuel Boyd, James Armstrong and 
 Emanuel Carpenter, Esqrs. Justices of our Lord the King, the 
 Peace of our said Lord the King, in the said county to keep, as 
 also divers ffelonys, tresspasses &c other misdeeds in the said county 
 committed to hear & determine assigned. 
 
 " Upon the Petition of Several of the Inhabitants of the town- 
 ship of Hallem, on the West side of Susquehanah, setting forth the 
 necessity of a road from John Wright's fferry, towards Potomac 
 river, and praying that persons may be appointed to lay out the 
 Same: Ordered by ye Court, that Joshua Minshall, Henry Hen- 
 dricks, ffrancis Worley Jun r , Christian Crowl, Michael Tanner & 
 Woolrick Whistler view and, if they or any four of them se cause 
 that they lay the same by course and distance, ffrom the said fferry 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 47 
 
 to the line dividing the Provinces, and report ye same to ye next 
 Court." 
 
 At a Court of General Quarter Sessions held on the 5th 
 and 6th days of February, 1740, the following return of 
 the viewers was handed to the Court : 
 
 " The Persons appointed at the August Court last & continued 
 to November Court following do report that, pursuant to order, 
 they have viewed and laid out a road from Susquehanah river 
 South Westerly, towards the Province line, according to the 
 courses & distances following, viz.: Beginning at the said river, in 
 the line between the lands of John Wright Jun. and Samuel Tay- 
 lor; thence South 80 deg. West 430 per. 71 deg. West. 562 per, 
 to Crawl's run: South 70 deg. West, 430 per. to a marked white 
 oak. West 76 per. to the Canoe run ; South 68 deg. West 254 per. 
 to a black oak; South 53 deg. West 540 per. to the West branch of 
 Grist creek; South 66 deg. West 280 per.; South 84 deg. West 
 264 perches; West 166 per. to Little Codorus creek; South 82 
 lor; thence South 80 deg. West 430 per. 71 deg. West. 562 per. 
 South 72 deg. : West 260 pr. to Big Codorus creek ; continuing the 
 same course 360 per. to Perrin's run, West 246 per. to Springle's 
 field; South 72 deg. West 80 per: South-West 160 per; South 60 
 deg. West, 126 per. to the point of a steep hill: South 48 deg. 
 West 134 per. South 69 deg. West 200 per. South 58 deg. West 
 240 per. to L^reman's run: South, 57 deg. West 40 per.: South 71 
 deg. West, 166 per. to a black oak, by Chrn Oyster's South 55 
 deg. West, 172 per. South 40 deg. West 330 per, South 52 deg. 
 West 172 per. to Nicholas lougher's run: South 44 deg. West 380 
 per. South 58.„deg. West 376 per.: South 22 deg. West 120 per. 
 to the West branch of the Codorus creek : South 30 deg. West 66 
 per.: South 36 deg. West, 60 per.: South 26 deg. West 66 per.; 
 South 104 per." 
 
 Here the court record of this proceeding concerning the 
 road ends, but from the fact that the road was constructed 
 
48 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 it is quite probable that the report of the viewers was 
 confirmed. 
 
 By an act of the Maryland assembly this road was con- 
 tinued to the Potomac river. It practically followed the 
 old Indian trail and was known as the Monocacy Road. 
 It was over this road that Benjamin Franklin, in 1755, 
 sent the 150 wagons and 200 horses he had secured in 
 Pennsylvania to General Braddock in preparation for 
 the ill-fated campaign against Fort Duquesne. Having 
 learned that Braddock had determined to send officers into 
 Pennsylvania to seize the horses and wagons needed, in 
 order to prevent such a catastrophe Franklin offered to 
 secure the necessary equipment, and, making his headquar- 
 ters at Lancaster, he sent the horses and wagons he was 
 able to obtain over the Monocacy Road to Braddock's 
 camp at Frederick. 
 
 This was the route over which the settlers in Maryland 
 sent their produce and manufactures to Philadelphia, at 
 first by pack-horses and later by wagons. At first the 
 wagons were home-made affairs, the wheels being sawed 
 from the trunks of the gum, or buttonwood tree. Later 
 came the well-known Conestoga wagon, 38 with its blue 
 
 38 It is remarkable how much misinformation is frequently crowded into 
 the so-called " Historical Novel " — misinformation which is made to 
 masquerade as fact. For instance, in " The Quest of John Chapman," by 
 Rev. Newell Dwight Hillis, D.D., on page 80, appears the following 
 remarkable explanation of the reason for building the Conestoga wagon 
 in the shape in which it was made: 
 
 " Not until they came to the Susquehanna did Dorothy appreciate the 
 meaning of these wagons, with the body built like a boat with prow in 
 front and curved behind. Coming to the edge of the river, the driver 
 drove the team into the stream until the wagon floated like a boat. Then 
 the horses and running gears were driven back to the land, and the 
 wheels and axles were placed in the body of the wagon which had now 
 become a boat. One driver poled or paddled, the other led the swimming 
 horses, until all were conveyed safely to the opposite shore." 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 49 
 
 body and bright-red running gears, drawn by four, six, 
 or even more horses. When the first wagons made their 
 appearance the owners of the pack-horses bitterly opposed 
 their use, just as, a few generations later, the wagoners 
 opposed the building of the railroads. 
 
 During the Revolution, when it was desired to transfer 
 the British prisoners from Reading and Lancaster to some 
 point farther in the interior, they were conducted over the 
 Monocacy Road to the barracks at Frederick, Maryland, 
 and to Winchester, Virginia. It was by this same road 
 that General Wayne, in 178 1, led the Pennsylvania troops 
 to Yorktown. The Monocacy Road was macadamized in 
 1808, and, until the railroads were built, it was the main 
 thoroughfare between Maryland and the South and Phila- 
 delphia and the eastern section of the country. 
 
 4* 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 The First Settlements. 
 
 IT 
 
 "N studying the early history 
 of Maryland one is at once 
 impressed by the fact that there 
 are but few records. Outside 
 of the Council and Assembly 
 proceedings there is very little 
 on record to show the growth 
 and development of the colony 
 during the first half of the eigh- 
 teenth century. More particu- 
 larly is this the case as regards the settlement of the western 
 part of the state, the section in which movement of the Ger- 
 mans from Pennsylvania was most prominent. Whether or 
 not there were such records, it is impossible to say, but it is 
 scarcely likely that this was the case. It is more probable 
 that the Pennsylvania-German settlers, intent on preparing 
 their lands for cultivation and building their homes, wasted 
 no time on such matters ; and so it happens that the history 
 of the first settlements in that section are shrouded in 
 uncertainty. While it is known that a few Pennsylvania- 
 Germans came down into Maryland during the first 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 51 
 
 quarter of the eighteenth century, there were not many of 
 them and they were so widely separated that there was no 
 attempt made to found a town or village. It was not until 
 after the year 1730 that any considerable number of them 
 settled in Maryland. 
 
 The territory now known as Western Maryland, the 
 part that was settled by the Pennsylvania Germans, was 
 originally part of Charles county, which was formed in 
 1638. There was very little settlement of the western 
 part of this county for nearly one hundred years, so that 
 there was no change made in the county lines, and it was 
 not until the Germans had come in numbers that a further 
 division was deemed necessary. In 1748 the western part 
 of the colony was erected into a county which was named 
 Frederick. It was in this section that the Pennsylvania- 
 Germans made their first settlements. 
 
 The first permanent settlement made by the Pennsyl- 
 vania-Germans was the village of Monocacy. 39 This vil- 
 lage which was the most important settlement in western 
 Maryland until it was outstripped in growth by its 
 younger neighbor, the town of Frederick, has disappeared 
 from the map, and even its site was unknown until the 
 investigations of Schultz definitely fixed its location. It 
 was situated on the west side of the Monocacy river near 
 where the Virginia road crossed that stream, and about ten 
 miles north of where Frederick was afterwards laid out. 
 This, as Schultz says, would locate it a little south of the 
 present town of Creagerstown. It was at Monocacy that 
 the first church was built by the Pennsylvania-Germans, a 
 log structure in which Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and 
 Michael Schlatter afterwards held services, and it may 
 
 39 " First Settlements of Germans in Maryland," by Edward T. 
 Schultz, p. 6. 
 
52 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 rightly be regarded as the mother-church of the Lutheran 
 and German Reformed denominations in Maryland. 
 
 In his investigation to discover the exact site of the 
 ancient village of Monocacy Schultz enlisted the services 
 of Rev. George A. Whitmore, of Thurmont, Maryland, 
 and Mr. Whitmore's report, as given by Schultz, seems to 
 settle definitely the location. Says Mr. Whitmore: 40 
 " From the information which I have been able to gather 
 from the oldest and most reliable citizens here, one of 
 whom is now ninety years old, and a man remarkably pre- 
 served in mind, Mr. W. L. Grimes, Sr., also Mrs. Michael 
 Zimmerman and Miss Melissa Myers, both of them 
 bordering on eighty years, and others, it seems that the 
 present Creagerstown is the site where the old log church 
 stood. These good people, who are all connected with the 
 oldest and most reliable families, remember quite well the 
 old weather-boarded log meeting-house which preceded 
 the present brick church, in 1834. Mr. Grimes helped 
 to tear down the old building and purchased some of the 
 logs and boarding, which he used in the construction of 
 some houses in the village, and they are there to-day. 
 From what I can learn from them, the church was origi- 
 nally built simply of logs, and that the weather-boarding 
 was supplied many years afterwards. The new brick 
 church was erected a few rods north of the old site on a 
 new lot containing one and a half acres, which, together 
 with the old location, is covered with graves. The first 
 graveyard lay immediately in the rear of the old church, 
 and contains also an acre and a-half, but not a tombstone 
 can be found, only the indenture of graves covered with a 
 mat of broom-sage, under which no doubt much history 
 is hidden. 
 
 40 Schultz, p. 21. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 53 
 
 " Then, again, I have found traces in two instances, plain 
 and unmistakable, of the old Monocacy Road, passing 
 just below the village, in a southwestern direction and 
 crossing Hunting creek where, according to tradition, there 
 was an old tavern, and where there are now three or four 
 old dwellings. Tradition also says the Monocacy Road 
 crossed the river at Poe's Ford, which has not been used 
 for over a century. The road on both sides of the creek 
 lies in timber land of old sturdy oak." 
 
 At this late day it is impossible to determine the cause 
 of the decadence of the town of Monocacy and its passing 
 out of existence, but it is very probable that the laying out 
 of another town a short distance away and on land that 
 had a higher elevation, was one of the chief causes. 
 Schultz says: "John Cramer, a German, or a descendant 
 of a German, between 1760 and 1770 laid out a village 
 on grounds belonging to him, which was named in his 
 honor, Creagerstown. The site selected was a few rods 
 north of the old log church and little less than a mile from 
 the first settlement. The site selected for the new village 
 was on more elevated ground, which fact doubtless caused 
 it to expand to the detriment of the older village." That 
 the existence of Monocacy as a town was well known is 
 shown by the following letter addressed to Benjamin 
 Tasker, esquire: 
 
 London, July the 9th 1752. 
 
 Sir: By the ship " Patience," Captain Steel, a number of Pala- 
 tines are embarked for Maryland to settle there, which being noti- 
 fied to me, and a Recommendation to you desired of me, in favour 
 of Messieurs F. & R. Snowdens & D. Wolstenholme, to whose 
 care they are consigned and recommended. 
 
 I therefore desire you will give such necessary Assistance to the 
 People on their Arrival, to forward them to Manockesy (which I 
 
54 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 understand is in Frederick County) or where else they shall want 
 to go to settle within the Province, as in your Power, and that 
 they may be accomodated in a proper manner; But the charges 
 attending any such service to them must be done in the most mod- 
 erate manner in respect to the Proprietor and to answer their 
 requisites necessary to their service. The increase of People being 
 always welcome, your prudence would have supplied this Letter 
 in a kind Reception of them; nevertheless as particular occasions 
 may require your Favour I conclude my recommendation of them, 
 in giving them all possible satisfaction relating to the manner and 
 Place they shall choose to settle in Maryland. I am, Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 C/ECilius Calvert. 
 
 Washington in one of his letters also speaks of Mono- 
 cacy. 
 
 Another very early settlement was the village of Cono- 
 cocheague, near the present site of Clearspring. This was 
 a well-known place and is mentioned by Washington and 
 other letter writers of that period. Until after the French 
 and Indian War this was the most westerly settlement in 
 Maryland. One of the early settlers in that locality was 
 Jonathan Hager, who afterwards laid out Elizabeth-Town, 
 now known as Hagerstown. Jonathan Hager was un- 
 questionably a Pennsylvania-German. All writers on the 
 subject say that it is impossible to find out just when he 
 came to America, and Scharf says: 41 " Capt. Hager came 
 from Germany about 1730." Yet the Pennsylvania 
 Archives 42 and Rupp's "Thirty Thousand Names" 43 both 
 give the time of his arrival in Pennsylvania as 1736. Ac- 
 cording to these records among the passengers on the ship 
 
 41 " History of Western Maryland," Vol. II., p. 1059. 
 
 42 Second Series, Vol. XVII., p. 122. 
 
 43 Second Edition, p. 101. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 55 
 
 Harle, which arrived at Philadelphia September i, 1736, 
 was Jonathan Heger, whose age is given as 22. The first 
 record of his being in Maryland was when he obtained a 
 patent for two hundred acres of land near the present site 
 of Hagerstown. This was on December 16, 1739, so that 
 it is probable that he spent about three years in Pennsylva- 
 nia. According to Scharf, "the earliest information of 
 Jonathan Hager, Sr., is found in the statement that he 
 received a patent of certain land on which a portion of the 
 city of Philadelphia now stands," but, unfortunately, 
 Scharf rarely gives authority for his quotations. After his 
 settlement in Maryland, at various times until 1765, Hager 
 obtained patents to different plats of land until his holdings 
 amounted to almost twenty-five hundred acres. He laid 
 out the town of Elizabeth-Town (Hagerstown) in 1762. 
 This was apparently a very successful undertaking, for ten 
 years later, under date of September 7, 1772, Eddis 
 writes: 44 "About thirty miles west of Frederick-town, I 
 passed through a settlement which is making quick ad- 
 vances to perfection. A German adventurer, whose name 
 is Hagar, purchased a considerable tract of land in this 
 neighborhood, and with much discernment and foresight 
 determined to give encouragement to traders, and to erect 
 proper habitations for the stowage of goods, for the supply 
 of the adjacent country. His plan succeeded: he has lived 
 to behold a multitude of inhabitants on lands, which he 
 remembered unoccupied: and he has seen erected in places, 
 appropriated by him for that purpose, more than a hun- 
 dred comfortable edifices, to which the name of Hagar's 
 Town is given, in honor of the intelligent founder." 45 
 
 44 "Letters from America," p. 133. 
 
 45 Jonathan Hager was born in 1714. In 174x3 he married Elizabeth 
 Kershner. He died November 6, 1775, from the effects of an injury, a log 
 
56 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 The town of Frederick was laid out in 1745. The terri- 
 tory had been settled ten years before by a party of colo- 
 nists under the leadership of Thomas Schley, who was their 
 schoolmaster. There is nothing on record to show whether 
 Schley and his party came to Maryland by way of Penn- 
 sylvania or not, and it has been assumed that they landed 
 at Annapolis. The fact that their names have not been 
 found in the Pennsylvania records does not prove con- 
 clusively that they did not come to that colony first, as did 
 most of the emigrants of that period, for those records are 
 admittedly incomplete. 
 
 It is a fact that cannot be controverted that of the thou- 
 sands of Germans who settled in Maryland prior to 1760 
 and entirely changed the character of that colony, with 
 but very few exceptions they were Pennsylvania-Germans. 
 In fact, although there were some notable exceptions, the 
 number who came directly to Maryland from Germany 
 can be regarded as a negligible quantity. It is unfor- 
 tunate that there was no record kept of the arrival of emi- 
 grants at the ports of Annapolis and Alexandria, such as 
 was kept at Philadelphia; or, if there was such a record 
 kept, that it has disappeared, for owing to the absence of 
 a record of this kind there is no way of telling just what 
 number of Germans came directly to Maryland without 
 first stopping in Pennsylvania* It is true that all writers 
 who have touched upon this subject, and they are not a 
 few, state that, according to the records of the port of 
 Annapolis, from the year 1752 to 1755 German emigrants 
 to the number of 1,060 arrived at that port, but the evi- 
 dence presented is not sufficient, in my opinion, to prove 
 
 rolling on him and crushing him at a saw-mill where he was superintend- 
 ing the preparation of the lumber for the German Reformed church, in 
 the building of which he took a great interest. 
 
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY. 
 
 BREAD BASKETS, DOUGH TROUGH SCRAPERS AND COFFEE MILL. 
 
 TAR BUCKET, TEA KETTLE, CAULDRON, SKELLET AND 
 
 "SETAUM LOFFELL." 
 

 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 57 
 
 conclusively that this is the case. The authority for this 
 statement is a paper read by Francis B. Mayer before the 
 Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland, on 
 October 21, 1890. 46 Some years ago Mr. Mayer saved 
 from destruction at a paper mill two parchment-bound 
 volumes entitled " Records of Arrivals and Clearances at 
 the Port of Annapolis," commencing in 1748. According 
 to this record, among the arrivals at that port were the 
 following : 
 
 September 18, 1752, Ship " Integrity," Jo. Coward, Master 150 
 tons, 6 guns and 14 men — the baggage of 150 Palatine passengers 
 from Cowes. 
 
 September 19, 1753, Ship "Barclay," J. Brown, Master, 120 
 tons, 12 men — baggage of 160 Palatines. 
 
 November 8, 1753, Ship "Friendship," baggage of 300 Palatine 
 Passengers. 
 
 January 16, 1755, Ship "Friendship," baggage of 450 Palatine 
 Passengers. 
 
 It is upon this record that Mr. Mayer bases the state- 
 ment that 1,060 Palatine emigrants arrived at the port of 
 Annapolis. He says : " Of the arrival of Palatine Passen- 
 gers, as the Germans were all known as Palatines, we have 
 no mention except in connection with their baggage." It 
 seems to me that this is rather significant, and it at once 
 raises a doubt as to whether the assumption that these ships 
 brought the passengers as well as their baggage is correct. 
 
 The story of the oppression and suffering undergone by 
 the German emigrants who sought a home in America two 
 hundred years ago is an oft-told tale; and standing out 
 prominently in the story are the accounts of the villainous 
 
 46 Report of the Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland, 
 Vol. V., p. 17. 
 
58 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 methods employed by the promoters, as they would be 
 called to-day; the Neulanders, as they were known then; 
 the men who by every means in their power tried to induce 
 as many as possible to take ship for America. It is a well- 
 known fact that these shipping-agents made a practice of 
 so arranging matters that frequently a family of emigrants 
 would find out too late that their baggage — all their house- 
 hold effects, their clothing, and often even all the money 
 they possessed — was not put on board the vessel on which 
 they had taken passage, but had been left behind on the 
 dock. When this fact was discovered the Neulander 
 would promise that the baggage would follow on the next 
 ship; but in very many such cases the owners never saw 
 their baggage again. It was a very common practice to 
 send such baggage to a port other than the one to which 
 the owner had gone, and when the latter was not on hand 
 to claim it when it did arrive it was usually sold and the 
 proceeds of the sale divided between the captain of the 
 ship and the shipping-agent, the Neulander. 
 
 Bearing this fact in mind, when we read of certain ships 
 bringing to Annapolis the baggage of over one thousand 
 Palatine passengers, with no mention of the passengers 
 themselves, the information that has come down to us con- 
 cerning the methods of the Neulanders is at least suffi- 
 cient to raise a doubt as to whether there were any German 
 emigrants brought by those ships; whether those different 
 lots of baggage were not some of that literally stolen from 
 the unfortunate emigrants, who, without their belongings, 
 and in many cases their money which had been carefully 
 put away in their chests, were not able to pay for their 
 passage and were sold as Redemptioners. This view of 
 the matter seems but the more likely when we consider the 
 fact that at least two of these ships, the Friendship and the 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 59 
 
 Barclay, and probably also the Integrity, were commonly- 
 engaged in carrying German emigrants to the port of 
 Philadelphia. Considering all the circumstances of the 
 matter, it seems to me that there is more than a reasonable 
 doubt as to whether there were any emigrants landed at 
 the port of Annapolis from the ships specified. 
 
 The town of Frederick grew rapidly and soon out- 
 stripped the older villages, and three years after it was 
 laid out, when the county of Frederick was organized, it 
 was made the county seat. In an address delivered at the 
 Centennial celebration held at Frederick in 1876, Dr. 
 Lewis H. Steiner said: 
 
 Frederick was laid out by an English gentleman, but its lots and 
 the rich farms immediately surrounding it were soon taken up by a 
 host of honest, thrifty, laborious German emigrants, who fled from 
 the oppressive restrictions of their own fatherland to seek a refuge 
 here for themselves and their families, and whose names under- 
 went many a distortion and mutilation at the hands of the English 
 representatives of the Lord Proprietor, as they labored to write 
 them down from sound upon the pages of our early records. The 
 German was spoken one hundred years ago more freely and fre- 
 quently upon the streets of Frederick than the English, two of 
 their congregations had their service entirely in that language, the 
 children were instructed in both languages in the schools, the style 
 of houses and barns introduced was that of German rather than 
 English origin, and, in various degrees of modification, had so held 
 its place here that strangers who have had the opportunity of 
 European travel invariably notice how much Frederick resembles 
 a continental town. But these emigrants brought with them their 
 mother-tongue and familiar forms of worship and architecture. 
 They brought also German thrift, industry, and honesty, with 
 ardent love of home — wherever it might be, whether native or 
 adopted, — they brought laborious habits, virtuous lives, truthful 
 tongues, unflinching courage, and an intense longing to do their 
 duty to their families, the community, and the State. 
 
60 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Writing of Frederick in 177 1, William Eddis says: 47 
 "The third place of importance in the province of Mary- 
 land, is situated about seventy miles west of Annapolis, 
 and is the capital of a most extensive, fertile and populous 
 county. Frederick Town is the name of this settlement. 
 Within fifty years, the river Monocacy, about three miles 
 to the eastward, was the extreme boundary of cultivated 
 establishments; and Mr. Dulany, father of the present 
 secretary of the province, was much censured for having 
 procured considerable tracts of lands, in the vicinity of that 
 river, which it was generally supposed could not even 
 repay the trifling charge of the purchase, for many succeed- 
 ing generations. The richness of the soil, and the salu- 
 briety of the air, operated, however, very powerfully to 
 promote population; but what chiefly tended to the ad- 
 vancement of settlements in this remote district, was the 
 arrival of many emigrants from the palatinate, and other 
 Germanic states. . . . This place exceeds Annapolis in 
 size, and in the number of inhabitants. It contains one 
 large and convenient church, for the members of the estab- 
 lished religion : and several chapels for the accommodation 
 of the German and other dissenters. The buildings, though 
 mostly of wood, have a neat and regular appearance. Pro- 
 visions are cheap and plentiful, and excellent. In a word, 
 here are to be found all conveniences, and many super- 
 fluities." 
 
 The town of Baltimore was laid out in 1730 but it did 
 not at first, at least, attract the Germans from Pennsylva- 
 nia. They were, as a rule, farmers by occupation, and 
 they preferred to settle on the fertile lands in the western 
 part of the colony rather than make their homes on the 
 seaboard, particularly as the conditions of living in the 
 
 47 " Letters from America," p. 98. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 61 
 
 latter locality were very unfavorably influenced by the 
 fact that tobacco culture overshadowed all other occupa- 
 tions and produced a financial stringency that could not be 
 easily overcome. Among the first, if not the first, of the 
 Pennsylvania-Germans to settle in Baltimore were Leonard 
 and Samuel Barnitz, who came from York about the year 
 1748 and established the first brewery there. Other Lan- 
 caster and York county Germans who later followed them 
 were the Diffenderffers, the Leverings, the Steigers, the 
 Strickers, and others, but, at least until after the Revolu- 
 tion, the additions to the population of Baltimore from 
 this source were not of very great importance compared 
 with the number who were filling up the western part of 
 the state. 
 
 Shortly after 1745 a number of Germans from Pennsyl- 
 vania, chiefly Moravians, made a settlement at what is 
 now the village of Graceham, in Frederick county, about 
 twelve miles northwest of Frederick. Of these people 
 Schultz says: 48 "Its earliest settlers were Germans or 
 descendants of Germans, who drifted into Maryland from 
 the Pennsylvania settlements. Among them were the Har- 
 baughs, Boilers, Hens, Ebenhards, Kreigers, Reinekes, 
 Lydricks, Seiss, Schmidts, Utleys, Williards, Zahns, Her- 
 zers, Rosens, Renzands, Schaafs and Richters." The dis- 
 trict in which Sharpsburg is located was another section 
 settled chiefly by the Pennsylvania-Germans, although 
 there were also a number of English among them. Among 
 the early German settlers were the families of Cruse, Nead, 
 Sahm, Graff, Bartoon and others. There were a number 
 of other small settlements made by the Pennsylvania- 
 Germans but they did not become places of importance 
 before the Revolution, and after that struggle the number 
 
 48 " First Settlements of Germans in Maryland," p. 16. 
 
62 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 of Germans who came to Maryland direct from the Father- 
 land increased rapidly, and there were numerous additions 
 as well from among the Hessians who had come to fight 
 and remained to be citizens, so that the Pennsylvania- 
 German influence was not so predominant as in the pre- 
 Revolutionary period. 
 
 The unceasing stream of Germans which flowed through 
 the province of Pennsylvania to the outposts of civilization 
 and formed a bulwark between the savage aborigines and 
 the older settlements, peopled a wilderness from which 
 they carved an empire. They found nothing there except 
 the fertile land. Whatever of material prosperity they 
 had they produced with their own hands and brain. They 
 were not an ignorant people and although mostly farmers, 
 yet following the German custom, every boy was taught 
 some trade, so that in their new homes with no one to 
 depend upon but themselves, after their homes were built 
 and their fields plowed and sowed they turned their hands 
 to whatever was necessary to be done. As Scharf says, 49 
 " It is a significant fact that nearly all the German immi- 
 grants who came into Maryland soon established them- 
 selves in permanent homes, and in almost every instance 
 took rank at once as thrifty and enterprising citizens. The 
 greater number were skilled in agriculture, but there was 
 a large percentage of first-rate mechanics, shoemakers, 
 paper-makers, butchers, watch-makers, bakers, smiths, 
 iron-workers, etc. It is a generally recognized fact that 
 the Protestant population of France and Germany sup- 
 plied the best class of workmen in the various branches 
 of manufacture. Thus we are told by the historian Lecky 
 that 'twenty thousand Frenchmen attracted to Branden- 
 burg by the liberal encouragement of the elector at the time 
 
 49 " History of Western Maryland," Vol. I., p. 613. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 63 
 
 of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, laid the founda- 
 tion of the prosperity of Berlin and of most of the manu- 
 factures of Prussia.' The same is true in a greater or less 
 degree of all the Protestant refugees, and it would be 
 difficult to overestimate the industrial value to our own 
 country of the successive immigration of whole communi- 
 ties from the different German states." 
 
 Nor did those in authority hesitate to give the Germans 
 credit for what they were doing. As early as 1745, Daniel 
 Dulany writing to Governor Samuel Ogle, says: "You 
 would be surprised to see how much the country is im- 
 proved beyond the mountains, especially by the Germans, 
 who are the best people that can be to settle a wilderness ; 
 and the fertility of the soil makes them ample amends for 
 their industry." In 1773 Governor Eden, in a letter to 
 Lord Dartmouth, says of the Germans who had settled in 
 the western part of the state: 50 "They are generally an 
 industrious laborious people. Many of them have acquired 
 a considerable share of property. Their improvement of 
 a Wilderness into well-stocked plantations, the example 
 and beneficent Effects of their extraordinary industry have 
 raised in no small degree a spirit of emulation among the 
 other inhabitants. That they are a most useful people and 
 merit the public regard is acknowledged by all who are 
 acquainted with them." Even the narrow-minded Eddis 
 whose British prejudice could find but little to praise in 
 the colony, had a good word to say of the Germans. In 
 one of his letters he says: 51 "These people who, from 
 their earliest days, had been disciplined in habits of indus- 
 try, sobriety, frugality, and patience, were peculiarly fitted 
 
 50 Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Fourth Series, 
 Vol. X., p. 694. 
 
 51 " Letters from America," p. 99. 
 
64 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 for the laborious occupations of felling timber, clearing 
 land, and forming the first improvements; and the success 
 which attended their efforts induced multitudes of their 
 enterprising countrymen to abandon their native homes, 
 to enjoy the plenteous harvest which appeared to await 
 their labors in the wild, uncultivated wastes of America." 
 
 Washington in his numerous journeys through western 
 Maryland had a good opportunity to note the manner in 
 which the Germans had developed that section, and he 
 was so favorably impressed with the evidences of their 
 desirability as colonists that when he was planning to 
 develop the lands presented to him by the British govern- 
 ment at the close of the French and Indian War, he seri- 
 ously considered the advisability of bringing over a number 
 of Germans to settle on his property. With this idea in 
 view he wrote the following letter to James Tilghman, of 
 Philadelphia : 52 
 
 Interested as well as political motives render it necessary for me 
 to seat the lands, which I have patented on the Ohio, in the 
 cheapest, most expeditious, and effectual manner. Many expe- 
 dients have been proposed to accomplish this, but none, in my judg- 
 ment, so likely to succeed as the importing of Palatines. But how 
 to do this upon the best terms, is a question I wish to have an- 
 swered. Few of this kind of people ever come to Virginia, whether 
 because it is out of the common course of its trade, or because they 
 object to it, I am unable to determine. I shall take it very kind 
 in you, therefore, to resolve the following questions, which I am 
 persuaded you can do with precision, by inquiring of such gentle- 
 men, as have been engaged in this business. Whether there is any 
 difficulty in procuring these people in Holland ? If so, from whence 
 does it proceed? Whether they are to be had at all times, or at 
 particular seasons only, and when? Whether they are engaged 
 
 52 Sparks' "Washington," Vol. II., p. 382. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 65 
 
 previously to sending for them, and in what manner? Or do ships 
 take their chance after getting there? Upon what terms are they 
 generally engaged? And how much for each person do they com- 
 monly stand the importer landed at Philadelphia? Is it customary 
 to send an intelligent German in the ship, that is to bring them? 
 Do vessels ever go immediately to Holland for them, and, if they 
 do, what cargoes do they carry? Or are they to go round, and 
 where? In short, what plan would be recommended to me, by 
 the knowing ones, as best for importing a full freight, say two or 
 three hundred or more, to Alexandria? In case of full freight, 
 how are the numbers generally proportioned to the tonnage of a 
 vessel ? 
 
 At the same time he wrote a letter to Henry Riddell, a 
 ship-owner, in which he offered to pay the traveling ex- 
 penses of the German emigrants to the Ohio river and to 
 provide the settlers with victuals until a first crop had been 
 gathered, and to exempt them from the payment of any 
 rent for a period of four years, if there was no house on 
 the property at the time of taking possession of it. 
 
 5* 
 
 CANDLE-STICK, SNUFFERS AND HOUR-GLASS. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Home-Making in the Wilderness. 
 
 HT this day it is difficult to 
 realize the task accom- 
 plished by the hardy pioneers 
 who, nearly two centuries ago, 
 left behind them all the advan- 
 tages of a civilized community 
 and went into the wilderness to 
 j~ build themselves homes; into a 
 wilderness inhabited by wild ani- 
 mals of every description and, 
 still more to be feared, the savage Indians. It required 
 a courageous and indomitable spirit, for every settler 
 literally took his life in his hands and as well the lives 
 of his loved ones. We have heard many tales of the 
 bravery and daring performances of these men, and, 
 now and then, some woman is mentioned as having per- 
 formed some act which made her memorable; but the 
 silent woman, those unknown thousands of whom we do 
 not hear, are worthy of as much commendation and their 
 memory is as much to be revered as is that of the men. 
 Their part in the building was as important and as strenu- 
 ous as that of the men, although, perhaps, not so plainly 
 
 66 
 
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Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 6j 
 
 discernible. It was no easy matter for them to attend to 
 the ordinary routine of housekeeping with only the rudest 
 utensils to do it with. There was for them no spare time : 
 when there was nothing else to be attended to the spinning- 
 wheel and the loom must be kept busy. They were a 
 hardy race, inured to hard work and the lack of comforts, 
 yet the tombstones which have survived the ravages of 
 time and the church records tell us that even they could 
 not long bear up under the strenuous existence, but were 
 frequently cut off in what we would now consider the prime 
 of life. The advance of civilization and the improvements 
 in the mode of living have materially lengthened the span 
 of life, and on the foundations reared by those venture- 
 some pioneers their descendants to-day live to a far greater 
 age surrounded by comforts and advantages undreamed of 
 in those days. 
 
 The first thing the settler had to attend to after deciding 
 upon the place to locate was to provide a shelter. Some- 
 times natural caves afforded convenient temporary shelter, 
 but, as a rule, it was necessary to erect some sort of a struc- 
 ture. The first dwellings were very simple affairs, the 
 erection of more elaborate cabins and houses being de- 
 ferred until some of the land had been put under cultiva- 
 tion. The simplest shelter was made by planting two 
 forked poles at the proper distance apart and laying in the 
 forks another pole to serve as a ridge-pole. Against this 
 ridge-pole slabs cut from larger trees were placed, sloping 
 to the ground. One end was closed by other slabs, while 
 the other end was partly closed in the same way, the open- 
 ing left being covered by a rudely-constructed door or 
 sometimes merely covered by a blanket. Sometimes the 
 hard beaten earth was used as the floor, while at other 
 
68 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 times the floor would be constructed of the split slabs 
 of wood. 
 
 The next dwelling was the cabin built with hewn logs, 
 with a roof of clapboards or plank, and in some cases of 
 shingles, and a plank floor. Until saw-mills were erected 
 all the planks used in building had to be cut from logs 
 with the whip-saw. Kercheval gives the following descrip- 
 tion of making planks with the whip-saw : 53 
 
 It was about the length of the common mill-saw, with a handle 
 at each end transversely fixed to it. The timber intended to be 
 sawed was first squared with the broadaxe, and then raised on a 
 scaffold six or seven feet high. Two able-bodied men then took 
 hold of the saw, one standing on the top of the log and the other 
 under it, and commenced sawing. The labor was excessively 
 fatiguing, and about one hundred feet of plank or scantling was 
 considered a good day's work for the two hands. The introduc- 
 tion of saw-mills, however, soon superseded the use of the whipsaw, 
 but they were not entirely laid aside until several years after the 
 Revolution. 
 
 The building of the log cabin required more extensive 
 preparations. Trees of proper size had to be selected and 
 cut down and hewn into logs with the broadaxe and prop- 
 erly notched, clapboards had to be split for covering the 
 roof and various other purposes, and when shingles were 
 to be used they had to be rived. In the more thickly 
 settled portions of the country a number of neighbors 
 would frequently join with the owner in building his cabin, 
 and in this way a very elaborate structure could be erected 
 in a short time. Dr. Doddridge thus describes the erection 
 of such a structure: 54 
 
 53 "A History of the Valley of Virginia," p. 134. 
 
 54 " Notes on the Settlements and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of 
 Virginia and Pennsylvania," p. 135 et seq. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 69 
 
 The fatigue party consisted of choppers, whose business it was 
 to fell the trees and cut them off at proper lengths. A man with a 
 team for hauling them to the place, and arranging them, properly 
 assorted, at the sides and ends of the building, a carpenter, if such 
 he might be called, whose business it was to search the woods for 
 a proper tree for making clapboards for the roof. The tree for 
 this purpose must be straight grained and from three to four feet 
 in diameter. The boards were split four feet long, with a large 
 frow, and as wide as the timber would allow. They were used 
 without planing or shaving. Another division was employed in 
 getting puncheons for the floor of the cabin; this was done by 
 splitting trees, about eighteen inches in diameter, and hewing the 
 faces of them with a broadaxe. They were half the length of the 
 floor they were intended to make. The materials for the cabin 
 were mostly prepared on the first day and sometimes the founda- 
 tion laid in the evening. The second day was allotted for the 
 raising. 
 
 In the morning of the next day the neighbors collected for the 
 raising. The first thing to be done was the election of four corner 
 men, whose business it was to notch and place the logs. The rest 
 of the company furnished them with the timbers. In the mean- 
 time the boards and puncheons were collecting for the floor and 
 roof, so that by the time the cabin was a few rounds high the 
 sleepers and floor began to be laid. The door was made by sawing 
 or cutting the logs in one side so as to make an opening about three 
 feet wide. This opening was secured by upright pieces of timber 
 about three inches thick through which holes were bored into the 
 ends of the logs for the purpose of pinning them fast. A similar 
 opening, but wider, was made at the end for the chimney. This 
 was built of logs and made large to admit of a back and jambs of 
 stone. At the square two end logs projected a foot or eighteen 
 inches beyond the wall to receive the butting poles, as they were 
 called, against which the ends of the first row of clapboards was 
 supported. Trie roof was formed by making the end logs shorter 
 until a single log formed the comb of the roof; on these logs the 
 
70 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 clapboards were placed, the ranges of them lapping some distance 
 over those next below them and kept in their places by logs placed 
 at proper distances between them. The roof and sometimes the 
 floor were finished on the same day as the raising. 
 
 In the mean time the masons were busy. With the heart pieces 
 of the timber of which the clapboards were made they made billets 
 for chunking up the cracks between the logs of the cabin and 
 chimney. A large bed of mortar was made for daubing up those 
 cracks. A few stones formed the back and jambs of the chimney. 
 
 As a rule the furniture used by the early settlers was of 
 the rudest sort, generally home-made. Sometimes there 
 might be a piece or two brought from their old home, and 
 these, of course, were highly prized, and some of them 
 have been handed down to the present day as heirlooms. 
 But the bulky nature of furniture precluded much of it 
 being carried on the journey to the wilderness. The lack 
 of regular furniture was made up by all sorts of make- 
 shifts. A table was usually made from a split slab, the 
 top surface smoothed off and four legs set in auger holes. 
 Three-legged stools were made in the same way, as were 
 also benches on which to sit at the table while eating. 
 Wooden pins driven into the logs and supporting clap- 
 boards served as closets and shelves. Sometimes bed- 
 steads were made in this way: A single fork was placed 
 with its lower end in a hole in the floor and the upper end 
 fastened to a joist. A pole was placed in the fork with 
 one end through a crack between the logs of the wall and 
 this was crossed by a shorter pole within the fork with its 
 outer end through another crack. Sometimes other poles 
 were pinned to the fork a little distance above these for 
 the purpose of supporting the front and foot of the bed, 
 while the walls were the supports of its back and head. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 71 
 
 As the settler prospered and his possessions increased, 
 sooner or later, the simple log cabin was replaced by a more 
 pretentious dwelling. This, too, was often built of logs, 
 but in that event the materials were better prepared and 
 the logs joined more evenly, and sometimes the outside was 
 covered with clapboards, and in some instances with 
 plaster, producing the "roughcast" house. In regions 
 where limestone was plentiful the house was often built of 
 stone in a very substantial manner; so much so that some 
 of these houses built by the early settlers are standing 
 to-day. These houses were very much more commodious 
 than the first log cabin, generally being two stories in 
 height, with sometimes a garret, the floors being divided 
 into several rooms, and having a cellar underneath. In 
 many instances the largest room in the house was the 
 kitchen, on one side of which was a large open fire-place, 
 or hearth. These fire-places were quite an institution, in 
 which a great fire of oak or hickory cord-wood was made. 
 During the winter the kitchen was usually the living-room, 
 as in all probability it was the only room in the house in 
 which there was a fire. The family would seat themselves 
 about the fire, with, perhaps, no other light than that made 
 by the burning logs. The only means of producing light 
 was by the use of tallow candles or the fat-lamp, and many 
 a boy who later made his mark in the world learned the 
 letters of the alphabet and to read by the flickering light 
 from the blazing logs in the huge kitchen fireplace. 
 
 The cooking utensils were of the simplest kind. There 
 were no stoves and all cooking had to be done over the 
 open wood fire. Iron pots and pans were supported over 
 the coals by an iron tripod, or swung by chains attached 
 to a beam or iron bar set in the chimney. Later the chain 
 was superseded by iron pot-hooks which could be adjusted 
 
72 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 to different lengths. Baking was accomplished in a Dutch 
 oven, a squat iron pot with an iron cover, over which the 
 hot coals could be heaped. This was succeeded by the 
 large arched oven built of masonry. Sometimes this was 
 detached from the house under a shed, but very often it 
 joined the house, the iron door of the oven opening into 
 the kitchen fireplace. Baking in these ovens was an inter- 
 esting process, a process rarely seen in private families, at 
 least, nowadays. The oven was large enough to take in 
 cord-wood, with which it was filled and the fire started. 
 When the wood was all consumed the ashes were scraped 
 out, and the floor of the oven swabbed with a wet cloth 
 on a pole, to remove any ashes remaining. The loaves of 
 bread were placed on the floor of the oven with the peel, 
 a broad, flat wooden paddle with a long handle. The 
 baked loaves were removed from the oven in the same 
 way. In preparing the bread for the oven each loaf as it 
 was shaped Was set to rise in a bread-basket, made of 
 braided straw, similar to those shown in the illustration. 55 
 Until the introduction of stoves the only way of heating 
 a house was by open wood fires, and, as a rule, but few 
 of the rooms were heated. One of the earliest contrivances 
 used was the Franklin stove, named from its inventor, 
 Benjamin Franklin, which was but a modification of the 
 open fireplace. It consisted of iron plates set into the fire- 
 place, a back-piece, with two sides and a top and bottom. 
 The bottom piece, or hearth, extended into the room some 
 distance from the chimney, and the top piece slightly so, 
 the latter forming a shelf upon which articles could be 
 placed to be kept warm. Sometimes instead of iron plates 
 
 55 In the childhood of the writer bread-baskets exactly like those shown 
 in the illustration were used by the juvenile members of the family on 
 Christmas Eve, being set in the chimney-corner, in place of hanging a 
 stocking, in anticipation of the visit of the Kris-kingle. 
 
H 
 I 
 m 
 
 "0 
 
 m 
 
 z 
 z 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 > 
 z 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 73 
 
 slabs of soapstone were used in constructing the Franklin 
 stove. Later came the cast-iron stove, box-like in shape, 
 with its modification, the ten-plate stove, with its oven for 
 baking. 
 
 In the absence of refrigerators a spring-house in which 
 to keep milk and butter was almost a necessity, and 
 wherever it was possible such a structure was built. Some- 
 times the ingenuity of the settler was exercised in construct- 
 ing a spring-house in the absence of a spring to flow 
 through it. The writer is well acquainted with one good 
 example of a spring-house of this sort, built some time 
 during the eighteenth century. There was no spring on 
 the property, but there was a deep well with an abundant 
 supply of cold water. The spring-house was built near by 
 the well. It was excavated to a depth of about two and 
 a half feet below the surface, and thick stone walls were 
 erected, surmounted by a heavy arch. Along one side a 
 heavy wooden trough was built from which an iron pipe 
 led to the well, where it was inserted into the pumpstock. 
 Every time the pump was used the surplus water remaining 
 in the stock, through siphonage and gravity, flowed into 
 the trough in the spring-house, keeping the latter con- 
 stantly filled with fresh cold water and answering all the 
 purposes of a spring, in which to set the milk cans and 
 butter pails. This building had a second story, the upper 
 part serving as the smoke-house for curing the meat. At 
 one corner on the outside, about five feet from the ground, 
 an iron fire-box was constructed in the wall, with a flue 
 leading up into the smoke-house. In smoking meat a fire 
 of hickory sawdust and chips was built in the fire-box, the 
 smoke being conducted up into the room where the meat 
 was hung. Being on the outside at the ground level, the 
 fire could be attended to with but little inconvenience. The 
 
74 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 substantial character of this structure is shown by the fact 
 that although during the Civil War the upper part of the 
 building was destroyed by fire, the arch remained intact 
 and is in as good condition to-day as when it was built a 
 century and a quarter ago. 
 
 During the first year or two the matter of providing 
 food for his family was a serious consideration for the 
 settler in a new country, particularly if he were located at 
 a considerable distance from the more thickly settled local- 
 ities. A family starting off to make a home in the wilder- 
 ness, even if the cost did not prevent, was not able to 
 carry with them sufficient food to last them until their 
 land could produce what they needed, and at times during 
 their first year there was not much variety in their food. 
 The streams provided them with fish, and the woods with 
 flesh and fowl, but very often their vegetable supply de- 
 pended upon whether wild tubers and edible roots could 
 be found in their locality. But after the first year, when 
 the land had been cleared and planted with corn and 
 wheat, and vegetable gardens provided, there was usually 
 an abundance of food. Indian corn was one of their 
 staples, and to a less degree wheat, but with both of these 
 the difficulty lay in the grinding, if there was no mill near 
 by. Sometimes a hand-mill was used, and in the absence 
 of this a course meal was made by pounding the grain in a 
 large mortar improvised by burning a deep hole in a 
 wooden block, another block of wood providing the pestle. 
 Hominy was made in much the same way. 
 
 Beef was a rarity until a sufficient supply of domestic 
 cattle had been raised, but its lack was supplied by venison 
 and bear meat, of which plenty could be obtained in the 
 forests. They were usually well supplied with pork, as 
 the hogs were allowed to run loose in the woods, where 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 75 
 
 they found plenty upon which to feed. Every family 
 raised a lot of hogs, and about the beginning of winter 
 these were butchered and the meat cured. Butchering day 
 was quite an institution. The hogs were killed and cleaned 
 the day before, and early the next morning the butchers 
 started to work cutting up the carcases, The work called 
 for the assistance of all the members of the family as well 
 as that of what neighbors could be procured, to help to 
 cut up the fat to be rendered into lard. The hams and 
 shoulders were trimmed ready for putting into the brine, 
 to be cured for smoking, many yards of sausage was 
 stuffed, as well as liver-pudding (Leberwurst) . In pre- 
 paring the latter the liver and kidneys, with the tenderloin 
 and some of the head-meat, was put into a large iron 
 kettle and boiled until it was thoroughly cooked. It was 
 then transferred to the block and chopped fine and 
 stuffed into skins, like the sausage, or packed in crocks and 
 sealed with a layer of fat. The water in which the meat 
 had been boiled was used to prepare what was commonly 
 called Pon-hoss (Pfannhase), that is, Pan-rabbit. A great 
 many fantastic explanations have been given of the deri- 
 vation of this term, but it is simply one of the humorous 
 names similar to Welsh-rabbit, for a mixture made from 
 cheese, or Leicestershire plover, for a bag-pudding. Pon- 
 hoss was made by using the water in which the pudding- 
 meat had been boiled for making a corn-meal mush. This 
 was put into pans to harden and was then cut into thin 
 slices and fried. Sometimes a mixture of corn-meal and 
 wheat flour, or buckwheat flour was used. A somewhat 
 similar mixture is made nowadays in the larger cities, par- 
 ticularly Philadelphia, and is known as scrapple, but it is 
 not the pon-hoss of the early Germans. 56 
 
 56 " A University of Pennsylvania professor, whose home is in Vienna, 
 tells me that nowhere on the continent of Europe did he ever eat anything 
 
j6 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 On Shrove Tuesday every German housewife cooked a 
 great dish of Fastnacht-cakes, or fastnachts (Anglice 
 Fosnot) as they were usually called, a cake made of a 
 modified bread-dough and fried in deep fat. These cakes 
 were a very common dish throughout the winter, in some 
 families almost entirely replacing the use of bread. There 
 were a number of dishes peculiar to the Germans, such 
 as "Sauer-Kraut und Speck," "Schnitz und Knopf," etc., 
 which to those not to the manner born may seem strange, 
 but very often a stranger tasting them for the first time 
 found that they were not to be despised. 
 
 Coffee and tea were not for everyday use, nor was there 
 a plentiful supply of dishes and knives and forks for table 
 use. Very often wooden platters, or, in some instances, 
 pewter dishes and spoons, were used, and when individual 
 plates were lacking the members of the family helped 
 themselves from the general dish. Dr. Doddridge gives 
 an interesting account of the first time he saw cups and 
 saucers and tasted coffee: 57 
 
 " I well recollect the first time I ever saw a tea cup and saucer, 
 and tasted coffee. My mother died when I was about six or seven 
 years of age. My father then sent me to Maryland with a brother 
 of my grandfather, Mr. Alexander Wells, to school. At Colonel 
 Brown's in the mountains, at Stony creek glades, I for the first 
 time saw tame geese. . . . The cabin and its furniture were such 
 as I had been accustomed to see in the backwoods, as my country 
 
 like scrapple. He is quite certain that it is of American origin. Nor can 
 he, excellent scholar in five languages as he is, and whose mother tongue 
 is German, explain just whence the name ponhaus. I venture to assert 
 that if you said ponhaus to a Philadelphia waiter or possibly to any ordi- 
 nary market man in this town he wouldn't know what you wanted. I am 
 equally positive that in certain sections of Berks, Lancaster, York and 
 Lehigh counties scrapple is a meaningless jumble of letters." — Philadelphia 
 Public Ledger, January i6, 191 3. 
 67 Op. cit., p. no. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 77 
 
 was called. At Bedford everything was changed. The tavern at 
 which my uncle put up was a stone house, and to make the change 
 still more complete it was plastered in the inside, both as to walls 
 and ceiling. On going into the dining room I was struck with 
 astonishment at the appearance of the house. I had no idea that 
 there was any house in the world which was not built of logs ; but 
 here I looked around the house and could see no logs, and above I 
 could see no joists; whether such a thing had been made by the 
 hands of man, or had grown so of itself, I could not conjecture. 
 I had not the courage to inquire anything about it. 
 
 " When supper came on ' my confusion was worse confounded.' 
 A little cup stood in a bigger one with some brownish looking stuff 
 in it, which was neither milk, hominy nor broth ; what to do with 
 these little cups and the little spoon belonging to them, I could 
 not tell; and I was afraid to ask anything concerning the use of 
 them. 
 
 " It was in the time of the war, and the company were giving 
 accounts of catching, whipping and hanging the Tories. The word 
 jail frequently occurred : this word I had never heard before ; but 
 I soon discovered, and was much terrified at its meaning, and sup- 
 posed that we were in much danger of the fate of the Tories ; for, 
 I thought as we had come from the backwoods, it was altogether 
 likely that we must be Tories too. For fear of being discovered I 
 durst not utter a single word. I therefore watched attentively to 
 see what the big folks would do with their little cups and spoons. 
 I imitated them, and found the taste of the coffee nauseous beyond 
 anything I ever had tasted in my life. I continued to drink, as the 
 rest of the company did, with the tears streaming from my eyes, 
 but when it was to end I was at a loss to know, as the little cups 
 were filled immediately after being emptied. This circumstance 
 distressed me very much, as I durst not say I had enough. Look- 
 ing attentively at the grown persons, I saw one man turn his little 
 cup bottom upwards and put his spoon across it. I observed that 
 after this his cup was not filled again ; I followed his example, and 
 to my great satisfaction, the result as to my cup was the same." 
 
78 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Speaking of the use of table china ware, Dr. Doddridge 
 says: "The introduction of delft ware was considered by 
 many of the backwoods people as a culpable innovation. 
 It was too easily broken, and the plates of that ware dulled 
 their scalping knives; tea ware was too small for men; 
 they might do for women and children. Tea and coffee 
 were only slops, which in the adage of the day ' did not 
 stick by the ribs.' The idea was they were designed only 
 for people of quality, who do not labor, or the sick. A 
 genuine backwoodsman would have thought himself dis- 
 graced by showing a fondness for those slops." 
 
 The clothing worn by the family was all manufactured 
 in the home from the raw material. The wool or flax was 
 spun and the yarn woven into cloth. A mixture of the 
 two, with flax for the chain and wool for the filling, and 
 known as linsey-woolsey, was the warmest and most sub- 
 stantial cloth that was made, and was quite commonly 
 used for clothing. Some of the women were expert 
 spinners and weavers, and produced linen of the finest 
 weave, and the heavy woolen bed-spreads spun and woven 
 by those pioneer women are much sought after even to-day. 
 One of these in the possession of the writer, spun and 
 woven in the family of an ancestor, still retains its colors 
 as bright as the day it was woven. 
 
 The settlers on the frontier were not slow to see the 
 advantage of some parts of the Indian costume, and soon 
 combined it with parts of the European style of dress. 
 The use of the hunting-shirt was almost universal. It was 
 generally made of linsey-woolsey, although some were 
 made of dressed deer skins, but these were very uncom- 
 fortable in wet weather. The hunting-shirt was a sort of 
 loose frock, reaching half way down the thighs, with large 
 sleeves, open before, and made so that when belted it 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 79 
 
 would lap over considerably. It usually had a cape, and 
 sometimes was fringed with a piece of cloth of a different 
 color, the edges of which were ravelled. The wide bosom 
 of the shirt was utilized for holding articles of food, or 
 anything else necessary to have convenient. From the 
 belt, which was tied behind, were suspended the toma- 
 hawk, the scalping-knife and the bullet bag. The feet 
 were usually covered with moccasins, made of dressed 
 deer skin. These were made of a single piece of skin, with 
 a gathering seam along the top of the foot, and another, 
 without gathers, from the bottom of the heel to a little 
 above the ankle-joint. Flaps were left on each side to 
 reach some distance up the legs. These were adjusted to 
 the ankles and lower part of the leg by thongs of deer 
 skin. In cold weather the moccasins were stuffed with 
 hair from the deer skins or dry leaves. 
 
 " In the latter years of the Indian war," says Dr. Dodd- 
 ridge, " our young men became more enamored of the 
 Indian dress throughout, with the exception of the match- 
 coat. The drawers were laid aside and the leggings made 
 longer, so as to cover the upper part of the thigh. The 
 Indian breech-clout was adopted. This was a piece of 
 linen or cloth nearly a yard long and eight or nine inches 
 broad. This passed under the belt before and behind, 
 leaving the ends for flaps hanging before and behind over 
 the belt. These flaps were sometimes ornamented with 
 some coarse kind of embroidery work. To the same belts 
 which secured the breech-clouts, strings which supported 
 the long leggings were attached. When this belt, as was 
 often the case, passed over the hunting-shirt, the upper 
 part of the thighs and part of the hips were naked." 
 
MBWWWW^y^MM^^ 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Mechanical Arts and Industries. 
 
 © 
 
 NE great advantage to be 
 found in a settlement 
 made up of Germans was the 
 fact that every German boy, no 
 matter what his station in life 
 might be, was taught a trade; 
 a custom which prevails in Ger- 
 many to this day, but which, 
 unfortunately, was to a great 
 extent abandoned by the Ger- 
 mans in this country, about the 
 middle of the nineteenth century. As a result of all the 
 men being trained artisans the German settlers were able to 
 obtain many articles which otherwise they would have had 
 to go without, or else secure them from some of the older 
 settlements at an expenditure of considerable time and 
 money. While they were all skilled in agriculture, there 
 was a large number who were good mechanics, and those 
 who were not able to manufacture for themselves the 
 articles they needed had no difficulty in finding some one to 
 make them for them, and very often there was a trading 
 in this sort of service. One man would make some article 
 
 80 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 81 
 
 for another, who would pay for it by doing in return some- 
 thing in which he was proficient. 
 
 At first, until the land was cleared, the fields prepared, 
 and the homes built, there was not much done in the way 
 of starting manufactories, but as the settlements increased 
 and villages and towns sprang up, creating a greater de- 
 mand for manufactured articles, a larger number of the 
 settlers turned their attention in this direction, leaving the 
 raising of crops to be done by others. There were few 
 trades that were not represented, in a greater or less de- 
 gree. There were expert cabinet-makers who, besides 
 making the ordinary household furniture, frequently 
 turned out beautiful specimens with lines modeled on the 
 work of Heppelwhite and Chippendale, some of which 
 have come down to this day. 
 
 As the only means of conveyance for passengers and 
 freight at that time was by horses, the wagon-makers' trade 
 was an important one. But few wagons were brought 
 from abroad, for without counting the original cost of 
 them, the freight for carrying them across the ocean would 
 have made their cost prohibitive. The first wagons used 
 were made entirely of wood, the wheels being sawed from 
 the trunk of a buttonwood or gum tree. But it was not 
 long before the iron mines were opened and forges set up 
 and after that a better class of wagons were obtainable. 
 There were expert wheelwrights and wagon-builders 
 among them, who turned out large numbers of substan- 
 tial wagons. The fact that Benjamin Franklin in two 
 weeks was able to obtain from the Germans of Pennsyl- 
 vania one hundred and fifty wagons for Braddock's expe- 
 dition shows how well supplied they were in this particular. 
 
 Transportation methods of this kind required the use 
 of large quantities of harness and saddles, so that saddlers 
 6* 
 
82 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 and harness-makers were numerous. The manufacture of 
 leather was another very important industry. Leather was 
 needed for making boots and shoes as well as for harness 
 and saddles, and great quantities of it were used. As the 
 leather was all made by the old-fashioned process of tan- 
 ning, in which the skins were macerated in vats for many 
 months, a great many vats were necessary in order to keep 
 up the supply, so that some of the tanneries were very 
 large establishments. Shortly after 1753 Matthias Nead 
 established a tannery near Clear Spring, Maryland, which 
 was conducted by himself, his son and his grandsons for 
 about three quarters of a century. 58 Fastened with wafers 
 to the wall of this tannery was the following rhyming 
 notice, which has been preserved : 
 
 NOTICE. 
 
 Ye shoemakers, Cobblers, and others attend, 
 
 Just look at this Notice, it is from your friend ; 
 
 My Purse is so empty, tis light as a feather, 
 
 You have worn out your Shoes, and not paid for the Leather. 
 
 Now take my Advice and pay off the old score, 
 
 Before you get trusted for any skins more; 
 
 I have Sheep Skins, & Calf Skins, & Upper, and Soal, 
 
 I have all kinds of Leather, from an Ox, to a Foal; 
 
 I have leather that's green, and leather that's dry, 
 
 But pay down the Rhino if any you'd buy: 
 
 A hint to the wise is sufficient tis said, 
 
 Pay ! and take a Receipt from your good old Friend 
 
 Nead 
 
 Nearly every family made the soap they used. Soap- 
 making was an interesting process, a process still in use in 
 
 58 It was quite common for a trade or business to descend from father to 
 son for several generations. 
 

Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 83 
 
 many of the families descended from the early German 
 settlers. The ashes from the hickory wood burned in the 
 open fireplaces or in the cast-iron stoves were carefully 
 saved, and in the early spring the lye for making soap 
 was prepared from them. This was done by means of the 
 ash-hopper, a V-shaped wooden structure raised from the 
 ground, the point downward, with a hole bored at the 
 bottom of one end opening on the trough-like board used 
 for the bottom. The hopper was lined with straw and 
 then filled with hickory ashes, after which a large amount 
 of water was poured in on top of the ashes. The water, 
 percolating through the ashes, extracted all the alkali and 
 came out at the bottom a dark brown liquid, the lye, ready 
 for soap-making. This was boiled in a large iron kettle 
 with the various kinds of fat and grease that had been 
 saved all winter, and the result was soap. Most house- 
 wives made both hard and soft soap. 
 
 Paper-making was another industry that the Germans 
 early established. With them linen rags was the material 
 used for making paper, but it was a descendant of one of 
 the early German settlers in Maryland who gave to the 
 world straw paper and straw-board, now so universally 
 used. The Shryock family came to Pennsylvania from 
 Germany and later went to Maryland shortly after 1730. 
 They settled in what is now Washington county. A de- 
 scendant of this family moved over the line to Chambers- 
 burg, Pa., in 1790, where he built a mill for the manu- 
 facture of banknote paper, with which he supplied the 
 United States government. His son, George A. Shryock, 
 succeeded him, and later discovered the process of making 
 paper from straw, with its allied products straw-board and 
 binders' board. Mr. Shryock has left an account of how 
 he came to engage in the manufacture of straw paper. It 
 
84 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 appears that Col. William Magaw, who was a relative of 
 Mr. Shryock, was extensively engaged in the manufacture 
 of potash at Meadville, Pa. The potash was made from 
 ashes, the latter being leached just as in preparing lye for 
 making soap. While overseeing the work Colonel Magaw 
 was in the habit of chewing bits of the straw that had 
 been taken from the ash-hoppers when they were emptied. 
 He noticed that when this chewed straw was pressed in 
 the hand the softened fibers matted together, forming a 
 pulp very much like that from which ordinary wrapping 
 paper was made, and it occurred to him that the material 
 might be used for that purpose. He wrote to Mr. Shryock, 
 who was at that time engaged in the manufacture of rag 
 paper at the Hollywell paper mill, just outside of Cham- 
 bersburg, suggesting to him the advisability of investigat- 
 ing the matter, and later, in the summer of 1829, visited 
 Chambersburg for a test of the idea. "The experiment 
 was, at that time and place, made and proved a decided 
 success," says Mr. Shryock. " I was so well satisfied of 
 its practicability that I bought a large cast iron kettle of 
 John V. Kelly, in Chambersburg, cribbed it with wood 
 staves so that I could boil from seven hundred to one 
 thousand pounds of straw at one filling, and made, for 
 some weeks, from twenty to thirty reams per day. The 
 material used at that time in the preparation of the straw 
 was potash, exclusively. I abandoned the manufacture of 
 Tag paper, and devoted my mill exclusively to the manu- 
 facture of straw paper for some months. In November, 
 1829, I visited the east to see a cylinder machine then in 
 operation in Springfield, Massachusetts, by Messrs. Ames. 
 On my way I accidentally met with Mr. Lafflin, of Lee, 
 Massachusetts, at Hays' Pearl Street House, New York, 
 and engaged him to build for me a small cylinder machine, 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 85 
 
 at Hollywell Paper Mill, near Chambersburg, Pennsylva- 
 nia. This was certainly the first machine that ever oper- 
 ated on that material. Within the first year I introduced 
 the grooved wood roll for the manufacture of binders' 
 and box boards, etc. These two manufactures were (as 
 far as has been ascertained) the very first use of straw 
 paper as a staple article in our world." 
 
 In the older settled parts of Maryland it was difficult 
 to induce the settlers to plant anything but tobacco, but 
 the German settlers did not require urging to induce them 
 to turn their attention in other directions. Flax was one 
 of their staple products, and large quantities of it were 
 grown. They used it for the manufacture of their own 
 clothing, they made thread from it for which they found 
 a ready market, and the seed commanded a good price. 
 To raise a good quality of flax required care and attention, 
 but it was needed, for at that period the amount of wool 
 they could raise was not sufficient for them to depend upon 
 it alone for their clothing. The seed was disposed of in 
 Philadelphia and Baltimore, many wagon loads of it 
 finding its way thither. 
 
 When the flax was ready to be harvested the stalks were 
 pulled from the ground by the roots and tied in small 
 bunches from which shocks were formed, to allow the 
 seed to dry. When the seed had been beaten out the stalks 
 were ready for the process of retting, or rotting. For this 
 purpose the flax-stalks were spread out in a field and 
 allowed to remain for several weeks, the action of the rain 
 and sun setting up a process of fermentation which loosed 
 the fiber from the woody portion of the stalk. 59 The flax 
 
 59 The best quality of flax was not produced by this process of retting, 
 " dew-retting," as it is called. The plan more generally pursued is to pack 
 the bunches of flax-stalks closely together in pools of water prepared for this 
 
86 The Pennsylvania^German Society. 
 
 was then dried and was ready to be broken. The simplest 
 sort of a flax-break was made of two pieces of board, 
 hinged together at one end, so that they could be separated 
 and the sharpened edges brought together. Bunches of 
 the flax stalks were passed through the break, the upper 
 part being brought down sharply upon the stalks at many 
 places. In this way the woody portion was broken and 
 loosened from the fiber. When the flax had been well 
 broken it was ready for hackling. The flax hackle was 
 usually made by driving a number of long, sharp-pointed 
 nails through a piece of board so that they projected for 
 several inches. The flax was hackled by the operator 
 grasping a bunch of the straw and drawing it over the 
 hackle. This separated the tow from the flax proper. 
 The oftener the flax was hackled the finer was the quality 
 of the finished product. 
 
 The tow was spun and woven into a coarse cloth which 
 was used for making towels, bagging, and coverings of 
 various kinds, while from the flax itself linen of various 
 degrees of fineness was woven, and much of it was dis- 
 posed of in barter as thread. The spinning of the flax 
 occupied the winter evenings, and in a large family it was 
 no unusual thing to see several spinning-wheels at work 
 by the light from the kitchen fire, operated by a mother 
 and her daughters. Every young woman was taught to 
 spin. A Maryland German writing to his brother and 
 describing his situation says: " I shall now inform you how 
 I am Situated as it Respects the things of this world. I 
 have a small Farm of ioo acres of land and on it a Tan- 
 yard, and By Farming and Tanning a little we are able to 
 Support our selves. Our Soil is well adapted to Clover, 
 
 purpose, and allow the fermentation to take place in this way. In Ireland 
 much of the flax is retted in bog-holes. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 87 
 
 Wheat, Corn & oats, and Fruit of all sorts. We have 3 
 sons and 8 daughters — 5 are able to turn the Spinning 
 wheel and throw the Shuttle." 
 
 There were many metal workers, particularly in iron 
 and copper. At an early date Dirck Pennybacker, a 
 grandson of Heinrich Pannebacker, one of the early 
 settlers at Germantown, Pa., built an iron-works near 
 Sharpsburg, but about 178 1 it was destroyed by a freshet 
 and he removed to Virginia. The coppersmiths were 
 skilled workmen who fashioned various utensils, particu- 
 larly the large copper kettles, which were beaten by hand 
 from one piece of metal, and which were frequently made 
 large enough to hold a barrel of cider. There were many 
 other articles manufactured by the German settlers, and 
 their descendants were not behind those of other nationali- 
 ties in the products of their inventive genius. According 
 to Scharf it was a Frederick county German, Joseph 
 Weller, of Mechanicstown, who, in 1831, discovered the 
 process and manufactured the first friction matches made 
 in this country. 
 
 The Germans in Maryland did not establish any news- 
 papers at a very early date. According to Daniel Miller, 60 
 the first German newspaper in Maryland was established 
 by Matthias Bartgis at Frederick, in 1785. In 1795 the 
 publication of the Deutsch Washington Correspondent 
 was started at Hagerstown by John Gruber. Gruber was 
 born in Strasburg, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, about 
 1778. He learned the printing trade in Philadelphia, and 
 in 1793 was in Reading, Pa., a member of the firm of 
 Jungman & Gruber who published Die Neue Unpar- 
 theiische Readinger Zeitung. He did not remain in Read- 
 
 60 « Early German American Newspapers," in Proc. and Add. of the 
 Pennsylvania-German Soc, Vol. XIX., p. 96. 
 
88 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 ing very long, as two years later he was located in Hagers- 
 town. In 1796, in addition to his newspaper he began the 
 publication of what has proved to be a monument to his 
 memory which bids fair to last indefinitely : The Hagers- 
 Town Town and Country Almanack. This almanac soon 
 attained a very large circulation which it retains to this 
 day, and in most of the homes in western Maryland and 
 southern Pennsylvania it was regarded as a necessity. 
 The farmers planted their crops according to the rules 
 and signs given in it, and it was always consulted before 
 any undertaking was begun. Until 1822 it was printed 
 only in German, but in that year the English edition was 
 begun. In 1836 Mr. Gruber obtained a series of crude 
 wood-cuts appropriate to each month, and from that time 
 to the present the " Almanack " has made its appearance 
 each year exactly as its founder designed it over three 
 quarters of a century ago. 
 
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 TITLE PAGE OF THE FIRST NUMBER OF GRUBER's HAGERSTOWN ALMANAC. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The Religious Life. 
 
 «T|YT| ITH the exception of 
 VLVli Virginia, the English 
 colonies planted in America 
 during the seventeenth cen- 
 tury were founded for the 
 purpose of escaping religious 
 
 ^"N^V^^jjl^JrP", persecution. The ruling pow- 
 • XV x/^*" ^5>S^1 ers having determined that 
 
 the established church should 
 be paramount, allowed no 
 middle ground, and laws of 
 the greatest severity were 
 put into force against the 
 Roman Catholics, Puritans, Dissenters, etc. The colony 
 of Maryland was founded by Roman Catholics and until 
 the beginning of the eighteenth century the members of 
 that denomination were in the majority, yet a spirit of 
 religious toleration prevailed such as was scarcely to be 
 found in any other colony. 61 This is the more remark- 
 
 61 The excellent character which Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, is said to 
 have always borne, would prompt us to impute this proceeding to the 
 
90 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 able considering the attitude of the Roman Catholics in 
 the mother country, particularly during the reign of Queen 
 Mary, and it is a curious side-light on the mutations of 
 human affairs that the only religious persecution that oc- 
 curred in the colony was directed against the Roman Cath- 
 olics, following the Puritan Revolution. 
 
 At some time previous to 1638 the governor of the 
 province had issued a proclamation prohibiting " all un- 
 seasonable disputations in point of religion, tending to the 
 disturbance of public peace and quiet of the colony, and 
 the opening of faction in religion," but when this was 
 issued is not known, for, as Bozman states, the proclama- 
 tion does not appear in the records. In 1648, in commis- 
 sioning William Stone as governor, Lord Baltimore in- 
 cluded in the oath of office to be taken by the governor a 
 provision that he would not molest or discountenance for 
 his religion any person professing to believe in Jesus Christ 
 and, in particular, no Roman Catholic, if he were neither 
 unfaithful to the Lord Baltimore, nor conspired against 
 the civil government; that he would not make a difference 
 of persons in conferring office or favors, because of reli- 
 gion, but would regard the advancement of Baltimore's 
 interests and the public unity and good of the province 
 
 most laudable motives — the liberal indulgence of all men in their religious 
 opinions. But, whoever is acquainted with the history of Europe, during 
 the seventeenth century, must know that no genuine Roman Catholic at 
 that time could entertain these liberal sentiments, or at least openly avow 
 them. All Protestants were deemed by them heretics, and liable to the 
 strong arm of persecution for their impious and presumptuous doctrines. 
 We must, therefore, unavoidably confess that this liberal and tolerant 
 measure of Lord Baltimore wears very much the appearance of that policy 
 of conduct, just herein before alluded to, which the English Catholics are 
 accused of having pursued, that is in joining the two great fanatic sects 
 — the Presbyterians and the Independents, in their united endeavours to 
 effectuate the destruction of the Church of England. — Bozman's " History 
 of Maryland," Vol. II., p. 336. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 91 
 
 without partiality; and that if any person in the prov- 
 ince should molest any Christian for his religion he would 
 apply his power to protect the person so molested and 
 punish the person troubling him. 62 
 
 In 1649 tne assembly enacted a law providing for reli- 
 gious toleration which was in force for nearly half a cen- 
 tury. During this time there was no established church; 
 each sect or denomination conducted its affairs as it saw 
 fit, and all support of churches and ministers was volun- 
 tary. But in 1692 the assembly passed an act making the 
 Protestant Episcopal church the established church of the 
 province, and imposing an annual tax of forty pounds of 
 tobacco per poll on all taxables for the purpose of building 
 churches and maintaining the clergy. This law was very 
 unpopular and many of the Dissenters, Quakers and 
 Roman Catholics paid their taxes in the poorest quality of 
 tobacco, so that the few ministers who came to the colony 
 under the provisions of the law received very light support. 
 This law remained in force until the Revolution, but there 
 was always more or less opposition to it so that there was 
 great difficulty in obtaining competent ministers. 
 
 The German settlers were a pious God-fearing set of 
 people, and their first thought, after settling in a locality, 
 was to provide means for the public worship of God. 
 After securing shelter for themselves the first public im- 
 provement was the erection of a building to be used as a 
 church. A history of these churches would be a history of 
 the people, but, unfortunately, in many instances the early 
 records of the churches have been lost or destroyed, so 
 that the history of these congregations has to be con- 
 structed from a few fragments, as well as it can be. The 
 settlers were chiefly members of the Lutheran and German 
 
 62 Steiner, " Maryland during the Civil Wars," Part II., p. 106. 
 
92 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Reformed churches, although there were a few Moravians 
 and other sectarians among them. Their greatest trouble 
 came from their inability to secure ministers. There were 
 very few regularly ordained ministers in the country and 
 those who were sent over from Germany, as a rule, re- 
 mained at the older settlements, where their services were 
 more in demand; and for many years the religious wants 
 of the outlying settlements were looked after by travelling 
 ministers, or missionaries, who were able to hold services, 
 baptize the children, and perform the marriage ceremony 
 at any given point only at long intervals. Then, too, the 
 people were often imposed upon by dissolute intemperate 
 men who posed as regularly ordained ministers, who, in 
 this capacity, secured control of the congregations. Some 
 of them were indeed such : men who had at one time occu- 
 pied positions of honor in their churches, and had fallen 
 from their high estate; but many of them were unprin- 
 cipled adventurers who, in the dire needs of the different 
 congregations, saw a means of securing a livelihood with 
 the least possible expenditure of energy. A great deal of 
 the trouble which subsequently arose in the various congre- 
 gations was caused by men of this sort. It was not only 
 among the German settlers that these pretended ministers 
 were to be found, sowing their seeds of discord; they were 
 equally common in the English settlements. In the 
 absence of regular ministers religious services were usually 
 conducted by the schoolmaster, who would read sermons. 
 The church buildings erected were for many years used 
 jointly by the Lutheran and German Reformed congre- 
 gations, services usually being held by each congregation 
 on alternate Sundays. 
 
 Dr. Schmauk says 63 that the first Lutheran church in 
 
 63 " A History of the Lutheran Church in Pennsylvania," in Proc. and 
 Add. of the Pennsylvania-German Society, Vol. XII., p. 381 
 
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Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 93 
 
 Maryland was erected in what is now Cecil county by 
 Swedes from the settlement on the Delaware in 1649, Dut: 
 what may unquestionably be regarded as the mother- 
 church of the Lutheran denomination in Maryland was 
 the little log church erected at the village of Monocacy 
 about 1730. It is unfortunate that nothing is now pre- 
 served which shows anything about the organization of 
 this congregation, and it is only in later years that we find 
 anything authentic concerning it. From the records of 
 Rev. John Caspar Stoever we get the names of a number 
 of the early members of the Monocacy congregation, as 
 on his numerous visits to that section of the country he 
 baptized the children of those attached to the congrega- 
 tion. Thus, in 1734, four children of John Jacob 
 Mattheis were baptized. In 1735 we find the names of 
 Heinrich Sinn and Michael Reusner; in 1736, John and 
 Balthasar Fauth, Matthias Roessell, Johannes Mittag, 
 George Lathy, John Jacob Hoof, Adam Baker and Henry 
 Prey; in 1737, John George Geiger and George Henckel; 
 in 1738, Heinrich Fortunee, Joseph Mayhew, Valentine 
 Mueller, Philip Ernst Grueber and George Spengel; in 
 1739, Wilhelm Dorn and Bernhardt Weinmer; in 1740, 
 John George Beer, Herman Hartman and Michael 
 Schauffle; in 1741, Jacob Verdriess and Jeremias Ellradt, 
 and in 1742 Peter Apfel. Other names of persons con- 
 nected with the Monocacy congregation at that period are : 
 Traut, Baum, Habach, Berg, Hutzel, Schweinhardt, 
 Schaefer, Schaub, Lein, Teufersbiss, Banckauf, Bruschel, 
 Bronner, Lehnick, Kuntz, Gump, Lutz, Lay, Schreyer, 
 Bischoff, Wetzel, Beyer, Rausch, Boltz, Ort, Kleeman, 
 Geyer, Rudisiel, Mausser and Kauth. 
 
 The chief sources of information concerning the early 
 history of the old church at Monocacy are the writings of 
 
94 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Rev. Michael Schlatter and Rev. Henry Melchior Muhlen- 
 berg, both of whom paid visits to the congregation. Mr. 
 Schlatter was the first to visit Monocacy. He had been 
 sent to America by the authorities of the German Re- 
 formed church in Holland as a missionary to the congre- 
 gations scattered through Pennsylvania and Maryland. 
 He arrived in Philadelphia in the autumn of 1746 and 
 made numerous journeys to the outlying settlements, 
 organizing congregations where there were none and 
 assisting in whatever way he could those already organ- 
 ized. Early the next spring he started on a visit to the 
 Maryland settlements. "On the 29th of April," he 
 says, 64 " amid earnest prayers that the presence of God 
 might go with me, I undertook a great journey to Mono- 
 cacy and other places in Maryland, with a view also of 
 visiting the congregations on the borders of the Susque- 
 hanna, having before given notice to each congregation of 
 the time when I expected to be with them. On the first 
 day, I got as far as Lancaster, and the following day I 
 reached the Susquehanna, a distance of seventy-three miles. 
 This is the largest stream in the English colonies, which, 
 like all other streams, has received its name from the 
 Indians and until now has retained it. In like manner, 
 also, do the regions of country receive their names from 
 the streams which flow through them. Hence if, in what 
 follows, I shall mention any places not referred to before, 
 it must be remembered that then I have passed over some 
 larger or smaller stream, a matter which is frequently not 
 accomplished without great danger. At least, when I 
 crossed the Susquehanna it was greatly swollen, so that I 
 crossed it with twelve men at the oars of the boat, and 
 
 64 " The Life of Rev. Michael Schlatter," by Rev. H. Harbaugh, A.M., 
 p. 152. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 95 
 
 then only reached the opposite shores amid dangers which 
 threatened my life, the river being, at that time, about 
 two miles wide." 
 
 He reached York on May 2 and held services there and 
 then went on to Conewago, in Adams county, where he 
 also held services. He then goes on to say: " On the 6th, 
 I journeyed forty miles farther to Monocacy, where, on 
 the following day, I held preparatory service to the Holy 
 Communion, and baptized twenty-six children, and, on the 
 8th, administered the most excellent Supper of the Lord, 
 with peculiar interest and much edification, to eighty-six 
 members. After divine service was ended, I read my 
 instructions to the people. The congregation, anxious 
 after spiritual food, listened with tears of joy and with 
 gratitude to God, and forty-nine heads of families offered 
 to raise, for the support of a minister, in money and grain, 
 the amount of forty pounds, equal to 266 Dutch guilders. 
 If this congregation were united with another called 
 Connogocheague, lying thirty miles distant, these two 
 would be able to sustain a minister. Farther, I must say 
 of this congregation, that it appears to me to be one of 
 the purest in the whole country, and one in which I have 
 found the most traces of the true fear of God; one that is 
 free from the sects, of which, in other places, the country 
 is filled. For, on 7000 acres of land in that neighborhood 
 there were none but such as are of the German Reformed 
 faith." 
 
 Just seven weeks after Mr. Schlatter's visit to Mono- 
 cacy Mr. Muhlenberg arrived there. He had been met 
 at Conewago (now Hanover) by two men from the Mono- 
 cacy settlement and the three men starting out in a pouring 
 rain, " were compelled to ride all night through the wilder- 
 ness with the rain pouring down and the poor horses up to 
 
g6 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 their knees in water and mire." In this manner the journey 
 of thirty-six miles was accomplished and Monocacy was 
 reached in the morning. He found the Lutheran con- 
 gregation divided into factions, through the efforts of 
 Moravian missionaries and of men who, while posing as 
 Lutheran ministers, were secretly trying to transfer control 
 of the congregation to the Moravians. Mr. Muhlenberg 
 called the congregation together and, as he says : 
 
 Before we began the service I had them give me the church book, 
 and I wrote in it, in the English language, several articles, among 
 others that our German Lutherans confess the holy Word of God 
 in the prophetic and apostolic Scriptures, and besides the Augsburg 
 Confession the other symbolical books; and, where it can be done, 
 they have the sacraments administered to them by regularly called 
 and ordained ministers, and, according to their rules, do not allow 
 open, gross, and persistent offenders against the Ten Command- 
 ments and the civil laws to be regarded as members, etc. This I 
 read publicly to the congregation, and explained it in German, and 
 added that he who would be and would remain such a Lutheran 
 should subscribe his name. 
 
 This book in which Mr. Muhlenberg wrote the articles 
 for the government of the Lutheran church at Monocacy 
 is now in the possession of the Lutheran church at Fred- 
 erick. The articles, with the names signed to them are as 
 follows : 
 
 Whereas we the Subscribers, enjoy the inestimable liberty of 
 Conscience under the powerfull Protection of our most Gracious 
 Sovereign King George the Second and His Representatives our 
 gracious Superiour of this Province, and have used this blessed 
 liberty since our first settling Here at Manakasy till this day in 
 Worshipping God Allmighty according to the protestant Lutheran 
 persuasion, grounded in the old and New Testament and in the 
 
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY. 
 
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 PAGE 1.— RULES FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE MONOCACY LUTHERAN CHURCH. 
 
 WRITTEN BY REV. HENRY MELCHIOR MUHLENBERG. 
 
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY. 
 
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 PAGE 2.— RULES FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE MONOCACY LUTHERAN CHURCH. 
 
 WRITTEN BY REV. HENRY MELCHIOR MUHLENBERG. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 97 
 
 invariata August ana Confessione ceterisq. libris Symbolicis; We will 
 therefore endeavour to pray for our Most Gracious Sovereign and 
 all that are in Authority, that we may lead a peaceable and quiet 
 life in all Godliness and Honesty. 
 
 And whereas we are Several times disturbed by pretended Min- 
 isters that Style themselves Lutherans, but can not produce any 
 lawfull Certificate or Credentials of their Vocation Ordination of 
 a lawfull Consistory or Ministry, and cause Strife, Quarrels and 
 Disputations among the Congregations, We the Subscribers, the 
 Church Wardens and members of the protestant Lutheran Con- 
 gregation, erect and constitute and agree and bind ourselves to the 
 following Articals imprimis 
 
 1. The Church we have erected and built at Manakasy and used 
 hitherto shall stand and remain and be for the worship of our 
 protestant Lutheran Religion according to our Confession, and 
 oeconomie as long the blessed acts of Tolerance and of our liberty 
 stand forever. And the Reformed Congregation shall have liberty 
 for their lawfull minister. 
 
 2. No Minister shall be admitted and permitted to preach or 
 administer the holy ordinances in our Church without a lawfull 
 Call and Certificate of His lawfull Lutheran ordination and Ex- 
 amination by a Lutheran Consistory or Ministry, and without 
 Consent of the Church Wardens. 
 
 3. Every Year shall be chosen four or more blameless Members 
 of our Congregation for Church Wardens, and they shall be 
 chosen per plurima vota. 
 
 4. The Church Wardens shall hold and preserve the Key of the 
 Church, the Vessels and Ornaments that belong to the Church and 
 Congregation and deliver every piece in time of Worship or when 
 Necessity requireth it. 
 
 5. Two of the Church Wardens shall keep an exact account of 
 the alms and be ready to lay at the end of the Year the Reckoning 
 before the rest of the Church Wardens and the Congregation. 
 
 6. Whenever a Member or Church Warden of our Congrega- 
 tion should turn to an other persuasion, or lead a notorious sinfull 
 
9 8 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 life against the ten Commendments or against the Constitutions 
 and laws of our most Gracious Superiours, He or they shall not be 
 accounted for a Member of our Congregation but be excluded. To 
 this before mentioned Articals, which only tend to promote peace 
 and Quietness we set our Hands this 24 day of June 1747, in the 
 21 year of the Reign of our most Gracious Sovereign King George 
 the Second, whom the Lord preserve. 
 
 Hans Georg Lay 
 Johannes Kritzman 
 Johan Michal Romer 
 Georg Michal Hoffman 
 Peter Apfel 
 Henry Sechs 
 Jacob Hoff 
 Martin Wetzel 
 Georg Schweinhardt 
 Georg Hutzel 
 Gabriel Schweinhard 
 Fillip Kuntz 
 Ludwig Weltner 
 Johannes Schmidt 
 
 Johannes Verdries 
 
 Martin Wetzel 
 
 Michell Reisner Johan Michal Romer I Church 
 
 Heinrich Sechs Georg Michal Hoffman f Wardens 
 
 Dieder Lehny 
 
 Johannes Stolmeyer 
 
 Johan Sechs 
 
 Hans Sigfried Guy 
 
 Valentine Verdries 
 
 Hans Georg Soldner 
 
 Johan Christoph Schmidt 
 
 Johannes Vogler 
 
 John Davis 
 
 Friedreich Verdries 
 
 Martin Wetzel Junior 
 
 Nicolaus Wetzel 
 
 Friedreich Willhaut 
 
 Georg Honig 
 
 Jerg Kolz 
 
 Johannes Schmidt 
 
 Accompanying these articles is a subscription list 65 to 
 which is signed the following additional names : 
 
 Fredreich Sinn, 
 Adam Stoll, 
 Mateus Kesszele, 
 Adam Spach, 
 Baltzer Pfaut, 
 Jacob Mateus, 
 
 Jacob Bene, 
 Conradt Kiinz, 
 Joh. Sattel Meyer, 
 Joh. Georg Gotz, 
 Joh. Georg Gump, 
 Jacob Faut. 
 
 65 Nahmen der Persohnen welche zu Erkauftung und Einschreibung 
 dieses Kirchen buchs mit Noch wermogen beigetragen haben. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 99 
 
 But in spite of the efforts of Mr. Muhlenberg there 
 continued to be more or less discord among the members, 
 and the congregation did not prosper, and about the time 
 that Rev. Bernard Michael Hauseal became pastor of the 
 Lutheran church at Frederick, in 1753, the Monocacy 
 congregation was absorbed by the former. This absorp- 
 tion was the final act which led to the decadence and disap- 
 pearance from the map of the village of Monocacy. The 
 Lutheran congregation at Frederick, which was virtually 
 the successor of the one at Monocacy, was organized about 
 1735, the exact date not being on record. Among the 
 early members of the congregation were the families of 
 Unsult, Bechtel, Schley, Culler, Angelberger and Metzger. 
 For many years there was no regular pastor, services being 
 conducted at intervals by the ministers stationed at the 
 Lutheran church at Hanover, Pa. In 1753 Rev. Bernard 
 Michael Hauseal became the pastor of the congregation 
 and remained until 1758. From 1763 to 1768 Rev. John 
 William Samuel Schwerdtfeger was pastor, and he was 
 followed by Rev. John Christopher Hartwick. Other 
 ministers connected with the church were Rev. John 
 Andrew Krug, 177 1 ; Rev. John Frederick Wildbahn, 
 1796; Rev. Frederick Moeller, 1799. The first church 
 was a wooden one, built in 174 1-6, which was replaced by 
 a stone one, 1754-60. Among the members of the con- 
 gregation in 1777 were John George Lay, John Michael 
 Roemer, George Michael Hoffman, Peter Apple and 
 Henry Six, all of whom had been members of the original 
 congregation at Monocacy. The services were conducted 
 in German until 18 10. 
 
 The German Reformed congregation at Frederick was 
 organized before 1740. When Rev. Michael Schlatter 
 visited the place in 1748 he found a congregation of con- 
 
ioo The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 siderable size, although there was no regular pastor. He 
 preached in a new and unfinished church and administered 
 communion to ninety-seven persons. Rev. Theodore 
 Frankenfeld became the regular minister in 1753. He 
 was succeeded, in 1756, by Rev. John Conrad Steiner. 
 Other pastors of the congregation were: 1760, Rev. Philip 
 William Otterbein; 1766, Rev. Charles Lange; 1768, 
 Rev. Frederick L. Henop; 1784, Rev. John Runkel, who 
 retired in 1801. 
 
 One of the historic churches in western Maryland was 
 the old Lutheran church near Sharpsburg. This section 
 was settled about the middle of the eighteenth century. 
 The church was built on ground donated by Col. Joseph 
 Chapline, who laid out the town of Sharpsburg. The deed 
 for this property is recorded in Liber L, Folio 179, of the 
 records of Frederick county, and is as follows : 
 
 At the request of Dr. Christopher Cruss the following Deed 
 was recorded the 16th day of March 1768. 
 
 This Indenture made this 5th day of March, One Thousand 
 Seven Hundred and Sixty Eight, between Col. Joseph Chapline of 
 Frederick County and Province of Maryland of the one part, and 
 Dr. Christopher Cruss, Matthias Need, Nicholas Sam and William 
 Hawker, Vestrymen and Church Wardens of the Lutheran Church 
 in the Town of Sharpsburg, in the County aforesaid, of the other 
 part. 
 
 Witnesseth that the said Col. Joseph Chapline, for and in con- 
 sideration of the religious regard which he hath and beareth to the 
 said Lutheran Church as also for the better support and main- 
 tenance of the said Church, hath given, granted, aliened, enfeoffed 
 and confirmed, and by these presents doth give, grant, bargain, 
 alien, enfeoff and confirm unto the said Dr. Christopher Cruss, 
 Mathias Need, Nicholas Sam and William Hawker, Vestrymen 
 and Church Wardens and their successors, members of the above 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 101 
 
 Church, for the use of the Congregation that do resort thereto, 
 One Lot or portion of ground, No. 149, containing One hundred 
 and fifty-four feet in breadth and Two hundred and six feet, more 
 or less, in length, with all profits advantages and appurtenances to 
 the said Lot or portion of ground belonging or appertaining. To have 
 and to hold to them the said Dr. Christopher Cruss, Mathias Need, 
 Nicholas Sam and William Hawker, Vestrymen and Church 
 Wardens, and to their successors forever, to them and their own 
 use, and to no other use, intent or purpose whatsoever forever 
 yielding and paying unto the said Col. Joseph Chapline, his heirs 
 and assigns, One Pepper Corn, if demanded, on the ninth day of 
 July One Thousand Seven Hundred and Sixty Eight, and yearly 
 hereafter, and the said Col. Joseph Chapline for himself and his 
 heirs doth covenant and agree to and with them the said Dr. 
 Christopher Cruss, Matthias Need, Nicholas Sam and William 
 Hawker, Vestrymen and Church Wardens and their successors, 
 that them and they shall and may have, hold, and peaceably enjoy 
 and possess the said Lot or portion of ground and other the 
 premises, yielding and paying the rent aforesaid hereinbefore re- 
 served and any rent that may grow due to the Lord Proprietary 
 freely and absolutely, but with this reserve, that if the above 
 named Dr. Christopher Cruss, Matthias Need, Nicholas Sam and 
 William Hawker, Vestrymen and Church Wardens, do not build 
 or cause to be built on said Lot in the term of seven years then the 
 above lot to revert to Col. Joseph Chapline his heirs and assigns. 
 
 A log church was erected, thirty-three by thirty-eight 
 feet in size. A bell, which was said to be a very old one, 
 was swung from a pole on the outside. Later a cupola was 
 built on the church and the bell was placed in it. The 
 interior of the church was arranged, as nearly all of the 
 old churches were, with a very high pulpit, reached by 
 nearly a dozen steps. Over the pulpit was an umbrella- 
 shaped sounding-board. There was an elevated platform 
 for the elders and deacons, while the congregation sat in 
 
102 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 pews with very high backs. In 1849 the outside of the 
 building was rough-casted. During the battle of Antietam, 
 in September, 1862, the church was used as a hospital, but 
 as it was in the line of fire from the cannon it was so much 
 damaged as to be unfit for further use, and shortly after 
 the war it was torn down. The early records of the 
 church are all lost: probably destroyed during the war, 
 so that nothing is known of its early history. Among the 
 families connected with this church at an early date were 
 those of Roullett, Hovermale, Funk, Nead, Rohrback, 
 Gardenour, Sheeler and Harman. 
 
 The Germans did not settle in Baltimore in any con- 
 siderable number at a very early date, the greater number 
 of that nationality going to the rich farming lands in the 
 western part of the colony, yet it is evident that shortly 
 after the middle of the eighteenth century there was quite 
 a number of them there, sufficient to organize two con- 
 gregations: one Lutheran and the other German Re- 
 formed. The exact date when these congregations were 
 organized is not known, but it could not have been very 
 long after 1750. In the early records of the first Lutheran 
 congregation in the city is found the statement that "up 
 to the year 1758 both Lutherans and German Reformed 
 worshipped together, and great friendship and harmony 
 prevailed. In that year they resolved to erect a house of 
 worship in common, as each party was too weak to build 
 one alone; and it was at the same time determined that a 
 pastor should be called by either church, as might best 
 suit." 60 At first there was no regular minister attached to 
 the congregation, services being held at intervals as the 
 presence of a minister would permit. According to 
 Scharf, Rev. J. S. Gerock was the regular minister in 
 
 66 Scharf's " Chronicles of Baltimore," p. 40. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 103 
 
 1758, but this is evidently a mistake, as at that time Mr. 
 Gerock was pastor of the Lutheran church at Lancaster, 
 Pa., where he continued until 1767, when he removed to 
 New York city. 67 It is probable that he occasionally 
 visited the church in Baltimore. In 1773 among those 
 connected with this church were the families of Linden- 
 berger, Wershler, Hartwig, Hoecke, Rock, Grasmuck, 
 Levely, Barnitz and Dr. Wiesenthall. In 1758 a lottery 
 was conducted to raise funds, with which the new church 
 was erected. 
 
 The first German Reformed congregation in Baltimore 
 was organized about the same time as the first Lutheran 
 one. According to a record in one of the books of this 
 congregation, dated January 25, 1769, "the first minister 
 of this congregation was John Christian Faber, born in 
 Mosback on the Neckar, in the Pfaltz, in Europe. His 
 father was a preacher at Gimmeldingen on the river 
 Haardt. May the blessing of God attend this enterprise, 
 and may the church increase and flourish." Mr. Faber 
 was pastor of this congregation for about fourteen years, 
 but his pastorate was far from being a harmonious one. 
 Concerning Mr. Faber, Dr. Ruetenik says: 68 "He proved 
 cold and tedious in the pulpit, and his conversation under 
 the pulpit was devoid of salt — entertaining rather than 
 elevating." For this reason some of the members of the 
 congregation wanted a younger and more warm-hearted 
 minister, and advocated the claims of Rev. Benedict 
 Schwob, or Swope. This resulted in a division in the con- 
 gregation and a second one was formed in 1770 under the 
 leadership of Mr. Swope. Dissensions continued between 
 
 e^Schmauk. "The Lutheran Church in Pennsylvania," in Proc. and 
 Add. of the Pennsylvania-German Society, Vol. XI., p. 329^ 
 
 68 " The Pioneers of the Reformed Church in the United States," p. 97. 
 
104 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 the two congregations, and in 1774 Mr. Swope retired and 
 was succeeded by Rev. Philip William Otterbein, who 
 remained in charge of the congregation until his death 
 in 1813. 
 
 In the first church Mr. Faber was succeeded by Rev. 
 George Frederick Wallauer, and he by Rev. Charles 
 Louis Boehme. One of the old books of the church 
 records that " after some time Mr. Boehme got into 
 trouble and at a meeting of the Rev. Synod held at Read- 
 ing, Pa., in 1782, he was dismissed from the ministry. 
 At the same time liberty was given to call another minister, 
 and they called Rev. Nicholas Pomp, who delivered his 
 first sermon on the first Sunday in September, 1783. At 
 this period Jacob Coberts, Frederick Meyer, Jacob Meyer 
 and Henry Zorah were the elders of the church; and 
 Philip Crusius, Andrew Granget, and Philip Miller, the 
 deacons." 69 
 
 One of the early congregations established by the 
 Lutherans was the one at Middletown, where a church 
 was erected about 1755. Among the pastors of this con- 
 gregation were Rev. Frederick Gerresheim, in 1779; Rev. 
 John Andrew Krug, Rev. Jacob Goering, Rev. John 
 George Schmucker, and Rev. Johan George Graeber, who 
 was pastor in 1796. 
 
 The Rocky Hill church, near Woodsborough, was built 
 in 1768. It was a two-story log building and was occu- 
 pied by the Lutherans, German Reformed and Presby- 
 terians. Until 1830 preaching was in the German lan- 
 guage. "Apple's Church" was built near Mechanicstown 
 about 1765 by the Lutherans and German Reformed. 
 Among the first Reformed ministers of this church were 
 Rev. Jonathan Rahauser and Rev. Mr. Bassler. At a 
 
 69 Scharf, " Chronicles of Baltimore," p. 42. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 105 
 
 much later period the congregation was served by Revs. 
 S. R. Fisher and E. E. Higbee. One of the Lutheran 
 ministers who was pastor of this congregation was Rev. 
 Reuben Weiser. 
 
 St. John's Lutheran church in Hagerstown was organ- 
 ized in 1770. Its constitution was signed by sixty mem- 
 bers. Its first pastor was Rev. J. F. Wildbahn. From 
 1773 to 1793 Rev. John George Young was the pastor, 
 and he was succeeded by Rev. Dr. J. G. Schmucker. In 
 1 79 1 a lottery was held to raise money for the church. 
 The trustees and managers for the lottery were Peter 
 Hoeflich, Henry Shryock, Peter Woltz, Baltzer Woltz, 
 David Harry, Jacob Harry, William Lee, John Lee, 
 Rezin Davis, Alexander Clagett, Nathaniel Rochester, 
 Henry Schnebly, William Reynolds, Melchior Beltz- 
 hoover, John Geiger, John Protzman, Adam Ott, Michael 
 Kapp, George Woltz, John Ragan, Abraham Leider, 
 Robert Hughes, Henry Schroder, Henry Eckert, William 
 Van Lear, Jacob Miller, Frederick Stempel, Peter White- 
 sides, Andrew Kleinsmith, Philip Entlen and John Ney. 
 
 Rev. Jacob Weyman became the pastor of the German 
 Reformed church in Hagerstown in 1770 and remained in 
 charge until 1790. Among the members of the first con- 
 gregation were William Baker, William Heyser, Philip 
 Osten, Peter Wagner, Jacob Hauser, Jonathan Hager, 
 Ernst Baker, Yost Weygand, Esau Gnadig, Johannes 
 Karr, Frantz Greilich, Herman Greilich, Andreas Link, 
 Eustagines Jung, Wilhelm Conrath, Heinrich Doutweiler, 
 Jacob Fischer, Johannes Steincyfer, Frantz Wagner, 
 Ernst Dietz, Rudolph Bly, Johannes Oster, Michael 
 Eberhart, Matthias Saylor, George Herdic, George Cam- 
 pert, Johannes Nicholas Schister, Johannes Frey, Peter 
 Diller, George Frey, Conrad Eichelberger, Philip Klein, 
 
106 The PennsylvanifrGerman Society. 
 
 and Ernst Kremer. In 1774 the congregation erected a 
 substantial church building, and it was during the erection 
 of this structure that Jonathan Hager, the founder of 
 Hagerstown, was killed by a heavy timber falling on him. 
 
 One of the first Lutheran Churches in what is now 
 Washington county, Maryland, was the Antietam church, 
 situated on Antietam creek, about four miles from Hagers- 
 town. Rev. John G. Young, writing in 1786, says that 
 this church was built in 1756, but the will of Robert 
 Downing, who owned the land on which it was built, 
 speaks of the church as being in existence at the time the 
 will was made, in 1754. Mr. Young says: "About thir- 
 teen families of our church united, purchased ten acres 
 of land, and built a sort of church, as their circumstances 
 allowed." Rev. Bernard Michael Hauseal, of the Fred- 
 erick congregation, was the first minister to hold services 
 at this church. For a short time Rev. J. W. S. Schwerdt- 
 feger conducted services there, and when Rev. J. G. Young 
 became pastor of the Hagerstown church, in 1773, he 
 held services at the Antietam church every four weeks. 
 This he continued to do until 1785. At that time the 
 congregation consisted of from fifty-five to sixty families. 
 
 There were a number of Brethren located in that section 
 at an early date. Dr. Martin G. Brumbaugh says: "The 
 Antietam church was organized in 1752. William Stover 
 was the first elder. His parents were not members. He 
 was born about 1725 and died in 1795. He was assisted 
 in the ministry for some time by George Adam Martin 
 and was succeeded by his son Daniel Stover, who died 
 October, 1822. This church extended over a large terri- 
 tory and was a midway point for emigration from eastern 
 Pennsylvania to Virginia and the west. This church was 
 located in the famous Conococheague country. It was the 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 107 
 
 scene of many Indian depredations during the French and 
 Indian Wars and during the Revolution. The early mem- 
 bers suffered greatly, and some were ruthlessly murdered. 
 There was no meeting-house for the congregation until 
 1798, when Price's Church was erected." 70 
 
 70 " History of the Brethren," p. 512. 
 
 DUTCH OVEN. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 Education, Redemptioners, Servitude. 
 
 xm 
 
 HEN the German emi- 
 grants began to ar- 
 rive in this country, and more 
 particularly in Pennsylvania, 
 in large numbers and it be- 
 came apparent that unless the 
 influx was checked the Ger- 
 man settlers would soon out- 
 number the English, the lat- 
 ter in no uncertain terms 
 voiced their objection to al- 
 lowing the Germans to come 
 in unlimited numbers, and 
 found all sorts of reasons for this objection. One of the 
 chief reasons advanced on all sides was the statement that 
 the Germans were a rude, ignorant and uneducated class 
 of people. This objection was frequently urged, and from 
 that day to this it has been the custom for those who 
 should know better to speak of the Pennsylvania-German 
 settlers as illiterate and uneducated. No doubt this was, 
 in some degree, due to the fact that the settlers did not, 
 as a rule, learn to speak the English language, but ad- 
 
 108 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 109 
 
 hered to the use of their own language as well as to their 
 manners and customs. But in point of education, as that 
 term is generally understood, it is very probable that 
 among the German settlers there was as large a percentage 
 of educated people as among those speaking the English 
 language, if, indeed, the percentage was not greater. 
 
 At the period when the colony of Maryland was founded 
 it was not considered necessary for everyone to be edu- 
 cated and a very large proportion of the population, even 
 among the well-to-do, were not able to write. This is 
 plainly shown by the number of people who were com- 
 pelled to make their marks in signing legal papers. 
 Among the "gentlemen adventurers" who came over in 
 Lord Baltimore's first colony were many who came within 
 this category, and it was no unusual thing to find that 
 some of the servants brought over had considerably more 
 of an education than their principals. Indeed, it was quite 
 customary to bring over among the servants some who 
 were able to act as scrivener and letter-writer. The matter 
 of securing an education was considered of minor impor- 
 tance, and if it was thought necessary with some of the 
 younger generation, they were sent back to England for 
 the purpose of securing it; but what they considered an 
 education to be obtained in this way, was not so much a 
 knowledge of the liberal arts as it was of the manners and 
 customs of polite society, to be gained through visiting in 
 the families of their English relatives. 
 
 This being the case, there was little interest taken in the 
 matter of establishing schools, and it was many years 
 before there were any schools. There were a number of 
 causes which militated against the establishment of schools, 
 but outside of the lack of interest and the absence of a feel- 
 ing of necessity for an education, the chief cause was the 
 
I io The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 scattered condition of the population. The raising of 
 tobacco was the chief occupation, and of necessity the 
 settlers were scattered over a wide extent of territory. 
 There was, in the early history of the colony, little to fear 
 from the Indians, owing to the founder's pacific, treatment 
 of them, so that there was no occasion for the settlers to 
 gather together in groups for protection, and {owns and 
 villages were unknown. So much so was this the case that, 
 as one writer has pointed out, 71 if Maryland had had a 
 law similar to the Massachusetts law of 1647, which pro- 
 vided that every township of fifty householders should 
 appoint some one " to teach all such children as shall resort 
 to him to write and read," it would not have required the 
 establishment of a single school, as there was no portion 
 of the province thickly enough settled to have fifty house- 
 holders in an area equal to a New England township. 
 
 The earliest effort to establish an educational institution 
 was made in 1671, but the bill was amended by the lower 
 house of the assembly, which had a Protestant majority, 
 in such a manner as to render it distasteful to the Roman 
 Catholic upper house, and further consideration of it was 
 dropped. At frequent intervals other attempts were made 
 to found a system of schools, but they were generally un- 
 successful. There were a number of reasons for this lack 
 of success. In the first place, the country was so sparsely 
 settled that there was no locality in which a central point 
 could be selected for a school which would be convenient 
 of access for the children of the settlers. Then, too, as a 
 rule, the schools, if they were established, would be chiefly 
 for the children of the poorer class of settlers, for those of 
 means usually had their children taught by private teach- 
 ers, although it must be said that there was not much inter- 
 
 71 Sollers, " History of Education in Maryland," p. x6. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland, in 
 
 est taken in the matter of education and very many of 
 the wealthier class of settlers had very little education, 
 even some of the judges being unable to write their names. 
 But the chief difficulty in the matter of providing schools 
 was the impossibility of finding suitable teachers. As a 
 rule the men who were secured as teachers were dissolute 
 and intemperate individuals who were unable or unwilling 
 to attempt to make a living in any other occupation. 
 Large landowners who brought over servants frequently 
 secured one who was competent to act as teacher for the 
 younger members of the family. In this way the questions 
 of education and servitude are, in a measure, related to 
 each other. Sometimes a ne'er-do-well son of a wealthy 
 English family was sent to the colony to get rid of him, 
 rather than with an expectation of his bettering himself, 
 and such an one frequently acted as teacher. There were 
 instances, too, where convicts who had been transported 
 to the colony were employed as teachers. In 1745 the 
 officers of the school in Talbot county offered a reward of 
 £5 currency for the capture of their Irish schoolmaster, 
 who had run away with two geldings and a negro slave. 
 
 In 1696 a law was passed providing for the erection of 
 a school in each county, but by 17 17 but one had been 
 erected, at Annapolis. Every few years a new law was 
 passed providing for the erection of schools, but from one 
 cause or another they proved abortive, and as late as 
 March 21, 1754, a writer in the Maryland Gazette com- 
 plained of the amount of money that was every year being 
 sent to the neighboring province of Pennsylvania for edu- 
 cational purposes. "On inquiry," he says, "it has been 
 found that there are at least 100 Marylanders in the 
 academy at Philadelphia, and it is experimentally known 
 that the annual charges for clothes, schooling, board, etc., 
 
112 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 amount (at least) to £75 Maryland currency, £50 sterling, 
 for each youth sent thither — that is, to be genteelly and 
 liberally educated. Hence it is evident that if this practice 
 continues but twenty years (at the moderate computation 
 of £5,000 sterling per annum) there must be remitted 
 from Maryland for the benefit of the Pennsylvanians the 
 round plumb or sum of £100,000 sterling. Besides this, 
 'tis well known that vast sums are every year transmitted 
 to France, etc., for the education of our young gentlemen of 
 the popish persuasion, etc. Though perhaps superior poli- 
 tics, interest and influence may render the saving the money 
 in the latter case (entirely lost to the province) impracti- 
 cable, yet certainly our Protestant patriots might contrive 
 ways and means for keeping within Maryland the cash 
 advanced (as aforesaid for the use of Pennsylvania), by 
 establishing a college on each shore, or one at Annapolis, 
 at which (if duly endowed and regulated by proper 
 statutes) our Protestant youth might be educated much 
 better, cheaper, and more conveniently accommodated, and 
 at the same time the cost expended would still circulate 
 within the province." 
 
 In 1763 Governor Sharpe wrote: "It is really to be 
 lamented that while such great things are being done for the 
 support of Colleges and Accademies in the Neighbouring 
 Colonies, there is not in this even one good Grammar 
 School. I should be glad if either by Donations or some 
 other Method the Fund or annual Income of our School 
 in this City could be augmented so as to enable us to give 
 such a Salary to a Master & Usher as would encourage 
 good & able Men to act in those Capacities." 72 
 
 The matter of education was treated in a very different 
 manner by the German settlers. It was the usual custom 
 
 72 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XIV., p. 115. 
 
/ 
 
 -X 
 
 / f 
 
 ,r 
 
 
 ^•-f 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 113 
 
 for a party of German emigrants starting out to form a 
 settlement to take with them a schoolmaster. One of the 
 first buildings erected was a schoolhouse, very often before 
 a church, and until the church building was provided the 
 schoolhouse was used for religious services. It was many 
 years before the different settlements and villages were 
 able to have a regular minister, and in the absence of a 
 pastor the religious services were usually conducted by the 
 schoolmaster. The latter was very often the most impor- 
 tant person in the settlement. He was usually well edu- 
 cated and generally he was the one to whom nearly every- 
 one went for advice on almost any matter. He was the 
 scrivener for drawing up legal papers or writing letters 
 for those who were unable to write, and generally being 
 an expert penman he was frequently called upon to draw 
 up marriage certificates or certificates of baptism, which 
 very often were executed in a very artistic manner. This 
 facility in using the pen was put to use in making Rewards 
 of Merit for the children in the school, usually comprising 
 pictures of flowers and birds, an example of which is 
 shown in one of the illustrations. These pen drawings 
 were colored with inks made from various vegetables. In 
 the original of the one illustrated the roses are colored 
 different shades of pink, the ribbon with which they are 
 tied is blue, and the eagle yellow. As a rule, though not 
 always, the schoolmaster was an elderly man and not un- 
 frequently, like Goldsmith's schoolmaster, 
 
 " A man severe he was, and stern to view ; 
 I knew him well, and every truant knew: 
 Well had the boding tremblers learned to trace 
 The day's disasters in his morning face." 
 
 Sometimes in employing a schoolmaster the German 
 
114 The Pennsylvania-German Society, 
 
 settlers were deceived by an adventurer, for there was a 
 considerable number of unprincipled dissolute individuals 
 travelling about through the colonies seeking employment 
 wherever they could, sometimes even posing as ministers 
 and securing control of the churches; and as these men 
 were usually well educated they sometimes found employ- 
 ment as schoolmaster, though there were not very many 
 instances of this sort. 
 
 If the schoolmaster was unmarried and had no family 
 of his own he generally lived with the families whose chil- 
 dren came to his school. " Children were not merely sent 
 to school and their entire mental training left to the school- 
 master. Parents assisted their children in learning their 
 lessons at home, and when schools and schoolmasters were 
 wanting parents were the teachers of their children. . . . 
 The German ABC Book and Spelling Book were fre- 
 quently printed in this country, also Arithmetics, Readers, 
 including the New Testament, Psalter and other books. 
 The Catechism and Hymn-Book were also used in teach- 
 ing the young to read. In many homes children would 
 gather in the long winter evenings at the table at which 
 meals were served during the day, that parents might 
 assist them in learning their lessons." 73 
 
 The best known of the early German schoolmasters of 
 Maryland was Thomas Schley, the progenitor of Admiral 
 Winfield Scott Schley, who, in 1735, settled in the locality 
 where ten years later the town of Frederick was laid out. 
 Mr. Schley is said to have built the first house in Fred- 
 erick. From all accounts of him he appears to have been 
 a man of considerable education, but his abilities were not 
 
 73 Rev. Dr. F. J. F. Schantz, " The Domestic Life and Characteristics of 
 the Pennsylvania-German Pioneer," in Proc. and Add. of the Pennsylvania- 
 German Society, Vol. X., p. 54. 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 115 
 
 confined to the teaching of the children, for he took an 
 active part in all the affairs of the settlement. Speaking 
 of him, Rev. Michael Schlatter says: 74 "It is a great ad- 
 vantage to this congregation Frederick that they have the 
 best schoolmaster that I have met in America. He spares 
 neither labor nor pains in instructing and edifying the 
 congregation according to his ability, and by means of 
 singing, and reading the word of God and printed sermons 
 on every Lord's day." 
 
 Another Pennsylvania-German schoolmaster who settled 
 in Maryland and took an active part in affairs was Ben- 
 jamin Spyker, Jr., a son of Peter Spyker, president judge 
 of the courts of Berks county, Pennsylvania. He was 
 born in Berks county in 1747 and was given an unusually 
 good education for those times. Shortly after reaching 
 his majority he went to Sharpsburg, Maryland, which had 
 been laid out about five years before, to become the school- 
 master of the German Reformed congregation of that 
 place. Steps were immediately taken to build a school- 
 house, and in 1769, by means of a lottery, the sum of six 
 hundred dollars was raised for this purpose and for com- 
 pleting the church. The managers for this lottery were 
 George Strecher, Christian Orndorff, Joseph Smith, Wil- 
 liam Good, Abraham Lingenfelder, John Stull, Michael 
 Fockler, George Dyson, and Benjamin Spyker. 75 At the 
 outbreak of the Revolution Spyker raised a company and 
 served as captain in the Flying Camp and later in the 
 Maryland Line. 
 
 74 Harbaugh's " Life of Michael Schlatter," p. 177. 
 
 75 Maryland Gazette, June 8, 1769. 
 
n6 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 The first settlers of Maryland brought with them a 
 large number of servants, as according to the different 
 " Conditions of Plantation," the amount of land which a 
 settler was entitled to take up was determined by the num- 
 ber of servants he brought in. It has been estimated that 
 among the original emigrants the ratio of servants to free- 
 men was six to one. 76 
 
 Later there were large numbers of Redemptioners, as 
 they were called, who came to the colony. These were 
 people whose services were sold to the settlers for a term 
 of years, in order to pay for their passage to the colony. 
 Some of the Redemptioners became so voluntarily in order 
 to obtain passage to the colony, but many were forced into 
 this involuntary servitude through misfortune or, as was 
 often the case, through the criminality of the captains and 
 owners of the ships which brought them to this country. 
 While the condition in which these people found them- 
 selves was one of servitude, they were, as a rule, not 
 treated badly, and many of them, when their term of 
 service was ended, became landowners themselves. For 
 many years, however, there were few Germans among the 
 Redemptioners who came to Maryland, for the reason 
 that very few German emigrants landed at Maryland 
 ports; but as the German settlers increased in numbers and 
 prospered and required additional help, it was no unusual 
 thing for them to obtain Redemptioners from Philadel- 
 phia. This was only natural, for it was at that port that 
 most of the Germans landed, and as the settlers naturally 
 desired those of their own nationality as servants, it was 
 necessary for them to go to that port to obtain them. 
 That there were a great many servants obtained in this 
 way is evident from the fact that in a record of Redemp- 
 
 ™ Johnson, " Foundations of Maryland," p. 173. 
 
THE PENNSYLVANIA-GERMAN SOCIETY. 
 
 A SPINSTER OF THE OLDEN TIME. 
 
Pennsylvania~German in Settlement of Maryland. 117 
 
 tioners bound out on their arrival at Philadelphia, cover- 
 ing a period of only two years, 77 twenty-two were sold to 
 residents of Maryland. This record is interesting as 
 showing the length of time these Redemptioners were to 
 serve, as well as the amount paid for their services. Their 
 names and the persons who secured their services are as 
 follows : 
 
 October 8, 1771, William Harry, of " Hagars twp., 
 Conecocheig, Md.," secured the services of Jacob Kreme- 
 wald for 3 years and 6 months for £22.8.7. 
 
 October 12, 177 1, George Burkhart, of Frederick, 
 Maryland, secured Johan Michael Smith and his wife for 
 
 3 years and 9 months at £39.9.1, and Rosina Trubb for 
 
 4 years and 6 months at £19.10.7. 
 
 October 16, 177 1, Baltzer Gole, of Hagar's-Town, 
 Frederick county, secured the services of Peter Drislaan 
 and his wife Elizabeth Barbara, for 5 years for £43.4.6. 
 According to the terms of the indenture they were to be 
 found all necessaries, and at the expiration were to have 
 one new suit of apparel, besides their old clothes. 
 
 The same day Nicholas Houer, of Frederick, obtained 
 the services of Johannes Kast and his wife, Rachel Bar- 
 bara, for 5 years, as servants, for £42.0.6. 
 
 October 29, 177 1, Michael Fockler, of Frederick, 
 secured Felix Meyer for 3 years for £16.11.6. 
 
 November 11, 177 1, Joseph Neide, of Bohemia Manor, 
 Cecil county, secured Christiana and Johannes Sappor, the 
 former for 5 years at £22, and the latter for 14 years, 1 
 
 77 " Record of Indentures of Individuals bound out as Apprentices, 
 Servants, etc., and of German and other Redemptioners, in the office of the 
 Mayor of the City of Philadelphia, October 3, 1771, to October 5, 1773," in 
 Proc. and Add. of the Pennsylvania-German Society, Vol. XV., p. 9 et seq. 
 
n8 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 month and 21 days at £23.10.10. It was also agreed that 
 Johannes should be taught to read in the Bible and write 
 a legible hand. 
 
 December 4, 1771, Michael Waggoner, of Pipe Creek 
 Hundred, Frederick county, obtained the services of 
 Michael Piltz and Barbara, his wife, for 3 years for £25 ; 
 Casper Piltz for 13 years for £10, and Rosina Barbara 
 Piltz for 7 years for £18. 
 
 December 11, 177 1, Martin Rohrer, of Conecocheague, 
 Frederick county, obtained Peter Schleitz for 3 years and 
 6 months for £16.13, and Daniel Volks for 6 years for 
 £17.5.3. At the expiration of their terms of services each 
 was to receive, besides the usual two suits of wearing 
 apparel, an ax, a grubbing hoe, and a maul and wedges, 
 or 40 shillings in money. 
 
 December 17, 1771, John Innis, "near Conecocheig, 
 Frederick Town, Frederick co., Md.," obtained Johannes 
 Koch and Maria Eliza, his wife, for 4 years each, for 
 £40.16.6. 
 
 July 22, 1772, Jacob Kimberlin, Jr., of Elizabeth town- 
 ship, Frederick county, obtained Mary Matthews for 2 
 years at £10.0.0. 
 
 October 24, 1772, Jacob Bear, of Conecocheague, 
 Frederick county, obtained George Frederick Pindle for 
 11 years for £14.0.0. 
 
 May 31, 1773, Benjamin Esteurn, of Kitochin Hun- 
 dred, Frederick county, obtained Catherine Manipenny as 
 a servant, for 5 shillings. No term was specified in this 
 case. 
 
 Negro slaves were owned in Maryland from a very 
 early period. The culture of tobacco required the services 
 of a large number of servants and this need was most 
 readily supplied through this source. As the German 
 
Pennsylvania-German in Settlement of Maryland. 119 
 
 settlers became more numerous and required more assist- 
 ance they naturally adopted the customs of their neighbors 
 and acquired negro slaves. Some of them had religious 
 scruples against slavery, but, as a rule, they followed the 
 custom of the country and continued owning slaves until, 
 at least, the early years of the nineteenth century, as 
 shown by the following advertisement in the Hagerstown 
 Herald of Friday, February 28, 1806, by the son of a 
 Pennsylvania-German who settled in Maryland at a very 
 early date : 
 
 TEN DOLLARS REWARD. 
 
 Ran away from the subscriber, living near the Big 
 Spring, about 12 miles from Hagerstown, in Wash- 
 ington county, Maryland, on Sunday, the 16th 
 inst. a Negro Woman named Dinah, about 5 feet 
 3 or 4 inches high, 23 or 24 years of age, squints 
 with the left eye; had on and took with her one 
 light calico gown, one blue and one dark; two 
 jackets, one blue and one light; a white petticoat, 
 two linsey jackets & two petticoats; two home made 
 shifts, one bonnet of lead colour trimmed with black, 
 and a new pair of shoes. Whoever takes up and 
 secures said runaway in any jail, shall have, if taken 
 up within 15 miles of home Five Dollars, and if a 
 greater distance the above reward, to which will be 
 added all reasonable charges if brought back. 
 
 Daniel Nead. 
 
 February 21, 1806. 
 
 It was not at all unusual for the Germans to free a 
 slave by giving him manumission papers, and much more 
 frequently they were freed by will, as was the case with 
 
120 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Peter Hoeflich, one of the first settlers in Hagerstown, 
 whose will directed that " In relation to my negro man 
 Arnold, it is my will that he be emancipated in three years 
 from the ist day of May, A. D. eighteen hundred and 
 twenty-five, but he must make up all lost time during the 
 three years that is lost from my death until he becomes 
 free." 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 The Border Troubles. 
 
 'TT'HE unfortunate contro- 
 ^ versy between William 
 Penn and his heirs and the 
 Lords Baltimore over the 
 boundary between the colonies 
 of Maryland and Pennsylvania 
 had its foundation in the fact 
 that at the time the respective 
 charters were granted there 
 was no accurate map of the 
 country in existence. At the time the charter was issued 
 to Lord Baltimore the territory it embraced was an un- 
 known and unexplored wilderness. At that time it was 
 not, relatively, of much importance to have the northern 
 boundary of the colony strictly denned, the question be- 
 coming a serious one only after William Penn had received 
 his charter, half a century later. 
 
 The map used in defining the boundary between the two 
 colonies was the one made by Captain John Smith, in 
 1606, and while this map was remarkably accurate, con- 
 sidering the difficulties under which it was made, yet it 
 was not absolutely so, particularly in the marking of the 
 
 121 
 
122 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 various parallels of latitude; and it was this variation 
 which was the chief cause of trouble later on. The 
 charter granted to Lord Baltimore fixed the northern 
 boundary of his colony at the fortieth parallel of north 
 latitude, and the charter granted to Penn, fifty years later, 
 defined the same point as the southern boundary of his 
 demesne. Had this fortieth parallel been where it was 
 supposed to be, and where the maps of the period showed 
 it to be, there probably would have been no trouble. At 
 the same time, the wording of the Maryland charter is 
 very far from being clear. According to it Maryland was 
 to extend " unto that part of the bay of Delaware on the 
 north, which lieth under the fortieth degree of north lati- 
 tude from the equinoctial." It will be noted that the 
 charter does not say that the province was to extend to 
 the fortieth parallel of north latitude, which was Lord 
 Baltimore's contention, but to the territory on Delaware 
 Bay "which lieth under the 40th degree." Now the 
 fortieth degree begins where the thirty-ninth ends : at the 
 thirty-ninth parallel of north latitude, so that a strict con- 
 struction of the letter of the charter would fix the northern 
 boundary of Maryland at the thirty-ninth parallel of north 
 latitude. 
 
 A great deal has been written on this controversy, most 
 of which is so strongly tinctured with the partisan bias of 
 the writer, that it is difficult to arrive at a correct under- 
 standing of the subject. It is no doubt a fact that both 
 Penn and Baltimore honestly believed in the correctness 
 and justice of their respective claims; at the same time, 
 neither one can be absolved from the charge of indulging 
 in sharp practices in their efforts to fortify those claims. 
 
 From the first settlement of the colony of Maryland 
 Lord Baltimore was more or less active in looking after 
 
The Border Troubles. 123 
 
 his rights on the northern boundary of his colony, but the 
 question did not become acute until about the close of the 
 first quarter of the eighteenth century. Shortly after the 
 Dutch had captured the Swedish colony on the Delaware, 
 in 1659, the Maryland authorities sent Col. Nathaniel 
 Utie to notify Governor Alrichs, at New Amstel, that the 
 settlers on the Delaware must either acknowledge the 
 jurisdiction of Maryland over that colony or abandon the 
 settlement, threatening dire consequences in the event of 
 failure to comply with the notice. Col. Utie is said even 
 to have taken the trouble to serve similar notices on the 
 individual settlers. However, the Dutch authorities, after 
 threatening to arrest Utie, paid little attention to the 
 notice and nothing came of it. 
 
 William Penn was hardly settled in the possession of 
 his colony when the same question came up. At a meeting 
 of the Provincial Council, on April 3, 1684, a letter was 
 received from Samuel Landis, High Sheriff of the County 
 of Newcastle. As the old record has it, " Samuel Lands' 
 Letter was read, Concerning Coll. Geo: Talbot's goeing 
 with three Musqueters to y e houses of Widdow Ogle, 
 Jonas Erskin & Andreis Tille, and tould them that if they 
 would not forthwith yield Obedience to y e Lord Balte- 
 more, & Own him to be their Propor, and pay rent to him, 
 he would Tourne them out of their houses and take their 
 Land from them." 78 This information caused consider- 
 able excitement, particularly as Sheriff Landis reported 
 that Jonas Askins had heard Col. Talbot say that if 
 William Penn himself should come into Maryland on his 
 way to Susquehanna Fort, he would seize him and retain 
 him, and Penn himself wrote out a commission to William 
 
 78 Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, Vol. L, p. 113. 
 
124 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Welch, John Simeock and James Harrison to investigate 
 the matter and report. 79 But outside of writing some 
 letters back and forth between the Pennsylvania and 
 Maryland authorities nothing was done. 
 
 Two years later, at a meeting of the Provincial Council, 
 on June 5, 1686, the record states that 
 
 " John White Informes this board that y e Marylanders have 
 Lately Reinforced their fort at Christina and y* they would not 
 suffer him to Cutt hay, but thrittend those he Imployed to do it 
 w th their gunns presented against them, and y 4 what hay they had 
 Cutt y e Mary Landers would not suffer them to Carry it away, 
 and if they did Cutt any more y e Marylanders sayd they would 
 throw it in to y e River. And further Informs that Majr English 
 a few Days past came in to y e County of New Castle with about 
 fourty armed horse men; Left them at John Darby's whilst Majr 
 Inglish and a Mary Land Capt Came to New Castle, where John 
 White meeting him made Complaint to him of the abuses don 
 him by y e Mary Landers at y e fort. Majr English tould him that 
 if Thou wilt say you Drunken Dogg, ned Inglish lett me Cutt 
 hay, I will give you Leave: Whereupon y e sd John White Re- 
 quested y e Councill's advice how he should behave himselfe in this 
 affaire. The Councill advised him to use no Violence, but bear 
 with patience, not Doubting but y e King will soon put an End 
 to all their hostile actions against his Collony." 80 
 
 The boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania not 
 being clearly defined, and the authorities of both colonies 
 claiming jurisdiction over certain sections, it was but 
 natural that there should be frequent clashes and a gen- 
 erally unsettled condition of affairs. As both colonies de- 
 manded taxes from the settlers in the disputed territory the 
 latter scarcely knew what to do, although some of them 
 
 79 Pennsylvania Archives, First Series, Vol. I., p. 85. 
 
 80 Colonial Records, Vol. I., p. 18*. 
 
The Border Troubles. 125 
 
 acknowledged allegiance to that province which seemed 
 most likely to further their own plans. 
 
 The lands lying to the west of the Susquehanna river 
 were among the most fertile to be found in either of the 
 two provinces and being, therefore, very desirable, every 
 opportunity was sought to gain access to and settle upon 
 them. When William Penn made his early treaties with 
 the Indians it was agreed that he should have the right 
 to take up lands in that section on either side of the 
 Susquehanna, but it was mutually understood that the lands 
 lying to the west of the Susquehanna should not be settled 
 until they had been formally purchased from the Indians. 
 There was no written agreement to this effect, at least none 
 has ever been found, but frequent references to it indicate 
 that it was in existence, at least verbally. The desirable 
 lands along the west bank of the Susquehanna within the 
 territory in dispute were eagerly desired, and it was in 
 connection with them that the chief trouble arose. 
 
 The controversy over the disputed territory became 
 prominent at an early date. At a meeting of the Provin- 
 cial Council of Pennsylvania, on February 15, 17 17, 
 
 " the Governr acquainted the Board that the Proprietors Com- 
 missioners of Property had lately Represented to him in Writing, 
 that certain persons from Maryland had, Under Colour of Rights 
 from that province, lately Survey'd out Lands not far from Con- 
 estogo, & near the thickest of our settlements to the Great Dis- 
 turbance of the Inhabitants there, and that for preventing the 
 Disorders which might arise from such Incroachments, they De- 
 sir'd that magistrates & proper officers should be appointed in those 
 parts in order to Prevent the like for the ffuture. The Governour 
 also imparted to the Board the Copy of a Letter which he had 
 wrote on this Occasion to Collo. Hart, Governour of Maryland, 
 and further added, that this Day the Secretary had shewn him a 
 
126 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Letter from Collo. {French, Informing of ffurther Designs of the 
 same kind, that the same persons from Maryland was Immediately 
 upon putting in Execucon; That hereupon he thought it neces- 
 sary fforthwith to Call the Council, as he now did, and Desired 
 their Advice what methods might be most proper to be taken in 
 the premises." 81 
 
 The members of the Council recognized the importance 
 of the matter and ordered that a commission be prepared 
 appointing Col. French ranger and keeper, with instruc- 
 tions to take such steps as might be agreed upon. It was 
 also decided to appoint magistrates for that section. But 
 the trouble was not to be so easily allayed. The settlers 
 from the south wanted those fertile lands and were de- 
 termined to have them, if it were possible. 
 
 It was not very difficult to prevent the Pennsylvania 
 settlers from crossing the Susquehanna and occupying 
 lands to the west of that river, but it was altogether dif- 
 ferent with those who came up from Maryland. The 
 authorities of the latter colony claimed jurisdiction over 
 the territory in dispute, and if they did not actually issue 
 warrants for land in that section they at least made no 
 efforts to prevent the Maryland settlers from taking up 
 land in the territory which the Pennsylvania authorities 
 claimed to belong to that province. Although it had been 
 agreed between Penn and the Indians that no settlements 
 should be made to the west of the Susquehanna until the 
 land was actually purchased, the aggressive actions of the 
 Marylanders in taking up lands alarmed the Indians, who 
 complained to Governor Keith, of Pennsylvania, and the 
 latter, in the hope that further trouble might be avoided 
 by taking up the land, persuaded the Indians to allow a 
 
 81 Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, Vol. III., p. 37. 
 
The Border Troubles. 127 
 
 large tract of land on the west bank of the Susquehanna to 
 be surveyed into a manor for the use of Springett Penn, 
 and to be known at Springettsbury Manor. Writing to 
 the Pennsylvania Council from Conestoga on June 18, 
 1722, Governor Keith says: 
 
 "Finding the Indians, since I came last here, to be very much 
 alarmed with the noise of an intended survey from Mary Land, 
 upon the Banks of Sasquehannah, I held a Council with them at 
 Conestogoe, upon Tuesday & Saturday last, wherein I proposed 
 to them to Cause a large Tract of Land to be surveyed on the 
 Side of that River for the Proprietor, to begin from the Upper 
 Line of my new settlement six miles back, & extending downwards 
 upon the River as far as over against the mouth of Conestogoe 
 Creek." 82 
 
 He went on to say that the Indians were pleased with 
 the proposition, and that having heard that the Mary- 
 landers proposed setting out for Pennsylvania on that day 
 he intended having the survey made at once. The land 
 was surveyed on June 19 and 20, 1722, but this action did 
 not have the effect intended, in keeping the colonists from 
 Maryland from settling on the land. In the following 
 year a number of people from Maryland took up land in 
 that locality, among them being Edward Parnell, Jeffrey 
 Summerfield, Michael Tanner and Paul Williams, who 
 settled near the Indian town of Conejohela. In 1728 
 these settlers were driven off by the Pennsylvania authori- 
 ties, and as no warrants for the land could be issued, the 
 Proprietary land office having been closed from 17 18 to 
 1732, during the minorities of Thomas and Richard Penn, 
 and the land not having been purchased from the Indians, 
 Samuel Blunston, of Wright's Ferry, was authorized to 
 
 82 Ibid., p. 178. 
 
128 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 issue licenses to settlers to take up land on the west of the 
 Susquehanna river. These licenses were promises to grant 
 the holders patents for the land they settled, and about 
 twelve thousand acres were taken up under these licenses, 
 and after the territory was purchased from the Indians, in 
 1736, the patents were signed by the Proprietary, Thomas 
 Penn, at Lancaster. 83 
 
 But even these proceedings could not keep back the 
 settlers from Maryland. In March, 1730, Thomas 
 Cresap received a grant from Maryland for the land from 
 which the Pennsylvanians had driven Parnell and others a 
 couple of years before, and settled upon it. With the 
 coming of Cresap the trouble among the settlers in the 
 disputed territory became more acute, and it was not very 
 long before it culminated in a condition of actual warfare 
 along the border. It is difficult at this day to form an 
 accurate opinion of the character of Cresap. According 
 to the Pennsylvanians he was a quarrelsome, lawless in- 
 dividual whose home was a rendezvous for criminals and 
 fugitives from justice and other disreputable characters, 
 who were banded together under the leadership of Cresap ; 
 while from the viewpoint of the Marylanders he was a 
 law-abiding citizen of that province who was continually 
 being interfered with in his efforts to develop the land 
 which had been granted to him. It is a pretty well estab- 
 lished fact, however, that either under an agreement with 
 Governor Ogle, of Maryland, or, at least, with the con- 
 nivance of the latter, Cresap made his advent and organ- 
 ized a body of followers numbering about fifty for the 
 express purpose of driving the settlers from the territory 
 along the west bank of the Susquehanna ; those settlers, at 
 least, who acknowledged the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania, 
 
 83 " History of Waynesboro," by Benjamin M. Nead, p. 29. 
 
The Border Troubles. 129 
 
 and it is evident that whatever the character of Cresap may- 
 have been he proposed to accomplish that end, no matter 
 what means might have to be employed. A campaign of 
 bluster was started and many of the settlers were ordered 
 to leave under threats of dire punishment in case they did 
 not heed the notice to leave. 
 
 A good idea of the state of affairs may be gathered 
 from a letter written to the Governor of Pennsylvania by 
 John Wright and Samuel Blunston, under date of October 
 30, 1732, in which they say: 
 
 " About two years Since, Thomas Cressop, and some other people 
 of Loose Morals and Turbulent Spirits, Came and disturbed the 
 Indians, our friends and Allies, who were peaceably Settled on 
 those Lands from whence the said Parnel and others had been 
 removed, Burnt their Cabbins, and destroyed their Goods, And 
 with much threatening and Ill-usage, drove them away; and by 
 pretending to be under the Maryland government (as they were 
 got far from their Laws, Sought to Evade ours). Thus they 
 proceeded to play booty, Disturbing the Peace of the Government, 
 Carrying people out of the Province by Violence, Taking away 
 the Guns from our friends, the Indians, Tying and making them 
 Prisoners, without any offence given; And threatening all who 
 should oppose them; And by Underhand and Unfair practices, 
 Endeavoring to Alienate the minds of the Inhabitants of this 
 Province, and Draw them (from Obedience) to their party. 
 Their Insolence Increasing, they Killed the horses of Such of our 
 people whose trade with the Indians made it Necessary to Keep 
 them on that Side of the river, for Carrying their Goods & Skins; 
 Assaulted those who were sent to look after them, and threatened 
 them Highly if they should Come there again." 84 
 
 Among those who sought a refuge in Cresap's house 
 was Samuel Chance, a debtor of Edward Cartlidge, an 
 
 8 ± Pennsylvania Archives, First Ser., Vol. I., p. 364. 
 9* 
 
130 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Indian trader. Cartlidge's son arranged to capture 
 Chance and bring him back. Cresap was operating a 
 ferry across the Susquehanna river and Chance was help- 
 ing him in running his boats. On one occasion, on the 
 last day of October, 1730, when Cresap and Chance were 
 called to the east side of the river, they found there a 
 party consisting of Edward Beddock, Rice Morgan, and a 
 negro belonging to Cartlidge. The party embarked in 
 the boat and when in mid-stream they attacked Cresap, 
 threw him overboard and rowed back to land with Chance. 
 Cresap succeeded in landing on an island in the river, 
 from which he was later taken by an Indian. He made 
 a report of this proceeding to the Governor of Maryland, 
 embodied in a deposition made before Benjamin Tasker, 85 
 in which he claimed that Chance was a debtor of his and 
 was working for him to discharge part of his indebtedness. 
 In sending this deposition to Governor Gordon, of Penn- 
 sylvania, the Governor of Maryland wrote that he had 
 been told by some Indians " that they were offered a good 
 reward by one Cartlidge, of Conestogoe, to drive Said 
 Cresap and his family off his land and burn his home." 
 
 Disturbances were continually breaking out, armed 
 parties coming up from Maryland and threatening the 
 settlers, and being met by armed posses of Pennsylvanians. 
 As a rule, these encounters were bloodless battles, although 
 not always was this the case. In the early part of 1734 
 John Emerson, a Lancaster lawyer who had been ap- 
 pointed ranger and keeper of Conestoga manor, went to 
 Cresap's house to arrest him. He took with him his 
 servant, Knowles Daunt, and five others. Cresap fired on 
 the party and Daunt received a wound from the effects 
 of which he died. 
 
 85 Ibid., p. 311. 
 
The Border Troubles. 131 
 
 In July, 1735, Cresap came to the plantation of John 
 Wright with an armed party and announced that they had 
 come to fight, but his blustering attitude had little effect 
 upon Wright and the party retired without opening hostili- 
 ties. Shortly after this Governor Ogle, of Maryland, 
 ordered the militia of Baltimore and Harford counties, 
 under Colonels Rigsbe and Hall, to muster for the purpose 
 of going up into the disputed territory to distrain for the 
 Maryland levies which had been made among the inhabi- 
 tants of that region. Information to this effect having 
 reached the Lancaster county magistrates, they induced 
 Benjamin Chambers, of the Conococheague settlement 
 (now Chambersburg) , to go to the muster and learn all 
 he could concerning it. Colonel Chambers made the trip 
 and although he was at first regarded as a spy he was 
 finally allowed to depart, and hurrying to Donegal where 
 many of the settlers had gathered for a house-raising, he 
 reported the results of his investigations, and a large party 
 of armed men immediately left for Wright's ferry, where 
 they met the Marylanders, and the latter, considering 
 themselves overmatched, returned to Maryland. 86 
 
 In 1736, in a letter to the President and Council of 
 Pennsylvania, John Wright describes another invasion. 
 Under date of Tuesday, September 7th, he writes: 
 
 " After our Sheriff and People had waited some time in ex- 
 pectation of the Marylanders arrival, & were mostly Dispersed, on 
 Saturday night last, the Sheriff of Baltimore and the greater part 
 of their Military officers, with upwards of two Hundred Men, 
 arrived at Cressap's, and about noon on Saturday, came in Arms, 
 on horseback, with Beat of Drum and sound of Trumpet, to Hen- 
 dricks, their Sheriff, and several other Gentlemen, that afternoon, 
 at different times, came to John Wright, Jun., where about thirty 
 
 86 Pennsylvania Archives, First Ser., Vol. IV., p. 535. 
 
132 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 of our People were Lodged, to Demand the Dutch who were some 
 of them in his house. Our sheriff sent them a written message, 
 desireing to know the Reason of their coming in that Hostile 
 manner, to threaten the peace of our Province, They Dated their 
 answer from John Hendricks, in Baltimore County. However, 
 Justice Guest, one of their Company, appointed ten o'clock the 
 next day to speak with some of our People; but about five that 
 evening, they left Hendricks with great Precipitation, and went 
 to Cressap's. Yesterday our Sheriff sent a written message that 
 he had orders to Command them peacably to Depart; But if 
 any of their Company would meet the Magistrates, and some other 
 Persons of our County, who were with him, and endeavour ami- 
 cably to settle those unhappy Differences at present subsisting in 
 these parts, they sho d receive no Insults or 111 usage. To which 
 their sheriff return'd a Insolent and threatening answer in writing, 
 & much more by word of mouth. Soon after John Wilkins, one 
 of our Company, unknown to the rest, went down to Cressap's, 
 whom they took prisoner, upon pretence of his having been in a 
 former Riot, & sent under a Guard towards Maryland. Our 
 Magistrates sent them a Letter, to desire Wilkins might be suf- 
 fered to return home, which they refused to receive. 'Tis said 
 a messenger is sent down to their Governor, who is still waiting 
 in Baltimore County, and is expected up this day w th considerable 
 more force. 
 
 " Our Sheriff with about a hundred and fifty people, have been, 
 since Sunday evening, at John Wright's, Jun. No hostilitys have 
 as yet been Committed, except the taking of Wilkins; But they 
 have sent our People word this day to take care of their Buffs. 
 Had we arms & ammunition, of which we are almost Destitute, 
 we Judge, from the Disposition of our People, that we might come 
 of with Honour; But for want of them, they think it not safe 
 to wait upon such a number of armed men to the limits of our 
 promise; But to endeavor to Defend such of his Majesties peace- 
 able subjects, as are fled from their own Houses, and come to 
 them for Refuge. Sam 1 Blunston came home from the other side 
 
The Border Troubles. 133 
 
 the River in the night, last night, and Immediately return'd. He 
 desired this account might be sent to you; which for the want of 
 a better Hand to do it, I have very faithfully performed." 87 
 
 The Pennsylvania authorities finally came to the con- 
 clusion that matters had been allowed to drift long enough, 
 and decided to have Cresap arrested for the murder of 
 Knowles Daunt. A warrant, dated September 5, 1736, 
 was, therefore, issued by Jeremiah Langhorne and 
 Thomas Greeme, magistrates of Philadelphia. 88 This 
 was placed in the hands of Samuel Smith, sheriff of Lan- 
 caster county, and on the night of November 24, 1736, 
 with a posse of about thirty men, he surrounded Cresap's 
 house. Cresap's party at once opened fire on the posse 
 and in the fight one of the sheriff's party was wounded. 
 Finding that nothing could be accomplished in this way, 
 the sheriff ordered Cresap's house to be set on fire. This 
 was done, and when the fire had gained considerable head- 
 way the entire party rushed out, firing as they came. In 
 the confusion of their escape from the burning building, 
 Michael Reisner, one of Cresap's party, accidentally shot 
 and killed Lauchlan Malone, another of the party. As he 
 came from the house Cresap was overpowered, and with 
 several of his party was sent to Philadelphia, where he was 
 confined in jail. It is said that when he was being taken 
 through the streets of Philadelphia he looked around and 
 said : " Why, this is the finest city in the province of Mary- 
 land!" 89 He was confined in jail for over a year and 
 when finally released returned to Maryland and settled 
 at Antietam. 
 
 87 Pennsylvania Archives, Second Ser., Vol. VII., p. 213. 
 
 88 Pennsylvania Archives, First Ser., Vol. I., p. 489. 
 
 89 Scharf's "History of Western Maryland," Vol. I., p. 114. 
 
134 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 About the same time the following communication was 
 sent to the Governor of Maryland: 90 
 
 _. Lancaster County in Pensilvania 
 
 Sir 
 
 The Oppression and ill Usage We have met with from the 
 Government of Maryland, or at least from such Persons who have 
 been empowered thereby and their Proceedings connived at, has 
 been a Treatment (as We are well informed) very different from 
 that which the Tenants of your Government have generally met 
 with, which with many other cogent Reasons, give Us good Cause 
 to conclude the Governor and Magistrates of that Province do 
 not themselves believe Us to be settled within the real Bounds of 
 his Lordships Dominions, but we have been seduced & made Use 
 of, first by fair Promises, and afterwards by Threats and Punish- 
 ments to answer Purposes which are at present unjustifiable, and 
 will if pursued tend to Utter Ruin. 
 
 We therefore the Subscribers with many Others Our Neigh- 
 bours being become at last truly sensible of the Wrong we have 
 done the Proprietors of Pensilvania in settling on their Lands 
 without paying Obedience to their Government do resolve to re- 
 turn to our Duty and live under the Laws and Government of 
 Pensilvania, in which Province We believe Our selves seated. 
 
 To this We unanimously resolve to adhere 'till the Contrary 
 shall be determined by a legal Decision of the Disputed Bounds, 
 and Our honest and just Intention we desire may be communicated 
 to the Governor of Maryland or whom else it may concern. 
 
 Signed with Our Own hands this Eleventh day of August 
 Anno Dom. 1736. 
 
 Michael Tanner Jacob Welshoffer Charles Jones Nicholas Baun 
 Henry Lib Hart Henry Hendrix Jacob Lawnius 
 
 Martin Schultz Christian Crowler Francis Worley jun r 
 Tobias Fray Balthar Shambargier Jacob Seglaer his X mark 
 
 Martin Fray George Scobell Nicholas Birij Jacob Grable 
 
 Jacob Seglaer Philip Sanglaer Henry Stantz 
 
 Caspar Sanglaer Tobias Bright & al 
 
 90 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XXVIIL, p. 100. 
 
The Border Troubles. 135 
 
 Two days later the following communication was sent 
 by the same persons and others to the Governor and 
 Council of Pennsylvania : 91 
 
 The Petition of most of the Inhabitants on the west side of the 
 Sasquehanna River, opposite to Hempfield, in the County of Lan- 
 caster, Humbly Sheweth, that your petitioners, two or three years 
 past, (Being many of us newly arrived in America,) and altogether 
 strangers to the Boundaries of the two Provinces of Pennsylvania 
 & Maryland, were, by many plausable pretences and fair promises, 
 persuaded to settle under the Government of the latter, supposing 
 from what we were then told, that these lands were within that 
 Province, And that the River Sasquehanna was the Division. But 
 after we were seated, finding the usage we received was very 
 different from that to the rest of the Government, and what small 
 substance we had, was made a pray to some persons impowered 
 by them. And th° we often made known our cause of complaint, 
 could have no redress, nor the promises, which had been first made 
 us, in the least Regarded. Being also lately told by some in 
 power there that we were worse than Negroes, for that we had no 
 Master, nor were under the protection of any laws, and since 
 informed by them, that the River Sasquehanna, could not be the 
 bounds, as we had been at first told, but that an East and West 
 Line would Divide the Provinces. And also, observing that the 
 People on the East side of said River, Inhabitants of Pennsylvania, 
 who live much more to the Southward than we Do, Enjoyed their 
 possessions peaceably, without any Disturbance or claim from the 
 Province of Maryland. We, from these reasons, Concluded we 
 had been imposed upon and Deluded, to answer some purposes of 
 the Government of Maryland, which are not justifiable, and 
 might, in the end, tend to our Ruin ; and that we were not settled 
 within the true and Real bounds of that Province, as we had been 
 made to believe. And from a sense thereof, and of the wrong we 
 were doing to the Proprietors of Pennsylvania, in Living on their 
 
 91 Pennsylvania Archives, Second Ser., Vol. VII., p. 215. 
 
136 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Lands, (as we now conceive we are,) without paying the acknowl- 
 edgements due to them for the same, and in denying Obedience 
 to the Laws of your Government, Unanimously Resolved to Re- 
 turn to our Duty. Your Humble Petitioners, therefore, pray you 
 would Impute our late Errors to our want of better Information, 
 And would be pleased to Receive us under the Protection of your 
 Laws and Government. To which for the future we promise all 
 faithful obedience and submission and in Granting this our humble 
 Petition your petitioners as in Duty bound shall ever pray for 
 your Health and Prosperity. Signed with our own hands and 
 Dated the thirteenth day of August, one thousand seven hundred 
 and thirty-six. 
 
 The receipt of this paper, together with the knowledge 
 that a similar communication had been sent to the Presi- 
 dent and Council of Pennsylvania, angered the Maryland 
 authorities, and at a meeting of the Maryland Council, 
 held on October 21, 1736, it was put on record that the 
 Council had good reason to be assured that this action on 
 the part of the settlers in the disputed territory had been 
 instigated and countenanced " by some who pretended to 
 be Magistrates and Residents of Pennsylvania." The 
 Council went on to say that such proceedings "may have 
 the most mischievous Consequences, not only to the Peace 
 of this Province, but also in the Example which may be 
 thereby given to any other of his Majestys Subjects dar- 
 ing to refuse Subjection to the Government in which they 
 live and reside." 92 They, therefore, adopted a resolution 
 directing that a proclamation be issued offering a reward 
 for the arrest of " all who have acted, countenanced or 
 abetted the Actors in any of the Matters aforesaid." 
 
 In accordance with this resolution, on October 21, 1736 
 Governor Ogle issued a proclamation offering a reward of 
 
 92 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XXVIIL, p. 101. 
 
The Border Troubles. 137 
 
 one hundred pounds each for the arrest of Samuel 
 Blunston and John Wright, magistrates, Samuel Smith, 
 sheriff, and Edward Smoute; twenty pounds each for the 
 arrest of Michael Tanner, Christian Crowle, Mark Evans, 
 Charles Jones, the constable, and Joshua Minshall; and 
 ten pounds each for the arrest of the following persons: 
 Jacob Grabill, Jacob Seglaer, Conrad Lowe, Christian 
 Lowe, Jacob Seglaer, Jr., Michael Aringall, Philip 
 Seglaer, Dennis M'yer, Hance Stanner, Tobias Spright, 
 Tobias Henricks, Leonard Immel, Balchar Sangar, 
 Michael Wallack, Michael Evat, Michael Miller, Jasper 
 Carvell, George Swope, George Philier, Nicholas 
 Butchiere, Andrew Phlaviere, Henry Stantz, Henry Lep- 
 hart, Peter Gartner, Jacob Lawnious, Nicholas Conn, 
 Conrad Stricklaer, Henry Bowen, Francis Worley, Jun r ., 
 Martin Sluys, Jacob Hoopinder, Michael Raishiere, 
 Tobias Fry, Martin Fry, Henry Smith, Jacob Welshoffer, 
 Henry Henricks, Adam Byard, Godfrey Fry, Methusalem 
 Griffith, Bartholomew Shambarriere, Nicholas Hatchey, 
 Yorrick Cobell, Henry Young, Michael Waltz, Kelyon 
 Smith, Caspar Varglass, Martin Wyngall, Nicholas Peery, 
 Bryonex Tandre and Eurick Myer. 
 
 Michael Tanner, Joshua Minshall and Charles Jones 
 were arrested and confined in the jail at Annapolis. 
 
 In spite of these actions the disorder along the border 
 continued, and finally the matter was brought to the atten- 
 tion of the King, and by an order in council, dated August 
 J 8 5 1737) the Governors of Maryland and Pennsylvania 
 were commanded to put a stop to the disorders and grant 
 no more warrants for land in the disputed territory until 
 the boundary question was settled. In 1738 an agreement 
 was made for the running of a provisional line between the 
 provinces which was not to interfere with the actual pos- 
 
138 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 sessions of the settlers, but was merely to suspend all grants 
 in the disputed territory until the final settlement of the 
 boundary question. 
 
 This settled the border warfare, but some years later 
 another matter came up which, for a time, threatened to 
 drive a large number of the German settlers from western 
 Maryland. It was but natural that quite frequently some 
 of the settlers were not able to meet the payments of quit- 
 rents as they fell due and at length it became the custom to 
 turn these claims over to the sheriffs for collection, and 
 these officers frequently added such an exorbitant amount 
 as commissions and penalties, that it finally became a ques- 
 tion whether many of the Germans would remain in the 
 province. The matter was brought before the Council by 
 Governor Ogle at a meeting held on June 7, 1748. In 
 his statement he says: 
 
 " Sometimes Lists (which the People call Black lists) have been 
 Delivered to the Sheriffs of arrears of Rents due and when such 
 lists have been so Delivered, the Sheriffs have not only Charged 
 the People a Commission of Ten p Cent for Receiving the Money 
 but also a fee of 168 pounds of Tobacco, till Lately it has been 
 reduced to 126 or 15 shillings Altho the Money has been Paid 
 them and they never made any Distress; This has been Submitted 
 to by Several because they did not know but that the demand 
 was lust, and if otherwise they knew not how to obtain any Relief 
 without Puting themselves to a greater expence in seeking Relief 
 than the fees and ten p Cent were worth. But of Late these 
 particulars have been carried to so great a length that it has made 
 a great many People Resolve to Leave their habitations and the 
 Province, rather than to submit to such Impositions (as they have 
 been lately informed they were) and Several are actually gone, 
 and others Intend to follow as soon as they can dispose of what 
 they have, at any rate: The Present Sheriff having one of these 
 
The Border Troubles. 139 
 
 Black Lists on or about the eighth day of March last past, an under 
 sheriff Summoned the Persons to attend the high Sheriff at Fred- 
 erick Town, which they accordingly did, and Paid down all that 
 was Demanded of them together with Ten p Cent (except Stephen 
 Ranspergen who did not Pay the ten p Cent) and every one of 
 them Paid fifteen shillings to the Sheriff." 93 
 
 The Governor also submitted the names of the follow- 
 ing persons who had paid the fifteen shillings penalty: 
 Jacob Foot, Peter Apple, Henry Trout, Melcar Wher- 
 field, Christian Thomas, Peter Hoffman, Christian Get- 
 soner, Stephen Ransbergen, Henry Roads, Conrad Kemp, 
 Francis Wise, Jacob Smith, George Lye, Isaac Miller, 
 Thomas Johnson, Joseph Browner, Henry Browner, Nick 
 Frisk, John Smith, John Browner, Jacob Browner, Ken. 
 Backdolt, Nicholas Reisner, David Delaitre, Martin 
 Wisell, Casper Windred and Peter Shaffer. 
 
 In a deposition by Stephen Ransbergen, dated May 6, 
 1748, he says: 
 
 "A Great Number of the Germans and some others were 
 so much alarmed by the Sheriffs Proceedings, that Several of them 
 have already left the Province, and others have declared, that as 
 soon as they could sell what they are Possessed off, they would go 
 away, many of the Germans declaring that they being Oppressed 
 in their Native Country, Induced them to Leave it, and that they 
 were Apprehensive of being Equally oppressed here, and that there- 
 fore they would go away to avoid it." 94 
 
 Several other depositions to the same effect were read at 
 this meeting of the Council, and the sheriff of Prince 
 George's county and the farmer of quit-rents being present, 
 Governor Ogle instructed the sheriff that he should be 
 
 3 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XXVIII., p. 420. 
 94 Ibid., p. 423. 
 
140 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 very careful in exacting no fees from the people and in 
 doing nothing that was not warranted by law, and to the 
 farmers he said that " they should use all the lenity possible 
 in collecting the quit-rents from the people." This dis- 
 position of the matter seems to have settled the trouble, as 
 nothing further is heard of it. 
 
 The boundary question was not finally settled, however, 
 until the two English surveyors, Charles Mason and 
 Jeremiah Dixon, ran the line which has gone into history 
 as Mason and Dixon's Line. This survey was started in 
 December, 1763, and the surveyors were finally discharged 
 in December, 1767. This line was marked at intervals of 
 a mile by stone monuments, every fifth monument having 
 carved on the northern side the arms of Penn and on the 
 southern side the arms of Lord Baltimore. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 The French and Indian War. 
 
 *^k 
 
 ^rHE amicable relations with the 
 - M* Indians established by the first 
 colonists in Maryland continued for 
 more than a century. There was never 
 any trouble, at least with the southern 
 Indians, and the latter assisted the col- 
 onists in defending themselves when 
 the northern Indians became threaten- 
 ing. It was not until the redmen were 
 drawn into the quarrels between Eng- 
 land and France that trouble arose for 
 the Marylanders. 
 The war between England and France was ended by 
 the treaty signed at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, but that treaty 
 did not settle the question of the boundaries between the 
 colonies of the two countries in America. At that time 
 the territory under the control of England embraced only 
 a rather narrow strip along the Atlantic coast, and did not 
 extend very far to the westward, although the English 
 
 141 
 
142 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 claimed the country westward to the Pacific ocean. In the 
 possession of France was Canada, on the north, and the 
 Louisiana territory, on the south, and the French claims 
 included all the territory between these two sections. It 
 was the design of the French to connect these two colonies 
 by a line of forts extending from the Bay of Fundy to the 
 Gulf of Mexico, by way of the St. Lawrence, the lakes, 
 and the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. As early as 1745 
 the Marquis de la Galissoniere, the Governor-general of 
 Canada, had begun putting this scheme into execution. 
 
 The British government naturally made its own prep- 
 arations to check this advance of the French, which would 
 cut off the English from pushing farther westward, and 
 in pursuance of its plans in 1749 made a grant of five 
 hundred thousand acres of land to the Ohio Company, an 
 association made up of a number of residents of Mary- 
 land and Virginia. The territory covered by this grant 
 lay on the south side of the Ohio river, between the 
 Kanawha and Monongahela rivers. According to the 
 terms of this grant a large part of the land was to be 
 settled immediately, one hundred families were to settle 
 upon it within seven years and a fort was to be erected and 
 maintained as a defense against the Indians. 
 
 When the Marquis Du Quesne de Menneville succeeded 
 the Marquis Galissoniere as Governor-general, in 1752, 
 he continued the policy of his predecessor and rapidly ex- 
 tended the fortifications along the lakes, and in 1753 
 erected a fort at Presque Isle, now Erie, Pennsylvania, and 
 one on the Riviere aux Boeufs, now French Creek. In 
 working out their plan the French endeavored as far as 
 possible to make friends with the Indians and turn the 
 latter against the English. In this design they were 
 largely successful, being aided by the fears of the Indians 
 
The French and Indian War. 143 
 
 on account of the encroachment of the English settlers on 
 the redmen's domain. Through the intrigues of the 
 French, on the one hand, and the spreading out of the 
 English settlements, on the other, it required but a small 
 spark to fire the train already laid and cause it to break 
 out into a fierce conflagration. 
 
 The Ohio Company proceeded to carry out the terms of 
 its grant and at the beginning of 1754 a small company of 
 militia furnished by Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, 
 started to build a fort at the Forks of the Ohio. The 
 officers of this company were William Trent, captain; 
 John Frazer, Lieutenant, and Edward Ward, Ensign. 
 On April 17, 1754, during the absence of both the captain 
 and lieutenant, Contrecoeur, the French commander at 
 Riviere aux Boeufs, made his appearance with a force of 
 several hundred men and compelled Ensign Ward to sur- 
 render. The Frenchman at once went ahead with the 
 erection of the fort, enlarging it and making it more 
 formidable, and named it Fort Du Quesne. At the time 
 of the surrender a body of three hundred militia, sent by 
 Governor Dinwiddie to garrison the fort, were on their 
 way to the Forks of the Ohio. These troops were under 
 the command of Colonel Joshua Fry and Lieutenant- 
 colonel George Washington. News of the surrender of 
 the fort by Ensign Ward reached these officers while at 
 Will's Creek, and they advanced very cautiously. Hear- 
 ing that a French force under Coulson de Jumonville was 
 not far away, Washington went out to meet them, and in 
 the fight that ensued de Jumonville and a number of his 
 men were killed and the rest of them taken prisoners. Not 
 long after this Colonel Fry being killed by a fall from his 
 horse, Washington became the commander of the expedi- 
 tion. When Contrecoeur, the commander at Fort Du 
 
144 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Quesne, heard of this fight, he sent a party of six hundred 
 men against Washington's force The latter hastily con- 
 structed a fortification at Great Meadows, which he called 
 Fort Necessity. Here he was attacked on July 3, 1754, 
 and not being able to hold the place against a superior 
 force, he was compelled to surrender. He retreated to 
 Will's Creek, now Cumberland, where his force went into 
 camp, and he returned to Virgina to acquaint Governor 
 Dinwiddie with the result of the expedition. 
 
 This was the beginning of the struggle that was to last 
 for years and to almost depopulate some sections of the 
 country. The German settlers of western Maryland were 
 nearest to the scene of hostilities and they were, for a time 
 at least, to endure all the horrors of a bloody warfare with 
 a savage foe. They did their part, too, in defending the 
 country against the invaders, in spite of the fact that 
 Governor Sharpe did not have much faith in their willing- 
 ness to do so. On November 3, 1754 he wrote: 
 
 " It is expected I apprehend from your letter that the Germans 
 who have imported themselves into these Provinces will be found 
 as ready as they are capable of bearing Arms on the Occasion, but 
 I can assure you that whatever Character they may deserve for 
 Courage or military skill I despair of seeing any of them so for- 
 ward as to offer themselves Voluntiers under my Command unless 
 the Enemy was to approach so far as actually to deprive them of 
 their Habitations & Possessions of which alone they are found 
 tenacious." 95 
 
 The provinces of Pennsylvania and Virginia were the 
 ones which were chiefly interested in holding back the 
 French, for the reason that French occupation of the terri- 
 tory along the Ohio would prevent their expansion to the 
 
 95 Archives of Maryland, Vol. VI, p. no. 
 
The French and Indian War. 145 
 
 westward; and for this reason, because the territory be- 
 longing to Maryland was not involved in the contest, the 
 Maryland assembly was lukewarm in making preparations 
 for taking part in the war. The perennial controversy 
 between the upper and lower houses also had a great deal 
 to do with the negligence of the authorities in this respect. 
 On the part of all the colonies there was a feeling that 
 this was a war between England and France, although the 
 scene of it was on the western continent, and this being 
 the case, it was thought that the mother country should 
 provide for the expenses of carrying it on. The Mary- 
 land assembly put itself on record as being opposed to 
 helping in a war of conquest but was ready to do its part 
 in defending the province against invasion. The German 
 settlers on the frontier, however, knew only too well what 
 to expect, and at once made what preparations they could 
 to protect themselves, no matter what the attitude of the 
 authorities might be. Companies of riflemen and rangers 
 were organized and scouts were sent out to give warning 
 of approaching danger. Many of the settlers of the more 
 outlying sections abandoned their homes and with their 
 families went to the more thickly-settled regions 
 
 As soon as the news of the defeat of the provincials at 
 Fort Necessity reached the east Governor Sharpe called 
 the Maryland assembly into session on July 17th, and 
 asked for an appropriation for raising troops. The legis- 
 lature passed an act appropriating six thousand pounds to 
 be used by Governor Sharpe " for his majesty's use, 
 towards the defence of the colony of Virginia, attacked by 
 the French and Indians, and for the relief and support 
 of the wives and children of the Indian allies that put 
 themselves under the protection of this government." 
 Three companies were raised to be sent to Will's Creek, 
 10* 
 
146 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 where Colonel Innes, who commanded the North Carolina 
 troops, had erected a fort which was named Fort Cumber- 
 land Besides the men from North Carolina the troops 
 under Colonel Innes' command consisted of three com- 
 panies from New York, one company from South Carolina 
 and a company of one hundred Marylanders, altogether a 
 little more than one thousand men. 96 
 
 In the autumn of 1754 Governor Sharpe was appointed 
 commander-in-chief of all the forces engaged against the 
 French on the Ohio, and he at once set out for Fort Cum- 
 berland, where he arrived in November He proceeded 
 to prepare for active operations in the spring and gathered 
 large quantities of military stores and provisions, although 
 he was greatly handicapped by the refusal of the assembly 
 to appropriate money to carry on the war, except under 
 such conditions as the Governor could not approve. In 
 December the assembly passed a law for levying troops 
 and provided that if in the service any citizen should be so 
 maimed as to be incapable of maintaining himself he 
 should be supported at the public expense There was no 
 difficulty in obtaining volunteers. The settlers in the 
 western part of the province promptly enrolled themselves, 
 and even in the eastern section calls for volunteers were 
 promptly met. 
 
 In February, 1755, Major General Edward Braddock ar- 
 rived from England to take command of the forces engaged 
 against the French. Braddock's plan of campaign was 
 laid out for him before he left England, 97 and on his 
 arrival he called a council of the colonial governors, which 
 was held at Alexandria, before which the plans were dis- 
 
 » 6 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XXVIII., p. 77. 
 
 97 See secret instructions to Gen. Braddock from George III., Penn- 
 sylvania Archives, Second Ser., Vol. VI., p. 223. 
 
The French and Indian War. 147 
 
 cussed and three expeditions were arranged for: the one 
 against Fort Duquesne, to be commanded by Gen. Brad- 
 dock, with the regulars, reinforced by troops from Mary- 
 land and Virginia; one against Niagara and Fort Fron- 
 tenac, to be led by Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, 
 and one against Crown Point, under Sir William Johnson. 
 In preparing for his campaign Braddock made his head- 
 quarters at Frederick. The expedition started for the 
 Ohio on May 30, and after it had left large numbers of 
 Maryland troops marched to the frontiers to garrison the 
 posts and protect the settlers As the assembly failed to 
 appropriate money for maintaining these troops the ex- 
 pense was met by private subscription. 
 
 The details of the disastrous Braddock campaign are 
 outside the scope of this work and cannot be given here. 
 The effects of it were prompt and overwhelming. The 
 extreme western settlements of Maryland were abandoned, 
 the settlers flying for protection to more eastern points, 
 some of them, however, stopping at Fort Cumberland and 
 others at the block-house of Col. Thomas Cresap. Terror 
 and desolation reigned everywhere. Hostile bands of 
 Indians made raids on unprotected outposts, massacreing 
 the garrisons and such settlers as they were able to capture. 
 Even before the defeat of Braddock the Indian raids had 
 begun. On June 28 Governor Sharpe sent the following 
 message to the lower house: 
 
 I have just received letters from Col. Innes at Fort Cumber- 
 land, and from the back inhabitants of Frederick County, advising 
 me that a party of French Indians last Monday morning (June 
 23) fell on the inhabitants of this province, and killed two men 
 and one woman (who have been since found dead), eight other 
 persons they have taken prisoners and carried off. The names of 
 the persons who were murdered and left are John Williams, his 
 
148 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 wife, and grandson, and with their bodies also was found that 
 of a French Indian. The persons carried off are Richard 
 Williams (a son of John who was murdered), with two children, 
 one Dawson's wife and four children. Richard William's wife 
 and two brothers of the young man that is killed have made their 
 escape. This accident, I find, has so terrified the distant in- 
 habitants that many of them are retiring and forsaking their 
 plantations. Another letter from Winchester, in Virginia, in- 
 forms me that a party of Indians have also attacked the back 
 inhabitants of that province, of whom they have killed eleven and 
 carried away many captives. Apprehending the French would 
 proceed in this manner as soon as Gen. Braddock and the troops 
 under his control should have passed the mountains, and being 
 confirmed in my opinion by an intimation in the general's letter, 
 I issued a proclamation near a month since, cautioning the distant 
 and other inhabitants of this province to be on their guard, and 
 unite for their common defence and safety. At the same time I 
 sent peremptory orders and instructions to the officers of the 
 militia of Frederick County frequently to muster and discipline 
 their several troops and companies, once a fortnight at least, and 
 in case of alarm that the enemy was approaching or had fallen on 
 the inhabitants, to march out and act either offensively or de- 
 fensively, and use all means to protect and defend the inhabitants 
 from the devastations of the French or Indians. However, I find 
 neither the proclamation nor instructions will be effective unless 
 the militia can be assured that they shall receive satisfaction, and 
 be paid for the time they are out on duty. I should consider it 
 highly proper for us to have about one hundred, or at least a 
 company of men, posted or constantly ranging for some time on the 
 frontiers for our protection. In this I desire your advice, and 
 that you will enable me to support such a number. 
 
 Shortly after this a party of settlers on their way to 
 Fort Cumberland was attacked and fifteen of them killed, 
 three escaping. The following account from the Mary- 
 land Gazette of October 9, 1755, gives some idea of the 
 state of affairs that followed Braddock's defeat: 
 
The French and Indian War. 149 
 
 By a person who arrived in town last Monday from Col 
 Cresap's, we are told that last Wednesday morning the Indians 
 had taken a man prisoner who was going from Frazier's to Fort 
 Cumberland, and had also carried off a woman from Frazier's 
 plantation, which is four miles on this side Fort Cumberland. 
 The same morning they fell in with a man and his wife who had 
 left their plantations, and were retiring into the more populous 
 part of the country; they shot the horse on which the man was 
 riding, but as it did not fall immediately he made his escape. The 
 woman, it is supposed, fell into their hands, as neither she or the 
 horse on which she was riding have been seen since or heard of. 
 The same party of Indians also have carried off or killed Benjamin 
 Rogers, his wife, and seven children, and Edmund Marie, one 
 family of twelve persons, besides fifteen others, all in Frederick 
 County. On Patterson's Creek many families have within this 
 month been murdered, carried away, or burnt in their houses by a 
 party of these barbarians, who have entirely broke up that 
 settlement. 
 
 Another person, who left Stoddert's fort last Sunday, acquaints 
 us that the inhabitants in that part of the country were in the 
 greatest consternation. That near eight persons were fled to the 
 said fort for protection, and many more gone off in the greatest 
 confusion to Pennsylvania. This, it seems, had been occasioned 
 by a dispatch sent to Lieut. Stoddert and the neighborhood by 
 Col. Cresap, advising them that a party of seventeen Indians had 
 passed by his house and had cut off some people who dwelt on the 
 Town Creek, which is a few miles on this side of Cresap's. One 
 Daniel Ashloff, who lived near that creek, is come down towards 
 Conococheague, and gives the same account. He also says that as 
 himself and father, with several others, were retiring from their 
 plantations last Saturday they were attacked by the same Indians, 
 as he supposes, and all but himself were killed or taken prisoners. 
 It is said that Mr. Stoddert, who has command of fifteen men, 
 invited a few of the neighbors to join him and to go in quest of 
 the enemy, but they would not be persuaded, whereupon he applied 
 
150 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 himself to Maj. Prather for a detachment of the militia, either to 
 go with a party of his men in pursuit of the savages, or garrison 
 his fort while he made an excursion. We hope there will be no 
 backwardness in the militia to comply with such a reasonable re- 
 quest, especially as any party or person that shall take an enemy 
 prisoner will be rewarded with six pounds currency, and the person 
 who will kill an enemy, with four pounds, provided he can pro- 
 duce witnesses, or the enemy's scalp, in testimony of such action. 
 
 The whole country to the west was in a condition of 
 terror. Indian raids were constantly occurring, small 
 parties attacking the settlers whenever their unprotected 
 condition made it possible. Even the severity of winter 
 did not serve to lessen the danger. In a resume of the 
 operations of the French Governor-General Vaudreuil 
 writes : 
 
 " A detachment commanded by M. de Niverville came, after a 
 campaign of thirty- three days, within reach of Fort Cumberland, 
 and though it was impossible for him to approach it, in consequence 
 of the dread our Indians had of being surrounded, there being con- 
 siderable snow on the ground, he nevertheless, took four prisoners 
 in the settlements bordering on the river called Potomak, in 
 Virginia, about fifteen leagues from Fort Cumberland ; burned ten 
 houses and the like number of barns full of wheat; killed twenty 
 horses or cows. This trifling success ought to show the enemy 
 that the severest season of the year does not protect them against 
 our incursions. a8 
 
 With the opening of the year 1756 the attacks became 
 more frequent. Captain Dagworthy still occupied Fort 
 Cumberland, but the territory around it was almost de- 
 serted. In March, the commander at Fort Duquesne 
 sent a small force of Indians under Ensign Douville with 
 orders to " make it his business to harass their convoys and 
 
 08 Pennsylvania Archives, Second Ser., Vol. VI., p. 4122. 
 
The French and Indian War. 151 
 
 endeavor to burn their magazines at Canagiechuie [Cono- 
 cocheague] if possible." 99 Commenting on this order, 
 Washington wrote to Governor Dinwiddie, on April 7, 
 " I have ordered the party there to be made as strong as 
 time and our present circumstances will afford, for fear 
 they should attempt to execute the orders of Dumas." 100 
 On the 1 6th Washington wrote: 
 
 All my ideal hopes of raising a number of men to scour the 
 adjacent mountains have vanished into nothing. Yesterday was 
 the appointed time for a general rendezvous of all, who were 
 willing to accompany me for that desirable end, and only fifteen 
 appeared. ... I have done everything in my power to quiet the 
 minds of the inhabitants by detaching all the men I have any com- 
 mand over to the places more exposed. There also have been 
 large detachments from Fort Cumberland in pursuit of the enemy 
 these ten days past, yet nothing, I fear will prevent the people from 
 abandoning their dwellings and flying with the utmost precipita- 
 tion. 101 
 
 Again, on the 2 2d, he says: 
 
 The supplicating tears of the women and moving petitions of 
 the men melt me into such deadly sorrow, that I solemnly declare, 
 if I know my own mind, I could offer myself a willing sacrifice 
 to the butchering enemy, provided that would contribute to the 
 people's ease. 102 
 
 The Maryland Gazette of March 1 1 contains the fol- 
 lowing letter from Isaac Baker, dated at Conococheague : 
 
 My last was of the 26th instant. On our march to Toona- 
 loways, about five miles this side Stoddert's Fort, we found John 
 Meyers' house in flames, and nine or ten head of large cattle 
 
 "Ibid., p. 3'fii. 
 
 100 Ford, " The Writings of George Washington," Vol. I., p. 238. 
 
 101 Sparks's Washington, Vol. II., p. 138. 
 i° 2 Ford's Washington, Vol. I., p. 250. 
 
152 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 killed. About three miles and a half farther up the road we found 
 a man (one Hynes) killed and scalped, with one arm cut off and 
 several arrows sticking in him; we could not bury him, having 
 no tools with us for that purpose. Half a mile farther (within a 
 mile of Stoddert's Fort) we found Ralph Watson's house burnt 
 down, and several hogs and sheep killed. When we came to 
 Stoddert's Fort we found them all under arms, expecting every 
 minute to be attacked. From thence we went to Combe's Fort, 
 where we found a young man about twenty-two years of age 
 killed and scalped; there were only four men in this fort, two of 
 which were unable to bear arms, but upwards of forty women and 
 children, who were in a very poor situation, being afraid to go out 
 of the fort, even for a drink of water. The house caught fire 
 during the time the Indians were surrounding the fort, and would 
 have been burnt down, but luckily there was some soapsuds in the 
 house, by which they were extinguished. The young man men- 
 tioned above was one Lynn's son, and was sitting on the fence of 
 the stockyard with Combe's son, when they discovered the In- 
 dians, upon which they ran to get into the fort, and before they 
 reached it Lynn's son was shot down, and an Indian pursued the 
 other man with a tomahawk within thirty yards of the fort, but he 
 luckily got into the fort and shot the Indian. We searched the 
 woods to see if we could see where the Indian was buried (as 
 they supposed him to be mortally wounded). We found in two 
 places great quantity of blood, but could not find the body. We 
 saw several creatures shot, some dead, and others going around 
 with arrows sticking in them. About half a mile on this side Mr. 
 Kenney's (in Little Toonaloways) we found a load of oats and a 
 load of turnips in the road, which two boys were bringing to 
 Combe's, and it is imagined the boys are carried off by the Indians. 
 When we came to Mr. Kenney's we saw several sheep and cattle 
 killed. From thence we went to one Lowther's, about two miles 
 farther, where we found his grain and two calves burnt, two 
 cows and nine or ten hogs killed, and about fifty yards from the 
 house found Lowther dead and scalped, and otherwise terribly 
 
The French and Indian War. 153 
 
 mangled ; his brains were beat out, as it is supposed, with his own 
 gun barrel, which we found sticking in his skull, and his gun 
 broken; there was an axe, two scythes, and several arrows stick- 
 ing in him. From here we returned to Combe's and buried the 
 young man, and left ten of our men here to assist them to secure 
 their grain, which soon as they have done they purpose to leave 
 that fort and go to Stoddert's, from hence we went to Stoddert's 
 Fort, where we laid on Friday night and yesterday. On our way 
 down here we buried the man we left on the road. 
 
 The two houses of the legislature continued their 
 wrangling over appropriating money to carry on the war, 
 the lower house insisting that the estates of the Proprietor 
 should bear their share of the taxes, while the upper house 
 and the governor refused to consent to this, and the result 
 was that nothing was done. The settlers became ex- 
 asperated at this do-nothing policy, and finally a body of 
 armed men assembled at Frederick, under the leadership of 
 Col. Thomas Cresap, and threatened that unless the legis- 
 lature ceased wrangling and made some effort to provide 
 for the defense of the province, they would march to 
 Annapolis and compel action A bill was then passed ap- 
 propriating forty thousand pounds. Of this amount 
 eleven thousand pounds were to be used in building a fort 
 and several block-houses on the western frontier, and for 
 levying, arming, paying and maintaining a. body of troops, 
 not exceeding two hundred men, to garrison these posts. 
 As Fort Cumberland was too far to the westward to afford 
 much protection to the settlers Governor Sharpe deter- 
 mined to build another fort nearer the frontier, and in 
 1756 Fort Frederick was erected, concerning which more 
 will be said later. 
 
 All through the summer of 1756 the Indians raids con- 
 tinued, many of the settlers being killed and others carried 
 
154 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 off prisoners. On August 29, Washington wrote to Lord 
 Fairfax: 
 
 " It is with infinite concern, that I see the distresses of the 
 people, and hear their complaints, without being able to afford 
 them relief. I have so often troubled your Honor for aid from the 
 militia, that I am almost ashamed to repeat my demands; nor 
 should mention them again, did I not think it absolutely neces- 
 sary at this time to save the most valuable and flourishing part of 
 this county from immediate desertion. And how soon the re- 
 mainder part, as well as the adjacent counties, may share the same 
 fate, is but too obvious to reason, and to your Lordship's good 
 sense, for me to demonstrate. The whole settlement of Cono- 
 cocheague in Maryland is fled, and there now remain only two 
 families from thence to Fredericktown which is several miles below 
 the Blue Ridge. By which means we are quite exposed and have 
 no better security on that side, than the Potomac River, for many 
 miles below the Shenandoah; and how great a security that is to 
 us, may easily be discerned, when we consider, with what facility 
 the enemy have passed and repassed it already. That the Mary- 
 land settlements are all abandoned is certainly a fact, as I have had 
 the accounts transmitted to me by several hands, and confirmed 
 yesterday by Henry Brinker, who left Monocacy the day before, 
 and also affirms, that three hundred and fifty wagons had passed 
 that place to avoid the enemy, within the space of three days." 103 
 
 Ten days later he wrote to Gov. Dinwiddie that the 
 frontiers of Maryland were abandoned for many miles 
 below the Blue Ridge, as far as Frederick. 
 
 Wherever it was possible the settlers raised companies 
 of rangers for their protection. At Conococheague a sub- 
 scription was raised and a company of twenty men, under 
 Lieutenant Teagard, was equipped. "Their services 
 were soon required," says Scharf, 104 "for on August 18th 
 
 103 Ford's Washington, Vol. I., p. 329. 
 
 104 History of Western Maryland, Vol. I., p. 97. 
 
The French and Indian War. 155 
 
 the enemy plundered the settlers near Baker's Ridge, and 
 on the 20th attacked a funeral train, killing two persons, 
 George Hicks and Lodovick Claymour. They were fol- 
 lowed by a party of thirteen of Teagard's men, under 
 Luke Thompson, until they came within two miles of the 
 mouth of the Conococheague, on the Pennsylvania road, 
 when five shots were heard about three hundred yards in 
 advance, which threw the pursuing party into some con- 
 fusion; but Matthias Nicholls, a young man of eighteen, 
 insisted that they should run up and come upon the enemy 
 while their pieces were unloaded, and set off immediately. 
 The others, however, ran off, but he continued the pursuit, 
 and rescued William Postlewaite, who had been seriously 
 wounded by the Indians." 
 
 That the French looked with equanimity on the outrages 
 committed by the Indians is shown by a letter written to 
 his brother by the Rev. Claude Godfroy Cocquard, in 
 which he says : 
 
 " You will learn, first, that our Indians have waged the most 
 cruel war against the English; that they continued it throughout 
 the spring and are still so exasperated as to be beyond control; 
 Georgia, Carolina, Marrelande, Pensilvania, are wholly laid 
 waste. The farmers have been forced to quit their abodes and to 
 retire into the town. They have neither ploughed nor planted, 
 and on their complaining of the circumstance to the Governor of 
 Boston, he answered them that people were ploughing and plant- 
 ing for them in Canada. The Indians do not make any prisoners ; 
 they kill all they meet, men, women and children. Every day 
 they have some in the kettle, and after having abused the women 
 and maidens, they slaughter or burn them." 105 
 
 Up to this time the war had been allowed to drag along 
 in a desultory sort of way, no really active operations being 
 
 105 Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, Vol. VI., p. 409. 
 
156 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 undertaken, but in 1758 William Pitt became prime 
 minister and he determined that a very different sort of 
 campaign should be started. There had been great diffi- 
 culty in securing enough troops to carry on the war, and 
 in 1756 the British government decided to enlist a regi- 
 ment made up of the foreign settlers in the British posses- 
 sions in America, principally Germans. In order that 
 those who enlisted in this regiment might have over them 
 officers who were able to speak their own language, an act 
 of parliament was passed authorizing the king to grant 
 commissions to a certain number of German, Swiss and 
 Dutch officers This regiment, when formed, was known 
 as the Sixty-second, or Royal American Regiment of Foot, 
 and was made up almost entirely of Germans from Mary- 
 land and Pennsylvania. Later it was changed to be the 
 Sixtieth Regiment, and is in existence today. The first 
 battalion of the regiment was placed under the command 
 of Colonel Henry Bouquet, 106 a native of Switzerland who 
 had settled in Pennsylvania. This battalion was made up 
 of Germans from Pennsylvania and Maryland. 
 
 At the beginning of the year 1758 plans were made for 
 an expedition against Fort Duquesne, under the command 
 of General John Forbes. The troops under his command 
 numbered between six and seven thousand and consisted 
 of provincials from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and 
 North Carolina, some Highlanders and the Royal Ameri- 
 cans. The expedition started from Philadelphia the latter 
 part of June, the Maryland troops, with those from Vir- 
 ginia and North Carolina, assembling at Winchester, Va., 
 under Colonel George Washington. Colonel Bouquet 
 reached Raystown, now Bedford, Pa., early in July but 
 
 106 H. A. Rattermann in " Deutscher Pionier," Vol. X., p. 217 1 , says that 
 Bouquet's real name was Strauss. 
 
The French and Indian War. 157 
 
 the main body of troops did not arrive until September. 
 The details of this expedition cannot be entered into here, 
 but there was one engagement in which the Maryland 
 troops played a conspicuous part At the earnest solicita- 
 tion of Major James Grant, of the Highlanders, Colonel 
 Bouquet allowed the former to make a reconnoissance in 
 order, if possible, to discover the position of the enemy at 
 Fort Duquesne This expedition started on September 9, 
 and consisted of thirty-seven officers and 805 privates, 
 among whom were eighty-one Marylanders. With the 
 usual disregard shown by the British officers of the In- 
 dian methods of warfare, Major Grant allowed his force 
 to be led into an ambuscade, and on the 14th he was at- 
 tacked by the French and Indians with disastrous results, 
 270 of his men being killed and 42 wounded. As usual 
 under such circumstances, the British troops became de- 
 moralized under the Indian method of attack, but the 
 Marylanders conducted themselves gallantly. As one ac- 
 count of the affair gives it, " the Carolinians, Marylanders, 
 and Lower Countrymen, concealing themselves behind 
 trees and the bushes, made a good defence; but were over- 
 powered by numbers, and not being supported, were 
 obliged to follow the rest." 107 Of the Maryland force of 
 eighty-one men, twenty-seven privates and one officer, 
 Lieutenant Duncan McRae, were killed. 
 
 The French, knowing that Colonel Bouquet's troops 
 were only the advance guard, determined to attack them 
 before the arrival of the main body, and on October 12 a 
 force of 1,200 French and 200 Indians attacked Bouquet's 
 camp at Loyalhanna. After several hours of hard fight- 
 ing the enemy was repulsed. In this attack the Mary- 
 landers had three men killed, Lieutenant Prather and two 
 
 107 Penna. Archives, Second Series, Vol. VI., p. 455. 
 
158 The Pennsylvania-German Society, 
 
 privates, six privates were wounded and eleven were miss- 
 ing. General Forbes did not reach Loyalhanna until No- 
 vember. Numerous skirmishes followed, but the French 
 realizing that they could not hold Fort Duquesne, set fire 
 to it and abandoned it The English pushed forward, and 
 on November 25, 1758, took possession of the ruins of 
 Fort Duquesne, which was rebuilt and named Fort Pitt. 
 
 With the abandonment of Fort Duquesne by the French 
 the troubles of the settlers of western Maryland were 
 greatly modified, although there were occasional raids by 
 bands of hostile Indians until the end of the war, in 1763. 
 With the end of the war the settlers began to return to 
 their deserted homes and advance further toward the west. 
 Seeing this, Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, determined to pre- 
 vent it and drive the English from the western frontier. 
 With this end in view he secretly traveled from tribe to 
 tribe and formed an alliance, and without any warning the 
 blow fell upon the unsuspecting settlers. The savages 
 planned to attack the settlers during harvest and destroy 
 their crops and cattle and kill the men This plan was put 
 into execution in June, 1763. Bands of raiding Indians 
 spread over western Maryland, killing the settlers and de- 
 stroying their property. Describing the condition of 
 affairs at this time, in a letter to Robert Stewart, dated 
 August 13, 1763, Washington wrote: 
 
 " Another tempest has arisen upon our frontiers, and the alarm 
 spread wider than ever. In short, the inhabitants are so appre- 
 hensive of danger, that no families remain above the Conoco- 
 cheague road, and many are gone from below it. The harvests 
 are, in a manner lost, and the distresses of the settlements are 
 evident and manifold." 108 
 
 108 Sparks' Washington, Vol. II., p. 339. 
 
The French and Indian War. 159 
 
 The condition of the settlers at this time is well shown 
 in a letter in the Maryland Gazette, written at Frederick, 
 under date of July 19, 1763, which says: 
 
 Every day, for some time past, has offered the melancholy scene 
 of poor distressed families driving downwards through this town 
 with their effects, who have deserted their plantations for fear of 
 falling into the cruel hands of our savage enemies, now daily seen 
 in the woods. And never was panic more general or forcible than 
 that of the back inhabitants, whose terrors at this time exceed 
 what followed on the defeat of Gen. Braddock, when the frontiers 
 lay open to the incursions of both French and Indians. While 
 Conococheague settlement stands firm we shall think ourselves in 
 some sort of security from their insults here. But should the 
 inhabitants there give way, you would soon see your city and the 
 lower counties crowded with objects of compassion, as the flight 
 would in that case become general. Numbers of those who have 
 betaken themselves to the fort, as well as those who have actually 
 fled, have entirely lost their crops, or turned in their own cattle 
 and hogs to devour the produce, in hopes of finding them again in 
 better condition should it hereafter appear safe for them to return. 
 The season has been remarkably fine, and the harvest in general 
 afforded the most promising appearance of plenty and goodness 
 that has been known for many years. But alas! how dismal an 
 alteration of the prospect! Many who expected to have sold and 
 supplied the necessities of others now want for themselves, and 
 see their warmest hopes defeated, the fruits of their honest in- 
 dustry snatched from them by the merciless attack of these blood- 
 thirsty barbarians, whose treatment of such unhappy wretches as 
 fall into their hands is accompanied with circumstances of in- 
 fernal fury, too horrid and shocking for human nature to dwell 
 upon even in imagination. We were so sensible of the importance 
 of Conococheague settlement, both as a bulwark and supply to 
 this neighborhood, that on repeated notice of their growing dis- 
 tress Capt. Butler, on Wednesday last, called the town company 
 
160 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 together, who appeared under arms on the court-house green with 
 great unanimity. Just as the drum beat to arms we had the agree- 
 able satisfaction of seeing a wagon sent up by his excellency 
 (whose tender care for the security of the province raised senti- 
 ments of the highest gratitude in the breast of every one present) 
 loaded with powder and lead, — articles of the greatest importance 
 at this critical juncture, when the whole country had been drained 
 of those necessary articles by the diligence of our Indian traders, 
 who had bought up the whole for the supply of our enemies, to be 
 returned, as we have dearly experienced, in death and desolation 
 among us. A subscription was then set on foot and cheerfully 
 entered into, in consequence of which twenty stout young men 
 immediately enlisted under Mr. Peter Grosh to march immediately 
 to the assistance of the back inhabitants, and with other volunteers 
 already there raised, to cover the reapers, in hopes of securing the 
 crops. Had not the Governor's supply arrived so reasonably it 
 was doubted whether the whole town could have furnished am- 
 munition sufficient for that small party, half of which marched 
 backwards in high spirits on Thursday, and the remainder on 
 Friday morning. And on Sunday subscriptions were taken in the 
 several congregations in town for sending up further assistance. 
 On Sunday afternoon we had the pleasure of seeing Mr. Michael 
 Cresap arrive in town with mokosins on his legs, taken from an 
 Indian whom he had killed and scalped, being one of those who 
 had shot down Mr. Wilder, the circumstances of whose much- 
 lamented murder and the success of Col. Cresap's family you no 
 doubt have received from other hands. Money has been cheer- 
 fully contributed in our town towards the support of the men to 
 be added to Col. Cresap's present force, as we look upon the 
 preservation of the Old Town to be of great importance to us, 
 and a proper check to the progress of the savages; but notwith- 
 standing our present efforts to keep the enemy at a distance, and 
 thereby shelter the whole province, our inhabitants are poor, our 
 men dispersed, and without a detachment from below it is to be 
 feared we must give way, and the inundation break upon the 
 lower counties. 
 
The French and Indian War. 
 
 161 
 
 The Indian depredations continuing, early in 1764 two 
 expeditions were planned, one under Colonel Bradstreet, 
 against the Wyandots, Ottawas, Chippewas and other 
 nations near the great lakes; the other, under Colonel 
 Bouquet, against the Delawares, Shawnese, Mingoes, 
 Mohickans, and other nations between the Ohio and the 
 lakes. Colonel Bouquet's force was made up of part of 
 the Forty-second and Sixtieth Regiments, some troops 
 from Pennsylvania, and two companies of volunteers from 
 Maryland, riflemen from Frederick county, one com- 
 manded by Captain William McClellan, the other by Cap- 
 tain John Wolgamott These two companies were made 
 
 up as follows: 
 
 Captain. 
 
 William McClellan. 
 
 John Earl, 
 David Blair, 
 
 Joseph Hopewell, 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 James Dougherty. 
 
 Ensigns. 
 
 John Moran, 
 Edmund Moran. 
 
 Sergeants. 
 
 Henry Graybill. 
 
 David Shelby, 
 George Rout, 
 William Beadles, 
 John Dean, 
 Richard Arsheraft, 
 Nicholas Carpenter, 
 Thomas Vaughan, 
 
 Privates. 
 
 James Ross, 
 Isaac Flora, 
 Richard Coomore, 
 William Sparks, 
 Thomas Clemens, 
 John Sealon, 
 John Doughland, 
 
l62 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Patrick O'Gullen, 
 Robert Ford, 
 Joseph Clemens, 
 James Small, 
 Joshua Young, 
 George Mathison, 
 Isaac Wilcocks, 
 William Hanniel, 
 John Dougherty, 
 William Colvin, 
 William Flora, 
 
 James Booth, 
 James Dulany, 
 William Fife, 
 William Dunwidie, 
 Peter Ford, 
 Thomas Davis, 
 David Johnson, 
 
 Thomas Edington, 
 James Bradmore, 
 William Lockhead, 
 James Ware, 
 Thomas Williams, 
 John Masters, 
 John Murray, 
 Felix Leer, 
 Bartholomew Pack, 
 Charles Hays, 
 William Polk. 
 
 Captain. 
 John Wolgamott. 
 
 Lieutenant. 
 
 Matthew Nicholas. 
 
 Ensign. 
 
 John Blair. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Samuel McCord, 
 Robert Blackburn, 
 Abraham Enocks, 
 James Myers, 
 William Marshal, 
 James Fox. 
 
 The Indians did not make any resistance, but sued for 
 peace, and thus ended, for the time being, the Indian 
 troubles which for years had made the western frontiers 
 of Maryland the scene of terror and bloodshed. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 mum minimi im l 
 iiiiu j u minii st j>A 
 mm i-ii mur iiVfe.i = 
 iiiini ii miiiL 
 im'ui f -m li lilt 
 gin I im rUiu 
 HUB C HUHIHH Ii 
 mini r milium ; n 
 uuiuri nuiutiii as 
 illUDlriiiniimifiju 
 nun 1 ; immii .v5 — 
 
 Fort Frederick. 
 
 HEN the first settlement 
 was made by the Ohio 
 Company, about the middle of the 
 eighteenth century, upon the land 
 they had obtained under their 
 grant, in accordance with the 
 terms of that grant a minor forti- 
 fication was built at the junction 
 of Will's Creek with the Poto- 
 mac river, for the purpose of 
 affording protection to the settlers. At this time that sec- 
 tion of territory was supposed to be in the colony of Vir- 
 ginia. After the defeat at Great Meadows, Washington 
 retreated to Will's Creek, and while he went back to Vir- 
 gnia to report to Governor Dinwiddie, he left his force in 
 charge of Colonel Innes, who commanded several com- 
 panies of North Carolina troops. Acting under instruc- 
 tions from the Virginia government, during the autumn of 
 1754 Colonel Innes constructed a fort at this point, which 
 
 163 
 
164 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 he called Fort Mount Pleasant. This fort was little more 
 than a blockhouse, and a series of stockades. About the 
 close of the year Governor Dinwiddie received instructions 
 from England to build a fort at Will's Creek of such dimen- 
 sions and character of construction as the importance of the 
 position seemed to require. These instructions were trans- 
 mitted to Colonel Innes, who proceeded to build the fort. 
 The men engaged in its construction were three companies 
 from North Carolina, under Colonel Innes, two companies 
 from New York, one from South Carolina and one from 
 Maryland. When it was completed it was named, at the 
 request of General Braddock, Fort Cumberland, in honor of 
 the commander-in-chief of the British army. This fort 
 was under the jurisdiction of the Virginia government. 
 For some time it was the sole protection for the western 
 frontier of Maryland against the hostile Indians. The 
 Maryland settlement did not extend beyond the mouth of 
 the Conococheague creek, in what is now Washington 
 county, and this left a wide extent of territory, about sixty 
 miles, which was without protection. 
 
 After the defeat of Braddock the Indian raids became 
 more frequent and a number of blockhouses were built 
 between Fort Cumberland and the western frontier to 
 which the settlers could flee upon the raising of an alarm. 
 These, however, had but little effect in preventing the raids 
 or in affording protection to the settlers. As Judge Stock- 
 bridge says, " a period of terror and desolation ensued. 
 The borders of Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia be- 
 came one extended field of petty battles, murder und 
 devastation. The outposts were driven in, and some of 
 the smaller posts captured and their garrisons massacred; 
 and Frederick, Winchester and Carlisle became the 
 frontiers of the colonies. Fort Cumberland was still held 
 by the troops under Captain Dagworthy, but this isolated 
 
Fort Frederick. 165 
 
 fortress could afford no protection against roving bands 
 of savages who passed around it to seek their prey in the 
 settlements beyond. The panic spread by the flying 
 British troops spread even to the bay shore. Many of the 
 inhabitants of the interior fled to Baltimore, and there 
 preparations were made by the citizens to embark their 
 women and children on board the vessels in the harbor 
 preparatory to a flight to Virginia, while some of the 
 Virginians even believed that there was no safety short of 
 England itself." 109 
 
 The need of further defenses was evident and Governor 
 Sharpe did all in his power to procure the means of secur- 
 ing them, but the assembly was slow in meeting the need 
 of the hour. Finally, in response to the appeals of the 
 Governor and the urgent demands of the people, on March 
 22, 1756, a bill was passed appropriating forty thousand 
 pounds for the defense of the colony, of which eleven 
 thousand pounds were to be used for the erection of a fort 
 and several blockhouses on the western frontier, and for 
 the levying, arming, paying and maintaining a body of 
 troops to garrison these posts. Governor Sharpe at once 
 proceeded to put into execution the plans he had formu- 
 lated. He purchased from Peter and Jacob Cloine a tract 
 of land consisting of about one hundred and forty acres, 
 in Frederick county, near where Hancock, Washington 
 county, now stands. The deed for the land is dated 
 August 19, 1756, but Sharpe was so anxious to provide 
 defenses that he secured possession of the land and began 
 the erection of the fort before the deed was executed. On 
 August 21, 1756, he wrote to Lord Baltimore: 
 
 As I apprehended that the French would e'er long teach their 
 Indian Allies to approach & set fire to our Stoccado or Wooden 
 
 109 " American Historical Register," Vol. II., p. 748. 
 
1 66 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Forts I thought proper to build Fort Frederick of Stone, which 
 steps I believe even our Assembly now approve of tho I hear some 
 of them sometime since intimated to their Constituents that a 
 Stoccado would have been sufficient & that to build a Fort with 
 Stone would put the Country to a great & unnecessary Expence, 
 but whatever their Sentiments may be with respect to that matter 
 I am convinced that I have done for the best & that my Conduct 
 therein will be approved by any Soldier & every impartial person. 
 The Fort is not finished but the Garrison are well covered & 
 will with a little Assistance compleat it at their leisure. Our 
 Barracks are made for the Reception & Accommodation of 200 
 Men but on Occasion there will be room for twice that number. 
 It is situated on North Mountain near Potowmack River, about 
 14 miles beyond Conegocheigh and four on this Side of Licking 
 creek. I have made a purchase in the Governor's Name for the 
 use of the Country of 150 Acres of Land that is contiguous to it, 
 which will be of great Service to the Garrison & as well as the 
 Fort be found of great use in case of future Expeditions to the 
 Westward for it is so situated that Potowmack will be always 
 navigable thence almost to Fort Cumberland, and the Flatts or 
 Shallows of that River lying between Fort Frederick and Conego- 
 cheigh. It is probable this Fortification will cost the Province 
 £2000, but I am told that one is raising at Winchester in Virg* 
 that will not be built for less than four times that Sum, and 
 when finished will not be half so good. 110 
 
 This structure was named Fort Frederick in honor of 
 the proprietor, Frederick, sixth Lord Baltimore. Some 
 confusion has arisen from the fact that there were two 
 structures known as Fort Frederick. During the Revolu- 
 tion the general assembly of Maryland, in 1777, passed 
 an act providing that there should be erected "in or near 
 Fredericktown in Frederick County, a number of fit, con- 
 venient and proper barracks of plain brick or stone work, 
 
 110 Archives of Maryland, Vol. VI., p. 466. 
 
Fort Frederick. 167 
 
 with a block house at each corner and ditched and palisaded 
 in, sufficient for the reception of two battalions, with 
 officers." Schultz says: "There is ground for the belief, 
 however, that there was a stockade fort, or something of 
 that character, on or near their site at the time of the 
 French and Indian Wars, similar to those erected by the 
 early settlers near the present Clearspring and Williams- 
 port, to which the women and children retreated when 
 the Indians became troublesome." 111 
 
 Fort Frederick was built on a hill about one hundred 
 feet above the level of the Potomac and about one-third 
 of a mile from the river. From its position it commanded 
 the surrounding country. Describing its construction, 
 Scharf says: 
 
 " The old fort occupied an acre and a half of ground, and its 
 massive walls of hard magnesian limestone are four feet thick at 
 the bottom, and two feet at the top. The stone, which is mostly 
 in large, irregular blocks, was brought from the mountain three 
 miles distant, and is laid in such excellent mortar that nothing but 
 an earthquake or the hand of man will ever shatter the walls. 
 These are seventeen and a half feet in height at the highest point, 
 and are very fairly preserved. The greatest damage that has been 
 done was the cutting of a wagon-gate through the west curtain 
 sixty years ago, and now Nathan Williams, its present owner, has 
 pulled down the west bastion to make room for his barn. The 
 fort is square, with a bastion at each angle. The south bastion is 
 the best preserved, but the whole structure is very far from being 
 a ruin. The portal was twelve feet wide, and the immensity of 
 the gates may be judged by the fact that one of the iron hinges, 
 which Williams kept until a few years ago, weighed forty-two 
 pounds. There is not a piece of the old wood-work left, some 
 curiosity-seekers having carried off the last bit in 1858. Gen. 
 Kenly's First Maryland Regiment occupied the fort in 1861, and 
 111 " First Settlements of Germans in Maryland," p. 56. 
 
1 68 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 knocked a hole in the wall through which to point a gun for taking 
 pot shots at the Confederates across the Potomac. The original 
 armament of the fort was a gun in each bastion, worked en bar- 
 bette, and within the enclosure were the barracks." 112 
 
 But Governor Sharpe's troubles over the building of 
 Fort Frederick were far from being ended. His original 
 estimate of the cost of building the structure fell far short 
 of the actual cost, and he was compelled to ask the as- 
 sembly for more money with which to complete it. Then, 
 too, the cost of maintaining the garrison and paying the 
 troops was no small item. The residents of the eastern 
 section of the colony, at a distance from the scene of the 
 Indian raids, did not realize just what they meant, and 
 could not see why so much money was required for the 
 protection of the western settlers. Their idea was to 
 keep down the expenditures as much as possible, so that 
 there were constant disputes between the executive and the 
 assembly on the question of providing means to carry on 
 the war. On December 15, 1757, the House of Delegates 
 made the following address on the subject of Fort 
 Frederick : 
 
 " Near the sum of £6000 has been expended in purchasing the 
 ground belonging to and constructing Fort Frederick, and though 
 we have not any exact information what sum may still be wanting 
 to complete it (if ever it should be thought proper to be done), yet 
 we are afraid the sum requisite for that purpose must be con- 
 siderable, and we are apprehensive that the fort is so large that, in 
 case of attack, it cannot be defended without a number of men 
 larger than the province can support, purely to maintain a forti- 
 fication." 
 
 On June 9, 1758, Governor Sharpe wrote to General 
 Forbes, 113 giving a detailed account of the trouble over 
 
 112 History of Western Maryland, Vol. II., p. 1298. 
 us Archives of Maryland, Vol. IX., p. 198. 
 
Fort Frederick. 169 
 
 the payment of the troops. Lord Loudoun had proposed 
 that Maryland should raise and support five hundred men 
 to garrison Fort Cumberland and Fort Frederick, but in- 
 stead of agreeing to this proposal the assembly included in 
 the bill which they passed a provision which prohibited the 
 Maryland troops from garrisoning Fort Cumberland, or 
 at all events, giving fair warning that if these troops did 
 go to Fort Cumberland they would not be paid by the 
 province of Maryland. Fuel was added to the flames of 
 the dispute by Virginia turning over Fort Cumberland to 
 Maryland. When the Virginia troops retired from the 
 fort it was necessary for their place to be taken by Mary- 
 landers, but the Maryland assembly absolutely refused to 
 agree to this. However, Governor Sharpe took the 
 matter into his own hands and sent Captain Dagworthy 
 with one hundred and fifty of his men from Fort Fred- 
 erick, to garrison Fort Cumberland. As the assembly 
 would not authorize the enlistment of more troops, 
 Governor Sharpe called for volunteers and his call was 
 promptly answered by the settlers of Frederick county, so 
 that Fort Frederick was soon garrisoned by a force of two 
 hundred and fifty hardy pioneers, under Captain Alexander 
 Beall. As the assembly refused to appropriate money to 
 pay and maintain the garrison, the cost had to be met by 
 private subscriptions. Writing to Sir John St. Clair, on 
 March 27, 1758, Governor Sharpe says: 
 
 I am obliged to you for encouraging General Forbes to enter- 
 tain a favourable opinion of me & of my Desires to forward the 
 Service, but I am much afraid that it will not be in my power to 
 confirm it. In short, I cannot promise him any men from this 
 Province unless He or General Abercromby will engage to pay 
 them & I have taken the Liberty to tell him as much in the Letter 
 I have now sent. It is well Capt Dagworthy & the Rest of our 
 
170 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Officers taught their men to live without Victuals last Summer; 
 otherwise they may not have found it so easy a matter to keep them 
 together 6 months without pay in the Winter. How much longer 
 they will be contented to serve on this Footing I cannot tell, but 
 lest Accidents should happen I hope some other Troops will be 
 ordered to Fort Cumberland as soon as possible. 114 
 
 The difficulty about the payment of the troops was 
 partially overcome by taking some of them into the king's 
 service, and on one occasion General Forbes advanced 
 sufficient money to pay them something, although he said 
 that he could not undertake to take care of the arrearage. 
 
 The road between Fort Frederick and Fort Cumberland 
 was a rough and circuitous one, and several attempts to 
 remedy this were made. Writing to Governor Sharpe 
 from " Conigogegh," on June 13, 1758, Colonel Bouquet 
 says: 
 
 As it will be of the greatest benefit to His Majesty's Service, 
 to have a road of communication open from Each of the Provinces 
 to Fort Cumberland I am under the necessity of requesting you 
 to have the straightest Road reconnoitred, leading from Fort 
 Frederick to Fort Cumberland: Recommanding to those you ap- 
 point to mark it out to report the time that 500 men will take to 
 cut it: any Expence you may be at shall be paid by Sir John S* 
 Clair; as he will be the nearest to you. Please to send him the 
 Report of it, that if found practicable he may send Troops to 
 work at it. 115 
 
 Two days later Sharpe directed Captain Evan Shelby 
 to survey a route for a road and make a report as to the 
 cost and the time required to make it, and on the 25th 
 of the same month Captain Shelby reported that "Upon 
 
 114 Archives of Maryland, Vol. IX., p. 164. 
 
 115 Archives of Maryland, Vol. IX., p. 205. 
 
Fort Frederick. 171 
 
 the whole, it is my opinion that a Road might be made 
 between the two Forts which will not be 60 miles in Length 
 & there will be no bad Pinches for Waggons to ascend 
 nor any bad Fords." The road was evidently not con- 
 structed at that time, for in the following December the 
 assembly appointed a commission to determine whether a 
 better road could not be built. This commission consisted 
 of Colonel Thomas Cresap, Joseph Chapline, E. Dorsey, 
 Josias Beall, Francis King and Captain Crabb. After 
 investigating the subject the commission reported as 
 follows : 
 
 Your committee have made an inquiry into the situation of the 
 present wagon-road from Fort Frederick to Fort Cumberland, 
 and are of the opinion that the distance by that road from one 
 fort to the other is at least eighty miles, and find that the wagons 
 which go from one fort to the other are obliged to pass the river 
 Potowmack twice, and that for one-third of the year they can't 
 pass without boats to set them over the river. 
 
 Your committee have also made an inquiry into the condition of 
 the ground where a road may be made most conveniently to go 
 altogether on the north side of the Potowmack, which will not 
 exceed the distance of sixty-two miles, at the expense of £250 
 current money. 
 
 Your committee are of the opinion that a road through Mary- 
 land will contribute much to lessen the expense of carrying 
 provisions and warlike stores from Fort Frederick to Fort Cum- 
 berland, and will induce many people to travel and carry on a 
 trade in and through the province, to and from the back country. 116 
 
 This report was accompanied by an itemized account of 
 the distances and the probable cost of building each stretch 
 of the road. This road was eventually built, and, as the 
 commission's report had indicated, did prove of great ad- 
 vantage to the province. 
 
 116 Scharf's " History of Western Maryland," Vol. II., p. 132&. 
 
172 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 The erection and occupation of Fort Frederick gave the 
 settlers in that section the protection they needed. The 
 Indians soon learned to avoid the locality of the fort. 
 Writing to Lord Loudoun, on October 12, 1756, Gov- 
 ernor Sharpe says: "No Indians have been down among 
 the Inhabitants for a considerable time, nor appeared on 
 this side of Fort Frederick." After the fall of Fort Du- 
 quesne and the withdrawal of the French from the Ohio 
 river, the necessity for the continued maintenance of Fort 
 Frederick ceased. Governor Sharpe accordingly leased the 
 property on which it was built to Henry Heinzman, for 
 a rental of thirty pounds yearly. The lease was dated 
 December 25, 1762, and provided that "whereas there is 
 not any garrison or soldiers at the said Fort Frederick, and 
 several persons who live at or near the said fort do, and 
 if not prevented, will continue to make great waste and 
 destruction of the said fort and improvements by burning 
 the plank and other materials," 117 possession of it was 
 to be given, the Governor reserving the right to enter upon 
 the property and annul the lease at any time when he 
 might need the same for military purposes. 
 
 Scarcely had Fort Frederick been turned over to the 
 uses of peace when another war-cloud began to gather on 
 the horizon. The tension between the colonies and the 
 mother-country grew greater and greater, and finally the 
 cords which bound them together were broken and the 
 struggle was on; but still the tide of warfare did not 
 surge near the old fort. Its walls looked down upon 
 peace and quiet, for the German settlers in western Mary- 
 land were not slow in going to the defense of the liberties 
 of their adopted country, and many of the fields and 
 plantations in the neighborhood were almost deserted. 
 
 117 Stockbridge in " American Historical Register," Vol. II., p. 754. 
 
Fort Frederick. 173 
 
 During the earlier years of the Revolutionary War the 
 British and Hessian prisoners were confined at various 
 points in Pennsylvania : Reading, Lancaster, York, Bethle- 
 hem and Lebanon, but after the occupation of Philadelphia 
 by the British, particularly as there were rumors of an 
 uprising among the prisoners, the War Office decided to 
 transfer some of the prisoners to some point further inland, 
 and Fort Frederick was investigated to determine whether 
 it would be a suitable place for the purpose. On Decem- 
 ber 16, 1777, the following letter was written to Colonel 
 Moses Rawlins: 
 
 As you are about returning home by way of Fort Frederick in 
 Maryland, the Board of War request you will take a view of 
 the situation of that place and represent the state you find it in 
 immediately. As it is proposed to send a number of prisoners of 
 war thither, you will examine it with a view to this design. You 
 will see how many men it is capable of holding, what repairs are 
 wanting, how soon those repairs can be made, whether workmen 
 can be procured in this vicinity to do the work, and whether 
 materials are within reasonable distance. You will also report 
 how many men you think it will be necessary to employ as guards 
 for the number of prisoners the place is capable of receiving, and 
 every other matter which shall occur to you as necessary for the 
 information of the Board. 
 
 Colonel Rawlins reported that the fort could easily 
 be put in condition for the confinement of the prisoners, and 
 the Maryland assembly directed that the necessary repairs 
 be made. The assembly also provided for a guard for 
 the prisoners. During part of the time this guard con- 
 sisted of Captain John Kershner's company. On July 27, 
 1778, this company was made up as follows: 
 
174 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Jno. McLaughlin, 
 
 Luke Sholly, 
 Martain Phipher, 
 
 Jacob Craver, 
 Jacob Barnt, 
 
 John Oster, 
 
 Michael Hartly, 
 George Stuart, 
 George Hudson, 
 Jno. Shriber, 
 Elias Reeter, 
 George Carter, 
 Abraham Bower, 
 
 Captain. 
 John Kershner. 
 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Peter Backer. 
 
 Ensign. 
 Wm. Conrod. 
 
 Sergeants. 
 
 David Wolgamot, 
 George Fanglar. 
 
 Corporals. 
 
 Peter Conn, 
 John Conn. 
 
 Drum and Fife. 
 
 Peter Lighter. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Christiain Kirgery, 
 James Flack, 
 George May, 
 Chris. Shock, 
 Jno. Robinson, 
 Jacob Geerhert, 
 David Fosney, 
 
 Martain Harry (or Narry) , Richd. Menson, 
 
 Andrew Miller, 
 
 Peter Haflegh (Hoeflich), 
 
 Fredk. Craft, 
 
 Henry Tyce, 
 
 Goodhert Tressel, 
 
 Peter Oster, 
 Thos. McCullim, 
 Casper Snider, 
 Peter Rough, 
 Adam Sydey, 
 
Fort Frederick. 175 
 
 Jacob Binkler, Abraham Feeter, 
 
 Abraham Troxal, Jr., John Augusteen, 
 
 Jacob Ridenour, Jacob Rorer, 
 
 Peter Adams, Peter Sybert, 
 
 Abraham Leedy, Michl. Spesser, 
 
 Jno. Gable, Fredk. Deefhem (or Deef- 
 
 Michael Kernam, herr), 
 
 Danl. Kemmer, Fredk. Shackler, 
 
 Adam Coon, Phillip Criegh, 
 
 Jacob Adams, David Wirley, 
 
 Jno. Fiche, Christiain Nockey 
 
 Mathw. Williams, (or Hockey), 
 
 Wm. Allin, Jacob Tysher. 
 
 A number of prisoners from various points in Pennsyl- 
 vania were transferred to Fort Frederick. At first some 
 of the prisoners were allowed to work for the neighboring 
 farmers, but it was found that this plan had disadvantages 
 and in the autumn of 1778 the Board of War directed 
 Colonel Rawlins to " call in all the prisoners in the neigh- 
 borhood of your post or its dependencies and, as the 
 practice of letting them out to farmers and suffering them 
 to go at large is attended with great mischiefs, you will in 
 future keep them in close confinement." 
 
 After the surrender of Cornwallis a large number of 
 the prisoners taken at that time were sent to Fort 
 Frederick. 
 
 In September, 1791, by direction of the Legislature of 
 Maryland, Fort Frederick was sold to Robert Johnson, of 
 Frederick county, for three hundred and seventy-five 
 pounds, ten shillings, since which time it has belonged to 
 a number of different people. For a short time during 
 the Civil War the fort was occupied by some of General 
 Kenly's command. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 
 
 ma 
 
 ITH the end of Pon- 
 tiac's war and the sign- 
 ing of the treaty between Eng- 
 land and France peace and 
 quiet returned to the western 
 part of Maryland, and the 
 settlers returned to their de- 
 serted homes. Many of them, 
 however, were in almost a desti- 
 tute condition. Not only had 
 their crops been destroyed and 
 their domestic animals driven 
 off or killed, but, in many cases, 
 all their buildings with their contents had been burned. 
 Then, too, many of them had fallen in arrears in the pay- 
 ment of their rents, so that their situation was deplorable. 
 Their poverty was emphasized by the fact that there were 
 constant demands upon them for fees and taxes. The 
 British government, at the close of the French and Indian 
 
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 177 
 
 War, found itself staggering under an immense debt, and 
 as it had been incurred in a war in America, although the 
 underlying principles which led to it had their foundations 
 at home, it was speciously assumed that the colonies should 
 defray the expenses of the war, and steps were taken to 
 bring this about. 
 
 In March, 1765, the Stamp Act was passed. This pro- 
 vided that all bills, bonds, leases, notes, ships' papers, in- 
 surance policies, and legal documents, to be valid in the 
 courts, must be written on stamped paper. The passage 
 of this act was instantly resented by the colonists, and 
 nowhere were the indignation and determination to resist 
 the enforcement of the law more pronounced than among 
 the German settlers in western Maryland. Indeed, the 
 first open stand against the use of the stamped paper and 
 the determination to transact business without the use of 
 stamps was made in Frederick county, which at that time 
 included the whole of western Maryland. 
 
 Zachariah Hood, a native of Maryland, and a mer- 
 chant of Annapolis, who was in England at the time, was 
 appointed stamp distributor for the province of Mary- 
 land. So intense was the feeling of the inhabitants of 
 Maryland that when Hood returned with the stamps and 
 a cargo of goods he was not allowed to land. Knowing 
 that the open threats of the people to burn the stamps if 
 they were brought on shore would be carried out, the 
 authorities deemed it advisable that no opportunity should 
 be given for such proceedings, and the stamps were kept 
 on board ship and finally taken to Virginia, where they 
 could be held under the protection of a British ship of war. 
 In the meantime business of all kinds was held up. There 
 were many legal papers which could not be issued except 
 on stamped paper, and there were no stamps in the colony. 
 
178 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Indignation meetings were held everywhere and resolu- 
 tions were passed condemning the passage of the Stamp 
 Act and refusing to use the stamps, and in many places 
 Zachariah Hood, the stamp distributor, was burned in 
 effigy. The matter was brought to a head in Frederick 
 county. At a meeting of the Frederick county court, on 
 November 18, 1765, Judges Joseph Smith, David Lynn, 
 Charles Jones, Samuel Beall, Joseph Beall, Peter Bain- 
 bridge, Thomas Price, Andrew Hugh, William Blair, Wil- 
 liam Luckett, James Dickson and Thomas Beatty being 
 present, the following order was made : 
 
 Upon application of Michael Ashford Dowden, bail of James 
 Veach, at the suit of a certain Stephen West to surrender said 
 James Veach in discharge of himself, which the court ordered to 
 be done, and an entry of the surrender to be made accordingly, 
 which John Darnall, Clerk of the Court, refused to make, and 
 having also refused to issue any process out of his office, or to make 
 the necessary entries of the Court proceedings, alleging that he 
 conceives there is an Act of Parliament imposing stamp duties on 
 all legal proceedings, and therefore that he cannot safely proceed 
 in exercising his office without proper stamps, 
 
 It is the unanimous resolution and opinion of this Court that all 
 the business thereof shall and ought to be transacted in the usual 
 and accustomed manner, without any inconvenience or delay to be 
 occasioned from the want of Stamped Paper, Parchment, or Vel- 
 lum, and that all proceedings shall be valid and effectual without 
 the use of Stamps, and they enjoin and order all Sheriffs, Clerks, 
 Counsellors, Attorneys, and all officers of the Court to proceed in 
 their several avocations as usual, which Resolution and Opinion 
 are grounded on the following and other reasons: 
 
 1st. It is conceived that there has not been a legal publication 
 yet made of any Act of Parliament whatever imposing a Stamp 
 Duty on the Colonies. Therefore this Court are of opinion that 
 until the existence of such an Act is properly notified, it would be 
 
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 179 
 
 culpable in them to permit or suffer a total stagnation of business, 
 which must inevitably be productive of innumerable injuries to 
 individuals, and have a tendency to subvert all principles of civil 
 government, 
 
 2d. As no Stamps are yet arrived in this Province, and the in- 
 habitants have no means of procuring any, this Court are of 
 opinion that it would be an injustice of the most wanton oppres- 
 sion to deprive any person of a legal remedy for the recovery of 
 his property for omitting that which it is impossible to perform. 118 
 
 The clerk of the court, to protect himself, refused to 
 comply with this order, whereupon the Court ordered 
 
 That John Darnall, clerk of this Court, be committed to the 
 custody of the sheriff of this county for a contempt of the authority 
 of this court, he having refused to comply with the foregoing 
 order of this Court relative to the execution of his office in issuing 
 processes and making the necessary entries of the Court's proceed- 
 ings; and that he stands committed for the above offense until he 
 comply with the above mentioned order. 119 
 
 On the issuance of this order the clerk submitted to the 
 order of the court, paid the costs and was discharged. 
 This was the beginning of the overthrow of the Stamp 
 Act, and on November 30 a celebration in honor of the 
 decision of the court was held at Frederick. The Mary- 
 land Gazette of December 16, 1765, gives an extended 
 account of this celebration, which is quoted by Scharf. 120 
 The action taken in Frederick county was followed in other 
 parts of the province, so that so far as Maryland was con- 
 cerned the Stamp Act was absolutely disregarded. The 
 law was repealed on March 18, 1766. 
 
 The next year, however, a law was passed imposing 
 
 118 Scharf's " History of Western Maryland," Vol. I., p. 122. 
 
 us Ibid. 
 
 120 History of Western Maryland, Vol. I., p. 122. 
 
180 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 duties on glass, paper, pasteboard, white and red lead, 
 painters' colors, and tea imported into the colonies. The 
 passage of this act quickly revived the opposition of the 
 colonists, and associations were formed to oppose the col- 
 lection of the taxes, the members pledging themselves to 
 non-importation. These pledges were generally strictly 
 adhered to, although occasionally some merchant, seeing 
 a chance to make a good profit, violated the conditions of 
 the agreement. But the punishment for such actions was 
 swift and sure, and the instances of it were rare. " In 
 October, 1769, a number of wagons of contraband goods, 
 valued at three hundred pounds, were shipped from Penn- 
 sylvania to Frederick, and not being accompanied with 
 the proper certificates, they were stored at the risk and cost 
 of the owners." 121 
 
 Meetings to protest against the imposition of these taxes 
 were held in all the counties. The Maryland Gazette gives 
 an account of a meeting held in Frederick county on August 
 28, 1770. The place of meeting was a school house, near 
 Troxell's mill, on Tom's creek. Among those present were 
 William Blair, James Shields, Sr., William Shields, Charles 
 Robinson, Patrick Haney, Robert Brown, Henry Hocker- 
 smith, William Elder, son of Guy, Samuel Westfall, 
 Moses Kennedy, Alexander Stewart, William Curran, Jr., 
 Charles Carroll, William Koontz, Christian Hoover, John 
 Smith, Daniel McLean, John Faires, John Long, Arthur 
 Row, John Crabs, Moses Ambrose, George Kelly, Walter 
 Dulany, Thomas J. Bowie, James Park, Robert Agnew, 
 John Corrick, Frederick Troxell, Rudolf Nead, Octavius 
 S. Taney, George Ovelman, Dominick Bradley, Thomas 
 Hughes, Philip Weller, Jacob Valentine, William Brawner, 
 Thomas Martin, Daniel Morrison, William Munroe, and 
 
 121 Scharf's " History of Western Maryland," Vol. I., p. 124. 
 
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 181 
 
 Henry Brook. At this meeting the following resolution 
 was adopted: 
 
 Resolved, by the inhabitants of Tom's Creek, Frederick County, 
 in the province of Maryland, loyal to their king and country that 
 we reaffirm the great Magna Charta of our Civil and Religious 
 Rights, as granted by Charles of England to Lord Baltimore and 
 the inhabitants of this colony, as reaffirmed on the first landing of 
 the Pilgrim Fathers of Maryland, that there shall be a perfect 
 freedom of conscience, and every person be allowed to enjoy his 
 religious and political privileges and immunities unmolested. 
 
 The opposition of the colonists to the imposition of 
 these taxes and the adoption of a policy of non-importa- 
 tion were so general that the British government found it 
 impossible to enforce the law, and with the exception of 
 the tax on tea it was allowed to fall into abeyance. With 
 the destruction of the cargo of tea in Boston harbor and 
 the subsequent passage of the Boston Port Bill, in 1774, 
 the indignation of the colonists and their determination to 
 oppose the oppressive measures of the British government 
 became so intense that the majority of the people were 
 ready to follow any one who would take a determined stand 
 against the unpopular measures. At that period the ma- 
 jority of the population of Maryland lived in the western 
 part of the province, within the limits of what was then 
 Frederick county, and of these by far the greater number 
 were the Germans who had come down from Pennsylvania, 
 and their descendants. These people had abondoned their 
 homes across the ocean and had come to America to escape 
 from just such oppression, and it was but natural, there- 
 fore, that they should quickly resent any attempts of the 
 British government to enforce what appeared to be unjust 
 laws, particularly in the matter of taxation. The inhabi- 
 tants of Frederick county, therefore, generally took the 
 
1 82 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 lead in proposing measures for the relief of the people. 
 Their action following the passage of the Boston Port Bill 
 was prompt. On June n, 1774, the inhabitants of the 
 lower part of Frederick county held a largely attended 
 meeting at the tavern of Charles Hungerford. They 
 elected Henry Griffith moderator and adopted the follow- 
 ing resolutions: 
 
 Resolved unanimously. That it is the opinion of this meeting 
 that the town of Boston is now suffering in the common cause of 
 America. 
 
 Resolved, unanimously, That every legal and constitutional 
 measure ought to be used by all America for procuring a repeal of 
 the act of Parliament for blocking up the harbor of Boston. 
 
 Resolved, unanimously , That it is the opinion of this meeting 
 that the most effectual means for the securing American freedom 
 will be to break off all commerce with Great Britain and the West 
 Indies until the said act be repealed, and the right of taxation 
 given up on permanent principles. 
 
 Resolved^ unanimously, That Mr. Henry Griffith, Dr. Thomas 
 Sprigg Wootton, Nathan Magruder, Evan Thomas, Richard 
 Brooke, Richard Thomas, Zadok Magruder, Dr. William Baker, 
 Thomas Cramphin, Jr., and Allen Bowie be a committee to attend 
 the general committee at Annapolis, and of correspondence for the 
 lower part of Frederick county, and that any six of them shall have 
 power to receive and communicate intelligence to and from their 
 neighboring committees. 
 
 Resolved, unanimously, That a copy of these our sentiments be 
 immediately transmitted to Annapolis, and inserted in the Mary- 
 land Gazette. Signed per oraer, 
 
 Archibald Orme, Clerk. 122 
 
 Nine days later, on June 20, a meeting was held in the 
 court house at Frederick, at which John Hanson presided, 
 and the following resolutions were adopted : 
 
 i- 22 Force's "American Archives," Series IV., Vol. I., p. 403. 
 
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 183 
 
 I. Resolved, That it is the opinion of this meeting that the town 
 of Boston is now suffering in the common cause of America, and 
 that it is the duty of every colony in America to unite in the most 
 effectual means to obtain a repeal of the late act of Parliament for 
 blocking up the harbor of Boston. 
 
 II. That it is the opinion of a great majority of this meeting 
 that if the colonies come into a joint resolution to stop all imports 
 from, and exports to, Great Britain and the West Indies till the 
 act of Parliament for blocking up the harbor of Boston, as well 
 as every other act oppressive to American liberty, be repealed, the 
 same may be the means of preserving to America her rights, liberties 
 and privileges. 
 
 III. That, therefore, this meeting will join in an association 
 with the several counties in this province and the principal colonies 
 in America to put a stop to all exports to, and imports from, Great 
 Britain and the West Indies, shipped after the 25th day of July 
 next, or such other day as may be agreed on, until the said acts 
 shall be repealed, and that such association shall be upon oath. 
 
 IV. That we, the inhabitants of Frederick county, will not deal 
 or have any connections with that colony, province, or town which 
 shall decline or refuse to come into similar resolutions with a 
 majority of the colonies. 
 
 V. That no suit shall be commenced after the stop shall be put 
 to imports and exports for the recovery of any debt due to any 
 person whatsoever, unless the debtor be about to abscond, or being 
 appealed to shall refuse to give bond and security. 
 
 VI. That Messrs. John Hanson, Thomas Price, George Scott, 
 Benjamin Dulany, George Murdock, Philip Thomas, Alexander 
 C. Hanson, Baker Johnson, and Andrew Scott be a committee to 
 attend the general congress at Annapolis, and that those gentlemen, 
 together with Messrs. John Cary, Christopher Edelen, Conrad 
 Groth, Thomas Schley, Peter Hoffman, and Archibald Boyd, be a 
 committee of correspondence to receive and answer letters, and in 
 any emergency to call a general meeting, and that any six shall have 
 power to act. 
 
184 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Ordered, that these resolves be immediately sent to Annapolis, 
 that they may be printed in the Maryland Gazette. 
 
 Signed per order, 
 
 Archibald Boyd, CI. Com. 123 
 
 The inhabitants of the upper part of Frederick county 
 met at Elizabeth-Town, now Hagerstown, on July 2. The 
 Maryland Gazette gives the following account of this 
 meeting: 
 
 On Saturday, the 2d of July, 1774, about eight hundred of the 
 principal inhabitants of the upper part of Frederick County, Md., 
 assembled at Elizabeth Town, and being deeply impressed with a 
 sense of the danger to which their natural and constitutional rights 
 and privileges were exposed by the arbitrary measures of the 
 British Parliament, do think it their duty to declare publicly their 
 sentiments on so interesting a subject, and to enter into such Reso- 
 lutions as may be the means of preferring their freedom. After 
 choosing John Stull, Esq., their Moderator, the following resolves 
 were unanimously entered into: 
 
 I. That the Act of Parliament for blocking up the harbor of 
 the Town of Boston is a dangerous invasion of American liberty, 
 and that the town of Boston is now suffering in the common cause, 
 and ought to be assisted by the other Colonies. 
 
 II. That the stopping all commercial intercourse with Great 
 Britain will be the most effectual means for fixing our Liberties 
 on the footing we desire. 
 
 III. That a general congress of Delegates from the several 
 colonies to effect a uniform plan of conduct for all America is 
 highly necessary, and that we will strictly adhere to any measure 
 that may be adopted by them for the preservation of our Liberties. 
 
 IV. That the surest means for continuing a people free and happy 
 is the disusing all luxuries, and depending only on their own fields 
 and flocks for the comfortable necessaries of Life. 
 
 123 Force's "American Archives," Series IV., Vol. I., p. 433. 
 
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 185 
 
 V. That they will not, after this day, drink any Tea, nor suffer 
 the same to be used in their Families, until the Act for laying 
 duty thereon be repealed. 
 
 VI. That they will not, after this day, kill any sheep under three 
 years old. 
 
 VII. That they will immediately prepare for manufacturing 
 their own clothing. 
 
 VIII. That they will immediately open a subscription for the 
 relief of their suffering Brethren in Boston. 
 
 After choosing John Stull, Samuel Hughes, Jonathan Hager, 
 Conrad Hogmire, Henry Snebley, Richard Davis, John Swan, 
 Charles Swearingen, Thomas Brooke, William McGlury, and Elie 
 Williams as a committee, they proceeded to show their disappro- 
 bation of Lord North's Conduct with regard to America by Hang- 
 ing and burning his Effigy, after which a subscription was opened 
 for the relief of the Poor of Boston. In consequence of the Fifth 
 Resolve, a number of mercantile Gentlemen solemnly declared that 
 they would send off all the Tea they had on hand and that they 
 would not purchase any more until the Act laying a duty thereon 
 be repealed, among which number was a certain John Parks. 
 
 A great deal has been written concerning the " Boston 
 Tea-party," but there were tea-parties in other parts of the 
 colonies which, while they may not have been so spectacular 
 as the one at Boston, were just as effective in the results 
 obtained. As McSherry says "Long before the destruc- 
 tion of tea in Boston harbor by disguised men the patriots 
 of Maryland calmly, openly, and in the presence of the 
 governor and the provincial officers discussed and set at 
 defiance this obnoxious act and prevented its execution." 124 
 The most spectacular occurrence of this kind in Maryland 
 was the destruction of the brig Peggy Stewart. In October, 
 1774, that vessel arrived at Annapolis having among its 
 
 124 "History of Maryland," revised ed., p. 136. 
 
1 86 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 cargo several packages of tea consigned to Thomas Wil- 
 liams & Co. The vessel was owned by Anthony Stewart, 
 who paid the duty on the tea. As soon as this became 
 known a public meeting was called at which the greatest 
 indignation was expressed. The merchants who received 
 the tea were present at the meeting and publicly apologized 
 for having done so and agreed to burn the tea. But this 
 did not entirely satisfy the people, who openly made threats 
 against the vessel and its owner. Mr. Stewart, in order to 
 quiet the people, offered to destroy the vessel himself. 
 This proposition was accepted and Mr. Stewart, accom- 
 panied by the merchants to whom the tea was consigned, 
 went aboard the Peggy Stewart, ran her aground at Wind- 
 mill Point, and set fire to her in the presence of a great 
 crowd of people. 
 
 In the account given above of the meeting at Elizabeth- 
 Town "a certain John Parks" is mentioned. It seems 
 that Parks did not abide by the agreement not to buy any 
 more tea, and when it was discovered that he had a chest of 
 tea in his possession he was summoned before the Com- 
 mittee. He admitted the fact and agreed to deliver the tea 
 to the Committee. The Maryland Gazette of December 
 22, 1774, gives the following account of the subsequent 
 proceedings in this case : 
 
 The committee for the upper part of Frederick county, Mary- 
 land, having met at Elizabeth Town, on the 26th of November, 
 which was the day appointed for the delivery of John Park's chest 
 of tea, in consequence of his agreement published in the Maryland 
 Journal of the 16th ult. After a demand was made of the same, 
 Mr. Parks offered a chest of tea, found on a certain Andrew Gib- 
 son's plantation, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, by the com- 
 mittee for that place, which tea he declared was the same he 
 promised to deliver. 
 
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 187 
 
 The committee are sorry to say that they have great reason to 
 believe, and indeed with almost a certainty, that the said chest of 
 tea was in Cumberland county at the time Parks said upon oath it 
 was at Christen Bridge. 
 
 After mature deliberation, the Committee were of opinion, that 
 Parks should go with his hat off, and lighted torches in his hands, 
 and set fire to the tea, which he accordingly did, and the same was 
 consumed to ashes, amongst the acclamations of a numerous body 
 of people. The Committee were also of opinion that no further 
 intercourse should be had with the said Parks. Every friend to 
 liberty is requested to pay due attention to the same. 
 
 Voted, the thanks of this committee to that of Cumberland 
 county, for their prudent and spirited behaviour upon this occasion. 
 
 Signed by order of the committee, 
 
 John Stull, President. 
 
 N. B. The populace thought the measures adopted by the com- 
 mittee were inadequate to the transgression, and satisfied them- 
 selves by breaking his door and windows. 125 
 
 On November 18, 1774, a meeting of the qualified 
 voters of Frederick county was held at the court house in 
 Frederick and the following gentlemen were named to 
 represent the county, and to carry into execution the asso- 
 ciation agreed upon by the Continental Congress: Charles 
 Beatty, Henry Griffith, Thomas Sprigg Wooton, Jacob 
 Hunk, Nath. Magruder, Richard Thomas, Evan Thomas, 
 Richard Brooke, Zadock Magruder, William Baker, 
 Thomas Cramphin, Jr., John Murdock, Thomas Jones, 
 Allen Bowie, Jr., William Deakins, Jr., Bernard O'Neal, 
 Brook Beall, Edward Burgess, Charles G. Griffith, Henry 
 Griffith, Jr., Wm. Bayley, Jr., Samuef W. Magruder, 
 Nath. Offutt, Archibald Orm, Joseph Threlkeld, Walter 
 Smith, Thos. Beall of George, Richard Crab, William 
 
 "5 Force's " American Archives," Fourth Series, Vol. I., p. 1009; Ridgely's 
 "Annals of Annapolis," p. 164. 
 
1 88 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Luckett, William Luckett, Jr., Greenbury Griffith, Samuel 
 Griffith, John Hanson, Thomas Price, Thomas Bowles, 
 Conrad Grosh, Thomas Schley, Jonathan Wilson, Francis 
 Deakins, Casper Schaaf, Peter Hoffman, George Scott, 
 Baker Johnson, Philip Thomas, Alexander C. Hanson, 
 Archibald Boyd, Arthur Nelson, Andrew Scott, George 
 Strieker, Adam Fisher, Wm. Ludwick, Weltner Van 
 Swearengen, William J. Beall, Jacob Young, Peter Grosh, 
 iEneas Campbell, Elias Bruner, Frederick Kemp, John 
 Haas, John Romsburg, Thomas Hawkins, Upton Sher- 
 edine, John Lawrence, Basil Dorsey, Charles Warfield, 
 Ephraim Howard, Joseph Wells, David Moore, Joseph 
 Wood, Norman Bruce, William Blair, David Schriver, 
 Roger Johnson, Henry Cock, Robert Wood, William 
 Albaugh, Jacob Mathias, Henry Crawle, Jacob Ambrose, 
 David Richards, William Winchester, Philip Fishburn, 
 William Hobbs, Thomas Cresap, Thomas Warren, Thos. 
 Humphreys, Richard Davis, Jr., Charles Clinton, James 
 Prather, George Brent, James Johnson, James Smith, 
 Joseph Chapline, John Stull, Samuel Beall, Jr., William 
 Baird, Joseph Sprigg, Christian Orendorf, Jonathan 
 Hager, Conrad Hogmire, Charles Swearengen, Henry 
 Snavely, Richard Davis, Samuel Hughes, Joseph Perry, 
 John Jugerhorn, Joseph Smith, Thomas Hog, Thomas 
 Prather, William McClary, John Swan, Eli Williams, 
 Stophall Burkett, and Thomas Brooke. 126 Any five of 
 them had power to act. 
 
 At the same time the following were named as a Com- 
 mittee of Correspondence: Charles Beatty, Thos. Sprigg 
 Wooton, John Hanson, Thomas Bowles, Casper Shaaf, 
 Thomas Price, Baker Johnson, Philip Thomas, George 
 Murdock, Alexander C. Hanson, Thomas Cramphin, Jr., 
 William Bayley, Jr., Evan Thomas, Richard Brooke, 
 
 126 Force's " American Archives," Fouth Series, Vol. I., p. 986. 
 
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 189 
 
 Thomas Johns, Walter Smith, William Deakins, John 
 Murdock, Bernard O'Neal, John Stull, Samuel Beall, Jr., 
 James Smith, Joseph Chapline, Joseph Sprigg, Charles 
 Swearengen, Rich. Davis, Jonathan Hager, and Joseph 
 Perry. 
 
 The following were also elected to attend the Provincial 
 Convention : Charles Beatty, Henry Griffith, Thos. Sprigg 
 Wooton, Jacob Funk, Evan Thomas, Richard Brooke, 
 Upton Sheredine, Baker Johnson, Thomas Price, Joseph 
 Chapline, and James Smith. 
 
 The Provincial Convention, which met on December 
 8, adopted resolutions recommending that the inhabitants 
 of the province, from sixteen to fifty years of age, form 
 themselves into companies of sixty-eight men, and elect a 
 captain, two lieutenants, an ensign, four sergeants, four 
 corporals, and a drummer for each company, and to use 
 their utmost endeavors to make themselves masters of mili- 
 tary exercise. It was also recommended that each man be 
 provided with a good firelock and bayonet fixed thereon, 
 half a pound of powder, two pounds of lead, and a car- 
 touch-box or powder-horn, and a bag for ball, and be in 
 readiness to act in any emergency. 
 
 When they had made up their minds to act, the citizens 
 of Frederick county were fired with enthusiasm, and in 
 order that all the necessary precautions might be taken 
 another meeting of the citizens of the county was called 
 to be held at the court house on Tuesday, January 24, 
 1775. At this meeting John Hanson was made chairman, 
 and Archibald Boyd, secretary. The association and re- 
 solves of the American Congress and the proceedings of 
 the last Provincial Convention were read and unanimously 
 approved, and the following resolutions adopted : 127 
 
 127 Force's "American Archives," Fourth Series, Vol. I., p. 1173. 
 
190 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 I. Resolvedj That Messrs. Charles Beatty, Henry Griffith, 
 Thomas Sprigg Wooton, Jacob Funk, and Nathan Magruder, 
 Richard Brooke, Zadock Magruder, William Baker, Thomas 
 Cramphin, Jr., Alexander Bowie, Jr., William Deakins, Jr., John 
 Murdock, Thomas Johns, Bernard O'Neal, Brooke Beall, Edward 
 Burgess, Charles G. Griffith, Henry Griffith, Jr., William Bayley, 
 Jr., Samuel Magruder, Nathaniel Qffutt, Archibald Orme, Joseph 
 Threlkeld, Walter Smith, Thomas Beall of George, Richard 
 Crabb, William Luckett, William Luckett, Jr., Greenbury Grif- 
 fith, Samuel Griffith, John Hanson, Thomas Price, Thomas 
 Bowles, Conrad Grosh, Thomas Archley, Jonathan Wilson, Francis 
 Deakins, Casper Schaaff, Peter Hoffman, George Scott, Baker 
 Johnson, Philip Thomas, Alexander C. Hanson, Archibald Boyd, 
 Arthur Nelson, Andrew Scott, George Strieker, Adam Fisher, Wm. 
 Ludwick, Weltner Van Swearengen, Wm. M. Beall, Jacob 
 Young, Peter Grosh, .ZEneas Campbell, Elias Brunner, Frederick 
 Kemp, John Haas, John Remsburg, Thomas Hawkins, Upton 
 Sheredine, Basil Dorsey, John Lawrence, Charles Warfield, 
 Ephraim Howard, Joseph Wells, David Moore, Joseph Wood, 
 Norman Bruce, William Blair, David Schriver, Roger Johnson, 
 Henry Cock, Robert Wood, William Albaugh, Jacob Mathias, 
 Henry Crawle, Jacob Ambrose, David Richards, William Win- 
 chester, Philip Fishburn, William Hobbs, Thomas Cresap, Thomas 
 Warren, Thomas Humphreys, Richard Davis, Jr., Charles Clinton, 
 James Prather, George Bent, James Johnson, James Smith, Joseph 
 Chapline, John Stull, Samuel Beall, Jr., William Baird, Joseph 
 Sprigg, Christian Orendorff, Jonathan Hager, Conrad Hogmire, 
 Charles Swearingen, Henry Snavely, Richard Davis, Samuel 
 Hughes, Joseph Perry, Joseph Smith, Thomas Hog, Thomas 
 Prather, William McClary, John Swan, Eli Williams, Christopher 
 Burkett, Thomas Brooke, Michael Raymer, Nicholas Tice, John 
 Adlum, Samuel Norwood, Bartholomew Booth, Jacob Boyer, 
 Michael Jacob Miller, Andrew Bruce, John Darnall, John Rems- 
 burg, William Dorran, John Key, John Beall, John McCallister, 
 Charles Beall, Lewis Kemp, John Stoner, Thomas Beatty, Thomas 
 
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 191 
 
 Gilbert, Abraham Hoff, P. Henry Thomas, Jacob Good, Westel 
 Ridgely, Samuel Carrick, Abraham Hosteter, Baltzer Kelcholumer, 
 Samuel Emmet, John Cary, Christopher Edelin, Amos Riggs, 
 John Grimber, Leonard Smith, Nicholas Hower, Richard North- 
 craft, John Herriot, Richard Smith, Zacharias Ellis, Azel Waters, 
 Martin Cassil, James Johnson, George Bare, Benjamin Johnson, 
 and Abraham Paw be a committee of observation, with full powers 
 to prevent any infraction of the said institution, and to carry the 
 resolves of the American Congress and of the Provincial Conven- 
 tion into execution ; that any seventy-five of those gentlemen have 
 power to act for the county, and any five in each of the larger 
 districts be authorized to act in any manner that concerns such 
 Division only. 
 
 II. Resolved, That the gentlemen appointed at the last meeting 
 of this County a committee of Correspondence be hereby con- 
 tinued, and that the duration of their authority be limited to the 
 second Tuesday in October next. 
 
 III. Resolved, As the most convenient and effectual method 
 of raising the sum of $1,333, being this County's proportion of the 
 $10,000 which the provincial convention has appointed to be raised 
 for the purchase of arms and ammunition, that a subscription be 
 immediately opened in every part of the County, and the following 
 gentlemen be appointed to promote such subscriptions in their 
 several Hundreds: 
 
 For Salisbury Hundred, Jonathan Hager, Henry Snavely and 
 Jacob Sellers. 
 
 For Upper Catoclin, Peter Bainbridge, Benjamin Eastburn, 
 Caspar Smith, and Thomas Johnson. 
 
 For the Lower part of New Foundland, Edward Burgess, Walter 
 Beall, Joseph Perry. 
 
 For Skipton, Thomas Cresap, Moses Rawlings, and Richard 
 Davis, Jr. 
 
 For Georgetown, William Deakins, Thomas Johns, Walter 
 Smith. 
 
 For Sharpsburg, Joseph Chapline and Christian Orendorf. 
 
192 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 For Lower part of Potomack Hundred, William Bayley, Sam- 
 uel Wade Magruder, Andrew Hugh, and Charles Jones. 
 
 For Tom's Creek Hundred, William Blair, William Sheales, 
 and Benjamin Ogle. 
 
 For Catoclin Hundred, George Strieker, William Luckett, Jr., 
 and Westel Ridgely. 
 
 For Upper Antietam Hundred, Jacob Funk, Conrad Hogmire, 
 Joseph Perry, John Ingram. 
 
 For Linton Hundred, Martin Johnson, and Joseph Flint. 
 
 For Cumberland Hundred, Charles Clinton. 
 
 For Middle Monocacy, Thomas Beatty, Mathias Ringer, Chris- 
 topher Stull, and T. Flemming. 
 
 For Rock Creek Hundred, Thomas Cramphin, Zadock Magru- 
 der, W. Baker, and Allen Bowie. 
 
 For Sugar Loaf Hundred, Francis Deakins, R. Smith, L. Plum- 
 mer, Z. Waters, and Z. Linthicum. 
 
 For Burnt Woods Hundred, Ephraim Howard, Charles War- 
 field, David Moore, John Lawrence, Henry Crowle, and William 
 Hobbs. 
 
 For Lower Antietam Hundred, Thomas Hog, Henry Butler, 
 and Thomas Cramphin. 
 
 For Linganore Hundred, John Beall, Charles G. Griffith, Nicho- 
 las Hobbs, Basil Dorsey, and William Duva.ll.~~ 
 
 For Conococheague, David Jones Isaac Baker, and Jacob Friend. 
 
 For Piney Creek Hundred, Jacob Good, John McCallister, 
 Samuel McFarren, Abraham Hiter, and John Key. 
 
 For Lower Monocacy Hundred, Lewis Kemp, John Darnall, 
 Thomas Nowland, and Leonard Smith. 
 
 For Northwest Hundred, Samuel Harwood, Peter Becraft, and 
 Richard Beall, of Samuel. 
 
 For Marsh Hundred, Charles Swearingen, Eli Williams, James 
 Smith, Richard Davis, and George Swimley. 
 
 For Upper Part of Potomac Hundred, Brooke Beall, Samuel 
 West, Nathaniel Offutt, and Alexander Clagett. 
 
 For Seneca, Charles Perry, Richard Crabb, Gerard Briscoe. 
 
The £ he-Revolutionary Period. 193 
 
 For Pipe Creek Hundred, Andrew Bruce, William Winchester, 
 David Schriver, and Nathaniel Norris. 
 
 For Manor Hundred, William Beatty, Joseph Wood, Jr., Azel 
 Waters, John Remsburg, Abraham Hoff, and Valentine Creager. 
 
 For Upper Part of Monocacy Hundred, Henry Cox, Roger 
 Johnson, Richard Butler. 
 
 For Upper Part of New Foundland Hundred, Henry Griffith, 
 Richard Brooke, and Henry Gaither, Sr. 
 
 For Elizabeth Hundred, John Stull, Otho Holland Williams, 
 John Swan, and John Rench. 
 
 For Fredericktown Hundred, Phil. Thomas, Thomas Price, 
 Baker Johnson, Peter Hoffman, and Ludwick Weltner. 
 
 For Fort Frederick Hundred, Ezekiah Cox. 
 
 For Sugar Land Hundred, /Eneas Campbell, John Fletcher, 
 John Luckett, Alexander Whitaker, and Solomon Simpson. 
 
 The said gentlemen are instructed to apply personally, or by 
 Deupty, to every freeman in their respective Districts, and to 
 solicit a generous contribution. 
 
 They are ordered to state accounts of money received, and pay it 
 to the Committee of Correspondence, which is hereby appointed 
 to meet at Fredericktown, the 23d day of March next: and they 
 are further ordered to report to the said Committee the names of 
 persons (if any) who shall refuse to subscribe. 
 
 IV. That Messrs. Thomas Johnson, William Deakins, Charles 
 Beatty, George Murdock, John Stull, and John Swan, or any one 
 of them, be empowered to contract, in behalf of the Committee of 
 Correspondence, for any quantity of powder and Lead, to be paid 
 for on the said 23d day of March. 
 
 V. In order that a committee of observation may be more con- 
 veniently chosen, and a more proper representation of the people 
 may be had, the several collectors in each Hundred are desired to 
 give notice to those qualified by their estates to vote for Repre- 
 sentatives of some time and place of meeting in the Hundred, to 
 
 elect members for a Committee, agreeably to the following 
 regulation. 
 13* 
 
194 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 When the number of taxables exceed two hundred, and amounts 
 to not more than four hundred, the District shall elect three mem- 
 bers. The Collectors are ordered to return such Representatives 
 to the Committee of Correspondence on the 23d day of March; 
 the Committee so chosen shall then meet, and the authority of the 
 present Committee of Observation shall be dissolved. 
 
 VI. Resolved, That Messrs. John Hanson, Charles Beatty, 
 Upton Sheredine, Baker Johnson, Philip Thomas, Jacob Funk, 
 Samuell Beall, Joseph Chapline, John Stull, James Smith, Henry 
 Griffith, Thomas Sprigg Wootton, Richard Brooke, William 
 Deakins, and Thomas Cramphine, or any five of them, shall repre- 
 sent this County to any Provincial convention to be held at the 
 city of Annapolis before the second Tuesday of October next. A 
 petition from the People called Dunkers and Mennonists was 
 read. They express a willingness freely to contribute their money 
 in support of the common cause of America, but pray an exemp- 
 tion from the Military Exercise on the score of their Religious 
 Principles. 
 
 Resolved, That this petition be referred to the Committee to be 
 chosen agreeably to the fifth Resolve. In the mean time it is 
 strictly enjoined that no violence be offered to the person or prop- 
 erty of any one, but that all grounds of complaint be referred to 
 said Committee. 
 
 Arch. Boyd, Clerk. 
 
 Although making preparations to be ready for any con- 
 tingency, the German citizens of Maryland were not, as a 
 rule, prepared to go to the length of severing their con- 
 nection with Great Britain. They considered that their 
 rights had been invaded, but they also thought that this 
 matter could be adjusted by the British government with- 
 out going to the length of a separation of the colonies from 
 the mother country. In the latter part of 1774 the magi- 
 strates of Frederick county adopted the folowing address 
 to their representatives in the Provincial Convention : 
 
The Pre-Revolutionary Period. 195 
 
 Address of the Magistrates of Frederick County, Maryland, to 
 the Honourable Matthew Tilghman, Thomas Johnson, Robert 
 Goldsborough, William Paca and Samuel Chase, Esquires. 
 
 We the Subscribers, Magistrates of Frederick County, sensible of 
 the disinterested services you have rendered your county on many 
 occasions, but particularly as Deputies from this Province to the 
 Continental Congress, beg leave to return you our sincere acknowl- 
 edgements. The whole of the proceedings of that important As- 
 sembly are so replete with loyalty to the King; with tenderness to 
 the interest of our fellow-subjects in Great Britain ; and above all, 
 reverential regard to the rights and liberties of America, that they 
 cannot fail to endear you to every American, and your memory to 
 their latest posterity. 128 
 
 The magistrates who signed this address were chiefly of 
 English extraction, but at the same time the Grand Jury, 
 made up partly of German citizens, also forwarded an ad- 
 dress to the same representatives. In this address, after 
 endorsing the action of the Continental Congress, the Grand 
 Jury goes on to say: "Permit us, gentlemen, to observe, 
 that Councils tampered with such filial loyalty to the Sov- 
 ereign, such fraternal delicacy for the sufferings of our 
 friends in Great Britain, and at the same, with such un- 
 shaken zeal for the preservation of the inestimable privi- 
 leges derived from our admirable Constitution, cannot 
 fail to give weight and influence to the cause, and must 
 moderate and relax the minds of our most poignant 
 enemies." 129 
 
 But, as Dr. Steiner says, "The 'most poignant enemy' 
 was King George, and when the men of Frederick dis- 
 covered that fact, all 'filial loyalty' was lost and they 
 girded themselves for the fray." 
 
 128 Force's " American Archives," Series IV., Vol. I., p. 992. 
 
 129 Ibid., p. 993. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Preparing for the Struggle. 
 
 
 EXINGTON and Bunker 
 Hill will always be bril- 
 liantly illuminted pages in the 
 history of America, and the 
 Minute Men who had the te- 
 merity to contest the advance 
 of Major Pitcairn and his reg- 
 ulars, and the farmer boys be- 
 hind the fence on Breed's Hill who twice drove back the 
 crack Welsh Fusileers, will always be entitled to their due 
 meed of praise. They were the advance guard in the 
 struggle with the mother country, and were steadfast in 
 the hour of need, and are justly honored for the part 
 they played. But after they had begun the contest and 
 others were needed to reinforce them and continue the 
 work, it was the sturdy Germans from the south: from 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland, who hurried to their aid. 
 The first troops from the other provinces to reach Cam- 
 bridge after the battle of Bunker Hill were the two com- 
 
 196 
 
Preparing for the Struggle. 197 
 
 panies from Frederick county, Maryland, made up largely 
 of Germans. This was but the beginning, and although 
 many of these Germans were opposed to war and had come 
 to this country to escape from the burdens imposed upon 
 them by it, they left their homes and their untilled fields 
 and joined the bands of patriots, prepared to back their 
 desire for the freedom they had been promised with the 
 rifle and bayonet. It is impossible to estimate the full value 
 of their services, but considering the numbers of them who 
 served in the patriot army throughout the war, it can be 
 stated as an incontrovertible fact that without the aid of 
 the Germans from Pennsylvania and Maryland the issue 
 of the Revolutionary War would have been more than 
 doubtful. 
 
 The news of the fight at Lexington reached Annapolis 
 on the morning of April 26th, and couriers rapidly carried 
 it to all parts of the colony. The excitement produced by 
 the information that the war had been begun had scarcely 
 begun to subside when news was received of the battle of 
 Bunker Hill, which was fought on June 17, 1775. Three 
 days before the Continental Congress had adopted a reso- 
 lution providing for a battalion of riflemen, two companies 
 of which were to be raised in Maryland, two in Virginia, 
 and six in Pennsylvania. The two Maryland companies 
 were assigned to Frederick county, and it was ordered that 
 as soon as they were enlisted they were to be marched to 
 Boston. A meeting of the Committee of Observation for 
 Frederick county was held in the court-house at Frederick 
 on June 21, and at this meeting John Hanson, chairman of 
 the Maryland delegation to the Continental Congress, 
 read the resolution adopted by that body just a week 
 before. The committee at once adopted a resolution direct- 
 ing that the two companies of expert riflemen be forth- 
 
198 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 with raised and named the following officers for the 
 companies : 
 
 First Company. — Michael Cresap, captain; Thomas 
 Warren, Joseph Cresap, Jr., and Richard Davis, Jr., 
 lieutenants. 
 
 Second Company. — Thomas Price, captain; Otho Hol- 
 land Williams and John Ross Key, lieutenants. 
 
 These companies were promptly recruited from among 
 the expert riflemen of Frederick county, a large propor- 
 tion of whom were Germans. Unfortunately the muster 
 rolls of these companies have not been preserved, or at 
 least cannot be found, so that the names of these patriots 
 cannot be given. So prompt was the organization of these 
 companies that by the middle of July they were ready to 
 start on their march to Boston. The appearance of these 
 riflemen and their skill as marksmen attracted attention 
 everywhere. Writing to a friend in Philadelphia, under 
 date of August 1, 1775, a gentleman in Frederick says: 130 
 
 Notwithstanding the urgency of my business, I have been detained 
 three days in this place by an occurrence truly agreeable. I have 
 had the happiness of seeing Captain Michael Cresap marching at 
 the head of a formidable company of upwards of one hundred and 
 thirty men, from the mountains and backwoods, painted like 
 Indians, armed with tomahawks and rifles, dressed in hunting- 
 shirts and moccasins, and though some of them had travelled near 
 eight hundred miles from the banks of the Ohio, they seemed to 
 walk light and easy, and not with less spirit than at the first hour 
 of their march. Health and vigour, after what they had undergone, 
 declared them to be intimate with hardship and familiar with 
 danger. Joy and satisfaction were visible in the crowd that met 
 them. Had Lord North been present, and been assured that the 
 brave leader could raise thousands of such like to defend his Coun- 
 
 130 Force's " American Archives," Fourth Series, Vol. III., p. z. 
 
Preparing for the Struggle. 199 
 
 try, what think you, would not the hatchet and block have intruded 
 upon his mind? I had an opportunity of attending the Captain 
 during his stay in Town, and watched the behaviour of his men, 
 and the manner in which he treated them ; for it seems that all who 
 go out to war under him do not only pay the most willing obedi- 
 ence to him as their commander, but in every instance of distress 
 look up to him as their friend or father. A great part of his time 
 was spent in listening to and relieving their wants, without any 
 apparent sense of fatigue and trouble. When complaints were 
 before him he determined with kindness and spirit, and on every 
 occasion condescended to please without losing his dignity. 
 
 Yesterday the company were supplied with a small quantity of 
 powder from the magazine, which wanted airing, and was not in 
 good order for rifles ; in the evening, however, they were drawn out 
 to show the gentlemen of the Town their dexterity at shooting. A 
 clapboard, with a mark the size of a dollar, was put up; they began 
 to fire offhand, and the bystanders were surprised, few shots being 
 made that were not close to or in the paper. When they had shot 
 for a time in this way, some lay on their backs, some on their breasts 
 or side, others ran twenty or thirty steps, firing, appeared to equally 
 certain of the mark. With this performance the company were 
 more than satisfied, when a young man took up the board in his 
 hand, not by the end, but by the side, and holding it up, his brother 
 walked to the distance, and very coolly shot into the white ; laying 
 down his rifle, he took the board, and holding it as it was held 
 before, the second brother shot as the former had done. By this 
 exercise I was more astonished than pleased. But will you be- 
 lieve me, when I tell you, that one of the men took the board, 
 and placing it between his legs, stood with his back to the tree 
 while another drove the centre. What would a regular army of 
 considerable strength in the forests of America do with one thou- 
 sand of these men, who want nothing to preserve their health and 
 courage but water from the spring, with a little parched corn, with 
 what they can easily procure in hunting: and who wrapped in their 
 blankets, in the damp of night, would choose the shade of a tree for 
 their covering, and the earth for their bed. 
 
200 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 These two companies of riflemen marched from Fred- 
 erick on July 1 8, 1775, and although their journey of 550 
 miles was over rough and difficult roads, they reached 
 Boston on August 9, without the loss of one man. These 
 troops were the first from the south to reach Cam- 
 bridge, and they naturally attracted considerable attention. 
 Thatcher says: 131 " Several companies of riflemen, amount- 
 ing, it is said, to more than fourteen hundred men, have 
 arrived here from Pennsylvania and Maryland; a distance 
 of from five hundred to seven hundred miles. They are 
 remarkably stout and hardy men ; many of them exceeding 
 six feet in height. They are dressed in white frocks, or 
 rifle shirts, and round hats. These men are remarkable 
 for the accuracy of their aim; striking a mark with great 
 certainty at two hundred yards' distance. At a review, a 
 company of them, while on a quick advance, fired their 
 balls into objects of seven inches diameter at a distance of 
 two hundred and fifty yards. They are now stationed on 
 our lines, and their shot have frequently proved fatal to 
 British officers and soldiers, who expose themselves to view, 
 even at more than double the distance of common musket- 
 shot." 
 
 The next year these companies were incorporated in a 
 regiment of riflemen commanded by Colonel Stephenson, 
 of Virginia. Upon his death Moses Rawlings became colo- 
 nel of the regiment, and Otho Holland Williams, major. 
 Both of these officers were from that part of Frederick 
 county which is now Washington county, Maryland. 
 
 Although, as has been said, a large number of the citi- 
 zens of Maryland were not in favor of a separation from 
 Great Britain, events were moving so rapidly as to compel 
 them to abandon this position. On July 26, 1775, the 
 
 i3i « A Military Journal during the American Revolutionary War," p. 37. 
 
Preparing for the Struggle. 201 
 
 Provincial Convention determined to take the government 
 of the Province into its hands, and adopted the following 
 declaration : 
 
 The long premeditated, and now avowed, design of the British 
 government, to raise a revenue from the property of the colonists 
 without their consent, on the gift, grant, and disposition of the 
 Commons of Great Britain; and the arbitrary and vindictive stat- 
 utes passed under color of subduing a riot, to subdue by military 
 force and by famine the Massachusetts Bay; the unlimited power 
 assumed by Parliament to alter the charter of that Province and the 
 constitutions of all the colonies, thereby destroying the essential 
 securities of the lives, liberties, and properties of the colonists ; the 
 commencement of hostilities by the ministerial forces, and the cruel 
 prosecution of the war against the people of Massachusetts Bay, 
 followed by General Gage's proclamation, declaring almost the 
 whole of the inhabitants of the united colonies, by name or descrip- 
 tion, rebels and traitors; are sufficient causes to arm a free people 
 in defence of their liberty, and justify resistance, no longer dictated 
 by prudence merely, but by necessity; and leave no other alternative 
 but base submission or manly opposition to uncontrollable tyranny. 
 The Congress chose the latter ; and for the express purpose of secur- 
 ing and defending the united colonies, and preserving them in 
 safety against all attempts to carry the above mentioned acts into 
 execution by force of arms, resolved that the said colonies be im- 
 mediately put into a state of defence, and now supports, at the joint 
 expense, an army to restrain the further violence, and repel the 
 future attacks of a disappointed and exasperated enemy. 
 
 We therefore inhabitants of the Province of Maryland, firmly 
 persuaded that it is necessary and justifiable to repel force by force, 
 do approve of the opposition by arms to the British troops em- 
 ployed to enforce obedience to the late acts and statutes of the 
 British Parliament for raising a revenue in America, and altering 
 and changing the charter and constitution of the Massachusetts Bay, 
 and for destroying the essential securities for the lives, liberties, 
 and properties of the subjects in the united colonies. And we do 
 
202 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 unite and associate as one band, and firmly and solemnly engage 
 and pledge ourselves to each other, and to America, that we will, to 
 the utmost of our power, promote and support the present opposi- 
 tion, carrying on as well by arms as by the continental association 
 restraining our commerce. 
 
 And as in these times of public danger, and until a reconcilia- 
 tion with Great Britain on constitutional principles is effected, (an 
 event we ardently wish may soon take place) the energy of govern- 
 ment may be greatly impaired, so that even zeal unrestrained may 
 be productive of anarchy and confusion, we do in like manner unite, 
 associate, and solemnly engage, in maintenance of good order and 
 the public peace, to support the civil power in the due execution of 
 the laws, so far as may be consistent with the present plan of 
 opposition ; and to defend with our utmost power all persons from 
 every species of outrage to themselves or their property, and to 
 prevent any punishment from being inflicted on any offenders other 
 than such as shall be adjudged by the civil magistrate, the Conti- 
 nental Congress, our Convention, Council of Safety, or Com- 
 mittees of Observation. 
 
 The Maryland delegates to the Continental Congress 
 had been forbidden, except under certain circumstances, to 
 agree to any declaration of independence, but it soon became 
 evident that the sentiment of that body was in favor of 
 such a declaration. Consequently, when a resolution to 
 that effect was introduced the Maryland delegates were re- 
 called and the question was referred to the people so that 
 delegates to the Provincial Convention could be elected and 
 given instructions upon the matter. The people of the 
 various counties held their meetings and elected delegates 
 to the convention and instructed these delegates to repeal 
 the restrictions imposed upon the delegates to Congress 
 and to allow them to unite with those of the other colonies 
 in declaring their independence and the formation of a con- 
 federacy. Less than a week before the adoption of the 
 
Preparing for the Struggle. 203 
 
 Declaration of Independence the Maryland Convention 
 rescinded the restrictions placed upon their delegates, so 
 that the latter were able to join in voting for its passage. 
 The Maryland Convention, however, determined to put 
 itself on record, and on July 3, 1776, adopted the following : 
 
 A Declaration of the Delegates of Maryland. 
 
 To be exempted from Parliamentary taxation, and to regulate 
 their internal government and polity, the people of this colony 
 have ever considered as their inherent and unalienable right; with- 
 out the former, they can have no property; without the latter, no 
 security for their lives or liberties. 
 
 The Parliament of Great Britain has of late claimed an uncon- 
 trollable right of binding these colonies in all cases whatsoever ; to 
 enforce an unconditional submission to this claim the legislative 
 and executive powers of that State have invariably pursued for these 
 ten years past a steadier system of oppression, by passing many 
 impolitic, severe, and cruel acts for raising a revenue from the 
 colonists; by depriving them in many cases of the trial by jury; by 
 altering the chartered constitution of our colony, and the entire 
 stoppage of the trade of its capital; by cutting off all intercourse 
 between the colonies ; by restraining them from fishing on their own 
 coasts ; by extending the limits of, and erecting an arbitrary govern- 
 ment in the Province of Quebec ; by confiscating the property of the 
 colonists taken on the seas, and compelling the crews of their ves- 
 sels, under the pain of death, to act against their native country 
 and dearest friends; by declaring all seizures, detention, or de- 
 struction of the persons or property of the colonists, to be legal and 
 just. 
 
 A war unjustly commenced hath been prosecuted against the 
 united colonies with cruelty, outrageous violence, and perfidy; 
 slaves, savages, and foreign mercenaries have been meanly hired to 
 rob a people of their property, liberties and lives; a people guilty 
 of no other crime than deeming the last of no estimation without 
 the secure enjoyment of the former; their humble and dutiful 
 
204 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 petitions for peace, liberty, and safety have been rejected with 
 scorn; secure of, and relying on foreign aid, not on his national 
 forces, the unrelenting monarch of Britain hath at length avowed, 
 by his answer to the city of London, his determined and inexorable 
 resolution of reducing these colonies to abject slavery. 
 
 Compelled by dire necessity, either to surrender our properties, 
 liberties, and lives into the hands of a British King and Parlia- 
 ment, or to use such means as will most probably secure to us and 
 our posterity those invaluable blessings, — 
 
 We, the Delegates of Maryland, in Convention assembled, 
 do declare that the King of Great Britain has violated his com- 
 pact with this people, and they owe no allegiance to him. We have 
 therefore thought it just and necessary to empower our deputies in 
 congress to join with a majority of the united colonies in declaring 
 them free and independent States, in framing such further con- 
 federation between them, in making foreign alliances, and in adopt- 
 ing such other measures as shall be judged necessary for the preser- 
 vation of their liberties; provided the sole and exclusive rights of 
 regulating the internal polity and government of this colony be 
 reserved for the people thereof. We have also thought proper to 
 call a new Convention, for the purpose of establishing a govern- 
 ment in this colony. No ambitious views, no desire of independ- 
 ence, induced the people of Maryland to form an union with the 
 other colonies. To procure an exemption from parliamentary tax- 
 ation, and to continue to the legislatures of these colonies the sole 
 and exclusive right of regulating their internal policy, was our 
 original and only motive. To maintain inviolate our liberties and 
 to transmit them unimpaired to posterity, was our duty and first 
 wish; our next, to continue connected with and dependent on, 
 Great Britain. For the truth of these assertions, we appeal to 
 that Almighty Being who is emphatically styled the Searcher of 
 hearts, and from whose omniscence nothing is concealed. Relying 
 on His divine protection and affiance, and trusting to the justice 
 of our cause, we exhort and conjure every virtuous citizen to join 
 cordially in the defence of our common rights, and in maintenance 
 of the freedom of this and her sister colonies. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 The Flying Camp. 
 
 XT 
 
 'HROUGHOUT the sum- 
 mer of 1775 the citizens 
 of western Maryland, compris- 
 ing chiefly the German element 
 of the population of the Prov- 
 ince, were actively engaged in 
 preparing for the war which 
 they now knew was inevitable. 
 Men enrolled themselves into 
 companies and perfected them- 
 selves in military tactics under 
 
 officers of their own choosing. Four of these companies 
 
 were officered as follows : 
 
 Captain, William Blair. 
 
 1st Lieutenant, George Hockersmith. 
 
 2d Lieutenant, Henry Williams. 
 Ensign, Jacob Hockersmith. 
 205 
 
206 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 William Curran, Jr. 
 George Kelly, 
 
 Sergeants. 
 
 John Smith, 
 Christian Crabbs. 
 Corporals. 
 John Crabbs, Arthur Row, 
 
 George Matthews, James Park. 
 
 Drummer, Daniel McLean. 
 
 Captain, William Shields. 
 
 ist Lieutenant, John Faires. 2d Lieutenant, Michael Hockersmith. 
 
 Ensign, John Shields. 
 
 Charles Robinson, 
 James Shields, Sr., 
 
 Sergeants. 
 
 Patrick Haney, 
 Robert Brown. 
 
 Moses Kennedy, 
 John Hawk, 
 
 Corporals. 
 
 John Long, 
 Thomas Baird. 
 
 Captain, Jacob Ambrose. 
 
 ist Lieutenant, Peter Shover. 2d Lieutenant, Henry Bitzell. 
 
 Ensign, John Weller. 
 
 Martin Bartz, 
 Frederick Schultz, 
 
 Sergeants. 
 
 John Gump, 
 Casper Young. 
 
 John Protzman, 
 Dominick Bradley, 
 Drummer, John Shaw. 
 
 Corporals. 
 
 George Kuhn, 
 Laurence Creager. 
 Fifer, Philip Weller. 
 
 Captain, Benjamin Ogle. 
 ist Lieutenant, Henry Matthews. 2d Lieutenant, George Nead. 
 Ensign f James Ogle. 
 
The Flying Camp. 207 
 
 Sergeants. 
 John Syphers, Peter Leonard, 
 
 Lawrence Protzman, Conrad Matthew. 
 
 Corporals. 
 Jacob Valentine, Adam Knauff, 
 
 Daniel Protzman, William Elder. 
 
 Drummer, John Roche. Fijer, Daniel Linebaugh. 
 
 These companies, numbering over 250 men, were at- 
 tached to one of the battalions raised in Frederick county 
 and performed active service throughout the war. 
 
 On the first day of January, 1776, the Convention re- 
 solved to immediately put the Province in the best state of 
 defence and to raise an armed force sufficient for this pur- 
 pose. It was decided that this force should consist of 
 1,444 men, with the proper officers, and that it should be 
 divided into a battalion of eight companies of sixty-eight 
 men each, with officers, and the remainder of the troops 
 formed into companies of one hundred men each. On 
 January 14 this was changed so that there was to be a bat- 
 talion of nine companies, seven independent companies, 
 two companies of artillery and one company of marines. 
 The Council of Safety was empowered to order these 
 troops into Virginia, Delaware and Pennsylvania. Officers 
 for the battalion were elected as follows : Colonel, William 
 Smallwood; major, Thomas Price; paymaster, Charles 
 Wallace; clerk to colonel, Christr. Richmond; 1st Sur- 
 geon's mate, Dr. Michael Wallace; quarter master, Joseph 
 Marbury; acting adjutant, Jacob Brice. These companies 
 were enlisted chiefly in the eastern section of the Province, 
 and while there were many Germans among the officers 
 and privates there was no grouping of that nationality. 
 
 On June 3, 1776, the Continental Congress resolved 
 
208 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 "That a flying camp be immediately established in the 
 middle colonies; and that it consist of 10,000 men; to com- 
 plete which number . . . the colony of Pennsylvania be 
 requested to furnish of their militia 6,000, Maryland of 
 their militia 3,400, Delaware government, of their militia, 
 600." 
 
 On the 21st the Maryland Convention resolved "that 
 this province will furnish 3,405 of its militia, to form a 
 flying camp, and to act with the militia of Pennsylvania and 
 the Delaware government in the middle department." 
 These troops were to serve until the first of the following 
 December. 
 
 The organization of the companies for the Flying Camp 
 was promptly undertaken, and no class of citizens was more 
 prompt in enlisting than the German residents of Frederick 
 county. Some of the companies were made up almost en- 
 tirely of Germans, while in all of them there was a fair 
 proportion of that nationality. Following are the muster 
 rolls of the companies enlisted in Frederick county for the 
 Flying Camp : 
 
 Lower District, now Montgomery County. 
 Captain Edward Burgess' Company in the Flying Camp. 
 Captain, Edward Burgess. 
 1st Lieutenant, Thomas Edmonston. 
 
 2d Lieutenant, Alexander Estep. 
 Ensign, Zephaniah Beall. 
 Privates. 
 Nathan Orme, Miles Mitchell, 
 
 Richard Weaver Barnes, Thomas Wood, 
 
 Charles Gartrell, Charles Maccubin Reynolds, 
 
 Alexander Lazenby, Joseph Estep, 
 
 Edward Harden, John Tuckker, 
 
The Flying Camp. 
 
 209 
 
 Zachariah Aldridge, y 
 Samuel Beall White, 
 Nathan Waters, 
 Benjamin Fitzjarrald, 
 Gilbert Bryan, 
 Nathan Musgrove, 
 James Burgess, 
 Benjamin Burgess, 
 Arthur Legg, 
 Thomas Freeman, 
 John Sheekels, or Shukels, * 
 John Ray, 
 
 Shadrach Penn, or Peen, 
 Zephaniah Browning, 
 George Fryback, 
 John Hanson Wheeler, 
 Samuel Wheeler, 
 Thomas Culver, 
 Henry Lazenby, 
 Jeremiah Beall, 
 John Harding, 
 Samuel Taylor Orme, 
 Thomas Wallis, 
 John Lashyear (Layzare), 
 Reson Hollon, 
 Alexcious Simms, 
 Thomas Nichols, 
 Laurance Hurdle, 
 William Crow, 
 Lenard Wood, 
 Saml. Carter, 
 Thomas Beall, 
 Kinsey Hanee, 
 Joseph Gartrell, 
 John Geehan, or Guhan, 
 14* 
 
 Jeremiah Ferrell, 
 
 Samuel Purnal, ~" 
 
 Thomas Sheekels, or Shukels, 
 
 Thomas Gittings, 
 
 Archibald Hoskinson, 
 
 Alexander Barratt, 
 
 Owen Haymon, 
 
 Alexander Edmonston Beall, 
 
 John Beaden, 
 
 Alexander Tucker, 
 
 John Wilcoxen, 
 
 Richard Burgess, 
 
 John Fryback, 
 
 Daniel Lewis, 
 
 John Ryan, 
 
 Benj. Tucker, 
 
 Wevour Waters, 
 
 Morris Brashears, 
 
 Obed Willson, 
 
 Stephen Gatrell, 
 
 James Beall (of Roger), 
 
 John Elwood, 
 
 James Carter, 
 
 Josiah Harding (Harden), 
 
 Henry Clark, 
 
 John Nichols, 
 
 Alexander Robert Beall, 
 
 William Garten, 
 
 Solomon Dickerson, 
 
 William Young Conn, 
 
 Marthew Lodgeade, 
 
 Leaven, (Leven) Beall, 
 
 John Ferrell, 
 
 William Hicke, 
 
 Dennis Marhay, 
 
210 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 James Hurvey, John Crook, 
 
 Edward Trout, Samuel Taylor, 
 
 Samuel Solamon, William Blackburn, 
 
 William Hopkins, Richard Nicholsson. 
 
 Captain Leonard Deakins' Company in the Flying Camp. 
 Captain, Leonard Deakins. 
 ist Lieutenant, Thomas Nowland. 2d Lieutenant } Elisha Williams. 
 Ensign, John Griffith, resigned, Dennis Griffith. 
 Privates. 
 Lloyd Beall, James Gauff, 
 
 Zachariah Askey, John Yates, 
 
 William Lanham, Jacob Veatch, 
 
 Richard O'Daniel, William Longley, 
 
 David Green, Dennis Griffith, 
 
 John Taylor, Thomas Stewart, 
 
 Thomas Lightfoot, John Stewart, 
 
 James McDeed, William Walker, 
 
 Samuel Spycer, James McCulloch, 
 
 Bartholomew Edelin, William Lovet, 
 
 William Draper, Jessee Woodward, 
 
 Henry Allison, Nathan Wilson, 
 
 Leonard Hagon, Robert Wilson, 
 
 Charles Mahoney, Edward Jinkings, 
 
 John Baptis Gauff, William Hays. 
 
 Captain Benjamin Spykers Company in the Flying Camp. 
 Captain, Benjamin Spyker. 
 ist Lieutenant, Greenbury Gaither. 
 
 2d Lieutenant, Richard Anderson. 
 Ensign, Nicholas Scybert. 
 Privates. 
 Zachariah Rily, Thomas Wise, 
 
 John Gorman, William House, 
 
 John McDavid, Geor. Sybert (Scybert), 
 
The Flying Camp. 
 
 211 
 
 Edward Northcrafft, 
 
 Neil Dogherty,^/ 
 
 Michael Stanly, 
 
 William Carlin, 
 
 Peter Hoey (Hoy), 
 
 Strutton Hazel, 
 
 Henry Burton, 
 
 John Smith, 
 
 Archibald Trail, 
 
 Nathan Green, 
 
 John Currington, 
 
 William Murphy, 
 
 Joseph Crawly, 
 
 Edward Goodwin, 
 
 Timothy Maclamary, 
 
 John Turner, 
 
 William Glory, 
 
 John Reynolds, 
 
 William Hollands, 
 
 Allan Mackabee (Mockbee), 
 
 Francis Downing, 
 
 James Wilson, -' 
 
 Nathan Traill, 
 
 James Artis, 
 
 Aaron Wood, 
 
 John Keemer, 
 
 William Leitch, 
 
 William Baitson, 
 
 Charles Saffle, 
 
 Nicholas Gaither, 
 
 Lodowick Davis (Davies), 
 
 Bennett Herd, 
 
 Henry Mackee (Mackey), 
 
 Michael Rily (Riley), 
 
 Walter Nichols (Nicholl), 
 
 Nathan Roberts, 
 
 Stephen Harper, 
 
 John Cook, 
 
 Joseph Ross, 
 
 Patrick Murphy, 
 
 George Heater, 
 
 Dennis Clary, 
 
 Thomas Love, 
 
 Thomas Knowlar, 
 
 Abraham Booker, 
 
 Joseph Penny, 
 
 John Wilson, 
 
 Richard Short, 
 
 Thomas Chattell, (Chattle), 
 
 John Haymond Nicholls, 
 
 Richard Cooke, 
 
 Lewis Mullican, 
 
 James Pelly, 
 
 Eli Smith, 
 
 John Collins, 
 
 William Lowry, 
 
 Osborn West, 
 
 Leven Kersey, 
 
 William Jerbo, 
 
 John Lowry, 
 
 John Langton, 
 
 John Evans, 
 
 Henry Atchison ( Hutchingson ) , 
 
 John Madding, 
 
 Robert Rickets, 
 
 Zachariah Evans, 
 
 Benjamin Holland, 
 
 Richard Kisby, 
 
 Michael Carter, 
 
 Thomas Sheppart, 
 
212 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Edward Waker, 
 Thomas Malloon, 
 John Gaskin, 
 Robert Drake, 
 Patrick Carroll, 
 
 William Pack, 
 
 John Cavenor (Cavernor), 
 
 Philip Hindon, 
 
 Stephen Warman, 
 
 George Heathman. 
 
 Captain Richard Smith's Company in the Flying Camp. 
 
 Captain, Richard Smith. 
 
 ist Lieutenant, Walter White. 2d Lieutenant, Thomas Hayes. 
 
 Ensign, Thomas Sprigg. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Thomas Fanning, 
 
 Levi Hayes, 
 
 Henry Clagett, 
 
 John Patrick, 
 
 Matthias Henistone, 
 
 Andrew Hughes, 
 
 Jesse Harris, 
 
 William Summers, 
 
 Joseph Lewis, 
 
 John Davies, 
 
 John Smith, 
 
 Alexander Read, 
 
 Matthew Read, 
 
 William Norris, son of Benj 1 
 
 William Wallace, 
 
 Levin Hayes, 
 
 John Raynolds, 
 
 George Windom, 
 
 Peter Night, 
 
 William Madden, 
 
 Henry Atcheson, 
 
 Andrew Keath, 
 
 Samuel Queen Windsor, 
 
 John Bennett, 
 
 John Hinton, 
 
 Ezekiel Harris, 
 Herbert Alex r Wallace, 
 Robert Moore, 
 Henry Kuhnes, 
 Anthony Murphy, 
 Jacob Irissler, 
 William Veal Steuart, 
 Michael Clancy, 
 James Long, 
 Charles Steuart, 
 James Nolland, 
 John Gibson, 
 William Sutton, 
 John Harriss, 
 John Fitzgerrald, 
 John Carroll, 
 John Burgess, 
 Jeremiah Leitch, 
 Denmas Mannan, 
 Nicholas Rodes, 
 Zepheniah Wallace, 
 Nicholas Rodes, Jr., 
 William Pruett, 
 
The Flying Camp. 
 
 213 
 
 William Johnston, 
 John Bowen, 
 Robert Muckleroy, 
 William Pollard, 
 Jacob Hesse, 
 William Preston, 
 
 Alexander Mason, 
 James Jordan, 
 John Hennes, 
 Robert Robinson, 
 Thos. Hays. 
 
 Middle District, now Frederick County. 
 
 Captain Philip Maroneys Company in the Flying Camp. 
 
 Captain, Philip Maroney. 
 
 ist Lieutenant, Elisha Beall. 2d Lieutenant, John Hellen. 
 
 Ensign, William Beatty, Jr. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 George McDonald, 
 
 Garah Harding, 
 
 William Jacobs, 
 
 John McCrery, 
 
 Daniel Shehan, 
 
 John Churchwell, 
 
 George Holliday, 
 
 George Hill, 
 
 William Gilmour (Gilmore) 
 
 Patrick Murphy, 
 
 Francis Quynn, 
 
 Samuel Wheeler, 
 
 John Shank, 
 
 James McKinzie, 
 
 Thomas Gill, 
 
 William Calvert, 
 
 John McClary, 
 
 William Skaggs, 
 
 John Marshall, 
 
 Bennett Neall, 
 
 John Test, 
 
 Thomas Kirk, Jr., 
 
 Ninion Nichols (Nickols), 
 
 James Hutchcraft, 
 Jacob Holtz, 
 Henry Smith, 
 Richard Wells, 
 Elisha Rhodes, 
 Paul Boyer, 
 Samuel Busey, 
 John Kenneday, 
 William Chandler, 
 William Hilton, 
 Warran Philpot, 
 Christopher Wheelen, 
 James Buller, 
 John Jones, 
 James Carty, 
 John Hutchinson, 
 Luke Barnet, 
 William Barnitt, 
 Samuel Silvor, 
 Edward Salmon, 
 James McCoy, 
 
214 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 William Cash, 
 
 James Burton, 
 
 Thomas Bayman, 
 
 Thomas Hillery, 
 
 James Beall (Ball), 
 
 John Brease (Breeze), 
 
 Patrick Scott, 
 
 William McKay (McKoy), 
 
 Zadock Griffith, 
 
 Henry Meroney, 
 
 Henry Clements, 
 
 Thomas Fenly (Finley), 
 
 James McCormack Beall, 
 
 Patrick Connan, 
 
 Chas. Philpott Taylor, 
 
 James Lowther, 
 
 Henry Barkshire, 
 
 John Maynard, 
 
 James Beckett, 
 
 James Tannehill, 
 
 John Miller, 
 
 James Bryant, 
 
 Michael Arran, 
 
 Jacob Barrack, 
 
 John Donack, 
 
 James Kelam, 
 
 John Sehom, 
 Robert McDonald, 
 Richard Tongue, 
 Herbert Shoemaker, 
 John Myer, 
 Richard Fletcher, 
 Joseph McAllen, 
 Thomas Harrison, 
 John Alsop, 
 Charles Dullis, 
 Joshua Pearce, 
 Jacob Rhodes, 
 George Kelly, 
 William Louden, 
 Christian Smith, 
 Frederick Beard, 
 Henry Fisher, 
 James Hudson, 
 Michael Hale, 
 John Rite, 
 William Byer, 
 Francis Freeman, 
 John Cash, 
 William Hollings, 
 Jacob Burton. 
 
 Captain Jacob Good's Company in the Flying Camp. 
 
 Captain, Jacob Good. 
 1st Lieutenant, John Baptist Thompson. 
 
 2d Lieutenant, John Ghiselin. 
 Ensign, John Smith. 
 Privates. 
 Christeen Clisce, Henry Brawner, 
 
 George Obalam, Patrick Money, 
 
The Flying Camp. 
 
 215 
 
 Tobias Hammer, 
 George Rice, 
 Philip Fletcher, 
 Martin Fletcher, 
 Christeen Gobble, 
 Adam Keller, 
 John Dwyre, 
 John Billow, 
 John Chamberlin, 
 William Trace, 
 Jacob Freeman, 
 James Collins, 
 Thomas White, 
 Charles Freind, 
 James Estup, 
 John O'Bryan, 
 John Wimer, 
 George Gobble, 
 Henry Miller, 
 Ludwick Mober, 
 Peter Giddy, 
 Jacob Horine, 
 Philip Pepple, 
 Daniel Means, 
 George Free, 
 Daniel McTier, 
 Patric Mclntire, 
 Danl. Mclntire, 
 Danl. Merfey, 
 Thomas Adams, 
 John Sill, 
 Anthony Thomas, 
 Matthew King, 
 Joseph McClaine, 
 David Jones, 
 John Harrison, 
 
 John Money, 
 
 Peter Penroad, 
 
 James Campbell, 
 
 Leonard Macatee, 
 
 Thomas Anderson, 
 
 Jacob Bearae, 
 
 Philip Jacob, 
 
 William McClane (McClame), 
 
 Peter Havclay, 
 
 Philip Cenedy, 
 
 Patrick Deneley, 
 
 Joseph McCracken, 
 
 William Linch, 
 
 John Toughman, 
 
 Edward Pegman, 
 
 John Wart, 
 
 Michael Dodson, 
 
 Benj. Norris, 
 
 George Bonagal, 
 
 George Ettleman, 
 
 James Vaughan, 
 
 Wm. Brown, 
 
 Geo. Spunogle, 
 
 Peter Weaver, 
 
 Saml. Hamilton, 
 
 William Price, 
 
 Henry Fanslar, 
 
 William Boe, 
 
 Jacob Martin, 
 
 Jonathan McDonall, 
 
 Zachariah Ward, 
 
 John Slagel, 
 
 Danl. Benning, 
 
 John Robertson, 
 
 George Carroll, 
 
 John Henderson, 
 
2l6 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Fettea Stuffle, 
 Jacob Ridingour, 
 George Benter, 
 Joseph Ray, 
 John Duncan, 
 
 Patrick White, 
 John Test, 
 Robert McLeod, 
 Wm. Drome, 
 Wm. Brinsford. 
 
 Captain Peter Mantz' Company in the Flying Camp. 
 
 Captain, Peter Mantz. 
 
 1st Lieutenant, Adam Grosh. 2d Lieutenant, Peter Adams. 
 
 Ensign, John Richardson. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 John Snider, 
 
 William Richardson, 
 
 John Shelman, 
 
 Andrew Loe, 
 
 Henry Bear, 
 
 Andrew Wolf, 
 
 John Kellar, 
 
 John Martin, 
 
 Andrew Speak, 
 
 Charles Smith, 
 
 John Newsanger (Neswangher), 
 
 John Gombare, Jr., 
 
 Jacob Bayer, 
 
 George Siegfried, 
 
 Jacob Stevens, 
 
 William Mills, 
 
 Mathias Overfelt, 
 
 David Eley, 
 
 Henry Smith, 
 
 Peter Bell, 
 
 John Twiner, 
 
 John Netsley, 
 
 Geo. Mich. Hawk, 
 
 John Conrad, 
 
 Joseph Pinnall (Pannell), 
 
 Frederick Kallenberger, 
 
 John Lock, 
 
 Saml. Yaulet, 
 
 James Adams, 
 
 Peter Walts, 
 
 Henry Huffman, 
 
 Jacob Crapell (Creppell), 
 
 Mathew Rudrieck, 
 
 Christ. Stanley, 
 
 Thomas Stanley, 
 
 Chr. Kallenberger, 
 
 Jacob Kern, 
 
 George Hower, 
 
 David Nail, 
 
 George Tennaly, 
 
 Jonathan Jones, 
 
 Frederick Heeter, 
 
 Rudolph Morolf, 
 
 John Mouer (Mourrer), 
 
 John Dutterer, 
 
 Martin Heckentom, 
 
 Abraham Boucher (Bucher) 
 
 Philip Bowman, 
 
 George Stoner, 
 
 Henry Hulsman, 
 
The Flying Camp. 
 
 217 
 
 Valentine Brunner, 
 John Foster, 
 Mich. Cramer, 
 Laurence Myers, 
 John Bennett, 
 John Gisinger, 
 Henry Teener, 
 John Striser, 
 Henry Myer, 
 John Shenk, 
 John Smith, dyer, 
 Jos. Williams, 
 Philip Flack, 
 John Hendrickson, 
 Dennis Realley, 
 Thomas Smith, 
 Jacob Carnant, 
 
 Henry Grose, 
 
 George Plummer, 
 
 Peter Wagoner, 
 
 Thomas Tobiry, 
 
 Philip Aulpaugh, 
 
 Jacob Shade, 
 
 Peter Snowdenge ( Snowdeigel ) , 
 
 Henry Berreck, 
 
 John Baker, 
 
 Daniel Hinds, 
 
 George Boyer, 
 
 Joseph Shame, 
 
 Michael Baugh, 
 
 Nicholas Becketh (Beckwith), 
 
 Jacob Bowman, 
 
 Andrew Ringer. 
 
 Captain Vallentine Creager's Company in the Flying Camp. 
 
 Captain, Vallentine Creager. 
 1st Lieutenant, Phillip Smith, Jr. 
 
 2d Lieutenant, George Need (Neet). 
 Ensign, John Parkinson (Pirkinson). 
 Sergeants. 
 
 Josiah Hedges, 
 Christian Cumber. 
 Corporals. 
 
 Charles Menix, 
 John Link. 
 
 Fifer, Peter Trux (Trucks). 
 Privates. 
 Thomas Edison, Edward Hossilton, 
 
 Christian Smith, John Smith, 
 
 George Dotts, Laurence Stull, 
 
 Jacob Bostion, Samuel Hulse, 
 
 Solomon Bentley, 
 Aquilla Carmack, 
 
 John Brattle, 
 Solomon Rowlins, 
 Drummer, Joseph Allsop 
 
218 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Matthias Andess, 
 
 John Springer, 
 
 Oliver Linsey, 
 
 Ludwick Moser (Mouser), 
 
 James Silver, 
 
 Michael Fox, 
 
 George Burrawl (Burrol), 
 
 Jacob Barrick (Barrack), 
 
 Jonothan Beard, 
 
 Christopher Cooper, 
 
 Patrick Daugherty (Daugerty), 
 
 Jacob Holtzman, 
 
 Peter Lickliter, 
 
 John Mortt, 
 
 William Slick, 
 
 Thomas Tumbleson (Tombleson), 
 
 Adam Russ, 
 
 Jacob Weyant (Wicant), 
 
 John Ciferd, 
 
 James Cammell (Campbell), 
 
 Henry Decamp, 
 
 James Buckhannon (Buchanan), 
 
 Peter Heveron, 
 
 Jacob Rignall (Rignell), 
 
 Peter Dick, 
 
 Cornelius Downey, 
 
 William From, 
 
 George Younger, 
 
 Lodwick Woller (Wooler), 
 
 Daniel Moore, 
 
 William Weier, 
 
 James Smith, 
 
 Joseph Smith, 
 
 Thomas Parkinson (Pirkinson), 
 
 Henry Fogle, 
 
 Henry Fox, 
 
 Frederick Hardman, 
 
 John Waggoner, 
 
 Adam Waggoner, 
 
 Adam Simmon (Simon), 
 
 George McDonald, 
 
 Henry Clice (Clise), 
 
 Thomas Nailor (Nalor), 
 
 George David, 
 
 Henry Reich, 
 
 Patrick Dayley, 
 
 James Branwood, 
 
 Thomas Cook, 
 
 Philip Greenwood, 
 
 Robert Sellers (Sellors), 
 
 John White, 
 
 David Barringer, 
 
 Patrick Rowin, 
 
 George Serjeant, 
 
 Evan Morris, 
 
 William Preston, 
 
 Robert Parson, 
 
 John Langley, 
 
 Daniel Bryan, 
 
 Jacob Ringer. 
 
 Upper District, now Washington County. 
 Captain Mneas Campbell's Company in the Flying Camp. 
 Captain, ./Eneas Campbell. 
 1st Lieutenant, Clement Hollyday. 
 
 2d Lieutenant, John Courts Jones. 
 
The Flying Camp. 
 
 219 
 
 John Moxley, 
 
 Levi Walters, 
 
 George Hoskins, 
 
 William Frankline, 
 
 William Davis, 
 
 John Gillam (Gillum), 
 
 Henry Beeding (Beading), 
 
 Michael Hagan, 
 
 Daniel Moxley, 
 
 George Gentile (Gentle), 
 
 William Dixon, 
 
 Mark Chillon, 
 
 Martin Kiezer, 
 
 Shedereck Locker, 
 
 John Steel, 
 
 James Williams, 
 
 Samuel Lintridge (Lentarage), 
 
 Benjamin Osburn (Ozenburn), 
 
 William Veatch, 
 
 William Lucas (Luckas), 
 
 Charles Byrn (Burn), 
 
 William Housley (Owsley), 
 
 Notley Talbot (Talbort), 
 
 John Martin (Martain), 
 
 Charles Hoskins, 
 
 Barton Lovelass 
 
 (Charles Loveless), 
 Grove Tomlin (Tamlane), 
 William Stallings (Stalion), 
 Thomas Gillam (Gillum), 
 John Henry, 
 Richard Lewis, 
 Aneas Campbell, Jr., cadet, 
 James Raidy, 
 
 Ensign, David Lynn. "" 
 Privates. 
 
 Ignatius Maddox, 
 William Carroll, 
 John Snowden Hooke, 
 Richard Sarjeant, Jr., 
 James Weakley, 
 George Kingston, 
 John Simpson Aldridge, 
 Charles Thomas Philpot, 
 Jeremiah Fulsome, 
 John Heart, 
 Edward Cane, 
 Robert Beall Crafford, 
 Philip Tracy, 
 Henry Jones, 
 Thomas Chappell, 
 Jacob Mills, 
 Hezekiah Speake, 
 Walter Raley (Raleigh), 
 Zephaniah Mockbee, 
 John Higdon, Jr., 
 William Lewis, 
 Henry Allison, 
 Nathan Thompson, 
 James Glaze, 
 Archibald Chappell, 
 Hugh Elder, 
 Arthur Cams, 
 William Windham, 
 Samuel Busey, 
 Alexander Adams, 
 Lewis Peak (Speake), 
 Stephen West, 
 Thomas Owen, 
 John Jeans, 
 
220 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society, 
 
 John Williams, 
 John Compton, 
 Peter Boardy, 
 William Poland, 
 Cornelius Harling, 
 Josh. Harbin, 
 Charles Lucas (Luckas), 
 John Ellis, 
 Stephen Gentile, 
 Joseph Beeding, 
 Philip Sulivane, 
 John Ferrell, 
 Patrick Rine, 
 Benjamin Ellit, 
 
 William Lamar, 
 William Thompson, 
 Stephen West, 
 William Briggs, 
 Francis Kitely, 
 Nathaniel Glaze, 
 Peter Hardesty, 
 Thomas Barrett, 
 Daniel Ferguson, 
 John Self, 
 William Oliver, 
 John White, 
 Abraham Chapman. 
 
 Captain John Reynolds' Company in the Flying Camp. 
 
 Captain, John Reynolds. 
 
 1st Lieutenant M-OSts Chapline. 2d Lieutenant, Christian Orndorff. 
 
 Ensign, Nathan Williams. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 William Walker, 
 
 Moses Hobbins, 
 
 John Ferguson, 
 
 Wm. Bradford, volunteer, 
 
 Jacob Hosier, 
 
 Thomas Fowler, 
 
 John Been, 
 
 David Grove, 
 
 Thos. Bissett, 
 
 Wm. Messersmith, 
 
 Wm. Patrick, 
 
 Archibald Mullihan, 
 
 Edward Pain, 
 
 Wm. Coffeeroth, 
 
 John Wade, 
 
 Thomas Stogdon, 
 
 Philip Wyonge, 
 Allexander Sparrow, 
 Christian Weirich, 
 Nicholas Weirich, 
 Peter Loar, 
 Jacob Long, 
 Nicholas Pinkely, 
 Mathias Wolf, 
 John Randle, 
 Michael Edelman, 
 Joseph Emrich, 
 Jacob Brunner, 
 Edward Kerny, 
 Nathaniel Linder, 
 Hermon Consella, 
 Nicholas Hasselback, 
 
The Flying Camp. 
 
 221 
 
 Silus Tomkins, 
 John Class, 
 John Hurley, 
 Thomas Pitcher, 
 Edward Brown, 
 Henry Coonse, 
 George Deale, 
 Benedict Eiginor, 
 Edward Dumatt, 
 Daniel Murphey, 
 Ludowick Kiding, 
 Christopher Curts (Cortz), 
 Henry Knave, 
 Thomas McKoy, D. S. T. 
 Henry Saftly, 
 John Berry, 
 Rinear Bennett, 
 V Francis Thornbourgh, 
 Peter Seaburn, 
 Thomas Sands, 
 James Cunningham, 
 James Nowles, D. S. T. 
 Edward Nowles, 
 Thomas Barrett, D. S. T. 
 Christian France, 
 Jacob Weisong, 
 Joseph Finch, 
 John Hood, 
 William Baumgartner, 
 George Baumgartner, 
 Teeter Waltenback, 
 James Thompson, 
 George Reynolds, 
 
 Philip Loar, 
 
 Nicholas France, 
 
 Thomas Wilkins, 
 
 George Flick, 
 
 George Bowersmith, 
 
 Robert Wells, 
 
 John Walker, 
 
 Garrett Closson, 
 
 Basill Williams, 
 
 Simon McClane, 
 
 Joseph Carrick, 
 
 John Peirce Welsh, 
 
 John McKenny, 
 
 Benjamin Dye, 
 
 Jacob Forsythe, 
 
 Edward Gardner, D. S. T. 
 
 Joseph Moor, 
 
 Laurance Williams, 
 
 Bennett Madcalf, 
 
 Ephraim Skiles, 
 
 John Powell, 
 
 Michael Cortz, 
 
 Clement Howard, 
 
 John Teeter, 
 
 Jacob Teeter, 
 
 William Fanner, 
 
 John Iden, 
 
 William Kerney, 
 
 John Eove (Cove?) 
 
 Jacob Linder, 
 
 Rodger Dean, 
 
 James Stewart. 
 
222 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Captain Henry Hardman's Company in the Flying Camp. 
 
 Captain, Henry Hardman. 
 ist Lieutenant, Daniel Stull. 2d Lieutenant, Peter Contee Hanson, 
 
 Jona. Morris. 
 Ensign, John Rench. 
 Privates. 
 
 Paul Schley, 
 
 Chs. White, 
 Francis Frumantle, 
 Daniel Matthews, 
 James Jordon, 
 George How, 
 Thomas West, 
 Jno. Kirk, 
 Maurice Baker, 
 Daniel Cline, 
 Jno. Newman, 
 Jno. Brown, 
 Livie Jones, 
 Thomas Fish, 
 John Lindsey, 
 Jno. Troxel, 
 Jno. Collins, 
 Thos. Smith, 
 Chas. Feely, 
 Abm. Miller, 
 George Colley, 
 Jno. Mowen, 
 Martin Rickenbaugh, 
 Pat. Ryley, 
 Robert English, 
 James Crale, 
 Jno. Stoner, 
 Jacob Hirsh, 
 Jno. Bemhart, 
 Jno. Grant, 
 
 Wm. Crale, 
 James Martin, 
 Danl. Fisher, 
 Phil. Flack, 
 James Green, 
 Isaac Hardey, 
 Wm. Casey, 
 Saml. Smith, 
 Wm. Wallis, 
 Thos. Jones, 
 Danl. Henderson, 
 John Ward, 
 George Morrison, 
 Chr. Hart, 
 Jno. Welsh, 
 Jno. Moor, 
 Jno. Aim, 
 Jno. Barry, 
 Stephen Preston, 
 Rhd. Noise, 
 Mathias Houks, 
 Stephen Rutlidge, 
 William Davis, 
 Thomas Collins, 
 William Divers, 
 Chr. Metts, 
 Danl. Wicks, 
 Jno. Dicks, 
 
The Flying Camp. 
 
 223 
 
 Thos. Robison, 
 James Duncan, 
 Peter Haines, 
 Phil. Brugh, 
 Peter Fiegley, 
 Chr. Neal, 
 George Fiegley, 
 Phil. Berener, 
 Abm. Troxel, 
 Samuel Sprigg, 
 Barny Riely, 
 John Closs, 
 Peter Digman, 
 Chn. Berringer, 
 Thomas McGuyer, 
 
 Jacob S to ram, 
 Saml. Richardson, 
 Conomus Acre, 
 Daniel Carry, 
 Rhd. Morgon, 
 Wm. Campian, 
 Isaac Barnet, 
 Chr. Fogely, 
 Michael Pote, 
 George Rismel, 
 Chr. Alinger, 
 Peter Splise, 
 Chr. Walker, 
 John Hager, 
 Jas Munn. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 The German Regiment. 
 
 -^"HE Continental Con- 
 ^* gress having consid- 
 ered the question of raising 
 a regiment to be composed 
 entirely of Germans, on 
 June 27, 1776, adopted 
 the following resolution : 
 
 That four companies of Ger- 
 mans be raised in Pennsylvania 
 and four companies in Mary- 
 land, to compose the said regi- 
 ment: That it be recommended to the convention, or in their 
 recess, to the council of safety of Maryland, immediately to appoint 
 proper officers for, and direct the inlistment of, the four companies 
 to be raised in that colony. 
 
 The Convention of Maryland promptly ratified this 
 action by directing that two companies of Germans be 
 raised in Baltimore county and two in Frederick county. 
 The officers for the German regiment named by Congress 
 
 224 
 
The German Regiment. 225 
 
 were as follows : Nicholas Haussegger, colonel ; George 
 Strieker, lieutenant-colonel; Ludwick Weltner, major. 
 The proceedings of Congress state that "the committee 
 appointed to settle the rank of the captains and subalterns 
 in the German battalion, reported the same as follows, 
 which was agreed to : 
 
 " Captains, Daniel Burkhart, Philip Graybill, George 
 Hubley, Henry Fister, Jacob Bonner, George Keeports, 
 Benjamin Weiser, William Heyser, and David Woelpper. 
 
 " First-lieutenants, Frederick Rolwagen, John Lora, 
 Peter Boyer, Charles Bulsel, William Rice, Jacob Kotz, 
 Jacob Bower, Samuel Gerock, and Bernard Hubley. 
 
 " Second-lieutenants, George Hawbacker, Christian 
 Meyers, John Landenberger, Michael Bayer, George 
 Schaeffer, Adam Smith, Frederick Yeiser, William Ritter, 
 and Philip Schrawder. 
 
 " Ensigns, John Weidman, Martin Shugart, Christian 
 Helm, Jacob Crummet, Jacob Cramer, Paul Christman, 
 Christopher Godfrey Swartz, and John Landenberger." 
 
 Of the officers of the regiment, Lieutenant-colonel 
 George Strieker and Major Ludwick Weltner were from 
 Frederick county. The Maryland captains were William 
 Heyser, Philip Graybill, Henry Fister and George Kee- 
 ports. The Pennsylvania Archives 1 * 2 state that Colonel 
 Haussegger deserted to the British after the battle of 
 Monmouth, but Dr. H. M. M. Richards has shown this 
 to be a mistake. "This is evidently false," says Dr. Rich- 
 ards, " as he returned to his home at Lebanon, where he 
 died in July, 1786. His heirs participated in the donation 
 land-grants, awarded by the State of Pennsylvania to its 
 meritorious and brave officers and soldiers of the Revo- 
 lution, which would not have been the case were he a 
 
 132 Second Series, Vol. XL, p. 73. 
 15* 
 
226 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 traitor. It is more probable that, on account of his age, 
 he became sick and incapacitated from active duty, and 
 was given a lengthy furlough, which he spent at his 
 Lebanon home." 133 
 
 The Maryland Archives 13,1 give the following as a por- 
 tion of the roster of the German regiment: 
 
 Jacob Alexander, 
 John Cole, 
 Richard Gaul, 
 Jacob Hose, 
 John Heron, 
 Charles Jones, 
 William Johnson, 
 Daniel Jacquett, 
 Jacob Keyser, 
 
 Philip Beam, 
 
 John Brieger, 
 
 John (or Jas.) Burk, 
 
 William Croft (Kraft), 
 
 Jacob Etter, 
 
 Bernard Frey, 
 
 Joseph Hook, 
 
 Drummer. 
 Thomas Hutchcraft, 
 John Roach (or Rock), 
 Michael Smith. 
 
 Levy Arrings, 
 James W. L. Ashly, 
 
 Sergeants. 
 
 Jacob Lowe, 
 John Ladder, 
 William Lewis, 
 Wm. Rummelson, 
 George Stauffer, 
 Christr. Stanty, 
 Frederick Sollers, 
 John Truck. 
 
 Corporals. 
 
 John Hochshield, 
 Patrick Kelly, 
 John Michael, 
 Thomas Polhouse, 
 James Smith, 
 S. Fredk Shoemaker. 
 
 Fifer. 
 John Brown, 
 Henry Ferrins. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Daniel Kettle, 
 Francis Kerns, 
 
 133 " The Pennsylvania-German in the Revolutionary War," p. 399. 
 
 134 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XVIII., p. 184 et seq. 
 
The German Regiment. 
 
 227 
 
 John Armstrong, 
 
 John Abel, 
 
 George Arnold, 
 
 Leonard Aberly, 
 
 George Bough (or Buck), 
 
 Saml. Bauswell, 
 
 Peter Backer, 
 
 Michael Benner, 
 
 Henry Bender (or Painter), 
 
 Jacob Bishop, 
 
 Jacob Beltzhover, 
 
 Danl. Baylor, 
 
 John Bower, 
 
 Michael Brodbech, 
 
 George Bantz, 
 
 Conrad Beam, 
 
 John Bennett, 
 
 Philip Bates, 
 
 Michael Bowerd, 
 
 Timothy Cahill, 
 
 Jacob Caufman, 
 
 Benjamin Cole, 
 
 George Crothorn, 
 
 Owen Curley, 
 
 Henry Cronise, 
 
 John Croft, 
 
 Thomas Clifton, 
 
 Michael Cambler (or Gambler) , 
 
 Christopher Casner, 
 
 Rudolph Crower, 
 
 Michael Cowley, 
 
 Chas. Champness, 
 
 Jacob Cromer (or Cramer), 
 
 Michael Crush, 
 
 John Cline, 
 
 James Dyer, 
 
 Peter Koons, 
 Geo. Keephart, 
 Michael Kershner, 
 Jacob Kline, 
 Jacob Kentz, 
 Jacob Kaufman, 
 John Lecrose, 
 Thomas Larmore, 
 Charles Lago, 
 George Leithusier, 
 Fredk. Larantz, 
 Vendel Lorantz, 
 Fredk. Locker, 
 Martin Lantz, 
 Leonard Ludwick, 
 Gal fried Lawrey, 
 Henry Michael, 
 Fredk. Mongaul, 
 John Miller, 
 Jacob Miely, 
 Jacob Miller, Jr., 
 Lewis McColough, 
 William Mummart, 
 Jacob Miller, Sr., 
 Henry Martin, 
 Wm. Maunsel, 
 William Nerving, 
 John Nevitt, 
 Richd. O'Quin, 
 Thomas Proctor, 
 William Pointer, 
 Robert Porter, 
 Henry Painter, 
 William Rider, 
 Chas. Ronenberger, 
 Michael Ritmire, 
 
228 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 John Dalton, 
 
 James Dunkin, 
 
 John D retch, 
 
 Godlb. Danruth, 
 
 Benja. Elliott, 
 
 John Eissell, 
 
 Wolfgn. Ellsperger, 
 
 Paul Elsing, 
 
 John Etnier, 
 
 Jas. Ensey, 
 
 Peter Engelle (or Angel), 
 
 Bartel Engle, 
 
 John Fennell, 
 
 John Folliott, 
 
 Henry Fisher, 
 
 Charles Fulham, 
 
 Patrick Fleming, 
 
 John Franklin, 
 
 Jacob Frymiller, 
 
 Abram Frantz, 
 
 John Fleck, 
 
 Philip Fisher, 
 
 Fredk. Filler, 
 
 David Finch, 
 
 James Forney, 
 
 Philip Fisher, 
 
 Philip Fitzpatrick, 
 
 Michael Grosh, 
 
 John Grupp, 
 
 George Getig, 
 
 Francis Gavan, 
 
 Edward Gould, 
 
 Adam Gantner, 
 
 Corns. Grunlin (or Quinlin), 
 
 Peter Grice, 
 
 Michael Gambler, 
 
 Conrad Riely, 
 
 Edward Robinson, 
 
 Andrew Robinson, 
 
 Chs. or Chrisr. Raybert, 
 
 Jacob Ruppert, 
 
 George Rittlemeyer, 
 
 Henry Rumfell, 
 
 George Regalman, 
 
 Jacob Ricknagle, 
 
 John Richards, 
 
 Christr. Raver, 
 
 Bernard Riely, 
 
 John Smitherd, 
 
 John Shively, 
 
 George Silver, 
 
 Christian Smith, 
 
 Mathias Smith, 
 
 James Slite (or Fite), 
 
 John Stanton, 
 
 Robert Smith, 
 
 Chr. Settlemeyer, 
 
 John Smith, 
 
 Alexander Sealors, 
 
 John Shrayock, 
 
 Joseph Slreiter, 
 
 John Slife, 
 
 John Shotts, 
 
 Michael Shoemaker, 
 
 Philip Studer, 
 
 Philip Smith (or Smithly), 
 
 John Smith, 
 
 Henry Strome, 
 
 John Shark, 
 
 Jacob Shutz, — 
 
 Mathias Shrayer, 
 Henry Smith, 
 
The German Regiment. 
 
 229 
 
 Richd. Hazelip, 
 Thos. Halfpenny, 
 Michael Hartman, 
 Jno. W. Hammersly 
 
 (or Amersly), 
 F. William Haller, 
 John Harley, 
 Joseph Hook, 
 Henry Herring, 
 Casimer Hull, 
 Jacob Haseligh, 
 Thos. Hazlewood, 
 Jacob Heffner, 
 Jonathan Hockett, 
 Peter Hewer (or Hoover), 
 Peter Hemerick (or Emerick), 
 John Hatfield, 
 Conrad Hile, 
 Jacob Hoover, 
 James Hughes, 
 Conrad Hausman, 
 Dedrick Haninghouse, 
 James Johnston, 
 Peter Kruise, 
 Philip Kuntz, 
 John Kibber, 
 Mathias Keyer (Keiser), 
 John Kendrick, 
 John Kline (Cline), 
 Chresn. Keplinger, 
 Abram Kettle, 
 
 John Shaffer, 
 John Snider, 
 Adam Stonebraker, 
 Adam Shaffer, 
 Fredk. Switzer, 
 John Smithly (or Smith), 
 Henry Statler, 
 Michael Stoner, 
 Conrad Stoyle, 
 William Selwood, 
 Andrew Selas, 
 John Timblin, 
 Fredk. Tawney, 
 William Taylor, 
 James Tite, 
 Henry Wilstock, 
 John Wade, 
 Danl. Williams, 
 John Welty, 
 Saml. Wright, 
 John Walker, 
 Thomas Woolford, 
 Joseph Williams, 
 Michael Weaver, 
 Chrisr. Waggoner, 
 Ludk. Witsinger, 
 Jacob Wink, 
 George Wilhelme, 
 Jacob Wagoner, 
 Michael Yakely, 
 John Zimmerman. 
 
23° 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Captain Henry Fister's Company in the German Bat- 
 talion, Commanded by Colonel Nicholas 
 Haussegger, 1776. 
 Captain, Henry Fister. 
 Lieutenants. 
 
 Michael Bayer. 
 Ensign, Jacob Grommet. 
 Sergeants. 
 
 Philip Shopper, 
 George Wintz. 
 Corporals. 
 
 Jacob Tudderow, 
 Jacob Low. 
 Drummer, John Heffner. 
 Privates. 
 
 Adam Charles, 
 
 Charles Balzel, 
 
 John Balzel, 
 Philip Shroop, 
 
 George Hoover, 
 Fredk. Wilhite, 
 
 S 
 
 Henry Delawter, 
 Henry Hawk, 
 Fredk. Mittag, 
 Jacob Fantz, 
 Peter Copple, 
 Jacob Kuntz, 
 John Ridenhour, 
 Willm. Snider, 
 Adam Froshour, 
 Christn. Sheafer, 
 Leonard Everly, 
 John Wachtel, 
 George Studdlemeier, 
 Philip Colour, 
 Valentine Shotter, 
 Henry Ziegler, 
 Jacob Tabler, 
 Mathias King, 
 Jacob Miller, 
 Philip Isingminger, 
 
 Abraham Fettie, 
 John Imfeld, 
 George Shrantz, 
 Adam Smeltzer, 
 John Bird, 
 Gottlieb Klein, 
 Peter Graff, 
 John Ringer, 
 Jacob Croumer, 
 Philip Stouder, 
 Peter Hoover, 
 Peter Americk, 
 Conrad Houseman, 
 John Klein, 
 Henry Hain, 
 Jacob Kurtz, 
 John Zimmerman, 
 Henry Smith, 
 Adam Gentner, 
 
The German Regiment. 
 
 231 
 
 John Leather, 
 Henry Hilderbrand, 
 Anthony Miller, 
 Jacob Farber, 
 Michael Moser, 
 Ludwick Visinger, 
 Jacob Hammer, 
 Martin Watkins, 
 Nicholas Frye, 
 Jacob Weaver, 
 
 Jacob Eggman, 
 
 John Beckerson, 
 
 George Clinton, 
 
 Christopher Slender, 
 
 Michael Beiker, 
 
 Anthony Hamilton, 
 
 Jacob Sheafer, 
 
 Pay Roll of Capt. Michael Bayer's Company in the Ger- 
 man Regiment, Continental Troops in the 
 United States. 
 Commanded by Lt. Col. Ludwick Weltner. 
 For the months of July, August, September and October, 1779- 
 Capt. Michael Bayer (Boyer), John Abel, 
 
 Henry Cronies, 
 Leonard Ludwick, 
 John Snider, 
 Henry Herring, 
 Peter Kuntz, 
 Justinius Hogshield, 
 Edward Robertson, 
 John Shatz, 
 Michael Stiener, 
 John Able, 
 Michael Shoemaker, 
 Frederick Henninghouse, 
 Thomas Polehouse, 
 Bartle Engle, 
 John Klein, 
 John Miller. 
 
 Polehouse, 
 
 -k Shoemaker, 
 
 Corp. 
 
 Corp. 
 
 Corp. — rew Robinson, 
 
 Corp. John Hoshied, 
 
 Corp. John Shotz, 
 
 Drum. Thomas Hatchcraft, 
 
 Drum. Henry Ferrins. 
 
 Privates. 
 Thomas Mahony, 
 George Kepphard, 
 Peter Kuntz, 
 Abraham Kettle, 
 
 Adam Gantner, 
 Jacob Miller, Sr., 
 Jacob Cramer, 
 Leonard Ludwick, 
 Michael Shoemaker, 
 Peter Emerick, 
 Henry Herring, 
 Michael Moser, 
 Henry Cronise, 
 Phillip Fisher, 
 John Snider, 
 John Wachtel, 
 
232 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Henry Fisher, 
 John Foliott, 
 Owen Curley, 
 Charles Fullim, 
 James Johnson, 
 
 Wade, 
 
 Mallady, 
 
 Edward Robinson, 
 Ludwick Wesinger, 
 Rudolph Marolf, 
 Jacob Miller, Jr., 
 
 Phillip Strider, 
 Jacob Riggnagle, 
 Casemar Hill, 
 Conrad Houseman, 
 Michael Stoner, 
 William Taylor, 
 John Zimmerman, 
 John Cline, 
 Peter Hewer, 
 Bartle Engle. 
 
 Muster Roll of Capt. Geo. P. Keeport's Compy. of the 
 
 First German Battalion Continental Troops. 
 
 Commanded by Colonel Nicholas Haussegger. 
 
 Philadelphia, Sept. 19, 1 776. 
 
 George P. Keeports, Capt., 
 Saml. Gerock, 1 Lt., 
 Willm Ritter, 2 Lt., 
 John Lindenberger, Ensign, 
 Jacob Smith, 1st Serjt., 
 Henry Speck, 2nd Serjt., 
 John Keener, 3rd Serjt., 
 Christn. Kearns, 4th Serjt., 
 George Cole, 1st Corpl., 
 Fredk. Moppes, 2nd Corpl., 
 Ulrich Linkenfetter, 3rd Corpl. 
 Philip Bitting, 4th Corpl., 
 Benja. England, Drummer. 
 
 Privates. 
 Michael Brubacher, 
 Michael Grosh, 
 Michael Dochterman, 
 Christn. Settlemires, 
 Peter Kries, 
 Peter Koefflich (Hoefflich), 
 
 John Weller, 
 Gotfried Loure, 
 Jacob Wagner, 
 Peter Bast, 
 Jacob Stein, 
 John Schorcht, 
 George Schesler, 
 Danl. Fuhrman, 
 Henry Traut, 
 Jacob Schutz, 
 Peter Hahn, 
 George Miller, 
 Peter Anckle, 
 Jacob Wink, 
 Danl. Boehler, 
 John Harring, 
 John Franken, 
 John Cole, 
 Adam Schaefrer, 
 Mathias Schreier, 
 
The German Regiment. 
 
 233 
 
 Adam Markel, 
 David Streib, 
 Joseph Carrol, 
 David Levy, 
 Willm. Trux, 
 Jacob Bigler, 
 Jacob Burk, 
 
 Conrad Reitz, 
 John Brown, 
 Fredk. Mongoal, 
 John Bauer, 
 Conrad Boehm, 
 John Miller, 
 John Smith. 
 
 Roll of Capt. William Heyser's Company. 
 Dated October 23, 1776. 
 William Heyser, Captain, Adam Smith, 2nd Lieut., 
 
 Jacob Kortz, 1st Lieut., Paul Christman, Ensign. 
 
 Sergeants. 
 David McCorgan (Morgan), 
 Jacob Hose, 
 
 Daniel Jaquet (or Jaques), 
 Jacob Miller, 
 George Gittin, Drum, 
 
 Corporals. 
 Andrew Filler, 
 Philip Reevenach, 
 Barnard Frey, 
 William Lewis, 
 Jacob Gittin, Fife. 
 
 Peter Sheese, 
 Henry Stroam, 
 Adam Stonebreaker, 
 John Fogle, 
 Jacob Klien, 
 George Miller, 
 Phillip Fisher, 
 Jonathan Hecket, 
 Henry Tomm, 
 Jacob Hoover, 
 Michael Gambler, 
 George Harmony, 
 Thomas Clifton, 
 Michael Boward, 
 Henry Wagner, 
 
 Privates. 
 
 George Buch, 
 Stuffle Reever, 
 George Wise, 
 John Michael, 
 John Robertson, 
 Adam Lieser, 
 Robt. Hartness, 
 Henry Benter, 
 John Armstrong, 
 Simon Fogler, 
 Jacob Grass, 
 Phillip Smithly, 
 George Wilhelm, 
 James Duncan, 
 John Breecher, 
 
234 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 John Crafft, 
 John Shoemaker, 
 Mathias Gieser, 
 Mathias Dunkle, 
 Frederick Filler, 
 John Kibler, 
 Stuffle Wagner, 
 Jacob Heefner, 
 Conrad Hoyle, 
 Balsor Fisher, 
 John Smith, 
 Michael Weaver, 
 Jacob Belsoover, 
 John Rothe, 
 Wentle Strayly, 
 John Flick, 
 John Mettz, 
 Henry Michael, 
 George Riggleman, 
 Nicholas Baird, 
 John Hottfield, 
 Jacob Greathouse, 
 
 Fredk. Switzer, 
 Jacob Fowee, 
 Thomas Burney, 
 John Itnier, 
 Phillip Greechbaum, 
 Jacob Bishop, 
 Alex. Sailor, 
 Martin Pifer, 
 Peter Gittin, 
 Frances Myers, 
 Melcher Benter, 
 Tobias Friend, 
 Jacob Heefner, 
 John Smithly, 
 Everheart Smith, 
 Godfrey Young, 
 Frederick Locher, 
 Michael Yeakly, 
 James Furnier, 
 Henry Queer, 
 Henry Statler, 
 John Cropp. 
 
 Captain Heyser's company, which was enlisted in Wash- 
 ington county, was arranged as follows on May 22, 
 1777 
 
 .135 
 
 William Heyser, Captain, 
 Jacob Kortz, First Lieut., 
 
 Sergeants. 
 David Morgan, 
 Jacob Hose, 
 John Jaquet, 
 Jacob Miller. 
 
 135 Richards' " The Pennsylvania-German in the Revolutionary War," p. 
 225. 
 
 Adam Smith, Second Lieut., 
 
 Corporals. 
 Andrew Tiller, discharged by 
 
 the Surgeon, 
 Philip Reevenacht, 
 Bernard Frey, 
 
The German Regiment. 
 
 235 
 
 Henry Stroam, 
 Adam Stonebreaker, 
 John Flick, 
 Henry Michael, 
 Philip Fisher, 
 Jonathan Hacket, 
 Henry Tomm, 
 Jacob Hoover, 
 Michael Camler, 
 Henry Wagner, 
 Melchior Benner, 
 John Fogle, 
 Francis Myers, 
 Jacob Kliene, 
 John Michael, 
 Simon Fogler, 
 John Robinson, 
 Jacob Beltzhoover, 
 Peter Sheese, 
 George Harmony, 
 Michael Bawart, 
 John Croft, 
 Frederick Filler, 
 John Kibler, 
 John Smith, 
 Math's Keyser, 
 Michael Weaver, 
 Nicholas Beard, 
 John Hatfield, 
 Conrad Hoyle, 
 Christian Reaver, 
 Adam Lower, 
 Ph. Greechbaum, 
 
 William Lewis, 
 John Breecher. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Frederick Locher, 
 Michael Yockley, 
 James Fournier, 
 Henry Quir, 
 John Cropp, 
 H'y Statler, 
 George Gitting, 
 Thomas Clifton, 
 George Riggleman, 
 Thomas Burney, 
 John Metz, 
 John Shoemaker, 
 Tobias Friend, 
 Adam Leiser, 
 Jacob Greathouse, 
 Robert Hartness, 
 Martin Piffer, 
 George Miller, 
 Christopher Wagner, 
 Mathias Dunkle, 
 John Roth, 
 Jacob Piffer, 
 George Bouch, 
 Henry Panthar, 
 Jacob Grass, 
 George Wilhelm, 
 George Wise, 
 Jacob Heffner, 
 Everhard Smith, 
 John Armstrong, 
 Godfried Young, 
 Peter Gitting, died March 18, 
 1777, 
 
236 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 James Duncan, Archibald Fleegert, 
 
 John Etnier, Wentle Strayley, died January 
 
 Philip Smithly, 15, 1777, 
 
 Christian Sides, Balzer Fisher, died March 15, 
 
 Jacob Bishop, 1777, 
 
 Alexander Saylor, Frederick Switzer. 
 
 John Smithley, 
 
 Scharf 136 gives another arrangement of this company 
 from a roll in the possession of Captain Heyser's 
 descendants. 
 
 Pay Roll of Lt. Col. Weltner's Company in the German 
 
 Regt. of the Continental Forces of the United States. 
 
 Commanded by Lt. Col. Ludwick Weltner. 
 
 July, August, September and October, 1779. 
 
 Capt. Philip Shrawder, Corpl. John Brucher, 
 
 Serjt. William Lewis, Corpl. Adam Stonebraker, 
 
 Serjt. Jno. Danl. Jacquet, Corpl. Bernard Fry, 
 
 Serjt. Jacob Hose, Drum. Moses McKinsey, 
 
 Corpl. James Smith, Drum. Joshua McKinsey. 
 Corpl. John Michael, 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Michael Gambler, Francis Gavin, 
 
 James Ashley, Jacob Kline, 
 
 William Pointer, John Kebler, 
 
 Jacob Mosen, Mathias Keiser, 
 
 Jonathan Hackett, John Armstrong, 
 
 Henry Straam, John Etnier, 
 
 James Duncan, Jacob Bishop, 
 
 George Wilhelm, Chris. Raver, 
 Melcher Benner, Philip Fisher, 
 
 Fredrik Schwidzer, Fredk. Locker, 
 
 Michael Yockley, Alex. Taylor, 
 
 136 « History of Western Maryland," Vol. II., p. 1190. 
 
The German Regiment. 
 
 237 
 
 \ 
 
 Conrod Hoyle, 
 John Fliet, 
 Fredrik. Filter, 
 Michl. Weaver, 
 James Forney, 
 Jacob Beltzhoover, 
 John Groop, 
 George Getting, 
 John Hatfield, 
 Henry Michael, 
 Thomas Clifton, 
 John Craft, 
 
 A Roll of Capt. Philip 
 
 Philip Graybell, Captain, 
 John Lohra (Lorah), 1st Lieut 
 Christian Myers, 2d Lieut., 
 Martin Shugart, Ensign. 
 
 Privates. 
 Ferdinand Lorentz, 
 Philip Miller, 
 
 Henry Millberger ( Millburger 
 John Freymiller (Frymiller), 
 James Cappelle (Caple), 
 John Rick, 
 Lorentz Kneary, 
 Jacob Etter, 
 Peter Baker, 
 Rudolph Crower, 
 Adam Rohrbach (Rohhbaugh) 
 Rowland Smith, 
 John Shriock (Shryock), 
 William Rommelsem, Serjt., 
 Jacob Striter, 
 Martin Lantz, 
 John Hearly (Harley), 
 
 Patrick Fliming, 
 George Regliman, 
 Henry Stalter, 
 Christopr. Waggoner, 
 John Smith, 
 Henry Benter, 
 Philip Smithly, 
 Jacob Heefner, 
 John Smithly, 
 Jacob Haver, 
 Henry Quier. 
 
 Graybell's Company. 1776. 
 
 Jacob Hoffman, 
 , Charles Zarrell, 
 
 Charles Charles, 
 
 Joseph Procter, 
 
 Joseph Braeter, 
 
 Christian Apple, 
 
 George Myers (Myer), 
 ), Henry Willsdaugh, 
 George Lighthauser, (Leithauser) , 
 
 Joseph Smith, 
 
 Henry Wilstock, 
 
 Henry Rumfield, 
 
 George Hyatt, Fifer, 
 
 Thomas Kimmel (Kemmell), 
 
 Anthony Miller, 
 
 Joseph Hook, 
 
 Jacob Miley, 
 
 Jacob Miller, 
 
 Frederick Heller, Serjt., 
 
 Andrew Gorr (Gore), 
 
 William Speck, Corpl., 
 Henry Hargeroder (Hergeroder), 
 
2 3 8 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Wolfgang Ettsperger, 
 
 Christopher Regele (Regie), 
 
 Frederick Wm. Haller, 
 
 John Moore, 
 
 Wendell Andrews (Andreas), 
 
 Michael Kearshner, 
 
 Wolfgang Ettzinger, 
 
 John Shaffer, 
 
 David Mumma (Muma), 
 
 Abraham Frantz, 
 
 Frederick Weger, 
 
 Henry Hartman, 
 
 Wendel Lorentz, 
 
 John Hartenstein (Hardenstein 
 
 William Altimus, 
 
 Jacob Burke, 
 
 Jacob Kintz (Keintz), 
 
 George Rittlemyer, 
 
 Philip Kautz, 
 
 Jacob Myer (Myers), 
 
 John Shlife, 
 
 John Machenheimer, Sjt., 
 
 George Stauffer, Corpl., 
 
 Gottlieb Danroth, 
 
 Lorentz Danroth, 
 
 Henry Decker, 
 
 Michael Growl ey, 
 
 Frederick Sollers, Corpl., 
 
 Nicholas Frey, 
 
 Jacob Kerns (Kearns), 
 
 Simon Rinehart (Reinhart), 
 
 Mathias Boyer (Byer), Corpl., 
 
 Jacob Ruppert, 
 
 Nicholas Keyser, 
 
 John Welty, 
 
 John Summers, 
 
 Michael Huling, 
 
 John Eyssell, 
 
 William Litzinger, Serjt., 
 ), Fredk. Downey (Tawney), 
 
 William Cunius (Cunnius), 
 
 James Smith, 
 
 Peter Finley, Drummer, 
 
 John Smith, 
 John Bartholomew Deitch ( Dych ) , 
 
 William Kraft, 
 
 Joseph Williams, 
 
 Henry Sprengle, 
 
 Henry Smith, 
 
 John Strieker, Cadet, 
 
 Peter Segman. 
 
 A List of Recruits belonging to the German Regiment. 
 
 Commanded by Lieut. Colonel Weltner. 
 
 White Plains, September 51, 1778. 
 
 Time of 
 
 Names Service. 
 
 John Kendrick . . 3 yrs. 
 
 James Champness War. 
 
 George Buch 3 yrs. 
 
 Adam Mussler do. 
 
 William Vincent do. 
 
 Time o f 
 Service. 
 
 Names. 
 
 William Johnston do. 
 
 John Richards do. 
 
 Albert Hendricks 9 mos 
 
 Philip Bates do. 
 
 George Arnold do. 
 
The German Regiment. 
 
 239 
 
 Time of 
 Names. Service. 
 
 Stephen McGrouch do. 
 
 William Neving War. 
 
 James Woolford 3 yrs. 
 
 James Stiles War. 
 
 Peter Batolomey do. 
 
 Richard Hazlip 3 yrs. 
 
 Robert Porter do. 
 
 William Mummard War. 
 
 Hugh McKoy do. 
 
 John Ammersly do. 
 
 John Stanton do. 
 
 John Bennet do. 
 
 John Roach do. 
 
 Benj. Elliott do. 
 
 Cornelius Quinlin 3 yrs. 
 
 Philip Fitzpatrick 9 mos. 
 
 Francis Cams 3 yrs. 
 
 Charles Jones War. 
 
 Samuel Barts War. 
 
 Mathias Smith do. 
 
 William Rider do. 
 
 William Malinia do. 
 
 Benj. Cole do. 
 
 Timothy Cahill do. 
 
 Robert Smith do. 
 
 Cornelius Vaughan do. 
 
 James Murphy do. 
 
 Christian Castner do. 
 
 William Pope do. 
 
 John Fennell do. 
 
 Jacob Kauffman 3 yrs. 
 
 Thomas Proctor do. 
 
 Richard Gaul do. 
 
 John Shively do. 
 
 Thomas Halfpenny ' do. 
 
 Thomas Hazelwood War. 
 
 Richard Hopkins 9 mos. 
 
 Christn. Mumma do. 
 
 William White War. 
 
 James Connoway 3 yrs. 
 
 Time of 
 
 Names . Service . 
 
 Adam Mattrit, fifer War. 
 
 Michael Smith, drummer War. 
 
 John Malady do. 
 
 Thomas Mackall do. 
 
 Charles Fulham do. 
 
 John Hughmore do. 
 
 Thomas Hutchcrofft do. 
 
 John Wade do. 
 
 Alexander Smith do. 
 
 Frederick Shoemaker do. 
 
 James Johnston do. 
 
 Casimir Hill 3 yrs. 
 
 Thomas Mahony do. 
 
 John Smadern do. 
 
 Jacob Dolton do. 
 
 John Timhen do. 
 
 Michael Hardman do. 
 
 Henry Ferrins do. 
 
 James Dyer 3 yrs. 
 
 Henry Fisher do. -/ 
 
 Jacob Alexander do. 
 
 Christian Kepplinger 9 mos. 
 
 Philip Hinkel do. 
 
 Thomas Polehouse do. 
 
 Abraham Miller do. 
 
 Bernhard Ridenhour do. 
 
 Levy Aaron 3 yrs. 
 
 Moses McKinsey do. 
 
 Joshua McKinsey do. 
 
 Jacob Moser do. 
 
 Richard O'Quin War. 
 
 James Ashley do. 
 
 James Smith do. 
 
 Thomas Rowlands 9 mos. 
 
 George Bantz do. 
 
 On furlough. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Died 7 July. 
 
 Died July 27, '78. 
 
 Was a Deserter from Carolina. 
 
 Ditto of Col. Chambers. 
 
240 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Time of 
 Name. Service. Remarks. 
 
 Thomas Holdup War. Ditto of Carolina. 
 
 Mathias Custgrove 3 yrs. Deserted. 
 
 John Waldon do. ditto. 
 
 Andrew Shuler War. ditto. 
 
 John Stout do. ditto. 
 
 Robert Barnet do. Sick, absent. 
 
 George Kephard 3 yrs. Deserted. 
 
 Edward Connoly do. Taken by the Virginia Artillery. 
 
 Frederick Stone do. Given up to the Laboratory. 
 
 John Weeguel do. Left at Frederick Town. 
 
 These rolls do not contain the names of all the Germans 
 from Maryland who served in the Revolutionary War. 
 Many of them were to be found in the different regiments 
 of the Maryland Line, some of the companies being made 
 up almost entirely of Germans. But they are so scattered 
 and their names are so changed in the spelling that it is 
 impossible to pick them out. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Service of the Maryland Troops. 
 
 XT 
 
 'O every call for troops made 
 by the Continental Con- 
 gress the response from Mary- 
 land was prompt and enthusias- 
 tic, and, as a rule, that province 
 furnished more men than were 
 called for; indeed, in comparison 
 with the other colonies, Mary- 
 land contributed more than her 
 share. But there was very little call for the services of her 
 sons at home, as the fighting was all done in other sections 
 of the country, and the Maryland companies, as soon as 
 they were enrolled, were hurried to the point where they 
 were most needed. 
 
 After the evacuation of Boston General Howe con- 
 ceived the idea of dividing the country into two sections, 
 the northern part from the southern, and with that end in 
 view quickly landed a large force on Long Island for the 
 purpose of capturing New York. The exact number of 
 
 16* 241 
 
242 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 men making up the British commander's army is not 
 known, but it was between 20,000 and 27,000. General 
 Washington's force consisted nominally of about 24,000 
 men, but of these about one-third were invalids and another 
 third were not properly furnished with arms and ammuni- 
 tion. Then, too, this force was scattered over a large 
 section of country, for while Washington knew something 
 of the intention of the British commander, it was not known 
 just where he would strike his blow. 
 
 The Maryland battalion had been placed under the com- 
 mand of Colonel William Smallwood and sent to join 
 Washington's army in the vicinity of New York. As 
 other companies were raised they were hurried forward 
 under orders to join Smallwood's command, so that by 
 August 20, 1776, the whole Maryland force was under the 
 command of that officer. They were attached to the bri- 
 gade commanded by Lord Stirling. The British troops 
 landed on Long Island between the 21st and 27th of Au- 
 gust. On the 20th the Maryland troops, with those from 
 Delaware, were ordered to advance. Colonel Smallwood 
 and Lieutenant-Colonel Ware were in New York as mem- 
 bers of a court-martial, and although they asked Washing- 
 ton to be allowed to join their command they were not 
 permitted to do so, and the troops went forward under the 
 command of Major Mordecai Gist. 
 
 The American army under Putnam was drawn out to 
 occupy the passes and defend the heights between Flatbush 
 and Brooklyn. During the night of the 26th General Clin- 
 ton, with the van of the British army, silently seized one 
 of the passes and made his way, about daybreak, into the 
 open country in the rear of the Americans. He was im- 
 mediately followed by another column under Lord Percy. 
 To divert the Americans from their left another division 
 
' 
 
 ■;:^v 
 
Service of the Maryland Troops. 243 
 
 under Grant marched slowly along the coast, skirmishing 
 with the light parties on the road. Putnam being sur- 
 rounded Stirling was ordered with two regiments, one of 
 which was the Maryland regiment, to meet the army on 
 the route to the narrows. About break of day he took his 
 position advantageously upon the summit of the hills and 
 was joined by the troops driven in by the advancing columns 
 of the enemy. For several hours a severe cannonade was 
 kept up on both sides and Stirling was repeatedly attacked 
 by the brigades under Cornwallis and Grant, who were as 
 often gallantly repulsed. At length the left wing of the 
 American force having been completely turned by Clinton, 
 and the center under Sullivan broken at the first attack of 
 General De Heister, the position of Stirling's brigade on 
 the right became perilous in the extreme. The passes to 
 the American lines at Brooklyn were in the possession of an 
 overpowering British force; two strong brigades were 
 assailing him in front, and in his rear lay an extensive 
 marsh traversed by a deep and dangerous creek, eighty 
 yards in width at its mouth. Nearer its head, at the Yellow 
 Mills, the only bridge which might have afforded the bri- 
 gade a safe retreat had been burned by a New England 
 regiment under Colonel Ward in its very hasty retreat, 
 although it was covered by the American batteries. The 
 only hope of safety, therefore, for the gallant troops who 
 still maintained the battle and held the enemy at bay was to 
 surrender, or else to cross the dangerous marsh and creek 
 at its mouth, where no one had ever been known to cross 
 before. Colonel Smallwood, having arrived from New 
 York and learning of the perilous situation of his battalion, 
 applied to General Washington for some regiments to cover 
 their retreat. After a moment's hesitation as to the pru- 
 dence of risking more troops on a lost battle, unwilling to 
 
244 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 abandon these brave men to their fate, he detached him 
 with Captain Thomas' independent company from New 
 England which had just arrived from New York, and two 
 field pieces, to take a position on the banks of the stream 
 and protect the remnant of the brigade in the attempt to 
 cross it. 
 
 The scene of the conflict was within a mile of the Ameri- 
 can lines, and while Smallwood was hastening to their aid 
 Stirling prepared to make a last effort to check the advance 
 of the enemy and give time to a portion of his command to 
 make good its retreat. For this purpose he selected four 
 hundred men from the Maryland battalion, under Major 
 Gist, placed himself at their head, and having ordered all 
 the other troops to make the best of their way through the 
 creek, advanced against Cornwallis' brigade. As they drew 
 out between the two bodies of the enemy it was thought 
 by those looking on from the camp that they were about to 
 surrender, but as with fixed bayonets they rushed to the 
 charge upon the overwhelming force opposed to them fear 
 and sorrow filled every heart, and Washington is said to 
 have wrung his hands and examined: "Good God! What 
 brave fellows I must this day lose." 137 
 
 The following account of the battle of Long Island was 
 sent to the Maryland convention by Colonel Smallwood: 
 
 Camp of the Maryland Regulars, 
 Head Quarters, October 12th, 1776. 
 Sir: — Through your hands I must beg leave to address the 
 Hon'ble Convention of Maryland, and must confess not without 
 an apprehension that I have incurred their displeasure, for having 
 omitted writing when on our march from Maryland to New 
 York, and since our arrival here; nor shall I in a pointed manner 
 urge anything in my defence, but leave them at large to condemn 
 
 137 McSherry's " History of Maryland," p. 165. 
 
Service of the Maryland Troops. 245 
 
 or excuse me, upon a presumption that should they condemn, they 
 will at least pardon, and judge me perhaps less culpable, when they 
 reflect in the first instance on the exertions necessary to procure 
 baggage wagons, provisions and house-room for 750 men, marched 
 the whole distance in a body, generally from 15 to 20 miles per day, 
 as the several stages made it necessary ; and in the latter I trust they 
 will give some indulgence for this neglect, for since our arrival in 
 New York it has been the fate of this Corps to be generally sta- 
 tioned at advanced posts, and to act as a covering party, which must 
 unavoidably expose troops to extraordinary duty and hazard, not 
 to mention the extraordinary vigilance and attention in the com- 
 mandant of such a party in disposing in the best manner, and hav- 
 ing it regularly supplied; for here the commanders of regiments, 
 exclusive of their military duty, are often obliged to exert them- 
 selves in the departments of Commissary and Quarter-Master 
 General, and even directors of their regimental hospitals. 
 
 Perhaps it may not be improper to give a short detail of occur- 
 rences upon our march to Long Island and since that period. The 
 enemy from the 21st to the 27th of August, were landing their 
 troops on the lower part of Long Island, where they pitched a large 
 encampment, and ours and their advanced parties were daily skir- 
 mishing at long shot, in which neither party suffered much. On the 
 26th the Maryland and Delaware troops, which composed part of 
 Lord Stirling's Brigade, were ordered over. Col. Haslet and his 
 Lieut.-Col. Bedford, of the Delaware Battalion, with Lieut.-Col. 
 Ware and myself, were detained on the trial of Lieut.-Col. Led- 
 witz, and though I waited on General Washington and urged the 
 necessity of attending our troops, yet he refused to discharge us, 
 alleging there was a necessity for the trial's coming on, and that 
 no other field-officers could be then had. After our dismission 
 from the court-martial it was too late to get over, but pushing over 
 early next morning, found our regiments engaged, Lord Stirling 
 having marched them off before day to take possession of the woods 
 and difficult passes between our lines and the enemy's encampment ; 
 but the enemy over night had stolen a march on our generals, hav- 
 
 w 
 
246 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 ing got through those passes, met and surrounded our troops on 
 the plain grounds within two miles of our lines. Lord Stirling 
 drew up his brigade on an advantageous rising ground, where he 
 was attacked by two brigades in front, headed by the Generals 
 Cornwallis and Grant, and in his rear the enemy's main body stood 
 ready drawn up to support their own parties and intercept the 
 retreat of ours. This excellent disposition and the superior num- 
 bers ought to have taught our Generals there was no time to be lost 
 in securing their retreat, which might at least have been affected, 
 had the troops formed into a heavy column and pushed their re- 
 treat ; but the longer this was delayed it became the more dangerous, 
 as they were then landing more troops in front from the ships. 
 Our brigade kept their ground for several hours, and in general 
 behaved well, having received some heavy fires from the artillery 
 and musketry of the enemy, whom they repulsed several times ; but 
 their attacks were neither so lasting nor vigorous as was expected, 
 owing, as it was imagined, to their being certain of making the 
 whole brigade prisoners of war ; for by this time they had so secured 
 the passes on the road to our lines (seeing our parties were not 
 supported from thence, which indeed our numbers would not 
 admit of) that there was no possibility of retreating that way. 
 Between the place of action and our lines there lay a large marsh 
 and deep creek, not above 80 yards across at the mouth — (the place 
 of action upon a direct line did not exceed a mile from a part of our 
 lines), towards the head of which creek there was a mill and bridge, 
 across which a certain Col. Ward from New England, who is 
 charged with having acted a bashful part that day, passed over with 
 his regiment, and then burnt them down, though under cover of 
 our cannon, which would have checked the enemy's pursuit at any 
 time ; other ways, this bridge might have afforded a secure retreat. 
 There then remained no other prospect but to surrender, or attempt 
 to retreat over this marsh and creek at the mouth, where no person 
 had ever been known to cross. In the interim I applied to Gen'l 
 Washington for some regiments to march out to support and cover 
 their retreat, which he urged would be attended with too great a 
 
Service of the Maryland Troops. 247 
 
 risk to the party and the lines. He immediately afterwards sent 
 for and ordered me to march down a New England regiment and 
 Capt. Thomas's company, which had just come over from New 
 York, to the mouth of the creek opposite where the brigade was 
 drawn up, and ordered two field-pieces down, to support and cover 
 their retreat should they make a push that way. Soon after our 
 march they began to retreat, and for a small time the fire was very 
 heavy on both sides, till our troops came to the marsh, where they 
 were obliged to break their order and escape as quick as they could 
 to the edge of the creek under a brisk fire, notwithstanding which 
 they brought off 28 prisoners. The enemy taking advantage of a 
 commanding ground, kept up a continued fire from four field- 
 pieces, which were well served and directed, and a heavy column 
 advancing on the marsh must have cut our people off, their guns 
 being wet and muddy, not one of them would have fired, but hav- 
 ing drawn up the musketry and disposed of some riflemen conveni- 
 ently, with orders to fire on them when they came within shot; 
 however, the latter began their fire rather too soon, being at 200 
 yards' distance, which notwithstanding had the desired effect, for 
 the enemy immediately retreated to the fast land, where they con- 
 tinued parading within 800 yards till our troops were brought 
 over. Most of those who swam over, and others who attempted to 
 cross before the covering party got down, lost their arms and 
 accoutrements in the mud and creek, and some poor fellows their 
 lives, particularly two of the Maryland, two of the Delaware, one 
 of Attley's Pennsylvania, and two Hessian prisoners were drowned. 
 Thomas's men contributed much in bringing over this party. Have 
 enclosed a list of the killed and wounded, amounting to 256, offi- 
 cers inclusive. It has been said the enemy during the action also 
 attacked our lines; but this was a mistake. Not knowing the 
 ground, one of the columns advanced within long shot without 
 knowing they were so near, and upon our artillery and part of the 
 musketry's firing on them they immediately fled. The 28th, dur- 
 ing a very hard rain, there was an alarm that the enemy had 
 advanced to attack our lines, which alarmed the troops very much, 
 
248 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 but was without foundation. The 29th it was found by a council 
 of war that our fortifications were not tenable, and it was therefore 
 judged expedient that the army should retreat from the Island 
 that night, to effect which, notwithstanding the Maryland troops 
 had but one day's respite, and many other troops had been many 
 days clear of any detail of duty, they were ordered on the advanced 
 post at Fort Putnam, within 250 yards of the enemy's approaches, 
 and joined with two Pennsylvania reg'ts on the left, were to remain 
 and cover the retreat of the army, which was happily completed 
 under cover of a thick fog and a southwest wind, both of which 
 favored our retreat; otherwise the fear, disorder and confusion of 
 some of the Eastern troops must have retarded and discovered our 
 retreat and subjected numbers to be cut off. After remaining two 
 days in New York, our next station was at Harlaem, 9 miles above, 
 at an advance post opposite Montresove's and Bohana's Islands, 
 which in a few days the enemy got possession of without opposition ; 
 from the former of which we daily discoursed with them, being 
 within two hundred yards, and only a small creek between. It 
 being judged expedient to abandon New York and retreat to our 
 lines below Fort Washington, the military stores, &c, had been 
 removing some days, when on the 15th Sept. the enemy effected a 
 landing on several parts of the Island below (and it is cutting to 
 say without the least opposition). I have often read and heard of 
 instances of cowardice, but hitherto have had but a faint idea of it 
 till now. I never could have thought human nature subject to 
 such baseness. I could wish the transactions of this day blotted out 
 of the annals of America — nothing appeared but flight, disgrace 
 and confusion. Let it suffice to say, that 60 light infantry upon 
 the first fire put to flight two brigades of the Connecticut troops 
 — wretches who, however strange it may appear, from the Briga- 
 dier-General down to the private sentinel, were caned and whip'd 
 by the Generals Washington, Putnam and Mifflin; but even this 
 indignity had no weight — they could not be brought to stand one 
 shot. General Washington expressly sent and drew our regiment 
 from its brigade, to march down towards New York, to cover the 
 
Service of the Maryland Troops. 249 
 
 retreat and to defend the baggage, with direction to take possession 
 of an advantageous eminence near the enemy upon the main road, 
 where we remained under arms the best part of the day, till 
 Sergant's Brigade came in with their baggage, who were the last 
 troops coming in, upon which the enemy divided their main body 
 into two columns ; one filing off on the North river endeavored to 
 flank and surround us, the other advancing in good order slowly 
 up the main road upon us ; we had orders to retreat in good order, 
 which was done, our Corps getting within the lines after dusk. 
 The next day about 1000 of them made an attempt upon our lines, 
 and were first attacked by the brave Col. Knolton of New Eng- 
 land, who lost his life in the action, and the 3d Virginia regiment, 
 who were immediately joined by three Independent Companies, 
 under Major Price, and some part of the Maryland flying-camp, 
 who drove them back to their lines, it is supposed with the loss of 
 400 men killed and wounded. Our party had about 100 killed and 
 wounded, of the former only 15. Since which we have been view- 
 ing each other at a distance, and strongly entrenching till the gth 
 October, when three of their men-of-war passed up the North 
 river above King's Bridge, under a very heavy cannonade from 
 our Batteries, which has effectually cut off our communication by 
 water with Albany. I must now break off abruptly, being ordered 
 to march up above King's Bridge, the enemy having landed 6000 
 men from the Sound on Frog's Point. 50 ships are got up there, 
 landing more troops — there is nothing left but to fight them. An 
 engagement is generally expected and soon. Have enclosed a copy 
 of a general return of the battalion and Veazy's company, being all 
 the troops I marched from Maryland, with the accoutrements and 
 camp equipage taken in Philadelphia, to be rendered the Congress, 
 together with our general weekly return. The Independents are 
 now about their returns of arms, accoutrements and camp equip- 
 age brought by them from Maryland, but not having time to 
 finish, they must hereafter be returned to Council of Safety. We 
 have upwards of three hundred officers and soldiers of the Mary- 
 land regulars very sick, which you will observe by the return ; and 
 
250 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 I am sorry to say, it's shocking to humanity to have so many of 
 them ; this must hurt the service upon the new enlistments. Major 
 Price and Gist and Cap'n Stone are in the Jerseys very sick, and 
 Col. Ware and myself are very unfit for duty, though we attend 
 it; many more officers are very unwell. I am very respectfully, 
 Your obedient and very h'ble servant, 
 
 W. Smallwood. 138 
 
 The loss sustained by the Maryland troops in the battle 
 of Long Island was unusually heavy. The killed and 
 wounded numbered 256. Captain Veazy and Lieutenant 
 Butlar were killed, and among the prisoners were Captain 
 Daniel Bowie, Lieutenant William Steret, William Ridgely, 
 Hatch Dent, Walter Muse, Samuel Wright, Joseph Butler, 
 Edward Praul, Edward Decourcy and Ensigns James Fer- 
 nandes and William Courts. The conduct of the battle of 
 Long Island has called forth a great deal of unfavorable 
 comment, taking in both officers and privates, but the 
 Maryland troops taking part in it have received nothing 
 but praise for their valor, in marked contrast to that of 
 some of the New Englanders. McSherry says 139 "The 
 people of Long Island point out to strangers the spot where 
 half of the Maryland battalion stemmed the advance of the 
 whole left wing of the British army when no other troops 
 were left on the field," and Colonel Daniel Brodhead 
 wrote : 140 " No troops could behave better than the Southern, 
 for though they seldom engaged less than five to one, they 
 frequently repulsed the Enemy with great Slaughter." 
 
 At White Plains the Marylanders sustained their reputa- 
 tion and were in the thickest of the fight, where their loss 
 was over one hundred men. The Maryland battalion had 
 
 138 Scharf's " Chronicles of Baltimore," p. 148 et seq. 
 
 139 " History of Maryland," p. 166. 
 
 140 Pennsylvania Archives, First Series, Vol. V., p. 22. 
 
 n 
 
Service of the Maryland Troops. 251 
 
 become veterans. In three months it had fought three 
 battles, and it was the first organization to use the bayonet 
 against the British regulars. At the defence of Fort Wash- 
 ington they held their own against a vastly superior force 
 of Hessians. Washington had posted his army in three 
 divisions, Colonel Rawlings with his Maryland regiment 
 being stationed on a hill to the north of the lines. They 
 were attacked by General Knyphausen with five thousand 
 men. At the same time another division of the enemy 
 moved against Colonel Cadwallader, of the Pennsylvania 
 troops, who commanded within the lines, and a third divi- 
 sion crossed the East river in boats and landed within the 
 lines. The superiority of the British force drove Cadwal- 
 lader's men back into the fort, but the Mary landers, under 
 Rawlings, bravely maintained their position. "Posted 
 among the trees, his riflemen poured in upon the advancing 
 column a murderous fire which they in vain endeavored to 
 sustain. The Hessians broke and retired. Again they 
 were brought to the attack and again repulsed with dread- 
 ful slaughter. The Maryland riflemen remembered the 
 destruction of their brethren of the battalion by the Hes- 
 sians at Yellow Mills and did not forget to avenge it. But 
 what could a single battalion of riflemen, even of such 
 matchless skill and courage, effect when opposed to five 
 thousand men armed with the bayonet ? Had every other 
 post been defended as theirs was, victory would have 
 crowned the American arms that day. But all the other 
 troops were already in full retreat. The three divisions of 
 the enemy were about to fall upon their rear while they 
 contended with a force in front of them far greater than 
 their own. At length, by sheer fighting and power of 
 numbers, the Hessians reached the summit of the hill. 
 Rawlings, perceiving the danger to his rear and learning 
 
252 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 of the retreat of the Pennsylvanians, abandoned his posi- 
 tion, as no longer tenable, and retired under the guns of 
 the fort." 141 
 
 As Colonel Magaw was unable to hold the fort against 
 such an overwhelming force he was compelled to surrender, 
 and twenty-six hundred men became prisoners. The British 
 lost nearly twelve hundred men, killed and wounded, more 
 than half of this loss being sustained by the Hessians in 
 their attack upon Rawlings' Maryland and Virginia rifle- 
 men. 
 
 A detailed account of all the battles in which the Mary- 
 land troops took part cannot be given here, but wherever 
 they were called upon — at Trenton, at Princeton, at Mon- 
 mouth, on the banks of the Brandywine, at Germantown — 
 they were always to be found at the forefront, and ac- 
 quitted themselves with glory. Many had been killed and 
 many more were disabled on account of wounds and sick- 
 ness. "In each succeeding action," says McSherry, "the 
 Maryland troops had been further reduced until Small- 
 wood's battalion and the seven independent companies, 
 which had entered the campaign fourteen hundred strong, 
 had been worn down to a mere captain's command." But 
 new men filled up the ranks and until the end of the 
 war the Marylanders continued to show their bravery on 
 many a hard fought field, a bravery that had been bred in 
 them through their arduous life on the frontiers of the 
 province. 
 
 One of the matters which caused considerable trouble 
 among the officers of the Maryland troops, as it did among 
 those of other states, was the determination of the rank of 
 the officers. When it became apparent that there would be 
 a war between Great Britain and the colonies, military com- 
 
 141 McSherry's " History of Maryland," p. 171. 
 
Service of the Maryland Troops. 253 
 
 panies were formed in all parts of the country, officers were 
 selected, and the companies were drilled in military tactics, 
 so that by the time that hostilities actually broke out there 
 were a number of these companies ready to march at a 
 moment's notice, and many of them did so and took an 
 active part in the early campaigns. Later on when the army 
 was being reorganized under the authority of the Conti- 
 nental Congress, the officers of these companies naturally 
 expected to be among the first ones promoted on account 
 of their having been early in the field. In many instances 
 these officers were disappointed in their expectation and 
 saw promoted over them officers who had entered the 
 service after they had. This naturally caused considerable 
 resentment and protests were made to those in authority. 
 Promises were made that the matter would be adjusted, 
 but progress in this direction was slow and the feeling 
 among those who felt that they were being slighted became 
 so intense that something had to be done. Early in 1779 
 the legislature of Maryland adopted resolutions requesting 
 General Washington to settle this question of rank. Upon 
 receipt of these resolutions Washington wrote to Governor 
 Johnson as follows. 142 
 
 Head Quarters Middle Brook, 8th April 1779. 
 Sir 
 
 I have been honoured with yours of the 26 th March inclosing a 
 Resolve of the House of Delegates for the incorporation of parts 
 of the German Battalion and Rifle Corps into a Regiment, and 
 another for forwarding the recruiting service. I also at the same 
 time received from the president of the Senate and the speaker of 
 the House of Delegates two Resolves — one empowering me to 
 fully settle the Rank of the Officers of the Maryland line, the other 
 allowing half pay for life to such Officers as shall remain in the 
 service during the war. 
 
 142 Archives of Maryland, Vol. XXI., p. 339. 
 
254 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 By an allotment of the quota of troops to be raised by said State, 
 made by Congress the 26 th Feb y 1778, the German Battalion was 
 wholly attached to the State of Maryland and considered as her 
 Reg 1 since which it hath done duty in that line. Had not this been 
 the case, the incorporation of such parts of that Regiment and 
 Rifle Corps as are deemed properly to belong to Maryland would 
 still be attended with the greatest inconveniences particularly in 
 regard to recruiting the Ranks of the Officers, Col Rawlins and 
 most of his being elder than Col Weltner and those of the Ger- 
 man would supersede them upon incorporation. 
 
 Indeed Col Weltner would not only be superseded, but he must 
 be supernumerary. In short, the difficulties attending the measure 
 recommended are more than can be conceived, and I am convinced 
 by experience that it cannot be carried into execution without 
 totally deranging the German Regiment. 
 
 In January last Congress, to make some provision for Col 
 Rawlins and his Officers, resolved that he should increase his 
 remaining men (who are not more than 70 or 80) to three Com- 
 panies to be commanded by him as a separate Corps. The times of 
 most of the old men are near expiring and whether they will rein- 
 list I cannot say. 
 
 I entertain a very high opinion of Col Rawlins and his Officers, 
 and have interested myself much in their behalf. It is to be re- 
 gretted that they were not provided for in the States to which they 
 belong, when the Army was new modelled in 1776, but as they 
 were not, after a variety of plans had been thought of that above 
 mentioned was esteemed the most eligible, and indeed the only 
 one that could be accepted, as the introduction of those Gentlemen 
 into the line would have been impracticable. 
 
 I have, agreeable to the powers invested in me, appointed a 
 Board of General Officers to take into consideration and report to 
 me the rank of the Maryland line. I do not imagine that it will 
 be possible to give general satisfaction, but I am convinced that 
 the Gentlemen who have the Business in hand will pay the strictest 
 attention to the claims of all parties, and give the most disinter- 
 ested decision. 
 
Service of the Maryland Troops. 255 
 
 Whatever the decision may be, I hope that it may be considered 
 by the State as definitive, and that they will not in future pay any 
 further regard to the importunities of those who may be discon- 
 tented with the arrangemenet which is about to be made. 
 
 The matter was one that was not easily arranged and 
 after several Boards of Officers had worked on it Wash- 
 ington wrote to Governor Johnson, on May 28, 1779, 
 giving the rank of the different officers as it had finally 
 been agreed upon. Instead of allaying the feeling of 
 resentment among the officers the report determining their 
 rank increased it, and a number of them promptly resigned. 
 That their resignations were not due to any lack of patriot- 
 ism, but to a feeling that they were not being treated prop- 
 erly, is shown by the actions of one Pennsylvania-German. 
 Benjamin Spyker, Jr., a native of Berks county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, who had been teaching school in Maryland, enlisted 
 a company early in 1776, and upon the organization of the 
 Maryland Line his company became a part of the Seventh 
 Regiment. When the question of the rank of the officers 
 had been finally settled he resigned his commission and 
 went back to his home in Berks county, where he enlisted 
 as a private in Captain John Anspach's company, in the 
 Berks county militia. 143 
 
 But the settlement of the question of the rank of the 
 officers did not end the matter. On June 17, 1779, the 
 principal officers of the Maryland regiments in the field 
 addressed the following petition to the governor and the 
 members of the Senate and House of Delegates: 144 
 
 We beg leave, most respectfully, to represent to your Excellency 
 and Honors that the several provisions hitherto made by the Legis- 
 
 144 Scharf s " History of Maryland," Vol. II., p. 35a. 
 143 Pennsylvania Archives, Fifth Series, Vol. V., p. 185. 
 
256 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 lature for the subsistence of her officers, though liberal at the time 
 of being voted, have by no means been adequate to the exigent 
 expenses of their respective stations. 
 
 That a zeal for the public cause, and an ardent desire to promote 
 the happiness and interest of their country have, notwithstanding, 
 induced them to continue in the service to the very great prejudice 
 of their private fortunes; many of which being now entirely ex- 
 hausted, we find ourselves under the painful and humiliating 
 necessity of soliciting your Excellency and Honors for a further 
 support, and the disposition of a generous and grateful people to 
 reward the services of the faithful sons and servants of the State. 
 
 The very great depreciation of the Continental Currency renders 
 it absolutely necessary that some further provision should be made 
 for our support to enable us to continue a service in which nothing 
 but a love of Liberty and the rights of mankind can retain us ; and 
 we trust that it will be such as will support with decency and 
 dignity the respective ranks which our country has done us the 
 honor to confer on us. 
 
 The inconveniences and difficulties we suffer are various and 
 grievous, but we think it unnecessary to be particular or to point 
 out a mode of redress as the examples of the State of Pennsylvania 
 and others in providing for their officers and soldiers are the most 
 eligible and ample we desire or expect. 
 
 We beg leave to assure your Excellency and Honors with the 
 utmost candor and sincerity, that while we assiduously exert our 
 best abilities in a hardy opposition to the enemies of our country, 
 we earnestly wish the arrival of that period when our military 
 services will be no longer requisite, and, being at liberty individu- 
 ally to procure a peaceful competence, we may again be numbered 
 among the happy citizens of the Free and Independent State of 
 Maryland. 
 
 We have the honor to be with great respect, 
 
 Your Excellency and Honors most obedient humble servants. 
 
 Knowing the above representation to be a true state of the 
 
Service of the Maryland Troops. 
 
 257 
 
 grievances of the officers in the Maryland line, on their behalf, and 
 in justice to them, I have subscribed to it. W. Small wood. 
 
 John Carvil Hall, colonel 4th John James, 
 
 IX 
 
 regiment ; 
 
 Otho H. Williams, colonel 6th 
 regiment ; 
 
 John Gunby, colonel ; 
 
 R. Adams, lieutenant-colonel 7th 
 regiment ; 
 
 Thomas Wolford, lieutenant- 
 colonel 2d regiment; 
 
 John E. Howard, lieutenant- 
 colonel ; 
 
 John Stewart, major; 
 
 John Dean, major; 
 
 Archibald Anderson, major; 
 
 Henry Hardman, captain ; 
 
 A. Grosh, captain ; 
 
 Thomas Lansdale, captain; 
 
 Harry Dobson, captain ; 
 
 William D. Beale, captain; 
 
 Jonathan Sellman, captain; 
 
 Alexander Trueman, captain ; 
 
 Joseph Marbury, captain ; 
 
 Jacob Brice, captain; 
 
 John Smith, captain; 
 
 William Wilmott, captain; 
 
 Alexander Roxburgh, captain; 
 
 Henry Gaither, captain ; 
 
 Edward Oldman, captain; 
 
 Richard Anderson, captain ; 
 
 Edward Pratt, captain; 
 
 George Hamilton, captain; 
 
 Levin Handy, captain; 
 
 Walker Mun, captain; 
 17* 
 
 John Carr, 
 
 Nicholas Gassaway, 
 
 Charles Smith, 
 
 R. N. Walker, 
 
 Lloyd Beall, 
 
 Richard McAlister, 
 
 James Brain, 
 
 Ed. Edgerly, 
 
 John J. Jacob, 
 
 James Ewing, 
 
 Wm. Lamar, V 
 
 Wm. Woolford, 
 
 Charles Beaven, 
 
 John Hartshorn, 
 
 John M. Hamilton, 
 
 James Gould, 
 
 J. J. Skinner, 
 
 Richard Donovan, 
 
 John Gibson, 
 
 T. B. Hugan, 
 
 Gassaway Watkins, 
 
 W. Adams, 
 
 George Jacobs, 
 
 John Mitchell, 
 
 Philip Theid, 
 
 Edward Moran, 
 
 Thomas Price, engineer; 
 
 Henry Baldwin, quarter-master 
 
 and engineer; 
 John Gassaway, lieutenant 2d 
 
 Maryland regiment; 
 Samuel Hanson, ensign; 
 
258 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 James Woolf ord Gray, captain ; 
 
 John Gale, captain; 
 
 John Sprigg Belt, captain ; 
 
 John Smith, captain; 
 
 W. Beatty, captain; 
 
 J. C. Jones, captain; 
 
 John Davidson, captain; 
 
 John Jordan, captain ; 
 
 James Somervell, captain-lieu- 
 tenant ; 
 
 Benjamin Price, captain-lieu- 
 tenant ; 
 
 Frederick Foird, captain-lieu- 
 tenant ; 
 
 George Armstrong, captain-lieu- 
 tenant; and lieutenants; 
 
 Francis Reveley, 
 
 Nicholas Mamges, 
 
 Samuel Farmer, 
 
 Osborn Williams, 
 
 Isaac Duall, 
 
 Hezekiah Ford, ensign; 
 
 John Dorsey, surgeon 5th Mary- 
 land Regiment; 
 
 Thomas Parran, surgeon 6th 
 regiment ; 
 
 William Kiltz, assistant sur- 
 geon 5th regiment; 
 
 John Hamilton, paymaster and 
 lieutenant, 4th Maryland 
 regiment. 
 
 Richard Pindell, surgeon, 4th 
 Maryland regiment; 
 
 Christopher Richmond, pay- 
 master and lieutenant; 
 
 Benjamin Garnett, engineer; 
 
 James Woulds, adjutant; 
 
 W. Warfield, assistant surgeon, 
 6th regiment; 
 
 Robert Denny, engineer and 
 paymaster, 7 th regiment. 
 
 The legislature met on July 22, and after considering 
 the address of the officers passed an act " relating to the 
 officers and soldiers of this State in the American army." 
 This measure provided that as the officers were bearing 
 the heaviest burdens of the war with a pay that scarcely 
 supplied them with the necessaries of life, and as most of 
 them were now so reduced in means as to be dependent upon 
 the gratuity of the state, each of the commissioned and 
 staff officers of the Maryland Line and of the state troops 
 in the Continental army was to be allowed every year dur- 
 ing the war, at a fixed price, " four good shirts and a com- 
 plete uniform, suitable to his station." They were also to 
 be allowed tea, coffee, chocolate, sugar, rum, soap and 
 
Service of the Maryland Troops. 
 
 259 
 
 tobacco, in certain portions, to be dealt out by the day and 
 month. During that year, in lieu of these, they were to 
 receive $2,000. The non-commissioned officers and pri- 
 vates were also to be given an allowance in rum and to- 
 bacco, which, for the year 1779, was commuted at £20 
 currency for each man. The act also provided that those 
 who should enlist in a Maryland regiment to serve for 
 three years, or during the war, should receive, in addition 
 to the bounties provided by congress and the state, a hat, a 
 pair of shoes, stockings and overalls. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Forwarding the Cause at Home. 
 
 HILE the Maryland 
 troops were upholding 
 the honor of the State in the 
 field, those at home, the non- 
 combatants, were doing their 
 part to forward the patriotic 
 cause. A feeling of patriotism 
 was manifested everywhere 
 among all classes, and in many 
 instances those who could not 
 very well afford it sacrificed 
 the necessaries of life to con- 
 tribute towards the support of 
 the troops in the field. Every- 
 thing that was possible was done to assist in the struggle 
 and privations were endured by those at home as well as 
 by those in camp. Patriotic sentiments were expressed on 
 all sides. Scharf 145 gives a copy of a letter supposed to 
 
 1 45 " History of Western Maryland," Vol. II., p. 1035. The letter is as 
 follows : 
 
 To Capt. William Heyser, at the American Camp, Philadelphia. 
 Dear Father 
 
 Through the mercies of almighty God, I my Mamma, my brother and 
 
 260 
 
Forwarding the Cause at Home. 261 
 
 have been written to Captain William Heyser by his son, 
 aged nine years. While the sentiments expressed in the 
 letter were no doubt those entertained by almost everyone 
 yet the letter itself is scarcely one such as would be written 
 by a nine-year old boy. 
 
 Many of the German settlers in western Maryland had 
 conscientious scruples against war and these people were 
 averse to enlisting in the army and taking an active part in 
 the war, but they contributed of their means, many of them 
 liberally. Military stores, gunpowder, guns and cannon, 
 were manufactured at a number of places, and supplies of 
 various kinds also contributed. At a meeting of the Com- 
 mittee of Observation for that part of Frederick county 
 which is now Washington county, held at Elizabeth Town 
 (Hagerstown) on April 8, 1776, the following communi- 
 cation was received from the Council of Safety: 
 
 Sisters are well, in hopes these may find you enjoying these Felicities, 
 which tend to happiness in life, and everlasting Happiness in Eternity your 
 long absence and great distance is the only matter of our trouble, but our 
 sincere Prayers, is for your Welfare and Prosperity, begging that God may 
 prosper you, and your united Brethren, in your laudable undertaking, and 
 in the end crown you with the laurels of a Complete victory, over the 
 Enemies of the inestimable Rights, Liberties, and Privileges of distressed 
 America, and hand them down inviolate, to the latest Posterity. My Dear 
 father, my greatest Grief is, that I am incapable of the military Service, 
 that I might enjoy the company of so loving a father, and serve my country 
 in so glorious a cause, but tho' absent from you yet my constant prayer 
 is for your Safety, in the Hour of danger, your complete victory, over the 
 Enemies, of the united States of America, and your Safe Restoration to the 
 government of your family. I and my brother Jacob Continue at School, 
 and hope to give a full Satisfaction, to our parents, and friends in our 
 regular conduct, and Progress in learning, my Mamma, my brother and 
 Sister do join me in their Prayers and well wishes for you. 
 
 I am Dr. Father your most dutiful and obedt Son, 
 
 Hagers Town William Heyser 
 
 October 12th 
 1776 
 
262 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 In Council of Safety, Annapolis, 
 March 23, 1776. 
 
 Gentlemen: — The great difficulty we find in providing blankets 
 for the regular forces raised for the defence of this province obliges 
 us to apply to the committee of observation for the several counties 
 and districts, earnestly requesting that they would use their en- 
 deavors to procure from the housekeepers in their respective coun- 
 ties and districts all the blankets or rugs that they can with any 
 convenience spare, for which the council will pay such prices as 
 the committees shall agree on, as well as any expense that may 
 arise in collecting them together ; and when you have procured any 
 quantity, you will send them to Annapolis, to Col. Smallwood, or, 
 in his absence, to the commanding officer on this station, who will 
 receive the same, and give orders on the council for the payment 
 thereof. 
 
 We hope that the friends to our cause in the county will con- 
 tribute everything in their power to the comfortable subsistence of 
 the soldiery in this respect ; it will be an act of great humanity, and 
 render an essential service to the public. 
 
 We are, Gentlemen, your most O bt servants. By order. 
 
 Daniel, of St. Thos., Jennifer, P. 
 
 The proceedings of the Committee then go on to 
 state 146 
 
 In consequence of the preceding letter from the honorable the 
 council of safety of this province, we have, agreeably to their re- 
 quest, furnished them with what quantity of blankets and rugs the 
 inhabitants of this district can with any convenience spare, and a 
 price estimated on them by this committee as follows: 
 
 .£ s. d. £ s. d. 
 
 William Baird, 1 blanket... o 17 6 John Ingram, 1 blanket o 15 o 
 
 John Parks, 1 rug o 12 o Adam Grimer, 2 blankets 1 180 
 
 Andrew Rench, 1 blanket. . . o 12 6 Wm. Douglass, 1 blanket. . . o 10 o 
 
 Simon Myer, " ... o 15 o Matthias Need, 1 blanket... o 12 o 
 
 146 Scharf's "History of Western Maryland," Vol. I., p. 134. 
 
Forwarding the Cause at Home. 
 
 263 
 
 Philip Rymeby, 3 coverlets. . 
 
 a 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Michael Ott, 1 blanket.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 John Feagen, 
 
 " 
 
 . . r6 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 « « 
 
 (< 
 
 . . 16 
 
 Jacob Lazear, " 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 Jerentiah Wells, 
 
 a 
 
 . . IO 
 
 Joseph Birely, 1 coverlet. . . 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Joseph Rench, 
 
 (C 
 
 ..OIIO 
 
 " " i blanket... 
 
 
 
 5' 
 
 
 
 Zach'h Spires, 
 
 (C 
 
 . . 10 
 
 Richard Davis, " 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Matthias Nead, 
 
 <( 
 
 . . 10 
 
 Thos. Prather, " 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 Henry Startzman, 
 
 cc 
 
 . . 0120 
 
 Ch'n Rhorer, " 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 George Swingly, 
 
 (( 
 
 . . 0160 
 
 Leonard Shryock, " 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 George Hoffman, 
 
 c< 
 
 . . 76 
 
 Robert Guthrie, r coverlet. . 
 
 1 
 
 IO 
 
 
 
 Jacob Brumbaugh, 
 
 11 
 
 , . .21' 30 
 
 Christian Miller, " 
 
 1 
 
 IO 
 
 
 
 Michael Miller, 
 
 (( 
 
 , . .42 17 O 
 
 Jacob Prunk, r blanket. . . . 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 George Hartte, 
 
 c< 
 
 , . . O l8 O 
 
 Jacob Rohrer, " 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 John Roltrer, 
 
 a 
 
 . . .20 IO O 
 
 Ellen Miller, 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Christ'r Burgard, 
 
 a 
 
 . . . O 12 O 
 
 Chas. Swearingen, 1 blanket. 
 
 
 
 IO 
 
 
 
 Jacob Good, 1 ru 
 
 g 
 
 
 Ch'n Eversole, " 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 John Rench, 1 bl; 
 
 mket. . 
 
 . . . O 12 O 
 
 I quilt 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 John Stull, 
 
 <( 
 
 , . . O 14 O 
 
 " i coverlet. . . 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 Received of Conrad Sheitz forty-four blankets for the use of this 
 province, which were delivered him by the committee of Observa- 
 tion of Elizabeth Town district. 
 
 Received by me this 12th day of April, 1776. 
 
 Geo. Stricker. 
 
 While there were some of the inhabitants of Maryland 
 who remained loyal to Great Britain, the majority of them, 
 particularly among the Germans, were on the side of the 
 patriots, and they were ever on the alert to detect any 
 treasonable designs on the part of the Tories, and owing 
 to their vigilance they were frequently able to frustrate 
 well-laid plans which might have resulted seriously for the 
 American cause. One of the most notable of these was 
 that concocted by Dr. John Connolly, which was frustrated 
 by some of the Germans of western Maryland. Connolly 
 was a native of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, where he 
 became a physician. After taking part in the French and 
 
264 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Indian War, he spent some time with various Indian tribes, 
 accompanying them on long marches into unexplored terri- 
 tory, and finally settled at Pittsburgh. When the Revolu- 
 tionary War began he remained loyal to Great Britain. 
 While at Pittsburgh he met Lord Dunmore, governor of 
 Virginia, and when the latter was making strenuous efforts 
 to help the royal cause he found an able ally in Connolly. 
 A plan was formed by which Connolly, through his inti- 
 macy with the Indians, was to incite them to a war upon 
 the frontiers, and to raise an army in Canada and the 
 western settlements. Dunmore sent Connolly to General 
 Gage, who commanded at Boston, with the following 
 proposals : 
 
 Proposals for raising an Army to the Westward, and for effectually 
 
 obstructing a Communication between the Southern and 
 
 Northern Governments. 
 
 As I have, by direction from his Excellency Lord Dunmore, pre- 
 pared the Ohio Indians to act in concert with me against his 
 Majesty's enemies in that quarter, and have also dispatched intelli- 
 gence to the different officers of the militia on the frontiers of 
 Augusta County, in Virginia, giving them Lord Dunmore's assur- 
 ances that such of them as shall hereafter evince their loyalty to 
 his Majesty by putting themselves under my command, when I 
 shall appear among them with proper authority for that purpose, 
 of a confirmation of titles to their lands, and the quantity of three 
 hundred acres to all who should take up arms in the support of the 
 constitution, when the present rebellion subsided, I will undertake 
 to penetrate through Virginia, and join his Excellency Lord Dun- 
 more at Alexandria early next spring, on the following conditions 
 and authority: 
 
 1st. That your Excellency will give me a commission to act as 
 Major-commandant of such troops as I may raise and embody on 
 the frontiers, with a power to command to the westward and 
 
Forwarding the Cause at Home. 265 
 
 employ such serviceable French and English partisans as I can 
 employ by pecuniary rewards or otherwise. 
 
 2d. That your Excellency will give orders to Captain Lord on 
 the Illinois to remove himself, with the garrison under his com- 
 mand, from Fort Gage to Detroit, by the Aubache, bringing with 
 him all the artillery, stores, &c, &c, to facilitate which under- 
 taking he is to have authority to hire boats, horses, Frenchmen, 
 Indians, &c, &c, to proceed with all possible expedition on that 
 route, as the weather may occasionally permit, and to put himself 
 under my command on his arrival at Detroit. 
 
 3d. That the commissary at Detroit shall be empowered to 
 furnish such provision as I may judge necessary for the good of the 
 service, and that the commanding officer shall be instructed to give 
 every possible assistance in encouraging the French and Indians of 
 that settlement to join me. 
 
 4th. That an officer of artillery be immediately sent with me to 
 pursue such route as I may find most expedient to gain Detroit, 
 with orders to have such pieces of light ordnance as may be thought 
 requisite for the demolishing of Fort Dunmore and Fort Fincastle, 
 if resistance should be made by the rebels in possession of those 
 garrisons. 
 
 5th. That your Excellency will empower me to make such 
 reasonable presents to the Indian chiefs and others as may urge 
 them to act with vigor in the execution of my orders. 
 
 6th. That your Excellency will send to Lord Dunmore such 
 arms as may be spared, in order to equip such persons as may be 
 willing to serve his Majesty at our junction, in the vicinity of 
 Alexandria, &c, &c. If your Excellency judges it expedient for 
 the good of the service to furnish me with the authority and other 
 requisites I have mentioned, I shall embrace the earliest oppor- 
 tunity of setting off for Canada, and shall immediately dispatch 
 Lord Dunmore's armed schooner, which now awaits my com- 
 mands, with an account of what your Excellency has done, and 
 that I shall be ready, if practicable, to join your Lordship by the 
 twentieth of April, at Alexandria, where the troops under my 
 
266 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 command may fortify themselves under the cover of the men of 
 war on that station. 
 
 If, on the contrary, your Excellency should not approve of what 
 I propose, you will be good enough to immediately honor me with 
 your dispatches to the Earl of Dunmore, that I may return as early 
 as possible. 
 
 General Gage approved the plan, and in October, 1775, 
 Connolly again joined Dunmore, who in accordance with 
 instructions from General Gage, gave him a commission as 
 lieutenant-colonel commandant of the Queen's Royal 
 Rangers, to be raised "in the back parts and Canada." 
 On November 13th Connolly left Dunmore and started 
 for Detroit. He was accompanied by Dr. John Smith and 
 Allan Cameron. The former was a Scotchman who lived 
 on Port Tobacco creek, in Charles county, Maryland. 
 Connolly had induced him to accept a commission as sur- 
 geon in the proposed expedition. Cameron was also a 
 Scotchman who had left home on account of a duel and 
 had come to Virginia with the intention of purchasing lands 
 in that colony. He served for some time as deputy Indian 
 agent in South Carolina, but having suffered much abuse 
 there for his loyalty to the crown, and having gained some 
 notoriety on account of a plan to incite the Creek and 
 Cherokee Indians to fall on the colonists, 147 he readily 
 engaged to join the party, being promised a commission as 
 lieutenant. 
 
 The party set out in a flat-bottomed boat, intending to 
 go up the Potomac and disembark near the home of Dr. 
 Smith and from that point proceed on horseback. A 
 storm drove them into the St. Mary's river and from that 
 point they went forward on horseback. They had almost 
 
 " 7 Steiner, " Western Maryland in the Revolution," p. 40. 
 
Forwarding the Cause at Home. 267 
 
 passed the frontier when, on November 19, they stopped at 
 a tavern about five miles from Hagerstown. Here Con- 
 nolly was recognized and as information concerning his 
 plans had been received a day or two before through a 
 letter written by Connolly to a friend in Pittsburgh, the 
 party was placed under arrest. They were taken to Hagers- 
 town and the next day were brought before the Committee 
 of Observation who ordered them sent to the Committee 
 of Safety. They were taken to Frederick where their bag- 
 gage was thoroughly examined and incriminating papers 
 were found, although Connolly's commission and other im- 
 portant papers had been concealed in hollow pillion sticks 
 and thus escaped detection and were later destroyed by 
 Connolly's servant. Smith made his escape but was re- 
 captured, and on the order of John Hancock, president of 
 Congress, the three prisoners were sent to Philadelphia. 
 Connolly, in a " Narrative of the Transactions, Imprison- 
 ment and sufferings of John Connolly, an American Loyal- 
 ist and Lieutenant-Colonel in His Majesty's Service," 148 
 has left an account of this expedition, while Smith tells of 
 some of the incidents attending their capture. 149 He says 
 that when they were taken to Frederick two musicians, 
 with drum and fife, marched ahead of them playing the 
 rogue's march. On reaching Frederick they were taken 
 before " a committee which consisted of a tailor, a leather 
 breeches maker, a shoemaker, a gingerbread maker, a 
 butcher, and two tavern keepers. The majority were Ger- 
 mans and I was subjected to a very remarkable hearing, 
 
 as follows : 
 
 "One said 'You infernal rascal, how darsht you make 
 
 148 Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. XII., pp. 
 310, 407; Vol. XIII., pp. 61, i'53, 28x- 
 
 149 « a Tour through the U. S. of America," by J. D. F. Smyth. 
 
268 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 an exshkape from this honorable committee?' 'Der 
 fluchter Dyvel,' cried another, ' how can you shtand so 
 shtyff for king Shorsh akainst dis koontry. 'Sacrament,' 
 yelled another, ' dis committee will let Shorsh know how to 
 behave himself,' and the butcher exclaimed, ' I would kill 
 all the English tieves, as soon as ich would kill an ox or a 
 cow.' " 
 
 While there were a number of Tories among the citi- 
 zens of Maryland there were very few to be found among 
 the German settlers. These, as a rule, were ardent patriots, 
 and there were few instances where Germans were arrested 
 as Tories. There was, however, one notable exception. 
 
 In 178 1 another plan was formed by the British and 
 Tories for dividing the northern colonies from the southern. 
 According to this scheme Cornwallis was to march inland 
 from the Chesapeake and meet the bands of Tories which 
 were to be raised and armed in the interior. In maturing 
 their plans it was arranged that a disguised British officer 
 was to meet a Tory at a point in Frederick county to put 
 him in possession of all the plans of the conspirators. But 
 it so happened that an American officer was at the appointed 
 place and the Tory's papers fell into his hands, revealing 
 the plot and the names of the conspirators. The latter 
 were arrested. Among them were a number of Germans : 
 Peter Sueman, Nicholas Andrews, John George Graves, 
 Yost Plecker, Adam Graves, Henry Shett, and Casper 
 Fritchie. On July 25 these seven were placed on trial be- 
 fore a special court at Frederick, consisting of Alexander 
 Contee Hanson, afterwards Chancellor of the State, Col. 
 James Johnson and Upton Sheredine. The seven were 
 found guilty of high treason in " enlisting men for the 
 service of the king of Great Britain and administering an 
 oath to them to bear true allegiance to the said king, and 
 
Forwarding the Cause at Home. 269 
 
 to obey his officers when called upon." Judge Hanson 
 then sentenced the men as follows : 150 
 
 Peter Sueman, Nicholas Andrews, John George Graves, Yost 
 Plecker, Adam Graves, Henry Shett, Casper Fritchie, attend. It 
 has been suggested to the court that notwithstanding your guilt has 
 been ascertained by an impartial jury, you consider the proceedings 
 against you nothing more than solemn mockery, and have adopted 
 a vain idea, propagated by the enemies of this country, that she 
 dare not punish her unnatural subjects for engaging in the service 
 of Great Britain. From the strange insensibility you have hereto- 
 fore discovered, I was indeed led to conclude that you were under a 
 delusion, which might prove fatal to your prospects of happiness 
 hereafter. I think it is my duty, therefore, to explain to you your 
 real situation. The crime you have been convicted of, upon the 
 fullest and clearest testimony, is of such a nature that you cannot, 
 ought not, to look for a pardon. Had it pleased heaven to permit 
 the full execution of your unnatural designs, the miseries to be 
 experienced by your devoted country would have been dreadful 
 even in the contemplation. The ends of public justice, the dictates 
 of policy, and the feelings of humanity all require that you should 
 exhibit an awful example to your fellow-subjects, and the dignity 
 of the State, with everything that can interest the heart of man, 
 calls aloud for your punishment. If the consideration of approach- 
 ing fate can inspire proper sentiments, you will pour forth your 
 thanks to that watchful Providence which has arrested you at an 
 early date of your guilt. And you will employ the short time you 
 have to live in endeavoring, by a sincere penitence, to obtain pardon 
 from the Almighty Being, who is to sit in judgment upon you, 
 upon me, and all mankind. 
 
 I must now perform the terrible task of denouncing the terrible 
 punishment ordained for high treason. 
 
 You, Peter Sueman, Nicholas Andrews, Yost Plecker, Adam 
 Graves, Henry Shett, John George Graves, and Casper Fritchie, 
 
 150 Scharf's " History of Western Maryland," Vol. I., p. 143- 
 
270 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 and each of you, attend to your sentence. You shall be carried to 
 the gaol of Fredericktown, and be hanged therein ; you shall be cut 
 down to the earth alive, and your entrails shall be taken out and 
 burnt while you are yet alive, your heads shall be cut off, your 
 body shall be divided into four parts, and your heads and quarters 
 shall be placed where his excellency the Governor shall appoint. 
 So Lord have mercy upon your poor souls. 
 
 Four of these men were pardoned, the other three being 
 executed in the court-house yard at Frederick. One of 
 those executed was Casper Fritchie, the father of John 
 Casper Fritchie, who was the husband of Barbara Fritchie, 
 the heroine of Whittier's poem. 151 
 
 With the close of the Revolutionary War the inhabitants 
 of the western part of Maryland settled down to a peaceful 
 life, turning all their energies to the development of the 
 country. The population increased rapidly. Many of the 
 Hessians who had come to fight the colonists took up land 
 in that section and became their neighbors. Many emi- 
 grants came to Maryland from Germany without first stop- 
 ping in Pennsylvania, so that the additions to the popula- 
 tion lost the distinctively Pennsylvania-German type, but 
 the influence of the first settlers was never lost. 
 
 Two hundred years have passed since the first Germans 
 from Pennsylvania made their way through the trackless 
 wilderness of Maryland: two hundred years which have 
 seen that wilderness blossom into one of the fairest gardens 
 
 151 Barbara Fritchie was a Pennsylvania-German. She was born in 
 Lancaster, Pa., December 3, 1766, the daughter of Nicholas and Catherine 
 Hauer. Although it has been conclusively shown that there is no founda- 
 tion in fact for the incident given in Whittier's poem, yet, like the equally 
 mythical story of Betsy Ross and the flag, the tale will no doubt continue 
 to find believers in its authenticity. 
 
Forwarding the Cause at Home. 
 
 271 
 
 on earth. Through the trials and sufferings of those early 
 pioneers the foundations were laid upon which has arisen 
 an empire, than which no more enduring monument to their 
 memory could be erected. Their descendants have con- 
 tinued the work so well begun and have spread out and 
 helped to conquer new fields and make them add to the 
 wealth of the nation. To the south and west this stream 
 of emigration made its way unceasingly. It would be im- 
 possible to particularize, but there is no part of the country, 
 from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the Gulf to the 
 frozen borders on the north, where the descendants of 
 those early German settlers of Maryland cannot be found. 
 Many of them have set their mark high in the record of 
 the world's progress: in science, in art, in mechanics, in 
 whatever makes for the betterment of mankind, and in 
 reaching high honors themselves have honored the memory 
 of those brave men and women who, leaving behind them 
 all the comforts of civilization, and taking their lives in 
 their hands, carved out a home in the forests of the western 
 continent. 
 
INDEX TO PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Aaron, 239 
 
 Abel, 221, 231 
 
 Abercromby, 169 
 
 Aberly, 227 
 
 Able, 231 
 
 Acre, 223 
 
 Adams, 40, 175, 215, 216, 219, 257 
 
 Adlum, 191 
 
 Agnew, 180 
 
 Aim, 222 
 
 Albaugh, 188, 190 
 
 Aldridge, 209, 219 
 
 Alexander, 226, 239 
 
 Alibock, 40 
 
 Alinger, 223 
 
 Allin, 175 
 
 Allison, 210, 219 
 
 Allsop, 217 
 
 Alrichs, 123 
 
 Alsop, 214 
 
 Altimus, 238 
 
 Ambrose, 180, 188, 190, 206 
 
 Amende, 230 
 
 Amersly, 229 
 
 Ammersly, 239 
 
 Anckle, 232 
 
 Anderson, 210, 215, 257 
 
 Andess, 218 
 
 Andreas, 238 
 
 Andrews, 238, 268, 269 
 
 Angel, 228 
 
 Angelberger, 99 
 
 Anspach, 255 
 
 Apfel, 93, 98 
 
 Apple, 99, 139, 237 
 
 Archley, 190 
 
 Aringall, 137 
 
 Armstrong, 46, 227, 233, 235, 236, 
 
 258 
 Arnold, 227, 238 
 Arran, 214 
 Arrings, 226 
 Arsheraft, 161 
 Artis, 211 
 Ashley, 236, 239 
 Ashloff, 149 
 Ashly, 226 
 Askey, 210 
 Askins, 123 
 Atcheson, 212 
 Atchison, 211 
 Attley, 247 
 Augusteen, 175 
 Aulpaugh, 217 
 
 Backdolt, 139 
 
 Backer, 174, 227 
 
 Bainbridge, 178, 191 
 
 Baird, 188, 190, 206, 234, 262 
 
 Baitson, 211 
 
 Baker, 93, 105, 151, 182, 187, 190, 
 
 192, 217, 222, 237 
 Baldwin, 257 
 Ball, 214 
 Baltimore, Lord, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 
 
 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 42, 43, 
 
 89, 90, 109, 121, 122, 123, 140, 
 
 165, 166, 181 
 Balzel, 230 
 Banckauf, 93 
 Bantz, 227, 239 
 Bare, 191 
 
Index to Proper Names. 
 
 273 
 
 Barkshire, 214 
 
 Barnes, 208 
 
 Barnet, 213, 223, 240 
 
 Barnitt, 213 
 
 Barnitz, 61, 103 
 
 Barnt, 174 
 
 Barrack, 214, 218 
 
 Barratt, 209 
 
 Barrett, 220, 221 
 
 Barrick, 218 
 
 Barringer, 218 
 
 Barry, 222 
 
 Bartgis, 87 
 
 Bartoon, 61 
 
 Barts, 239 
 
 Bartz, 206 
 
 Bassler, 104 
 
 Bast, 232 
 
 Bates, 227, 238 
 
 Batolomey, 239 
 
 Bauer, 233 
 
 Baugh, 217 
 
 Baum, 93 
 
 Baumgartner, 221 
 
 Baun, 134 
 
 Bauswell, 227 
 
 Bawart, 235 
 
 Bayer, 216, 225, 230, 231 
 
 Bayley, 187, 188, 190, 192 
 
 Baylor, 227 
 
 Bayman, 214 
 
 Beaden, 209 
 
 Beading, 219 
 
 Beadles, 161 
 
 Beale, 257 
 
 Beall, 169, 171, 178, 187, 188, 189, 
 
 190, 191, 192, 194, 208, 209, 210, 
 
 213, 214, 257 
 Beam, 226, 227 
 Bear, 118, 216 
 Beard, 214, 218, 235 
 Bearse, 215 
 18* 
 
 Beatty, 178, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 
 
 193, 194, 213, 258 
 Beaven, 257 
 Bechtel, 99 
 Beckerson, 231 
 Becketh, 217 
 Beckett, 214 
 Beckwith, 217 
 Becraft, 192 
 Beddock, 130 
 Bedford, 245 
 Beeding, 219, 220 
 Beekman, 16 
 Been, 220 
 Beer, 93 
 Beiker, 231 
 Bell, 216 
 Belsoover, 234 
 Belt, 258 
 
 Beltzhoover, 105, 235, 236 
 Beltzhover, 227 
 Bemhart, 222 
 Bender, 227 
 Bene, 98 
 
 Benner, 227, 235, 236 
 Bennett, 212, 217, 221, 227, 239 
 Benning, 215 
 
 Bent, 190 
 
 Benter, 216, 233, 234, 237 
 
 Bentley, 217 
 
 Berener, 223 
 
 Berg, 93 
 
 Bergy, 41 
 
 Berreck, 217 
 
 Berringer, 223 
 
 Berry, 221 
 
 Beyer, 93 
 
 Bigler, 233 
 
 Billow, 215 
 
 Bingamon, 41 
 
 Binkler, 175 
 
 Bird, 230 
 
 Birely, 263 
 
274 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Birij, 134 
 
 Bischoff, 93 
 
 Bishop, 227, 234, 236 
 
 Bissett, 220 
 
 Bitting, 232 
 
 Bitts, 46 
 
 Bitzell, 206 
 
 Blackburn, 162, 210 
 
 Blair, 161, 162, 178, 180, 188, 190, 
 
 192 
 Blankenstein, 25 
 Blunston, 127, 129, 132, 137 
 Bly, 105 
 Boardy, 220 
 Boe, 215 
 Boehler, 232 
 Boehme, 104 
 Boiler, 61 
 Boltz, 93 
 Bonagel, 215 
 Bonner, 225 
 Booth, 162, 190 
 Borker, 211 
 Bostion, 217 
 Bouch, 235 
 Boucher, 216 
 Bough, 227 
 
 Bouquet, 156, 157, 161, 170 
 Boward, 233 
 Bowen, 137, 213 
 Bower, 174, 225, 227 
 Bowerd, 227 
 Bowersmith, 221 
 
 Bowie, 180, 182, 187, 190, 192, 250 
 Bowles, 188, 190 
 Bowman, 42, 216, 217 
 Bownas, 23 
 Boyd, 46, 183, 184, 188, 189, 190, 
 
 194 
 Boyer, 190, 213, 217, 225, 231, 238 
 Bozrnan, 5, 6, 10, 13, 15, 90 
 Braddock, 48, 81 146, 147, 148, 159, 
 
 164 
 
 Bradford, 220 
 
 Bradley, 180, 206 
 
 Bradmore, 162 
 
 Bradstreet, 161 
 
 Braeter, 237 
 
 Brain, 257 
 
 Brandt, 25 
 
 Branwood, 218 
 
 Brashears, 209 
 
 Brattle, 217 
 
 Brawner, 180, 214 
 
 Brease, 214 
 
 Breecher, 233, 235 
 
 Breeze, 214 
 
 Brent, 188 
 
 Brice, 207, 257 
 
 Brieger, 226 
 
 Briggs, 220 
 
 Bright, 134 
 
 Brinker, 154 
 
 Brinsford, 216 
 
 Briscoe, 192 
 
 Brodbech, 227 
 
 Brodhead, 250 
 
 Bronner, 93 
 
 Brook, 181 
 
 Brooke, 182, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 
 
 193, 194 
 Brown, 57, 76, 180, 206, 215, 221, / 
 
 222, 226, 233 
 Browner, 139 
 Browning, 209 
 B rub ache r, 232 
 Bruce, 188, 190, 193 
 Brucher, 236 
 Brugh, 223 
 Brumbaugh, 106, 263 
 Bruner, 188 
 Brunner, 190, 217, 220 
 Bruschel, 93 
 Bryan, 209, 218 
 Bryant, 214 
 Buch, 233, 238 
 
Index to Proper Names. 
 
 275 
 
 Buchanan, 218 
 
 Bucher, 216 
 
 Buck, 227 
 
 Buckhannon, 218 
 
 Buller, 213 
 
 Bulsel, 225 
 
 Bun, 41 
 
 Burgard, 263 
 
 Burgess, 187, 190, 191, 208, 209, 
 
 212 
 Burk, 226, 233 
 Burke, 238 
 Burkett, 188, 190 
 Burkhart, 117, 225 
 Burn, 219 
 Burney, 234, 235 
 Burrawl, 218 
 Burrol, 218 
 Burton, 211, 214 
 Busey, 213, 219 
 Butchiere, 137 
 Butlar, 250 
 
 Butler, 159, 192, 193, 250 
 Byard, 137 
 Byer, 214, 238 
 Byrn, 219 
 
 Cadwallader, 251 
 
 Cahill, 227, 239 
 
 Calvert, 5, 6, 8, 9, 54, 213 
 
 Cambler, 227, 233 
 
 Cameron, 266 
 
 Caraler, 235 
 
 Camraell, 218 
 
 Campbell, 188, 190, 193, 215, 218, 
 
 219 
 Camp err, 105 
 Campian, 223 
 Cane, 219 
 Caple, 237 
 Cappele, 237 
 Carey, 183 
 Carlin, 211 
 
 Carmack, 217 
 
 Carmant, 217 
 
 Cams, 219, 239 
 
 Carpenter, 46, 161 
 
 Carr, 257 
 
 Carrick, 191, 221 
 
 Carroll, 180, 212, 215, 219, 233 
 
 Carter, 174, 209, 211 
 
 Cartlidge, 129, 130 
 
 Carty, 213, 223 
 
 Carvell, 137 
 
 Cary, 191 
 
 Casey, 222 
 
 Cash, 214 
 
 Casner, 227 
 
 Cassil, 191 
 
 Castle, 40 
 
 Castner, 239 
 
 Caufman, 227 
 
 Cavenor, 212 
 
 Cavernor, 212 
 
 Cenedy, 215 
 
 Chamberlin, 215 
 
 Chambers, 131 
 
 Champness, 227, 238 
 
 Chance, 129, 130 
 
 Chandler, 213 
 
 Chapline, 100, 101, 171, 188, 189, 
 
 190, 191, 194, 220 
 Chapman, 220 
 Chappell, 219 
 Charles, 230, 237 
 Charles I, 7 
 Chase, 195 
 Chattell, 211 
 Chattle, 211 
 Chillon, 219 
 Chippendale, 81 
 Chrisman, 42 
 Christman, 225, 233 
 Churchwell, 213 
 Ciferd, 218 
 Clagett, 105, 192, 212 
 
276 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Clancy, 212 
 
 Clark, 209 
 
 Clary, 211 
 
 Class, 221 
 
 Clauson, 21 
 
 Claymour, 155 
 
 Clemens, 40, 161, 162 
 
 Clements, 19, 214 
 
 Clementson, 18, 19 
 
 Clice, 218 
 
 Clifton, 227, 233, 235, 237 
 
 Cline, 222, 227, 229, 232 
 
 Clinton, 188, 190, 192, 231, 242, 243 
 
 Clisce, 214 
 
 Clise, 218 
 
 Cloine, 165 
 
 Closs, 223 
 
 Closson, 221 
 
 Cobell, 137 
 
 Coberts, 104 
 
 Cock, 188, 190 
 
 Cocquard, 155 
 
 Coffeeroth, 220 
 
 Cole, 226, 227, 232, 239 
 
 Colley, 222 
 
 Collins, 211, 215, 222 
 
 Colour, 230 
 
 Colvin, 162 
 
 Coinages, 18 
 
 Combe, 152, 153 
 
 Commegys, 16, 17 
 
 Compton, 220 
 
 Conn, 137, 174, 209 
 
 Connan, 214 
 
 Connoly, 240 
 
 Connolly, 263, 264, 266, 267 
 
 Connoway, 239 
 
 Conrad, 216 
 
 Con rod, 174 
 
 Consella, 220 
 
 Contrecoeur, 143 
 
 Conrath, 105 
 
 Cook, 211, 218 
 
 Cooke, 211 
 
 Coomore, 161 
 
 Coon, 175 
 
 Coonse, 221 
 
 Cooper, 218 
 
 Copple, 230 
 
 Cornelison, 18 
 
 Cornwallis, 175, 243, 244, 246, 268 
 
 Corrick, 180 
 
 Cortz, 221 
 
 Courts, 250 
 
 Cove, 221 
 
 Coward, 57 
 
 Cowley, 227 
 
 Cox, 193 
 
 Crab, 187 
 
 Crabb, 171, 190, 192 ta 
 
 Crabbs, 206 _ 
 
 Crabs, 180 
 
 Crafford, 219 
 
 Crafft, 234 
 
 Craft, 174, 237 
 
 Crale, 222 
 
 Cramer, 53, 225, 227, 231 
 
 Cramphin, 182, 187, 188, 190, 192, 
 194 
 
 Crapell, 216 
 
 Craver, 174 
 
 Crawl, 47 
 
 Crawle, 188, 190 
 
 Crawly, 211 
 
 Creager, 193, 206, 217 
 
 Creppell, 216 
 
 Cresap, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 147, 
 149, 153, 160, 171, 188, 190, 191, 
 198 
 
 Cressap, 132 
 
 Cressop, 129 
 
 Criegh, 175 
 
 Croft, 226, 227, 235 
 
 Cromer, 227 
 
 Cronies, 231 
 
 Cronise, 227, 231 
 
Index to Proper Names. 
 
 277 
 
 Crontor, 41 
 Crook, 210 
 Cropp, 234, 235 
 Cross, 41 
 Crothorn, 227 
 Croumer, 230 
 Crow, 209 
 Crower, 227, 237 
 Crowl, 46 
 Crowle, 137, 192 
 Crowler, 134 
 Crummet, 225 
 Cruse, 61 
 Crush, 227 
 Cruss, 100, 101 
 Crusius, 104 
 Culler, 99 
 Culver, 209 
 Cumber, 217 
 Cunius, 238 
 Cunningham, 221 
 Cunnius, 238 
 Curley, 227, 232 
 Curran, 180, 206 
 Currington, 211 
 Curts, 221 
 Cusson, 41 
 Custgrove, 240 
 
 Dagworthy, 150, 164, 169 
 
 Dalton, 228 
 
 Dankers, 22 
 
 Danker-Schilders, 17 
 
 Danroth, 238 
 
 Danruth, 228 
 
 Darby, 124 
 
 Darnall, 178, 179, 190, 192 
 
 Dartmouth, Lord, 63 
 
 Daugerty, 218 
 
 Daugherty, 218 
 
 Daunt, 130, 133 
 
 David, 218 
 
 Davidson, 258 
 
 Davies, 211, 212 
 
 Davis, 98, 105, 162, 185, 188, 189, 
 
 190, 191, 192, 198, 211, 219, 222, 
 
 263 
 Dawson, 148 
 Dayley, 218 
 Deakins, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 
 
 192, 193, 194, 210 
 Deale, 221 
 Dean, 161, 221, 257 
 Decamp, 218 
 Decker, 238 
 Decourcy, 250 
 Deefhem, 175 
 Deefherr, 175 
 De Heister, 243 
 De Hesse, 40 
 Deitch, 238 
 Delaitre, 139 
 Delawter, 230 
 Deneley, 215 
 Denny, 258 
 Dent, 250 
 Detweiler, 40 
 Dick, 218 
 Dickerson, 209 
 Dicks, 222 
 Dickson, 178 
 Dietz, 105 
 Diffenderffer, 30, 61 
 Digman, 223 
 Dinwiddie, 143, 144, 151, 154, 163, 
 
 164 
 Divers, 222 
 Dixon, 140, 219 
 Dobson, 257 
 Dochterman, 232 
 Doddridge, 68, 76, 78, 79 
 Dodson, 215 
 Dogherty, 211 
 Dolton, 239 
 Donack, 214 
 Donovan, 257 
 
278 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Dora, 93 
 
 Dorran, 190 
 
 Dorsey, 171, 188, 190, 192, 258 
 
 Dotts, 217 
 
 Dougherty, 161, 162 
 
 Doughland, 151 
 
 Douglass, 262 
 
 Doutweiler, 105 
 
 Douville, 150 
 
 Dowden, 178 
 
 Downey, 218, 238 
 
 Downing, 106, 211 
 
 Drake, 212 
 
 Draper, 210 
 
 Dretch, 228 
 
 Drislaam, 117 
 
 Drome, 216 
 
 Duall, 258 
 
 Dubois, 40 
 
 Dulany, 60, 63, 162, 180, 183 
 
 Dullis, 214 
 
 Dumas, 151 
 
 Dumatt, 221 
 
 Duncan, 216, 223, 232, 236 
 
 Dunkin, 228 
 
 Dunkle, 234, 235 
 
 Dunmore, Lord, 264, 265, 266 
 
 Dunwidie, 162 
 
 Du Quesne, 142 
 
 Dutterer, 216 
 
 Duvall, 192 
 
 Dwyre, 215 
 
 Dych, 238 
 
 Dye, 221 
 
 Dyer, 227, 239 
 
 Dyson, 115 
 
 Earl, 161 
 Eastburn, 191 
 Ebenhard, 61 
 Eberhart, 105 
 Eckert, 105 
 Eddis, 55, 60, 63 
 
 Edelen, 183 
 Edelin, 191, 211 
 Edelman, 220 
 Edgerly, 257 
 Edington, 162 
 Edison, 217 
 Edmonston, 208 
 Edwards, 46 
 Eichelberger, 105 
 Eggman, 231 
 Eiginor, 221 
 Eissell, 228 
 Elder, 180, 207, 219 
 Eley, 216 
 Elliott, 228, 239 
 Ellis, 191, 220 
 Ellit, 220 
 Ellradt, 93 
 Ellsperger, 228 
 Elsing, 228 
 Elwood, 209 
 Emerson, 130 
 Emmet, 191 
 Emerick, 229, 231 
 Emrich, 220 
 Engelle, 228 
 England, 232 
 Engle, 228, 231, 232 
 English, 124, 222 
 Engners, 41 
 Enocks, 162 
 Ensey, 228 
 Entlen, 105 
 Eove, 221 
 Erskin, 123 
 Estep, 208 
 Estewin, 118 
 Estup, 215 
 Etnier, 228, 236 
 Etter, 226, 237 
 Ettleman, 215 
 Ettsperger, 238 
 Ettzinger, 238 
 
Index to Proper Names. 
 
 279 
 
 Evans, 137, 211 
 Evat, 137 
 Everly, 230 
 Eversole, 263 
 Ewing, 257 
 Eyssell, 238 
 
 Faber, 103, 104 
 Faires, 180, 206 
 Fairfax, 154 
 Falkner, 25 
 Fangler, 174 
 Fanner, 221 
 Fanning, 212 
 Fantz, 230 
 Farber, 231 
 Farmer, 258 
 Farnslar, 215 
 Faulkner, 25 
 Faut, 98 
 Fauth, 93 
 Feagen, 263 
 Feely, 222 
 Feeter, 175 
 Fendall, 20 
 Fenly, 214 
 Fennell, 228, 239 
 Fentlinger, 40 
 Ferdinand II, 28 
 Ferguson, 220 
 Fernandes, 250 
 
 Ferrell, 209, 220 
 
 Ferrins, 226, 231, 239 
 
 Fettie, 230 
 
 Fiche, 175 
 
 Fiegley, 223 
 
 Fife, 162 
 
 Filler, 228, 233, 234, 235 
 
 Finch, 221, 228 
 
 Filter, 237 
 
 Finley, 214, 238 
 
 Fischer, 105 
 
 Fish, 222 
 
 Fishburn, 188, 190 
 Fisher, 105, 188, 190, 2J4, 222, 228, 
 331, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 239 
 Fister, 225, 230 
 Fitzgerrald, 212 
 Fitzjarrald, 209 
 Fitzpatrick, 228, 239 
 Flack, 174, 217, 222 
 Fleck, 228 
 Fleegert, 236 
 Fleete, 8, 9 
 Fleming, 228 
 Flemming, 192 
 Fletcher, 193, 214, 215 
 Flick, 221, 234, 235 
 Fliet, 237 
 Fliming, 237 
 Flint, 192 
 Flora, 161, 162 
 Fockler, 115, 117 
 Fogely, 223 
 Fogle, 218, 233, 235 
 Fogler, 233, 235 
 Foird, 258 
 Foliott, 232 
 Folliott, 228 
 Foot, 139 
 
 Forbes, 156, 158, 168, 169, 170 
 Ford, 151, 154, 162, 258 
 Forney, 228, 237 
 For sy the, 221 
 Fortunee, 93 
 Fosney, 174 
 Foster, 217 
 Fournier, 235 
 Fowee, 234 
 Fowler, 220 
 Fox, 162, 218 
 France, 221 
 Franken, 232 
 Frankenfeld, 100 
 Franklin, 33, 48, 81, 228 
 Frankline, 219 
 
28o 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Frantz, 228, 238 
 
 Fray, 134 
 
 Frazer, 143 
 
 Frazier, 149 
 
 Free, 215 
 
 Freeman, 209, 214, 215 
 
 Freind, 215 
 
 French, 126 
 
 Fret, 40, 41 
 
 Frey, 105, 226, 233, 234, 238 
 
 Freymiller, 237 
 
 Friend, 192, 234, 235 
 
 Frisk, 139 
 
 Fritchie, 268, 269, 270 
 
 From, 218 
 
 Froman, 42 
 
 Froshour, 230 
 
 Frumantle, 222 
 
 Fry, 40, 137, 143, 236, 263 
 
 Fryback, 209 
 
 Frye, 231 
 
 Frymiller, 228, 237 
 
 Fuhrman, 232 
 
 Fulham, 228, 239 
 
 Fullim, 232 
 
 Fulsome, 219 
 
 Funk, 102, 189, 190, 192, 194 
 
 Furnier, 234 
 
 Gable, 175 
 
 Gage, 201, 264, 266 
 
 Gaither, 193, 210, 211, 257 
 
 Gale, 258 
 
 Galissoniere, 142 
 
 Gambare, 216 
 
 Gambler, 227, 228, 236 
 
 Gantner, 228, 231 
 
 Garber, 40 
 
 Gardenour, 102 
 
 Gardner, 221 
 
 Garnet, 258 
 
 Garten, 209 
 
 Gartner, 137 
 
 Gartrell, 209, 210 
 
 Gaskin, 212 
 
 Gassaway, 257 
 
 Gatrell, 209 
 
 Gaul, 226, 239 
 
 Gavan, 228 
 
 Gavin, 236 
 
 Geehan, 209 
 
 Geerhert, 174 
 
 Geiger, 93, 105 
 
 Geist, 25 
 
 Gentile, 219, 220 
 
 Gentle, 219 
 
 Gentner, 230 
 
 George II, 96, 98 
 
 George (King), 195 
 
 Gerock, 102, 103, 232, 235 
 
 Gerresheim, 104 
 
 Getig, 228 
 
 Getsoner, 139 
 
 Getting, 237 
 
 Geyer, 93 
 
 Ghiselin, 214 
 
 Gibson, 186, 212, 257 
 
 Giddy, 215 
 
 Gieser, 234 
 
 Gilbert, 191 
 
 Gill, 213 
 
 Gillam, 219 
 
 Gilmore, 213 
 
 Gilmour, 213 
 
 Gillum, 219 
 
 Gisinger, 217 
 
 Gist, 242, 244, 250 
 
 Gittin, 233, 234 
 
 Gitting, 235 
 
 Gittings, 209 
 
 Glaze, 219, 220 
 
 Glory, 211 
 
 Gnadig, 105 
 
 Gobble, 215 
 
 Goering, 104 
 
 Goldsborough, 195 
 
Index to Proper Names. 
 
 281 
 
 Goldsmith, 113 
 
 Gole, 117 
 
 Good, 115, 191, 192, 214, 263 
 
 Goodwin, 211 
 
 Gordon, 39, 130 
 
 Gore, 237 
 
 Gorman, 210 
 
 Gorr, 237 
 
 Gotz, 98 
 
 Gould, 228, 257 
 
 Grabill, 137 
 
 Grable, 134 
 
 Graeber, 104 
 
 Graff, 61, 230 
 
 Graffenried, 41 
 
 Granget, 104 
 
 Grant, 157, 222, 243, 246 
 
 Grasmuck, 103 
 
 Grass, 233, 235 
 
 Grauff, 210 
 
 Graves, 268, 269 
 
 Gray, 258 
 
 Graybell, 237 
 
 Graybill, 161, 225 
 
 Greathouse, 234, 235 
 
 Greechbaum, 234, 235 
 
 Green, 210, 211, 222 
 
 Greene, 133 
 
 Greenwood, 218 
 
 Greilich, 105 
 
 Grice, 228 
 
 Griffith, 137, 182, 187, 188, 190, 
 
 192, 193, 194, 210, 214 
 Grimber, 191 
 Grimer, 262 
 Grimes, 52 
 Grommet, 230 
 Groop, 237 
 Grose, 217 
 Grosh, 160, 188, 190, 216, 228, 232, 
 
 257 
 Gross, 25 
 Groth, 183 
 
 Grove, 220 
 Growley, 238 
 Gruber, 87, 88 
 Grueber, 93 
 Grunlin, 228 
 Grupp, 228 
 Guest, 132 
 Guhan, 209 
 Gump, 93, 98, 206 
 Gunby, 257 
 Guthrie, 263 
 Guy, 98 
 
 Haas, 188, 190 
 
 Habach, 93 
 
 Hack, 21 
 
 Hacket, 235 
 
 Hackett, 236 
 
 Hafilfinger, 40 
 
 Haflegh, 174 
 
 Hagan, 219 
 
 Hager, 54, 55, 105, 106, 185, 188, 
 
 189, 190, 191, 223 
 Hagon, 210 
 Hahn, 232 
 Hain, 230 
 Haines, 223 
 Hale, 214 
 
 Halfpenny, 229, 239 
 Hall, 131, 257 
 Haller, 229, 238 
 Halmon, 40 
 
 Hamilton, 215, 231, 257, 258 
 Hammer, 215, 231 
 Hammersly, 229 
 Hancock, 267 
 Hanee, 209 
 Haney, 180, 206 
 Haninghouse, 229 
 Hanniel, 162 
 Hanson, 182, 183, 188, 189, 190, 
 
 194, 197, 222, 257, 268, 269 
 Harbaugh, 61, 94, 115 
 
282 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Harbin, 220 
 
 Harden, 209 
 
 Hardenstein, 238 
 
 Hardesty, 220 
 
 Hardey, 222 
 
 Harding, 209, 213 
 
 Hardman, 218, 222, 239, 257 
 
 Hargeroder, 237 
 
 Harley, 229, 237 
 
 Harling, 220 
 
 Harman, 102 
 
 Harmer, 18 
 
 Harmony, 233, 235 
 
 Harper, 211 
 
 Harring, 232 
 
 Harris, 212 
 
 Harrison, 124, 214, 215 
 
 Harriss, 212 
 
 Harry, 105, 117, 174 
 
 Hart, 125, 134, 222 
 
 Hartenstein, 238 
 
 Hartly, 174 
 
 Hartman, 93, 229, 238 
 
 Hartness, 233, 235 
 
 Hartshorn, 257 
 
 Hartle, 263 
 
 Hartwick, 99 
 
 Hartwig, 103 
 
 Harwood, 192 
 
 Haseligh, 229 
 
 Haslet, 245 
 
 Hasselback, 220 
 
 Hast, 25 
 
 Hatcher aft, 231 
 
 Hatchey, 137 
 
 Hatfield, 229, 235, 237 
 
 Hauer, 270 
 
 Hauseal, 99, 106 
 
 Hauser, 105 
 
 Hausman, 229 
 
 Haussegger, 225, 230, 232 
 
 Havel ay, 215 
 
 Haver, 237 
 
 Hawbacker, 225 
 Hawk, 206, 216, 230 
 Hawker, 100, 101 
 Hawkins, 188, 190 
 Hayes, 212 
 Haymon, 209 
 Hays, 162, 210, 213 
 Hazel, 211 
 Hazelip, 229 
 Hazlewood, 229, 239 
 Hazlip, 239 
 Heart, 219 
 Heater, 211 
 Heathman, 212 
 Heckentora, 216 
 Hecket, 233 
 Hedges, 217 
 Heefner, 234, 237 
 Heeter, 216 
 Heffner, 229, 230, 235 
 Heger, 55 
 Heinzman, 172 
 Hellen, 213 
 Heller, 237 
 Helm, 225 
 Hemerick, 229 
 Henckel, 93 
 
 Henderson, 19, 215, 222 
 Hendricks, 46, 132, 238 
 Hendrickson, 18, 19, 217 
 Hendrix, 134 
 Henistone, 212 
 Hennes, 213 
 Hennighausen, 38, 44 
 Henninghouse, 231 
 Henop, 100 
 Hen ricks, 137 
 Henry, 219 
 Hens, 61 
 Heppelwhite, 81 
 Herd, 211 
 Herdic, 105 
 Hergeroder, 237 
 
Index to Proper Names. 
 
 283 
 
 Herman, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 
 
 Heron, 226 
 
 Herring, 229, 231 
 
 Herriot, 191 
 
 Herzer, 61 
 
 Hesse, 213 
 
 Heveron, 218 
 
 Hewer, 229, 232 
 
 Heyser, 105, 225, 233, 234, 236, 
 
 260, 261 
 Hicke, 209 
 Hicks, 41, 155 
 Higbee, 105 
 Higdon, 219 
 Hilderbrand, 231 
 Hile, 229 
 
 Hill, 213, 232, 239 
 Hillery, 214 
 Hillis, 48 
 Hilton, 213 
 H in don, 212 
 Hinds, 217 
 Hinkel, 239 
 Hinton, 212 
 Hirsh, 222 
 Hite, 41, 42 
 Hiter, 192 
 Hobbins, 220 
 Hobbs, 188, 190, 192 
 Hochshield, 226 
 Hochersmith, 180, 205, 206 
 Hockett, 229 
 Hockey, 175 
 Hoecke, 103 
 Hoefflich, 232 
 Hoeflich, 105, 120, 174 
 Hoey, 211 
 Hoff, 98, 191, 193 
 Hoffman, 98, 99, 139, 183, 188, 190, 
 
 193, 237, 263 
 Hog, 188, 190, 192 
 Hogmire, 185, 188, 190, 192 
 Hogshield, 231 
 
 Holdup, 240 
 
 Holland, 211 
 
 Hollands, 211 
 
 Holliday, 213 
 
 Hollings, 214 
 
 Hollon, 209 
 
 Hollyday, 218 
 
 Holtz, 213 
 
 Holtzman, 218 
 
 Honig, 98 
 
 Hood, 177, 178, 221 
 
 Hoof, 93 
 
 Hook, 226, 229, 237 
 
 Hooke, 219 
 
 Hoopinder, 137 
 
 Hoover, 180, 229, 230, 233, 235 
 
 Hopewell, 161 
 
 Hopkins, 210, 239 
 
 Horine, 215 
 
 Hose, 226, 233, 234, 236 
 
 Hoshied, 231 
 
 Hoskins, 219 
 
 Hoskinson, 209 
 
 Hosier, 220 
 
 Hossilton, 217 
 
 Hosteter, 191 
 
 Hottfield, 234 
 
 Houcks, 222 
 
 Houer, 117 
 
 House, 210 
 
 Houseman, 230, 232 
 
 Housley, 219 
 
 Hovermale, 102 
 
 How, 222 
 
 Howard, 188, 190, 192, 221, 257 
 
 Howe, 241 
 
 Hower, 191, 216 
 
 Hoy, 211 
 
 Hoyle, 234, 235, 237 
 
 Hubley, 225 
 
 Hudson, 174, 214 
 
 Huffman, 216 
 
 Hugan, 257 
 
284 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Hugh, 178, 192 
 
 Hughes, 105, 180, 185, 188, 190, 
 
 212, 229 
 Hughmore, 239 
 Huldiman, 40 
 Huling, 238 
 Hull, 229 
 Hulse, 217 
 Hulsman, 216 
 Humphreys, 188, 190 
 Hungerford, 182 
 Hunk, 187 
 Hurdle, 209 
 Hurley, 221 
 Hurvey, 210 
 Hutchcraft, 213, 226 
 Hutchcrofft, 239 
 Hutchingson, 211 
 Hutchinson, 213 
 Hutzel, 93 
 Hiitzel, 98 
 Hyatt, 237 
 Hynes, 152 
 Hyt, 40, 41 
 
 Iden, 221 
 Irafeld, 230 
 Immel, 137 
 Inglish, 124 
 Ingram, 192, 262 
 Innes, 146, 147, 163, 164 
 Innis, 118 
 Irissler, 212 
 Isingminger, 230 
 Itnier, 234 
 
 Jacob, 41, 215, 257 
 
 Jacobs, 34, 40, 213, 257 
 
 Jacobson, 18 
 
 Jacques, 233 
 
 Jacquet, 233, 234, 236 
 
 Jacquett, 226 
 
 James, 21, 23, 25, 257 
 
 James I., 5 
 
 Jeans, 219 
 
 Jennifer, 262 
 
 Jerbo, 211 
 
 Jinkings, 210 
 
 Johns, 189, 190, 191 
 
 Johnson, 18, 40, 116, 139, 147, 162, 
 
 175, 183, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 
 
 193, 194, 195, 226, 232, 253, 255, 
 
 268 
 Johnston, 213, 229, 238, 239 
 Jones, 46, 134, 137, 178, 187, 192, 
 
 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 222, 226, 
 
 239, 258 
 Jordan, 213, 258 
 Jordon, 222 
 Jugerhorn, 188 
 Jumonville, 143 
 Jung, 105 
 
 Kallenberger, 216 
 Kapp, 105 
 Karr, 105 
 Kast, 117 
 Kaufman, 227 
 Kauffman, 239 
 Kauth, 93 
 Kautz, 238 
 Kearnes, 232, 238 
 Kearshner, 238 
 Keath, 212 
 Kebler, 236 
 Keemer, 211 
 Keener, 232 
 Keephart, 227 
 Keeports, 225, 232 
 Keintz, 238 
 Keiser, 229, 236 
 Keith, 31, 126, 127 
 Kelam, 214 
 Kelcholumer, 191 
 Kellar, 216 
 Keller, 215 
 
Index to Proper Names. 
 
 285 
 
 Kelly, 84, 180, 206, 214, 226 
 
 Kemmell, 237 
 
 Kemmer, 175 
 
 Kemp, 139, 188, 190, 192 
 
 Kendrick, 229, 238 
 
 Kenly, 167, 175 
 
 Kenneday, 213 
 
 Kennedy, 180, 206 
 
 Kenney, 152 
 
 Kentz, 227 
 
 Kephard, 240 
 
 Keplinger, 229 
 
 Kepphard, 231 
 
 Kepplinger, 239 
 
 Kercheval, 68 
 
 Kern, 216 
 
 Kernam, 175 
 
 Kerney, 221 
 
 Kerns, 226, 238 
 
 Kerny, 220 
 
 Kersey, 211 
 
 Kershner, 173, 174, 227 
 
 Kesszele, 98 
 
 Kettle, 226, 229, 231 
 
 Key, 190, 192, 198 
 
 Keyer, 229 
 
 Keyser, 226, 235, 238 
 
 Kibler, 234, 235 
 
 Kidlng, 221 
 
 Kieger, 219 
 
 Kiltz, 258 
 
 Kimberlin, 118 
 
 Klmraell, 237 
 
 King, 171, 215, 230 
 
 Kingston, 219 
 
 Kintz, 238 
 
 Kirgery, 174 
 
 Kirk, 213, 222 
 
 Kisby, 211 
 
 Kitely, 220 
 
 Kleeman, 93 
 
 Klein, 40, 105, 230, 231 
 
 Kleinsmith, 105 
 
 Klien, 233 
 
 Kline, 227, 229, 235, 236 
 
 Knapp, 25 
 
 Knauff, 207 
 
 Knave, 221 
 
 Kneary, 237 
 
 Knight, 41 
 
 Knolton, 249 
 
 Knowlar, 211 
 
 Knyphausen, 251 
 
 Koch, 118 
 
 Kocherthal, 31 
 
 Koefflich, 232 
 
 Kolb, 40, 41 
 
 Kolz, 98 
 
 Koons, 227 
 
 Koontz, 180 
 
 Kortz, 233, 234 
 
 Kotz, 225 
 
 Kraft, 226, 238 
 
 Kratz, 40 
 
 Kreiger, 61 
 
 Kremer, 106 
 
 Kremewald, 117 
 
 Kries, 232 
 
 Kritzman, 98 
 
 Krug, 99, 104 
 
 Kruise, 229 
 
 Kuhn, 206 
 
 Kuhnes, 212 
 
 Kuhns, 31 
 
 Kuntz, 93, 229, 230, 231 
 
 Kuntz, 98 
 
 Kunz, 98 
 
 Kurtz, 230 
 
 Kiisters, 41 
 
 Labadie, 21, 22 
 Ladder, 226 
 Lafflin, 84 
 Lago, 227 
 Lamar, 220, 257 
 Landenberger, 225 
 
286 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Landis, 123 
 Lane, 40 
 Lange, 25, 100 
 Langhorne, 133 
 Langley, 218 
 Langton, 211 
 Lanham, 210 
 Lansdale, 257 
 Lantz, 227, 237 
 Larantz, 227 
 Larmore, 227 
 Lashyear, 209 
 Lathy, 93 
 Laurence, 190 
 Lawney, 227 
 Lawnious, 137 
 Lawnius, 134 
 Lawrence, 188, 192 
 Lay, 93, 98, 99 
 Layzare, 209 
 Lazenby, 208, 209 
 Lazear, 263 
 Leather, 231 
 Lecky, 62 
 Lecrose, 227 
 Ledwitz, 245 
 Lee, 84, 105 
 Leedy, 175 
 Leer, 162 
 Legg, 209 
 Lehnick, 93 
 Lehny, 98 
 Leider, 105 
 Lein, 93 
 Leiser, 235 
 Leitch, 211, 212 
 Leithauser, 237 
 Leithusler, 227 
 Leniger, 25 
 Lentarage, 219 
 Leonard, 207 
 Lephart, 137 
 Levely, 103 
 
 Levering, 61 
 
 Levy, 233 
 
 Lewis, 209, 212, 219, 226, 233, 235, 
 
 236 
 LibHart, 134 
 Lickliter, 218 
 Lieser, 233 
 Lighter, 174 
 Lightfoot, 210 
 Lighthauser, 237 
 Linch, 215 
 
 Lindenberger, 103, 232 
 Linder, 220, 221 
 Lindley, 46 
 Lindsey, 222 
 Linebaugh, 207 
 Lingenf elder, 115 
 Link, 105, 217 
 Linkenfelter, 232 
 Linsey, 218 
 Linthicum, 192 
 Lintridge, 219 
 Lisher, 41 
 Litzinger, 238 
 Loar, 220, 221 
 Locher, 234, 235 
 Lock, 216 
 
 Locker, 219, 227, 236 
 Lockhead, 162 
 Lodge a de, 209 
 Loe, 216 
 Logan, 31, 32 
 Lohra, 237 
 
 Long, 180, 206, 212, 220 
 Longley, 210 
 Lora, 225 
 Lorah, 37 
 Lorantz, 227 
 Loreman, 47 
 Lorentz, 237, 238 
 Louden, 214 
 Loudoun, 169, 172 
 Lougher, 47 
 
Index to Proper Names. 
 
 287 
 
 Loure,, 232 
 
 Louvois, 28 
 
 Love, 211 
 
 Lovelass, 219 
 
 Loveless, 219 
 
 Lovet, 210 
 
 Low, 230 
 
 Lowe, 137, 226 
 
 Lower, 235 
 
 Lowry, 211 
 
 Lowther, 152, 214 
 
 Lucas, 219, 220 
 
 Luckas, 219, 220 
 
 Luckett, 178, 188, 190, 192, 193 
 
 Ludwick, 188, 190, 227, 231 
 
 Lutz, 93 
 
 Lydrick, 61 
 
 Lye, 139 
 
 Lynn, 152, 178 
 
 McAlister, 257 
 McAllen, 214 
 McCallister, 190, 192 
 McClaine, 215 
 McCIarae, 215 
 McClane, 215, 221 
 McClary, 188, 190, 213 
 McClellan, 161 
 McCoIough, 227 
 McCord, 162 
 McCorgan, 233 
 McCoy, 213 
 McCracken, 215 
 McCrery, 213 
 McCullin, 174 
 McCuIloch, 210 
 McDavid, 210 
 McDeed, 210 
 McDonald, 213, 214, 218 
 McDonall, 215 
 McFarren, 192 
 McGlury, 185 
 McGrouch, 239 
 
 McGuyer, 223 
 
 Mclntire, 215 
 
 McKay, 214 
 
 McKenny, 221 
 
 McKinsey, 236, 239 
 
 McKinzie, 213 
 
 McKoy, 214, 221, 239 
 
 McLaughlin, 174 
 
 McLean, 180, 206 
 
 McLeod, 216 
 
 McRae, 157 
 
 McSherry, 185, 250, 252 
 
 McTier, 215 
 
 Macatee, 215 
 
 Machenheimer, 238 
 
 Mackabee, 211 
 
 Mackall, 239 
 
 Mackee, 211 
 
 Mackey, 211 
 
 Maclamary, 211 
 
 Madcalf, 221 
 
 Madden, 212 
 
 Madding, 211 
 
 Maddox, 219 
 
 Magaw, 84, 252 
 
 Magruder, 182, 187, 190, 192 
 
 Mahoney, 210 
 
 Mahony, 231, 239 
 
 Malady, 239 
 
 Malinia, 239 
 
 Mallady, 232 
 
 Malloon, 212 
 
 Malone, 133 
 
 Mamges, 258 
 
 Mannan, 212 
 
 Manipenny, 118 
 
 Mantz, 216 
 
 Marbury, 207, 257 
 
 Marhay, 209 
 
 Market 233 
 
 Markham, 21 
 
 Marie, 149 
 
 Marolf, 232 
 
288 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Maroney, 213 
 
 Marshall, 162, 213 
 
 Martain, 219 
 
 Martin, 106, 180, 215, 216, 219, 
 
 222, 227 
 Mason, 140, 213 
 Masters, 162 
 Mateus, 98 
 Mathews, 19 
 Mathias, 188, 190 
 Mathiason, 18, 19 
 Mathison, 162 
 Mattheis, 93 
 Matthew, 207 
 Matthews, 118, 206, 222 
 Mattril, 239 
 Maunsel, 227 
 Mausser, 93 
 Maximilian, 28 
 May, 174 
 Mayer, 57 
 Mayhew, 93 
 
 Maynard, 214 
 
 Means, 215 
 
 Menix, 217 
 
 Menneville, 142 
 
 Menson, 174 
 
 Me r fey, 215 
 
 Mernke, 41 
 
 Meroney, 214 
 
 Messersmith, 220 
 
 Metts, 222 
 
 Mettz, 234 
 
 Metz, 235 
 
 Metzger, 99 
 
 Meyer, 18, 98, 104, 117 
 
 Meyers, 15, 225 
 
 Meyor, 17 
 
 Michael, 226, 227, 233, 234, 235, 
 236, 237 
 
 Micheelson, 18 
 
 Michel, 41 
 
 Miely, 227 
 
 Mifflin, 248 
 Miley, 237 
 Millberger, 237 
 Millburger, 237 
 
 Miller, 87, 104, 105, 137, 139, 174, 
 190, 214, 215, 222, 227, 230, 231, 
 232, 233, 234, 235, 237, 239, 263 
 
 Mills, 216, 219 
 
 Minshall, 46, 137 
 
 Mior, 41 
 
 Mire, 41 
 
 Mitchell, 208, 257 
 
 Mittag, 93, 230 
 
 Mober, 215 
 
 Mockbee, 211, 219 
 
 Moeller, 99 
 
 Money, 214, 215 
 
 Mongaul, 227 
 
 Mongoal, 233 
 
 Montson, 18 
 
 Moor, 221, 222 
 
 Moore, 188, 190, 192, 212, 218, 238 
 
 Moppes, 232 
 
 Moran, 161, 257 
 
 Morgan, 130, 233, 234 
 
 Morgon, 223 
 
 Morolf, 216 
 
 Morris, 40, 218, 222 
 
 Morrison, 180, 222 
 
 Mortt, 218 
 
 Mosen, 236 
 
 Moser, 218, 231, 239 
 
 Mouer, 216 
 
 Mourrer, 216 
 
 Mouser, 218 
 
 Mowen, 222 
 
 Moxley, 219 
 
 Muckleroy, 213 
 
 Mueller, 93 
 
 Muhlenberg, 51, 94, 95, 96, 99 
 
 Mullican, 211 
 
 Mullihan, 220 
 
 Muma, 238 
 
Index to Proper Names. 
 
 Mumma, 238, 239 
 Mummard, 239 
 Mummart, 227 
 Mun, 257 
 Munn, 223 
 Munroe, 180 
 
 Murdock, 183, 187-189, 190, 193 
 Murphey, 221 
 
 Murphy, 211, 212, 213, 239 
 Murray, 162 
 Muse, 250 
 Musgrove, 209 
 Mussler, 238 
 
 Myer, 137, 214, 217, 237, 238, 262 
 Myers, 52, 162, 217, 234, 235, 237, 
 238 
 
 Nail, 216 
 
 Nailor, 218 
 
 Nalor, 218 
 
 Narry, 174 
 
 Nead, 61, 82, 102, 119, 128, 180, 
 
 206, 263 
 Neal, 223 
 Neall, 213 
 
 Need, 100, 101, 217, 262 
 Neet, 217 
 Neide, 117 
 Nelson, 188, 190 
 Nerving, 227 
 Neswangher, 216 
 Netsley, 216 
 Neving, 239 
 Nevitt, 227 
 Newman, 222 
 Newsanger, 216 
 Ney, 105 
 Nicholas, 162 
 Nicholl, 211 
 Nicholls, 155, 211 
 Nichols, 209, 211, 213 
 Nicholson, 210 
 Nickols, 213 
 19* 
 
 J 
 
 289 
 
 Nighswanger, 41 
 Night, 212 
 Niverville, 150 
 Nockey, 175 
 Noise, 222 
 Nolland, 212 
 North (Lord), 185, 198 
 Northcraft, 191, 211 
 Norris, 193, 212, 215 
 Norwood, 190 
 Nowland, 192, 210 
 Nowles, 221 
 
 Obalam, 214 
 
 O'Bryan, 215 
 
 O'Daniel, 210 
 
 Offutt, 187, 190, 192 
 
 Ogle, 123, 128, 131, 136, 138, 139, 
 
 192, 206 
 O'Gullen, 162 
 Oldman, 257 
 Oliver, 220 
 O'Neal, 187, 189, 190 
 Op den Graef, 40 
 O'Quin, 227, 239 
 Orendorf, 188, 191 
 Orendorff, 190 
 Orm, 187 
 
 Orrae, 182, 190, 208, 209 
 Orndorff, 115, 220 
 Ort, 93 
 Osburn, 219 
 Osten, 105 
 Oster, 105, 174 
 Ott, 105, 263 
 Otterbein, 100, 104 
 Ovelman, 180 
 Overfelt, 216 
 Owen, 219 
 Owsley, 219 
 Oyster, 47 
 Ozenburn, 219 
 
290 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Paca, 195 
 
 Pack, 162, 212 
 
 Pain, 220 
 
 Painter, 227 
 
 Pannebacker, 87 
 
 Pannebeekers, 40 
 
 Pannell, 216 
 
 Panthar, 235 
 
 Parran, 258 
 
 Park, 180, 206 
 
 Parkinson, 217, 218 
 
 Parks, 185, 186, 187, 262 
 
 Parnell, 127, 129 
 
 Parson, 218 
 
 Pastorius, 31 
 
 Patrick, 212, 220 
 
 Paw, 191 
 
 Pawling, 40 
 
 Peak, 219 
 
 Pearce, 214 
 
 Peen, 209 
 
 Peery, 137 
 
 Pegman, 215 
 
 Pelly, 211 
 
 Penn, 29, 32, 121, 122, 123, 125, 
 126, 127, 128, 140, 209 
 
 Penny, 211 
 
 Pennybacker, 87 
 
 Penroad, 215 
 
 Pepple, 215 
 
 Percy (Lord), 242 
 
 Perrin, 47 
 
 Perry, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192 
 
 Pfaut, 98 
 
 Phlaviere, 137 
 
 Philier, 137 
 
 Philpot, 213, 219 
 
 Pifer, 234 
 
 Piffer, 235 
 
 Piltz, 118 
 
 Pindell, 258 
 
 Pindle, 118 
 
 Pinkely, 220 
 
 Pinnall, 216 
 Pirkinson, 217, 218 
 Pitcairn, 196 
 Pitcher, 221 
 Pitt, 156 
 Plecker, 268, 269 
 Plummer, 192 
 Poger, 40 
 Pointer, 227, 236 
 Poland, 220 
 Polehouse, 231, 239 
 Polhouse, 226 
 Polk, 162 
 Pollard, 213 
 Pomp, 104 
 Pontiac, 158, 176 
 Pope, 239 
 Porter, 237, 239 
 Postlewaite, 155 
 Pote, 223 
 Powell, 221 
 
 Prather, 150, 157, 188, 190, 263 
 Pratt, 257 
 Praul, 250 
 
 Preston, 213, 218, 222 
 Prey, 93 
 
 Price, 178, 183, 188, 189, 190, 193, 
 198, 207, 215, 249, 250, 257, 258 
 Procter, 237 
 Proctor, 227, 239 
 Protzman, 105, 206, 207 
 Pruett, 212 
 Prunk, 263 
 Purnal, 209 
 Putnam, 242, 243, 248 
 
 Queer, 234 
 Quier, 237 
 Quinlin, 228, 239 
 Quir, 235 
 Quynn, 213 
 
 Ragan, 105 
 
Index to Proper Names. 
 
 291 
 
 Rahauser, 104 
 
 Raidy, 219 
 
 Raishiere, 137 
 
 Raleigh, 219 
 
 Raley, 219 
 
 Rambo, 40 
 
 Randle, 220 
 
 Ransbergen, 139 
 
 Ranspergen, 139 
 
 Rattermann, 156 
 
 Rausch, 93 
 
 Raver, 228, 236 
 
 Rawlings, 191, 200, 251 
 
 Rawlins, 173, 175, 254 
 
 Ray, 209, 216 
 
 Raybert, 228 
 
 Raymer, 190 
 
 Raynolds, 212 
 
 Read, 212 
 
 Realley, 217 
 
 Reaver, 235 
 
 Reeter, 174 
 
 Reevenach, 233 
 
 Reevenacht, 234 
 
 Reever, 233 
 
 Regalman, 228 
 
 Regele, 238 
 
 Regie, 238 
 
 Regliman, 237 
 
 Reich, 218 
 
 Reichardt, 40 
 
 Reincke, 61 
 
 Reinhart, 238 
 
 Reisner, 98, 133, 139 
 
 Reitz, 233 
 
 Remsburg, 190, 193 
 
 Rench, 193, 222, 262, 263 
 
 Renzand, 61 
 
 Reusner, 93 
 
 Reveley, 258 
 
 Reynolds, 105, 208, 211, 220, 221 
 
 Rhodes, 213, 214 
 
 Rhorer, 263 
 
 Rice, 215, 225 
 
 Richards, 188, 190, 225, 228, 238 
 
 Richardson, 216, 223 
 
 Richmond, 207, 258 
 
 Richter, 61 
 
 Rick, 237 
 
 Rickenbaugh, 222 
 
 Ricketts, 211 
 
 Ricknagle, 228 
 
 Riddell, 65 
 
 Ridenhour, 230, 239 
 
 Ridenour, 175 
 
 Rider, 227, 239 
 
 Ridgely, 191, 192, 250 
 
 Ridingour, 216 
 
 Riely, 223, 228 
 
 Rife, 40, 41 
 
 Riggleman, 234, 235 
 
 Riggnagle, 232 
 
 Riggs, 191 
 
 Rigsbe, 131 
 
 Riley, 211 
 
 Rily, 210, 211 
 
 Rine, 220 
 
 Rinehart, 238 
 
 Ringer, 192, 217, 218, 230 
 
 Rismel, 223 
 
 Rite, 214 
 
 Ritmire, 227 
 
 Ritter, 232 
 
 Rittlemeyer, 228 
 
 Rittlemyer, 238 
 
 Roach, 226, 239 
 
 Roads, 139 
 
 Roberts, 40, 211 
 
 Robertson, 215, 231, 233 
 
 Robinson, 174, 180, 206, 213, 228, 
 
 231, 232, 235 
 Robison, 223 
 Roche, 207 
 Rochester, 105 
 Rock, 103, 226 
 Rodes, 212 
 
292 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Roemer, 99 
 Roessell, 93 
 Rogers, 149 
 Rohhbaugh, 237 
 Rohrbach, 237 
 Rohrback, 102 
 Rohrer, 118, 263 
 Roltrer, 263 
 Rolwagen, 225 
 Romer, 98 
 Rommelsem, 237 
 Romsburg, 188 
 Ronenberger, 227 
 Rorer, 175 
 Rosen, 61 
 Ross, 161, 211 
 Roth, 235 
 Rothe, 234 
 Rough, 174 
 Roullett, 102 
 Rout, 161 
 Roxburgh, 257 
 Row, 180, 206 
 Rowin, 218 
 Rowlands, 239 
 Rowlins, 217 
 Rudisiel, 93 
 Rudrieck, 216 
 Ruetenik, 103 
 Rumfell, 228 
 Rumfield, 237 
 Rummelson, 226 
 Runkel, 100 
 Ruppert, 228 
 Russ, 218 
 Rutlidge, 222 
 Rutt, 40 
 Ruttzn, 21 
 Ryan, 209 
 Ryley, 222 
 Rymeby, 263 
 
 Sachse, 27, 29 
 
 Sadler, 25 
 
 Safety, 263 
 
 Saffle, 211 
 
 Saftly, 221 
 
 Sahm, 61 
 
 Sailor, 234 
 
 Salmon, 213 
 
 Sam, 100, 101 
 
 Sands, 221 
 
 Sangar, 137 
 
 Sanglaer, 134 
 
 Sappor, 117 
 
 Sarjeant, 219 
 
 Saylor, 105, 236 
 
 Schaaf, 61, 188, 190 
 
 Schaefer, 93 
 
 Schaeffer, 225, 232 
 
 Schantz, 114 
 
 Scharf, 9, 54, 62, 87, 102, 104, 154, 
 
 167, 171, 179, 260 
 Schaub, 93 
 Schauffle, 93 
 Scherer, 41 
 Schesler, 232 
 Schilders, 22 
 Schippe, 25 
 Schister, 105 
 
 Schlatter, 51, 94, 95, 99, 115 
 Schleitz, 118 
 
 Schley, 56, 99, 114, 183, 188, 222 
 Schmauk, 92, 103 
 Schmidt, 61, 98 
 Schmit, 40 
 
 Schmucker, 104, 105 
 Schnebly, 105 
 Scholl, 40 
 Schorcht, 232 
 Schrawder, 225 
 Schreier, 232 
 Schreyer, 93 
 Schriver, 188, 190, 193 
 Schroder, 105 
 
Index to Proper Names. 
 
 293 
 
 Schultz, 51, 52, 53, 61, 134, 167, 
 
 206 
 Schiitz, 232 
 Schwartz, 40 
 Schweinhard, 98 
 Schweinhardt, 93, 98 
 Schwerdtfeger, 99, 106 
 Schwidzer, 236 
 Schwob, 103 
 Scobell, 134 
 
 Scott, 183, 188, 190, 214 
 Scybert, 210 
 Seaburn, 221 
 Sealon, 161 
 Sealors, 228 
 Sechs, 98 
 Seglaer, 134, 137 
 Segman, 238 
 Sehom, 214 
 Seiss, 61 
 Selas, 229 
 Self, 220 
 Sellers, 191, 218 
 Sellman, 257 
 Sellers, 218 
 S el wood, 229 
 Sergant, 249 
 Serjeant, 218 
 Settlemeyer, 228 
 Settlemirer, 232 
 Shackler, 175 
 Shade, 217 
 
 Shaffer, 139, 229, 238 
 Shambarriere, 137 
 Shame, 217 
 Shank, 213 
 Shark, 228 
 Sharpe, 112, 144, 145, 146, 147, 153, 
 
 165, 168, 169, 170, 172 
 Shatz, 231 
 Shaw, 46, 206 
 Sheaf er, 230, 231 
 Sheales, 192 
 
 Sheekels, 209 
 Sheeler, 102 
 Sheest, 233, 235 
 Shehan, 213 
 Sheitz, 263 
 Shelby, 161, 170 
 Shelman, 216 
 Shenk, 217 
 Sheppart, 211 
 
 Sheredine, 188, 189, 190, 194, 268 
 Shett, 268, 269 
 Shields, 180, 206 
 Shimor, 41 
 Shirley, 147 
 Shively, 228, 239 
 Shlife, 238 
 Shock, 174 
 
 Shoemaker, 214, 226, 228, 231, 234, 
 235, 239 
 
 Sholly, 174 
 
 Shopper, 230 
 
 Short, 211 
 
 Shotter, 230 
 
 Shotts, 228 
 
 Shotz, 231 
 
 Shover, 206 
 
 Showier, 40 
 
 Shrantz, 230 
 
 Shrawder, 236 
 
 Shrayer, 228 
 
 Shrayock, 228 
 
 Shriber, 174 
 
 Shriock, 237 
 
 Shroop, 230 
 
 Shryock, 83, 84, 105, 237, 263 
 
 Shugart, 225, 237 
 
 Shukels, 209 
 
 Shuler, 240 
 
 Shutz, 228 
 
 Sides, 236 
 
 Siegfried, 216 
 
 Sigler, 40 
 
 Sill, 215 
 
294 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Silver, 218, 228 
 
 Silvor, 213 
 
 Simcock, 124 
 
 Simmon, 218 
 
 Simon, 218 
 
 Simms, 209 
 
 Simpson, 193 
 
 Sinn, 93, 98 
 
 Sipherson, 18 
 
 Six, 99 
 
 Skaggs, 213 
 
 Skiles, 221 
 
 Skinner, 257 
 
 Slagel, 215 
 
 Slender, 231 
 
 Slick, 218 
 
 Slife, 228 
 
 Slite, 228 
 
 Slreiter, 228 
 
 Sluys, 137 
 
 Sluyter, 22, 23 
 
 Sluyter-Vorstmann, 17 
 
 Smadern, 239 
 
 Small, 162 
 
 Smallwood, 207, 242, 243, 244, 250, 
 257, 262 
 
 Smeltzer, 230 
 
 Smith, 8, 40, 41, 115, 117, 121, 133, 
 137, 139, 178, 180, 187, 188, 189, 
 190, 191, 192, 194, 206, 211, 212, 
 213, 214, 216, 217, 218, 222, 225, 
 226, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 
 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 257, 258, 
 266, 267 
 Smitherd, 228 
 Smithley, 236 
 Smithly, 228, 229, 233, 234, 236, 
 
 237 
 Smout, 46 
 Smoute, 137 
 Smyth, 267 
 
 Snavely, 188, 190, 191 
 Snebley, 185 
 
 Snider, 174, 216, 229, 230, 231 
 
 Snowdeigel, 217 
 
 Snowdenge, 217 
 
 Snowdens, 53 
 
 Solamon, 210 
 
 Soldner, 98 
 
 Sollers, 110, 226, 238 
 
 Sollom, 40 
 
 Somervell, 258 
 
 Spach, 98 
 
 Sparks, 161 
 
 Sparrow, 220 
 
 Speak, 216 
 
 Speake, 219 
 
 Speck, 232, 237 
 
 Spengel, 93 
 
 Spires, 263 
 
 Splise, 223 • 
 
 Spottswood, 41 
 
 Sprengle, 238 
 
 Sprigg, 188, 189, 190, 212, 223 
 
 Spright, 137 
 
 Springer, 218 
 
 Springle, 47 
 
 Spunogle, 215 
 
 Spycer, 210 
 
 Spyker, 115, 210, 255 
 
 St. Clair, 169, 170 
 
 Stalion, 219 
 
 Stallings, 219 
 
 Stalter, 237 
 
 Stanley, 216 
 
 Stanly, 211 
 
 Stanner, 137 
 
 Stanton, 228, 239 
 
 Stanty, 226 
 
 Stantz, 134 
 
 Startzman, 263 
 
 Statler, 229, 234, 235 
 
 Stauffer, 226, 238 
 
 Steel, 53, 219 
 
 Steiger, 61 
 
 Stein, 232 
 
Index to Proper Names. 
 
 295 
 
 Steincyfer, 105 
 
 Steiner, 59, 91, 100, 195 
 
 Stempel, 105 
 
 Stephenson, 200 
 
 Steret, 250 
 
 Steuart, 212 
 
 Stevens, 216 
 
 Stewart, 158, 180, 186, 210, 221 
 
 257 
 Stiener, 231 
 Stiles, 239 
 Stille, 18 
 Stirling (Lord), 242, 243, 244, 245, 
 
 246 
 Stockbridge, 164, 172 
 Stoddert, 149, 151, 152 
 Stoever, 93 
 Stoferd, 41 
 Stogdon, 220 
 Stoll, 98 
 Stolmeyer, 98 
 Stone, 13, 90, 240, 250 
 Stonebraker, 229, 236 
 Stonebreaker, 233, 235 
 Stoner, 40, 190, 216, 222, 229, 232 
 Storam, 223 
 Stouder, 230 
 Stout, 240 
 Stover, 106 
 Stowford, 40 
 Stoyle, 229 
 Straam, 236 
 Strayley, 236 
 Strayly, 234 
 Strecher, 115 
 Streib, 233 
 Strieker, 61, 188, 190, 192, 225, 238, 
 
 263 
 Stricklaer, 137 
 Strider, 232 
 Stringfellow, 32 
 Striser, 217 
 Striter, 237 
 
 Stroam, 233, 235 
 Strome, 228 
 Stuart, 174 
 Studdlemeier, 230 
 Studer, 228 
 Stuffle, 216 
 
 Stull, 115, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 
 190, 192, 193, 194, 217, 222, 263 
 Stuyvesant, 15, 16, 20 
 Sueman, 268, 269 
 Sulivane, 220 
 Sullivan, 243 
 Summerfield, 127 
 Summers, 212, 238 
 Sutton, 212 
 
 Swan, 185, 188, 190, 193 f 
 Swartz, 225 
 Swearengen, 188, 189 
 Swearingen, 185, 190, 192, 263 
 Swimley, 192 
 Swingly, 263 
 Switzer, 229, 234, 236 
 Swope, 103, 104, 137 
 Sybert, 175, 210 
 Sydey, 174 
 Syphers, 207 
 
 Tabler, 230 
 
 Taeter, 221 
 
 Talbort, 219 
 
 Talbot, 123, 219 
 
 Tamlane, 219 
 
 Tandre, 137 
 
 Taney, 180 
 
 Tannehill, 214 
 
 Tanner, 46, 127, 134, 137 
 
 Tasker, 53, 130 
 
 Tawney, 229 
 
 Taylor, 47, 210, 214, 229, 232, 236 
 
 Teagard, 154, 155 
 
 Teemer, 217 
 
 Tennaly, 216 
 
 Test, 213, 216 
 
296 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Teuferbiss, 93 
 
 Thatcher, 200 
 
 Theid, 257 
 
 Thomas, 139, 182, 183, 187, 188, 
 
 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 215, 244, 
 
 247 
 Thompson, 155, 214, 219, 220, 221 
 Thornbourgh, 221 
 Threlkeld, 187, 190 
 Tice, 191 
 
 Tilghman, 64, 195 
 Tille, 123 
 Tiller, 234 
 Tilly, 28 
 Timblin, 229 
 Timken, 239 
 Tite, 229 
 Tobing, 217 
 Tombleson, 218 
 Tomkins, 221 
 Tomlin, 219 
 Tomm, 233, 235 
 Tongue, 214 
 Tore son, 18 
 Toughman, 215 
 Trace, 215 
 Tracy, 219 
 Trail, 211 
 Traill, 211 
 Traut, 93, 232 
 Trent, 143 
 Tressel, 174 
 Trout, 139, 210 
 Troxal, 175 
 Troxel, 222, 223 
 Troxell, 180 
 Trubb, 117 
 Truck, 226 
 Trucks, 217 
 Trueman, 257 
 Trux, 217, 233 
 Tucker, 208, 209 
 Tudderow, 230 
 
 Tumbleson, 218 
 Turenne, 28 
 Turner, 211, 216 
 Tyce, 174 
 Tysher, 175 
 Tyson, 40 
 
 Unsult, 99 
 Urinson, 18 
 Utie, 20, 123 
 Utley, 61 
 
 Valentine, 180, 207 
 
 Vandernorte, 18 
 
 Van Lear, 105 
 
 Van Meter, 42 
 
 Van Swearengen, 188, 190 
 
 Varglass, 137 
 
 Vaudreuil, 150 
 
 Vaughan, 161, 215, 239 
 
 Veach, 178 
 
 Veatch, 210, 219 
 
 Veazy, 249 
 
 Verdries, 98 
 
 Verdriess, 93 
 
 Vincent, 238 
 
 Visinger, 231 
 
 Vogler, 98 
 
 Volks, 118 
 
 Von Graffenried, 41 
 
 Vorstman, 22 
 
 Wachtel, 230, 231 
 
 Wade, 220, 229, 232, 239 
 
 Waggoner, 118, 218, 229, 237 
 
 Wagner, 105, 232, 233, 234, 235 
 
 Wagoner, 217, 229 
 
 Waker, 212 
 
 Waldon, 240 
 
 Walker, 210, 220, 221, 223, 229, 257 
 
 Wallace, 207, 212 
 
 Wallack, 137 
 
 Wallauer, 104 
 
Index to Proper Names. 
 
 297 
 
 Wallis, 209, 222 
 
 Waltenback, 221 
 
 Walters, 219 
 
 Walts, 216 
 
 Waltz, 137 
 
 Ward, 143, 215, 222, 243, 246 
 
 Ware, 162, 242, 245, 250 
 
 Warfield, 188, 190, 192, 258 
 
 Warman, 212 
 
 Warren, 188, 190, 198 
 
 Wart, 215 
 
 Washington, 54, 64, 143, 144, 151, 
 154, 163, 242, 243, 245, 246, 248, 
 251, 253 
 
 Waters, 191, 192, 193, 209 
 
 Watkins, 231, 257 
 
 Watson, 152 
 
 Wayne, 49 
 
 Weakley, 219 
 
 Weaver, 215, 229, 231, 234, 235, 237 
 
 Weber, 40 
 \ Weeguel, 240 
 
 Weger, 238 
 
 Weidman, 225 
 
 Weier, 218 
 
 Weinmer, 93 
 
 Weirich, 220 
 ^ Weiser, 105, 225 
 
 Weishaar, 16, 25 
 
 Weisong, 221 
 
 Welch, 124 
 
 Weller, 87, 180, 206, 232 
 
 Wells, 76, 188, 190, 213, 221, 263 
 
 Welsh, 221, 222 
 
 Welshoffer, 134, 137 
 
 Weltner, 98, 193, 225, 231, 236, 254 
 
 Welty, 229, 238 
 
 Wershler, 103 
 
 Wesinger, 232 
 
 West, 178, 192, 211, 219, 220, 222 
 
 Westfall, 180 
 
 Wetzel, 93, 98 
 
 Weygand, 105 
 
 Weyman, 105 
 
 Wheelen, 213 
 
 Wheeler, 18, 209, 213 
 
 Wherfield, 139 
 
 Whistler, 46 
 
 Whitaker, 193 
 
 White, 124, 209, 212, 215, 216, 218, 
 
 220, 222, 239 
 Whitesides, 105 
 Whitman, 52 
 Wicks, 222 
 Wiesenthall, 103 
 Wilcocks, 162 
 Wilcoxen, 209 
 Wildbahn, 99, 105 
 Wilder, 160 
 Wilhelm, 233, 235, 236 
 Wilhelme, 229 
 Wilhite, 230 s 
 Wilkins, 132, 221 
 Willhaut, 98 
 
 Williams, 127, 147, 148, 162, 167, 
 175, 185, 186, 188, 190, 192, 193, 
 198, 200, 205, 210, 217, 219, 220, 
 
 221, 229, 238, 257, 258 
 Williard, 61 
 Willsdaugh, 237 
 Wilmott, 257 
 
 Willson, 209 
 
 Wilson, 188, 190, 210, 211 
 
 Wilstock, 229, 237 
 
 Wimer, 215 
 
 Winchester, 188, 190, 193 
 
 Windham, 219 
 
 Windom, 212 
 
 Windred, 139 
 
 Windsor, 212 
 
 Wink, 229, 232 
 
 Wintz, 230 
 
 Wirley, 175 
 
 Wise, 139, 210, 233, 235 
 
 Wisell, 139 
 
 Wistar, 34 
 
298 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Witsinger, 229 
 
 Woelpper, 225 
 
 Wolf, 216, 220 
 
 Wolford, 257 
 
 Wolgamot, 174 
 
 Wolgamott, 161, 162 
 
 Woller, 218 
 
 Wolly Bergy, 41 
 
 Wolstenholme, 53 
 
 Woltz, 105 
 
 Wood, 188, 190, 193, 208, 209, 211 
 
 Wooler, 218 
 
 Woolford, 229, 239, 257 
 
 Wooten, 182 
 
 Wooton, 187, 188, 189, 190 
 
 Wootton, 190 
 
 Worley, 46, 134, 137 
 
 Woulds, 258 
 
 Wright, 46, 47, 129, 131, 132, 137, 
 
 229, 250 
 Wyonge, 220 
 
 Yakely, 229 
 
 Yates, 210 
 
 Yaulet, 216 
 
 Yeakly, 234 
 
 Yockley, 235, 236 
 
 Young, 40, 105, 106, 137, 167, 188, J 
 
 190, 206, 234, 235 
 Younger, 218 
 
 Zahn, 61 
 
 Ziegler, 230 
 
 Zimmerman, 52, 229, 230, 232 
 
 Zorah, 104 
 
INDEX TO SUBJECTS 
 
 Allotment of land, 10 
 Almanac, Hagerstown, 88 
 Annapolis, Germans arriving at, 56 
 Antietam church, 106 
 Avalon, colony of, 6 
 
 Bake-oven, 72 
 
 Baker, Isaac, letter from, 151 
 
 Baltimore laid out, 60 
 
 Bayer, Captain Michael, 231 
 
 Blankets contributed for the army, 
 262 
 
 Blunston, Samuel, to issue licenses 
 to settle, 127 ; letter from, regard- 
 ing Thomas Cresap, 129; reward 
 offered for his arrest, 137 
 
 Border troubles, 123, 124 
 
 Boston Port Bill, resolutions against 
 passed in Frederick county, 182, 
 183, 184 
 
 Boundary controversy, 121 
 
 Bouquet, Colonel Henry, 156, 157 
 
 Braddock's campaign, 146 
 
 Brethren church, 106 
 
 Brewery established in Baltimore, 
 61 
 
 Burgess, Captain Edward, 208 
 
 Cabins, construction of, 67 
 
 Campbell, Captain ^neas, 218 
 
 Chance, Samuel, capture of, 129 
 Charter of Maryland, 7 
 Church, established, 91 
 Church, First Lutheran in Mary- 
 land, 92 
 Clauson, Jacob, naturalized, 21 
 
 Clementson, Andrew, naturalized, 
 
 18 
 Clothing, 78 
 
 Cold winter of 1740-1, 44 
 Cold winter in Germany, 29 
 Commegys, Cornelius, naturalized, 
 
 16, 18 
 Committee of correspondence for 
 
 Frederick county, 188, 191 
 Committee of Observation for Fred- 
 erick county, 190 
 Company rolls — 
 
 Capt. Michael Bayer's company, 
 
 231 
 Capt. Edward Burgess' company, 
 
 208 
 Capt. y£neas Campbell's com- 
 pany, 218 
 Capt. Vallentine Creager's com- 
 pany, 217 
 Capt. Leonard Deakins' company, 
 
 210 
 Capt. Henry Fister's company, 230 
 Capt. Jacob Good's company, 214 
 Capt. Philip Graybell's company, 
 
 237 
 Capt. Henry Hardman's company, 
 
 222 
 Capt. William Heyser's company, 
 
 233, 234 
 Capt. Geo. P. Keeport's company, 
 
 232 
 Capt. Peter Maroney's company, 
 
 213 
 Capt. John Reynold's company, 
 220 
 
3°° 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Company, Capt. Richard Smith's, 
 212 
 Capt. Benjamin Spyker's com- 
 pany, 210 
 Lt.-Col. Ludwig Weltner's com- 
 pany, 236 
 
 Conditions of plantation, 13, 14 
 
 Connolly's conspiracy, 263 
 
 Conococheague settlement aban- 
 doned, 153 
 
 Conococheague, village of, 54 
 
 Cooking utensils, 71 
 
 Costumes, 78 
 
 Creager, Captain Vallentine, 217 
 
 Creagerstown laid out, 53 
 
 Cresap, Thomas, settles on the Sus- 
 quehanna, 128; warrant issued 
 for arrest of, 133 
 
 Daunt, Knowles, killed, 130 
 Deakins, Captain Leonard, 210 
 Declaration of the Provincial Con- 
 vention, 201, 203 
 Delaware colony, deserters from, 15 
 Dutch settlers on the Delaware, 20 
 
 Education of the Germans, 108 
 Elizabeth-town laid out, 54 
 Emigration, German, causes of, 27 
 Established church, 91 
 
 First colonists, the, 12 
 
 First German settlement in Mary- 
 land, 51 
 
 First German settler, 16 
 
 First Lutheran church in Maryland, 
 92 
 
 First visitor to Maryland, 8 
 
 Fister, Captain Henry, 230 
 
 Flax, preparation of, 85 
 
 Flying Camp organized, 208 
 
 Capt. Edward Burgess' company, 
 208 
 
 Capt. yEneas Campbell's com- 
 pany, 218 
 Capt. Vallentine Creager's com- 
 pany, 217 
 Capt. Leonard Deakins' company, 
 
 210 
 Capt. Jacob Good's company, 214 
 Capt. Henry Hardman's company, 
 
 222 
 Capt. Peter Mantz's company, 216 
 Capt. Philip Maroney's company, 
 
 213 
 Capt. John Reynold's company, 
 
 220 
 Capt. Richard Smith's company, 
 
 212 
 Capt. Benjamin Spyker's com- 
 pany, 210 
 Food, 74 
 
 Forbes, General, campaign of, 156 
 Foreigners allowed to take up land, 
 
 14 
 Foreigners not desired, 12 
 Foreigners, petition from, 19 
 Fort Cumberland erected, 146, 164 
 Fort Duquesne built, 143; expedi- 
 tion against, 156, 158 
 Fort Frederick erected, 153, 165; 
 
 Revolutionary prisoners at, 175 
 Fort Pitt erected, 158 
 Fort Mount Pleasant erected, 163 
 Fort Necessity, surrender of, 144 
 Fort Washington, surrender of, 251 
 Franklin's opinion of the Germans, 
 
 33 
 Frederick county troops at Cam- 
 bridge, 196, 200; two companies 
 to be raised in, 197 
 Frederick, German Reformed church 
 
 in, 99 
 Frederick, town laid out, 56; growth 
 
 of, 59 
 French, designs of, 142 
 
Index to Subjects. 
 
 301 
 
 Furniture of the settlers, 70; manu- 
 facture of, 81 
 
 German colony in North Carolina, 
 
 41 
 German emigrants in London, 30; 
 lists of to be kept, 31; hardships 
 endured on the voyage, 35 
 German emigration, causes of, 27 
 German Reformed church at Fred- 
 erick, 99; at Baltimore, 103; at 
 Hagerstown, 105 
 German Regiment, organization of, 
 224; roster of, 226; list of re- 
 cruits in, 238 
 German Regiment — 
 
 Capt. Michael Bayer's company, 
 
 231 
 Capt. Henry Fister's company, 230 
 Capt. Philip Graybell's company, 
 
 237 
 Capt. Wm. Heyser's company, 
 
 233, 234 
 Capt. Geo. P. Keeport's company, 
 
 232 
 Lt.-Col. Weltner's company, 236 
 German settlement, first, in Mary- 
 land, 51 
 German settlers in Maryland, 25, 
 
 39, 50 
 Germans arriving at Annapolis, 56 ; 
 
 education of, 108 
 Good, Captain Jacob, 214 
 Graceham settled, 61 
 Graybell, Captain Philip, 237 
 Growth of the colony of Maryland, 
 38 
 
 Hack, George, naturalized, 21 
 Hager, Jonathan, arrives in Penn- 
 sylvania, 54 
 Hagerstown almanac, 88 
 Hagerstown laid out, 54 
 
 Hagerstown, Lutheran church at, 
 105; German Reformed church 
 at, 105 
 Hardman, Captain Henry, 222 
 Harmer, Gothofrid, naturalized, 18 
 Haussegger, Col. Nicholas, 225 
 Hendrickson, Bartholomew, natural- 
 ized, 18 
 Hendrickson, Hendrik, naturalized, 
 
 18 
 Herman, Augustine, naturalized, 21 
 Heyser, William, letter from, 260 
 Heyser, Captain William, 233, 234 
 Hite, Jost, starts movement south- 
 ward, 41 
 Home building, 67 
 
 Illiteracy of the settlers, 109 
 Indian massacres, 147, 148, 152 
 Indians, expedition against, 161 
 Indians, treatment of, 9 
 Ireland, German emigrants sent to, 
 30 
 
 Jacobson, Peter, naturalized, 18 
 Johnson, Paul, naturalized, 18 
 Jumonville, defeat of, 143 
 
 Keeport, Captain Geo. P., 232 
 Kershner, Captain John, 174 
 Kocherthal's settlement, 31 
 
 Labadist doctrine, 24 
 
 Labadist settlement, 21 
 
 Land, liberal offer of from Lord 
 Baltimore, 43 
 
 Landis, Samuel, complains of the 
 Marylanders, 123 
 
 Log cabins, building of, 69 
 
 Long Island, battle of, 242 
 
 Lutheran church, the first in Mary- 
 land, 92 
 
302 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Lutheran church at Hagerstown, 
 105; at Middletown, 104; at 
 Sharpsburg, 100 
 
 Lutheran church at Monocacy, rules 
 for the government of, 96 
 
 McClellan, Captain William, 161 
 Magistrates of Frederick county, 
 
 address of, 195 
 Mantz, Captain Peter, 216 
 Map of the colony made, 20 
 Marie, Edmund, killed by Indians, 
 
 149 
 Maroney, Captain Philip, 213 
 Maryland, charter of, 7 
 Maryland colony, growth of, 10, 37 ; 
 
 population of, 38 
 Maryland, German settlers in, 39 
 Maryland officers, rank of, 252; ad- 
 dress of, 255 
 Maryland, the settlement of, 5, 8 
 Maryland troops on Long Island, 
 
 242; conduct of, 250 
 Mason and Dixon's Line, 140 
 Mathiason, Hendrick, naturalized, 
 
 18 
 Meyer, Peter, naturalized, 18 
 Micheelson, Clement, naturalized, 
 
 18 
 Micheelson, Jacob, naturalized, 18 
 Middletown, Lutheran church at, 
 
 104 
 Ministers, difficulty in securing, 92 
 Monocacy, church at, 93; Michael 
 Schlatter visits, 94; H. M. Muhl- 
 enberg visits, 95 
 Monocacy road surveyed, 46 
 Monocacy, settlement of, 51 
 Monocacy, site of, 52 
 Montson, Peter, naturalized, 18 
 Muhlenberg, Henry M., visits Mon- 
 ocacy, 95 
 
 Naturalization of foreigners, 17, 18 
 Newspapers, 87 
 
 North Carolina, German colony in, 
 41 
 
 Ohio Company, grant to, 142 
 
 Palatinate, devastation of, 28 
 
 Paper-making, 83 
 
 Parnell, Edward, driven off by 
 
 Pennsylvania authorities, 127 
 " Peggy Stewart," destruction of, 
 
 185 
 Petition of settlers near Falckner's 
 
 Swamp, 39 
 Petition from some settlers in Lan- 
 caster county, 134 
 Pon-hoss, 75 
 Pontiac's war, 158 
 Presque Isle, fort erected at, 142 
 Proclamation of Lord Baltimore 
 
 offering land to settlers, 43 
 Provincial convention, declaration 
 
 of, 201, 203 
 Provincial convention, Frederick 
 
 county delegates to, 189, 194 
 
 Rank of the Maryland officers, 252 
 Redemptioners, 117 
 Religious toleration in Maryland, 89 
 Reynolds, Captain John, 220 
 Road to Fort Cumberland surveyed, 
 
 170 
 Rocky Hill church, 104 
 Rogers, Benjamin, killed by Indians, 
 
 149 
 Roll of 
 
 Capt. Michael Bayer's company 
 in the German regiment, 231 
 
 Capt. Edward Burgess' company 
 in the Flying Camp, 208 
 
 Capt. ^Eneas Campbell's com- 
 pany in the Flying Camp, 218 
 
Index to Subjects. 
 
 3°3 
 
 Roll, Capt. Vallentine Creager's 
 company in the Flying Camp, 217 
 Capt. Leonard Deakins' company 
 
 in the Flying Camp, 210 
 Capt. Henry Fister's company in 
 
 the German regiment, 230 
 Capt. Jacob Good's company in 
 
 the Flying Camp, 214 
 Capt. Philip Graybell's company 
 
 in the German regiment, 237 
 Capt. Henry Hardman's company 
 
 in the Flying Camp, 222 
 Capt. William Heyser's company 
 
 in the German regiment, 233, 
 
 234 
 Capt. Geo. P. Keeport's company 
 
 in the German regiment, 232 
 Capt. John Kershner's company, 
 
 174 
 Capt. William McClellan's com- 
 pany, 161 
 Capt. Peter Mantz's company in 
 
 the Flying Camp, 216 
 Capt. Philip Maroney's company 
 
 in the Flying Camp, 213 
 Capt. John Reynold's company in 
 
 the Flying Camp, 220 
 Capt. Richard Smith's company 
 
 in the Flying Camp, 212 
 Capt. Benjamin Spyker's company 
 
 in the Flying Camp, 210 
 Lt.-Col. Weltner's company in the 
 
 German regiment, 236 
 Royal American regiment, 156 
 Ruttzn, Garrett, naturalized, 21 
 
 Schlatter, Michael, visits Monocacy, 
 
 94 
 Schley, Thomas, schoolmaster, 114 
 Schoolmaster, 109; German, 113 
 Schools, establishment of, 109, 110, 
 
 111 
 Sharpsburg, Lutheran church at, 100 
 
 Sharpsburg settled, 61 
 Shrawder, Capt. Philip, 236 
 Sipherson, Marcus, naturalized, 18 
 Slavery among the Germans, 118 
 Smallwood, Col. Wm., account of 
 
 the battle of Long Island, 244 
 Smith, Capt. John, visits the country, 
 
 8 
 Smith, Capt. Richard, 212 
 Soap-making, 82 
 
 Springettsbury Manor surveyed, 127 
 Spring-house, 73 
 Spyker, Benjamin, Jr., schoolmaster, 
 
 115; Capt. Benjamin, 210 
 Stamp Act passed, 177; opposition 
 
 to, 178 
 Stille, Axell, naturalized, 118 
 Stoves, 72 
 
 Straw-board, manufacture of, 83 
 Summerfield, Jerry, driven off by 
 
 the Pennsylvania authorities, 127 
 Susquehanna, lands west of, 125 
 Swedish colonists on the Delaware 
 
 ordered to submit to the authority 
 
 of Maryland, 123 
 
 Tanner, Michael, driven off by the 
 
 Pennsylvania authorities, 127 
 Tanning, 82 
 Tea, destruction of at Hagerstown, 
 
 186 
 Thirty Years War, 28 
 Tobacco, culture of, 11, 37 
 Toreson, Andrew, naturalized, 18 
 Tories, execution of, 268 
 Trade, German boys taught a, 80 
 
 Urinson, Cornelius, naturalized, 18; 
 John, naturalized, 18 
 
 Utie, Col. Nathaniel, visits the Del- 
 aware colony, 123 
 
 Vandernorte, Michaell, naturalized, 
 18 
 
304 
 
 The Pennsylvania-German Society. 
 
 Wagon-making, 81 
 
 War, Thirty-Years', 28; of the 
 
 Spanish succession, 29 
 Ward, Ensign, surrender of, 143 
 Wheeler, John, naturalized, 18 
 Williams, John, killed by Indians, 
 
 147 
 Williams, Paul, driven off by the 
 
 Pennsylvania authorities^ 177 
 
 Wister, Casper, letter of, 34 
 Wolgamott, Capt. John, 162 
 Women, part taken by, 66 
 Wright, John, letter from concern- 
 ing Thomas Cresap, 129; letter 
 from describing an invasion, 131 ; 
 reward offered for the arrest of, 
 137 
 
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