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The History 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Phi Delta Theta 
 Fraternity 
 
 BY 
 
 WALTER benjamin PALMER 
 
 Emory, '77 ; Vanderbilt, '80 
 
 WITH A FOREWORD BY 
 
 JOHN WOLFE LINDLEY 
 
 Miami, '50 ; Sole Surviving Founder 
 
 AND AN introduction BY 
 
 CLARENCE LA RUE GOODWIN 
 
 Indianapolis, '83 ; Indiana, '83 
 
 printed by 
 
 GEORGE BANTA 
 
 Franklin, '76 ; Indiana, '76 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE FRATERNITY 
 
 IN ITS FIFTY-EIGHTH YEAR 
 
 1906 
 
^ 
 
 
 LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
 
 Two OoDies Becelvud 
 
 MAR 31 906 
 
 1 Copyright Entry 
 
 ^ ouss ccjj 
 
 ' V^COPY B. 
 
 ••^ 
 
 Copyright, 1906, by Walter B. Palmer. 
 
 PRKSS AND BINDERY OF THE 
 
 GEORGE BANTA PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 MENASHA, WISCONSIN 
 
DEDICATION. 
 
 To the memory of Robert Morrison, John Mc- 
 Millan Wilson, Robert Thompson Drake, Ardivan 
 Walker Rodgers and Andrew Watts Rogers, the 
 vanished fathers of the Fraternity founded in 1848 
 at Old Miami; to John Wolfe Lindley, also one of 
 the founders, and the only one of the immortal six 
 who 3'^et survives; to the thousands of brothers 
 who have subscribed to the inspiring and enduring 
 principles enunciated in the unchanged and unal- 
 terable Bond, this record of the origin and the 
 splendid career of Phi Delta Theta is inscribed by 
 
 The Author. 
 

CONTENTS. 
 
 The indented lines, printed in lower case type, refer to illustrations. 
 
 Coat-of-arms Frontispiece 
 
 Dedication in 
 
 Contents v 
 
 A Foreword from Father Lindley xv 
 
 Introduction xvii 
 
 Clarence La Rue Goodwin, Indianapolis and Indiana, ^"i-})- ^^^ 
 
 Author's Preface xxi 
 
 Walter Benjamin Palmer, Emor}^ '77; Vanderbilt, '80 xxiii 
 
 His Signature in 1905 — facsimile xxiii 
 
 The First Greek-Letter Society i 
 
 The Old Raleigh Tavern at Williamsburg, Virginia 3 
 
 Ancient $ B K Silver Medal — obverse and reverse 8 
 
 Modern <^ B K Gold Watchke}" — obverse and reverse. 8 
 
 The Inter-Collegiate Fraternity System 10 
 
 Badges of $ B K and K A (Northern) 10 
 
 Badges of $ A.®, $ K *, © A X and K A (Southern) 11 
 
 Badges of ^ Y, A K E, 2 A E, $ F A and n K A 12 
 
 Badges of A $, A *, 2 X, A T O and ^ K ^ 12 
 
 Badges of :S <^, Z ^, X ^, X <l>, A Y and $ S K. 12 
 
 Badges of A A ^ and K 2 13 
 
 Badges of B © n, A T A, $ $ $ and 2 N 13 
 
 Badges of H B <^, K A ©, K K F, A A A, F $ B, A F and A $ 13 
 
 Badges of © E, <I> A $, X ^ :N^, 4) X and Q. T V 14 
 
 Badge of © X E 14 
 
 Badges of ^ S, A K, K 2 K and W. \\\ W 15 
 
 Badges of A ;S X and M3^stical Seven 15 
 
 Miami University 16 
 
 The Village Park, Oxford, Ohio 19 
 
 Church Street, Oxford, Ohio 20 
 
 High Street, Oxford, Ohio 20 
 
 The Campus of Miami University, 1838 22 
 
 An Old View of the Campus 23 
 
 The Campus of Miami University, 1898 24 
 
 The Main Building 25 
 
 The Northeast Building 26 
 
 The North Dormitory -. 26 
 
 The Herron G3''mnasium 28 
 
 The Dormitories '2'^ 
 
 Distinguished Sons of Miami 30 
 
 Rev. Guy Potter Benton, D. D., $ A 0, President of Miami 32 
 
 Fraternities at Miami 33 
 
 Invitation from Sigma Chi to Phi Delta Theta — facsimile 49 
 
 Glimpses of Fraternit}^ Parlors at Miami 51 
 
VI CONTENTS. 
 
 The Six Founders of Phi Delta Theta 52 
 
 The Six Stars 58 
 
 Robert Morrison 58 
 
 Robert Morrison in 1851 59 
 
 His Signature in 1850 — facsimile 59 
 
 Ohio University — An Old View 60 
 
 Ohio University — Robert Morrison's Room in the East Wing 61 
 
 Portland Avenue Presbyterian Church, Louisville, Kentucky 63 
 
 Westminster Academy, Waterford, Knox County, Ohio 64 
 
 Robert Morrison in 1886 65 
 
 "Woodlawn," the Morrison Home, near Fulton, Missouri 66 
 
 Robert Morrison in 1894 67 
 
 His Signature from The Sci'oll, April, 1897 — facsimile 67 
 
 Robert Morrison in 1898 69 
 
 His Signature in 1901 — facsimile 69 
 
 John McMillan Wilson 70 
 
 John McMillan Wilson... .■ 71 
 
 His Signature — facsimile 71 
 
 His Watch 73 
 
 Miami Commencement Programme, 1849 — facsimile 75 
 
 Robert Thompson Drake 77 
 
 Robert Thompson Drake in 1856 77 
 
 His Signature — facsimile 77 
 
 Robert Thompson Drake in 1869 78 
 
 His Grave at Lebanon, Ohio 79 
 
 John Wolfe Lindley 80 
 
 His Birthplace and Home 81 
 
 John Wolfe Lindley in 1853 82 
 
 His Signature in 1853 — facsimile 82 
 
 John Wolfe Lindley in i86t 82 
 
 John Wolfe Lindley in 1898 83 
 
 His Signature in 1880 — facsimile 83 
 
 J. W. Lindley at Grant's Tomb, 1902 84 
 
 J. W. Lindley in Central Park, 1902 84 
 
 Ardivan Walker Rodgers 85 
 
 Ardivan Walker Rodgers 86 
 
 His Signature in 1853 — facsimile 86 
 
 Another Signature — facsimile 86 
 
 His Grave at Brighton, Iowa ^87 
 
 Andrew Watts Rogers 89 
 
 Andrew Watts Rogers in 1853 89 
 
 Andrew Watts Rogers in 1873 91 
 
 His Signature in 1880 — facsimile 91 
 
 Andrew Watts Rogers in 1897 93 
 
 His Signature in 1899 — facsimile 93 
 
 His Residence at Warrensburg, Missouri 94 
 
 His Grave at Warrensburg, Missouri 95 
 
 The Parent Chapter — Ohio Alpha 96 
 
CONTENTS. VII 
 
 Center of Population, Each Decade, 1790 to 1900 — map 97 
 
 Ohio Alpha's Minutes, First Meeting — facsimile loi 
 
 Ohio Alpha's Minutes, Second Meeting — facsimile 102 
 
 First Receipts and Disbursements — facsimile 107 
 
 Andrew Carr Kemper, M. D., Miami, '53 114 
 
 Professor David Swing, Miami, '52 116 
 
 The Second Chapter — Indiana Alpha 117 
 
 Freight Car and Passenger Car, J. M. & I. R. R., 1848 118 
 
 Commission for Establishing Indiana Alpha — facsimile 119 
 
 The First Application for a Charter — facsimile 120 121 
 
 The First Charter — facsimile 122-123 
 
 Letter from Robert Morrison— facsimile 124 
 
 The First Chapter Membership Report- — facsimile 125 
 
 Signature of John W. Foster, Secretar}^ — -facsimile 129 
 
 The Third Chapter — Kentucky Alpha 131 
 
 The Fourth Chapter — Indiana Beta 137 
 
 Pledge of Secrecy — facsimile 139 
 
 Affiliation Certificate — facsimile 141 
 
 The Articles of Union 143 
 
 The Constitution of Ohio Alpha 147 
 
 The Original Shield Badge 150 
 
 Original A A ^ Badge 151 
 
 Original B IT Badge 151 
 
 Original © A X Badge — obverse and reverse 151 
 
 Directions for Making the First Badge — facsimile 152 
 
 Announcement of Completion of the First Badge — facsimile 153 
 
 Original $ A Badge, 1849 ^54 
 
 Oldest <l> A Badge, 1852 154 
 
 Annals, 1848-185 i 159 
 
 xArdivan Walker Rodgers, Miami, '51 160 
 
 The First Convention, 1851 165 
 
 Signature of Benjamin Harrison, Secretary — facsimile 166 
 
 The Higher Order of Alumni 167 
 
 Letter, Benjamin Harrison to Robert Morrison, facsimile 1 70-1 71 
 
 Invitation from the Alumni Order to Ohio Alpha — facsimile 174 
 
 First $ A Publications — Address and Poem — facsimiles 176 
 
 Letter from the Publication Committee — facsimile 177 
 
 Bicameral Chapters at Miami 178 
 
 Agreement Between Miami Chapters, 1852 — facsimile 180 
 
 Bicameral Chapters at Centre 181 
 
 Annals, 1852-1856 184 
 
 The General Convention of 1856 193 
 
 The Constitution of 1856 194 
 
 Annals, 1857-1858 197 
 
 The General Convention of 1858 208 
 
 Annals 1858- 1860 209 
 
 The Catalogue — First Edition, i860 213 
 
 Cover of the First Edition of the Catalogue — facsimile 215 
 
 Catalogue of i860 — Edited by Robert Morrison — facsimile 117 
 
VIII CONTENTS. 
 
 The General Convention of i860 219 
 
 Annals, i860- 1864 221 
 
 The General Convention of 1864 224 
 
 Correspondence During the Early Years 225 
 
 First Signatures ' In the Bond" — facsimiles 239 
 
 Recollections of the Early Years 240 
 
 Phi Delta Thetas in the Civil War 244 
 
 Brigadier-general Benjamin Harrison, Miami, '52 245 
 
 Albert Corj'don White, Buchtel, '80 246 
 
 The Stone Wall at Gettysburg 247 
 
 Colonel Andrew Watts Rogers, Miami, '51 250 
 
 Colonel Rogers, Thirtj^-five Years after the War 251 
 
 Brigadier-general John Charles Black, Wabash, '62 254 
 
 Annals, 1864-1868 269 
 
 Invitation to Indiana State Reunion, 1865 — facsimile 270 
 
 Literary Exercises, Indiana State Reunion, 1865 — facsimile 271 
 
 The First Coat-of-arms, 1866 274 
 
 The First Phi Delta Theta Song, 1866 275 
 
 The National Convention of 1868 280 
 
 Annals, 1868- 1869 283 
 
 The National Convention of 1869 286 
 
 Annals, 1869-1870 288 
 
 The National Convention of 1870 289 
 
 Annals, 1870- 1871 291 
 
 The Catalogue — Second Edition, 1870 296 
 
 The Catalogue of 1870 — facsimile 297 
 
 The National Convention of 1871 298 
 
 The Constitution of 1871 300 
 
 The First Coat-of-arms 301 
 
 The Sword Added to the Shield 302 
 
 The First Badge with Sword, 1866 302 
 
 The First Seal, 1871 304 
 
 Annals, 1871-1872 304 
 
 The National Convention of 1872 311 
 
 The Catalogue — Third Edition, 1872 314 
 
 The Catalogue of 1872 — facsimile 315 
 
 Annals, 1872-1873 317 
 
 Charles Oliver Perry, DePauw, '69 317 
 
 The Quarto-Centennial Convention, 1873 3^9 
 
 Shield for Chapter Hall Ornament 321 
 
 Annals, 1873- 1874 322 
 
 The First Phi Delta Theta Chapter House, California, 1874 325 
 
 The National Convention of 1874 330 
 
 Songs Printed for the Convention of 1874 — facsimile 334 
 
 The Song Book — Preliminary Edition, 1874 335 
 
 Preliminary Edition of the Song Book — facsimile 338 
 
 Annals, 1874- 1875 338 
 
 The National Convention of 1875 342 
 
 Annals, 1875-1876 345 
 
CONTENTS. IX 
 
 The Coat-of-arms and Monogram, 1874 353 
 
 Design for Insert in California Annual, 1875 354 
 
 Design for Insert in Wooster Annual, 1876 355 
 
 The Scroll — Prospectus, 1874 357 
 
 The Coat-of-arms, 1874 3^8 
 
 The Scroll, 1875 360 
 
 The First Number of The Scroll — facsimile 361 
 
 The Scroll, 1876 362 
 
 William Oscar Bates, Indianapolis and Cornell, '75 363 
 
 The Song Book — First Edition, 1876 363 
 
 Instrumental Music 365 
 
 Phi Delta Theta March, 1874 — facsimile 366 
 
 Phi Delta Theta March, 1875 — facsimile 366 
 
 The National Convention of 1876 367 
 
 Annals, 187 6- 1878 370 
 
 $ % Badge 376 
 
 Membership Card, 1878 — facsimile 379 
 
 Alumni Clubs 380 
 
 The Catalogue — Fourth Edition, 1878 382 
 
 The Catalogue of 1878 — facsimile 383 
 
 The National Convention of 1878 386 
 
 The National Convention, Wooster, Ohio, 1878 387 
 
 Emmett Tompkins, Ohio, '74 i 388 
 
 The Constitution of 1878 .....* 389 
 
 Annals, 18 78- 1880 391 
 
 James Chesley Norris, Indianapolis, '72 392 
 
 A K Badge 397 
 
 Badges and Shirt Studs, 1878 407 
 
 Badges, 1880; Watch-charm, 1882 408 
 
 The Scroll, 1878- 1879 410 
 
 The Scroll as a Newspaper — facsimiles 411 
 
 The Scroll, 1879-1880 412 
 
 The National Convention of 1880 412 
 
 Alston Ellis, Miami, '67 416 
 
 The Constitution of 1880 418 
 
 Banner, 1880 420 
 
 The Owl 421 
 
 Phi Delta Theta Fraternity Incorporated 421 
 
 Annals, 1880- 1882 422 
 
 George Banta, Franklin and Indiana, '76 423 
 
 Phi Delta Theta Monogram 432 
 
 The Scroll, 1880-1881 432 
 
 The Coat-of-arms and Monogram, 1880 433 
 
 The Scroll, 1881-1882 433 
 
 The Song Book — Second Edition, 1882 434 
 
 Frank Eckle}^ Hunter, Indiana, '79 434 
 
 The National Convention of 1882 435 
 
 The National Convention, Richmond, Va., 1882 437 
 
 Byron Kosciusko Elliott, Miami, '55 439 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 First Phi Delta Theta Pennant, 1882 440 
 
 Annals, 1882-1884 441 
 
 Hilton Ultimus Brown, Indianapolis, '80 441 
 
 First House Owned by any Chapter of ^ A 0, Sewanee, 1884 444 
 
 The Scroll, 1882- 1883 461 
 
 The Scroll, 1883-1884 463 
 
 The Scroll Cover, 1884, facsimile 464 
 
 The Catalogue— Fifth Edition, 1883 465 
 
 Alexander Gwyn Foster, Indiana, '78 467 
 
 The Catalogue of 1883 — facsimiles 468-469-471 
 
 The National Convention of 1884 472 
 
 The National Convention, Nashville, Tenn., 1884 475 
 
 Pennant Displayed at the Nashville Convention 477 
 
 x\nnals, 1884-1886 478 
 
 Rainbow or W. W. W. Badge 487 
 
 K :S K Badge 489 
 
 The Scroll, 1884-1885 494 
 
 The Scroll, 1885-1886 : 495 
 
 The Song Book — Third Edition, 1886 496 
 
 1886 Song Book, Front Side Stamp 496 
 
 1886 Song Book, Back Side Stamp 497 
 
 The National Convention of 1886 498 
 
 The National Convention, New York, N. Y. , 1886 501 
 
 The Constitution of 1886 503 
 
 Annals, 1886-1889 504 
 
 Carrol Phillips Bassett, Lafayette, '83 505 
 
 2 ^ Badge 506 
 
 William Freeman Vilas, Wisconsin, '58 511 
 
 His Signature in 1902 — facsimile 511 
 
 Coat-of-arms Used on Charters, 1888 516 
 
 2 P Badge 521 
 
 The First Fraternity House, X ^, 1846 524 
 
 The Second Fraternity House, A K E, 1855 525 
 
 The Scroll, 1886-1887 53a 
 
 The Scroll, 1887-1888 53a 
 
 The Scroll, 1888-1889 532 
 
 President Benjamin Harrison 533 
 
 Benjamin Harrison, Miami, '52 535 
 
 John Watson Foster, Indiana, '55 539 
 
 The National Convention of 1889 540 
 
 The National Convention, Bloomington, 111., 1889 543 
 
 The First Design for a Phi Delta Theta Flag, 1889 544 
 
 Fraternity Banner, 1889 545 
 
 Annals, i 889-1 891 547 
 
 Eugene Henry Lewis Randolph, C. C. N. Y., '85 548 
 
 Design for College Annual Insert, 1890 551 
 
 Texta Badge 553 
 
 The Scroll, 1889-90 559. 
 
 The Scroll, 1890-91 561 
 
CONTENTS. XI 
 
 Phi Delta Theta Shield 561 
 
 John Beard Allen, Wabash, '67 ^62 
 
 The National Convention of 1881 562 
 
 The National Convention, Atlanta, Ga., 1891 564 
 
 Pallas 566 
 
 The Legend of the Palladium — facsimile 567 
 
 The Fraternity Flag, 1891 , ^68 
 
 The White Carnation 569 
 
 Fraternity Button, 1891 569 
 
 Annals, 1891-1894 572 
 
 William Washington Quarles, Alabama, '87 573 
 
 Isaac Reynolds Hitt, Jr., Northwestern, '88 575 
 
 Dwight Newcomb Marble, Centre, '82 577 
 
 Paul McConnell Jones, Vanderbilt, '89 579 
 
 Adlai Ewing Stevenson, Centre, '60 581 
 
 His Signature in 1902 — facsimile 581 
 
 Design for College Annual Insert, 1894 589 
 
 The Vanderbilt Chapter House 591 
 
 The Scroll, 1891-1892 593 
 
 The Scroll, 1892-1893 594 
 
 T/ie Scro// Cover, 1892, facsimile 595 
 
 Letter-head for the Editor 596 
 
 The Scroll, 1893-1894 597 
 
 The Catalogue — Sixth Edition, 1894 597 
 
 The Catalogue of 1894 — facsimiles 598-599-600 
 
 The National Convention of 1894 604 
 
 The National Convention, Indianapolis, Ind., 1894 607 
 
 The Fraternity Whistle — musical notation 608 
 
 Pledge Button, 1892 609 
 
 Annals, 1894-1896 611 
 
 Hugh Thomas Miller, Indianapolis, '88 613 
 
 Walter Reynolds Brown, Minnesota, '89 615 
 
 Design for College Annual Insert, 1895 616 
 
 $ A Monogram Pin 618 
 
 The Amherst Chapter House 621 
 
 The Cornell Chapter House 623 
 
 The Wisconsin Chapter House 625 
 
 The Scroll and The Palladium, 1894-1895 628 
 
 The First Number of T/ie Palladiyui — facsimile 629 
 
 The Scroll and The Palladium, 1895-1896 630 
 
 Design for College Annual Insert, 1895 631 
 
 Joseph Cary Styles Blackburn, Centre, '57 632 
 
 Saint John Boyle, Centre, ^66 632 
 
 The Song Book — Fourth Edition, 1895 633 
 
 Preston Willis Search, Wooster, '76 633 
 
 The National Convention of 1896 635 
 
 The National Convention, Philadelphia, Pa., 1896 637 
 
 The Fraternity Flag, 1896 639 
 
 Fraternit}!^ Banner, 1896 640 
 
XII CONTENTS. 
 
 Souvenir Pin 643 
 
 Annals, 1896-1898 643 
 
 McCluney Radcliffe, Lafayette, '82 645 
 
 The California Chapter House 658 
 
 The Scroll and The Palladium, 1896-1897 66q 
 
 The Scroll and The Palladium, 1897-1898 662 
 
 Phi Delta Theta in Mammoth Cave 663 
 
 Phi Delta Thetas in Foreign Wars 664 
 
 Frederick Funston, Kansas, '92 665 
 
 The Maine .> 667 
 
 Edwin Emerson, Jr., Miami, '89 669 
 
 American Officers in the Aguinaldo Capture Party 672 
 
 The House in Which Aguinaldo Was Captured 672 
 
 Emilio Aguinaldo and General Frederick Funston 673 
 
 The Return to Manila 673 
 
 Richard Henry Little, Illinois Wesleyan, '95 675 
 
 The Semi-Centennial Convention, 1898 684 
 
 The Ohio State Capitol 685 
 
 The Book of Psalms 687 
 
 The National Convention, Columbus, Ohio, 1898 689 
 
 Miami Gavel 690 
 
 Menu and Toast Card 691 
 
 The Semi-Centennial Gavel 692 
 
 The Two Founders at the Semi-Centennial Convention 693 
 
 Eugene Field, Knox, '73 697 
 
 The Constitution and General Statutes of 1898 698 
 
 Souvenir Button, 1898 Convention 699 
 
 Alumnus Button, 1898 699 
 
 The Coat-of-arms of Phi Delta Theta 700 
 
 The Coat-of-arms, 1898 701 
 
 The Great Seal, 1898 702 
 
 Annals, 1898- 1900 703 
 
 James Clark Moore, Jr., Pennsylvania, '93 703 
 
 The Phi Delta Theta Tree at Miami University 705 
 
 The Phi Delta Theta Tablet at Miami University 706 
 
 Frank Dugan Swope, Hanover, '85 709 
 
 The Beta Theta Pi Tablet in Miami University Chapel 711 
 
 Frank Joseph Ross Mitchell, Northwestern, '96 713 
 
 The Penns34vania Chapter House, Walnut Street Front 718 
 
 The Pennsylvania Chapter House, Woodland Avenue Front 719 
 
 The Gettysburg Chapter House 720 
 
 The Dickinson Chapter House 721 
 
 The California Chapter House 722 
 
 The Stanford Chapter House 723 
 
 The Washington State Chapter House 725 
 
 The Scroll and The Palladium, 1898-1899 727 
 
 The Scroll and The Palladium, 1899-1900 728 
 
 The National Convention of 1900 729 
 
 The National Convention, Louisville, Ky., 1900 730 
 
 I 
 
CONTENTS. XIII 
 
 The Louisville Convention Banquet 731 
 
 The General Council, 1898-1900 ' 732 
 
 The Mammoth Cave Part}^ 1900 733 
 
 Convention Souvenirs 734 
 
 Convention Curios 735 
 
 Pledge Button, 1900 736 
 
 Alumnus Button, 1900 736 
 
 The Phi Man and the Ordinary' Citizen 737 
 
 Disturbed by Greek Yells 737 
 
 You'll Have to Stop That 738 
 
 At the Ball 739 
 
 Souvenir Buttons- — two designs 741 
 
 Annals, 1900-1902 741 
 
 Hubert Herrick Ward, O. S. U., '90 743 
 
 Ro3^all Hill Switzler, Missouri, '98 745 
 
 John Hibbett DeWitt, Vanderbilt, '94 745 
 
 The First Certificate of Membership, 1901 749 
 
 Members Present at the Morrison Celebration 753 
 
 The Morrison Tablet in Westminster College Chapel 754 
 
 The Williams Chapter House 761 
 
 The Dartmouth Chapter House 763 
 
 The Texas Chapter House 765 
 
 Phi Delta Theta' Badges and Jewelry, 1902 767 
 
 The Scroll and The Palladium, 1900-1901 769 
 
 David Demaree Banta, Indiana, '55 771 
 
 The Scroll and The Palladium, 1901-1902 772 
 
 The Song Book — Fifth Edition, 1902 774 
 
 Side Stamp of 1902 Song Book 774 
 
 The National Convention of 1902 776 
 
 The New York Convention, 1902 778 
 
 The National Convention, New York, N. Y., 1902 779 
 
 The Convention of 1902 781 
 
 The General Council, 1900-1902 782 
 
 The General Council, 1902-1904 783 
 
 W^atch Charm Like Coat-of-arms 783 
 
 Past Presidents of the General Council 784 
 
 Menu and Toast Card 787 
 
 Souvenir Buttons — two designs 789 
 
 Morrison Souvenir 789 
 
 Annals, 1902-1904 790 
 
 John Edwin Brown, O. W. U., '84 791 
 
 Arthur Milton McCrillis, Brown, '97 793 
 
 John Benjamin Ballou, Wooster, '97 795 
 
 Charles Fackler Lamkin, Westminster, '99 797 
 
 The Vermont Chapter House 800 
 
 The Alleghen}' Chapter House 800 
 
 The Ohio Wesle3'an Chapter House 801 
 
 The Wabash Chapter House 801 
 
 The Case Chapter House 802 
 

 XIV ' CONTENTS. 
 
 The Michigan Chapter House 802 
 
 The Illinois Chapter House 803 
 
 The Missouri Chapter House 803 
 
 Cast of Characters in Indiana Beta's Play, 1903 806 
 
 Grave of Robert Morrison at Fulton, Missouri 808 
 
 Watch-fob — obverse and reverse 809 
 
 Phi Delta Theta Plaques — two designs 809 
 
 Stein Bearing Coat-of-arms 810 
 
 The Scroll AND The Palladium, 1902-1903 811 
 
 The Scroll and The Palladium, 1903-1904 812 
 
 John Tracy Morrison, Wooster, '87 814 
 
 James Clarke McReynolds, Vanderbilt, '82 814 
 
 General John Charles Black, Wabash, '62 815 
 
 The National Convention of 1904 816 
 
 The National Convention, Indianapolis, Ind., 1904 818-819 
 
 Father and Mother Lindley 822 
 
 How the Badge Might Be Worn , 82;^ 
 
 Phi Delta Thetas Capture the Town 823 
 
 Posing for the Photograph 824 
 
 Menu and Toast Card 826 
 
 Annals, i 904-1905 827 
 
 The General Council, 1904-06, and W, B. Palmer 827 
 
 Samuel Kenley Ruick, DePauw, '97 828 
 
 The Miami Chapter House " 829 
 
 The New York Alumni Club House, exterior ; 830 
 
 The New York Alumni Club House, interior 831 
 
 Certificate of Membership, 1905 833 
 
 The Scroll and The Palladium 834 
 
 T/te Scroll Cover, 1905 — facsimile ; 835 
 
 Five Editors of The Scroll 8^,6 
 
 Julius Marshall Mayer, C. C. N. Y., '84 837 
 
 The Roll of Chapters 838 
 
 The Roll of Alumni Clubs 845 
 
 Conventions and General Officers 846 
 
 Index of General Officers 858 
 
 Alumni Day Topics 862 
 
 Prominent Members 862 
 
 Chronology of the Fraternity 866 
 
 James Farrington Gookins, Wabash, '64 868 
 
 David Bittle Floyd, DePauw and Roanoke, '72 869 
 
 Fraternity Bibliography 881 
 
 Fraternity Statistics - 890 
 
 Corrections and Additions 896, 929 
 
 First Fraternity House in the South, K '%, 1870 899 
 
 The Wisconsin Chapter House 905 
 
 Index of Subjects 907 
 
 Index of Chapters 921 
 
 Index of Alumni Clubs 926 
 
 Index of Names 927 
 
 Finis 930 
 
A FORE\VORD FROM FATHER LINDLEY. 
 
 Phi Delta Theta originated in a desire to suppl}^ a felt want. The 
 founders were bound by ties of friendship, but, seeking to form a 
 more perfect union, and to attain the highest degree of mental cul- 
 ture, and the highest standard of morality, they organized this Fra- 
 ternit3\ They drew to themselves other students at "Old Miami," 
 j'-oung men of good character, ability and ambition. As oppor- 
 tunities offered, they established chapters in other colleges and uni- 
 versities. 
 
 The founders were young men of strong personalities. Their 
 devotion to Phi Delta Theta did not lessen after they had entered 
 upon their chosen professions. To me this Fraternity has been a 
 source of inspiration and help during 3^oung manhood and middle life ; 
 and now, in old age, it is one of my chief J03^s. It is an association 
 for maintaining warm friendships among those who have subscribed 
 to its Bond, and for rendering mutual encouragement and assistance, 
 in a world where there is keen competition, and ofttimes much cause 
 for discouragement. 
 
 As one of the six founders, I have naturalh^ taken a strong per- 
 sonal interest in this histor}?-. I have followed the work from its 
 inception, and I can bear witness to the accuracy of the exhaustive 
 arra}^ of facts regarding the establishment and early development 
 of the Fraternit}^ It is truly remarkable that, after the lapse of 
 more than half a centur}^, so man}^ interesting and important details 
 should still be preserved. 
 
 The author of this book has displa3^ed untiring energ3^; his re- 
 searches have been painstaking and thorough; his task has been 
 accomplished regardless of the immense labor involved. It is a 
 boon to a great man to have found a competent biographer. So, 
 too, it is a boon to Phi Delta Theta to have secured Brother Walter 
 B. Palmer as its historian. 
 
 We would do well to keep in mind the value of this work. It will 
 acquaint all who read it with the origin of our Order and our cher- 
 ished traditions. It will be a reminder of the many distinguished 
 men whom we may call "Brothers." This book is not for enter- 
 tainment alone, but it will cement a much closer union of our mem- 
 bers than otherwise would exist. It is of permanent value, and it 
 will be a great incentive for making our Brotherhood stronger even 
 than it is at this time. 
 
 The power for good of the twelve thousand men, who are banded 
 in- Phi Delta Theta for noble purposes, cannot be overestimated. 
 The wonderful progress and the present prosperit3^ of the Fraternity 
 are ver3^ gratif3ang to all of its members, the old as well as the young, 
 and give assurances of its continued growth and widening influence 
 in future years. John Wolfe Lindley, Miami, '50. 
 
 Fredericktown, Ohio, August 24, 1905. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The growth of Greek-letter fraternities is the most striking fea- 
 ture of American college life during the last three-quarters of a 
 century. From small groups of students, drawn together by natural 
 affinity, pleased with the novelt}^ of a secret organization, meeting 
 in private rooms, in quiet groves near the college, or in any place 
 that afforded seclusion, looked upon with suspicion, and often with 
 pronounced hostility, by the facult}^ and the student bod}^, they 
 have gradually come to be recognized as social forces in college 
 communities. The}^ have become large in membership, are aided 
 by influential alumni, have erected costly buildings, fitting them up 
 as club houses, in man}^ cases on college grounds, and are not only 
 countenanced but encouraged by the faculties and trustees of many 
 institutions, as aids to the social and intellectual life of the students. 
 
 They are distinctly American. The drinking and dueling clubs 
 of the German universities furnish no parallel to them, and there is 
 nothing corresponding to them in the English universities. 
 
 The impelling motive of their organization seems to have been 
 the feeling that, by associating men of common aims, they might 
 be of mutual benefit. The}^ were based on the idea of co-opera- 
 tion in affairs social, intellectual and moral. The social element 
 was, doubtless, the chief one, though it does not appear that this 
 was so clearly recognized then as it is now. It seems that, in the 
 beginning, the members felt themselves to be a sort of exclusive 
 literary societ}', wath the additional elements of strict secrecy and 
 intimate companionship. In most colleges the steady growth of fra- 
 ternities has been marked by a decline in the old debating clubs and 
 literary societies. These formerly supplied, in a measure, the need 
 of social clubs, but there was in them practically no restriction on 
 membership and the social feature was not strong. 
 
 The fraternity man has found his social needs supplied in the 
 chapter home, while the improvement in college curriculums and 
 class-room work has taken the place, to some extent, of the intel- 
 lectual work in the old literary societies. x\t any rate, these socie- 
 ties have languished, and in many colleges passed out of existence, 
 their decline being, perhaps, not altogether a matter for congratu- 
 lation, though apparently inevitable. 
 
 While in the beginnings of fraternities most of them copied the 
 literary societies and held literar}^ exercises, this feature has almost 
 entirely passed away, and now fraternities, without exception, 
 regard good fellowship as the chief criterion. In addition, the}^ 
 have that close relationship, that clannish spirit and mutual help- 
 fulness, that high regard for morality, which characterize an old 
 and respected famil}^ proud of its histor}'-, and anxious that no 
 member shall fall below the standard. The best fraternities are 
 true brotherhoods, each member interested in the welfare of his 
 fellow members, and striving to aid and sustain them. It is upon 
 these features that they must rest their chief claims, as organized 
 
XVIII INTRODUCTION. 
 
 bodies, to the respect and consideration of college faculties and 
 the outside world generally. 
 
 The high character of fraternity men in general is commonly con- 
 ceded. If there be occasional exceptions they only emphasize the 
 rule. This character is the result of two processes of selection: 
 The membership is first from college students who are themselves 
 a selection, for college men usually represent the families of most 
 intelligence and culture. From such men the best are invited to 
 become members of fraternities. 
 
 The fraternities thus possess a certain social distinction, natural 
 to organizations that are based upon social affinity, ambition and 
 character. If it be contended that these associations are undemo- 
 cratic, the same may be said of almost every organization formed 
 for social purposes. If it be objected that they are secret,^ it may 
 be answered that their secrets are not important, their aims and 
 objects being exhibited to the world in the daily walk of the mem- 
 bers. At any rate, the fraternities are here, strongly intrenched, 
 and growing in numbers and power. The strength of the tie that 
 binds them is shown by the attachments it inspires. On festal 
 occasions their graduate members are glad to attend. Statesmen, 
 preachers, educators, men of large business affairs, soldiers, artists 
 and literary men, men in all the varied walks of life, delight to 
 come together in chapter or fraternity reunions. At such gather- 
 ings their boyish enthusiasm, their joyous renewal of old friend- 
 ships, their reminiscences of past days, all attest the hold which 
 the fraternal bond took upon them in their college days. 
 
 The present history is a record of one of these fraternities. It 
 is the more interesting and suggestive of the future of fraternity life 
 in this country because it is of a fraternity of western origin. J^hi 
 Delta Theta began in the West at a time when the colleges of that 
 section were small, weak and few in number. It extended farther 
 west and to the South before it made headway in the older and 
 wealthier colleges of the East. Its growth is typical of, and com- 
 mensurate with, the wonderful growth of the country in the Missis- 
 sippi Valley, and it is an example of the vigorous life of that region. 
 There is nothing more remarkable in our national progress than the 
 educational development of the Western States, as illustrated espe- 
 cially in the rise of their state universities. In these institutions, 
 as well as in the other leading colleges of the West, Phi Delta Theta 
 is bone of their bone and flesh of their flesh. It has kept pace with 
 them. 
 
 Our Fraternity, in the beginning, gathered strength from the 
 character of the men who went out from its chapters and from the 
 earnestness of its devotees who, with the ardor of crusaders, car- 
 ried its banner wherever they went. It survived the rude shock of 
 I'the civil war, into which went so much of its young manhood as 
 ■to attest forcibly the lofty and patriotic spirit of its members. 
 ^ The war list in this history, showing the large proportion of the 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XIX 
 
 members who went into the armies, is a significant tribute to the 
 character of the membership at that time. Through the years of 
 sectional enmity which followed the war, the members of Phi Delta 
 Theta, representing the best young manhood of both sections, were 
 brought together in fraternal intercourse at conventions and other 
 meetings. In this way, and also by means of friendly correspond- 
 ence between the chapters, the Fraternity was a real, even if small, 
 force operating toward that reconciliation of the North and the 
 South which has now been accomplished. 
 
 The Fraternity grew, here a little and there a little. It acquired, 
 at length, a foothold in the East, and finally gained there a place 
 
 Clarence LaRue Goodwin, Indianapolis and Indiana, '83. 
 
 of substantial equality with the older fraternities. It extended to 
 the Pacific coast and to the Gulf and is to-day a National Frater- 
 nity. It has become more than national, having entered the Dom- 
 inion of Canada. 
 
 This history has been to its author a labor of love, and yet the 
 hard task of many years. It is in itself an instance of the devotion 
 which the Brotherhood inspires, a devotion which cannot be repaid, 
 and which must be its own reward. It relates with faithfulness, 
 comprehensiveness and detail, the Fraternity's growth. If the chief 
 purpose of history be to teach by example, the author has kept 
 that purpose always in sight. The records of the early days which 
 
XX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 he, with infinite labor, has collected, tell, with clearness and force, 
 of the earnestness of those who were its founders and first initiates. 
 They accentuate the essentials of a fraternity. 
 
 The simple story of the Ohio Alpha is one of the best lessons in 
 fraternity life that could be read by the members of the active 
 chapters to-day. We see before us the serious, stately, young fel- 
 lows, who, in great earnestness, organized the Fraternity. We can 
 appreciate better the precepts of the Bond of Union which they for- 
 mulated; we can realize more fully the far reaching influence of 
 that simple, eloquent declaration. We enter into the spirit of their 
 meetings; we take part in their struggles, their victories and their 
 disappointments. Judging them by the principles found in the 
 records which they left, and expressed in their letters which have 
 been preserved, as well as by their successful careers in their chosen 
 professions, where could be found a better chapter than the early 
 Ohio Alpha? Small wonder is it that so many of them, and so 
 many members of other early chapters, became men whose names 
 are conspicuous, not alone in this history, but in the history of 
 their country. 
 
 And yet chapter houses had not been thought of, and the glory 
 of athletics had not illuminated their narrow horizon. They placed 
 the emphasis on character, and this must ever be done in any fra- 
 ternity which is to have standing in the eyes of the world and keep 
 its own self respect secure. All else is but the paraphernalia, the 
 fashion of the hour, useful enough in its way, if not suffered to hide 
 the essential principles of true fraternity life. 
 
 From the meeting in the woods, in the old foundry or in the dor- 
 mitory room of the first days, we journey through these pages to 
 the day of the gathering in the luxurious chapter house of the pres- 
 ent, with its parlors, library and billiard room. We see the list of 
 chapters grow from an organization in one Ohio institution in 1848 
 to sixty-nine active chapters and sixty alumni clubs, and its mem- 
 bership of six to its present roll of twelve thousand living men. 
 Many other changes we trace, all indicating a corresponding growth 
 in wealth and influence. 
 
 With all due recognition of the progress that has been made, of 
 the uses of wealth, of the value of influence and numbers, the ob- 
 serving student of to-day cannot fail to see that the chief strength 
 of a fraternity lies in the hearts and minds of those who wear its 
 emblems. He will see that any deterioration in this respect cannot 
 be offset by any external splendor. He will also remember that 
 when any form of life or organization reaches the time when there 
 ceases to be growth, it has reached the stage that is the beginning 
 of decay. He should, therefore, be inspired to efforts for the 
 advancement of the Order in all proper ways, and especially for 
 maintaining the high standard of character which marked its begin- 
 ning. Clarence LaRue Goodwin, 
 
 Indianapolis and Indiana, '8^. 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind., August 30, 1905. 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 In 1879, having begun work on the fifth edition of the catalogue, 
 I learned that valuable historical papers were in the possession of 
 several of the older chapters. This discovery suggested the writing 
 of a history of $ A ©. I had no reason to suppose that I had any 
 special qualification for the authorship of such a work, but I took 
 it up because I believed there ought to be a history of the Fraternity, 
 and no one else had ever volunteered to write one. The records of 
 the Fraternity contain no earlier suggestion that a history of it 
 should be published except the proposition in a letter written, 1872, 
 by Brother C. T. Jamieson, quoted on page 359 of this book. When 
 the idea first occurred to me, over a quarter of a century ago, had I 
 foreseen the difficulties which would be encountered in producing 
 such a book, and how many annoying interruptions to the work there 
 would be, and had I realized what a vast amount of labor was 
 involved, and how many years were to elapse before it would be 
 finished, I am sure that I would not have had thie courage to enter 
 upon such an arduous undertaking. Certain it is that I greatly mis- 
 judged the time that would be required to complete the task. 
 
 During 1879 and 1880 I formed the nucleus of a fraternity 
 library and collection of historical papers. The office of Historian 
 of the General Council was created by the Indianapolis Conven- 
 tion, 1880, and I was its first incumbent. The Constitution adopted 
 in that year provided that it should be the duty of the H. G. C. 
 to gather information about the Fraternity; to compile the chap- 
 ter histories; to write a connected history of the Fraternity; to put 
 the whole in permanent form." 
 
 At the Richmond Convention, 1882, I reported that I had col- 
 lected "a number of interesting historical documents" and the 
 histories of several chapters." My plans for writing a history were 
 endorsed by my successor as H. G. C, Brother A. A. Stearns, who 
 held that office during 1882-86. After the Nashville Convention, 
 1884, I sought also the approval of the General Council, in a letter 
 quoted in part below: 
 
 With most of you I have consulted in regard to my proposed history of <l> A 0. 
 It has been an intention of mine to compile a historical work concerning the Fra- 
 ternity, and to that end I have for several years been making a collection of docu- 
 ments and papers which will be useful to me. I have talked with Brother Stearns, 
 and have been assured that my proposition meets with his endorsement. It will 
 probably require three years for me to complete the work, it being my intention to 
 publish the book m 1888 — our fortieth anniversary. I desire to receive the ofificial 
 sanction of the General Council, in order that I may the better enlist the support of 
 the various chapters and ask them for the privilege of examining their archives 
 whenever I may find it necessar}' to call upon them. 
 
 This letter was dated, Nashville, Tennessee, December 30, 1884. 
 The desired official endorsement was given by the General Council, 
 January 20, 1885. My first request for chapter sketches that 
 
XXII AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 appeared in The Scroll was in the issue for May 1885 — a request 
 that has often been repeated. 
 
 Brother Robert Morrison, one of the founders of $ A ©, turned 
 over to me many old letters relating to the Fraternity; and 
 many left by John McMillan Wilson, deceased, another of the 
 founders, were furnished to me by his brother, Mr. Archibald Wil- 
 son. Brother Charles B. Gaskill permitted me to copy a large 
 number of fraternit}^ letters that he had received. The archives 
 of chapters supplied many old letters and documents, and a num- 
 ber of the early members, on request, contributed reminiscences 
 'of the early years. Considering the natural ravages of time, and 
 the accidental losses inevitable during the civil war, it is surprising, 
 as it is fortunate, that so many early records relating to the Frater- 
 nity are still preserved. Man}'^ of them are yellow with age and 
 the ink has faded. A number of letters date back to the time 
 when letters were sealed with wax without envelopes. Into this 
 mass of material I began delving. The labor of classifying, filing 
 and indexing the papers, which was necessary before they were 
 available for convenient reference, was a tedious process, consum- 
 ing much time. 
 
 A change of residence from Nashville in 1886, my return in 
 
 1887, changes of occupation and the requirements of business, 
 delayed the beginning of the writing of the history, but, as oppor- 
 tunity permitted, I continued my historical researches. My sec- 
 ond call in The Scroll for chapter histories or sketches, appearing 
 February, 1888, said: All histories should be forwarded to me 
 by April i, 1888. If this is done, I shall be able to complete the 
 history of the Fraternity in the fortieth year of its existence." I 
 was much mistaken as to the possibility of finishing the work by 
 the time specified, but I began writing the history in the fall of 
 
 1888, when I had about two months of leisure. During those two 
 months, devoted entirely to the history, I wrote it from 1848 to 
 1884, leaving some gaps to be filled when additional information 
 should be obtained. 
 
 To the Bloomington Convention, 1889, I made a report, which 
 showed what I had done, and said: I cannot calculate upon being 
 able to complete m}^ manuscript inside of a 3^ear. " I submitted an 
 estimate of the cost of publishing the history, and proposed that an 
 appropriation be made out of the fraternity treasur^^ for the publi- 
 cation, the treasury to be reimbursed from the first sales of the 
 book. The proposition was accepted by the Convention, but recon- 
 sidered before adjournment. This convinced me that the Frater- 
 nity was not in a great hurry for m}^ histor}'^, and, therefore, there 
 was no need for me to trouble myself about its early completion. 
 That, however, would have been impossible, as from the latter part 
 of t888 until the summer of 1892 I was so busily employed in 
 newspaper work that I could not give any time to historical work. 
 In the proceedings of the Atlanta Convention, 1891, I do not find 
 

 Emorj'. '77; Vanderbilt, '80. H. G. C, 1880-82; P. G. C, 1896-98. Half-tone from a photo- 
 graph taken by G. de J. Mesny, 226 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Md., April 24, 1905. Auto- 
 graph from signature, September 18, 1905. See biographical sketch in The Scroll, February, 1897. 
 
XXIV AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 any report from me, but the Convention passed a special resolu- 
 tion which requested that I should continue my work on the his- 
 tory, "hoping that suitable arrangements can be made for its pub- 
 lication at an early date." 
 
 In 1892 I entered the service of the United States government, 
 as a special agent of the Department of Labor. Almost constant 
 traveling, during the next seven years, prevented me from doing 
 any composition on the history; but from time to time I made con- 
 siderable additions to m}'- files of historical papers. From various 
 sources I was able to gather the proceedings of all National Con- 
 ventions, none of which was printed previous to 1873, and copies 
 of all the Constitutions, none of which was printed previous to 
 1875. After long search, I also made what is believed to be a com- 
 plete collection of all the publications of the Fraternity, except the 
 edition of songs issued in pamphlet form, 1874, of which I was able 
 to secure only a badly mutilated copy. 
 
 At the Indianapolis Convention^ 1894, I reported that, though 
 the manuscript was not written beyond 1884, I hoped to be able to 
 finish it by the time of the next Convention. A plan submitted by 
 me to provide for the expense of publication was referred to a com- 
 mittee to report at the next Convention. 
 
 My report as Editor of the history to the Philadelphia Conven- 
 tion, 1896, said that I had collected more materials, and expected 
 to resume active work on the manuscript during the coming year, 
 and that, if the Fraternity would furnish the means of publication, 
 I thought I could have the book ready for the printers within two 
 years, so that it would be issued during the semi-centennial year, 
 which would be very desirable. 
 
 To the Columbus Convention, 1898, I reported that I hoped to 
 complete the manuscript within the next two years. As proposed 
 by me, the Convention decided that the history should be printed in 
 installments in The Sc?'oll, so that the pages containing it could be 
 separated from' the remainder of the magazine and bound together, 
 making a book. 
 
 The work of writing the manuscript suspended late in the fall of 
 1888, was not resumed until 1899. While traveling it was imprac- 
 ticable to carry about with me the load of fraternity books and 
 papers, several hundreds of pounds in weight, which it was neces- 
 sary for me to have at hand while writing the history. In 1899, 
 however, I was located in New York City, where I remained most of 
 the time for five years, which gave me the best, in fact the only, 
 opportunity I ever had to complete the work. I had my fraternity 
 library and papers shipped from Nashville, and when the}'- were 
 received, in the summer of 1899, I began to gather up the scat- 
 tered threads of the history. 
 
 A large quantity of papers accumulated during the previous eleven 
 years required careful assorting, and man}^ facts which they sup- 
 plied needed to be incorporated in the manuscript for the period 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. XXV 
 
 from 1848 to 1884. When the old manuscript had been revised, I 
 took up the narrative, and b)^ the time of the Louisville Conven- 
 tion, 1900, I had written it for ten 3'ears later, or until 1894, with 
 some gaps yet to be filled. This Convention, as recommended b}^ 
 me, reconsidered the action of the Convention of 1898 as to pub- 
 lishing the history in installments in The Scroll, and decided that 
 it should be published separately. The Convention also provided 
 means for publishing the book. 
 
 Since the Louisville Convention, the work on the histor}- has 
 been prosecuted assiduously and almost continuousl3^ It was a 
 great relief to me when I saw the end beginning to draw near. In 
 the winter of 1901-02, having completed the record through the 
 Convention of 1900, I had the manuscript t^-pewritten, and since 
 then one cop}^ has been kept in a separate place from where the 
 original was preserved, so that in case of a fire both would not be 
 lost. I had long been haunted with the fear that, by some misfortune, 
 the labor of 3^ears might be destro3^ed. 
 
 In The Scj'oll, February, 1902, I announced the practical com- 
 pletion of the manuscript of the book. To the New York Conven- 
 tion, November, 1902, I reported that the history to that time was 
 written, except that I still had to go over the acts and correspond- 
 ence of the General Council during 1900-02. I have a memoran- 
 dum that on June 17, 190.3, I finished the manuscript to that date. 
 The first installment of manuscript was expressed to the printer 
 July 15; the first proof was sent by him July 28, and was received 
 by me August i, 1903. To the Indianapolis Convention, 1904, I 
 reported that 789 pages of the book had been set in type and 784 
 pages printed. Five copies of the 784 pages were bound and pre- 
 sented to the fraternitv librar}". Father Lindley, Brother F. J. R. 
 Mitchell, P. G. C; Brother S. K. Ruick, S. G. C and Brother 
 H. T. Miller, ex-P. G. C. 
 
 As a partial explanation of the long delay in the appearance of 
 the histor}^ I ma}', perhaps without egotism, recall that since the 
 inception of this work other fraternity work has occupied much of 
 my time. I was coeditor of the song book, 1882; coeditor of the 
 catalogue, 1883; editor of The Scroll, 1883-84; author of the 
 manual, first edition, 1886; author of a review and index of the first 
 ten volumes of The Scroll, 1886; coeditor of the song book, 1895; 
 author of a review and index of the second ten volumes of I'he 
 Scroll, 1896; author of the manual, second edition, 1897; coeditor 
 of the song book, 1902; assistant editor of The Scroll, 1904-05. 
 Several editions of the Constitution and- of the Ritual have been 
 issued under my supervision. During 1896-98 I was President of 
 the General Council. 
 
 In The Scroll, 1887, I began the publication of "Old Fraternity 
 Records," consisting of old letters, quotations from early docu- 
 ments and reminiscences of the surviving founders and other early 
 members. These records were continued in later volumes of the 
 
XXV AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 magazine and they are most valuable sources of information. 
 Without them only a very inadequate history of the first thirty 
 years of the Fraternity could have been prepared. 
 
 A copy which I had made of the minutes of Ohio Alpha from 
 1848 to 1857, and which had been annotated by Brother Robert 
 Morrison and myself, appeared in three issues of The Palladium, 
 1898; and copies which I had made of the old Constitutions, begin- 
 ning with the one adopted 1848 and ending with the one adopted 
 1878, were printed in three issues of The Palladium, 1899. B}^ 
 printing these old minutes and old Constitutions in the private 
 journal, and the old letters and records in The Sc7'oll, their contents 
 will be preserved even though by accident the originals should be 
 destroyed. 
 
 The Scroll ioY February, 1889, contains The First Greek-Let- 
 ter Society," and the issue for October, 1889, contains "The 
 Development of the Fraternity System." These are the first two 
 articles which I wrote for the history in the fall of 1888, and, with 
 considerable revision, they are reproduced in this book. Since 
 then I have contributed many historical articles to The Scroll. My 
 report to the Convention of 1898 shows that during the previous 
 two years I furnished 164 pages of historical matter to The Scroll 
 and The Palladium, besides 218 pages on other general fraternity 
 subjects. 
 
 The chapter sketches, which brothers in most chapters supplied, 
 were verified as far as possible, and supplemented when additional 
 details could be obtained. Brothers in man}^ chapters searched 
 their archives for the benefit of this history, and I myself examined 
 the archives of the following chapters: Miami, Indiana, Centre, 
 Wabash, Wisconsin, Franklin, Hanover, Michigan, DePauw, Ohio, 
 Emory, Iowa Wesleyan, Mercer, Wooster, Cornell, Lafayette, 
 Randolph-Macon, Buchtel, Gettysburg, Vanderbilt, Dickinson, 
 Westminster, Hillsdale, Sewanee, Pennsylvania, Columbia, South- 
 ern, Washington, Memoranda, and in some cases elaborate notes, 
 were taken from the minutes of these chapters. The list, it will be 
 noticed, includes nearly all of the older chapters, and all chapters 
 which were Grand, Grand Alpha or National Grand Chapter, except 
 the chapter at Chicago, the records of which, for the year it was 
 Grand Alpha Chapter, 1868-69, have been lost. 
 
 The 'Old Fraternity Records" and the classified indexes to the 
 first twenty volumes of The Scroll, which have appeared in that 
 magazine, and the minutes of Ohio Alpha and the old Constitutions, 
 which have appeared in The Palladiu7n, were not only of the great- 
 est utility, but were reall}'^ indispensible, in tracing out the facts 
 needed to show the successive steps in the development of the Fra- 
 ternity. However, I did not depend on the indexes in my investi- 
 gation of the wealth of material embodied in the files of The Scroll, 
 but carefully reviewed the two magazines, which to the present time 
 have contained over 14,000 pages. 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. XXVII 
 
 The annual circular letters of chapters, beginning 1887, were 
 read for information not contained in chapter letters to The Scroll. 
 Much information has been extracted from the book containing 
 the acts of the General Council and from the CounciFs official 
 correspondence. However, the book containing the acts of the 
 Council was not begun until 1888, when Brother J. E. Brown was 
 S. G. C. ; the official correspondence was not S3^stematically pre- 
 served in letter- files until 1894, when Brother W. R. Brown became 
 S. G. C. ; and publication of the acts in The Palladium was not 
 begun until 1901, when Brother F. J. R. Mitchell was S. G. C. 
 The fraternity library, established 1896, and which has already 
 grown to large proportions, has been drawn upon for much material. 
 and I am greatl}' indebted to the Librarian, Brother J. E. Brown, 
 for looking up special points of history. Mr. W. R. Baird, author 
 of American College Fraternities," and editor of the Beta Theta 
 Pi, has kindh^ given me the privilege of using his extensive fra- 
 ternit}^ librar}^, and has extended other favors. 
 
 By correspondence with members every effort was made to 
 discover important facts that were not found on record. Thous- 
 ands of letters were written for this purpose, and man}^ reminis- 
 cences of historic happenings were thus obtained. It is certainly 
 fortunate that the reminiscences of three of the founders and of 
 many other earh^ members were secured, for many of these mem- 
 bers have departed from earthly scenes and joined the Chapter 
 Grand. Circulars, dated January 3, 1898, were mailed to the living 
 charter members of all chapters and to many other members, asking 
 them to contribute their recollections of interesting incidents con- 
 nected with the careers of their respective chapters, especially 
 events connected with the organization of the chapters. The scheme 
 did not produce great results, but some replies were received which 
 helped to fill out the historical narrative. 
 
 The history fixes nearh^ all dates of much consequence. In the 
 accounts of the organization of some chapters there is a regrettable 
 lack of details, but the reasons of this meagreness are that the early 
 records of these chapters have been lost, and I have been unable 
 to procure fuller information from early members or other sources. 
 The dates of the original charters of all chapters are given except 
 the charter granted for a chapter at Hanover College, i860 or 1861, 
 about which I never could learn anything definite. 
 
 The greatest pains were taken to procure full and reliable data 
 about the earlier period of $ A 0, as that is believed to be the most 
 interesting period of its histor\^ In some quarters too little atten- 
 tion has been paid to the preservation of historical materials to 
 expect that a book such as this would in everything be complete, 
 but, considering the time which has elapsed since the Fraternity was 
 founded, I feel much gratified that I have succeeded as well as I 
 have in unearthing so many facts which make up the account of 
 the first three decades, or until 1878 when The Scroll (first issued 
 in 1875) was permanently established. 
 
XXVIII AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 No other portion of the history of equal length consumed so much 
 time as the compilation of the records of the members in the civil 
 war. An exhaustive search for data was made in the Library of 
 the War Department at Washington, the Penns34vania State Librar}'- 
 at Harrisburg, the New Jersey State Library at Trenton, the Pub- 
 lic Librar}^ of New York City, and the Library of Columbia Uni- 
 versity. Hundreds of letters were written to obtain additional in- 
 formation, and for this purpose also were sent out reprints of the 
 list which appeared originally in The Scroll, June, 1901. The list 
 is a roll of honor of which <^ A (S) has just reason to be proud. The 
 list of members in the Spanish and Philippine wars was compiled 
 by Brothers Hugh Th. Miller and Royall H. Switzler and published 
 in The Sci'oll, but additions to it have been made. Great pains were 
 taken also in compiling the. bibliography, the fraternity statistics, 
 the fraternit}'^ chronology and the indexes of the volume. The com- 
 pilation of the indexes proceeded laboriously as the forms were 
 printed. My deliberate conviction is that the making of indexes is 
 the most irksome task of which I have any knowledge. 
 
 The annals are arranged in chronological order, and between 
 them are introduced abstracts of convention proceedings, and dis- 
 cussions of various subjects which could more conveniently be 
 treated separately. It is very fortunate that the proceedings of 
 all National Conventions and a full set of the Constitutions have 
 been preserved. Abstracts are given of the notable acts of all 
 Conventions, and the principal changes in the development of the 
 Constitution are shown, only such matters as were of mere tempo- 
 rary interest, or which could not with propriety be published, being 
 eliminated. With the aid of the indexes to this volume, any fact 
 recorded in its pages ought to be easily found. Where so many 
 thousands of facts are for the first time presented in regular order, 
 I cannot hope to have avoided all errors, though I have endeavored 
 to verify every statement by the best possible authority. 
 
 Of the six founders of ^ A ©, Ardivan Walker Rodgers died in 
 early manhood, Robert Thompson Drake and John McMillan Wil- 
 son in middle life, Andrew Watts Rogers long after the allotted 
 period of three score and ten years, and Robert Morrison at the 
 green old age of eighty. The sole survivor, John Wolfe Lindley, 
 has often evinced his interest in this history and supplied needed 
 information, as also did Colonel Rogers until his death, 1901, and 
 Doctor Morrison until his death, T902. Father Morrison twice 
 reviewed the manuscript for the first sixteen years, with the history 
 of which 3'^ears he was more familiar than anyone else, and during 
 which time he was such an active factor in the growth of $ A ©. 
 This manuscript was in his custody from 1893 to 1896 and again 
 in 1901. Father Lindley has reviewed the proofs for the years 
 from 1848 to 1864 inclusive, he has read the printed pages for the 
 period up to the Convention of 1902, and he has contributed a 
 foreword to the work. Typewritten portions of this histor}^ and 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. XXIX 
 
 when the matter was set in type, proofs of various portions, were 
 mailed to those most competent to correct errors and supply lack- 
 ing data. Brother D. B. Floyd has aided me in reading the proofs 
 of the greater part of the book to correct typographical errors. I 
 am indebted to man}^ brothers for assistance. Without their kindl}^ 
 co-operation the preparation of the history would have been an 
 impossible task. Chapter Historians and Reporters, almost with- 
 out exception, have responded promptly to requests for information. 
 An effort was made to keep a list of the brothers who assisted me, 
 whether in great or small measure. The following list shows how 
 large is the number: 
 
 Miami — Robert Morrison, '49; J. W. Lindley, '50; A. W. Rogers, 51; J. K. 
 Boude, '52; Benjamin Harrison, '52; David Swing, '52; A. C. Kemper, '53; T. C. 
 Hibbett, '54; E. P. Shields, '54; B. K. Elliott, '55; H. L. Brown, '56; C. M. 
 Hughes, '57; G. B. Peck, '57; A. R. Williams, '57; J. N. Scott, '57; E. T. Peck, 
 '61; Alston Ellis, '67; T. C. Druley, '69; W. H. Tolbert, '69; J. B. Elam, '70; 
 D. E. Platter, '71; A. D. Baldwin, '72; W. M. Fisher, '72; M. G. Evans, '77; 
 J. H. Macread}^ '89; W. J. Rusk, '89; Edwin Emerson, Jr., '91; P. F. Hoffman, 
 '93; A. G. Work, '94; K. H. Zwick, '00; L. M. Bourne, '01; C. M. Hendricks, '01; 
 H. D. Schell, '01; J. R. Jamison, '02; O. P. Flower, 03; H. S. Smith, '05; M. D. 
 Prugh, '06. 
 
 Indiana—^. G. Elliott, '50; N. K. Crowe, '51; M. M. C. Hobbs, '53; D. D. 
 Banta, '55; J. W. Foster, '55; Eli Long, '55; R. I. Morrison, '55; S. A. Hoover, 
 '56; W. G. Jenckes, '57; J. A. Conwell, '59; J. M. McCoy, '60; R. A. D. Wil- 
 banks, '67; W. T. Hicks,. '71; G. R. Stormont, '71; J. B. Malott, '72; H. G. 
 Bradford, '73; A. G. Foster, '78; F. E. Hunter, '79; A. W. Butler, '81; P. H. 
 Clugston, '85; Bert Fesler, '89; J. L. Mitchell, '89; W. D. Elrod, '92; E. D. 
 Lewis, '92; E. E. Ruby, '98; H. S. Dickey, '01; C. H. Kenned}', '02; H. S. Gif- 
 ford, '04. 
 
 Centre—]. F. Philips, '55; J. O. Scott, '56; J. C. S. Blackburn, '57; W. L. 
 Dulaney, '57; J. D. Hunt, '57; Evander McNair, '57; S. W. Mitchell, '57; T. W. 
 Bullitt,''58; J. W. Lemmon, 58; C. H. Dobbs, '59; E. O. Guerrant, '60; A. E. 
 Stevenson, '60; G. W. McMillan, '62; H. M. Buford, '64: Thomas Tracv, '65; St. 
 John Bovle, '66; H. P. Dudlev, '79; W. R. Worrall, '79; D. N. Marble, "'82; G. B. 
 Thomas, '83; C. D. Grubbs, '87; F. N. Lee, '87; R. S. Green, '02; W. P. Hayes, 
 '02; C. A. Gourlev, '03; J. M. P. Thatcher, '05. 
 
 Wabash— (^. H. White, '52; J. E. Chapin, '56; G. W. Hayes, '60; J. C. Black, 
 '62; r. R. Webster, '62; W. P. Black, '64; J. F. Gookins, '64; W. S. Harbert, '64; 
 F. D. Seward, '70; R. B. Stimson, '70; W. H. Earl, '88; R. J. Spilman, Jr., '98; 
 W. H. Hays, '01; H. G. Evans, '02; E. C. Courtney, '05; W. 1. A. Beale, '05; 
 R. D. Schrock, '05. 
 
 Wittenberg — W. H. Wvnn, '51; Joseph MacHatton, '52. 
 
 Austin— \N. T. Hill, '58. 
 
 K. M. /.— W. M. Washburn. '57; H. V. N. Bovnton, '58; Biscoe Hindman, '83; 
 S. F. Owen, '86. 
 
 Georgetown — L. L. Bristow, '76. 
 
 Wisco7tsin—']. W. Slaughter, '58; W. F. Vilas, '58; L. S. Clark, '59; N. G. 
 Iglehart, '60; E. A. Nash, '61; P. J. Clawson, '63; J. D. Tredway, '63; C. A. 
 Foster, '81; D. S. McArthur, '81; A. G. Briggs, '85; M. A. Hall, '88; W. A. 
 Curtis, '89; A. T. Leith, '89; P. S. Elwell, '94; A. W. Fairchild, '97; M. H. New- 
 man, '01; N. E. Pardee, '01; H. G. Wmslow, '04. 
 
 Lawrence — Samuel Bovd, '59; J. A. Owen, '60. 
 
 Northwestern— Yi. M. Kidder, '59; W. H. H. Raleigh, '60; O. C. Foster, '62; 
 W. R. Page, '63; F. A. Parker, '63; I. R. Hitt, Jr., '88; E. B. Greene, '89; 
 S. M. Miller, '96; F. J. R. Mitchell, '96; C M. C. Buntain, '99; R- W. Baird, '05. 
 
 Indianapolis — W. N. Pickerill, '60; Irvin Robbins, '60; P. C. Davidson, '61; 
 J. V. Hadley, '63; J. S. Duncan, '65; R. C. Storey, '65; S. T. Quick, '70; J. F. 
 
XXX . AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 Richards, '70; J. R. Spears, '72; A. B. Thrasher, '73; W. O. Bates, '74: W. A. 
 Black, 80; H. U. Brown, '80; C. L. Goodwin, '83; H. T. Miller, '88; W. R. 
 Longlev, '02. 
 
 O. W. U.—h. P. Collins, '60; J. M. Barker, '74; J. H. Cook, '78; Scott Bon- 
 ham, '82; J. E. Brown. '84; R. H. Callahan, '84; E. S. Barkdull, '86; W. E. 
 O'Kane, '87; G. P. Benton, '88; C. S. Hoskinson, '89; C. P. Morgan, '00; W. L. 
 Robinson, '02; N. I. Taylor, '04. 
 
 Franklin— W. T. Stott, '61; L. W. Billingsley, '62; C. H. Hall, '72; G. M. 
 Lambertson, '72; George Banta, '76; C. C. Collins, '92; J. L. Holman, '00; R. H. 
 Sellers, '04; C. R. Marshall, '07. 
 
 Hanover — S. S. Bergen, '70; H. J. Bigger, '72; J. L. Fletcher, '72; W, A. 
 Caldwell, '74; T. C. Potter, '74; C. T. Jamieson, '75; F. D. Swope, '85; C. H. 
 McCaslin, '86; T. C. Whallon, '98; P. C. Snyder, '04; F. C. Spaulding, '04. 
 
 Michigan — D. C. Pennington, '70; P. R. Flitcraft, '71; R. D. Ewing, '96; 
 H. F. Shier, '88; R. M. Hardy, '98; F. R. Hoover, '99; M. W. Ross, '01; R. C. 
 Lane, '03; L. J. Williams, '03. 
 
 Chicago— Y. A. Smith, 66: E. A. Slack, '67; B. F. Taylor, '69; H. L. Ickes, 
 '97; W. O. Wilson, '97; H. B. Blakey, '03; A. R. Nowells, '06. 
 
 DePauw—Q.. O. Perry, '69; D. B. Flovd, '72; J. S. Sims, '76; L. M. Pence, 
 '78; J. B. Curtis, '84; J. U. Brown, '86; A. R. Priest, 'qi; S. K. Ruick, '97; C. B. 
 Campbell, '99; F. V. Smith, '99; S. E. Doye '02; F. B. Holmes, '03; C. W. 
 Jewett, '07. 
 
 Ohio—yN. B. Carpenter, '70; Emmett Tompkins, '74; F, S. Coultrap, '75; 
 E. H. Baker, '77; W. E. Bundy, '86; E. H. Eves, '91; I. M. Foster, '95; T. H. 
 Sheldon, '00; Dorr Casto, '01; W. H. Mitchell, '03; J. M. Zang, '03; F. H. Tin- 
 ker, '04; M. G. Coultrap, '06. 
 
 Roanoke— O. D. Miller, '71; T. J. Shipman, '81; Edgar Bowers, ,88; S. E. 
 Linton, Jr., '97. 
 
 Missoui'i — Clark Cravcroft, '71; C. A. Milliken, '72; J. L. Fetzer, '73; S. C. 
 Rogers, '73; J. B. Lewright, '85; H. W. Clark, '87; F. N. Peters, '87; T. J. J. 
 See, '89; G. H. English, Jr., '97; R. H. Switzler, '98; G. H. Moore, '01. 
 
 Monmouth — F. B. Foster, '88. 
 
 Knox—]. W. Gilbert, '72; J. L. Kennedy, '82; G. P. Williams, '90; H. M. 
 Holland, '00; H. N. Torrey, '01; G. A. Shurtleff, '03. 
 
 Oglethorpe— C B. Gaskill, '72. 
 
 Georgia — J. M. Mason, '72; J. G. Beasley, '73; C. M. Beckwith, '73; Charlton 
 Du Pont, '79; A. H. Frazer, '82; G. W. Oliver, '84; W. S. Blun, '99; W. O. 
 Marshburn, '05; C. A. Dozier, Jr., '06. 
 
 Emory — T. M. Means, '72; R. S. Saulsbury, '73; W. A. Keener, '74; C. C. 
 Codv, '75; B. E. L. Timmons, '76; J. B. Wight, '81; R. W. Trimble, '86; W A. 
 Speer, '88; J. E. Mickler, '89; E. G. Hallman, '96; F. S. Palmer, '99; T. T. 
 TurnbuU, '02; C. H. Richardson, '04. 
 
 Iowa Wesleyan — W. A. Lynch, '69; W. H. Hopkirk, '72; Gardner Cowles, '82; 
 J. F. Riggs, '85; F. A. Havighorst, '89; E. E. Crawford, '99; C. A. Hearne, '99; 
 J. A. Randall, '99; F. R. Beck, '03; Paul Houghton, '05; M. A. Besser. '05; 
 Arthur Beck, '06. 
 
 Mercer — E. W. Stetson, '01. 
 
 Wooster—Y. M. Wilson, '74; Robert Ballagh, '76; P. W. Search, '76; H. W. 
 Luccock, '80; J. W. Criswell, '85; E. F. Miller, '87; Forrest Price, '88; J. B. Ballou, 
 
 '97- 
 
 Cornell— D. R. Horton, '75; B. M. Sawver, '92; G. S. Smith, '00; E. B. Nell, 
 '03; R. W. Chase, '05; H. M. Rogers, '07.' 
 
 Lafayette— C W. Bixby, '76; M. G. TuU, '80; A. C. McCaulev, '81; McCluney 
 Radcliffe, '82; C. H. Talmage, '82; C. P. Bassett, '83; F. T. Hogg, '84; Wallace 
 McCamant, '88; B. H. Hahn, '90; H. B. Moon, '99. 
 
 California—^ . C. Jones, '75; W. O. Morgan, '87; L. R. Hewitt, '90; W. H. 
 Waste, '91; J. D. Gish, '96; V. H. Henderson, '00. 
 
 Lansing— Y. J. Annis, '75; W. R. Hubbert, '81; L. H. Bailev, '82; E. T. 
 Gardner, ''85; N. S. Mayo, '88; B. H. Canfield, '89. 
 
 Virginia— T. R. Phister, '80; A. S. Bullitt, '98. 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. XXXI 
 
 Randolph- Macon— }k. P. Hunter, '75; J. B. McCabe, '75; J. C. Martin, '88; 
 H. L. Moss, '92; M. P. Rucker, '99; J. C. Copenhaver, '03. 
 
 Bzuhtel — A. A. Stearns, '79; A. C. White, '80; E. F. Cone, '89; S. E. Findley, 
 '94. 
 
 N'ebraska — A. E. Gantt, '78; Conway MacMillan, '85; T. E. Wing, '93; W. L. 
 Westermann, '94; W. H. Raymond, '96; R. S. Mueller, '98; H. A. Tukey, '01; 
 A. C. Lau, '03; H. J. Sovvles, '03: C. M. Mathewson, '06. 
 
 Richmond — G. W. Cone, '78; W. H. Lyons, '86; O. L. Stearnes, '66; H. L. 
 Watson, '91. 
 
 Gettysbicrg — J. C. Jacobv, '76; C. J. Reddig, '77; Holmes Dvsinger, '78; M. F. 
 Troxell, '80; H. H. Weber, '82; L. S. Black, '88; G. H. Kain, '97: H. H. Keller 
 '01; M. H. Floto, '03. 
 
 W. &-/.—W. H. S. Thomson, '78; J. A. Langfitt, '79; M. A. Denman, '82; 
 A. J. Montgomery, '87; M. L. Libbey, '03; W. F. Shallenberger, '03. 
 
 Vanderbilt — Lytton Taylor, '76; J. M. Barrs, '79; I. H. Brvant, '80; Drew 
 Pruit, '80; W. H." Goodpasture, '81; W. R. Manier, '81; S. P. Gilbert, '83; R. W. 
 Deering, '85; J. W. Sewell, '90; C. R. Baskervill, '94; J. H. DeWltt, '94; J. P. 
 Hanner, Jr., '94; L. M. Palmer, '95; F. N. Tavlor, '97; W. H. Morgan, '06. 
 
 Lehigh— yi. H. Fehnel, '87; T. F. Newby, '89; J. S. Hegeman, '02; J. F. 
 Hanst, '07. 
 
 Mississippi — E. A. Enochs, '79; C. D. Butler, '82; A. B. Swayze, '83; T. C. 
 Hindman, '85; C. F. Smith, '87; Lamar Hardy, '98; G. L. Ray, '"98; R. A. Col- 
 lins, '01; T. H. Campbell, Jr., '03. 
 
 Alabama— T. M. Hobbs, '78; T. H. Spencer, '78; O. A. Hobdv, '86; W. W. 
 Quarles, '87; O. D. Street, '87; W. N. Compton, '88; L. F. Luckie, '97; G. T. 
 Bestor, '98; J. F. Black, '98; A. S. Taylor, '02; J. R. Thomas, '02; J. H. Kirk- 
 patrick, '03; T. L. Coles, '04. 
 
 V. M. /.— R. O. Johnson, '76; J. B. Beverley, '79. 
 
 Illinois Wesleyan — J. A, Fullinwider, '82; W. A. Jones, '82; W. E. Higbee, 
 '83; R. E. Williams, '86; W. FL Stillhamer, '89; G. E. Preble, '92; J. W. Pro- 
 basco, '94; R. H. Little, '95. 
 
 Trinity (Texas)— R. G. Hallum, '83; J. P. Erwin, '86. 
 
 rrzW/;/ (North Carolina)— G. M. Bulla, '79; Phileman Holland, '81: W. H. 
 Robbins, '83. 
 
 Lombard— pi. S. Slater, '60; G. W. Wakefield, '66; E. J. Edwards, '74; O. H. 
 Swigart, '80; M. C. Summers, '81; Lee Fairchild, '86; S. D. Harsh, '90; F. C. 
 Ayars, '04. 
 
 Aiilnirn — B. F. Elmore, '83; Louis Hankins, '83; J. R. Robinson, '84; A. F. 
 Whitfield, '86; E. F. Enslen, Jr., '01; D. W\ Peabodv, '02; J. S. Bovd, '05. 
 
 Wofford—T. I. Rogers, '80; F. R. Pegues, '83. 
 
 Allegheny— "^N . W. Case, '84; C. W. Proctor, '85; T. C. Blaisdell, '88; F. M. 
 Kerr, '88; E. P. Couse. '89; F. G. Stubbs, '90; C. F. Ross, '91; J. M. Wright, 
 '96; T. T. Allen, '02; R. G. Freeman, '05. 
 
 Vermont— C. F. B. Haskell, '80; H. L. Van Nostrand, '81; C. H. Havden, '83; 
 A. H. Wheeler, '83; C. W. Baker, '86; M. N. Baker, '86; A. B. Gilbert, '89; 
 W. H. Merriam, '89; G. I. Forbes, '90; G. M. Sabin, '96; F, F. Lincoln, '97; 
 C. F. Blair, '99; H. J. Adams, '02; G. E. Robbins, '03; H. H. Watson, '06. 
 
 Dickinson — J. F. Hiesse, '86; N. E. C. Cleaver, '87; H. M. Stephens, '92; 
 E. J. Presby, 'or; R. Y. Stuart, '03; M. G. Baker, '04. 
 
 Westminster — D. M. McClanahan, '82; D. P. Bartley, '86; J. S. Morrison, '93; 
 C, F. Lamkin, '99; W. C. Swope, '00; A. B. Caruthers, '01; Martin Yates, Jr., 
 '02; C. E. Glasgow, '03; R. E. Burch, '04; J. X. Rice, Jr., '05. 
 
 Mimiesota — W. R. Brown, '89; C. S. Brown, '03: H. V. Fuller, '04; L. S. 
 Gillham, '06. 
 
 Lozua — R. H. Munger, '99; J. W. Brown, '05. 
 
 South Carolina— ^N. W. Ball, '87; W. T. Avcock, '89. 
 
 LTartsas-W. T. Findley, '84; E. F. Caldwell, '85; V. L. Kellogg, '90; W. A. 
 White, '90; J. W. Crooks, '97. 
 
 Hillsdale— K. R. Heckman, '86; J. E. Davidson, '88; J. O. Duquid, '89. 
 
XXXII AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 Sewojiee — J. H. P. Hodgson, '89; C. B. K. Weed, '98; Telfair Hodgson, '99; 
 Walter Mitchell, '00; P. O. Benjamin, '03. 
 
 Texas — J. H. Herndon, '88; P. A. Hawthorne, '94; J. A. Lomax, '98; C. E. 
 Johnson, '01; Isaac McFadden, '02; R. H. Kimball, '03; E. E. Witt, '03; C. W. 
 Weller, '05. 
 
 O. S. U.—Yi. A. Kahler,'87; F. S. Ball,'88; H. H. Ward,'9o; R.J. Shank.'g;. 
 
 Pennsylvania — J. C. Moore, Jr., '93; Craig Atmore, '95; D. W. Jayne, '01; 
 C. H. McCauley, Jr., '03; W. K. Hardt, '05; Josiah Richards, '05. 
 
 Union— Y.. S. C. Harris, '86; C. W. Blessing, '88; J. M. DeLong, '88; W. E. 
 Havs, '02; A. G. Pickens, '03. 
 
 C. C. N. K— J. M. Mayer, '84; E. H. L. Randolph, '85; C. A. Downer, '86; 
 Albert Shiels, '86; L. E. A. Drummond, '88; S. W. Dunscomb, Jr., '88; B. S. 
 Orcutt, '88; W. S. Thyng, '93. 
 
 C^%— Edward Fuller, '85; H. E. Farnham, '89; D. J. Gallert, '93; W. H. 
 Sturtevant, '01; B. O. Jones, '02; C. A. Richardson, '02; G. D. Coy, '05. 
 
 Columbia— Y&o Wampold, '88; O. W. Ehrhorn, '98; B. M. L. Ernst, '99; G. C. 
 Atkins, '02. 
 
 Dartmouth — Emerson Rice, '87; A. E. Bebee, '90; G. P. Bryant, '91; F. P. 
 Tuxbury, '93; E. H. Hunter, '01; H. H. Scudder, '03; C. K. Woodbridge, '04. 
 
 Noi'th Carolina — R. vS. Neal, '85; Joel Hines, '87; Michael Hoke, '93; E. G. 
 Denson, '96; H. H. Bennett, '03. W. H. Lee, '04. 
 
 Central—]. J. C. Black, '88; M. H. Guerrant, '92; R. H. Sanford, '96; W. F. 
 Booker, '97; J. R. Clark, '98. 
 
 Williams— V^. S. Ferris, '85; G. E. Richardson, '88; C. T. Terrv, '89; M. S. 
 Hagar, '90; R. L. Tarbox, '92; W. H. Stanley, '02; F. B. Wills, '02. 
 
 Southwestern — R. A. John, '84; W. H. Anderson, '86; D. E. Decker, '88; 
 A. S. J. Thomas, '88; J. R. Mood, '89; A. D. Langham, '04. 
 
 Syracuse—"^. S. Murray, '88; H. O. Sibley, '89: R. L. Skinner, '01; W. D. 
 Tisdale, '01. Guy Comfort, '03; F. W. Whitney, 'o5. 
 
 IV. cS- Z.— J. W. Avery, '90; R. J. McBryde, Jr., '96. 
 
 Southern — A. J. Scott, '88; E. H. Hawkins, '90. 
 
 Amherst—]. R. Danforth, '88; E. E. Smith, '8j; W. L. Williams, '91; C. J. 
 Crarv, '01; E. B. King, '02; C. B. Thompson, '03; J. \V. Roberts, '04. 
 
 Brown— A. T. Swift, '89; I. L. Foster, '93; A. M. M:Crillis, '97; T. J. Griffin, 
 Jr., '99; T. M. Phetteplace, '99; G. T. Bass, '00. 
 
 Tulane — C. H. Tebault, Jr., '90; G. L. Tebault, '93; Schuyler Poitevent, '97; 
 H. N. Woods, '99; F. S. Van Ingen, '02. 
 
 Washington—'^ . H. Danforth, '92; C. A. Bohn, '93; T. F. Chaplin, '96; Ralph 
 McCarty, '96; E. F. Carter, '02, C. E. Glasgow, '03. 
 
 Stanford— Y. W. Lake, '97; W. S. Smyth, '97; J. E. McDowell, '99; A. J. 
 Edwards, '00; Percy McDowell, '02; Leigh Kelley, '07. 
 
 Purdue — R. G. Morgan; '94; T. E. Morse, '97; F. H. Henley, '00; A. G. 
 Mace, '01; C. M. McGregor, '01; J. F. G. Miller, '03. 
 
 Illinois — H. B. Ferris, '94; J. G. Melluish, '94; F. H. Hamilton, '95; A. N. 
 Hazlitt, '98; R. W. Rutt, '03; R. R. Ward, '03; C. E. Goodrich, '04; G. H. 
 McKiniey, Jr., '04; F. W. Cutler, '05; A. B. Cutler, '06. 
 
 Case— I.. J. Shlesinger, '95; F. E. Hulett, '98; W. G. Stephan, '99; A. H. 
 Anthony, '03; G. S. Case, '04. 
 
 Cincinnati — S. A. Magill, '00; Guido Gores, '01; L. G. Keller, '04. 
 
 Wasliington State — O. D. Rohlfs, '03. 
 
 K. S. C— R. M. Allen, '00; L. D. Threlkeld, '02; J. C. Shelby, '04; J. M. 
 Forbes, '06. 
 
 A/cGill — Charles Rowlands, '03; L. C. Lauchland, '04; G. E. Housser, '06. 
 
 Colorado — W. C. Stickney, '03. 
 
 I am saddened by the thought that many of these brothers will 
 never read this acknowledgment of their kindly aid, having fallen 
 victims of the grim reaper during the years the history was in 
 preparation. 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. XXXIII 
 
 For furnishing biographical information concerning the deceased 
 founders,' I am indebted to members of their families, as acknowl- 
 edged in footnotes. 
 
 From my sister, Mrs. Lillian Palmer Blackburn, and from my 
 wife I have received much valuable assistance. 
 
 The typographical excellencies of the work are due to the George 
 Banta Publishing Company, and especially to Brother George 
 Banta, who has given his close personal attention to the mechanical 
 details. 
 
 This history was projected before the history of any fraternity 
 had been published, and the outline of the work that was made 
 originalh^ has been followed with onl}^ slight modifications. While 
 the work was progressing a few fraternity histories were published 
 (^ Y, 1884; B©n, 1894; ©AX, 1898; ^K^, 1902; 2 A E, 1904), 
 but examination will show that this book is much more extended in 
 scope than any similar production to the present time. It is the 
 result of a painstaking, conscientious endeavor to place within con- 
 venient reach of the brothers a great mass of materials which is 
 both interesting and valuable. While no literary merit can be 
 claimed for the book, it is believed to deal in a fairly inclusive wa}'' 
 with the origin of <I> A 0, with the more notable events and with 
 man}^ minor incidents in its career. The book is a connected nar- 
 rative of the fifty-seven 3'ears of the Fraternity, and, although some 
 gaps yet remain, they are of comparatively little consequence. 
 Whatever may be the defects of the work, I have the consciousness 
 of having done m}" best, having exhausted all known sources of 
 information. 
 
 Throughout the composition of the history, the question of what 
 to include and what to omit constantly arose. Having a natural 
 predilection for prolixit}- (which this long preface itself attests), 
 the best method of condensing details, so as not to leave out any 
 important fact, frequenth^ presented a serious problem, causing a 
 readjustment of materials and a revision of the manuscript. At 
 the outset I never contemplated so big a book as is now printed, 
 but the work expanded in spite of my efforts to restrict it. To some 
 extent the work is a source-book as well as a history, and it has 
 some encyclopedic features. At least the first edition of the history 
 I thought should have this three-fold character, even though a large 
 book would be required. The manuscript having been typewritten, 
 an estimate showed that it would make a volume considerably larger 
 than was intended, so it was carefully revised and then revised 
 again for the purpose of condensationr^ 
 
 In these pages portraits are given of only a few of the brothers 
 who have rendered notable services to the Fraternity, and of only a 
 few of those who are prominent in public life. More would have 
 been given save for the desire to restrict the size and the expense 
 of the book. Some of the illustrations have been reproduced from 
 The Scroll, but most of them were made especially for this work. 
 
XXXIV AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 Many plates made for the history during the last three years have 
 been loaned to the magazine. 
 
 For many 3^ears the history has been my constant companion. 
 The bulk}'^ manuscript (legal cap paper nearly a foot high) has 
 traveled with me over a large portion of the United States, and 
 once accompanied me on an ocean voyage. While traveling the 
 work was prosecuted under the greatest inconvenience. But as I 
 said at the Convention of 1900, the principal excuse which I had 
 to offer for delay in producing the histor}^ was the magnitude of 
 the work. I also said: "The man who edits the first history of 
 an institution has indeed assumed an enormous task. The man 
 who writes the second or third history has the benefit of all that 
 has before been published in convenient form, but the man who 
 prepares the first history of such an organization as ^ A © must 
 gather his materials from innumerable sources." 
 
 Though from the time when m}'- purpose of writing the history 
 was formed to the present I have never felt like giving up the work, 
 I must confess to having frequently been much discouraged. The 
 plodding labor of collecting and sifting the data, and assembling 
 in proper order the myriad of facts, often seemed a heavy burden, 
 indeed much like drudgery. But a pride in the completion of 
 what I had undertaken to do, and, more than anything else, a sus- 
 taining desire to serve the Fraternity, and a belief that by finishing 
 the book I would perform a real service to # A ©, kept me steadily 
 at work on the histor}^ throughout the long years, whenever imper- 
 ative duties of a business or private nature did not prevent. 
 
 The book has been written not without personal sacrifices. 
 Many pleasures have been foregone to give it attention. Much of 
 the writing has been done under high pressure, in time that was not 
 convenient to take from business pursuits, and which often was 
 needed for rest or recreation. Looking backward, I scarcely see 
 how I managed to crowd in the time. And yet, now that the end is 
 reached at last, the great pleasure of having finally accomplished 
 the task on which my heart was set compensates for all the sacrifices. 
 I feel especial satisfaction in having been able to discover many 
 facts that explained incidents in the Fraternity's career about which 
 little or nothing was known. 
 
 From the time that the printers began on the copy, in the sum- 
 mer of 1903, the printing has been done about as rapidly as I 
 could revise the galley and page proofs, except during an interval 
 of nine months, from October, 1904, to July, 1905. This suspen- 
 sion of work was caused by a failure of my health, which I attrib- 
 ute largely to too arduous labors on the histor3\ A cessation of 
 this work until my recover}^ was, therefore, imperative. Often 
 during the last twenty years I have been overtaken with a dread 
 that I might not live to complete the book, and I now feel pro- 
 foundly grateful that Providence has spared me to see a long cher- 
 ished dream realized at last. 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. XXXV 
 
 This history of ^ A was not issued in the fortieth year of the 
 Fraternity, nor 3^et in the semi-centennial year, but had it been 
 brought out before this time, the year 1905, it would necessarily 
 have had more short-comings than it has. It could have been pub- 
 lished earlier if I had been content with less complete accounts of 
 the various chapters and of general fraternity movements than here 
 appear. No one else could have been so anxious as I was to see 
 the book finished, but the unavoidable delay, while much regretted 
 in impatient moods, conduced to a more accurate and comprehen- 
 sive histor3^ The record has been brought down through the col- 
 legiate 5^ear 1904-05. it is hoped that the volume will measurably 
 meet the expectations and answer the needs of the brothers, and 
 that it will be found to be useful in fraternity work hereafter. It 
 should be comparatively easy to continue the annals from this time, 
 as the official records, so long neglected, are now properh^ cared 
 for, as additions are constantl}^ being made to the books and manu- 
 scripts in the library, and as so much current histor}^ is preserved 
 in The Scroll, The Palladium and the annual circular letters of 
 chapters. 
 
 I earnestly request that an\''one who may detect an error, how- 
 ever slight, in this history will notif}^ me, and that any one who 
 can supply supplemental information will send it to me, so that the 
 same may be used, in case there should be a demand for a second 
 and revised edition. Chapters should have their histories written 
 up year by 3^ear, and with much more detail than room could be 
 found for in this history of the whole Fraternity. Every chapter 
 that has neglected this should appoint a committee, or some single 
 member specially fitted for the task, to write its annals up to the 
 present time. Chapter archives and college records should be 
 searched, and the files of The Scroll and The Palladium should be 
 used with the ten-year indexes, and also the annual circular letters 
 and the files of college papers. Alumni should be asked to clear 
 up obscure points, and, as every year death makes fearful havoc in 
 the ranks of our elder brothers, this important work should not be 
 delayed. Fraternity, chapter and college memorabilia, if systema- 
 tically filed, will be of great service hereafter. I strongly urge the 
 necessity of chapters following strictly the requirements of the Code 
 in regard to the safe keeping of records, and in regard to having 
 their histories written up to date. It ought not to be long before a 
 number of chapters should have their separate histories in shape 
 for publication. A series of monographs containing chapter histo- 
 ries would make a most valuable addition to the bibliography of the 
 Fraternity. 
 
 $ A has now entered well upon its second half century. It 
 has enrolled over 13,000 members, many of whom occupy high and 
 responsible positions. Its history, showing such remarkable pro- 
 gress, should stimulate even greater efforts than have yet been 
 made in its behalf. I realize that I was not able to write its his- 
 
XXXVI AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 tory in the style it deserves. The greatest tribute I could pay to 
 $ A © was to tell the story of its life, its achievements, its reverses, 
 its success in overcoming obstacles, its steady onward and upward 
 march. I have endeavored to narrate these things in a straightfor- 
 ward, honest manner, and to give due credit to those who have 
 contributed materially to the advancement of the Fraternit3^ 
 
 Ours is a great and glorious Brotherhood. We have faith in its 
 noble ideals, justifiable pride in its worthy past, and unbounded 
 hope in its unfolding future. But the greatness of ^ A © is not 
 based on the strength of its internal organization, however wisely 
 its laws have been enacted, and however- well they have been 
 administered; its greatness does not consist in a splendid list of 
 chapters, however firmly they are established; its greatness does 
 not consist in a long roll of distinguished alumni, however highly 
 they may be honored; but the true strength and greatness and 
 glory of ^ A © lie in the loyalty and devotion of her sons to those 
 ever-enduring principles which the Fathers, in their great wisdom, 
 implanted so securely in the Bond. 
 
 Walter B. Palmer, 
 Emory, 77; Vanderbilt, '80. 
 
 812 Lee Avenue, Nashville, Tenn. , November i, 1905. 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE 
 PHI DELTA THETA FRATERNITY. 
 
 THE FIRST GREEK-LETTER SOCIETY. 
 
 The first American secret societ}' with a Greek-letter name was 
 ^ B K, which dates from the 3'ear of the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence. It was founded at William and ^Nlary College, the alma meter 
 of Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe, the wealthiest and, Harvard 
 excepted, the oldest educational institution in the United States. 
 Williamsburg, the seat of the college, was also the seat of govern- 
 ment in Virginia from- 1700 to 1780. 
 
 December 5, 1776, in the eight3-fourth ^^ear of the college, 
 <E> B K w^as organized by five undergraduates — John Heath, 
 Richard Booker, Thomas Smith, Armistead Smith, John Jones. 
 At this meeting, a square silver medal was agreed on." It bore 
 the letters <^ B K"; in the upper left, three stars; in the lower 
 right, a hand pointing to the stars; on the reverse the letters S P" 
 in a script monogram, with the date, December 5, 1776," below. 
 The badge was intended to be worn suspended b}^ a cord, which 
 ran through a ring, extending from the middle of the upper side. "^ 
 The Latin words suggested by S P" have been various!}^ ren- 
 dered, "Science and Philosophy," or Society of Philosophers," 
 or 'Philosophical Society." At the second meeting, January 5, 
 1777, the following "oath of fidelity" was adopted: 
 
 I, A. B., do swear on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God, or otherwise as 
 calling the Supreme Being to attest this my oath, declaring that I will, with all my 
 possible efforts, endeavor to prove true, just and deepW attached to this our grow- 
 ing Fraternity, in keeping, holding and preserving all secrets that pertain to my 
 duty, and for the promotion and advancement of its internal welfare. 
 
 At this meeting the oath was administered to the five persons 
 above mentioned and to four others; -after which officers were 
 chosen — Heath, President; Booker, Treasurer; Thomas Smith, 
 Clerk. A "Code of Laws," consisting of twenty-four resolutions, 
 was adopted, March i. Some of them follow: 
 
 That in every design or attempt, whether great or small, we ought to invoke the 
 Deity, by some private sacrifice or devotion, for a fraternal prosperity. 
 
 * "Tradition informs us that the badge was originally worn on a ribbon about the neck of the 
 owner." — The Cyclopaedia of Fraternities." 
 
2 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 That no gentlemen be initiated into the Societ}' but collegians, and such only 
 who have arrived at the age of sixteen \'ears, and from the Grammar Master up- 
 wards; and further, before his disposition be sufficiently inspected, nor then with- 
 out the unanimous approbation of the Society. 
 
 That every person, after being initiated, pay into the public treasury the sum 
 of six shillings. 
 
 That every member, after being pi-operly initiated, shall be obliged to furnish 
 himself with a medal, wholly corresponding with those of the Fraternitv. 
 
 That the youngest on the roll be appointed Herald, for the function of convo- 
 cating the meiiibers. 
 
 That the non-attendance of any single member, unless by some certain obstruct- 
 ing inability or cogent necessity, subjects him to the penalty of five shillings. 
 
 That four members be selected to perform at every session, two of whom in 
 matters of argumentation, and the others in apposite composition. 
 
 That such of the compositions as are deemed worthy b}- the Society shall be 
 carefully preserved, and endorsed by whom and at what time delivered. 
 
 That for the encouragement of any new invention of arts and sciences, some 
 premium be allowed from the public treasury. 
 
 That if any dispute, attended with animosity and indignation, should arise 
 amongst us, such a matter ought to be recognized by a session of the whole 
 Society. 
 
 That the least appearance of intoxication or disorder of any single member by 
 liquor, at a session, subjects him to the penalty of ten shillings. 
 
 That no member shall be expelled without the unanimous concurrence of the 
 Society. 
 
 From time to time amendments were made to the resolutions, 
 
 and several new ones were added. At first meetings were held 
 
 monthly, then fortnightl)^, then weekly, then fortnightly again. 
 
 Among subjects debated were the following: 
 
 Whether agriculture or merchandise is most advantageous to a state? Whether 
 Brutus was justifiable in having his sons executed ? Whether a wise state hath any 
 interest nearer at heart than the education of youth? Whether an agrarian law is 
 consistent with the principles of a wise republic? Whether anything is more dan- 
 gerous to civil liberty in a free state than a standing army in time of peace? Whe- 
 ther parents have the right to prevent the marriage of children after entering into 
 contract? Whether the institution of ostracism was legal? Whether commonwealths 
 or monarchies are most subject to seditions and commotions? Whether a general 
 assessment for the support of religious establishments is or is not repugnant to the 
 principles of a republican government? Whether theatrical exhibitions are advan- 
 tageous to states or ye contrary? Is a public or private education more advantage- 
 ous? Had William, the Norman, a right to the crown of Great Britain? Whether 
 the execution of Charles the First was justifiable? Whether any form of government 
 is more favorable to public virtue than a commonwealth? Whether ye rape of ye 
 Sabine women was just? Whether religion is necessary in Government? Whether in 
 civil war any person is justifiable in remaining neuter? Whether dueling ought to 
 have a toleration in this or any other free state? Whether all our affections and 
 principles are not in some measure deducible from self love? Whether polygamy is 
 a dictate of nature or not? Whether avarice or luxury is more beneficial to a repub- 
 lic? Whether Brutus was justifiable in killing Caesar? Whether a man in extreme 
 want is justifiable in stealing from his neighbor to relieve his present necessities? 
 
 The initiation fee was raised, August 22, 1778, to ^5; June 27, 
 1779, to ^10. Fines also were increased. September 23, 1780, 
 five members were fined $15 each for absence, and another, who 
 failed to declaim, $20. The depreciation of the currenc}^ how- 
 ever, should be considered. The treasury, it seems, was always 
 in good condition: June 27, 1779, it contained ;£2i.i9.8; August 
 
The Old Raleigh Tavern at Williamsburg, Virginia, 
 
 Where the $ B K Society held its annual meetings. 
 From the William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazi^ie, April, 1896. 
 
 12, 1780, ;z^27.4.8, while ^24.17.0 was in arrears. December 5 
 was celebrated every year as that glorious day which gave birth 
 to this happy union". Older members who had left college 
 returned to the anniversary exercises, which were held in the Apollo 
 room of the Raleigh Tavern, famous in colonial history, and "the 
 night was spent in jollity and mirth". The following was adopted 
 November 21, 1778: 
 
 Whereas, the members of this Society are willing to take under their care 
 objects worthy of charity, 
 
 Resolved, that Messrs. Hardy & Cocke be appointed to look out for some orphan 
 likely to receive advantage from being put to a proper school, & make their report 
 of the same to the ensuing meeting. 
 
 The records do not show whether or not the Society provided an 
 
 education for any orphan. December 10, 1778, it was 
 
 Resolved, that in future admissions to this Society be not confined to collegians 
 alone. 
 
 January 23, 1779, it was 
 
 Resolved, that in future members be elected and expelled bv ballot, and that it 
 be performed by the words Pi-o & Con. 
 
 February 27, 1779: 
 
 The form of initiation instituted by the committee was read and resolved upon. 
 The laws revised by a committee appointed for that purpose were read and received 
 universal approbation. A letter was received from our worthy brother, Mr. John 
 Stuart, in which was enclosed twelve shillings, which was to purchase a Testament 
 for the Society, but as the Society had been presented with one from Mr. John 
 Nivison, it was put into the treasury. ^ 
 
 April 19, 1779: 
 
 Mr. Bowdoin being about to depart for Europe, requested the company of the 
 Society at the Raleigh, where he gave them a very elegant entertainment. After 
 many toasts suitable to the occasion, the evening was spent by the members in a 
 manner which indicated the highest esteem for their departing friend, mixed with 
 sorrow for his intended absence, and joy for his future prospects in life. 
 
4 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 November 13, 1779: 
 
 It is hereby declared a future law of this Society that a standing Vice-President 
 be appointed who shall have the same powers, in the absence of the efficient Presi- 
 dent, that is given by law. 
 
 May 4, 1779: 
 
 It being suggested that it might tend to promote the designs of this Institution, 
 and redound to the honor and advantage thereof at the same time, that others more 
 remote or distant will be attached thereto. 
 
 Resolved, that leave be given to prepare the form or ordinance of a charter- 
 party, to be entrusted with such two or more brothers of the $ B K, as to a general 
 meeting shall, on due application for the same, be thought to merit such a trust; 
 with delegated power, in the plan and principles therein laid dow^n, to constitute, 
 establish and initiate a Fraternity correspondent to this, and that a committee be 
 appointed of Mr. President, Mr. Stuart, and Mr. Beckley, to prepare a draft of the 
 same and report at next meeting. 
 
 The committee reported a form of charter-part}^ June 12, and it 
 was adopted, Juh^ 5. The Society granted to Samuel Hard}'^ a 
 charter for "a meeting to be called' the Biyra/' July 10, 1779; to 
 William Stuart a charter for a meeting (chapter) to be called the 
 Ta/xfxa^ July ii, 1779; to William Cabell a charter for a meeting- 
 to be called the AeXra^ August 14, 1779. The locations of these 
 meetings are not known, nor is it known whether the}^ were realh^ 
 organized. However, it is probable that one of them was organized 
 at Hampden-Sidney College, Virginia, and that the other char- 
 ters were issued for meetings in towns or counties in Virginia. 
 Elisha Parmale, a graduate from Harvard,"^ was initiated, Juh' 31, 
 1779, and through him meetings were established at Harvard and 
 Yale. December 4, 1779, a charter-part}'^ was granted authorizing 
 him to institute at Cambridge, in 3^e State of Massachusetts Ba}'," 
 a meeting to be called the E-Tro-tA-dv. December 5, 1779, it ^'^^^^ 
 
 Resolved, that so much of Mr. Parm ale's petition as relates to ye establishment 
 of a Phi: Society to be conducted in a less mysterious manner than the 4> B K 
 be not agreed to, as 3-e design appears to be incompatible with the principles of this 
 meeting. 
 
 December 9, 1779, the following was adopted: 
 
 Whereas, this Society is desirous that the $ B K should be extended to each of 
 the United States, 
 
 Resolved, that a second charter be granted to our brother, Mr. Elisha Parmale, 
 for establishing a meeting of the same in the College of New Haven in Connecticut, 
 to be of the same rank, to have the same power, and to enjoy the same privileges 
 with that which he is empowered to fix in the University of Cambridge. To be 
 called the Z^ra. 
 
 March 11, 1780, a charter-party was granted to John Beckley 
 to establish the 'Hraat Richmond; Ma}^ 18, 1780, one was granted 
 to George Lee Turbeville to establish the ©jyra in Westmoreland 
 
 * Young Parmale went to Yale and remained there until college work was broken up by the 
 war. He then went to Harvard, which had got a-going again after a similar suspension. In this 
 transfer of his college relations appears the reason why he afterwards established branches of * B K 
 
 in both the great northern colleges. He graduated at Harvard in 1778 The poor fellow was 
 
 already in delicate health, being constitutionally consumptive. He went at once to Virginia and 
 engaged himself there as a teacher. I think very likely he was a tutor in William and Mary Col- 
 lege". — E. E. Hale, in Atlantic Mofithly, July, 1879. 
 
THE FIRST GREEK-LETTER SOCIETY. 5 
 
 Count3\ If the Beta, Gamma, Delta, Eta and Theta were reall}- 
 
 instituted, probably none of them survived the original chapter. 
 
 The approach of a British fleet caused the suspension of William 
 
 and Mary College. The last minutes of the Society, dated Jan- 
 
 uar}^ 6, 1 781, say: 
 
 A meeting of $ B K was called for the purpose of securing the papers of the 
 Society during the confusion of the times & the present dissolution which threatens 
 the university. The members who attended were William Short, Daniel C. Brent, 
 Spencer Roane, Payton Short & Landon Cabell. They, thinking it most advis- 
 able that the papers should not be removed, determined to deliver them sealed into 
 the hands of the College Steward, to remain with him until the desirable event of 
 the Societ3-'s resurrection. And this deposit the}- make in the sure & certain 
 hope that the Fraternit}- will one day rise to life everlasting and glory immortal. 
 
 The college buildings were occupied alternately by the British, 
 French and American troops, 1781, and while used as a hospital 
 b}^ the latter, the President's house and a wing of the main build- 
 ing were burned. Presumably the records of ^ B K were delivered 
 to the college steward and b}^ him to Landon Cabell, who returned 
 to college, 1783, but nothing was generally known as to what 
 became of them until 1848, when Dr. R. H. Cabell, son of Landon 
 Cabell, delivered them to the Virginia Historical Societ}-. 
 
 During the four 3'ears, one month and one da}' that $ B K 
 existed original!}- at William and Mary, it admitted an even 
 half hundred members. Though young, many of them served in 
 the Continental Army. Seventeen were in the Virginia House 
 of Burgesses or Senate or both, most of them for several terms, 
 and eight were members of the Convention which ratified the 
 Federal Constitution. Five were members of the National House 
 of Representatives, and two of the United States Senate— S. T. 
 Mason, Senator from Virginia, and John Brown, Senator from 
 Kentucky. The first President of the Society, John Heath, was 
 in the House of Burgesses at barely twenty-one, and ten years 
 later in Congress. William Short, the last President of the Society, 
 became Charge d'' Affaires in France, Minister to Holland and Com- 
 missioner to Spain. Bushrod Washington became Associate 
 Justice of the United States; he was the favorite nephew of George 
 Washington, and, after ]\Irs. Washington's death, he inherited 
 Mount Vernon. The most noted of the fifty was John ^Marshall, 
 who became Chief Justice of the L^nited States. 
 
 $ B K was restored at William and Mary, 1849. It was found 
 that the last President, William Short, was still living, ninety- 
 two years old. The main college building, accidentally burned, 
 1859, was rebuilt, i860. On account of the civil war, college 
 exercises were suspended, 1861. During the occupancy of 
 Williamsburg by the Federal forces, the main building was burned 
 again, 1862. The walls, erected 1693, were once more built upon, 
 and the college was re-opened, 1867; but, on account of financial 
 
6 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 embarrassments, it was closed again, 1881. The General x\ssembly 
 having begun to make annual appropriations, the college was re- 
 opened, 1888. Congress, 1893, appropriated ;^65, 000, as an indem- 
 nit}^ for damages sustained by the college during the war between 
 the States. The two-hundredth anniversary of the college was 
 celebrated, 1893, and at the same time the parent chapter of ^ B K 
 was revived a second time. The Virginia Historical Society deliv- 
 ered the records of <l> B K to the chapter at William and Mary, 
 1895. Edited by L. G. Tyler, President of the college, they were 
 published in the William and Mary College Quarterly Historical 
 Magazine, April, 1896. 
 
 The minutes of the meeting on December 4, 1779, called the chap- 
 ter to be established at Harvard ETro-tAw. However, it appears that 
 the President, William Short, proposed that a more liberal charter 
 be granted for this chapter than had been granted for the Virginia 
 chapters, so that the Harvard chapter, instead of being ' Etto-iAoV^ 
 would be the AX<^a of Massachusetts Ba}^ with power to establish 
 subordinate chapters in Massachusetts. It is probable that this 
 was first suggested by Elisha Parmale; at any rate the charter 
 which he received for Harvard declared that it was repugnant to 
 the liberal principles of Societies that they should be confined to 
 any particular place, men or description of men; and as the same 
 should be extended to the wise and virtuous of every degree and of 
 whatever country," therefore, a charter was granted to Parmale, in 
 order that, "at the University of Cambridge", he might establish 
 a Fraternity of the <l> B K, to consist of not less than three per- 
 sons of honor, probit}^ and good demeanor, which shall be denom- 
 inated the 'AA^a of Massachusetts Bay." The charter further 
 provided — 
 
 Above all you are to be careful to promote friendship and union among one 
 another, as well as to bring it forth in a commu^nion with us here, so far as it may 
 be practicable and convenient. That the Code of Laws herewith transmitted, being 
 the laws of the $ B K, 'A\(pa Society, or such of them as the Society shall approve, 
 be considered as conclusive and binding, and, except in cases where local conven- 
 ience alone ma}- make it necessary, are not to be altered or liable to innovation. 
 That you, by this Charter, be invested with the privilege of the Meeting 'AX0a of 
 Virginia, in granting charters for the establishment of other meetings anywhere 
 within the State of Massachusetts Bay, which meetings are to stand in the same 
 relation to you that the Junior branches of this Society stand in to the meeting of 
 the ''AX0a here. 
 
 The charter also provided that the form of initiation and oath 
 of secrecy" should be those prescribed by the law and none other;" 
 that the arcana of this Society be held inviolate;" that * the 
 token of salutation be the same with that used here," that each 
 member should wear a medal like one accompanying the charter, 
 without an}^ alteration whatever;" that the new Alpha, on its 
 foundation day" every year, should transmit to the mother Alpha 
 a list of its members, with their places of abode, noting officers 
 
THE FIRST GREEK-LETTER SOCIETY. 7 
 
 and members initiated since the last return; that all correspondence 
 should be through the Presidents of the two Alphas, using a cipher 
 which accompanied the charter; "^ and that the mother Alpha 
 retained the right of enacting laws for "the general welfare" of the 
 whole Society, and the power of legislation in cases considered as 
 constitutional." The charter bore the seal of the Societ}- and the 
 signatures of nineteen members. The charter for establishing a 
 chapter at Yale was similar. Elisha Parmale returned to the 
 North, and under his direction the Alpha of Connecticut was 
 organized, November 13, 1780, the Alpha of Massachusetts, Sep- 
 tember 5, i78i.t 
 
 The original chapter being suspended, the Yale and Harvard 
 chapters joined in establishing the Alpha of New Hampshire at 
 Dartmouth, 1787. These three chapters formed the Societ}- for 
 thirt}' 3'ears. The next chapter was the Alpha of New York, 
 established at Union, 181 7. Bowdoin received a charter, 1824, 
 and Brown, 1830, after which there was an interval of fifteen 3'ears 
 without extension. Trinit}- and Wesle^-an received charters, 1845; 
 Western Reserve, 1847; Yermont, 1848. 
 
 Owing to the prejudice against such societies aroused by the 
 anti-Masonic excitement, which began 1826,! the secrets of $ B K 
 were exposed to the public, 183 1. It then transpired that the 
 Greek letters were the initials of "^iAoo-o<^ta Blov Kv/iepvrjTYj's/' 
 
 The following table, containing all the letters of the alphabet, was used in secret correspond- 
 
 N 
 
 Z 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 Y 
 
 B 
 
 P 
 
 X 
 
 D 
 
 W 
 
 Q 
 
 v 
 
 R 
 
 E 
 
 U 
 
 F 
 
 M 
 
 G 
 
 T 
 
 H 
 
 S L 
 
 I 
 
 K J 
 
 t See "Four Years at Yale," by L. H. Bagg; "Yale College: A Sketch of its Historj-," by W 
 L. Kingsley ; The Histor>- of Har\-ard Universitj-," by Josiah Quincy. 
 
 Elisha Parmale became pastor of a church at Lee, iSIass., 1783, and a year later was granted 
 leave of absence on account of failing health. He came to Virginia, his wife accompanying him, 
 but died in Shenandoah Countj", the summer of 1784, aged twenty-nine. 
 
 + A great anti-secret societj- agitation began after the mysterious disappearance of William 
 Morgan. He was a member of the ^lasonic Fraternity, but had taken offense because his name 
 was omitted from the charter-list of a new lodge. In a spirit of spite, he wrote a book, which it 
 was said would reveal the secrets of Freemasonry, and engaged D. C. Miller, a printer at Batavia, 
 N. Y., to publish it. The printing office was set on fire by an incendiary, but the fire was extin- 
 guished. Morgan was abducted from Canandaigua, N. Y., on the night of September 12, 1826, and, 
 it was afterward learned, was taken to Fort Niagara, but his friends never saw him again. A year 
 later a body was found near the mouth of the Niagara River, and many believed it was the body of 
 Morgan, and that he had been drowned by Freemasons. — See "A History of the People of the 
 United States," Volume V, 1821-1830, bj^ J. B. McMaster. " 
 
 Morgan's book was printed at Batavia, 1827. The Masonic Fraternity suffered severely from the 
 great outcrj- that was raised against it, and, during the next few years, hundreds of lodge warrants 
 were surrendered. The excitement spread from Western New York throughout the State, and an 
 anti-Masonic political party was formed in New York. Pennsylvania, New England and elsewhere. 
 This partj- was a factor in the campaigns of 1828, 1830 and 1832. W. H. Seward, Millard Fillmore, 
 Thurlow \Veed and Thaddeus Stevens first appeared in politics as anti-Masonic leaders. J. Q. 
 Adams was an anti-Masonic and Whig candidate for Congress and was elected, 1830. In a national 
 convention of the anti-^Iasonic partj", 1832, William Wirt, of Marvland, was nominated for Presi- 
 dent, and Amos EUmaker, of Pennsylvania, for Vice-President. They were largely supported in 
 several States, but carried only Vermont. 
 
Obverse. 
 
 Reverse. 
 
 Ancient Phi Beta Kappa Silver Medal. 
 
 From the William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine, April, 1896. 
 
 Obverse. Reverse. 
 
 Modern Phi Beta Kappa Gold Watchkey. 
 
 From the William and Mary College Qtiarterly Historical Magazine, April, 1896. 
 
 translated, "Philosophy is the guide of life.""^^ After this $ B K 
 became merely an honorary college society, membership being 
 conferred as a reward for scholarship, t 
 
 The badge was modified from the form of a medal to the form 
 of a watchkey; instead of being square it was elongated, and the 
 
 * The influence of J. Q. Adams and Judge Joseph Storey, Edward Everett and others was suf- 
 ficient to cause the members at Harvard to make pubUc exposure of the secrets. Edward Everett 
 was sent to Yale to induce the chapter there to take similar action, and was successful in his 
 mission. 
 
 After a series of exciting meetings held in Boston, under the eager pressure of John Quincy 
 Adams, from whose diary most of the history of the transaction can be learned, the Harvard Alpha 
 voted to remit all obligations of secrecj^. Since that time, July 1831, anybody who has chosen to 
 know has known what the letters $ B K mean." — E. E. Hale in Atlantic Monthly, Julj', 1879. 
 
 The sign of a Phibetian prior to 1831 was made by placing two fingers of the right hand over 
 the left corner of the mouth and drawing them across the chin. His grip was made by locking the 
 hands, without clasping the thumbs, at the same time pressing the wrists ; and his word' was the 
 motto for which the letters $ B K stood." — "The Cyclopsedia of Fraternities." 
 
 t In the various northern colleges, $ B K took upon itself different forms of activity. The 
 society at Yale made efforts to keep up a literary communication with Harvard, but failed; its 
 real life was confined to its local membership. Attempts v/ere made to found a periodical and 
 establish a fund for indigent students ; these efforts also were doomed to failure. The Yale chapter 
 was in reality a select debating society, with initiation suppers, where the juice of Bacchus flowed.' 
 Regarded with great jealousy by outsiders, its records were twice stolen during its early history. 
 The annals of the <I> B K are famous for a long series of orations and poems. The anti-Masonic 
 excitement in 1830 caused the abandonment of the secret features of the Order at both Yale and 
 Harvard Since 1830 the membership of $ B K had been almost exclusively an honor- 
 ary distinction granted to the best scholars of the senior class." — "Student Life and Customs." 
 
THE FIRST GREEK-LETTER SOCIETY. 9 
 
 material was changed from silver to gold. The obverse contains 
 the letters "^ B K"; in the lower right, an index pointing to a 
 cluster of stars in the upper left; in the lower left, ''Dec. 5th, 
 1776." The reverse contains "S P, " in old English, within a 
 wreath at the top; below, the name of the college, the name of the 
 owner and his class. These changes were made probably soon 
 after the Society was established in the North. 
 
 Twelve chapters sent delegates to the centennial of the Harvard 
 chapter, 188 1. A constitution was adopted for "The United 
 Chapters of $BK," 1882. It provides for a National Council 
 (convention) to meet ever}^ third year. The Secretary of the 
 United Chapters, Rev. E. B. Parsons, D. D., issued, 1S97, a 
 pamphlet: "Phi Beta Kappa: Officers, Constitution, Minutes, 
 Etc., of the United Chapters; Officers, Customs, Statistics, Etc., 
 of the Fort}^ Chapters." It quotes S. L. Woodford as saying in 
 his $ B K address at Columbia, 1886, that the Societ}^ was prob- 
 abh" suggested by the philosophic clubs which were common 
 among collegians in France and other European countries during 
 the eighteenth century. It says that "S P" was interpreted, "" Socie- 
 tas P kilos ophice^'' by twelve chapters, Societas Particeps'''' by nine, 
 
 Societas Philosophica'^ by seven, Societas Philosophoru77i^'' by 
 two, Signmn Principium^^ by two; while three chapters furnished 
 three additional forms: Salus PatricE,^^ Scientia et Prudentia,^^ 
 
 Scientia et Philosophia.^' It says also that the number of stars 
 on the $ B K key varied, three chapters using three stars (the 
 original number), and all others using more — five, six, seven, nine, 
 ten, and one chapter using thirteen. It also notes much diversit}' 
 among chapters as to conditions of admission to membership. 
 Some chapters admit members in junior 3^ear, or even earlier, 
 some at the beginning and some at the end of senior 3^ear. Some, 
 holding to their ' reserved rights," admit one-third of each class 
 (those ranking highest in scholarship), while others admit from 
 one-fourth to one-fifteenth. In the chapters at Harvard, Williams 
 and other colleges there are ' no initiation, no secrecy," while 
 
 some chapters call for a pledge of secrecy and a promise to help 
 brothers in distress, like the great Order which has sent its phrase- 
 olog}" through all college fraternities." In man}^ chapters the 
 President makes an address to the initiates, and pledges them to 
 encourage friendship, morality and literature;" after which he com- 
 municates to them the grip and explains the S3^mbols; and then all 
 older members present give them the grip and extend congratula- 
 tions. At Yale the President reads the constitution, the initiates 
 signif}^ assent to it by uplifted hands, and he recites a Latin 
 formula admitting them to the Society. At Johns Hopkins "the 
 oath is a slight dilution of the somewhat strong waters of the 
 original $ B K oath of 1776." 
 
 The United Chapters has "a committee on the uniformity of cus- 
 toms and methods of procedure — elections, initiations, keys, 
 
lO 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 etc. — and on various matters of semi-confidential character rela- 
 tive to the Society." A handbook and catalogue of $ B K, issued 
 by Dr. Parsons, 1900, shows that then there were fift}^ chapters 
 (including one established at Vassar, 1898) and nearly 11,000 
 living members. According to American College Fraternities,'^ 
 the total membership in 1898 was 19,334, living and dead. 
 
 THE INTER-COLLEGIATE FRATERNITY SYSTEM. 
 
 About the middle of the eighteenth . 
 century, students at Yale, Harvard 
 and Princeton began to form asso- 
 ciations, which were intended mainly 
 for intellectual improvement. Liter- 
 ary societies or debating clubs be- 
 came common in all American col- 
 leges. Most of them had a secret 
 character, more or less. Usually 
 two were organized at each institu- 
 tion, and they divided between them 
 the entire body of students. They 
 flourished in eastern colleges until 
 about the middle of the nineteenth century, when their popularity 
 waned, as the Greek-letter fraternities became more widely extended 
 and more firmly established. In western and southern colleges 
 literary societies continued to flourish until a later time, and they 
 still have considerable prominence in the South.* 
 
 Phi Beta Kappa. 
 
 Kappa Alpha. 
 (Northern.) 
 
 * 'The earliest society the record of which has been preserved was the Crotonian Society of 
 Yale, which had a brief existance, and made way for Linonia, the oldest permanent society, and the 
 Brothers in Unity (1868). Contemporaneous with Crotonia and Linonia at Yale were the Plain- 
 Dealing and Well-Meaning Clubs of Princeton. A fierce rivalry, involving the interchange of 
 scurrilous pamphlets, led to their suppression by the faculty. A year after this action, were founded 
 the American Whig and Cliosophic Societies, the most venerable and powerful of college debating" 
 clubs in America, and the only organizations of this early period which still survive in their original 
 capacity. During the middle decades of the eighteenth century, the Harvard faculty took particu- 
 lar pains to improve the public speaking of the students, a move which led to the formation of 
 speaking clubs. The Calabogus Club was organized as early as 1758, the Whitefield Club in 1759. 
 We are left to conjecture the programmes of these early societies. The Institute of 1770, the most 
 famous of the debating clubs of Harvard was founded by John Phillips, John Warren and other 
 
 members of the class of 1771 
 
 It was the wave of political interest produced by the Revolution which made the debating 
 
 society for fifty years the strongest force in American student life While secrecy of 
 
 meetings was a recognized principle with all the early literary societies, this feature was a distinctlj- 
 minor one. The same may be said of initiation ceremonies; they were merely incidental and 
 
 without special significance. Many of the societies adopted badges, colors and mottoes 
 
 Another form of society activity was th.e society libraries, which were frequently valuable supple 
 ments to the regular college library, which was likely to be weighed down with theological and 
 
 Latin tomes 
 
 Another important element was the rivalry between the two societies which divided student 
 interest. They competed in the selection of members, in the size of their libraries, and in the distri- 
 bution of college honors. The feeling was usually one of bitter antagonism and jealously. Attempts 
 made at Amherst and elsewhere to combine the work of the two societies into one harmonious whole 
 uniformly failed. When only one society had been formed, it invariably split in two rival factions 
 as soon as numbers permitted. The bitterest hostility occurred at the beginning of the year in the 
 stiuggle for new men. At Yale a systematic campaign was undertaken ; runners were sent to the 
 preparatory schools to pledge sub-freshmen ; committees of students haunted the trains, the New 
 Haven depot and the hotels, in search of new students. The campaign culminated in the state- 
 ment of facts', a public meeting in which the orators from each society extolled the virtues and 
 eulogized the departed heroes of their own organization, while pouring contempt and ridicule on 
 their opponents. At Amherst on such occasions the whole college became the scene of exasperating 
 strife; study was encroached upon, and personal hostilities were excited which did not die away 
 
THE INTER-COLLEGIATE FRATERNITY SYSTEM. 
 
 II 
 
 $ B K, founded at 
 1776, remained the 
 ciet}^ until 182 1, when 
 was founded at Yale, 
 never developed into 
 
 The origin of the 
 society system may be 
 tablishment b}^ ^ B K 
 College, t This was 
 still had a secret char- 
 appeared at Union, 1825. 
 at least it was an imitation 
 
 William and Mary, 
 only Greek -letter so- 
 X A 0, a senior society, 
 However, this societ}^ 
 a general fraternity.* 
 present Greek - letter 
 attributed to the es- 
 of a chapter at Union 
 in 18 1 7, when ^ B K 
 acter. A new society 
 It called itself K A, and outwardly 
 of <E> B K. It was a secret, social 
 
 Phi Delta Theta. 
 
 Phi Kappa Psi. 
 
 Kappa Alpha. 
 (Southern.) 
 
 Theta Delta Chi. 
 
 with the occasion. The historians of Williams, Dartmouth and Bowdoin give similar testimony. In 
 some colleges the faculti' interfered, and apportioned new men to the societies by some impartial 
 method of allotment. Even this could not put a stop to intrigue and factional fights 
 
 The early debating society was one of the great interests of the student world ; its meetings 
 were eagerly anticipated, and its exercises considered to be of much greater importance than the 
 regular recitations of the college, a belief strengthened by the sympathetic attitude of the faculty. 
 We have the testimony of a hostile critic that the champions of the debating hall were held in greater 
 esteem by their fellow-students than the men who gained the traditional college honors for profi- 
 ciency in their studies. The athlete had not yet arisen as a college hero, so the orator and writer 
 represented the ideals of the academic youth 
 
 Such a Condition of affairs was not destined to endure. A new organization, appealing more 
 directly to the interests and sentiments of youth, entered the field, and the debating society lost 
 ground before it. The fraternity struck the older association at its weakest point. About 1830 the 
 debating societies, through increase of numbers, began to be unwieldy, and in consequence a victim 
 to factional contests. In some colleges cliques for controlling elections in the literary societies had 
 crystallized into formal clubs before the appearance of the fraternities. The fraternity greatly hast- 
 ened this tendency to dissolution ; the debating societj- became the arena in which rival fraternities 
 or secret and non-secret societies fought for the supremacy. The literary exercises were neglected 
 while rival factions struggled for the oflfices. The new organizations became the centre of interest 
 while the old societies died slowly. The process did not take place in all the colleges at the same 
 time. The conflict in the eastern colleges began as early as 1840, and by 1870 the old societies had 
 become merely a tradition." — Student Life and Customs." 
 
 * The object of X A © was to compliment and encourage literary as distinct from scholastic 
 abilitj\ About a fourth of the senior class, including all the good writers', were annualb' elected to 
 
 it and met fortnightly in one of the Lyceum lecture rooms X A died out in the class of 
 
 43 or '44, having had only a nominal or honorary existence — like that of $ B K at the present time — 
 in several previous classes." — Four Year at Yale". 1871. 
 
 X A © was revived at Yale, 1868, at the suggestion of one of the editors of the Va/e Literary 
 Magazine, the oldest college periodical", and its membership has since been confined to that edi- 
 torial board. — See Four Years at Yale" and 'American College Fraternities." 
 
 A branch of X A © was organized at Amherst, receiving a charter from the society at Yale, 1830. 
 
 It was established by juniors, and membership was restricted to juniors and seniors. It was purely 
 
 literary in character and strictly secret." It disbanded 1845. "A prominent cause of its decline 
 
 was the introduction of other societies, which gradually absorbed the interest of the students." — 
 
 Student Life at Amherst". 
 
 1 See "The First Greek-Letter Society," The Scroll, February, 1889, and "The Development of 
 the Fraternity System", The Scroll, October, 1889, by W. B. Palmer. 
 
 The English spelling of the Greek letters is given below for the benefit of those who may not 
 have studied Greek. 
 
 A Alpha. E Epsilon. I Iota. N Nu. P Rho. * Phi. 
 
 B Beta. Z Zeta. K Kappa. E Xi. 2 Sigma. X Chi. 
 
 r Gamma. H Eta. A Lambda. O Omicron. T Tau. * Psi. 
 
 A Delta. Theta. M Mu. H Pi. T Upsilon. fi Omega. 
 
Delta Kappa Epsilon. 
 
 Psi Upsilon. 
 
 Phi Gamma Delta. 
 
 Pi Kappa Alpha. 
 
 Sigma Alpha Epsilon. 
 
 Delta Phi. 
 
 Alpha Tau Omega. 
 
 Delta Psi. 
 
 Sigma Chi. 
 
 Phi Kappa Sigma. 
 
 Chi Phi. 
 
 Chi Psi. 
 
 Zeta Psi. 
 
 Phi Sigma Kappa. 
 
 Sigma Phi. 
 
Phi Phi Phi. 
 
 Kappa Sigma. 
 
 Beta Theta Pi. 
 
 Sigma Nr. 
 
 organization with a Greek-letter name. Presumably K A stood 
 for a secret Greek motto, as did ^ B K. Members of <l> B K 
 had a secret grip and secret signs of salutation and recognition, 
 and so unquestionably had members of K A, $ B K had a cipher, 
 and so possibly had K A. $ B K had a form of initiation and an 
 oath of secrecy, and so undoubtedly had K A. The members of 
 K A, like the members of # B K, were restricted to upper classmen. 
 K A had a square badge, which was suspended from one corner, 
 instead of from the middle of one side, as was the square badge of 
 ^ B K. Later the badges of both societies were changed to the 
 form of a watchkey. K A also adopted the $ B K S3'Stem of 
 entitling chapters b}' the names of the States and the Greek let- 
 ters in order. $ B K had regular literar}^ exercises at its meetings. 
 
 Dei,t.\ Delta Delta. 
 
 Alpha Phi. 
 
 Gamm.\ Phi Beta. 
 
 Kappa Kappa G.^mma. 
 
 K.APPA Alpha Theta. 
 
 Pi Beta Phi. 
 
 Delta Gamma. 
 
Nu Sigma Nu. 
 
 Theta Xi. 
 
 Phi Delta Phi. 
 
 Q. T. V. 
 
 Theta Nu Epsilon. 
 
 Phi Chi. 
 
 Whether K A had or not is unknown, but it is well known that 
 A A ^, founded 1832, was quite literary in character."^ 
 
 K A was followed by the organization of ^ ^ and A $ at Union 
 in 1827; A A $ at Hamilton, 1832; ^ Y at Union, 1833; A Y at 
 Williams, i834;t B n at Miami, 1839; X ^ at Union, 1841; 
 A K E at Yale, 1844; A ^ at Columbia, 1847; Z * at the Univer- 
 sity of the City of New York (now New York University), 1847; 
 $ r A at Jefferson (now Washington and Jefferson), 1848; A X 
 at Union, 1848; <l> A at Miami, 1848; $ K ^ at Pennsylvania, 
 1850; $ K ^ at Jefferson, 1852; X $ at Princeton, 1854;! ^ X 
 at Miami, 1855; :S A E at Alabama, 1856; A T A at Bethany, 
 i860; A T O at Virginia Military Institute, 1865; K A (Southern 
 Order) at Washington (now Washington and Lee), 1865; K S 
 at Virginia, 1868; 11 K A at Virginia, 1868; ^ N at Virginia 
 
 * "$ B K and X A © must be considered preparatory to the modern fraternity movement, which 
 may be said to date its origin from the organization of the K A Society at Union College in 1825. 
 K A in its external features was an imitation of $ B K, but the tie between its members was a much 
 closer one." — Student Life and Customs." 
 
 t An anti-secret society, sometimes called the Social Fraternity", sometimes the Equitable 
 Fraternity", was organized at Williams, 1834. Negotiations looking to a union witn similar socie- 
 ties was begun, 1840, and the Anti-Secret Confederation" was formed. 1847. A monogram of the 
 letters A and T was chosen as the badge, 1858, but the name A T was not incorporated in the con- 
 stitution until 1864. The convention of 1881 eliminated 'anti-secret" from the constitution, substi- 
 tuting "non-secret". 
 
 In The Century, October, 1887, C. S. Robinson, X 4', Williams, '49, said that when he was in 
 college the Social Fraternity combined with anti-secret associations in other colleges. Their dele- 
 gates in convention adopted a constitution, which provided that the name of the organization should 
 be the "Anti-Secret Society of the United States". At an open meeting, held in the college chapel, 
 the constitution was read, and there was an explosion of laughter from Robinson, at the reading of a 
 clause providing that the badge should display the initials of the society's name in raised letters of 
 gold. Cries of Put him out" were answered by him, ' Strike, but hear" ; and then he explained 
 that there appeared to be some incongruity in such noble and scholarly men wearing on their bosoms 
 the great golden letters "A S S." The convention did its work better by changing the name of the 
 society to the Anti-Secret Confederation. 
 
 "Since i860, the anti-fraternity feature of A T has for all practical purposes disappeared, and its 
 methods and practices are identical with those of the other fraternities, except for the fact that its 
 constitution is open to the public. For many years it was regarded with contempt by the secret 
 fraternities, but of late this feeling has largely disappeared." — 'Student Life and Customs". 
 
 t A constitution for a society was found at Princeton, 1854; it bore the numerals ' 1824", and X ^ 
 claimed 1824 as the year of its establishment, but the names of no members initiated previous to 1854 
 are known. — See The Scroll, January, 1881 ; March-April, 1884; October, 1889; April and Octo- 
 ber, 1890. 
 
Delta Kappa. 
 
 Alpha Sigma Chi. 
 
 Mystical Seven. 
 
 W. W. W. OR Rainbow. 
 
 Military Institute, 1869; <^ ]§ K at Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
 lege, 1873; $ ^ $ at iVustin, 1894; A X P at Trinity (Conn.), 
 1895, and M n A at Washington and Lee, 1895. A number of 
 fraternities have died out or been absorbed by others. Those 
 here named are all the men's inter-collegiate fraternities that 
 are mentioned in the last edition of "American College Fraterni- 
 ties" and that are now in active existence. * It may be noticed that 
 nearly all of them were founded at comparatively small colleges, 
 and nearly all at institutions located in small college towns. 
 
 Three fraternities were founded in 1848 — $ F A at Jefferson, 
 April 22; A X at Union, June 5 ; <l» A © at Miami, December 
 26. In no other year have so many fraternities been founded. 
 $ A ©, therefore, is a member of what might be called 'the triad 
 of 1848", as well as a member of "the Miami triad". Excluding 
 the venerable honorary Societ}^, ^ B K, and not counting the Anti- 
 Secret Confederation, which did not adopt the Greek-letter name 
 A Y until 1858, ^ A © was the thirteenth of general Hellenic orders. 
 
 A society for ladies called the I. C. Sorosis was founded at Mon- 
 mouth, 1867. It established a chapter at Iowa Wesleyan, 1868, 
 and one at Indiana Asbury (now De Pauw), 1870. It suggested 
 the founding of the ladies societies K A and K K F, 1870, the 
 former at Indiana Asbury, the latter at Monmouth. I. C. changed 
 its name to 11 B $, 1888. Other sororities are: A T, founded 
 at Mississippi, 1872, A $, Syracuse, 1872; T <l> B, Syracuse, 1874; 
 AAA, Boston, 1888. 
 
 © H was founded at Rensselaer, 1864; Q. T. V. at Massachu- 
 setts Agricultural College, 1869. The first, called an engineering- 
 
 * Twentj'-four inter-collegiate secret societies now inactive are mentioned in the last (1898) edi- 
 tion of 'American College Fraternities." 
 
 The woodcuts of the badges here shown, excepting those of $ A 0, A K, * 2 and K 2 K, 
 appeared in "American College Fraternities", and were kindly loaned by the author, W. R. Baird. 
 The six cuts in the last group show the badges of defunct fraternities. A 2 X and Mystical Seven 
 were absorbed by B © H ; * 2 and K 2 K by $ A ; two of the active chapters and the dead 
 chapters of W. W. W. by ATA, and two of its active chapters by $ A 0. 
 
1 6 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 scientific fraternity, is confined to technological institutions or 
 scientific departments of universities; the latter, called an agricul- 
 tural-scientific fraternitA% to agricultural colleges or scientific 
 departments. $ A <^, a la\Y fraternity, founded at Michigan, 1869, 
 has been followed b}" a numerous brood of what are termed pro- 
 fessional fraternities, among them: jST ^ N, medical-regular, 
 founded at Michigan, 1882; A 2 A, dental, ]\Iichigan, 1882; $ X, 
 pharmac}', Michigan, 1883; -^ -^ ^^ musical, De Pauw, 1885; A E I, 
 medical-women's, Michigan 1890; AX, law, Cornell, 1891; <I> A T, 
 medical-homeopathy, New York Homeopathic College, 1894. 
 There is also an inter-collegiate sophomore societ}^, @ X E, 
 founded at Wesle3"an, 1870. Several fraternities have prohibited 
 their members from uniting with it, and certain chapters of other 
 fraternities have taken similar action. 
 
 College fraternities are older than most secret orders in America. 
 Freemasonr}' dates from 17 17, and was introduced from England 
 to America, 1730. Oddfellowship, originating in England about 
 1745, was introduced into the United States. 1819. The United 
 Ancient Order of Druids, founded in England, 1781, was brought to 
 this country, 1834. The Ancient Order of Hibernians, founded in 
 Ireland in the eighteenth century, was established here, 1836. The 
 Ancient Order of Foresters, originating in England about 18 13, 
 was introduced here, 1832. The Improved Order of Red Men 
 originated here, 1834. All other prominent secret orders — as the 
 Knights of Pythias, Grand Arm}^ of the Republic, Ancient Order 
 of United Workmen, Royal Arcanum, Modern Woodmen of 
 America, Independent Order of Good Templars, Knights of the 
 Maccabees, Patrons of Husbandry", Foresters of America, Knights 
 of Honor, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, etc. — are 
 vounger than $ A 0."^ 
 
 MIAMI UNIVERSITY. 
 
 A patent to 311,682 acres of land between the Great Miami and 
 Little Miami Rivers was granted by" President George Washington 
 to John Cleves Symmes, i794.t It provided that thirt3-six sec- 
 tions (six miles square) of the grant should be held in trust for 
 establishing and maintaining an academ3^ Ohio was admitted to 
 the Union, 1803; and, agreeably to an act of Congress, 1803, the 
 legislature in that 3^ear appointed commissioners to locate the aca- 
 
 "* See "American College Fraternities," 1879, 1883, 1890, 1898; "The Cyclopaedia of Fraterni- 
 ties," 1899. 
 
 t Symmes paid the Government two thirds of a dollar per acre for this land. 
 
 "The tract constituting what is known as 'The Symmes Purchase' comprised the present cities of 
 Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton. It embraced Hamilton, Butler, Preble and Montgomery Coun- 
 ties and possibly Warren. Along the Ohio River it extended from the Little Miami, about twenty 
 miles above Cincinnati, to the Big Miami, about the same distance below that city." — Life of Gen. 
 Ben Harrison," by Gen. Lew Wallace, 1888. The same book mentions that Judge Symmes (who 
 had been a Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey) established his residence at North Bend, 
 Ohio, and that one of his daughters, wedded to William Henry Harrison, was a grandmother of 
 Benjamin Harrison. 
 
MIAMI UNIVERSITY. 17 
 
 demy land. They selected the unsold portion of the township later 
 known as Oxford, Butler County, and two and one half sections 
 adjoining, the whole making thirty-six sections. 
 
 The legislature, 1809, passed an act which incorporated "The 
 President and Trustees of the Miami University," and, for the 
 endowment of the institution, vested the thirty-six sections in said 
 corporation, wdth full power and authorit}^ to divide and sub- 
 divide and expose the same to sale, in tracts of not less than 80, 
 nor more than 160 acres, and for the term of 99 3'ears, renewable 
 forever, subject to a valuation ever}' 15 3'ears, alwa3's considering 
 the land in an unimproved state for the purpose of valuation; and 
 provided that the land shall be offered at auction for not less than 
 $2 per acre, and the tenants or lessees shall pa}' 6 per cent, per 
 annum on the amount of their purchases, during the continuance of 
 their leases; and the said tenants or lessees shall enjoy and exercise 
 all the rights and privileges Avhich they would be entitled to enjoy 
 did they hold the said lands in fee simple." An enactment 
 of the legislature. 1810, directed the trustees to lay off a village 
 on such part of the university land as they might determine, and 
 provided that the village should be known as Oxford, that the 
 university should be located there, and that the trustees should 
 cause the necessary building or buildings to be erected. The act 
 of 18 10 also repealed so much of the act of 1809 as required a 
 revaluation of the university land every 15 years. The legislature, 
 18 1 2, passed another act, which provided that the rent should 
 forever afterward be 6 per cent, of the amount originally bid for the 
 land, without any new appraisement. Thus, by positive enactment, 
 the institution was forever debarred from securing an increased reve- 
 nue from the landed endowment given by the National Government. 
 
 Miami is the second oldest collegiate institution w^est of the 
 Alleghenies, the oldest being Ohio University, Athens. The histo- 
 ries of the two institutions are in material respects similar. "^ Oxford, 
 the seat of Miami University, is in Butler County, which adjoins 
 the State of Indiana; it is about 39 miles from Cincinnati, 14 from 
 Hamilton, and 85 miles east of Indianapolis. 
 
 A grammar school, opened, i8i8,t under the auspices of the 
 trustees of Miami, continued until the opening of the university. 
 
 * Under ordinances of Congress, 1785 and 1787, under which the Symmes purchase was made, 
 the Ohio Company of Associates entered, 1787, into a contract with the Government for the purchase 
 of a large tract of land in the Western Territorj-.^ A patent for this land was granted by President 
 Washington, 1792. The contract provided for "two complete townships to be given perpetually for 
 the purposes of an university." The company laid off the two townships, 1795, and the university 
 seat was located at Athens, 1800. By act of the legislature,''i8o4, Ohio Universitj- was organized, 
 its support to be derived from leases of the university land. The lessees were to pay yearly 6 per 
 cent, of the amount of the valuation of the land, as determined by the amounts of their bids. More- 
 over, there was to be a revaluation at the expiration of 35 years and periodically thereafter. 
 Under a supplemental act, 1805, the lessees claimed that the land was not subject to revaluation. 
 Beaten in the courts, they were more successful in the legislature, which passed an act, 1843, reliev- 
 ing the land from all future appraisement. Thus, as in the case of Miami, the trust reposed by Con- 
 gress was violated and lasting injustice was done to the university. See illustrations of Ohio Univer- 
 sity buildings, pages 60 and 61. 
 
 t "it has been commonly reported that this school was opened in 1816, but the records of the 
 trustees do not warrant the statement." — W. O. Thompson in Miami's Diamond Anniversary 
 Volume," 1899. 
 
1 8 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 six years later. It occupied a brick building, completed, 1818, at 
 a cost of $6,167. A house for a professor also was built in the 
 same year. A three story brick building, 86 b}^ 40 feet, was com- 
 pleted, 1824; it was attached to the school building completed 
 18 1 8, but being larger it was called the Main Building, while the 
 older building was called the West Wing. * The Northeast Building, 
 now known as the North Dormitor}^, was completed, 1829, at a 
 cost of $7,147.46.1 The Southeast Building, now known as the 
 South Dormitor}^, was completed, 1836, at a cost of $9,000. A 
 laborator}^ was erected, 1837, for the sum of $1,250. 
 
 The trustees, 1824, elected Rev. R. H. Bishop, D. D., President; 
 Rev. William Sparrow, professor of languages, and Rev. J. E. 
 Annan, professor of mathematics and natural philosophy. The^e 
 three constituted the faculty when the universit}^ opened, November 
 I, 1824. Dr. Bishop, born in Scotland, 1777, was graduated at 
 the University of Edinburgh, 1798. He arrived in America, 1802, 
 and was a professor in Transylvariia University, Lexington, K}^, 
 1803-24. At Miami, he was professor of logic, moral philosoph}^ 
 and history, as well as President. The faculty was increased to 
 four, 1828, and to six, 1832. From the beginning Miami was a ver}^ 
 popular institution. The catalogue for 1825-26, the second year 
 of the university, shows an attendance of in, representing five 
 States — Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Penns3'lvania, South Carolina. 
 Twelve students received degrees, when the first class was graduated, 
 September, 1826. During the decade from 1830 to 1840, the 3^earl3'' 
 attendance frequently exceeded 200. More noticeable than the num- 
 ber of students was the number of States from which the patronage 
 was drawn. The seventeen giaduates in 183 1 came from seven States. 
 Not only did students come from the West, but from nearl}^ ever}^ 
 part of the South. The catalogue issued Jul}", 1834,4 shows that 
 210 students were in attendance that session — 116 from Ohio, 34 
 from Kentuck}'-, 11 from Mississippi, 9 from Indiana, 8 from Ala- 
 bama, 7 from Louisiana, 6 from Virginia, 5 from Penns3"lvania, 
 5 from South Carolina, 3 from Georgia, 2 from Massachusetts, 
 I each from Missouri, New York, North Carolina and Tennessee. 
 
 Dr. Bishop resigned as President, 1841, and was succeeded b}'^ 
 Rev. George Junkin, D. D,, who had been the first President of 
 Lafayette College, and who was President of Miami three years, 
 resigning 1844, During his administration the number of students 
 declined, and there was a still greater decrease during the admin- 
 istration of Rev. E. D. MacMaster, D. D., 1845-49. The latter 
 had been President of Hanover College. His discipline of students 
 was rigid, and he became involved in contests with the literary 
 societies at Miami. The "great snow rebellion" took place, Janu- 
 
 * B © n was founded in the West Wing, 1839. 
 
 t $ A © was founded in the Northeast Building, 1848. 
 
 •I- This catalogue has curious footnotes to the names of some students: Dragging"; not faith- 
 ful to himself" ; "had done no good" ; "a promising boy, but not old enough for the studies of the 
 class". The total attendance during the college year 1833-34 was 238. 
 
MIAMI UNIVERSITY. 
 
 19 
 
 ar3^ T848. Fifteen students who had been suspended or dismissed 
 for participation in the affair went from Miami to Centre Col- 
 lege, and others went to different colleges.* Rev. S. S. Laws, 
 D. D., Miami, '48, writing of Dr. MacMaster's administration for 
 Miami's "Diamond Anniversary Volume," 1899, said: "During 
 his da}^ Miami had from all sources about S 10, 000 a 3'ear, and at 
 the same time Harvard had about $15,000. But Harvard has 
 
 nfl^ 
 
 The Village Park, Oxford, Ohio. 
 
 From the Catalogue of Miami University, 1902. 
 
 now over three quarters of a million for current uses. And shall 
 Miami, that should now rival Harvard, forever remain paralyzed 
 and stunted — arrested in development — because her splendid 
 estate — a township of land — was, b}^ a lamentabh^ shortsighted 
 policy, thrown awa}^ in perpetual leases at rentals, I am told, less 
 than present state taxes?" 
 
 The number of students declined from 140 in 1845-46, the first 
 year of Dr. MacMaster's administration, to only 68 in 1848-49, 
 
 * This affair was indirectly the cause of the organization of * A 0. On account of the suspensions 
 and dismissals, the chapters of A A $ and B© H were hroken up, leaving no secret society in the uni- 
 versity. They did not re-organize until 1851-52, 4> A © having been founded 1848-49. — See page 38 
 et seq. 
 
( 
 
 Church Street, Oxford, Ohio. 
 
 From the Bulletin of Miami University, June, 1903. 
 
 High Street, Oxford, Ohio. 
 
 From the Bulletin of Miami University, June, 1903. 
 
MIAMI UNIVERSITY. 21 
 
 the last 3'ear of his administration. The catalogue for 1848-49 
 (the year 4> A © was founded) is dated August, 1849. I^ is a 
 pamphlet of sixteen pages, and contains a list of twent}^ trustees, 
 and the following professors: Rev. E. D. MacMaster, D. D., 
 President, and professor of moral philosophy; Rev. John McArthur, 
 A. M., professor of the Greek language and literature; J. C. 
 Moffatt, A.M., professor of the Latin language and literature and 
 of aesthetics; T. J. Matthews, A. M., professor of mathematics and 
 astronom}^; O. N. Stoddard, A. M., professor of natural philosophy 
 and chemistry; R. H. Bishop, Jr., A. M., Principal of the prepara- 
 tory department.* The catalogue shows 7 seniors, 7 juniors, 8 
 sophomores, 13 freshmen, 23 in the first preparatory, 10 in the 
 second preparatory^ class, total 68. The curriculum of college 
 classes was as follows: 
 
 Freshman class: Greek Testament; Herodotus; Greek history; Livy; Horace's 
 Odes andSatires; Roman history; elements of Oriental history; algebra; trigonometry. 
 
 Sophomore class: Greek Testament; Homer's Iliad; Thucydides; Greek history-; 
 Greek antiquities; Horace's Epistles; Sallust; Cicero de Senectute, de Amicita; 
 Tacitus de Moribus Germanise and Agricola; Roman history; Roman antiquities; 
 analytical geometr}*, including conic sections; trigonometry, surveying, leveling, 
 navigation, nautical astronomy, and mechanics; rhetoric. 
 
 Junior class: Greek Testament; Xenophon's Memorabilia; Plato against the 
 Atheists; Demosthenes and ^schines de Corona; Cicero de Oratore; Cicero's 
 Tusculan Disputations; differential calculus, with applications; integral calculus, 
 with applications; natural philosophy, mechanics, hydrostatics, pneumatics, electric- 
 ity, magnetism, optics, etc.; mental philosophy; logic; philosophy of natural 
 history; natural theolog}'; evidences of Christianity; an historical and analytical out- 
 line of the contents and scope of the Scriptures; lectures on the history of art. 
 
 Senior class: Greek Testament; Euripides' Medea; Sophocles' CEdipus; 
 ^schylus' Prometheus; lectures on Greek literature; Terrence; lectures on Roman 
 literature; dynamics; astronomy; chemistry with its application to the arts, especi- 
 ally agriculture; geology; mineralogy; physiology; lectures on rhetoric and English 
 literature; moral philosophy; analogy of religion, natural and revealed, to the 
 constitution and cause of nature; political economy; international law; constitution 
 of the United States; constitution of Ohio compared with the constitutions of other 
 States; history of the civilization of Modern Europe. 
 
 The following paragraphs of general information are quoted from 
 the catalogue of 1848-49: 
 
 It is obvious to every intelligent person that the above course cannot be easily 
 mastered within the time allowed, and in the present state of elementary education. 
 With a view to the better accomplishment of this, the course in the preparatory 
 school has been extended to three years instead of two. No student will be 
 admitted to a standing for which he is not qualified. 
 
 Students are required to attend daily on religious worship (consisting of the reading 
 of the Scriptures and prayer) ; and on the Sabbath day to attend a public religious serv- 
 ice by the President, and one other service in some one of the churches in the town. 
 
 The libraries of the university and the literary societies contain, in the aggre- 
 gate, about 8,000 volumes. To these additions are constantly made. There is a 
 
 * "All of them were Presbyterians except Matthews, whose family was Presbyterian ; he was 
 not a pi-ofessor of religion but was inclined to Unitarianism." — Note made by Robert Morrison to 
 manuscript of this history, 1901. 
 
 Moffatt was an honorary member of A A $. Stoddard and Bishop (the latter a son of the first 
 President of Miami) later became honorary members of <> A , as did also Elliott, who became 
 Professor of Greek, 1849. Matthews was the father of Stanley ^Matthews, B H, Cincinnati, '42, who 
 became a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States; also of S. R. Matthews, Miami, 
 '52, who resigned from * A 0, 1851, and joined A K E, 1852.— See "The Parent Chapter — 
 Ohio Alpha." 
 
! 
 
 00 
 
 > £ 
 
 > '. 
 
 Z S 
 
 c 
 
 < 
 
 X « 
 
MIAMI UNIVERSITY. 
 
 ^Z 
 
 well arranged and valuable cabinet of specimens, which affords the means of a 
 very complete exhibition of the geology of the great Valley of the Mississippi and 
 its tributaries, and is a valuable beginning towai'ds a more general collection. The 
 apparatus now affords the means for a satisfactory illustration of the most import- 
 ant doctrines in the various departments of mathematics, astronomy, natural philoso- 
 phy and chemistry, and is receiving valuable additions yearly. 
 
 Tuition is, per annum: in the college classes, $30; in the preparatory depart- 
 ment, $20. Rent of room in the college buildings, $3. Boarding and lodging in 
 respectable private families can be had at from $1.50 to $2.50 per week; fuel, light, 
 washing, etc., extra. The sum of $120 will cover all the necessary expenses of a 
 student at college for the 3'ear, and the allowance of more is generally injurious in 
 its influence on his improvement and good conduct. By rigid frugality, the expense 
 can be made considerably less. 
 
 There were two sessions a 3'ear — the first from the first Monda}' 
 of October to the second Thursday of March (with a recess of ten 
 days near the end of December); the second from the first Monday 
 of April to commencement day, the second Thursday- of August. 
 Commencement, 1850, was on Thursda}', Augusts, and commence- 
 ment, 185 1, on Thursday, June 26; and thereafter commence- 
 ment was on the last Thursday in June. A circular issued b}^ the 
 trustees, July i, 185 1, announced that courses in Hebrew, German, 
 French and Anglo-Saxon and a normal course had been added. 
 The cicular showed that the faculty numbered nine, and said: 
 
 This institution has an annual income of near $6,000, exclusive of tuition fees. 
 The course of study is fall and thorough in all departments, and equal in these 
 respects to that of any college in the United States. The number of students for 
 the year now closing is greater than at any time since 1842. Students can rent 
 rooms in the college and board thenrselves at from 50 to 75 cents per week. Each 
 countv in the State is entitled to send one student tuition free. 
 
 An Old View of thp: Campus. 
 
 Half-tone from an illustration that appeared in the catalogue of the Miami Classical and Scien- 
 tific Training School, which occupied the university buildings, 1877-85- The illustration {i%\6]i 
 inches) was reproduced from the original plate in T/ie Scroll, October, 1887. The illustration is 
 anacronistic, as it shows a tower and wing on the east side of the Main Building (toward the dor- 
 mitories), which tower and wing were not erected until 1899. 
 
00 
 
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 pi 
 
 
 K 
 
 ^ 
 
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 ■^'K^ ^yf" 
 
 
 
 The Main Building, 
 
 With east tower and wing, completed 1899. 
 From the Biilletin of Miami Universitj-, June, 1903. 
 
 Dr. MacMaster was succeeded, 1849, b}' Rev. W. C. Anderson, 
 D. D. The administration of the latter was as popular as that of 
 the former had been unpopular. The catalogue dated August, 
 1850, says: There were present the second session of the last 
 college year but 36 students."^ The withdrawal of the senior 
 class, and some who were taking a partial course reduced these 
 to 22. With this small number, the present year opened; it 
 closes with 91, and the promise of the coming year is for a yet 
 more rapid increase." When Dr. Anderson became President, the 
 attendance was smaller than it had been since the first year of the 
 institution. The last 3'ear of his administration, 1853-54, the 
 attendance was 266, the largest in the history of the institution. 
 
 Statistics in the ' American Almanac" for 1850? show 'the con- 
 dition" of colleges on Januar}' I, 1849. The data for institutions in 
 which fraternities have been founded are quoted on page 27. In 
 this table Miami appears to great disadvantage, because during 
 1848—49 its attendance was very much less than it had been in 
 preceding years, or than it was in succeeding years, as shown by 
 the table on page 31. J 
 
 *" Onlj- 68 during the whole collegiate year, 1848-49- 
 
 t Published by C. C. Little and James Brown, Boston, 1849. 
 
 ¥ For instance, statistics in the "American Almanac" for 1859, (luoted in Appleton's New 
 American Cyclopaedia" (1859), show that the attendance of students in January, 1858, at each of 
 the institutions mentioned in the table on page 27 was as follows : 
 
 Williams, 224; Yale, 447: Trinity, 60; Columbia, 143: Union, 78; Hamilton, 123; U. C. N. '\., 
 138; College of New Jersey, 273; Pennsylvania, 129; Jefferson, 222; William and ]\Iarj-, 64: 
 Washington, 93; Virginia, 419; V. M. I., 150; Bethany, 141; Alabama, 144; Miami, 127. These 
 were collegiate students. The total attendance at Miami during 1857-58, was 225. 
 
f 
 
 The Northeast Building. 
 
 The cross indicates the room on the first floor occupied by Robert Morrison, and the room on 
 the second floor occupied by J. McM. Wilson, 1848. — See page 57. $ A © was founded in 
 Wilson's room. Half-tone from an illustration that appeared in the catalogues of the Miami Classical 
 and Scientific Training School, which used the universitj' buildings, 1877-85. The illustration 
 (4/^ X7/i inches) was reproduced from the original plate in The Scroll, November, 1887. 
 
 The North Dormitory. 
 
 The same building as shown above, its name having been changed. The birthplace of $ A is 
 marked by a mural tablet, placed in position 1899. Half-tone from a photograph taken April, 1002. 
 
MIAMI UNIVERSITY. 
 
 27 
 
 
 INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 '/■ 
 
 
 
 
 y! 
 
 -^ 
 
 College statistics, January i, 1849, from 
 
 ^ 
 
 w v: 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 5 
 
 "American Almanac" for 1850. 
 
 u 
 
 'til a 
 
 'S 
 
 ^ .^ 
 
 S 
 
 Years fraternities were founded from "Ameri- 
 
 
 QJ 
 
 z 
 
 ^ i~ 
 
 
 
 can College Fraternities," 1898. 
 
 2 
 1— 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 < 
 
 > .= 
 
 1793 
 
 NVilliams College, Willi amstown, Mass. AT, 
 1834. 
 
 9 
 
 180 
 
 1,213 
 
 9,643 
 
 1701 
 
 Yale College (now Yala Universit}), New Haven, 
 Conn. A K E, 1894. 
 
 21 
 
 385 
 
 5,856 
 
 47,700 
 
 1824 
 
 Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. A X P, 1895. 
 
 9 
 
 66 
 
 257 
 
 9,000 
 
 1754 
 
 Columbia College (now Columbia University), 
 New York, N. Y. A ^, 1847. 
 
 8 
 
 130 
 
 1,409 
 
 17,000 
 
 1795 
 
 Union College (now Union University), Schenec- 
 tedv, N. Y. K A, 1825; 2 *, "1827: A *, 
 1827: ^ T, 1833; X Sk, 1841: A X, 1848. 
 
 13 
 
 280 
 
 2,846 
 
 14,750 
 
 1812 
 
 Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y. A A <l>, 1832. 
 
 10 
 
 158 
 
 591 
 
 10,300 
 
 183 1 
 
 Universit}- of the Cit}- of New York (now New 
 York University), Z St^, 1 847. 
 
 11 
 
 151 
 
 320 
 
 4,000 
 
 1746 
 
 College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), 
 Princeton, N. J. X <l>, 1854. 
 
 15 
 
 243 
 
 3,031 
 
 16,000 
 
 1740 
 
 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 $ K 2, 1850. 
 
 7 
 
 88 
 
 1,242 
 
 5,000 
 
 1802 
 
 Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pa. (now Wash- 
 ington and Jefferson College, Washington, 
 Pa.) $ r A, 1848; $K^, 1852. 
 
 8 
 
 197 
 
 1,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 1693 
 
 William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va. 
 <!> BK, 1776. " 
 
 6 
 
 68 
 
 3,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 1749 
 
 Washington College (now Washington and Lee 
 University), Lexington, Va. K A, 1865: 
 M n A, 1895. 
 
 6 
 
 81 
 
 600 
 
 5,000 
 
 1825 
 
 L^niversitv of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. K 2, 
 1867; n K A, 1868. 
 
 10 
 
 212 
 
 1,236 
 
 17,000 
 
 1839 
 
 Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Va. A T 12, 
 1865; 2 N," 1869. 
 
 6 
 
 113 
 
 16 
 
 3,000 
 
 1841 
 
 Bethany College, Bethany, Va. (now W. Va.) 
 ATA, i860. 
 
 6 
 
 120 
 
 107 
 
 2,000 
 
 1831 
 
 University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala. 2 A E, 
 1856.' 
 
 9 
 
 92 
 
 181 
 
 7,^23 
 
 1824 
 
 Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. B 11, 1839; 
 $ A 0, 1848"; 2 X, 1855. 
 
 6 
 
 68 
 
 428 
 
 8,000 
 
 Dr. Anderson resigning, he was succeeded, 1854, b}' Rev. J. W. 
 Hall, D. D. Ever}^ 3^ear from 1851-52 101859-60, the attendance 
 was over 200. In 1853 there were 35 graduates; in 1858 there 
 were 43, the largest graduating class in the history- of the institu- 
 tion. Miami had long been the most celebrated institution in the 
 ^Vest; it was called, "the Yale of the West." It had graduated 
 man}' men who had become leaders in their professions, man}' who 
 were destined to become prominent in state and national affairs. 
 
 * The portraits of eminent alumni of Miami, shown on page 30, represent, from left to right: 
 General Benjamin Harrison, '52, $ A 0, twenty-third President of the United States, 1880-93. 
 Whitelaw Reid, '56, A K E, >Iinister to France, 1889-92 ; Republican nominee for Vice-President 
 of the United States, 1892: Editor of the New York Ti-ihiinc. Rev. David Swing, '52, * A 0, 
 Founder of Central Church, Chicago. Calvin Brice. '63. A K E, United States Senator from Ohio, 
 1891-97. WiUiam Dennison, '35, War Governor of Ohio, 1860-64. Other distinguished sons of 
 Miami were: Charles Anderson, '33, Governor of Ohio, 1864-65; O. P. Morton, '45, B n. War 
 Governor of Indiana, 1861-67. 
 
The Herron Gymnasium. 
 
 View from tower of the Main Building. 
 From the Catalogue of Miami University, 1902. 
 
 The Northeast Building, The Southeast Building, 
 
 now the North Dormitory. now the South Dormitory. 
 
 The Dormitories. 
 
 From the Catalogue of Miami University, xqo2. 
 
MIAMI UNIVERSITY 
 
 29 
 
 In the spring of 1861 the number of students was reduced by many 
 enlisting as soldiers. The "Diamond Anniversary Volume" gives 
 the names of 240 men who attended Miami and who served in 
 either the United States Army or Navy, but the list is not com- 
 plete. The number w^ho served in the Confederate Army is not 
 stated but it was considerable, as Miami drew^ many students from 
 the South before the war.* 
 
 Dr. Hall was^ succeeded, 1866, by Rev. P. L. Stanton, D. D., 
 and the latter was succeeded, 1871, by Rev. A. D. Hepburn, D. D., 
 who served two years. Though Miami has always been non-secta- 
 rian, Presbyterian influences Avere very strong in its organization 
 for many years. Its first seven Presidents were members of the 
 Presbyterian Church and Doctors of Divinity, while most of its 
 professors also were members of that church. When the Presby- 
 terians of Ohio founded the University of AVooster, 1870, Miami 
 lost much of the Presbyterian patronage which it had previoush' 
 enjoyed. After the war the competition of several younger and 
 more richl}^ endow^ed institutions began to be seriously felt, and 
 Miami became involved in financial difficulties. Its friends hoped 
 that the legislature w^ould make it an appropriation, but as it had 
 been self-supporting for half a century, it seemed to have lost by 
 laches all claims on state aid. No appropriation or other assist- 
 ance came, and the trustees decided that suspension was necessar}-, 
 in order that a fund might accumulate from the rentals of the 
 university lands. Accordingl}^ Miami closed its doors, June 12, 1873. t 
 
 During the twelve years from 1873 ^^ ^^^5 ^.n indebtedness was 
 liquidated, and a considerable amount of money accumulated as 
 an endow^ment. The alumni rallied to the support of the institu- 
 tion, and the legislature made an appropriation for it. The 
 university was re-opened September 9, 1885. Since then its career 
 has been one of continued usefulness, and it has regained much of 
 its former prosperity. Women were admitted as students, 1892. 
 The State made partial reparation, 1896, for the great injustice 
 that the legislature had done to Miami University and Ohio 
 Univerisity in having enacted laws which prevented an increased 
 income from their endowment lands. In that 3^ear the legislature, 
 by levying an annual tax on property, created what is known 
 as the "Ohio and Miami Universit}^ fund." An act making an 
 additional levy, passed 1902, provided for the establishment and 
 maintenance of two normal schools in connection with Ohio 
 University and Miami. These acts expressed the purpose of the 
 State to administer wdth reasonable liberalit}^ the trust vested in it 
 by the National Government. The support of Miami is now derived 
 from the state levies, together wath the income from the universit}^ 
 land leases and the interest on invested funds. 
 
 * Forty-two members of Ohio Alpha of $ A were engaged in mihtary service on the Federal 
 side, one on the Confederate side. The $ A © contingent would have been much larger had not 
 Ohio Alpha been suspended ,1857-65. 
 
 t From 1877 to 1885 the university buildings were leased to Messrs. Trufant and Marsh, Princi- 
 pals of the Miami Classical and Scientific Training School. 
 
I 
 
MIAMI UNIVERSITY. 
 
 31 
 
 The Presidents since the re-opening have been: R. W. McFarland, 
 LL. D., 1885-88; E. D. Warfield, LL. D., 1888-91; Rev. W. O. 
 Thompson, D. D., 1891-99; Rev. D. S. Tappan, D. D., 1899-02; 
 Rev. G. P. Benton, D. D., 1902 — .Dr. Tappan, graduated 1864, 
 was the first alumnus of Miami to be chosen as President of the 
 universit}^ Dr. Benton is a <J> A — O. W. U., '88. Following is 
 an enumeration of the students at Miami from 1824 to 1903, 
 together with the number of graduates each 3^ear: 
 
 Years. Students. Graduates. Years. Students. Graduates. 
 
 824-25 - 58 o 1858-59 220 34 
 
 825-26 III 12 1859-60 201 34 
 
 826-27.- 144 9 1860-61 189 35 
 
 827-28 152 II 1861-62 170 20 
 
 828-29....- — 129 10 1862-63 147 19 
 
 829-30 - 119 10 1863-64 161 25 
 
 830-31 163 17 1864-65 165 24 
 
 831-32 208 12 1865-66 176 22 
 
 832-33 228 21 1866-67 137 15 
 
 833-34 238 22 1867-68 186 32 
 
 834-35 207 27 1868-69 157 29 
 
 835-36 ----- 186 22 1869-70 152 26 
 
 836-37 - 167 27 1870-71 139 26 
 
 837-38..., - 227 21 1871-72 106 18 
 
 838-39 222 33 1872-73 108 18 
 
 839-40 196 25 
 
 840-41 164 ■ 24 1883-86 50 O 
 
 841-42 162 30 1886-87 62 O 
 
 842-43 131 17 1887-88 78 3 
 
 843-44 141 13 1888-89 - 57 7 
 
 844-45 138 27 1889-90 73 9 
 
 845-46 - 140 18 1890-91 60 10 
 
 846-47 137 II 1891-92 122 4 
 
 847-48 - no 9 1892-93- 106 8 
 
 848-49 68 7 1893-94 109 II 
 
 849-50 91 7 1894-95 134 13 
 
 850-51 142 II 1895-96 129 10 
 
 851-52 208 16 1896-97 122 II 
 
 852-53 242 35 1897-98 137 8 
 
 853-54..; 266 28 1898-99 148 16 
 
 854-55 251 22 1899-00 141 16 
 
 855-56 247 24 1900-01 144 18 
 
 856-57 205 29 1901-02 124 10 
 
 857-58 225 43 1902-03 263 14 
 
 Totals - - 10,296 1 195 
 
 Average, 67 3ears - 154 18 
 
 The original West Wing, built 18 18, was torn down and a new 
 West Wing and a tower were erected, 1868, at a cost of $20,000. 
 The laboratory building, erected 1837, was burned 1898. Brice 
 Scientific Hall was built, 1891, at a cost of $11,700, and Herron 
 G3'mnasium, 1896, at a cost of $23,000. An East Wing and tower 
 were added to the Main Building, and the West Wing was extended, 
 the chapel within it being enlarged, 1899, at a cost of $33,000.* 
 
 * A view of the campus in 1838 is shown on page 22, a view of it in 1898 on page 24. 
 The 1838 view shows the West Wing and a professor's house (both erected 1818) the Main 
 Building (1824), the North Dormitorj- (1829), the South Dormitorj- (1836), and the Laborator>', 
 
Rev. Guy Potter Benton, D. D., 
 
 $ A ©, Ohio Wesleyan, '88, 
 
 President of Miami University since 1902. 
 
 From the Bulletin of Miami University, June, 1903. 
 
 The sevent3^-fifth anniversary of the opening of Miami as a uni- 
 versity was celebrated with elaborate exercises at commencement, 
 1899. A majority of the 576 living alumni were present, repre- 
 senting all classes from '35 to '99 save the classes of '37, '40, '42, 
 and '52. The baccalaureate sermon was delivered Sunday, June 
 II, by Rev. H. M. MacCracken, D. D., Miami, '57, Chancellor of 
 New York University. Monday the annual meeting of the board 
 of trustees was held. Tuesday," the 'Diamond Anniversary Vol- 
 ume" sa3^s, had been set apart as the great day for the $ A © 
 Fraternity." An account of ^ A ©'s Golden Jubilee at Miami is 
 given in that volume, and an account appears under Annals, 
 1898-1900" in this history. On alumni day, Wednesday, Hon. J. 
 W. Herron, B © 11, Miami, '45, President of the board of trus- 
 tees, presided over the reunion in the chapel, where the diamond 
 anniversary poem was read by General B. P. Runkle, Miami, '57, 
 one of the founders of '% X. The alumni dinner in Herron G3"m- 
 nasium was enjoyed by nearly 500 guests. Thursday, commence- 
 
 (1837). This illustration being examined. May i8, 1902, by Founder J. W. Lindley, he said that it 
 was a good picture of the university while he was there, 1846-50. 
 
 The 1898 view shows (from left to right) Herron Gymnasium, the North Dormitory, the Main 
 Building (which obstructs a view of the South Dormitory) with the West Wing (1868), the old 
 Laboratory, and Brice Scientific Hall (1891). 
 
 The Main Building as enlarged, 1899, appears on page 25. 
 
 Plates for the half-tones on pages 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32 and 51 were kindlj' loaned by 
 President G. P. Benton. 
 
FRATERNITIES AT MIAMI. 
 
 33 
 
 ment day, the diamond anniversar}- address was delivered to an 
 audience of 5,000 people b„v Hon. Whitelaw Reid, A K E, Miami, 
 
 56, ex-Minister to France. 
 
 FRATERNITIES AT MIAMI. 
 
 The oldest of the inter-collegiate secret societies is K A, which 
 was founded at Union College, New York, 1825. ^ $ and A ^ 
 originated there two 3^ears later. The first of these three societies 
 to venture beyond the walls of Union was 2 <3E>, which planted a 
 chapter at Hamilton College, New York, 183 1. This led to the 
 founding of A A $ at Hamilton, 1832. K A placed its second 
 chapter at Williams College, Massachusetts, 1833, and 2 ^ placed 
 its third there, 1834. A A <E> established its second chapter at 
 Miami Universit}^ Ohio, 1835, thus introducing the college secret 
 society system in the West. K A was then just ten years old, 2 ^ 
 and A $ were only eight, while A A <E> was but three. 2 ^ had three 
 chapters, K A two, while A $ was still confined to Union. It will 
 be observed that this chapter at Miami was the eighth chapter estab- 
 lished b}^ the four societies then existing. Ohio — then considered 
 in the ' Far West" — was the third State, and Miami the fourth 
 college entered by the -Greeks. The importance of this move of 
 A A # to the society system ma}^ be judged by its result — the birth 
 of B n, 1839; ^^0, 1848, and 2 X, 1855. Thus Miami became 
 the birthplace and first home of Greek-letter societies in the West, 
 as Union had been in the East. The Miami chapter of A A $ was 
 instituted by the founder of the Societ}-, Samuel Eels, Hamilton, 
 '32. The following is quoted from the catalogue of A A $, editions 
 of 1882 and 1899: 
 
 It was through the personal effort of Samuel Eels that the Miami chapter was 
 estabhshed. It appears, from the "Memorial" of the founder of the Society, that 
 in February, 1835, he came to Cincinnati to commence the practice of law. In 
 September, 1836, he delivered his first public address before the Miami chapter of 
 A A <l>, at its first anniversary. The chapter, then, must have been established in 
 the month of September, 183 c;. 
 
 Samuel Eels brought to Cincinnati a letter of introduction to 
 W. S. Groesbeck, who had been graduated at Miami, 1834. They 
 became friends, and the former initiated the latter into A A <l>. 
 The initiation was in an office in Cincinnati, where Groesbeck was 
 stud5dng law. After some correspondence, C. L. Telford and 
 J. B. Temple came to Cincinnati for initiation, being initiated in 
 the Dennison Hotel; and immediately on their return to Miami 
 the}'^ organized a chapter there. Temple is quoted in the catalogue 
 as follows: 
 
 Soon after the organization, in the fall of 1835 ^^'^ ensuing winter, and when 
 the membership was about nine, it was thought prudent to bring the existence of 
 the Society to the knowledge of the faculty and students of the college, and it was 
 arranged that notice of a meeting should by request be read at morning prayers by 
 
 * See sketch of Miami University, by Robert Morrison, T/ie Scroll, May, iS 
 
 (3) 
 
34 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 the President. He accordingly announced the meeting of the Alpha and Delta and 
 Phi Society, manifestly to cast some ridicule upon the announcement. In a few 
 days the members appeared with badge breastpins, and at once a very pronounced 
 opposition to the organization was manifested by the students, although they were 
 ignorant of the character and aim of the Society. 
 
 The catalogue sa3^s: 
 
 It was attempted to make this opposition to the Society effective by excluding 
 any future members from admission to the literary societies of the university, of 
 which there were two. Resolutions to this effect were passed and rescinded and 
 again passed. When they were made final, the members of A A $ quietly resigned 
 from these societies, and taking with them a goodly number of those who did not 
 belong to their organization, proceeded to form another literary society similar to 
 those which they had left. The new literai-y society flourished and finall)^ absorbed 
 one of the old ones; whereupon the others expunged from their minutes the resolu- 
 tion prohibiting the admission of A A cE>s, and the opposition ceased 
 
 During the first year of the existence of the chapter it is believed that thirteen 
 members were initiated, the names of whom it has been thought proper to place at 
 the head of the membership list as charter members.* 
 
 The Alphas at Miami had a determined enemy in Dr. George 
 Junkin, President of the university, 1841-44. At the meeting of 
 the board of trustees, August 6, 1844, he laid before them the fol- 
 lowing paper: 
 
 Gentlemen of the Board: When my general report as President was written, I 
 expected to be able to put on paper what I feel it to be vital to this institution to 
 say in regard to secret societies, and especially to the A A <S>, which has so griev- 
 ously annoyed this college. The press of other business, and the diminution of my 
 strength by disease, has rendered this impracticable, and shuts me up to the neces- 
 sity of aspiring to make said communication verbally, from notes indeed prepared 
 but chiefly oral. I have letters on the subject from the Presidents of ten of the 
 principal colleges in our Nation, all of which go to corroborate my views, and 
 which I hope to present to you. I also hope you will receive a verbal cominunication 
 from the acting members of this facult}', and, therefore, respectfully request the 
 appointment of a time when you will hear us. Very respectfully, 
 
 George Junkin. 
 
 The minutes of the board for August 7, 1844 say: ' The Presi- 
 dent of the faculty and other professors appeared before the board, 
 agreeably to resolution of yesterday, and severall}^ made a verbal 
 statement in relation to the A A $ Society." The matter was 
 referred to a select committee, to consider and report thereon." 
 The chairman of this committee, J. B. Weller, reported as follows, 
 August 8: 
 
 The select committee to whom was referred so much of the President's annual 
 communication as related to the A A <l> Society report: That, after some inquiry 
 into the nature and character of that Society, they find nothing in their judgment 
 demanding the interposition of this board. They cannot learn that that Society has 
 interfered with the government of the institution, nor are they advised that irrelig- 
 ious sentiments are inculcated at its meetings. The fact that many of its members 
 are gentlemen of high character and standing would seem to afford a sufficient 
 guarantee that no principles calculated to subvert sound morality or disturb the 
 present organization of society would be encouraged or tolerated. Should there be 
 
 % 
 
 '^^ The catalogue notes that five members initiated between 1838 and 1840, while students at the 
 Cincinnati Law School, were arbitrarily assigned to those classes of Miami whose A A $ delegations 
 were smallest — C. D. L. Bush, '44 ; W. D. Gallagher, '44 ; C. P. James, '46 ; J. H. Perkins, '50; 
 J. A. Pugh, '51. A chapter was established at Western Reserve, July i, 1841, by Samuel Eels and 
 J. F. Smith, Yale '40. The latter was a tutor at Western Reserve, then located at Hudson, Ohio. 
 
FRATERNITIES AT MIAMI. 
 
 35 
 
 any satisfactory evidence furnished the board that this Society has injuriously affected 
 the interests of the institution, and prevented the faculty fi-om fully discharging the 
 duties imposed on them, or that it has propagated irreligious sentiments, this board 
 would not hesitate to interpose its authority. As at present advised, we do not 
 think the facts require the action of this board. 
 
 This report was agreed to b}' the board. Within ninety days 
 Dr. Junkin and two other members of the facult}^ retired. These 
 facts were furnished to W. B. Palmer, 1888, by Dr. R. W. McFarland, 
 then President of the university, who wrote: "With the exception 
 of Dr. Junkin's little tempest, Miami has always been very friendly 
 to the fraternities." 
 
 The existence of one chapter at Miami led to the formation of 
 a similar societ}', so in 1839, four years after the advent of A A $, 
 B © n was founded there. It was the first Greek-letter society to 
 originate west of Eastern New York. Its founders were J. R. 
 Knox, '39, and S. T. Marshall, '40. In a letter to E. B. Stevens, 
 Miami, '43, Knox wrote, April 14, 1843: 
 
 It was during the winter of 1838-39 that the idea of forming a secret association 
 first suggested itself to m\' mind. I saw that there were man}- advantages in such 
 an association which could not otherwise be enjoyed. Such combinations of indi- 
 viduals are as old as the wants of man, and coeval with the growth of literature. 
 The motto of our own society, ''''Firman consensus facit^''^ is but an embodiment of 
 the experience of man in all ages and nations In some of these socie- 
 ties, however, were to be found many objectionable features, which rendered them 
 liable to be used as engines of evil, as well as instruments of good. Some of these 
 were to be found in the A A $ Society, as it was organized at Miami University, 
 and I imagined that an association might be formed which would embrace the good 
 without the ingredient of evil. My attention was drawn more forcibly to this by the 
 dissensions then existing in the Union Literary Society, which I conceived originated 
 in the Alpha Society. In some of our conversations on the subject, S. T. Marshall 
 suggested the idea of building up a society which might unite the benefits without 
 the disadvantages of the Alphas. I told him I had thought of it, but was afraid we 
 could not succeed. But if you know Marshall, I need not tell you that he is one of 
 the most sanguine men in existence. The idea once started, he would not give it 
 up until I set to work. 
 
 In the first place, I got the Greek lexicon, and turned it over several times in 
 search of a name. The present one was finally selected. Then came the badge. 
 This was more difficult than the other. You have seen the first pins that were 
 struck. In place of the crescent, we first agreed on "clasped hands", but this 
 Marshall had altered when he went to the city to procure the pins. However, the 
 badge has beeft changed for the better, I hope; I have never seen the new one. 
 We then went to work on the constitution. You have seen the draught as it was 
 originally presented. On that I spent my leisure time for a week or more, and 
 many were the long consultations which Marshall and I held over that; night after 
 night up in "the old wing" we revised and revised, until we got it to our satisfac- 
 tion, though necessarily imperfect, for it was altogether an experiment with me, as 
 I had nothing to go by but imagination, and I believe Marshall was equally inex- 
 perienced. 
 
 The foregoing appeared in the Beta Theta Pi, November, 1879, 
 and April, 1898. In "Recollections of 1839", which appeared in 
 that periodical, June, 1874, November, 1879, and April, 1898, 
 Knox said no records were kept of the first meetings of the Society. 
 The first meeting — two besides Knox and Marshall being present — 
 
36 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 was held in "the old wing","^ and many a pleasant and profitable 
 meeting" was held during the spring of 1839 and up to commence- 
 ment, August, 1839. Knox further said: 
 
 It was then in January, 1839, when I was in my senior year at Miami Universit}', 
 that the idea first occured to me of the organization of the Society. Circumstances 
 had made me somewhat prominent in a rather bitter fight in the literary society of 
 which I was a member, against the Society of the A A 4> in which, though success- 
 ful, I had learned to admire the compact organization and the esprit de corps of its 
 members. About the same time, too, I came across an old book, no copy of which 
 I have since seen, and the name of which I have forgotten, giving an account of 
 some of the secret organizations of the middle ages. Their knightly vows and 
 pledges were given, with some curious sketches of their inside workings and their 
 secret history, and I became very much interested in these ancient brotherhoods. 
 
 Being, as I have said, already impressed with the force that lies in compact 
 organization, an idea that had been a subject of conversation between two or three 
 of us grew on me, and I went to sketching out a plan — the constitution and obligations 
 for a new society. While engaged in doing this, I had repeated conferences with 
 the gentleman whose name stands second on the roll, S. T. Marshall. He was con- 
 siderably my senior, anxious that something of the kind should be got up, and urged 
 on the enterprise. The selection of the name being considered an important matter, 
 several combinations were canvassed. Greek it must be, of course, and while desir- 
 ing mainly that there should be significance in either the motto or the independent 
 words adopted, we preferred that finally selected as being not onh- pleasant to the 
 ear but reasonably significant of the objects of the infant Society. 
 
 The leading motive of uniting a few choice spirits in closer bonds for improve- 
 ment in literary exercises and the cultivation of social life, but chiefly the latter, 
 was probably the principal roison (fetre of the new organization. Mutual support 
 and assistance, absokite faith and confidence in each other, and progress in knowl- 
 edge and scholarship were the fundamental ideas on which we built. With a view 
 to the cultivation of intimate social relations, it was, for instance, originally pro- 
 vided that no more than nine members should be at one time in attendance at the 
 same college; and, as an illustration of the closeness of the tie which was to bind 
 us, the original obligation taken by the neophyte pledged him to his brothers in the 
 Order that "their friends should be his friends, and their enemies his enemies." 
 But at a very early da}' the introduction of a more Christian element in the oi-gani- 
 zation led to a modification of this rather heathenish provision. The number nine, 
 too, was soon dropped, leaving the Order free to select good fellows wherever and 
 in whatever number it might find them, and the three stars were no longer indic- 
 ative of the limited membership (as the root of the mysterious nine), but simply 
 remained as the heavenly representatives of the three words of the Order. 
 
 In a letter to W. R. Baird, S. T. Marshall wrote, February i, 
 1894: 
 
 I was a student at Miami University, having entered in the fall of 1836, and 
 graduated August 13, 1840. While there I was approached Dy a member of the 
 A A 4>, who spoke to me, and asked how I would like to join a Greek society, etc. 
 I told him to let me think about it a week, because at that time there was a great 
 prejudice against such secret societies, not only among the students, but also among 
 the faculty. At the end of the week I told my friend that I feared to join the 
 A A #, on account of the bad effect it might have on my standing in my class, etc. 
 However, I began to ruminate and study about it, and finally, in the spring and 
 summer of 1839, I thought I could found a society and keep it secret, so that no 
 one would know who belonged. I wrote the constitution and submitted it to John 
 Reily Knox, and asked him to become a member and one of the founders, and he 
 agreed to it. Mr. Knox was in the senior class, and I was in the junior class. 
 Then J. G. Smith, who was in my class, was consulted and joined us. I dated the 
 constitution as being of July 4, 1839. 
 
 The West Wing, replaced with a new structure, lE 
 
FRATERNITIES AT MIAMI. 37 
 
 This letter is quoted from "Fraternit}- Studies," 1894, by W. R. 
 Baird, B 11, who in that work sax's: "it would seem that both 
 Knox and ^Marshall had independenth' conceived the idea of 
 forming such a society, and that it took shape only after it had 
 been mutually discussed." In the same work are quoted the fol- 
 lowing main provisions of the constitution referred to by Marshall: 
 
 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Article i. The title of this Association shall be B 9 11. 
 
 Article 2. The motto of this Association shall be 
 
 Article 3. The objects of this Association shall be 
 
 Article 4. The visible badge of this Association shall be a breastpin, bearing 
 on front the following characters: ist, three stars; 2nd, a crescent: 3rd, the initial 
 letters of the motto; 4th, the date of the formation of this Association; on the back 
 a heart, with a spear passed through it, together with the name of the member who 
 wears it. 
 
 Article 5. The secret password of this Societv shall be 
 
 Article 6. No chapter of this Association shall consist of more than nine nor 
 less than three regular members. 
 
 Article 7. No person shall become a member of this Association of whose 
 abilities we are not well assured, and in whose fidelity we have not the most implicit 
 confidence, and not then unless by the united concurrence of everv member 
 present. 
 
 Article 8. Other branches of this Association may be established at such 
 places as may be thought suitable and prudent. 
 
 Article 9. The badge shall not be worn by any member whilst in attendance 
 at college, or in such other places as may be deemed by himself or the members of 
 this Association unsuitable. 
 
 Article 10. An address shall be delivered in private to the members of this 
 Association on each anniversaiw of its foundation. 
 
 Article i i . The members of each chapter shall meet at least once in each month, 
 for the purpose of hearing an essay read by some member, who shall have been ap- 
 pointed for this purpose, on any subject connected with the objects of this Association. 
 
 Article 12. The signs, symbols proceedings and constitution of this Associa- 
 tion shall be kept inviolably secret. 
 
 Article 13. Every member, before becoming a member of this Association, 
 shall bind himself with the following obligation: 
 
 Baird quotes in full the minutes of the first formal meeting, 
 which was in the hall of the Union Literary Society, on the even- 
 ing of August 9, 1839. There were then eight members, and at 
 this meeting they subscribed to the constitution. One of them, 
 having been previously elected as first President, delivered his 
 inaugural address." Another, "who had been previously appointed 
 to prepare a suitable address for the occasion, discharged the dut}^ 
 devolving upon him, in an essay upon the first and an extempore 
 address upon the last words of the motto." Another ' was 
 appointed to prepare the essay for the next meeting," and Knox 
 was "elected to address the Society upon the first anniversary of 
 its foundation." As this meeting was held just prior to the sum- 
 mer vacation, the Association adjourned to meet October 10. On 
 that date a meeting was held in Erodelphian hall. The next meet- 
 ing was on November 14, when the ninth member was admitted. 
 The second chapter was established at Cincinnati, April 8, 1840. 
 In "Fraternity Studies," Baird continues: 
 
I 
 
 ^8 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 It was intended by the founders to oi-ganize a wide-spread Fraternit\-, and the 
 form of the organization had hardly been determined on before efforts were made 
 to extend the Society. The first branch or chapter was located in Cincinnati, 
 where A A 4> had a branch organization at the Cincinnati Law School. It was 
 apparently not connected with any educational institution, although its members 
 were mostl}- college men. In fact, it is doubtful whether the Fraternity was 
 mtended to be confined to educational institutions at this time. It will be observed 
 that Article 8 of the first constitution says that chapters "may be established at 
 such places as ma}' be thought suitable and prudent," and does not restrict their 
 establishment to educational institutions. 
 
 In "Memorabilia," published in The Sci'oll, October, 1881, 
 Robert Morrison, one of the founders of $ A ©, said: 
 
 The A A $ Fraternity, organized at Hamilton College, New York, in 1832, 
 established a chapter at Miami University in 1835, ^"^^ f*^'" four years was without 
 a rival there. Most of the members of that time were men of considerable mental 
 ability and fair scholarship. Manj- of those outside of that little Greek world 
 thought those Greeks had a very exalted opinion of themselves, and a profound 
 '''' Odi profaniini viilgus et arceo'''' notion of all college barbarians. It was unfor- 
 tunate, and possibly wrong, that this Fraternity in those days was regarded as 
 haughty and magisterial. The Alpha Society as such was not a popular one at 
 Miami University. This fact gave a better start to B 11, the Societv organized 
 at Oxford in 1839. At first it was decidedly in opposition to the Alpha Fraternity, 
 and yet a sort of reflection of it, as its founders possibly knew nothing about any 
 other society of the kind. For example the badge of B 11 was a sort of echo of 
 the original A A 4> pin.* 
 
 These rival and hostile societies side by side occupied the field in Miami Uni- 
 versity for well-nigh ten years. Sometimes one was regarded as ahead and at times 
 the other was in the ascendant. The Alphas claimed to be the more select, and 
 aspired to be, as it seemed to outside e3'es, the more aristocratic. The Betas gener- 
 ally outnumbered their rivals, and were the more popular society of the two, at 
 any rate after 1845, when they initiated two men f of high moral character, who 
 were instrumental in changing the current of Beta life — at least in Oxford — greath- 
 for the better. 
 
 Both A A $ and B n were suspended at Miami about four 
 years — from 1847—48 to 1851-52, <E> A © was founded December 
 26, 1848, and, since the founding of <& B K at William and Mary, 
 1776, it was the first general Greek-letter society to originate in 
 an institution where no other Greek-letter society existed.! It is 
 apparent that ^ A © did not originate from any spirit of env}^ of 
 older organizations, nor out of a feeling that older organizations 
 had monopolized college and literary society honors. The found- 
 ers of ^ A © founded it because of a desire among them for closer 
 fellowship, and because of their belief that they could establish an 
 Order which would increase the social pleasures of all who might be 
 associated with it, and which would improve them mentally and 
 morally. 
 
 The suspension of A A ^ and B © 11 at Miami was a result of 
 the suspension and dismissal of most of their members for par- 
 ticipation in what is known in Miami history as the great snow 
 
 *See "The Original Shield Badge." 
 
 t L. G. Hay, '47, and S. S. Laws, '48. — See interview with Morrison, The Scroll, April, 1897, 
 Quoted in "The Parent Chapter — Ohio Alpha." 
 
 t Even K A, founded at Union, 1825, was preceded there by $ B K, which was still of a secret 
 character. 
 
FRATERNITIES AT MIAMI. .g 
 
 rebellion."'^ The disturbance took place on two successive nights, 
 January 12 and 13, 1848. Dr. E. D. MacMaster was then Presi- 
 dent of the university. On the first night the students rolled up 
 huge balls of snow against the doors of the chapel and recitation 
 rooms. Some of it was removed the next day, but that night the 
 barricade was rebuilt, more snow being rolled against the doors, 
 sticks of wood, tables, chairs and stoves being piled on, then more 
 snow and more wood were added. A graphic account of the affair 
 was given by Robert ]\Iorrison at the banquet of the Semi-Centen- 
 nial Convention of $ A 0. He then said, as quoted in T/ie Scroll, 
 February, 1899, that there occurred, January, 1848, "a great and 
 wonderful opening at Miami," making "a field for $ A to enter 
 such as no other societ}^ ever found, "t 
 
 A comparison of the catalogue of Miami for 1847-48 with the 
 catalogues of A A $ and B 11 shows that there were eight Alphas 
 and eight Betas in the university before the "snow rebellion" in 
 Januar3\t After January the onh' Alphas there were R. C. Ander- 
 son, a junior, and Milton Sayler, a sophomore. Both left after 
 commencement, August, 1848, Anderson not to return, Sajier ^o 
 return after two 3'ears. During these two 3'ears there was no Alpha 
 in the university. After January, 1848, the only Betas at Miami 
 
 * The catalogue of Miami shows an attendance of 112 students, 1847-1848. The catalogue and 
 the records of the faculty- for that year show that for implication in the "snow rebellion", fifteen 
 were suspended and nine dismissed, while one was suspended and then dismissed. Six who were 
 suspended and three who were dismissed were restored later in the session. These facts were fur- 
 nished to W. B. Palmer, 1887, by R. W. McFarland, then President of Miami. 
 
 t Of the six men who founded $ A 0, December, 1848, r«o perhaps were participants in the 
 "rebellion" — J. McM. Wilson and Andrew \V. Rogers, but neither one was disciplined by the fac- 
 ulty. Archibald Wilson, in his biographical skech of his brother, J. McM. Wilson, published in The 
 Scroll, December, 1886, said the latter was a participant in the affair. Andrew W. Rogers wrote to 
 W. B. Palmer, November 4, 1899: "I helped to roll snow on the second night of 'the great snow 
 rebellion.' It was lots of fun; the snow rolled so splendidly we could ball it up as big as a hay- 
 stack. I suspect Wilson had a hand in it; a droll character he was, but he liked fun. I have no 
 idea that any others of the six were in it." Robert Morrison, in his speech at the Semi-Centennial 
 Convention banquet, said he was not in the affair. J. W. Lindley informed W. B. Palmer, 1899, 
 that he was not a participant in the affair, and that he did not believe either R. T. Drake or Ardivan 
 W. Rodgers was, but he remembered that Wilson kept a bottle of the snow-water for quite a while. 
 
 Robert ^Morrison, having read the foregoing paragraph in manuscript, wrote to W. B. Palmer, 
 November 25, 1901 (after the death of Andrew W. Rogers), that he had known Wilson and 
 Rogers intimateh-, having had over fift>' years of intercourse with the latter, and he had never 
 heard either allude to having been engaged in the rebellion. He thought that the participation of 
 Rogers in the affair was verj- slight if any, and wrote : All that Rogers said in this matter should 
 certainly be taken in a Pickwickian sense. As for Wilson, I ver>- much doubt his being in it at all. 
 His brother Archie misunderstood his joke." 
 
 i The Alphas were: A. F. Hume and G. L. Kalb, seniors: R. C. Anderson and S. A. Bonner, 
 juniors ; Milton Sayler and R. S. Vorhis, sophomores ; E. W. Bedinger, freshman, and Samuel 
 Heron, first preparaton,- class. Hume was suspended and Kalb dismissed, Januan,-, 1848 : both 
 went to Centre College, and were graduated there, 1848. Bonner was suspended, and neither 
 he nor Anderson was at Miami after 1847-48, as shown by Miami catalogues. Sayler left Miami at 
 the end of his sophomore year. Vorhis, first suspended, then dismissed, entered Centre: his name 
 appears in the sophomore class in the Centre catalogue for 1847-48, and he was graduated there, 
 1850. Bedinger after his suspension went to Yale ; he was a sophomore there, 1848-49, and a junior 
 there, 1849-50. Heron went to Centre, perhaps from sympathy for his fellows who had been exiled 
 from Miami ; his name appears in the freshman class in the Centre catalogue for 18J.7-48, and he was 
 graduated there, 185 1. 
 
 The eight Betas before the "snow rebellion" were : S. S. Laws, Isaiah Little, R. V. Moore and E. 
 H. Munger, seniors; D. L. McDill and James Warnock, juniors; J. W. Noble, sophomore; William 
 Cumback, first preparaton,- class. Laws and Little seem not to have been implicated in the "snow 
 rebellion", and both were graduated at Miami, 1848. Moore, Munger and McDill were dismissed 
 and Warnock suspended ; all four went to Centre, where Moore and Munger were graduated, 1848, 
 McDill and Warnock, 1849. Noble was suspended Januan,-, 1848 ; he was restored before com- 
 mencement and was at Miami during 1848-49 : he entered the junior class at Yale in the fall of 1849. 
 and was graduated there, 1851. Cumback was suspended and then restored, Januan,-, 1848, but was 
 not at Miami after commencement that year; he then went to Indiana Asburj- (now DePauw Uni- 
 versitj-, and later to Cincinnati Law School. 
 
4 
 
 40 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 were S. S. Laws, Isaiah Little and J. W. Noble. Laws and Little 
 were graduated 1848. Noble was suspended in Januar}", but soon 
 being restored continued at Miami during 1848-49, and in that 3^ear 
 he was the only Beta at the university, in fact the onl}^ Greek there 
 up to Christmas, when <l> A was founded. During the year 
 1849-50 no fraternit}^ save $ A was represented at Miami. 
 
 Milton Sander returned in the fall of 1850, joining the junior class, 
 and began to solicit students to aid him in restoring A A $. J. A. 
 Anderson, $ A 0, wrote to Robert Morrison, November 2, 1850, 
 that Sayler had returned, and the Phis thought he was endeav- 
 oring to re-establish A A $, one evidence being that he was 
 associating constantl}^ with Benjamin Harrison and J. G. McNutt. 
 The Phis, however, won a victorA?- over the Alpha organizer; 
 Harrison (the future President) was initiated into $ A © in the 
 spring of 185 1, McNutt in the fall of the same year. Andrew 
 W. Rogers, $ A 0, wrote to Robert Morrison, January 4, 185 1: 
 The Alphas are after Childs, I think from appearances; and 
 the Betas are after Ross and Lane. The}^ will be badl}^ fooled 
 again in these quarters." The prediction was true for all three 
 became Phis. 
 
 In the fall of 185 1, J. H. Childs and J. G. McNutt were expelled 
 from $ A for getting intoxicated repeatedl}^ and three other 
 members resigned through sympathy wdth them. Sayler made 
 capital out of these occurrences. J. McM. Wilson, ^ A 0, wrote to 
 Robert Morrison, November 29, 185 1, that J. H. Brookes and L. 
 N. Bonham had been bid by the Phis and then by Sayler, and 
 that Sa3der had "poisoned them" about the Phis, and told them 
 that the Phis "had dealt hardly with Childs and McNutt." In this 
 letter (quoted in Annals, 1852— 1856") Wilson said, but Sa3der 
 has not got his papers yet to organize." It seems probable that 
 Sayler received the necessary documents and re-organized A A $ 
 at Miami in December, 185 1. Brookes and Bonham joined his 
 Society. 
 
 R. V. Moore, B 11, was dismissed from Miami, January,, 1848 
 and was graduated at Center College, Kentucky, that 3^ear. He 
 lived in Hamilton Count3'^, Ohio, not far from Oxford, and sought 
 an opportunit3^ to re-establish the Alpha (Miami) chapter of his 
 Societ3^ He invited Andrew W. , Rogers and other Phis to join 
 it. $ A was then sub rosa, and, when Moore learned about its 
 existence, he endeavored to persuade the members of the 3"oung 
 Society to consent to be absorbed into the older Society, offering 
 to make Betas of all the Phis. His audacious proposal was rejected, 
 and he discovered that he had made a serious mistake."^ Some- 
 time during 185 1, he initiated H. T. Helm, '53, and, other recruits 
 being added, B n was re-organized at Miami, April, 185 2. t 
 
 \ 
 
 *See letter of J. K. Boude, July 4, 1888, and letter of Robert Morrison, July 20, 1888, in "Recol- 
 lections of the Early Years." 
 
 t Letters written by Betas, 1848 and 1849, indicate that the Miami chapter of B © H suspended 
 Januarj', 1848. Letters written by Betas, 1852, indicate that it was re-organized in April of that year. 
 
FRATERNITIES AT MIAMI. 
 
 41 
 
 The expulsion of J. H. Childs and J. G. McNutt, and the resig- 
 nation of S. R. Matthews, Harmar Denm- and A. C. Kemper, from 
 the Miami chapter of <3> A 0, occurred October 30, 185 1. In an 
 account of the establishment of the Kappa chapter of A K E at 
 Miami, published in the D. K. E. Quarterly, April, 1885, Kemper 
 said: "A few weeks afterward Jacob Cooper, then at Yale, visited 
 his home in the neighborhood. Apparanth' unacquainted with the 
 facts related,"^ he approached the founder of Kappa upon the sub- 
 ject of a chapter of A K E and left the whole matter in his hands." 
 In December, 1851, perhaps later, Denny joined A A 4>, which was 
 then re-organizing at Miami. Kemper, Matthews, Childs and 
 ]McXutt became charter members of the Kappa chapter of A K E at 
 Miami, which was chartered March 8, 1852."^ A K E was then 
 eight 3^ears old, and Kappa was its thirteenth chapter. Jacob 
 Cooper, Yale, '52, who lived near Oxford, and through whom the 
 chapter was established, attended the Associate Reformed Theolo- 
 gical School at Oxford, 1852-53. 
 
 2 X, first called ^ <3>, was founded at Yliami Universit}-, June 28, 
 1855, by T. C. Bell, '57; J. P. Caldwell, '57; D. W. Cooper, '57; 
 I. M. Jordan, '57;. B. P. Runkle, '57; F. H. Scobey, '58, and W. 
 L. Lockwood, '58. The first six had been members of the Miami 
 chapter of A K E. The following account of the origin of 2 X is 
 from The Catalogue and Histor\^ of Sigmi Chi," 1890: 
 
 During the decade immediatel\- following 1850, Miami University was in her 
 prime. Two hundred students annually answered to her rolls and filled her halls 
 with busy college life. Enjoying the prestige of educational leadership in the State, 
 and with a fame that spread throughout the West, Miami was attracting to herself a 
 brilliant company of youth, whose names have since made her illustrious 
 
 Id 1854, the A K E chapter contained an abundance of both talent and individ- 
 ualit}'; but it contained also a radical divergence of opinion as to the ideals and 
 objects of a college fraternity. The controlling spirit of the chapter was aptly rep- 
 resented in the person of its presiding officer, Whitelaw Reid, now editor of the 
 
 New York Tribune All was not harmonious when the Erodelphian 
 
 Literary Society was approaching the election of orators and poets for the Christmas 
 celebration of 1854. What followed in the chapter is best described in the language 
 of General Runkle: 
 
 "We held a caucus, and all went well and smoothly as far as the election 
 of an orator. Indeed, it could not be otherwise, for had we not the silver-tongued 
 Whitelaw Reid, inexhaustable as to his words and eloquent as to his ideas? But 
 when it came to imposing a poet on a long-suffering university, the rebellion broke 
 out, and not without cause, for the chief qualification our candidate for society 
 poet could boast was his utter inability to write anything that resembled poetry in 
 
 These letters were printed in the Beta Jheta Pi, April, 1880, and March, 1881. According to 
 statistical tables, compiled by W. R. Baird, and published in the Beta Thcta Pi, March, 1884, the 
 IMiami chapter initiated no members in 1848, i84g. or 1850, one in 185 1, and thirteen in 1852. April, 
 1852, was the date of the re-organization, according to 'Fraternitj' Studies," 1894, by Baird. 
 
 "^That is the facts about the expulsions and resignations from $ A 0. This disposes of the idea 
 which has prevailed in some quarters that members of $ A resigned for the purpose of organ- 
 izing A K E. The two who were expelled and the three who resigned had no such intention until 
 approached by Cooper sometime later. 
 
 tThe catalogue of A K E gives this date and the names of J. G. McNutt and J. H. Childs among 
 charter members, but they did not actually join A K E for a month or more, according to their com- 
 munications to Ohio Alpha of $ A (quoted in "The Parent Chapter — Ohio Alpha"), that of the 
 former dated April 8, 1852, that of the latter April 13. A letter (quoted on page 45) written by 
 L. W. Ross at Miami, April 30, 1852, shows that the Dekes there had not then badged out. 
 
42 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 the least degree whatever. And the rebellion waxed fierce and hot. Six of us 
 entered the university hall and voted against the caucus candidate. This was the 
 unpardonable sin; but as there were just six loyal subjects of King Caucus and six 
 rebels, they could not expel us; and so they did the next best thing — ran away 
 with the charter, records and seals, and the rebels started S X. " 
 
 A futile attempt to whip the 'rebels" into line was made by Minor 
 Millikin, Miami, '54, of Hamilton, Ohio, 'an alumnus who had been 
 a very prominent member of A K E. " The history of S X continues: 
 
 Reid was now a hot champion of compact organization, and declaimed that "in 
 any contest with the enemy, the Fraternity, like Nelson at Trafalgar, had a right 
 to expect that every man would do his duty" — assuming, of course, that "the loyal 
 six" were the A K E Fraternity. Charges and counter-charges were made and 
 resented. Every advantage was taken of Millikin's support and influence, and it 
 was even attempted to vote him as a member of the chapter. The dramatic crisis 
 came when Runkle took off his badge and threw it on the table saying, "I didn't 
 join this Society to be anybody's tool; there's my answer," and stalked out of the 
 hall followed by the other five. 
 
 After this there was one more stormy meeting, in the room of Reid in the old 
 Southeast Building. No business was transacted. Reid moved that the rebellious 
 members be expelled; and the vote stood six to six. The meeting broke up in dis- 
 order; but the Reid part}' having secured the archives, charter, constitution and 
 seals, had the advantage and stubbornly held the fort. An appeal to the fraternity 
 authorities followed, and some sort of a bull of excommunication was fulminated by 
 the parent chapter at Yale, under Millikin's powerful influence. The unconquer- 
 able six — Jordan, Runkle, Bell, Cooper, Caldwell and Scobey — then proceeded to 
 organize a new Fratern ty, naming it 2 $. They drew up a constitution which was, 
 to all intents and purposes, a copy of that of A K E, and adopted a grand seal. 
 Before doing this they had made their number seven by the addition of Will L. 
 Lockwood Lockwood and Runkle drew the design for the badge. 
 
 Badges of the new Fraternity were first worn June 28, 1855. The 
 Miami chapter was called Alpha. A second chapter, called 
 Gamma, was organized at Ohio Wesleyan, the following Christmas 
 eve. The history of 2 X continues: 
 
 Every Sigma stood ready to defend the white cross against all comers; and 
 Runkle, with more courage than discretion, attacked the college bully, a member 
 of B 6 n, during pra3'ers one morning, for sneering at his badge. There was a 
 
 regular Donnybrook fair of a time One evening on assembling, the 
 
 Sigmas found that their room had been broken into, their strong box rifled, their 
 constitution and seal carried off. The perpetrators of this act were never positively 
 known; but the sin was always laid at the door of B G 11, whose members were 
 intensely bitter on account of the encounter already mentioned. However, the Fra- 
 ternity won favor out of the incident. The loss was taken very philosophically. 
 Charles Reynolds came as a delegate from Gamma to Oxford, and the S X was 
 organized with a new constitution, grand seal, name, badge and all. 
 
 When % ^ was founded at Miami its founders were unaware of 
 the existence of the fraternity of the same name which had been 
 founded at Union, 1827. The re-organization at Miami under the 
 new name of ^ X occurred Januar)^, 1856. The chapter, greath^ 
 weakened by the graduation of members in the classes of '57 and 
 '58, disbanded in the summer of 1858. In the three years of its 
 existence, it had enrolled seventeen members — six in '57, five in 
 '58, one in '59, three in '60, two in '61. Before disbanding it 
 had established chapters at O. W. U., University of Mississippi, 
 and Jefferson (now Washington and Jefferson) College. 
 
FRATERNITIES AT MIAMI. 45 
 
 The Greek-letter societies at Miami did not live in the greatest 
 peace and harmon}-. As ma}' be judged from the foregoing 
 accounts of the organization of A A $, B 11 and 2 X, politics in 
 the literary societies was the cause of sharp contests. The first 
 literary societ}' at Miami was the Erodelphian Society, called 
 "Ero" for short; it was formed November 9, 1825.* The next 
 was the Union Literar}" Society, formed December 14, 1825.* 
 When A A $ came to Miami, 1835, the barbarians made a strong 
 attack upon it, and secured the passage in the literar}^ societies of 
 resolutions which excluded any member of A A ^ from joining 
 these societies thereafter, whereupon the Alphas resigned from 
 them, and with some other students organized, May 22, 1839, "^^ a 
 literar}'- societ}-, called the Miami Hall. The Union Literar}- 
 Society and the Miami Hall were united, under the name of the 
 Miami Union Literary Societ}^ March 7, 1843. I^^- ^^^- O. Thomp- 
 son, President of Miami 1891-99, writing of the administration of 
 Dr. R. H. Bishop as President, 1824-41, sa^'S in the Diamond 
 Anniversary Volume", 1899: ' The latter years of Dr. Bishop's 
 administration were somewhat stormy. The literary societies were 
 the source of considerable anxiety and anno3^ance. " Rev. J. G. 
 Monfort, D. D., Miami, '34, writing for the same volume, sa3^s that 
 in 1841 Dr. Bishop and all the members of the faculty save one 
 resigned, on account of disturbance in the college, which, as some 
 held, had not been wisely handled or controlled." Rev. S. S. 
 Laws, D. D., Miami, '48, writing for the same volume concerning^ 
 the administration of President E. D. MacMaster, 1845-49, says 
 that Dr. MacMaster encountered difficulties of government and 
 discipline, and that — 
 
 The radical difficulty was with the literary societies, in regard to inviting visiting" 
 speakers on commencement and other occasions. The faculty took action, doubt- 
 less at the President's instance or with his approval, calling on the societies to sub- 
 mit their choices to faculty approval. The societies refused to do so, on the ground 
 that they were chartered bodies and independent of the authorities of the university. 
 At first it was a contest as to the authority of the faculty over the societies, but 
 the board endorsed the faculty, and then its authority was defied. It thus became 
 a contest between the university itself and these societies. In fact, before 
 this controversy arose, the societies had on the same ground ignored the laws 
 of the board respecting the admission of members. In this contest, technically 
 the societies were right, but their entire attitude was one of absurdity. The original 
 mistake was in allowing the societies to exist as chartered bodies, independent 
 of the university authorities. It was like subordinating the organism to a parasite. 
 The proximate error was in not seeking a remedy through an amendment to their 
 charters. Strangely enough the board itself became divided on the subject, and 
 dropped it without taking steps, so far as I can learn, for a proper remedy. The 
 hidings of the power of subsequent rebellions must be found in this society conflict. 
 It fastened insubordination and subverted the fundamental principle of college 
 government, that it is the province of students to obey and not to rule. 
 
 Robert Morrison wrote to W. B. Palmer, May 2, 1898: "Between 
 1835 and 1840, there was a war, fierce and ugly, in the literary 
 
 * These dates are from the Miami catalogue, 1848, which states that the Erodelphian Society 
 had 1,500 volumes in its librarj, the Union Literao' Society, 1,700 volumes, and the Miami Hall 
 1,000 volumes. 
 
44 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 societies, on account of the desire of A A $ to run everything. It 
 resulted in a split of one societ}^ and the formation of a new one. " He 
 ^yrote to Palmer, February 23, 1898: The split in the Union Liter- 
 ary Society, and the result — the formation of the Miami Hall, and, 
 by and b)^, its union with the old societ}^ taking the names of both — 
 is historic; so also the trouble in the Erodelphian Society, which 
 the Phis straightened out and adjusted for all time." Ardivan W. 
 Rodgers, a founder of $ A ©, in a letter to his brother, W. J. Rodgers, 
 written at Oxford during the Christmas vacation, 1849, said: 
 
 Dr. MacMaster, who was President when I came to college, resigned last fall, 
 and in his place the trustees elected Dr. Anderson, of Dayton, a most excellent man. 
 One of the man}^ causes that drove Dr. MacMaster away was the following: When 
 he first came here he requested of the two literar}' societies that they should submit 
 the names of their anniversary orators to the faculty for approval before they should 
 inform the men of their election. This request the societies refused to grant, and 
 for four years it was a matter of contention and disorder. But Dr. MacMaster left, 
 and Dr. Anderson fills his place. When I returned last fall, I knew the societies 
 must do something- — either persist in their old course or submit. And I for myself 
 determined to go for submission, though I did not know that there was another stu- 
 dent who would go with me. I began to talk with the boys, and before a week had 
 a majority in favor of my position. And when the proper time for electing our 
 speaker came, we nominated and elected Dr. Dorse}', of Piqua, to deliver our next 
 anniversary oration; and we submitted his name to the faculty for their approval. 
 I am a member of the Erodelphian Society and Corresponding Secretary of the 
 society. I informed Dr. Dorsey of his election, and I received a letter from him 
 last Tuesday accepting his election. In this matter I have been quite a public 
 character, but that is nothing; I accomplished what I intended to do, and I have 
 something more to accomplish yet, and Dr. Anderson gives me encouragement in 
 the cause.* 
 
 A letter to Robert Morrison, w^ritten by R. T. Drake, '50, about 
 a month before the latter was graduated, mentioned that Hall 
 matter" and other things as having consumed his time. In his 
 biographical sketch of Drake, published in The Scroll, April, 1887, 
 Morrison said: That Hall matter' was one that at that time was 
 a delicate, difficult and exciting question. The literary societies 
 had formerly elected their anniversary orators independentl}'- of 
 the faculty, but when certain men had been chosen once or twice 
 to whom the faculty objected, then came a conflict, and to forever 
 adjust this controversy was a work in which Drake took a promi- 
 nent and successful part. "t November 25, 1901, Morrison con- 
 
 *When sending this letter to W. B. Palmer, W. J. Rodgers wrote, May lo, 1902: "My father 
 had the will of a Jackson ; my mother was the embodiment of sympathy and kindness. Ardivan's 
 will was little short of his father's. I have a silver mounted cane that President Anderson presented 
 to my brother at his graduation, with the names of both engraved on it." 
 
 Dr. Dorsey, Miami, '29, lived at Piqua, Ohio, the home of the Rodgers family. He was elected an 
 honorary member of $ A 0. In a bound volume of pamphlets (owned, 1901, by Robert Morrison) is 
 an octavo pamphlet of 32 pages, the title page of which runs: "The Connection between the Progress 
 of Literature and the Democratic Principle. An Address Delivered before the Erodelphian Society, 
 August 7, 1850, by G. Volney Dorsey, M. D., a Member of the Society. Published by Order of the 
 Society. Printed by John D. Thorpe, Fourth Street, Cincinnati. 1850." On the reverse of the 
 title page, A. W. Rodgers' name appears among the names of the three members on the committee 
 on publication. 
 
 t' Generairy speaking each society had its own speaker. The addresses were delivered in the 
 college chapel at night during commencement week. The faculty, when they did not endorse the 
 selection of speakers, wrote to them that they were not wanted, which, of course, prevented their 
 coming. In Dr. MacMaster's time the societies jointly elected a speaker and were opposed by the 
 Doctor. In one instance he got a man. Dr. Francis Lieber, to address the students of Miami Uni- 
 versity." — Robert Morrison to W. B. Palmer, January 18, 1902. 
 
FRATERNITIES AT MIAMI. 
 
 45 
 
 tributed to this history the following article, headed "Phi Delta 
 Theta's First Work," giving an account of the settlement of the 
 speakership contest in the Erodelphian Society, 1850: 
 
 "That Hall matter," as Drake incidentally alluded to it, was no insignificant 
 matter, for on it turned much of the good feeling of professor and student, if not 
 the success of the university. It was all accomplished while 4> A 9 was in a sitb 
 rosa condition. It was therefore done as quietly as was consistent with thorough 
 work. It was a thing of far-reaching importance, and yet beset with difficulty. 
 The board of trustees had failed to adjust the trouble and to harmonize the con- 
 tending parties. Our Fraternity's work in the business at once caused the friction 
 between the faculty and the Erodelphian Societ}-, in regard to the election of anni- 
 versary speaker, to cease. 
 
 The trouble was not mainly with the undergraduate students; they, for the most 
 part, did not desire a conflict with the faculty, but not so was it with some of the 
 old-tim"e students, several of whom lived either in the town of Oxford or within 
 ten to fifteen miles distant. 
 
 The constitution of the Erodelphian Society permitted all who had ever been 
 members to have a voice and vote at all times on all questions considered bv the 
 society when in session. Hence any formerly active members who had a love for 
 a little exercise of power or excitement of that sort, or an old grudge against the 
 faculty, made it convenient to pay a visit to the university at the time of the elec- 
 tion of anniversary speaker, and their presence and votes usually decided the 
 election. 
 
 4> A 9, regarding the matter as of the utmost importance to the peace and pros- 
 perity of the university, earnestly and voluntarily, without a hint from the faculty, 
 set about the w^ork. First, the Phis made things right with the boys in college,* 
 and then they proceeded to change, in a legal and perfectly orderly manner, that 
 part of the constitution of the society prescribing the qualification of voters, limit- 
 ing it entirely to students in college. 
 
 No flourish of trumpets, nor paeans of triumph marked the result; everything 
 went on quietly and smoothh^ as usual. When the regular time came for the elec- 
 tion of anniversary speaker, certain former students found that it suited them to 
 call and see their abna mater, but lo! when they went into the old hall, a great 
 surprise awaited them; courtesy allowed them a voice, but the constitution no 
 vote. They suddenl}- remembered urgent business at home, and they went there 
 wiser but sadder men. 
 
 After that time the faculty and the society got along so pleasantly with each 
 other that one might suppose there never had been any trouble between them. 
 Why should not the university score a large credit mark in favor of ^ A 9 for 
 such a work, so quietly and thoroughly done? 
 
 J, W. Lindley, '50, having read the foregoing pages in proof, 
 wrote to W. B. Palmer, September, 22, 1903: 
 
 I was Secretary' of the Miami Union Literary Society during the time the societies 
 and the faculty took issue regarding the submission of names for anniversary speakers 
 to the faculty, and ni}' name was signed to communications to speakers who were 
 invited to make addresses. Dr. MacMaster interferred and prevented their coming 
 even after they had consented to do so. When Dr. Anderson became President we 
 cheerfully gave up the fight, but in 1850 there was an attempt to keep Drake and 
 me out of the Alumni Society, because we did so. 
 
 An old programme of the "Annual Exhibition of the Miami 
 Union Literary Society of Miami University" shows that the order 
 of exercises, December 16, 185 1, began with prayer after music, 
 and ended with the benediction; and there was music before and 
 after each of the four orations, which were as follows: Import- 
 ance of a well defined profession," David Swing, ^ A ©; Conser- 
 
 *That is, satisfied them as to whom would be elected. 
 
46 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 vatism," Benjamin Harrison, ^ A ©; "The beautiful in poetry," L. 
 W. Ross, ^ A ©; ' 'Adaptation of the material universe to the culture 
 of the human intellect, " Milton Sayler, A A $. It seems that ^ A 
 was getting a goodly share of literary society honors, arousing 
 the jealousy of the other Greeks. April 30, 1852, Ross wrote to 
 Robert Morrison: 
 
 We have been, and now are, the recipients of the concentrated thunder of the 
 A A <^ and B 11 Societies; also of a third society, name doubtful. We stand 
 charged with having clicqued in the Hterary societies, and in other places. They 
 declare themselves our inexorable enemies; we are innovators, and hence must 
 be trampled under foot at once. Aye, more, they declare us to be without prin- 
 ciple, ever working an underhanded game in every enterprise before the literary 
 societies and the college. They charge us even with hypocrisy in religion. I only 
 wish that you were here to see how easy it is for man to make himself a fool and a 
 liar; I think you would laugh and pity alternately. They console themselves with 
 the notion that our Society is made up out of the senior class, and hence that our 
 exit will be contemporaneous with that of the $ A 9 Society. 
 
 But (and but is a significant word sometimes) what fools! We are now twelve 
 in number — five seniors, four juniors, two freshmen, and one in the grammar school. 
 Does that look like falling out by the way? Since I last wrote you we have received 
 two members, viz. : H. L. Brown, freshman, and T. W. McLean, of the preparatory 
 department — both young men of undoubted promise. In a word, we do not think 
 of dispersing yet awhile. Your brother, Wm, M. Morrison, has, in common with 
 many students in college, knowledge of our existence; he knows of your con- 
 nection with the Societ}-. That comsummate villain, P. McC. Morgan, who left 
 us a year ago, has turned state's evidence against us; has told all in connection with 
 our Society, and has even been base enough to belie us in college and in town. By 
 so doing he has shown himself to be an ass of the long-eared tribe. He is now a 
 member of the Alpha Society. 
 
 H. L. Brown, '56, mentioned in this letter as having been ini- 
 tiated into ^ A ©, wrote to W. B. Palmer, January 14, 1898: 
 
 Although I was a member of the Ohio Alpha chapter of <l> A at Miami University, 
 yet as I did not come in until 1852, I know very little about the facts concerning its 
 organization. I remember that one of the founders of the Society told me that the 
 main object aimed at by its members was the keeping up of a high moral standard 
 in the university. A large majority of the members were connected with the Pres- 
 byterian Church. While possibly the # A Society was not intellectually above 
 the other Greek fraternities, I believe that in the '50's its moral weight was 
 greater than that of any other society. In the literary societ}' to which I belonged 
 a hard fight was made against us by the A A $s and the B lis, but as the A K E 
 bo^'S united their forces with ours, we generally came out ahead. During the 
 session immediately preceding the withdrawal of the Alphas and Betas from our 
 literary society, there was a good deal of bad blood manifested by both parties. 
 I recall one amusing incident: — 
 
 During a discussion in regard to some matter connected with the society, Ben- 
 jamin Harrison and three or four others among the younger members of the $ A 
 advocated a certain line of action. One of the older members of the A A #, in reply- 
 ing, spoke contemptuously of those who were opposed to him, calling them a set of 
 callow youth, who would know more when they were older. The next Friday 
 p. m., the division led by Benjamin Harrison was on for declamation. It so hap- 
 pened that the man who had ridiculed the boys was sitting near the left hand side 
 of the platform. When Harrison's name was called, he walked over opposite to 
 his opponent, and, with much earnestness, gave Pitt s reply to Lord Walpole, 
 beginning, "The atrocious crime of being a young man." The appropriateness of 
 the speech and the dramatic way in which it was delivered brought down the house. 
 When the next man was called he had the same speech, and as the first six in the 
 division were either Phis or sympathizers with the Phi party, they each gave "The 
 
FRATERNITIES AT MIAMI. 47 
 
 atrocious crime." When the regular declaimers had finished and volunteers were 
 called for, a little white-headed fellow, one of the smallest and youngest in the 
 society, also gave "The atrocious crime" with such fervor as to eclipse all who had 
 gone before him. 
 
 The harm which comes from injecting secret societ}^ politics 
 into literary society elections was realized by J. McM. Wilson, 
 one of the founders of $ A ©, who declared that it must hold itself 
 aloof from such methods. He wrote, November 27, 1852, to 
 
 Robert Morrison, another of the founders: 
 
 In regard to our course in the literary societies, it is plain we must immediately 
 sink out of sight. No pin-wearing, no coming into the halls as a party, no contests 
 for six-penny hall-offices will do. There is no middle way; we must do it, or be 
 continually harassed, and at last broken down in spite of ourselves. Indeed, if the 
 wearing of pins and the quarreling for places are to be the only objects set before 
 us, we will deserve it. If we quarrel with the Alphas and Betas, using their weapons, 
 we will become identified with them in the opinions of all right-thinking men; and 
 that of itself will destroy us. We must do everything to insure a meeting next 
 commencement that will give tone to the Society, and lift it above the petty spite 
 of the Alphas 
 
 Another thing must be done. We must collect and put away some facts: i. 
 The A A <l> clause in the Ero constitution, and the facts about its adoption. 2. The 
 origin of the Miami Hall, and the reason it broke off from the Union Literary 
 Society. 3. The memorial of the faculty to the trustees to expel the Alphas, 
 the charges of design to break down the college made against that Society. 4. 
 The history of the speakership contest from 1845 to 1851, and the course of our 
 Society and other societies in thematter. 5. The course of the "short-ear party" 
 during the last years of MacMaster's term, and Sayler's connection with it. 6. 
 Sayler's course generally. 7. The facts about the quarrels of the Phis and the 
 Alphas the last year in the Miami Union Literary Societ}'. These things are scat- 
 tered about, and in time will be lost sight of, if some care is not taken to preserve 
 them, and as they furnish the key to so much that is now going on, they have 
 some value. There will be an explosion some das'^, and it will not be convenient to 
 hurt up the facts when they will be needed. I wish you would get some one to 
 collect them. 
 
 L. W. Ross, '52, wrote to Morrison, April 15, 1853: 
 I have news from old Miami. The elevation of our brother, E. E. Hutcheson, 
 to the Presidency of the Miami Union Literary Society caused all the Alpha and 
 Beta members to resign. These bolters straightway formed a new society, called 
 '''' Ecc7-itemi'\ but, to their surprise, the faculty refused to recognize them. Thus 
 you see that they have jumped out of the frying-pan into the fire. The separation 
 is perhaps fortunate. Chambers, Helm, Morgan, and their satellites have for two 
 years waged a war of extermination against the Phi Society; but now, after vowing 
 our rum, they ingloriously leave the field to us. I am informed that our young 
 Phi brethren were not directly engaged in the presidential contest. The Deltas 
 did the lying and fighting; we furnished the candidates. 
 
 The persons mentioned in this letter were: E. E. Hutcheson, 
 '55, <!> A 0; A. G. Chambers, '53, A A $; H. T. Helm, '53, BOH; 
 P. McC. Morgan, '53, A A $. I. S. Lane, ^ A ©, wrote to 
 J. McM. Wilson, May 2, 1853: 
 
 Vou have heard of the fray? Twenty-two withdrew from the Miami Union, 
 leaving only twenty-three remaining. The seceders tried to form a third society, 
 but the faculty refused to recognize them. The cause of the withdrawal was cha- 
 grin occasioned by the victory of Hutcheson's election to the presidency. The 
 Alphas and Betas combined against the Phis and Deltas to elect officers to sign the 
 diplomas, but old birds sometimes grow wily. Last year they won the victory by 
 a clandestine caucus; this year such measui-es could not succeed, and their mean 
 spirits would not submit. 
 
48 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 G. P. Thurston, B 11, Miami, '55, wrote January 8, 1855, to 
 H. W. Beeson, Michigan, '57: 
 
 How is the "fusion party" getting along? Don't unite yourselves too closely 
 with the barbarians. Don't set a name for cliquing, for it may injure your holv 
 cause. Bringing secret society affairs into literary societies is very unpopular at 
 Oxford. Be careful not to electioneer as a secret society for your own members 
 too much, and whatever you do in your literary societies, give it the charm of 
 secrecy and you will accomplish much more than openly. Excuse advice, but I 
 have watched these movements for years and have been a Beta three years, so 
 I am pretty well posted. One of our literar}- societies has been almost entirelv 
 broken up by the cliques and contentions of secret societies, though we had no part 
 
 in it, and the barbarians say they have "great respect" for us Manv 
 
 thanks for the constitution of A A $. I would like very much to see their present 
 constitution, though I don't imagine that it has been materially changed; for 
 I think the material thev have now would about make just such another one.^ 
 
 T. C. Bell, ]S X, Miami, '57, wrote January 26, 1857, to Charles 
 Reynolds, O. W.U., '57: 
 
 Our chapter is in a most flourishing condition. We have twelve members — five 
 seniors, three juniors, one sophomore and three freshmen. The A K Es, the objects 
 of bur eternal hostility, have dwindled down to one wretched, solitary member. 
 The $ A 9s number four seniors and one freshman. The A A $s have internal 
 commotions and "cuss" each other like the inhabitants of pandemonium, notwith- 
 standing their members in the faculty and their consequent high grades. The B 6 lis 
 are very friendh" and have some splendid fellows. The B $s are too contemptible 
 to mention. Among all these the cross is honored, f 
 
 A. M. Flor}', '58, Corresponding Secretary- of the Miami chapter 
 
 of B © n, wrote October 19, 1857, to B. T. Prentis, Michigan, '58: 
 
 The A A 4>s are the most powerful here in numbers, and by far the least popular. 
 We consider them the distilled essence of deceit, preserved in the can of meanness, 
 closed with the wax of the most supreme selfishness. You may soon expect to hear 
 of a grand war, blow up, knock-down-and-drag-out kind of a time at "Old Miami", 
 if we are not mistaken in "the signs of the times." It is about the time for the 
 election of winter speakers (each literary society elects four men to deliver public 
 orations at the close of the fall term), and in two of the societies the finest orators 
 and writers are Betas; but a different secret society has concentrated its force in 
 each of the literary societies, so we depend mostl}' on the barbarians and our own 
 genius at intrigue. If we are not used fairly we propose giving them the force of 
 
 * Published in the Beta Theta Pi, April, i88r. 
 A number of questions early arose to vex the members of the new organization ($ K ^), not 
 the least of which was the problem of coping with rival orders. The favorite method of spiking 
 was to obtain in some nefarious way the esoteric work of a competing chapter, and spread the 
 secrets' thus obtained before the candidate sought. It is easy to see to what such tactics would 
 lead. The chief business of $ K ^ and other Greek-letter societies for the twenty-five years from 
 1855 to 1880 was to revise rituals and constitutions, so as to keep ahead of the ambitious burglars and 
 liars who in various ways secured information, more or less accurate, of rivals, which was 
 peddled about from chapter to chapter in the same fraternity, and sometimes intrusted to a 
 rival fraternity when the object of the expose was hateful to both organizations. The minutes and 
 memorials of the early chapters of $ K ^ contain frequent references to the grips and passwords of 
 various rivals ; and to such a pitch of unrighteous frenzy did the practice rise, that at one time a book 
 existed in the Fraternity in which a super-zealous brother in $ K ^ had copied the constitutions, 
 mottoes, passwords, etc., of every fraternity- represented in the college where his chapter was 
 located, together with a miscellaneous lot not so represented. This book was passed around in 
 $ K ^ for years, and used in the manner above adverted to, on the Jesuitical plea that you 'must 
 fight the devil with fire.' The writer of these lines takes a tardy joy in the fact that he was instru- 
 mental in losing the book for good and all. Having mentioned the existence of such a piratical 
 volume at a Grand Arch Council (convention) which he was attending, he was besought to pro- 
 cure the book for several delegates. Knowing the transcriber intimately, the Historian secured the 
 loan of the book, and he rejoices that, from that date to this, the contraband article has nolbeen 
 mentioned to him nor to the transcriber, who is now heartily ashamed of his youthful folly." — "The 
 Historj- of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity", by C. L. Van Cleve, 1902. The chapter of $ K * at 
 Gettysburg, 1899, had a book in which was written the constitutions gf several fraternities. — See 
 Annals, 1898-1900." 
 
 t From History of Omega Chapter" of 2 X, 1885. B $ was local and ephemeral. 
 
> 
 
 '^ 
 
 I' 
 
 ^^' u A V 
 
 \ 
 
 1 !^r' . . 
 
 ^ 
 
 ? 
 
 (4) 
 
50 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 the Beta arm. Old Alpha is a splendid chapter now — some eighteen noble hearted 
 men — and, laying all prejudice aside, the finest talent in the university. We have 
 taken all the good timber of this session, and left the second rate for the other socie- 
 ties to work on.* 
 
 Judging from the invitation, signed b}'- one of the founders of S X, 
 a facsimile T of which appears on page 49, the relations between 
 that Society and ^ A were exceptionally friendly. Both of 
 these societies were destined soon to go into eclipse. The parent 
 chapter of $ A @ disbanded in the fall of 1857. One of the reasons 
 for this action, given by J. R. Patterson in a letter, June 27, 1858, 
 was: Disturbances arising in the literary societies through the 
 agency of secret societies, and the bad odor into which, conse- 
 quently, they had fallen. " As already mentioned, S X suspended 
 at Miami in the summer of 1858. 
 
 Under a charter granted October 7, 1865, b}'- Kentucky Alpha 
 (then Grand Chapter), Ohio Alpha of $ A © was revived at 
 Miami by J. Z. Moore. An account of the re-organization is 
 given in a letter by Alston Ellis to W. B. Palmer, June i, 1880. 
 He says that when he entered Miami, September, 1864, the secret 
 societies there were A A $, B n and A K E. The latter was 
 the most powerful, A A # next, and these two virtually con- 
 trolled college politics". Continuing, he says that when ^ A 
 appeared — 
 
 The other societies could not conceal their alarm at the displayed power of the 
 new organization, and soon united to oppose what they regarded as a common foe. 
 The first conflict came in the Erodelphian Society, in April, 1866, the occasion being 
 the election of a President and a Secretary, who, in clue course of time, would be 
 required to sign the diplomas of the graduating members of the society. J. Z. 
 Moore was elected President and Alston Ellis Secretary, b}- a decisive vote, the first 
 victory of the new Fraternity over the leagued opposition. 
 
 At the beginning of the college )'ear 1866-67, there was unusual activity mani- 
 fested by all the secret societies; the object of the old fraternities being to regain lost 
 prestige, and that of the new chapter being to retain the field so gloriously won. 
 The contest became so bitter that much bad blood was engendered. The main 
 fight was carried on in the Erodelphian hall. At one time the strife became so vio- 
 lent that an adjournment was had to the college campus, in order to settle by phy- 
 sical force what could not, apparently, be adjusted by debate and ballot. Happily 
 no battle took place. At another time, during the pendency of an important elec- 
 tion in the Erodelphian Society, a number of A K E members of the Miami Union 
 Literary Society forced their way into the room, presumably to render assistance to 
 their brethren in case of defeat. The defeat was so overwhelming and the bear- 
 ing of the # A 0s so cool and courageous, that the parties bent on war soon deemed 
 discretion the better part of valor. 
 
 The elections for speakers in the annual exhibition of the Erodelphian Society 
 and the Miami Union Society, December, 1866, were carried by the <J> A 9 Fra- 
 ternity. The first college contest, i. <?., where the whole body of students voted, 
 between the new Fraternity and its rivals, came off in December, 1866, the occasion 
 being the election of a college speaker and a presiding officer for the following cel- 
 ebration of Washington's birthday. In this contest all the other societies combined 
 to defeat the 4> A 9 candidates. The A K E and A A $ Fraternities claimed the 
 honors, and sought to secure them by a compact, whereby a member of the former 
 Society was to be a valedictorian, and one of the latter President. The result was 
 the election of two Phis — Alston Ellis, college speaker, and J. E. Morey, Presi- 
 
 * Published in the Be(a Theta Pi, May, 1881. 
 
 t Reduced from 4% inches to 4 inches from top to bottom of writing. 
 
* .^•***''!9iy^>' 
 
 ft 
 
 ' ^ o 
 
 I f £: 
 !2^ S § 
 
 h c 
 
 IE 
 
 > 
 
 O 
 
 > 
 
 p o 
 
 H ^ 
 
 p ~ 
 
 iTJ ft 
 
52 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 dent. The celebration of February 22, 1867, was remarkable in that the college 
 speaker, the presiding officer and the nine class speakers were members of f> A 0. 
 The society turned out its representative men on that occasion. 
 
 The first annual exhibition of the Erodelphian Literary Society was held on the 
 college campus, May 24, 1867. All the speakers were members of $ A 0, viz.: 
 R. O. Strong, C. B. Fitzpatrick and Alston Ellis. Ten new members were added 
 in 1867 and eight in 1868. The prestige thus gained by the Miami chapter was 
 maintained until the suspension of the universit}' in June, 1873. It was customary 
 for the literary societies before mentioned to meet in joint convention, to elect a 
 former graduate to deliver an address and present the society diplomas to the 
 members of the graduating class. This honor, from the re-organization of the Ohio 
 Alpha of the $ A to the suspension of Miami, was, with possibly one exception, 
 conferred upon former $ A graduates, thus showing that the power of the Frater- 
 nity was supreme in college affairs as long as the doors of the institution were 
 ooen to receive students.* 
 
 The non-secret society A Y entered Miami, March, 1868. It 
 may be observed that what became the three societies of eastern 
 origin having the largest number of chapters — A A $, A K E and 
 AY — had chapters at Miami, and that what became the most 
 widely extended societies of western origin — B 11, <J> A and 
 '% X — were founded there. The chapters of A A $, B 11, $ A 0, 
 A K E and A Y were suspended b}^ the closing of the university, June 
 12, 1873. The institution re-opened its doors September 17, 1885. 
 Ohio Alpha was re-organized October 3, 1885, $ A © being the first 
 fraternity on the ground. B 11 followed June 22, 1886; A K E 
 December 20, 1889; 2 X September 13, 1892. 
 
 THE SIX FOUNDERS OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The founders of the $ A © Fraternity were six students at Miami 
 University, two^n each of the three upper classes: Robert Morri- 
 son and John McMillan Wilson, of the class of '49; Robert 
 Thompson Drake and John Wolfe Lindle}^ of the class of '50; 
 Ardivan Walker Rodgers and Andrew Watts Rogers, of the class 
 of '51. At the time of the organization of $ A 0, Morrison and 
 Drake were in their twenty-seventh 3^ears, Rodgers in his twenty- 
 fifth, Wilson and Rogers in their twenty-fourth, and Lindley in his 
 twent3''-third. They were of advanced ages for students; their 
 characters to a great extent had alreadv been formed. The}^ were 
 old enough to recognize what should be the objects of an ideal 
 brotherhood, and to formulate well considered plans for its gov- 
 ernment. They organized a Society with serious purposes in view; 
 then, not as 5^outhful enthusiasts, but as men of maturit}^ the}^ 
 began the work of its development. The following 'Memorabilia'* 
 b}^ Robert Morrison was published in The Scroll, November, 1881; 
 
 Every organization that is right and proper in its nature will be what the men 
 who constitute it are. If they are brave, earnest, good men, their lives, their char- 
 acters themselves, will be projected into and give moral tone and life to the associa- 
 tion, thus making it a better thing than its parchments would give us ground to 
 expect. Of every true man's work history will write, "He builded better than he 
 
 '^ This letter was published in The Scroll, October, 1880. Another extract from it appears in 
 "Annals, 1864-1868." 
 
THE SIX FOUNDERS. 53 
 
 knew." This truth is eminently illustrated in the history of the $ A 9 Fraternity. 
 The founders were six in number; their names are: 
 
 Robert Thompson Drake, born in Clark County, Ohio, March 6, 1822. 
 
 Robert Morrison, born in Greene County, Pennsylvania, March 15, 1822. 
 
 Ardivan Walker Rodgers, born in Miami County, Ohio, October 20, 1824. 
 
 Andrew Watts Rogers, born in Highland County, Ohio, March 12, 1825. 
 
 John McMillan Wilson, born in Union County, Indiana, September 10, 1825. 
 
 John Wolfe Lindley, born in Knox County, Ohio, August 20, 1826. 
 Our Order was not a whim or fancy freak of children, for at the time of its 
 organization these six men's ages ranged from twenty-two to twenty-six years each. 
 Still further, they were all men of good digestion and sound physical constitution, 
 hence little if anything morbid characterized their views. Is not ''^ mens sana^'' gener- 
 ally found "m corpore sano?'"'' Their private lives were without reproach and above 
 suspicion. Each one was connected with some church by credible profession of his 
 faith in Christ, though in their membership three denominations were represented. 
 They were conscientious, God-fearing men; and if so, there was no reason that 
 they should fear man. (In all these statements my indulgent brothers will please 
 remember that I do not allude to myself, unless I say so b}- name. I happened to 
 be, however, in good company, and in the work they accomplished I had a small 
 share, so that a slight change in Virgil's verse will permit me to say: ''''Quorum 
 pars parva fid.'''') Being amply illustrated by their subsequent years, it may be 
 said emphatically they were brave men; they were not blusterers, and of course not 
 cowards. They were men of decided convictions; what they believed they adhered 
 to, whether popular or otherwise; they did what they thought to be right, whether 
 friends approved or frowned. 
 
 Drake was a modest, quiet sort of a man, of about six feet in height, and a 
 very pleasant countenance; his face made him friends ever3-where. Rodgers and 
 Rogers were each more than six feet tall, and well proportioned; on account of 
 their splendid appearance, they were often called ^^hoi Rogeroi.'' They were 
 as gentle, however, as they were strong and brave. Rodgers and Drake were 
 probably the most deeply conscientious men of the six; neither one was quick or 
 brilliant, but their conscientiousness made them not only true men but good schol- 
 ars as well. One who knew Rodgers well writes me recently: "He was a Christian 
 through and through."* 
 
 As illustrating the kind of a man Drake was, an incident of his college life 
 affords a sample. In the summer of 1849 the cholera was very fatal in Cincinnati. 
 Now Oxford is but thirty-nine miles from that city, and the dreaded plague soon 
 appeared in the village. Its first visitations were upon the students, but no student 
 died, and in fact none became seriously ill. Not so, however, was it in the town 
 and adjacent country, where the cases were many; and of those attacked, a large per 
 cent. died. A panic ensued, so much so that it was almost impossible to secure 
 nurses for the sick, or friends to bury the dead. Several of the students volun- 
 teered as nurses and among them Drake. It fell to his lot one night to be at a farm 
 house about a mile from town, where eight in a family of nine persons were sick at 
 the same time with the dread disease. He undertook during that night to wait upon 
 a young man who had the terrible cramp badly, and was only able to cease from 
 vomiting and purging at the same moment by having his body well covered with 
 mustard plasters. They, of course, made him uncomfortable, especially where he 
 lay upon them; hence, every few minutes all the night long, he wished to be turned 
 over; and as he was very weak, that could be done only by Drake putting his face 
 down close to the sufferer's face; then the poor fellow would put his arms around 
 Drake's neck and raise himself, so that Drake could get his arms underneath him, 
 and thus turn him over. Toward morning, when Drake had his arms under the 
 sick man, and had raised him so that his body was free from pressing upon the mus- 
 tard, as it had been upon the bed, he said to Drake: "If it is not asking too much of 
 you, since I feel so much easier in this position, I wish you would hold me awhile as 
 I am now. ' ' Cholera was then generally regarded as contagious, yet in that close 
 proximity to the feverish, poisonous breath of the sufferer, Drake kept his face, and 
 held the sick man for perhaps fifteen minutes. He was rewarded, however, in seeing 
 
 * "So wrote A. W. Rogers."— Note to manuscript of this historj- made by Robert Morrison. 1901- 
 
54 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 the young man, while thus held up, fall asleep, and that rest seemed to be the turning 
 point of the disease; he soon got well. Said I not that Drake was a brave man? 
 
 I also recall an incident of another of our little band. In after years Colonel 
 Rogers, when leading his "fighting regiment" in a sharply contested battle, only 
 illustrated on a larger field his fearlessness that he did while a student in college. 
 One night he and a few others were in a fellow student's room. In the course of 
 the conversation, a young man of large size and great strength took occasion to 
 make a harsh statement as to the character and conduct of a young lady who was 
 an intimate friend of Rogers. Rogers quietly and quickly responded, "That is a 
 mistake." The young man, whom I shall call C, sung back, "Rogers, you are a 
 liar." Without waiting for a word more, and without saying a word, Rogers 
 caught him, threw him on his back, and began to choke him. Men present, how- 
 ever, separated them before any serious damage was done. 
 
 The next morning after prayers, when all the students had gone but three or 
 four, Rogers was standing on a low platform just outside the north door of the 
 chapel. Hearing some threats and curses, we looked and saw C. close at hand, 
 flourishing a heavy cane and declaring that he had come down from town — he was 
 not a student then — "to whip that liar Rogers/' saying which he aimed a blow at 
 Rogers' head. Rogers caught the club, twisted it out of C's hand, threw it away, 
 and before C. could reverse an open dirk-knife that he had concealed in his sleeve, 
 got a blow planted between the eyes that caused him to drop as quickly as ever 
 did an ox with a bullet in his brain. Rogers did not touch him more, and poor C. 
 lay some two or three minutes as limber as a fainting child. He was helped up 
 ere long by a good Samaritan, who led him off , and poured whiskey in his wound 
 and into his mouth; but, though he went off threatening what he was going to do, 
 I never heard of him calling Rogers a liar any more. 
 
 Lindley was a man of few words, and was rather below than above the medium 
 size. He was an accurate scholar, and had a full share of soberness and common 
 sense. He was every way a good and useful man. 
 
 Wilson was short and very compactly built. He had a pleasant round face and a 
 well developed brain. He was a quiet, patient thinker, a rr an of large and comprehen- 
 sive views. He was a hearty hater of all shows and pretences, yet generous and chari- 
 table to those who differed with him. He cared more for realit}^ than show, and was 
 less careful about his dress and appearance than perhaps was wise — hence a sobriquet 
 that followed him was "Old Dad" — yet all respected and loved him in spite of that. 
 
 J. K. Boude, Miami, '52, wrote to C. O. Perry, May 16, 1874: 
 
 This last name (Ardivan W. Rodgers) brings many pleasant mem- 
 ories. He was like a father to us younger members, and his counsel 
 and advice were sought for when we were in any difficulty or trouble. 
 He was a man of most noble and generous impulses, and had a 
 heart as tender as a woman's. He was a man who never passed 
 for his real worth, for his quiet, retiring disposition, and careless 
 attire, led many to pass him by; but, when once acquaintance was 
 made, he was found to be a genial companion, and one of the best 
 informed men on almost every subject, whether ancient or modern, 
 that it was ever my fortune to meet." 
 
 In a letter to A. G.Foster, September i, 1881, Robert Morrison 
 wrote of J. McM. Wilson: ''He was an efficient worker in every 
 field upon which he entered;" and of R. T. Drake, he wrote: 
 He was a faithful, conscientious, successful pastor, and a truly 
 good man." Morrison wrote to C. P. Bassett, April 30, 1885: 'l 
 am a Presbyterian, and so of one kind or another were all of our 
 founders; one is now an Episcopalian — Colonel Rogers." 
 
 x*\t the Alumni Day meeting at Cleveland, 1897, J. W. Lindley 
 said: "Wilson was a short, thick-set, stubby boy, with his large 
 
THE SIX FOUNDERS. 
 
 DD 
 
 head set well down between his shoulders, a sturd}', rugged and 
 determined character. Drake and m3'self were classmates and 
 roommates, and he was ver}^ much like me in his characteristics. 
 Andrew W. Rogers and Ardivan W. Rodgers were always together; 
 both of them tall and commanding in appearance, but entirely 
 opposite in characteristics. Andrew was genial, frank and open- 
 hearted: Ardivan was brusque, critical and aggressive, but was 
 always just." In the biographical sketch of Andrew W. Rogers, 
 by R. H, Switzler, published in The Scroll, June, 1897, the former 
 is quoted as follows: 
 
 The fii'St members were good, hearty, earnest men, and those that were added 
 from time to time were of the best material. Morrison was probably the leader in 
 earnest work for the Fraternity, and was highly respected and esteemed by the 
 members; he was an excellent manager. Wilson, a regular book-worm, was 
 inclined to be somewhat of a recluse; he was our authority on history. Drake was 
 dignified, rather retiring, a good student, and had a good heart. Lindley did not 
 have much "cheek, ' but stood well in his classes, and was in every respect a 
 highly estimable gentleman. Ardivan W. Rodgers was an exceedingly hard 
 student — a sober-minded, old-fashioned United Presbyterian, very conscientious in 
 everything. He was one of the "honestsst" men I ever knew. His initials i.nd 
 surname were the same as mine, although our surnames were different in spelling. 
 All the old set spelled the name with "d," as did my father; however, he instructed 
 his children to omit the "d," saying it did not belong there. Ardivan and I were 
 not related, but were of about the .same size — six feet and more in height — and we 
 were much together. The other students, from seeing us together so often, dubbed 
 us "ot Poyepot". 
 
 At the banquet of the Semi-Centennial Convention, 1898, 
 Robert Morrison said: 
 
 Who were these founders? They were six men, four of whom were born in 
 Ohio, one in a county of Indiana adjoining Ohio, and the other in Pennsylvania, the 
 latter also being reared in Ohio. Each was born and reared on a farm. They 
 were early made acquainted with hard working and plain living, but were in no 
 wise injured thereby. They were plain, earnest men; not one of them a genius. 
 Nor was there a crank in the number; their heads were as level and their judgment 
 as cool and correct as the average of good common-sense men. They were not 
 bo3-s. They were men of mature minds and established principles. They were 
 not dyspeptics. Whether they had each mens sana or not, they had every one a 
 mind in corpore sano. They were not soured at the world, as the world had never 
 treated them badly, as the}- thought. They were all professors of religion, though 
 in three denominations. They were cheerful and companionable people. At the 
 time of the Fraternity's organization, two were seniors, two were juniors and 
 two were sophomores. In scholarship all of them were above the average of good 
 students. 
 
 Two, the eldest of the six, the Roberts — Robert Thompson Drake and Robert 
 Morrison — became Presbyterian preachers. Ardivan Walker Rodgers died in the 
 course of a very broad and thorough preparation for that office. While Robert 
 Drake's work seemed, for a short life, well rounded up and complete, with Rodgers 
 and Wilson the case was somewhat different. A pure marble memorial shaft, 
 abruptly broken off a little above its beginning, would represent their lives, but their 
 work was well done. The old Hebrews say that God likes adverbs. He likes to 
 say of a long or short work, not "your work is done," but "it is well done." 
 
 John Wolfe Lindley became teacher, professor and President in colleges, and is 
 now living in a serene and useful old age, as Justice of the Peace on the farm on 
 which he was born. Colonel Andrew Watts I<ogers has had a useful and quiet life 
 as an attorney. During the great war of 1861-65, he was a fighting Colonel, of 
 the 8 1st Regiment of Illinois Volunteers. 
 
56 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Three have left us — Rodgers in 1856, Drake in 1873, Wilson in 1874. The 
 shadows are lengthening fast to those three yet with you. Soon none of us 
 will meet in your pleasant company any more. We have enjoyed our Phi life, and 
 thank God for it, and we will trust him for the future. 
 
 As shown by the books at Miami, the date of matriculation of 
 Morrison was June 18, 1846 (though he was certain over fifty years 
 later that he had entered the university by May 11 of that year), and 
 the date of matriculation of the five others was October 7, 1846. 
 The following table shows the classes with which the six founders 
 were connected each year, as shown by Miami catalogues: 
 
 
 1845-46 
 
 1846-47 
 
 1847-48 
 
 1848-49 
 
 1849-50 
 
 1850-51 
 
 Robert Morrison 
 
 Partial 
 
 Freshman 
 
 Junior 
 
 Senior 
 
 
 
 J. McM. Wilson 
 
 
 Partia:! 
 
 Junior 
 
 Senior 
 
 
 
 R. T. Drake 
 
 
 Freshman 
 
 Sophomore 
 
 Junior 
 
 Senior 
 
 
 J. W. Lindley 
 
 
 Partial 
 
 Sophomore 
 
 Junior 
 
 Senior 
 
 
 A. W. Rodgers 
 
 
 I St Prep. 
 
 Freshman 
 
 Sophomore 
 
 Junior 
 
 Senior 
 
 A. W. Rogers 
 
 
 2d Prep. 
 
 ist Prep. 
 
 Freshman 
 
 Sophomore 
 
 Senior 
 
 Andrew W. Rogers, starting in the second preparatory class, 
 1846, would have been graduated regularly in 1852, but he 
 gained a year and was graduated 185 1. All six received the 
 degree of A.B., and later the honorary degree of A.M. The 
 degree of A. M. was conferred only on graduates who had been 
 engaged in literary or professional pursuits for three years or 
 more. 
 
 The file of catalogues examined belonged to Robert Morrison. 
 His address as given in the catalogues for 1846, 1847, 1848 and 
 1849 was Rostraver, Pa., a postoffice in Westmoreland County, 
 near which he had taught school, 1844-45. ^^ ^i^ copy of the 
 catalogue for 1846, the address is changed in his handwriting 
 to ' Knox County, Ohio." His father lived near Mount Gilead 
 in Knox County, which town, when Morrow County was formed, 
 became its count}" seat. In notes made by him, 1901, to the 
 manuscript of this histor}", he wrote that putting his address as 
 Rostraver was the "faculty's mistake," and that his proper 
 address was Mount Gilead, "where the catalogue should have 
 had it. " In the catalogue of the Societ}" of Religious Inquiry, which 
 he and Wilson edited, 1849, his address was properly given as 
 Mount Gilead. 
 
 The address of Wilson, as shown by Miami catalogues for 1847, 
 1848 and 1849 was College Corner, Ohio. This village is in three 
 counties and two States — Butler and Preble Counties, Ohio, and 
 Union County, Indiana. It is about six miles northwest of Oxford. 
 The post-office has always been in the Butler County quarter of the 
 town. Wilson's father lived on a farm about half a mile west of 
 there. The addresses of the other four founders, as shown by 
 
THE SIX FOUNDERS. 57 
 
 Miami catalogues, were: Drake, Enon, Ohio; Lindle}^ Frederick- 
 town, Ohio; Rodgers, Piqua, Ohio; Rogers, Greenfield, Ohio. 
 
 At the time of the founding of <E> A ©, the founders occupied 
 rooms situated as follows: Morrison and Wilson had rooms in 
 the Northeast Building, now called the North Dormitor}-, which 
 was erected in 1829 and still stands. The first window south of 
 the north door on the west side opened into Morrison's room, and 
 directly above, on the second floor, was Wilson's. The first 
 meeting of the Societ}^ was held in Wilson's room, Tuesda}- even- 
 ing, December 26, 1848. Each room was divided by a partition, 
 and one part was used as a study and the other as a sleeping room, 
 a door in the partition affording communication. Morrison had a 
 book store in the front part of his room for a short time, and 
 afterward on Main Street in town. '^ 
 
 In 1846-48 Lindle}^ roomed on the second floor of the Southeast 
 Building, the second room from the northeast corner. In 1848-49 
 he occupied the northeast room on the second floor of the old 
 West Wing (replaced, 1868, with a new wing) of the Main Build- 
 ing, t In 1848-49 Drake's room was directly over Wilson's in the 
 Southeast Building, and in 1849-50 Drake and Lindle}^ together 
 occupied the room which Wilson had occupied. Ardivan Walker 
 Rodgers roomed and boarded at Mrs. Cathcart's in town, and for 
 a time Lindley took his meals there. Andrew W. Rogers roomed 
 and boarded at his half-brother's in town. Rev. Wm. S. Rogers. 
 
 Morrison, Drake, Lindley, and Andrew W. Rogers belonged to 
 the Miami Union Literary Societ}^; Wilson and Ardivan W. Rodgers 
 to the Erodelphian Literar}^ Societ3\ 
 
 All of the six founders never met together after 1849, but five of 
 them — all except Andrew W. Rogers — were present at the meeting 
 of the higher Order of alumni at Oxford, 1853. 
 
 It is rather remarkable that four of the six — Morrison, Lindley, 
 Wilson and Rogers — went, after graduation, to Tennessee to teach 
 school; also R. G. Elliott and S. S. Elliott, who established Indi- 
 ana Alpha. Morrison led the way, December, 1849, and until 
 June, 185 1, was Assistant Principal of Poplar Grove Academy, on 
 the old Jefferson Turnpike, Rutherford County, west of Jefferson 
 postoffice, near the old Sm3^rna Church and camp-ground, and 
 about tv/o miles from the Sm3^rna of to-da}^, twelve miles from 
 Murfreesboro and twenty from Nashville. He was Principal, 
 1851-52, and he left Tennessee in the fall of 1852. Through his 
 influence, he was succeeded by Lindley, who was Principal one 
 scholastic year, 1852-53. Morrison also procured a school for 
 
 * See illustrations, page 26. Illustrations and descriptions of the Miami buildings were pub- 
 lished in The Scroll, October and November, 1887, and The Palladium, M&y, 1899. The Sc7-oll, 
 October, 1899, contains an account of the $ A Semi-Centennial Celebration at Miami, June, 1899, 
 when a memorial tablet was placed on the outer west wall of W'llson's room. 
 
 t On each floor in the old West Wing a hall ran from end to end, dividing the two rooms on 
 the front side from the two on the back side. Lindley's room was on the second floor, front side 
 and next to the Main Building. M. G. WiUiams, the first man admitted to $ A by the six found- 
 ers, was initiated in this room Januarj- i, 1849. 
 
58 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Wilson in Rutherford County. Wilson went to Tennessee, January, 
 T852, and was Principal of Baird Academ}^, about two miles from 
 Murfreesboro, until June, 1853, when, accompanied b}" Lindley, 
 he returned to Ohio. In the fall of 185 1, Rogers went to Raleigh, 
 near Memphis, where he taught a school and read law until August, 
 1853. S. S. Elliott was Principal of the Knoxville (Tenn. ) Academy, 
 1850. His brother, R. G. Elliott, on recommendation of Lindley, 
 was appointed teacher of a school about six miles southwest of Mur- 
 freesboro; he went there January, 1853, and remained about a 5''ear. 
 Two brothers of Robert Morrison, H. J. Morrison and W. M. 
 Morrison, attended Miami. The former was in the preparatory 
 department, 1846-47; the latter was graduated, 1853. J. W. 
 Drake, brother of R. T. Drake, was graduated at Miami, 1848. 
 W, S. Rogers and W. H. Rogers, the former a half-brother and the 
 latter a cousin of A. W. Rogers, were graduated at Miami, 1835. 
 
 The Six Stars. 
 
 The fraternity flag, adopted 1891, changed 1896, displays six stars, emblematic of the six founders. 
 
 ROBERT MORRISON. 
 
 Robert Morrison was the eldest child of Thomas Morrison, who 
 was the son of Robert Morrison. The grandfather, for whom our 
 founder was named, was of a Scotch famil3^ Born in Count}^ Derr}^ 
 Ireland, 1747, he emigrated to America and settled in Delaware, 
 1765. After the Revolutionary War, in which he was a Continen- 
 tal soldier, he moved to Pennsylvania and settled not far from Car- 
 michaeltown, near to Greensborough, in Greene County, about 
 fift}^ miles from Pittsburg. There he died, 1832; there his son, 
 Thomas Morrison, was born, 1792, and there his grandson, Robert 
 Morrison, was born, March 15, 1822. 
 
 Our founder's mother was Mar}^ Jennings Morrison, who was 
 born in Fayette Count}^, Pennsylvania, 1798. She was of English 
 descent, her parents being Henr}^ and Rhoda Leslie Jennings. 
 She was married to Thomas Morrison, 1820. 
 
 With his wife and baby, when the latter was about six months 
 old, Thomas Morrison moved to Knox County, Ohio. He cleared 
 ground for a home and farm, and he was engaged in farming until 
 his death there, 1873. The place, when Morrow Count}^ was 
 formed, became a part of that county. It is twenty-one miles 
 northwest of Mount Vernon, the county seat of Knox, and three 
 miles east of Mount Gilead, the county seat of Morrow. There 
 other children were born to Thomas and Mary Morrison: Henry 
 Jennings, born 1824; an unnamed girl, born 1826, and died in 
 infanc}^; Rhoda, born 1828; William Montgomery, born 1831; 
 James Leslie, born 1834; Thomas Porter, born 1837; Mary Eliza- 
 
ROBERT MORRISON, 
 
 59 
 
 beth, born 1840. In an autobiographical sketch, published in 
 The Scroll, April, 1897, Robert Morrison said: 
 
 The physical training that such a farming life as mine was in my early time may 
 have had its drawbacks, but it hardened the muscles; so that afterwards at college, 
 at Athens, Ohio, without any training in that line, 1 threw the man who had thrown 
 down a hundred men. As to walking, I often in eai'ly life walked to church seven 
 miles and back on the same day without any especial weariness. We thought it right, 
 in those times, to rest horses one day that had faithfully pulled the plow for six 
 days. One winter I did chores morning and night, and walked daily to and from 
 school, three miles each way. When sixteen, I split 200 eleven-foot rails in a day's 
 sunshine; and on another day, in the same year, I reaped with the old-fashioned 
 sickle, bound and shocked up thirtv-two dozen bundles of wheat. 
 
 ^0^4-% 
 
 /nm^^M\y>^ 
 
 jNIia.mi, '49. 
 
 Half-tone 
 on his shirt bosom, and 
 
 from a daguerreotype taken at Mansfield, Ohio, July, 1851.,, The badge appears 
 on ms snirt bosom, and he wrote A. A. Stearns, June 26, 1885, that this was "the way it was often 
 worn." He wrote to W. B. Palmer, April 26, 1902: '"I well remember being in Mansfield; I called 
 on the mother of mj- lady principal, bought a buggy which I took South with me, and had my 
 picture taken, 1 believe for the first time." Signature from letter to J. McM. Wilson, dated Jeffer- 
 
 picture 
 
 son, Tenn., January 5, 1850. 
 
 He entered Ohio University at the beginning of the fall term, 
 September 9, 1839,"^ and left there June, 1841. As it was a state 
 institution, each county had one free scholarship, and he secured 
 the one for his count3^ During a protracted meeting at Athens, 
 
 *"A few months after I had passed my seventeenth anniversary, my father took me in a little 
 one-horse springless wagon to the Ohio University at Athens, a distance of about 125 miles." 
 Autobiographical sketch of Robert Morrison, Tlie Scroll, April, 1897. 
 

 Ohio University, Athens — An Old View. 
 
 Half-tone from a lithograph (8 X 14 inches), engraved 1875, in the possession of Professor Eli 
 Dunkle, Athens, Ohio. The Central Building was erected 1817, both the East Wing (to the left of the 
 picture) and the West Wing were erected 1836. See footnote page 17. 
 
 February, 1841, he made profession of faith in Christ and joined 
 the Presbyterian Church. During 1841-42 he taught a school in 
 Butler County, Ohio, in which Oxford is located. During 1842-44 
 he taught three terms in Fa3^ette County, Pennsylvania, one term 
 in the country, where lived his grandmother, Mrs. Rhoda Leslie 
 Jennings, with whom he stayed, the other two terms in villages. 
 During 1844-45 ^^ taught in the country, near a postoffice called 
 Rostraver, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. He returned, 
 1845, to his father's home in Knox County, Ohio, where he 
 remained until he entered Miami University in the spring of 1846. 
 While at Miami he partially supported himself by the profits 
 from a college book store. In 1849 ^^ ^^^ President of the Miami 
 Union Literary Society. He and J. McM. Wilson edited, 1849, a 
 catalogue of the Society of Religious Inquiry, a college missionary 
 organization. ^ Robert Morrison was graduated, 1849, with the degree 
 of A. B. and first honor, magna cimi laiide. At commencement he 
 delivered the valedictory with an address on Modern Type of Infi- 
 delity, "t Miami conferred on himthehonorary degree of A.M., 1852. 
 
 * The catalogue is a pamphlet of i6 pages, containing, in addition to the list of members, a 
 'Brief History of the Society" (four and a half pages), which is signed by Morrison and Wilson, and 
 •dated June, 1849. It appears that the Society had been founded 1833 ; that ' Every week are held 
 meetings for prayer and conference respecting some particular missionary field, and once a month 
 reports and essays are read." Seven members had gone to foreign lands to preach the gospel, two 
 more being under appointment to go. The catalogue gives the names of 158 graduated members, 
 in classes from '33 to '48, inclusive, and 24 attendant members. The latter included the six founders 
 of $ A — Morrison and Wilson, '49; Drake and Lindley, '50; Rodgers and Rogers, '51 ; also the 
 four men first initiated by the founders into $ A — A. A. Barnett, '51: J. K. Boude, '52; S. R. 
 Matthews. '52: and M. G. Williams, '53. 
 
 J. A. Anderson, at Miami, wrote to Robert Morrison, at New Albany Theological Seminary, 
 April I, 1853 : The Society of Inquiry is defunct, and of course I will have no address this year." 
 
 A missionary organization, the Society of Inquiry, existed at Amherst from the foundation of 
 the college, 1821, down to the early eighties, being known latterly as the Hitchcock Society of 
 Inquiry. — See "A History of Amherst College," by W. S. Tyler, 1894. Though similar in name and 
 object, the Miami society seems not to have been connected with the Amherst society. 
 
 t See, on page 75, facsimile of 1849 commencement programme, on which appears also the 
 name of J. Mc.M. Wilson, another founder of * A ©. 
 
Ohio University — Robert Morrison's Room in the East Wing. 
 
 ^ly room at Ohio University was iroom 37, the southeast corner room of the second story of 
 the East Wing." — Robert Morrison to W. B. Palmer, March 14, 1899. The exterior of the room is 
 shown in the above half-tone from a photograph taken June, 1902, under the direction of Dorr 
 Casto, Ohio, '01, and F. H. Tinker, Ohio, '04. The room extended 10 feet across the end of the 
 building, 12 feet on the side. The partition between it and the adjoining room was taken out, mak- 
 ing one lecture room, 1898. For several years before that time the room on the third floor, immedi- 
 ately above room number 37, was used by Ohio Gamma for a hall. 
 
 After graduation he attended the Associate Reformed Theo- 
 logical Seminar}" at Oxford for several months."^ In December, 
 1849, he went to Tennessee to teach school, arriving at 
 Nashville the day before Christmas, t Rev. William S. Rogers, 
 half-brother of Andrew W. Rogers, had secured a place for 
 him in Poplar Grove Academy, in Rutherford County, twenty 
 miles from Nashville. He was Assistant Principal, 1850-51, and 
 Principal, 1851-52. One of his pupils was T. C. Hibbett, whom 
 he induced to attend Miami and join $ A ©. In the summer of 
 185 1 he returned to Ohio for a visit. While in Tennessee he organ- 
 ized a division of the Sons of Temperance, and he was a member 
 of the grand division (convention) of the State, which met at Nash- 
 ville in the fall of 185 1. 
 
 Leaving Tennessee in the fall of 1852, he entered the New 
 Albany (ind.) Presbyterian Theological Seminary. + In the fall of 
 1853 he entered the first class (highest of the three classes) of 
 
 * Other members of $ A who attended this seminary were : J. McM. Wilson, '49: A. W. 
 Rodgers, '51; David Swing, '52; James Holmes, '53- 
 
 tTravehng by steamboat down the Ohio and up the Cumberland River. Xo railroad was 
 operated in Tennessee before 1853 ; only 9,021 miles were opeiated in the whole United States, 1850. 
 
 t One of the professors there was Dr. E. D. MacMaster, who was President at Miami when Robert 
 Morrison was graduated, 1849. The New Albany Seminarj' was the foundation of McCormick. 
 Theological Seminarj- at Chicago. 
 
62 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Princeton Theological Seminar}-,* but he left there in December 
 to accept the position of business manager and assistant editor of 
 the Presbyterian Herald, at Louisville, Ky., of which paper Rev. 
 W. W. Hill, D. D., was editor. 
 
 He was licensed to preach b}^ the Presb3'ter3' of Louisville, April, 
 1854; whereupon he became a cit}-^ missionar}^ his chief work 
 being at Portland, then be^^ond the city limits. There he organ- 
 ized a Sunda3--school, 1854, and a church, 1855. He was the sup- 
 ph' of this church, called the Portland Avenue Presb3-terian Church, 
 until 1856, when a brick church building was erected, t He con- 
 tinued his work on the Presbyterian Herald until November, 1855. 
 He was ordained, April, 1856. Declining an invitation to become 
 pastor of a large church in Lafayette Count}^ Missouri, also an 
 offer of a professorship in a 3-oung ladies' seminar3- at Paris, K3\, 
 he then moved into the countr3", about twelve miles from Louisville, 
 to become pastor of Penns3^1vania Run Church. He was pastor 
 of that charge until 1861. During those five 3-ears he organized a 
 new church, called Hebron, and helped it to build an edifice. 
 Hebron Church was five miles from Pennsylvania Run, fifteen from 
 Louisville. He was pastor of this new church from April, 1861, 
 until October, 1868, meanwhile doing a good deal of missionar}^ 
 work for the presbytery. | 
 
 He and Rev. Stuart Robinson, D. D., (honorar3'^ member of 
 Kentuck}" Alpha of $ A 0) became editors, and Andrew David- 
 son became publisher of the True Presbyterian, April, 1862, the 
 three having purchased the subscription list and good will of the 
 Presbyteria?! Herald. He was managing editor of the paper, which 
 appeared weekh' until September, 1862, and thereafter with some 
 irregularity, on account of the troubles of the times. His connec- 
 tion with the paper ceased, Januar3% 1864, and during a part of 
 the 3"ears 1864 and 1865 he taught a select school, in addition to 
 acting as pastor of Hebron Church. 
 
 He voted for Whig candidates until i860; he then became a 
 Democrat and he so remained. During the war he was a southern 
 S3-mpathizer. § Kentuck3' Presb3-terians divided, 1866, when the 
 main body of the S3mod left the northern church and became inde- 
 pendent. In 1869 this bod3^ united with the southern assembly. 
 He was connected with this bod3^, and during the remainder of his 
 life was affiliated with the southern branch of the church. 
 
 * While at Princeton he roomed at Mrs. Beard's. 
 
 t A pamphlet of 39 pages entitled, ' A List of Officers and Members, Together with a History 
 of the Portland Avenue Church, of Louisville, Ky.," by Simon Caye, Jr., quotes from the church 
 records a minute of a meeting of representatives of four city churches, held at the office of the 
 Presbyterian Herald, August 16, 1835. "Pursuant to a call from Rev. Robert Morrison, who has 
 been preaching for some time at Portland," the meeting was held to consider a petition of twelve 
 persons resident in or near Portland, praying to be organized into a Presbyterian church. The 
 church was organized September i, when eight members joined it. The brick building, erected 
 1856, was torn down 1893, and replaced with a brick and stone structure on the original site, corner 
 of 32d Street and Portland Avenue. A parsonage was built, 1871. The church had 227 com- 
 municants, 1886; 320, 1903. 
 
 t While pastor of Pennsylvania Run Church his post-office was at Cedar Creek (now Fern- 
 creek), Jefferson County ; while pastor of Hebron Church his post-office was at Brooks' Station (now 
 Zoneton), Bullitt County. 
 
 § His brother J. L. Morrison was in the Confederate army ; see footnote, page 68. 
 

 ROBERT MORRISON. 
 
 63 
 
 59; one of the 
 the assembh", 
 575, 1879 ^^^^ 
 
 He was stated clerk for the Louisville presb_vtery from April 6, 
 1859, to October 17, 1868. He was reporter of the general assem- 
 blies of the Presbyterian Church, 1855, 1857 and i^ 
 reporters, 1862, 1865 and 1866: a commissioner to 
 1865, and to the southern assemblies, 1869, 1873. i 
 1886. 
 
 In the summer of 1868 he visited his old home in Ohio, and 
 while there received an invitation to organize a new church at 
 Waterford (Levering post-office) in Knox County, about ten miles 
 from his father's farm. He accepted the call, in order to live near 
 his father during the latter's declining 3'ears. In September, 1869, 
 he established Westminster Academy at Waterford, and for six 
 3^ears he was Principal of this school, which was co-educational 
 and for a time had from 75 to 80 pupils. His brother, William M. 
 Morrison, A. ]\L, was Assistant Principal. The facult}^ numbered 
 six, 1872. 
 
 At the age of fiftv, November 18, 1872, he was married in Harri- 
 son Count}-, Kentuck}', to Flora Jane Bomberger, b_v whom he had 
 five children — Margery, Mary, Ethel, Robert Hall and Anna Gor- 
 don. All of them are living. 
 
 Robert Morrison preached statedly at Waterford from October, 
 1868, to December, 1876, and was the pastor of the Presbyterian 
 
 Portland Avenue Presbyterian Church, Louisville, Kentucky. 
 
 Founded by Robert Morrison, 1855 The present edifice, shown above, was erected 1893. 
 Froni a kodak taken by Miss Ethel V. Wilder, Januarj- 22, 1902. See footnote, page 62. 
 
64 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Church there for the first five years. In 1869 ^^ organized a 
 church at North Liberty, about twelve miles from Waterford, and 
 he was the regular preacher there until 1876. These churches 
 were connected with the southern general assembly. Besides 
 being Principal of the academy, he preached at least three sermons 
 a week, and, as his sketch of himself says, he ''did no great amount 
 in eating the bread of idleness." His father died, 1873, ^is mother, 
 1883. As executor of his father's will, he settled up the estate; he 
 was also assignee for a merchant who had failed, and was chosen 
 as guardian for an orphan girl. He resigned as Principal of West- 
 minster Academy, 1875. 
 
 Having some landed interests in Missouri, he went there, 
 December, 1876. From 1877 to 1879 he was pastor of the Presby- 
 terian Church at Potosi, Mo. From 1879 to 1881 he was financial 
 agent of Westminster College, and he succeeded in liquidating a 
 debt of ^15,000, with which it was encumbered. While thus 
 engaged he lived at Fulton, Mo. From 188 1 to 1890 he lived at 
 Aurora Springs, Mo. In 1881 he organized there amission, which 
 became a church, 1883. During the nine years from 1881 to 1890, 
 he preached for four churches, in Moniteau, Miller and Morgan 
 Counties, the churches being at High Point, Aurora Springs, 
 Gravois Mills and Tuscumbia. He organized the church at 
 
 '^hriZ^- 'i'^^"'^' 
 
 Westminster Academy, Waterford, Knox County, Ohio. 
 
 Robert Morrison, Principal, 1869-75. 
 
 Half-tone from lithograph in the triennial catalogue of the academy, 1872 ; lithograph also 
 appeared in a gazetteer of Knox County. 
 
ROBERT MORRISON. 
 
 65 
 
 Gravois Mills, 1883, and the church at Tuscumbia, 1888. He 
 returned to Fulton, December, 1890, and for ten 3"ears he was 
 engaged in domestic missionary work throughout the State. 
 
 Miami University conferred the degree of Doctor of Divinity 
 on him, 1897. Because of failing health, he gave up active work, 
 June, 1900."^ Having bought a farm of 62 acres, he moved to it, 
 
 Rev. Robert Morrison, D. D. 
 
 From a photograph taken by Anderson, 785 Broadway, October 20, lE 
 
 Convention.) 
 
 (during the New York 
 
 March, 1901. It is on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, two miles 
 north of Fulton. On account of the trees on the place, and the wide 
 lawn in front of the old-fashioned dwelling, he called it "'Wood- 
 lawn." In part payment for it he gave a house and lot in Fulton, 
 which he had owned, and where he had resided, a number of years. 
 
 *"ln a little more than forty-six years in the ministry, I preached once nearly everj- Sabbath, 
 sometimes twice, and frequently on Wednesday nights at prayer meetings." Robert Morrison to 
 W. B. Palmer, December i8, igoi. 
 
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ROBERT MORRISON. 
 
 67 
 
 At maturit}' he was five feet nine inches tall, and weighed about 
 160 pounds. His hair was sand}' in 3'outh, turning in later life 
 to dark brown; his eyes were black, his complexion dark. His 
 ph3^sical vigor continued to a verv advanced age. At the Semi- 
 Centennial Convention, his erectness of form was very marked 
 in one of such venerable 3'ears. Both he and Founder J. ^V. 
 Lindle}' remained up until 2 a. m. at the Semi-Centennial Con- 
 vention banquet at Columbus, 1898, and until 4 a. m. at the Semi- 
 Centennial Celebration banquet at Oxford, 1899, and both of them 
 delivered addresses on both occasions. 
 
 ivT^??^^-^-^ 
 
 Half-tone from a photograph taken at IndianapoUs during the Convention, May, 1894. Portrait 
 and signature reproduced from the "Robert Morrison Number" of The Scroll, April, 1897. 
 
 Having reached the patriarchal age of four score, he passed 
 away at his home, "Woodlawn," at lo p. m., Sunday, July 27, 
 1902. For over two years his health had been very poor, poorer 
 than usual during the last month. A complication of disorders 
 common to old age was the cause of death. He was confined to 
 his bed ten days, during which he suffered much pain, but his 
 endurance was wonderful, and relief mercifully came to ease his 
 last few hours. He was conscious to the very end, understanding 
 all that was said to him, though during these final hours he was 
 
68 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 unable to speak. His wife and five children and two of his 
 nephews were present. "^ 
 
 On the following Wednesda}^ his bod}-^ was interred in the Fulton 
 cemetery. The funeral arrangements were in charge of C. F. 
 Lamkin, Westminster, '99. The sermon was preached in the 
 Fulton Presb3'terian Church by Rev. C. F. Richmond, West- 
 minster, '86. The General Council were represented by J. H. 
 DeWitt, T. G. C, and R. H. Switzler, H. G. C. All of"^the pall 
 bearers were members of the Fraternit3\ The ritualistic burial 
 service was read at the grave by DeWitt and Richmond. J. W. 
 Lindle}', ]Miami, '50, the only surviving founder, traveled from his 
 home in Ohio to attend the funeral of his relative and associate 
 in founding $ A 0. He arrived at Fulton on the da}" of the funeral, 
 but. owing to a railroad accident, after the interment. 
 
 Robert ^Morrison's life as a teacher, editor and minister was a 
 very busy and useful one. His autobiographical sketch expresses 
 his guiding principle: To do what ought to be done, dut what 
 would hot be done unless I did it, I thought to be my duty.'" His 
 indomitable energy is evinced b}^ his remark in this sketch regard- 
 ing the great effort required to lift the debt of Westminster 
 College: For m}" comfort the words of an old proverb came to 
 m3^ mind — Whatere?' ought to be done can be do?ie, though it may 
 be with difficulty." His life work involved hardship, self-denial 
 and sacrifice, but these were cheerfulh-^ borne because he was 
 engaged in the Master's service, and to that calling he was thoroughh" 
 consecrated. He did much to advance the cause of education and 
 the cause of the church. His unselfish and well-directed efforts 
 during the long 3'^ears of his efficient labors produced man}" results 
 of lasting benefit. He was permitted to round out a completed 
 life, beautiful in its example, and his good works do follow him. 
 
 Robert ]\Iorrison conceived the idea of founding the Fraternity. 
 He and J. Mc^Nl. Wilson selected its name, and he selected the 
 secret Greek motto. They were joint authors of the Bond of the 
 $ A ©, and together they designed the badge, Morrison suggesting 
 the shield shape and the eye, and A\'ilson the scroll. 
 
 His deep interest in the welfare of the Order did not end with 
 graduation, but was manifested through manhood and old age. After 
 leaving ]\liami, he kept up a very active correspondence with the 
 membership, and to a great extent he continued to direct the policy 
 of the Society. He first proposed the higher Order, to be composed 
 
 * His brothers, H. J. Morrison, W. M. Morrison and T. P. Morrison, and his sister, Mary 
 EHzabeth Austin, widow of D. H. Austin, survived him. T. P. Morrison and Mrs. Austin lived at 
 the old Morrison homestead, three miles east of INIount Gilead, Ohio, but the latter died, 1903. The 
 old family residence was burned, 1883. 
 
 Two nephews are members of 4> A — one, W'illiam T. Morrison, Hanover, '86, a graduate of 
 Princeton Theological Seminary, 1888, son of W. M. Morrison ; the other, James S. Morrison, West- 
 minster.'Qp, son of J. L. Morrison, M. D. Of the latter, Robert Morrison wrote to \V. B. Palmer, June 
 4, 1902: 'My brother James Leslie [Morrison was in the First Kentucky Cavalry, C. S. A. — in Gen- 
 eral Joseph Wheeler's division. He was in the Confederate army three years, and saw a good deal 
 of active service. He was a part of the final escort to North Carolina of Jefferson Davis, who, in 
 parting with the boys, gave each of them a silver dollar. My brother kept his a long time. He 
 came home from the war, studied medicine, then practiced his profession until his death in 1899." 
 
family considered this photograph the best likeness of him ever made. Signature from letter 
 Palmer, dated September ii, igoi. 
 
70 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 of alumni, and he attended the meeting of this Order at Oxford, 
 1853. He was the Editor of the first edition of the catalogue, 
 i860. He attended nine National Conventions: Danville, i860; 
 Bloomington, Ind., 1864; Indianapolis, 1880; New York, 1886; 
 Bloomington, 111., 1889; Atlanta, 1891; Indianapolis, 1894; Phila- 
 delphia, 1896; Columbus, 1898; also the Indiana State reunion, 
 Indianapolis, 1865, and the Semi-Centennial Celebration, Oxford, 
 1899, He was first to suggest the establishment of a chapter at 
 Indiana University, 1849; he was instrumental in securing a charter 
 for the chapter at Westminster College, 1880; and he was first 
 to suggest a chapter at Central University, 1885."^ 
 
 The eightieth anniversary of his birth was celebrated at Fulton, 
 March 14 and 15, 1902. Among members from a distance were 
 H. H. Ward, P. G. C, and R. H. Switzler, H. G. C. A marble 
 tablet commemorating his services to Westminster College was 
 then unveiled in the college chapel. He was a frequent contributor 
 to The Scroll.'\ He twice reviewed the manuscript for the earlier 
 portion of this histor}^, and his services to the author in furnishing 
 historical facts and materials cannot be too highly estimated. The 
 following tribute to him, by J. W. Roberts, Amherst, '04, appeared 
 in The Scroll, December, 1902: 
 
 FATHER MORRISON— IN MEMORIAM. 
 
 Sons of Phi Delta Theta, rise and weep; 
 
 In silence bare your heads; reverently pour 
 
 Your homage at his feet, who, long of yore, 
 Planted the mellow harvest that ye reap; 
 For now he lies prone in the last long sleep, 
 
 Who first did labor in the field which ye 
 
 Also do labor in. His loyalty 
 And upright perseverance do you keep 
 Ever before you. Evermore maintain 
 
 Inviolate the sacred charge which he, 
 
 Your greatest benefactor, has reposed 
 Upon you. Let him not have rived in vain, 
 
 But, emulating his nobility. 
 
 Be stronger, nobler, for the life just closed. 
 
 JOHN McMillan wilson. 
 
 John McMillan Wilson's paternal and maternal ancestors were 
 Scotch-Irish, His father, John Wilson, emigrated from County 
 Armagh, Ireland, to America, 1807. He first settled at New York 
 City, but lived for a time at Newburgh, N. Y. About 18 12, he 
 
 * The foregoing sketch was revised by Robert Morrison, November 25, 1901, and was reviewed 
 in proof by Miss Marj^ Morrison, October 6, 1903. 
 
 t He contributed more matter to the magazine than has any other person, excepting those who 
 have been its Editors. Among the most vakiable of his historical articles are: "Memorabilia" [The 
 Scroll, October, November, December, 1881 ; Januari>% February, 1882) ; "The Crisis of '51" (March, 
 1882 ; November, December, 1885 ; January, 1886) ; 'The Badge" (June, 1898) ; biographical sketch 
 of Robert Thompson Drake (April, 1887) ; autobiographical sketch of himself (April, 1897) ; biograph- 
 ical sketch of Ardivan Walker Rodgers (April, 1898). Also see an interview with him in The Scroll, 
 April, 1897. and his address at the Semi-Centennial Convention banquet. The Scroll, February, iBqq- 
 
JOHN McMillan wilson. 
 
 71 
 
 was married to ^liss Margaret Ch'de, b}' whom he had a son, born 
 1 8 15. About 181 7, his wife having died, he moved to Pittsburg, 
 Pa., and he moved, 1823, to Preble County, Ohio. He became 
 owner of a farm in Union Township, Union Count}^, Indiana, 1824, 
 and, in the same 3'ear, he was married to Miss Jean Clark ]\IcMillan, 
 daughter of Rowle}- McMillan. To this union four childrenlwere 
 
 (^^^i^^TT-^^^d^^z^ 
 
 Miami, '49. 
 
 Half-tone from a daguerreotype which, so far as known, is the only original portrait of him in 
 existence. His brother, Archibald Wilson, loaned it, 1881, to Robert Morrison, and presented it, 
 1899, to W. B. Palmer, who gave it, 1902, to the fraternity libran.-. Zinc etching of signature as 
 attester of pledge of secrecy of L. W^. Ross, dated November 12, 1850. 
 
 born at the farm homestead. John ^McMillan Wilson, eldest of the 
 four, was born September lo, 1825. 
 
 Rowley McMillan attended a theological school in Scotland, 
 and, about 1775, emigrated from Ireland to South Carolina, joining 
 a brother, who had preceded him to America. Both entered the 
 Continental army, and both were wounded at the battle of Cowpens. 
 As a result of his wound, Rowley McMillan was incapacitated for 
 
72 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 out-of-door work, and turned his attention to teaching school. He 
 taught at Abbeville, S. C, and later in East Tennessee."^ He moved, 
 1818, to Union County, Indiana, where he bought a farm and 
 continued to teach. His wife, Avhose maiden name was Mar}^ 
 Wallace, traced her ancestr}^ back to Sir William Wallace, t 
 
 At the age of three or four, John McMillan Wilson began to live 
 with his grandfather, Rowle}'' McMillan, whose farm was about a 
 mile and a half northwest of John Wilson's, both in Union Count}-. 
 On his grandfather's knee, in the cosey chimne}^ corner, he acquired 
 the rudiments of an education. Afterward he attended a school on 
 an adjoining farm, the school house being a log cabin built b}" the 
 labor of the pioneer settlers. Sometime later he taught this school 
 himself, t 
 
 Rowley McMillan, at the ripe age of loi, died, 1843. After 
 leaving the parental roof, John McMillan Wilson's home was with 
 his grandfather until the latter's death. Two unmarried daughters 
 of his grandfather lived on the farm- left b}^ the latter, and for sev- 
 eral years, while the}' survived, he made his home with them. In 
 his ambition to obtain a thorough education, he was much encour- 
 aged by Rev. Gavin McMillan, to whom he was distantly related. 
 McMillan was pastor of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, 
 near Morning Sun, Ohio, of which church Wilson earl}^ in life 
 had become a member. About 1843 parson McMillan opened a 
 school in a log cabin on his farm in Israel Township, Preble 
 Count}', Ohio. Some boarding pupils were taken, and Latin, 
 Greek, and mathematics were taught. Wilson attended this school 
 about two years. In 1845 ^^ entered Xenia (Ohio) Academy, 
 which was under the management of Rev. Hugh McMillan. He 
 remained there a year; and, October 7, 1846, he was matriculated 
 at Miami University. The following paragraph concerning him is 
 from a memoir by his brother Archibald Wilson, published in The 
 Scroll, December, 1886 :§ 
 
 ^ There he was the schoolmaster of Sam Houston, subsequently Governor of Tennessee and 
 of Texas. 
 
 t The Wilson family came originally from Scotland, where, in the seventeenth century, the 
 Wilsons and the Hamiltons became related by marriage, and the two families have ever since been 
 closely related. The Hamiltons trace their lineage through the maternal line back to Robert the 
 Bruce. Members of the Hamilton, McMillan and other Presbyterian families emigrated from Scot- 
 land and Ireland to South Carolina. Among them was Alexander Hamilton, who came from County 
 Antrim, Ireland, before the American Revolution. After serving seven j-ears in the Continental 
 army, he settled in the vicinity of Abbeville, S. C. He had the same name as the Secretary of the 
 Treasury in President Washington's cabinet, and it is claimed that the two belonged to the same 
 family. About 1815, his three sons and a daughter moved to Union County, Indiana, and neighbor- 
 ing counties in Indiana and Ohio. 
 
 X His brother Archibald Wilson wrote to W. B. Palmer, January 10, igo2 : 
 IVIy brother John's first effort as a pedagogue was in the old district school house, half way 
 between our house and his home (grandfather's). He gave good satisfaction to the people. In 1843 
 my brother aided in the formation, in the old school house, of a little debating and literary society. 
 It was proposed by an erst-while student of Yale College, J. W. Brown. I was present at the 
 formation, when Mr. Brown said, I move we call our society the Epidocean Society,' and the name 
 was adopted. There were a few choice spirits in the district to help give life to the idea. Once a 
 year, in some church or public house, they gave an exhibition, comprising debate, declamation, 
 composition, music, etc. The Society maintained a vigorous life, until most of its original members 
 either moved away or died." 
 
 § The memoir closed with the words, "/« Coclo quies est." This epitaph was adopted, 1890, for 
 use after the name of every deceased member enrolled with "The Chapter Grand." 
 
JOHN McMILLAX WILSON, 
 
 73 
 
 He was a man of wai-m and generous 
 impulses, desiring but few associates, whom 
 he would admit to close fellowship, but to 
 such he maintained an undying friendship. 
 During those years that passed till his grad- 
 uation, memory recalls but little to break the 
 monotony of college life, beyond the occa- 
 sional excitement caused by mischievous stu- 
 dents' pranks. Such incidents are inseparable 
 from a student's career; to be concerned in 
 at least one "college scrape" must be con- 
 sidered as belonging to the inevitable. But 
 in these affairs ]Mr. Wilson was always an 
 unwilling participator. We call to mind a 
 rather serious outbreak among the students 
 at Miami University during the winter of 
 1847-48, which affair passed into the history 
 of the institution as "the great snow rebel- 
 lion." The students having taken possession 
 of the Main Building, barricaded all entrances 
 with huge balls of snow, cord-wood, and 
 whatever else came to hand. In this, perhaps 
 the greatest disturbance which ever occurred 
 at "Old Miami," Mr. Wilson was concerned 
 but escaped the discipline of the authorities. 
 
 J. McM. Wilson and Robert Mor- 
 rison, edited, 1849, a catalogue of a 
 missionary society at Miami called 
 the societ}^ of Religious Inquiry."^ 
 The Subject of his graduation ad- 
 dress 1849, was '"Liberalism and 
 Absolutism, "t He received the de- 
 gree of A. B. then, and three years 
 later the honorary degree of A. M. 
 In 1849-50, he ^vas a teacher in the 
 Western Female Institute, Oxford, 
 Ohio; in 1850-51 he was a first year 
 student in a four 3'ear course at the 
 Associate Reformed Presb3'terian Se- 
 minary at Oxford; in the spring of 
 1851 he taught a school at Bloom- 
 field, K3^, and in the fall he again 
 taught at Western Female Institute. In January, 1852, he went 
 to Tennessee, and until June, 1853, ^^ ^'^'^^ Principal of Baird 
 Academ}^ in Rutherford County, about two miles from Murfrees- 
 boro, Tenn. In 1853-54, he again attended the theological 
 seminary at Oxford; in 1854-55 he taught school at Oxford, and in 
 1855-56 he again attended the theological seminary there. 
 
 His father's farm was in Union County, Indiana, which adjoins 
 Butler Count}^ Ohio, in which Oxford is situated. In 1853 his 
 father sold the farm, and in the spring of 1854, at the son's 
 
 * See first footnote, page 60. 
 
 t See facsimile of commencement programme at Miami, 1849, page 75. 
 
 Watch of J. McM. Wilson. 
 
 Timepiece worn by him while a student 
 at Miami University. Presented by his 
 brother, Archibald Wilson, to W. B. 
 Palmer, 1899, and by the latter to the 
 fraternity librari*, 1900. A proof of this 
 plate being shown to J. W. Lindlej', INIay 
 18, 1902, he instantly recognized the 
 watch, and said that he himself had often 
 borrowed it and worn it while Wilson was 
 in college, as had others of the latter's 
 friends. 
 
74 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 instance, moved to Oxford. In Januaiy, 1855, at the age of eighty- 
 five, the father died, his widow surviving him about eighteen years. 
 
 With R. G. Elliott and Josiah Miller, Wilson formed a plan for 
 publishing a Free-soil newspaper in the Territory of Kansas. 
 Elliott was one of the two brothers of that name who had estab- 
 lished Indiana Alpha of $ A 0, 1849. From boyhood they and 
 Wilson had been neighbors. Miller was one of the early members of 
 that chapter. The plan also was to get people from Ohio and 
 Indiana to move to Kansas.* The emigration part of the scheme 
 was abandoned, but a paper was established at Lawrence, Kan., 
 and issued until the printing office was destroyed b}^ violence, owing 
 to high political excitement. However, Wilson was never actively 
 connected with the paper and did not go to Kansas, In politics 
 he was originally a Dernocrat, then a Wilmot-proviso-man" or 
 "Free-soiler," then a Republican. 
 
 Receiving a license to preach from the First Ohio Presbyter}^ of 
 the Reformed Presbyterian Church, he filled pulpits in Morning 
 Sun, Ohio, and neighboring places, 1855. In the spring of 1856, 
 he went to Iowa, and preached once at Washington, Iowa, and 
 once at Morning Sun, Iowa, then returning to Ohio. On account 
 of a throat affection, he was compelled in a great measure to 
 abandon public speaking, t though he continued to preach as a 
 temporary supply at various places until 1863. 
 
 From 1856 to i860, he was Principal of Morning Sun (Ohio) 
 Academy. In 1859 he was appointed a member of the Preble 
 County (Ohio) board of examiners for teachers in the common 
 schools, for a term of two years. Being present at the meeting of 
 the synod at Allegheny City, Pa., May, i860, he was tendered the 
 position of editor and publisher of the Banner of the Covenant, a 
 paper issued weekly at Philadelphia, Pa., for the executive com- 
 mittee of the board of foreign missions of the Reformed Presbyterian 
 Church. He accepted the place at once, and he had charge of the 
 paper until the following December, when, on account of inadquate 
 remuneration, he resigned and returned to Morning Sun, Ohio. 
 
 At the beginning of the civil war, he offered his services as a 
 recruiting officer to the Governor of Ohio; they were accepted, and 
 he assisted in enlisting men for Company D, 47th Regiment of Ohio 
 Volunteer Infantry. This company was composed of men living 
 in Butler and Preble Counties, and was mustered in at Camp 
 Dennison, near Cincinnati, August 9, 1861. The next year he 
 offered his services as a recruiting officer to the Governor of 
 
 * Wilson issued a circular, dated Oxford, Ohio, March 19, 1855, asking for the addresses of 
 people "who would be willing to settle in and become part of a colony of the Reformed Presbyterian 
 Church in Kansas," and saying: "I expect, if practicable, to visit Kansas during the spring; and if 
 any considerable number of our people may be found who are desirous of locating there under such 
 circumstances, I will examine the country with that in view, and report any points within it sup- 
 posed to be best suited for settlement, leaving, of course, the selection of a site and all other neces- 
 sary arrangements to those immediately concerned." 
 
 t His physician wrote to him, December 24, 1859 : ' In regard to your throat affection, having 
 used some of the most potent agents with but temporary benefit during the last five years, you will 
 be compelled to suspend all extraordinary exertions of the vocal organs, or no medicament will be of 
 any avail in your case." 
 
PROGRAMME 
 
 OF THK 
 
 COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES 
 
 in 
 
 MIAMI UNIVERSITY. 
 
 THURSDAY, AUG. 9TH, AT 9 O'CLOCK, A. M. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 PRAYER. 
 
 1. Latin Salutatory, .by J. J. TIFFANY. 
 
 2. Peru under the Incas, ••» J. B. COMBS. 
 
 3. Destination of the United States, T. C. HEARNE. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 4. The Master Science, J. N. SWAN". 
 
 5. The Future, » C. WATERMAN. 
 
 MUSIC, 
 
 6. Liberalism and Absolutism, J. M. WILSON. ^ 
 
 7. Address on Modern Type of Infidelity, and 
 
 Valedictory, R. MORRISON. 
 
 MUSIC. 
 ADDRESS, BY THE PRESIDENT. 
 
 PRAYER AND BENEDICTION 
 
 Commencement Day Programme, Miami University, 1849, 
 
 Showing subjects of graduating addresses of two founders of $ A — Robert Morrison, valedictorian, 
 
 and John McMillan Wilson. 
 
76 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Indiana; the}^ were accepted, and he was authorized, July 19, 1862, 
 to assist in forming the regiment that was then being raised in the 
 congressional district in which Union County, Indiana, is situated. 
 
 From the latter part of i860 until the fall of 1862, he gave most 
 of his attention to his grandfather's farm in Union Count}^ Indi- 
 ana, in which he had, b}' bequest, acquired an interest. During 
 the winters of 1862-63 and 1863-64, he was Principal of Fair Haven 
 (Ohio) Academy. During the summers of 1863 and 1864, he con- 
 tinued to give attention to the farm, upon which he built a new 
 dwelling. In the fall of 1864, he taught a school at Connersville, 
 Ind. In December of that 3^ear he sold his interest in the farm, 
 and, early in 1865, he moved to Southern Illinois, where he 
 engaged in various pursuits. He located at Centralia, 111., 1870, 
 and for three years he was an agent of the Bloomington (ill.) 
 Loan and Trust Compan}^, for making loans on mortgages. He 
 moved to Benton, 111., 1874, and engaged in the promotion of a 
 project for connecting Benton, which then had no railroad, 
 with the main line of the Illinois Central Railroad."^ He died of 
 dropsy at Benton, July 19, 1874, and was buried there. Being a 
 Mason, he was buried with Masonic honors. The old cemetery 
 where his remains were interred having been abandoned, they were 
 moved to the Masons and Odd Fellows' cemetery at Benton, and 
 re-interred, September 12. 1902, in alot purchased by the Fraternity, t 
 
 At maturity he was five feet ten inches tall, and weighed about 175 
 pounds; in later life he grew more corpulent. His eyes were gra^dsh- 
 blue, his hair light brown, his complexion fair. He was never married. 
 
 His intimate association with Robert Morrison in the organiza- 
 tion of $ A © is narrated in the biographical sketch of the latter 
 and in other portions of this history. Though temporaril}^ 
 absent, his home was within a few miles of Oxford until 1856, and 
 then for a number of 3^ears he lived at Morning Sun, only a few miles 
 farther away. He exercised a parental watchfulness over the young 
 Fraternity, and he gave valuable counsel at a critical time in the fall 
 of 1851. The affectionate feeling of the 3^ounger members for him 
 was indicated by the sobriquets of "Old Dad" and "Pop Wilson," 
 which they bestowed upon him. t He proposed the first Convention, 
 held at Cincinnati, December, 185 1, and he attended that meeting. 
 He had a great deal to do with organizing the higher Order, com- 
 posed of $ A alumni, and was present at the meeting of that 
 Order at Oxford, June, 1853. Much of his correspondence, 
 fortunately, has been preserved and is now in the fraternit}^ librar3^ § 
 
 ^ The railroad from Benton to the Illinois Central at Duquoin was completed 1880. 
 
 t The marker of his old grave was presented to the Illinois Chapter by R. R. Ward, who super- 
 intended the re-interrment. — See T/ze Scroll, April, 1903. 
 
 + A letter written by Robert Morrison to him, January 5, 1850, and still preserved, begins : Dear 
 Bro. Chip." Bein^ asked for an explanation of this appellation, Morrison wrote to W. B. Palmer, 
 Februari' 2, 1902: 'When a poor person was suffering, some one in a crowd would likely say, 'Boys, 
 let's cliip in and help him'. So chip' was a familiar term for those who were friends to one another 
 and helpers of others. It was not used very often and not by many about Wilson, but it was appro- 
 priate to Wilson from me; he was my classmate and ever ready to help me in the carrying on and 
 out of all my plans." 
 
 § The foregoing sketch was revised by Archibald Wilson, Liberty, Ind., January 10, 1902 ; behav- 
 ing died. May 4, 1903, it was revised in proof by his daughter, Miss MaryC. Wilson, October 19, 1902. 
 
^Wu:> 
 
 ^SIlA.MI, '50. 
 
 Half-tone from a daguerreotype taken at Des Moines, Iowa, 1856, in the possession of Mrs. Drake. 
 Signature from letter to Robert Morrison, dated New Albany, Indiana, Februarj- 15, 1851. 
 
 ROBERT THOMPSON DRAKE. 
 
 Robert Thompson Drake was born in Clarke County, near Yel- 
 low Springs, Ohio, March 6, 1822. His father was William 
 Drake, son of Jacob Drake. His mother, before marriage, was 
 Ruth Welch, daughter of James Welch. On his father's side, he 
 was of English ancestr}^; on his mother's side of Scotch descent. 
 They had eight children, Robert Thompson Drake being the fifth. 
 B}" his family and early friends he was called Thompson. 
 
 He was prepared for college at Germantown (Ohio) Academy, 
 attending it probably two years. He was matriculated at Miami 
 Universit}^, October 7, 1846, entering the freshman class. He was 
 prominent in literary society work, being a member of the Miami 
 Union Societ3\ During his last year or two at Miami, he led the 
 music in the college chapel and in the Oxford Presb3^terian 
 Church. He was graduated with the degree of A. B., 1850, 
 ranking third in a class of seven. The subject of his commence- 
 ment address was "The Influence of Christianit}' on Civilization." 
 
 After graduation at Miami, he spent three years at New Albany 
 (ind.) Presbyterian Theological Seminary, where he completed 
 the prescribed course.* During this time he also taught mathe- 
 
 '^ And where for one year, 1852-53, he was a roommate (but not a classmate] of Robert Morrison. 
 
 In a bound volume of pamphlets owned by Robert Morrison, 1901, is a sermon delivered by 
 J. jNI. Stevenson in the First Presbyterian Church, New Albany. In a letter dated October 13, 1852, 
 printed on the reverse of the title page, is a request from a committee of the students of the 
 seminarj- for a copy of the sermon for publication, R. T. Drake being one of the three members of 
 the committee making such request. 
 
Rev. Robert Thompson Drake. 
 
 From a photograph taken at Cinc'nnati, i860, in the possession of Mrs. Drake. 
 
ROBERT THOMPSON DRAKE. 
 
 79 
 
 niatics and natural philosoph}- in Anderson's Female Seminar}', at 
 New Albany. He was licensed to preach b}- the presb^^ter}' of 
 New Alban}', April 29, 1853. He attended the meeting of the 
 higher Order of $ A at Oxford, June, 1853. From August, 1853, 
 to September, 1854, he preached statedh' at Lebanon, Ohio. Dur- 
 ing 1854-55, he was a graduate student at Princeton Theological 
 Seminar3^ In the autumn of 1855 he took charge of the beginning 
 of a church at Des Moines, Iowa; and in 1857 he was ordained 
 b}' the presb3'tery of Des Moines, and installed as pastor of the 
 church. His charges subsequently were at Tro}', Ohio, 1860-66; 
 Manchester, Ohio, 1866-68; Newport, Ky., 1868-70; Fourth 
 Church, Da3'ton, Ohio, 1870-72: New Castle, Ind., 1873. 
 
 At Lebanon, Ohio, October 23, 1856, he was married to Amanda 
 Fisher, daughter of James and Sarah Fisher. He died suddenh', 
 of an affection of the heart, at New Castle, Ind., ^larch 19, 1873, 
 and was buried in the village cemetery at Lebanon, Ohio. Of his 
 nine children, five had died in infancy. His widow and four chil- 
 dren survived him, the latter being Edward Fisher, Idelette, Jenny 
 ]\Iurra3^ and Ruth Welch. The following sentences concerning him 
 are quoted from a memoir published in the Cincinnati Herald 
 and Presbyter, April 10, 1873: 
 
 Grave of Robert Thompson Drake, Lebanon, Ohio. 
 
 From a photograph taken 1902 ; presented to the fraternity librarj- by Miss Idelette Drake. 
 
8o THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Our dear brother Drake was one of those good men whose rounded and harmo- 
 nious characters present few salient points for criticism. I do not mean that he had 
 not characteristics worthy to be remembered with affectionate and reverent regard, 
 but that the even balance of his moral and mental qualities prevented special traits 
 from being noticeably apparent. He was grave without severity, cheerful without 
 levity, and remarkably uniform in his deportment. Modesty, simplicity and sin- 
 cerity must have been inborn in his nature, and a divine influence evidently devel- 
 oped these natural graces, adding to them the spiritual. He was a loving husband, 
 father, friend, a pious, faithful pastor, never losing sight of his high calling, yet ever 
 unassuming in its exercise. 
 
 At maturity he was five feet eleven inches tall, and he weighed 
 about i8o pounds. His hair was brown, his e)^es hazel, his com- 
 plexion fair. In a memoir, published in The Scroll, April, 1887, 
 Robert Morrison said: His personal appearance was attractive, 
 of fine form, and with a face in which gentleness and decision 
 were combined." He was first a Whig, and later a Republican.'' 
 
 JOHN WOLFE LINDLEY. 
 
 John Wolfe Lindley was born August 20, 1826, in Wayne Town- 
 ship of Knox County, two miles from Fredericktown, Ohio. His 
 parents were of English descent; his father was Mahlon Lindley; 
 his mother was Anna Lindley, daughter of John Wolfe. They had 
 eight children, of whom John was the fifth. 
 
 J. W. Lindley and Robert Morrison were third cousins. Lind- 
 ley's maternal grandmother was Phebe Leslie, who married John 
 Wolfe, 1792. Morrison's maternal grandmother was Rhoda Leslie, 
 sister of Phebe Leslie. Rhoda Leslie married Henry Jennings. 
 
 J. W. Lindley was prepared for college at Fredericktown (Ohio) 
 Academy, and, October 7, 1846, was matriculated at Miami Uni- 
 versity. t He was graduated with the degree of A. B., 1850. The 
 subject of his commencement address was Human Improvement. " 
 Three years later he received from Miami the honorary degree 
 of A. M. 
 
 In 1850-51-52 he and his brother, Joseph Lindley, were Princi- 
 pals of the New Hagerstown (Ohio) Academy. Connected with 
 it was a Young Ladies' High School, which had a boarding" 
 establishment. A catalogue for the year ending September 25, 
 185 1, shows an enrollment of 95 males in the academy and 40 
 young ladies in the high school. In the academy and high school, 
 
 *The foregoini: sketch was revised by his widow, Mrs. A. F. Drake, Lebanon, Ohio, January 9, 
 1902, and was reviewed in proof by her, October 10, 1903. 
 
 t Robert Morrison entered Miami in the spring of 1846, the other five founders in the fall of that 
 year. J. W. Lindley wrote to W. B. Palmer, October 6, 1903 : 
 
 I will give you a little account of how I first went to Oxford in the fall of 1846. Robert 
 Morrison's brother, H. J. Morrison, put his belongings in a little one-horse wagon and drove to our 
 house. Next morning I added mine to the load, and we started across the country for Oxford. 
 There was no public conveyance at that time, nor for sometime afterward. We reached Oxford on 
 the evening of the fourth day. Robert having secured rooms for us in the Southeast Building, I 
 occupied one and his brother another across the hall, where we roomed while his brother remained 
 in college. In March, 1847, I hired a horse and rode home, 150 miles, and spent the four weeks of 
 vacation there, with a view of remaining in college during the summer vacation, in order to make 
 up my Greek and enter regularly in the sophomore class, which I did. Twice during our college 
 lives Robert Morrison and I procured a horse and buggy and drove home to spend the summer 
 vacation." 
 
Birthplace and Home of J. W. Lindley, Esq., 
 
 NEAR FrEDERICKTOWN, OhIO. 
 
 On the Columbus road, two miles southwest of Fredericktown. He was born in a hewn-log 
 cabin, on this site, which, when he was four years of age, was moved across the road and occu- 
 pied while the front of this house was being built, 1830. When his father died, 1881, he came into 
 possession of the property, including the farm of 114 acres, and in the same year he built the L at 
 the back and added the porch in front. From a photograph taken by F. Morrow, Fredericktown, 
 May 6, 1902. 
 
 J. W. Lindley taught Latin and mathematics. In 1852 he suc- 
 ceeded Robert Morrison as Principal of Poplar Grove Academy, 
 Rutherford County, Tennessee, and he remained there one scholas- 
 tic year. In 1853-54, he was professor of Latin and mathematics 
 at Richmond (Ohio) College, and from 1855 to 1861 he was 
 Principal of Charlestown (ind.) Female Institute. In 1861-62 he 
 Avas Principal of Paducah (K}^ ) Female Seminary, and in 1862-63 
 he was again professor in Richmond (Ohio) College. He has 
 been a farmer near Fredericktown, Ohio, since 1862, and a Jus- 
 tice of the Peace since 1868. He has an office in town, but his 
 residence is at the place of his birth in the countr3^ For man}^ 
 years he has been a ruling elder and clerk of session of the First 
 Presbyterian Church of Fredericktown. He was a commissioner 
 to the general assembly of the Presb^^terian Church, at New York, 
 1902.* In politics he was first a Whig, then a "Know-nothing," 
 then a Republican. While he was at Charlestown, Ind., he joined 
 the Masons. 
 
 * The famous assembly that changed the creed of the church. This was his first visit to New 
 York. While there he stayed with his daughter, Mrs. McMurry, wife of F. M. McMurry, Ph. D., 
 Professor in Teachers College of Columbia Univ ersiti^. 
 
 (6) 
 
John Wolfe Lindley, 
 
 Miami, '50. 
 From a daguerreotype in his possession taken at Paducah, Kentucky, 1861. 
 
 Half-tone from a daguerreotype in his possession taken at Nashville, Tennessee, June 1853. Sig- 
 nature from letter to J. McM. Wilson, dated Richmond, Ohio, July 22, 1853. Note surname spelled 
 without e."— See page 103. 
 
 
C\Z(L-v<_^/^^^-t/ 
 
 Half-tone from a photograph taken at Bakei^s Art Gallery, Columbus, Ohio, during the Semi- 
 centennial Convention, November, 1898. Signature from circular of information filled by him, 
 j88o, for the catalogue of 1883. 
 
aa 
 
 Q 
 
 > o n 
 
ARDIVAN WALKER RODGERS. 85 
 
 At maturity he was five feet eight inches tall, and usually weighed 
 about 130 pounds; his eyes were grey, hair brown, complexion 
 dark. At Richmond, Ohio, October 9, 1854, he was married to 
 Catherine E. Shelley, daughter of Benjamin Shelley. Six children 
 have been born to them — Amasa, Joseph Burson, Benjamin Shel- 
 ley, Elizabeth (Mrs. F. M. McMurry), William, Lulu. 
 
 He attended the meeting of the higher Order of $ A at Oxford, 
 Ohio, 1853; the meeting at Columbus, Ohio, Alumni Day, 1893; 
 the meeting at Cleveland, Ohio, Alumni Da}^ 1897; the Semi-Cen- 
 tennial Convention at Columbus, Ohio, 1898; the Semi-Centen- 
 nial Celebration at Oxford, Ohio, 1899; the National Convention 
 at Louisville, ^y., 1900; the National Convention at New York, 
 N. Y., 1902, making addresses on these occasions, all of which 
 were reported in T/ie Scroll. A biographical sketch of him by S. 
 E. Findle}' appeared in The Scroll, October, 1897."^ 
 
 ARDIVAN WALKER RODGERS. 
 
 Ardivan Walker Rodgers was born in Miami County, near Piqua, 
 Ohio, October 20, 1824. His great-grandfather, William Rodgers, 
 was a Captain in the Revolutionar}'- war. His grandfather, 
 Matthew Rodgers, was Captain of a company that marched to 
 Lake Erie at the time of Captain O. H. Perry's naval victory there, 
 1 8 13. His father was Thomas Rodgers, born in Miflin County, 
 Pennsylvania. His mother was Jane Campbell, born in Cumberland 
 Count}', Pennsylvania, daughter of William Campbell. Thomas 
 Rodgers and Jane Campbell were married at Piqua, Ohio, and 
 Ardivan Walker Rodgers was the fifth of their eight children. 
 
 Ardivan attended the public schools from three to six months 
 a 3'ear until about his eighteenth year, when he was sent to a select 
 school at Piqua. During 1844-46, he taught in public schools 
 near that place, t 
 
 He was matriculated at Miami University October 7, 1846, 
 entering the first (highest) preparatory class, t He was graduated 
 with the degree of A. B., 1851, the subject of his commencement 
 address being "Unity of the Church". In 1850-51 he was enrolled 
 
 * The foregoing sketch was revised by J. W. Lindley, January 6, 1902, and was reviewed in proof 
 by him, October 20, 1903. 
 
 tin a letter to his brother, W. J. Rodgers, he wrote November 7, 1845, that he was teaching 
 school in the "Johnston district." or "upper Piqua," and for the six months term would receive Sioo. 
 When sending this letter to W. B. Palmer, W. J. Rodgers wrote. May 10, 1902: "It seems strange 
 that brother should teach school six months for only Sioo, but I taught school near Piqua several 
 terms for $16 per month, also in Iowa for the same. Remember that was more than fifty years ago." 
 
 In a letter to his brother, A. W. Rodgers wrote May 6, 1846, that his school term of six months 
 had recently closed with a "grand exhibition," and that Colonel John Johnston was a friend of the 
 school, and had visited it nearly every week. He also said : "Colonel Johnston has proposed paying 
 my tuition at Oxford, provided I study divinitj-." Colonel Johnston was a member of the board of 
 trustees of Miami University, 1824-33 and 1842-50, and President of the board, 1843-47. Referring 
 to this letter, W. J. Rodgers wrote Palmer, May 31, 1902: "Colonel Johnston did not pay Ardivan's 
 tuition at Miami ; father paid it, except what Ardivan earned at various times while not at school." 
 
 iln a letter dated :Miami University, December 22, 1847, A. W. Rodgers wrote to his brother : 
 "This thing of going through college takes more money than one thinks who has never tried it. 
 Last year I spent about Si 16; this year it will be more, for my tuition is more, and my boarding 
 will be more, because 'to bach' I have almost said I would never do it again. I am as economi- 
 
Miami, '50, 
 
 Portrait and first signature reproduced from The Scroll, April, 1898. Half-tone from a 
 daguerreotype, in the possession of his brother, William J. Rodgers. Daguerreotype taken probably 
 atPiqua, Ohio, but date unknown. Second signature (name in full) from letter to Robert Morrison, 
 dated Piqua, February 2, 1853. 
 
Grave of Ardivan Walker Rodgers, Brighton, Iowa. 
 
 From a photograph taken 1901 ; presented to the fraternity librar>- by his brother, William J. Rodgers. 
 
88 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 as a partial course" student at the Associate Reformed Theo- 
 logical Seminar}^ Oxford, Ohio. Miami conferred on him the 
 honorary degree of A.M., 1854. For three years after graduation 
 he taught a select school at Piqua,* and then for two 3^ears he was 
 Superintendent of the Union Schools, Saint Mar3^s, Ohio. In 
 politics he was a Democrat. 
 
 Near Piqua, Ohio, July 27, 1852, he was married to Mary 
 Sawyer, daughter of John Saw3^er; and the}'- had three children — 
 John Saw3^er, Walter Lowrie and Ardivan Walker, Jr. He, with 
 his family, left Ohio, June, 1856, on a visit to his father, who had 
 moved to Brighton, Iowa. He decided to remain in that State and 
 teach, and he engaged to teach a school, but he was stricken with 
 typhoid fever and died, December 11, 1856, at his father's home. 
 He was buried at Brighton. 
 
 His aim in life was to prepare himself for the ministry of the 
 United Presb3''terian Church. To this end he studied theolog3^ at 
 intervals during the five years he was teaching, and he intended to 
 enter a theological seminary, t The following extracts are from a 
 memoir b3^ Robert Morrison, published in T/ie Sci'oll, April, 1898: 
 
 Ardivan Walker Rodgers was six feet two inches in height, well proportioned, 
 perfectly erect, with black eyes, and a healthy complexion, suited in color to such 
 eyes and black hair. He had a winsome face and a pleasant manner, which his 
 
 elder brother says was a heritage from his mother While large and 
 
 strong, he was lithe as an athlete. He and Andrew^ Watts Rogers stood at about the 
 same height in the world. They were classmates, and of course much together. 
 They were indeed, in appearance and in heart, par nobile fratriim. The college 
 boys admired them and called them ''''01 P67epoi. " 
 
 He was cheerful, without frivolity; earnest and dignified, but not haughty or repel- 
 lent either in appearance or in fact. His most prominent characteristic, however, 
 was his profound conscientiousness. This regulated his every act and word. He 
 had no moods nor spells. Those who knew him always knew where to find him. 
 His conscientiousness gave symmetry, power and beauty to his life. His intellect 
 was not brilliant, but it was well balanced. His scholarship was accurate and 
 careful; it was honest at every point. He was more nearly an all-around man 
 than most men. It was not wonderful that he was a general favorite; nor that, 
 afterwards, when, in his Sophomore year, the $ A Fraternity was being organized, 
 he was wanted 
 
 Thus passed away in the morning of life, in the flush and prime of his days, the 
 first of the six founders of the <l> A 9. It was an early call, but he was read}-. 
 God never makes mistakes. He never dismisses one of his witnesses until his testi- 
 mony is finished. 
 
 cal as half the students, and I believe more so. They generally spend about $120 a year, some few 
 $300 and even $400; such I do not take for my guide." The reason of higher tuition was that in 
 1847-1848 he was a freshman, while the year before he had been a preparatory student. 
 
 In a letter dated Piqua, Ohio, May 10, 1849, he wrote to his brother that he was not at college 
 that session — from the first Monday of April to the second Thursday of August — but was studying at 
 home. He was undecided about returning to Miami in the fall, as the institution was then in a 
 very unprosperous condition. He thought of entering the junior class of Jefferson College, Canons- 
 burg, Pa. However, he returned to Miami the next fall. In this letter he mentioned that the 
 people had again elected his father a Justice of the Peace. See first footnote, page 44. 
 
 * In a letter dated Piqua, Ohio, August 5, 1853, he wrote to his brother: "I have had a very 
 flourishing school in Piqua up to the present time, but now I am about to run out of a room. There 
 is but one place in town, and that is where I have been — the basement of the Second Presbyterian 
 Church. They don't wish to rent it much longer for a male and female school." 
 
 t The foregoing sketch was revised by his brother, Wm. J. Rodgers, Beloit, Kan., April 26' 
 1901, and reviewed in proof by him October 12, 1903- It was reviewed in proof, October 15, 1903. 
 by Mrs. Mary R. Henderson (formerly Mrs. Ardivan Walker Rodgers), Fairfield, Iowa. A history 
 of the family is in preparation by his uncle. T. P. Rodgers, of Topeka, Kan. 
 
x\ndrew Watts Rogers, 
 
 Miami, '51. 
 Half-tone from a daguerreotj'pe. taken at Cincinnati, 1853, in the possession of Mrs. Rogers. 
 
 ANDREW WATTS ROGERS. 
 
 Andrew Watts Rogers was born near Greenfield, Highland 
 Count}^ Ohio, ^Slarch 12, 1825. His father was Thomas Rodgers 
 (spelled with a ' d"),"^ and his mother, who was his father's second 
 wife, was Nancy Rodgers, daughter of William and Sarah Watts. 
 His paternal ancestors were of Scotch-Irish and Dutch descent. 
 His paternal grandfather, William Rodgers, of Loudon Count}^ 
 A'irginia, served under General George Washington in the Revolu- 
 tion. His maternal grandfather was named Watts, probabh' William 
 Watts, and served probabh' under General Francis Marion. His ma- 
 ternal grandmother's brother, Samuel Strain, was one of Marion's 
 men. His father had six children by his first wife, eight b}' his second 
 wife. Andrew Watts Rogers was the third of the eight children. 
 
 He was matriculated at Miami University, October 7, 1846, 
 entering the second preparatory- class. His half-brother. Rev. Wm. 
 S. Rogers, ]Miami, '35, a missionar}' returned from Northern India, 
 was at that time living at Oxford. He was in the preparatory depart- 
 ment two years. The college course of four 3'ears was completed 
 b}' him in three years, making five years he remained at Miami. 
 He was graduated with the degree of A. B.. 185 1. The subject of 
 Iiis commencement address was "French Republicanism." Three 
 3'ears later he received from Miami the honorary degree of A.M. 
 
 He went to ^Vest Tennessee, 1851, and for two years he taught 
 school at Raleigh, Shelb}' Count}-. In leisure time he read law, 
 and he was admitted to the bar at Memphis, 1853. He returned 
 to Ohio, August, 1853, and in the same year moved to Blooming- 
 ton, 111., where, again admitted to the bar, he began the active 
 practice of his profession. He moved to Carbondale, 111., 1858. 
 In his practice over the State, he frequently met those great sons 
 
 '^ See his statement, page 55. 
 
90 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 of Illinois — Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas, David Davis 
 and John A. Logan. 
 
 During the last three years of the civil war, he served in the 
 United States Army. On the organization of the 8ist Regiment of 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, at Camp Anna, Union County, 111., 
 August 26, 1862, J. J. Dollins was commissioned Colonel, Franklin 
 Campbell Lieutenant-colonel, and Andrew W. Rogers Major. The 
 regiment first operated in Tennessee and Mississippi. The first 
 real battle in which it was engaged was that at Port Gibson, Miss., 
 May I, 1863. It participated in the battle of Raymond, Miss., 
 May 12; in the capture of Jackson, the state capital. May 14; and 
 in the battles of Champion Hill and Big Black Bridge, on the i6th 
 and 17th respectively. 
 
 The investing of Vicksburg began Ma}^ 18; and in a general 
 assault on the Confederate defenses, Ma}^ 22, Colonel Dollins was 
 killed. Lieutenant-colonel Campbell then succeeded him, and 
 Major Rogers became Lieutenant-cOlonel. After the fall of Vicks- 
 burg, July 4, the 8ist operated in Mississippi and Louisiana. The 
 regiment left Vicksburg, March 9, 1864, to participate in the Red 
 River expedition, during all of which Lieutenant-colonel Rogers 
 was in command of the regiment, Colonel Campbell being on 
 detached dut}^ Later, the regiment was in the campaign under 
 Brigadier-general S. D. Sturgis against Major-general N. B. Forrest. 
 Sturgis was finally defeated at Guntown, Miss., June 10, but the 
 gallant 8ist (with a remnant of the 95th) was the last to leave the 
 line of battle. Lieutenant-colonel Rogers was in command of the 
 regiment during the latter half of this battle, as Colonel Campbell, 
 becoming exhausted, had been forced to leave the field. 
 
 Colonel Campbell resigning. Lieutenant-colonel Rogers was 
 commissioned Colonel, August 20, 1864. The regiment, Septem- 
 ber 17, started in pursuit of Major-general Sterling Price, who was 
 on his last raid into Missouri. The pursuit continued until October 
 25, when Warrensburg, Mo., was reached, the place which later 
 became Colonel Rogers' home. General Price having escaped 
 into Arkansas, the regiment left Warrensburg, November 8. Being 
 ordered to Tennessee, it took part in the battle of Nashville, 
 December 15 and 16. Early in 1865, the regiment was sent by 
 boat to New Orleans; thence, after a stay of two weeks, by ocean 
 steamer, to Dauphin Island in Mobile Bsly. In the investment of 
 the Spanish fort there, the 8ist, commanded by Colonel Rogers, 
 opened the fight and held the advance, March 27. The siege was 
 long and tedious, and the regiment was under continual fire from 
 that date until April 8, when the final charge was made and the fort 
 taken. The gallant 8ist, Colonel Rogers at its head, was the 
 second detachment of troops to get inside the ramparts. 
 
 Colonel Rogers was President of several division court martials — 
 one at Vicksburg, Miss., in the winter of 1863-64; one at Eastport, 
 Miss., 1864; one at Montgomery, Ala., 1865. 
 
OwiXu^ ^^iV^jOS. ^(itt<£^ 
 
 Half-tone from a photograph in the fraternity library, taken by A. L. V. Wadell, Warrensbure, 
 Missouri, 1873. Signature from circular of information filled by him, 1880, for the catalogue of 1883- 
 
 Colonel Rogers was mustered out with his regiment at Chicago, 
 August 5, 1865. Though he had been commissioned Colonel, he 
 was never mustered in as Colonel, because his regiment had been 
 reduced below the minimum number required; hence he was 
 mustered out as Lieutenant-colonel. The enlisted men of the 8ist 
 numbered i, 144, of whom 54 were killed or died of wounds received 
 in action, 287 died of disease, 274 resigned or were discharged, 
 and 529 were mustered out of service.'^ 
 
 Colonel Rogers moved, September, 1865, to Warrensburg, Mo., 
 where he again began the practice of law, and where he resided 
 until his death. In 1873 and 1874 he was Prosecuting Attorney of 
 Johnson Count}^ More frequently than any other member of the 
 Johnson County bar, he acted as a Special Judge of the Circuit 
 Court, when the Judge was absent or disqualified. In 1882 and 
 1883 he was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives. 
 He was instrumental in locating the State Normal School for the 
 second district at Warrensburg. Froni^ 1880 to 1890 he was a 
 
 * See "Experience in the War of the Great Rebellion, by a Soldier of the Eighty-first Regiment, 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantrj'." Carbondale, 111., Edmund Newsome, Publisher. First edition, 1879. 
 Second edition (enlarged), 1880; i6mo ; pp. 297. For sale by Ben. Newsome, Marion, 111.; price 
 50 cents. Colonel Rogers sent his copy of this book, and wrote to W. B. Palmer, October 30, 1900: 
 "I send it to you for examination, but you must return it to me, as I value it highly, and intend 
 writing a brief history of my part in the civil war. It will be useful to me especially in recalling 
 dates and incidents while Newsome was with us." It is much to be regretted that Colonel Rogers 
 did not live to complete this work. 
 
 See other portraits of him under "Phi Delta Theta in the War for the Union." 
 
92 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 member of the board of regents of that institution, and during 1890 
 he was President of the board. In 1890 and 189 1 he was editor 
 of the Warrensburg weekly Jow'nal-Deinoci'at. 
 
 In politics he was a Democrat. Though reared a Presbyterian, 
 he was confirmed in the Protestant Episcopal Church, 1873, and in 
 the same year became a member of the vestry of Christ Church, 
 Warrensburg. He was elected senior warden, 1876, and held that 
 office until his death. He was also, at the time of his death, 
 superintendent of the Sunday school and teacher of the Bible 
 class. He was a Royal Arch Mason, and one of the oldest mem- 
 bers of Corinthian Lodge, A. F. & A. M., at Warrensburg; he 
 belonged, also, to the order of the High Priesthood. For several 
 terms he was Commander of Colonel Grover Post, Grand Army of 
 the Republic. 
 
 At maturity he was six feet two and a half inches tall, and in 
 middle life he weighed about 180 pounds. His eyes were blue, his 
 complexion fair, his hair light. At Oxford, Ohio, February 6, 
 1852, he was married to Sallie J. Matthews, daughter of T. J. 
 Matthews, Professor of mathematics at Miami University, who was 
 the father also of Stanley Matthews, sometime Associate Justice 
 of the United States Supreme Court. His widow and four children 
 survive him. The latter are: Mrs. Isabella C. Urie, Stanley T. 
 Rogers, Mrs. Anna Fish, Miss Elizabeth Rogers. Colonel Rogers 
 died suddenly, of an affliction of the heart, in his home, February 26, 
 1901. The following account of his death is from the Warrensburg 
 daily Star of February 27: 
 
 At 6:30 o'clock last evening, after Colonel Rogers had eaten his supper, and 
 had sat down in his chair to enjoy reading, he passed suddenly, without one 
 moment's warning, from the activities of the present life into the mystic life on the 
 other shore. He had been seen on our streets all day; he had been busy minister- 
 ing to the beloved wife who had been very ill; he sat down to rest after a well- 
 spent day — when Death, who forgets neither the old nor the young, claimed for his 
 own the noble, big-hearted, patient and courageous man, whom Warrensburg will 
 not willingly forget. Warrensburg is shocked; she can not this morning realize 
 
 the loss she has sustained As a lawyer he stood high; he served as 
 
 Special Judge in important cases, and his rulings were always upheld by the Sup- 
 reme Court Above all, he was a grand husband, father and neighbor. 
 
 To all he ministered with his cheerful words, his patient spirit, his helpful hands. 
 
 The following is from the Warrensburg weekly Joui'nal- Democrat 
 of March i: 
 
 Nothing had occurred during the day that in any manner forewarned his 
 family of his impending death. He had been busy, as usual, administering to the 
 comfort of Mrs. Rogers, who had been ill for several weeks. He ate a hearty 
 supper, then betook himself to an easy chair, book in hand, with a remark to his 
 daughter that he believed he would read some history. In the course of a few 
 minutes his daughter noticed that his head had dropped on his breast; she spoke to 
 him and no answer came. She approached him and discovered that something 
 was wrong. The nearest neighbors were called, but when they arrived they found 
 
 the once stalwart body lifeless Colonel Rogers was an enthusiastic 
 
 member of the Masonic Fraternity, and also of the G. A. R. Among the Masonic 
 brethren his name will be revered. But, better than all, he was a Christian 
 gentleman, consistent in his practices and living. 
 
Halftone from a photograph taken by Stone & DeGraff, Warrensburg, ISIissouri, 1897. 
 (his usual signature) from a letter to W. B. Palmer, dated Warrensburg, August 15, 1899 
 
 Signature 
 
 The funeral took place from Christ Church, at lo a. m., March i^ 
 Corinthian Lodge, A. F. & A. M. ; Colonel Grover Post, G. A. R. ; 
 and the Johnson Count}^ bar each attended in a seperate bod}-. 
 R. H. Switzler, H. G. C, officially represented $ A 0. There was 
 a profusion of floral tributes, among them a large cluster of white 
 carnations from ^ A ©, The choir chanted ' Lord, let me know 
 mine end and the number of m}^ days," and sang Lead, Kindh" 
 Light," and 'Abide wdth Me." The officiating clergyman was 
 Rev. J. K. Dunn, A K E, Secretary of the Western Diocese of 
 Missouri, who is quoted in the Sta?' of March i: ' There was," he 
 said, no need of eulogy; the life of the one before them was 
 sufficient eulogy of itself; it was an open book, known to all men — 
 pure, righteous, upright. " The interment was at the Warrensburg 
 cemetery, where the services were conducted b}" the G. A. R. 
 Dr. W. L. Hedges, acting Post Commander, reviewed the military 
 career of Colonel Rogers, after which taps were sounded. At a. 
 
94 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 special meeting of the bar of Johnson Count}", February 28, com- 
 mittees were appointed to prepare resolutions to present to the 
 Circuit Court, the Kansas City Court of Appeals and the Supreme 
 Court. The committee appointed to present resolutions to the 
 Circuit Court submitted the following: 
 
 Colonel Rogers was noted among his fellow-members of the bar for his kind- 
 ness and courtes}-, never by word or action giving offense, and scorning to do a 
 small or dishonorable action. He had a mind of strong grasp, and when aroused 
 would make a powerful argument. He, more frequently than any other member 
 of the bar, has been called upon to sit as a Special Judge when the Circuit Court 
 Judge was disqualified. He was universally loved and respected by his associates, 
 especially by members of the profession. 
 
 Residence of Colonel A. W. Rogers, Warrensburg, Missouri. 
 
 Reproduced from The Scroll, April, 1902. Mrs. Rogers at right, Miss Elizabeth Rogers at left. 
 
 After the preamble (of which the foregoing is only a part) and 
 resolutions had been read, and a number of eulogies delivered, it 
 was ordered that the preamble and resolutions be entered on the 
 records of the court, and the court adjourned through respect for the 
 memory of the deceased. The following, quoted from a letter 
 written by Colonel Rogers, January 3, 1901, gives an insight into 
 his kindly spirit and sympathetic nature: 
 
 I am very glad that you had such a pleasant and profitable time at Louisville; I 
 felt sure you would have. I am not at all envious of your good luck. I have 
 learned to be happy because others can have enjoyments in which T cannot be privi- 
 leged to participate; and in this way I can get a great deal of enjoyment, you see, 
 and, on the average, can keep along pretty nearly even with the rest of humanity. 
 
Grave of Andrew Watts Rogers, Warrensburg, Missouri. 
 
 From a photograph taken by Stone & DeGraff. Warrensburg, Memorial Day, 1902. Work on 
 the tombstone was hurried to complete it and erect it by that day. The mistake of the stone-cutter 
 in spelling "coelo" has been corrected. — See footnote, page 96. 
 
96 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 I received a telegram from the Convention, which made me feel very good, just 
 because in all of it you had not forgotten me. I think your tomb-stone resolution 
 was a beautiful thing to do; I am glad you thought of it.* If I can be of any ser- 
 vice to you, command me. 
 
 His daughter, Mrs. Fish, wrote to W. B. Palmer, March lo, 1901: 
 My dear father's life, of late years, has been a very simple one — uneventful in a 
 biographical sense — a continual round of hard work, homely duties. Christian chari- 
 ties and sweet helpfulness — the quiet, simple. Christian life that is beautiful to all, 
 but interesting in its details to none but those who know it intimately and lovingly. 
 To give you some idea of how broad and catholic were his sympathies, I have only 
 to tell 3'ou that the great majority of the beautiful floral offerings that came to him, 
 after he had passed on, were sent by young men, young women and little children. 
 Many children came and asked to see him, and told us how they had loved him. Old 
 men and women stop me on the street to say how much they miss him. People in all 
 stations of life come to me and tell me how dear and kind and helpful he was to them. 
 
 Mrs. Fish wrote to Palmer March 19, 1901: The Fraternity 
 
 will alwa3^s be dear to me personall}^ because I believe I can 
 
 sympathize with the feelings that my father entertained for it. We 
 
 have been taught to regard all Phis as kinsmen, and are very proud 
 
 of our clan." In The Scroll, April, 1901, Robert Morrison paid 
 
 the following tribute to the memory of A. W. Rogers: 
 
 And now Colonel Rogers has crossed the River, to join "the silent majority"! 
 He was kindly spared to be with us a goodly period — longer even than the average 
 of the life of old men — three score years and ten. He died at home, the best place, 
 if a man is happy enough to have one, from which to say good-bye. He had a 
 
 pleasant famih^ and the wisdom to enjoy their presence Colonel 
 
 Rogers uniformly led a quiet, earnest, useful life. He ever tried conscientiously to 
 do his duty, whether in the army, the legislature, the community, the church or 
 the family. The blare of trumpet and drum did not throw him off his balance, nor 
 was it needed to excite him to do any plain or needful work. He was a man of 
 
 fine personal presence On horse-back the Colonel was a magnificent 
 
 figure, as he rode among his brother officers on dress parade or in review in the 
 army. He was a lojal member of our Brotherhood, though for good reasons he 
 felt unable to be with us in our general gatherings. He was a brave, good, true 
 man, as was abundantly proved in every sphere in which he was called to live. 
 The Fraternity will never have cause to blush or be ashamed if its members attain 
 the high degree of honor and usefulness achieved by Colonel Andrew Watts Rogers. 
 
 THE PARENT CHAPTER— OHIO ALPHA. 
 
 $ A was founded at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Decem- 
 ber 26, 1848.1" Fortunately its origin is not involved in any 
 obscurity. The original minutes of the parent chapter, 1848 to 
 
 * A resolution adopted by the Convention of igoo, providing for the erection of tombstones over 
 the graves of the deceased founders of the Fraternity. Tombstones had been erected over the 
 graves of Robert Thompson Drake and Ardivan Walker Rodgers. The tombstone placed at the 
 grave of Andrew Watts Rogers, 1902, was the first one to which the Fraternity contributed, the 
 cost being shared by the Fraternity with the family of the deceased. — See page 95. 
 
 Doubtless this was the last letter written by Colonel Rogers in regard to O A 0. It was the 
 last letter received from him by W. B. Palmer in a correspondence, beginning 1880, relating to the 
 history of the Fraternity. A biographical sketch of Colonel Rogers, based on information supplied 
 by himself, and written by R. H. Switzler, appeared in T}ie Scroll, June, 1897- A sketch of him 
 prepared for this history was revised by him, September 28, 1899, and his military record was again 
 revised by him, October 30, 1900. This sketch was published in The Scroll, April, 1901. It was 
 reviewed in proof for this history by Mrs. Rogers and Mrs. Fish, October 11, 1903- 
 
 t At that time James K. Polk was President of the United States, and Zachary Taylor had 
 been elected to succeed him. Calhoun, Clay and Webster were still in the senate. Edgar 
 
THE PARENT CHAPTER— OHIO ALPHA. 
 
 97 
 
 1857, are preserved in the fraternity library. Annotated by one 
 of the founders, Robert Morrison, they were printed in The Pal- 
 ladium, Januar}^ March and May, 1898, Much of the history of 
 the Society during its first thirty years is preserved in old corres- 
 pondence which The Scroll began to print October, 1887. 
 
 Allan Poe, James Fenimore Cooper, William H. Prescott and Washington Irving were yet alive. 
 
 Texas won its independence by the defeat of Santa Anna, 1836, and was admitted to the Union, 
 1845. British claims to the territorj- embracing Oregon, Washington and Idaho were extinguished by 
 a treaty concluded 1846. A treaty of peace was ratified. May 19, 1848. by which Mexico ceded to 
 the United States the territory' embracing California, Nevada, Utah and portions of Arizona, New 
 Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming. Additional territor>- was acquired by the Gadsden purchase, 1853. 
 
 Wisconsin, the last of the five States erected out of the Northwest Territon,-, was admitted to the 
 Union, Alay 29, 1848. California was admitted, September 9, 1850. Oregon was organized as a ter- 
 ritory, August 14, 1848. The other present States west of the Missouri River were not on the map in 
 1848, even as territories. Utah and New ^lexico were organized as territories, 1850 ; Washington, 
 1853; Kansas and Nebraska, 1854; Colorado, Nevada and Dakota, 1861 ; Arizona and Idaho, 1863; 
 Alontana, 1864; Wyoming, 1868. On maps made in the eighteen fifties, most of the country between 
 the Missouri River and the Rocky iMountains was designated as The Great American Desert." 
 
 Gold was discovered in California January 19, 1848. The corner-stone of the Washington 
 monument was laid at the national capital, July 4, 1848. 
 
 Canal boats were a common means of travel, but the most common mode was by stage coaches. 
 The railroad from Cincinnati to Springfield, the first in Ohio, was opened, 1842 ; the railroad from 
 Columbus to Cincinnati, was opened, 1851 ; the railroad from Cleveland to Columbus, 1852 ; the rail- 
 road from Cleveland to Toledo, 1853; the railroad from Columbus to Wheeling, 1854. The first 
 continuous railrod from New York to Boston was opened January i, 1849. The first riilroad across 
 the continent was completed 1869. 
 
 The first telegraphic message was transmitted between Baltimore and Washington, 1844. A 
 cable was laid between England and France, 1851. The first trans-Atlantic cable was laid, 1858, 
 though the first to work successfully was that of 1866. 
 
 From 1845 to 185 1, letter postage per half ounce was five cents within 300 miles, ten cents for 
 greater distances. Postage stamps were first authorized by the United States Government, 1847. 
 Envelopes had been used since 1839, but in 1848 many letters were still mailed without them. 
 
 More than twelve years were to elapse before the opening of the war between the States. 
 
 According to the census of 1850, the population of the United States was 23,191,876; of Ohio, 
 1,980,329; of Cincinnati, 115,435; Columbus, 17,882; Cleveland, 17,034; Dayton, 10,977; Springfield, 
 5.108; Toledo, 3,829; Akron, 3,266; Canton, 2,603; Butler County (including Oxford), 30,789. By 
 the censuses of 1840, 1850, i860, 1870 and 1880, Ohio was the third State in population. In 1820, 
 1830, 1840 and 1850, the center of population was in what is now the State of West Virginia; in i860 
 and 1870 it was in Southern Ohio; in 1880 it was in Kentucky, eight miles southwest of Cincinnati; 
 in 1890 and 1900 in Southern Indiana. — See map below, from 1900 Census Report, Volume i. 
 
 Oxford, Ohio, the birthplace of $ A ©, is about 39 miles northwest of Cincinnati. 
 
98 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Several of the founders and early initiates have written their recol- 
 lections of the Society during its formative period, A series of 
 papers entitled "Memorabilia," written b}^ Robert Morrison, was 
 published in The Scroll, October, November and December, 
 1881, and Januar}^ February and March, 1882, the following being 
 printed in February: 
 
 John McMillan Wilson and I were classmates, and hence were much together, 
 
 and with us originated the idea of our Fraternity We learned each 
 
 other's views, talked the matter over, agreed on the general features of a desirable 
 brotherhood, and chose four other students in lower classes — we were then seniors 
 — those that we would like to have go with us. According to our plan, Wilson 
 broached the business to Andrew Watts Rogers, who, after some discussion, was 
 pleased with the project. The duty was mine to talk with my kinsman, John Wolf e 
 Lindley. He soon gave his cordial assent to the proposition. The two others 
 were Robert Thompson Drake and Ardivan Walker Rodgers. As they were not 
 supposed to regard secret societies with great approval, more care seemed neces- 
 sary in approaching them touching this matter. Accordingh^, Wilson and Rogers 
 interviewed Rodgers, and I called on Drake. 
 
 These gentlemen, when visited, regarded the matter favorably, but wished to 
 learn something more definite of the new Society before committing themselves. 
 Then the time and place of our first meeting were determined. As I was supposed 
 to be more unfavorable to secret organizations than Wilson, the programme of the 
 evening, as arranged by us two, was that he was to propose and I to lead off in 
 accepting his propositions. The time came; all six were present. Wilson had the 
 revised papers in hand, the reading of which he deferred until all present had 
 signed a pledge, upon honor, not to reveal the subjects to be brought up for 
 immediate consideration. Then Wilson, as if in triumph, and as if none knew of 
 the propositions to be considered but himself, said: "Now, gentlemen, I have got 
 you!" The fraternity idea was then fully unfolded. Rogers, Lindley and myself 
 concurred in approving, as was arranged. With some anxiety we listened for 
 Drake to speak. In a few quiet words he expressed his approval. But how 
 would Rodgers regard the idea? His name was called last. As our e3^es met his, 
 we noticed a merry sparkle, which was followed by his speech: "Boys, I have 
 always been opposed to secret societies, but as this Society is not secret to me, / like 
 it.'''' From that hour we six were a Band of Brothers, and then began the life and 
 work of the <l> A 9 Fraternity. 
 
 In an interview of W. B. Palmer with Robert Morrison, October 
 19, 1896, revised by the latter before publication in The Scroll-, 
 April, 1897, he said: 
 
 One day in the fall of 1848, I proposed to my classmate, John McMillan Wilson, 
 to organize a new Society; as I thought from what I knew of those at Miami that 
 we might establish one on an improved basis and with a better moral tone. The 
 Alphas (A A $) having for years been the only Fraternity there, had been regarded 
 as haughty and over-bearing in their manner, which rendered them unpopular. 
 The rival society, B 11, was founded by eight young men. Some of the Betas, 
 a few 3-ears after their Fraternity's birth, were dissipated, and the reputation of the 
 Society suffered greatly, until the initiation of two men, L. G. Hay, '47, and S, S, 
 Laws, '48, both sterling men, whose religious character was unmistakable. Princi- 
 pally through them, a reformation was promptly effected. Afterward Hay was a 
 missionary to India, and Laws was President of the University of Missouri, 
 
 At the time of the organization of $ A 9, the chapters of A A * and B 9 11 were 
 suspended, mainly because a number of their members had been dismissed from 
 college for participation in "the snow rebellion," January, 1848, when a body of 
 students blocked the doors of the chapel and lecture rooms with great balls of 
 snow. My idea was to establish a Society which would not be so arrogant as the 
 Alphas had seemed to be, nor so convivial as the Betas had had the reputation of 
 being, Wilson agreed with me; and, after discussion, we decided that we knew 
 
 f 
 
THE PARENT CHAPTER— OHIO ALPHA. 99 
 
 four other men who would make good founders for a new Society. Both of us 
 were seniors, and the four others were Robert Thompson Drake, John Wolfe 
 Lindley, Ardivan Walker Rodgers and Andrew W^atts Rogers. The first two were 
 juniors, the latter two sophomores. Lindley and I were third cousins. Wilson 
 had a great deal of influence with Rogers. W^e got these two, but did not wish to 
 organize without Rodgers and Drake. Rodgers was out-and-out opposed to secret 
 societies, especially the Freemasons. When our badges were first made he 
 objected to the eye, which is a Masonic emblem, because he thought it meant some- 
 thing he could not accept. I worked on Drake, who was my particular friend, to 
 get him to unite with us in the organization, while Wilson and Rogers approached 
 Rodgers. A meeting of all was called, the object Wilson said, being to con- 
 sider the question of organizing a secret society. I do not remember just how long 
 it had been since Wilson and I had first discussed the matter, but I am sure we did 
 not start to organize the Society until the fall of 1848. 
 
 At this first meeting, Wilson produced a paper, and asked those present to sign 
 it. It obligated the signers to keep secret all that might be presented for discus- 
 sion that night. Drake and Rogers gave no trouble about signing. 1 was sup- 
 posed to be opposed to secret societies; so Wilson, in the presence of the others, 
 endeavored to get my consent to join. Wilson had the Bond and a short Constitu- 
 tion ready, and, after reading them, he called for expressions. Rogers spoke 
 favorably, then Lindley, then I did. Drake also entered into the plan. We called 
 on Rodgers last. His eyes twinkled as he said: "Boys, I have alwa^'S been 
 opposed to secret societies, but as this Society is not secret to me, / like it.'''' Of 
 course all this was a concerted arrangement between Wilson and myself. He and 
 I had prepared the Bond and Constitution. We adjourned this meeting to meet 
 again for formal organization. 
 
 In the interval before the next meeting, I procured two small blank books bound in 
 black leather. 1 was a dealer in books, selling the text books used in college. The 
 minutes were kept in one of the blank books which is still extant. The first minutes 
 are dated Wilson's room, December 26, 1848; this meeting was held in the evening. 
 Wilson's room was in the Northeast Building, which still stands at Miami. In the 
 other blank book, copied by my own hand, was written the Bond, and I signed it first. 
 Wilson's name was next. I do not remember the order of the other signatures.* 
 
 "^ The Scroll, June, 1897, contains a biographical sketch of Colonel Andrew Watts Rogers, in 
 which he is quoted as saying that Drake was the last of the six founders to give his consent to the 
 organization. Robert Morrison's attention being called to the fact that he had written that 
 Ardivan Walker Rodgers was the last to assent, he wrote to W. B. Palmer, Januarj- 3, 1900, reaffirm- 
 ing what he had previously written, as follows : 
 
 At different times in the years past I have given my recollections of that time, so important in 
 our Fraternity's history-. I am sorrj- to differ with Colonel Rogers in anything, but I have nothing 
 to retract or modify in the matter. I suppose I need not repeat what has heretofore been stated 
 and printed. The outline, however, may thus be stated : 
 
 'After I had secured Wilson's promise and co-operation, he was, according to arrangements, to 
 see and secure Andrew W. Rogers, and I my friend and cousin Lindley. This being done, Lind- 
 ley and I secured Drake, while Wilson and Rogers talked to Ardivan. They had hopes of him, 
 though they were not verj- sanguine; but Wilson and I, after conferring on the matter, concluded 
 to go ahead and run the risk. A meeting was called, but in the meanwhile Wilson and I had 
 matured our plans. To have a stronger pull on the two 'tender-feet' — Drake and Rodgers — I asked 
 Wilson to take the lead, to which he agreed. I did this to be more sure of getting them, as they 
 seemed to think that I was more opposed to secret societies than they thought Wilson was, so that 
 if I yielded they would be more likely to fall in than if I seemed to be ambitious to lead. 
 
 'When the meeting took place all six were present. Wilson took the floor and asked that all 
 present should make a solemn promise not to reveal the proceedings of that night. When this was 
 unanimously agreed to, Wilson, rather jubilantly, and possibly with a little tone of defiance, said: 
 Now, gentlemen, I have got you.' I was a little nervous for fear he was going too fast, but he 
 went on, and then, unfolding the plan we had agreed on, submitted it for our consideration. The 
 Bond had been thought over and carefully prepared by us two and no others. (I emphasizing two 
 things, viz. : the cardinal principle represented by the third letter of our motto, and the unalterability 
 of the instrument except on impossible conditions.) Then after all was read over, Wilson called on 
 me, and I, of course, agreed to it, then Lindley, then Andrew W. Rogers, then Drake and lastly 
 Ardivan, who said, with a merry twinkle in his eyes : 'Boys, I have always been opposed to secret 
 societies, but as this Society is not secret to me 1 like it ;' and he put down his name. 
 
 The new organization proceeded at once to business and ordered two blank books, and, as I 
 was then a book merchant, I procured both of them. They were small leather-bound volumes, hold- 
 ing about three quires each. One was for the minutes, and the other contained the Bond in my 
 handwriting, with my name first in pretty large letters. The next name was John McMillan Wilson, 
 then the other four, but in what order I do not now remember. This is my repeated but final 
 statement in this matter." 
 
lOO THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Wilson and I were joint authors of the Bond, and between us we selected the 
 name of the Society, the object being to adopt a combination of Greek letters 
 having a euphonious sound and a symmetrical appearance. After choosing the 
 name, I, with the aid of a Greek lexicon, selected and arranged the secret motto.* 
 I suggested the names of the officers. As we were a Greek-letter Society, some 
 thought we should call the President by a Greek term, Archon, but I considered 
 plain English best, and to this all agreed. 1 thought some time as to what 
 we should call the Warden. Prefect was proposed, but I thought Warden was 
 better, as it was better English, and the boys adopted it. The shield form of badge 
 and the eye were of my design, but the scroll was suggested bs' Wilson. Our first 
 badges were made in 1849. If © A X had then adopted a shield shape badge we 
 knew nothing of it; in fact, we then knew nothing of that Fraternity. 
 
 At the Alumni Da}^ meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, 1897, J. W. 
 Lindley said: ''Brother Morrison conceived the idea of founding 
 
 a fraternity We were great friends and intimate 
 
 associates, having grown up together from boyhood 
 
 We held our meetings in each other's rooms during the winter 
 season, and in pleasant weather we met on the bank of the 
 creek, putting out pickets to insure secrecy." At the banquet 
 of the Semi-Centennial Convention, 1898, Robert Morrison, after 
 giving an account of the snow rebellion" at Miami, January, 
 1848, said: 
 
 As the wisdom and propriety of such an organization had been the subject of 
 reflection for some time, I one day said to my friend and classmate, John McMillan 
 Wilson: "Suppose we form and start a Greek-letter society." Said he: "All 
 right; you go ahead and get things in shape, and I will help you put them through." 
 Accordingly, I set out to determine a motto, which from its initials should give 
 name to the Fraternity. It seemed appropriate that there should be three Greek 
 words, each important, and together forming a climax, and a significant and 
 essential idea of the Fraternit_v. It was no trouble to find a Greek word that suited 
 the idea sought in the first letter. A good word suited to the second cost but 
 little more. 
 
 The third word did not come so easily at call, y«t it was regarded as the most 
 important in making the complete sense of the sentence desired. However, after a 
 considerable examination of Greek dictionaries, grammars and compound-words was 
 made, a Greek word expressing the intended idea was coined. It may be mentioned, 
 as of some interest, that the very word, in an abbreviated form, was afterwards 
 found as used by an author of high repute in the Greek world. In this inquiry 
 no help was obtained from any knowledge of older fraternities 
 
 The most important and difficult of all the preparatory work was the writing of 
 the Bond. To do this I called in Wilson to help. Above where it was to be 
 written we put the motto; and we gave our most earnest thought and care to the 
 expression and expansion of the ideas conveyed Dy these words, and to harmonizing 
 these ideas in the only unalterable instrument of the Order. 
 
 The book in which Robert Morrison transcribed the original 
 draft of the Bond was stolen several years later and never recov- 
 ered.! The oldest copy of the Bond known to exist was sent 
 by J. W. Lindley to W. B. Palmer, May 17, 1880. It was written 
 on four letter sheets, folded and stitched to make a pamphlet of 
 
 * Morrison wrote to W. B. Palmer, ]\Iarch 26, 1890: "In regard to our motto, that was placed 
 and left entirely in my hands by the founders." 
 
 tin one of the two small leather-bound blank books, purchased by Robert ^Morrison for the 
 Societj', 1848, he transcribed the original draft of the Bond; in the other was written the minutes of 
 the Society's meetings. — See Morrison's letter, November 12, 1886, in "Recollections of the Early 
 Years." One dollar was paid for the two books, one dollar for a mahogany veneered box. — See 
 
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 c'^-^-^C^pv*^ /f^ 0]h*^'^c^^ly<Lj //y^t^^^^^o-zf^^ 
 
 ^^ity't^ltji^ ^l''^;^<y^^ liTvii^^.JL.U'^^ 
 
 Ohio Alpha's Minutes. 
 
 Facsimile of first page of book, showing date of the founding of Phi Deha Theta. 
 
 In the third and ninth lines below the date, December 26, 1848, Ardivan W. Rogers should 
 be Ardivan W. Rodgers. Doubtless also he, and not Andrew W. Rogers, was referred to in the 
 second line below the date December 28, 1848. The minutes of the first meeting were originally 
 signed simply "Secretary-," and the minutes of the second meeting were unsigned. Robert 
 
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 </r i^-^W^ vHirrs^/^'Ti^, ^ J^ 
 
 
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 %^ -f^Ju.*^.^^, 
 
 -J 
 
 Ohio Alpha's Minutes. >. - 
 
 Facsimile of second page of book, giving record of the second meeting. 
 
 Morrison was the first Secretary, the minutes being in his handwriting. When the book was last 
 in his hands, 1881, he prefixed his name to the word "Secretary," at the bottom of the minutes of 
 the first meeting, and wrote "Robert ]Morrison, Sec." at the bottom of the minutes of the second 
 meeting. He numbered the pages with lead pencil, 1881. 
 
THE PARENT CHAPTER— OHIO ALPHA. 103 
 
 sixteen pages. On the last page is written in pencil: "Founded 
 1848. First members: Robert Morrison, Pres. ; John M. Willson; 
 J. W. Lindley, Sec.;* A. D. Rodgers, A. W. Rodgers, R. T. 
 Drake." Palmer returned this copy of the Bond to Lindle}^, 1899, 
 who returned it to him and wrote to him, October 26, 1899: "l 
 copied the Bond ^-^ou sent me shortl}" before leaving Oxford in the 
 summer of 1849. ^ ^^^ i^ ver}^ carefulh', and think it an exact 
 copy of the original Bond. The names of members on the back 
 are in m}" handwriting; I have no recollection about them, but I 
 presume the}- are in the order of the original signatures." 
 
 For a few years Lindley sometimes spelled his surname with 
 ' e" and sometimes without that letter.! For a few years Wilson 
 spelled his surname with 11", but the family name being Wil- 
 son,, he returned to that spelling. It seems probable that 
 "a. D. Rodgers" and "A. W. Rodgers," endorsed on Lindley's 
 cop3^ of the Bond, were intended for Ardivan W. Rodgers and 
 Andrew W. Rogers, respectively, and that the signatures to the 
 original Bond were in the order of the six names on the back 
 of Lindle^^'s cop}" — Morrison, Wilson, Lindley, Rodgers, Rogers, 
 Drake. 
 
 The book containing the original minutes is of pocket size, 4 b}^ 
 6/i inches, and /^ of an inch thick; the paper is tinted blue and 
 ruled as a day book; the cover is black leather. Facsimiles of 
 the minutes of the first two meetings appear on pages loi and 102. 
 Following are the minutes of the third and fourth meetings: 
 
 Dec. 30TH, 1848. 
 Agreeable to adiournment, the previously mentioned persons assembled. Mr. 
 Rogers:}: in the chair. The consideration respecting the motto, Bond, and constitu- 
 tion was resumed, and after some discussion, on motion of Mr. Morrison, was 
 adopted. The Society then proceeded to the election of officers, which resulted in 
 the choice of John McM. Willson, President; R. T. Drake, Secretary; Robert 
 Morrison, Warden. On motion, Willson, Morrison and Andrew W. Rogers were 
 appointed a committee to prepare by-laws and to report at our regular meeting on 
 the nth of Januar}-, 1849. 
 
 Treasurers' report, page 107, showing eighty cents paid on the price of the box, leaving an indebted- 
 ness of twenty- cents. 
 
 The box ser\'ed as a receptacle for the Bond, Articles of Union, Constitution and other papers, 
 and in it also was kept the second $ A badge ever made, the first being the personal property of 
 Robert Alorrison. — See his article in T/ie Scroll, June, 1898, quoted in The Original Shield 
 Badge." For a year or more this box was in the custody of J. K. Boude, '52, who was initiated 
 April 25, 1849. Some miscreant at ^Miami broke open the box, 1856, and rifled its 
 contents, including the Bond, Articles of Union and Constitution. It did not then contain the 
 second oldest badge ; it is not known what became of this badge. The mutilated box, from 
 which the lock had been removed, fell into the hands of J. X. Scott, '57, who was initiated Decem- 
 ber 17, 1855, and was preser^^ed by him from the time he left college, 1856, until 1893, when he 
 returned it to the chapter. — See letters of J. K. Boude, November 10, 1885, and July 4, 1888, in 
 Recollections of the Early Years." 
 
 Also see letters of J. X. Scott, April 12 and June 5, 1893, The Scroll, December, 1893- When 
 visiting Miami in the fall of 1893, I copied these letters and inspected the box in the rooms of 
 Ohio Alpha. Desiring to have a photograph made to illustrate the bo.x in this histon,-, I was 
 distressed on learning, 1902, that the box had been lost, probably when the chapter gave up its old 
 rooms and rented a house, 1900. W. B. P. 
 
 * Evidently this was written between April 12 and May 27, 1849 ; see list of officers, page 106. 
 
 T "It is spelled without "e" in the financial report, ^March 6, 1849, facsimile of which appears on 
 page 107. also in the minutes of Januarj- i, 1849, page 104. As late as 1853, he omitted the e" ; see 
 facsimile of his signature made in that year, page 82. 
 
 + Supposed to mean Ardivan Walker Rodgers, chairman of the meeting held December 26. 
 
I04 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 New Year's eve, '49. 
 Society met. The Prest., Willson, took the chair. The roll was called and 
 every member found in his place. On the report of the Warden that Mr. Morton 
 G. Williams, having been previously elected b}" this Society, & having complied 
 with the requisitions of our constitution, accepts membership, it was moved and 
 carried that we now proceed to initiate him. The Warden then introduced Mr. 
 Williams to the Society, who having heard the bond and constitution read, and 
 approving of the same, the Warden administered to him the pledges required, and he 
 was by the President declared a member of, and welcomed into, this Society. The 
 Warden then read out the divisions of the members during his term of office, as 
 follows: Lindly, Rogers, And. W., & Morrison, to read essays at our next 
 meeting; and R. T. Drake, Ard. W. Rodgers & Williams, at the next meeting 
 after, and so on in turn. Adjourned.* 
 
 The organization took place during the Christmas recess. The 
 catalogues of Miami for 1847-48 and 1848-49 show that there was 
 
 a recess of about ten days near the end of December." Robert 
 Morrison wrote to W. B. Palmer, November 25, igoi: I suppose 
 the ten days' began on Saturday,. December 23, in 1848; that 
 would allow the college work to begin on Thursday of the next week 
 after Christmas." He wrote to Palmer, September 11, 1901: 
 
 Fifty years ago in Ohio the festivities of Christmas were mainly on that day — 
 very little during the week; a turkey dinner was about all on the 25th. Then 
 there were few railroads, and canal packets did their fastest travel at four miles 
 an hour. It would have taken me four days to go to and come from my home 
 in Morrow County, Ohio, 167 miles away, at considerable expense. Wilson lived 
 five or six miles away from Oxford, so he could easily be back, but the others 
 who founded $ A lived farther off. Few students left to go far away during 
 the Christmas vacation. I was anxious to have the organization date in 1848, and 
 then we could, as we did with our first initiate, have our first banquet on New- 
 year's day, 1849. So we lost no time to do that work after Christmas was well 
 past. 
 
 The calendar shows that the date of the first meeting, December 
 26, 1848, fell on Tuesda}^ It was held in the evening in Wilson's 
 room in the Northeast Building, now called the North Dormitory. J 
 The first initiation was that of M. G. Williams, January i, 1849, 
 six days after the first meeting. This meeting, which was the 
 fourth meeting, took place in Lindley's room in the old West Wing 
 of the Main Building, and the initiation was followed with a ban- 
 quet at McCullough's restaurant in town. Williams remained 
 at Miami but a short time afterward. He left there at the end 
 of the first session of the collegiate year, March 9, and, in the 
 fall of 1849, entered Centre College, where he established Ken- 
 tucky Alpha. Ardivan W. Rodgers was at home during the second 
 term — from April 2 to commencement, August 9. There were, 
 therefore, at the beginning of the second session of 1848-49. only 
 five members at Miami; but, April 25, they initiated A. A. Barnett 
 and J. K. Boude, and, June 12, S. R. Matthews. At the begin- 
 ning of the fall session, October i, 1849, those present were: 
 R. T. Drake, J. W. Lindley, A. W. Rodgers, A. W. Rogers, A. A. 
 Barnett, J. K. Boude and S. R. Matthews. Robert Morrison and 
 
 *To which has been added: ' Attest, Robert Morrison, Warden," written by him, 1881. 
 t See pages 26 and 57. 
 
THE PARENT CHAPTER— OHIO ALPHA. 105 
 
 J. McM. Wilson had been graduated, but were still at Oxford. 
 The members initiated during 1849-50 were: David Swing, 
 November 7; J. A. Anderson, December 7; Harmar Denny, Feb- 
 ruary i; J. H. Childs, March 11. 
 
 The Constitution adopted December 30, 1848, provided for 
 fortnightly meetings, but they were not always held at regular 
 intervals. Exigencies arose which required more frequent meet- 
 ings, and occasionally a longer time intervened. As some minutes 
 evidently were not transcribed in the minute book and were lost, 
 it is impossible to say how often the chapter assembled. October 
 30, 1850: ' On motion, the Society chose Wednesday evening as 
 the time for regular meeting." November 11, 1852: Motion 
 that the Societ}^ meet hereafter on Thursday eve carried. " For some 
 time the members possessed the virtue of punctuality; no one was 
 noted as absent until the fifteenth meeting, which was held June 
 26, 1849. 
 
 The Society did not own or rent any hall, and did not meet 
 regularly at the same place. Meetings were held usuall}" in the 
 rooms of members, but the minutes show that the}^ were held in 
 Prof. T. J. Matthews' recitation room, March 6, 1849; in the college 
 library, April 25, 1849; in Lane's woods. May 25, 1850; in the 
 college cabinet (the room where geological specimens were kept), 
 October 30, November 15, and December 16, 1850; in the apparatus 
 room (the minutes say: 'instead of cabinet, it being less 
 exposed"), October 28, 185 1; in Miami Union hall, October 29, 
 185 1 ; in Erodelphian hall, October 30, 185 1; in the room of 
 L. W. Ross and L S. Lane, Brown House, January 21, 1852; in 
 E. E. Hutcheson's room, McGuffey House, March 16, 1852; in 
 Prof. R. H. Bishop's recitation room, June 29, 1853; in the Cam- 
 pus Cottage, November 9, 1854; in the Mansion House, December 
 16, 1856. Ardivan W. Rodgers and Andrew W. Rogers were 
 appointed, October 30, 1850, 'to provide a place of meeting." 
 January 15, 185 1: On motion, a committee on house was 
 appointed consisting of Andrew W. Rogers, A. A. Barnett and 
 James Holmes." February 23, 1854: ' A committee, consisting 
 of T. W. McLean, J. E. Bruce, and Ransford Smith, was appointed 
 to obtain a place of regular meeting for the Phi Society." These 
 committees presented no reports, so far as the minutes show, and 
 all of them failed to secure any permanent quarters for the Society. 
 At a Province Convention banquet at Indianapolis, March 13, 
 1896, Benjamin Harrison, '52, said: 
 
 I was a member of $ A in its eai-ly days at Miami University, at that time 
 probably the greatest educational institution west of the Alleghenies. I well, 
 remember my initiation; it was more impressive than a certain inauguration on 
 March 4, 1889. We used to meet in John Knox Boude's room, over his father's 
 store; it was one of those general stores where everything was sold — dry goods, 
 groceries, nails and eggs. 
 
 The Constitution provided that the officers should be a President, 
 a Secretary and a Warden, and that they should be elected every 
 
io6 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 eight weeks. The first election of officers after that of December 
 30, 1848, was on February 22, 1849, when Robert Morrison was 
 elected President, Morton G.Williams, Secretary, and Andrew Watts 
 Rogers, Warden. At the next meeting, March 6, "the President 
 delivered a short address. " There is no other record in the min- 
 utes of an inaugural address. At this meeting also, "The Treas. 
 report was read & received." The Constitution provided that the 
 Secretary of the Society should act as its Treasurer." The 
 report, a facsimile of which herewith appears,* was made b}^ Drake, 
 Secretary, December 30 to March 6. The smallness of the amounts 
 received and disbursed conclusive!}^ proves that the infant Society 
 was not an extravagant institution. There is no other record of 
 the collection of dues from attendant members. The Society at 
 Miami was at scarcely any expense. Meeting usually in the rooms 
 of members, it did not have to pay for rent, fuel or light. 
 
 Subsequent elections of officers through 1849-50 resulted as 
 follows. April 12, 1849: J. W. Lindley, Secretary, to succeed 
 M. G. Williams retired from college. May 27, 1849: R. T, Drake, 
 President; J. McM. Wilson, Secretary; J. K. Boude, Warden. 
 July 26, 1849: A. W. Rogers, President; S. R. Matthews, Secretary; 
 J. W. Lindley, Warden. November 7, 1849: A. W. Rodgers, 
 President; A. A. Barnett, Secretary; J. K. Boude, Warden. 
 January 19, 1850: A. A. Barnett, President; David Swing, Secre- 
 tary, A. W. Rodgers, Warden. May 15, 1850: J. W. Lindley, 
 President; J. K. Boude, Secretary; S. R. Matthews, Warden. 
 July 9, 1850: S. R. Matthews, President; Harmar Denny, Secre- 
 tary; A. A. Barnett, Warden. 
 
 The minutes for January 15, 185 1, sa}"": On motion a committee 
 was appointed to attend to the size of daguerreotypes. Committee 
 was Childs, Ard. Rodgers & Lane." February 6, 1852: "Moved 
 and carried that hereafter it shall be the duty of the President to 
 have the meeting opened b}^ pra3^er. " From that time on prayer 
 was usual at the opening of meetings. April 1,1856: A committee 
 was appointed consisting of Messrs. Stoddard, Tuttle and Anderson 
 to report on the propriety of having a sign of recognition. The 
 President appointed a password for the coming session." This is 
 the only mention in the minutes of a sign of recognition or 
 password. 
 
 Alumni when present were privileged to offer motions and to 
 vote.t Several visits of alumni are mentioned in the minutes. 
 October 13, 185 1: "Mr. John Lindley and brother were present 
 
 * The spelling of names in this report shows that Ardivan Walker Rodgers was called 
 Rodgers, ist.," and Andrew Watts Rogers was called Rogers, 2nd." This is indicated also by 
 the spelling of names in the minutes of Ohio Alpha for October 21, October 30, November 15 and 
 December 16, 1850. — See minutes of the last date in "The Higher Order of Alumni." Robert 
 Morrison's recollection was different, 1896, when he was interviewed on this point, but, when the 
 original of this report was sent to him, 1899, he thought that it should decide the question. J. W. 
 Lindley wrote, 1899, that he remembered that Rodgers was ist and Rogers 2nd. Colonel Rogers 
 wrote, 1899, that he did not remember very closely as to the distinction, but he thought that he was 
 called Rogers 2nd" while in college. 
 
 t See letter of J. McM. Wilson, November 29, 1851, The Scroll, October, 1887; minutes of Ohio 
 Alpha, April 13, 1852, The Palladiiun, March, 1898, quoted in "Bicameral Chapters at Miami." 
 
{:jfji'e^^^lre>c/ ^-t^ty^ /^^S^cZi^o.^ 
 
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 -r^^"/^ ^ S^ 
 
 £Jo^^ie^ /'^ £//^^j-7-Tx<^<^7^ ^y c^--tclty^ ^ U^^^^^^lA 
 
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 p-i?-^ /lraA..uL^c.tr^ /'/l^ J^'^^ 
 
 nh^<^^^ 
 
 0g^t^___^^^ g/hxi!c/<<>y 
 
 
 First Receipts and Disbursements. 
 
 Financial report of R. T. Drake, Secretary (and acting Treasurer) of Ohio Alpha, March 6, 1849- 
 See footnote beginning on page 100 and ending on page 103, also first footnote on page 106. 
 
io8 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 and participated in the meeting." September i, 1852: 'The 
 President being absent, on motion Mr. Rob. Morrison was called 
 
 to the chair Mr. Morrison being invited, delivered 
 
 some remarks on the condition of the Soc. in Tenn. & Ky., rep- 
 resenting it as prosperous at present, and presenting fine prospects 
 for the future." June 29, 1853, Morrison was present. December 
 20, 1853, there was a chapter banquet, Messrs. Brown, Barnett, 
 Boude, Wilson and MacHatton being present by invitation." 
 March 12, 1856: ' On motion of Mr. Tuttle, a vote of thanks was 
 extended to Messrs. Wilson and Barnett, correspondent members, 
 for their attendance, and an invitation extended to the gentlemen 
 that they would favor the Soc. often with their presence." J. A. 
 Anderson, '53, was present June 18, 1856, and, after the usual 
 exercises, the members partook of refreshments at his expense at 
 Sadler's & Ringwood's restaurant. During commencement week, 
 1852, Ardivan W. Rodgers and A. A. Barnett were present. About 
 fifteen alumni attended the meeting of the higher Order of alumni 
 during commencement week, 1853. 
 
 «J> A © was founded at a time when the number of students was 
 smaller than it had ever been since the first year that Miami was 
 opened. Owing to the unpopularity of the administration of Dr. 
 E. D. MacMaster as President, the attendance during 1848-49 was 
 only 68. But in 1849 Dr. W. C. Anderson became President, and 
 at once the attendance began to increase. In 1849-50 there were 
 91 students; in 1850-51, 142; 1851-52,208: 1852-53,242; 1853-54, 
 266, which was the highest number ever reached in Miami's history. 
 For three years Ohio Alpha w^as without rivals. A A # did not 
 re-organize at Miami until about December, 185 1, B IT until 
 April, 1852. 
 
 During three years and a half Ohio Alpha was sub rasa. The 
 university never had any anti-fraternity laws, but the founders 
 deemed it prudent to keep their own counsel about the Society, and 
 to let other Greeks know as little as possible about its affairs, while 
 it was in its formative stage. Early in 185 1, R. T. Drake thought 
 that the colleges should always remain incog. , or at least without 
 any public standing." John McM. Wilson inclined to the same 
 opinion, though some of the Oxonians" did not. "^ 
 
 In spite of attempts at secrecy, the existence of the Society was 
 undoubtedly known to other Greeks. R. V. Moore, B © 11, and 
 M. G. Williams, $ A 0, attended Miami University and afterward 
 Centre College. At Centre, early in 1850, the former, not know- 
 ing the latter to be a Phi, informed him that a secret society had 
 been founded at Miami "by Morrison, Drake and some others", 
 though he thought it had since ' 'all blown up. "t When J. H. Childs 
 and J. G. McNutt were expelled by Ohio Alpha, October, 185 1, 
 it was very soon known to Milton Sayler, who was then attempting 
 
 * See Wilson's letter, March 22, 185 1, in 'Correspondence During the Early Years." 
 t See William's letter, April 2, 1850, in "The Third Chapter — Kentucky Alpha." 
 
THE PARENT CHAPTER— OHIO ALPHA. 109 
 
 to reorganize A A $. About the same time several members of 
 the Miami faculty became aware of the existence of $ A 0, and 
 several of them accepted honorary membership in the Society.* 
 
 $ A badges were first made June, 1849. Though privately 
 worn at Oxford, and publicly away from Oxford, the}^ were not 
 displayed there until Saturday, June 26, 1852, when they were 
 worn at a party given b}^ President Anderson to the senior class 
 of that year.T R. G. Elliott, a charter member of Indiana Alpha, 
 who attended that commencement at Miami, wrote to J. McM. 
 Wilson, June 28, 1852: 'The boys developed themselves in grand 
 agony — agony indeed to the Alphas and Betas, as glittering of the 
 golden shields drew tears from their eyes. How forlorn and dis- 
 comfited poor crest-fallen R. V. Moore looked!" 
 
 The class standing of the early members of <l> A was high. From 
 an imperfect compilation of college honors, it is known that Robert 
 Morrison was valedictorian (first honor) of '49, a class of seven ;+ 
 R. T, Drake stood third in '50, a class of seven; David Swing was 
 salutatorian (second honor) of '52, a class of sixteen; Benjamin 
 Harrison ranked fourth in the same class; James Holmes was vale- 
 dictorian of '53, a class of thirty-five; J. M. Miller was valedic- 
 torian of '56, a class of twenty-four. Robert Morrison was Presi- 
 dent and J. VV. Lindley Secre^ar}^ of the Miami Union Literary 
 Society, 1849; ^' W- Rodgers, Corresponding Secretary of the 
 Erodelphian Society, 1849. The Miami Union elected A. W. 
 Rogers and E. E. Hutchesonto deliver the diplomas of the societ}^ 
 at commencement, the former in 1850, the latter, 1853. 
 
 When we look at the subsequent careers of the early members, 
 they stand out with great distinction. Biographical sketches of the 
 founders appear on preceding pages. In the class of '5 2 were the fol- 
 lowing members: J. K. Boude, afterward a physician employed as 
 pension examiner by the Government at Washington; J. H. Childs, 
 a Colonel in the U. S. A., who fell leading his regiment to the charge 
 at Antietam; Harmar Denny, afterward professor in St. Francis 
 Xavier College, the principal Roman Catholic institution in New 
 York City; Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, 
 1889-93; I- S. Lane, who became an attorney at Xenia, Ohio; 
 
 * See Wilson's letter, November 29, 1851, in "Annals, 1852-1856". It shows that Professors 
 
 O. N. Stoddard and Charles Elliott had been elected by Ohio Alpha to honorary membership, 
 
 November, 1851 ; also that President W. C. Anderson had been advised with about the Society, 
 
 but under a pledge that he would not use the knowledge in any way in his character as a college 
 
 officer." Shortly afterward President Anderson accepted honqrarj.- membership. 
 
 t "The A A $s wore badges from the first. I am not able to say just when the Betas put on 
 pins; they were wearing them generally in 1846, and I suppose had done so since very soon after 
 Dr. Junkin left, 1844." — Robert Morrison to W. B. Palmer, February 24, 1902. 
 
 The Alphas wore badges publicly at Miami, 1835-36. — See statement of J. B. Temple, page 33- 
 The Betas probably did not wear badges publicly until some time after the founding of B H, 
 1839. — See Article 9 of B n's original constitution, page 37. 
 
 i "Before the 'snow rebellion', the class of '49 had fourteen members. Of these four were dis- 
 missed, 7'2Z. : S. A. Bonner, T. H. Hittell, D. L. McDill and James W'arnock. Three did not 
 return: R. C. Anderson, who was an Alpha, for sympathy with his dismissed fraternity brethren, 
 and probably for other reasons ; J. W. Hall, of Dayton, Ohio, son of Dr. J. \V. Hall, who succeeded 
 to the presidency of Miami University after Dr. W. C. Anderson ; and J. C. Ogle, of Oxford, Ohio. 
 So only seven remained to graduate." — Robert Morrison to W. B. Palmer, August 21, 1809. 
 
 See names of his classmates that were graduated, on facsimile of 1849 commencement day 
 programme, page 75. 
 
no THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 S. R. Matthews,* who became a judge on the common pleas bench; 
 L. W. Ross, afterward Chancellor of the law department of the 
 University of Iowa; David Swing, who became a great independent 
 preacher and was the founder of Central Church, Chicago. Cer- 
 tainly no fraternity can boast of more talent in one college class. 
 In '53 were: J. A. Anderson (son of Rev. W. C. Anderson, D. D., 
 President of Miami University, 1849-54), afterward a Congressman 
 from Kansas; Samuel Hibben, Chaplain, U. S. A. ; James Holmes, 
 who previous to his death (1858) became pastor of the Second 
 Presbyterian Church, Allegheney, Pa. ; A. C. Kemper, who became 
 a prominent physician at Cincinnati, and was Assistant Adjutant- 
 general, U. S. A.; and J. G. McNutt, Captain, U. S. A. In '54 
 were: T. C. Hibbett, Captain, C. S. A.; E. P. Shields, a Presby- 
 terian minister on whom Miami conferred the title of D. D., 1887; 
 Henry Stoddard, Quartermaster, U. S. A. ; Thomas Williams, 
 Major, U. S. A. In '55 were: E. E. Hutcheson, Prosecuting Attor- 
 ney for Hamilton County (Cincinnati), i860; A. M. Rafter, 
 Captain, C. S. A. ; Ransford Smith, Ma3^or of Hamilton, Ohio, 
 1859-61, and Captain, U. S. A.; T. B. Ward, t afterward a Con- 
 gressman from Indiana. In '56 was H. L. Brown, several times a 
 member of the general assembly of the Presbyterian Church. In 
 '57 were: C. M. Hughes, afterward a judge on the common pleas 
 bench; J. N. Scott, Major, U. S. A. In '58 was E. P. Williams, 
 Captain, U. S. A. B. K. Elliott, who became Chief Justice of the 
 Supreme Court of Indiana, was one of the early initiates.! There 
 are other members, who have not acquired such distinction in the 
 world, but who have attained high positions in the learned pro- 
 fessions. The beneficial influence of men of such character during 
 the plastic period of the Fraternity cannot be overestimated. 
 
 The first man expelled from $ A was P. McC. Morgan, '53. 
 He was initiated January 15, 185 1, and, during the spring of 
 that year, was expelled for violation of the Bond. However, 
 the first serious trouble of Ohio Alpha occurred in the fall of 185 1, 
 when the Society was nearly three years old. It resulted in the 
 expulsion of J. H. Childs, '52, and J. G. McNutt, '53, and the 
 withdrawal of Harmar Denny, '52, S. R. Matthews, '52, and 
 A. C. Kemper, '53. The offense of which Childs and McNutt were 
 guilty was repeated intoxication. Matthews had been initiated June 
 12, 1849; Denny, February i, 1850; Childs, March 11, 1850; 
 Kemper, June 9, 185 1; McNutt, September 29, 185 1. 
 
 Childs and McNutt became intoxicated at the opening of the 
 railroad at Hamilton, Ohio, near Oxford, 185 1. This was before 
 McNutt was initiated, but as he, as well as Childs, promised never to 
 
 * A son of Professor T. J. Matthews of Miami, and a brother of Stanley Matthews, B © H, who 
 became a Justice of the United States Supreme Court. 
 
 t Initiated by Indiana Beta, affiliated with Ohio Alpha. 
 
 i He went to Oxford, 1851, expecting to enter the class of '55, and was initiated into 4> A ©, but 
 immediately thereafter returned home on account of illness ; his name does not appear on the 
 matriculation books of Miami. 
 
THE PARENT CHAPTER— OHIO ALPHA. iii 
 
 repeat the offense, he was initiated; and yet on the veiy night of his 
 initiation both of them got drunk. Benjamin Harrison, who was a 
 roommate and an intimate friend of McNutt, was appointed to 
 admonish him; and Denny was appointed to admonish Childs, who 
 was his confidential friend. McNutt promised on bended knees, 
 calling God to witness, that he would never touch liquor again; 
 while Childs promised to abstain from it until Christmas. The 
 Society was satisfied and the matter was tacitly suppressed. But 
 Childs and McNutt continued to get drunk, and strangely enough, 
 seemed to make a point of becoming intoxicated on the nights of 
 meetings of the Young Men's Temperance Societ)^, of which both 
 were members, and of which McNutt was the prosecuting officer. 
 
 Both were drunk October 27, 1851. On the afternoon of Octo- 
 ber 28, the Society held a special meeting and decided to arraign 
 them, instructing the Warden to summon them to appear at a meet- 
 ing to be held that evening. They refused to attend this meeting, 
 but sent a communication denying the right of the Society to 
 arraign them, because neither the Bond nor the Constitution of 
 the ^ A Society provides for the arraignment of any member." 
 Benjamin Harrison was President. He met the emergency by his 
 decision, ' That such right inherentl}^ belongs to the Society as an 
 organized body." Action on the case was postponed and, the 
 minutes say, the Society engaged in prayer, supplicating the guid- 
 ance of heaven in the case before it," On the morning of October 
 29, the Society met and adopted resolutions upholding the decision 
 of Harrison. The resolutions also provided: 
 
 That whilst we deprecate the act with which the said J. H. Childs and J. G. 
 McNutt are charged, yet we love them as brothers, and fondh' hope that they may 
 be led, by our kind offices and the blessing of God, to covenant anew to fulfill 
 every duty required by the Bond. That we adjourn, to meet in the college 
 cabinet, on Thursday evening, the 30th instant, at 8 o'clock, and that meanwhile 
 we earnestly invoke the guidance of Almighty God as to the course of action to be 
 pursued. That a copy of the above be submitted to J. H. Childs and J. G. McNutt. 
 
 On October 30, Benjamin Harrison and I. S. Lane, respectively 
 President and Secretar}^, drove to the home of J. McM. 
 Wilson, '49, one of the founders of $ A 0, who lived near 
 College Corner, about six miles from Oxford. The}'^ brought 
 Tiim to Oxford, to advise with the members about the wisest 
 course to pursue. Wilson and all the active members, 
 including the accused, were present at the meeting on the 
 evening of October 30, held in Ero(ielphian hall, instead 
 of the college cabinet. Childs and McNutt pleaded "guilty," but 
 they were still contumacious, giving no assurances of reformation. 
 The minutes say that, they having retired from the hall, ' A motion 
 to strike the names of J. H. Childs and J. G. McNutt from the 
 Bond was then proposed and carried without dissenting voice." 
 Matthews, Denny and Kemper did not vote. These three were 
 close friends of Childs and McNutt, and they offered their resig- 
 nations, which were accepted at this meeting. 
 
112 THE HISTORY OF PHI. DELTA THETA. 
 
 The minutes for November i8, 1851 sa}^: "Communication from 
 Kemper concerning a society pin in his possession received and 
 read. A motion to purchase the pin carried and Ross agreed to 
 take it." December 17, 185 1: "Messrs. Boude, Anderson and 
 Swing were appointed to report to the Convention the proceedings 
 of Oct. 28th, 29th and 30th." This committee reported to the 
 Convention which met at Cincinnati, December 30, 185 1. The 
 following is quoted from the report: 
 
 For more than a month before the Society took any action upon the case, it had 
 been known to a majority of the members tha<- J. H. Childs and J. G. McNutt 
 were pursuing a course of conduct entirely at variance with the pledges they had 
 entered into when the}- signed the Bond of the Society, and inconsistent with the 
 vows they had taken upon themselves when they had connected themselves with 
 the Church, and their promises as members of the Young Men's Temperance 
 Society of Miami University. 
 
 After the two expulsions and three resignations, the active mem- 
 bers of Ohio Alpha were: J. K. Boude, Benjamin Harrison, I. S. 
 Lane, L. W. Ross and David Swing, seniors; J. A. Anderson and 
 James Holmes, juniors. Though reduced from twelve members to 
 seven, the Society seemed to take on new life at once. The next 
 meeting after the expulsions was on November 5, when Samuel 
 Hibben and James Carson, both juniors, were initiated. December 
 2, the Society voted to call a Convention of the several colleges" 
 (/. e. chapters, chapters having been established at Indiana, Centre 
 and Wabash). December 17, a committee was ' appointed to 
 report to the Convention the feasibility of establishing other chap- 
 ters;" and acceptances of honorary membership by Professors 
 O. N. Stoddard and Charles Elliott were reported. The regular 
 "annual festival" took place February 6, 1852. February 20, 
 Joseph MacHatton was empowered to establish a chapter at Wit- 
 tenberg. March 9, E. E. Hutcheson, '55, was initiated. An 
 important meeting was held April 13, when H. L. Brown, '56, was 
 initiated, making the membership eleven; a petition for authority 
 to establish a second chapter at Miami was received and granted; 
 and petitions were received from Childs and McNutt, asking that 
 their cases be reconsidered, and that the}^ be allowed to withdraw. 
 McNutt's petition, dated April 8, said that Your petitioner" was 
 
 under promise to a Society — which Society is not the A A $ — 
 that should he connect himself with any association that associa- 
 tion shall be theirs". He further said: 
 
 The fact of 3'our petitioner having been expelled from your body will always 
 prove an impediment to his connection with any other — indeed, it has proved so 
 already. Your petitioner has refused good offers, being unwilling to connect him- 
 self with any other society, while such action remains valid If such 
 
 a thing could have been by any means effected, your petitioner would have gladly 
 returned into your Society and shared its benefits. There are those of your Society 
 whom your petitioner cherishes as good friends, and although he has at times nur- 
 tured and frequently expressed hostility to them, he has now seen the injustice of the 
 suspicions that caused such enmity, and now is and ever shall be a firm devoted friend. 
 
 Childs repudiated the acts of Denn}'-, his agent during the trial. 
 His petition, dated April 13, was in part as follows: 
 
THE PARENT CHAPTER— OHIO ALPHA. 113 
 
 Your petitioner believes, from recent explanations, that he misunderstood the 
 motives and intentions of the Society in commencing and prosecuting his arraign- 
 ment, and further believes that his agent at the time misunderstood and misrepre- 
 sented his intentions at the time of the trial Your petitioner desires 
 
 to explain frankly the reasons which induce him at this time to ask you to reverse 
 
 vour decision He is now under the obligation of a promise made to 
 
 another society, and he particularly desires that such a review of your decision as you 
 may see proper to make should be had before he connects himself with it 
 
 Did he think that bv becoming connected with another society, he would loose 
 an}- part of the friendship of many of your members, he would utterly refuse to 
 become so connected, but he thinks that this will not result; that it is possible for 
 the best of friends to be members of different societies, and that such societies need 
 not necessarily be opposed to each other. With whatever societ}^ your petitioner 
 may be connected, however, he will never at any time do anything to injure your 
 Society, with which so many of his most pleasant reminiscences are identified. He 
 believes every member — as far as his knowledge of them goes — to hold towards 
 him feelings of personal friendship, as he certainly does toward them. 
 
 The Society voted, April 13, to re-open the case, and decided 
 that the new trial should take place April 20. However, it did not 
 take place until May 3, when there was a joint meeting of Ohio 
 Alpha and Ohio Beta, bicameral chapters then existing at Miami. 
 J. McM. Wilson, '49, was present, as shown by the minutes: 
 
 Boude's Room, May 3d, 1852. 
 
 Society met pursuant to adjournment. President in the chair. Roll called; all 
 present except Hibben. The business of the evening, being the new trial granted 
 in the case of Childs and McNutt, was then opened, on a motion for a reversal of 
 the decision made on the 30th day of October, 1851, by Mr. Wilson for the first 
 plaintiff. Warden in defense; Harrison for second, no defense. A full expression 
 from the members was then heard, and the yeas and nays taken; they stood as fol- 
 lows: Yeas — Swing, Ross, Anderson, Holmes, McLean & Harrison — 6. Nays — 
 Hutcheson, Lane, Boude, Carson & Brown — 5. The Society then adj'd, to engage 
 in a full and hearty discussion of substantial provided for the occasion — the result 
 a general satiety. Harmony being then restored, and scattered ideas reclaimed, 
 the Society was again called to order, and a motion made to reconsider the action 
 just taken in the case of Childs & McNutt. A substitute was then moved and car- 
 ried to the following effect: That \\\.q. judgment pronounced in said case be recalled, 
 and a committee appointed to embody the views of the Society with reference to the 
 proposed action. Committee appointed: Wilson, Ross and Harrison. The business 
 of the meeting being completed, the Society adjourned. 
 
 B. Harrison, Sec. D. Swing, Pres. 
 
 At a subsequent meeting (the date of which is not recorded in 
 the minutes), the committee reported the following resolutions, 
 which were accepted: 
 
 Resolved, i. That the Society reaffirms its action in the case of Messrs. Childs 
 and McNutt, on the 30th day of October, 1851, as, under the then existing circum- 
 stances, just and righteous. 
 
 2. That, in view of the considerations urged hy the gentlemen in their petitions 
 to this Society — in the belief that the ends of justice have been attained — with the 
 assurance that the action of the Society in the case was impelled by a sense of duty, 
 the resolution of the Society, passed October 30, 185 1 — that the names of J. H. 
 Childs and J, G. McNutt be stricken from the roll of the Society — be and hereby is 
 rescinded. 
 
 3. That, at their request, Messrs. Childs and McNutt are permitted to withdraw 
 from the Society. 
 
 4. That the good feelings professed by the gentlemen in their communications 
 to the Society are cordially reciprocated. 
 
 (8) 
 
114 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Denny joined A A $, and Childs, McNutt, Matthews and Kem- 
 per became charter members of the Kappa chapter of A K E at 
 Miami.* In an article on "The Crisis of 185 1," Robert Morrison 
 wrote, 1885: 
 
 A high degree of prosperity had been given to the 4> A 9 Fraternity from its 
 
 origin, during the period under review, nearly three 3'eai-s Not a man 
 
 so far had refused to join the band when asked to do so. It was a popular institu- 
 tion, and its first peril came from its prosperity 
 
 Capital punishment for such a reason, and upon two such popular 3'oung men, 
 was a brave act, and certainly a painful one. It was regarded as a thing of risk, and 
 the members who remained awaited the result with some apprehension 
 
 Andrew Carr Kemper, M. D., Miami, '53. 
 
 In various ways good results soon began to appear. At the very next meeting after 
 the storm, two grand men came into the ranks — James Carson, whose older brother 
 was a Beta, and Samuel Hibben one of the best men in the university. Hibben 
 was graduated in '53, a class of thirty-five, in which he and James Holmes, both 
 Phis, took respectively first and second honors. . . . It is worthy of remark 
 
 that the same meeting that agreed to a new trial for Childs and McNutt granted 
 a petition for a new chapter in Miami University, so great had been the prosperity 
 of the Society in the six months after the loss of the five men above referred to.f 
 
 * See page 41- 
 
 t This article appeared in The Scroll, November and December, 1885, and January, 1886. Also 
 see "Ohio Alpha's First Trouble and What Came of It," by Robert Morrison, The Scroll, March, 1882 ; 
 minutes of Ohio Alpha, The Palladium, March, 1898 ; letter from J. McM. Wilson to Robert Mor- 
 rison, November 29, 1851, The Scroll, October, 1887; open letter from J. E. Brown, Editor of The 
 Scroll, to the Editor of the 2 X Quarterly, The Scroll, April, 1896; interview of W. B. Palmer 
 with Robert Morrison, The Scroll, April, 1897; sketches of Benjamin Harrison, by W. B. Palmer, 
 The Scroll, October, 1888, and April, 1901 ; memoir of Benjamin Harrison, by J. E. Brown, The 
 Scroll, F'ebruarj', 1903. 
 
THE PARENT CHAPTER— OHIO ALPHA. 115 
 
 Nearly half a century after his resignation, A. C. Kemper, M. D., 
 was reinstated in $ A ©, having resigned from A K E. He was 
 present at the installation cf the Cincinnati chapter of <E> A 0, July 2, 
 1898,* and again signed the Bond of the $ A 0" — the copy 
 brought from Miami. Robert Morrison telegraphed: ''A hearty 
 welcome to Doctor Kemper on his return to Phi Delta Theta." 
 Both of these old Phis met again at the Semi-Centennial Conven- 
 tion at Columbus, 1898, where both made banquet speeches, and 
 also met at the Semi-Centennial Celebration at Oxford, 1899, 
 where Morrison made a speech and Kemper read the poem of 
 the occasion. 
 
 *rhe minutes of Ohio Alpha show that it took the following 
 important action, February 27, 1852: The jurisdiction of the 
 Ohio Alpha over its graduated members being questioned, it was 
 moved and carried, that, inasmuch as graduated members are con- 
 sidered as correspondent members in the Articles of Union, and 
 are required to communicate with their colleges monthly, and as 
 they have never received a dismissal from their colleges, and as they 
 are united by a common Bond, that, upon the violation of that Bond, 
 the Ohio Alpha has jurisdiction over its graduated members." 
 
 David Swing, '52, initiated November 7, 1849, ^^"^ expelled for 
 joining A A ^. The matter was first considered March 12, 1856, 
 but the Society unanimously decided to take no action, pending 
 further developments." The minutes for September 11, 1856, say: 
 The Sec. was instructed b}^ a vote of the Society to write to Prof. 
 Swing, asking whether or not he belongs to any secret society in 
 the university other than the $ A ©. " Joel Tuttle made such an 
 inquiry in a letter, September 12. Professor Swing, in his reply, 
 September 15, said: 
 
 During my last year in college I lost much love for the Phi Society, on account of 
 that "upper Order," which was organized at a Convention in Cincinnati — an Order 
 constituted of alumni only. It was to meet only once in a long time, and 
 offered no advantages of a social or literary character. The innovation itself, and 
 the fierce debates that grew out of it, left me not as they found me — I grew cold in 
 the cause. 
 
 On returning to college as a teacher, I was asked to join another Society, 
 and, on the ground that the teachers were all (save one or two) in that body, 
 I went into it also, it being pleasant to meet with them on occasional literary busi- 
 ness. I cannot, Mr. Tuttle, justify that act; I shall not attempt it further than what 
 is above. 
 
 But your second question is not answered, viz.: "Are you a member of another 
 society?" In reply I say I am not. I was, but am not. At the close of last 
 term I determined to commence this year of labor by withdrawing from that second 
 body. I do not feel it to be consistent with the faithful discharge of my duties as 
 a teacher to hold a peculiar relation to any particular circle of students — such a 
 peculiar relation as a secret society establishes and supports. My resignation is 
 before that other secret Societ}^ It is dated September 8 and is a total withdrawal. 
 
 * His son, J. B. Kemper, was a charter member of the Cincinnati chapter. The charter members 
 had belonged to a local organization called T N 2, in which Dr. Kemper had taken a deep interest, 
 and which he had aided very materially in many ways. — See correspondence between him and W. 
 B. Palmer, P. G. C, July i, 1898, The Palladitini, September, 1898. 
 
 For many years Dr. Kemper had been a prominent member of A K E, having for years been 
 President of the A K E club at Cincinnati, and, in 1887, poet at the general convention of A K B. 
 
ii6 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The offense was not condoned. The $ A © Society, September 
 1 8, "appointed a committee to investigate the case and prepare 
 suitable resolutions;" and, October 2, unanimously adopted resolu- 
 tions, which ordered the name of David Swing to be stricken 
 from the Bond," for having "violated the spirit of the Bond." 
 H. U. Brown, P. G. C, had an interview with him, 1886. Professor 
 Swing then filled an independent pulpit in Chicago, and he was one 
 of the most noted preachers in the United States. He said: 
 
 Professor David Swing, Miami, '52, 
 
 Founder of Central Church, Chicago. 
 
 See memoirs in The Scroll, October, 1894, and June, 1895. 
 
 In joining another order I had no idea of abandoning the old from dissatisfaction, 
 nor of violating the spirit of the $ A 9 laws. I did not intend to sever relations 
 with <l> A 0. I hardly know what my duty in the matter is. You might restore 
 my name upon the roll, and thus throw upon me the burden of resigning, and I 
 would not do it. The # A 9 is my first Society, and, on that account, I feel more 
 attached to it than to any that I have joined subsequently. I have read some of 
 Robert Morrison's reminiscences of Ohio Alpha with great pleasure. The Frater- 
 nity and its history are still of much interest to me.* 
 
 * This interview appeared in The Scroll, November, 1886. Also see correspondence between 
 Joel Tuttle and David Swing in issue for October, 1887. Also issues for March, 1876; November 
 and December, 1881 ; April, 1890; supplement, December, 1891. Also Ohio Alpha minutes. The 
 Palladhun, May, 1898. 
 
 For many years many fraternities did not have definite written laws against their members join- 
 ing other fraternities ; or, if they had such laws, violation thereof was not always punished with 
 expulsion. It was not uncommon for a man who attended two institutions to join a different 
 fraternity at each. — See discussion of double membership" in "American College Fraternities," 
 "Fraternity Studies" (B © U), and "The History of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity." C. P. T. Moore, 
 one of the two founders of * K * at Jefferson, went to Union and there joined A <t. Other instances 
 
THE SECOND CHAPTER— INDIANA ALPHA. 117 
 
 At the Convention of 1891, I. R. Hitt, Jr., of Chicago, President 
 of Zeta Province, offered a resolution to restore Professor Swing 
 to membership in # A ©. Seconded by the delegates from Zeta 
 Province, by the delegate of Ohio Alpha and by the General 
 Council, the resolution, on motion of Robert Morrison, was adopted. 
 
 Duncan McDonald, initiated October 2, 1856, was expelled, 
 May 27, 1857, for violation of the Bond. There are no records of 
 other members than those mentioned here being disciplined up to 
 the time of the Societ3^'s dissolution at Miami, September, 1857. 
 
 THE SECOND CHAPTER— INDIANA ALPHA. 
 
 The second chapter of $ A © was established at Indiana Uni- 
 versity, Bloomington, Ind. , within a 3^ear from the time the Society 
 was founded. This chapter, which received the name of Indiana 
 Alpha, was first suggested by Robert Morrison. It was organized 
 by R. G. Elliott and S. S. Elliott, who were brothers, and who 
 lived in Indiana, only eight or nine miles from Oxford, Ohio, 
 being neighbors of J. McM. Wilson.* The Elliotts were in the 
 second preparatory class at Miami University, 1845-46, and in the 
 first (highest) preparatory, 1846-47. They of course formed the 
 acquaintance of the six founders of $ A ©, all of whom were in 
 attendance at Miami, 1846-47, and afterward. S. S. Elliott was 
 in the freshman class there during part of 1847-48. R. G. Elliot 
 taught a country school in the summer and fall of 1847, but, 
 studying privately, he kept up with his brother in his collegiate 
 course. During the winter smallpox broke out in Oxford, and 
 the President of Miami, Dr. E. D. MacMaster, himself immune, 
 added to his unpopularity by refusing to close the university, 
 and there was an exodus of students, many of them leaving not to 
 return. 
 
 Every county in Indiana was entitled to two free scholarships in 
 Indiana University. The Elliott brothers applied for and obtained 
 the Union County scholarships. By assiduous study, the}'' fitted 
 themselves for the sophomore class half advanced at that institu- 
 
 of dual membership are : President Theodore Rooseveh, claimed by both A K E and A A $ ; Andrew 
 D. White, Ambassador to Germany, 2 $ and * T ; Stewart L. Woodford, Minister to Spain, A ^ 
 and A K E ; Benjamin B. Odell, Governor of New York, BOH and * T ; Lloyd Lowndes, Governor 
 of Maryland, ATA and ^ K <ir. 
 
 Wm. F. Vilas, '58, a charter member of Wisconsin Alpha of $ A ©, accepted an election to hon- 
 orary membership in the Wisconsin chapter of * T, established 1896, of which chapter his son was a 
 charter member. Afterward he explained that he was under the impression that such action would 
 not effect his relations with $ A 0, and that he had no thought of severing such relations. He also 
 referred to the fact that when he was an active member of $ A its Constitution did not prohibit 
 a member from joining another fraternity. The Convention of 1896 adopted a resolution exonerating 
 Senator Vilas; but, without enacting an ex fost facto law, adopted an amendment to the Constitu- 
 tion, providing that any member who shall unite with another fraternity shall be expelled. 
 This was the first constitutional provision of the kind adopted by <J A 0. 
 
 *The catalogues of Miami for 1845-46 and 1846-47 gave CpUege Corner, Ohio, as the residence 
 of the Elliotts. While Wilson was at Miami, the catalogues gave his residence as College Corner. 
 This village is about six miles northwest of Oxford, and is partly in Ohio and partly in Indiana. 
 Wilson lived about half a mile west of College Corner, and the Elliotts about two and half miles 
 farther west. A postofifice, called Cottage Grove, Ind., somewhat nearer the Elliott homestead than 
 College Corner, was established later. 
 
ii; 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 tion, and they went to Bloomington and entered that class, May, 
 1848."^ Both were graduated there with A. B., 1850. 
 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha show that at a called meeting, 
 August 25, i849:t ^Morrison stated the object of the meeting to be 
 to organize a college in Indiana. On motion, authority was 
 granted to Wilson to organize a college of the $ A © in Indiana Uni- 
 versity, Bloomington." Acting under this commission, a facsimile 
 of which appears on page 119, Wilson initiated the two Elliotts 
 while they were at home on vacation. This he did probably by 
 September 4, certainly by October 11. In a letter dated College 
 Corner, Ohio, September 4, 1849, he wrote to Morrison: _^ 
 
 In regard to the Bloomington matter, I have now full confidence in its success, 
 of which I confess I had some misgivings when you first suggested it. I have made 
 all the explanations I have been able to make to Elliott,:}: and he enters fully into 
 the spirit of the thing, and with an evident disposition to make every exertion to 
 carry it through. Nor do I think there is any danger that the character of those 
 chosen by him will fall below the requirements. He thinks there are eight who may 
 be good material, and who if approached in the right way can be got 
 
 By the way, there is a man there named Johnston (perhaps), first in the sophomore 
 class, of popular manners, of a strong and well-stored mind, and of warm and 
 energetic temperament, who goes to Crawfordsville this fall. Elliott is his special 
 confidant. He proposes to place a chapter there through him. If so, it will be 
 proper to establish the chapter at Bloomington first, and let authority be given from 
 there. Elliott will go to Crawfordsville during the Christmas vacation. It may be 
 necessary to make some explanations to him before he goes (under the usual pledge), 
 to keep him out of the hands of the Betas, who came out there last fall. What 
 do you suggest in the matter? 
 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha for October 11, 1849, sa}^: 'Wilson 
 reported that he had effected the object of his appointment, by the 
 initiation of R. G. Elliott and S. S. Elliott into the Order, and was 
 discharged. A petition praying for the power to establish the 
 
 *In a letter to Wilson, May i8, 1848, S. S. Elliott gave an account of their journey by foot, stage, 
 steamboat and railroad (then a ver>' new thing in the West) from their home to Bloomington. 
 From Madison, Ind., to Columbus, Ind., they traveled over the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis 
 Railroad, the first railroad they had ever seen. A lengthy extract from this letter appears in The 
 Scroll, December, 1887, a short extract under Correspondence During the Early Years." 
 
 Freight Car and Passenger Car, 1848. 
 
 Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroad. 
 
 Reproduced from "The Industrial Evolution of the United States." by Carroll D. Wright, 1895. 
 
 R. G. Elliott having seen a proof of this cut, wrote to W. B. Palmer, November i, 1903: "The 
 illustration of the cars that carried us over the J. M. & I. Railroad is an exact reproduction." 
 
 t Commencement at Miami, 1849, was on August 9, and the fall session did not begin until 
 October i. This meeting, therefore, was held during vacation. The minutes of Ohio Alpha for 
 August 25, 1849, are signed J. K. Boude, President pro tem., and S. R. Matthews, Secretary. 
 Robert Morrison and J. McM. Wilson, who had just been graduated, were still at Oxford. 
 
 t Morrison wrote, 1888, that the Elliott above referred to was R. G. Elliott. 
 

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126 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Ind. Alpha of the ^ A was presented by R. G. and S. S. Elliott 
 and J. M. Wilson, which was granted. J. M. Wilson, and S. R. 
 Matthews were appointed a committee to prepare a charter." 
 October 27, 1849: The report on the charter was accepted; 
 charter adopted and committee discharged." The charter was 
 dated October 11. A facsimile of the application for charter 
 appears on pages 120 and 121, and a facsimile of the charter, the 
 first ever granted by ^ A 0, appears on pages 122 and 123.* 
 Wilson's name was signed to the application, and he was made a 
 charter member, although he had already been graduated at Miami, 
 and he never was a student at Indiana, t This account of Indiana 
 Alpha having been read in proof by R. G. Elliott, he wrote to 
 W. B. Palmer, November i, 1903: 
 
 I was initiated at my home, at the end of an evening walk, and at the close of 
 a preparatory discourse such as Wilson above all whom I have ever known could 
 give, at least to me, with a lasting personal impress. On my return from the 
 walk, my brother was invited out, and he cheerfully and earnestly accepted the 
 obligations. Why I, the younger, should have been given the primacy in this 
 business of extending the Order, was left to conjecture. He was the more sedate 
 and reflective, I the more assertive and adventui'ous. As for the date, I have no 
 means of fixing it. It was, however, on the first visit of Wilson after our return 
 home for vacation, beginning the middle of August, and we were told that our 
 election had anticipated our return. To us the most attractive feature of the 
 organization was the personality of its early membership — the six founders and those 
 whom they selected for their associates. 
 
 The Elliotts having returned to Bloomington, the Articles of 
 Union were sent to them, November 5, by Morrison, who, three 
 days later, forwarded to them the Bond, Constitution and other 
 documents, arid wrote to them the following letter of encourage- 
 ment and advice: 
 
 Miami University, Oxford, O., Nov. 8th, 1849. 
 Messrs. R. G. & S. S. Elliott: Friends and Brethren, Greeting: 
 
 Whereas, an application in due form, from the university with which you are 
 connected, for a charter of organization of the Phi Delta Theta in said place, 
 having been presented, it was voted that a charter be accordingly given, and we, in 
 behalf of the college here established, take great pleasure in complying with the 
 request of this Society in sending you said charter, as well as a copy of our Bond, 
 Constitution, and an outline of other matters of importance.:}: 
 
 *The charter is a parchment 8 by 9% inches, the writing thereon 7/^ by SK. The ink is faded 
 so that a good reproduction could not be made from the original by photographic process. The accom- 
 panying zinc-etching is from a very accurate tracing made, 1901, on tracing cloth by E. E. Ruby. 
 
 tThe Articles of Union ( q. v., page 144) provided: 
 Any member of any college may be clothed with special power by the college of which he is a 
 member to select and initiate one or more persons into the Order, which number-elect, if less than 
 three, may select and initiate the remaining number necessary to apply for a charter." 
 
 It will be noticed that, the establishment of a chapter having been authorized, the persons 
 selected for the purpose were to be initiated, so that they would be m.embers of * A before apply- 
 ing for a charter. The Articles of Union further provided that a charter might be granted to "three 
 members connected with anj^ such institution" as was "of high and well established reputation." 
 The form of application for charter prescribed in the Articles of Union began : 
 
 We, the undersigned brethren of the Order of the $ A 0, respectfully present to the 
 
 Alpha of the $ A 0, that there is, in our opinion, in University (or College), with which we 
 
 are connected," etc. 
 
 Instead of with which we are connected," the application signed by the two Elliotts and by 
 Wilson read, "with which the majority of us are connected." — See page 120. Wilson, though never a 
 student at Indiana University, was made a charter member of Indiana Alpha, so that a charter in 
 regular form might be granted, and so that the organization of the chapter would be delayed as little 
 as possible. 
 
 t A facsimile of so much of this letter appears on page 124. 
 
THE SECOND CHAPTER— INDIANA ALPHA. 127 
 
 The objects in view you will find set forth in the Bond and motto; the means of 
 attaining these ends to some extent vou will find in the Constitution and by-laws; the 
 privileges and advantages you will find mentioned in different places, as well as the 
 duties. The general duties are composition, and genial, candid and friendly 
 criticism. At our meetings, after all the essays are read and criticised, we have 
 found much advantage in taking up some topic for conversation — some topic selected 
 at the meeting previous — so as to allow study on the subject, and each stating his 
 views, just as would be done in a well regulated intelligent family. Really good 
 conversational powers are not a universal possession, yet none the less valuable on 
 
 that account are they. Improvement of the mind and heart is our aim. A 
 
 expresses one and the other. If these two exist and grow, and if there be 
 
 opportunity, $ will spontaneously spring up and flourish. 
 
 The Bond points out, we think plainly, who are to be admitted — only those 
 whose heads and hearts, so far as we can judge, are both right — men of high moral 
 character and intellectual endowments. One of the greatest enjoyments of life is 
 intercourse with friends that are friends. We wish none but tried, genuine men to 
 compose our number. Of course great discretion is necessary in the choice of 
 them. Other societies somewhat like ours have had reference to talent, to the 
 head, alone; ours includes both the head and the heart as alike essential. It is not 
 the influence of the open outlaw, the depraved debauchee or the avowed infidel that 
 is so injurious to society; it is the deep undercurrent of immorality and infidelity in 
 literature, emanating from sources unsuspected and for that reason the more danger- 
 ous. We seek men of sufficient morals to give stability and weight of character in 
 the right direction — men who, in their day and generation, will be useful to their 
 country and their fellow-men. Such will be useful to themselves and all with whom 
 they are associated; it will be a privilege to have them for special friends. May 
 such ever be our choice and happy lot! And to this and all other worthy ends let 
 us make every proper effort. 
 
 On the receipt of the documents sent some days ago, you will find yourselves 
 authorized to elect one more to your number; then organize and elect one or two 
 more; then go to work in good earnest to carry out the provisions of our Bond. 
 Commence the regular business of the Society, adopt your bA-laws, and then, if you 
 can get two or more good men, do so, adding to your number slowly from time 
 to time as you see proper. 
 
 It is our custom on New-year s or Christmas to have a Phi supper. We think 
 the custom an agreeable one. We hope that just before that event we may hear of 
 your successful organization, and of the names of several new and good brethren, 
 wishes for whose prosperity will be in our hearts as we sit down to our annual feast, 
 as well as I hope ever afterward. It would be next to impossible that we say now 
 all that is desirable. We hope to hear often from you, both as individuals and 
 as a college of $ A 0, and any assistance in any way that we can render you, be 
 not backward to ask. 
 
 Our number now consists of ten (two are not here now but will be, we hope, in 
 a few days) — two resident graduates, two seniors, two juniors, three sophomores 
 and one freshman — a noble fellow, else we had not elected him while in that class. 
 Our general rule is not to go below the sophomore class; of course, circumstances 
 may furnish a resonable exception. Whenever we can profit by any class we will 
 do so. Our names are John McM. Wilson, Robert Thompson Drake, John W. 
 Lindley, Ardivan W. Rodgers, Allen A. Barnett, Andrew W. Rogers, Samuel R. 
 Matthews, John Knox Boude, David Swing, and 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 Robert Morrison, 
 Chairman of charter committee. 
 
 P. S. — I send you inclosed a badge of our Order. Keep it, as of course all things 
 else, sub rosa, until the time may come "to come out." Who the pins are made 
 for, the maker does not know; he only knows myself in relation to the matter, and 
 gives none except to me or on my order. Of course as soon as you are in readiness, 
 the proper steps will be taken to furnish you with the shields necessary. On 
 receipt of this, you may remit to me eight dollars (the cost of the pin) and much 
 oblige. The charter will be sent in a few days; we prefer not to send too large 
 
128 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 a package at once. I hope you have already received the package sent 3'ou on 
 November 5th. It was large enough to have a suspicious appearance. Do not 
 have any of your letters with any Greek characters on the outside; direct to private 
 names only. Fraternally yours, 
 
 Robert Morrison. 
 
 Replying to this letter, R. G, Elliott wrote: 
 
 Bloomington, Indiana, December 3, 1849. 
 Friend Morrison: 
 
 We have delayed writing so long that I fear you begin to think we have forgotten 
 our friendship. Brotherhood and everything else. Our excuse is (making all due 
 allowance for general laziness in answering letters — a constitutional weakness) 
 that we were waiting until we could inform you of our organization. This, I am 
 happy to let you know, was effected at 3 o'clock, Saturday, December I. I beg 
 leave to introduce to you Mr. Nelson K. Crowe, our friend and brother, whom we 
 elected first. He is a fine sociable fellow, of good mind and character, a good 
 Covenanter, and a native of Princeton — a member of the junior class. Though at 
 first opposed to secret societies, after a good deal of conversation and argument, he 
 began to yield the point, and at last he found himself in our noose. We presented 
 to him the pledge, which he signed, and straightway we initiated him into the mys- 
 teries. No sooner was he made acquainted with the nature of the organization, than 
 he became one of the most enthusiastic, whole-souled, "heart-and-handed" men. 
 We have elected to membership Mr. Strean, a senior, and Mr. Woodburn, a sopho- 
 more; and, although we have not sounded them very deeply as yet, we feel certain 
 of obtaining the first, and we have no fear as to the latter. We have in view at 
 present some eight or ten, whom we are watching with a critic's eye, four or five 
 of whom we hope to have around our New-year's turkey. 
 
 Mr. Johnston, whom we mentioned to friend Wilson as one suitable to establish 
 a. college at Wabash, passed through here on his way the day after I wrote to 
 Wilson. He remained in town only about an hour, and as we had not received 
 our papers, and he was busy with other matters, we could not even sound him, 
 and of course not initiate him. But if weather and roads are favorable, I think of 
 going to Crawfordsville about Christmas, and if you think it advisable we will 
 take measures to establish a college there, if Mr. Johnston can be obtained. He is 
 a studious, talented and upright fellow, and withal is a good Presbyterian. I think 
 it will be worth some trouble to obtain him. 
 
 We are happy to acknowledge the receipt of (we think) all the papers sent us, 
 viz.^ the charter, the Bond, etc., and a letter of instruction; also the pin, which is 
 indeed very beautiful. Inclosed we send you the value (eight dollars.) 
 
 There are a few points on which we need a little more instruction. We are not 
 certain whether the Constitution you sent us is intended for the whole Order, or 
 only as a model by which to form the Constitutions of the separate colleges. The 
 preamble seems to indicate the fonner; but we supposed the latter was intended, 
 and accordingly modeled ours after it. Also we find no article describing the 
 badge. Such an article, I think, was either read or mentioned to me by Wilson.* 
 But I mvist close, assuring you of the best wishes of your friend and brother, 
 
 R. G. Elliott. 
 
 P. S. — Please give my kindest regards to all the brethren. Tell Wilson to write, 
 also Boude, Matthews, Rogers, and Rodgers, one and all. R. G. E. 
 
 The Constitution adopted by Indiana Alpha was ' modeled" 
 after that of Ohio Alpha. t The Articles of Union, intended for 
 all chapters, provided: "During the month of December of each 
 year, the Secretary of every college shall make up and send to 
 
 *The badge was not described in the Articles of Union nor in any Constitution previous to the 
 one adopted 1871. 
 
 t With not enough difference to note except in the preamble, which was as follows: "We, the 
 undersigned members of the $ A ©, having been, together with those who may be associated with 
 us, constituted the Indiana Alpha of the $ A ©, by a charter from the Ohio Alpha of the * A ©, do 
 adopt the following Constitution for this college." — Compare with preamble of Constitution of Ohio 
 Alpha, page 147. 
 
THE SECOND CHAPTER— INDIANA ALPHA. 129 
 
 its Alpha a list of its members, after the following form." R. G. 
 Elliott, Secretary of Indiana Alpha, sent such a report to Ohio 
 Alpha, dated Christmas day, 1849, showing a membership of six.* 
 A. A. Barnett, at Miami University, wrote to Robert Morrison in 
 Tennessee, January 5, 1850: 'By a late letter from Bloomington, we 
 have learned that a college has been organized, consisting of six 
 members, all first-rate fellows. They had their New-year's festi- 
 val." The minutes of Ohio Alpha for April 9, 1850, say: "Mr. 
 Crowe being present from the Indiana Alpha of the $ A ©, was 
 called upon to favor the Society with an account of their present 
 condition and their prospects for the future; after which the 
 Society tendered their love and respects, through Mr. Crowe, to 
 his Societv — the Indiana Alpha of the ^ A 0. " As mentioned in 
 a letter from Wilson to Morrison, April 12, Crowe, when he visited 
 Miami, said that Indiana Alpha still numbered six, with fair pros- 
 pects for some more, but not a large organization 3^et. " Crowe also 
 said that they expected to establish chapters at Wabash and 
 Hanover soon, and they thought that keeping concealed until 
 they get these things done" was good policy. The minutes of Ohio 
 Alpha for Mav 27, 1851, say: "Brother Elliott of Bloomington was 
 present; spoke of the prospects of the order out West." This was 
 S. S. Elliott. 
 
 Signature of John W. Foster as Secretary of Indiana Alpha. 
 
 From a letter to the Secretary of Kentucky Alpha, March 13, 1855. 
 
 Indiana Alpha did not publicly announce itself until the spring 
 of 1854. Indiana University had no law against secret societies, 
 but until then the members considered that the chapter could be 
 more successfully conducted if sub rosa. W. G. Jenckes, who 
 attended Indiana University, 1853-56, where he joined $ A 0, and 
 then went to the University of Wisconsin, where he organized Wis- 
 consin Alpha, wrote for The Sc^^oll, April, 1894: 
 
 Early in the spring of 1 854, the members having provided themselves with the 
 regulation badges, created something of a sensation b}- their simultaneous appear- 
 ance wearing the decoration, at the usual Sunday afternoon lecture delivered by the 
 President in the college chapel. I myself was present, and as much surprised as any 
 of the others who did not know what the badges meant. But during the week fol- 
 lowing a friend notified me that I had been elected a member of the Order. If the 
 faculty had any objections to the introduction of secret fraternities into the univer- 
 sity, they were not made manifest; and the character of the students who partici- 
 pated in this first public announcement of their connection with the Order, was of 
 such high standing as to forestall all anxiety as to the character of the Fraternity. 
 
 *A facsimile of the report appears on page 125. 
 
 This, the first membership report made by any chapter of $ A ©, gives names unabbreviated. 
 The original measures sV?, inches from the top to the bottom of the writing. 
 
130 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 All minutes of Indiana Alpha previous to Ma}^ 25, 1857, have 
 been lost. However, an interesting account of the earl}'- customs 
 of the chapter is found in a series of papers, Reminiscences of an 
 Old Indiana Alpha 603% " b}^ D. D. Banta, who entered Indiana 
 University in the fall of 1853, and was initiated in the fall of 1854. 
 He was graduated, 1855, but maintained a connection with the 
 university until the spring of 1857. From these "Reminiscences" 
 the following extracts are taken: 
 
 Earl\'in the fall session of 1854, J. W. Foster and W. C. L. Taylor came to my 
 boarding house and invited me to take a walk with them, which I did; and while 
 out a written pledge of secrecy was presented and duh- signed; and shortly after- 
 ward I was made a Phi. I have heard a good deal of late ^-ears about "spiking" — 
 a bit of slang that was unknown to the Phi vocabulary a quarter of a century ago. 
 I do not know that I understand the meaning of the word; I do not know, in other 
 words, whether I was "spiked" or not, or whether we ever "spiked" any man. All 
 we did, when we had made up our minds to take a new man into our Brotherhood, 
 was to get his consent and then initiate him. There was no competition among 
 fraternities, and we never took a man in hastily, for fear he would be gobbled up 
 by some other order; and so far as I know we never regretted having taken one into 
 the mystic circle 
 
 The spirit of the ancient $ A 9 at Indiana University was, I think, much more 
 secretive than it is now. Several causes contributed to bring that about, chief 
 among which maybe mentioned the following: the Greek society was a novelty to 
 the students of the university of that day, and it took a good many years for them 
 to get used to it. A Greek was looked upon as traveling outside the common 
 path, and the character of the membership was such as to command respect. No 
 student was ever known who had refused to become one when opportunity^ offered. 
 In fact, it happened more than once that an outsider gave unmistakable evidence of 
 a desire to become identified with our Order. But how could an outsider be made 
 a Greek? When, where and to whom should he go? No barbarian could tell, and 
 fraternity men would not. In truth, the latter class enjoyed the unsatisfied curiosity 
 and did much to foster it. They cultivated the mystery of silence as to all frater- 
 nity matters, and were careful to say or do nothing that would tend in the least to 
 give a clue to any of their supposed mysteries. 
 
 Again: in those dajs the Phi hall did not exist in imagination even; and so 
 initiations, as well as all meetings of the Order, took place in the private rooms of 
 the members, or, if the weather were suitable, in the woods. In whose room I was 
 initiated (it was not in the woods) I have forgotten. I learned that a short time 
 before I was made a member, Seward's foundry had been a favorite place of meet- 
 ing; but when the "Know-nothing order" was started, it took possession of the 
 foundry, and thereafter the Phis met in the rooms of one another, or in the woods. 
 No student could close his door against his friends (and his friends were by no means 
 confined to the Brotherhood) without unfavorable comment. Whatever may have 
 been the habit elsewhere, at Bloomington the latch-string was always out. A time 
 and place were fixed upon for a meeting of the chapter beforehand, but it always 
 remained to be seen whether there was a meeting held at that time and place. 
 
 As the hour approached for the meeting, one by one the members dropped in, 
 if the place were a student's room, and, if the coast were clear, the exercises began. 
 If a barbarian visitor happened to be on hand, a member most likely maneuvered 
 to get him off on a walk or other enterprise, or one by one the members returned to 
 their respective rooms to await a more favorable occasion. To avoid the interrup- 
 tion of the exercises, it was necessary that the barbarians should have no hint 
 whatever of the time or place of meeting, and I do not know that a hint was ever 
 given. Still, there were sharp-eyed, curiously-inclined, good-natured students who 
 occasionally took great pleasure in accidentally happening in to see us at inoppor- 
 tune moments. Once, while in the very midst of an initiation, a barbarian came in 
 upon us, with a hop-skip-and-jump, and of course fraternity business immediately 
 ceased. But our neophyte had gone far enough to enter into the spirit of the 
 
THE THIRD CHAPTER— KENTUCKY ALPHA. 131 
 
 thing, and he played the part of an indifferent man as well as the best of us. 
 If the intruder thought to learn something he did not. But he was overwhelmed 
 with attentions, and left no wiser than when he came 
 
 There was room at Indiana University for a second fraternity, and, in 1855, B 11 
 was established, or rather re-established, there. To some extent $ A 9 and B 11 
 rivals, but if during that year or the two following years there was any were trailing of 
 the banner of either, in an unseemh- effort to catch an}' man, I never knew it. So 
 far as the Phis were concerned, there was not one that passed the ordeal of an elec- 
 tion who was not initiated. And when a member was taken in, it was considered for 
 life. "Once a Phi, always a Phi," was our motto, provided a necessity for expulsion 
 never arose. "Lifting" men from one order to another was unknowm in those prim- 
 itive days; it is a slang word that the college generation to which I belonged never 
 used. No man who had been a Beta could have become a member of the old Indiana 
 Alpha, were the fact known to its members, and I doubt whether any man who had 
 been made a Greek other than a Phi at any institution could have joined us. 
 
 After the organization of B 11 had been perfected, and it was known who its 
 members were, a number of disappointed barbarians combined in an effort to ridi- 
 cule the fraternities out of existence. To that end they entered into a combination 
 and held meetings and procured tin shields, each as large or larger than a silver 
 dollar, which they wore in imitation of the Greek badges. But there were too 
 many who hoped to become members of one or the other brotherhood, and v/ho 
 were ready to join in the laugh at the numerous quips and jests made at the expense 
 of the wearers of the tin shields; so in a short time these were cast aside, and the 
 combination melted into thin air.* 
 
 So far as the Phis were concerned, the best of feeling was ever maintained 
 between the greater number of barbarians and the Order, as long as I retained an 
 active connection with it. In those days the two literary societies — the Athenian 
 and Philomathian — filled a much larger space in the student's life than is the case 
 now. They not only afforded desirable arenas for debate and the practice of par- 
 liamentar}^ law, but to be put forward as a representative on a sessional exhibition, 
 or as a "spring speaker," or, highest of all, "anniversian, " was an honor to be 
 proud of; and as these honors came from the popular vote, the Phis were ever care- 
 ful to cultivate the barb, vote; and it was seldom indeed that it failed us. 
 
 I have heard it said that in the inf anc}- of the Order at Miami LTniversity a decidedly 
 devotional spirit was prevalent. I cannot say that such was the case with reference to 
 Indiana Alpha during the time I was actively connected with it. But I can say this 
 much: we looked to the moral character of a candidate as much as to the intellectual; 
 and as a Fraternity we were ever anxious, na}- careful, to see to it that our member- 
 ship put the best foot foremost, both morally and intellectually, on all occasions, f 
 
 B n established a chapter at Indiana University, August, 
 
 1845, but it was suspended from 1847 to June, 1855.! As ]S X did 
 
 not enter until 1858, $ A 0, for the first six years of its existence 
 
 at Indiana University, was undisturbed b}^ rivals. 
 
 THE THIRD CHAPTER— KENTUCKY ALPHA. 
 
 The first initiate in $ A was Morton George Williams. The 
 date of his initiation by Ohio Alpha was January i, 1849, six days 
 after the Fraternity was founded. February 22, he was elected 
 
 "^ The fact of the barbarians wearing tin shields to annoy the Greelcs is mentioned in a letter from 
 Indiana Aloha in the first issue of The Scroll, January, 1875. 
 
 t Judge Banta's "Reminiscences" appeared in "The Scroll", February, ]\Iarch, April and May, 
 1882, the above extracts in the last three issues. Another extract is quoted on page 156. 
 
 + Tables of membership compiled by W^. R. Baird and published in the Beta Theta Pi, March, 
 1884, show that B n initialed no members at Indiana University from 1847 to 1855. His "Fra- 
 ternity Studies," 1894, shows that the Pi (Indiana) chapter of B © 11 was revived June, 1855. The 
 catalogue of B © H, 1899, shows only one member in the class of 1848 at Indiana, none in classes 
 1850 to 1854 inclusive, only one in 1855. 
 
132 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Secretary of the Society, April 12, on account of his permanent 
 absence," another member was elected Secretary. His connection 
 with the parent chapter was brief, but he became imbued with the 
 principles of the Bond, and he carried the torch of <E> A © to another 
 State, where he lighted the altar fires of another chapter. Before 
 leaving Miami, he had thought of entering Wabash College, but 
 he afterward decided to go to Centre College, Danville, Ky. In 
 a letter, dated Louisville, Ky., May i, 1849, ^^ wrote to J. McM. 
 Wilson, at Miami, of having reached this decision, and he declared: 
 
 I feel already the loss of the Societ}' of 4> A 0. I have imagined the pleasure 
 of your meetings since I left, and have wished to be with you. But being absent 
 from you, I shall still cooperate with you, and shall endeavor to shape my course 
 in life according to the noble principles of our model Bond. I shall ever remember 
 with the warmest friendship the six names signed to it, and shall take pleasure in 
 adding to my list of friends any whom you may select from the students expected 
 there next fall. I know they will be worthy or they cannot be members. 
 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha, for Jul}^ 26, 1849, say: By a vote 
 of the Society, M. G. Williams was clothed with power to estab- 
 lish a chapter in Centre College." At a called meeting, August, 
 1849: ' A paper notifying Mr. M. G. Williams officially of the 
 power conferred on him to found a college in Centre College," 
 was ordered to be furnished to him. The da}^ of the month is not 
 given, but the minutes of this meeting precede the minutes of 
 the meeting of August 25, 1849, which was called to decide about 
 entering Indiana University. So it appears that steps were taken 
 to establish a chapter at Centre College before similar action with 
 regard to Indiana University. But Indiana Alpha was chartered 
 in the autumn of 1849, ^^^ Kentucky Alpha not until the spring 
 of 1850. 
 
 Williams entered Centre College in the fall of 1849, and cau- 
 tiously went to work for $ A ©. He first initiated Hugh MacHatton. 
 He wrote to Robert Morrison, in Tennessee, March 11, 1850: 'l 
 have not made much progress, as I told you I expected I would 
 not for some time; but I have done something. MacHatton is 
 now a whole-souled ^ A ©; he was initiated about two months 
 ago. We have conferred frequently, and consider it injudicious 
 to attempt anything at present." Shortly afterward he wrote the 
 following letter to J. McM. Wilson at Oxford, Ohio: 
 
 Danville, Ky., April 2, 1850. 
 
 My dear old Friend: — I have some good, glorious, and no doubt you will think 
 from the character of my former letters, very unexpected news. I am ready to 
 apply for a charter to organize a college of the $ A 0. What do you think of 
 that? I first got MacHatton and waited some time for another. At last I have 
 him. He is a splendid fellow; he is a fellow with a head on him, and with 
 a good honest Irish heart in him. He stands first in our literary society, the 
 Chamberlain. He is a fellow of the right spirit and a whole-souled Phi. Wherever 
 he goes our principles will be lo_vally upheld. His name is William George. There 
 is one or two more whom we intend to "victimize" if possible. 
 
 I have something rich to tell you about the Betas. In the first place, I must let 
 you know that we have to speak in chapel once a session. The seniors and the 
 juniors have to write original speeches; the sophomores and freshmen are not 
 required to write, but all our class wrote original speeches, and I made one that 
 
THE THIRD CHAPTER— KENTUCKY ALPHA. 133 
 
 seemed to please them, although nothing extra. A few days afterward, Mr. R. V. 
 Moore waited on me to inform me of my election by the Betas. To begin with, 
 he asked me whether I was a member of any secret association. For the purpose of 
 pumping him, I asked him what he meant — whether he referred to the Alphas and 
 Betas. "Yes," he said. I told him I was not connected with either of them. Then 
 he told me a good deal about them. He said the reason he asked me whether I was 
 a member of any secret association was that it was against their rules for a person 
 to be connected with the Betas who was connected with any similar association, and 
 that there were several such associations at Oxford, and he did not know but that 
 I was a member of one of them. I asked him what ones there were at Oxford 
 besides the Alphas and the Betas. "O," said he, "there was one started there last 
 summer by Morrison, Drake and some others; but it was after you had left (?). It 
 has all blown up now." I pretended great indifference, and asked him for time 
 to think about it. In a few days I saw him and told him plainly that I was a 
 member of another Society, carefully concealing its name; so he is entirely in the 
 dark. He expressed deep and repeated regrets that such was the case. I returned 
 my thanks to the Betas through him with this message, "Not that I love the Betas 
 less, but that I love another Society more." The}^ are all in a fever; it does me 
 good to see them. 
 
 By virtue of the authoritj' delegated to me by the Society, I have the honor to announce that, 
 Whereas, Hugh MacHatton, of Xenia, Ohio, and WilHam George, of Carlisle, Ky., having been 
 duly elected, having heard our Bond and Constitution read, and having accepted the provisions of 
 the same, be it known to all $ A ©s, that the above-mentioned gentlemen are now recognized as 
 full and worthy members of this Society, and are hereby recommended to the friendship and confi- 
 dence of all our brethren. 
 
 Given, by authoritj', this 2nd day of April, in the year of our Lord, 1850. 
 
 MoRT. G. Williams. 
 
 The above is a form that Morrison sent me.* Mr. George is not now attending 
 college; he left last Frida)-. He expects to become a member again after a while. 
 Does this make an}' difference? The form of application for charter says "with 
 which (institution) we are connected. " Please send everything, with full instruc- 
 tions and definite information as to our relations to the parent society. Please write 
 soon. Give my best to all the "elect." MoRT. G. Williams. 
 
 The chapter of B 11 at Miami was broken up by the suspen- 
 sions and dismissals which resulted from the great snow rebellion," 
 Januar}^, 1848, and several of the Miami Betas — E. H. Munger, 
 R. V, Moore and James Warnock — went to Centre College and 
 founded a chapter there, Ma}^ 27, 1848. t Williams' account of his 
 interview with Moore furnished great amusement to the members 
 of Ohio Alpha. 
 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha for April 9, 1850, sa}^: Application 
 having been made b}^ Williams, MacHatton and George for a char- 
 ter to establish the Kentucky Alpha of the ^ A Society, 'twas 
 granted, b}^ motion, and Messrs. Denny, Rodgers and Swing were 
 appointed to prepare it." The charter, drafted b}' Denn}", was 
 sent off April 13. Williams wrote from Centre to J. McM. Wilson, 
 May 6, 1850: "We received all the documents but have not yet 
 organized. We think it best to wait awhile. I have another fellow 
 
 * The Constitution of the Order of the $ A © ( see "The Higher Order of Alumni" ) provided for 
 conferring diplomas of membership on members of the Order, but none were actually issued. 
 
 This form of announcement of membership is somewhat similar to the membership cards issued 
 1878 (see "Annals 1876-1878" ), and to the certificate of membership adopted 1898 (see 'The Semi- 
 centennial National Convention"), modified 1900 ( see "The National Convention of 1900"), and 
 issued 1901 (see Annals, 1 900-1 902" ). 
 
 t See "Fraternity Studies," 1894, by W. R. Baird, B H. D. L. McDill, whose name also 
 appears in the B H catalogue, was dismissed from Miami and went to Centre, but it seems did 
 not help to organize the Centre chapter. See letters written by Munger, Warnock and McDill, 
 at Centre, Februarj' and March, 1849, to J. McM. Wilson, at Miami, Tlie Scroll, February, 1900. 
 
134 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 prett}^ nearh^ victimized.'" He wrote from LaPorte, Ind., to 
 
 Robert Morrison, July 26, 1850: 
 
 I left Danville for home, sweet home, about the first of June, after passing the 
 session quite pleasanth^ By a tiresome journe\', I reached home after an absence 
 of about three years. How changed alas ! the home of my youth. Phi-ism made 
 little progress at Danville last session. We now number four — Messrs. George, 
 McClure, MacHatton and myself. What we can do next session "remains to be 
 seen." I expect to return; I don't know whether the others will or not. There 
 was no more material there last session; perhaps there will be next. I shall have 
 to support the dignity of a junior next session. 
 
 From this letter we learn that Nathaniel McClure was the first 
 initiate in Kentucky Alpha after the granting of its charter. Only 
 Williams, George and MacHatton returned to college in the fall of 
 1850; and in December, Williams fell ill; and, after about three 
 months, he was carried from Danville to Louisville, where he died 
 of consumption, September 11, 185 1. His was the first death 
 among members of $ A 0. He was referred to in a letter from 
 J. McM, Wilson to Robert Morrison, November 27, 1852, as the 
 first chosen, the first taken, and the best beloved." * 
 
 Nearly two years after the charter of Kentucky Alpha was 
 
 granted, the chapter had only one attendant member. The minutes 
 
 of Ohio Alpha for February 27, 1852, say: ' A letter was read from 
 
 Mr. William George, stating the condition of the Kentucky Alpha, 
 
 and asking whether one member had the power to elect and initiate. 
 
 The Secretary was instructed to inform Mr. George that, inasmuch 
 
 as the Kentucky Alpha had been duly organized, and that inasmuch 
 
 as its charter had never been rescinded, that he constituted the 
 
 Kentucky Alpha, and could exercise all the rights, privileges and 
 
 functions of any other college." George wrote to Robert Morrison, 
 
 April 5, 1852: 
 
 Soon after Williams became ill, MacHatton left here and entered college at 
 Hanover, so I was the only one of 4> A O left. Not having been a member long 
 enough to understand all my duty, I did not know how to proceed. I doubted 
 whether I alone had the power to initiate others; so I remained inactive, because I 
 did not know to whom 1 should write for information. However, about six weeks 
 ago, I received a letter from the Secretary of the Ohio Alpha, saying that no reports 
 had been received from here. I immediately wrote him the circumstances of the 
 case, and requested information in regard to my power to initiate, etc. He very 
 promptly sent all necessary information. So I went to work, and I am now happy 
 to inform you that we have enough to organize — two others besides myself, who 
 will proceed to business immediately. We will initiate one other to-morrow night. 
 I think our prospects are flattering. 
 
 The two members referred to were O. F, Rogers, '52, and 
 J. W. Lewis, '53, and the student to be initiated the next night was 
 C. H. Lewis, '53. The minutes for the meeting on April 6 are 
 printed on the next page. In the original the word ' first" is 
 
 * Robert Morrison wrote to J. McM. Wilson, October 22, 1851 : "My heart was made sad by the 
 news of the death of our very dear and gifted brother, Morton George Williams. The grave numbers 
 few such victims, young or old, but how delightful that he died in the glorious hope of a blissful 
 immortality! Oh! My brother!" R. T. Drake wrote to J. McM. Wilson, Novembers, 1851: 
 "You have doubtless heard before this of the death of our mutual friend and brother, M. G. 
 Williams. A lady of Louisville told me that his was the triumphant death of a Christian. How 
 mysterious that the brightest and most promising are cut down so soon, whilst duller spirits and 
 more plodding intellects are often left upon the stage." 
 
THE THIRD CHAPTER— KENTUCKY ALPHA, 135 
 
 crossed out, whether by the hand that wrote it or another hand is 
 not known; however, this meeting was no doubt the first regular 
 or formal meeting of Kentuck}" Alpha. 
 
 The <l> A 6 Societ}' held its first meeting in Lewis' room, April 6, 1852. C. H. 
 Lewis having been elected a member, was initiated. Several persons were pro- 
 posed to be considered upon as becoming members of our body. The election of 
 officers for the ensuing term came off and resulted as follows: President, C. H. Lewis; 
 Warden, William George; Secretary, Joe W. Lewis. Messrs. Geoi-ge and C. H. 
 Lewis were appointed members of the first class of $ A 0, and Messrs. Rogers and 
 Joe. W. Lewis of the second. The first class was requested to perform duty at the 
 next meeting. "Marriage" was selected as a subject to converse on the next meet- 
 ing. After a free expression of opinion upon certain points of the Constitution and 
 the future well-being of the Societ}', it adjourned to meet at the same place. 
 
 Joe. W. Lewis, Secretary. C. H. Lewis, President. 
 
 May 4, 1852, Salvador deSoto was initiated; May 13, J. B. 
 Hopkins. deSoto was a graduate of Centre, class of '50, and then 
 Principal of the preparatory department. Only George, Hopkins 
 and J. W. Lewis returned to college in the autumn, but they added 
 four members during 1852-53. The chapter remained sub rosa 
 until 1854. L. H. Ralston, at Centre, wrote to Thomas Williams, 
 Jr., at Miami, December i, 1853: 
 
 We have had four initiations this session, and have now some four or five persons 
 under consideration. We design increasing our strength to such a degree 
 during the present session that we can, with credit to ourselves, publicly acknowl- 
 edge the fact of our existence (which we have endeavored to keep secret heretofore), 
 procure pins, and perhaps have a speech at the next commencement. It is a matter 
 of regret to us that you directed your letter as you did, as it was taken out and 
 read through mistake (?) by the secretar}^ of a similar society, which, by the way, 
 is a formidable rival. You will hereafter direct to the undersigned. 
 
 Badges, ordered March, 1854, were first publicly worn at com- 
 mencement that year. The minutes for January 17, 1854, say: 
 'Mr. George moved that a committee of three be appointed to draft 
 a code of by-laws; carried, and Messrs. George, Wilson and Hopkins 
 were appointed." January 31, 1854: 'The committee appointed to 
 draft a code of by-laws for the society reported verbally nothing 
 done. Upon motion of Mr. Ralston, a committee was then 
 appointed to form a new Constitution and by-laws; Ralston, 
 Hopkins and Ogden constituted the committee." February 16, 
 1854: The committee appointed to frame a new Constitution and 
 by-laws reported that they had performed the duty assigned to 
 them; report received. The chairman of the committee then read 
 the Constitution, article by article, and with but little comment it 
 was adopted. The by-laws were adopted with some slight varia- 
 tions." June 19, 1855, Ralston read a resolution "regulating the 
 number of members that shall be admitted to this chapter." July 
 10, 1855: 'a resolution amending the Constitution, which had been 
 presented by Ralston at a previous meeting, was read and adopted, 
 and ordered to be placed in the constitution book." July 24, 
 1855, the Constitution was again amended. 
 
 A meeting in December, 1853, "was opened with prayer;" there- 
 after prayer at the openings of meetings was customary. For a 
 
136 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 while meetings were held in the rooms of members; some meetings 
 in 1853 and 1854 were held in the rooms of the preparatory depart- 
 ment. May 26, 1854, the Society adjourned to meet in the 
 woods." The minutes of the next meeting begin thus: Ford's 
 woods, near Danville, June lo, 1854. The society met according 
 to previous arrangement in the woods. Prayer omitted." Four 
 essays were read, some miscellaneous business transacted; and, 
 
 after a protracted and pleasant meeting, the society adjourned, 
 to meet in two weeks at the hall." During 1854 meetings were held 
 in Professor deSoto's school room and in the Danville Female 
 School room. 
 
 Small assessments were made upon the members. January 3, 
 1854: A tax of ten cents was laid on each member for defraying 
 the necessary expenses of the society." February 16, 1854, an 
 additional tax of the same amount was levied, and November 14, 
 1854, twenty-five cents. There is "no record of an initiation fee 
 being charged. In the Secretary's reports of receipts, disburse- 
 ments and the condition of the treasur}^ the most frequently 
 recurring item of expense is for candles. 
 
 The minutes for Ma}^ 26, 1854, say: "An interesting letter was 
 read by Mr. Ralston from a member of the Bloomington, Indiana, 
 chapter. On motion Mr. Ralston was appointed to correspond 
 with the different chapters of the Order throughout the Union who 
 might desire it." September 7, 1854, George Miller, of Indiana 
 Alpha, was affiliated, the minutes saying: He was dul}^ recognized 
 as a Phi and received a brother's welcome." At the same meeting: 
 "On motion of Wilson, the Secretary was instructed to correspond 
 with the Ohio Alpha in regard to the propriety of adopting some 
 sign of recognition known only to the members of our Order." July 
 26, 1856: "The President appointed, on Montgomery's suggestion, 
 W. L. Dulaney to wait on every delinquent member and urge his 
 attendance on next meeting, under penalt}'- of one dollar." January 
 6, 1857: "in a somewhat general discussion, the extent to which 
 our Bond binds us in our literary societies came up, whereupon 
 Messrs. Upthegrove, Dobbs, Mitchell, Stevenson, Vance, Ewing 
 and Dulaney expressed the opinion that our votes and actions in 
 such societies are untrammelled by any provision of the Bond." 
 At the same meeting The extension of our Order" was one of the 
 
 questions proposed for the next conference." Februar}" 17, 1857: 
 "On motion of Mr. Crow, all the members were appointed a 
 committee of the whole, to try and draw out something from Mr. 
 Alexander in regard to some of the secrets which he seems to have 
 got hold of. " What was learned from the gentleman is not recorded. 
 During the winter of 1856-57 meetings of the chapter were held 
 usually in the room of William George, '55, who was attending Dan- 
 ville Theological Seminary. The minutes for April 14, 1857, headed 
 
 $ A Hall {alias George's room)" say: "Mr. Sumrall proposed 
 that we pay Mr. George for the fuel, etc., used during the winter." 
 
THE FOURTH CHAPTER— INDIANA BETA. 137 
 
 June 9, 1857: "Moved b}^ Mr. Sumrall that a tax of fift}- cents be 
 levied upon each member for the purpose of pa^-ing for wood got of 
 Mr. George; carried." January 12, 1858: 'Mr. Bullitt, Sr. , moved 
 that a member be appointed to inspect the antiquated relics of the 
 $ A 0, together with two assistants. Messrs. Bullitt, Sr., Dobbs 
 and Guerrant were appointed." There is no record of a report 
 from the committee. 
 
 For many years $ A and B II held an undisputed field at 
 Centre. ^ T A established a chapter there, 1856, but it died within 
 a 5^ear. A K <^, established there 1859, died a 3-ear or two later. 
 A chapter of $K 2, established there i860, died two years later. 
 B0n was inactive from 1862 to 1871. 2 X entered, 1876, and 
 Southern K A, 1883. 
 
 Kentuck}'- Delta having been established at Central University, 
 Richmond, Ky., 1885, and that institution having been consolidated 
 with Centre College, 1901, under the name of Central Universit}', 
 located at Danville, Kentuck}^ Alpha and Kentucky Delta were 
 combined under the name of Kentuck}' Alpha-Delta, 1901. 
 
 THE FOURTH CHAPTER— INDIANA BETA. 
 
 "When J. McM. Wilson, under authority of Ohio Alpha, opened 
 negotiations with R. G. Elliott about the establishment of a chapter 
 at Indiana Universit}', the latter informed him of an opportunity 
 of establishing a chapter at Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind. 
 R. G. Elliott and S. S. Elliott entered Indiana University', Ma}'? 
 1848, and there met E. C. Johnston, who had attended the institu- 
 tion three years. Johnston, who lived in Lawrence Count}-, was 
 not in college during 1848-49, but in the fall of 1849 ^^ entered 
 the sophomore class at Wabash College, where the college year began 
 September 20. From a letter written by Wilson to Robert Morrison 
 September 4, 1849, ^^^ ^ letter written by R. G. Elliott 
 to Morrison, December 3, 1849,"^ we learn that Elliott was 
 Johnston's special confidant," and considered him a suitable man 
 to establish a chapter at Wabash; that Johnston passed through 
 Bloomington en route to Crawfordsville, and that Elliott expected 
 to visit Crawfordsville during the Christmas vacation, to interest 
 him in the project. 
 
 Elliott did not go until April, when Indiana University was in 
 vacation. He made the trip from Bloomington to Crawfordsville 
 on horseback. Johnston signed a pledge of secrecy t April 28, 
 
 "^ These two letters are printed on pages ii8 and 128. 
 
 t The Articles of Union prescribed a form of pledge which should be presented to members-elect 
 for their signatures. The archives of Ohio Alpha and Indiana Alpha contain many such pledges 
 signed by members before the civil war. The oldest (which are still extant) were signed by the 
 first initiate, 'SI. G. Williams, and the next initiates, A. A. Barnett and J. K. Boude. The pledge of 
 Williams is dated "Miami Universir\-, Xew-year's day, 1849," the day of his initiation; the pledges 
 of Barnett and Boude are dated April 25, 1849, the day of their initiation. 
 
 The pledge signed by E. C. Johnston, a facsimile of which appears on page 139, is in the pre- 
 scribed form. 
 
 When the Constitution of 1878 was adopted this form of preHminarj- pledge of secrecv was omitted. 
 
138 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 1850, and Elliott initiated him the same day This account of 
 Indiana Beta having been read in proof by Elliott, he wrote to 
 W. B. Palmer, November i, 1903: Wabash College also was in 
 vacation when I arrived, but Mr. Johnston was there bringing up 
 his studies. At first hesitating, he yielded to earnest argument and 
 persuasion, and, when fully impressed, entered with eagerness into 
 the spirit of the movement." 
 
 Andrew W. Rogers wrote to Morrison May 15, 1850: "Elliott 
 writes that he has got a college under way at Crawfordsville. He 
 went out there himself this spring and nabbed one good fellow who 
 is to plant the remaining seeds. The faculty there have passed a 
 law that no secret society whose constitution they have not read, 
 shall be established there. The plan is to form a society and show 
 them the Constitution, not the Bond, I presume." 
 
 Johnston induced G. H. White to join with him in an application 
 
 for charter. Both were of the class of '52. Indiana Alpha, 
 
 November 16, 1850, granted them a charter to establish Indiana 
 
 Beta at Wabash. Indiana Alpha also hoped to establish a chapter 
 
 at Hanover, and desired parchments for charters, as shown by a 
 
 letter quoted below, which N. K. Crowe, at Bloomington, wrote 
 
 to J. McM. Wilson, at Oxford, November 20, 1850: 
 
 There are now but three of us in attendance at college, but two besides myself, 
 viz.: M. M. C. Hobbs and Josiah Miller, the rest having graduated, except M. W. 
 Woodburn who is teaching. Mr. E. C. Johnston has just passed through on his 
 way to Wabash. He stayed several days, and the brethren, being called together, 
 took counsel. As for the difficulty with regard to the law which exists there against 
 
 Proofs of the articles on Indiana Alpha and Indiana Beta and of other foregoing pages which 
 refer to him being read by R. G. Elliott, he wrote to W. B. Palmer, November 22, 1903, giving the 
 following information : 
 
 He said that the application for charter, to establish Indiana Alpha, a facsimile of which appears 
 on pages 120 and 121, was in his handwriting, except the interlineations, which undoubtedly were 
 made by J. McM. Wilson. He noted that his brother Samuel omitted the final ' t" in his name, as 
 appears in his signature to this application, though such omission was not permanent. 
 
 He said that the membership report of Indiana Alpha, December 25, 1849, a facsimile of which 
 appears on page 125, was also written by him, his penmanship having changed under the instructions 
 of a writing master. 
 
 He said that, before setting out from Bloomington for Crawfordsville, he had written the pledge 
 which E. C. Johnston signed. 
 
 He said the minutes of Indiana Alpha were recorded by him in a red morocco-bound, gilt- 
 edged book," with leaves about 5 by 8 inches. 
 
 Referring to the statements on page 58 about him and his brother being in Tennessee, he said 
 that he was Principal of Stone's River Academy from December, 1852, to July, 1854, having obtained 
 the position through the recommendations of J. McM. Wilson and J. W. Lindley. The location 
 was on Stone River, and on the Lebanon Turnpike, five miles north of Murfreesboro. In 1853 his 
 brother became his assistant there. S. S. Elliott did not teach at Knoxville or anywhere else in 
 Tennessee except in this school. His health failing, he returned to his home in the spring of 1854. 
 He (S. S. Elliott) was instrumental in establishing Morning Sun Academy near Oxford, Ohio, and 
 he was Principal of this academy until prostrated by disease, 1857. J. McM. Wilson was his assist- 
 ant there, 1856-57, and was Principal of the academy, 1857-60. See biographical sketch of Wilson, 
 page 74- On the same page is mentioned the plan of R. G. Elliott, Josiah Miller and J. McM. 
 Wilson to publish a Free-soil paper in Kansas, but Wilson did not go there. Referring to this 
 statement, R. G. Elliott wrote to Palmer: 
 
 From Tennessee I came by way of my old home to Kansas, having made arrangements with 
 my college-mate and brother in the Bond, Josiah Miller, to establish a newspaper in the new terri- 
 tory, in advocacy of a free state. We brought the first printing press to Lawrence, and printed the 
 first issue of a paper in the town — the Kansas Free State — ^though two other publishers issued 
 papers the same week. My press was destroyed in the border warfare, May 21, 1856, the most his- 
 toric day in the annals of Kansas. I revived it in 1857 at Delaware, on the Missouri River, then a 
 rival for the shipping trade of Leavenworth, and in the tragic days noted for its intense hostility to 
 the free state cause. In the triumph of the free state party, being elected a member of the legisla- 
 ture, I sold the paper and returned to Lawrence." 
 
 Many letters about the experiences of R. G. Elliott in the border warfare, written by him to 
 J. McM. Wilson, are preserved in the fraternity library. 
 
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I40 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 secret societies, after consulting, we have concluded that it hardly deserves notice. 
 He says a great many of the students belong to the Sons of Temperance, and 
 probabh- some to other secret societies; and we have concluded that if the)'' can 
 afford to tolerate them, they can tolerate us, also. From his statement they have 
 plenty of the right material there. There are still onh* two of them, but I think 
 they will soon elect another and that we will have a good college there ere long. 
 And by the b}^ while I think of it, if you have any sheepskins to spare please send 
 us one or two. Hanover presents an interesting field that is, I suppose, still 
 unoccupied. I would be glad to hear of some one 'laboring" there. 
 
 A report from Wabash, April, 1852, shows that Indiana Beta 
 still had onl}^ two members — Johnston and White. J. A. Anderson, 
 at Miami, in sending to Joseph MacHatton, at Wittenberg, a 
 report of all chapters, wrote, April 6, 1852: It is against the laws 
 of Wabash College to organize secret societies; we get reports from 
 there when we can." The report of Indiana Alpha, April, 1852, 
 shows but three attendant members — Josiah Miller, '52; M. W. 
 Woodburn, '52, and M. M. C. Hobbs, '53. However, Hobbs left 
 Indiana University, and entered the junior class at Wabash, at the 
 beginning of the spring term of the latter college, April 5, 1852. 
 Except M. G. Williams, of Ohio Alpha, who established Kentucky 
 Alpha, Hobbs was the first member of any chapter of ^ A © to 
 affiliate with another chapter. A letter, quoted below, written by 
 Hobbs, at Wabash, to J. A. Anderson, at Miami, June 14, 1852, 
 shows the difficulties with which Indiana Beta contended. 
 
 We have been patiently waiting for the new Constitution and general report, but 
 so far either the mail has proved treacherous, or they have not been forwarded. 
 Believing, from the spirit in which your favor of the 19th of February was written, 
 that you will take a great interest in this matter, I have concluded to request of 
 you to send me all the information aou have in respect to our Order, the number of 
 members now belonging to each of the colleges, and the prospect of affairs, 
 especially at Oxford. 
 
 I make this request because some effort is now being made by some other secret 
 associations at your college to establish themselves here, and it becomes us to keep 
 a lookout. I cannot find out exactly what their names are; but there are two 
 different ones that have their agents here, and if 30U know which two they are, I 
 wish you would send me their names. Whether they will organize, which is contrary 
 to the rules of the college, or not I cannot tell. There is an abundance of material 
 here, but we cannot do anything while our hands are so tied b}- the laws of the 
 institution. But our desires for your prosperity and success are always with you, 
 and we are always anxious to hear from 3'ou. We are only three in number here; 
 Messrs. G. H. White, and E. C. Johnston, together with myself, constitute our 
 college. Prospects are rather gloomy in Bloomington, Mr. Miller being the only 
 one there now. 
 
 Hobbs * wrote to W. B. Palmer, February 17, 1902: 
 E. C. Johnston left Indiana Universit}' before I did and went to Wabash College. 
 I entered the freshman class at the university in the fall of 1849, and remained there 
 until the spring term in 1852, at which time I was in the junior class, and went to 
 Wabash and entered the same class at that college. I found onh^ two members of 
 the Fraternity at Wabash, E. C. Johnston and G. H. White. After I went there, 
 J. E. Chapin and J. M. Shanklin were initiated; they were the only members 
 initiated while I was there. Johnston and White were graduated in 1852. When 
 I was graduated in 1853, Chapin and Shanklin were the only members left. Chapin 
 was graduated in 1856, but Shanklin, who was in his class, was never graduated. 
 The rules of the college were so strict that if the faculty had known we were 
 
 * Proofs of this article and the article on Indiana Alpha were reviewed by him, November 17, 1903. 
 
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142 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 members of the Fraternity we would have been expelled. We kept no records for 
 fear of being found out, and this accounts for the scanty information in regard to 
 the chapter at that time. 
 
 The first charter granted for Indiana Beta was lost, owing prob- 
 ably to the fact that the chapter was sub rosa and had no safe place 
 for keeping valuable papers. Anyway, the members, finding 
 themselves without a charter, applied to Indiana Alpha for one. 
 The application, dated January 28, 1854, was signed by H. D. 
 Wilson, '54; J. McK. Defrees, '55; T. B. Ward, '55; and J. E. 
 Chapin, '56. Wilson had affiliated from Indiana Alpha; Ward 
 later affiliated with Ohio Alpha.* No doubt another charter was 
 granted to Indiana Beta, but it also appears to have been lost. The 
 first preserved minutes say that, October 27, 1855 : The Association 
 was re-organized by electing W. J. Essick, President; J. E. Chapin, 
 Secretary, and L. P. Spelman, Warden. A Constitution was 
 adopted, and measures were taken to procure a new charter. At 
 the same meeting, Messrs. W. E. Spilman and J. Q. A. Blackwell 
 were duly elected members." An application for a new charter 
 was made to Indiana Alpha, January 24, 1856, by J. E. Chapin, 
 '56; L. P. Spelman, '56, and W. J. Essick, '57. 
 
 The minutes for July 13, 1857, say: The college met, and, as 
 under existing circumstances it seemed to all inadvisable to con- 
 tinue our meetings and organization, it was unanimously voted to 
 return our charter." December 12, 1857: On motion, it was 
 agreed to reconsider the motion to surrender our charter. After 
 the resolution to retain the charter (which, by the way, had not yet 
 been returned to the Alpha college) * was carried." At one of the 
 regular meetings of the term which closed July, i860, it was unani- 
 mously 
 
 Resolved, That in the event of any member of the Indiana Beta of the $ A 9 
 being questioned by any member of the faculty regarding said Society, its existence 
 or functions, that then and there said Society ceases to have an existence in 
 Wabash College. 
 
 "Fraternity Studies," 1894, by W. R. Baird, shows that B ©IT 
 established a chapter at Wabash, 1846; it suspended, 1849, on 
 account of anti-secret society laws, and was revived, October, 1856. 
 It appears that Indiana Beta emerged from its sub rosa condition 
 during 1862-63. At any rate, the members of <E> A © and B © IT at 
 Wabash had a joint banquet, Friday, February 27, 1863, in 
 Caliopean hall, and the former society returned thanks to several 
 ladies for help in getting up the supper. In responding to a toast, 
 at a dinner complimentary to J. C. Black, '62, given by the Phis at 
 Bloomington, 111., June 9, 1896, he referred to the sub I'osa years 
 of Indiana Beta, saying: 
 
 * Wilson was the third and Ward the fourth member of $ A © who transferred from one chapter 
 to another. See. page 141, facsimile of affiliation certificate given by Indiana Beta to Ward, who 
 affiliated with Ohio Alpha, 1854. Affiliation was provided for by Section 6 of Article III of the Arti- 
 cles of Union [q. v., page 145), but there was no prescribed form for an affiliation certificate until the 
 Constitution of 1880 was adopted. 
 
 * The words in parentheses are in the original. 
 
THE ARTICLES OF UNION. 143 
 
 Our meetings were held in some room, without hghts, and every word was 
 spoken in a whisper; but we had confidence in the cause, and I am proud to say 
 that to-day the members of our Fraternit}' are proving that the lessons they learned 
 in chapter halls have been a stimulus through life, and thev take rank with the most 
 distinguished men of the Nation. The ban against secret societies was lifted 
 largely because of fraternity men securing places on the faculty, and in this manner 
 bringing college fraternity men into good repute. 
 
 A box containing the books and papers of Indiana Beta, but 
 not the Bond and Constitution, was stolen March 28, 1865. A 
 meeting for consultation was held the next night. A rival societ}- 
 was suspected of the theft. A committee was appointed to consult 
 a lawyer, but there is no record of the recovery of the documents. 
 
 THE ARTICLES OF UNION. 
 
 The minutes of the first few meetings of the parent chapter, quoted 
 on preceding pages, show that at the first meeting, December 26,1848, 
 J. McM. Wilson and Robert Morrison were appointed a committee 
 to report an appropriate motto, bond and constitution for the Socie- 
 t}'-;" and that the}' reported, December 28, a motto. Bond and Con- 
 stitution, which, after being amended, were adopted, December 30. 
 
 Whatever there ma5'^be to commend in $ A 0, the Bond above all 
 things is first. Its elevated sentiments must meet with the approval 
 of an}' right thinking man. Its threefold purpose is to cultivate 
 mutual friendship among the persons who have subscribed to it, 
 to stimulate them to attain a high degree of intelligence and culture, 
 and to inspire them with the principles upon which upright character 
 is based. Its style is stately, its dignified diction beyond criticism. 
 No one has ever suggested wherein it could be improved. B3' its 
 own terms, it is forever inviolable and unalterable," without the 
 unanimous consent of all who have accepted it," an impossible 
 condition. Unquestionabh^ it has exercised a beneficial influence 
 on the conduct of the thousands who have accepted it. In his 
 initiation vows every person joining $ A © pledges himself to uphold 
 it. The same pledge has been taken by ever\' member initiated 
 since the organization of the Fraternit}-. '^ 
 
 The parent chapter adopted Articles of Union December 30, 1848, 
 as well as a motto, Bond and Constitution. This is shown by the fact 
 that the Articles of Union are mentioned in the Constitution which 
 Ohio Alpha adopted on that date.t Following is a cop}^ of 
 
 THE ARTICLES OF UNION OF THE PHI DELTA THETA. 
 Article I — Superior and Subordinate Colleges. 
 Section i. The # A 9 shall be organized into colleges, which shall be located 
 at such institutions as are of high and well established reputation. 
 
 "^ If any other fraternity has an instrument embodying its principles and fundamental laws, 
 unaltered since it was founded, the writer has never seen in fraternity literature any reference 
 to such a document. 
 
 t See Section 2 of Article III of the Constitution of Ohio Alpha, page 147. The Articles of Union 
 include a preliminary pledge of secrecy, to be signed by members-elect, also a form of initiation. 
 The first initiate, M. G. Williams, signed such a pledge, dated Januar>' i, 1849, and was initiated 
 the same day. His written pledge is still extant. 
 
144 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Bond of the $ A O shall be committed to the guardianship of each 
 of the colleges, to carry out its provisions, and to select and initiate to its privileges 
 such persons as are therein contemplated. 
 
 Sec. 3. The titles of these colleges shall consist of: 
 
 (i) The names of the States in which they are located. 
 
 (2) The Greek letters in the order of their organization in those States. 
 
 Sec. 4 The college organized at Miami University, in 1848, shall be called 
 the Ohio Alpha College of the <l» A O, and shall possess the following men- 
 tioned powers: 
 
 (i) To grant charters to the Alpha colleges of other States. 
 
 (2) To grant charters to all other colleges organized in Ohio. 
 
 (3) To decide all appeals from the Alpha colleges of other States or the colleges 
 of Ohio. 
 
 Article II — New Colleges. 
 
 Section i. The Alpha college of each State shall have the power to grant 
 charters of organization to any other members of the $ A who may be connected 
 with such institutions in that State as are specified in Article I, Section i. 
 
 Sec. 2. The manner of creating new colleges shall be as follows: 
 
 (i) Any member of any college may be clothed with special power by the 
 college of which he is a member to select and initiate one or more persons into 
 the Order, which number-elect, if less than three, may select and initiate the 
 remaining number necessary to apply for a charter. 
 
 (2) Any three members connected with any such institution as contemplated in 
 Article I, Section I, may receive a charter by applying to the college, as above 
 directed, in the following form, viz. : 
 
 We, the undersigned brethren of the Order of the $ A ©, respectfully present to the 
 
 Alpha of the $ A ©, that there is, in our opinion, in the University (or College), with 
 
 which we are connected, an adequate opportunity for the establishment of a separate college of 
 the $ A © ; that there is a reasonable prospect that a sufficient number of such persons as are 
 contemplated in the Bond of the $ A may be obtained as will make and sustain an honorable 
 organization, and that its establishment here will further the objects of the Order. 
 
 Therefore, we respectfully petition your honorable body to confer upon us the power to organize 
 
 and establish a college of the $ A ©, to be known by the name of the of the <^ A ©, together 
 
 with all the rights, privileges and immunities belonging thereto, and in conformity with the rules 
 and regulations in such cases made and provided for. 
 
 A B , 
 
 C D 
 
 E F 
 
 Upon receipt of the above application, the Alpha college to which it is directed 
 shall grant them a charter in the following form, signed by the officers of the college: 
 
 .0. 
 
 The Alpha ok the $ A ©, 
 
 To All To VVhojn These Presents May Come, Greeting': 
 
 Know ye, that the Alpha, in full meeting, hath given and granted, and by these presents, 
 
 doth give and grant, to A B , C D and E . F , 
 
 This Charter, in testimony that they and their successors have been constituted the 
 
 of the $ A ©, and that the guardianship of the interests of the Order of the $ A within. 
 
 University (or College), has been entrusted to them, and that, all and singular, its rights, privileges 
 and immunities have been conferred upon them, in so far as they conform to the rules, regulations 
 and usages thereof; otherwise it shall be null and void. 
 
 In Testimony Whereof, the officers of the Alpha have hereunto affixed their signatures, 
 
 this day of , 18 
 
 , President. 
 
 , Secretary. 
 
 , Warden. 
 
 This charter shall be accompanied by general instructions to the college to which 
 the charter is sent. 
 
 Sec. 3. Each Alpha college shall have the power, in the following cases, to 
 annul any charter granted by it: 
 
 (i) Upon a flagrant violation of the Bond of the $ A 9, sufficient proof thereof 
 being exhibited. 
 
 (2) Upon presentation of a statement, signed by the attendant members of any 
 college, showing their organization is no longer necessary. 
 
THE ARTICLES OF UNION. 145 
 
 In all questions of forfeiture or resignation of charter, an appeal shall lie from 
 the Alpha of the State to the Ohio Alpha. 
 
 Article III — Election, Initiation and Membership. 
 
 Section i. Each college shall, from time to time, elect such persons as are 
 contemplated in the Bond of the $ A members of this Society, but such elections 
 shall not be recorded by the Secretary until all the provisions of this article shall 
 have been complied with.* 
 
 Sec. 2. Such election shall be held only at a regular meeting of the college, after 
 a free expression of opinion by every member present in regard to the merits of the 
 candidate, and he shall be chosen only by the unanimous vote, expressed viva voce. 
 
 Sec. 3. After such election, the Warden and any two members selected bv him 
 shall present to the member-elect for his signature a pledge of the following form: 
 
 University (or College), , i8 
 
 I promise, on the honor of a gentleman, never to reveal to any person, under any circumstances 
 
 whatever, anything that A B , C D or E F may inform me 
 
 regarding a matter that they wish concealed ; provided that nothing herein be construed so as to 
 interfere with my dutj- to my neighbor or to mj- God. 
 
 ( A B , Witness my hand. 
 
 Attest : •< C D 
 
 \ E F 
 
 Sec. 4. After such pledge shall be signed and delivered to the Warden, the 
 committee shall explain to the member-elect the nature of the organization of the 
 $ A 0, and ascertain whether he is willing to accept membership, and then shall 
 report to the President. 
 
 Sec. 5. The initiation of members shall be held in the following manner: 
 
 Sec. 6. The jurisdiction of each college shall extend over all members elected 
 by itself, except in the removal of undergraduates to other colleges, in which cases 
 their names shall be transferred to the colleges where thev are in attendance. 
 
 Sec. 7. Every member of each college shall, of right, enjo}-, all and singular, 
 the immunities and privileges of every other college, while within its jurisdiction. 
 
 Sec. 8. After the annulling of the charter of anj' college, its members shall 
 become members of the college to which their organization owed its existence. 
 
 Article IV — Correspondence and Reports. 
 
 Section i. Every member not in actual attendance at college shall be deemed 
 a correspondent member of the college in which he was initiated, or with which he 
 was last connected, and shall be expected to communicate to it his address, or 
 change of address, and any other information he may deem proper. 
 
 Sec. 2. During the month of December of each year, the Secretary of every 
 college shall make up and send to its Alpha a list of all its members, after the 
 following form : 
 
 Attendant Members. 
 Name. Residence. Class. Remarks. 
 
 Correspondent Members. 
 Name. Residence. Profession. Remarks. 
 
 Sec. 3. During the month of January of each ^ear, the Secretary of each Alpha 
 shall transcribe such lists into a book kept for that purpose, and send a copy of 
 them to the Ohio Alpha. 
 
 Sec. 4. During the month of February of each year, the Secretary of the Ohio 
 Alpha shall make an interchange of these reports among the Alpha colleges of the 
 respective States. 
 
 Sec. 5. During the month of ^Nlarch of each year, the Secretary of the Alpha 
 college of each State, shall transmit such reports to all other colleges of the $ A 
 in that State. 
 
 * That is, the names of persons elected to membership should not be recorded in the minutes of 
 a college until after their initiation. 
 
 do) 
 
146 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Article V — Amendments. 
 These articles may be altered or amended in the following manner: 
 (i) Any college may propose any change which it shall communicate to the 
 Ohio Alpha. 
 
 (2) The Secretary of the Ohio Alpha shall immediately transmit such proposition 
 to all the colleges of the different States. 
 
 (3) Within one month after the reception of such proposition, each college shall 
 vote on its adoption, and transmit the result to the Secretary of the Ohio Alpha. 
 
 (4) The majority of colleges shall decide the vote, and the result shall be com- 
 municated to all the colleges by the Secretary of the Ohio Alpha. 
 
 The Articles of Union lacked nothing essential. They specified 
 that such persons as are contemplated in the Bond of the ^ A © 
 should be elected to membership; they prescribed a preliminary 
 pledge of secrecy, and they included an initiation ceremony. They 
 defined the relations between the colleges, directed how new colleges 
 should be created, how colleges should be entitled, and how their 
 charters might be withdrawn. Provisions were made for appeals 
 from the decisions of the colleges, for a system of annual mem- 
 bership reports to be made by the colleges, and for amending these 
 Articles of Union. 
 
 The Bond is the marvelous expression of the principles upon 
 which the Society was founded. The immortal six had faith in 
 these principles. They intended that ^ A should be, not a local 
 society, but an inter-collegiate Brotherhood, the official head of 
 which should be at Miami University. Before they had added to 
 their number, before their organization was one week old, they 
 formulated and adopted these far-reaching plans. They thought of 
 everything important; they did their work well. For a society 
 just launched on its career, the Articles of Union were remarkably 
 complete. In fact, they were so complete that they were not 
 amended for nearly a quarter of a century. They were superse- 
 ded, 187 1, by a Constitution which retained practically unchanged 
 all material features and most of the language of the Articles of 
 Union. The faith of the founders in their fundamental principles 
 was justified by the wonderful growth and prosperity of the Fra- 
 ternity in succeeding years, and the machiner}^ of organization 
 which they devised proved to be most skillfully constructed. 
 
 The Articles of Union provided for entitling colleges by the names 
 of the States in which they were to be established and the Greek 
 letters in alphabetical order. It is fortunate that this system was 
 adopted, as it is the best system for a large fraternity, because it is 
 easier to remember the names of chapters thus entitled than the 
 Greek letters unaccompanied with the names of States. The vener- 
 able <l> B K had called its chapters "Alpha of Massachusetts," 
 
 Beta of Massachusetts," etc., which system was followed by K A 
 and ^ ^, and, until 185 1, by Z ^. But the founders of $ A © knew 
 nothing about K A, ^ $ or Z ^, which had no chapter west of 
 Eastern New York, and knew scarcely anything about ^ B K, which 
 had established a chapter at Western Reserve, 1847. Of the two 
 fraternities first established at Miami, A A $ named its chapters 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF OHIO ALPHA. 147 
 
 after the names of the institutions, and B n named its chapters 
 after Greek letters only, which at first were assigned in regular 
 alphabetical order. The founders of ^ A © received no suggestions 
 from an}' fraternit}^ regarding chapter nomenclature. The $ A © 
 system differed from the ^ B K system in naming the State 
 before the Greek letter, and <l> A © was the first Fraternit}^ to 
 adopt this system. 
 
 The requirement in the Articles of Union that chapters should 
 annuall}" make reports of their members was similar to the require- 
 ment in the charter of the Harvard chapter of <I» B K that an annual 
 report of that chapter should be made to the chapter at William 
 and Mary. Of course, however, the founders of ^ A © knew noth- 
 ing of this requirement by the parent chapter of $ B K, as the ^ B K 
 records had not been published. 
 
 The Articles of Union were never printed until they appeared in 
 The Palladium, Januar}^ 1899. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION OF OHIO ALPHA. 
 
 Following is the Constitution which was adopted by the parent 
 chapter December 30, 1848: 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE OHIO ALPHA COLLEGE OF THE 
 
 PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Preamble. 
 
 We, the undersigned, do hereby form ourselves into an organization, which, 
 together with those who shall hereafter become associated with us, shall constitute 
 the Ohio Alpha College of the $ A G, and do adopt for our government the follow- 
 ing Constitution: 
 
 Article I — Objects. 
 
 The objects of this Association shall be to accomplish such purposes and estab- 
 lish such relations between ourselves and our successors as are contemplated in the 
 Bond of $ A 0. 
 
 Article II — Officers. 
 
 Section i. The officers of this Society shall consist of a President, Secretar}- 
 and Warden. 
 
 Sec 2. The duties of thePresident shall be to preside, preserve order and judge 
 of the performance of duties. 
 
 Sec 3. The duties of the Secretary shall be to record the proceedings of meet- 
 ings of the Association, maintain its correspondence and act as its Treasurer. 
 
 Sec 4. The duties of the Warden shall be to make arrangements for the respec- 
 tive meetings, to inform each member of the time and place thereof, to divide the 
 Society and to call the duties in their order. 
 
 Sec 5. These officers shall be elected every eight weeks, and shall continue in 
 office until their successors are installed. 
 
 Article III — Eligibility. 
 
 Section i. Such persons as are contemplated in the Bond of $ A may be 
 elected to membership, and shall be chosen by the unanimous vote of all the attend- 
 ant members, viva voce. 
 
 Sec 2. When any person shall have been elected to membership, the Warden 
 shall cause him to sign a pledge of secrecy, as provided in the Articles of Union, 
 after which, if he accepts membership, he shall be introduced and initiated. 
 
148 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Article IV — Duties. 
 
 Section i. The general duties of members shall be to fulfill the obligations 
 imposed by the Bond of the $ A 0. 
 
 Sec. 2. The special duties shall be essay writing and criticism, together with 
 such other literary exercises as may be determined; from which the President shall 
 be exempt. 
 
 Sec. 3. The attendant, m-smbers shall be arranged in two divisions, which shall 
 read essays alternately. 
 
 Sec. 4. This Association shall meet every two weeks, at such times and places 
 as it may determine. 
 
 Article V — Amendments. 
 
 This Constitution vaa.j be amended at any time by the unanimous vote of all the 
 attendant members, and all amendments shall be laid on the table one month 
 previous to their adoption. 
 
 It may be observed that the Constitution could not be hastily 
 amended — not within less time than a month, and not without a 
 unanimous vote. In fact, Ohio Alpha made no amendments in 
 its Constitution up to the time of its suspension, 1857. ' 
 
 This Constitution was never printed until it appeared in 77ie 
 Palladiinn, January, 1899. 
 
 The Articles of Union were intended for the government of all 
 colleges or chapters, and could be amended only by a vote of 
 the majority of the colleges, as provided in Article V. However, 
 all colleges were not required to adopt the same Constitution. To 
 other colleges the Constitution of Ohio Alpha was suggestive, not 
 mandatory. Each college could adopt and amend its own Constitu- 
 tion, as well as its own by-laws. Indiana Alpha 'modeled" its 
 Constitution on that of Ohio Alpha, sent to it in 1849. 
 
 Following are extracts from the minutes of the second college 
 that existed at Miami from April to November, 1852, which minutes 
 appeared in The Palladium, March, 1898. April 17, 1852: "On 
 motion the constitution of the Ohio Alpha was unanimously adopted 
 for the government of the society." April 22: ' The house then 
 resolved itself into a committee of the whole on the constitution. 
 The committee arose and reported a constitution, which was 
 received and laid on the table until the next meeting for final 
 action," May i: 'The report of the committee on the constitu- 
 tion having been ordered to its final hearing, was taken up and 
 unanimously received." 
 
 Kentucky Alpha adopted a ' new constitution," February 16, 
 1854, and amended it, July 10 and 24, 1855. Indiana Alpha gave 
 a copy of its Constitution to Indiana Beta with the charter which 
 it granted to establish that chapter, 1850. A Constitution adopted 
 by Indiana Beta October, 1855, and still extant, differs in no 
 material respect from the original Constitution of Ohio Alpha, 
 showing that Indiana Beta, as well as Indiana Alpha, had amended 
 but slightly the Constitution adopted by Ohio Alpha December 30, 
 1848. 
 
 * A resolution was laid on the table to strike out Article IV, Section 3, of the Constitution. "- 
 Minutes of Ohio Alpha, January 15, 185 1. 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF OHIO ALPHA. 149 
 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha show that, December 30, 1848, 
 J. McM. Wilson, Robert Morrison and Andrew W. Rogers "were 
 appointed a committee to prepare by-laws, and to report at our 
 regular meeting on the nth of January, 1849." January 11, 1849: 
 ''The committee appointed to report by-laws for the societ}^ being 
 called upon to report, requested longer time. On motion it was 
 granted." March 6: After some discussion relating to by-laws, 
 the committee was granted longer time." April 25, 1849: "The 
 by-laws were read and adopted." They were as follows: 
 
 THE BY-LAWS OF THE OHIO ALPHA COLLEGE. 
 
 1. At the beginning of each presidential term, the members shall be divided into 
 two divisions, as nearly as possible equal. 
 
 2. Each division, alternately, shall read and criticise the essays read by the other 
 division. 
 
 3. The essays shall be prepared and handed over to the other division one week 
 before their reading. 
 
 4. Written criticisms shall be read on each essay by the criticising division. 
 
 5. No member shall be excused from the regular V3usiness, unless on account of 
 sickness or other cause making his performance impossible. 
 
 6. If any member shall fail to perform his duty, he shall be required to do so 
 on the next meeting. 
 
 Perhaps at the same time the following Order of Business was 
 adopted: 
 
 1. Calling the roll. 
 
 2. Reading and adoption of minutes. 
 
 3. Reading and criticism of essays. 
 
 4. Conversation. 
 
 5. Irregular business. 
 
 6. Adjournment. 
 
 Robert Morrison wrote to W. B. Palmer, June 13, 1898: 
 
 The Articles of Union were intended to unify the action and work and life of the 
 <l> A O body in general; we thought that more important than for all the chapters 
 to have the same Constitution. Our estimate of these papers was: the Bond, first 
 and most sacred; second, the Articles of Union; third, the Constitution; fourth, 
 by-laws, such as each chapter found by experiment best enabled it to carry on its work. 
 
 The term we mostly used at first in reference to our Order was "Society." 
 Chapters were called "colleges" in the Articles of Union, but we often spoke or 
 wrote of them as chapters. Our Miami organization we called "the Ohio Alpha," 
 or "the Grand Chapter," sometimes "the Grand Alpha." 
 
 No help whatever in our terms of designation of our chapters was derived from 
 <l» B K sources; none of us ever saw aught that belonged to that Fraternity except 
 its key badge. Our nomenclature is not indebted in the slightest degree to that 
 Society; it is a coincidence that is interesting, and goes to show its propriety, but 
 our terms were independent of that help, or any other in that line. Baird's book on 
 college fraternities had not been printed then. 
 
 Our name for ourselves from the first was Phis', this was natui-al, as the other 
 two fraternities at Miami were uniformly spoken of as the Alphas and Betas.* 
 
 *The Convention of 1882 decided that the proper pronunciation of <E> A © was "Phy Delta 
 Thayta," and that members should be called Phis, pronounced "Phys." 
 
 Members of $ K S[' call themselves Phi Psis. Members of 4> F A call themselves Deltas or Fijis, 
 and they are sometimes called Phi Gams. Members of $ $ $ call themselves Tri-Phis. Members 
 of $ K 2 are called Phi Kaps or Skulls. 
 
 Sobriquets of members of other fraternities are as follows: B © H, Betas; Z ^, Zetes; A K E, 
 Dekes, or D K Es ; A A *, Alphas or Alpha Delts ; © A X, Thets, Thetas or Theta Delts ; K A, 
 Kaps or K As ; X *, KiflSes ; * Y, Psi Us ; A T, D Us or Delta Us ; A T fi, AT Os or Alpha Taus ; 
 
150 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 In the Articles of Union ^ A © is called, not a Fraternity," but 
 *'this Society," * and "the Order of the # A © ; " while each local 
 branch is called, not a chapter, but a "college." No other Greek- 
 letter organization ever used the word college" in this sense, t In 
 the Articles of Union the parent "college" at Miami is called "the 
 Ohio Alpha" and "the Ohio Alpha College of the ^ A ©." 
 
 The Constitution of Ohio Alpha refers to the parent chapter as 
 "the Ohio Alpha College of the ^ A ©," as "the Society," "this 
 Society" and "this Association. " 
 
 The organization at Miami is called the Society" in the minutes 
 of Ohio Alpha for December 30, 1848, quoted on page 103; this 
 Society" in the minutes for January i, 1849, quoted on page 104. 
 It is called "this association" in the minutes for June 12, 1849; "the 
 association" in the minutes for June 26, 1849, and afterward; the 
 Ohio Alpha" in the minutes for October 29, 185 1, and afterward; 
 the 'Phi Society" in the minutes for November 10, 1853, and Febru- 
 ary 23, 1854. The most usual designation of Ohio Alpha in its 
 minutes is the Society"^ — thelast word often abbreviated to Soc." 
 
 In the minutes of Ohio Alpha the general organization is called 
 the Society" and the Order," October 28, 185 1, and afterward; 
 'the $ A © Society," October 29, 185 1, and afterward; the asso- 
 ciation," November 9, 1854, and afterward; the $ A 0," Decem- 
 ber 7, 1855, and afterward; "the $ Society," September 11, 1856. 
 
 In the minutes of Ohio Alpha, 1848 to 1857, the words college" 
 and "chapter" are used interchangably. The proposed organiza- 
 tion at Centre is called a 'chapter" in the minutes for July 26, 
 1849, a "college" in the minutes for the next meeting. The min- 
 utes for December 2, 185 1, contain the phrase, the several colleges 
 of the Order;" the minutes for the next meeting, December 17, 
 185 1, contain the phrase, ' other chapters of the <E> A ©. " 
 
 THE ORIGINAL SHIELD BADGE. 
 
 The original badge of $ A was designed by Robert Morrison 
 and J. McM. Wilson, the former suggesting the shield shape and 
 
 ATA, Deltas or Delta Taus ; 2 $, 2 X and 2 A E, Sigs, members of the latter also being called 
 S A Es or Sigma Alphs. 
 
 For many years members of X ^ were dubbed "Pirates," in allusion to the founder of the Frater- 
 nity, Philip Spencer, Union, '43, son of J. A. Spencer, Secretary of War. While a midshipman on the 
 United States brig-of-war Soiners, young Spencer was accused of being the leader in a plot to murder 
 the officers of the vessel, for the purpose of turning it into a pirate craft, with himself as captain. The 
 officers, after a secret trial, and upon what appears to have been inconclusive evidence, condemned 
 Spencer and two other men to death, and they were hung from the yard arms, December, i, 1842. — See 
 American College Fraternities;" The Scroll, October, 1899, and February, 1900. 
 
 A * is sometimes called the 'Tea Companj%" on account of the shape of its badge. 
 
 * The Alphas and Betas in the days referred to called themselves Societies, not Fraternities." — 
 Robert Morrison to W. B. Palmer, November 25^ 1901. 
 
 The Convention of 1874 ordered the word ' Fraternity" substituted for "Society" wherever it 
 occurred in the $ A © Constitution. 
 
 Reviewing the Mercer Kinetoscofie, among other college annuals, H. T. Miller said in 'The 
 Scroll, December, 1901 : ' At Mercer, as elsewhere throughout the South, a fraternity is called a 
 'club.' " Bad, but not so reprehensible as "frat.," a western idiom. 
 
 t A X calls its chapters ' charges." X * calls each of its chapters an "Alpha," and that letter is 
 prefixed to the Greek-letter designating the chapter. All other fraternities call their branches 
 chapters. 
 
THE ORIGINAL SHIELD BADGE. 
 
 151 
 
 the eye, the latter suggesting the scroll. * As shown b}^ the follow- 
 ing correspondence, the first badge was made under Morrison's 
 direction, and was completed June 12, 1849. The following letter 
 was written by Robert Morrison to J. P. Beggs, of Beggs & Smith, 
 jewelers, at Cincinnati: 
 
 Oxford, Ohio, June 4, 1849. 
 
 Dear Sir: Owing to circumstances over which I had no control I am a little later 
 in addressing you than I had expected to be, but I can now write definitely. The 
 form and general appearance of the drawing last made meets with the approbation 
 of those concerned. Let the pin be of the size spoken of, that is of the specimen 
 drawn, except that the border and the breadth should be made slightly less. 
 
 It is to have a border proportionate in size and width to the drawing, neatly 
 chased ( as was spoken of ) in the best style. The principal space contained within 
 the border to be occupied by the scroll, the Greek letters $ A G to have an appro- 
 priate place on the scroll, and, if the scroll can be well and sufficiently represented, 
 in order to preserve the proper relative proportions to the pin and the letters, and 
 look in no wise cramped, place the eye above, not in, the scroll. If that cannot be, 
 leave out the eye entirely. The scroll is essential; the eye is not, though it would 
 be appropriate if it and the scroll had proper room. 
 
 Original 
 A A $ Badge. 
 
 Original 
 B n Badge. 
 
 * The badge of <& A was in no respect similar to those of the 
 two fraternities, A A $ and B H, previously established at jVIiami. 
 The original badge of A A $ was an oblong slab with rounded 
 corners, displaying a crescent, bearing the letters "A A 4>" ; above 
 the crescent, a star; below, the date "1832." The present star 
 and crescent form was not officially recognized until 1875, though 
 it had been worn previously as a graduate symbol. The Alpha 
 Delts at Yale still wear the slab badge. 
 
 The original badge of B H was similar to that of A A $ ; it 
 was an oblong slab, with concave corners. Above a crescent were 
 three stars; below, "B H" and the Greek-letter numerals for 
 1839. At the convention of 1842, the crescent was discarded for a 
 wreath and diamond, and the convention of 1848 approved of cur- 
 ving the sides of the badge inward. — See "Fraternity Studies," by W. R. Baird, who kindly loaned 
 the woodcut of the old slab badge of B H. 
 
 The badges of A X, $ A 0, $ K S[' and Southern K A have the same general outline, the shape 
 of the shield of $ A being nearest like that of K A, and least like that of $ K ^. — See page 11. 
 A X was founded at Union, June, 1848, <1> A © at Miami, December, 1848, $ K ^ at Jefferson 
 (now Washington and Jefferson), 1852, and K A at Washington (now Washington and Lee), 1865. 
 C. W. Holmes, editor of the A X Shield, said in 
 that magazine, December, 1898, that he possessed a badge 
 made for Abel Beach, one of the founders of that Frater- 
 niti' and also one of the designers of its badge. This 
 badge. Holmes said, was made at Albany, N. Y., Decem- 
 ber, 1847, six months before the first regular meeting of 
 A X, which dates its organization from June 5, 1848. 
 Woodcuts of the obverse and reverse of the first A X 
 badge which appear in the "Memorial Histors' of the Theta 
 Delta Chi Fraternity," 1898, show a shield of considerably 
 different proportions from those of the badge now worn, and 
 also of quite different shape from the shield form of 4> A 0's 
 badge. These woodcuts were kindly loaned by him for 
 reproduction here. The history says : 
 
 The above is an accurate facsimile of one of the first 
 badges ever made, and was taken from Bro. Abel Beach's 
 pin. The body of the pin is gold. The border is chased 
 in gold. Inside is a narrower border of black enamel. The centre is blue enamel ; the characters 
 and symbols are inlaid in gold. The reverse is engraved as shown. The pin is in a perfect state of 
 preservation, and is now in the custody of Clay W. Holmes. Being the badge of a founder, it can be 
 pronounced a true type of the first badge adopted". 
 
 The founders of $ A knew nothing whatever in 1848-49, about A X's badge, or anything 
 else about that Society. Except the ephemeral chapter at the Ballston Law School, Ballston Spa, 
 Eastern New York, A X had no chapter outside of Union until 1852, when it entered the Uni- 
 versity of Vermont, and it did not get anywhere near where $ A was established until after the 
 civil war. 
 
 $ A was the first fraternity to adopt the ej'e as an emblem. The scroll is a feature of the badge 
 of A K E, founded at Yale, 1844, but our founders knew nothing about that Fraternity until it 
 established a chapter at Miami, 1852. From 1852 to 1855 a monogram of the letters $ * was the 
 badge of $ K 'I', which in the latter year adopted a shield, bearing the letters "$ K *", an eye, two 
 stars, and an antique lamp on a book. The eye was adopted as a badge emblem by ATA, i860, and 
 M n A, 1895- — See article on similarities of fraternity badges and of emblems displayed thereon, by 
 W. B. Palmer, The Scroll, December, 1898. 
 
 Original 
 
 A X Badge. 
 
 Obverse. 
 
 Original 
 
 A X Badge. 
 
 Reverse. 
 

 ^>>|4^^^'4l 
 
 
 V be 
 
 c c 
 
 IX. ^ 
 
 
 oox 
 
154 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The letters on the scroll, perhaps by the shading, had better appear to be raised, 
 though if they could be rendered more prominent by being cut into the gold, and 
 the space thus made filled with ever-enduring changeless black, do that. The object 
 is to have them appear as if on the scroll, and yet be the prominent thing thereon. 
 
 The vi^hole pin to be solid gold, of the thickness of a new Spanish quarter of a 
 dollar, or thereabouts, the edge to be left at your discretion, keeping in mind that 
 severe plainness and beauty are desired. The back to be left plain, as that will 
 be the place for the wearer's name. The general outline, of course, to be, as the 
 drawing represents, a handsome shield. 
 
 Please to make one of sixteen carats fineness, and when done let me know, in order 
 that it may be examined before any others are made like it. We suppose that $8.50 
 or thereabouts will be fine enough for us — not in any case to exceed ten dollars. 
 
 The preceding letter fills a page of foolscap, but there is no 
 signature. The sheet was forwarded to Robert Morrison for iden- 
 tification, and he endorsed on the back the following: 
 
 Aurora Springs, Mo., July 5, 1887. 
 
 I recognize the words on the opposite page to be in my handwriting, and can 
 identify the paper to a certainty. It was directed to J. P. Beggs, of the jewelry 
 firm of Beggs & Smith, in Cincinnati. I had seen Mr. Beggs, and had made an 
 arrangement with him to do the work referred to in this paper, and this paper is 
 only a written statement of my oral directions previously given. The scroll and 
 its Greek lettering were the joint work of Wilson and myself,* and all the rest of 
 the plan entirely m}^ own thought. I think that the second page of this letter, con- 
 taining my signature, was torn off and lost, and that it contained also the direction.! 
 Envelopes for letters were not in such common use then as now. 
 
 Robert Morrison. 
 
 June 12, 1849, Beggs &: Smith, wrote 
 to Morrison of the completion of a 
 pattern pin made to your order;" and 
 they sent it to him on approval June 
 18. t Morrison liked it and kept it. 
 The first reference to a badge in the 
 minutes of Ohio Alpha is under date of 
 June 26, 1849, when: "Morrison from 
 a committee on a badge presented a 
 specimen breast-pin from Messrs. Beggs & Smith, of Cinti., which, 
 with a slight modification, was adopted as the badge of the asso- 
 ciation. " The first badge and all made later displa3"ed an eye above 
 the scroll, as Morrison had written that he desired, but the letters 
 on the scroll were not enameled, and no enameling was used on 
 badges before about 1875. The following contract was signed by 
 J. P. Beggs and Robert Morrison: 
 
 These articles of agreement, made and entered into between J. P. Beggs, of the 
 city of Cincinnati, on the one part, and Robert Morrison, of Oxford, Ohio, on the 
 
 * Wilson suggested the scroll; Morrison had selected the Greek letters. See page 100. 
 
 t More probably the paper dated June 4, 1849, was the first draft of a letter, which was copied. 
 
 J See facsimile of part of accompanying letter, page 153. 
 
 S Woodcut of badge accompanying Robert Morrison's article on ' The Badge," The Scroll, 
 June, 1898; reproduced from cut on first (i860) edition of the catalogue, edited by him; in design 
 and size representing the badges made in 1849. 
 
 I! An accurate woodcut of the badge of Dr. E. P. Shields, '54, referred to in footnote, page 157' 
 The proper inscription on the reverse of a badge was the name of the owner and his chapter. On 
 the reverse of this badge was engraved "E. P. Shields, Ohio B." This inscription proves that 
 the badge was made in 1852, as he was a member of the second chapter at Miami, entitled Ohio 
 Beta, which existed during only a part of that year. So far as known this is the oldest * A 
 badge in existence. 
 
 Original $ A 
 Badge, 1849. § 
 
 Oldest $ A 
 Badge, 1852. II 
 
THE ORIGINAL SHIELD BADGE. 155 
 
 other part, witness: That the aforesaid J. P. Beggs covenants and agrees on his 
 part to fulfill the following provisions, to-wit: First, that he will manufacture, 
 or cause to be manufactured, from time to time, as the said Morrison mav direct, 
 
 breast-pins of the following description, to-wit: Second, that he 
 
 will manufacture, or cause to be manufactured, breast-pins of the above mentioned 
 description for no other person or persons whatever. Third, that he will give or sell 
 breast-pins, manufactured according to the terms of the first article above agreed 
 upon, to no person or persons whomsoever without the written order of the said 
 Robert Morrison. 
 
 One feature of the design was not pleasing at first to one of the 
 
 founders, as the following communication shows: 
 
 /- ^ A n. c PiQUA, Ohio, Tulv 6, 1840. 
 
 Gentlemen of the 4> A Society: ^ ' ^ j . ■> ^y 
 
 After having thought and considered the matter candidly, impartially, and 
 without prejudice, I consider it a privilege granted, if not a duty binding, to express 
 my opinion of the proposed badge of our Society. I am in favor of a badge, since 
 I can see no impropriety in it, nor an}' evil that would grow out of it, yet I am sorry 
 to say that I cannot subscribe to the proposed style. I am perfectly satisfied — 
 indeed, well pleased — with every mark other than the all-seeing eye, which, gentle- 
 men, while I speak positively, I speak feelingly and strongly, I cannot wear. For 
 in that particular there is too much the appearance of Freemasonry — too much the 
 appearance of concealing from the world what is of vital importance to us, and 
 which we cannot, dare not, reveal. I cannot, gentlemen; and with respect, I beg 
 to subscribe myself, Yours truly, 
 
 A. W. RODGERS. 
 
 On the back of the paper on which the above is written, the 
 following is indorsed: Bah! Ardivan. All nonsense. June 26, 
 1852, I had the pleasure of seeing 3^ou wear the said badge very 
 willingl}'. J. Alex. Anderson." The following is quoted from 
 Ohio Alpha's minutes: 
 
 Monday evening, Oct. 21, 1850. 
 
 Society met at Barnett's room. The calling of the roll was omitted. Mr. 
 Rodgers stated the object of the meeting was to decide upon the size and the shape of 
 the badge of the Societ}-. Mr. Wilson stated that the size had been determined upon, 
 and it only remained to determine what was to be done with the pins already made. 
 On motion of Mr. Barnett, a committee was appointed, consisting of Wilson and 
 Rodgers, 1st, to go to Cincinnati & order smaller pins. A list was made of those 
 wishing pins. On motion the Society adjourned. 
 
 Harmar Denny, Secretary. S. R. Matthews, President. 
 
 October 30, 1850: "The committee on badges reported; their 
 report was received and the committee discharged." Following is 
 part of an article on "The Badge," b}^ Robert Morrison, published 
 in The Scroll, June, 1898: 
 
 Not long after the organization of the Fraternity was completed, the badge 
 question came in for consideration. Indeed, before the formal organization, it was 
 a matter of some reflection, so as to have motto and badge to harmonize. It was 
 in my business to be often in the city of Cincinnati, where I made most of my book 
 and stationer}- purchases. A few months after December 26, 1848, I made arrange- 
 ments with J. P. Beggs, of the firm of Beggs & Smith, a prominent jewelry house 
 of that city, to make a badge according to a plan and design I furnished him. In 
 June, 1849, it was completed, and I showed it to those concerned in Oxford and 
 
 explained its significance After some examination, "the boys" were 
 
 pleased with it and ordered another made like it. This they kept in their sacred 
 box under lock and key, along with the Bond and minutes. 
 
 Robert Morrison kept the original badge himself, but it was 
 stolen from him at Cincinnati, December, 1849, before he went to 
 
156 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Tennessee to teach school. He had another badge, somewhat 
 smaller than the first one, made for himself by Beggs & Smith, 
 February, 1850.* ^ A © badges were first worn publicly in Oxford 
 at a party given by Dr. W. C. Anderson, President of Miami, to 
 the senior class, Saturday, June 26, 185 2. t Previous to that time 
 they had been worn at meetings and places remote from Oxford, 
 but had not been displayed about the university. 
 
 With the Bond and Constitution sent, November 8, 1849, ^'^ R- ^• 
 Elliott and S. S. Elliott, charter members of Indiana Alpha, Robert 
 Morrison inclosed a badge of the value of ^8, for which 
 amount he received remittance. Indiana Alpha did not make its 
 existence known until 1854, but from 1849 ^^ badges were worn 
 sub rosa by its members. D. D. Banta, Indiana, '55, who 
 was initiated in the fall of 1854, said in ' Reminiscences of an Old 
 Indiana Alpha Boy,'' The Scroll, March, 1882: 
 
 Some of the '49ers must have worn badges, for I remember to have seen Josiah 
 Miller's, a huge affair that would scarcely pass muster in these days; but my 
 impression is that the second set of Phis did not appear in badges until sometime in 
 
 1854 Having been made a Phi, it became necessary to have a badge, 
 
 and so Messrs. Beggs & Smith, jewelers, of Cincinnati, were written to, and in due 
 time an elegant plain gold pin came to hand, which was thought at the time to be 
 the ne phis ultra of neatness. It was much smaller than the one mentioned here- 
 tofore (Josiah Miller's), but was much larger than those manufactured to-day. It 
 was a plain gold shield, the accessories of sword and chain being as yet unknown, 
 and cost the moderate sum of $5. I well remember the day I received, at the hands 
 of the old postmaster, the little box which contained the jewel, and how carefully I 
 lifted it out of its bed of soft cotton, and held it up to the gaze of a little band of 
 admiring Phis ! How it gleamed in the sunlight, as we passed it from hand to hand 
 and admired its beautiful chasing. Ah me ! that has been, let me see, more than 
 twenty-seven years ago, and how many, many changes have come to its youthful 
 admirers of that day since then ! % 
 
 * "I bought, paid for and kept the first badge of $ A © ever made. Just before I went South, 
 while I yet stayed at Oxford, being in Cincinnati on business, and lodging at the Walnut Street 
 House, I was about to return to Oxford, and after I had gotten my railroad ticket, I went to see my 
 trunk put in its place, and saw that it was unlocked. This was just as the cars were starting. The 
 trunk had likely been opened at the hotel, but possibly while on the way to the depot by some one 
 on the baggage wagon. A little other jewelry was taken with the badge. I soon got another badge, 
 and I kept it for some time, but it disappeared, I know not how or exactly when. Then I rested on 
 the badge business until 1891, when at the Atlanta Convention a modern one was given to me. 
 I brought that home and gave it into my wife's care. It has neither been stolen nor lost, and is at 
 hand whenever I want it. I have also the replica of the original badge presented to me in 1899." — 
 Robert Morrison to W. B. Palmer, February 24, 1902. 
 
 J. P. Beggs wrote to Morrison February 2, 1850, that they had your pin made, of smaller size 
 as you ordered," and inquired as to the proper engraving on the back, as he had forgotten what it 
 should be. He also said that the pin being some smaller," the price would be only fy. See note 
 under 185 1 portrait of Morrison, page 59, where he is quoted as saying the badge was often worn on 
 the shirt bosom. 
 
 t The second badge was made, 1849, shortly after the original badge, which was Morrison's 
 personal property, was made. It was paid for and owned by the parent chapter. It was worn by 
 J. K. Boude at the party, June 26, 1852. — See his letters November 10, 1885, and July 4, 1888, in 
 Recollections of the Early Years." What became of the second badge is unknown. It was prob- 
 ably purchased by some member who left Miami before 1856. — See footnote beginning on page 100 
 and ending on page 103. 
 
 t Continuing, Judge Banta told how his badge was lost by his son, George Banta, Franklin, '76; 
 Indiana, '76, the first Phi son of a Phi father: 
 
 "So long as my connection with the university lasted I never failed of course to wear the badge, 
 but after the real battle of life was begun, it was laid aside. It seemed to be a leetle too fine,' and 
 not exactly the thing to invite a grainger clientage ; but when incipient Phis began to make their 
 appearance in our home. Mother discovered that the old Phi pin was the verj' thing with which to 
 fasten and keep in place the Sunday cloaks ; and after it had served its day with credit to the Order, 
 let me say, in that particular, it was laid aside as a souvenir of the past, to enjoy in great honor the 
 quiet of old age. But alack ! One of those incipient Phis had now become a real one, and one soft 
 summer's day it entered into his head to wear Father's pin. He was warned of the danger of loss. 
 
THE ORIGINAL SHIELD BADGE. 157 
 
 The minutes of Kentuck}^ Alpha for December (date of month 
 omitted), 1853, say: 'The Secretary read a letter from the Ohio 
 Alpha in reference to breast-pins for the use of the society." March 
 ] 6, 1854: "Messrs. Ditto, W. Craig and Bosley were appointed to 
 ascertain the number of members desiring breast-pins, select a suit- 
 able size for the pin, and send to the manufacturers for as many 
 as are wanted." Kentuck}^ Alpha remained sub rosa until com- 
 mencement, 1854, when badges were first worn publicly at Danville. 
 
 As shown by the minutes of Ohio Alpha, quoted on page 155, that 
 chapter, October 21, 1850, decided upon the size for badges. The 
 shape of the shield was not materially changed, and the emblems 
 on it were never changed, but after this date badges that were a 
 little smaller were ordered. It seems, however, that the larger 
 size — the 1849 model — was preferred by some members, and that 
 both the large and smaller sizes were ordered by members of Ohio 
 Alpha, Indiana Alpha and Kentucky Alpha. Beginning, therefore, 
 in 1850, there was a lack of uniformity in the sizes of badges, and 
 this variety of dimensions has continued even down to the present 
 time. At the Convention of 1856, J. W. Foster, of Indiana Alpha, 
 and G. B. Peck, of Ohio Alpha, w^ere appointed a committee to 
 determine definitely the size of the badge, and to arrange with the 
 jewelers to have them made uniform. 
 
 About this time members of Kentucky Alpha thought that a 
 monogram pin would be an improvement on the shield design. A 
 change was first proposed, February 3, 1857, when, as the minutes'" 
 say: "Mr. Mitchell recommended a new form for a pin, and gave 
 us a beautiful explanation of its advantages over the old pin." 
 The chapter went so far as to adopt the proposed form. February 
 17, 1857, it was moved by Mr. Sumrall, and carried, that we 
 adopt the new form of pin laid before the society on a previous 
 meeting." The originator of the new design, S. W. Mitchell, for- 
 warded a drawing of it with a letter to Ohio Alpha, April 2, 1857. 
 The letter shows that the proposed badge was a monogram of 
 $ A ©, the ^ surrounded by A and both letters by @, the eye 
 appearing on the upper part of the ©. Mitchell said that the 
 
 but no, he was wiser than seven men that can render a reason,' for he had just graduated ; and so 
 he put the pin on, and — it has never been seen since. He lost it that very day, and then bowed his 
 head to listen to the music of I told you so.' " 
 
 Judge Banta's "Reminiscences" show that W. C. L. Taylor was initiated during the first half of 
 1854 ; that Banta joined Indiana Alpha in the fall of that year, having been informed of his election 
 by Taylor and J. W. Foster, and that the first man initiated in 1855, was J. C. ^Miller, who was 
 informed of his election by Foster and Banta. All of these were members of the class of '55, and 
 Banta and Taylor were roommates. It seems that Taylor wore, in the spring of 1854, the first 
 Greek-letter society badge ever worn Publicly at Indiana University ; see his obituary. The Scroll, 
 June, 1901. 
 
 H. T. Miller, Editor of The Scroll, said in that magazine, June, 1898: ''The Editor wears a 
 badge, that of his father. Rev. J. C. IMiller, Indiana Alpha, '55, which was made at Cincinnati in the 
 winter of 1854-55, and which is an exact counterpart of the one described in this issue by Dr. Robert 
 Morrison. He would like to know how many other badges made in the '50's are still preserved. The 
 only other one he has seen is that of Major J. L. Mitchell, Indiana Alpha, '58, now worn by his son, 
 J. L. Alitchell, Jr., Indiana Alpha, '89." In an account of the Semi-Centennial Celebration at 
 Miami, H. T. Miller wrote for TJie Scroll, October, 1899, that the oldest badge worn on that occa- 
 sion, and the only one he had ever seen which antedated his father's badge, was worn by Rev. E. P. 
 Shields, D. D., Miami, '54, and that Dr. Shields' badge "was slightly different in shape from the 
 badges of 1849 and 1854, but was made in 1852 by Beggs & Smith, of Cincinnati, who made the others." 
 See cut of Dr. Shield's badge, page 154. 
 
158 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 monogram was preferred to the shield by every member of Ken- 
 tucky Alpha save W. L. Dulaney, whose onl}^ objection was that 
 the monogram would not be durable. The minutes of Ohio Alpha 
 for May 27, 1857, say: On motion, the Secretary was instructed 
 to write to the Kentucky Alpha, informing them that we are content 
 with the old form of pin and are not favorable to the change 
 proposed." The minutes of Kentucky Alpha for August 18, 1857, 
 say: "McNair moved that our delegate be instructed especially to 
 bring the subject of changing the pin before the Convention; car- 
 ried." No Convention was held in 1857, and there is no record 
 that the substitution of a monogram or other form of badge was 
 ever discussed at any Convention held subsequently. The partiality 
 for a monogram did not extend beyond Kentucky Alpha, and that 
 chapter probabl}^ never had any of the monogram pins made. Its 
 minutes for January 12, 1858, say: Committee on pin handed in a 
 $65 report, with the request that Mr. Bullitt would pay the manu- 
 facturer as soon as possible." 
 
 Robert Morrison having been requested to edit the first (i860) 
 edition of the catalogue, wrote to J. S. Broadwell, Indiana Alpha, 
 April 2, i860: We should have a facsimile of the largest, the old 
 badge neatly engraved as a frontispiece." Broadwell, May 30, 
 sent him a badge of which a woodcut was made that was used on 
 the cover of the catalogue. The article b}^ Morrison about the 
 badge in The Scj^oll, June, 1898, is accompanied with an exact 
 reproduction of the woodcut of the badge on the cover of the 
 catalogue of i860. Morrison wrote to W. B. Palmer, November 
 13, 1899: The badge in 1849 was of the identical size and shape 
 as appears on the catalogue of i860, and as appears on a separate 
 slip I send you." This woodcut is reproduced on page 154. 
 
 The Convention of i860 decided that a badge of uniform size 
 
 should be adopted — a medium size between the two sizes then 
 
 worn — and H. J. E. Waring, of Kentucky Alpha, was appointed to 
 
 arrange with Beggs & Smith for manufacturing badges. R. A. D. 
 
 Wilbanks, Secretary of Indiana Alpha, writing, November 22, 1864, 
 
 to Kentucky Alpha (then Grand Chapter), said: 
 
 Where does the Grand Chapter get pins? We formerly got ours of one Vogt in 
 Louisville, but have declined getting any more from him; he made a good many 
 botches for us last year. We have partiall}^ employed a man in Chicago to make 
 them for us. He sent us a sample which is far superior to any that is made in 
 Louisville. He makes them all of a uniform size; the}'^ are elegantly engraved, and 
 we would like for all the chapters to get their pins from him. We will order them 
 from him for you if you desire. They are cheaper than Vogt's. They weigh three 
 pennyweights of eighteen carat gold, and he charges but $4.50 in gold. Vogt used 
 to charge $6, and those he sent us contained only two and one-half pennyweights 
 of sixteen carat gold. 
 
 The minutes of Kentucky Alpha for February 8, 1865, say: 
 Motion was made to write to Robert Clarke. Cincinnati, and find 
 out what stamped paper would cost." Wilbanks wrote to Ken- 
 tucky Alpha, January 14, 1865: '*We are sorry to learn that our 
 Grand Chapter has not a uniform-sized pin. This is a lamentable 
 
ANNALS, 1848-1851. 159 
 
 fault with all our chapters, and should be obviated immediateh^; we 
 have alread}^ so far as our chapter is concerned. We learned from 
 Robert Morrison, one of the founders of our Brotherhood, that 
 the size of the pin was intended to be just one size less than the 
 engraving on our catalogue. We followed this, thinking we were 
 pursuing old landmarks." Morrison had thought it was proper to 
 have "a facsimile of the largest, the old badge" — the 1849 niodel — 
 engraved for the cover of the catalogue, but had informed Wil- 
 banks that badges should be made one size smaller than the 
 woodcut, as decided by Ohio Alpha, October 21, 1850. The cata- 
 logue was issued before the Convention was held, June 26, i860, 
 which, as before mentioned, adopted a size medium between the 
 two sizes then worn. 
 
 Badges with swords attached to the shields by chains were first 
 worn 1866, and the sword and chain were officially made parts of the 
 badge, by provision of the Constitution of 1871. The combination 
 of shield and sword makes the badge quite different from an}" other. 
 
 ANNALS, 1848-1851. 
 
 The founders of ^ A intended, when the Societ}^ was founded, 
 that chapters of it should be established throughout the United 
 States in collegiate institutions of "high and well established repu- 
 tation." The Articles of Union, adopted December 30, 1848, 
 provided for the organization of 'colleges," as chapters were 
 therein called; and during 1849 measures were taken to extend the 
 Society outside of Miami Universit}-. The minutes of the parent 
 chapter for July 26, 1849, say: By a vote of the Society, M. G. 
 Williams was clothed with power to establish a chapter in Centre 
 College, Danville, K3^; also Mr. R. Morrison to establish one in 
 Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pa." Williams, having been initia- 
 ted at Miami, had left there, and had written that he expected 
 to enter Centre in the fall. April 9, 1850, a charter was granted 
 to him and others to establish Kentucky Alpha at Centre. 
 
 Indiana Alpha, however, was established before Kentucky Alpha. 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha say that in August, 1849: 'Power was 
 granted to R. Morrison to establish, if he thought proper, a college 
 in the Ohio Wesleyan University of Delaware, Ohio." August 25, 
 1849: Authority was granted to Wilson to organize a college of 
 the $A0 in Indiana University, Bloomington." October 11, 
 1849, ^ charter was granted for a chapter at Indiana University, to 
 be called Indiana Alpha. 
 
 Morrison collected the catalogues of many institutions, among 
 them Yale, Madison (now Colgate), Princeton, Jefferson (Canons- 
 burg, Pa.; later consolidated with Washington, making W. &. J.), 
 Ohio Wesle3^an, Wittenberg, Western Reserve, Centre, Wabash, 
 Franklin, and Cumberland.* October 11, 1849: "Morrison reported 
 
 '^ These and other catalogues which he had bound in two volumes, are still extant. 
 
i6o 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 that he had no opportunity of effecting the object of his appoint- 
 ment at the Ohio Wesleyan University, and he resigned it." He 
 was also unable to accomplish anything at the other places. 
 
 J. W. Lindley, one of the six founders, lived in Knox County, 
 near Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, and was authorized b}^ Ohio 
 Alpha to establish a chapter there. Before leaving Miami for home 
 for the summer vacation, 1849, he made a copy of the Bond and 
 
 Ardivan Walker Rodgers, Miami, '51. 
 
 After a photograph made by O'Donnell, Beloit, Kan., from a daguerreotype in the possession of 
 William J. Rodgers, brother of the founder, a different daguerreotype from that which is the origi- 
 nal of the portrait on page 86. William J. Rodgers sent to W. B. Palmer, November 2^, 1903, the 
 photograph, the walking stick mentioned in the first footnote on page 44. and a copy of ' A Familiar 
 Exposition of the Constitution of the United States," by Joseph Story. Attached to the head of the 
 stick are three silver plates, two of them engraved; on one, "To A. W. Rodgers;" on the other, 
 "By W. C. Anderson, D.D., President of Miami University." On a fly-leaf of the book is written, 
 ' A. Walker Rodgers, Nov. 27th, 1850." The photograph, stick and book have been deposited in 
 the fraternity library. 
 
 Articles of Union; and during that summer, he initiated his brother, 
 Joseph Lindle}^, who had been graduated at Kenyon, 1848. It 
 was thought that, through Joseph Lindley, a chapter could be 
 formed there, but in the fall they became Principals of the academy 
 at New Hagerstown, Ohio, which was so far away that neither 
 could give personal attention to the matter of organizing <l> A © 
 at Kenyon. However, J. W. Lindley recommended that his for- 
 
ANNALS, 1 848- 1 85 1. 161 
 
 mer classmate, C. S. Doolittel (afterward his brother-in-law) be 
 requested to organize a chapter. Doolittel had graduated at Ken3'on, 
 1848; he was a student in the theological school there, 1849-52, 
 graduating in that school, 1852, and was a tutor in the college, 
 1850-51. Ohio Alpha elected him to membership, and, May 22, 
 1850, J. W. Lindle}^ wrote informing him of such election. He 
 replied, June i, accepting membership, his letter being read before 
 Ohio Alpha, June 7. The attempt at organization failed on account 
 of facult}^ opposition to secret societies."^ 
 
 The Articles of Union provided that the Alpha chapter of each 
 State should have the right of granting charters to members attend- 
 ing other institutions in that State. Indiana was the first State to 
 have a second chapter. November 16, 1850, Indiana Alpha 
 granted a charter for Indiana Beta at Wabash College. 
 
 Indiana Alpha also, ver}^ soon after it was organized, desired 
 and expected to organize a chapter at Hanover College, Hanover, 
 Ind. When N. K. Crowe, of Indiana Alpha, visited Oxford, April 
 9, 1850, he told Ohio Alpha that his chapter would shorth^ have 
 an opportunity of entering Hanover, but this expectation failed of 
 realization.! In the fall of 1850, A. A. Barnett, of Ohio Alpha, 
 was authorized b}^ that chapter to initiate some students at Hanover 
 with whom he was acquainted, but for some reason he did not 
 do so. Hugh MacHatton, a charter member of Kentucky Alpha, 
 left Centre and entered Hanover, January, 185 1. He was autho- 
 rized to initiate his brother, Joseph MacHatton, a junior at 
 Hanover, for the purpose of establishing a chapter there. He 
 initiated him, but they did not succeed in establishing a chapter 
 there. Hugh MacHatton was graduated at Hanover, 1852. X 
 During 1851-52, Joseph MacHatton attended Wittenberg, and, in 
 the spring of 1852, established a chapter there. 
 
 From the foregoing, it will be seen that the founders and other 
 earl}^ members were active in their efforts to extend the Society. 
 One of the important reasons that Ohio Alpha had for calling the 
 Convention which met at Cincinnati, December 30, 185 1, was to 
 discuss the matter of extension. The minutes of this chapter, 
 December 17, 185 1, say: "Messrs. Anderson, Ross and Harrison 
 were appointed to report to the Convention the feasibility of 
 establishing other chapters of the ^ A 0. " 
 
 x\t the time of the first Convention, three years after the birth 
 of the Society, Ohio Alpha, Indiana Alpha, Kentucky Alpha and 
 Indiana Beta were the only chapters that had been organized, and 
 
 * See speech of J. W. Lindley at banquet of Semi-Centennial Convention — T/te Scroll, February, 
 1899. The first fraternitj- to enter Kenyon was A K E, whose chapter there was established January 
 17, 1853. On account of facuhy opposition, the Dekes did not display their badges until 1834. — See 
 sketch of Kenyon chapter by F. D. Tunnard, '56, in D. K. E. Quarterly, January, 1884, reproduced 
 in "The Kenvon Book," 1890. 
 
 t See Crowe's letter, November 20, 1850, page 140. 
 
 t The minutes of Kentucky Alpha for June 7, 1852, say : "Mr. Hugh MacHatton, formerly a 
 member of this Societj-, connected himself as a regular member." He was a regular or active mem- 
 ber of Kentucky Alpha not longer than the end of that session at Centre, for he was not there dur- 
 ing the following collegiate year. 
 (11) 
 
1 62 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Ohio Alpha was the onl}^ one in good condition. Ohio Alpha 
 indeed had lost two men b}^ expulsion and three b}^ resignation, in 
 the fall of 185 1, but its prosperity had not been checked b}^ that 
 trouble. It had nine attendant members at the time of the Con- 
 vention. A report from Indiana Alpha, dated December 25, 
 1849, showed that it then had six members. A letter dated Novem- 
 ber 20, 1850, showed that it then had only three attendant mem- 
 bers—Crowe, '51; Miller, '52; and Hobbs, '53. At the time of 
 the Convention it had only three attendant members— Miller, '52; 
 Woodburn, '52; and Hobbs, '53, the latter going to Wabash 
 the following spring. At the time of the Convention, William 
 George, one of the charter members of Kentucky Alpha, was its 
 only attendant member. The two charter members of Indiana 
 Beta had not as yet initiated an}^ one. All four chapters were still 
 sub rosa. 
 
 In an interview of W. B. Palmer with Robert Morrison, Ohio 
 Alpha, '49, October 19, 1896, the latter said: The extension of the 
 Order was in my mind from the very first. I wished to establish 
 chapters in all desirable colleges in the West and South; and then 
 send missionaries beyond the mountains to the East, to sa}^ to 
 students in the best institutions there that, as man}^ of them would 
 go West to live, it would be better for them to join a western 
 society." 
 
 The founders of the Fraternity established the custom of having 
 an annual banquet, or 'festival," as they called it. The first one 
 was on New-year's eve (January i), 1849, when M. G. Williams, 
 the first addition to the six founders, was initiated. In a biogra- 
 phical sketch of J. W. Lindley, published in The Scroll, October, 
 1897, S. E. Findley said: 'The first initiation at Miami took place 
 in Brother Lindley's room in the West Wing of the Main Building, 
 and the victim' was M. G. Williams, one of the brightest and most 
 popular students in school. In celebration of this event, a banquet 
 was held at McCullough's restaurant, January i, 1849. The flow 
 of soul was all that could be desired, but at the end of the menu 
 were cigars, which, in the case of some for whom this was the first 
 experience — and the last also — produced the result most naturally 
 to be expected. " In a biographical sketch of Andrew W. Rogers, 
 published in The Scroll, June, 1897, R. H. Switzler, quoted him 
 as sa3"ing: ' We had meetings for literary work and also social 
 banquets. The menus of the latter were ver}^ simple, and of course 
 included nothing stronger than coffee. In fact, most of us were 
 otherwise than rich, and necessarily had limited spending mone3^" 
 
 Robert Morrison, at Oxford, wrote to R. G. and S. S. Elliott, at 
 Bloomington, November 8, 1849: "it is our custom at New-year's 
 or Christmas to have a Phi supper. We think the custom an 
 agreeable one." R. G. Elliott replied, December 3, expressing the 
 hope that Indiana Alpha would have several members to sit around 
 a New-year's turkey." The minutes of Ohio Alpha for Decern- 
 
ANNALS, 1848-1851. 163 
 
 ber 7, 1849, sa}^: "Messrs. Boude, Barnett, Matthews and Rogers 
 were appointed a committee to see about a dinner for the Societ3\" 
 A. A. Barnett, at Oxford, wrote, January 5, 1850, to Robert 
 Morrison, who had gone to Tennessee to teach: There is little of 
 interest to tell you concerning the Phis. We have done little or 
 nothing since you left but rest in vacation. On New-year's we 
 celebrated the annual festival, not at Mrs. Hughes', as was expected, 
 but at McCullough's. Everj^thing passed off well; had a tolerabl}^ 
 fine supper, after which we adjourned to Drake's room. Lindle}^ 
 and Swing were not in attendance. Swing being sick at home, and 
 
 Lindley afraid of his health By a late letter from 
 
 Bloomington we have learned that a college has been organized, 
 consisting of six members, all first-rate fellows. They had their 
 New-year's festival." 
 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha for July 9, 1850, say that "the 
 society adjourned to partake of some refreshments." Doubtless 
 another banquet was held on New-year's day, 1851. The records 
 give no account of it, but show that preparations for it were made. 
 November 2, 1850, J. A. Anderson, at Miami, wrote to Robert 
 Morrison, in Tennessee, that the Phis had initiated one man and 
 were watching four or five more," and he thought that they will 
 help eat our turkey." November 7, he wrote to him: "The Phis 
 forever! Come and help us eat our turkey." The minutes for Dec- 
 ember II, 1850, sa}^ that a committee consisting of Barnett. Lane & 
 Childs to make arrangements for annual supper" was appointed. 
 
 The annual supper did not take place on New-year's, 1852; for 
 some reason it was postponed several weeks. The minutes for 
 Januar}^ 21, 1852, sa}^: "Boude, Anderson and Hibben were 
 appointed a committee of arrangements for the annual festival." 
 February 6, 1852: "The Soc. adjourned to Clutes',* to celebrate 
 their anniversary, by devouring a turkey and other good things, all 
 of which the Soc. did in a very commendable manner indeed." 
 
 It seems that there was a banquet of an informal character. 
 May 3, 1852. The minutes for that date, written by Benjamin 
 Harrison, Secretary, say that (after discussing a reconsideration 
 of the judgment against Childs and McNutt): "The Society then 
 adj'd to engage in a full and hearty discussion of substantial pro- 
 vided for the occasion — the result a general satiety. Harmon}^ 
 being then restored and scattered ideas reclaimed, the Society was 
 again called to order." 
 
 The minutes for December 9, 1852, say that a committee, com- 
 posed of T. W. McLean, J. A. Anderson and E. P. Shields was 
 appointed to make the necessary arrangements for the annual 
 festival of the Ohio Alpha of <> A 0." This festival was held 
 Monda}^ evening, December 20, 1852, as shown b}^ a letter that L. 
 W. Ross wrote to Robert Morrison five da3's previously. 
 
 * Clutes was a nice restaurant in those days. R. M." — Note to minutes made bj- Robert 
 Morrison, 1881. 
 
1 64 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The minutes for December i, 1853. say: ' A committee consist- 
 ing of McLean, Stoddard and Williams, ist, was then appointed 
 to make the necessary arrangements for the annual festival." 
 December 20, 1853: ' The Society adjourned to meet at Clutes' 
 Saloon at II o'clock p. m., Dec. 20, to participate in the annual 
 festival for that occasion." The minutes that tell of the banquet 
 are given in full below: 
 
 Clutes Saloon,* December 20, 11 o'c p. m., 1853. 
 
 Society met by calling Mr. Allen Barnett to the chair; Messrs. Brown, Barnett, 
 Boude, Wilson and MacHatton being present by invitation. Mr. Boude being 
 appointed "Master of Ceremonies" and McLean "Toast Master," the Soc. pro- 
 ceeded to the transaction of business. After an able discussion of the present state 
 and condition of Turkey, and a free participation in the convivial hilarity occasioned 
 by a profusion of viands and flow of wit, the Soc. adj., grateful to Clute and with 
 good will to man. 
 
 Theo. McLean, Sec. A. Barnett, Pres. pro tem. 
 
 The minutes for November 23, 1854, say: "A committee of 
 three was appointed to make preparations for a supper at the close 
 of the session. Committee: Ward, Rossman & McLean." The 
 date of the supper is unknown, as there is a gap in the minutes 
 until May 15, 1855. 
 
 The minutes for December 17, 1855. say that, after attending to 
 initiation and other matters: The Society then with evident 
 pleasure and eagerness adjourned to Sadler & Ringwood's saloons, 
 to partake of their annual collation, which had been prepared for 
 the occasion, and to which full justice was done. Appropriate 
 sentiments and toasts were offered, among which one to the memory 
 of our departed brother, E. H. Rossman, was drunk by the Soc. 
 with unaffected sincerity. Having partaken of the luxuries of the 
 season,' and given themselves up awhile to the flesh,' the Soc. adj." 
 
 The minutes for May 24, 1856, say: The committee appointed 
 to make arrangements for the coming supper, having offered their 
 report, it was accepted. On motion an orator and a poet were 
 elected for the occasion of the supper, consisting of Mr. Miller, 
 orator, & Peck, poet." June 18, after usual exercises: "The 
 Society then adjourned, to partake of the hospitality of Mr. Ring- 
 wood, at the expense of Mr. Anderson." 
 
 December 3, 1856: "Messrs. Peck, Scott & Tuttle were appointed 
 a committee to make arrangements for the annual festival." Joel 
 Tuttle, Secretary, gave in the minutes of December 16, the follow- 
 ing account of the affair: "The Soc. then listened with evident 
 interest to the report of the committee appointed for procuring 
 supper, and as the chairman, in his peculiarly jocund and entic- 
 ing manner, gave the details of the anticipated feast, all seemed 
 to enjoy the savor of roast pig & turkey in prospectii. While 
 engaged in this somewhat felicitous process of sharpening the 
 appetite, supper was announced. The compliments paid to 
 
 * Not a saloon where intoxicants were sold, as the word was later used. R. M." — Note to 
 manuscript of this history, made by Robert Morrison, 1901. 
 
 \ 
 
THE FIRST CONVENTION, 1851. 165 
 
 Monsieur Porcus in the parlor were reiterated with two-fold 
 earnestness at the table. After having satisfied the cravings of 
 the 'outer man,' the Soc. adjourned." 
 
 From the foregoing, it will be seen that it was customary for 
 the Societ}' at Miami to have a banquet at least once a year up to 
 the time of its suspension there, 1857. 
 
 We know nothing about earh^ banquets of Indiana Alpha, except 
 the one held Januar}" i, 1850. It is probable, however, that in 
 this respect the Phis at Bloomington followed the example of those 
 at Oxford. 
 
 The first recorded minutes of Kentuck}^ Alpha are dated April 
 
 6, 1852, which was the time that the chapter was permanentl}^ 
 
 organized. The Danville Phis probably had banquets during 1852, 
 
 1853 and 1854, though the minutes make no mention of them. 
 
 December 12, 1854, Kentuck}^ Alpha decided to have a special 
 
 Phi part3^" This entertainment took place at Fields' Hotel, 
 
 Thursday, January 18, 1855, and it was much the most elaborate 
 
 affair of the kind that an)^ chapter had held up to that time. A 
 
 contract signed with W. M. Fields, the hotel proprietor, provided: 
 
 Said Fields agrees to furnish two parlors, two dressing rooms and a room for the 
 supper. The supper is to consist of oysters, meats, bread, coffee, ice-cream, jellies, 
 cakes, candies, fruits, nuts, lemonade and shrub, with whatever else said Fields 
 may choose to prepare. Said Fields is also to furnish sufficient servants. Oysters, 
 meats and coffee are to be served from side tables, and during the supper a centre 
 table is to be placed in the back parlor, and lemonade and shrub are to be placed 
 on it, with enough glasses for all the company, and servants to pass them around if 
 desired by the committee. 
 
 For such service Fields was to be paid two dollars for each person 
 present. Ladies, selected by a unanimous vote (the minutes 
 mention twent3^-seven), were invited, and an escort was assigned 
 for each. The entertainment began at 7 p. m., and supper was 
 served at 10 o'clock. J. J. Craig was toastmaster. Among the 
 regular toasts were: Our guests — the ladies," proposed by J. B. 
 Hopkins, response b}" J. F. Philips; 'Our absent friends," proposed 
 b}' A. M. Burbank, response by George Miller; 'The literature of 
 America," proposed b}^ John Montgomer}", response by C. W. 
 Metcalfe; 'To the memor}^ of Morton George Williams and 
 Nathaniel McClure, " proposed by William Crow, response b}^ O. F. 
 Rogers. Voluntar}^ toasts followed. So satisfactory was the 
 service of the caterer that the chapter presented to Mrs. Fields a 
 set of silver butter knives on which <l> A 0" was engraved. 
 
 THE FIRST CONVENTION, 1851. 
 
 The first $ A Convention was held three 3^ears after the Frater- 
 nity was founded. In May, 185 1, J. McM. Wilson, who was in 
 Kentuck}', wrote to Robert Morrison, who was in Tennessee: 
 "What can be done as to holding a meeting at say Cincinnati, next 
 Christmas holida3^s, or what do you advise about the matter?" 
 
1 66 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 This suggestion was carried out as to time and place. November 
 29, 185 1, Wilson, at College Corner, Ohio, wrote to Morrison, in 
 Tennessee: The Convention will be held between Christmas and 
 New-year's day at Cincinnati." 
 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha for December 2, 185 1, say: "in 
 order to transact some business of a general nature, a motion 
 carried, by unanimous voice, to call a Convention, to be repre- 
 sented by the graduate and undergraduate members of the several 
 colleges of the Order, to meet at the Walnut Street House, Cincin- 
 nati, on Tuesday morning, Dec. 30, 185 1." December 17: 
 "Messrs. Anderson, Ross and Harrison were appointed to report to 
 the Convention the feasibility of establishing other chapters of 
 the $ A 0. The motion of December 2, that the Convention meet 
 at the Walnut Street House, was reconsidered, and the Conven- 
 tion called at the Woodruff House on Tuesday, Dec. 30, at 8 a. m." 
 
 The Convention was held at the Woodruff House, Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 
 Tuesday, December 30, 185 1. The proceedings of the Convention 
 
 say that it met in accordance with the action of the several 
 
 colleges of the $ A ©, " having been "called to transact certain 
 
 business pertaining to the Order." 
 
 Members present: Miami — J. McM. Wilson, '49; J. K. Boude, '52; Benjamin 
 Harrison, '52; I. S. Lane, '52; L. W. Ross, '52; J. A. Anderson, '53. Indiana — • 
 R. G. Elliott, '50. 
 
 Ohio Alpha, Indiana Alpha, Kentucky Alpha and Indiana Beta 
 were the only chapters then established. The latter two were not 
 represented. 
 
 The Convention organized by electing I. S. Lane, President, and 
 Benjamin Harrison, Secretary. It appears from the proceedings 
 that each member present was allowed a vote. 
 
 Signature of Benjamin Harrison, Secretary of the First Convention. 
 
 The report of the committee appointed by Ohio Alpha to read 
 before the Convention a succinct account of the occasion and 
 nature of the discipline lately imposed by that chapter upon two of 
 its members, J. H. Childs and J. G. McNutt, was called for, read, 
 amended and received. The report of the committee on ways and 
 means of establishing new chapters in various institutions of the 
 West and Southwest was called for, and the following, signed by 
 J. A. Anderson, was submitted: 
 
 In accordance with the action of the Ohio Alpha of the 4> A 9, "that a committee 
 be appointed to report to the Convention on the establishment of other chapters of 
 the Order,' the committee would respectfully suggest that the University of Virginia, 
 the University of Nashville, Western Reserve College, Kenyon College and Jefferson 
 
THE HIGHER ORDER OF ALUMNI. 167 
 
 College are suitable places for the establishment of such chapters, the literary 
 character of these institutions being such as would not detract from the acquired 
 reputation of the $ A 0. A chapter may be established at the University of Nash- 
 ville through the agency of Mr, Robert Morrison; at Kenyon through Messrs. Joseph 
 and John W. Lindley; at Jefferson College through Mr. Hugh MacHatton. We 
 are unable to say at present by what means the University of Virginia and Western 
 Reserve College may be reached.* 
 
 The report was received, and further action indefinitely post- 
 poned. The committee appointed by Ohio Alpha to draft a plan 
 of organization of a higher Order of the ^ A © presented a Consti- 
 tution, which was adopted article b}^ article, resulting in its 
 complete adoption, with one dissenting voice. Benjamin Harrison, 
 J. McM. Wilson and L. W. Ross were appointed a committee to 
 transmit the proceedings of the Convention to the several colleges. 
 The proceedings of this Convention were never printed until they 
 appeared in full in The Scroll, October, 1885. Under "The 
 Higher Order of Alumni" will be found the Constitution for a 
 higher Order adopted by this Convention, also some resolutions 
 regarding the submission of the Constitution to the colleges for 
 their approval. 
 
 THE HIGHER ORDER OF ALUMNI. 
 
 Before Robert Morrison left Oxford, Ohio, December, 1849, 
 he proposed to J. McM. Wilson that a higher Order be organized, 
 which should be composed of graduated members of <E> A 0, and 
 have supervisory powers over the colleges. They discussed the 
 matter together, and, after Morrison's departure for Tennessee, 
 they continued to discuss it in a lengthy correspondence. Wilson 
 taught in Oxford for a time after his graduation, 1849, and he 
 presented the proposition for a higher Order to Ohio Alpha. 
 August 10, 1850, Andrew W. Rogers wrote from Miami to Morrison 
 about the plan, not knowing that the latter had originated it. The 
 following is from the minute book of Ohio Alpha: 
 
 Called Meeting, Cabinet, Dec. i6th, 1850. 
 
 Society met, President in the chair. Mr. Wilson stated in a few very eloquent 
 remarks the object of the meeting and made a motion as follows, viz. : that a com- 
 mittee be appointed to so amend the Articles of Union as to organize the alumni of 
 ^ A into a supervisory organization, to be known by the name of the <E> A O, 
 together with such business as may grow out of it. This motion having been 
 seconded, remarks were made upon it by many of the members, after which it was 
 carried. The committee appointed were Messrs. Wilson, Rodgers 1st, & Ross. 
 Some remarks were then made upon different subjects. Soc. adjourned. 
 
 Childs, Sec. D. Swing, Pres. 
 
 The committee composed of J. McM. Wilson, Ardivan W. 
 Rodgers and L. W\ Ross, prepared the following Constitution, 
 
 '^ It is interesting to note that $ A has never entered the University of Nashville, Kenyon or 
 Western Reserve, and did not enter the University of Virginia until 1873, nor Washington and 
 Jefferson (formerly Jefferson) until 1875. An attempt, made 1849, to establish a chapter at Kenyon did 
 not succeed on account of faculty opposition. The course of the Society before the civil war lay in 
 Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Texas, Wisconsin and Illinois. 
 
1 68 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 which was presented to the Convention that met at Cincinnati, 
 December 30, 1851: 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE ORDER OF THE PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Preamble. 
 
 The graduate members of the colleges of the $ A 0, the better to fulfill the 
 pledges of the Bond of the $ A 0, especially to cu.ltivate its enjoined friendships, to 
 seek its standard of intellectual attainments, to preserve its pledged morality, and 
 to bring to bear its principles upon society, do ordain and establish this Constitution 
 for the Order of the $ A 0. 
 
 Article I — Membership. 
 
 Section i. Ever}- member of any college of $ A vpho has attained the degree 
 of A.B. or its equivalent, and v^^ho has, while within his college, fulfilled the obliga- 
 tions of the Bond of the <l> A 0, shall be a candidate for admission into the Order. 
 
 Sec 2, Upon the presentation of certificates to this effect from their respective 
 colleges, such candidates may receive diplomas of membership. 
 
 Sec 3. Diplomas of membership may also be conferred on such others of like 
 grade as are contemplated in the Bond of the $ A 0. 
 
 Article II — Officers. 
 
 Section i. The officers of the Order of the $ A shall be a President, one 
 Vice-President for each college of the Order, a Reporting and a Recording Secretary. 
 
 Sec 2. The President shall preside, decide questions of order, subject to appeal, 
 and appoint committees. 
 
 Sec 3. The Vice-Presidents, in the order of age, shall perform the duties of the 
 President in his absence or at his call. 
 
 Sec 4. The Reporting Secretary shall report the proceedings of every meeting 
 of the Order, with all other papers, to the Recording Secretai-y. 
 
 Sec 5. The Recording Secretary shall record all the proceedings, preserve the 
 papers of the Order, and act as its Correspondent and Treasurer. 
 
 Article III — Meetings. 
 
 Section i. An annual reunion of the Order shall be held at such times and 
 places as it may determine. 
 
 Sec 2. The reunion, a quorum of twelve being present, shall have power to 
 elect officers, to confer diplomas of membership, and to transact all the business of 
 the Order. 
 
 Sec 3. The reunion shall sit with closed doors, but its private business only 
 shall come within the intent and meaning of the Bond of the 4> A 0. 
 
 Sec 4. The Order at its reunions may be represented by a public address or 
 other appropriate exercises. 
 
 Sec 5. The Order may engage in any enterprise, not involving pecuniary 
 taxation, that will carry out the objects of its organization, but shall create or 
 sustain no party in politics, religion or science. 
 
 Article IV — Powers. 
 
 Section i. The Order shall have the power of supervision over the colleges of 
 the $ A in all matters pertaining to the common good. 
 
 Sec 2. It shall have power to grant charters of organization to its colleges, or 
 resume them for sufficient cause. 
 
 Sec 3. It shall have power to hear and decide finally all appeals or other 
 questions arising in any of its colleges. 
 
 Sec 4. It shall have power to alter or amend its Constitution but shall not 
 change its relations to its colleges without their consent. 
 
 The Convention adopted this Constitution, article b}^ article, 
 
 and then as a whole, with one dissenting voice. On motion of 
 
 R. G. Elliott, 
 
 Resolved, That this Constitution be transmitted to each of the colleges of the 
 $ A 0. (2) That the fourth article be submitted for their sanction. (3) That 
 
THE HIGHER ORDER OF ALUMNI. 169 
 
 when the fourth article shall have been approved, by a majority of the colleges, 
 they shall be required to make such alterations in the Articles of Union as the 
 relations between the colleges and the <S> A established by the fourth article of 
 the Constitution of the Order of the $ A may require. 
 
 At a meeting at Cincinnati, January i, the following were elected 
 officers: President. J. McM. Wilson; Vice-Presidents, I. S. Lane, 
 L. W. Ross, R. G. Elliott, N. K. Crowe, Joseph MacHatton; 
 Reporting Secretary, J. K. Boude; Recording Secretary, Benjamin 
 Harrison. Thus temporarily organized, the Order adjourned to 
 meet at Oxford, June 25, 1852. Benjamin Harrison, Secretary of 
 the Convention, sent a copy of the proceedings of the Convention 
 to Robert Morrison.* 
 
 As will be observed, the Constitution provided for an annual 
 reunion, which should be a secret session, and at such meetings 
 membership in the higher Order might be conferred on graduated 
 members of <I> A ©. Provision was made for public literar}'^ exer- 
 cises on such occasions. The fourth article, when ratified by a 
 majority of the colleges, would give the higher Order supervision 
 over the colleges, the power to grant charters for colleges and to 
 withdraw them, and the power to decide appeals and other ques- 
 tions arising in the colleges. 
 
 Morrison proposed, 1851, building a house at Miami, which 
 would be a home for ^ A 0, while Wilson suggested instead renting 
 a hall or lecture room at a central point, sa}'^ Cincinnati," where 
 a course of lectures would be delivered by the first talent of the 
 West, Phis or not," the lectures to be published after delivery. The 
 plan for a higher Order did not receive unanimous approval. One 
 of the founders, Ardivan W. Rodgers, suggested, 185 1, that it be 
 abandoned. Some features of the plan caused considerable debate. 
 J. A. Anderson, '53, protested, 1852, against the provision in the 
 first article, giving the higher Order the right to choose its mem- 
 bers from the graduated members. He held that membership in 
 the higher Order should be conferred on all graduated members as 
 a matter of right. As late as April, 1853, Anderson wrote that 
 the top loft' movement has some opposition, which must be 
 gradually overcome. " t 
 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha do not show whether or not it approved 
 the fourth article of the Constitution. There are no minutes of 
 Indiana Alpha extant of a date before 1857. But the minutes of 
 Kentucky Alpha for Jul}^ i, 1852, say:. "On motion the regular 
 business was dispensed with, in order that the Society might take 
 action upon the fourth article of the Constitution submitted by the 
 Convention of the $ A 0, which met in Cincinnati, Ohio, Decem- 
 ber 30, 185 1, for the sanction of this chapter. After deliberately 
 taking into consideration all the bearings of said article, the Society 
 
 * A facsimile of an accompanying letter appears on pages 170 and 171. 
 
 tSee letter of Wilson, March 22, 185 1 ; letter of ^Morrison, May 8, 185 1 ; letter of Rodgers, 
 August 13, 1851, and letters of Anderson, January 22, 1852, and April 24, 1853, in "Correspondence 
 During the Earlj- Years:" also letter of David Swing, September 15, 1856, page 115. 
 
4 1- « 
 
 ^1> 
 
172 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 unanimously refused to approve the fourth article of the Constitu- 
 tion, and directed the Secretary to transmit their verdict to the 
 Secretar}' of the Ohio Alpha of the <l> A 0." 
 
 Ardivan W. Rodgers and A. A. Barnett, of Ohio Alpha, and R. 
 G. Elliott, of Indiana Alpha, were the only <l> A © alumni present 
 at Oxford, June 25, 1852. These, with the Phi graduates at 
 Miami that year, were not sufficient to make a quorum. Elliott 
 wrote to Wilson, June 28, that the graduates and undergraduates 
 in town had met, Friday, June 25, and, at the suggestion of Rodgers, 
 "passed something like the following:" 
 
 Resolved, That we come here again; passed, J. A. Anderson alone dissenting. 
 (2) That we write to one another about what we are going to come for; passed, 
 ayes and noes as above. (3) That we appoint a committee to provide us with 
 several dollars worth of something to eat; passed, no dissenting voice. After the 
 adoption of the above, which occupied about five minutes, the reunion adjourned, 
 drama closed, curtain fell; and, mortified with the carelessness of some that should 
 have been leaders, I stopped. 
 
 On reviewing the course of affairs, I find myself of Anderson's opinion. He 
 is still opposed to yielding us the powers of the Ohio Alpha until we show that we 
 are able to organize more perfectly and govern ourselves. He appears willing to 
 grant us a charter under which we shall have the sole jurisdiction over our own 
 members, but nothing more until we evince a capacity for self government; and 
 judging from late events, I think his course is a wise one. 
 
 But against all this, it may be said that we had not the number present that our 
 Constitution requires to form a quorum; according to the strict letter we had not. 
 Twelve was the number that was presumed would undoubtedly be present, and 
 that was made requisite for a quorum, and I think it would not have been in viola- 
 tion of its spirit if we had organized with the largest number that could be obtained, 
 especially since everything had hitherto been done in somewhat of an informal 
 manner. What think you of it? 
 
 L. W. Ross, '52, wrote to Robert Morrison, July 14, 1852: 
 
 The reunion failed to complete the organization temporarih' made at Cincinnati, 
 a quorum not being present. The only thing we could do was to hold the matter 
 under consideration until next commencement. The better to effect this, the $ A O 
 graduates and undergraduates in general meeting resolved themselves into a com- 
 mittee of the whole, to investigate and determine the details of the general plan 
 now before us. Holmes, of the Ohio Alpha, and Hutcheson, of the Ohio Beta, 
 were appointed a special committee, to whom all communications respecting the 
 matter should be directed. 
 
 In a letter to Morrison, dated November 27, 1852, Wilson said 
 that it was necessary to 'get the fourth article of the Constitution 
 adopted by a majority of the colleges." A meeting of the alumni 
 was held at the Gibson House, Cincinnati, January i, 1853. Those 
 present were J. McM. Wilson, Benjamin Harrison, I. S. Lane, 
 L. W. Ross, David Swing and J. M. Gregory, of Ohio Alpha, and 
 R. G. Elliott, of Indiana Alpha. They discussed plans for perfect- 
 ing the alumni organization and for having a successful meeting at 
 Miami during the 1853 commencement. Wilson, who had been 
 elected President a 3^ear previously, appointed committees on 
 arrangements, address, elections, appeals and charters. I. S. Lane 
 wrote to him, Ma}^ 2, 1853: 
 
 Ross and I read over your remarks in regard to the meeting of the "upper 
 crust," and I believe approved the whole arrangement. Your suggestion regard- 
 
THE HIGHER ORDER OF ALUMNI. 173 
 
 ing a series of lectures strikes me as one worthy of some thought, and, if found 
 practicable, seems to me the best present means we can adopt to make ourselves 
 known to the world. We certainly have men among us even now who are fuUy 
 competent and willing to engage for such a purpose. If the lectures shall be a single 
 one each year, it is to be feared lest too much time be spent before we shall have 
 anything tangible before the public. Could not some way be suggested which 
 would enable us to get a volume before the reading public in a shorter time than 
 your proposition indicates? My opinion is that the whole affair is practicable: so 
 let us go immediately to work. I have been trying ever since we met at Cincinnati 
 to get hold of some papers and other data necessary to the adoption of that fourth 
 article, but for some cause, and I cannot tell what, I have not yet entirely succeeded, 
 so that nothing has yet been done by our committee. However, we shall not 
 despair; the work shall yet be done. 
 
 From this letter it appears that the fourth article of the Con- 
 stitution adopted b}' the Cincinnati Convention, 185 1, giving the 
 higher Order the power of supervision over the colleges of the 
 <I> A ©," had not \^et been adopted b}^ them. Probabl}" none of 
 them ever adopted this article; certainh' a majorit}^ of them never 
 did, a majority being necessar}^ to make it effective. Wilson 
 drafted a more elaborate Constitution for the higher Order, which 
 certainly was never adopted. 
 
 The higher Order met in the hall of the Miami Union Literar}^ 
 Societ}', June 28, 1853; in the class-room of Professor R. H. 
 Bishop, June 29 and 30. The minutes of Ohio Alpha for June 27, 
 1853, sa}': ' A motion was made that the Sec. be instructed to invite 
 those honorar}' members of the chapter who may be in town to meet 
 with us on Wednesda}' morning, June 29, & to march with us to hear 
 the delivery of an address and poem before the Order; adopted." 
 The higher Order sent to Ohio Alpha an invitation, a facsimile"^ of 
 which appears on page 174. In this invitation the higher Order is 
 called "the Society of the <E» A ©, " instead of "the Order of the 
 $ A 0," as in the Constitution. In the minutes of Ohio Alpha for 
 June 29, 1853, an extract from which follows, it is called the 
 Senior Order:" 
 
 A communication was read from the $ A inviting this chapter to march with 
 them to the grove, to hear their anniversary exercises; rec'd. The following names 
 were then recommended to the consideration of the Senior Order as fit candidates 
 for their Order: Of the Ohio A — J. A. Anderson, J. H. Carson, P. C. Conklin, 
 J. Holmes, & S. Hibben; names furnished by Morrison — S. C. Baldridge, C. B. H. 
 Martin, R. P. Decherd, and Prof. A. P. Stewart. The Society then adjourned, to 
 join the procession to the grove, f 
 
 Public exercises began at 10 o'clock, Wednesday morning, June 
 29, in the grove east of the universit3^ buildings. Rev. E. P. 
 Humphre}', D. D., delivered an address on "The proper method of 
 
 "^Reduced from 4/i inches to 4 inches from top to bottom of writing. 
 
 t A proof of this article, as well as a proof of "The Original Shield Badge," having been submit- 
 ted to Rev. Dr. E. P. Shields, '54, he wrote to W. B. Palmer, November 2. 1903: 
 
 'At Old Miami, in the period of 1852-54, badges were still rather scarce. At commencement, 
 1853, when Rev. E. P. Humphrey, D.D., of Louisville, delivered a masterly address on history, and 
 Professor Charles Elliott, of Miami, read a poem, I was one of the ushers of the day on our march 
 to the grove, where the exercises were held. Decorated with my badge { of which you have had a 
 cut made for your book) and a ribbon sash, I felt as proud as a boy ever could feel with the honors of 
 the day. Little did I then dream that in later j-ears I should be proclaimed as the owner of the 
 oldest $ A badge in existence." — See last footnote, page 154, and footnote, page 157- 
 
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THE HIGHER ORDER OF ALUMNI. 175 
 
 conducting the study of histor3^" Robert Morrison wrote to 
 W. B. Palmer, November 13, 1899, that the public were invited 
 and were there in large numbers." In the chapel in the evening, 
 Professor Charles Elliott, A. M., read a poem entitled "Palestine." 
 Both Dr. Humphrey and Professor Elliott were honorary members 
 of Ohio Alpha. Morrison wrote to Palmer, January 3, 1900: 
 
 At my instance and recommendation, the Rev. E. P. Humphrey, D.D., pastor of 
 the Second Presbyterian Church in Louisville, Ky., was elected, first to honorary 
 membership in the Ohio Alpha, and then to make our first public address, which he 
 did in 1853. Doctor Humphrey was then in his prime, a man of splendid presence, 
 and high character as a gentleman, scholar and clergyman. In my judgment the 
 address has never been surpassed since that time by our <l> A orators, and not 
 often equaled. It gave the Order a standing and reputation of which no member 
 had reason to be ashamed. It was a grand beginning of the public exercises of our 
 Fraternity. On the evening of the same day in which Doctor Humphrey made the 
 above mentioned address in the grove east of the college, Rev. Charles Elliott, the 
 professor of the Greek language and literature in Miami University, read a poem in 
 the college chapel, and thus closed a day of great satisfaction to $ A 9. 
 
 The exercises, morning and evening, were enlivened with music 
 furnished by the "Eaton Band," for which $22.50 was paid. 
 Only the following fragment of the minutes of the higher Order has 
 been preserved: 
 
 Professor Bishop's Room, June 29, 1853. 
 The meeting, called to order by the President, then proceeded to the election of 
 officers, which resulted as follows: Ardivan W. Rodgers, President; David Swing, 
 I. S. Lane, Samuel Hibben, S. S. Elliott, Vice-Presidents; J. K. Boude, Reporting 
 Secretary; J. McM. Wilson, Recording Secretary. Obituaries being next in order 
 were called for, and, on motion, postponed until the next meeting. The President 
 not being prepared to declare the standing committees, the business was postponed. 
 A motion was then made that a copy of Dr. Humphrey's address be requested for 
 publication. Lane, Ross and Harrison were then appointed a committee of corres- 
 pondence and publication. The committee on platform resolutions then reported 
 the following series, which were accepted and adopted. On motion the Society 
 adjourned, to meet to-morrow morning at 7.30 o'clock. 
 
 On the paper containing the above, the following is written in 
 pencil: The Society adjourned for two years." From a letter 
 written by T. W. Ross to Robert Morrison, February 21, 1854, we 
 learn that there were ' twenty-six members upon the grounds 
 during commencement week," 1853. No doubt this was the largest 
 number of Phis ever assembled anywhere up to that time. The 
 membership report of Ohio Alpha, April, 1853, showed that there 
 were then twelve attendant members, one of whom was temporarily 
 absent. Therefore, there were about fifteen correspondent mem- 
 bers, including probably three or four honorary members, present 
 at the reunion of 1853. Doubtless nearly all these correspondent 
 members belonged to Ohio Alpha. J. W. Lewis wrote from Dan- 
 ville, June 7, 1853, that on account of the small membership of 
 Kentucky Alpha, and because commencement at Centre would fall 
 on June 30, that chapter would be "unable to be represented in 
 the anticipated 'reunion meeting' of the Phi Societies." From the 
 fragmentor}^ minutes and various letters we have reason to know 
 that the following alumni were among those present: Morrison, '49; 
 

 
 
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CORRESPONDENCE 
 
 Miami Univeksity, Junt 30, 1853. 
 PtiOF. Charles Elliott : — 
 
 Dear Sir, — The Society of the =« Phi Delta Theta," appreciating the 
 high literary excellence of the Poem read by you before that Order, at its recent 
 Anniversary, desire to secure a copy for publication. Hoping that it may prove 
 convenient for you to comply with our request, we remain, Sir, 
 
 Your very Obedient Servants, 
 
 BEMJAMm HARRISON, 
 L. W. ROSS, 
 I. S. LANE, 
 
 Committee. 
 
 Miami University, July 1, 1853 
 Messrs Benj Harriso]v, L "W, Ross, and I. S. Lane • 
 
 Gentlemen, — In compliance with your request, I send you a copy of 
 my Poem on Palestine, for publication I am not prompted to do so by any 
 opmion of its " literary excellence," for it has many defects ; but I comply 
 solely out of regard to your wishes and those of the society which you represent. 
 The title of it is not well chosen. The Israeliad would express my idea better; 
 but for the salce of euphony I prefer to retain the name, Palestine. 
 I am. Gentlemen, with sentiments of theh ghest respect. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 CHARLES ELLIOTT. 
 Letter from Publication Committee to Professor Elliott. 
 
 And his letter in replj- ; both printed on the reverse of the title page of the pamphlet containing his 
 
 Wilson, '49; Drake, '50; Lindle3^ '50; Rodgers, '51; Boude, '52; 
 Harrison, '52; Lane, '52; Ross, '52; Swing, '52; and S. S. Elliott, 
 '50, the latter a member of Indiana Alpha. All of the six original 
 founders were present except Andrew W. Rogers. The address 
 and poem were published in two pamphlets, at the request of the 
 higher Order, each member of which was assessed $4 therefor. 
 The}^ were the first publications b}' the Societ3^'^ 
 
 "* Herewith are shown facsimiles of the covers of the address and poem. The printing on the 
 title pages is the same as on the covers, except that they do not have borders. The pamphlets 
 measure sVz by 8/4 inches. A copy of the address is in the fraternity librars*. Probably the only 
 copy of the poem extant is in abound volume of pamphlets, owned by Robert Morrison, igoi. This 
 volume contains twenty-eight pamphlets, among them the following: "An Address Delivered before 
 Alpha chapter of the Beta Theta Phi [szc) Society of Miami University, August lo, 1847. By William 
 Shotwell, Hamilton, Ohio. Published by the Chapter;" an address delivered before the literan,- 
 societies of Centre College, June 25, 1850, by E. P. Humphrey, D. D., (honorarj- $ A 0; ; an address 
 delivered before the Erodelphian Society, ^liami Universitj-, August 7, 1850, by G. Volney Dorsey, 
 M. D., (honorarj- $ A 0) ; (see page 44 ) ; an address delivered before the students of the Associate 
 Reformed Theological Seminarj-, Oxford, Ohio, October 14. 1850, by Joseph Claybaugh, D. D. 
 ( honorarj- $ A 0) ; an address delivered before the Calliopean Society, Oxford Female Institute, 
 June 21, 1851, by Charles Elliott, A. M. ( honorary $ A 0) ; a Thanksgiving sermon delivered in the 
 Presbyterian Church, Clarksville, Tenn., November 28, 1851, by J. T. Hendrick ( honorary $ A 0). 
 
178 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The meeting in 1853 was the last that the higher Order held. 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha for November 10, 1853, say: "A motion 
 was then made and carried to appoint a committee from the Ohio 
 Alpha of the $ A © Society to confer with a committee from the 
 Senior Order of the <l» A © for the purpose of ascertaining the rela- 
 tion existing between the Junior and Senior Orders of the Phi Soc. 
 Committee: Hutcheson, McLean and Smith." The minutes con- 
 tain no record of any report from the committee. After 1853 the 
 plan for a higher Order was abandoned, on account of the then 
 scarcity of graduated members. This higher Order was a unique 
 organization; it preceded any attempt by any other college secret 
 society to vest in experienced alumni the management of general 
 society affairs. 
 
 BICAMERAL CHAPTERS AT MIAMI. 
 
 The expulsion of J. H. Childs and J. G. McNutt, October 30, 
 185 1, and the resignation at the same time of their supporters, 
 S. R. Matthews, Harmar Denny and A. C. Kemper, left seven 
 members in Ohio Alpha — J. K. Boude, '52; Benjamin Harrison, '52; 
 I. S. Lane, '52; L. W. Ross, '52: David Swing, '52; J. A. Anderson, 
 '53, and James Holmes, '53. At the next meeting, November 5,^ 
 185 1, James Carson, '53, and Samuel Hibben, '53, were initiated. 
 E. E. Hutcheson, '55, was initiated March 9, 1852, and H. L. 
 Brown, '54, April 13, making eleven attendant members. 
 
 At the meeting when Brown was initiated, April 13, 1852, a 
 petition was received for authority to establish a second chapter at 
 Miami, and petitions were received from Childs and McNutt that 
 their cases might be reheard. The petitions of Childs and McNutt 
 were graciously granted. The petition for charter was signed by 
 J. A. Anderson, J. K. Boude and E. E. Hutcheson. It followed 
 the form prescribed in the Articles of Union, saying that there is, 
 in our opinion, in the Miami University, an adequate opportunity 
 for the establishment of a?tot/ier college of the ^ A ©;" and, there- 
 fore, they petitioned your honorable body to confer upon us the 
 power to organize and establish a college of the <E» A ©, to be known 
 by the name of The Ohio Beta of the ^ A ©'." The minutes of 
 Ohio Alpha for April 13, say: 'it was moved and seconded that 
 the petition be granted. Some debate ensued, and the yeas and 
 nays being called for stood as follows: Yeas — Messrs. Anderson, 
 Lane, Wilson and Hutcheson. Nays — Carson, Harrison and 
 Hibben. Holmes, Ross and Brown not voting. Absent, Swing." 
 Boude was in the chair; Wilson was an alumnus — one of the 
 founders. In Boude's room, April 17, there was a called meeting 
 at which all were present, and the minutes of which say: 
 
 The President (Boude) and Secretary (Anderson) then resigned their respective 
 offices and were transferred to the Ohio Beta. The Society went into an election 
 to fill the vacancies thus occasioned. D. Swing was chosen President and B. Harri- 
 
BICAMERAL CHAPTERS AT MIAMI. 179 
 
 son Secretary. The relations which should hold between the Ohio Alpha and the 
 Ohio Beta of the <l> A 9 were then discussed at some length. It was finally agreed 
 that, in addition to the rights guaranteed by the Bond to the members of one chap- 
 ter of voting in any other chapter of the Order, each of the aforesaid chapters shall 
 be required, previous to the election of any member, to submit to the other the 
 name of the candidate, together with the time and place of his proposed election. 
 
 A facsimile of the agreement appears on the next page. Follow- 
 ing are the minutes of the first two meetings of the new chapter: 
 
 A charter having been granted by the Ohio Alpha of the $ A to J. Alexander 
 Anderson, J. Knox Boude and Erskine E. Hucheson, to establish a separate college 
 of the $ A 9, to be known by the name and title of "The Ohio Beta of the $ A 9;" 
 on Saturday, April 17, 1852, the above named gentlemen, having assembled at the 
 room of J. Knox Boude, by acclamation, Mr. Erskine E. Hutcheson was elected 
 President, Mr. J. Alexander Anderson, Secretary, and Mr. J. Knox Boude, Warden. 
 On motion, the Constitution of the Ohio Alpha was unanimously adopted for the 
 government of the Society. Mr. Theophilus McLean, having been previously 
 elected, was duly initiated to all the rights, privileges and immunities of an attend- 
 ant member of the $ A 9. On motion, the House appointed itself a committee to 
 report a Constitution. There being no further business the Society adjourned to 
 meet on Thur^.day, 22 inst. 
 
 Thursday, April 22, 1852. 
 
 Society met. Absent at roll call, Boude. The minutes of the previous meeting 
 were read and received. The House then resolved itself into a committee of the 
 w^hole on the Constitution. The committee arose and reported a Constitution 
 which was received and laid on the table until the next meeting for final action. 
 Society adjourned. 
 
 The following communication explains itself: 
 
 Miami University, April 26, 1852. 
 Mr. Benjamin Harrison, Secretary of the Ohio Alpha of the $ A 9. 
 
 Dear Sir: I have the pleasure of informing you that, at a meeting of the Ohio 
 Beta of the # A 9, held April 17, 1852, Mr. Theophilus McLean, having been duly 
 elected, was initiated to all the rights and privileges of an attendant member of 
 the <¥> A 9. Your brother in the Bond of the <l> A 9, 
 
 J. A. Anderson, Secretary Ohio Beta. 
 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha for April 27, say: ' A communication 
 from the Beta chapter, informing the Society of the election and 
 initiation of Mr. Theophilus McLean to the privileges of the Order 
 
 was read and received Mr. Henry Brown petitioned 
 
 to be transferred to the Beta chapter; on motion his petition was 
 g;ranted, and the Secretary directed to transfer his name." Fol- 
 lowing are the only other minutes extant of the Beta chapter: 
 
 Boude's Room, May ist, 1852. 
 Society met. President m the chair. Roll called. The minutes of the previous 
 meeting were read and adopted. The report of the committee on the Constitution, 
 having been ordered to its final hearing, was taken up and unanimously received. 
 On motion, Anderson, Boude and McLean were appointed a committee to report a 
 code of by-laws to the Society. Mr. Henry L. Brown, having been transferred from 
 the Ohio Alpha of the 4> A 9 to the Ohio Beta, took his seat. Society adjourned. 
 
 On important occasions, the two chapters met together as one. 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha show that when the question of 
 reversing the decision in the Childs and McNutt case came up, 
 May 3, 1852, Anderson, McLean, Hutcheson, Boude and Brown, 
 of Ohio Beta, were present and voted. In voting on this case 
 those present were not divided by chapters — Anderson and McLean 
 
BICAMERAL CHAPTERS AT CENTRE. i8i 
 
 voting affirmatively on the motion to reverse the decision, and 
 Hutcheson, Boude and Brown negatively. On a paper still pre- 
 served are the minutes of the three meetings of the Beta chapter 
 that have been quoted, following which is written: "Some time 
 later P. Corry Conklin was initiated and afterward transferred to 
 Ohio Alpha." A copy of the application for charter to establish a 
 second chapter at Miami, the Bond, Articles of Union and the 
 Constitution of the chapter are contained in a book, on one of the 
 first pages of which is inscribed: Presented to the Ohio Beta of 
 the $ A by John A. Anderson, Miami University, May i, 1852." 
 The following names are appended to the Constitution, indicating 
 that all of them became connected with the chapter: A. A. Barnett, 
 J. K. Boude, David Swing, J. A. Anderson, P. C. Conklin, H. L. 
 Brown, T. C. Hibbett, William Owens, E. P. Shields, Henry 
 Stoddard, E. E. Hutcheson, T. W. McLean, A. M. Rafter — thir- 
 teen in all. Barnett, Boude, Swing, Anderson, Brown and Hut- 
 cheson were initiated by Ohio Alpha, and, it seems, were transferred 
 to Ohio Beta. It seems that Conklin, Hibbett, Owens, Shields, 
 Stoddard and McLean were initiated by Ohio Beta; at least the 
 minute book of Ohio Alpha contains no record of their initiation. 
 At a joint meeting of the two chapters, October 4, Rafter was 
 initiated and authorized to establish a chapter at Austin College, 
 Texas. The minutes of this meeting were signed by officers of 
 Ohio Beta — Hutcheson, President, and Shields, Secretary — but are 
 recorded in the minute book of Ohio Alpha. The next minutes in 
 
 this book begin thus: 
 
 Anderson's Room, Nov. ii, 1852. 
 Soc. met; P. C. Conkling called to the chair; Carson appointed Sec. pro tern. A 
 committee from the Beta chapter then announced the dissolution of that chapter for the 
 time being, and the members were again recognized as members of the Ohio Alpha. 
 
 The second chapter at Miami was never revived. Its life was 
 short, extending only from April 13 to November 11, 1852, a period 
 of seven months, during which time there was the usual summer 
 vacation. The reason for organizing a second chapter in the same 
 institution was that the members at Miami thought it best for the 
 interest of the Society that its existence there for a time should 
 remain sub rosa. So large an assemblage of members could not 
 meet regularly without arousing suspicion, hence they divided into 
 two bodies. After commencement, 1852, the Society having made 
 its existence publicly known, there was no longer any reason for both 
 chapters; accordingly, the second chapter surrendered its charter. 
 
 BICAMERAL CHAPTERS AT CENTRE. 
 
 The minutes of Kentucky Alpha for March i, 1854, sa}^ that 
 
 the question chosen for conference two meetings hence" was the 
 
 propriety of forming a new chapter of the $ A © in this place. " 
 
 * Particulars about this chapter were given by Robert Morrison in The Sc7-oll, December, 1881, 
 and by J. E. Brown in the issue for April, 1896. 
 
i82 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Ten members were appointed, March i6, to converse at the next 
 meeting on the propriety of forming a Beta in this place." 
 March 30, the subject of a Beta chapter was deferred to the next 
 meeting." The minutes of April 13 are next in order, but they do 
 not mention an}^ discussion on the subject, Kentucky Alpha, 
 October 17, 1854, granted a charter for Kentuck}^ Beta at Kentucky- 
 Military Institute. 
 
 The minutes contain no further mention of the proposed second 
 chapter at Centre until October 31, 1854, when, On motion, the 
 propriety of dividing this chapter into two was inserted instead of 
 the question for conference;" and, ' On motion, college adjourned 
 to meet next Tuesda}^ evening at the Female School room for the 
 final discussion of the subject of dividing this chapter." November 
 7, there was a special meeting," the minutes of which say: The 
 following members were present: George, Bosle}^ Metcalfe, Ralston, 
 Ditto, Burbank, Rogers, J. J. Craig, W. G. Craig, Philips, Mont- 
 gomery and Miller. Dr. Bosely was called to the chair, and the 
 meeting opened with pra5^er by Mr. Montgomery. The object of 
 the meeting being briefl}^ stated, it was immediately taken up, and 
 after a full and animated discussion of the propriety of a division, 
 the Warden was instructed to obtain the full vote of all the mem- 
 bers of this chapter on it." 
 
 November 14: The Warden reported the vote on division — yeas 
 10, nays 7. On motion of Mr. Rogers, a committee of three was 
 appointed to report immediately a plan of dividing the chapter. 
 Messrs. George, Rogers and Philips were appointed. They reported 
 that a sufficient number should ask authority for establishing a new 
 chapter and apply for a charter. The report was received and 
 adopted. On motion, Mr. Rogers was clothed with authority to 
 establish a new chapter and apply for a charter." 
 
 Meetings held December 12 and 18, 1854, and January 2 and 16, 
 1855, were occupied chiefly with discussions of the arrangements 
 for a special Phi part}^" which took place January 18, 1855. It 
 seems that the question of dividing the chapter was dropped until 
 February 6, 1855. The minutes of that date say: 
 
 Moved and seconded that we change the subject of conference for this evening 
 to "The importance of dividing this chapter into two;" carried. The vote was taken 
 for a division and carried. Moved that we divide by lot; carried. The division 
 then took place by lot, and resulted as follows: Gamma chapter — Bosley, Wilson, 
 Ditto, Hall, McMillan, Hopkins, Metcalfe — 7. To, remain in the old chapter — ^J. J. 
 Craig, Crow, George, Miller, Montgomery, Swain, Philips — 7. Preferences: 
 Bosley, Metcalfe and Hall, remain; Geoi'ge, Swain and Miller, go with the Gamma. 
 Then it stands: Gamma — George, Miller, Wilson, Swain, Hopkins, McMillan, 
 Ditto — 7. Remain — Craig, Crow, Metcalfe, Montgomery, Philips, Bosley, Hall — 7. 
 Moved that we grant a charter to the Gamma chapter; carried. Then officers of 
 each chapter were elected, viz.: Gamma — Hopkins, President; Wilson, Secretai-y; 
 George, Warden. The Alpha — ^Philips, President; Crow, Secretary; Metcalfe, 
 Warden. 
 
 February 20, 1855: 'Mr. Ralston, who was not present at the 
 last meeting, when the division by lot was made, now drew, and it 
 
BICAMERAL CHAPTERS AT CENTRE. 183 
 
 fell to his lot to remain with the Alpha chapter. A motion was 
 made and carried that we draw for the absent members, which, 
 being done, resulted as follows: remain — Rogers and Bruce; go — 
 W. G. Craig and Burbank. Moved and carried that the President 
 appoint a committee of three to confer with the committee of the 
 Gamma chapter; Messrs. Ralston, Bosle}' and J. J. Craig were 
 appointed.'' At this meeting the joint committee of the two 
 chapters" reported the following articles which were adopted: 
 
 Articles of agreement between the Kentucky Alpha of the $ A and the Gamma 
 chapter. 
 
 Article I. Am- person proposed in either chapter shall receive a two-thirds 
 vote of the other chapter, and when a person is rejected in either chapter, it shall be 
 the duty of the Warden to inform the other chapter of his rejection. 
 
 Article II. No person who has been rejected in the Alpha chapter can be 
 proposed in the Gamma, and vice versa, without receiving the unanimous consent 
 of the chapter in which he was rejected. 
 
 Article III. The number of members in each chapter shall not exceed fifteen. 
 
 The original chapter had 10 members, the new chapter 9. Fol- 
 lowing is a list showing their names and classes: 
 
 Kentucky Alpha — H. P. Boslev, '47; J. J. Craig, '51; O. F. 
 Rogers, '52; J. G. Hall, '55; C. W. Metcalfe, '55; J. F. Philips, 
 '55; John ^Montgomery, '56; L. H. Ralston, 56; J. H. Bruce, '57; 
 William Crow, '57. 
 
 Kentucky- Gamma — W. G. Craig, '51; J. B. Hopkins, '51: T. H. 
 Ditto, '55; William George, '55; J. P. McMillan, '56; A. M. 
 Burbank, '57; George Miller, '57; E. S. Swain, '57; Ephriam 
 Wilson, '57. 
 
 Several of these members had graduated but they remained in 
 Danville and attended meetings. No records of the Gamma 
 chapter are known to exist. On some occasions, the two chapters 
 met in joint session, as had the two chapters at Miami in 1852. 
 The minutes of Kentuck}' Alpha for ^Nfarch 7, 1855, sa}': This 
 was the evening for the meeting of both chapters, and owing to the 
 inclemency of the weather, there were but few members present; 
 therefore it was moved and carried that we meet next Tuesday 
 night with the Gamma chapter, and the order of exercises stand 
 the same. " April 19, 1855: ''Societ}^ met at the usual time and 
 place in conjunction with the Gamma chapter.'' 
 
 Of the nine members of the second Centre chapter, under the 
 division made Februar}" 6 and 20, 1855, Craig and Hopkins were 
 alumni. Ditto and George were graduated in '55, while Burbank 
 and Wilson, both of '57, were never graduated. The three who 
 remained in college after commencement, 1855 — McMillan, '56, 
 Miller, '57, and Swain, '57 — signed the following communication: 
 To THE Kentl'cky Alpha of the <I» a 0: 
 
 We, the attendant members of the Gamma chapter of the $ A in the State of 
 Kentucky, deeming our organization no longer necessary or favorable to the welfare 
 of the Order, respectfully resign to you our charter. 
 
 E. S. Swain, 
 George Miller, 
 
 Danville, Ky., July 5th, 1855. J. P. McMillan. 
 
1 84 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The minutes of Kentucky Alpha for July lo, 1855, say: "Mr. 
 Miller, of the Gamma chapter, presented a paper signed by three 
 attendant members of that branch of our Society, representing that 
 their organization, was no longer necessary or favorable to the 
 welfare of the Order.' On motion, the charter of the Gamma 
 chapter was declared a nonentity, and the members of said chapter 
 were invited to the enjoyment of the immunities and privileges of 
 the Alpha chapter." 
 
 The second chapter at Centre did not live as long even as the 
 second chapter at Miami; its charter was granted February 6, 
 1855, and surrendered July 5, 1855, making its period of existence 
 only five months. It seems that it initiated no members. In no 
 other college fraternity has there been an instance of bicameral 
 chapters in the same institution.* 
 
 ANNALS, 1852-1856. 
 
 The second chapter of $ A © in Ohio was at the same institution 
 as the parent chapter — Miami University. It was chartered as Ohio 
 Beta, April 13, 1852, and surrendered its charter November 11, 1852. 
 
 The third Ohio chapter was organized at Wittenberg Col- 
 lege, Springfield, Ohio. Early in 185 1, Hugh MacHatton, a char- 
 ter member of Kentucky Alpha, initiated his brother Joseph Mac- 
 Hatton, both then students at Hanover College. They failed in 
 their purpose to establish a chapter at Hanover, but Joseph Mac- 
 Hatton attended Wittenberg, 1851-52, and succeeded in organ- 
 izing a chapter there. The minutes of Ohio Alpha for February 
 20, 1852, say that a communication was read from Mr. Joseph 
 MacHatton, of Wittenberg College, stating some facts in regard to 
 the establishment of a chapter of the <!' A at that place. On 
 motion, he was clothed with special powers to select and initiate 
 such persons as should in his estimation, fulfill the requisitions of 
 the Bond." Joseph MacHatton, '52, initiated W. H. Wynn, '51, 
 and W. B. Yonce, '52. The three having applied for a charter, 
 Ohio Alpha, May 18, 1852, granted them a charter for Ohio 
 Gamma at Wittenberg. The chapter existed only about two years, 
 and never was in a flourishing condition. Its membership report, 
 April, 1853, showed only two attendant members — Yonce and 
 Wynn, both attending the theological department. The last record 
 of the chapter we have is a report dated February 8, 1854, signed 
 by G. F. Stelling, Secretary; it was read in Ohio Alpha, February 23. 
 There were then three Phis at Wittenberg, besides Yonce, a 
 theological student. No other fraternity was established there 
 until 1866. 
 
 Another effort was made to establish a chapter at Hanover 
 College, Hanover, Ind., 1852. On the recommendation of Samuel 
 
 *A sketch of the second chapter at Centre, by Robert Morrison, appeared in The Scroll, Janu- 
 ary, 1882. 
 
ANNALS, 1852- 1856. 185 
 
 Hibben, Ohio Alpha, '53, Ohio Alpha elected to membership 
 J. H. McRae, Hanover, '53. The minutes of Ohio Alpha for April 
 27, 1852, sa}' a letter was read "from Mr. J. H. McRae, of Han- 
 over College, accepting the Bond of the Society, and expressing 
 his thanks for the honor done him in his election." He was fur- 
 nished with all the documents necessar}" for initiation, but his 
 purpose of establishing a chapter was prevented by his death, 
 December 8, 1852. Robert Morrison then wrote to J. B. Garritt, 
 who had been McRae's classmate and roommate, asking him to 
 undertake to establish a chapter at Hanover, but he declined to do 
 so, and he returned to Morrison the $ A papers that he had found 
 among McRae's effects. "Writing, 1888, he said: yiy sole reason 
 for declining to go into the matter, as far as I can now recall, was 
 that I was nearing the time of m)^ graduation, and it did not seem 
 to me best to take part in it. " J. W. Foster wrote to J. W. Stoddard, 
 June I, 1855, that Indiana Alpha was desirous of organizing a 
 branch college at Hanover," but no good opportunit}- had been 
 presented. 
 
 "When Robert Morrison went to Tennessee to teach school, 
 December, 1849, he expected to extend the Societ}' in the colleges 
 of the State, being authorized by Ohio Alpha to do so. He found 
 that the University of Nashville was at a low ebb, and he turned 
 his attention to Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tenn., which 
 place he visited. B}^ authority of Ohio Alpha, he initiated R. P. 
 Decherd, Cumberland, '49, Superintendent of the preparatory 
 department there. In the fall of 1852, Decherd approached several 
 members of the senior and junior classes with invitations to join 
 ^ A 0, but they declined because their literarv society duties 
 required their attention. A. P. Stewart, West Point, '42, a profes- 
 sor at Cumberland, was, on Morrison's recommendation, elected to 
 membership by Ohio Alpha. Having read the Bond and other 
 papers, he wrote to Morrison, March 10, 1853, accepting with 
 pleasure the honor of membership in the Association," and making 
 inquiries about how to apply for charter. However, Decherd and 
 Stewart failed to establish a chapter at Cumberland, and the}" were 
 the only persons initiated there. 
 
 A. McK. Rafter, matriculated at Miami August 30, 1852, was 
 initiated b}^ Ohio Alpha October 4, 1852, the minutes for which 
 date say: Mr. McLean made a motion that Mr. Rafter be clothed 
 with power to establish a chapter at Austin College, Austin, Texas; 
 passed." The location of the college was the town of Huntsville, 
 not Austin, the State capital."^ Rafter went there some time during 
 the collegiate 5"ear, and application for charter, dated May 30, was 
 made by H. H. Boone, '55; A. McK. Rafter,'55; W\ A. AUen, '56; 
 A. T. McKinney, '58. Ohio -Alpha, June 9, 1853, granted them a 
 charter to establish Texas Alpha at Austin. One or two others 
 were initiated, but the chapter suspended, 1854, on account of 
 
 "^Austin College was moved from Huntsville, Texas, to Sherman, Texas, 1876. 
 
1 86 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 members leaving college. The charter and other documents were 
 delivered to J. H. Banton, '54, a resident of Huntsville. The 
 chapter at Austin was the first trans-Mississippi chapter of any 
 fraternity. « 
 
 In the summer of 1854, J. W. Foster, Indiana* Alpha, '55, talked 
 with C. K. Drew, at Evansville, Ind. , where both of them lived, 
 and induced the latter to undertake the establishment of a chapter 
 at Kentucky Military Institute, Franklin Springs (post office Farm- 
 dale), near Frankfort, Ky., where he was a student. The minutes 
 of Kentucky Alpha for October 10, 1854, say: "Mr. George read 
 a letter from Cyrus K. Drew, Wm. M. Washburn and B. Timmons, 
 asking a charter of the Kentucky Alpha, to establish a chapter of 
 the $ A© Society at the Kentucky Militar}^ Institute. On motion, 
 the Secretary was instructed to reply to them, stating that the 
 Kentuck}^ Alpha will consider their request and reply at its earliest 
 convenience." October 17, 18^4, Kentucky Alpha granted a 
 charter to C. K. Drew, '56; Bernard Timmons,^ '56, and W. M. 
 Washburn, '57, to establish Kentucky Beta. At Evansville, Foster 
 initiated Drew, who initiated the other two at K. M. I. The 
 minutes of Kentucky Alpha for June 19, 1855, sa}'^ that the 
 Secretary read a communication from the Kentucky Beta, which 
 gave a cheering account of Phi Delta Theta-ism at the Kentucky 
 Military Institute." Kentucky Beta, May, 1855, reported four 
 members — the three charter members and W^. J. Flournoy, '56; in 
 1855-56, it reported six members. The next year the chapter did 
 not thrive, and the minutes of Kentucky Alpha for April 7, 1857, 
 say: From information received from the Corresponding Secretary 
 of Kentucky Beta, its charter was withdrawn," A chapter of 
 A K E existed at K. M. I. from 1854 to 1861. 
 
 The example of Ohio Alpha in dividing into two chapters in 1852 
 was followed by Kentucky Alpha three years later. The second 
 chapter at Centre, called Kentucky Gamma, existed from February 
 6, 1855, to July 10, 1855. 
 
 An interchange of reports between chapters was maintained, as 
 provided in Article IV of the Articles of Union. The attendant 
 membership of the various chapters at various times up to 1856 inclu- 
 sive, as shown b}^ reports that have been preserved, was as follows: 
 
 Miami — April 6, 1852, 10; April 24, 1853, 11; February 15, 
 1854, 15; May 17, 1855, 8. Indiana — December 25, 1849, 6; 
 April, 1852, 3; April, 1853, 4; November 7, 1853, 4; December 
 
 11, 1854, 9; 1855-56, 5; fall of 1856, 3. Centre — April 6, 1852, 
 4; April, 1853, 5; December, 1853, 6; May, 1855, 14; 1855-56, 
 
 12. Wabash — April, 1852, 2; November 15, 1853, 5; February, 
 1856, 6; December 6, 1856, 10. Wittenberg — April, 1852, i; 
 April, 1853, 2; February 8, 1854, 4. K. M. I. — May, 1855, 4; 
 1855-56, 6. 
 
 Ohio Alpha elected a number of honorary members, among them 
 several Miami professors. The Miami chapter of A A $ had 
 
ANNALS, 1852-1856. 187 
 
 elected to honorary membership J. C. Moffat, Princeton, '35, pro- 
 fessor of Latin at Miami, 1841-52. The reason of the election of 
 members of the facult}^ b}^ <l> A ma}" be understood from a letter 
 written by J. McM. Wilson to Robert Morrison, giving an account 
 of the expulsion of J. H. Childs and J. G. McNutt and the resig- 
 nation of three other members. Milton Sayler was then attempting 
 to reorganize A A $. Wilson wrote, November 29, 185 1: 
 
 I was at Oxford a few days ago and learned more of the "since." Bonham, 
 
 Brookes, Hibben and were previously elected. All accepted; but while 
 
 waiting for .a meeting, Sayler came to Bonham and Brookes, and poisoned them 
 about us, telling them all about our Society so accurately that he must have seen 
 the papers. He told them that we had dealt hardly with Childs and McNutt; that 
 his Society had* a professor member, which om-s had not, etc. He got Bonham on 
 the ground that his brother was an Alpha. Brookes was influenced by the fact 
 that Moffat was an Alpha, and declines us now, but will not decide until next session. 
 This, of course, proves that some of the ''''qondains'''' have been guilty of other 
 violations of the Bond. I suppose they took copies of the papers with them. They 
 have received bids from the Alphas, but Sayler has not got his papers yet to organ- 
 ize. This stirred up our men, and Prof. Elliott was elected and accepted. Docior 
 Anderson will soon be talked to; he was advised about this affair, but under a pledge 
 that he would not use the knowlege in any way in his character as a college officer. 
 
 Rev. W. C. x\nderson, D. D., was then President of Miami. His 
 son, J. A. Anderson, '53, who was a Phi, wrote to Robert Morrison, 
 December 5, 185 1: Professors Elliott and Stoddard have accepted 
 membership and are now Phis in every sense of the word." The 
 minutes of Ohio Alpha for December 17, 185 1, say: 'The accept- 
 ance of Prof's O. N. Stoddard and Charles Elliott of the proposed 
 membership was reported." L. W. Ross wrote to Robert Morrison, 
 December 22, 185 1: Dr. x\nderson, Dr. Claybaugh, Professors 
 Elliott and Stoddard and Mr. Worrall have all consented to become 
 members." November 27, 1852: ' Mr, Anderson, chairman of 
 committee to announce to Prof. Bishop his election to honorar}'- 
 membership, reported his acceptance. " Professor Wylie was elected 
 an honorary member, 1853. * 
 
 Five members of the faculty were then honorary members of 
 ^ A ©, viz.: Rev. W. C. Anderson, D.D., President, 1849-54, and 
 professor of moral philosophy; R. H. Bishop, Jr., A.M., professor 
 of Latin; Charles Elliott, A.M., professor of Greek; T. A. Wylie, 
 A. M., professor of mathematics; O. N. Stoddard, A.M., professor 
 of natural philosoph}^ and chemistry.* Rev. J. M. Worrall, A.M., 
 was pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Oxford, Ohio, 1851-54. 
 During the latter part of 1852, Ohio Alpha elected to honorar}^ 
 membership Rev. E. P. Humphrey, D.D., of Louisville, Ky. ; and 
 at the reunion of the higher Order of alumni at Miami during 
 commencement, 1853, he delivered the principal address, while 
 Professor Elliott read the poem on the same occasion; and they 
 
 * After Professors Bishop, Stoddard and Elliott were elected honorarj- members by Ohio Alpha, 
 they were elected honorarj- members by A A $. A A $ had eleven honorarj' members at Miami, 
 A K E three. Elliott assisted in the organization of the Chicago chapter and read the poem at its 
 installation, Januarj' 12, 1866; he attended the Convention at Chicago, 1869; and was one of the 
 charter members of the Chicago alumni chapter and was elected its first President, 1881. Stoddard 
 attended a Province Convention at Wooster, Ohio, 1889. 
 
1 88 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 with Professor Stoddard marched with the Phis to the place of 
 assembly. Rev. Joseph Claybangh, D.D., of the Associate Re- 
 formed Theological School at Oxford, accepted honorary mem- 
 bership, but declined to take part in any public exercise, as the 
 rules of his church were antagonistic to all secret societies. 
 
 Ohio Alpha, 1852, elected to honorary membership, Rev. N. L, 
 Rice, D.D., professor in Lane Theological Seminary, Cincinnati. 
 David Swing, February 19, 1853, when he was a student there, 
 wrote to Robert Morrison, at New Albany Theological Seminary: 
 
 Yesterday after class I offered my company to Nathan L. Rice as he started 
 home. He accepted, and appeared pleasant and talkative. He will be very much 
 pleased, he says, to attend the Convention at Oxford, if nothing should then 
 prevent. He said he had not forgotten that he was a member, etc. I then men- 
 tioned the desire of the Societ}- to form a librar}' of the works of its members only, 
 and that the committee appointed to collect these works did request him to furnish 
 them with a copy of his several publications. He says he will do so as far as pos- 
 sible; he will look over his shelves and in a few days will have some selected. 
 
 Ohio Alpha enrolled other honorary members during its early 
 
 years. Robert Morrison wrote for The Sci'oll, December, 1885, 
 
 that the Phi boys, anxious to see how men of matured mind and 
 
 sober views would regard their purposes and plans," elected as 
 
 honorary members several Miami professors. In an interview of 
 
 W. B. Palmer with him, October 19, 1896, he said: 
 
 I wish to say a word about honorary members. We elected them as a tempo- 
 rary measure only, our object being two-fold: First, we wanted all young men at 
 college to know that men of prominence, high character and ripe scholarship, had 
 read our Bond and given it their approval. Secondly, we wished to avail ourselves 
 of such men to make addresses for us, before the Phi boys would have time to 
 attain prominent positions, so as to entitle them to such honors. At our public 
 meeting held at Oxford in 1853, the address, a grand one it was too, was delivered 
 by one of these honorary members, Rev. E. P. Humphre}', D. D., and the poet 
 of the occasion was Professor Charles Elliott of Miami, Both the address and the 
 poem were published in pamphlet form. 
 
 To the manuscript of this history Morrison made the following 
 note, 1901: Not long after 1853, the practice of electing honor- 
 ary members gradually ceased, as its original object had been 
 accomplished, which was as indicated above." 
 
 Among honorary members elected by Indiana Alpha was Rev. 
 N. E. Cobleigh, D.D., of Boston, Mass. He was requested to 
 deliver an address to the General Convention of 1864, held at 
 Bloomington, Ind., and did so. 
 
 Kentucky Alpha, 1853, elected to membership H. P. Bosley, 
 M. D., a young physician at Danville. He had received the 
 degree of M. D. from Transylvania (now Kentucky) University, 
 1847. He met regularly with the chapter, and filled the office of 
 President for a term. The minutes of the chapter for December 
 12, 1853, say: * Mr. George read a letter from the Ohio Alpha, 
 making some inquiries as to whether the Kentucky Alpha was 
 maintaining a strict adherence to the Bond of the ^ A © in its 
 election of members. Mr. George was appointed by the Society to 
 reply to the letter." William George, writing January 5, 1854, to 
 
ANNALS, 1852-1856. 189 
 
 T. W. McLean, of Ohio Alpha, said Dr. Bosle}^ was the only one 
 who had never attended Centre College that Kentucky Alpha had 
 admitted, and he certain!}' possesses ever}' qualification required 
 by the Bond." George cited the fact that neither the Bond nor 
 the Articles of Union restricted membership to college students. 
 He said Kentucky Alpha had no desire to elect to membership 
 anyone who was not strictly contemplated in the Bond;" on the 
 contrary, the chapter desired to act in strict accordance with the 
 universal practice of all the chapters of our Order." He asked 
 about the election of Dr. Rice and Dr. Humphrey by Ohio Alpha. 
 The answer to this letter has not been preserved, but Kentucky 
 Alpha afterward elected five or six honorary members. 
 
 While for many years the laws of ^ A did not prohibit the 
 election of honorary members, only a few chapters elected such 
 members, and the total number elected was small. The Constitu- 
 tion, adopted 1880, provided that: Students of colleges where 
 chapters are established shall be eligible to membership in the 
 Fraternity. Officers of colleges where chapters are established 
 may also be admitted provided they are regularly initiated. " This 
 provision was included also in the Constitution adopted 1886, but 
 it was amended, 1889, to read: No chapter shall admit any person 
 who is not a male student Of the college in which it is established. 
 Only students of the college proper shall be eligible." 
 
 Article IV of the Constitution adopted by Ohio Alpha, December 
 30, 1848, provided for literary exercises. The minutes for January 
 I, 1849, say: 'The Warden then read out the divisions of the mem- 
 bers during his term of office as follows: Lindly, Rogers, And. 
 W., & Morrison, to read essays at our next meeting; and R. T. 
 Drake, Ard. W. Rodgers & Williams at the next meeting after, and 
 so on in turn." Wilson was President and did not receive an 
 assignment. The minutes for January 11, 1849, say: ' The usual 
 exercises of reading and criticism were then attended to." Janu- 
 ary 26, 1849: 'The second division read essays, which were fol- 
 lowed by criticisms as usual. It was moved and seconded that, 
 after the usual exercises are over, we take up some topic for liter- 
 ary conversation. After some consideration, on motion of Morri- 
 son, it was laid on the table." February 8, 1849: The first 
 division read essays, which were followed by criticisms. On 
 motion of Morrison, Society resumed consideration of the motion 
 to take up some topic for literary conversation after the exercises 
 of reading and criticism are over. After some discussion the 
 motion carried." 
 
 The by-laws, adopted by Ohio Alpha, April 25, 1849, related 
 entirely to the manner of conducting literary exercises.* 
 
 The minutes make no mention of subjects discussed until Febru- 
 ary 6, 1852, when "The regular division then performed as fol- 
 lows: Harrison, subject, 'Poland;' Hibben, 'Radicalism;' Ander- 
 
 '^See page 149. 
 
190 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 son, ''Omnia Nutant'j' Swing, absent." February 20, 1852: "The 
 regular division performed as follows: Boude, subject, 'Necessity 
 of the classics to a collegiate education;' Ross, 'Miscellaneous 
 observations;' Holmes, not prepared and continued over. " Febru- 
 ary 27, and March 9, the divisions were 'continued over." Fol- 
 lowing are the minutes of the next meeting: 
 
 Hutcheson's Room, McGuffey House, March 16, 1852. 
 Soc. met, Mr. Hutcheson in the chair. Prayer by Prof. Stoddard. Absent at 
 roll call, Boude and Hibben. Professors Stoddard and Elliott present. Minutes 
 of the previous meeting were read and received. The regular divisions performed 
 as follows: Swing, subject, "The blues;" Holmes, "Prayer;" Carson, "The end 
 justifies the means;" Lane, "Free cities;" Anderson, "Bores;" Ross, "The 
 supremacy of the higher law;" Hibben, "Importance of little things in the forma- 
 tion of character;" Harrison, "Human reason a humbug." Divisions for next 
 meeting read out. Societ}' adjourned. 
 
 J. A. Anderson, Secretary. Boude, President. 
 
 The next day L. W. Ross wrote to Robert Morrison: "Last 
 night Professors Stoddard and Elliott met with us. Eight length}'- 
 •essa3^s were read in their hearing, which seemed to please them 
 much. Dr. Anderson would have met with us but for bodily indis- 
 position. Rev. Mr. Worrall was also absent for the same cause." 
 April 27, 1852, James Holmes read an essay on The fool hath 
 said in his heart there is no God," and L. W. Ross one on ' The 
 ■sacred dreamer," while Samuel Hibben urged his hearers to 
 * 'Respect and love the good and beneficial. " The two divisions con- 
 tinued to perform in rotation, but the Secretary failed to record the 
 subjects of essays until December 8, 1853, when Ransford Smith 
 Tead an essay on Composition," and E. P. Shields one on Repu- 
 tation." February 23, 1854, E. H. Rossman read an essa}^ on 
 Cromwell," and other members of the division were continued 
 over." March 9, 1854, T. W. McLean read an essay on 'France," 
 the other members in the division being absent. March 29, 1854, 
 the subject of C. M. Hughes was 'Slavery," that of William 
 Owens "Reputation." April 20, 1854, an essay on Conscience" 
 was read by T. C. Hibbett. October 4, 1855, T. W. McLean and 
 J. W, Stoddard read essays; the subject of the former is not given, 
 that of the latter was 'American sympathy for Russia." Novem- 
 ber I, 1855, A. R. Williams read an essay on Reasoning in rela- 
 tion to moral nature," J. W. Stoddard one on Instincts." The 
 nninutes of that day say: 
 
 On motion the Soc. adopted the following as part of the order of exercises: 
 That departments of literature and science be chosen by the Society, and that each 
 member have assigned him one of these departments under which to write his 
 essay. Pursuant to the motion, the following departments were chosen, viz: ist. 
 Ancient history; 2nd, Modern history; 3d, Sciences; 4th, Arts; 5th, Philosophy; 6th, 
 Politics; 7th, Poetry and Witticisms; 8th, Metaphysics. On motion the Pres. allotted 
 to the members their respective departments for the present college session — Ander- 
 son, Modern history; Baker, Ancient history; Stoddard, Sciences; Tuttle, Arts; 
 Williams, Philosophy; McLean, Politics; Miller, Metaphysics: Peck, Poetry. The 
 Warden divided the house, and Messrs. McLean, Miller, Tuttle, Peck, were ap- 
 pointed to read essays two weeks hence. 
 
ANNALS, 1852-1856. 191 
 
 February 26, 1856: On motion the departments of literature 
 which were chosen last session, and one allotted to each member, 
 were continued on this session." March 12, 1856, the following 
 performed: Joel Tuttle, subject, "Art;" G. B. Peck, "Poetry;" 
 A. R. Williams, "Cardinal Woolsey." April i, 1856: J. A. Ander- 
 son, "Character of Aristides;" Joel Tuttle, "Province of Art;" 
 J. M. Miller, "Metaphysics." May ^8, 1856: C. E. Baker, "The 
 conquest of Peru;" J. W. Stoddard, "War." May 24, 1854: Joel 
 Tuttle, "Art and its effects on national character." June 18, 1856: 
 J. A. Anderson, "x\ncient history;" E. T. Peck, "Charles I of 
 England;" J. W. Stoddard, "Science." October 2, 1856: "Mr. Tut- 
 tle read a piece of blank verse translated from one of the choral odes 
 of the (Edipus Tyrannus of Sophocles." Essays were read, Octo- 
 ber 22, 1856, by E. T. Peck on 'Natural history;" December 3, 
 1856, by J. N. Scott, on * We have all our angel sides;" Februar}^ 
 25, 1857, by A. R. Williams, on National customs," and by J. N. 
 Scott, on 'Monarchy." On this latter date the committee on 
 revising the Constitution was instructed to make some provision 
 for the reading of select pieces at each meeting." March 11, 1857, 
 G. B. Peck read a poem entitled "Bachelor Jones." May 27, 1857, 
 W. M. Williams read an essay on The dignity of labor." The 
 meeting of May 27 is the last of which we have any minutes before 
 the suspension of Ohio Alpha. The minutes show that essays 
 were read at nearly all regular meetings, but the subjects of none 
 except those mentioned here are recorded. 
 
 The Constitution of Indiana Alpha, which was modeled," 1849, 
 after that of Ohio Alpha, doubtless contained like provisions in 
 regard to literary exercises. From * Reminiscences of an Old 
 Indiana x\lpha Boy," by D. D. Banta, '55, published in The Scroll, 
 April, 1882, we learn that the Phis at Bloomington performed the 
 same character of literary work in their meetings as those at Oxford. * 
 An extract follows: 
 
 The want of a hall or other stated place of meeting, and the air of secrecy 
 that was continually maintained rendered our exercises much more circumscribed 
 than the}' otherwise might have been. About all we could do was to read and 
 talk. Declamation and deliberative debate were out of the question. And so we 
 read essays, read criticisms, and cultivated the art of conversation as well as of 
 good fellowship. Our order of exercises and our methods were about as follows: 
 
 On convening, the President read a Psalm — I think the same one every time, 
 but which one is forgotten. That done, the minutes of the previous meeting were 
 read, corrected and approved. Then the essayists were called upon, and in turn 
 they read their essays, which were then handed over to the critics, whose duty it 
 was to prepare written criticisms and read the same at the next meeting. After 
 this the written criticisms prepared on the essays of the last meeting were read, 
 when the critics were subject to oral criticism, and they generally got it. Some of 
 our most animated discussions were over the work of the critics. All this being 
 done, the question selected at the last meeting as a conversational topic was read 
 and the conversers led out. Here was opportunity for quiet, sober argument, but 
 it was seldom embraced to any considerable extent. Our conversations were very 
 apt to gravitate, after a few minutes, to some theme of a more personal interest. 
 
 * Also see letter of N. K. Crowe, July 12, 1880, in "Reminiscences of the Early Years." 
 
192 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 and the fine historical, philosophical, sesthetical and other recondite questions, 
 chosen as subjects of conversation, were seldom more than barely touched upon. 
 
 Our written tasks were generally painstakingly prepared. These, after passing 
 the ordeal of written and oral criticism, were available as college exercises, and to 
 our chapter training I attribute the fact that the Phis rated amongst them the best 
 writers in college. Sometimes a visiting student would come in upon us whilst in 
 the very midst of our exercises. On such occasions we were the most innocent 
 looking set of students ever seen. If a member were reading an essay or criticism 
 at the time, he would thrust it into his pocket at the first sound of alarm; and we 
 would launch off into a talk upon some theme suggestive of anything else rather 
 than the matter in hand. 
 
 Kentucky Alpha also followed Ohio Alpha's form of literary 
 exercises. Although chartered in 1850, the chapter was not per- 
 manently organized until April 6, 1852. On that date the members 
 were divided into two classes, one of which should read essays at 
 the next meeting, the other at the second subsequent meeting, and 
 so on in rotation. It was decided also that the reading of essays 
 should be followed by conversation, the topic for conversation for 
 every evening to be selected at the meeting previous. During 
 1852, essays were read on the following subjects: 'Human nature 
 an essential study for man and more particularly for woman." 
 "Madame Roland of France;" "Misery is wed to guilt;" "Character 
 of Burns;" The Samaritans;" 'Christianity the true philosophy;" 
 
 Independence of character;" 'The impropriety of a new version 
 of the English Bible;" ''The price of liberty is eternal vigilance." 
 The list of topics for conversation during 1852 was: Marriage," 
 
 Samaritans," ' The causes of mythology," The genius and 
 character of Milton," "The character of northern hordes," "Patri- 
 archal, absolute and limited governments." 
 
 Kentucky Alpha's minutes for December 14, 1852, say: Moved 
 by Mr. George that Mr. deSoto be requested to write a poem on 
 the nature of our institution and obligations to each other, which 
 shall be transmitted to the Ohio Alpha of the <l» A 0. " The minutes 
 do not show whether or not deSoto complied with this request. 
 April 6, 1858: The subject chosen for next evening's conference 
 was. Shall the wives of Phis be considered as members of the Phi 
 Society?" As will be seen, the question of admitting ladies to <> A © 
 was agitated after the civil w^ar. 
 
 Kentucky Alpha, having inquired what course should be pursued 
 to bring the question of publishing a catalogue of the Society before 
 all the chapters for consideration, Ohio Alpha, October 2, 1856, 
 directed its Secretary "to write to all the Alpha chapters of the 
 organization, asking their opinion on the propriety of calling a 
 convention for the purpose of getting up a catalogue and for other 
 important business." J. W. Gorman, Secretary of Indiana Alpha, 
 wrote, November 17, to Joel Tuttle, Secretary of Ohio Alpha, 
 that Indiana Alpha and Indiana Beta approve of calling a 
 convention for the purpose of publishing a catalogue, etc." 
 Indiana Alpha, he said, proposed Christmas as the time and Cin- 
 cinnati as a suitable place for holding said convention." The 
 
THE GENERAL CONVENTION OF 1856. 193 
 
 minutes of Ohio Alpha for December 3, 1856, say: "The Sec. was 
 instructed to notify the Ind. & Ky. chapters of time and place of 
 the meeting of the general convention, viz., Walnut St. House, 
 Cincinnati, Tuesday, Dec. 30th." December 16: The "Pres. ap- 
 pointed Messrs. Scott, Peck & Tuttle delegates to attend the general 
 convention at Cincinnati." Kentucky Alpha, December 7, elected 
 W. L. Dulaney delegate and J. K. Sumrall alternate, and deter- 
 mined to pay all the delegate's expenses. 
 
 The second Convention was held exactly five years from the 
 time the first Convention was held, and in the same city. The 
 active chapters were the same in December, 1856, as in December, 
 185 1, viz.: Ohio Alpha, Indiana Alpha, Kentucky Alpha and 
 Indiana Beta. Kentucky Beta was so weak that its charter was 
 withdrawn, April, 1857. Ohio Alpha was sii-b rosa until 1852, and 
 Indiana Alpha and Kentucky Alpha until 1854, while Indiana Beta 
 conX.mMQ6. to hQs lib rosa. The chapters established from i85itoi856 
 — at Wittenberg, Austin and K. M. I., and the second chapters at 
 Miami and Centre — each had but a brief existence. 
 
 THE GENERAL CONVENTION OF 1856. 
 
 The General Convention held sessions Tuesday and Wednesday, 
 December 30 and 31, 1856, in the Walnut Street House, Cincin- 
 nati, Ohio. 
 
 Members present: Miami — ^G. B. Peck, '57; J. N. Scott, '57; Joel Tuttle, '57. 
 Indiana — D. D. Banta, '55; J. W. Foster, '55. Ceritre — W. L. Dulaney, '57. 
 Wabash — L. P. Spelman, '56. 
 
 All active chapters, save the one at K. M. L, were represented. 
 The proceedings say: ' The enthusiasm and devotion of those 
 present compensated in great measure for the absence of numbers." 
 
 On motion of W. L. Dulaney, J. W. Foster was chosen Presi- 
 dent. The latter appointed Joel Tuttle Secretary. It appears 
 from the proceedings that each member present was allowed to 
 vote. Moved to refer all constitutional amendments to a select com- 
 mittee; carried, and W. L. Dulaney, J. N. Scott and Joel Tuttle 
 appointed. The committee, on the second day, gave in their 
 final report of the Constitution as revised by them, which was 
 unanimously adopted," 
 
 W. L. Dulaney moved that a proposition to transfer the Grand 
 Chapter from Ohio Alpha to Kentucky Alpha be referred to all the 
 colleges for their approbation. The proceedings say: 'The motion 
 was debated at some length, for the purpose of determining the 
 legitimate relations and responsibilities of the several colleges. 
 Man}^ gentlemen expressed the opinion that the responsibilities of 
 the whole Society rested not on the Grand Chapter to the exclusion 
 of others, but on each and every one, and especially the Alpha of 
 each State." The motion was finally lost. 
 
194 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 B}^ vote of the Convention, J. W. Foster and G. B. Peck were 
 constituted a committee to determine definitely the size of the 
 badge, and arrange with the jewelers to have them made uniform. 
 
 The proceedings say: The subject of establishing new chapters 
 was debated, and promises were elicited from each one, in behalf 
 of his college, to make every reasonable exertion to introduce the 
 Order in all the respectable literary institutions throughout the 
 West." Joel Tuttle, D. D. Banta and W. L. Dulaney were ap- 
 pointed acommittee to write a circular-letter to all the chapters of 
 the Order. The proceedings say: 
 
 It was decided, upon a motion of Mr. Banta, that a General Convention be held 
 once in two years at some one of the colleges, the time being subject to the decis- 
 ion of the college where the Convention is held, and some member of the Society 
 
 be chosen by such college to deliver an address on the occasion It 
 
 was further decided that the first Convention be held at Centre College, Danville, 
 Ky., on the occasion of its next annual commencement. 
 
 The publication of a catalogue was declared impracticable at present and 
 
 referred to the Convention which is to assemble at Danville The 
 
 business being finished, the Convention adjourned, with brighter hopes for the 
 future, and enjoying the consciousness of having labored together in a noble com- 
 mon cause. 
 
 No convention proceedings were printed prior to those for the 
 Convention of 1873. Abstracts of the proceedings of several of 
 the earlier Conventions have been printed in The Scroll. The 
 abstracts, made by the author of this history, contain every fact 
 of importance that was recorded. An abstract of the proceedings 
 of the Convention of 1856 appeared in The Scroll, May, 1879 ^"^^ 
 recollections of this Convention, by D. D. Banta, appeared in The 
 Scroll, May, 1882. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION OF 1856. 
 
 The Constitution adopted by the Convention of 1856, made no 
 changes in the Articles of Union, which bound all colleges (chap- 
 ters) alike, and which defined the relations of colleges to one 
 another and contained laws of general application. Each college had 
 had its own Constitution, which it could change at will. It was 
 thought to be important that there should be more uniformity 
 among the chapters as to the details of chapter management, hence 
 the adoption of the following Constitution by the Convention of 
 1856: 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION OF PHI DELTA THETA SOCIETY. 
 
 Preamble. 
 
 We, the undersigned, do hereby form ourselves into an organization which, 
 together with those who shall hereafter become associated with us, shall constitute 
 the $ A 9 Society, and do adopt for our government the following Constitution: 
 
 Article I — Objects. 
 The objects of this Association shall be to accomplish such purposes, and establish 
 such relations between ourselves and our successors as are contemplated in the 
 Bond of the * A O. 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF 1856. 195 
 
 Article II — Membership. 
 
 Section i. This Association may elect such persons to membership as are 
 contemplated in the Bond of the $ A 0. 
 
 Sec. 2. Each one shall be chosen b}- the unanimous vote, vivn voce, of all the 
 regular members. 
 
 Sec. 3. When any person shall have been elected to membership in this Asso- 
 ciation, the Warden shall cause him to sign a pledge of secrecy, after which, if he 
 accepts membership, he may be introduced at a regular meeting and initiated, 
 in accordance with the Articles of Union. 
 
 Article III — Officers. 
 
 Section i. The officers of this Association shall consist of a President; a 
 Recording Secretary, a Corresponding Secretar}^ and a Warden. 
 
 Sec. 2. These officers shall be elected at every fourth regular meeting and 
 shall continue in office until their successors are elected. 
 
 Article IV — Duties of Officers. 
 
 Section i. It shall be the duty of the President to preside at all regular meet- 
 ings of the Society, cause it to be opened with prayer, preserve order, present all 
 motions, appoint all committees, supply all vacancies, decide all points of order, 
 subject, however, to an appeal to the house, give the casting vote in case of a tie, 
 and call special meetings at the request of any three members of the Society. 
 
 Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the Recording Secretary to call the roll at the 
 opening and closing of every meeting of the Society, keep a faithful record of the 
 proceedings, and read those of each meeting at its close, and at the opening of the 
 next; he shall keep a roll of all the members of the Society in a book provided 
 for that purpose — their names, places of residence, time of initiation, time of 
 departure and vocations; he shall classify and arrange the members for perform- 
 ance of duty; he shall also act as Treasurer, keeping an accurate account of the 
 funds received and expended during his term of office, and, in the last minutes of 
 his term, shall embody his report as Treasurer, and transfer the money remaining 
 in the treasury, with the minute book and other papers which ma}' be placed in his 
 care, to his successor. 
 
 Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the Corresponding Secretary to conduct the cor- 
 respondence of the Society, receive and transmit reports as comprehended in Article 
 IV of the Articles of Union, and transcribe and file them m a book kept for that 
 purpose. 
 
 Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the Warden to make all arrangements necessary 
 for the meetings of the Society, and, when a person has been elected to membership, 
 to notify him of his election, or appoint another member to notify him. 
 
 Sec. 5. These officers shall perform such other duties as may be imposed 
 upon them. 
 
 Article V — Duties of Members. 
 Section i. The general duties of the members of this Association shall be to 
 fulfill the obligations imposed upon them by the Bond of the <l> A 9. 
 
 Sec. 2. The special duties of the members of this Association shall consist of 
 essay writing, criticism and conference, together with such other literary exercises 
 as the Society may deem proper. 
 
 Sec. 3. The regular members of this Association shall be divided in two divi- 
 sions, who shall read essays and criticise, after which the conference shall proceed 
 according to the by-laws. 
 
 Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of those members of the essay class who desire 
 their essays to be criticised to give them into the hands of the critics at least four 
 days before the meeting at which they are to be read. 
 
 Sec. 5. Immediately after the reading of an essay the critic shall read his criti- 
 cism upon it, after which the members shall be called upon to criticise both per- 
 formances. 
 
 Article VI — Meetings. 
 This Association shall meet at such times and places as may be determined by a 
 majority of its members. 
 
196 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Article VII — Punishments. 
 
 Section i . The punishments of the members of this Association shall be sus- 
 pension and expulsion, either of which shall be inflicted by a majoritj^ of the regular 
 members of the Society, voting by ballot. 
 
 Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the Warden to report to the Society about the 
 conduct of any member deserving suspension or expulsion, and to prosecute such 
 member, or appoint another member to prosecute him. 
 
 Article VIII — Amendments. 
 
 This Constitution may be altered or amended by a vote of seven-eighths of the 
 regular members of the Society, such alteration or amendment to be proposed in 
 writing one meeting previous to being acted on. 
 
 Article IX — By-laws. 
 Each chapter shall adopt a code of by-laws. 
 
 Comparing this Constitution with the Constitution which Ohio 
 Alpha adopted December 30, 1848,- there will be found much that 
 is identical or similar, and some points of difference. The most 
 important change is that providing for a Recording Secretary and 
 a Corresponding Secretary instead of one Secretary. The Record- 
 ing Secretary, instead of the Warden, has to divide the Society for 
 literary work; meetings, instead of being held fortnightly, are to 
 be held at such times as may be determined; the President is 
 required to call meetings at the request of three members, and he 
 shall open meetings with prayer; an article on punishments is 
 added. Each chapter might amend the Constitution by a seven- 
 eighths vote, instead of a unanimous vote. Each chapter shall 
 adopt a code of by-laws. 
 
 The minutes of Kentucky Alpha for January 6, 1857, say: The 
 action of the Cincinnati delegate was ratified, and the revised Con- 
 stitution accepted." On the same date, S. W. Mitchell was elected 
 Corresponding Secretary. He forwarded a copy of the revised 
 Constitution to Ohio Alpha, February 10, 1857. 
 
 Ohio Alpha, however, did not adopt the Constitution, as its 
 minutes show. February 25, 1857: The committee for revising 
 Constitution were, by general consent, granted a longer time for 
 the prosecution of their arduous work. Upon motion, the com- 
 mittee was instructed to make some provision for the reading of 
 select pieces at each meeting." March 11: "Upon motion, the 
 Constitution, as revised, was then read for the first time, and laid 
 upon the table until the, next meeting." May 27: On motion, 
 the Constitution, as revised, was referred to the Convention which 
 is to assemble this summer at Danville, Ky." Kentucky Alpha 
 was informed of Ohio Alpha's decision by the following letter: 
 
 Oxford, Ohio, May 28, 1857. 
 W. L. DuLANEY, Esq., Danville, Ky. 
 
 My dear Sir: You may, perhaps, be surprised that as yet our Society has sent no 
 notice to your chapter of our action in regard to the adoption of the revised Con- 
 stitution, which we received from your Secretary some time since. Some of the 
 members who were not at the Convention and some who were, on making the 
 comparison, concluded that it was inferior to the old one. Objections were urged 
 
ANNALS, 1857-1858. 197 
 
 against several articles, some of which, you will recollect, were debated at consider- 
 able length before the adoption by the committee at Cincinnati. After discussing 
 the matter full}- at several meetings of the Society, the new Constitution was finally 
 rejected. 
 
 Some of our members proposed to send it back to your chapter with our objec- 
 tions noted, and endeavor to have it adopted, but this was decided impracticable, 
 for fear of rendering "confusion worse confounded." I presume it was the under- 
 standing when we parted at Cincinnati that you would send a copy of the Constitu- 
 tion to all the chapters for their ratification; that all the proceedings of that 
 Convention were to be ratified by each of the colleges before they could take effect. 
 Yet we have not heard from a single one except your own. If that Convention had 
 been so constituted as to render its actions decisive, all this confusion would have 
 been avoided. We, therefore, propose to refer the matter to the Convention which 
 is to assemble at your college in August next. 
 
 By the way, we are anxious to learn the exact time when the Convention meets, 
 and whom you have selected to address us on the occasion. We would suggest 
 that 3-our chapter notify all the others as soon as possible, and urge upon them the 
 necessity of each sending to the Convention at least one representative with full 
 powers. W' ith best wishes for your own prosperit}-, and that of our beloved Society, 
 I remain, Very truly your friend and brother, 
 
 Joel Tuttlf. 
 
 It is not known whether an}^ chapter besides Kentuck}^ Alpha 
 adopted the revised Constitution. Ohio Alpha probably did not 
 act again on the Constitution question, as the chapter became 
 inactive, September, 1857. The Convention appointed for 1857 
 did not materialize. W. L. Dulaney wrote March 15, 1858, to the 
 Secretary of Ohio Alpha, which he supposed to be still in existence, 
 as follows: ' You may remember that in December, 1856, a Con- 
 vention of the Order was held at Cincinnati, Ohio, for various 
 considerations, the principal of which was to call a General Con- 
 vention at some regular period and to prepare a uniform, orthodox 
 Constitution for the whole Order." 
 
 It is probable, however, that onl}^ Kentuck}^ Alpha adopted the 
 revised Constitution. Indiana Epsilon adopted a Constitution in 
 1868, which was but little different from the original Constitution 
 of Ohio Alpha; Indiana Epsilon copied Indiana Beta's Constitu- 
 tion, and Indiana Beta had copied Indiana Alpha's, which had 
 been "modeled" on that sent from Ohio Alpha, 1849. The Con- 
 stitution of 1856 was never printed until it appeared in The Pal- 
 ladium^ January, 1899. 
 
 ANNALS, 1857-1858. 
 
 Joel Tuttle, of Ohio Alpha, D. D. Banta, of Indiana Alpha, and 
 W. L. Dulaney, of Kentucky Alpha, composed a committee, 
 appointed by the Convention of 1856, to write a circular-letter to 
 the various chapters concerning the general interests of the Order. 
 They prepared and issued such a letter, January, 1857; it was in 
 manuscript form and was not printed until it appeared in The 
 Scroll, May, 1882. It offered congratulations on the position 
 which the Society had attained, but urged a polic}^ of action and 
 energy," that such "position be confirmed and strengthened." 
 
igS THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Hopes were expressed that new chapters would soon be established 
 at Jefferson College (since consolidated with Washington College), 
 Marietta College, Georgetown College, Hanover College, North- 
 western Christian Universit}^ (now Universit}' of Indianapolis), 
 Illinois College, Universit}^ of Wisconsin and Universit}^ of Mis- 
 souri. 
 
 At the time of the Convention, Kentucky Alpha had probably 
 taken steps toward establishing a chapter at Georgetown College, 
 Georgetown, }Lj. Januar\^ 6, 1857, S. W. Mitchell proposed for 
 discussion at the next meeting the subject of 'The extension of 
 our Order." After correspondence between J. F. Cook and W. L. 
 Dulane}", the following action, as shown by the minutes, was taken 
 Januar}' 20: J. F. Cook, of Georgetown, was proposed and elected 
 a member of the $ A ©. Instructions were given to the Corres- 
 ponding Secretarv, on motion, to transmit to Mr. Cook a charter, 
 Bond, Constitution, Articles of Union and b3"-laws, necessar}^ for 
 
 the establishment of a chapter at Georgetown On 
 
 motion, Messrs. McNair, Dobbs and Sumrall were severall}'- 
 appointed to investigate and report the chances to get our Order 
 established at Chapel Hill, N. C. ; Oakland, Miss., and Bethany, 
 Va."* The chapter at Georgetown received the title of Kentucky 
 Gamma, the same title that had been borne by the second chapter 
 at Centre, which had existed for five months, 1855. The charter 
 members at Georgetown were: C. D. Armstrong, '57; J. A. Cham- 
 bliss, '57; J. H. Ferguson, '57; J. F. Cook, '58. The chapter lived 
 but three months, the cause of its failure being the existence of 
 anti-secret societ}' laws. The minutes of Kentuck}^ Alpha for April 
 7, 1857, say: ' From information received from the Corresponding 
 Secretary of Kentucky Gamma, their charter was withdrawn. " No 
 other fraternit}^ has ever been established at Georgetown. 
 
 Late in 1856, A. T. McKinney, of the suspended chapter at 
 Austin, but then attending Princeton, obtained the address of 
 Joel Tuttle, of Ohio Alpha, and wrote to him to learn something 
 about the condition of the Society. He had left Austin College 
 soon after the chapter was organized, 1853, and he thought that 
 the charter of the chapter had been revoked. Tuttle replied 
 December 15, 1856. McKinne}" wrote to him, December 18, tell- 
 ing him what he knew about the chapter, and mentioning that he 
 had recentl}^ heard from J. H. Banton, '54, who still lived at 
 Huntsville, Texas, where Austin College was located. Tuttle opened 
 up communication with Banton, who wrote, March 17, 1857, that 
 he had "the charter and other papers," that there was then no 
 member attending college, but if it should be desired, and if it 
 would be lawful, he probabl}' could effect an organization with 
 the students." Banton wrote to Tuttle, June 16, 1857: 'At 3^our 
 suggestion I have reorganized the Texas Alpha of the <l> A in 
 Austin College. I initiated three 5''oung men, all choice spirits, 
 
 'The University of North Carolina, Oakland College, and Bethany College. 
 
ANNALS, 1857-1858. 199 
 
 with whom 3^ou can freeh^ commune without any mental reserva- 
 tion whatever. William S. Hill is President; Champion Hill, Sec- 
 retary; and Louis B. Hightower, Warden. They will initiate other 
 young men who are eligible under the Bond. I have conversed 
 with them freely, and think they understand the nature and objects 
 of the Societ}^ very well." This second attempt to establish a 
 chapter in Austin College was no more successful than the first. 
 So far as we know, the three students initiated b}^ Banton made 
 no . addition to their number. Doubtless the chapter died with 
 the graduation of members in 1858. 
 
 Two almost simultaneous efforts were made to enter Bethany'- 
 College, Bethany, Va., one directed by Indiana Alpha, the other 
 by Kentucky Alpha. J. C. Miller wrote, March 31, 1857, from 
 Bethany to the Secretar}^ of Ohio Alpha. He said he had 
 recently come from Indiana University, where he had joined 
 $ A ©. He thought there was a very fine chance for establishing 
 a large chapter" at Bethany^, and desired information in regard to 
 the proper procedure in establishing new chapters. There was no 
 secret society there, and his pin had attracted considerable atten- 
 tion." The minutes of Indiana Alpha, for May 25, 1857,* say: 
 ''Mr. J. L. Mitchell read a letter from J. C. Miller, of Bethany 
 College, Virginia, stating that he had pledged to secrecy two stud- 
 ents of that college, and that he desired us to elect them members 
 of the Indiana Alpha, in order that he may be able to establish a 
 chapter of the Phis at that college. The subject being freely dis- 
 cussed by all present, the gentlemen were duh^ elected members of 
 the Indiana Alpha of the $ A © Society." The minutes of Ken- 
 tucky Alpha for June 9, 1857, say: On motion of Mr. Sumrall, 
 and upon his recommendation, Mr. R. A. Spurr, student of Bethan}'- 
 College, Va., was elected to membership with the view of establish- 
 ing a chapter at that college. Mr. Sumrall was empowered to for- 
 ward a copy of the Bond and Constitution and whatever other 
 information he might deem necessary for its successful operation." 
 Probably neither Indiana Alpha nor Kentucky Alpha knew of the 
 other's plans. Both attempts to establish a chapter at Bethany 
 failed. 
 
 In the fall of 1856, W. G. Jenckes, of Indiana Alpha, entered 
 the senior class at the Universit}^ of Wisconsin. As the following 
 letter shows, he was urged b}^ members of Ohio Alpha, Indiana 
 xA.lpha and Kentucky Alpha to establish a. chapter there: 
 
 University of Wisconsin, Madison, Ma}- 11, 1857. 
 John N. Scott, Miami Universit}-. 
 
 Dear Sir: Your letter has been too long neglected, but I felt that I could not 
 sooner answer your question in a manner satisfactory to myself. I have received 
 frequent letters from John W. Foster in reference to the same subject, and one 
 from George Miller, of the Kentucky Alpha. Since my residence at the University 
 of Wisconsin, I have held the matter under advisement, and have come to the con- 
 clusion that if a chapter is to be established at this institution, it should be done soon. 
 
 "* The minutes show, by the way, that this meeting was held at the unusually early hour of 6 a. m. 
 The next meeting, June 6, was at 7 a. m. Afterward meetings were held at i p. m. 
 
200 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The institution is now permanently established, with an available fund equal to 
 $350,000. An appropriation of $40,000 has just been made for the erection of the 
 main college edifice, which will be commenced in a few weeks. Our faculty num- 
 bers seven, and will be increased as soon as circumstances justify it. One chair 
 has been established which is not yet filled. No institution in the West is possessed 
 of a more able corps of instructors. Our chapel roll now numbers about 120 stud- 
 ents. The upper classes are small, but this is to be expected of a new institution 
 in the West. There are at present but few students in the number who would in all 
 respects answer our purpose. But a small chapter, composed of good material, 
 might now be established, and enlarged as soon as circumstances would justify it. 
 
 My connection with the institution expires with the present term, but I have 
 mentioned the matter to a friend who seems anxious to take it in hand. He is 
 decidedly the best of the junior class, and would be a great acquisition to the 
 Society. He is a resident of the place and will live here after graduation, and 
 would be a trustworthy hand to take care of our interests. There are two or 
 three others who might now be, initiated. My room-mate, who is a tutor in the 
 university, is a Beta, and I have recently discovered that he is taking measures 
 to establish a chapter of his Society. If you determine to go ahead, the sooner the 
 better. Would you initiate a senior at this late hour? Is it not desirable to extend 
 our number, if we can get good members, even though they are not to remain long 
 in college? If you see fit to send me the necessary documents, with special instruc- 
 tions, I will establish a chapter before I leave. Special instructions will be needed 
 to direct me, in consequence of my having forgotten the forms. Hoping to hear 
 from you soon in reference to the subject, I remain. 
 
 Yours in the Bond, Wm. G. Jenckes. 
 
 The friend to whom he referred was W. F. Vilas, '58. After 
 obtaining authority to initiate men, Jenckes initiated him, and 
 they together, a few days afterward, initiated G. S. P. Stillman, '59. 
 The three made application to Ohio Alpha for a charter, June 19. 
 Ohio Alpha, June 27, 1857, granted them a charter, empowering 
 them to establish Wisconsin Alpha. The first regular meeting of 
 the new chapter was on July 22, when I. W. McKeever, '58, and 
 P. C. Slaughter, '59, were initiated. Of the five members, Jenckes 
 was graduated in '57, and Stillman and McKeever failed to 
 return in September, leaving only two attendant members — Vilas 
 and Stillman. An account of the chapter during the first term 
 of 1857-58 says: Nothing was accomplished until towards the 
 latter part of that term, when, other societies being projected in 
 the institution, the matter was laid hold of in earnest, and most of 
 the valuable students in the institution were initiated. This, of 
 course, destroyed the success of the other projects then on foot 
 to set up chapters of other societies." This is an extract from an 
 account of the establishment of Wisconsin Alpha, which was writ- 
 ten by Vilas in the minute book of the chapter, and which con- 
 cludes as follows: ' I cannot conclude this short account of the 
 rise of our college of the <l> A ® without expressing the hope that 
 her future prosperity and success may not be bounded b}^ the 
 ordinary limits of such Orders, but that it may grow on its present 
 foundations to be forever the controlling influence of our univer- 
 sity. And this prosperity and success is dependent only on the 
 harmony and good fellowship of her children, and their industry 
 and faithfulness to her and their own interests." In an article 
 written for The Scroll, April, 1894, W. G. Jenckes said: 
 
ANNALS, 1857-1858. 201 
 
 In September, 1856, after the close of mv junior year in Indiana University, 
 most of my more intimate associates having graduated and "moved on," I was inspired 
 with a desire to see something of the then new Northwest, and obtained the consent 
 of my father, Joseph S. Jenckes, Sr., who was for many years a member of the board 
 of trustees of Indiana University, to accompan}- his old friend, Dr. Daniel Read (who 
 was more \}ci3Si fifty years in getting through college) in his move to the University of 
 Wisconsin, where he had accepted a professorship, which he held until he became 
 President of the University of Missouri. I was admitted to the senior class and 
 met as one of my classmates an ex-student of Dartmouth, who wore the A K E 
 badge, and a graduate of Indiana University, who went there as tutor in the 
 preparatory department, wearing the badge of B 11. 
 
 I had kept iip a correspondence with J. W. Foster ever since his graduation from 
 Indiana University, in 1855, after which he went to Harvard Law School. One of 
 the results of this correspondence was a decision to plant a chapter of $ A 9 in the 
 University of Wisconsin, which I predicted even at that early day, was destined to 
 a great future. The State of W^isconsin is of the same age as $ A 0, and the Uni- 
 versity of Wisconsin one year younger. My early prediction has long. since been 
 amph- verified, as the faculty of the university now number about 100 instructors, 
 and its last annual catalogue enrolled about 1,200 students. Having decided to 
 establish the chapter, we determined to act promptly, as I did not know but the 
 other fraternities represented by the members wearing the badges above mentioned, 
 might preoccupy the field, which was then somewhat limited as to material, owing 
 to the small number of students in the regular college classes. 
 
 At the first annual dinner of alumni in New York City, 1884, P. 
 C. Slaughter, '59, said: ' We kept secret the very existence of our 
 Societ}^" at Wisconsin. It appears, however, that this was an 
 error. While the meetings were secret, the existence of the Society 
 was known in the university. W. F. Vilas, '58, wrote to W, B. 
 Palmer, October 31, 1899: The chapter w^as never conducted j"?//^ 
 I'osa in any other sense than that its meetings were private or 
 secret." There was no faculty opposition. W. G. Jenckes, '57, 
 after giving an account of the organization of Wisconsin Alpha in 
 the article quoted from above, said: ''The Hon. John H. Lathrop, 
 who was at that time the beloved and honored Chancellor of the 
 University of Wisconsin, was a graduate of Yale, an accomplished 
 gentleman, a learned scholar and a man of too enlarged views and 
 varied experiences of life to participate in the prejudice that was 
 then so common against fraternities, as was also his eminent suc- 
 cessor. Dr. Henr}^ E. Barnard, afterwards President of Columbia 
 College, New York." It appears, however, that the barbarians at 
 Wisconsin caused trouble for <3E> A ©, as that element almost alwa}' s 
 opposed the Greeks when they made their advent at an}' institution. 
 J. D. Tredway, Secretary of Wisconsin Alpha, wrote to J. S. Broad- 
 well, at Indiana University, June i, i860: "Please be careful in 
 directing letters to me at this place until further notice, as 3^our 
 last have fallen into the hands of 'outside barbarians,' and been the 
 source of trouble." ^A0 was the onl}^ fraternity organized at 
 Wisconsin before the civil war."^ 
 
 *The following appears in "The Psi Upsilon Epitome," 1884, by A. P. Jacobs: "The University 
 of Michigan received the support of the convention of 1854, failing, however, to get the votes of all 
 the chapters. The University of Wisconsin, first proposed at the convention of 1852, and heartily 
 seconded by alumni, was similarlj^ rejected. The convention of 1858 threw out another petition 
 from Wisconsin, notwithstanding a favorable report, so remarkable that it is reproduced here: 
 
 " 'It seems that there are twenty-five or more graduate Psi Upsilons in Wisconsin who wish to 
 have a charter granted to them. The legislature of the State and the board of regents have requested 
 
2 02 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Indiana Alpha reported five attendant members, January 26, 1857. 
 
 Indiana Beta continued to be troubled by the ban which the 
 Wabash faculty had placed on secret societies. On account of the 
 close surveillance which was kept upon them, the members unani- 
 mously voted, July, 1857, to discontinue meetings and to return 
 their charter. But the charter was not returned, and meetings were 
 resumed in the following December. A report for 1857-58 (not 
 dated) showed ten attendant members. 
 
 Kentucky Alpha, February 10, 1857, reported twenty-one attend- 
 ant members, a greater number than either it or any other chapter 
 had had up to that time- S. W. Mitchell, sending the report to 
 Ohio Alpha, wrote: You will observe we have a large number of 
 regular members, but I can assure 3^ou that they are all Phis of 
 the right stamp. Most of our members, at the beginning of this 
 season, were in the senior class, and, having a good opportunity 
 for getting good men, we thought best to secure a sufficient num- 
 ber to carry matters on when this class graduates." As twelve of 
 the twenty-one were seniors, the chapter was wise in adding under- 
 classmen, although its rule was not to exceed fifteen attendant 
 members. A report for 1857-58 (not dated) showed twelve attend- 
 ant members. 
 
 The following extracts from the minutes of Kentuck}'- Alpha show 
 that it was active in making preparations for the Convention, which 
 the Convention of 1856 decided should meet at Danville during 
 1857. March 3, 1857: It was moved and carried that we have 
 an election for a gentleman to address us at the next annual com- 
 mencement of the college, which resulted in the election of the 
 Rev. Stuart Robinson. On motion, Mr. Blackburn was elected to 
 introduce the speaker to the audience. A motion of Dulaney was 
 carried to effect that a committee of three be appointed to 
 make all necessary arrangements at said celebration; Messrs. 
 Dulaney, Sumrall and Miller were appointed." April 7: ''Upon 
 motion of Mr. Stevenson, Mr. Sumrall was continued as a commit- 
 tee to wait upon Dr. Robinson, concerning his accepting our invita- 
 tion to deliver our next oration. Moved by Mr. Anderson that 
 Dr. Rice, of St. Louis, be elected as substitute provided that Dr. 
 Robinson does not accept; carried. Moved by Mr. Stevenson, 
 that we initiate Dr. Robinson at our next meeting; carried.* Moved 
 by Mr. Dulaney that the committee procure a suitable room for 
 the reception of Dr. Robinson; carried. Messrs. Dulaney, Black- 
 burn and Sumrall appointed." July 7: 'The effort to get a speaker 
 from abroad having failed, another effort was made." August 18: 
 
 that our fraternity grant a chapter to their state university. The faculty of the said university have 
 requested the same, and promised no other society a hold in the college !' " 
 
 Verily a "remarkable" report. If it were true, it is strange that the joint resolution of both 
 houses to this effect is not quoted from the published acts or journal of the legislature; strange that 
 the allegations as to the regents and faculty were not supported by written statements from some of 
 the survivors among them. 
 
 * Dr. Stuart Robinson had been elected to honorarj' membership by Kentucky Alpha, January 6, 
 1857; Dr. Nathan L. Rice by Ohio Alpha, 1852. 
 
ANNALS, 1857-1858. 203 
 
 "President appointed Mr. Dulane)^ to assist the Corresponding 
 Secretar}^ Mr. Scull, in communicating with all the chapters con- 
 cerning the Convention to be held in this place. Upon motion, 
 the chapter proceeded to the election of a delegate, whereupon Mr. 
 Miller was elected. Messrs. Blackburn, Miller and Scull were 
 appointed as a committee to apply to the Chamberlain Society for 
 their hall during the sitting of the Convention. Moved by Mr. 
 Miller that the Convention meet on Wednesday, September 16, at 
 eight o'clock in morning; carried. Mr. McNair moved that our 
 delegate be instructed especially to bring the subject of changing 
 the pin before the Convention; carried." The Corresponding Sec- 
 retary of Kentucky Alpha wrote to the Corresponding Secretaries 
 of other chapters as follows: 
 
 Danville, Ky., Aug. 28, 1857. 
 To THE Corresponding Secretary of <E> A 9 Society. 
 
 Dear Sir: In this place on the i6th of September, 1857, there will be a Conven- 
 tion of all the chapters of the $ A Society, for the purpose of transacting general 
 business for the said Society, at which time and place we hope to see your lodge 
 represented by as many delegates as you may deem necessary for that purpose. 
 This we would have let you known before had we not been compelled to wait for 
 answers from those whom we had selected to address us on that occasion, and I am 
 really sorry to inform you that we failed to procure one; but one of our prof essors will 
 say a few words to the Convention in private. Let us hear from you immediately. 
 
 Yours respectfully, Henry W. Scull, 
 
 Corresponding Secretary, $ A Society. 
 
 The Convention failed to meet because no chapters at a distance 
 from Centre sent delegates. Ohio Alpha became inactive, Septem- 
 ber, 1857. Though Indiana University was in vacation at the 
 time the Convention was to meet, J. W. Gorman and J. L. Mitchell 
 expected to attend, but unavoidable circumstances kept the former 
 from going to Danville, while the latter was kept at home on 
 account of sickness in his family. Indiana Beta discontinued 
 meetings in July, on account of faculty oppression, and did not 
 reorganize until December. Wisconsin Alpha, chartered late in 
 June, had only two members to return in September. 
 
 Ohio Alpha reported nine attendant members, March 19, 
 1857— G. B. Peck, '57; J. N. Scott, '57; Joel Tuttle, '57; A. R. 
 Williams, '57; J. R. Patterson, '58; W. M. Williams, '58; Duncan 
 McDonald, '59; C. E. Baker, '60; E. T. Peck, '61. It seems that 
 S. T. Hanna, '58, and E. P. Williams, '58, were temporarily out 
 of college. Scott sending the report to Indiana Alpha, wrote on 
 that date: "We are doing very well here, we think, and have every 
 reason to feel encouraged. Our number is about equal to that of 
 any secret society in college; and as to the quality of our material, 
 we have nothing to complain of. We have made several acquisi- 
 tions of a valuable character this session and have more in 
 contemplation." He wrote, March 24, in the same hopeful strain 
 to S. W. Mitchell, of Kentucky Alpha. The following note appears 
 below the minutes of Ohio Alpha's meeting on March 11: Minutes 
 of meeting on March 25, 1857, have been lost. Owing to many 
 
204 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 interruptions from time to time, no meeting was held from March 
 25th to May 27th, 1857." For violation of the Bond, Duncan 
 McDonald, '59, was expelled, May 27. The following is quoted 
 from the minutes of May 27: On motion the Secretary was 
 instructed to write to the Ky. Alpha informing them that we are 
 <:ontent with the old form of pin, and are not favorable to the 
 change they proposed. On motion the Constitution as revised 
 was referred to the Convention which is to assemble this summer 
 at Danville, Ky. It being the regular time for the election of 
 officers, an election was entered into, which resulted as follows: 
 President, W. M. Williams; Secretary, Ed. P. Williams; Warden, 
 S. T. Hanna. " Following are the last minutes recorded in Ohio 
 Alpha's original minute book: 
 
 Tuttle's Room, June 27th, 1857. 
 
 Society met, and was called to order and opened with prayer by the President. 
 All the members were present but A. R. Williams, Peck, i & 2, and S. T. Hanna. 
 The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. The officers elected 
 ■were: then inducted, except Hanna who was absent. Members all failed in literary- 
 performances. A communication was then read from our brethren of the $ A 
 in attendance at Wisconsin University petitioning the Ohio Alpha of the $ A 9 to 
 grant them a charter for establishing a college at the above university. On motion, a 
 charter was granted & the Secretary was instructed to forward the same immediately. 
 After some conversation relative to the interests of the Order, Society adjourned. 
 
 Sec. Ed. P. Williams. Pres. W. Mark Williams. 
 
 In view of the favorable reports from. Ohio Alpha in March, it 
 "was surprising that within a few months it should become inactive. 
 In the fall only six members returned — S. T. Hanna, J. R. Patter- 
 ■son, E. P. Williams, M. W. Williams, C. E. Baker, E. T. Peck. 
 They held a meeting or meetings early in September but none sub- 
 ■sequently. The principal cause assigned for allowing the chapter 
 to suspend was the absence of suitable material. The fall of Ohio 
 Alpha was a great disaster to the Society, and it produced general 
 consternation when it became known to other chapters. However, 
 other chapters were not informed until eight months later, when the 
 following letter was written: 
 
 Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, May 18, 1858. 
 To THE Indiana Alpha of the $ A 0. 
 
 Gentlemen: Having from time to time noticed letters in the postoffice addressed 
 to the "Phi Delta Theta Fraternity," we deemed it our duty to open and answer 
 them, that you might have some knowledge of the true state of affairs at this chap- 
 ter. T/ze Society at this place is virtually defunct. No pins have been worn and 
 no meetings held for more than eight months. There are at present here four other 
 secret societies, three of which are very large and flourishing. The demand is more 
 than supplied. Partly then from the difficulty of getting men of the true stamp into 
 the Society, and partly from the fact that some of its present members were opposed 
 from principle to the existence of such organizations, the Ohio Alpha chapter of 
 the $ A has been suffered to go down. Whether or not it will ever be revived 
 we do not know. After the senior class graduates, there will be but one member 
 left — a junior. We thought it absolutely necessary that you should know these 
 facts, that you may make other arrangements, and send your reports to some other 
 chapter. Yours respectfully, James R. Patterson. 
 
 Edw. p. Williams. 
 
 P. S. Our Constitution, books, papers, etc., we can express to any chapter 
 -which the Society in General Convention may direct. E. P. W. 
 
ANNALS, 1857-1858. 205 
 
 The bad news from Miami was sent to Robert Morrison, who 
 had never failed to evince the deepest interest in the Societ}^ of 
 which he was a founder. 
 
 Indiana University, May 25, 1858. 
 Robert Morrison, Cedar Creek, Ky. 
 
 Dear Sir: Inclosed you will find a copy of a letter from Oxford, Ohio, just 
 received by the Secretary of our chapter. It contains news very unexpected to us, 
 and indeed it has caused a good deal of excitement among ourselves. They are 
 the last ones we would have dreamed of sinking. We have had our doubts as to 
 the genuineness of the letter, but circumstances go strongly to prove it. It is the 
 first letter we have received from them for about a year, and we are now inclined 
 to believe that it is too true. We would be glad if you would write to some one at 
 Oxford and elicit some more facts concerning the affair. If it is so, we are anxious 
 about who shall be the Grand Chapter. We are the next oldest Alpha, and I think 
 we are entitled to it over any other chapter now in existence. We are willing to 
 meet in Convention and settle it. If you are acquainted with any one at Danville 
 we would be pleased to have his address, or to have you write to him yourself con- 
 cerning the matter. I fear we are asking too much of 3'ou, but you are the only 
 one we know who could do as much for us. Please write to us soon and let us know 
 what you think of the matter. Yours respectfully, 
 
 Jas. W. Gorman. 
 
 The minutes of Indiana Alpha for May 29, 1858, say: "On 
 
 motion of J. L. Mitchell, it was resolved that a committee of three 
 
 be appointed to prepare a circular calling a General Convention of 
 
 our Order in Bloomington, on the 13th da}^ of July, 1858." The 
 
 following notice was sent to Kentucky Alpha: 
 
 Indiana Alpha of the <I> A 6, Bloomington, Ind., June 5, 1858. 
 To the Brothers of Kentucky Alpha — C. H. Dobbs: 
 
 At a meeting of this college, held on the 29th of May, 1858, it was resolved to 
 call a General Convention of the members of our Order to meet at Indiana State 
 University, in Bloomington, Indiana, on the 13th day of July, 1858. The reason 
 and object for making this call are briefly these: 
 
 A few weeks ago we received, after repeated efforts, a letter from the Ohio Alpha,, 
 or rather from some of its members, stating that that college of our Order had not 
 held a meeting for several months past; that the membership was 3^ery much 
 reduced; that the competition between the various societies was very great; that 
 the opposition from without was very strong, and that they were "virtually 
 defunct." This state of affairs leaves the Order without an acting head. We have 
 deemed this a sufficient cause to call together the various Orders and the members 
 of the Association wherever they may be. 
 
 The knowledge of such a state of things will, no doubt, surprise, but we trust not 
 dishearten, you. We do not call you together for the purpose of deliberating upon 
 the best manner of disbanding our organization. We have resolved, after a calm 
 deliberation and survey of our condition, that we can and that we shall live. And 
 our object in calling you together is to discuss the best means of infusing new vigor 
 into our Order, to arrive at the true interests of our various chapters or colleges by 
 personal acquaintance and mutual exchange of views and sentiments, to form a 
 stronger bond of union and form plans for propagating our Order throughout the 
 great West. 
 
 We trust that you will not for a moment entertain the thought of receding, of 
 slackening your efforts for our advancement, or of disbanding our Order. Our 
 aims are too high and we are too fully committed to our cause to give them up at 
 this time. We have a hopeful future before us, if we are but true to our interests 
 and our duty, and we hope you will show by a large and enthusiastic delegation 
 that your interest is unabated. 
 
 We have called the Convention during our commencement week, which we hope 
 will add more interest to our assembling. Do not fail to be represented in Conven- 
 tion. We give a hearty and urgent invitation to your entire college, and we will 
 
2o6 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 endeavor to entertain you as friends and as brothers. We will not forestall the 
 action of the Convention by suggesting any plan or any measures, but we trust 
 you will come clothed with full power to act as circumstances may demand. 
 
 We are not willing to allow the extinction of our college at Miami University. 
 We have written to them, urging upon them the necessity of maintaining their 
 existence at any rate, and if necessary wait for more propitious times. Will you 
 also write to them and use all your arguments to induce them not to give up? 
 Address your letters to Edward P. Williams, Oxford, Ohio. 
 
 Please let us know at your earliest convenience what action you will take on this 
 letter and how many delegates we may expect from j^our college. 
 
 Jas. L. Mitchell, John A. Conwell, Jas. W. Gorman, Committee. 
 
 The members at Miami were written to: 
 
 Indiana University, Bloomington, June 8, 1858. 
 To J. R. Patterson, Oxford, Ohio. 
 
 Dear Sir: Since I wrote you last, we have held a meeting of our chapter, and 
 resolved to have a General Convention here at our institution during our commence- 
 ment week, on the 13th day of July, 1858. We extend to your college a hearty 
 and urgent invitation, and we trust you will be represented in the Convention. We 
 expect to take into consideration matters of vital importance to our Order. 
 
 We have prepared a circular, and are sending it to the difterent chapters of the 
 Order. Please give us a list of all the chapters in existence, so that we ma}^ address 
 them. It is to be hoped that your determination in regard to giving entirely in is not 
 permanently settled. We are not willing at all to allow the extinction of our chapter 
 at Miami University. Please write at your earliest convenience, and inform us 
 what we may expect from you in regard to a representation and a list of chapters. 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 Jas. W, Gorman, Secretary. 
 
 The minutes of Kentucky Alpha for June 9, 1858, say: Mr. 
 Scull then read a letter from Messrs. Williams and Patterson, of 
 the Ohio Alpha of the $ A at Oxford, Ohio, in relation to the 
 condition of the Society at that place, after which a motion was 
 made that the Corresponding Secretary be instructed to write and 
 request all the books and manuscripts belonging to said Society to 
 
 be forwarded to this chapter." 
 
 Danville, Ky., Jime 11, 1858. 
 Messrs. Jas. R. Patterson and Edw. P. Williams, Oxford, Ohio. 
 
 Gentlemen: We received your letter informing us of the state of our Order at 
 3^our college, and very much regret the cause which makes it necessary for you to 
 write and us to answer such a letter. We have received a letter from our brethren 
 in Bloomington, Ind., calling a Convention to meet in that place on July 13. Will 
 3'our chapter be represented at that Convention? Is there any possibility of keeping 
 up our Order at Oxford? Be kind enough to gather together all the books, papers 
 and property of your chapter and place them in the hands of some reliable person, 
 to await the order of the various chapters. Your leaving college makes this neces- 
 sary. Will you write to us immediately about these things ? 
 
 James S. Ewing, 
 Corresponding Secretary of the Kentucky Alpha Chapter, 
 
 From the following letter it appears that the members at Miami 
 
 favored making Kentucky Alpha the Grand Chapter. 
 
 Danville, Ky., June 11, 1858. 
 Rev. Robert Morrison, Cedar Creek, Ky. 
 
 My Dear Friend: Your kind favor of the 9th inst. is just received. There was a 
 meeting of the <l> A Society on last Wednesday night. A communication was 
 received from the Ohio Alpha informing us of the condition of our Society at Miami 
 University. They report but three members of the Society in that institution. Two 
 of these are seniors and will graduate in about one month. They have, in conse- 
 
ANNALS, 1857-1858. 207 
 
 quence, come to the conclusion to remove the head chapter to this place. Whether 
 this is in accordance with the wishes of the various chapters, 1 cannot sav, but we 
 expect soon to write to the different chapters, and will request immediate replies. 
 Our Society here is in a very good condition. We have about twelve members. 
 The names of some of our most prominent, members are Junius Hall, Henry W. 
 Scull and Thomas W. Bullitt. Beyond this we have no news of interest. 
 Yours truh' in the bonds of the f> A 0, 
 
 WiLKixs G. Anderson. 
 
 Kentucky Alpha, as well as Indiana Alpha, desired to become 
 
 the Grand Chapter. The minutes of Kentucky Alpha for June 15, 
 
 1858, sa}^: "a letter was read from the Indiana Alpha calling for 
 
 a Convention of $ A 0s to be held at the State University of 
 
 Indiana. It was thereupon moved and carried that a delegate be 
 
 appointed, clothed with full power to act as circumstances suggest. 
 
 Moved by Ewing that our delegate be instructed to use all due 
 
 exertions to get the Grand Chapter of our Order to Centre College, 
 
 but, in a compromising spirit, to do all for the good of the Order." 
 
 On motion, the election of a delegate was gone into, which resulted 
 
 in the choice of Ewing ^Sloved b}' Ewing that a letter 
 
 be addressed to all the chapters of this Order, urging upon them 
 
 the necessit}' of sending delegates to the Convention." T. B. 
 
 Ward, '55, initiated by Indiana Beta and affiliated with Ohio Alpha, 
 
 wrote to the latter: 
 
 Lafayette, Ind., June 16, 1858. 
 To THE Secretary of the f> A 9: 
 
 Dear Sir: I have had submitted to me for perusal a letter from a committee of 
 the Indiana Alpha, directed to a member of the Society who lives in this city. The 
 letter sets forth that from late advices received from Oxford they learn that our 
 chapter there is ''''virtually defunct;'''' that 3-ou never hold meetings, have too much 
 opposition to live, etc. The letter goes on to say that a call is being issued for a 
 General Convention of all the chapters, alumni, etc., to be held at Bloomington at 
 their next commencement. 
 
 The object of the Convention is only hinted at, but sufficient is thrown out to 
 indicate that the design is to remove the headquarters from Oxford to Blooming- 
 ton. I think you will demur to this, and I feel certain that every one who has ever 
 been connected with the Society at Oxford will demur to it. I am not entirely 
 clear in my recollection of the provisions of our Constitution, but, unless I am mis- 
 taken, the headquarters can be changed only by a General Convention, which must 
 be held at Oxford. As a member of the Society, I feel an interest in this matter. 
 It is just possible that I am mistaken as to the object of this Convention at Bloom- 
 ington, but I think not. 
 
 T am more than sorry to learn that the chapter at Oxford has been suffered to go 
 down. Can't you resuscitate it? Please have the goodness to inform me more par- 
 ticularly of 3our condition. I sincerely trust it is not hopeless. 
 
 Yours very truly, THOMAS B. Ward. 
 
 The causes of disorganization are further explained in the follow- 
 ing letter: 
 
 Miami University, June 27, 1858. 
 James W. Gorman, Bloomington, Ind. 
 
 Dear Sir: The absence of Mr. Williams and myself, during senior vacation, is 
 the cause of delay in replying to yours of the 8th inst. The circumstances com- 
 pelling our disorganization, as recently communicated, we feel as deeply as your- 
 selves. But as much as it is to be deplored, it seems inevitable. We were as zeal- 
 ous and as vigilant as its strongest adherants could desire to avert such an end, but 
 it was forced upon us. The remembrance of its prosperity here in days past, its 
 
2o8 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ascendancy over all similar institutions, and its position as the head and bulwark of 
 the Order, conspire greatly to augment the ill-fortune of its fall. The reasons as 
 assigned by my friend Mr. Williams, were: 
 
 First, the utter absence of material recognized b}^ the Bond as suitable for con- 
 stituting a chapter. Second, disturbances arising in the literary societies through the 
 agency of secret societies, and the bad odor into which, consequently, they had 
 fallen. Third, scru^ples which some of the chapter entertained as to the propriety 
 of such institutions. These, you must confess, fully justify — or rather compelled — 
 the issue. 
 
 If at some future day an opening should present itself for the re-establishment of 
 the chapter here, under better auspices, I trust it may be accomplished. We are 
 pleased with your purpose to assemble in Convention at your institution, and ear- 
 nestly hope that the "matters of vital importance" may be duly considered, and 
 that our cause may be promoted. I am unable to reply definitely as to a repre- 
 sentative from us at that time, but as we will then have left Miami, the probabili- 
 ties are adverse. Would be much pleased to hear the result of your deliberations 
 on July 13. My address will be Pittsburg, Pa. Respectfully yours, 
 
 J. R. Patterson. 
 
 In 1858-59, C. E. Baker was the only Phi at Miami; the next 
 year there was none. At the time of the Convention, July, 1858, 
 in the tenth year of the Society, there were four active chapters. — 
 Indiana Alpha, Kentucky Alpha, Indiana Beta and Wisconsin 
 Alpha, Indiana Beta being sub rosa. This was the same number 
 of active chapters as at the time of the Convention of 185 1, and at 
 the time of the Convention of 1856, and the chapters were the 
 same, except that Ohio Alpha had suspended and Wisconsin Alpha 
 had been organized. 
 
 THE GENERAL CONVENTION OF 1858. 
 
 The minutes of Indiana Alpha for May 29, 1858, say: On 
 motion of Mr. Mitchell, it was resolved that a committee of three be 
 appointed to prepare a circular calling a General Convention of our 
 Order in Bloomington, on the 13th day of July, 1858. Mr. Mitchell, 
 Mr. Conwell and Mr. Gorman were appointed." The General 
 Convention met Tuesday, July 13, 1858, at Bloomington, Ind. 
 
 Members present: Indiana — J. B. Atkinson, '58; R. C. McKinnev, '58; J. L, 
 Mitchell, '58; J. A. Conwell, '59; J. W. Gorman, '59; D. E. Beem," '60; J. S. 
 Broadwell, '60; E. R. Hatfield, '60; J. M. McCoy, '60; J. C. Robinson, '61. Centre — 
 J. S. Ewing, '58. 
 
 Indiana Beta and Wisconsin Alpha were not represented. J. L. 
 Mitchell was elected President and J. W. Gorman Secretary. 
 
 The principal subject discussed was the location of the Grand 
 Chapter, the parent chapter at Miami having suspended. It was 
 determined to make Indiana Alpha the Grand Chapter for two 
 years, and, at a General Convention to be held at the expiration 
 of that time at Danville, Ky., to consider the matter again, and 
 decide upon a permanent location. 
 
 The question of publishing a catalogue was discussed, but no ac- 
 tion in regard to it was taken. Resolutions were adopted urging the 
 chapters to exert their energies in the advancement and extension of 
 the Order. The proceedings of this Convention were never printed. 
 
ANNALS, 1858-1860. 209 
 
 ANNALS, 1858-1860. " 
 
 Wisconsin Alpha, inimediatel3^ after organization, went to work 
 vigorous!}^ to extend the Society in the Northwestern States. Its 
 minutes for December 10, 1857, sa}- On motion of Mr. Vilas, 
 Mr. Clark was authorized to initiate a friend from the Lawrence 
 University, Appleton, if he could obtain him, and to instruct him 
 to establish a chapter there, the Wisconsin Beta."'^ At Oak Creek, 
 Wis., August 24, 1858, L. S. Clark initiated J. A. Owen, Law- 
 rence, '60, who, returning to Appleton, initiated Jared Thompson, 
 Jr., '59, October 12. In January, A. R. Dyer, '59; D. J. Jenne, '59; 
 J. P. Maxwell, '59, and Nathan Paine, '60, were initiated. An 
 application for charter, dated Januar}^ 10 and signed by these 
 students, was granted b}^ Wisconsin Alpha February" 3, 1859. 
 Wisconsin Alpha's minutes for May 10, 1859, sa}^: The Secretary 
 read a letter from the Secretary of the Wisconsin Beta requesting 
 the addition of two names to their charter, which the}^ had 
 forwarded for that purpose. Norman Buck and Samuel Bo3^d 
 were the names referred to, which were by motion inserted in the 
 charter." 
 
 Wisconsin Beta had a brief sub rosa existence, which did not 
 extend be3'Ond the graduation of the class of '60. Only eleven 
 members, including the charter members, were initiated. The 
 cause of the failure of the chapter was the fact that it was not per- 
 mitted to run openh\ D. J. Jenne wrote to J. E. Brown, March 
 17, 1894, that The faculty at Lawrence were not in favor of secret 
 societies, and, therefore, our meetings were few and ver}^ quiet." 
 J. A. Owen wrote to Brown, March 24, 1894, that the faculty 
 opposed secret societies strenuoush^, " but he thought that no 
 member of the faculty ever knew of the organization of $ A © in 
 Lawrence Universit3\" No other general fraternit3^ has ever been 
 established at Lawrence. 
 
 L. S, Clark, at the University of Wisconsin, writing May 13, 
 1859, to J. W, Gorman, at Indiana Universit3^, said: We will 
 endeavor to extend our organization this summer to Beloit, Carroll, 
 and Racine Colleges, if we find proper material there." But $ A 
 never entered either of those institutions. 
 
 A chapter was established at Northwestern LTniversit3^, Evanston, 
 111., by N. G. Iglehart, Wisconsin, '60. He resided at Evanston 
 and personall3^ knew the earl3^ members and initiated them into 
 <^ A ©. Application was made b3^ W. A. Lord, '60, and H. L. 
 Stewart, ^60, for a charter authorizing them to establish at North- 
 western a chapter to be known as Illinois Alpha. The charter 
 was granted Februar3' 12, 1859, b3^ Indiana Alpha, then Grand 
 Chapter. J. W. Gorman, of Indiana Alpha, while passing through 
 
 ^ Lawrence Universitj' was then considerably more of an institution than the University of Wiscon- 
 sin. The first edition of "Appleton's Cyclopsedia" shows that, January, 1858, Lawrence had 8 instruc- 
 tors, 7 alumni, 129 collegiate students and a library' of 3,800 volumes, while Wisconsin had only 7 
 instructors, 6 alumni, 30 collegiate students and 1,900 volumes. At that time the state universities 
 in tne West were small, Michigan and Indiana being the largest. 
 {14) 
 
2IO THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Evanston shortly thereafter, left the charter and other necessary 
 papers for the proper persons. An organization was at once 
 effected. Among the first initiates were H. M. Kidder, '59, and 
 W. H. H. Raleigh, '60. Raleigh wrote to Gorman, March 17, 1859, 
 that the papers left for them had been received, and that they 
 regretted he had not stopped over to see them. <I> A © was the first 
 fraternity to enter Northwestern. 
 
 Kentucky Alpha made another futile attempt to establish a chap- 
 ter at Georgetown College, Georgetown, Ky. Its minutes for Janu- 
 ary 17, 1859, say: On motion, Dr. Campbell, of Georgetown, 
 Ky., was elected an honorary member that he might, if he approved 
 of it, assist in establishing a college there. Moved and carried 
 that the Grand Chapter be informed of this action." The Grand 
 Chapter was notified, and its Secretary, J. W. Gorman, wrote Jan- 
 uary 22: It has never been our custom here to elect honorary 
 members, but in this case it seems to be both proper and necessary. 
 If you have an}^ other opportunities to establish chapters, we hope 
 that you will prosecute the matter as speedily as possible." Febru- 
 ary 16, 1859, s^y t^^ minutes of Kentucky Alpha: "Mr. Lewis, who 
 had been appointed delegate to inform Dr. Campbell, of Georgetown, 
 Ky., of his election and the attempt to establish a chapter of our 
 Order there, reported it was against the laws of the college, and on 
 that account impossible." 
 
 Indiana Alpha, while Grand Chapter, did not neglect the institu- 
 tions in its own State. There was then no chapter of any fraternity 
 at Northwestern Christian University, Indianapolis. J. B. Atkin- 
 son, Indiana, '58, a young lawyer, living at Indianapolis, selected 
 several students to organize a chapter of $ A © there. An applica- 
 tion for charter, signed by W. A. Dixon, '60; D. S. R. Kern, '60, 
 and W. H. Brevoort, '62, was forwarded, October i, 1859, to 
 Indiana Alpha, the minutes of which, for October 6, say: A letter 
 was read by the Secretary from J. B. Atkinson of this chapter, 
 requesting to be clothed with the proper authority for taking the 
 initiatory steps towards instituting a chapter of our organization at 
 the Northwestern Christian University, of Indianapolis, stating 
 that in his opinion a very favorable opportunity for extending the 
 Society in that locality, was presented. On motion of Mr. Robin- 
 son, the Secretary was empowered to inform him that his request 
 was granted and to forward to him the proper papers." Atkinson, 
 October 10, initiated Dixon, Kern and Brevoort, also F. C. Good- 
 win, '60; W. N. Pickerill, '60; Irvin Robbins, '60. 
 
 Indiana Alpha's minutes for October 22 say: On motion of 
 Broadwell, it was resolved that the application of W. A. Dixon, D. 
 S. R. Kern and W. H. Brevoort, of the Northwestern Christian 
 University, to be granted the proper powers for establishing a chap- 
 ter of the $ A ©, together with the privileges annexed thereto, be 
 favorably received, and the gentlemen and their successors be 
 granted a charter of organization, to be styled the Indiana Gamma 
 
ANNALS, 1858-1860. 211 
 
 of the $ A ©." Kern, the first President of the chapter, died Feb- 
 ruary 15, i860; Goodwin died April 16, 1861. As soon as the chap- 
 ter was organized, a barbarian vs. Greek contest ensued. So strong 
 was the opposition, that members of <I> A © were denied offices in 
 the literary societies, but ere long this unfriendly feeling gave way. 
 
 The minutes of Indiana Alpha for February 26, 1859, show that, 
 on motion of J. A. Conwell, J. C. Robinson was empowered to 
 initiate Ross Guffin, of Antioch University, Yellow Springs, Ohio, 
 who was clothed with power to initiate enough to apply for a 
 charter." Guffin was the only student at Antioch who was initi- 
 ated, and he failed to establish a chapter there. During the next 
 year he entered Northwestern Christian University, joining Indiana 
 Gamma, and graduating i860. 
 
 Through Indiana Gamma, a chapter was organized at Ohio Wes- 
 leyan University, Delaware, Ohio. Since the suspension of 
 Ohio Alpha, 1857, ^ A had not had a chapter in the State 
 of its birth. In the fall of 1859, the secret orders of O. W. U. were 
 B n, ]S X and Eclectic."^ These orders showed a disposition to 
 divide between their members all the desirable offices which were 
 filled by the votes of students. A. P. Collins, '60, and David 
 Humphreys, '60, decided to endeavor to establish a chapter of 
 another order, so that they might better maintain their rights in 
 the literary societies and other student organizations. They had 
 warm personal friends in W. A. Dixon and W. N. Pickerill, of 
 Indiana Gamma, who had previously attended O. W. U., and been 
 in the same class with them. C. H. Gray, '62, accepted an invita- 
 tion from Collins and Humphreys to join them in applying to $ A© 
 for a charter. 
 
 A. P. Collins, in behalf of a number of students," wrote to the 
 Grand Chapter, January 24, i860, to make known their wish to 
 establish at O. W. U., a chapter of $ A 0, and to ask that they be 
 instructed how to proceed. They were confident they could fur- 
 nish satisfactory recommendations in all respects." He wrote, 
 February 4, requesting the Grand Chapter to withhold its reply 
 until it should hear from members of Indiana Gamma with whom 
 they were acquainted. W. A. Dixon, of Indiana Gamma, wrote 
 to the Grand Chapter, February i, that he was "acquainted with 
 all the gentlemen who propose to apply for a charter," and if they 
 make application to you, as I have directed them, I hope 3^ou will 
 favorably consider their request." The minutes of the Grand 
 Chapter for February 11, say: "The Secretary was empowered to 
 take the preliminary steps towards establishing a chapter" at 
 O. W. U. February 25: "The Secretar}^ read a letter from Mr. 
 A. P. Collins, of the Ohio Wesleyan University, enclosing the 
 Bond signed by himself and two others, which the Secretary had 
 forwarded to them. They informed us they were ready and 
 anxious to go ahead speedily and establish a chapter at Delaware." 
 
 * The parent chapter of the Eclectic or * N © Society is at Wesleyan Universitj-, Connecticut. 
 
2 12 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA, 
 
 The application, dated March 5, was signed by Collins, Gray 
 and Humphre3^s. The Grand Chapter, March 10, i860, granted 
 a charter authorizing them to establish at O. W. U. the Ohio Delta 
 of $ A 0, Soon thereafter they organized and initiated other 
 members. A. P. Collins wrote to J. S. Broadwell, at Indiana 
 University, May 16: A few days ago I received the charter of the 
 # A © Society all right. I suppose you have received our report 
 for the catalogue; we forwarded it some time ago. We have no 
 junior members; the reason is very simple — all ju;iiors that are 
 favorable to such orders and are worth having, are members of 
 other orders; the others we do not want- — only six juniors are mem- 
 bers of secret orders. Our Order now numbers about ten; we will 
 gradually increase until we reach about twenty." 
 
 Through the efforts of D. D. Banta, Indiana, '55, a chapter was 
 established at Franklin College, Franklin, Ind. He resided at 
 Franklin and was acquainted with the students. No Greek-letter 
 society had been organized there. The minutes of Indiana Alpha 
 for January 7, i860, say: A letter was read by the Secretary from 
 Brother D. D. Banta, saying there was a fine opening for a chapter 
 of the Order at Franklin College, and asking the Indiana Alpha to 
 elect one Bank Byfield, a student of Franklin College, as a mem- 
 ber, granting him proper powers and papers for the purpose of 
 organizing a new chapter. The Secretary was requested to write 
 to Brother Banta for further information." An application for 
 charter, dated March 29, i860, was signed by Casablanca Byfield, 
 '60; G. W. Grubbs, '61; T. J. Morgan, '61; W. T. Stott, '61; also 
 D. D. Banta, Indiana, '55, though the latter was not a student at 
 Franklin College. The minutes of Indiana Alpha for April 28, 
 i860 say: The Secretary read a petition for a charter from the 
 students of Franklin College, accompanied by a letter from D. D. 
 Banta. On motion of Mellette, the charter was granted and the 
 Secretary instructed to forward them the necessary papers." This 
 chapter received the title of Indiana Delta. 
 
 In the spring of i860, Kentucky Alpha considered the establish- 
 ment of a chapter at Kentucky University, Harrodsburg, Ky. (moved 
 to Lexington, 1865), but concluded that it would be unwise to do so. 
 
 The attendant membership of various chapters, as shown by re- 
 ports 1858-60, was as follows: Indiaiia — January 27, 1859, 9; Janu- 
 ary, i860, 10. Centre — November 25, 1859, 11; June 26, i860, 14. 
 Wabash — January 10, 1859, 8; January, i860, 7. Wisconsin — Janu- 
 ary, 1859, 4; June I, i860, 8. Lawreiice — January 11, i860, 5. 
 Northwestei^n — March 17, 1859, 10; January 24, i860, 12. Indian- 
 apolis — December, 1859, 6. O. W. U. — ^Spring, i860, 10. 
 
 When the General Convention met at Danville, June, i860, the 
 active chapters were those at Indiana, Centre, Wabash, Wisconsin, 
 Lawrence, Northwestern, Indianapolis, O. W. U. and Franklin. 
 The Wabash chapter was sub rosa. The Lawrence chapter sus- 
 pended about the close of 1859-60. 
 
THE CATALOGUE— FIRST EDITION, i860. 213 
 
 THE CATALOGUE— FIRST EDITION, 1860. 
 
 The first recorded movement toward publishing a catalogue of 
 <E> A was made in Kentuck}^ Alpha, the originator being W. L. 
 Dulane3\ The minutes of that chapter for Jul}' 25, 1856, show 
 that On motion of W. L. Dulane}', E. Swain second, it was unani- 
 moush' agreed to instruct the Secretar}^ to correspond with the 
 Secrerary of our Grand Chapter in regard to a catalogue. " Dulaney, 
 who was Secretary-, wrote, September i, 1856, to the Grand Chap- 
 ter, Ohio Alpha, that he was authorized to inquire whether there 
 has ever been a catalogue of our Societ}- published, and, if not, to 
 inquire what course would be necessary" to bring about in the 
 several chapters an agitation of the question of publishing a cata- 
 logue. The minutes of Ohio Alpha for September 11, 1856, sa}': 
 The Secretary- read a communication from W, L. Dulaney, of 
 Kentuck}^ Alpha, inquiring what would be the proper steps towards 
 getting up a catalogue of the $ A Society, which was received, 
 and a motion passed instructing the Secretary- to give necessary 
 instructions and inform them of our co-operation in the matter." 
 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha for October 2, 1856, show that the 
 Convention of 1856 was called for the purpose of getting up a 
 catalogue and for other important business." The minutes of 
 Indiana Beta for November i, 1856, say: The subject of publish- 
 ing a catalogue was taken up; after some discussion, it was agreed 
 to aid in publishing one. " The proceedings of the Convention which 
 met at Cincinnati, December 30—31, 1856, say: The publication 
 of a catalogue was decided impracticable at present, and was 
 referred to the Convention which is to assemble at Danville." The 
 next Convention did not meet at Danville in 1857, as expected, 
 but at Bloomington, 1858. At this Convention the publication of 
 a catalogue was discussed, but no action concerning it was taken. 
 
 Indiana Alpha, then took up the matter. Its Secretar}^ J. W. 
 Gorman, wrote to Kentuck}^ Alpha, November 2, 1858: Having 
 had in view the propriety of collecting together in one book the 
 names of all the members of our Order, knowing that it will be not 
 only useful as a reference, but also that if in the future we should 
 desire to publish a catalogue it could be done without dela}', there- 
 fore, we respectfull}^ request of you a list of the names of all the 
 members who have been connected with your chapter since its 
 foundation. Give, if 3'ou please, their places of residence and 
 professions so far as known." 
 
 Gorman wrote, December 6, 1858, to Robert Morrison, Ohio 
 Alpha, '4Q, that the question of publishing a catalogue had been 
 discussed at some length in Indiana Alpha, which chapter desired 
 not to get up a common thing," but a catalogue of ''beautv and 
 usefulness," and favored having an appropriate engraving as a 
 frontispiece. Gorman thought he had heard Morrison sa}^ that he 
 had had some experience in issuing such publications, and requested 
 him to express full}-, as soon as convenient, his opinions as to the 
 
214 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 feasibility of issuing a $ A catalogue, and as to the style and 
 probable cost of such a publication. Gorman said that Kentucky 
 Alpha had written that it considered a catalogue not only proper 
 but necessary, and that beyond doubt every chapter, as well as 
 most correspondent members, would freely contribute toward the 
 expenses of publication. The minutes of Indiana Beta show that, 
 January (date omitted), 1859, 'a proposition to publish a catalogue 
 of the Order was submitted, and it was resolved that the Indiana 
 Beta will co-operate in the cause." January 14, 1859, in Indiana 
 Alpha, then the Grand Chapter, the following preamble and reso- 
 lutions, presented by J. S. Broadwell, were adopted: 
 
 Whereas, we consider it not only proper but expedient in the present state of 
 our organization, that a catalogue of the Order should be published by our mem- 
 bers, before we allow time and circumstances to separate us so widely from the 
 founders and early members of our organization as to allow the names of brothers 
 in the Bond to be forgotten, for want of a fit place to preserve a remembrance of 
 what they once were; therefore, 
 
 Resolved, that our Secretary be instructed to request the different chapters to 
 consider, at the earliest opportunity, the expediency of publishing a catalogue of 
 the Order, and to transmit the result of their deliberations to "headquarters" 
 immediately. 
 
 Resolved, that the various chapters shall accompany their assent with a com- 
 plete report of all their attendant and correspondent members, together with such 
 suggestions as they may deem proper to make concerning the style, arrangement 
 and cost of the catalogue. 
 
 Resolved, that we consider Mr. Robert Morrison, of the Ohio Alpha, a proper 
 person to superintend the publication of said catalogue. 
 
 J. W. Gorman forwarded these resolutions to Robert Morrison 
 and wrote to him, January 17: We approve of your suggestions 
 in regard to the arrangement of the names in one long roll." On 
 the same day he wrote to the Secretary of Kentucky Alpha: We 
 propose, when all the reports in full have been received, to for- 
 ward all of them to Brother Morrison, and let him prepare the 
 manuscript for the press. It has been proposed by him that the 
 names of all the members be arranged in one large class, to prevent 
 outsiders from suspecting our weakness at any one point." Mor- 
 rison accepted the position of catalogue Editor. He was chosen 
 because he was one of the founders, and was acquainted with many 
 of the early members, because he lived near Louisville, where the 
 printing could be done, and because of having had experience with 
 the details of publishing while editor of a religious paper there. 
 
 Little actual work was done on the catalogue during 1859, but 
 in i860 it was pushed to completion. J. S. Broadwell, then Secre- 
 tary of Indiana Alpha, instructed the chapters how to prepare their 
 lists of members, which were to be sent to him. The books and 
 papers of Ohio Alpha, in the possession of Indiana Alpha, were 
 reviewed by him, to get the names of all members of the parent 
 chapter and other suspended chapters. He wrote to Robert Morri- 
 son, March 15, that he desired to "forward the work" as much as 
 possible before sending the lists to him, so as not to impose too 
 much" on him. The following correspondence relates to the matter: 
 
O A @ 
 
 A Q 
 
 First Edition of the Catalogue, i860. 
 
 Facsimile of printing on cover, on which appears the first cut of the badge ever made, in shape and 
 size representing the original badge made 1849. 
 
2i6 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Let us print the first catalogue for ourselves, for our own benefit, and when we 
 know thus who is who, propagandism can be carried forward in places of impoil- 
 ance better far than heretofore. It will encourage each of us to know that we have 
 so many noble brothers, and it will bring about a union of spirit and an esprit de 
 corps among graduate members, which we so much need. — Robert Morrison, Cedar 
 Creek, Ky., to E. J. Anderson, Centre College, January 23, i860. 
 
 In a letter received yesterday from Brother Anderson, of the Kentuck}' Alpha, 
 he informs me of your desire that a catalogue should be published before the meet- 
 ing of the Convention next June. I laid this matter before our chapter this after- 
 noon, at our regular meeting, and we resolved to profit by your suggestion. Ander- 
 son says they have about $30 on hand, while we have $25. What do you think 
 such a catalogue as you contemplate would cost? I think we can easily raise all the 
 necessar}^ funds in a little time, if they are not already on hand. — ^J. S. Broadwell, 
 Secretary Indiana Alpha, to Robert Morrison, Cedar Creek, Ky., January 28, i860. 
 
 There will be no difiiculty in raising the highest sum ($90) named in your 
 letter as necessary- to publish the catalogue, and we can now go on to get it 
 ready We want something a little different and m3'sterious — -unintel- 
 ligible to the uninitiated at least — in the arrangement. — J. S. Broadwell, Secretary 
 Indiana Alpha, to Robert Morrison, Cedar Creek, K}., March 15, i860. 
 
 The great object, so far as I understand it, of our first catalogue is to make it 
 a repositor}^ of information for ourselves, so that we may know each other. This 
 would tend greatly to strengthen our bonds, when we have ascertained that so 
 man}^ clever men all around us are our brothers. A second idea is to have some- 
 thing tangible and reliable to show to those we would win, either as members 
 where the Order is planted, or to organize establishments in new places. To 
 these ends we should have a facsimile of the largest, the old badge, neatW 
 engraved as a frontispiece, and the names should have as much information con- 
 nected therewith as a brief condensed statement would permit. The second 
 catalogue should be the one for outsiders to gaze upon and wonder at. Never- 
 theless, the first should be "mysterious" to all but the initiated; and in order to 
 do this, perhaps as good a wa}- as any would be to have all the names in 
 alphabetical order, and Phi matters, mostly in Greek characters, annexed to these 
 names. — Robert Morrison, Cedar Creek, Ky., to J. S. Broadwell, Secretary Indiana 
 Alpha, April 2, i860. 
 
 I have been busih^ engaged in getting the catalogue read}', arranging the names 
 in alphabetical order. There will be about 300 names. We submit the obtaining 
 of a plate of our badge entirely to you. — J. S. Broadwell, Indiana University, to 
 Robert Morrison, Cedar Creek, Ky., May 7, i860. 
 
 I forward to you by express the catalogue manuscript, which would have been 
 sent earlier but for my unavoidable absence from college. I enclose a badge pin 
 and $55. Please let me know as soon as possible how much more will be neces- 
 sary and I will forward it immediately. I send this to defray any expense you may 
 be under right away. The catalogue contains all the names I have been able to 
 resurrect from all the numerous papers to which I had access, and which I over- 
 looked ver}' carefully. Some of the members of the Ohio Alpha you will probabl)^ 
 know more of than I; of these I have left the residences, etc., blank. I designated 
 the chapters Ky. a, Ohio ft, etc., as you suggested in a letter written to Gorman 
 some time ago. The abbreviations and mysterious part have been left to you, as 
 having more knowledge and judgment than we would be likely to have. Is it impos- 
 ing too much on your good nature ? An}' assistance we can render will be given 
 most cheerfully and willingly, as we feel that we are putting you to too much 
 trouble, but as one of the fathers of an organization of which it is our desire that 
 you should be proud, we are anxious that the work should be done under your 
 eye. — J. S. Broadwell, Indiana University, to Robert Morrison, Cedar Creek, Ky., 
 May 30, i860. 
 
 The names you mentioned in your letter do not occur in any of the papers of 
 the Ohio Alpha. Parts of the regular list and minutes have been lost, and I 
 inserted in the catalogue list only such names and information as could be gathered 
 from looking over the various reports, letters, etc., belonging to that college. I 
 am glad that you remember those names, that our catalogue may be as full and 
 
Cx\TALOGUE. 
 
 Allen, William A., Tex. a, vy, A, C. 
 Anderson, Edmund J., Ky. a. vd, C. C, '60, Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Anderson, John A., Ohioa, |x5, M. U. '53, Stockton, Cal., M. 
 Anderson, DD., W.C., Ohio a, va, W. C, San Francisco, Cal., M. 
 
 Anderson, Wilk. .Geo., Ohio a, vt, C. C. '59, Louisville, Ky., S. L. 
 
 Atkinson, Joseph B., Ind. a, v^, Ind. U., Greenfield, Ind., L. 
 
 Baber, George, Ky. a, vd, C. C, Gallatin, Tenn., S. L, 
 
 Baker, C. E., Ohio a, vs, 
 
 Baldridge, S. C, Ohio a, v/?, H. C, Friendsville, 111., M. 
 
 Banta, D. D., Ind. a, vd, Ind. U., Franklin, Ind., L. 
 
 Banton, J. H., Tex. a, v^, A. C, Huntsville, Tex., L. 
 
 Barnett, M D., A. A., Ohio o, f^d, M. U. '51, Oxford, Ohio, P. 
 
 Barter, R. Fulton, Ind. a, vd, Mt. Vernon, Ind., Mt. 
 
 Beggs, George W., 111. a, v^, Chicago, 111 , , S M. 
 
 Beem, David E., Ind. a, vig, Spencer, Ind.,' 
 
 Bishop, Robert H., Ohio a, vy, M. U. '31, Oxford, Ohio, Prof. 
 
 Black, Charles, Ind. jS, Danville, 111., T. 
 
 Blackburn, Jos. S. C, Ky. a, vj, C. C. '57, Lexington, Ky., L. 
 
 Blackford, Jason, Ohio 6, |, 0. W. U., Findlay, Ohio, S. 
 
 Blackwell,M.D,J.Q.A.,Ind. /8, Bedford, Ind, P. 
 
 Boon, H. H., Tex. a, vy^ 
 
 Bosley,M.D.,HenryP.,Ky. a, vy, Danville, P. 
 
 Bostello, A. L., Wis. a, v^, Weyanwego, Wis. Mt. 
 
 Botsford, B. B., 111. a, vd, N. W. U., Chicago, III., S. 
 
 Boude, M.D., J.Knox, Ohio a, ii&, M. U. '52, Carthage, 111., P. 
 
 Boyd, S., Wis./8, v^, Calumet, Wis. T. 
 
 Boynton, H. L., Ky. (3, vd, 
 
 The Catalogue of i860 — Edited by Robert Morrison. 
 
 Facsimile of page 7. 
 
2i8 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 complete as possible. We have just chartered a Delta college for this State at 
 Franklin College, under the superintendence of an old correspondent member of 
 this chapter. .Not knowing the addresses of those initiated so far, I shall not for- 
 ward the names of the charter members, who are the only ones of whom I know 
 anything yet. It is not to be regretted that our Order is increasing so rapidly that 
 it is difficult to make out a correct list of the members. I only trust that we may 
 flourish and wax stronger, so that a revised catalogue may very soon be necessary. — 
 J. S. Broadwell, Indiana University, to Robert Morrison, Cedar Creek, Ky., June 
 9, i860. 
 
 The catalogue was completed in time to distribute copies at the 
 Convention held at Danville, June 26, when a vote of thanks was 
 tendered Morrison for the care he had bestowed on the work. 
 
 The title page: ' Catalogue of the <l> A ©. Louisville: Hull & 
 Brother, Printers, i860." The cover, of cream-colored paper, 
 bears the Greek letters "<E> A ©," ^ of an inch tall, a woodcut of 
 the badge, 11-16 by 15-16 of an inch, and A 12 H, V^ of an inch 
 tall, within a double rule border. 
 
 The pamphlet contains 15 pages, 6 by 9/^ inches; type area, 
 4/^ by 6j4. On page 3 are a woodcut of the badge and the words 
 '^Su^ rosa.^'' Page 4 is blank. On page 5 is a list of "Abbrevia- 
 tions." The catalogue proper begins on page 7 and concludes on 
 page 14. On page 15 is a note from Robert Morrison, requesting 
 all members to forward corrections and additions to him at Cedar 
 Creek (now Ferncreek), Jefferson County, Ky. The names are 
 printed in one long alphabetical roll. Initials only are shown for 
 given names, but occasionally the first given name appears. The 
 name of each member is followed by an asterisk if he were dead 
 (11 were so marked), then comes the name of his chapter, then two 
 Greek letters denoting the year of his initiation (in many cases 
 lacking), then the abbreviated name of his college (in many cases 
 lacking), the year of his graduation (in many cases lacking), the 
 place of his residence (lacking in 39 cases), and an abbreviation for 
 his occupation (in many cases lacking) — all this on one line. No 
 degrees are mentioned except M. D. and D. D, The number of 
 members of each chapter was as follows: 
 
 Ohio Alpha, Miami University - 67 
 
 Indiana Alpha, Indiana University , 37 
 
 Kentucky Alpha, Centre College 75 
 
 Indiana Beta, Wabash College 28 
 
 Ohio Beta, Miami University.. 2 
 
 Ohio Gamma, Wittenberg College 6 
 
 Texas Alpha, Austin College 5 
 
 Kentucky Beta, Kentucky Military Institute 5 
 
 Wisconsin Alpha, University of Wisconsin ...18 
 
 Wisconsin Beta, Lawrence University 10 
 
 Illinois Alpha, Northwestern University 15 
 
 Indiana Gamma, Northwestern Christian University 14 
 
 Ohio Delta, Ohio Wesleyan University 9 
 
 Tennessee Alpha, Cumberland University I 
 
 Total 12 chapters, not counting Ohio Beta, the second chapter 
 at Miami, and Tennessee Alpha at Cumberland. Ohio Beta 
 reappears in the fourth edition of the catalogue; in the second, 
 
THE GENERAL CONVENTION OF i860. 219 
 
 third, fifth and sixth editions its members are included in Ohio 
 Alpha's list, which is a proper classification, as the members of this 
 aiiomalous chapter reunited with Ohio Alpha after a brief separate 
 existence — from April to November, 1852. None of the editions 
 mention a similar chapter which existed at Centre a few months in 
 1855, its members being included in Kentucky Alpha's list. His- 
 torical research has proven that no charter was ever granted for 
 Tennessee Alpha at Cumberland Universit}- the single member 
 credited to it in the first and fourth editions should have been 
 enrolled with Ohio Alpha. 
 
 The total membership, as shown b}' the first edition, was 292, 
 Kentuck}^ Gamma, Georgetown College, chartered Januar}^ 20, 
 1857, and Indiana Delta, Franklin College, chartered April 28, 
 i860, were omitted. Had the}^ been included, the former would 
 have added five and the latter nine members, making a total of 14 
 chapters and 306 members. 
 
 The receipt of the publishers, dated Jul}^ 2, i860, shows that the 
 cost of printing 1,000 catalogues was $39; engraving badge and 
 express, $6; engraving large Greek letters, $2; total cost $47. 
 
 THE GENERAL CONVENTION OF 1860. 
 
 In a letter dated Evansville, Ind., Ma}^ 12, i860, J. W. Foster, 
 
 Indiana, '55, wrote to J. S. Broadwell, at Indiana Universit}^ as 
 
 follows: 
 
 I am much pleased with the prospects of our Order, as stated in your letter. You 
 and all of us would find it the instrumentalit}- of much benefit if it were more 
 widely extended and properly regulated, and you can always consider me pledged 
 to any just services to advance its prosperity and strength. I regret that our court 
 will not permit me to attend the Convention at Danville, but I hope you will not 
 fail to be properly represented. I suppose Danville will want to be "headquar- 
 ters," and if they are entitled to it, let it go there without a murmur. If it goes 
 there, the Order may the more rapidly extend in the Southern States, but may 
 also, on that account, be retarded in the Northwest. Would it not be well, in order 
 to avoid this, to have an Executive Committee, with a President, Secretary and 
 other officers, if necessary; and, if thought advisable, locate a quorum of them at 
 Danville until the next General Convention, with full powers of a central college or 
 chapter, and let their permanency depend upon the success in extension of the Order 
 through their efforts? This suggestion may not be worth serious consideration — it 
 has just suggested itself while writing. I hope to be at Bloomington at com- 
 mencement. 
 
 This suggestion to govern the Society b}" means of an Executive 
 Committee is noteworth}', because it was the first proposal of the 
 kind made in <E> A © of which we have an}^ record. Indiana Alpha 
 elected Broadwell as delegate, and its minutes for June 23, say: 
 No definite instructions were given him, onl}^ to transfer the 
 Grand Chapter from this college to Danville." 
 
 According to appointment, the General Convention met Tuesday, 
 June 26, i860, in the hall of the Chamberlain Literar}^ Society, 
 Centre College, Danville, Ky. 
 
2 20 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Members present: Miami — Robert Morrison, '49; Samuel Hibben, '53. 
 Indiana — J. S. Broadwell, '60. Centre — E. J. Anderson, '60; George Baber, '60; 
 J. B. Bullitt, '60; E. O. Guerrant, '60; Ezra McCall, '60; J. N. Rankin, '60; 
 J. E. Waring, '60; J. H. Lapslev, '61; J. E. McGuire, '61; J. D. Wallace, '61; 
 W. R. Brown, '62; G. W. McMillan, '62; J. L. Cleveland, '63; E. S. Shrock, '63. 
 
 E. O. Guerrant, '60, was the delegate of Kentucky Alpha. No 
 representatives from Wabash, Wisconsin, Lawrence, Northwestern, 
 Indianapolis, O. W, U. and Franklin were present. Indiana 
 Gamma had no delegate present because the date for the Conven- 
 tion selected by Kentuck}^ Alpha conflicted with commencement at 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 J. B. Bullitt was called to the chair and J. H. Lapsley was made 
 Secretary. The main object of the Convention was to determine 
 where to establish the Grand Chapter permanently. J. S. Broadwell 
 presented a favorable report of the progress of the Society during 
 the two years that Indiana Alpha had been the Grand Chapter, in 
 which time five new chapters had been established — Lawrence, 
 Northwestern, Indianapolis, O. W. U., and Franklin. E. O. 
 Guerrant expressed the willingness and desire of Kentucky Alpha 
 to be constituted the Grand Chapter, and to do all in her power to 
 advance the interests of the Order generally. After a lengthy dis- 
 cussion, the delegates agreed upon the permanent transfer of the 
 Grand Chapter from Indiana Alpha to Kentucky Alpha. E. O. 
 Guerrant moved that Kentucky Alpha concur in the decision of 
 the delegates; carried. 
 
 The delegates agreed that a uniform size of badge should be 
 adopted — a medium size between the two sizes then worn. J. E. 
 Waring was appointed to arrange with Beggs & Smith, Cincinnati, 
 for manufacturing badges. 
 
 The question of electing honorary members, after a warm dis- 
 cussion, was laid over for the consideration of the next Convention, 
 as this one was unable to reach any agreement on the subject. 
 
 Robert Morrison presented to the Convention copies of the cata- 
 logue just issued, together with his report as Editor. A vote of 
 thanks was tendered to him for the labor and care he had bestowed 
 on the work. 
 
 J. S. Broadwell made some remarks in regard to a regular time 
 for holding the Convention; whereupon the delegates agreed that 
 it should convene every two years, the place of meeting to be 
 determined by the chapters. The house fully concurred with the 
 delegates. Ordered that a Convention be held two years from the 
 date of this one, the time and place to be determined during the 
 next year, on which occasion an oration and a poem should be 
 delivered by members selected from the Societ}^ 
 
 In this Convention votes were cast by the two delegates, J. S. 
 Broadwell and E. O. Guerrant, only. The former, however, held 
 some proxies. In his official report to Indiana Alpha he said: 
 As delegate from headquarters,' I had been appointed by a major- 
 ity of the colleges to cast their votes as the interests of the Society 
 
ANNALS, 1860-1864. 221 
 
 might demand." Robert Morrison and other members present 
 participated in the discussions, and in some cases the house, that 
 is all present, voted approval of what the delegates had done. 
 
 Tuesda}'- evening an address was delivered before the Societ}^ by 
 Rev. Samuel Hibben, Ohio Alpha, '53. Upon the manuscript of 
 this history Robert Morrison wrote, 1893: ' Rev. Samuel Hibben 
 then had a pastoral charge at Peoria, 111., and, with his accomplished 
 and gifted young bride, was on his wedding tour to Pennsylvania. 
 The notice of the deliver}?- of the address had not been generally 
 circulated, and the attendance was small, but the address was of 
 the highest order." An abstract of the proceedings of this Con- 
 vention appeared in The Scroll, November, 1879. 
 
 ANNALS, 1860-1864. 
 
 Kentucky Alpha attempted, 1860—61, to establish a chapter at 
 the University of Louisville, a Presb^^terian institution. L. C. 
 Robinson, H. V. Escott, Thomas Tracy and R. F. Nock, who 
 were students there, were initiated, but the institution being broken 
 up by the civil war, no charter for a chapter there was granted. 
 
 It seems that in i860 or 1861 a charter was granted for Indiana 
 Epsilon at Hanover College, Hanover, Ind., but the minutes of 
 Indiana Alpha contain no record of it. Probabh' an attempt was 
 made to establish a chapter, but so far as known no students at 
 Hanover were initiated into ^ A at that time.* 
 
 In the minutes of Indiana Beta for the last term in 1860—61, the 
 following appears: 'On account of the war and the consequent 
 volunteering of a number of our members, no meetings were held 
 during the greater part of this term." 
 
 The civil war caused the suspension of four chapters — Franklin, 
 O. W. U., Northwestern and Wisconsin. 
 
 The chapter at Franklin, when about a 3^ear old, t86i, suspended 
 with the suspension of the college, caused by the war. Four mem- 
 bers enlisted in the army, 1861 — T. J. Morgan, '61; W. T. Stott, 
 '61; L. W. Billingsley, '62; J. K. Howard, '64. Stott, writing to 
 J. E. Brown, March 17, 1894, said: '* We met a few times, and then 
 went out to try the realities of war." 
 
 The chapter at O. W. U., like that at Franklin, lived only about 
 a year. During the fall of i860 it was in good condition except 
 
 "^R. A. D. Wilbanks, of Indiana Alpha, wrote to the Grand Chapter (Kentucky Alpha) March 
 2, 1864: "Why is it that Kentucky has no more than an Alpha? Where is Georgetown and 
 Transylvania and other places of extensive reputation? We have numbered the column as low 
 down as Theta, and will shortly resuscitate those that have 'played out'." Wilbanks was endeavor- 
 ing to incite the Grand Chapter to greater efforts in extension, and evidently he was boasting when 
 he wrote that Indiana Alpha had chartered so many chapters. In a letter, dated June 20, 1864, he 
 said: "You wrote of the possibility of establishing chapters at Hanover and Franklin. Hanover 
 played out' from some cause unknown to us, and we cannot secure the proper material to begin 
 anew, for our motto is 'quality not quantity.' Franklin College took upon itself the management of 
 state affairs, as well as educational, to a considerable extent, and as a necessary consequence, the 
 load was too hea\'j' and Franklin is a memorj^. The same may be said with regard to the chapter 
 connected with it. We anticipate establishing a chapter at Ann Arbor next session." See letters of 
 S. S. Bergen, November 16, 1868, August 26, 1887, and January 5, 1889, in "Annals, 1868-1869." 
 
22 2 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 that its membership was small. In the spring it suffered several 
 losses. Four of its members enlisted in the army, 1861 — A. P. 
 Collins, '60; C. H. Gray, '62; S. H. Dustin, '63; J. H. Edging- 
 ton, ^6^. The prospects for filling their places were very poor, as 
 the war caused a depletion of the student-body. The members 
 became discouraged and resigned their charter. No meeting was 
 held after the collegiate year 1860-61. Again <l> A was left with- 
 out a chapter in the state of its nativit3^ 
 
 The Northwestern chapter suspended, 1861, two of its active 
 members, O. C. Foster, '62, and W. R. Page, '63, enlisting in the 
 army, 1861; and of the four remaining, F. A. Parker, '63, enlisted 
 1862, B. B. Botsford was graduated 1862, C. E. Smith, '62, left 
 college before graduation, and C. H. Simpson, '63, enlisted 1863. 
 H. M. Kidder, '59, a resident of Evanston, wrote to W. B. Palmer 
 January i, 1900: I assume that the suspension of the chapter at 
 Northwestern Universit}'- came from the fact that practically every 
 one connected with the university went to the war. At that time, 
 the university was in straits, its attendance low and the times 
 exciting. When I returned to Evanston after four years in the 
 army and several years in New York — say March, 1869 — I found 
 among my eifects a carefully sealed package containing all the 
 records and the papers of the chapter, which had been left with my 
 father for me. I afterwards gave these documents to the proper 
 officers of the Fraternity." 
 
 The minutes of Wisconsin Alpha for June 22, i860, say: The 
 Societ}^ took into consideration the preparation of a feast in honor 
 of the formerly active members expected at commencement,'' the 
 matter being referred to W. F. Vilas, '58. These are the last min- 
 utes of the chapter before its suspension that have been preserved, 
 but the chapter continued another 3^ear. In 1860-61 there were 
 six active members — W. E. Spencer, '61; Henry Vilas, '61; P. J. 
 Clawson; '6^; G. M. Leland, '63; J. D. Tredway, '63, and L. M. 
 Vilas, '63. The number of students matriculated in the fall of 
 1861 was small, on account of enlistments in the army, and only 
 three Phis returned— Clawson, Tredway and L. M. Vilas. Claw- 
 son enlisted June 2, 1862, Tredway, August 30, 1862. L. M. Vilas 
 became a clerk in the Quartermaster's department, whether before 
 or after his graduation in 1863 is not known. During the college 
 ji^ear 1861-62, the minute book of the chapter was placed in charge 
 of Clawson.* A letter from W. F. Vilas, at Madison to W. B. 
 Palmer, October 31, 1899, shows what disposition was made of the 
 other records of the chapter. It says: The Wisconsin Alpha was 
 suspended because its members went into the Union arm}^ — all or 
 nearly all.f My deceased brother. Major Henry Vilas, who was 
 then the Secretar}^ went out as Quartermaster-sergeant of the 
 
 * See his statement quoted in "Annals, 1878-1880." 
 
 t Thirteen members of Wisconsin enlisted in the Union army, two in the Confederate army, the 
 latter being J. W. Slaughter, '58. and P. C. Slaughter, '59. 
 
ANNALS, 1860-1864. 223 
 
 12th Wisconsin Infantry.* There being no one to take charge, 
 he left such papers as he had in the house of our father here. 
 Many of them were found after his death, though they had been 
 somewhat scattered." 
 
 The loss of chapters at Franklin, O. W. U., Northwestern and 
 Wisconsin, left the Society with only four active chapters — three 
 in Indiana — at Indiana Universit}^, Wabash and Indianapolis, and 
 one in Kentucky — Centre College. The number of chapters was 
 not increased until near the close of the war. Fraternity activity 
 was almost destroyed. South of Kentucky no colleges were open. 
 Possibly if Indiana Alpha instead of Kentucky Alpha had been 
 Grand Chapter, some chapters might have been added in the 
 West, but openings were few at that time, as all Western institu- 
 tions were much depleted by the enlistment in the army of students 
 and those who otherwise would have entered college. 
 
 Indiana Alpha, indeed, endeavored to establish a chapter at 
 Illinois College, Jacksonville, through one of her members, C. B. 
 Bates, '63, who, having formerly attended Illinois College, was 
 acquainted there. He arrived in Jacksonville, November 7, 1863, 
 and, on the 9th, wrote that he had found things all right for 
 establishing a chapter of our honored Society." He had acted 
 according to instructions," and initiated W. H. Barnes, '65, and 
 Seth Robinson, '66. He inclosed an application for charter signed 
 by these two and himself. He expected that other members would 
 be obtained soon. A charter was granted by Indiana Alpha, 
 November 14, 1863, which recognized the applicants and their 
 successors as Illinois Beta. This action of Indiana Alpha in 
 granting a charter for a chapter at an Illinois institution was not 
 constitutional; it had power to grant charters onh^ for chapters in 
 its own State. The Convention of i860 had transferred the Grand 
 Chapter from Indiana Alpha to Kentucky Alpha, and the latter 
 alone had the right to grant charters for chapters in States where 
 no chapters existed. For a long time Indiana Alpha had had no 
 communication with Kentucky Alpha, and the former doubtless 
 thought that the latter was dormant and, therefore, that it was jus- 
 tified in extending the Society in Illinois. Only one other man, 
 E. B. Hamilton, is known to have been initiated at Illinois, and he 
 afterward attended Indiana University. Barnes, in the fall of 1864, 
 went to Ann Arbor, where he joined another fraternit}^, thereby 
 severing his connection with ^ A ©. R. A. D. Wilbanks wrote to 
 Kentucky Alpha, March 25, 1865, that, the week previous, Indiana 
 Alpha had received a letter from Seth Robinson proposing to aban- 
 don his attempt to establish a chapter at Jacksonville." Robinson, 
 as well as Hamilton, is properly enrolled with Indiana Alpha. 
 
 The minutes of Indiana Alpha for Ma}" 25, 186 1, say: The 
 college met at the usual hour, but immediately adjourned, in con- 
 
 "^ Henry Vilas, graduated 1861, enlisted November 7, 1861, which fixes the year of the chapter's 
 suspension as 1861. 
 
2 24 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 sequence of a public speaking, to meet at i p. m., June ist.'^ 
 The theme of the speaker doubtless was the stirring events of 
 war times. After the initiation of S. B. Hatfield, January ii, 
 1862, Indiana Alpha initiated no members until December 19. 
 The following entry was made in the chapter's minute book, 
 November 15, 1862: The President being absent, Mr. Parks, 
 an old member, complying with the common will and request, 
 took the chair. It was the express desire of all the members 
 present that some immediate action should be taken, in order to 
 redeem the Society from the paralysis into which she is settling. 
 Mr. Parks urged upon the members the importance of leaving the 
 Society in a good condition when we left college, and that steps 
 should be taken as soon as possible to perpetuate it, as all its pres- 
 ent members are juniors in college." Three men, W. C. Ball, 
 C. B. Bates and E. S, Gorman, were initiated before the close of 
 the collegiate year. 
 
 The attendant membership of various chapters, as shown by 
 reports, 1860—64, was as follows: Indiana — ^February 14, 1861, 5; 
 May, 1864, 5. Centre — 1863-64, 14. Wabash — February, 1861, 
 14; June 20, 1863, 15; November 18, 1863, 12. Indianapolis — 
 December 13, i860, 8; February 1861, 8; June 28, 1864, 9. 
 
 There was no Convention from i860 to 1864. At the time of the 
 General Convention, June, 1864, there were but four chapters — the 
 same number there had been when the Conventions of 185 1, 1856, 
 and 1858 met. 
 
 Kentucky Alpha agreed, 1864, that Indiana Alpha might be- 
 come the Grand Chapter, but the latter was not to be outdone 
 in generosity. Kentucky Alpha was not represented at the 
 Convention which met at Bloomington in June, but, on mo- 
 tion of Indiana Alpha, Kentucky Alpha was continued as Grand 
 Chapter. 
 
 THE GENERAL CONVENTION OF 1864. 
 
 The General Convention met Wednesday, June 29, 1864, in 
 Philomathean Hall, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. 
 
 Members present: Miami — Robert Morrison, '49. Indiana — J. S. Broadwell, 
 '60; J. M. McCoy, '60; J. C. Orchard, '61; S. B. Hatfield, '64; A. C. Mellette, 
 '64; R. N. Ramsav, '64; E. S. Gorman, '65; R. A. D. Wilbanks, '67; W. H. Owen, 
 '69. Indianapolis— D. M. Hillis, '64; W. H. Wylie, '64; W. J. Elstun, '66. 
 
 Kentucky Alpha had elected J. M. Scott as delegate, June i, 
 but the date fixed by Indiana Alpha"^ for the Convention conflicted 
 with the date of commencement at Centre, and he was not present. 
 
 * The minutes of Indiana Alpha show that, April 28, 1864, "a committee of three was appointed 
 to select a suitable badge to be worn during our reunion on next commencement. Committee: 
 Wilbanks, Ramsay and Mellette." May 21, the chapter "discussed the propriety of wearing badges 
 on the occasion of our reunion, and decided to have none; whereupon the committee was dis- 
 charged." May 28, Wilbanks, Broadwell and Gorman were appointed a committee on toasts at the 
 reunion ; June 23, McCoy, Orchard and Ramsay a committee on finance, and Melette and Wilbanks 
 a committee on music. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE DURING THE EARLY YEARS. 225 
 
 The reason Indiana Beta was not represented was probably due to 
 conflict with the date of commencement at Wabash. 
 
 D. M. Hillis was chosen President of the Convention and R. A. D. 
 Wilbanks Secretar}^ Rev. Robert Morrison led in prayer. On 
 motion of A. C. Mellette, each chapter represented was allowed 
 one vote. Voted that Robert Morrison be admitted to a seat as a 
 delegate from Kentuck}^ Alpha. He accepted the seat but declined 
 to vote without instructions. On motion of Indiana Alpha, the 
 thanks of the Convention were returned to him for his presence and 
 for his efficient services in publishing the catalogue. 
 
 Indiana Alpha moved that a committee of one be appointed b}^ 
 the President to collect materials for a revised catalogue; carried 
 and Wilbanks appointed. Indiana Gamma moved that a commit- 
 tee of three be appointed to superintend the publication of the 
 catalogue after the collection of the materials; carried and Robert 
 Morrison and R. A. D. Wilbanks appointed, and, by request of 
 the Convention, D. M. Hillis also. 
 
 On motion of Indiana Alpha, Kentucky Alpha was continued as 
 the Grand Chapter. 
 
 Literary exercises and a banquet were held Tuesda}^ evening. 
 The members met in Philo Hall, and formed a procession into 
 the chapel, which was crowded with invited guests. Rev. N. E. 
 Cobleigh, D. D. ( elected to honorary membership by Indiana 
 Alpha, March 10, 1864), editor oi Zion^s Herald, Boston, delivered 
 the convention address, his subject being, "What books we should 
 read, and why we should read them. " Afterward all members 
 repaired to the supper room and after supper returned to Philo Hall. 
 
 An abstract of the proceedings of this Convention appeared in 
 The Sc7'-oll, January, 1880. Supplemental to the proceedings, 
 R. A. D. Wilbanks wrote: "A supper was given to Phis exclusively, 
 and man}^ were the kind words and cheering sentiments expressed 
 in the form of toasts during the gala evening. It was a proud day 
 for Indiana Alpha, one long to be remembered. May she see a 
 thousand such!" 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE DURING THE EARLY YEARS. 
 
 The early members of $ A were great letter writers. Their 
 lengthy epistles evidenced their mutual friendship and their deep 
 interest in the welfare of the A'^outhful Society. The six founders, 
 after leaving Miami, corresponded frequentl}^ with one another and 
 with the parent chapter. Fortunatel}^ man}^ letters written b}- them 
 and by members of other chapters during the formative stage of 
 the Society have been preserved and published in The Scroll. ' 
 
 *See "Old Fraternity Records," collected and edited bv W. B. Palmer. The Scroll, October, 
 November and December, 1887; Januarj- and March, 1888; January and March, 1889; April, 
 1890; April, 1891 ; June, 1892; February, April, October and December, 1898; February, April, 
 June and October, 1900; December, 1901 ; June. 1903. 
 
 (15) 
 
226 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Some of these letters are quoted in the Annals" for the various 
 
 periods and in other portions of this history, but it has been 
 
 thought best to include other extracts which throw sidelights on the 
 
 early history of <E> A ©. Many of these letters are quite long and, 
 
 for lack of space, are quoted only in part. 
 
 We are both regularly built sophomores, without examination, and I have no 
 doubt that you could have entered the senior class "jist as easy." They are not 
 particular here — the}^ have so few regulars that they will catch at anything they can 
 get. There are about I lo students here this session. There are six seniors, about the 
 same number of regular juniors, twelve or fifteen sophomores, and grammar stud- 
 ents innumerable. As regards the law school, I have not yet learned anything 
 definite, only that there is but one session in the year, and that is held during the 
 winter. The professors are generally all well liked, and with what little dealings I 
 have had with them I think they are ver}^ nice men. One thing I am certain of, 
 they are more sociable, and not so aristocratic, more "hoosier"-like, than the faculty 
 at Oxford. I have not yet had an introduction to Dr. Wylie, but from what I 
 have seen of him ( and I have seen him out in the clearing rolling logs ).I think he 
 possesses more good hard sense than Dr. MacMaster. — S. S. Elliott, Indiana Uni- 
 versity, to J. McM. Wilson, Miami University, May i8, 1848. 
 
 According to your direction to notify you of the completion of a pattern pin 
 made to your order, we have now the pleasure of doing so. We would have sent 
 it up to you had an opportunity presented itself. We think you will be pleased with 
 it, and perhaps you may suggest some alterations, which can be made on the other 
 pins. — Beggs & Smith, Cincinnati, Ohio, to Robert Morrison, Miami Universit}', 
 June 12, 1849.* 
 
 In the hurry of business, we forgot to give you notice of the receipt of pattern 
 pin all right. We have three now in hand which will be finished by the time 
 required. — Beggs & Smith, Cincinnati, Ohio, to Robert Morrison, Miami University, 
 July 7, 1849. 
 
 Please let the bearer, Mr. John McM. Wilson, or order, have two more pins — 
 the two I ordered some time since of you — $ A badges, you know. He will pay 
 for them. — Robert Morrison, Miami University, to Beggs & Smith, Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 August 24, 1849. 
 
 You left, and some long faces and occasional remarks frequently gave evidence 
 that you were missed. I missed you everywhere — in my room, on the street, at the 
 post-office (where we frequently met), at college, and especially at the meetings of 
 the brethren, that glorious Society which we all love, and which, thank fortune, is 
 flourishing most magnificently. Your old friends here will never get over their 
 admiration of the long-headed manner in which 3-ou worked things. Our friends 
 at Bloomington are prospering, and I suppose that we will recommend Joseph 
 Lindley to them as their speaker. I hear nothing from our friends, the Betas. — 
 Andrew W. Rogers, Miami University, to Robert Morrison, Poplar Grove (Jefferson 
 postoffice), Tenn., February 3, 1850. 
 
 We, as you are aware, number twelve, all of whom, except Denny and Childs, 
 you knew. None of the new students have yet manifested themselves as candidates 
 for secret honors, and I don't care whether they do; for, instead of being in the 
 market for members, there is more danger of an overgrowth. Of course I don't 
 mean that I wish our Society less by a single man, but I wish it not larger by one 
 unless he is a man. I think there are enough here for a standing army for this 
 summer, and they will keep in readiness for any movements next fall. At our last 
 meeting on Tuesday evening there was one more member than usual. During the 
 day, while I was busy in my school, a stranger called and presented me a letter of 
 introduction. At noon the word circulated around that there was a Bloomington 
 Phi in town raised quite an excitement among a certain class. At night we held 
 our meeting. He (Crowe is his name) told us that they yet number six; that there 
 is fair prospect for some more, but not for a large organization yet; that R. G. 
 
 * See facsimile of part of letter from Beggs & Smith to Robert Morrison, June 18, 1849 ; page 153- 
 
CORRESPONDENCE DURING THE EARLY YEARS. 227 
 
 Elliott started at the same time with himself to Crawfordsville to do something 
 there; that they will have shortly a chance of reaching Hanover, and that they 
 think of keeping concealed till they get these things done. As to Crowe, he has a 
 head on him, and the right spirit within him. — J. McM. Wilson, Oxford, Ohio, to 
 Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., April 12, 1850. 
 
 You wrote at last; 'twas good too when it came; but how long was the time in 
 which you did not write! Still my faith in 3-our friendship was not shaken, even 
 though in the interval more than once have I read Cowper where he says: 
 
 Connections formed at school are said to be lasting, and often beneficial. There are two or three 
 stories of this kind upon record which would not be so constantly cited as they are, whenever the 
 subject happens to be mentioned, if the chronicle that preserves their remembrance had many 
 besides to boast of. For my own part, I found such friendships, though warm enough in their com- 
 mencement, surprisinglj^ liable to extinction ; and of seven or eight, whom I had selected for 
 intimates out of about three hundred, in ten years not one was left. The truth is that there may be, 
 and often is, an attachment of one boy to another that looks very like a friendship, and while they 
 are in circumstances that enable them mutually to oblige and assist each other, promises well and 
 bids fair to be lasting. But they are no sooner separated from each other, by entering into the world 
 at large, than other connections and new emploj'ments, in which they no longer share together, 
 efface the remembrance of what passed in earlier days, and they become strangers to each other 
 forever. 
 
 Thus talked and felt the poet, and can it be that his feelings in this respect 
 should ever be yours or mine in regard to our college friendships? I trust not. / 
 indulge in no such forebodings. I think our friendships are placed on a basis which 
 through life, though we be widely separated from each other, shall last and burn, 
 though with but gentle flame. I am like the Irish girl with her lover; he swore he 
 loved her more than his own soul, his own life. "Ah," said she, "the fires that 
 burn %o fiercely soon burn out; I would have one to love me little and love me long.'''' 
 These are my sentiments. I am, I suppose, of the cold-blooded temperament. I 
 cannot be so enthusiastic as some in matters such as that. I have been schooled a 
 little by experience, and not now, as once I did, do I think the tree-tops reach into 
 heaven. Yet cool as I am, I expect life to close before my love to some shall cease 
 to burn. (I said /"r/^wir/i-Z/z/ before, but I believe with Thomson, that "True love 
 and friendship are the same. " ) I know that the heart is deceitful, and that we often 
 do not know ourselves, yet these are not the outbursts of an hour, but the sober 
 expectations of many moons. Of course I do not expect that myself and friends 
 will feel so ardently attached while we are unable often to interchange the kind 
 offices of friendship, but yet there is no reason to see wh}^ friendship should become 
 
 extinct You are aware that I was clothed with a kind of apostolic 
 
 power from the Ohio Alpha in regard to Middle Tennessee, and I suppose it is now 
 nearly time to make some report. Well, I can only report progress, and very little 
 progress at that. Teaching day after day, and having to be constantly on the 
 ground here, I was in a great measure precluded from any chance to explore the 
 ground. I have, however, done something ; but I find the University of Nashville 
 at so low an ebb that for the present I deem it questionable whether any direct 
 effort should there be made. There are some colleges in the State, but they must 
 be better than Union University, the Baptist institution at Murfreesboro, to ever 
 induce an effort of mine to plant out a college. I think of going to I^ebanon next 
 week, and intend to inspect Cumberland University there. I am not predisposed 
 greatly in its favor, but am willing to be disappointed if the facts are able to do so. 
 In East Tennessee I cannot for the present go, and the western district has probably 
 no good college in its limits. So here I am, and arn^not anxious to organize a Phi 
 college in any of the second-rate concerns here. In the words of Williams, "We 
 prefer death to pollution." — Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., to J. McM. Wilson, 
 Oxford, Ohio, May 25, 1 850. 
 
 Your last letter was read with pleasure. After its reading it started out to see 
 the Phi brethren, and hasn't returned yet, just like the one before it. The former 
 was gone three months — took a trip to Piqua and back. How popular they are! 
 Our dear little Brotherhood is looking upward. The usual interest is taken — not 
 usual either, but a greater one. Sam Elliott has had to leave Bloomington on 
 account of ill health. The news from that quarter "are cheerin'." Whom have 
 you appointed in this place to order our pins from Beggs & Smith? I don't know 
 but that it is necessary that we should have someone here. If there is none, sup- 
 
2 28 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 pose you do it. — A. A. Barnett, Miami Universit}^, to Robert Morrison, Jefferson, 
 Tenn., June i, 1850. 
 
 Our commencement went off in flying colors. Drake and Lindley carried the 
 day in the graduating speeches without a dissenting voice; it was said by some of 
 the board that Drake's speech had not been surpassed, and equaled only by Laws. 
 And then your humble servant delivered the diplomas in the hall with a speech that 
 made them all cry. . . . . Wilson has a plan that he will break to you soon. 
 It is a proposition to make a higher degree or higher order of the graduate members 
 of the Society. He and I talked it over a few evenings since, and it appears to me 
 that it is just what we want to top out all. Don't tell any other Phi of the plan 
 yet. — Andrew W. Rogers, Miami University, to Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., 
 August 10, 1850. 
 
 Alexander Swaney is elected professor of mathematics in Jefferson College, and 
 will likely accept; so I may have a chance of doing something there for the Phi 
 Society some day. That little Society that was concocted in Wilson's room has 
 done infinitely more than some of us then hoped for; but it is no more now to what 
 it is destined to be than a little "nigger" is to a dark night. — J. W. Lindley, New 
 Hagerstown, Ohio, to Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., September 22,. 1850. 
 
 The first day of this session we had 30 students; the next 70, and they have been 
 increasing ever since, until now we have between no and 120. Of course, among 
 all of these students, there must be some that will make good Phis. We have 
 taken in one named Holmes; he is in the sophomore class, and is a good student. 
 We are watching four or five more, and I think that they will help eat our turkey. 
 Milton Sayler is here, and you know that he is an Alpha. Well, a good many of 
 our Phis think that he is reviving, or rather rebitilding, the Alphas here — in fact, we 
 almost know it. He is with Harrison and a fellow named McNutt all the time. 
 The former is a grandson of the old General Harrison, and a smart fellow. Sayler 
 is at the top of the junior class, and he (Harrison) is not far behind him. I don't 
 think that he is any better than Denny, if as good. He is, however, a smart fellow, 
 and can make a good debate — not one of much depth, but one that will take with 
 the majority. McNutt can also make a debate just like Harrison but he is not as 
 smart a fellow. Milton is exerting considerable influence with them. — J. A. Ander- 
 son, Miami University, to Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., November 2, 1850. 
 
 With regard to this new Order, or grade, or whatever it is, let us know what you 
 have determined on. From what Elliott told me, I think favorably of it. There 
 should be a body consisting of the graduates of all the colleges before whom all 
 appeals would come, instead of the Ohio Alpha, because sometimes there may be 
 but a few there. How to organize such a thing and what name to give it will require 
 some of the long- heads who laid the original scheme, but every one can see the 
 necessity of such a thing. I am pleased with the idea of trying them a year before 
 they be permitted to enter this second grade. Let me drop one word here — let us 
 keep as far off Masonry as the nature of the case may permit; I will enter my solemn 
 protest against anything like superstition. — N. K. Crowe, Indiana University, to 
 J. McM. Wilson, College Corner, Ohio, November 20, 1850. 
 
 Of our Society: having passed rather a lifeless winter, for good reasons, it is now, 
 in the happy spring-time, opening out its leaves and disclosing its buds, as if deter- 
 mined on a rich growth this summer. It is my desire that we dig mvich about it, and 
 water well from the Pierian spring. We are ignorant yet of what a plant it may 
 prove if nurtured to perfection. Curiosity, then, should make us guard it well. We 
 expect pleasant times this summer in our rural walks for Phi purposes; but be the 
 shade ever so inviting, and the exercises ever so interesting and creditable, yet 
 the absence of many of our "elder brothers" will be noticed. Morrison and Drake 
 and Wilson and Lindley are closely connected with all my "fond recollections," as 
 with nearly all of us. But since you all report unbounded enjoyment in your sepa- 
 ration from your alfua mater, so let us "younger ones" play contentedly on her lap yet 
 a little longer. Her smiles and caresses are still pleasant; her pocket is full of sugar- 
 plums and candy, her heart of ail kinds of indulgences. Ah! let us stay till she 
 weans us. — David Swing, Oxford, Ohio, to Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., 
 March 13, 1851. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE DURING THE EARLY YEARS. 229 
 
 I have heard nothing from Oxford since I left there. What the committee have 
 done I can't say. Before I left we had one or two meetings, held only to come to 
 an understanding with one another. That I believe we did. I am more and more 
 convinced that we cannot be prepared next June a year. There will be an incalculable 
 amount of preliminary matters to arrange, and it is doubtful whether we can get 
 force enough to make the thing sufficiently imposing. What do you think ? Again, 
 is it not better that the "plan," after being matured, be submitted to several or all 
 of the graduates, before any college action be had on it? The thing must be ma- 
 tured before it is set in motion, as it will be too late to do anything afterward. By 
 the way, I am beginning to think it not safe to do as we talked of — build any- 
 thing at Oxford or anywhere else — on account of the changing nature of college 
 population. But I would not abandon the idea; I would mereh' change its direc- 
 tion. I'll just whisper in your ear a di^eam of the future — a hall or lecture-room at 
 a central point, say Cincinnati; a course of lectures on some subject harmonizing 
 with the objects of the Order, according to a pre-arranged syllabus determined at 
 the reunion, and an arrangement with a publisher to issue them in good stA'le, provided 
 they would (as they could) pay expenses. Of course the lecturers must be of the 
 first talent of the West, Phis or not. This is not to interfere with the annual meet- 
 ing, which, of course, should be a literary festival. It will require soine money; 
 will that be an insuperable objection? I saw Drake. He received yours. He falls 
 in with the plan, but is disposed to put it off for some time, and thinks the colleges 
 should always remain incog., or at least without an\- public standing. The latter I 
 begin to think a good idea, although some of the C)xonians do not. I should be 
 glad to know from some source whether we are certainly going to meet this fall — 
 where and when. Of this I know nothing more than when I saw you, and if I am 
 to be there I would be glad for some definite arrangements to be made soon, so that 
 I might make mine to suit them. — J. McM. Wilson, Bloomfield, Ky. , to Robert 
 Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., March 22, 185 1. 
 
 I wish we could get ready to make such a demonstration in 1852 as we ought to do, 
 but it matters little for a year. It is far more important that before the thing is 
 openly announced, it should be not onl}- finished, but perfect — that to the public it at 
 once bound among them grown and able to speak for itself, as was the goddess that 
 sprang forth from the brain of Jupiter. Very much depends upon you. What I 
 can do I will do most cheerfully, but I am so far from the center of influence that I 
 can do but little. In regard to that little house, it may not be best to build one'at 
 Oxford, or at any of the western colleges, as they are so changing; and yet it is 
 desirable to have some place to be called, more than any other, Home. It matters 
 not greatl}- where, but it must be in the valley of the Mississippi, perhaps Cincinnati 
 as well as any other place, but it is too soon yet to determine that matter entirely; 
 circumstances may indicate plainly to us after a little while. There are other things 
 more important to us now, and it is best that everything be done in its time. If I 
 am to have any part in the matter, I should like to know before the end of my ses- 
 sion, which is at the end of June. — Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., to J. McM. 
 Wilson, Bloomington, Ky., May 8, 1851. 
 
 Your suggestions in regard to the Order proper, as you term it, appear to me to 
 be precisely what are required. The course of lectures, or whatever else it ma}' be 
 that you propose of this nature, seems to be exactly in accordance with the spirit of 
 the age. Something like this, a system of treatises or publications upon important 
 subjects of the times, superintended by the Order, would certainly do much to 
 develop those principles contained in our Bond; it would give us something definite 
 and enable us to realize our objects and yet not circumscribe us in the narrow limits 
 of any one idea, as are most other institutions that profess to have similar objects in 
 view. And, besides, it would afford the community an opportunity of seeing that 
 we were doing something, and thus divert that evil suspicion that is always attached 
 to everything mysterious or secret, and we would avoid much censure and difficulty 
 arising from that disposition, which is found even in the best of men, to place the 
 worst construction on things of which they are ignorant. The boys at Bloomington 
 have as yet made no acquisition to their number, but I believe they have a design 
 upon one or tw^o that are coming on. — R. G. Elliott, Princeton, Ind., to J. McM. 
 AVilson, Bloomfield Ky., May 9, 1 85 1. 
 
230 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Enclosed ^'ou will find the prospectus of The Miami University Journal. It 
 will be issued before commencement, if enough subscriptions can be obtained to 
 justify the undertaking. I know that yott will do all you can for it. It is a scheme 
 of "Old Dad" Wilson, and of course must receive all Phi influence. It is supported 
 by the faculty and will do the university much good, it is hoped. — J. A. Anderson, 
 Miami University, to Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., May 9, 185 1. 
 
 The Society is young, and I fear ver\' much that it is or may become overgrown, 
 especially at Oxford; that is, that it may enjoy too much prosperity too soon, and 
 that some elements may be introduced into it which were never designed for it by 
 the founders of the Order. I hope somewhat against hope, now that Andy Rogers 
 is about to leave, as he alone, I suppose, knows of the interior of the whole thing, 
 as well as the ulterior designs entertained by those with whom it originated. I 
 regard the measure proposed as t/ie thing that will give eminence and reputation to 
 the Order, and the sooner it is done the easier it will be. It f/nest be done, and it 
 cannot be done without your help. A maxim among lawyers is, "When you can 
 kiss the mistress, never fool away time with the maid." I am nowise ambitious to 
 belong to a little thing, even though that be good in itself, especially when it is 
 nearly as easy to belong to something not very little. Further, ijiter nos, since you 
 and I have had some hand in the origin of something, let us be sure that our child 
 takes the right start when it goes out for the first time in society. We must do it, 
 or most likel}' it will not be done; and I feel very much as you do, that it must be 
 done soon if ever. I have made some sacrifices for the Order; I hold myself in 
 readiness to make tenfold more, if necessary, that it may succeed; please to show 
 me how or where, and call on me. — Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., to J. McM. 
 Wilson, Bloomfield, Ky., June 15, 185 1. 
 
 I understand from a letter received from Ross yesterda}' evening, that you and 
 Morrison and some others of the boys have had an interview concerning our Society, 
 but he did not state any of the particulars, and I desire you to do so, if 3-ou please. 
 Whatever your consultation was about, and whatever conclusion you may have come 
 to, let me suggest the idea of dropping the entire plan of another department to the 
 organization. However, I think it high time we were making a public demonstra- 
 tion, and this for several reasons. The college at Oxford is of very good size, and it 
 needs something very positive to hold it together, and that would, of course, give it 
 a decided place among the institutions of the university. — Ardivan W. Rodgers, 
 Piqua, Ohio, to J. McM. Wilson, College Corner, Ohio, August 13, 185 1. 
 
 In a word, all goes as finely as ever. McNutt was lateh' initiated, and he is 
 the only new member. We are watching several, and will probabh' elect some more 
 soon. John Lindlej' has been here and has gone. Flis brother and two sisters 
 were with him . I was with him several times, and like him as a gentleman, as a 
 Phi, and as a Lindley. — David Swing, Miami University, to Robert Morrison, Jef- 
 ferson, Tenn., October 18, 1851. 
 
 The Fraternity at Oxford all, Hibbett alone excepted, are preserving to me a 
 most ominous silence; why and wherefore, I can not at all conjecture. Will you 
 keep me posted upon this matter? I mean Phi matters. I shall depend upon you. 
 I hope all choices this winter will be made with the greatest caution, and every step 
 taken with the utmost care and prudence. — Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., to 
 J. McM. Wilson, College Corner, Ohio, October 22, 185 1. 
 
 I embrace the present opportunity to apologize for not calling on you during my 
 short stay at Oxford. In so short a time it was impossible to call on those whom I 
 intended to visit. I saw a few of the friends in town, and met once with the Frater- 
 nity. I would like to have seen you and had a long talk about this and other com- 
 mon interests. Will that time ever come? You say next Christmas, but I fear not. 
 I like the plan, and would like also to contribute my mite in the deliberation. But 
 I am tied down to this place, so that it would be next to impossible to leave at that 
 time. We have no vacation of any account at Christmas, and I could hardly get 
 to the river then, although it is only thirty miles. But don't wait for me; go ahead 
 and make all needful arrangements, and I will do what I can towards putting them 
 in operation.- — J. W. Lindley, New Hagerstown, Ohio, to J. McM. Wilson, College 
 Corner, Ohio, November 8, 185 1. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE DURING THE EARLY YEARS. 231 
 
 Well, we have been doing things up here — namely turned out Jim Childs and Joe 
 McNutt for drinking and spreeing in general. Sam Matthews, Uncle Denny, and 
 Ande Kemper went with them, but I reckon you know all about it. We were never 
 in a better condition, and, as a proof of our existence, we have made two new Phis — 
 Hibben, a nephew of Sam Galloway, and Carson, a brother of Bill Carson, a Beta; 
 also Professors Elliott and Stoddard have accepted membership and are now Phis in 
 ever}' sense of the word. Hurrah! I wish I could hit you in order to impress it 
 more vividly, as I expect you have become hardened to all good news. We are to 
 hold a Convention on the first Tuesday after Christmas. It is to meet at Cincin- 
 nati, and I suppose it will be a very full meeting. It is to fix the "toploftification," 
 to keep you graduates straight. Of course you will be up. — J. A. Anderson, 
 Miami University, to Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., December 5, 185 1. 
 
 You doubtless have heard of the difficulties occurring in our Society. Of a truth, 
 Morrison, I never regretted a step so much, but it had to be done; we could not do 
 other than cast off these persons. For a time I feared that they would injure us, 
 but now I begin to feel safe. Our prospects are brightening. Dr. Anderson, Dr. 
 Claybaugh, Professors Elliott and Stoddard, and Mr. Worrall have all consented to 
 becom^e members. I suppose you have learned of our Convention to be held at 
 Cincinnati on the 30th instant. We look for a full attendance. Just now, how- 
 ever, the prospect darkens, in that the Ohio River is frozen over; many would come 
 that way. — L. W. Ross, Millville, Ohio, to Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., 
 December 22, 185 1. 
 
 Well, we are progressing finely in this region. Our Convention met at Cincinnati 
 and agreed upon a Constitution, which will be duly transmitted to the "toploftifica- 
 tors. ' ' I like the Constitution very well, with the exception of one clause in regard 
 to the reception of members, which sa3's that, upon a recommendation from his col- 
 lege, a member of the lower $ A may be admitted to membership. I think it 
 should be shall, because the upper story is not the true $ A 0, as the Bond and 
 Articles of Union will show. They regard graduated members as correspondejit 
 members, not as constituting the <l> A 0. And, although policy dictates that the 
 graduated members should represent the $ A 0, I hold that the}^ are not the true 
 $ A 0, and that they have no right to say that they will represent the $ A 0, yet 
 will have the veto power to forbid a member of the true $ A 0, after he shall have 
 graduated, from coming in their midst and also representing it; and I hope that this 
 clause will be altered. But you can think over it when you get it, and as "Old 
 Dad" Wilson is copying it, I don't know when that will be. — J. A. Anderson, 
 Miami University, to Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., January 22, 1852. 
 
 We are flourishing finely at this old university; have 170 students in actual 
 attendance, and will have over 200 in the catalogue. The prospects for next year 
 are, if possible, moi'e flattering than they have ever yet been. The present junior 
 class will graduate 40 or more; won't that be some pumpkins for old Miami? You 
 must be on hand to hear the eloquence of that occasion. Our newspaper will, 
 I think, be started in about six weeks. Of course you will take a copy, and you 
 must get as many subscribers as possible. — J. A. Anderson, Miami University, to 
 Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., February 19, 1852. 
 
 The prospects of our Society still brighten. We are ten in number. Since you 
 were here last 3'ear we have received into fellowship Samuel Hibben, James Carson 
 and E. E. Hutcheson — all young men of undoubted talent and moral worth. Last 
 night Professors Stoddard and Elliott met with us. Eight lengthy essays were 
 read in their hearing, which seemed to please them much. Dr. Anderson would 
 have met with us but for bodily indisposition. Rev. J. M. Worrall also was absent 
 from the same cause. Wilson was in town a few days ago in good health and 
 spirits. Barnett has returned from Louisville, and will spend the summer in 
 Oxford. — L. W. Ross, Miami University, to Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn., 
 March 17, 1852. 
 
 On our way hither, we met most of the Oxford, Hamilton and Cincinnati boys, 
 and had a very pleasant little meeting at the Gibson House; present — Harrison, 
 Lane, Ross, Swing, Gregory, Wilson and myself. We talked over matters pertain- 
 ing to our organization and the anticipated reunion, but of course did nothing 
 
232 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 formal. And bj' the by, I have taken some pains to learn the feeling in regard 
 to the public collation you hinted at in your letter, and all with whom I have met 
 desire nothing more than a private feast, at which we can be sociable and merry, 
 free and easy. — R. G. Elliott, Murfreesboro, Tenn., to Robert Morrison, New 
 Albany Theological Seminary, February 21, 1853. 
 
 You know, Bob, the "toploft" movement has some opposition, which must be 
 gradually overcome. The speeches will not excite it, but the whole ticket will. 
 To avoid difficulty, the "basket-fixins" must be dropped; policy so dictates at' pres- 
 ent. At some future time it may be proper, but at present it is not. I know the 
 state of affairs here better than you do. Consult Wilson, Elliott, I^indley, Rodgers, 
 etc. — J. A. Anderson, Miami University, to Robert Morrison, New Alban}' Theo- 
 logical Seminary, April 24, 1853. 
 
 Although but three weeks have passed since we parted, it seems years to me. 
 Those old times, good and bad, which we spent together in Tennessee (the "centre 
 of the world") — across the States in those lousey hacks, up the river, our outside 
 passage to Oxford, the glories of commencement week — are all fresh in my memory 
 and endear our intimate acquaintance. We may never be permitted to spend 
 another year together in such unreserved intimacy, but both of us can look back 
 upon the year that has just closed and regard it as an eventful period in our lives. — 
 J. W. Lindley, Richmond, Ohio, to J. McM. Wilson, College Corner, Ohio, July 
 22, 1853. 
 
 In regard to the publication, we have been doing the best the circumstances would 
 permit. Have not yet received Humphrey's manuscript; Elliott's we have. But 
 we have conferred and determined upon a plan, ascertained as nearly as possible 
 the whole cost; and will now proceed to execute in the most speedy manner that the 
 whole thing will permit of. We have concluded to make no dependence upon the 
 colleges, as their contributions are gratuitous and quite uncertain, and will be recom- 
 pensed by a pro rata of the address. Our estimate is intended to cover the entire 
 expense, and in order to meet this we propose laying a tax of $4 upon each one of 
 the present members of "The Society of the <l> A 0" (of course making proper 
 deductions for what has already been paid). If there be any surplus fund after 
 the whole expense has been paid, it will be placed in the Society's treasury, to be 
 used as future occasion may require. — I. S. Lane, Hamilton, Ohio, to Robert Mor- 
 rison, Louisville, Ky., August 2, 1853. 
 
 We are now in a prosperous condition, numbering four regular members, and 
 are doing as well as could be expected. We have elected two others — one a senior, 
 the other a junior — but will perhaps not initiate the senior, as he has been 
 "pumped" and found wanting. We contemplate electing at our next regular 
 meeting another junior. We will then number six regular members. — Robert I. 
 Morrison, Indiana University, to Robert Morrison, Princeton Theological Seminary, 
 November 7, 1853. 
 
 We are now doing not only well but very well. We have fourteen regular mem- 
 bers, the very best material in Centre College, and seven or eight correspondent 
 members. We have two or three others in view who, in all probability, will be 
 members before long. The Betas are not doing much; they are very quiet this 
 session. We have no reason to believe that many of them here now know anything 
 about our existence here. So much the better. We would be very much pleased if 
 you would write us something about your order of business. What duties do you 
 have in addition to essay writing, how are they conducted, etc.? — William George, 
 Centre College, to T. W. McLean, Miami University, January 5, 1854. 
 
 Yours of the i8th inst., together with official papers, is at hand. In accordance 
 with your request we examined the contents of Article II, Section 2, by which we 
 were induced to forward you the above legal application for a charter, signed by 
 our attendant members. Believing with you that "it is desirable that official busi- 
 ness should be done in a constitutional manner," we accept your apology "for not 
 sending a copy of application for charter in Mr. Wilson's letter," and have now 
 proceeded to act constitutionally, since we know what is constitutional. We hope, 
 if we are correct in our manner of procedure, that you will please forward the 
 charter and remaining papers as soon as possible, for it is our ardent desire to 
 
CORRESPONDENCE DURING THE EARLY YEARS. 233 
 
 advance the Order with zeal, which we cannot do unless we feel ourselves fully 
 authorized and fully equipped for the struggle. I understand from Mr. Wilson that 
 you requested our report. T believe the Articles of Union require but one report in 
 a year. One was made out last December, and by your order through Mr. Wilson, 
 w^as forwarded to Oxford, Ohio. However, if another is necessary and you desire 
 it, let me know and I will forward it immediately. I hope that in a short time we 
 may be firmly established here, and be so regulated that our communication with 
 you, both official and individual, will be carried on in a more systematic and satis- 
 factory manner. I am much rejoiced to learn that the Order is so flourishing in 
 Ohio. — J. McK. Defrees, Wabash College, to J. W. Foster, Indiana University, 
 January 28, 1854.* 
 
 In answer to yours of the loth inst., we have to say that we made no agreeement 
 to make the Society pins for $5; they cannot possibly he made in any quantity for 
 that price. After a close calculation, we are now prepared to say that we cannot 
 make them of same quality and weight as heretofore for less than $6.50 for a single 
 pin, or $6 each for a quantity, say five or six at once, including all engraving. — 
 Beggs & Smith, Cincinnati, Ohio, to T. W. McLean, Miami University, February 
 13, 1854. 
 
 We have made no additions since I last wrote. W^e are getting along finely, but 
 have not yet come out. Accept, through me, the thanks of our Order for your punctu- 
 ality in forwarding your report at the proper time. Tender to your division our 
 best wishes for your future success. The anniversary of the Athenian Society of the 
 Indiana Universit)- was celebrated on the nth inst. Brother Reed was the speaker 
 of the occasion. His address was a credit to himself and worthy of a Phi. — 
 Robert I. Morrison, Indiana University, to T. W. McLean, Miami University, Feb- 
 ruary 20, 1854. 
 
 We have come to the deliberate conclusion not to "come out" until next com- 
 mencement. We have not yet determined the exact manner of proceeding at that 
 time, but expect to have a fine exhibition if possible. We have decided not to 
 reveal ourselves before that time for several reasons. By making ourselves known 
 now, we would gain nothing. By an imposing exhibition at the end of the present 
 college year, we would at least create an impression in our favor. It ma}- be pos- 
 sible that some of our Oxford friends can then give us a call, as they will then be 
 enjoying the liberties of vacation. The existence of our Order is not, as you sup- 
 pose, generally suspected. Bob Matthews only suspects. He has mentioned his 
 suspicions to but few, and they, knowing but little of the nature of secret societies, 
 and judging from our actions, think there is nothing of it. Matthews' suspicions 
 are not altogether unfounded, but we have created the general impression among 
 the outsiders that Matthews himself is a member of one of the Oxford secret orders, 
 and only wishes to keep them from suspecting him. If we were as generally 
 known as you suppose, of course our best action would be to make ourselves known 
 publicly forthwith. Under favorable auspices we are pursuing our way with high 
 hopes for the future. — Robert I. Morrison, Indiana University, to T. W^. McLean, 
 Miami University, March 7, 1854. 
 
 Indiana Alpha is in a prosperous and vigorous existence, and has the foundation 
 on which to continue it. — J. W. Foster, Indiana University, to Secretary of Ohio 
 Alpha, December 1 1, 1854. 
 
 The report of the Indiana Alpha was forwarded in constitutional time, and at 
 the same time I wrote to the Beta college at Wabash for their report. They answer 
 that at present they are not in a situation to make a report; that some of the mem- 
 bers are away; that they are closely watched by the college authorities, who have 
 forbidden any secret organization. They deem it advisable for the present to keep 
 quiet and make no effort to extend. W^e will send some of our members up at their 
 commencement, and try to reorganize and infuse a little more spirit into the 
 Order there. We are in a very prosperous condition here, the members prompt 
 in their duties and interested in the progress of the Order. The institution is 
 
 '^Accompanying this letter was an application to Indiana Alpha for a charter for Indiana Beta at 
 Wabash. The application bore the same date, and was signed by H. D. Wilson, J. McK. Defrees, 
 T. B. Ward, and J. E. Chapin. 
 
234 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 very popular and has a health}' growth, and as it increases the Society will be 
 able to extend its influence. We are desirous of organizing a branch college at 
 Hanover College, but as yet no good opportunity has presented itself. If your 
 college has any means at hand of accomplishing it in a judicious manner, we 
 would be glad to see it organized. — J. W. Foster, Indiana University, to J. W. 
 Stoddard, Miami University, June i, 1855. 
 
 We are progressing finely here; have a fair prospect before us, and hope to do 
 honor to our beloved Order and promote its interests. — George Miller, Secretary 
 Kentucky Alpha, to Secretary Ohio Alpha, December 6, 1855. 
 
 Your letter was received some time ago, but owing to the absence of most of 
 our brethren during vacation and some two weeks after, we have not been able 
 to take action until the present. We had several very pleasant meetings last term, 
 and now wish our charter, so that we can proceed in regular order. — J. E. Chapin, 
 Wabash College, to J. S. Jenckes, Indiana University, January 24, 1856.* 
 
 Inclosed you will find our report and one dollar due for the parchment. The 
 delaying of the report was occasioned by our carelessly mistaking the time when 
 you should report for the time when we should report. We hope this delay will 
 not occur again. Of course we were glad to get our "sheepskin," and we were not 
 only glad, but perched ourselves on a higher peg when we found that you had 
 confided to our care the interests of the Order "in the State of Indiana." 
 And now, good sirs, we hope that you will mind your rank hereafter, and take 
 off your caps to us on all occasions of public demonstration. Furthermore, we hereby 
 officially warn you to grant no more charters and to send applicants to us. But 
 soberly, you have evidently made a mistake in the charter by inserting "the inter- 
 ests of the Order in the State of Indiana, ' ' instead of Wabash College. I suppose 
 it will be difficult to alter this and not hurt the appearance of the parchment 
 thereby. But we are much pleased with our charter notwithstanding this. — W. J. 
 Essick, Wabash College, to J. S. Jenckes, Indiana University, February 15, 1856.! 
 
 Your letter was received some two weeks ago. It came very near destroying 
 our Society, for none of the persons to whom you directed your letter is now at col- 
 lege, except E. T, Bryant, and he is not a member of our Society. I happened to 
 get the letter out of the office, and thinking there might be something in it for us, 
 took it to Mr. Bryant and asked him to read it. He did so, and then handed it back 
 to me, remarking that you were mistaken in the man. I do not think that be under- 
 stood it at all; so as far as that is concerned, we are still unknown. Our Society 
 is in a very flourishing condition now; however, a rival society has sprung up this 
 term. They know that we are in existence, for they tried to get one of our mem- 
 bers, and told him of our Society, but did not know that he belonged to it. They 
 are trying to outgeneral us, but they have not the material. I do not know the 
 name of their Society, but think there is one of the same name at your institution. 
 Could you find out from them anything about the one here? If so I wish you 
 would tell me; but do not let them know anything about us, for we want to keep 
 dark for awhile yet. As for the catalogue, we woald like very much to have one 
 published, and will do all we can to put it through, depend on that. — W. W. Hill, 
 Secretary Indiana Beta, to (name omitted by writer), November 5, 1856. 
 
 Enclosed you will find our report for this year. We have initiated four new 
 members since I last wrote you. Our Society was never in a more flourishing 
 condition. By the way, what has become of that Convention you spoke of ? We 
 are all anxious to learn where and when it is to be held. Will you please let us 
 know about it as soon as you can conveniently? The students of this college are 
 
 * Accompanying this letter was an application to Indiana Alpha for a charter for Indiana Beta 
 at Wabash. The application bore the same date, and was signed by J. E Chapin, L. P. Spelman, 
 and W. J. Essick. To the letter was appended the following postscript, signed W. J. Essick: 
 
 P. S. Please get us some parchment if you possibly can, and we will remit you whatever it 
 costs. Please also give us the address of the man who makes our pins, and the best mode of obtain- 
 ing them." 
 
 t On the accompanying report was written : 
 
 ' We are quite confident that there is no other secret society in this college ; ergo, the Order 
 here luxuriates in good pasture. N. B. Please direct any communications to one of our names 
 simply, as we are compelled to keep the existence of the Order here entirely secret." 
 
CORRESPONDENCE DURING THE EARLY YEARS. 235 
 
 about to publish a magazine. It is to be called The Wabash Magazine. The first 
 number will be issued next month. If any of the students at Bloomington would 
 like to take it, tell them that I am general agent and will give them all information 
 about it. It is to be devoted entireh- to literature and general information. We 
 will be thankful for any assistance you can give us. — W. W. Hill, Secretary Indiana 
 Beta, to Secretary Indiana Alpha, December 6, 1856. 
 
 Your favor of the 9th inst. is before me, which I read with deap interest. You 
 placed me in rather a difficult position to act, requesting me "to speak of it to no one 
 or in any manner communicate" what 3'ou wrote. I would not know how to send 
 you the "names of others with myself" without this consent. I did this: I knew 
 of some with whom I had conversed on the subject, and who are much more 
 worthy than myself, who wished to establish a chapter here. To these, after bind- 
 ing to perfect secrecy, I explained the matter. I with pleasure send their names: 
 H. Ray, J. Alex. Chambliss, C. D. Armstrong, J. H. Ferguson, with my own. 
 We should be pleased to have an answer from you as soon as convenient. I feel 
 complimented by what Mr. Scott has said. Send us everything that we need to 
 instruct us in establishing a chapter. I hope that we may soon be brothers in 
 $ A 9. — J. F. Cook, Georgetown College, to W. L. Dulaney, Centre College, 
 January 13, 1 85 7. 
 
 W^e established a chapter at Georgetown, Ky., last week, and are using all efforts 
 we can to secure the establishment of our Order in all the important institutions on 
 our side of "the river." We question each member as to whether he is acquainted 
 with any student in an}- college whom he can implicitly rely on as a man suitable to 
 be initiated, and if he is, he is appointed to correspond with him on the subject. 
 We have lately commenced this modus operandi, but have not yet heard from any 
 except Georgetown. — S. W. Mitchell, Corresponding Secretary Kentucky Alpha, to 
 Ohio Alpha, February 10, 1857.* 
 
 You may remember that in December, 1856, a Convention of the Order was held 
 in Cincinnati, Ohio, for various considerations, the principal of which was to call a 
 General Convention at some regular period and to prepare a uniform, orthodox 
 Constitution for the whole Order. In September last I left our chapter at Danville, 
 and since then have heard absolutely nothing of our condition and prospects. In 
 Evansville I lately met John W. Foster, a very clever fellow, who loves a good 
 joke, oysters and pretty girls, and he informed me that save the knowledge of the 
 fine condition of our Bloomington lodge, he was as deplorably ignorant as myself. 
 — W. L. Dulaney, Marshall, 111., to Secretary Ohio Alpha, March 5, 1858. 
 
 The tone of j'our letter, your method of expression, brought me back to days of 
 yore, and in reverie I lived our past over again. As to the Phi Societ}', I know 
 nothing of its existence here now. All those with whom I was acqainted, who were 
 members, have gone away, and business, rough jars, trials and vexations, I to 
 10,000 respectively, have closely engaged iny attention, so much so that I have had 
 but little time to seek after some of those things which would prove both a recrea- 
 tion and an advantage to me. I will, however, find out the first of next session the 
 true condition of our old ship, and, after advising with its members, confer with 
 you as to what had better be done. I think it would be well to close up or aban- 
 don the chapter for a 3'ear. — A. A. Barnett, Oxford, Ohio, to Robert Morrison, 
 Cedar Creek, Ky., July 6, 1858. 
 
 I suppose that you are aware that the power of the Ohio x\lpha has been trans- 
 ferred to our chapter, and that we are "headquarters" for the present, having met 
 in Convention with members of other chapters, and it was agreed that it should 
 remain here for two years, and then the different chapters are to meet in a General 
 Convention and decide upon the permanent location of "headquarters." If you 
 know of any favorable opportunity of forming a new chapter in any place in the 
 West we would be glad to hear from you on the subject. — J. W. Gorman, Secre- 
 tary Indiana Alpha to L. S. Clark, Secretary Wisconsin x*\lpha, October 28, 1858. 
 
 Our chapter is somewhat lessened in numbers by the departure ot five members 
 at the end of last term, but we now number five, having received one new member 
 
 Accompanying this letter were a report of Kentucky Alpha and a copy of the Constitution of 1856. 
 
236 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 this term, and are determined to maintain our organization and to continue to exert 
 our influence to our highest mutual benefit, the best interest of $ A 9 and of our 
 alma mater. We were notified last June of the Convention which was to be held 
 at Bloomington on the 13th of July, for the purpose of considering measures neces- 
 sary to our existence as a Society, in consequence of the Ohio Alpha becoming 
 defunct, but we were unable to attend in person, trusting to our brother Wm. G. 
 Jenckes (who was formerly a member of your chapter) to attend the Convention 
 as our delegate. From what we could learn from Mr. Jenckes and from Mr. Theo- 
 dore Read, who was here at the time, we expected that "headquarters" would be 
 established at Bloomington, and, therefore, we were not surprised at the informa- 
 tion contained in your letter. We appreciate the kind interest you manifest in our 
 welfare, and can assure you that the Phis in Wisconsin will always endeavor to do 
 their duty, extend and strengthen the organization and fulfill with faithfulness the 
 obligations of the Bond. — L. S. Clark, Secretary Wisconsin Alpha, to J. W. Gor- 
 man, Secretary Indiana Alpha, December 14, 1858. 
 
 We now have eight members: four seniors — Woods, Morgan, Post and Rabb; 
 four sophomores — Hart, Higgins, Pratt and Spilman. Of the seniors, as Dr. John- 
 son says, "my excessive modest}' forbids me to speak." So far as real worth, 
 talent and influence goes, we have the flower of the sophomore class. In the junior 
 class there is no material worthy of being wrought into Phis. We will probably 
 choose two from the freshman class towards the end of this year. Some of our 
 members desired to attend the Convention last summer, but it came so near our 
 commencement that we were unable to leave here in time to reach Bloomington for 
 the Convention. Address your letters to me or some other member, as we would 
 prefer to keep our organization a secret, and the name of the Society on a letter 
 endangers this secrecy. — ^J. W. Rabb, Secretary Indiana Beta, to J. W. Gorman, 
 Secretary Indiana Alpha, January 10, 1859. 
 
 Kentucky Alpha is now in a flourishing condition. We have here two books of 
 the Ohio chapter — one a Constitution and the other a book for the recording of 
 reports. If you wish them sent on just signify it in your next. They are not of 
 much value. — E. J. Anderson Secretar}- Kentucky Alpha, to Indiana Alpha, 
 November 26, 1859. 
 
 Indiana Alpha is as prosperous and in as good condition at present as ever. 
 Having been very careful in making selections, we possess only such members as 
 would give character and respectability to an organization like ours, and we are 
 now able to hold a high head over the two Greek societies who endeavor to compete 
 with us. About two months ago we organized the Indiana Gamma at Northwestern 
 Christian Universit}', Indianapolis. From a private letter of an old member of this 
 chapter, I learn that the new chapter is doing very well, and the members are well 
 worthy to be enrolled among those who have gone before them in the Association. 
 By the advice of D. D. Banta, a correspondent member, we have been taking steps 
 toward the formation of another chapter — at Franklin College in this State. — ^J. S. 
 Broadwell, Indiana University, to Kentucky Alpha, January 23, i860. 
 
 The Order is in good condition here. We have eight members in regular attend- 
 ance and two absent from college on leave. One of our best fellows, who would 
 doubtless have received the valedictory, died a few weeks ago. With this excep- 
 tion, we flatter ourselves that the $ A is doing as well as could be expected. I 
 am informed that there will be a General Convention of the Order at your institu- 
 tion some time this collegiate year. In behalf of our chapter, I would be pleased 
 to be informed of the exact time of the assemblage. We would like very much to 
 have a delegate present, and will certainly do so if the meeting does not take place 
 during our commencement week, June 25 to 29. — Irvin Robbins, Northwestern 
 Christian University, to W. R. Brown, Kentuck}' Alpha, March 17, i860. 
 
 We have determined to hold the Convention here, Tuesda)', June 26. This may 
 interfere with the commencement arrangements of a good many of the delegates, 
 but it is the very best that we could do. In regard to those books of Ohio Alpha, 
 I would say that whoever has had the care of them has kept them very carelessly. 
 I will cut out the reports and send them to you, keeping a copy of them for myself. 
 You can thus put your own interpretation on them, and I will, if you wish it, assist 
 
CORRESPONDENCE DURING THE EARLY YEARS. 237 
 
 you in making the report. I will try to find the papers of the defunct Kentucky 
 Beta and Gamma. Our attempt at Harrodsburg was unsuccessful, as we did not 
 think we were justified in establishing a chapter there. — E. J. Anderson, Secretary 
 Kentucky Alpha, to J. S. Broadwell, Indiana Alpha, March 26, i860. 
 
 At present our number is onh' five; most of our bo3'S left last commencement. 
 The university is now prospering — 140 students. The chapter at Crawfordsville is 
 in a flourishing condition; it has fourteen members I believe, and they are active 
 ones. They are eight in number at Indianapolis. — J. T. Mellette, Secretary Indiana 
 Alpha, to E. S. Shrock, Centre College, November 25, i860. 
 
 I am glad that you visited our brethren at Delaw^are. I understand from letters 
 from that place that they are flourishing. I have no news from an}^ other chapter 
 in our Order. I hope 30U saw some of the old members of the Order when in Ohio 
 and induced them to take steps to organize at Kenyon College and Denison Univer- 
 sity; if you did not, I hope you will write to them to do so at once. Measures 
 should be taken by some of the old members in Ohio to reorganize at Oxford. This 
 should be done without fail; we cannot afford to loose our Alpha. I have become 
 acquainted with several students at the University of Mississippi; seven secret orders 
 are there now. I think I shall be able to visit the Wesleyan University, Flor- 
 ence, Ala., in a few weeks. I shall be active; I long to see the prosperity of our 
 Zion. I hope the boys at Danville are at work. How comes on the new college at 
 Louisville and Dr. Robinson? Let the Phis stake off their claim. — A. P. Collins, 
 Burnsville, Miss., to Robert Morrison, Cedar Creek, Ky., November 28, i860. 
 
 The condition of our country is a most lamentable one. Truly it is a time for 
 patriotic tears to be shed. I yet hope we shall be united as one Nation, that the 
 fraternal ties may be strengthened, and that our Brotherhood may last and swell 
 its members. North and South, the embodiment of the virtue, wisdom and patrio- 
 tism of our land.- — J. T. Mellette, Indiana Universitv, toKentuckv Alpha, Februarv 
 9, 1861.* 
 
 Our chapter here is quite flourishing; we have about our prescribed number, 
 fifteen, and I think we could easih- extend. We regret that opportunities for 
 increasing the number of chapters in this State are so few; opportunities are scarce 
 for the want of proper institutions where such societies would be tolerated. We 
 would be thankful for any suggestion from you on this point. — E. S. Shrock, Cor- 
 responding Secretary Kentucky Alpha, to Robert Morrison, Cedar Creek, Ky., 
 March 2, 186 1. 
 
 I have the authority of the Grand Chapter to desire you to send us the catalogues 
 and the engraving of the badge, initial letters, etc., which are in your possession. 
 We are happy to observe your continued interest in our Older, and we hope to 
 hear from you very often. — E. H. Semple, Centre College, to Robert Morrison, 
 Cedar Creek, Ky., May 15, 1861. 
 
 A laige number of our members have left us during the last year; however, we 
 have now some fourteen members. Whatever be the expense, we are very anxious 
 to have a small and neat catalogue published during the present year. — A. L. Wil- 
 son, Wabash College, to Robert Morrison, Louisville, Ky., April 22, 1862. 
 
 Concerning a general meeting, such a thing, if practicable, would be very desir- 
 able. Perhaps it may, on consultation, appear feasible next year. Let the war 
 end, and our colleges be filled up according to our expectations, and we will put 
 forth our limbs as a green bay tree. — E. H. Post, Secretary Indiana Beta, to Indiana 
 Alpha, June 20, 1863. 
 
 It has been a long time since we heard of your welfare or even your existence. 
 We are not very strong in number; there are five of us in college now — A. C. 
 Mellette and S'. B. Hatfield, seniors; E. S. Gorman, sophomore; R. A. D. Wil- 
 banks, freshman, and O. F. Baker, senior in the law school. There is more interest 
 manifested in the Society now than at any previous time since I have been a member. 
 The chapter at Wabash is very prosperous, with a large list of members. So also is 
 the Gamma at Indianapolis. What has become of the chapter at Louisville, Ky. ? 
 — S. B. Hatfield Indiana University, to Kentucky Alpha, December 14, 1863. 
 
 "* Five days after the formation of the Southern Confederacy at Montgomery. 
 
238 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 We are enthusiastic in the work before us and are fired with a spirit to make our 
 Association eclipse anything that has yet made its appearance at college throughout 
 the States. And as this can only be done by the united action of all Phis, we have 
 seen proper to suggest the propriety of calling a Convention and taking the proper 
 steps. We think another catalogue would add greatly to the remembrance of the 
 present as well as many of our past associates. Doubtless a second attempt would 
 render the catalogue complete in all its parts. However, this is a question of finan- 
 cial consideration, and will require the consent of all the members. Our com- 
 mencement will take place on the 30th of June, later than most other colleges, and 
 it would inconvenience but few, so many of our chapter would be represented. We 
 do not particularly desire a Convention, for the reason above stated, but to get 
 together as many of our associates at that time as possible. We would give you 
 an excellent entertainment. — R. A. D. Wilbanks, Indiana University, to Kentucky 
 Alpha, March 2, 1864. 
 
 Your former Secretary wrote us that you did not desire a Convention, and we 
 had dropped the subject and turned our attention toward the contemplated reunion. 
 But we now say that we are anxious for a Convention to be held here on June 28th, 
 to take the proper steps toward the reorganization of defunct chapters and founding 
 of new ones. We are assured of your prosperity, and look upon you not only as 
 Grand Chapter but as being in duty bound to listen to the wishes of subordinate 
 chapters. And we earnestly hope that you will consent to the holding of a Conven- 
 tion at this place at about the time specified, and send us delegates accordingly, as 
 well as influence other chapters to do the same. We would suggest that in Conven- 
 tion assembled we could discuss freely and fully the propriety of republishing a 
 catalogue and making some changes in our Constitution, etc., if any should be needed. 
 — R. A. D. Wilbanks, Secretery Indiana Alpha, to Kentucky Alpha, May 17, 1864. 
 
 Our chapter has been in a very fine condition almost ever since it was founded. 
 For a time after the war began we went down pretty low, but the spark of life was 
 not entirely gone; a little care soon kindled it into a living flame. We have now 
 some eight or nine members, and are prosperous and happy. — D. M. Hillis, North- 
 western Christian University, to St. John Boyle, Centre College, May 29, 1864. 
 
 I am instructed to say that the Indiana Alpha has no desire in the present pros- 
 perous and commendable condition of your chapter, to take upon herself the honor 
 of Grand Chapter. For a long time we believed you defunct, lout an agreeable 
 surprise has removed all feelings of that kind, and we are proud to acknowledge 
 you as Grand Chapter. But there are other purposes and reasons for which you 
 should send a delegate to participate in the Convention. If each and every chap- 
 ter assembled could have a voice, we certainly could adopt some plan of united 
 action to build up our organization. True, you may argue that we could do this 
 without your representation, but I venture to say that it would not be altogether 
 satisfactor} . Have you no one connected with your chapter who lives in Louis- 
 ville that could be deputized to be with us, even should he miss the glory of the 
 commencement exercises of his "foster mother?" Look at it as you please, we are 
 constrained to believe that the Kentucky Alpha is under special obligations to send a 
 delegate here, for the reason that the Indiana Alpha paid the expenses of Brother 
 J. S. Broadwell to attend at Danville in i860. — R. A. D. Wilbanks, Secretar}^ 
 Indiana Alpha, to Kentucky Alpha, June I, 1864. 
 
 We regret exceedingly that circumstances are such as render it inconvenient for 
 you to be with us on the 29th; had hoped that it might be otherwise. However, 
 we of course yield cheerfully to your excuse, and consider it a good one. Please 
 accept the thanks of this chapter for the willingness you have manifested in grant- 
 ing that the Grand Chapter should be established with the Indiana Alpha. As I 
 said in a previous communication, we do not desire to take away any of the para- 
 mount privileges of the Kentucky Alpha, and believing her at this time well worthy 
 of her exalted position, we as a chapter shall refuse to allow you to lavish upon us 
 honors which it has pleased those who have gone before us to entrust to your care 
 and keeping. In other words, the Indiana Alpha has no ambitious motives that 
 could in this state of our organization be gratified by such a change. We may ask 
 the Convention, if it sees proper, to clothe us with special authority to institute and 
 
 
CORRESPONDENCE DURING THE EARLY YEARS. 239 
 
 charter chapters in different States; and in case your college, from any cause inci- 
 dent to the lamentable condition of our country, should suspend operations, that the 
 Indiana Alpha be regarded as the Grand Alpha until the Kentucky Alpha should be 
 fully reorganized. We do not apprehend this necessity, but think it well to be 
 prepared to meet any contingency that may arise. — R. A. D. Wilbanks, Indiana 
 University, to Kentucky Alpha, June 20, 1864. 
 
 ^y « 
 
 The First Signatures "In the Bond." 
 
 Signatures to letters written by M. G. Williams to Robert Morrison ; the first dated Centre Col- 
 lege, March 11, 1850, the second, LaPorte, Ind., July 26, 1850; both addressed to Jefferson, Tenn. 
 Both of these letters were sealed with wax without envelopes, and both were without stamps except 
 the numerals ' lo" (letter postage being ten cents per half ounce for distances over 300 miles from 
 1845 to 1851) in addition to the postoffice stamps — "Danville, Ky.," and "LaPorte, Ind." 
 
 M, G. Williams, who was* the first initiate into $ A after the 
 six founders, was the first member, so far as is known, to use the 
 phrase 'in the Bond" at the end of a letter, which he did in letters 
 to Robert Morrison, March ii, and July 26, 1850.* Morrison's 
 attention being recalled to the ending of these two letters, he wrote 
 toW. B. Palmer, December 18, 1901: "How interesting and curious 
 that the first initiate should be the first to so appreciate the Bond! I 
 am satisfied none other preceded him in that, "t 
 
 "^ B n claims to have been the first college fraternity, or secret society of any kind, whose 
 members adopted a particular form of ending their letters, such a custom having begun in that 
 society as early as 1842. — See "Fraternity Studies," 1894, by W. R. Baird. 
 
 t Following are examples of how early letters were addressed and concluded : 
 
 To J. McM. Wilson, Oxford, Ohio. "Louisville, Ky. Aug. 10, 1849. My dear old friend 
 Willson : Your true and constant friend, Mort. G. Williams." Sealed with wax, with- 
 out envelope. Wilson sometimes spelled his name with one 1, sometimes with two. 
 
 "Miami University, Oxford, O., Nov. 8, 1849. Messrs. R. G. and S. S. Elliott: Friends and 
 Brethren, greeting : .... Very respectfully yours, Robert Morrison." P. S. signed, "Frater- 
 nally yours, Robert Morrison." 
 
 To Robert Morrison. "Bloomington, Indiana, December 3, 1849. Friend Morrison : . . . . 
 Your friend and brother, R. G. Elliott." 
 
 To Robert Morrison, Poplar Grove (Jefferson postoffice), Tenn. "Miami Universitj', Jan. 5, 
 1850. Brother Bob. : . . . . Your $ friend, A. A. Barnett." 
 
 To Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn. "Centre College, Danville, March 11, 1850. My Dear 
 Friend and Brother Robert: .... With my most sincere desires for your success in life, I 
 subscribe myself, in the Bond, yours truly, Mort. G. Williams." Sealed with wax, without envelope. 
 
 To Robert Alorrison, Jefferson, Tenn. Date of month omitted. "Oxford, Ohio, April, 1850. 
 My Brother M. : . . . . Yours as ever, J. McM. Wilson." 
 
 "Clarksville, Tenn., May 3. 1850. Mr. Robert Morrison. My Dear Brother : .... Yours 
 truly and fraternally, J. T. Hendrick." 
 
 To J. McM. Wilson, Oxford, Ohio. "Centre College, Danville, May 6, 1850. Friend Willson: 
 • . . . Yours <?;;2«z' 2f^7«^^r^, Mort. G. Williams." 
 
2 40 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 RECOLLECTIONS OF THE EARLY YEARS. 
 
 The recollections of the older members on many points of the 
 history of the Fraternity are embodied in the Annals" for the 
 various periods, but the following letters giving additional informa- 
 tion about the early years will undoubtedly be read with interest: 
 
 Morality is one of the foundation stones of our Order, and care was taken to 
 select for membership only those known to possess that qualification. At one 
 time there were so many members at the Miami University that we had two chap- 
 ters there, as we could not find rooms where all of us could meet secretly. The 
 
 To Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn. "LaPorte, July 26, 1850. My dear but neglected Friend 
 and Bro. : . . . . Yours ever in the Bond, &c., M. G. Williams." Sealed with wax, without 
 envelope. 
 
 To Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn. "Oxford, Ohio, Nov. 2, 1850. Brother Bob. : . . . . 
 Yours in the Bond of the $ A ©, John A. Anderson." 
 
 To J. McM. Wilson. "Poplar Grove, Tenn.. May 8, 1851. My Good Friend : .... Yours 
 ever, Robert Morrison." 
 
 To J. McM. Wilson. "Princeton, May 9, 1851. Broth. Wilson: .... Yours as ever, 
 R. G. Elliott. 
 
 To J. McM. Wilson. "Poplar Grove, Tenn., June 13, 1851. My Friend : .... Vale mi 
 f rater. Robert Morrison." 
 
 "Wabash College, June 14, 1852. John A. Anderson, Oxford, Ohio. Dear Sir: .... 
 Your brother Phi, M. M. C. Hobbs." 
 
 From Ardivan W. Rodgers to Robert Morrison. "Piqua, Ohio, Aug. 8, 1851. Friend Bob. r 
 Your friend and brother, Ardivan." 
 
 To J. McM. Wilson. Postofhce, Jefferson, Tenn. "Poplar Grove, Oct. 22, 1851. Friend Wilson : 
 Believe me to be ever yours truly, Robert Morrison." 
 
 To J. McM. Wilson. "New Albany, Nov. 8, 1851. Friend Wilson : I remain as 
 
 formerly, R. T. Drake." 
 
 To J. McM. Wilson. "N. Hagerstown, Nov. 8, 1851. Brother Willson : .... Your friend 
 and brother, J. W. LindlJ^" Lindley spelled his name sometimes with "e," sometimes without.^ 
 
 To Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn. "Miami University, Dec. 5, 1851- My very dear friend 
 Robt. : . . . . Your brother $, John A. Anderson." 
 
 To Robert Morrison, Jefferson, Tenn. "Oxford, Ohio, Feb. 19, 1852. Brother Morrison : . . 
 . . Yours respectfully, B. Harrison." 
 
 "Miami Universitj', April 26, 1852. Mr. Benjamin Harrison, Secretary of the Ohio Alpha of the 
 $ A ©. Dear Sir: .... Your brother in the Bond of the $ A 0, J. A. Anderson, Secretary 
 Ohio Beta." 
 
 "Lebanon, Tenn., Jan. 22, 1853. Mr. Robert Morrison. Dear Brother: .... Your friend 
 and brother, R. P. Decherd." 
 
 To Robert Morrison, New Albany, Ind. "Miami University, April 24, 1853. Dear Bob. : . . 
 . . ^ Your Bro., J. Alex. Anderson." 
 
 "Centre College, June 7, 1853. Robert Morrison, Esq. Dear Sir: .... Very respect- 
 fully and fraternally yours^ etc., Joe W. Lewis." 
 
 To J. McM. Wilson. 'Richmond, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1853. My old and well tried Friend: . . 
 . . Yours very truly, J. W. Lindly." 
 
 To the Secretary of Indiana Alpha. "Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Oct. 22, 1853. Dear 
 friend: .... Your friend and Brother, T. C. Hibbett." 
 
 "Theo. Sem., Princeton, N. Jersey, 19 Nov. 1853. Theo. McLean, Oxford, O. My Dear 
 friend: .... Yours truly, Robert Morrison." 
 
 "Danville, Ky., Jan. 5, 1854. Mr. Theo. McLean. Dear Sir: .... Yours in the Bond, 
 W. George." 
 
 "Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind., January 28, 1854- Mr. John W. Foster, Dear Sir: 
 . . . . Yours in the Bond of the * A 0, James W. Defrees." 
 
 To Robert Morrison. "Washington, D. C, Jan 28, 1854. Brother Morrison : .... Your 
 brother $ and friend, Isaac S. Lane." 
 
 "Miami University, Oxford May 17, 1855. John W. Foster. Dear Sir: .... Yours, &c., 
 in the Bond, John W. Stoddard." 
 
 "Indiana University, June I, 1855. John W. Stoddard, Miami University. Dear Sir: .... 
 Yoiir Friend in the Bond, John W. Foster." 
 
 "Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Oct. 28, 1855. To the Secretary of Indiana Alpha. Dear 
 Sir:^^ .... Your brother in the Bond, John W. Stoddard." 
 
 "Huntsville, Texas, March 17, 1857. Mr. Joel Tuttle. Miami University. Dear Sir: .... 
 Your obedient servant, J. H. Banton." 
 
 "University of Wisconsin, Madison, May 11, 1857. John M. Scott, Miami University. Dear 
 Sir: .... Yours in the Bond, Wm. G. Jenckes." 
 
 To Jared Thompson, Jr., Lawrence University. "Wisconsin Alpha of the $ A 0. Madison, 
 
 Wis., Jan. 22, 1858. Mr. Jared Thompson, Jr. Dear Sir Yours in the Bond, Wm. F. 
 
 Vilas, Secretary Wisconsin Alpha." 
 
 "Danville, Ky., June 11, 1858. Rev. Robert Morrison, Cedar Creek, Ky., My Dear Friend: 
 . . . . Yours truly in the bonds of the $ A 0, Wilkins G. Anderson." 
 
 To Jared Thompson, Jr., Lawrence University. "State University, Madison, Wis., March 22, 
 1859. Mr. Jared Thompson, Jr. Friend Thompson : . . . . Yours in friendship and the 
 Bond, Leonard S. Clark." 
 
RECOLLECTIONS OE THE EARLY YEARS. 241 
 
 existence of the Society was kept a profoaiid secret fro:ii all outsiders until 1852, 
 when the first badges were openly worn. — J. K. Boude, Carthage, 111., to C. O. 
 Perry, Indianapolis, Ind., May 16, 1874.* 
 
 A few days ago I received the minutes of the <l> A National Conventions of 
 1873 and 1874. I did not know to whom I was indebted for this favor. I had 
 heard little or nothing of the Fraternity since my leaving college in 185 1. I was 
 agreeably astonished to be waked up at our June term of court by Brother \Y. •N. 
 Pickerill saluting me as a Phi. I was much more astonished and perfectly delighted 
 to hear through him something of the present certainly very flattering condition 
 and prospects of my Fraternity. It seemed to me that I had been asleep for nearW 
 twenty-five years, only to be awakened at this date to the fact that the little Frater- 
 nity, organized in 1848, had grown and strengthened until the whole Union had 
 been brought to feel its influence. I felt that of a surety my life had not been in 
 vain. — Andrew W. Rogers, WarrensVjurg, Mo., to C. D. Whitehead, Indianapolis, 
 Ind., August 15, 1874. 
 
 \Yilson was a regular antiquarian book-worm, being posted on ancient history, 
 law, and theology of the old Covenanters' school. Hence he was considered the mas- 
 ter spirit in giving shape to everything of a permanent character. Bob Morrison 
 was much the same. Ardivan W. Rodgers was not so well posted, but was a man 
 of sound judgment and a very high-minded gentleman. There is one feature of 
 our Society, possibly not at that time at least found in any other, to-wit, the 
 recognition of the fact that moral culture is essential to a finished education. — Andrew 
 W. Rogers, Warrensburg, Mo., to W. A. Black, Indianapolis, Ind., December 
 15, 1879. 
 
 The first members at Bloomington were the two Elliotts — Samuel and Robert. 
 The}- initiated me: the next was Josiah Miller, who married the belle of Blooming- 
 ton. We were very choice; only one or two more were added before I was gradu- 
 ated in 1 85 1. Another brother I now remember was Matthew Woodburn. The 
 Society had a grand origin; none but moral men and the best scholars were admit- 
 ted. I look back and feel it was an honor that I was chosen to be a <l> A 6. We 
 used to meet in the woods often in summer. The members wrote essays by turns; 
 these were prepared with more care than those in the public societies. The exist- 
 ence of the Society was not known at Indiana University before I left there. I had 
 a very pleasant visit with the brothers at Oxford in 1850. John Wilson was one of 
 the leading spirits there then. My pin I lost and never oljtained another. I should 
 like to know more of the Phis of to-day. — N. K. Crowe, Delaware, Ohio, to A. G. 
 Foster, July 12, 1880. 
 
 In my college days I was quite enthusiastic as a Phi, and I yet esteem the Frater- 
 nity above all price. I had the honor to be for a long while the Secretary of the 
 Indiana x\lpha, when I had to carry the records in my pocket as the only safe depos- 
 itory. — S. A. Hoover, Hoover Hill, N. C, to J. C. Norris, Indianapolis, Ind., Octo- 
 ber 15, 1880. 
 
 In looking over an old expense book while in college, I find that July 7, 1849, I 
 bought my Society pin from Beggs & Smith, Cincinnati, Ohio. — A. A. Barnett, 
 Jersey ville. 111., to George Banta, Franklin, Ind., September 22, 1881. 
 
 It was the plan of W^ilson and myself to have a second story to the Order, to be 
 composed of chosen alumni; and while the lower and first grade was to be called 
 the $ A Society, the other, selected solely from the first, was to be called the 
 Society of the 4> A 0, which will explain the title page on the address that Dr. 
 Humphrey made in June, 1853. That was what was meant in Benjamin Harrison's 
 letter by the "real $ A 0," which was to be a "permanent organization." f That 
 feature was referred to the various chapters for their consent. It was not convenient 
 for me to follow up and complete the plan after 1853, and T thought it best to let 
 
 '^The attention of Robert Morrison being called to this letter, he wrote to W. B. Palmer, June 14, 
 1887 : Dr. Boude is entirely correct as to the reason of the swarming of the old Ohio Beta. It was 
 thought to be verj- important then to be sub rosa, and the Fraternity there then was too numerous 
 to be well accommodated in our small rooms." 
 
 t See pages 170 and 171. 
 
 (16) 
 
2 42 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 things go on in the old grooves until we should have more alumni to aid in the 
 business. And then, ere long, on came the war, which for the time broke up our 
 Phi work. — Robert Morrison, Aurora Springs, Mo., to W. B. Palmer, Nashville, 
 Tenn., July 15, 1885. 
 
 It was in my plan, and Wilson's as well, that the Society of the $ A 8 should 
 be composed solely of members of the $ A 6 Society, and of chosen men from 
 that body; that was to be the rule; other cases were to be exceptional, as the Con- 
 vention determined. — Robert Morrison, Aurora Springs, Mo., to W. B. Palmer, 
 Nashville, Tenn., September 7, 1885. 
 
 The $ A pin was not worn publicly at Miami until commencement, 1852, at 
 a party given to the senior class by the President of Miami, Dr. W. C. Anderson. 
 We had the badges, but it was not thought advisable to come out publicly sooner. 
 I then wore the first badge that had been made, which was about one-eighth of an 
 inch longer and wider than those made subsequently. — J. K. Boude, Washington, 
 D. C, to W. B. Palmer, Nashville, Tenn., November 10, 1885.* 
 
 I had wholly forgotten the facts mentioned by you relative to the establishment 
 of a Beta Chapter of the <l> A O at Miami. Whatever the I'eason may have been, 
 it certainly was not because of any bad feeling in the Alpha. I have never been in 
 a similar body or association of an}^ sort where there was a more complete and real 
 friendship or harmony, so far as I can recall. There never were two men more 
 heartily loyal to any cause than J. K. Boude and myself to the Alpha. The chances 
 are that the conclusion was reached in the Alpha that it would be better for the 
 Order to start a second chapter, and that Boude, Hutcheson, and myself were 
 detailed to do so. You can rest assured that we were not the kind of Phis to start 
 or promote a disagreement. Neither of us had such relations with Childs or McNutt 
 as would have caused us to side with them; both of us were members of the church 
 at the time, and would have been outspoken and resolute on such a matter as was 
 then involved. — J. A. Anderson, House of Representatives, Washington, D. C, to 
 W. B. Palmer, Nashville, Tenn., June i, 1887. 
 
 Our first Convention, at Cincinnati in 185 1, was to the literary world sub rosa, 
 and was meant to be so. The attendance was small. There were few railroads 
 in the West in those days; much of the travel to the river towns was on the water, 
 and the Ohio River at that time was frozen over. The Elliott that attended was 
 Robert G. — a charter member of the Indiana Alpha. — ^Robert Morrison, Aurora 
 Springs, Mo., to W. B. Palmer, Nashville, Tenn., July 6, 1887. 
 
 Wilson was well acquainted with the Elliotts, as they attended, and I believe 
 belonged to, the same denomination he did. They lived only a few miles from 
 Oxford, and often visited there. When I suggested the planting of the Order at 
 Indiana University, Wilson said he knew two men that he thought suitable; hence 
 he was appointed to initiate them if he thought them worthy; this he did. — Robert 
 Morrison, Aurora Springs, Mo., to W. P. Palmer, Nashville, Tenn., September 
 20, 1887. 
 
 The idea of the Fraternity had been in W^ilson's mind and mine only a few weeks 
 before December, 1848. As to some of the steps preliminar}' to the organization, 
 see my "Memorabilia," in Volume VI of The Scroll. The meeting on December 
 26, 1848, our first full meeting, was at night. For policy or expediency, the better 
 to head off other Greeks, I thought it best to remain incog, to students until we were 
 well ready for a public display. I do not remember Drake's plan as to its extent 
 of time to be sub rosa. As to the top story: Soon after graduating I went to Ten- 
 nessee. As Wilson for a time taught at Oxford and lived but a few miles away, he 
 saw the boys often. He and I talked about the matter before I left. The original 
 suggestion, the name and conditions of membership were mine. I gave him the 
 outline and asked him to fill it up and explain it to the brethren. He entered heartily 
 into the plan and presented it to the chapter at Miami. B}- to-day's mail I send 
 
 ^ Referring to this letter, Robert Morrison wrote to W. B. Palmer, November 17, 1885 : ' In 
 December, 1849, I went to Rutherford County, Tennessee. Badges then had been worn by the 
 Phis at their meetings and at places remote from Oxford. I know not the particulars of that matter 
 after I left; Dr. Boude's recollection is personal and definite." See footnote, page 243. 
 
RECOLLECTIONS OF THE EARLY YEARS. 243 
 
 3'ou a more full idea, as elaborated by Wilson in accordance with my original plan. 
 The idea of a chapter house at Miami was mine; it was his notion to have a club 
 house in Cincinnati, and the lectures under the auspices of the Fraternity were his 
 suggestion. — Robert Morrison, Aurora Springs, Mo., to W. B. Palmer, Nashville, 
 Tenn., November 8, 1887. 
 
 I knew that the faculty of Miami were favorable to $ A O, and that most things 
 in college were all that we could wish, yet for prudential reasons I thought best 
 that we, as a Fraternity, make no display for some time, as we were the Grand 
 Chapter; and, for the better establishment of chapters at other places, I thought best 
 that no more knowledge of our affairs be given to other fraternities than we could 
 help. — Robert Morrison, Aurora Springs, Mo., to W. B. Palmer, Nashville, Tenn., 
 June 6, 1888. 
 
 Miami never had any anti-fraternity laws, and I know of no reason for keeping 
 ^ A sub 7'osa, but some thought it would be prudent for the young Society to 
 .so remain for a time. As I remember, Wilson and Ardivan Rodgers were chiefly 
 instrumental in keeping us from "badging out" for so long. The badges were first 
 publicly worn at a party given by Dr. W. C. Anderson, the President of the college, 
 to the senior class of 1852, in June of that year; John A. Anderson's date of June 
 26th is probably correct. I do not think that any formal vote was taken on the 
 subject, but that it was done by unanimous consent. I remember that Milton 
 Sayler, who had resuscitated A A <J> at Miami, was quite curious about the pin, and 
 inspected mine closely. My reasons for stating that I then wore the first pin 
 manufactured* are these: Beggs & Smith had made the first pin from a design 
 sent to them, and after some consultation and minor changes. When it was received, 
 the members concluded it was rather large, and directed Beggs & Smith to reduce 
 the size, which was done in all subsequent ones made. This pin must have been 
 paid for out of the general funds of the Society, because it was always kept in the 
 box with the Constitution and other records of the Society, which had been kept in 
 my room for a year or more, as the meetings were held there for a considerable 
 period of time; and as I had charge of it, and had no pin, I wore it. The pin was 
 still with the Constitution and other papers when I left Oxford in March, 1854. I^^ 
 regard to the internal troubles of 1851-52, I do not know that I can add anything 
 additional to the facts already brought out in The Scroll. I thought at the time, 
 and still think, that a mistake was made in reconsidering the action taken in regard 
 to Childs and McNutt, and allowing them to resign, as they were not repentant, 
 and, in 1853, used all their influences to, and came very near succeeding in, pre- 
 venting John A. Anderson from being admitted to the Society of the Alumni of the 
 university, apparently for no other reason than that he with others had been 
 instrumental in punishing them for drunkenness. R. V. Moore came to Oxford, in 
 185 1 or 1852, to reorganize the Betas, and had the names of more than half of our 
 members on his list as suitables, and tried several of our members before he found 
 out the existence of the Phis. My recollection is very clear in regard to his agency 
 in this matter. I knew him quite well, and shortly afterward, when I was taking 
 him in a buggy to his sister's at Darrtown, four miles from Oxford, he told me 
 what a mistake he had made with the <l> A 0. He finally secured H. T. Helm, 
 ■of the class of 1853, and left the reorganization of B 11 in his charge. — 
 J. K. Boude, Washington, D. C, to W. B. Palmer, Nashville, Tenn., July 4, 
 
 Colonel Rogers writes me that it was R. V. Moore who approached him with an 
 offer on behalf of the Betas. It was proposed on the part of the reorganizer of the 
 Betas at Miami to "lift" our entire Fraternity, at any rate there, and transplant it 
 into the Beta Order, if we would surrender the field to them. I did not personally 
 hear the proposition, and cannot prove it to be a fact, but I know it was talked of 
 by our boys as a fact. — Robert Morrison, Aurora Springs, Mo., to W. B. Palmer, 
 Nashville, Tenn., July 20, 1888. 
 
 * See his letter of November ro, 1885, page 242. But this badge, owned by Ohio Alpha, was the 
 second badge made. The original badge belonged to Robert Morrison ; see first two footnotes 
 page 156. 
 
244 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 PHI DELTA THETAS IN THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 The Fraternity has just reason for pride in the honorable part 
 which its members took in the civil war, which has been called 
 "the bloodiest chapter in the book of time." The following list, 
 though probably not inclusive of all, shows that 281 members of 
 # A © were engaged in the war. Of this number 17 were honorary 
 members. Of the remaining 264, some were initiated after having 
 served in the arm}'^, but the large majorit}^ were initiated before 
 their enlistment. The number of members July i, 1865, was 447, 
 of whom 18 had died before the war began,* leaving 429, of which 
 281 is 65.5 per cent. The number who were ineligible for military 
 service, by reason of youth or disability, probably about equalled 
 the number of those who, having served in the army, were initiated 
 after July i, 1865. 
 
 Of the 281 $ A ©s engaged in the war, 229 were in the United 
 States Army, 2 in the United States Navy, 50 in the Confederate 
 Army.t It is worthy of note that members of several Northern 
 chapters — Miami, Wisconsin, Indianapolis and Northwestern — 
 enlisted in the Southern army, and that members of the Centre 
 and K. M. I. chapters enlisted in both armies. 
 
 Many members attained high military rank, earning their pro- 
 motion by conspicuous gallantry and manifest ability. J. F. Philips 
 
 * Shown bj^ the catalogue of 1894. The catalogue of i860 contains 292 names, though if all then 
 initiated had been included the number would have been 306. The catalogue of 1870 contains 556 
 names, though if all then initiated had been included, the number would have been 665. 
 
 An examination of the catalogues of the various fraternities shows that the proportion of mem- 
 bers engaged in the civil war to the total membership was very much greater in $ A than in any- 
 other fraternity. 
 
 A K B had 1,542 members in the Union and Confederate armies and navies, as shown by its 
 catalogue of 1890. This catalogue also shows that in i860 A K E had 2,401 members (counting all in 
 the classes of '61 and '62 but not '63) ; in 1865 it had 3,440 members (counting all in the classes of 
 '66 and '67 but not '68) ; in 1870 it had 4,622 members (counting all in the classes of '71 and '72 but 
 not in '73). 
 
 A A $ had 786 members in the Union and Confederate armies and navies, as shown by its cata- 
 logue of 1899- Its membership was 2,500 in i860, 3.150 in 1865 and 3,753 in 1870, as shown by its 
 catalogues issued in those years. 
 
 4' T had 675 members in the Union and Confederate armies and navies, as shown by its catalo- 
 gue of 1888, which also shows that its membership was 2,351 in i860, 2,927 in 1865 and 3,587 in 1870. 
 
 The proportion of members engaged in the civil war to the total membership (living and dead) 
 in 1865 was 62.82 per cent, in $ A ©, 44-82 per cent, in A K B, 24.95 per cent, in A A $ and 23.06 
 per cent in SE' T, as appears by the following table : 
 
 Fraternities 
 
 Membership in 1865 
 
 Number in war 
 
 Percentage in war 
 
 
 3,440 
 
 1,542 
 
 44-82 
 
 
 Alnha Delta Phi 
 
 3,150 
 
 786 
 
 24.95 
 
 
 
 2,927 
 
 675 
 
 23.06 
 
 
 Phi Delta Theta 
 
 447 
 
 281 
 
 62.82 
 
 
 $ K SE' had 544 members in the Union and Confederate armies and navies, as shown by its cata- 
 logue of 1894, but its membership during the war greatly exceeded that of 4> A ©. Its membership 
 in 1870, as shown by its catalogue issued that year, was 1,848, or nearly three times the membership 
 of $ A in 1870. — See the Shield, December, 1901. 
 
 The writer has never seen an enumeration of the members of other fraternities engaged in the 
 civil war, but only a cursory examination of the catalogues of B U, Z SE', X *, A T, etc., is needed 
 to show that their proportion of members in the war was much less than that of <i> A 0. 
 
 t Included among the 50 Confederates is J. Z. George, Mississippi Alpha, '44 (honorary), who 
 served in the Mexican war as well as the Confederate army. The list really includes the names of 
 282 men, one of them being William George, Kentucky Alpha, '55, who served in the Mexican war 
 but not in the civil war. 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 245 
 
 (later United States District Judge) was a Brigadier-general; J. W. 
 Foster (later Secretar}^ of State under President Harrison), J. C. 
 Black (later Commissioner of Pensions under President Cleveland, 
 and Chairman of the Civil Service Commission under President 
 Roosevelt), T. J. Morgan (later Commissioner of Indian Affairs 
 under President Harrison), H. V. N. Boynton (later Chairman of 
 the Chickamauga and Chattanooga Military Park Commission) and 
 Theodore Read were Brevet Brigadier-generals. 
 
 A. W. Rogers, one of the founders of 
 $ A 0, was Lieutenant-colonel of ' the 
 fighting 8 1 St" Illinois Infantry, and was 
 commissioned Colonel, but not mustered 
 in that rank, on account of the depletion 
 of the regiment.'^ Benjamin Harrison 
 (later President of the United States) was 
 Colonel of the 70th Indiana Infantry. 
 Others of the same grade were Colonel \V. 
 C. L. Taylor, Colonel R. F. Barter, Brevet 
 Colonel H. M. Kidder, Lieutenant-colonel 
 W. F. Vilas (later Postmaster-general and 
 Secretary of the Interior under President 
 Cleveland), Lieutenant-colonel J. R. Web- 
 ster, Lieutenant-colonel H. R. Plimpton, 
 Brevet Lieutenant-colonel C. K. Drew, 
 E. A. Nash was commissioned Lieutenant- 
 colonel, but not mustered in that rank. 
 
 In the Confederate army, A. M. Rafter 
 was commissioned Colonel, and J. C. S. 
 Blackburn (later United States Senator 
 from Kentuck}^, J- G. Hall and Bernard 
 Timmons were Lieutenant-colonels. W. 
 T. Hill was Senior Captain of a Texas regi- 
 ment and was recommended for Colonel, 
 but the surrender prevented such promo- 
 tion. 
 
 Of Majors, Adjutants, Surgeons, staff 
 officers. Captains, Lieutenants and non- 
 commissioned officers there were a large 
 number. There were several Chaplains 
 and missionaries, the latter connected with 
 the United States Christian Commission. 
 Three or four were Musicians; one of them 
 being A. C. White, one of the youngest 
 if not the youngest whose name ever appeared on the pa}' roll 
 of the L^nited States army. He enlisted, 1861, the day before 
 
 "* See pages 90 and 91. 
 
 t From a group photograph owned by ]\Irs. Mar>- Lloyd Harrison. The group was composed of 
 General Harrison, of Indiana; General Ward, of Kentucky; General Dustin, of Illinois, and Gen- 
 eral Cogswell, of Massachusetts. The photograph was taken, 1865. by A. M. Dudley. Copyrighted 
 by Dudley. Salem, IMass., 1888. 
 
 Brigadier-general 
 Benjamin Harrison, 
 
 Miami, '52.! 
 
246 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 he was nine years old.* R. G. Simpson, enlisted 1861, was dis- 
 charged, 1862, on account of being "too young," and re-enlisted 
 1864. D. B. Floyd, born March 15, 1846, enlisted as a private, 
 July 14, 1862, was mustered out as Second Lieutenant at the close 
 of the war, when he was but nineteen years old. O. D. Miller, 
 before he was fifteen years of age, enlisted in Colonel John S. Mos- 
 by's Battalion, C. S. A. 
 
 Albert Corydon White, Buchtel, '80. 
 
 Probably the Youngest Enlisted Soldier in the Civil War. 
 From a daguerreotype taken at Mansfield, Ohio, November 15, 1861, the ninth anniversary of 
 his birth, and the day after his enlistment as drummer boy of Company D, 64th Ohio Volunteer 
 Infantry, U. S. A. 
 
 The bravery of a number of members was sealed with their life 
 blood. One of these was J. J. P. Blinn, Chief of Brigadier-general 
 William Harrow's staif. J. F. Gookins, writing to W. B. Palmer, 
 
 * He was born November 15, 1852; enlisted at Camp Buckingham, Mansfield, Ohio, November 
 14, 1861 ; enrolled by Captain J. W. Forsyth, of the 18th United States Infantry, as eighteen years, 
 of age, to comply with the law; Drummer, Companj' D (of which his father, Cornelius C. White 
 was First Lieutenant), 64th Ohio Infantr>-; served until August 18, 1862, when invalided home; 
 honorably discharged, March 14, 1885, the discharge dating back to termination of service ; claim 
 for $101.14 allowed by Second Auditor, U. S. A., September 27, 1886, and paid. May i, 1888 (voucher 
 reading: "This settlement is for pay from the 31st of December, 1861, when paid, to the i8th of 
 August, 1862, the time when service terminated") ; member of Post 85, G. A. R., Ware, Mass. 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 247 
 
 September 30, 1901, said: His name was John James Perry Blinn, 
 and he was ver}^ proud of that Perry in his name, as it came in the 
 famil}^ line from Oliver Hazard Perr3\ He was the beau ideal of 
 a soldier, brave, commanding, of an ardor seldom seen, gifted as 
 an orator and as a leader, stern in discipline, but loved by his men. 
 His action at Gettysburg was as fine as anything that was done 
 there, and certainly was a great factor in the result. " 
 
 The Stone Wall at Gettysburg. 
 
 View of the eastern wall on Cemetery Hill. In the foreground is the lunette and a gun of 
 Weiderick's New York Batterj-. The square stone column behind the wall is the monument to the 
 14th Indiana Volunteer Infantrj-, marking ground recovered after J. J. P. Blinn, Wabash, '63, had 
 rallied the regiment, in which action he was fatally wounded. The equestrian statue represents 
 Major-general W. S. Hancock. At the left is a bas-relief monument to Rickett's ist Pennsylvania 
 Reser\-es Batterj-. From a photograph by W. H. Tipton, battlefield photographer, Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 To a request for further particulars, Gookins wrote, October 12, 
 1901: 
 
 Blinn's heroic action al Gettysburg, as told by the boys of his old regiment, was 
 as natural to him as life itself. At some place near the famous "stone wall," when 
 the Confederates made their most furious charges, and our men were yielding, Blinn 
 saw his old regiment, the 14th Indiana, wavering and giving wslx. He could not 
 stand that, but, seizing a flag, dashed away from his staff companions, and entreated, 
 threatened, implored and shamed the regiment, and called on the men to come 
 back to him and the flag. They still hesitated, when Tom Seeley, a cousin of 
 Blinn's, a fellow of great drollery and brave as any lion, ran back yelling, "Well, 
 by G — d, I'll go with you, John, anyhow." That shamed the rest, and they came 
 back with a roar, and stood every cliarge, and repulsed the gray fellows in some of 
 the sharpest fighting of the day. It was after this, when Blinn has blessed the boys 
 
248 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 good and hard, and complimented them too, that he started to join his staff. But 
 his horse was killed and he mortally wounded by the explosion of a shell. He was 
 not seen or heard of until picked up two da3'S later with his thigh shattered. He 
 lived long enough for his mother to reach him, and he showed the utmost fortitude 
 and manliness to the last. To several of the Phis he sent loving messages and keep- 
 sakes. "And should we live a thousand years, we never could forget him." 
 
 The engagement here referred to took place at the stone wall" 
 on the evening of July 2, 1863. At this place there was some of 
 the most desperate fighting in the history of the world. Side arms, 
 bayonets, gun rammers, clubs and even stones from the wall were 
 used in a hand to hand conflict. The 14th Indiana Infantry was 
 immediately engaged with the famous Louisiana Tigers. Blinn, 
 who had formerh'^ been First Adjutant of this regiment, rallied it 
 to the charge, in which lost ground was recovered, at the cost of 
 his life. The stone wall marked "the high tide at Gettysburg," 
 the decisive battle of the civil war. 
 
 The brave went down ! Without disgrace 
 They leaped to Ruin's red embrace. 
 They only heard Fame's thunders wake. 
 And saw the dazzling sun-burst break 
 In smiles on Glory's bloody face !* 
 
 Another gallant officer who died a glorious death was Brevet 
 Brigadier-general Theodore Read, who was killed April 6, 1865, 
 only three da3^s before the surrender of General R. E. Lee. He 
 was Chief of Staff of Major-general K. O. C. Ord. The latter 
 had been directed b}^ General U. S. Grant to destroy the bridges 
 in his front, so as to cut off the retreat of General Lee. General 
 Ord dispatched two small regiments of infantry and his headquar- 
 ter's staff of cavalry under Colonel Francis Washburn, to burn the 
 high bridge over the Appomattox River, near Farmville, Va. In 
 his official report General Ord wrote: 
 
 Apprehending that my bridge-burning party might meet a force of Lee's cavalry 
 sent southward to hold this bridge, I sent General Theodore Read, my Chief of 
 Staff, the most gallant and reliable ofificer I had, to conduct the party, caution- 
 ing him to reconnoiter the country well before he moved up to the Farmville 
 bridge 
 
 Read overtook Washburn's small party, took the cavahy into Farmville and 
 examined the country, returned to the infantry, and was pushing for the bridge, 
 when the advance cavalry ot Lee's whole army overtook them within two miles of 
 the bridge. Here about noon the gallant Read drew up his little band of 80 cavalry 
 and 500 infantry, rode along the front of his ranks, inspiring them with his own 
 daring, and began the battle with an army in his front. Charge after charge was 
 made by the handful of cavalry; but Read fell mortally wounded, then Washburn, 
 and at last not an officer of that cavalry party remained alive or unwounded to lead 
 the men, and not until then did they surrender. 
 
 The force immediate!}" in front of General Read was composed 
 of two divisions of Lee's cavalry. The engagement lasted an hour 
 and a half. In a message to his wife at Fort Monroe, General 
 Ord wrote: 'Ask Colonel Seward to break the news of General 
 Read's death to his wife. He was killed in leading one of the most 
 
 * From "The High Tide at Gettysburg," by Will H. Thompson. A post of the G. A. R. 
 Terra Haute. Ind., is named for BHnn. 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN THE CIVIL WAR. 249 
 
 gallant fights of the war." General Grant, in his official report to 
 E. M. Stanton, Secretary- of War, wrote that the part}' under Gen- 
 eral Read ' met the head of Lee's column near Farmville, which it 
 heroicalh' attacked and detained until General Read was killed and 
 his small force overpowered. " ' 
 
 There is a touch of romance about the recovery of the $ A © 
 badge which was worn b}' Captain R. K. Smith, of Compan}- K, 
 2 2d Indiana Infantr}-, when he was killed at the battle of Perrj^- 
 ville, Ky., October 8, 1862. He led 36 men of his company in a 
 charge under a heav}' fire, and of these 28 were killed or wounded. 
 Colonel Michael Gooding, who commanded the regiment, was 
 captured. After the battle. Captain Smith's body was found and 
 buried b}^ three of his cousins, one of them Colonel M. C. Hunter 
 of the 82d Indiana. Some time later a Captain of one of the com- 
 panies of the 8th regiment of Arkansas Confederate Infantr}-, being 
 mortalh^ wounded, called Colonel Gooding to him, and told him 
 that he had taken a badge from the bod}- of a Captain in Colonel 
 Gooding's regiment, and he gave it to the Colonel to return it to 
 the Captain's family. The name of R. K, Smith was engraved on 
 the back of the badge which was returned to his mother, t 
 
 Brevet Brigadier-general Theodore Read, Major Nathan Paine, 
 Captain R. K. Smith, Captain J. P. Pratt, Lieutenant M. J. Miller, 
 Private P. J. Squier, Captain J. L. Hall, Private J. B. Bullitt and 
 Private W. A. Allen, the three latter of the C. S. A., were killed in 
 action. Assistant Adjutant-general J. J. P. Blinn, Captain J. W. 
 Perkins, Captain E. B. Kingsbur}^, Lieutenant J. B. Atkinson and 
 Lieutenant A. J. McFarlane died of wounds received in battle. 
 Many members were seriousl}'^ wounded, the mention of wounds in 
 the following list being far from complete. Three members — 
 Brevet Brigadier-general H. V, N. Bo3'nton, Captain W. P. Black 
 and Private R. M. Springer — received medals of honor for distin- 
 guished gallantry. 
 
 A daring escape from a Southern prison was made b}' J. V. 
 Hadley, Indiana Gamma, '63 (later Chief Justice of Indiana). 
 At the battle of the Wilderness, May 5, 1864, when he was First 
 Lieutenant of Company B, 7th Indiana Infantry, serving on bri- 
 gade staff, his horse was shot under him, throwing him against a 
 tree, the horse then pitching on him. The retreating Federals, 
 
 * See "Official Records" of the civil war, published by the Government, Series I, Volume XLVI, 
 Part I, pp. 55, 1 161 ; Part III, p. 677. Also "Record" of the war compiled bj' Frank Moore, Volume 
 XI, p. 355. Also The Scroll, June, 1876, and April, 1899. 
 
 The monument over his grave in Forest Hill Cemetery. ^ladison, Wis., bears the following 
 inscription: "Gen. Theodore Read. Late the Adjt. Gen. of the Army of the James. Fell, 6th of 
 April, 1865, in his 29th year, near Appomattox Bridge, where with less than three regiments he met 
 and held in check Lee's Army, attempting a retreat through that pass ; and, by the Spartan-like 
 sacrifice of himself and heroic band, contributed essentially to the surrender which followed." On 
 another side of the stone: "He enlisted a private; was soon Asst. Adjt. Gen., serving as such of a 
 Brigade of a Division of the loth, i8th and 24th Corps, and, at his death, of the Army of the James, 
 participated in the various campaigns and battles of the Potomac, being three times wounded. He 
 was a lawyer and eloquent as a speaker and writer. Early professing his Christian faith, he illus- 
 trated in his brief life the noblest virtues of man, and died the death of a patriot hero." 
 
 tin 1900, Mrs. Ann Benham i formerly ^Irs. Ann Smith! lived at Muscatine, Iowa, and still 
 treasured the badge. 
 
250 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 supposing that he was mortally wounded, left him on the field, but 
 later in the day Federal prisoners carried him to a Confederate 
 field hospital. With Second Lieutenant W. H. Shelton, of Battery 
 D, ist New York Artillery, he escaped on the night of May 15. 
 Two days later they sought refuge in a house where a widow and 
 her daughters lived. The widow ministered to their wounds for 
 several days, and sought to conceal their presence beneath her roof 
 from her son, a Confederate cavalryman, but when he discovered 
 them he notified his officers, and then Hadley and Shelton were 
 taken South. Hadley was confined in military prisons at Macon 
 and Savannah, Ga., Charleston and Columbia, S. C. 
 
 At the latter place there were 1,500 prisoners. Every morning a 
 party of fifty or more were assigned to procure wood for the camp; 
 
 Colonel Andrew Watts Rogers, Miami, '51. 
 
 From a photograph, taken 1865, in the possession of his daughter, Mrs. A. W. Fish. It contains the 
 portraits of the ' Field and Staff Oiificers, 8ist Illinois Volunteer Infantry." 
 
 and having deposited written paroles of honor not to escape that 
 day, they were permitted, unattended by guards, to go not further 
 than half a mile, to cut the wood and fetch it to camp. On the 
 afternoon of November 4, 1864, it occurred to Hadley, who had 
 been there about a month, that perhaps he might unobserved pass 
 out with one of the wood carrying parties and thus escape. He 
 communicated this plan to his friend. First Lieutenant Homer 
 Chisman, of the 7th Indiana Infantry. First Lieutenant T. G. 
 Good, of the ist Maryland Cavalry, and Second Lieutenant James 
 Baker, of the 6th Missouri Infantry, decided to follow them. 
 Each slipped out with a party of wood carriers. Their total outfit 
 consisted of a little bread, salt, matches, needles, thread, a tin pan, 
 a tin cup, two haversacks and two towels. These articles were car- 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 251 
 
 ried beneath blankets, without attracting attention, as the wood 
 carriers wore blankets on account of inclement weather. 
 
 The four made good their escape, and started for Knoxville, 
 Tenn., which was in possession of the Federal army. They traveled 
 
 Colonel Rogers, Thirty-five Years after the War. 
 
 Sometime Commander of Colonel Grover Post, G. A. R., Warrensburg, Mo. 
 From a photograph owned bj- Mrs. Rogers; taken, 1900, by Stone & DeGroff, Warrensburg. 
 
 cautiously by night and hid themselves by day. In South Caro- 
 lina, they usually secured sustenance from negroes; in Western 
 North Carolina and Eastern Tennessee, they were aided by loyal 
 
252 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 whites. After many severe hardships and thrilling experiences, 
 and nearly having been captured several times, the four reached 
 Knoxville, December 10, 1864. Hadley's regiment had been mus- 
 tered out, September 16, 1864, its term of enlistment having 
 expired. He decided to return home, and left Knoxville Decem- 
 ber 16. He went overland via Cumberland Gap to Nicholasville, 
 K}^, where he took a train for Cincinnati. He arrived at home, 
 Plainfield, Ind., December 26, 1864. The following February he 
 was discharged from the service. 
 
 Lieutenant T. W. Bullitt, of Company C, 2d Kentucky Cavalry, 
 C. S. A., Brigadier-general J. H. Morgan's command, assisted 
 General Morgan and six of his officers in their escape from the 
 Ohio penitentiary. About seventy of Morgan's men, captured in 
 Ohio, July, 1863, were confined in the penitentiar}^ at Columbus, 
 then a new structure, and considered one of the most securel}-- 
 built prisons in the world. By means of case knives and other 
 improvised tools, openings were made through the floors of seven 
 cells, giving access to a brick archwa}^ or air chamber which 
 extended beneath the range of cells. To make such openings, it 
 was necessary to excavate through about two inches of cement, 
 several inches of mortar and three or four courses of brick. An 
 old spade was secured, and with it and other implements a tunnel 
 was dug from the air chamber through the stone foundation wall 
 of the building, which was six feet thick, access thence being gained 
 to the prison yard. The escape, one of the most famous in history, 
 was on the night of November 27, 1863. After passing through 
 the floor openings and tunnel, the seven men scaled the twenty-five 
 foot prison wall by means of a rope-ladder, made of towels and 
 bed-ticking, and a hook made of a stove poker. Two of the party 
 were recaptured.* 
 
 Lieutenant Bullitt had become intimate with Captain T. H. 
 Hines, who devised the plan of escape and revealed it to him. 
 The prisoners being allowed to visit in the cells of one another during 
 the day. Lieutenant Bullitt helped to dig the openings, but his cell, 
 being fourth from the entrance, was so near the ordinary station 
 of a guard that he was unable to dig an opening in the floor of his 
 cell without attracting the guard's attention, so he was not one of 
 the escaping party. 
 
 Several weeks later. Captain B. E. Roberts conceived a desperate 
 plan for escape, to which about thirty-five men agreed. A con- 
 vict who worked in the prison machine shop, and who was prom- 
 ised equal opportunity of escape, assisted in abstracting case 
 knives, one at a time, on which he ground sharp points. The plan 
 was for the prisoners with these rude weapons, to overpower the 
 guards, take possession of the prison armory, secure guns and 
 force their way outside, where the}^ would impress horses found in 
 
 *See "History of Morgan's Cavalry," by Basil W. Duke; "Deeds of Daring by Both Blue and 
 Gray," by D. M. Kelsey ; "Annecdotes, Poetry and Incidents of the War," by Frank Moore; and 
 an account of Morgan's escape by T. W. Bullitt in the Southern Bivouac, July, 1885. 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN THE CIVIL WAR. 253 
 
 livery stables and elsewhere, and then make for the Ohio River. 
 However, when about twenty knives had been collected, the plot 
 was discovered. A search was instituted and seven men in whose 
 cells knives were found were placed under solitary confinement. 
 Lieutenant Bullitt had secreted his knife in the mattress of his cot. 
 Several months later he with other prisoners was moved to Fort 
 Delaware, near Philadelphia, where he was confined until paroled 
 at the end of the war. Before leaving the Ohio penitentiary, he 
 concealed his case knife, b}- \a.ymg it on a small ledge in a ventila- 
 tion shaft which passed through his cell, and it remained there 
 undisturbed thirt^^-five years. * 
 
 Captain W. M. Washburn had a most varied war experience; he 
 was captured three times, and was a prisoner at Alton, 111., Camp 
 Chase, Ohio, Johnson's Island, Ohio, and elsewhere. Sergeant 
 G. W. McMillan and B. E. L. Timmons were prisoners at Camp 
 Chase, T. C. Hibbett at Camp Butler, 111. Captain W. S. Harbert 
 was confined in Libb}^ prison, Richmond, Va. Sergeant T. C. 
 Duley at Andersonville, Ga. Among others confined in southern 
 prisons were Lieutenant A. P. Collins and J. H. Eddington. 
 
 Judge J. V. Hadle}^ has published a book giving an account of 
 his prison experiences and escape, t Rev. D. B. Floyd has pub- 
 lished a history of his regiment, the 75th Indiana.! General 
 H. V. N. Bojmton has published several books relating to the war. § 
 A history of the Sist Illinois gives an account of the regiment com- 
 manded by A. vV. Rogers, one of the founders of $ A ©, with many 
 personal allusions to him. || J. F. Gookins was Volunteer Aide on 
 
 *At the banquet of the Semi-Centennial Convention of $ A 0, Columbus, Ohio, 1898, F. D. 
 Swope in responding to the toast, Kentucky Colonels," referred to the fact that several Kentucky 
 Colonels, Captains and Lieutenants had been incarcerated in Columbus during a part of the civil 
 war. One of these, he said, was a member of $ A — First Lieutenant T. W. Bullitt (since, by 
 Kentucky brevet, promoted Colonel), in whose law office at Louisville he had been engaged several 
 years. 
 
 Another speaker at the banquet was State Senator T. H. AlcConica, then a member of the board 
 of managers of the Ohio penitentiary, who became interested in the details which Swope related to 
 him about the successful escape of General Morgan and the unsuccessful effort of Lieutenant Bullitt 
 to escape. Their conversation led to a correspondence between Senator McConica and Colonel 
 Bullitt. The latter by letter described the knife and the place in his cell where he had left it. 
 
 The prison officials searched cell No. 4, December 27, 1898, and found the knife, then much 
 rusted. A picture of it with an account of its discover^' was published in the Columbus Post-DisPatch, 
 which later published letters on the subject written to the editor by Colonel Bullitt. The incident 
 was extensively noticed in the Cincinnati Enqicirer and other papers throughout the country, soon 
 reached England and appeared in London journals. 
 
 Colonel Bullitt expressing a desire for the knife, it was sent to him, March 6, 1899, with a letter 
 from one of the prison officials, authenticating the fact that it had been found by following Colonel 
 Bullitt's directions. The latter, in 1899, was induced to give the knife and the letter to the Confed- 
 erate ]\Iuseum at Richmond, where, in the Kentucky room, they may be seen. 
 
 t "Seven Months a Prisoner." New York. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1898. Cloth; pp. 258, i2mo. 
 
 $ History of the Seventy-fifth Regiment of Indiana Infantrj- Volunteers." Philadelphia: 
 Lutheran Publication Society. 1893. Cloth; pp. 457, 8 vo. 
 
 § "Sherman's Historical Raid." Cincinnati: Wilstach Baldwin & Co. 1875. Cloth ; pp. 276, 8 vo. 
 
 "Was General Thomas Slow at Nashville?" New York: Francis P. Harper. 1896. Cloth, 
 PP- 95, i2mo. Edition of 450, serially numbered. 
 
 He also wrote the concluding chapters of "General George H. Thomas: A Critical Biography." 
 By Donn Piatt. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co. 1893. Cloth; pp. 658, 8 vo. 
 
 He also wrote "The National Military Park. Chickamauga-Chattanooga. An Historical 
 Guide, With Maps and Illustrations." Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Company. 1895- Cloth; 
 pp. 307, 8 vo. 
 
 II "Experiences in the War of the Great Rebellion : By a Soldier of the Eighty-first Regiment, 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantrj-." First edition, 1879; Second edition (enlarged) 1880, Carbondale, 111. : 
 Edmund Newsome, author and publisher. Paper boards ; pp. 297, i6mo. For sale by Ben. New- 
 some Marion, 111. 
 
254 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 the staff of Major-general Lew Wallace, 1862, and at the same time 
 was an artist for Hai-pe^-^s Weekly, depicting war scenes. Gookins 
 wrote to W. B. Palmer, November i, iqoi: 
 
 L3curgus Railsback, from Wabash, though only (no — I should scratch out that 
 ' 'onh-' ' ) a Chaplain of a colored regiment, was as brave as an}' soldier of the cross could 
 be. He was of stocky and sturdy build, and would pick up a wounded man, colored or 
 white, Confederate or Northern, in the thick of a fight, and get him on his back and 
 "tote" him off to the surgeons, and carry water and food and hope and courage with 
 him everywhere. One time his brigade was going into battle just a da}- or two after 
 pay day, and I have heard that the men literally loaded him down with their money, 
 and that in a temporary disaster which happened, he saved them some say $70,cxx). 
 
 From the beginning to the end of the 
 war <l> A © was well represented — from 
 the first call for volunteers to the gal- 
 lant death of Read in the closing days of 
 the struggle. Several members enlisted 
 as earl)^ as April 15, 1861, the day after 
 the fall of Fort Sumter. Irvin Rob- 
 bins, enlisted in the 7th Indiana Infan- 
 try, xA.pril 24, 186 1, took part in the 
 engagement at Philippi, Va. (now W. 
 Va. ), June 3, 1861, which was the first 
 battleofthe war. . H. L. Powell, enlisted 
 April 25, 1861, was wounded at Rich 
 Mountain, Va. (now W. Va.), Jul}^ 11, 
 i86t. p. a. Davidson, volunteered April 
 18, 1861, was a member of Stonewall" 
 Jackson's command at the battle of 
 Manassas, July 21, 1861, and, during a 
 charge of that famous brigade, was shot 
 
 through the right shoulder. 
 
 General J. C. Black was elected Commander-in-Chief of the 
 
 Grand Army of the Republic, 1903. 
 
 Following is a roster of all members of $ A 0, so far as known, 
 
 who participated in the war.t 
 
 Miami. 
 
 J. McM. Wilson, '49. U. S. A. Recruiting officer, assisting in recruiting Co. D, 
 47th Ohio Inf., which was mustered in Aug. 9, 1861; appointed recruiting officer 
 by Gov. of Ind., July 19, 1862, but did not serve. See page 74. 
 
 A. W. Rogers, '51. U. S. A. Maj., 8ist 111. Inf., Aug. 26, 1862; Lieut. -col., do., 
 May 22, 1863; commissioned Col., do., Aug. 20, 1864; but not mustered in as 
 Col., because regiment was reduced below the minimum required; mustered out, 
 Aug. 5, 1865. See pages 90 and 91. 
 
 J. K. Boude, '52. U. S. A. ist Asst. Surg., iiSthlll. Inf., Nov. 27, 1862; mus- 
 tered out, Oct. I, 1865. 
 
 Benjamin Harrison, '52. U. S. A. Raised Co. A, 70th Ind. Inf.; ist Lieut., do., 
 July 14, 1862; Capt., do., July 22, 1862; Col., do., Aug. 7, 1862; brevetted 
 Brig.-gen., 1st Brigade, 20th Army Corps, March 22, 1865, dating from Jan. 23, 
 1865, "for ability and manifest energy and gallantry in command of the bri- 
 gade;" mustered out, June 8, 1865. 
 
 * From a photograph by J. J. Outley, 39 Fourth Street, St. Louis, Mo., 1863. 
 1 1 would gladly receive and preserve for future historical use any data which would make the 
 war records of members more complete than they are here. W. B. P. 
 
 Brigadier-general 
 John Charles Black, 
 
 Wabash, '62.* 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN THE CIVIL WAR. 255 
 
 J. A. Anderson, '53. U. S. A. Chaplain, 3d Cal. Inf., 1862-63; resigned June 30, 
 1863; 1st Relief Agent for Cal. in U. S. Sanitary Commission, 12th Army Corps, 
 1863-67; Superintendent, for the commission, of transportation of supplies on 
 waters of Chesapeake during Wilderness campaign, 1864. 
 
 Samuel Hibben, '53. U. S. A. Chaplain, 4th 111. Cav., Feb. 10, 1862; died, June 
 10, 1862. 
 
 A. C. Kemper, '53. U. S. A. Enlisted for Co. C, 52d Ohio Inf., Sept. 30, 1861, 
 but not mustered in; Asst. Adjt.-gen., with rank of Capt., staff Brig. -gen. M. S. 
 Wade, Oct. 8, 1861; Asst. Adjt.-gen., with rank of Capt., staff Maj. -gen. H. W. 
 Halleck, Sept. i, 1862; resigned July 25, 1865. 
 
 T. C. Hibbett, '54. C. S. A. Priv.", Co. C, i8th Tenn. Inf., May, 1861; cap- 
 tured. Fort Donaldson, Tenn., Feb. 16, 1862; prisoner, Camp Butler, Spring- 
 field, 111., until exchanged, Sept., 1862; Capt., Co. D, 30th Tenn. Inf., Sept., 
 1862, until Jan., 1865; then served as Prov.-mar. in the field, Bates' Division, 
 Army of Tenn., until paroled. May, 1865. 
 
 Henry Stoddard, '54. U. S. A. Q. M., 131st Ohio Inf. (100 days). May 2, 1864; 
 mustered out, Aug. 25, 1864. 
 
 Thomas Williams, '54. U. S. A. ist Lieut., 5th \J. S. Artil., May 14, 1861; 
 Brevet Capt., do., Aug. 30, 1862, "for gallant and meritorious services at the 
 battle of Manassas;" Brevet Maj., do., March 13, 1865, "for meritorious services 
 during the war;" resigned, Oct. 25, 1866. 
 
 B. K. Elliott, '55. U. S. A. Capt., Co. I, 107th Ind. Inf. (Minute Men — Morgan 
 raid), July 10, 1863; mustered out, July 17, 1863; Capt., Co. D, I32d Ind. Inf. 
 (100 days). May 18, 1864; mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864; Aid-de-camp to Maj.- 
 gen. R. H. Milroy. 
 
 A. McK. Rafter, '55. C. S. A. Within two months of beginning of war, enlisted 
 with all the pupils of the Shelb}- Military Institute, Germantown, Tenn., of which 
 he was principal; commissioned Col.; incapacitated from active service on account 
 of defective eyesight; served in ordnance or commissary departments, the greater 
 portion of the time under Maj. Pullen, of Memphis; stationed guns at Fort Pillow 
 and elsewhere; at close of war actively engaged in commissary work below 
 Granada, Miss. 
 
 Ransford Smith, '55. U. S. A. ist Lieut., Co. B, 35th Ohio Inf., Aug. 9, 1861; 
 Capt., do., June 6, 1862; resigned, Feb. 18, 1863. 
 
 H. L. Brown, '56. U. S. A. Priv., Co. A, 167th Ohio Inf. (100 days), May 2, 
 1864; mustered out, Sept. 8, 1864. 
 
 C. M. Hughes, '57. U. S. A. ist Lieut., Co. A, 20th Ohio Inf. (3 months). May 
 15, 1861; Capt., Co. H, 8ist Ohio Inf., Sept. 3, 1861; resigned, Sept. 3, 1862. 
 
 G. B. Peck, '57. U. S. A. Asst. Surg., 2d Mass. Inf., July 29, 1863; then Act- 
 ing Asst. Surg., at Fortress Monroe, Norfolk and Yorktown, Va., until resigned, 
 April 29, 1864. 
 
 J. N. Scott, '57. U. S. A. Capt., Co. E, 79th Ind. Inf., Aug. 22, 1862; Lieut. - 
 maj. and Paymaster, U. S. Regulars, Feb. 23, 1864; discharged, Nov. 15, 1865. 
 
 Joel Tuttle, '57. U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 2d Iowa Inf., June i, 1861; ist Lieut., 
 do., Nov. I, 1861; Adjt., do., Nov. 14, 1861; wounded at Shiloh; died of typhoid 
 fever, St. Louis, Mo., May 13, 1862. 
 
 E. P. Williams, '58. U. S. A. 2d Lieut., Co. F, 14th Ind. Inf., June 11, 1861; 
 Adjt., looth Ind. Inf., Aug. 27, 1862; Capt. and Acting Commissary of Subsist- 
 ence, June I, 1863; resigned, Mav 19, 1864. 
 
 E. T. Peck, '61. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D (Capt. A. C. Paul's Company), 2d Ky. 
 Vols. (3 months). May 16, 1 861; discharged, Aug. 17, 186 1. 
 
 P. W. Smith, '64 (affihated with Michigan Alpha, '70). U. S. A. Priv., Co. A, 
 167th Ohio Inf. (100 days). May 2, 1864; mustered out, Sept. 8, 1864. 
 
 A. M. Shuey, '66. U. S. A. Musician, Co. A, 167th Ohio Inf. (100 days). May 
 2, 1864; mustered out, Sept. 8, 1864. 
 
 J. L. Brown, '67 (affiliated with Michigan Alpha, '70). U. S. A. Priv., Co. A, 
 60th Ohio Inf., Oct. 16, 1861; mustered out, Nov. 10, 1862; Priv., Co. K, 86th 
 Ohio Inf. (6 months), June 26, 1863; Corp., do., July 28, 1863; mustered out, 
 Feb. 10, 1864; Priv., Co. A, 167th Ohio Inf. (100 days). May 2, 1864; mustered 
 out, Sept. 8, 1864. 
 
256 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 H. W. Graham, '67. U. S. A. Priv., Co. A, 167th Ohio Inf. (100 days), May 2, 
 1864; mustered out, Sept. 8, 1864. 
 
 M. M. Graham, '67. U. S. A. Priv., Co. A, 86th Ohio Inf. (3 months). May 28, 
 1862; mustered out, Sept. 25, 1862. 
 
 J. E. Morey, '67. U. S. A. Priv., Co. H, 93d Ohio Inf., Aug. 7, 1862; mustered 
 out, June 8, 1865. 
 
 R. L. Lyons, '68. U. S. A. Priv., Co. A, 167th Ohio Inf. (100 days), May 2, 
 1864; mustered out, Sept. 8, 1864. 
 
 T. C. Druley, '69. U. S. A. Priv., Co. A, 86th Ohio Inf. (3 months). May 29, 
 1862; mustered out, Sept. 25, 1862; Priv., Co. I, io6th Ind. (Minute Men — 
 Morgan raid), July 10, 1863; mustered out, July 17, 1863; Priv., Co. C, 9th Ind. 
 Cav., Nov. 21, 1863; Commissar3'-sergt., do., Dec. 15, 1863; captured, Dec. 
 I, 1864, and prisoner, Andersonville, Ga., until end of war; mustered out, June 
 28, 1865. 
 
 J. K. Gibson, '69. U. S. A. Priv., Co. C, 149th Ohio Inf. (100 da3s). May 2, 
 1864; mustered out, Aug. 30, 1864. 
 
 J. M. Oldfather, '69. U. S. A. Sergt., Co. H, 93d Ohio Inf., Aug. i, 1862; 
 Sergt.-maj., do., Sept. i, 1864; mustered out, June 8, 1865. 
 
 W. H. Tolbert, '69. U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 93d Ohio Inf., Aug. 7, 1862; dis- 
 charged June 8, 1865. 
 
 J. B. Elam, '70. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D, iioth Ohio Inf., March 31, 1864; 
 wounded, Cold Harbor, Va., June 3, 1864; mustered out, June 25, 1865. 
 
 J. W. Fieghan, '70. U. S. A. Corp., Co. K, 83d Ind. Inf., Aug. 11, 1862; pro- 
 moted Sergt.; 2d Lieut., do., Ma}- i, 1865; mustered out, Juh' 15, 1865. 
 
 Elam Fisher, '70. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D, 156th Ohio Inf. (100 days), May 2, 
 1864; mustered out, Sept. i, 1864. 
 
 Harvey Lee, '70. U. S. A. Priv., Co. A, 167th Ohio Inf. (100 days). May 2, 
 1862; mustered out, Sept. 8, 1864; Priv., 53d Ind. Inf., Oct. 7, 1864; on detached 
 dut}^ until mustered out, May 8, 1865. 
 
 J. K. Youtsey, '70. U. S. A. Corp., Co. H, 3d Ky. Veteran Cav., May 10, 1864; 
 mustered out, July 15, 1865. 
 
 A. J. Surface, '71. U. S. A. Corp., Co. B, 156th Ohio Inf. (100 days). May 2, 
 1864; mustered out, Sept. i, 1864. 
 
 J. M. Logan, '72. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D, 93d Ohio Inf., Aug. 6, 1862; mus- 
 tered out, June 8, 1865. 
 
 G. F. O'Byrne, '73. U. S. A. Priv., Co. H, 68th Ind. Inf., Jan. 13, 1864; Priv., 
 Co. K, 44th Ind. Inf., June 20, 1865; mustered out, Sept. 15, 1865. 
 
 F. C. Harvey, '76. U. S. N. Mississippi Squadron, 1863-65. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 Josiah Miller, '52. U. S. A. Paymaster, with rank of Major, U. S. Regulars, 
 July 28, 1863. 
 
 M. M. C. Hobbs (affiliated with Indiana Beta, '53). U. S. A. Chaplain, 80th Ind. 
 Inf., Sept. 5, 1862; resigned, Jan. 24, 1863; re-commissioned March 4, 1863; 
 resigned, Oct. 28, 1864. 
 
 Theodore Read, '54. U. S. A. Enlisted as a private; Capt. and Asst. Adjt.-gen., 
 U. S. Vols., Oct. 24, 1861; Maj. and Asst. Adjt.-gen., do., July 25, 1864; 
 Lieut. -col. and Asst. Adjt.-gen., do., Feb. 17, 1865; wounded, Gettysburg, 
 Chancellorsville and Cold Harbor; Chief of Staff of Maj. -gen. E. O. C. Ord, 
 commanding Army of the James, by whom he was recommended, March 2, 1865, 
 "to be Brig. -gen., by brevet or full, for gallantry before the enemy, to date from 
 capture of Fort Harrison, Sept. 29, 1864;" brevetted Brig. -gen. prior to April 6, 
 1865, when he was killed in action, near Farmville, Va. See page 248. 
 
 J. W. Foster, '55. U. S. A. Maj., 25th Ind. Inf., Aug. 9, 1861; Lieut. -col., do., 
 April 30, 1862; Col., 65th Ind. Inf., Aug. 18, 1862; resigned, on account of dis- 
 ability, March 12, 1864; Col., 136th Ind. Inf. (100 days). May 23, 1864; mus- 
 tered out, Sept. 2, 1864; brevetted Brig. -gen. at end of war. 
 
 R. I. Morrison, '55. U. S. A. Priv., Co. A (National Rifles), 3d Battalion, Dis- 
 trict of Columbia Inf., April 15, 1861; discharged at expiration of term of enlist- 
 ment, July 15, 1861. 
 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN THE CIVIL WAR. 257 
 
 W. C. L. Taylor, '55. U. S. A. ist Lieut., Co. G, 20th Ind. Inf., July 22, 1861; 
 Capt., do., Nov. 20, 1861; Maj., do., Feb. 12, 1853; Lieut. -col., do., June 6, 
 1863; Col., do., July 3, 1863, commanding regiment at Gettysburg; Pres. of 
 court martial, Indianapolis, 1864; mustered out, Oct. 5, 1864. 
 
 S. A. Hoover, '56. U. S. A. Priv., Co. C, 72d Ind. Inf., July 12, 1862; dis- 
 charged, Nov. 9, 1863, on account of disabilities incurred in the Ime of duty. 
 
 J. S. Jenckes, '56. U. S. A. On special commission with rank of Capt., 1862-63. 
 
 J. B. Atkinson, '58. U. S. A. Priv., Co. A, 53d Ind. Inf., Feb. 24, 1862; ist 
 Lieut., Co. H, do., Ma}^ 21, 1862; died, Nov. 17, 1862, of wounds received at 
 Hatchie River, Miss., Oct. 5, 1862. 
 
 J. L. Mitchell, '58. U. S. A. Adjt., 70th Ind. Inf., July 16, 1862; staff Maj.- 
 gen. L. H. Rousseau, Nov., 1864; mustered out, June 8, 1865. 
 
 J. W. Gorman, '59. U. S. A. Capt. and Aid-de-camp, staff Brig.-gen. W. A. 
 Gorman, 1862-63. 
 
 T. D. Tharp, '59. U. S. A. Aid-de-camp, staff Brig.-gen. G. D. Wagner, 1861-62; 
 1st Lieut., Co. F, 57th Ind. Inf., April 30, 1862; resigned on account of disabil- 
 ity, Nov. 13, 1862. 
 
 D. E. Beem, '60. U. S. A. ist Sergt., Co. H, 14th Ind. Inf., June 7, 1861; ist 
 Lieut., do., Sept. 15, 1861; Capt., do., May 13, 1862; mustered out, June 24, 1864. 
 
 J. W, Perkins, '60. U. S. A. ist Lieut., Co. I, loth Ind. Inf., April 25, 1861; 
 Capt., do., Sept. 2, 1861; died, Nov. 16, 1863, from wounds received at Chat- 
 tanooga. 
 
 R. K. Smith, '60. U. S. A. 2d Lieut., Co. K, 22d Ind. Inf., July 15, 1861; ist 
 Lieut., do., March 20, 1862; Capt., do., July ii, 1862; killed inaction, Chaplin 
 Hills, near Perry ville, Ky., Oct. 8, 1862. See page 249. 
 
 J. S. Nutt, '61. U. S. A. ist Lieut., Co. I, 9th Ind. Inf., April 8, 1862; Capt., 
 do., April I, 1863; Priv., Co. C, 133d Ind. Inf. (100 days). May 17, 1864; mus- 
 tered out, Sept. 24, 1864, 
 
 J. C. Orchard, '61. U. S. A. Priv., Co. A, 54th Ind. Inf. (3 months), June 10, 
 1862; Priv., Co. 1, 117th Ind. Inf. (6 months), Aug. 15, 1863; mustered out as 
 Sergt. -maj., Feb. 25, 1864. 
 
 I. L. Craft, '62. U. S. A. Priv., Co. C, 7th Ind. Inf., Sept. 13, 1861; mustered 
 out as Corp., Sept. 20, 1864. 
 
 R. F. Barter, '63. U. S. A. Adjt., 24th Ind. Inf., July 31, 1861; Maj., do., 
 April 26, 1862; promoted Lieut. -col., May 14, 1862, for gallantry at Shiloh; 
 resigned, Nov. 27,1863; Col., 120th Ind. Inf., March 1,1864; resigned, Aug. 8,1864. 
 
 A. C. Mellette, '64. U. S. A. Priv., Co. H, 9th Ind. Inf., Oct. 6, 1864; mustered 
 out, Sept. 28, 1865. 
 
 E. B. Hamilton, '65, U. S. A. Corp., Co. C, 145th III. Inf. (100 days). May 7, 
 1864; mustered out, Sept. 23, 1864. 
 
 R. A. D. Wilbanks, '66 (affiliated with Illinois Beta, '67). U. S. A. Priv., iioth 
 111. Inf., 1862-63. 
 
 H. L. Powell, '67. U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 8th Ind. Inf. (3 months), April 25, 
 i85i; wounded. Rich Mountain, W. Va., July ii, 1861; mustered out, Aug. 6, 
 1861. See page 254. 
 
 R. T. Dupuy, '68. U. S. A. 2d Lieut., Ky. Battalion raised by Colonel Morris 
 during invasion of Kentucky bv Gen. Braxton Bragg, 1863. 
 
 G. M. Overslreet, Jr., '68. U. S". A. Priv., Co. F, 7th Ind. Inf., Sept. 13, 1861; 
 mustered out, Sept. 20, 1864. 
 
 S. E. Mahan, '69. U. S. A. Priv., Co. C, 133d Ind. Inf. (100 days). May 17, 
 1864; 2d Lieut., Co. A, 149th Ind. Inf., Feb. 16, 1865; Adjt, do., May i, 1865; 
 mustered out, Sept. 27, 1865. 
 
 C. N. Nutt, '69. U. S. A. Priv., Co. H, I42d Ind. Inf., Oct. 25, 1864; mustered 
 out, July 14, 1865. 
 
 J. G. Bain, '70. U. S. A. Priv., Co. C, 33d Inf., Sept. 16, i85i; 2d Lieut., do.. 
 May I, 1865; mustered out, July 21, 1865. 
 
 Samuel Dalton, '71. U. S. A. Priv., Co. K, 53d Ind. Inf., Feb. 24, 1862; mus- 
 tered cut, July 21, 1865. 
 
 G. R. Stormont,' '71. U. S. A. Priv., Co. B, 58th Ind. Inf., Oct. 21, 1861: mus- 
 tered out as Corp., Nov. 12, 1864. 
 
258 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 A. L. Wilson, '71. U. S. A. 2d Sergt., Co. K, 84th Ind. Inf., April 25, 1862; 
 mustered out, June 14, 1865. 
 
 J. B. Malott, '72. U. S. A. Priv., Co. A, 67th Ind. Inf., Aug. 19, 1862; pro- 
 moted 2d Corp., about Sept., 1862; discharged latter part of Aug., 1863. 
 
 Centre. 
 
 J. B. Hopkins, '51. U. S. A. Capt., Co. I, 40th Enrolled Missouri Militia, Nov. 
 5, 1862; resigned, Jan. 9, 1863. 
 
 O. F. Rogers, '52. C. S. A. Chaplain, Miss. Inf. 
 
 T. H. Ditto, '55. C. S. A. Priv. (minute-man or sharp-shooter), Mo. Independ- 
 ent Scouts (Col. Marmaduke's regiment), 1862. 
 
 William George, '55. U. S. A. Mexican war. Priv., Co. E, 3d K}'. Inf., about 
 Oct. 3, 1847; Clustered out as Corp., July 21, 1848. (Not in civil war.) 
 
 J. G. Hall, '55. C. S. A. Priv., Shelby Grays, 4th Tenn. Inf., May, 1861; with 
 Col. B. M. Browder, raised Co. G, 51st Tenn. Inf.; ist Lieut., do., Oct., 1861; 
 Capt., do., Jan., 1862; Lieut. -col., do., 1863; sux-rendered, Greensboro, N. C, 
 April 26, 1865. 
 
 J. F. Philips, '55. U. S. A. Col., 7th Mo. Cav., May i, 1862; commissioned 
 Brig.-gen., by Gov. of Mo., for gallantry in battle, to take effect from Nov. 24, 
 1864; mustered out, March 18, 1865. 
 
 C. A. Hardin, '56. C. S. A. Under Maj.-gen. Sterling Price, 1861-63. 
 
 L. H. Ralston, '56. U. S. A. Corp., Co. A, 3d Ky. Inf., Oct. 8, 1861; Capt., Co. 
 C, do., Dec. 18, 1861; resigned, April 18, 1863. 
 
 J. O. Scott, '56. C. S, A. Asst. Surg., Byrne's Battery, ist Ky. Inf., Feb., 1862; 
 do., 3d Ky. Inf., May I, 1862; do., 2d Ky. Inf., Nov. 27, 1862; do., military 
 hospital, Marion, Ala., July, 1863; Surg., 7th Ky. Inf. (mounted), Oct. I, 1864; 
 do., Forrest's old regiment. Col. D. C. Kelle\' commanding, Nov. I, 1864, until 
 paroled. May, 1 865. 
 
 J. C. S. Blackburn, '57. C. S. A. Aid-de-camp, staff Maj.-gen. William Preston, 
 Ky. Inf., first two years of war; with cavalr}- under Maj.-gen. N. B. Forrest, 
 last two years; promoted Lieut. -col., 1865. 
 
 W. L. Dulanc}', '57. C. S. A. Priv., ist Buckner Guides (under command of Capt. 
 Ridley, attached to headquarters of Gen. A. S. Johnston), Feb., 1862; mustered 
 out, April 2, 1862; Priv., Co. B, Morgan's Battalion, April 5, 1862, (the members 
 of this company subsequently composed in part Co. D, Duke's regiment, Capt. 
 j. B. Castleman, and some of them were transferred later to Co. E, 9th Ky. 
 Cav., Col. W. C. P. Breckinridge); on detached dut}' at time of surrender, 1865. 
 
 J.'D. Hunt, '57. C. S. A. Sergt.-maj., Co. B, 8th Ky. Cav., Sept., 1862; sur- 
 rendered. May 9, 1865. 
 
 Evander McNair, '57. C. S. A. Chaplain, 24th N. C.Inf., July 5, 1862; resigned 
 about Oct., 1864. 
 
 S. W. Mitchell, '57. C. S. A. Chaplain, 3d Mo. Cav., about Oct. i, 1862; resigned 
 on account of disabilit}', about April i, 1863. 
 
 E. S. Swain, '57. U. S. A. Surg., 5th Ky. Inf., Oct. I, 1862; mustered out, 
 Sept. 14, 1864. 
 
 T. W. Bullitt, '58. C. S. A. Priv., Co. C, 2d Ky. Cav. (Brig.-gen. J. H. Mor- 
 gan's command), July 4, 1862; Corp., do., Aug., 1862; istSergt., do., Sept., 
 1862; 1st Lieut., do., Dec, 1862; badly wounded and taken prisoner, about 
 July 10, 1863 (during Gen. Morgan's Ohio raid); confined in Ohio penitentiary, 
 Columbus, Aug., 1863, until March, 1864, when he was removed to Fort Dela- 
 ware, Del., where he remained until paroled, March 22, 1865; assisted in dig- 
 ging the underground passage through which Gen. Morgan and six of his Cap- 
 tains escaped from the Ohio penitentiary, Nov. 27, 18&3. See page 252. 
 
 J. S. Ewing, '58. U. S. A. Served 15 days in 1864. 
 
 J. L. Hall, '58. C. S, A. Priv., 9th Tenn. Inf., 1861; Capt. in Gen. Braxton 
 Bragg's command in Kentucky, 1862; Adjt., 1863-64; wounded at Shiloh, Perry- 
 ville and Chickamauga; killed while leading his men into action, near Atlanta, 
 July 24, 1864. 
 
 J. W. Lemmon, '58. C. S. A. Priv., Co. C, 9th Tenn. Inf., from about April 
 20, 1 86 1, until end of war. 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN THE CIVIL WAR. 259 
 
 H. W. Scull, '58. C. S. A. Priv., 15th Ark. (Cleburne's) Inf., 1861-65. 
 
 C. H. Dobbs, '59. C. S. A. Chaplain, 12th Miss. Inf., Hill's Corps, Army of 
 Virginia, Feb., 1863; resigned on account of ill health, Oct., 1864. 
 
 J. B. Bullitt, '60. C. S. A. Priv., Co. C, 2d Ky. Cav. (Brig.-gen. J. H. Mor- 
 gan's command), Sept. i, 1862; killed while bearing a flag of truce, near Leba- 
 non, Ky., July 4, 1863. 
 
 E. O. Guerrant, '60. C. S. A. Priv., Capt. R. C. Stone's company of Col. E. F. 
 Clay's battalion of Ky. Cav., Feb., 1862; Asst. Adjt.-gen. (with rank and pay 
 of Capt.), ist brigade of K}-. Cav., staffs Brig.-gen. Humphrey Marshall, Brig.- 
 gen. J. S. Williams, Brig.-gen. J. H. Morgan, Maj.-gen. J. C. Breckinridge 
 and others, from 1863 to May I, 1865, when surrendered with that command. 
 
 J. E. McGuire, '61. C. S. A. Priv., Co. K, ist Ark. Mounted Riflemen, about 
 Aug. 15, 1861; Acting 1st Sergt., do., from soon after enlistment to March, 
 1862; Chief Clerk under Adjt.-gen. J. W. Butler, 1862; signal corps service, 
 1863; died, of consumption, while in service, Morgantown, N. C, 1864. 
 
 Thomas Speed, '61. U. S. A. Priv., Co. E, 8th Ky. Cav., Aug. 22, 1862; ist 
 Lieut., Co. A, 12th Ky. Inf., Sept. 12, 1863; ist Lieut., Co. A, 12th Ky. Veteran 
 Inf., Oct. 8, 1863; Adjt., do., Sept. 26, 1864; honorably discharged, Feb. 27, 
 1865. 
 
 G. W. McMillan, '62. C. S. A. Priv., Co. D, 1st Ga. Cav., July, 1862; Sergt.- 
 maj., do., Jul}-, 1863; captured, near Atlanta, Ga., July 21, 1864; prisoner, Camp 
 Chase, Ohio, until March 4, 1865, when released for exchange. 
 
 C. S. Brent, '63. U. S. A. 2d Lieut., Co. B, 9th Ky. Cav., Aug. 22, 1862; ist 
 Lieut., do., April 13, 1863; mustered out, Sept. 1 1, 1863. 
 
 Thomas Tracy {Hanover, '65). U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 137th Ind. Inf. (100 days). 
 May 26, 1864; mustered out, Sept. 21, 1864. 
 
 St. John Boyle, '66. U. S. A. Volunteer Aid to Lieut. -col. John Boyle, com- 
 manding 9th Ky. Cav., 1862; participated in battle of Perry ville, Ky., Oct. 8, 1862. 
 
 R. B. Stockton, '69. C. S. A. Priv., 9th Ky. Cav., 1862-65. 
 
 Wabash. 
 
 G. W. Bassett, '55. U. S. A. ist Lieut., Co. A, nth Pa. Cav., Oct. i, 1862; 
 wounded in action; resigned, Jan. 25, 1863. 
 
 J. E. Chapin, '56. U. S. A. Missionary, L^. S. Christian Commission at Knox- 
 ville, Tenn., Huntsvilie, Ala., and with Sherman's Armv, March, 1864, to Sept., 
 1864. 
 
 J. Q. A. Blackwell, '58. U. S. A. ist Lieut., Co. D, I2thlnd. Inf., Aug. 14, 1862; 
 Surg., 115th Ind. Inf. (6 months), Sept. 12, 1863; mustered out, Feb. 15, 1864. 
 
 J. A. Spelman, '58. U. S. A. Priv., Co. I, 3d Minn. Inf., Oct. 14, 1861; pro- 
 moted to Corp. and Sergt.; mustered out, Sept. 2, 1865. 
 
 A. A. McDonald, '59. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D, 125th 111. Inf., Aug. 10, 1862; 
 discharged on account of disabilit}^ May 4, 1863. 
 
 A. H. Post, '59. U. S. A. Missionary, U. S. Christian Commission, Huntsvilie, 
 Ala., and Nashville, Tenn., 1865. 
 
 J. W. Rabb, '59. U. S. A. Capt., Co. I, 7th Ind. Inf. (3 months), April 22, 1861; 
 mustered out, Aug. 2, 186 1; ist Lieut., 2d Battery, Ind. Light Avtil., Aug. 5, 1861 ; 
 Capt., do., Oct. 10, 1862; mustered out, Jan. 8, 1864; Maj., 2d Mo. Artil., Jan. 
 21, 1864; mustered out, Nov. 13, 1865. 
 
 G. W. Hayes, '60. U. S. A. Corp., Co. B, 76th Ind. Inf. (30 days), July 19, 
 1862; mustered out at expiration of term. 
 
 H. G. Ristine, '61. U. S. A. Sergt., Co. K, 86th Ind. Inf., Aug. 11, 1862; dis- 
 charged, Feb. 13, 1863. 
 
 R. B. Spilman, '61. U. S. A. Corp., Co. K, 86th Ind. Inf., Aug. 11, 1862; Q. M.- 
 sergt., do., Sept. 4, 1862; Capt., do., March3i, 1864; mustered out, June 12, 1865. 
 
 J. C. Black, '62. U. S. A. Priv., Co. I, nth Ind. Inf. (3 months), April 15, 1861; 
 Sergt. -maj., do., April 25, 1861; mustered out, Aug. 4, 1861: raised Co. K, 37th 
 111. Inf., and Capt., do., until it was mustered in, i\ug. 15, 1861; Maj., do., Aug. 
 15, 1861; Lieut. -col., do., June 9, 1862; Col., do., Nov. 20, 1862; Brevet 
 Brig.-gen., March 13, 1865; resigned, Aug. 15, 1865; severely wounded at Pea 
 Ridge, Ark., and Prairie Grove, Ark.; see page 254. 
 
26o THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 E. B. Kingsbury, '62. U. S. A. Sergt.-maj., 125th 111. Inf., July 16, 1862; 1st 
 
 Lieut., Co. I, do., Nov. 25, 1862; Capt., do., Feb. 29, 1864; died, Aug. 18, 
 
 1864, of wounds received near Marietta, Ga. 
 J. P. Pratt, '62. U.S.A. ist Lieut., Capt. and Adjt., nth Ind. Inf., 1861-64; 
 
 killed in action, Hanover, Va., May 29, 1864. 
 Lycurgus Railsback, '62. U. S. A. Missionary, U. S. Christian Commission, 
 
 1863-64; Chaplain, 44th U. S. Colored Inf., Oct. 5, 1864; mustered out, April 
 
 30, 1866. See page 254. 
 J. R. Webster, '62. U. S. A. Priv., Co. I, nth Ind. Inf. (3 months), April 22, 
 
 1861; mustered out, Aug. 4, 1861; Priv., Co. G, 88th Ind. Inf., July 4, 1862; 
 
 Capt., do., Aug. 6, 1862; Maj., do., Oct. 31, 1863; Lieut-col., 44th U. S. Col- 
 ored Inf., March 18, 1864; resigned, Feb. 27, 1866. 
 G. W. Barlow, '63. U. S. A. Priv., 14th Battery, Ind. Light Artil., Nov. 28, 
 
 1864; mustered out. May 30, 1865; detailed as Clerk in Brevet Maj. -gen. A. P. 
 
 Hovey's office, Indianapolis. 
 J. J. P. Blinn, '63. U. S. A. ist Adjt., 14th Ind. Inf., June 7, 1861; resigned, 
 
 Oct. 27, 1862; Asst. Adjt. -gen., ist Brigade, 2d Division, 2d Army Corps, Army 
 
 of the Potomac, and Chief of Brig. -gen. William Harrow's staff, March 24, 1863; 
 
 died, July 13, 1863, of wound received at Gettysburg, July 2, 1863. See page 247. 
 W. P. Black, '64. U. S. A. Corp., Co. I, nth Ind. Inf. (3 months), April 15, 
 
 1 861; mustered out, Aug. 4, 1861; Capt., Co. K, 37th 111. Inf., Aug. 15, 
 
 1861; mustered out, Sept. 30, 1864; immediately entered office of Prov. -mar., 
 
 Danville, 111., where he remained until close of war; awarded, after the war. 
 
 Congressional Medal of Honor inscribed: "Presented by the Congress to Capt. 
 
 W. P. Black, Co. K, 37th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for distinguished gallantry 
 
 at the battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., March 8, 1862." 
 J. F. Gookins, '64. U. S. A. Priv., Co. I, nth Ind. Inf. (3 months), April 15, 
 
 1861; mustered out, Aug. 4, 1861; Volunteer Aid-de-camp, staff Maj. -gen. 
 
 Lew Wallace from about April 10, 1862, until disabled by sickness, June, 1862; 
 
 Auditor military railroad accounts, under Col. James Wilson, Indianapolis, May, 
 
 1864; resigned about May 30, 1865; war artist for Harper^ s Weekly, 1861-65 
 
 (also in Franco- Prussian war, 1870). 
 W. S. Harbert, '64 (affiliated with Michigan Alpha, '67). U. S. A. Priv., Co. 
 
 C, 85th Ind. Inf., Aug. 14, 1862; 1st Sergt., do., Sept. 2, 1862; 2d Lieut., do., 
 
 Sept. 4, 1862; captured, Thompson's Station, Tenn., March 5, 1863; marched 
 
 overland to Richmond, Va., where was confined in Libby prison until May, 1863, 
 
 when was exchanged at City Point, Va.; returned to regiment after brief furlough; 
 
 promoted 1st Lieut., Aug. il, 1863, dating from May 10, 1863; staffs Brig.- 
 
 gen. John Coburn, Brig. -gen. Daniel Dustin and Maj. -gen. W. T. Ward, 3d 
 
 Division, 20th Army Corps, 1863-65; brevetted Capt., April 26, 1865, taking 
 
 effect from April 13, 1865, for distinguished and meritorious services; mustered 
 
 out, July 21, 1865. 
 D. F. Hill, '64. U. S. A. Sergt., Co. I, nth Ind. Inf., Aug. 31, 1861; discharged, 
 
 on account of disability, Nov. 3, 1862; Adjt., I32d Ind. Inf., May 18, 1864; 
 
 Capt., Co. G, 148th Ind. Inf., Feb. 21, 1865; mustered out, Sept. 5, 1865. 
 M. J. Miller, '64. U. S. A. 2d Lieut., i8th Battery, Ind. Light Artil., Aug. 10, 1863; 
 
 1st Lieut., do., April 25, 1864; killed in action, near Selma, Ala., April 2, 1865. 
 W. A. Ketcham, '65. U. S. A. Priv., Co. A, 13th Ind. Inf., Feb. 25, 1864; 2d 
 
 Lieut., Co. E, do., Dec. 19, 1864; Capt., Co. I, do.. May i, 1865; mustered 
 
 out, Sept. 5, 1865, 
 T. H. Ristine, '65. U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 135th Ind. Inf. (100 days), May 23, 
 
 1864; mustered out, Sept. 29, 1864. 
 Alvah Taylor, '65. U. S. A. Priv., Co. G, 138th Ind. Inf. (100 days), May 27, 
 
 1864; mustered out as 1st Sergt., Sept. 30, 1864. 
 J. L. Ketcham, '66. U. S. A. Priv., Co. K, 70th Ind. Inf., July 15, 1862; Q. 
 
 M., do., Feb. 14, 1865; mustered out, June 8, 1865. 
 J. B. Allen, '67. U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 135th Ind. Inf. (100 days), May 23, 
 
 1864; mustered out as Corp., Sept. 29, 1864. 
 J. E. Rice, '67. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D, 135th Ind. Inf. (100 days). May 23, 
 
 1864; mustered out, Sept. 29, 1864. 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN THE CIVIL WAR. 261 
 
 D. G. Roderick, '67. U. S. A, Priv., Co. F, 135th Ind. Inf. (100 days), May 23, 
 
 1864; mustered oat, Sept. 29, 1864. 
 M. M. Whiteford, '67. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D, 135th Ind. Inf. (100 days). May 
 
 23. 1864; mustered out, Sept. 29, 1864. 
 
 B. M. Mills, '68. U. S. A. Capt., 49th U. S. Colored Inf., March 11, 1864; 
 resigned, June 6, 1865. 
 
 Charles Groenendyke, '69. U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 135th Ind. Inf. (100 days), May 
 23, 1864; mustered out as Musician, Sept. 29, 1864. 
 
 F. D. Seward, '70. U. S. A. Corp., Co. E, 9th Minn. Inf., Aug. 19, 1862; dis- 
 charged, Oct. 6, 1864; ist Lieut., 72d U. S. Colored Inf., April 28, 1864, but 
 not mustered in, being on detached service; Capt., Co. D, 117th U. S. Colored 
 Inf., Oct. 7, 1864; resigned. May 2, 1865. 
 
 Ira McConnell, '73. U. S. A. Sergt., Co. G, 124th Ind. Inf., Dec. 19, 1863; 
 mustered out. May 24, 1865. 
 
 R. G. Simpson, '73. U. S. A. Priv., Co. H, 6th Ind. Inf., Sept. 26, 1861; dis- 
 charged, on account of being "too ^oung, " June 16, 1862; Priv., Co. E, 62d 111. 
 Inf., Dec. 27, 1864; mustered out, March 6, 1866. 
 
 Alts tin. 
 
 H. H. Boone, '55. C. S. A. Maj., 13th (Waller's) Battalion (Green's Brigade), 
 
 Tex. Cav., 1861-65; wounded in action, 1863. 
 W. A. Allen, '56. C. S. A. Priv., 1st Tex. Inf., and served in Hood's Brigade; 
 
 killed in action, Gaines' Mill, Va., June 28, 1862. 
 
 C. T. Hill, '58. C. S. A. Priv., Co. D, 5th Tex. Inf., Jan., 1862; discharged, 
 Mav, 1863. 
 
 W. T^ Hill, '58. C. S. A. Enlisted, Co. D, 5th Tex. Inf., April, 1861; commis- 
 sioned 1st Lieut., do., about June, 1861; Capt., do., about June, 1862; often 
 wounded, and never taken prisoner; attached to Gen. R. E. Lee's army; com- 
 manded, 5th Tex. Inf., as Senior Capt., at surrender of Gen. Lee, Appomattox, 
 April 9, 1865; name twice forwarded to Sect, of War for promotion as Col., 
 but the surrender prevented such promotion. 
 
 A. T. McKinney, '58. C. S. A. Priv., 1862. 
 
 K. M. I. 
 
 C. K. Drew, '56. U. S. A. Capt. and Aid-de-camp, 1st Brigade, 2d Division, 
 Ind, Legion, Sept. 1 1, 1862; Asst. Q. M., June 30, 1864; brevetted Maj. and 
 also Lieut. -col., March 13, 1865; mustered out, March 20, 1866. 
 
 Bernard Timmons, '56. C. S. A. Lieut. -col. in Col. T. N. Waul's Texas Legion, 
 1861-65. 
 
 R. P. Wade, '56. U. S. A. Asst. Q. M. and Capt., telegraph dept., 1862. 
 
 W. M. Washburn, '57. C. S. A. Priv., Co. B, 3d La. Inf., April or May, 1861 
 Brevet 2d Lieut., do., Aug., 1861; captured, Pea Ridge, Ark., March 8, 1862 
 prisoner, Alton, 111., and Camp Chase, Ohio, until exchanged about June i, 1862 
 though not present at reorganization of regiment, elected 2d Lieut., Co. B, April, 
 1862, holding that office from June to Sept. 19, 1862, when captured at luka. 
 Miss.; prisoner, Johnson's Island, Ohio, until exchanged three weeks later, return- 
 ing then to his company; captured at surrender of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863, and 
 sent to a parole camp, Shreveport, La.; exchanged, March, 1865; Capt., 1st Bat- 
 tery, Logan's Heavy Artil., March- April, 1865. 
 
 H. V. N. Boynton, '58. U. S. A. Maj., 35th Ohio Inf., July 29, 1861; Lieut. - 
 col., commanding, do., July 16, 1863; discharged, Sept. 8, 1864, on account of 
 disability resulting from wounds received at Missionary Ridge, Nov. 25, 1863; 
 Brevet Brig. -gen., ^larch 13, 1865; later awarded Congressional Medal of Honor, 
 inscribed: "The Congress to Bvt. Brig. -gen. Henry V. Boynton, U. S. Volunteers, 
 for distinguished gallantry at the battle of Missionary Ridge, Tennessee, Nov. 25, 
 1863." See page 253. 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 J. W. Slaughter, '58. C. S. A. Priv., Co. B, 13th Va. Inf., April, 1861; Priv. 
 during war from choice; paroled, April, 1865. 
 
2 62 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 W. F. Vilas, '58. U. S. A. Capt., Co. A, 23d Wis. Inf., Aug. 14, 1862; Maj., 
 
 do., Feb. 26, 1863; Lieut. -col., do., March 26, 1863; resigned, Aug. 29, 1863. 
 Moulton DeForest, '59. U. S. A. Priv., Co. I, i8th Wis. Inf., Nov. 23, 1861; 
 
 Q. M.-Sergt., do., Jan. 13, 1862; 1st Sergt., Co. D, do.. May i, 1863; 1st 
 
 Lieut., do., Aug. ii, 1863; Capt., do., April 4, 1865; mustered out, July 18, 
 
 1865. 
 P. C. Slaughter, '59. C. S. A. Priv., Co. B, 13th Va. Inf., April, 1861; Priv., 
 
 3d Va. Cav., 1862-63; staff Brig.-gen. R. A. Pryor, 1863-64; Priv., Nottoway 
 
 Count}^ Troop, Va. Cav., 1864, until end of war. 
 E. M. White, '59. U. S. A. Chief Clerk to Maj. Eaton, Paymaster's dept., and 
 
 to Col. Easton, Q. M. dept., 1861-65. 
 
 E. L. Fitzhugh, '60. U. S. A. Cashier, Q. M. dept., Chattanooga, 1864-65. 
 A. J. McFarlane, '60. U. S. A. Priv., Co. H, 23d Wis. Inf., Aug. 15, 1862; 
 
 Sergt. -maj., do., Aug. 30, 1862; 1st Lieut., Co. K, do., Dec. 18, 1862; died, 
 Portage, Wis., July 4, 1863, of wounds received at Vicksburg, May 20, 1863. 
 
 F. T. Starkweather, '60. U. S. A. Priv., Co. A, ist Wis. Inf., S'ept. 21, 1861; 
 Q. M. -sergt., do., Oct. 8, 1861; 2d Lieut., Co. F, do., Feb. 8, 1862; Capt. and 
 Asst. Q. M., U. S. Vols., Feb. 19, 1863; resigned, Nov. 20, 1865. 
 
 E. A. Nash, '61. U. S. A. Priv., Co. A; 44th N. Y. Inf., Aug. 8, 1861; pro- 
 moted from ranks, 2d Lieut., Co. H, do., Oct. 3, 1861; detailed as Acting Adjt.- 
 gen. of regiment. Ma)' 27, 1862; promoted Capt. (not brevet), Co. D, same regi- 
 ment, July 14, 1862, on account of gallant and meritorious services in battle 
 during the Seven Days' Fight before Richmond; detailed Asst. Inspr.-gen.- 
 3rd Brigade, ist Division, 5th Corps, Dec. 13, 1862, and served in that posi- 
 tion until about April, 1864, when he returned to his company; the two officers 
 of his regiment who ranked him being wounded in the battle of the Wilderness, 
 May 8, 1864, he assumed and retained command of his regiment until Ma}' 30, 
 1864, when he was again seriously wounded, and disabled from further service 
 during his term of enlistment; commissioned Lieut. -col., 23rd U. S. Colored Inf., 
 Jul}' II, 1864, but, being still disabled from wounds, was unable to assume com- 
 mand; mustered out, Oct. ii, 1864. 
 
 Henry Vilas, '61. U. S. A. Q. M.-sergt., 12th Wis. Inf., Nov. 7, 1861; Sergt. - 
 maj., do.. May I, 1862; 2d Lieut., Co. E, 23d Wis. Inf., Aug. 7, 1862; 1st 
 Lieut., Co. A, do., Feb. 26, 1863; Capt., do., Sept. 6, 1863; brevetted Maj. by 
 Pres. of U. S. for gallant and meritorious service during the war, March 23, 1865; 
 mustered out, July 4, 1865. 
 
 Fielding Mansfield, '62. U. S. A. Maj., 54th Ind. Inf. (3 months), June 14, 
 1862; Col., 54th Ind. Inf. (i year), Oct. 29, 1862; mustered out, Dec. 8, 1863. 
 
 P. J. Clawson, '63. U. S. A. Enlisted, June 2, 1862; Sergt. -maj., 20th Wis. 
 Inf., Aug. I, 1862; wounded, Prairie Grove, Ark,, Dec. 7, 1862; 2d Lieut., Co. 
 A, 20th Wis. Inf., Dec. 31, 1862; ist Lieut., do., Aug. 25, 1863; mustered out, 
 July 14, 1865. 
 
 G. M. Leland, '63. U. S. A. Orderly-sergt., Co. L, 15th 111. Cav., March I, 
 1862; mustered out, Jan. 17, 1865. 
 
 J. D. Tredway, '63. U. S. A. Q. M.-sergt., 23rd Wis. Inf., Aug. 30, 1862; 2d 
 
 Lieut., Co. E, do., March 23, 1863; Q. M., do., July 6, 1863; Capt. and Asst. 
 
 Q. M., U. S. Vols., Nov. 12, 1864; Brevet Maj., do.; mustered out, July 4, 
 
 1866. 
 L. M. Vilas, '63. U. S. A. Clerk in Q. M. dept., under Col. G. B. Dowdey, 
 
 1864; Clerk to Gen. McFeeley, 1865. 
 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Norman Buck, '59. U. S. A. 1st Lieut., Co. D, 7th Minn. Inf., Aug. 22, 1862; 
 
 Capt., do., Jan. 12, 1865; mustered out, Aug. 16, 1865. 
 J. A. Owen, '60. U. S. A. Priv., Co. G, 1st Wis. Cav., July 30, 1861; 2d 
 
 Lieut., Co. M, do., March 9, 1862; ist Lieut., do.. May I, 1862; resigned, Nov. 
 
 4, 1863. 
 Nathan Paine, '60. U. S. A. 1st Lieut., Co. G, ist Wis. Cav., Oct. 31, 1861;. 
 
 Capt., do., Nov. 16, 1861; Maj., ist Battalion, do., Sept. 28, 1863; killed in 
 
 action, Campbelltown, Ga., July 28, 1864. 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN THE CIVIL WAR. 263 
 
 J. E. Davies, '62. U. S. A. Enlisted, Aug. 2, 1862; mustered in U. S. service, 
 Sept. 6, 1862; Clerk Medical Purveyor's office, Louisville, Ky., Jan. to Aug. 10, 
 1863; Sergt.-maj., Co. K, 21st Wis. Inf., Aug. 13, 1863; ist Lieut., do., Nov. 
 II, 1864; mustered out, June 8, 1865. 
 
 NortJi 10 es tern . 
 
 H. M. Kidder, '59. U. S. A. Priv., 14th 111. Cav., 1862; 2d Lieut., Co. K, ist 
 
 Ark. Cav., April I, 1863; Adjt., do., July i, 1863; Maj., 5th U. S. Colored 
 
 Cav., March 13, 1865; Brevet Col., do., March 16, 1865; mustered out, March 
 
 16, 1866. 
 G. W. Beggs, '60. U. S. A. 2d Asst. Surg., 105th 111. Inf., Oct. 8, 1862; ist 
 
 Asst. Surg., do., June 2, 1864; mustered out, June 7, 1865. 
 W. A. Lord, '60. U. S. A. ist Lieut., 13th (renumbered 5th) Mo. Cav., Dec, 
 
 1861; resigned, Aug. 16, 1862; Capt., Co. H, 14th 111. Cav., Feb. 6, 1863; 
 
 Aid-de-camp to Maj. -gen. George Stoneman and Brig. -gen. G. W. Schofield, 
 
 1863-65. 
 H. A. Plimpton, '60. U. S. A. Priv., Co. G, 39th 111. Inf., Aug. 14, 1861; ist 
 
 Lieut., do., July 11, 1864; Capt., do., Oct. 28, 1864; Maj., do., April 29, 1865; 
 
 Lieut. -col., do., June 6, 1865; mvistered out, Dec. 6, 1865. 
 W. H. H. Raleigh, '60. C. S. A. Sergt.-maj., Brevet Lieut, and Adjt., ist (Col. 
 
 Thomas Hill Carter's) Battalion, "Stonew^all" Jackson's Corps; brevetted Maj. 
 
 at close of war; in field artillery service, and in every fight from Seven Days 
 
 Fight about Richmond to surrender of Gen. R. E. Lee, Appomattox, April 9, 
 
 1865; wounded several times but never seriously disabled. 
 J. W. Haney, '61. U. S. A. Capt., Co. I, 72d 111. Inf., Aug. 21, 1862; resigned, 
 
 Oct. 16, 1862. 
 O. C. Foster, '62. U. S. A. Musician, Chicago Light Artil., April 16, 1861; 
 
 discharged with battery. May 2, 1861; Priv. (Bugler), Battery A, ist 111. Artil., 
 
 July 16, 1 861; Corp., do., April 10, 1862; discharged, July 6, 1864. 
 C. H. Simpson, '62. U. S. A. Paymaster with rank of Maj., March ii, 1863, 
 
 to 1864. 
 W. R. Page, '63. U. S. A. Priv., Battery A, ist 111. (Chicago) Light Artil., Aug. 
 
 25, 1861; 2d Lieut,, Co. F, Benton Cadets, Mo. Inf., Sept. 27, 1861; resigned, 
 
 Dec, 1861. 
 F. A. Parker, '63. U. S. A. Priv., Chicago Mercantile Battery, summer of 1862 
 
 to spring of 1864, when commissioned 1st Lieut., 1st La. Heavy Artil.; resigned, 
 
 fall of 1864. 
 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Perry Hall, '59. U. S. A. Chaplain, 79th Ind. Inf., Sept. 2, 1862; died of dis- 
 ease, Indianapolis, Oct. 26, 1862. 
 
 W. A. Dixon, '60. U. S. A. Surg., with general field hospital. Army of the Cum- 
 berland, 1864-65. 
 
 Ross Guffin, '60, U. S. A. ist Lieut., Co. G, 52d Ind. Inf., Oct. 25, 1861; 
 Capt., do., Sept. 4, 1862; resigned, Nov. 18, 1862. 
 
 W. N. Pickerill, '60. U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 3d Ind. Cav., Aug. 18, 1861; mus- 
 tered out as Corp., Aug. 22, 1864. 
 
 Irvin Robbins, '60. U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 7th Ind. Inf. (3 months), April 24, 
 1861; mustered out, Aug. 2, 1861; Capt., Union Rifles, Decatur County Com- 
 panies, Indiana Legion, Sept. 12, 1862; Adjt., 76th Ind. Inf. (30 days), July 21, 
 1862; Capt., Co. H, 104th Ind. Inf. (Minute Men), July 10, 1863; Capt., Co. A, 
 123d Ind. Inf., Nov. 18, 1863; Maj., do., June 24, 1864; Prov.-mar., West- 
 tern North Carolina district, 1865; Asst. Inspr.-gen. and Asst. Adjt. -gen., ist 
 Division, 23d Army Corps, June- Aug., 1865; mustered out, Aug. 25, 1865. 
 See page 254. 
 
 P. A. Davidson, '61. C. S. A. Priv., Rockbridge Rifles, April 18, 1861; assigned 
 to Co. A, 5th Va. Inf., about April 25, 1861; transferred to Co. A, 4th Va. Inf. 
 (Stonewall Brigade), about July 8, 1861; wounded and permanently disabled, 
 Manassas, July 21, 1861; discharged. May, 1862; 2d Lieut., Co. A, 1st Va. Inf., 
 June 10, 1863; resigned, Jan. 18, 1865; joined Col. J. S. Mosby's command, 
 Feb., 1865; scouting in mountains when surrender occurred. See page 254. 
 
264 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 P. J. Squier, '61. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D, 44th Ind.Inf., Nov. 22, 1861; killed 
 in action, Shiloh, April 6, 1862. 
 
 A. I. Hobbs, '62. U. S. A. Chaplain, 69th Ind. Inf., Aug. 19, 1862; resigned, 
 April 23, 1863. 
 
 R. P. Parker, '62. U. S. A. Sergt., Co. B, 7th Ind. Inf., Sept. 13, 1861; ist 
 Lieut., 1st U. S. Colored Inf., July 27, 1864; mustered out, Sept. 29, 1865. 
 
 J. V. Hadley, '63. U. S. A. Sergt., Co. B, 7th Ind. Inf., Aug. 20, 1861; Corp., 
 do., Sept. 13, i85i; wounded, Manassas, Aug. 30, 1862; 2d Lieut., do., Oct. i, 
 1862; 1st Lievit., do., March 12, 1863; Aid-de-camp to Brig.-gen. J. C. Rice 
 from then until the battle of the Wilderness, May 5, 1864, when he, supposed to be 
 mortally wounded, was left on the field and taken prisoner; confined at Macon 
 and Savannah, Ga., and Charleston and Columbia, S. C, until Nov. 4, 1864, 
 when he escaped from the latter place; reached Union lines at Knoxville, Tenn., 
 Dec. 10, 1864; discharged, Jan. 21, 1865. See pages 249-252. 
 
 C. W. McLaughlin, '63. U. S. A. Sergt., Co. A, 17th Ind. Inf., 1861; ist 
 Lieut., 26th Ind. Reg. (Wilder Battery, Light Artil.), March 7, 1863; honorably 
 discharged, Feb. 10, 1864. 
 
 H. C. Cassel, '64 (affiliated with Illinois Beta, '67). U. S. A. 2d Lieut., Co. I, 
 72d Ind. Inf., Jan. 20, 1863; honorably discharged. May 27, 1864. 
 
 J. S. Duncan, '65. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D, I32d Ind. Inf. (100 days), May i8, 
 1864; mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864. 
 
 R. C. Storey, '65 (affiliated with Michigan Alpha, '68). U. S. A. Corp., Co. I, 
 1 8th Ind. Inf., Aug. 16, 1861; discharged on account of disability, March 21, 1863. 
 
 H. H. Black, '66. U. S. A. Priv., Co. E, 71st 111. Inf. (3 months), July 3, 1862; 
 mustered out, Oct. 29, 1862. 
 
 F. C. Cassel, '67. U. S. A. Priv., Co. H, ii6th Ind. Inf. (6 months), Aug. 17, 
 1863; mustered out, March I, 1864. 
 
 J. H. Lewis, '67. U. S. A. ist Lieut., Co. A, I32dlnd. Inf. (100 days). May 3, 
 1864; mustered out, Sept. 7, 1864. 
 
 L. W. Florea, '68. U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 139th Ind. Inf. (100 days), June 5, 
 1864; mustered out as Corp., Sept. 29, 1864. 
 
 J. F. Richard, '70. U. S. A. Priv., Co. B, iiith Ohio Inf., Aug. 5, 1862; mus- 
 tered out, July I, 1855; served on detached duty as Chief Clerk at brigade, 
 division, corps and department headquarters; declined commission of Capt. of a 
 North Carolina regiment, and commission of Asst. Adjt.-gen. of Vols. 
 
 Jonas Stewart, '69 (affiliated with Michigan Alpha, '70). U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 
 44th Ohio Inf., Aug. 28, 1862, to Jan. 4, 1864, when he was transferred to 8th 
 Ohio-Cav., and appointed Corp., do.; mustered out, May 30, 1865. 
 
 D. B. Williams, '70. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D, 27th Ind. Inf., Aug. 15, 1862, 
 to 1863. 
 
 J. M. Monroe, '71. U. S. A. Priv., Co. G, 42d Ohio Inf., Oct. 11, 1862; discharged, 
 April 2, 1863, on account of disability resulting from wounds received in action. 
 
 J. A. Roberts, '71. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D, 68th Ind. Inf., Aug. 19, 1862; dis- 
 charged on account of disability, June 25, 1863. 
 
 William Irelan, '72. U. S. A. Corp., Co. D, 12th Ind. Inf., July 25, 1862; dis- 
 charged, as Sergt., on account of wounds, Feb. 6, 1864. 
 
 J. H. Edwards, '74. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D, 12th Ind. Inf., Aug. 23, 1862; 
 mustered out, June 8, 1865. 
 
 J. H. Rohrer, '74. U. S. A. Corp., Co. B, ii8th Ind. Inf. (6 months), Sept. 2, 
 1863; mustered out, March I, 1864. 
 
 Ohio Wesley an. 
 
 A. P. Collins, '60. U. S. A. 1st Lieut., Co. K, 12th Mich. Inf., Oct. 10, 1861; 
 captured, Shiloh, April 6, 1862; exchanged and rejoined regiment, Dec, 1862; 
 commanded Co. K until Sept. 8, 1864; Acting Ordnance Officer, staff Brig.- 
 gen. C. C. Andrews, 2d Division, 7th Army Corps, until Dec, 1864; do., staff 
 Brig.-gen. Alexander Shaler, until mustered out, Feb. 7, 1865. 
 
 David Humphreys, '60. U. S. A. Q. M., 85th Ohio Inf. (3 months), June 10, 
 1862; mustered out, Sept. 23, 1862; ist Lieut., Co. F, 125th Ohio Inf., Sept. 24, 
 1862; resigned, Oct. 6, 1863. 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN THE CIVIL WAR. 265 
 
 C. H, Gray, '62. U. S. A. Priv,, Co. C, 4th Ohio Inf., June 3, 1861; Corp., do., 
 Oct. I, 1862; died. Harper's Ferry. Va., Nov. 23, 1862. 
 
 S. H. Dustin, '63. U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 36th Ohio Inf., 1861-64. 
 
 J. H. Edgington, '63. U. S. A. 3d Corp., Co. A, 12th Iowa Inf., Oct. 17, 1861; 
 Commissary-sergt., do.; staff of CoL J. J. Woods, 1861-62; captured, Shiloh, 
 April 6, 1862; exchanged, Oct., 1862; discharged, Dec. 2, 1862, on account of 
 disability contracted in prison; died, Eldora, Iowa, March 30, 1863. 
 
 A. D. Newell, '76. U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 14th Ohio Inf., Jan. 19, 1864; mus- 
 tered out, July II, 1865. 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 G. W. Grubbs, '61. U. S. A. ist Lieut., Co. F, 70th Ind. Inf., Nov. 20, 1863; 
 Asst. Adjt.-gen., ist Brigade, 3d Division, 20th Army Corps, 1864; Maj., 42d 
 U. S. Colored Inf., Nov. 17, 1864; mustered out, Jan. 31, 1866. 
 
 T. J. Morgan, '61. U. S. A. Sergt., Co. I, 7th Ind. Inf., Sept. 13, 1861; ist 
 Lieut., do., Aug. 7, 1862; resigned, April 2, 1864; Col., 14th U. S. Colored 
 Inf., 1864; Brevet Brig. -gen., 1st Colored Brigade, Army of the Cumberland, 
 March 13, 1865; resigned, Aug. 15, 1865. 
 
 W. T. Stott, '61. U. S. A. Priv., Co. I, iSthlnd. Inf., Aug. 16, 1861; appointed 
 Corp., do.; promoted Capt., do., July 15, 1863; mustered out, Dec. 10, 1864. 
 
 L. W. Billingsley, '62. U. S. A. Priv., Co. H, 7th Ind. Inf. (3 months), April 
 18, 1861; mustered out, Aug. 22, 1861; Corp., Co. I, 4th Ind. Cav., Aug. 8, 
 1862; 2d Lieut., Co. K, 14th U. S. Colored Inf., Jan. i, 1864; 1st Lieut., do., 
 Jan. 8, 1864; Capt., Co. A, 44th U. S. Colored Inf., March 17, 1864; resigned, 
 Feb. 4, 1865. 
 
 G. N. Hawley, '64. U. S. A. Sergt., Co. F, 76th 111. Inf., Aug. 5, 1862; mus- 
 tered out, as 1st Sergt., Aug. 22, 1865; then commissioned 2d Lieut., but not 
 mustered in. 
 
 J. K. Howard, '64. U. S. A. Priv., Co. H, 7th Ind. Inf. (3 months), April 22, 
 1861; mustered out, Aug. 2, 1861. 
 
 W. R. Wycoff, '74. U. S. A. Priv., Co. G, 21st Ind. Inf., July 24, 1861; mus- 
 tered out, July 31, 1864. 
 
 Michigan, 
 
 E. L. Blakeslee, '65. U. S. A. Corp., Co. H, 4th Pa. Reserves, June 12, 1861; 
 mustered out, June i, 1864. 
 
 T. T. Fountain, '69. U. S. A. 2d Lieut., Co. K, 13th 111. Cav., Feb. 12, 1864; 
 mustered out, Sept. 4, 1864. 
 
 D. C. Pennington. '70. U. S. A. Corp., Co. D, nth Mich. Inf., 1864-65. 
 
 C. M. Taylor, '70. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D, 85th Ind. Inf., Aug. 11, 1862; mus- 
 tered out, as Commissary-sergt., June 12, 1865. 
 
 Chicago. 
 
 W. H. Fitch, Jr., '65. U. S. A. Priv., Ind. Militia, 1861-63. 
 W. O. Hammers, '66. U. S. A. 1st Lieut., Co. F, 77th 111. Inf., Sept. 2, 1862; 
 discharged, April 3, 1863. 
 
 F. A. Smith, '66. U. S. A. Priv., Co. G, 134th 111. Inf. (100 days), May 20, 
 1864; mustered out, Oct. 25, 1864. 
 
 E. A. Slack, '67. U. S. A. Priv., Co. H, 19th 111. Jnf., June 10, 1861; discharged, 
 July 9, 1864. 
 
 William Thomson, '67. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D, 134th 111. Inf. (100 days), May 
 10, 1864; mustered out, Oct. 25, 1864. 
 
 L. T. Bush, '68. U. S. A. Priv., Co. E, 1st Iowa Inf., April 20, 1861; Priv., Co. 
 C, 1st Iowa Cav., 1864-65; discharged, June 2, 1865, on account of wound dis- 
 abling left arm. 
 
 James Springer, '68. U. S. A. Priv., Co. K, 20th 111. Inf., Aug. 28, 1862; mus- 
 tered out, May 31, 1 865. 
 
 B. F. Taylor, '69. U. S. A. Priv., Co. A, 7th 111. Inf. (3 months), April 18, 1861; 
 mustered out, July 25, 1861; Priv., Co. A, 36th 111. Inf., Aug. 8, 1861; mustered 
 out, Sept. 22, 1864. 
 
2 66 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 R. M. Springer, '70. U. S. A. Priv., Co. K, 20th 111. Inf., June 13, 1861; 
 received medal of honor for gallantry at Vicksburg; mustered out, July 31, 1865. 
 
 De Patnv. 
 
 J. R. Miller, '68. U. S. A. Corp., Co. F, 123d Ind. Inf., Dec. 11, 1863; mus- 
 tered out, Aug. 25, 1865. 
 
 D. B. Floyd, '72 (affiliated with Virginia Alpha, '72). U. S. A. Corp., Co. I, 
 75th Ind. Inf., July 14, 1862; 2d Lieut., do.. May I, 1865; mustered out, July 
 21, 1865. See page 253. 
 
 L. M. Pence, '78. U. S. A. Priv., Co. B, 37th (reorganized) Ind. Inf., Oct. 15, 
 1864; mustered out, July 25, 1865. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 L. J. Fenton, '72. U. S. A. Priv., Co. I, 91st Ohio Inf., Aug. 11, 1862; 
 wounded in action, Opequon, Va., Sept. 19, 1864; mustered out, May 20, 1865. 
 
 Roanoke. 
 
 O. D. Miller, '71. C. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 43d (Col. J. S. Mosby's)- Battalion 
 Va. Cav., Sept. 2, 1864, until it disbanded, April 21, 1865. 
 
 Alissouri. 
 
 C. A. Milliken, '72. U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 15th Mo. Cav., Nov. i, 1863; dis- 
 charged, July I, 1865. 
 
 J. L. Fetzer, '73. U. S. A. Priv., Co. I, 49th Mo. Inf., Dec. i, 1864; discharged, 
 Dec. I, 1865. 
 
 A. T. Harrison, '73. C. S. A. Priv. and Sergt., Parker's Battery, 1862-65. 
 
 Knox. 
 Anthony Lennon, '72. U. S. A. Priv., Co. C, 50th 111. Inf., 1864-65. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 J. M. Mason, '72. C. S. A. Priv., Co. E, 27th Ga. Inf. (Colquitt's Brigade), 
 Sept., 1861; wounded. Seven Days' Fight, Richmond, Va., June 27, 1862; dis- 
 charged, April, 1865. 
 
 D. C. Peabody, '72. C. S. A. Priv., Capt. Henry Bellamy's Battery, Waddell's 
 Battalion, Reserve Reg. of Artil., Wood's command, Stewart's Corps, 1864-65. 
 
 J. G. Beaseley, '73. C. S. A. Enlisted as a private, 20th (Col. J. F. Waddell's) 
 Battalion, Ala. Artil., April 16, 1865; served until surrender a few days later. 
 
 Emory. 
 
 B. E. L. Timmons, '76. C. S. A. Priv., Co. C, 56th Ga. Inf., Nov. 12, 1863; 
 captured, second Ijattle of Nashville, Dec. 16, 1864; prisoner of war, Camp 
 Chase, Ohio, Jan 4, 1865, to June 12, 1865. 
 
 lozva Wesleyan. 
 
 W. A. Lynch, '69. U. S. A. Priv., Co. H, 45th Iowa Inf., May 4, 1864, 
 
 F. M. Miller, '71. U. S. A. Priv., Co. G, 3d Iowa Cav., May 9, 1863; dis- 
 charged, Aug. 9, 1865. 
 
 W. H. Spurgin, '71. U. S. A. Priv., Co. H, 1st Iowa Cav., July 18, 1861; sub- 
 sequently Corp.; served until 1864. 
 
 W. H. Hopkirk, '72. U. S. A. Priv., Co. M, 4th Iowa Cav., Feb. 15, 1864; 
 discharged, June 22, 1865. 
 
 F. W. Adams, '75. U. S. A. Q. M. dept., 1863-64. 
 
 Randolph- Alacon. 
 
 R. P. Hunter, '75. C. S. A. Priv., Co. A, 20th BattaHon, Va. Artil., about Aug., 
 1864; captured, with Lieut. -gen. R. S. Ewell's Corps, April 6, 1865. 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN THE CIVIL WAR. 267 
 
 Biichtcl. 
 
 A. C. White, '80. Born Nov. 15, 1852. U. S. A. Drummer, Co. D (of which 
 his father, Cornelius C. White, was 1st Lieut.), 64th Ohio Inf., Nov. 14, 1861; 
 enrolled by Capt. J. W. Forsyth, of 18th U. S. Inf., as eighteen years of age, 
 to comply with the law; served until xA.ug. 18, 1862, when invalided home; hon- 
 orably discharged, March 14, 1885, the discharge dating back to termination of 
 service. See page 246. 
 
 Lombard. 
 
 A. L. Clark, '58. U. S. A. 1st Asst. Surg., 127th 111. Inf., Sept. 6, 1862; mus- 
 tered out, June 5, 1865. 
 
 J. E. Brown, '60. U. S. A. Capt., Co. G, 153d 111. Inf., Feb. 27, 1865; mus- 
 tered out, Sept. 21, 1865. 
 
 A. S. Slater, '60. U. S. A. Hospital Steward, 26th 111. Inf., Aug. 10, 1861, until 
 discharged, Aug. 16, 1864 (acting as Asst. Surg, the last year); Acting i\.sst. 
 Surg, in the regular army, serving in general hospital at Keokuk, Iowa, from 
 Sept. I, 1864, until Jul 3' 20, 1865, and at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., from then 
 until Dec. 31, 1866, when resigned. 
 
 E. H. Conger, '62. U. S. A. ist Lieut., Co. I, io2d 111. Inf., Sept. 2, 1862; 
 Capt., do., Sept. 14, 1862; mustered out, June 6, 1865; subsequently brevetted 
 Maj., for "gallant and meritorious conduct in the field." 
 
 C. A. Holmes, '62. U. S. A. Capt., Co. F, 29th Wis. Inf., Sept. 6, 1862; 
 wounded. Champion Hills, Miss., May 16, 1863; mustered out, June 22, 1865. 
 
 F. W. Livingston, '62. U. S. A. Hospital Steward, 14th 111. Cav., Sept. 13, 
 1862; mustered out, July 31, 1865. 
 
 J. C. Sherwin, '62. U. S. A. Corp., Co. H, 89th 111. Inf., Aug. 7, 1862; mus- 
 tered out, as Sergt., June 10, 1865. 
 
 H. L, Merriam, '63. U. S. A. Q. M. dept., 1862-63. 
 
 C. A. Anthony, '65. U. S. A. Q. M. -sergt., 51st 111. Inf., Dec. 24, 1861, to 
 1864; 1st Lieut., Co. G, do., June 27, 1864: Adjt., do., Jan. 24, 1865; Capt., 
 Co. B, do., Aug. 8, 1865; mustered out, Sept. 25, 1865. 
 
 J. B. Harsh, '66. U. S. A. Sergt., Co. K, 148th 111. Inf., Feb. 11, 1865; mus- 
 tered out, Sept. 5, 1865. 
 
 G. R. Shook, '66. U. S. A. Priv., 111. Inf. 
 
 G. W. Wakefield, '66. U. S. A. Priv., Co. F, 41st 111. Inf., July 27, 1861; Corp., 
 
 do., Aug. 7, 1861; mustered out, as 1st Sergt., Aug. 20, 1864. 
 Howard Knowles, '69. U. S. A. Priv., Co. D, 139th 111. Inf. (100 days), April 
 
 28, 1864; mustered out, Oct. 28, 1864. 
 J. P. Blood, '70. U. S. A. Priv., Co. I, ist N. H. Heavy Artil., Sept. 20, 1864; 
 
 mustered out, June 15, 1865. 
 W. H. Fuson, '71. U. S, A. Priv., Co. E, 53d 111. Inf., Jan. 29, 1862; discharged 
 
 on account of disabilitv, March 4, 1863. 
 G. H. Wallace, '73. U^ S. A. Priv., Co. I, 177th Ohio Inf., Aug. 18, 1864; 
 
 mustered out, May 17, 1865. 
 
 Honorary. 
 
 Jacob Ammen (Indiana Alpha, '31). U. S. A. Capt., 12th Ohio Inf., April 18, 
 1861; Lieut. -col., do.. May 2, 1861; Col. 24th Ohio Inf., June 22, 1861; promoted 
 Brig.-gen., U. S. Vols., July 16, 1862, "for valuable services on the march to, 
 and gallant conduct in, the battle of Pittsburg Landing;" resigned, Jan. 14, 1865. 
 
 A. P. Stewart (Ohio Alpha, '42). C. S. A. Maj., Tenn. Artil. Corps, May 17, 
 1861; Brig.-gen., Nov. 8, 1861; Maj. -gen., June 2, 1863; Lieut. -gen., June 23, 
 1864; wounded at Chickamauga and Atlanta; in command of Army of Tennessee 
 at close of war. 
 
 A. K. McClure (Pennsylvania Alpha, '43). U. S. A. Asst. Adjt. -gen., U. S. 
 Vols., Sept. 5, 1862; assigned to the duty of making drafts in Pennsylvania; 
 drafted 17 regiments prior to Feb. 27, 1863, when resigned. 
 
 W. M. Brown (Georgia Alpha, '43). Assistant Sect, of State and Sect, of State of 
 Confederate States, 1861-62. C. S. A. Col. and Aid-de-camp to Pres. Jefferson 
 Davis, 1862-64; Brig.-gen., 1864; Hardee's Corps, 1864-65. 
 
2 68 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 J. Z. George (Mississippi Alpha, '44). Mexican War. Priv., ist Miss. Reg., 
 under Col. Jefferson Davis. C. S. A. Enlisted as private, 20th Miss. Reg., 
 1861; promoted Lieut, and Capt.; captured at Fort Donelson, Tenn., Feb. 16, 
 1862; commissioned Brig. -gen.. Miss. State Troops, 1862, and Col. 5th Miss. 
 Cav., 1863; captured, Coiliersville, Tenn.; prisoner, Johnson's Island, Ohio, until 
 end of war. 
 
 E. C. Walthall (Mississippi Alpha, '48). C. S. A. ist Lieut., Co. A, 15th Miss. 
 Inf., spring, 1861; Lieut. -col., do., June 15, 1862; for gallant services, Jan. 19, 
 1862, at Fishing Creek, Ky. (where he was senior officer of his regiment), pro- 
 moted Col., April II, 1862, and being authorized to raise a regiment, raised the 
 20th Miss. Inf.; Brig.-gen., June 30, 1862, to take effect Dec. 13, 1862; Maj.- 
 gen., June 6, 1864, until end of war. 
 
 S. C. Baldridge (Ohio Alpha, '49). U. S. A. Chaplain, nth Mo. Inf., April 12, 
 1862; resigned, Jan. 7, 1863. 
 
 Morgan Callaway (Georgia Beta, '49). C. S. A. Lieut., Co. B, Sumter Battal- 
 ion, Ga. Artil., July 21, 1862; Lieut, commanding, Pulaski Artil., Oct. 20, 1863; 
 served until 1865. 
 
 J. M. Worrall (Ohio Alpha, '49). U. S. A. Chaplain, 41st Ky. Inf., 90 days, 
 including the time of Bragg's invasion of Kentuck}^, 1863. 
 
 Casey Young (Mississippi Alpha, '52). C. S. A. Inspr.-gen., staff Gen. W. H. 
 Carroll, and later Asst. Adjt.-gen. on same staff, 1861-62; Lieut. -col. of Col. 
 W. C. Falkner's Cav. Reg. (Falkner's Partisan Rangers), 1862, leaving the regi- 
 ment, on account of ill health, before it was merged into the 7th Miss.; Vol. Aid- 
 de-camp, and Acting Asst. Inspr.-gen., staff Brig.-gen. J. R. Chalmers, Forrest's 
 Corps, Oct., 1863, until Sept., 1864, when granted sick leave. 
 
 J. W. Greene (Indiana Zeta, '55). U. S. A. Relief Agent, U. S. Sanitary Com- 
 mission, Army of the Potomac, 1864-65. 
 
 Eli Long (Indiana Alpha, '55). U. S. A. 2d Lieut., 1st U. S. Cav., June 27, 1856; 
 served in Cheyenne expedition, 1857; ^st Lieut., do., March i, 1861; Capt., 4th 
 U. S. Cav., May 24, 1861; Brevet Maj., do., Oct. 7, 1862, "for gallant and 
 meritorious service in the battle of Farmington, Tenn.;" Col., do., Feb. 23, 
 1863; Brevet Lieut. -col., Dec. 3, 1863, "for gallant and meritorious service during 
 the defense of Knoxville, Tenn.;" Brevet Col., Aug. 21, 1864, "for gallant 
 and meritorious service in the battle of Lovejoy's Station, Ga. ;" Brig.-gen., U. S. 
 Vols., Aug. 18, 1864; Brevet Brig.-gen., U. S. Regulars, March 13, 1865, "for 
 gallant and meritorious service in the battle and capture of Selma, Ala.;" Brevet 
 Maj. -gen. U. S. Regulars, March 13, 1865, "for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vice in the field during the war;" Brevet Maj. -gen., U. S. Vols., March 13, 
 1865, "for gallant and meritorious service in action;" mustered out of volunteer 
 service, Jan. 15, 1866; wounded at Stone River, 1862; lost an arm in Atlantic 
 campaign; wounded also at Chaplin Hills, Farmington, Dalton and Selma; 
 retired because of wounds in line of duty, with rank of Maj. -gen., Aug. 16, 1867, 
 and rank of Brig.-gen., March 3, 1875. 
 
 R. M. Mcintosh (Georgia Beta, '55). C. S. A. 2d Lieut., Co. H, i8th Va. Inf., 
 1861; 2d Lieut., Co. D, 25th Va. Inf., spring, 1863; Capt., do., 1864, until sur- 
 render of Gen. R. E. Lee. 
 
 F. A. Shoup (Tennessee Beta, '55). C. S. A. 1st Lieut., Fla. Artil., March 16, 
 1861; Maj., Ark. Artil., Oct., 1861; senior artil. officer under Gen. A. S. John- 
 ston, at Shiloh; subsequently Inspr. of Artil. to Gen. G. T. Beauregard, and 
 Chief of Artil. under Maj. -gen. T. C. Hindman; Brig.-gen., Sept. 12, 1862; 
 subsequently Chief of Artil. to Gen. J. E. Johnston; Chief of staff of Lieut. -gen. 
 J. B. Hood, July, 1864; relieved at his own request; author, "Infantry Tactics," 
 Little Rock, 1862, and "Artillery Division Drill," Atlanta, 1864. 
 
 J. A. Richardson (Georgia Alpha, '61). C. S. A. Priv., Co. C, 19th Ga. Inf., 
 May, 1 861; 2d Lieut., do., July, 1861; Capt., do., Feb. 20, 1864; shot through 
 the body at Cedar Mountain, Va., Aug. 9, 1862; wounded also at Chancellors- 
 ville and Petersburg; surrendered, April 26, 1865. 
 
 C. J. Wright (Pennsylvania Alpha, '61). U. S. A. Priv., Co. G, i6th N. H. Inf., 
 Oct. 23, 1862; Sergt., do., Oct. 28, 1862; Sergt.-maj., do., May 22, 1863; pro- 
 moted 2d Lieut., Co. I, do., June 20, 1863, "for gallant and meritorious services 
 
ANNALS, 1 864- 1 868. 269 
 
 in carrying dispatches from Admiral Farragut to Gen. Banks, at Port Hudson;" 
 Lieut. -col. 39th U. S, Colored Inf., April 19, 1864; wounded at Petersburg, Va., 
 July 30, 1864, and Fort Fisher, N. C, Jan. 19, 1865; brevetted Col., do., 
 March 13, 1865, "for gallant and meritorious services during the war;" mustered 
 out, Dec. 4, 1865. 
 
 R. M. DuBose (Tennessee Beta, '63). C. S. A. Priv., "Fairfield Fencibles," of 
 6th S. C. Inf., about Jan., 1861; after first battle of Manassas, disabled by dis- 
 ease several months; then joined Col. W. L. Trenholm's Battalion of Mounted 
 Rifles, which was made the 7th S. C. (mounted) Inf. (he belonging to Co. A), 
 under Gen. R. E. Lee; 2d Lieut., Co. B, ist S. C. Artil., Nov. 28, 1864; des- 
 perately wounded at Bentonsville and carried to home at Winnsboro, S. C, thus 
 escaping surrender and parole. 
 
 G. W. Perrigo (Illinois Deha, '63). U. S. N. Mate, West Gulf Blockading 
 Squadron, Aug. 22, 1864; honorably discharged, Oct. 26, 1865. 
 
 ANNALS, 1864-1868. 
 
 W. J. Elstun, G. C. Harris and R. C. Storey, who, during 
 1863-64, had been attendant members of Indiana Gamma, entered 
 the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, in the fall of 1864. 
 Elstun and Harris joined the class of '66 and Storey '68. They 
 applied, November 14, for a charter to establish a chapter there. 
 The application was transmitted to the Grand Chapter (Kentucky 
 Alpha) through Indiana Alpha. R. A. D. Wilbanks, Secretary of 
 Indiana Alpha, forwarded the application, and wrote November 
 22: "The enclosed petition speaks for itself. We hope the Grand 
 Chapter will give these members, who, notwithstanding the immense 
 opposition encountered at the University of Michigan, have offered 
 their services to further the interests of the Order, all the encour- 
 agement you possibh^ can." The Grand Chapter, November 28, 
 1864, granted a charter for Michigan Alpha. Elstun wrote to W. 
 L. Yerkes, at Centre, December 24: We have not 5^et had time 
 to make a formal organization. I think we shall date our begin- 
 ning with the year 1865." The fraternities preceding ^ A © at 
 Ann Arbor were X *, " B © H, A A $, A K E, A $, ^ ^, Z ^. 
 ^ Y was organized there January 26, 1865. 
 
 The minutes of Indiana Alpha for May 2, 1865, say: On 
 motion, O. F. Baker was instructed to initiate the requisite number 
 of persons for establishing the Indiana Zeta with the Vincennes Uni- 
 versity, and the Secretar}' was requested to furnish him with the 
 necessar}^ papers." May 26: "On motion of Wilbanks, the motion 
 made at the meeting on Ma}^ 2, instructing Mr. Baker to organize 
 the Indiana Zeta was reconsidered and the motion lost. Mr. Baker 
 was then instructed to initiate four Vincennes students into <I> A © 
 as members of the Indiana Alpha, and they were empowered to 
 initiate others at their discretion, their organization to be called a 
 branch of the Indiana Alpha." Afterward, the scheme for a branch 
 chapter being considered unwise, it was abandoned, and Baker, 
 who lived at Vincennes, did not initiate any students there. 
 
 Indiana Alpha, February 22, 1865, adopted a resolution offerred 
 by R. A. D. Wilbanks, providing for holding a state reunion at 
 
270 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Indianapolis, and appointed him and E. S. Gorman and H. L. 
 Powell a committee to confer on the subject with committees from 
 other chapters. Representatives of other chapters in the State met 
 at Greencastle, March 14, and agreed upon holding a reunion or 
 convention. The representatives of Indiana Beta were J. R. Mit- 
 chell, T. H. Ristine and E. E. Boudinot; those from Indiana 
 Gamma are unknown. The reunion was held in Masonic Hall, 
 Indianapolis, Frida}-, June 30, 1865. 
 
 6i>- 
 
 PHI DELTA THETA 
 
 0' II v4t ,\iiv . . ittau O vwiiuiii <>0*''-"|iiiu- list').! 
 
 •"Avvv/ 
 
 /j/Yf </<'/, 
 
 Upll it'tiX.i 'Ititknclf . 
 
 Orltiii h iU'ktf . 
 
 
 -. ''^-^ /a^/■y'^U/■;^^/^ 
 'Ho b ■ . l/orr/stvi . 'J) 1 /» . 
 
 Invitation to Indiana State Reunion, 1865. 
 
 The First Fraternity State Convention. 
 Half-tone of invitation card, which was printed from a copper plate. 
 
 Members present: Miami — Robert Morrison, '49; Benjamin Harrison, '52. 
 Indiana — D. D. Banta, '55; R. I. Morrison, '55; J. S. Jenckes, '56; Lewis Jordan, 
 '56; T. A. Conwell, '59: j. S. Broadwell, '60; J. M. McCov, '60; O. F. Baker, '62. 
 W. S. Harbert, '64; L. G. Hurlbert, '64; A. C. Mellette, '64; H. L. Powell, '67: 
 R. A. D. Wilbanks, '67; W. H. Owen, '69. Wabash — R. B. Spilman, '61; Lvcurgus 
 Railsback, '62; J. F. Gookins, '64; J- R- Mitchell, '65; T. H. Ristine, '65^; E. E. 
 Boudinot, '66. Indianapolis — A. C. Harris, '62; J. T. Jackson, '62; H. C. Hol- 
 brook, '63; E. L. Brevoort, '65: T S. Duncan, '65; H. H. Black, '66; J. B. 
 Blount, '66: W. W. Butterfield, '66: W. J- Button, '66: W. J. Elstun, '66; F. C. 
 Cassel, '67; J. H. Lewis, '67; M. W. Wiley, '67; J. M. Chapman, '68. 
 
 This was the first State Convention with delegates from various 
 
 chapters ever held by an}^ college fraternity. The attendance was 
 
 even larger than at an}^ previous General Convention of ^ A ©. 
 
 Further particulars are given in a letter from Wilbanks to Kentuck}' 
 
 Alpha, written in September, 1865: 
 
 Our "reunion," as you have doubtless already heard, was a complete, a glorious 
 success. A goodly number of our Attic brethren were present — I presume in num- 
 ber over a hundred — all of whom, with one or two exceptions, are members of the 
 Indiana chapters. General Benjamin Harrison, of the Ohio Alpha, presided, and 
 Robert Morrison opened with prayer. Mr. Gookins' poem was a fine literary pro- 
 
K/ETJlTIOIsr 
 
 OF THE 
 
 
 JK\V? <> 
 
 I 
 
 ||p: 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 
 AT MASONIC HALL, 
 
 IlVDI^lVAPOLIS, IIVDIA^IVA. 
 
 Friday Eve., June 30th, 1865. 
 
 ORDER OF EXERCISES. 
 
 IvIXTSIO. 
 
 IP«fV0CA.TI01V 
 
 3yi:xT3ic. 
 
 POEM, 
 
 J. F. GOOKINS, 
 
 Chicago, Illiijois. 
 
 3Sd:xjsic. 
 
 ORATION 
 
 JACOB S. BROADWELL, 
 
 BlcOTninprton. Indiana. 
 
 3VLXJSIO. 
 
 BENEDICTION. 
 
 nvLXJS lo. 
 
 Literary Exercises, State Reunion, Indianapolis, 1865. 
 
272 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 duction, and displayed a knowledge of the language of inspiration seldom if ever 
 equalled by one so young in years and experience. To say that Mr. Broadwell did 
 well would be lessening the praise all who listened have given him. We invited 
 few aside from the members — none but those of sympathetic feelings and appreciat- 
 ive minds. We were commended by the press in Indianapolis very highly. I send 
 you the report as published in that city's Daily Journal. Reports were published 
 in the Chicago, Cincinnati, Vincennes, Terre Haute, New Albany, Lafayette and 
 other papers. 
 
 The minutes of Indiana Alpha for June 30, 1865, say: ''The 
 last meeting of the year — a year of firm and steady progress for 
 the Indiana Alpha; victorious in every contest." 
 
 During the year 1865-66 the parent chapter at Miami was re- 
 established. The minutes of the Grand Chapter (Kentucky Alpha) 
 for October 7, 1865, say: 'A charter for the reorganization of the 
 chapter at Miami University was granted to J. Z. Moore." An 
 account of the re-establishment is given in a letter written by Alston 
 Ellis to W. B. Palmer, June i, 1880: 
 
 When my college life at Miami University began, September, 1864, there was 
 no chapter of $ A 9 in the institution. The secret societies there were A K E, 
 A A 4> and B 9 11. The A K E Fraternity was the most powerful, both as to num- 
 bers and the ability of its members. The A A <l> came next in importance and power. 
 These two societies virtually controlled what is known as "college politics," taking 
 to themselves all the college and hall honors that were obtained by votes of college 
 students or members of the Erodelphian or Miami Union Literary Society. All 
 college and society exhibitions were controlled by one or the other of these frater- 
 nities. The members of B 9 11, being few in number and weak in power, would 
 attach themselves to one or the other of these two fraternities as policy dictated, and 
 by so doing were sometimes allowed to carry off a few minor and unimportant 
 honors 
 
 Among the "independents," as they were called, were a number of able men, 
 who were unwilling to join any of the existing societies, and who found themselves 
 unable, without organization and co-operation, to secure any honor not conferred 
 by the faculty as a reward for scholarship. In September, 1865, J. Z. Moore, who 
 had previously attended Centre College, entered the Junior class of Miami Univer- 
 sity. While at Centre he had been a member of Kentucky Alpha of $ A 9. The 
 need of a new organization was recognized by the leading "independents" of 
 Miami, and there was no great difficulty in reorganizing the Ohio Alpha. The 
 leaders in this movement were J. Z. Moore, of Owensboro, Ky., Alston Ellis, of 
 Covington, Ky., and R. O. Strong, of Cincinnati, Ohio. Others did equally 
 efficient work after the re-establishment was effected. 
 
 The reorganization of the chapter was sanctioned by the Grand Alpha, and the 
 work of getting the best men of the "independents" into the new Society was suc- 
 cessfully accomplished. The work of the originators of the movement was reall}' 
 done during the last four months of 1865, but a permanent organization was not 
 effected until the beginning of 1866. The $ A 9 catalogue of 1870 shows that in 
 the first year of its new existence Ohio Alpha had 32 members. These members 
 were judiciously selected, and generally represented the best element of the different 
 college classes. There were suspicions in the minds of the members of the other 
 fraternities of the existence of a new and powerful rival in their midst, but these 
 suspicions were not fully confirmed until about eighteen students, supposed hitherto 
 to be "independents," filed into the college chapel one morning, each wearing the 
 badge of <l> A 9 on the lapel of his coat. The members of the older fraternities 
 called the new Society "the Suwrds^''^ and tauntingly said that they who took up 
 the sword should perish by the sword. 
 
 From the beginning of 1866 to the suspension of Miami University in 1873, the 
 4> A 9 Fraternity was the most powerful secret organization connected with the 
 institution. The men put forward by this Society as its candidates for elective 
 honors were almost always successful. This success was secured in part by the 
 
ANNALS, 1864-1868. 273 
 
 number and ability of the Fraternit3-'s membars, and partly by the general support 
 
 given by college students not connected with any secret society A 
 
 prominent characteristic of the 4> A P^raternity at Miami University was the high 
 moral character and scholastic attainments of its members. They were gent/emen, 
 and made it a point at all times to deport themselves as such. Their association 
 with one another was frank and brotherly. Each member felt a personal interest 
 in the success of his fellow members, and manifested that interest by words of cheer 
 and prompt assistance when occasion demanded. The most fluent speakers, the 
 deepest thinkers and the ablest writers of the university students were members of 
 $ A 9. When the Miami Student was issued in 1867, the Society was well rep- 
 resented on the editorial corps.* 
 
 In the summer of 1864, R. A. I). Wilbanks visited the Univer- 
 sity of Wisconsin at Madison, and, in the summer of 1865, North- 
 western University at Evanston, 111. He desired to find the 
 archives of the chapters which had formerly existed in those insti- 
 tutions, and to see what opportunities there were for the re-estab- 
 lishment of those chapters, but he accomplished nothing at either 
 place. 
 
 In the fall of 1865 Wilbanks entered the University of Chicago. 
 In September he wrote to Kentucky Alpha that he expected "the 
 model chapter" to be built up there. Mr. Gookins," he said, 
 'called a meeting of all the Phis in the city yesterday in his rooms, 
 and the turn-out' was encouraging — all old veterans." Wilbanks 
 received the co-operation of J. F. Gookins, C. E. Smith, Captain 
 W. P. Black, General J. C. Black, H. L. Stewart and Rev. Charles 
 Elliott, D.D. The first student at the University of Chicago to 
 join with Wilbanks in the establishment of a chapter there was S. 
 K. Austin. Indiana Alpha voted, October 12, to grant Wilbanks 
 the privilege of initiating students. The Grand Chapter (Kentucky 
 Alpha) granted a charter, October 14, 1865, to W. H. Fitch, '65; 
 C. M. Hull, '66; H. W. Hunter, '66; F. A. Smith, '(id; R. W. 
 Bridge, '67; C. C. Kohlsaat, '67; E. A. Slack, '67; William Thom- 
 son, '67; R. A. D. Wilbanks, '67; S. K. Austin, '68. The new 
 chapter was chartered as Illinois Alpha, the title of the defunct 
 chapter at Northwestern. Z ^ and $ K ^ were previously organ- 
 ized at Chicago. 
 
 Wilbanks wrote to Kentucky Alpha, October 14: ' The success 
 in establishing this chapter has been remarkable; in the face of 
 two other societies we have triumphed. Our boys are as enthusi- 
 astic now as the members of old chapters ever were." He wrote, 
 October 21, acknowledging the receipt of the Bond, Constitution, 
 etc. W^ H. Owen, at Indiana University, wrote to Wilbanks, 
 December 10: "l think the chapter at the University of Chicago 
 must consist of a stirring set of young fellows to get Jake Broadwell 
 elected for annual speaker of the literary societies over such 
 men as 3^ou mentioned. All our boys thought it was the best thing 
 they had heard of for a long time. I know you worked very hard 
 to get him elected." S. K. Austin wrote to the Grand Chapter, 
 December 22: The chapter is in a remarkably flourishing condi- 
 
 Published in The Scroll, October, 1880 ; another extract from this letter appears on page 50. 
 
274 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 tion, " and it stands pre-eminent among the secret societies of the 
 University of Chicago." 
 
 The chapter was formally inaugurated January ii and 12, 1866. 
 The installation was far more elaborate than that of any chapter 
 which had been established up to that time, or any chapter which 
 was established for many 3'^ears subsequently. Invitation and 
 programme cards were issued. A facsimile of the programme 
 card is shown below. The literary exercises took place at the First 
 Baptist Church, Wabash Avenue, Thursday evening, January 11. 
 Introductory remarks were made b}'' R. A. D. Wilbanks, an oration 
 delivered b}^ General J. C. Black and a poem read by Colonel C. P. 
 
 /I 
 
 r/ /// 
 
 
 /////// 
 
 /////// . 
 
 /^ 
 
 //////// ^ . 
 
 ///. ////////. y. ///////■. 
 
 ///., 
 
 /////y. 
 
 //////v///r/r///, ///., /. /y. /////yn//:^ '////////,/. 
 
 The First Coat-of-Arms, 1866. 
 
 The Sword Attachment to the Shield Dates from this Time. 
 
 Programme of literary exercises at the installation of the Chicago chapter. Half-tone of card 
 printed from copper plate, which was the first engraving of the coat-of-arms. ^The Convention of 
 1871 adopted a Constitution which contained the blazon of the arms (called a seal"), and which 
 provided that the badge should consist of both shield and sword. 
 
 Jacobs. A banquet, called an "inaugural festival" on the menu 
 cards, was held Friday evening at Kinsley's restaurant, Crosby 
 Opera House. A representative of Michigan Alpha was present. 
 For this occasion a song, "Our arm)^ for the Right," was written 
 by Captain W. P. Black, Wabash, '64, and copies were printed on 
 sheets. So far as known it was the first <I> A song ever written. 
 R. A. D. Wilbanks, during nearly the whole of his two years' 
 active membership while at Indiana University (1863-65), and 
 during his active membership of a year at Chicago (1865-66), was 
 
INAUGURAL FESTIVAL 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Ipija of t|t |lji felta Cljda 
 
 FRIDAY, JAN. ISth, 1866. 
 
 Qiuu mm^ won jue bchmt b©ysi 
 
 W. p. BLACK. 
 
 A IM," Benny Havens O! 
 
 Come join a song with me my friends, e er homeward Ave do go, 
 With steady line, and gallant front, bear down upon the foe ! 
 Upon the hosts of vice arid wrong that rise before our sight ! 
 Charge now with cheery heart and song — an army for the right ! 
 Chorus — An army for the right, boys, 
 An army for the right. 
 No fear have we, while we may be 
 An army for the right. 
 First Phi Delta Theta Song. 
 
 Facsimile of heading and first verse and chorus. The original has six verses and two choruses. 
 See The Song Book-Preliminarj- Edition, 1874." 
 
 the leading spirit in <I> A 0. "^ He wrote to T. M. Paschal at Centre 
 College, January 23, 1866: You write of 3^our early departure 
 from classic shades. I infer that 3'ou are to graduate next com- 
 mencement, and then seek 3'our home in the Sunn}- South. Peace 
 and prosperity attend 3^ou. I am not southern born, but m}' father 
 was a native of the 'Old Palmetto State,' and my relatives lived 
 beyond Mason and Dixon's line. From m}' heart I have sympa- 
 thized with the brave and brilliant but misguided people during the 
 long night of gloom which has hovered about the South during the 
 last five years. Do 3^ou go to Texas? If so, as a Phi and as I 
 know you only as such, let me ask that 3'ou look after the interests 
 of our Fraternit}' in that section. I hope to see the day when ever}' 
 college of importance in the South will have a chapter of our Fra- 
 ternit}'." Paschal answered February 5: "Yes, I graduate next 
 commencement, and then return to m}' 'sunny southern home.' 
 Reh' upon it, I shall look to the interest of our Fraternity in that 
 quarter. I did not know anything of the chapter in Texas, for 
 when I left there I was only fifteen years of age, besides was not a 
 
 ^ Following are quotations from letters written by him to W. B. Palmer. Januarj- 6, 1883 : "I claim 
 to have done more hard work, and spent more money during the years of my active college life than 
 any other Phi in the United States ( and this I am ready to verifj- ) to build up $ A and place it 
 in the forefront of such societies." Januarj- 4, 1886: "When I was made a Phi, the death rattles 
 were sounding from our Fraternity's dormant bodj-. At the sacrifice of my college studies for three 
 j-ears, I gave much of my time and all of vay pocket money to have the body resuscitated." 
 
276 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 member of the Society. However, the colleges pretty much all 
 over the South have collapsed." 
 
 Another son of Indiana Alpha no less devoted than Wilbanks, 
 but not so active in extension or other general fraternit}^ work, was 
 S. B, Hatfield, '64. Under the minutes of his chapter for January 
 II, 1866, he wTOte: 
 
 This davfour years ago I joined the $ A 9 Society, and here I have been since, 
 with the select few who are permitted to seek protection behind the golden shield, 
 and no one of whom I have ever feared to trust. As I grow in years I grow in 
 interest, and my love for the noble Fraternity. May she ever be as pure and spot- 
 less in the future as she has been in the past. With high hopes for her prosperity, 
 and many regrets at our separation. I shall in a few weeks bid her farewell, and 
 close my active membership, though I shall never cease to pray for her harm.on}^ 
 and perpetuity. I am her obliged, though unworthy member, 
 
 Sid. B. Hatfield. 
 
 No finer tribute to $A0 was ever written. Hatfield, wrote to 
 
 Wilbanks, February 5, 1866: 
 
 Our law term is out, and I again receive a sheepskin, and am now entitled to 
 the A.B. and LL.B. — more titles than any honest man would be likely to make use 
 of. All the seniors of the law department have gone home except myself, "and I 
 alone am left to tell the story." I shall go to Connelton in a few days. I presented 
 your request to the chapter, and the transfer was made and will accompany this. 
 We leave but two members in the chapter — J. E. Kenton and G. M, Overstreet. 
 
 W. H. Owen and R. T. Dupuy will be here again next term I this 
 
 day received the Chicago Home Circle, containing a full report of your inaugural 
 exercises, which report is indeed very flattering, and in the name of our beloved 
 Order, I thank you for the energ\- which resulted so nobly and well for the Frater- 
 nity; I recognize your spirit in it all. I cannot say that I am willing for you to 
 cease your efforts, for, although you have done more perhaps than anv other mem- 
 ber ever did, yet we cannot well dispense with your services. By your leadership 
 you have become almost essential to the existence of the Society. 
 
 Early in 1866 W. H. Moore, of Indiana Alpha, went to McKen- 
 dree College, Lebanon, 111. Wilbanks wrote to him in regard to 
 establishing a chapter there. Moore replied, February 6, 1866, 
 that he had previousl}^ considered the matter, and that he would 
 attempt to establish a chapter when he should "discover it to be 
 expedient" to do so. He probably concluded that a good chapter 
 could not be formed there. 
 
 The members of Michigan Alpha did not openly wear their 
 badges at Ann Arbor until the fall of 1865. T. T, Fountain of 
 that chapter wrote to Wilbanks, November 21, 1865: 
 
 We created quite a sensation when we first made our appearance behind our 
 shields. We were cordially greeted by the other societies and agreeably spurned 
 by the "independents." The latter had rushed me considerably, most of them not 
 knowing that I belonged to any society, as I immediately told them that I was not 
 going to join an}- society. We are somewhat embarassed in regard to a room, as 
 none suitable is to be had in the city. We meet every two weeks and manage to 
 make the meetings interesting in different ways. 
 
 I am now brought to a full halt. Our Constitution was made to govern chap- 
 ters in institutions where there is but little to contend against. Here we have ten 
 societies to contend against, and in order to do so successfulh-, and raise ourselves 
 as a society on a level with the other societies, we must have men. But the Constitu- 
 tion limits our number to sixteen, and this is interpreted to mean four in each class. 
 We have the four in the freshman class, and under no circumstances can I convince 
 
 
ANNALS, 1864-1868. 277 
 
 Storey and Magill that we ought to take in more freshmen, because it is evident 
 that we cannot get our number out of the other classes. We could get some good 
 boys out of that class, but because they are freshmen we must not take them in. So 
 
 you see our Society is at a stand-still until next year in that respect 
 
 I will let you know how we succeed in our future affairs soon, /. e., the question of 
 admitting any more members. 
 
 The Constitution of Kentucky Alpha, a cop}^ of which that chap- 
 ter had furnished to Michigan Alpha, provided that the attendant 
 membership should not exceed fifteen or sixteen,* but the objec- 
 tions of Store}" and Magill to more freshmen must have been over- 
 come, as Fountain wrote to Wilbanks, December 7, 1865: "We 
 shall probabh^ initiate two more persons on Saturday evening; they 
 are exceptional bo3"S, one a sophomore and the other a fresh- 
 man. I concur with you in 3'our views with regard to the Consti- 
 tution and b3'-laws; at least each chapter is entitled to make such 
 
 changes and amendments as it ma}^ desire We shall 
 
 need that lithograph as soon as possible for you to get it read3^ as 
 the Palladium will go to press b}' the loth of next month." 
 
 The coat-of-arms appeared in the Michigan Palladium for 
 1865-66, which was the first student's annual in which $ A was 
 ever represented. The <^ A editor was G. C. Harris. Thereafter 
 the arms were used on societ}- stationer}^ but the}- were not officially 
 adopted until 187 1. 
 
 Wilbanks wrote to Kentucky Alpha, Januar}^ 14, 1866: What 
 does Grand Chapter think of our Constitution? Is it not right and 
 necessary that it should be the same at all chapters? This is not 
 the case. We noticed that yours, a cop}^ of which 3"ou sent to 
 Michigan Alpha, was ver3" different from ours. We have had no 
 such thing as b3"-laws. We request that 3"ou send us a copy of 
 yours." 
 
 R. C. Storey, at Ann Arbor, wrote to T. M. Paschal, at Centre 
 College, Ma3^ 27, 1866: "We are about to engage a hall, situated 
 in the business part of town, the third floor of a brick business 
 house. We hope thus to be more able next 3"ear to compete with 
 our opponents Would it not be a good move to pub- 
 lish a new catalogue of our Order? Is there to be a Convention at 
 Louisville in Juh^?" 
 
 When the General Convention met in 1864, it was intended that 
 Conventions should be biennial. In December, 1865, Kentuck3' 
 Alpha proposed that the Convention of 186,6 meet during the latter 
 part of June. December 19, W. H. Moore, Secretary of Indiana 
 Alpha, wrote to A. P. Humphrey, of the Grand Chapter, that Indi- 
 ana Alpha had "voted for Louisville, Ky., as the place, and the 
 first part of June, 1866, as the time for the assembling of the bien- 
 
 *The articles of agreement between Kentucky Alpha and the second chapter at Centre [q. v., 
 page 183), adopted February 20, 1855, provided that, "The number of members in each chapter shall 
 not exceed fifteen." Possibly the limit was made sixteen, July 10, 1855, when Kentucky Alpha 
 amended its Constitution (see page 135), but a letter written by its Corresponding Secretary, ^larch 2, 
 1861, (see page 237} said that the "prescribed number" was "fifteen." Nevertheless, Kentucky 
 Alpha reported, February 10, 1857, twentj--one active members — twelve seniors, four juniors, four 
 sophomores, one freshman (see page 202). 
 
2 78 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 nial Convention." Indiana Alpha preferred that the Convention 
 should meet prior to commencement, so that delegates might report 
 to their chapters before the close of the collegiate year. Moore 
 further said: "A majority of the chapters determine this matter, 
 and we are taking the necessar}^ steps to ascertain what time 
 and place the majority shall fix upon." E. E. Boudinot, of Indiana 
 Beta, wrote to Humphrey, January 7, 1866: 
 
 During my brief association with the $ A Society, your welcome letter was the 
 first direct communication that we have received from the "head center" of our 
 Order. Not that I attach blame to the Kentucky Alpha, but attribute our failure 
 of communication to the existence of circumstances over which God alone had control. 
 But now that, as you say, strife has ceased, that we hear no more of wars, nor 
 rumors of war, and, as I understand the Bond of the $ A 9 Society, one of its chief 
 designs is the advancement of social relations, to me it seems meet that there should 
 be sustained a more intimate connection, at least in the way of correspondence. I 
 think I can safely pledge fidelity on the part of the Indiana Beta. You have indeed 
 a goodly number, and yet if we take into consideration our resident graduate who 
 is as active a member as we can boast, we will be constrained to proclaim our super- 
 iority in respect to numbers, for with him we number sixteen. We have resident 
 here, besides our regular attendant members, five graduates from whom we are 
 occasionally honored with a visit. At our next meeting we will take a vote on the 
 convention question and I shall be ready to report in m}' next. 
 
 In reply to a letter written June 14, 1866, by Henry Neill, Jr., 
 of the Grand Chapter, H. O. Evans, of Ohio Alpha, wrote, June 16: 
 
 For the kindness and compliment of your chapter offering to us the proposition 
 you did of holding the Convention here, accept our sincerest thanks. After the 
 reception of your letter, a meeting was called this evening, and the proposition laid 
 before the Society. Expressing our deepest regrets that it could not be considered 
 more favorably than it was, I will give you the objections as they were brought 
 up, for in that way I can best express myself. First, Oxford is not, we think, a fit 
 place on account of very poor accommodations in every respect, the town itself, as 
 perhaps you are not aware, being very small. The hotel is but a "one-horse" con- 
 cern with no parlor. Our lodge for the present is a third-story room, rather small, 
 and not a suitable place for such a Convention as we would expect. Taking these 
 things into consideration, we fear that the delegates would to a certain extent be 
 disappointed. If it should be held here at all, evidently the best and proper time 
 would be during our annual commencement, which is largel}' attended, but that 
 being the time of the commencements of other colleges all over the country, the 
 result I predict would be a slim turn-out of delegates. I have, then, as I was 
 instructed, presented to you not our refusal, but the hindrances as they are, which 
 we hope you will consider. These objections occur not from consulting our own 
 wishes (for we would be proud indeed to have the honor and pleasure of welcoming 
 the Brotherhood) but the best interests of the Fraternity. Inferring that no place 
 had been decided upon as best suited, I was also instructed to suggest Cincinnati or 
 Indianapolis, with Cincinnati as our preference, and next September or October as 
 a suitable time. 
 
 No agreement was reached as to time and place of meeting, so 
 no General Convention was held in 1866. During the latter half 
 of 1866, and all of 1867, the Fraternity made no advancement. 
 There was probably little correspondence between the chapters 
 during that time, as scarcely a trace of an}'- can be found. After 
 leaving college at the end of the collegiate year 1865-66, R. A. D. 
 Wilbanks gave up fraternity work, and no one immediately suc- 
 ceeded him. Until 1868 there was no further extension, probably no 
 attempts at any. 
 
ANNALS, 1864- 1868. 279 
 
 An account of the establishment of a chapter at Indiana Asbury 
 (now DePauw) University, Greencastle, Ind., is furnished by D. B. 
 Floyd, a charter member, who wrot6 to W. B. Palmer, November 
 25, 1885: 
 
 I entered the preparatory department of Indiana Asbur}- University in the fall 
 of 1867. At that time there was considerable rivalry among the secret orders for 
 recognition on the programme of public performances. There seemed to be no 
 "show" for "barbai-ians. " Some fraternities united to defeat the others — the 
 Greeks having everything in their own hands. Caucuses were held at which the 
 "barbs." were invited, only to get their pledges for votes. This thing went 
 on until one day in January, 1868, C. O. Perry, approached me to know if I 
 would join him in the formation of a new fraternity at Indiana Asbury. I con- 
 sented. We then secured as our coadjutors in this work J. R. Miller and Tol- 
 bert Bartl. Each of us had been solicited to join some one or m^ore of the old 
 fraternities, but declined. We did not like the spirit which they manifested, and 
 we wished to belong to the same brotherhood. We did not know at this time to 
 what fraternity we would attach ourselves. All we knew about it was that it would 
 not be any fraternity then existing at Indiana Asbury. At this juncture — whether 
 by accident or otherwise may not be known — J. S. Nutt, Esq., an alumnus member 
 of the Indiana Alpha, crossed our pathway. Nutt, who was an attorne^-at-law in 
 Greencastle, presented the "claims" of $ A G as only a lawyer can. After due 
 consideration we determined to join his Fraternity. Accordingh', by a pre-arranged 
 plan, we met, Tuesday afternoon, Februar}- 25, 1868, in his law office, where we 
 found S. E. Mahan, Franc Parsons and J.- S. Nutt, from the Indiana Alpha, who 
 initiated us into the Fraternity. All of us signed the Bond and Constitution that 
 day, except J. R. Miller, who was not present; he subsequently signed them. 
 
 M}- recollection of the date of the charter is that it was granted to us at the time 
 of initiation, February 25, 1868. It was all hurriedly planned and pushed through, 
 because of the great rivalry between the fraternities for our men. Our chapter was 
 chartered "Indiana Eta." It w^as so inscribed on our badges. I have mine yet, 
 and the inscription is "D. B. Floyd, Ind. Eta, I. A. U. " . . . . There was 
 no little stir among the students when we appeared at prayers, Wednesday morning, 
 April I, 1868, wearing our glittering badges. This was the day that we publicly 
 announced our existence. Up to this date some of the old fraternities were expect- 
 ing and hoping to capture us. Our badges were made by a firm in Chicago at $12 
 apiece.* 
 
 The application for charter, still extant, was dated February 25, 
 1868. The same date was entered on the charter granted b}' Indiana 
 Alpha, the charter members being J. R. Miller, '68; Tolbert Bartl, 
 '69; C. O. Perry, '69, and D. B. Floyd, '72. However, J. R. 
 Miller was not initiated until Februar}^ 29. Temporary officers 
 were elected then, permanent officers March 7. A Constitution was 
 adopted March 7, by-laws March 23. Seven badges, ordered April 
 II, were first worn Monday, May 4. The tenth member was 
 initiated June 6. Until commencement all meetings were held in 
 the law office of J. S. Nutt, Indiana, '61. 
 
 The regularity of chapter nomenclature was violated in entitling 
 the chapter Indiana Eta, which may be accounted for on the 
 ground that Indiana Alpha had issued a charter for Indiana Epsi- 
 lon at Hanover, i860 or 1861, and had authorized the establishment 
 of a branch chapter at Vincennes, 1865. It is probable, however, 
 that no students at Hanover were then initiated into <l> A 0, and it 
 is certain that the proposed branch at Vincennes was never organ- 
 
 * Published in The Scroll, May, 1887. 
 
28o THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ized. The older fraternities at Greencastle were B © n, $ F A, 
 2 X, ^ K ^, A K E. 
 
 A second chapter was established in the State of Ohio, t868. 
 T. L. Hughes, '69; E. B. O. Miesse, '69, and J. W. Shinn, '69, 
 students in Ohio Universit}^, Athens, Ohio, applied for a charter, 
 March 24, and the Grand Chapter granted them a charter, March 
 28, 1868. There being no Ohio Beta in existence then, the chap- 
 ter received that name. Hughes was the prime mover in establish- 
 ing the chapter. The meeting for organization was held in Miesse's 
 room in the East Wing of the college. In the winter and spring of 
 1868-69, the chapter suffered from internal dissentions, but through 
 the determination and loyalt}^ of W. H. Hall, '70, and I. C. 
 Adams, '71, it was saved from dissolution. In the fall of 1869, 
 W. E. Williams, '71; V. C. Stiers, '72; W. A. Brown, '73, and 
 Emmett Tompkins, '74, were initiated, and by the end of the col- 
 legiate 3^ear, the chapter was larger than the chapter of either B © IJ 
 or ATA, both of which were older. 
 
 The Fraternity suffered greath^ during the war. Its growth was 
 arrested; not onl}^ that, but it lost several chapters on account of 
 the war. Recuperation was very slow. Many of the educational 
 institutions of the country continued in a ver}^ depressed condition 
 for several years after hostilities had ceased. Within a year before 
 the struggle ended, a chapter was established at the Universit}^ of 
 Michigan, and within a year after peace was restored, the parent 
 chapter at Miami was re-established, and a chapter was placed at 
 the Universit}^ of Chicago. These were the only chapters organ- 
 ized from i860 to 1868, but earl}^ in the latter 3^ear two chapters 
 were established — at Indiana Asburv University and Ohio Univer- 
 sity; and at the time of the General Convention, June 1868, there 
 were nine active chapters — Miami, Indiana, Centre, Wabash, 
 Indianapolis, Michigan, Chicago, Indiana x\sbury and Ohio. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1868. 
 
 The National Convention "assembled according to appoint- 
 ment," Wednesda}^ June 10, 1868, in the senate chamber of the 
 old State Capitol at Indianapolis, Ind., and was in session t>vo days. 
 H. C. Gufifin, elected temporary chairman, made a short address 
 of welcome. W. J. Elstun was chosen temporary Secretar3^ 
 
 Members present: Miami — B. P. Jones, '68; Elam Fisher, '70. Indiana — O. 
 F. Baker, '62; G. M. Overstreet, '68; S. E. Mahan, '6q; W. R. Ward, '70; G. R. 
 Moon, '71. Wabash— yi. M. Whiteford, '67; B. M. Mills, '68; Charles Groenen- 
 dvke, '69. Indianapolis — H. C. Guffin, '63; E. L. Brevoort, '65; W. ]. Elstun, 
 '66; A. C. Avres, '68; L. W. Florea, '68; R. C. Storev, '68; S. T. Quick, '70; 
 
 D. B. Williams, '70. Michii^an—]. C. Magill, '68. Chicago— ¥. A. Smith, '66, 
 
 E. F. Stearns, '69. Indiana Asbiiry — C. O. Perry, "69. 
 
 The minutes of Indiana Alpha show that S. E. Mahan was chosen 
 b}' that chapter as official delegate. The active chapters unrep- 
 resented were those at Centre and Ohio. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1868. 281 
 
 Convention officers: President, O. F. Baker; Vice-Presidents — B. P. Jones, 
 Elam Fisher, S. E. Mahan, L. W. Florea, R. C. Storey, J. C. Magill, E. F. 
 Stearns, F. A. Smith: Secretary, W. J. Elstun: Assistant Secretaries — C. O. Perrv, 
 B. M. Mills. 
 
 A committee appointed, on motion of F. A. Smith, to draft per- 
 manent rules for the government of National Conventions, reported 
 the following, which were adopted: 
 
 Convention Rules. 
 
 1. The officers of all National Conventions shall consist of a President, one 
 Vice-President from each State represented, a Secretar\-, with an Assistant Secre- 
 tary for each State represented, and one Marshal. 
 
 2. Upon being called to order, the Convention shall first appoint a committee 
 on credentials and a committee on nomination of officers. 
 
 3. The vote upon all important questions shall be taken by chapters, each chap- 
 ter being entitled to one vote. 
 
 4. On all questions of order, "Cushing's Manual" shall be authority. 
 
 5. Every Convention shall elect an orator and a poet and their alternates for 
 the succeeding Convention. 
 
 6. The Secretary and Assistant Secretaries of every Convention shall furnish a 
 true copy of all the proceedings of the Convention to the Alpha of each State. 
 
 7. The officers of all National Conventions shall continue to discharge the 
 duties of their respective offices until their successors are elected and installed. 
 
 Ordered that "the Grand Alpha" be changed from Centre Col- 
 lege to the University of Chicago. 
 
 Ordered that the Grand Alpha should collect data for a catalogue 
 of the Fraternit}^, and publish one as soon as practicable, and publish 
 a new one ever}^ three years. 
 
 Ordered that ' a National Convention of this Societ\'" be held 
 annuall}', the next at Chicago, 111., commencing June 9, 1869; and 
 
 Resolved, That the President of the National Convention appoint an Executive 
 Committee composed of two members from the chapter located at the place of 
 holding the Convention, and one member from each State in which the Order is 
 represented. It shall be the duty of this Executive Committee to elect its own 
 officers, viz., a President and a Secretary, and to transact all business and make 
 arrangements necessary for the meeting of the Convention. Each member of this 
 committee shall have general supervision of the chapters of his own State. 
 
 Ordered that the President and Secretar}^ of the Executive Com- 
 mittee should fill vacancies that might occur in the Committee; 
 and 
 
 Resolved, That it shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to draw up and 
 transmit to the various chapters a schedule of the expenses of each National Con- 
 vention, together with an apportionment, in proportion to membership, recommend- 
 ing a tax or subscription, according to that basis, for the purpose of defraying such 
 expenses. 
 
 The President and Secretary of this Convention were authorized 
 to apportion and lev}- a tax on the various chapters, and collect the 
 same to defray the expenses of this Convention. 
 
 Literary exercises took place Wednesday evening. The Indian- 
 apolis Daily Journal said: "The meeting being public,' a select 
 audience assembled." The oration was delivered by H. C. Guffin. 
 Indianapolis, '63: subject, "What the American Scholar Owes the 
 Age." The poem was read by Colonel C. P. Jacobs, Chicago, '57; 
 
282 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 subject, ' Greeting to the $ A ©. " The proceedings, oration and 
 poem were not printed, but an abstract of the proceedings appeared 
 in The Scroll, April, 1880. 
 
 This Convention, held in the twentieth year of the Fraternity, 
 was by far the most important Convention <^ A had ever held. 
 The attendance was larger than at any previous Convention (except 
 the State Convention at Indianapolis, 1865), the number of chapters 
 represented was larger than ever before, and the legislation was of 
 great importance. 
 
 Unfortunately the proceedings do not show who it was that pro- 
 posed the establishment of an Executive Committee, each member 
 of which should have supervision of the chapters in his State. Up 
 to this time most college fraternities had been governed by their 
 grand or presiding chapters, and $ A was one of the first to create 
 an executive board, though it did not finall}^ abolish the powers of 
 its National Grand Chapter until 1880.* 
 
 Another progressive step made by this Convention was the reso- 
 lution providing for a pei^ capita tax, levied by the Executive Com- 
 mittee on chapters, for defraying the expenses of each National 
 Convention. It was not understood, however, that these expenses 
 included the traveling expenses of delegates; the plan of capitation 
 assessment to cover the railroad fares of delegates was not adopted 
 until 1873. 
 
 Doubtless F. A. Smith drafted the convention rules, which pro- 
 vided that officers of the Convention should continue to discharge 
 their duties until the election and installation of their successors. 
 This provision made them general officers of the whole Fraternity 
 between Conventions, which were to be held annually. 
 
 At some of the previous Conventions every member present had 
 been allowed to vote on every question presented, but the rules 
 adopted by this Convention provided that on important questions 
 only one vote should be allowed to each chapter. If several mem- 
 bers of any chapter were present, the}^ could, among themselves, 
 decide as to how its vote should be cast, unless the chapter had 
 delegated some particular member to represent it. On unimportant 
 questions every member present was allowed to vote. 
 
 For the first time Conventions were officiall}^ called National 
 Conventions;" from 1856 to 1868 they had been called "General 
 Conventions." $ A was the first Fraternity to emphasize its pur- 
 pose of becoming a National Fraternity. 
 
 * A A $ never had the presiding chapter system ; in the '30's or early '40's it created a council, to 
 which each chapter elected a special representative," but it seems that the exact powers and 
 duties of the council were not defined," and that it exercised little if any authority prior to 1879, 
 when the executive council was incorporated. — See A A 4> catalogue, 1882, pp. xxvii and xxxi ; The 
 Scroll, June 1900, p. 576. 
 
 ^ T established an executive committee of three, 1857, an executive council, 1869. — See The 
 Psi Upsilon Epitome," pp. 9, 10, 90 and 91. 
 
 The parent chapter of © A X at Union having suspended, Februarj% 1867, the convention of that 
 Fraternity, January, 1868, established a grand lodge, composed of one graduate and two under-grad- 
 uate members, the former being President. — See ' Memorial History of the Theta Delta Chi Frater- 
 nity," p. 183. 
 
ANNALS, 1868-1869. 283 
 
 For the first time the presiding chapter was officially called "the 
 Grand Alpha." In the Articles of Union, 1848 to 187 1, it was 
 called simply the Ohio Alpha." In conversation and correspond- 
 ence it had been called "the Grand Chapter." It was not called 
 'the National Grand Chapter" until 1874. 
 
 ANNALS, 1868-1869. 
 
 O. F. Baker, President of the National Convention, 1868, 
 appointed the following Executive Committee: F. A. Smith, Chi- 
 cago, '66; R. A. D. Wilbanks, Indiana and Chicago, '67; Charles 
 Groenendyke, Wabash, '69; B. P. Jones, Miami, '68; D. C. Pen- 
 nington, Michigan, '70; Robert Morrison, Miami, '49. The latter 
 was appointed as the representative for Kentucky, in which State 
 he then resided. The Executive Committee elected B. P. Jones 
 as President and F. A. Smith as Secretary. 
 
 R. B. Stimson, a member of Indiana Beta, spent his summer 
 vacation, 1868, at Franklin, Ind. S. S. Bergen, a student at Han- 
 over College, Hanover, Ind., was then at his home in Franklin. 
 From him Stimson learned that there was a number of first-class 
 men at Hanover not connected with any fraternity, and suggested 
 to him the organization of ^ A © there. The suggestion was 
 followed. Stimson corresponded with Charles Groenendyke, Secre- 
 tary of Indiana Beta, who laid the matter before his chapter. 
 Indiana Beta gave Stimson authority to initiate Bergen, as the first 
 step toward the organization of <E> A © at Hanover. The Bond and 
 other necessary papers were forwarded from Crawfordsville. The 
 initiation took place in the Runion House. Franklin. S. C. Stim- 
 son, also of Indiana Beta, a brother of R. B. Stimson, and one or 
 two other Phis assisted. 
 
 Bergen returned to Hanover, and first initiated J. L. Fletcher, 
 then W. T. Evans. They signed an application for charter, dated 
 October 27, which Bergen, on that date, sent to the Grand x\lpha 
 Chapter at the University of Chicago. That chapter returned the 
 application with instructions to forward it to the Indiana Alpha. 
 A new application was then signed by Bergen, Fletcher and Evans, 
 and also by T. J. Cummings and W. F. Yocum. Bergen forwarded 
 both applications to Indiana Alpha, November 16, and on the same 
 date wrote to W. H. Moore, of Indiana Alpha: "This is only the 
 renewing of an old chapter that was here before the war; it was 
 then the Epsilon chapter.* We would like very much for you to 
 send us the charter soon, as we wish to come out with our pins on 
 the second Friday in December (nth prox)." The application 
 asked for authority to establish a chapter at Hanover "to be called 
 
 * S. S. Bergen wrote to F. D. Swope, August 26, 1887: "I have been told there was an attempt 
 to establish a chapter at Hanover before the war, but that is all I know about it." Swope sent him 
 a copy of part of his letter to Moore dated November 16, 1868, and received the following reply, 
 January 5, 1889: "I readily recognize the letter you quote from, and know that at the time it was 
 written I had good reasons for believing that there had been a chapter at Hanover before, but what 
 those reasons were I cannot remember now." 
 
284 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Indiana Epsilon." Bergen gave B. M. Mills, '68, and Charles 
 Groenendyke, '69, two Wabash Phis, as references. 
 
 Indiana Alpha, December 14, 1868, granted to S. S. Bergen, '70, 
 W. T. Evans, '70, and J. L. Fletcher, '72, a charter to establish 
 Indiana Epsilon at Hanover. The two additional names on the sec- 
 ond application (Cummings and Yocum) were omitted, doubtless 
 inadvertently. Badges, borrowed from Indiana Beta, had been 
 worn at the fall exhibition of the Philomathean Literary Society, 
 December ii, three days before the charter was granted, by which 
 time other members had been initiated. W. F. Yocum was the first 
 man initiated, and the minutes of the chapter show that he was its 
 first Secretary. Meetings were held in the Odd Fellows' hall until 
 January, 1870. Fletcher wrote to F. D. Swope, Januar}- 25, 1886: 
 When I left in 1872, we had some 15 or 20 men — the best in the 
 college. We had a hall that cost $500 to furnish, which I under- 
 stand was sold for the rent in 1875 or 1876." B IT was organized 
 at Hanover, 1853; <l> F A, 1864. 
 
 A chapter was established at the Indiana State Normal School, 
 Terre Haute, 1869. As there was no other fraternity there, the 
 chapter of course was composed of the best material which the 
 institution afforded. It was organized b}^ W. H, Wile}-, Indiana 
 Gamma, '64, Principal of the Terre Haute High School. Indiana 
 Alpha, April 15, 1869, granted a charter to Frank McKeen, '69; 
 A. L. Wyeth, '69, and F. C. Danaldson, '72, authorizing them to 
 establish Indiana Theta at the State Normal School. In Novem- 
 ber following the chapter numbered seven, and in January, 1870, 
 ten. 
 
 Among the charter members of the chapter at Indiana Asbur}^ 
 were two who had much to do with the development of the Frater- 
 nity. One of these, C. O. Perry, after his graduation, 1869, 
 became a most efficient general officer. The other, D. B. Floyd, 
 was the founder of a chapter at Roanoke College, Salem, Va. , 
 1869, and assisted in the establishment of the chapter at Penns}^- 
 vania College, 1875. He left Indiana Asburv, June, 1868, and in 
 September entered the freshman class at Roanoke. To W. B. 
 Palmer he wrote November 25, 1885: 
 
 As a faithful member of the Fraternity in a Southern college, I felt that I had a 
 very responsible mission to fill. I saw the opportunity afforded me of extending 
 the Order into the Southern States, and I embraced it. Accordingl\-, 1 began at once 
 to lay plans for the organization of a chapter at Roanoke College. The Grand 
 Alpha Chapter of the Fraternity was then at the Universit}- of Chicago. I began 
 an extended correspondence with F. A. Smith, of that chapter. The envelopes in 
 which his letters were enclosed displayed the firm name of "Smith & Kohlsaat, 
 Attorneys-at-law, LaSalle St., Chicago," which attracted considerable attention, 
 and aroused the curiosity even of the President of the college — that I should have 
 so many letters from these attorneys at Chicago. The final decision of the Grand 
 Alpha was that, as I was a member of the Indiana Eta, and amenable to that chap- 
 ter for my conduct, my application should be referred to the Alpha of the State 
 in which my own chapter was located. I then opened up a correspondence with 
 the Indiana Alpha through S. E. Mahan. In this way several months passed before 
 anything definite was done. 
 
ANNALS, 1808-1869. 285 
 
 Finally, in January, 1809, I secured the names of F. H. Terrill, O. D. Miller, 
 and W. F. Dyer to a paper that pledged them to reveal nothing which I was 
 about to communicate to them. I then showed them my fraternity badge and 
 the catalogue, after which they consented to join me in the establishment of a chap- 
 ter at Roanoke. I at once forwarded this pledge, with the names signed thereto, 
 to Indiana Alpha, requesting that the Bond and Constitution be sent me, with the 
 power to initiate these men. In a few days, Brother Mahan forwarded by express 
 the Bond of the 4> A 0, together with the Constitution and by-laws of Indiana 
 Alpha. In the room beneath the Ciceronian Literary Society hall, occupied bv 
 Professor Davis as a recitation room, on Saturday' night, March 6, 1869, I initiated 
 the above named men into the Fraternity. As instructed, 1 immediately made appli- 
 cation to the Grand Alpha for a charter. When it had been granted, we initiated 
 other members, and at once took front rank among the fraternities at Roanoke. 
 Thus was established the first chapter of the $ A Fraternity in the State of Virginia. 
 This was the only chapter of the Fraternity that was in existence at this time in the 
 South, except Kentucky Alpha at Centre College. The whole Fraternity at that 
 time numbered but ten living chapters, with a membership of 533 living and dead.* 
 
 The charter for Virginia Alpha at Roanoke was granted b}^ the 
 Grand Alpha Chapter at Chicago; it bore the names of Terrill, 
 Floyd, Dyer and Miller, and the date Ma}^ 31, 1869. 2 A t and 
 4> r A were previously organized there. 
 
 The establishment of Virgina Alpha was one of the most import- 
 ant moves that $ A ever made. It led to the organization of 
 chapters at other colleges in Virginia, and to the introduction of 
 the Fraternity into Georgia, whence it extended to other Southern 
 States. 
 
 During the collegiate year 1868-69, Michigan Alpha suffered a 
 series of reverses which resulted in its downfall. The chapter was 
 disappointed about getting a hall. Only one freshman was secured. 
 The membership was reduced by the leaving of the professional 
 members, on the close of the law and medical schools, and the leav- 
 ing of several members in the literary department about the same 
 time. The unworthiness of some of those who remained produced 
 dissatisfaction. Late in the 3^ear a special meeting was held, which 
 was attended b}^ five. B}'- a vote of three to two, the}'- decided to 
 disband. The two who voted ' nay" were D. C. Pennington, '70, 
 and B. H. Pennington, '71. These with J. L. Culley, J. W. John- 
 son and L. E. Stocking, all of '70, returned in the fall of 1869, but 
 it was deemed inadvisable to attempt to reorganize. Thus <E> A 
 lost its chapter at the largest institution in which it had been estab- 
 lished. 
 
 Eight Phis returned to Indiana Asbur}", September, 1868, and 
 three were initiated during the next four months. The chapter's 
 minutes for November 4 say: "Committee on room reported that 
 they had secured Miss Brock's photographic gallery for the present 
 year, at a cost of $20; the report was received and the committee 
 discharged." 
 
 The minutes of the chapter at Indiana Asbur}^ for December 5, 
 1868, say: "Here followed some discussion on the subject of 
 
 * Published in The Scroll, May, 1887. 
 
 tThe Roanoke chapter of 2 A or the "Black Badge Fraternity" died, 1879, and the Fraternity 
 disbanded, 1882. A T 12 established a chapter at Roanoke, November 10, 1869. 
 
2 86 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 admitting women to the Order." The minutes of the Hanover 
 chapter for April 14, 1869, say: 'The following question, selected 
 at our last meeting for conversation, was laid over until next meet- 
 ing, as some of the members were absent: 'Should ladies be admit- 
 ted into our Fraternity where they are admitted into the colleges?'" 
 The question of admitting women to ^ A was debated at the 
 Conventions of 1869 and 1870, and tabled at the Convention of 
 1871.* 
 
 At the time of the Convention of 1869, there were eleven active 
 chapters — Miami, Indiana, Centre, Wabash, Indianapolis, Chicago, 
 Indiana Asbury, Ohio, Hanover, Roanoke and Terre Haute. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1869. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Wednesday and Thurs- 
 day, June 9 and 10, 1869, in the parlors of the Briggs House, 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 Members present: A/iaf?n—ChB.r\es Elliott, '40; J. B. Elam, '70; Harvey 
 Lee, '70. Indiana — W. S. Cantrell, '71. Wabash — J. F. Gookins, '64; A. L. 
 Butner, '71. Indianapolis — H. C. Guffin, '63; D. M. Hillis, '64; S. T. Quick, 
 '70; D. B. Williams, '70. Chicago— ^N. H. Fitch, Jr., '65; F. A. Smith, '66; R. 
 W. Bridge, '67; Gwvnn Garnett, '67; C. C. Kohlsaat, '67; William Thomson, '67; 
 L. T. Busch, '68; H. C. Mabie, '68; James Springer, '88; A. D. Foster, '69; C. 
 A. Stearns, '69; E. F. Stearns, '69; G. B. Swift, '69; C. A. Barker, '70; R. W. 
 Moore, '70; R. M. Springer, '70; O. B. Clark, '72; F. L. Rockwell, '72. Indiana 
 Asbury — C. O. Perry, '69. 
 
 James Springer was the delegate of the Chicago chapter. The 
 active chapters unrepresented were those at Centre, Ohio, Hano- 
 ver, Terre Haute, Roanoke. 
 
 Convention officers: President, R. W. Bridge; Vice-Presidents — Harvey 
 Lee, W. S. Cantrell, J. F. Gookins; Secretary, William Thomson; Assistant Secre- 
 taries — D. B. Williams, J. B. Elam; Marshal, D. M. Hillis. 
 
 The President announced that, in accordance with the rules 
 adopted by the last Convention, he would call for a simple viva 
 voce vote on all matters preliminary or by him held of small im- 
 portance; but that in all other matters, or whenever desired by 
 any of the delegates, he would order the calling of the roll; and 
 each chapter, being entitled to one vote, would, by its appointee, 
 announce its decision. On motion of F. A. Smith, of the Chicago 
 chapter, which for a year had been the Grand Alpha Chapter, 
 
 Resolved^ That the Ohio Alpha be henceforth and until otherwise ordered, held, 
 esteemed and considered the Grand Alpha of the $ A 0, and that all records, 
 
 * Co-education, which had begun to be a prominent feature of western institutions, brought about 
 the agitation of the question of admitting women to the Fraternity. Oberlin was co-educational 
 from its opening, 1833; Iowa Wesleyan from its opening, 1844; Antioch from its opening, 1853; 
 Northwestern Christian from its opening, 1855 ; Iowa from its opening, 1855. Earlham became 
 co-educational, 1846 ; Monmouth, 1856; Indiana, 1867 ; Indiana Asbury, 1867 ; Boston, 1868; Knox, 
 1868; Northwestern, 1869; Swathmore, 1870; Michigan, 1870; Cornell, 1872; Franklin, 1872; Mis- 
 souri, 1872 ; Wisconsin, 1874; O. W. U., 1877; Hanover, 1880; Miami, 1892. — See "Education in 
 the United States," 1889, by R. G. Boone. 
 
 The I. C. Sorosis, founded at Monmouth, 1867, established a chapter at Iowa Wesleyan, 1868, 
 and one at Indiana Asbury, 1870; and it changed its name to H B $, 1888. The first Greek-letter 
 societies for women were K A 0, founded at Indiana Asbury, 1870, and K K T, founded at Mon- 
 mouth, 1870. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1869. 287 
 
 books, papers and properties of right belonging to the care and control of the Grand 
 Alpha, and in the possession of any other chapter, be at once transmitted to the 
 Ohio Alpha. 
 
 The Convention decided that the Chicago chapter should pre- 
 pare and publish a catalogue of the Fraternity. C. O. Perry moved 
 that the President appoint three members residing in Chicago to 
 act as a committee through which members could obtain <l> A 
 badges and paper and envelopes bearing the fraternity emblems; 
 carried, and F. A. Smith, J. F. Gookins and R. M. Springer ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 On the second da}" of the Convention there was a spirited discus- 
 sion of the question whether ladies should be admitted to the Frater- 
 nit3\ H. C. Guffin, of Indiana Gamma, offered the following 
 preamble and resolution: 
 
 Whereas, Men and women have been endowed by the Creator with the same 
 mental, moral and social powers, and 
 
 Whereas, The ablest thinkers and most moral and patriotic citizens of this 
 country, to say nothing of others, favor the co-education of the sexes; therefore. 
 
 Resolved^ That we hereby commit ourselves to the principle and policy of admit- 
 ting ladies into the 4> A 6 Fraternity. 
 
 Guffin moved that the President appoint a committee of three to 
 take the resolution into consideration and return a report; carried, 
 and H. C. Guffin, F. A. Smith and S. T. Quick appointed. Guffin 
 and Quick reported as follows: 
 
 A majority of your committee to whom was referred the resolution committing 
 the Convention to the principle and policy of admitting ladies into the Order, have 
 had the same under consideration, and beg leave to report that it be adopted. They 
 urge that on the grovinds of both principle and policy this should be done. They 
 can see no reason why women are not peculiarh- entitled to the privileges and fitted 
 for the duties of the Order. They think that, both as a principle of right and a 
 measure of expediency, the resolution should be adopted. 
 
 Smith reported that the minority of the committee had no report 
 to make. The resolution was made the special order for the com- 
 mencement of the afternoon session. Being then taken up, it was 
 fully discussed; after which the report was laid on the table until 
 the next National Convention. But those who longed for Phi sisters 
 were not 3"et ready to give up the fight. H. C. Guffin moved, and 
 C. O. Perry seconded, the adoption of the following resolution: 
 
 Resolved, That it is the sense of this Convention that there is nothing in the 
 Articles of Union or Constitution, and nothing in the spirit of our Order, which 
 excludes ladies from it. 
 
 After full discussion, on motion of D. M, Hillis, the resolution 
 
 was tabled b}' the following vote: Aye — Miami, Indiana, Wabash, 
 
 Chicago, Indiana Asbury. No — Indianapolis. The champions of 
 
 the ladies made one more effort. James Springer moved, and J. 
 
 F. Gookins seconded, the adoption of the following resolution: 
 
 Resolved, That the members of the Indiana Gamma are hereby given the assur- 
 ance of this Convention that if they see fit to initiate ladies into their college, no 
 exception to their action will be taken; but we do not express an opinion or give an 
 assent as to the general policy of admitting ladies into the Order, and we hereby 
 disclaim any intention of establishing a precedent of that character. 
 
2 88 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 This resolution was lost, the vote by chapters being: Aye — 
 Indianapolis, Chicago. No — Miami, Indiana, Wabash, Indiana 
 Asbury. Ordered that the next Convention be held at Oxford, 
 Ohio, May ii— 12, 1870. 
 
 At 5 o'clock Wednesday afternoon the Convention was enter- 
 tained at dinner at the Briggs House by the Chicago chapter. The 
 same evening members with invited guests assembled in the lecture 
 hall of the Crosb}^ Opera House, Washington Street, between 
 Dearborn and State Streets, where a poem entitled "Charit)^, the 
 Angel of Redemption," was read by J. F. Gookins, Wabash, '64. 
 The Chicago Tribune said. The gathering was large and de- 
 cidedly fashionable." After the reading of the poem, the audience 
 was invited to a private view of the art gallery above the lecture 
 hall. At 10 o'clock, the hall having been cleared, dancing com- 
 menced. 
 
 The proceedings of this Convention were never printed. The 
 Chicago Republican, June 10, published half a column of the poem. 
 June 18, Elam Fisher, of Ohio Alpha, wrote to Kentucky Alpha: 
 The Convention was a grand success, and proud should every 
 man be that he is permitted to wear the sword and shield. The 
 Grand Alpha, b}" vote of the Convention, was removed to its old 
 home — Miami. W^e did not want it, but could not get out of it. 
 If 3^ou have an}^ documents of importance in connection with the 
 Grand Alpha, please collect them and have them ready to send to 
 us, when I find out what we are to do. And do not fail to establish 
 chapters in 5^our State and any other State whenever 5^ou have an 
 opportunit3\ Come, let us have twent}^ chapters by next Con- 
 vention." 
 
 ANNALS, 1869-1870. 
 
 R. W. Bridge, President of the National Convention, 1869, 
 appointed the following Executive Committee: Elam Fisher, 
 Miami, '70; Harvey Lee, Miami, '70; F. A. Smith, Chicago, '66; 
 
 C. O. Perry, Indiana Asbury, '69; R. C. Storey, Michigan, '68; 
 
 D. A. Planck, Centre, '69; D. B. Flo3^d, Indiana Asbury, '72 (then 
 at Roanoke). The Executive Committee selected F. A. Smith as 
 President and Elam Fisher as Secretary. 
 
 Franklin College, which had been closed by the war, reopened 
 its doors, September, 1869, with W. T. Stott, one of the charter 
 members of Indiana Delta, as acting President. Nearl}^ 200 stud- 
 ents were enrolled, and the prospects of the institution seemed 
 bright. The chapter there was re-established by D. D. Banta, who 
 had established it in i860. He wrote, November 30, 1869, to S. 
 T. Quick, of Indiana Alpha: Where the charter is I have no 
 means of ascertaining. There are two members of our Fraternity 
 at Franklin College at this time, one of whom, D. W. Herriott, 
 is extremely anxious to organize a chapter. A charter having 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1870. 289 
 
 already been granted to Franklin College and never revoked, it 
 strikes me as unnecessary to grant a new one; still, I hardly see what 
 else can be done in the absence of the old one." The two members 
 referred to by Banta were D. W. Herriott, '72, and J. L. Fletcher, '72, 
 both of Indiana Epsilon, the latter a charter member of that chap- 
 ter. They pledged C. H. Hall, '72; G. M. Lambertson, '72, and 
 W. R. Wycoff, '74. Lambertson was sent to Bloomington, where 
 he was initiated and granted power by Indiana Alpha to initiate 
 the others. A meeting was held at Franklin December 7, when J. 
 M. Daniel, '72, was elected, and he was initiated at a meeting in 
 No. 15 North Building, December 13. Indiana Alpha, December 
 20, granted a new charter for Indiana Delta to Herriott, Hall, 
 Lambertson and Wycoff. J. W. Moncrief, '73, was initiated Jan- 
 uary 18, 1870. 
 
 The Indiana Asbury chapter was not prosperous during the 
 year, a report to Indiana Alpha, December 6, 1869, showing only 
 three active members. 
 
 The minutes of Indiana Delta show that, January 31, 1870, five 
 young ladies, whose names are recorded, were elected to the 
 ladies' division of Phis; moved that these ladies be presented with 
 the bond of friendship of their division of Phis." December 
 12, 1869, Indiana Beta debated the proposed resolution that ladies 
 should be admitted to the Fraternity; decided in favor of the 
 negative. April 30, 1870, Indiana Beta elected a delegate to the 
 Convention to be held in May; and, after quite a heated discus- 
 sion" on the question of admitting ladies, he was instructed, by a 
 vote of eleven to three, to vote against the proposition. 
 
 Harvey Lee, of Ohio Alpha, wrote to Indiana Alpha, March 14, 
 1870: The Ohio Alpha is in a most flourishing condition at pres- 
 ent, and the indications now are that the chances for long life are 
 better than ever before. We have just moved into a new hall, 
 which we have secured after long waiting and much exertion, and 
 are now making an effort to get it furnished in good style before 
 the Convention meets." 
 
 At the time of the Convention of 1870, there were twelve 
 active chapters — Miami, Indiana, Centre, Wabash, Indianapolis, 
 Franklin, Hanover, Chicago, Indiana Asbury, Ohio, Terre Haute, 
 Roanoke. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1870. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Wednesday and Thurs- 
 day, May II and 12, 1870, in the $A0 hall at Oxford, Ohio. 
 The Convention was called to order by Harve}^ Lee, with J. B. 
 Elam as Secretary. 
 
 Delegates present: Miami — J. W. Fieghan, '70. Indiana — S. D. Buttz, 
 '70. Wabash — R. O. Post, '71. Indianapolis — A. G. Alcott, '70. Hanover — 
 J. L. Fletcher, '72. Chicago — C. P. Jacobs, '57. Indiana Asbury — C. O. Perry, 
 '69. Ohio—W. B. Carpenter, '70. Terre Haute— Y . C. Danaldson, '72. 
 
 (19) 
 
I 
 
 290 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THE:TA. 
 
 The active chapters without delegates were those at Centre, 
 Franklin, Roanoke. 
 
 Other members present: Miami — R. O. Strong, '67; R. L. Lvons, '68; W. 
 E. Evans, '69; J. R. Bell, '70; A. D. Buckingham, '70; J. B. Elam, '70; E. N. 
 Evans, '7c; Elam Fisher, '70; Harvey Lee, '70; J. K. Youtsey, '70; D. E. Plat- 
 ter, '71; J. H. Puntenney, '71: A. J. Surface, '71; W. M. Fisher, '72; J. A. Ran- 
 kin, '72; B. F. Thomas, ''72; J. E. Reed, '73; J. D. Allen, '74. Indiana—'^. E. 
 Mahan, '69. Indianapolis — H. C. Guffin, '63; D. B. Williams, '70. 
 
 Convention officers: President, R. L. Lyons; Vice-Presidents — C. P. Jacobs, 
 D. B. Williams, W. B. Carpenter; Secretary, J. B. Elam; Assistant Secretaries — 
 J. L. Fletcher, R. O. Post; Marshal, F, C. Danaldson. 
 
 On motion of A. G. Alcott, the preamble and resolution provid- 
 ing for the admission of , ladies to the Fraternit}^, which had been 
 presented b}^ H. C. Guffin to the Convention of 1869, were taken 
 from the table. After a lengthy discussion, in which A. G. Alcott 
 and H. C. Guffin favored the resolution, and were oppos-ed by C. 
 P. Jacobs, R. O. Strong, J. W. Fieghan and W. B. Carpenter, a 
 motion was made b}^ C. P. Jacobs that the resolution be tabled 
 until the next Convention; carried by the following vote: Aye — 
 Miami, Indiana, Wabash, Hanover, Chicago, Indiana Asbur}^ 
 Ohio, Terre Haute. No — Indianapolis. 
 
 The Chicago chapter was excused from issuing a catalogue of 
 the Fraternity; the work was placed in charge of the attendant 
 members of Ohio Alpha, and a capitation assessment was author- 
 ized to pay for the publication. 
 
 The Constitutions used by Ohio Alpha and Indiana Alpha were 
 found, on comparison, to differ so much that time would be required 
 to revise and harmonize them. A committee of three from Ohio 
 Alpha, composed of Elam Fisher, J. B. Elam and J. \V. Fieghan, 
 was appointed to take the Constitutions of the Alpha chapters of 
 the different States, to prepare a revision and report at the next 
 Convention. Invitations for the next Convention were received 
 from Indianapolis, Bloomington and Crawfordsville, Ind. ; ordered 
 to be held at Indianapolis, Ma}^ 10-12, 1871. 
 
 The literary exercises took place Wednesda}^ evening, before a 
 large audience in the chapel of Miami University. Rev. P. L. 
 Stanton, D.D., President of Miami, opened the exercises with 
 prayer. The oration was delivered b}^ H. C. Guffin, Indianapolis, 
 ^^y, subject, "The Course of American Civilization." The poem 
 was readb}^ Colonel C. P. Jacobs, Chicago, '57; subject, The Selfish 
 Prince." The members of the Fraternity with their invited guests 
 then repaired to the Oxford House, where there was a banquet. R. 
 L. Lyons, Miami, '68, was toastmaster. The toasts: The Order," 
 response by J. W. Fieghan, Miami, '70; "The Orator, "H. C. Guffin, 
 Indianapolis, '63; "The Poet," C. P. Jacobs, Chicago, '57; "The 
 Ladies of Oxford," R. O. Strong, Miami, '67; "The Gentlemen 
 Present," J. B. Elam, Miami, '70. The entertainment of the evening 
 was concluded with a dance. The proceedings of this Convention 
 were never printed until they appeared in The Scroll, October, 1882. 
 
ANNALS, 1870-1871. 291 
 
 ANNALS, 1870-1871. 
 
 R. L. L5^ons, President of the National Convention, 1870, 
 appointed the following Executive Committee: H. C. Guffin, 
 Indianapolis, '63; G. M. Ro3"ce, Indianapolis, '75; C. P. Jacobs, 
 Chicago, '57; F. A. Smith, Chicago, '66; J. B. Elam, Miami, '70; 
 D, B. Floyd, Indiana Asbury, '72 (then at Roanoke). The Exec- 
 utive Committee selected H. C. Guffin as President and J. B. Elam 
 as Secretar3^ 
 
 The National Convention held, 1870, with the parent chapter at 
 Miami, marked the beginning of an era of rapid and wide exten- 
 sion of the Fraternit3^ During the interval between that Conven- 
 tion and the Convention of 187 1, two chapters were established in 
 Illinois, and one each in Missouri and Georgia, In Missouri and 
 Georgia the Fraternit}^ had never before been organized. 
 
 An account of the establishment of Missouri Alpha at the Uni- 
 versit}^ of Missouri, Columbia, Mo., is furnished in a letter from 
 Clark Craycroft to H. W. Clark, February 4, 1887: "l received a 
 letter, dated September 29, 1870, from E. R. Walker, at that time 
 a student at Hanover College, inquiring about the chances for 
 forming a chapter of the <E> A in Missouri. After some conver- 
 sation with Randall Dryden, James H. Dryden and others, at that 
 time students in the universit}^ I answered his letter. We signed 
 the pledge of secrec}^, which I forwarded to Walker. I next 
 received a letter from him setting out more fully, the object and 
 general nature of the Order. This letter bears date of October 17, 
 1870. He then put me in correspondence with D. E. Platter, of 
 Oxford, Ohio, from whom we received our charter. As soon as 
 we received it, we organized with the above named persons as mem- 
 members. I think I was the principal officer during the first 3^ear. '^ 
 
 Cra3^croft wrote to R. H. Switzler, Jul3^ i, 1902: "My recollec- 
 tion is that E. R. Walker and m3^self were brought together b3' a 
 mutual friend, whose name I have now forgotten. The meetings of 
 our chapter were held in the Athenaean hall, which was located in 
 the south room on the third floor of the west wing of the old univer- 
 sit3'- building." 
 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha show that, November 21, 1870, a 
 charter for Missouri Alpha was granted to the applicants at the 
 University of Missouri. The charter itself shows that the charter 
 members were Clark Craycroft, '71; J. W. Horner, '72; C. T. 
 Alloway, '73; J. H. Dryden, '73; Randall Dryden, '73. The last 
 two were brothers. The chapter was organized, November 26, 1870. 
 <l> K ^ had established a chapter there, 1869; Z ^ had been founded 
 there, November 7, 1870.* 
 
 Early in the collegiate year 1870-71, H. J. Bigger, of the Hano- 
 ver chapter, left Hanover and entered Monmouth College. He 
 
 * $ K * suspended there, 1876. Z * established two other chapters in the State, but both having 
 died, it was absorbed by B © H, 1890. Missouri Alpha of * A © has had a longer continuous exist- 
 ence than any other chapter of any fraternity west of the Mississippi River except the chapter of 
 Z * established at the Universitj- of California, June 10, 1870. 
 
292 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 established a chapter at Monmouth College, Monmouth, 111., which 
 was soon followed by chapters at Knox College, Galesburg, 111., 
 and Iowa Wesleyan University, Mount Pleasant, Iowa. The three 
 institutions are near together, Monmouth being 16 miles west of 
 Galesburg, Mount Pleasant 54 miles west of Monmouth. 
 
 January 12, 1871, the Chicago chapter, then called Illinois 
 Alpha, granted a charter to H. J. Bigger, '72, and A. P. Hutchin- 
 son, '72, to establish Illinois Beta at Monmouth. The older frater- 
 nities there were B 11, ATA, ^ F A. <E> K ^ was established 
 there, April, 187 1, and the chapters of A T A and <E> F A died the 
 same year. 
 
 At Knox College the fraternities were B 11 and $ F A. Three 
 of the students there — G. F. Barr, '72; J. W. Gilbert, '72, and 
 Eugene Field, '73 — who were very intimate friends, decided upon the 
 organization of another fraternity at Knox. Being well acquainted 
 with the members of the newly established chapter at Monmouth, 
 they went there and were initiated by that chapter about March i. 
 Returning to Galesburg, they initiated William Scripps, '74; H. 
 S. Hitchcock, ^75, and C. V. Lawrence, '75. These six applied 
 for a charter to Illinois Alpha (Chicago), which granted them a 
 charter for Illinois Gamma, March 16, 187 1. Scripps, Hitchcock 
 and Lawrence were initiated in a college building known as Old 
 Bricks. During the spring meetings were held in a large parlor of 
 the Kellogg house. Some of the members boarded at this house, 
 which was situated on the corner of Main and Kellogg Streets. At 
 commencement A. B. Johnson, '72, was initiated. Lawrence died 
 at Galesburg, July 14, 187 1. In the fall Gilbert, Johnson, Scripps 
 and Hitchcock returned to college'^^ and initiated W. S. Johnson, '72 ; 
 Anthony Lennon, '72; J. D. M. Hamilton, '73; J. T. Kretzinger, 
 '73; S. P. McLean, '73; W. J. Porter, 74; and affiliated, from 
 Kentucky Alpha, J. M. Hamilton, '75. At the end of 1871-72, 
 the membership was sixteen, not including four who had withdrawn 
 from college. During the year the chapter occupied a hall, the 
 rent of which was paid by Gilbert and the two Johnsons. 
 
 The Greencastle chapter experienced reverses, and during a part 
 of 1869-70 and the first part of 1870-71 held no meetings, but its 
 charter was not surrendered. Its minutes for February 10, 187 1, 
 
 *In the spring of 1871 Eugene Field left Knox and entered the University of Missouri, affiliating 
 with Missouri Alpha. His biographers, Francis Wilson and Slason Thompson, state that he attended 
 Williams College, 1868-69; Knox College, 1869-70, and the University of Missouri, 1870-71. This is 
 an error as regards his attendance at Knox and Missouri. In the Williams catalogue for 1868-69, he 
 is listed as a freshmin. In the Knox catalogue for 1870-71, he is listed as a sophomore and also as a 
 student in the musical department. He was certainly at Knox until some time in the spring of 1871. 
 His relative, Professor J. W. Burgess, of Columbia University (New York), who was a professor at 
 Knox, 1871, wrote to H. M. Holland, January 9, 1902: "Eugene Field left Knox College in the 
 spring of 1871. After a week or two, I received a letter from him dated at the University of Mis- 
 souri. His reason for leaving Kno.x and going to Missouri, as given to me, was that he might be 
 with his brother Roswell, who was then a student at the Missouri institution." That Eugene Field 
 was at the University of Missouri 1871-72, is shown by a letter written by him to Missouri Alpha. 
 August 14. 1886, in which he said: "After leaving the university at Columbia in 1872, I went to 
 Europe for six months, returning in the spring of 1873." This letter is preserved by Missouri Alpha, 
 and a zinc etching of it appears in The Scroll, October, 1896. 
 
 G. F. Barr, whose name was later changed to G. O. DeBar, and who had attended the Univer- 
 sity of Missouri, 1869-70, returned there in the fall of 1872, affiliating with Missouri Alpha. 
 
ANNALS, 1870-1871. 293 
 
 sa}^: "a meeting of the members of $ A © in attendance at Indiana 
 Asbury was called for the purpose of reorganizing the Indiana 
 Eta." This meeting was held at the office of J. S. Nutt, Indiana, 
 '61. Thomas Hartley, Asbury, '71, was elected President. Among 
 members present was G. M. Royce, Indianapolis, '75. At the same 
 meeting J. K. P. Hurst and J. S. Sims were initiated. The names 
 of twelve active members are mentioned in the minutes for the re- 
 mainder of the collegiate year. 
 
 The Delaware chapter was revived in the spring by G. C. Florea, 
 '74, of Indiana Gamma, and T. W. Alberry, '75, of Indiana Beta, 
 who had entered Ohio Wesleyan. Ohio Alpha granted them a 
 charter, May 8, 187 1. Though originally established as Ohio Delta, 
 i860, the O. W. U. chapter when revived was called Ohio Gamma, 
 the chapter at Ohio University having been chartered, 1869, as 
 Ohio Beta. 
 
 On the same day, May 8, 187 1, Ohio Alpha granted a charter for 
 Georgia Alpha at Oglethorpe University, Atlanta. This chapter 
 was established by C. B. Gaskill. He opened a correspondence 
 with F. H. Terrill, of Virginia Alpha, upon the subject of organiz- 
 ing $ A ® at Oglethorpe. On receipt of his first letter, dated Feb- 
 ruary 24, 187 1, Terrill wrote to the President of Oglethorpe, asking 
 for information about Gaskill. Terrill answered Gaskill, March 6, 
 telling him that he had been highly recommended by the President 
 of Oglethorpe, and that Virginia Alpha would endorse his applica- 
 tion for charter. Terrill referred the matter to the Grand Alpha 
 at Miami, and D. E. Platter, of that chapter, wrote to Gaskill, 
 March 12: 
 
 Our college being the Grand Alpha of the United States, we alone can grant 
 you a charter, but before we do this, some preliminary steps must be taken in the 
 matter. Enclosed you will find a pledge of secrecy, which if you will sign and 
 return to us, we will send you the necessary papers. It is customary to send a man 
 to establish a college, but your distance from us is so great that the expense woitld 
 be too heavy. We ask you to give us this pledge, not because we doubt your honor, 
 for in that case we w^ould pay no attention to your petition, but because the nature 
 of the case demands such precautions. After sending us this pledge with your 
 names attached, we will send you a copy of our Bond and Constitution, which, if 
 you accept, you will signif}' the same to us, and this will constitute you members of 
 the Fraternity. Then you can send us a petition for a charter, constituting you a 
 college of the <S> A 0, the form of which petition we will send you in duetime. But 
 if, after reading the Bond and Constitution, you cannot accept them, you will be 
 under obligations, by your pledge, to return them. However, I do not fear 3'our 
 inability to accede to the demands of the Bond and Constitution; there is nothing in 
 either but what any Christian or gentleman can accept. 
 
 Although the charter for Georgia Alpha was not actuall}" granted 
 until May 8, the members were authorized to organize and wear 
 their badges several weeks earlier, as shown by the following letter 
 sent to Gaskill: 
 
 Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, March 29, 187 1. 
 Brethren of the Georgia Alpha of 4> A O: 
 
 Welcome to our fraternal union! With pleasure I received your letter of accept- 
 ance this morning, and I hasten to greet you as Phis. Already I am proud of the 
 Georgia Alpha, and trust that ere long it will be followed by the Georgia Beta if 
 
2 94 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 there is room. You are now at liberty to "swing out" your badges, and if you will 
 designate me the number you want, I can send them immediately. Our grip will 
 be made known to 3'ou when we send you your charter, but little dependence can 
 be put on grips, because they are almost invariably discovered. If you wish to 
 swing out before getting your badges, you can come out in our colors, which are 
 blue and white. Get the Greek letters <i> A printed on the white ribbon, and 
 pin on the lapel of your vest. The effect would be better though, perhaps, if you 
 should wait for your badges, then swing both together. The badge is a sure sign 
 of recognition, whereas the grip can be counterfeited if discovered. Chapters are 
 sometimes compelled to adopt their own grips. All further information will be for- 
 warded with your charter. 
 
 I am glad you will have a place in which to meet, because a nice hall presents 
 many attractions to members. We have adopted the plan of each class of graduates 
 having their pictures framed and hung in our hall. I will send you a catalogue of 
 our Fraternity, which will tell you where to find your brothers. Besides the chapters 
 mentioned in the catalogue, there are two strong chapters in Illinois, founded this 
 3^ear; one is at Monmouth College, and the other at Knox College. The Missouri 
 Alpha is now strong, and the Ohio Beta has twenty members. In the next issue I 
 shall be proud to see the Georgia Alpha. If you have friends or acquaintances at 
 any other southern institution, please let me have their names and addresses. By 
 writing to Beeler & Curry, Cincinnati, Ohio, you can get paper of any kind or qual- 
 ity, stamped with our design, as you see on the catalogue, either in the paper or in 
 ink as you prefer. Our National Convention meets at Indianapolis, on the second 
 Wednesday of May next. J. Z. Moore, a talented young lawyer of Kentucky, will 
 deliver the oration, and Rev. J. M. Oldfather, the poem. Hoping that prosperity 
 is in store for you, I subscribe myself, most sincerely 
 
 Your brother in the Bond, D. E. Platter. 
 
 The charter members of Georgia Alpha were B. P. Gailliard, '72; 
 C. B. Gaskill, '72; C. R. Gaskill, '72; W. W. Killough, '73; W. T. 
 Mo3^ers, '73; W. H. Venable, '73; A. H. Graham, '74. Five of 
 them met and signed the Bond, April 4, and on Sunday evening, 
 April 9, 187 1, they wore the first $A0 badges ever worn in 
 Georgia. Others were initiated April 10. The chapter celebrated 
 its first anniversary, April 9, 1872, Moyers being the orator of the 
 occasion. B 11 and ;S A E had chapters at Oglethorpe which 
 were killed by the closing of the university (then at Midway, Ga. ) 
 on account of the war of 1861. The institution reopened in the 
 fall of 1870, and it was, the same year, entered by K A (southern 
 order). $ A was the first Fraternity of northern origin to enter 
 the State of Georgia after the civil war. X ^ (southern order) 
 entered Oglethorpe, May, 187 1. Following are extracts from the 
 minutes of Ohio Alpha: 
 
 March 20, 1 87 1: Mr. Surface gave encouraging reports from the Monmouth and 
 Knox chapters. Mr. Platter read several letters from other chapters, also one 
 from Oglethorpe University, Georgia, asking for a charter. On motion, Mr. Platter 
 
 was appointed to send the pledge of secrecy. Constitution and Bond 
 
 On motion, Mr. Rankin was appointed to write to Mr. Spillman at Manhattan, 
 Kan., concerning establishing a chapter there. Mr. Puntenney was appointed to 
 
 write to Mr. Brown at Lawrence, Kan., for the same purpose On 
 
 motion, Messrs. Baldwin, Raymond and Gilmore were appointed a committee to 
 select fraternity colors. On motion, Messrs, Platter and Raymond were appointed 
 a committee to see about having some fraternity music published. 
 
 March 21. Called meeting: Mr. Platter presented resolutions from the A A 4> 
 Fraternity concerning elections for the next year, which were amply and excitedly 
 discussed. On motion, Mr. Platter was appointed to draw up an answer. 
 
ANNALS, 1870-1871. 295 
 
 April 16: Commattee on colors reported in favor of white and blue; report 
 received and committee discharged. Committee on music was granted further time. 
 Mr. Platter read a letter from the Virginia Alpha concerning its troubles. On 
 motion, steps were taken for establishing a chapter at Ohio Wesleyan University, 
 through Brother G. C. Florea who is attending there. 
 
 April 23: Mr. Surface announced the reception from Mr. Fisher of Eaton of the 
 Constitution, as revised by the committee appointed by the last Convention. Mr. 
 Surface read a letter from Indianapolis concerning the Convention. On motion, 
 our delegates were instructed to vote against admitting females to our Fraternity. 
 On motion, a tax of $1.25 per member was levied for our tax at the Convention. 
 
 May 8: Charters granted to Oglethorpe and Ohio Wesleyan Universities. 
 
 A. D. Baldwin, chairman of the committee appointed by Ohio 
 Alpha, March 20, 187 1, to select fraternity colors, wrote to W. B. 
 Palmer, February 12, 1903, that white and blue were selected on 
 account of their emblematic significance, and the admirable com- 
 bination they make was a prime consideration;" also that so far as 
 he individually was concerned, a then recent reading of Rabelais 
 had much to do with the selection." He referred to chapters VIII, 
 IX and X of Book I of Rabelais Works, which mention that the 
 young prince Gargantua, later King and father of Pantagruel, 
 selected white and blue as his colors, and which contain a deserta- 
 tion on the significance of those colors. White and blue having 
 been adopted by Ohio Alpha, April 16, they were, on motion of 
 D. E. Platter, Ohio Alpha's delegate in the National Convention, 
 adopted by the Convention, May 12, 187 1, as the colors of the 
 Fraternity. ^ 
 
 In Indiana Delta, March 30, 187 1, the subject for discussion 
 was, Would it be expedient to admit ladies into the <E> A Frater- 
 terh^ty?" J. M. Daniel, '72, was elected as delegate to the Conven- 
 tion. -April 27, it was moved and carried that the chapter send two 
 delegates to the Convention, and G. M. Lambertson, '72, was 
 elected as second delegate. The minutes for May 6 say: Dele- 
 gates to the\ Convention were instructed by members present to 
 vote in the Viegative on the resolution to admit ladies into the 
 $ A Fraternity." This chapter continued to elect ladies to its 
 ''ladies' division." October 27, 1870, one was elected, and, Janu- 
 ary 23, 1872, four were elected, and the resignation of one was 
 not accepted. In Indiana Epsilon, May 3, 187 1, the question. 
 
 Resolved that ladies should be admitted into our Order, was put 
 in the form of a motion and was lost; it was then moved and sec- 
 onded that our delegate be advised to vote against the admission 
 of ladies at the Convention; carried." 
 
 * It may be observed that white and blue are the colors displayed on the flag of Greece. 
 Blue and gold were here adopted as the fraternity colors." — Account of 2 X Convention, 
 December, 1870. in "The Sigma Chi Catalogue and History," 1890. 
 
 The colors of $ K ^ were chosen between 1875 and 1878, when the O. W. U. chapter was 
 Orand Chapter. "This Grand Chapter first chose colors for the Fraternity, and lavender and rose- 
 pink was their choice." — The History of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity," 1902, by C. L. Van Cleve. 
 'The fraternity colors, garnet and gold, were chosen in 1878. In earlier years there were chap- 
 ter colors."— "The Psi Upsilon Epitome," 1884, by A. P. Jacobs. 
 
 "The colors of B © H are pink and light blue. They were adopted by the Convention of 1879, 
 but had previously been used by some chapters." — "Fraternity Studies," 1894. by W. R. Baird. 
 
 The years when other fraternities adopted colors are unknown. 
 
296 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 THE CATALOGUE— SECOND EDITION, 1870. 
 
 The Convention of 1864 appointed, R. A. D. Wilbanks a com- 
 mittee of one to collect materials for a revised catalogue, and 
 appointed Robert Morrison, R. A. D. Wilbanks and D. M. Hillis 
 a committee to superintend the publication. Wilbanks did not 
 succeed in getting complete reports from the chapters. The Con- 
 vention of 1868 resolved that the Grand Alpha Chapter should col- 
 lect the data and publish a catalogue as soon as practicable, and 
 publish a new edition every three years. This Convention changed 
 the Grand Alpha from Centre College to the University of Chicago. 
 The Convention of 1869 changed it to Miami Universit}^ but 
 ordered that the catalogue be published by the Chicago chapter. 
 Some material was collected, but, at the Convention of 1870, the 
 Chicago chapter was excused from issuing the catalogue, the attend- 
 ant members of Ohio Alpha were appointed a catalogue committee, 
 and a capitation assessment was authorized to pay for the publica- 
 tion. Accordingly, the second edition of the catalogue appeared, 
 January, 187 1, 1000 copies being printed. It is dated, on the title 
 page, ' 1870;" on the cover, 187 1." 
 
 The title page: "Catalogue | of the | PHI DELTA THETA. | 
 Sub Rosa. 1 Cincinnati: 1 Elm Street Printing Company, 176 & 178 
 Elm Street. 1 1870." The cover, of glazed dark blue paper, bears 
 the coat-of-arms in the middle, and the following words, with several 
 flourishes, printed in gilt: "Catalogue | PHI DELTA THETA. | 
 Sub Rosa, j 1871." 
 
 The pamphlet contains 22 pages, 5^ by 9/^ inches; type area, 
 4^ by 7^. The paper is slightly tinted. Each page, including 
 title page, has a border with ornamental corners. On page 2 is 
 the coat-of-arms. On page 3 are Introductory" remarks, signed 
 by D. E. Platter, '71, and B. F. Thomas, '72. On page 4 is a list 
 of ' Abbreviations made use of in Catalogue." The chapter lists 
 begin on page 5, a facsimile of which here appears. At the head 
 of each list is the name of the institution and the year of the 
 chapter's establishment. Each page is divided by a rule down the 
 middle. On the left are the names, years of initiation and classes; 
 on the right are the residences and abbreviations of occupations. 
 Initials only are shown for given names but occasionally the first 
 given name appears. No addresses are given of 49 members. No 
 degrees are mentioned. No Greek letters or secret signs are used. 
 Asterisks indicate 39 deceased members. The members of each 
 chapter are enrolled in alphabetical order. The order of chapter 
 lists and the membership are as follows: 
 
 Ohio Alpha, Miami University 114 
 
 Ohio Beta, Ohio University 9 
 
 Indiana Alpha, Indiana University 77 
 
 Indiana Beta, Wabash College 84 
 
 Indiana Gamma, Northwestern Christian University 45 
 
 Indiana Delta, Franklin College 14 
 
 Indiana Epsilon, Hanover College 14 
 
 
<-^^ 
 
 "( 
 
 f 
 
 ^ 
 
 pH 4 mim i 
 
 *•?< 
 
 The Ohio Alpha 
 
 Established at Miami ZTnivey'sity in 18J^8. 
 
 KAMES. IN. CLASS. 
 
 Allen, Jno. D 70 74 
 
 Anderson, Jno. A .'49 '53 
 
 Andekson, W. C '51 '54 
 
 Anderson, G. W '55 '59 
 
 Andress, C. F '67 71 
 
 Barnett, a. a '49 '51 
 
 Baker, C. E '55 '59 
 
 Baldridge, S. C '52 '55 
 
 Bishop. R. H '53 '31 
 
 Bell, J. R. '68 '70 
 
 Brown, J. L %<o '68 
 
 BouDE, J. Knox '49 '52 
 
 Buckingham, A ^<6^ '70 
 
 Buckingham, H. R '70 '73 
 
 Bruce, J. E '55 .... 
 
 *Carson, James '51 '55 
 
 Conklin, p. C. '53 '53 
 
 Cooper, W. R. M %^ '68 
 
 Decherd, R. P '52 .... 
 
 Doolittle, C. S '49 '49 
 
 Dorset, G. V '50 ... 
 
 Drake, R. T '48 '50 
 
 Davis, Frank 'm '70 
 
 Druley, Thad. C '66 '69 
 
 BESIDKNCE. PROFESSION. 
 
 Owensburg, Ky Stu. A. 
 
 Phila, Pa M. 
 
 San Francisco, Cal M. 
 
 Louisville, Ky L. 
 
 Cincinnati, O Mt. 
 
 Jerseyville, 111 F. 
 
 Friendsville, 111 M. 
 
 Oxford, Prof. 
 
 Chillicothe, 
 
 Kansas City, Kan L. 
 
 Carthage, 111 M. D. 
 
 Miamiville, C. E. 
 
 Miamiville, Stu. A. 
 
 Hamburg, Ok^ L. 
 
 Chillicothe, L. 
 
 Hamilton, L. 
 
 Cedarrille, Mt. 
 
 Seguin, Tex Prof 
 
 Granville, 0. M. 
 
 Piqua, M.D. 
 
 Troy.O M. 
 
 New Richmond, L. 
 
 Winona^ Minn M. 
 
 *f^e^ 
 
 ^3^ 
 
 The Catalogue of 1870. Facsimile of page 
 
298 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Indiana Zeta, Indiana Asbury University 14 
 
 Indiana Eta, Indiana State Normal School 10 
 
 Kentucky Alpha, Centre College 114 
 
 Illinois Alpha, University of Chicago 39 
 
 Virginia Alpha, Roanoke College 17 
 
 Missouri Alpha, University of Missouri 5 
 
 Total 13 chapters, with 556 members. On page 22 is a "Reca- 
 pitulation," or summary of the membership by chapters. It is 
 slightly inaccurate; the above figures show the correct number 
 in each list. No mention is made of nine suspended chapters. 
 Had their lists been included, the following number of members 
 would have been added: Wittenberg, 8; Austin, 8; K. M. I., 8; 
 Georgetown, 5; Wisconsin, 23; Lawrence, 11; Northwestern, 16; 
 O. W. U., 8; Michigan, 22. This would have shown a total of 22 
 chapters, with 665 members. 
 
 In this edition irregularities of the titles of chapters begin to 
 appear. These irregularities have wrought much confusion in 
 chapter nomenclature. Illinois Alpha, established at Northwestern 
 University, 1859, suspended, 1861. When a charter was issued, 
 1865, for a chapter at the University of Chicago, the title of the 
 Northwestern chapter was given to it. 
 
 The chapter at Wittenberg College, chartered as Ohio Gamma, 
 1852, suspended, 1854. Ignoring the second Miami chapter, the 
 Wittenberg chapter would properly have been called Ohio Beta. 
 The chapter at Ohio Wesleyan University, chartered as Ohio Delta, 
 i860, suspended, 186 1. But, because of their inactivity, all of 
 these chapters were ignored, 1868, when the chapter at Ohio Uni- 
 versity was chartered as Ohio Beta. 
 
 A letter from J. L. Fletcher, Secretar}^ of Indiana Epsilon, to a 
 member of Indiana Alpha, January 19, 187 1, said the catalogue was 
 "just out." The minutes of Ohio Alpha for April 23, 1871, say: 
 "Mr. Platter made final report on catalogue; report received; com- 
 mittee discharged. Delegates to Convention were instructed to 
 vote for a new catalogue." 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1871. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Wednesday, Thursday 
 and Friday, May lo, ii and 12, 187 1, in the senate chamber of 
 the State Capitol at Indianapolis, Ind. J. A. Roberts was tempo- 
 rary chairman. 
 
 Members present: Miami — Benjamin Harrison, '52; J. Z. Moore, '67; Faye 
 Walker, '68; J. M. Oldfather, '69; D. E. Platter, '71; A.J. Surface, '71. Indiana — 
 O. F. Baker, '62. Wabash— Q,&ox<g& Pence, '71; R. O. Post, '71; W. C. Whitehead, 
 '71; F. J. Stanley, '73. Indianapolis — H. C. Guffin, '63; W. J. Elstun, '66; 
 A. C. Ayres, '68; A. G. Alcott, 70; S. T. Quick, '70; J. M. Monroe, '71; J. A. 
 Roberts, '71; S. E. Young, '71; William Irelan, '72; J. E. Clifford, '73; J. B. Dill, 
 '73; G. H. G. McGiew, '73; A. B. Thrasher, '73; W. S. Tingley, '73; W. O. 
 Bates, 74; R. S. Blount, '74; J. T. Burton, '75. Frankliji — G. M. Lambertson, 
 '72. Hanover — J. L. Fletcher, '72. D. W. Herriott, '72; N. B. P. McKee, '72; 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1871. 299 
 
 Edwin Walker, '73. Chicago — C. P. Jacobs, '57. Indiana Asbtwy — C. O. Perry, 
 '69; Thomas Hartley, '71. Ohio — H. W. Coultrap, '71. Terre Haute — J. L. 
 Gordon, '70; F. C. Danaldson, '72. Missouri — Clark Craycroft, '71. Afon- 
 inouth — H. J. Bigger, '72. 
 
 N. B. P. McKee was the delegate of the Hanover chapter. The 
 active chapters unrepresented were those at Centre, O. W. U., 
 Roanoke, Knox, Oglethorpe. 
 
 Convention officers: President, S. T. Quick; Vice-Presidents — D. E. Platter, 
 Clark Craycroft; Secretary, R. O. Post; Assistant Secretaries — Thomas Hartley, 
 D. W. Herriott; Marshal, A. G. Alcott. 
 
 On motion of A, G. Alcott, all members present were allowed 
 the privileges of delegates except voting. 
 
 G. M. Lambertson moved that the resolution favoring the admis- 
 sion of ladies into the Fraternity, laid over from the Convention of 
 1870, be taken up; tabled, on motion of C. O. Perry. 
 
 The report of the committee, composed of J. B. Elam, Elam 
 Fisher and Harvey Lee, appointed by the Convention of 1870, to 
 revise the Constitution, was read, and, on motion of C. O. Perry, 
 referred to a new committee, composed of C. O. Perry, D. E, 
 Platter, W. C. Whitehead, H. J. Bigger, J. M. Monroe. Being 
 reported back by this committee, the Constitution was considered 
 by sections and adopted. 
 
 On motion of D. E. Platter, Ma}^ 12, blue and white were 
 adopted as the colors of <E> A ©. * A committee was appointed to 
 consider the size of badges and some place for procuring them. On 
 motion of A. J. Surface, the propriet}^ of having sleeve buttons with 
 the insignia of the Fraternity was referred to this committee. The 
 following report was adopted: 'The committee respectfully rec- 
 ommend Indianapolis as the place for manufacturing the badges, 
 also that the size be uniform, and, if the chapters desire sleeve but- 
 tons, that the design be the same as the badges except the chain 
 and sword." The die for the coat-of-arms made by Beeler & 
 Curry, Cincinnati, was ordered placed in the custody of Indiana 
 Gamma. 
 
 The Convention appointed Ohio Alpha to publish a new edition 
 of the catalogue. D, E. Platter moved that a committee be 
 appointed to consider "the propriety of publishing societ}^ songs 
 in connection with the catalogue." Such committee was probably 
 appointed but no mention of a report from it is made in the proceed- 
 ings. Ordered that the next Convention be held at Bloomington, 
 Ind., May 8-10, 1872. 
 
 Thursday evening public literary exercises were held in Masonic 
 Hall. The Indianapolis vS^;2//;^<?/ said, "A select and discriminat- 
 ing audience was present," and the Indianapolis Joicrnal said there 
 were ''three hundred present." S. T. Quick, Indiana, '70, presided. 
 Music was furnished by Halen's orchestra. J. Z. Moore, Miami, 
 '67, delivered the address; subject, "The Better Thought Prevails." 
 
 '^ See page 295. 
 
300 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 A poem, entitled, "What the Muses Sing to Me," was read by Rev. 
 J. M. Oldfather, Miami, '6q. 
 
 After the literary exercises the members, with ladies, repaired to 
 the Bates House, where there was a banquet, followed by dancing. 
 The toasts: "Our Order;" response by A. J. Surface, Miami, '71; 
 
 Our National Gathering," R. O. Post, Wabash, '71; "The Ladies; 
 may they always be in arms but never in battle," Thomas Hartley, 
 Indiana Asbury, '71; "The Orator of the Evening," J. Z. Moore, 
 Miami, '67; "The Poet of the Evening," Rev. J. M. Oldfather, 
 Miami, '69; "The Bar," Colonel C. P. Jacobs, Chicago, '57; "The 
 Pulpit, "J. M. Monroe, Northwestern Christian, '71; "The Press," 
 J. R. Firmin, IndismsLpolis yourna/; The Northwestern Christian 
 University," Dr. W. F. Black, President of the university; "Our 
 Colleges," O. F. Baker, Indiana, '62; "The Bond," D. E. Platter, 
 Miami, '71; 'The Bates House," Faye Walker, Miami, '68. The 
 proceedings of this Covention were never printed. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION OF 1871. 
 
 Until 187 1 all the colleges of <E> A were governed by the Articles 
 of Union, adopted by Ohio Alpha, 1848. Each college also 
 had for its own government a Constitution, which was similar to 
 the Constitution of Ohio Alpha, but which each college could 
 change at will. The Convention of 1856 adopted a uniform Con- 
 stitution for all colleges, but it was to be ratified by each before 
 going into effect. It was ratified by Kentucky Alpha, but rejected 
 by Ohio Alpha and probably all other colleges.* 
 
 At the Convention of 1870, the Constitutions of Ohio Alpha and 
 Indiana Alpha were compared and found to differ considerably. A 
 committee of three from Ohio Alpha, composed of Elam Fisher, 
 J. B. Elam and J. W. Fieghan, was appointed to take the Consti- 
 tutions of the Alpha chapters of the different States, to prepare a 
 revision and to report at the next Convention, The committee 
 performed this duty, and the Convention of 187 1 adopted The 
 Constitution of Phi Delta Theta. " The Constitution was divided 
 into two parts: Part I — Constitution of Chapters," and Part 
 II — Constitution of the Order." In a general way, the first part 
 conformed to the old Constitutions of colleges, the second to the 
 Articles of Union. 
 
 In the new instrument <E> A © is called the "Organization," the 
 Association," the "Order," and once the "Fraternity," In the 
 
 *Ohio Alpha suspended 1857, and Indiana Alpha was the Grand Chapter, 1858-60, and Ken- 
 tucky Alpha, 1860-68. During 1860-68, Kentucky Alpha granted charters and furnished copies of its 
 Constitution to chapters at Michigan, Chicago and Ohio, also to Ohio Alpha when it was reorgan- 
 ized. The Chicago chapter, being Grand Alpha Chapter, 1868-69, granted a charter and Kentucky 
 Alpha's form of Constitution to the chapter at Roanoke. Ohio Alpha being made the presiding 
 chapter again, 1869, granted charters and furnished Kentucky Alpha's form of Constitution to 
 chapters at Missouri, Monmouth, Knox and Oglethorpe. It seems that in 1870 the Constitutions of 
 the colleges at Wabash, Indianapolis, Franklin, Hanover, Indiana Asbury and Terre Haute were 
 based on the Constitution of Indiana Alpha, which was based on the Constitution adopted by 
 Ohio Alpha, 1848. It seems further that the Constitutions of all colleges outside of Indiana were 
 the same, or essentially the same, as the Constitution adopted by the Convention of 1856. 
 
 
THE FIRST COAT-OF-ARMS. 301 
 
 old Articles of Union a chapter was called a "college," but 
 in this Constitution the word chapter was substituted, the words 
 "society" and "association" also being used synonomously. In 
 this Constitution the Miami chapter was called "the Grand Alpha 
 Chapter of the $ A 0." 
 
 Neither the Articles of Union nor previous Constitutions con- 
 tained a description of the badge. The Constitution of 187 1 
 included a description of the badge, composed of a shield with a 
 sword attached by a chain. It also included a blazon of the coat- 
 of-arms or seal of the Order, which, designed 1865, had not 
 before been officially adopted. Beginning in 1866 many members 
 had worn with the shield the sword attachment. 
 
 The new Constitution made no radical changes. A Recorder 
 was added to the list of chapter officers, and it was made his duty 
 to forward the annual reports, and to keep a record of the reports 
 from other chapters and a file of important correspondence. 
 
 The Order of Initiation" was included among the forms 
 appended to the Constitution. This Constitution was printed, 
 1875, making an unbound pamphlet of 25 pages; it was reprinted 
 in The Palladium, March, 1899. 
 
 THE FIRST COAT-OF-ARMS. 
 
 In the fall of 1865 R. A. D. Wilbanks, of Indiana Alpha, entered 
 the University of Chicago and established a chapter there. The 
 chapter (entitled Illinois Alpha) was chartered October 14, 1865, 
 by Kentucky Alpha, then Grand Chapter. Acknowledging receipt 
 of the Bond, Constitution, etc., Wilbanks wrote to Kentucky Alpha, 
 October 21: "Brother J. F. Gookins has charge of the lithograph- 
 ing of our charter." The charter was not lithographed but a coat- 
 of-arms was designed and engraved, December, 1865. Wilbanks 
 wrote, January 5, 1866, to Robert Morrison at Brooks Station, 
 Ky. : "Enclosed find cards and coat-of-arms of the Illinois Alpha 
 of the ^ A ©. They indicate that the chapter will be formally 
 inaugurated on the nth and 12th prox. You will, doubtless, recog- 
 nize the significance of our coat-of-arms." The arms were printed 
 from a copper plate on cards, which announced the literary exer- 
 cises arranged for the installation of the chapter.'^ The design 
 was composed of the shield, charged with the eye and scroll, the 
 latter bearing the letters "$ A ©"; also a sword attached to the 
 shield by a chain, a larger scroll rolled so as to conceal both ends, 
 a parchment bearing on one end "^t" and on the other Kta, " a 
 helmet with closed visor, two styli, a laurel wreath and a double- 
 headed serpent. 
 
 Further information about the first coat-of-arms is given under 
 the following heading. 
 
 See facsimile of same, page 274. 
 
302 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 First Badge with Sword. 
 
 THE SWORD ADDED TO THE SHIELD. 
 
 Herewith is a woodcut of the first badge ever made with the 
 sword attached to the shield. It was presented to J. C. Black, 
 
 Wabash, '62, at the time of the inaugural of the 
 Chicago chapter, called Illinois Alpha, Janu- 
 ary II, 1866. The shield is a little less than 
 one-sixteenth of an inch thick, and the shield, 
 sword and chain weigh four pennyweights. 
 On the reverse of the shield is engraved: 
 Gen. C. Black, from 111. Alpha; Orator, 
 Inag'l," and the Greek-letter numerals for 
 1866. General Black loaned this badge to 
 W. B. Palmer and wrote to him, November 
 9, 1903: 'R. a. D. Wilbanks was the mov- 
 ing spirit in the establishment and installa- 
 tion of the Illinois Alpha at the University 
 of Chicago. The pin enclosed was presented to me on January it, 
 1866, when the chapter was installed. It was the first of the present 
 style ever made." Wilbanks wrote to Palmer, January 4, 1886: 
 
 The coat-of-arms was designed by Brother J. F. Gookins. We frequently 
 advised together and exchanged ideas about it, and, as a result of our conferences, 
 he formulated a design for the engraver so handsome and symbolical of the tenets 
 and virtues of our Brotherhood that it became the accepted coat-of-arms. At the 
 same time was suggested and put into use the attachment of the sword to the old 
 golden shield, as originated by the fathers of our Order. The first pin ever made 
 or worn of the new design I had made in Chicago, and presented it to our far-famed 
 and brilliant brother. General J. C. Black. 
 
 The Scroll, October, i8g6, contains an account of a banquet 
 tendered, June 9, 1896, by the Phis of Bloomington, 111., to Gen- 
 eral Black, who, speaking on that occasion, is reported to have 
 claimed the honor of being the designer of the sword attachment 
 to the shield pin." To W. B. Palmer he wrote, February 24, 1897: 
 
 I have your letter of February 20th, making inquiry as to the origin of the sword 
 and shield combination in the badge of the $ A Fraternity. You say: '"''The 
 Scroll mentions that you (I) said at a fraternity banquet at Bloomington, 111., that 
 you (I) were the author of the sword attachment." You further say that you have 
 in preparation a history of <l> A 0, and desire to present the facts in regard to the 
 adoption of its beautiful emblems. 
 
 The facts are interesting: A chapter was to be established in the old University 
 of Chicago. R. A. D. Wilbanks was a student in the university. J. F. Gookins, 
 my brother, Captain W. P. Black and I were fraters from Wabash College, and 
 Rev. Charles Elliott, D.U., from Miami University. As you say, the chapter was 
 formally installed in January of 1866. Mr. Gookins was and is an artist. Several 
 of the other gentlemen I have named had been soldiers, and these things that appear 
 in the coat-of-arms were the outgrowth of the lingering military sentiment which 
 then was so largely dominant in the entire country. 
 
 Mr. Wilbanks, with whom I had a conversation yesterday about this matter, is 
 of the recollection that the suggestion of the sword attachment to the shield was 
 his own. 1 know nothing to the contrary. My impression would have been, and 
 is, that we talked together over the matter, as young men well might, making our 
 various suggestions to Mr. Gookins, whose facile talent easily assimilated all our 
 suggestions; and that in this way the very beautiful coat-of-arms, including the sword 
 attachment to the shield, was worked into its present shape. 
 
 
THE SWORD ADDED TO THE SHIELD. 
 
 303 
 
 You ask me to give particulars. I cannot be more exact than I have been above, 
 except to add that we had been together frequently — dining, walking, studying — ■ 
 socially and in every wav a very closely associated group of very happy young gen- 
 tlemen — and that what was the thought of one was at the service of all. It is my 
 best belief that in this way the sword and shield were bound together for the use of 
 all good Phis. 
 
 J. F. Gookins* wrote to W. B. Palmer, October 12, 1901: 
 
 I will enclose with this one of the cards on which are the names of General 
 (John) Charles Black, as orator, and Colonel C. P. Jacobs, as poet, at the time we 
 instituted the chapter at the old University of Chicago. On this card, and the 
 invitation which accompanied it, was used the engraved coat -of -arms for the 
 first time. This was afterward made official by the Order, but I believe it has 
 recently been superseded, as not being a correct heraldic device. As a matter of 
 fact, I knew nothing then of heraldic designing, and I merely thought to make a pic- 
 turesque grouping of symbols appropriate to our Order. It occurred about this way: 
 
 In conferring about the invitations with C. C. Cheney, Esq., (now President of 
 the Western Bank Note Engraving Company), he showed me some steel dies and 
 wanted to use one of them as an embellishment of the invitations. But I said that 
 none of them would do; it would have to be something appropriate to the Order. 
 So I undertook to make a sketch, and upon showing it to Bob Wilbanks, Will 
 Fitch, General Charles Black and Captain Will Black, all fell in with the idea, 
 and I think each had some suggestion to make, though the design is about as it was 
 originally made. 
 
 I added the sword as a natural accompaniment of the shield, and to show that 
 we were ready for aggressive warfare in life, as well as ready to defend our prin- 
 ciples and maintain our vigilance, symbolized by the scroll and the eye upon the 
 shield. The styli were emblematic of our literary endeavors, and the laurels were 
 what we all aspired to. The helmet with the visor down was to signify the true 
 chivalry that is at its best when veiled and secret, denoting modesty of character. 
 Encircling all was the double headed serpent of human wisdom, showing its finite 
 limitations, because it is not that complete circle which is the emblem of eternity. 
 I cannot remember anj^thing about the blazon, whether I wrote it or it was done 
 afterward by some one else. 
 
 Previous to 1866 the badge had no attachment, and the shield 
 bearing the eye and scroll was the only ^ A emblem. The sword 
 attachment was a great improvement, but all Phis did not imme- 
 diately consider it so. R. A. D. Wilbanks wrote, Januar}'^ 23, 1866, 
 to T, M. Paschal, of Kentucky Alpha, that he thought none of the 
 secrets were disclosed by the coat-of-arms, and that the emblems 
 speak the mystic language of our fraternal union." Paschal 
 answered, February 5: 
 
 One of our members, Pryor, desires me to request you to order him a pin withoui 
 chain, just the size of mine. I presume he intends having his name, etc., engraved 
 on it here. Please send it, stating the price, as soon as possible; he wants it to 
 wear when he speaks on the 22nd inst., which day is celebrated by both literary 
 societies. Out of the six speakers four are Phis. We also bore off the palm at 
 commencement, both honors being given to Phis. By the way, how do 3-ou like the 
 way this paper is stamped? If you can have any work done like it in Chicago, I 
 would like to have several quires stamped, for our stamp has been lost five or six years. 
 
 This letter was written on paper bearing an imprint of the origi- 
 nal badge without the sword, and evidently was printed with the 
 woodcut used on the cover of the catalogue of i860. 
 
 "* Gookins was war artist for Har^e^^s IVeekly during the civil war and the Franco-Prussian war. 
 
 He wrote to Palmer, December 4, 1901 : "Some day I'll write for you a funny story concerning a 
 
 personal experience I had at the opening of the Vienna exposition, 1873, all on account of my wife 
 
 having pinned my sword and shield on the breast ot my dress coat, whereby I was received with 
 
 distinguished consideration' by members of the imperial court and dukes and duchesses et al. galore." 
 
304 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 After the re-establishment of $ A © at Miami, 1865, its members 
 were called "the Swords," b}^ the members of the other fraterni- 
 ties there, as shown by the letter of Alston Ellis, June i, 1880, 
 quoted on page 272. Asked when the Phis there began wearing the 
 sword with the shield, he wrote to W. B. Palmer, October 30, 1903: 
 The members of Ohio Alpha began wearing the shield with sword 
 attached in 1866, my impression is about the first of May of that 
 year. I am absolutely sure of the year and I think not much out 
 of the way as to the month in the year. I am sure it could not 
 have been later. I had and still have one of the first badges with 
 swords that were worn at Miami." 
 
 Beginning 1866, the sword attached to the shield was commonly 
 worn, but the attachment was not officially a part of the badge for 
 five years. No description of the badge appeared in the Constitu- 
 tion previous to 187 1, but the Constitution adopted by the Con- 
 vention that year provided 
 ' ' that the badge should consist 
 
 of a shield, bearing the eye 
 and scroll, with a sword at- 
 tached by a chain. The shield 
 and sword badge, except as 
 to size and ornamentation, 
 have not been changed, and 
 undoubtedly never will be 
 changed. Though other fra- 
 ternities have shield badges, 
 some of them displaying an 
 eye and others displaying a 
 scroll, none of them has ever 
 had an attachment similar to 
 the sword, and none now has 
 any attachment. * The shield 
 and sword are a happy combi- 
 nation, and make a unique 
 and very distinctive emblem. 
 In the Constitution of 187 1 the arms were not called a coat-of- 
 arms but a seal. In the blazon the two styli were changed to 
 javelins and the double headed serpent to two serpents. 
 
 The First Seal. 
 
 The first engraving of the arms, made 1865, 
 is shown on page 274. 
 
 ANNALS, 1871-1872. 
 
 S. T. Quick, President of the National Convention, 187 1, 
 appointed the following Executive Committee: D. E. Platter, 
 Miami, '71; Faye Walker, Miami, '68; D. B. Floyd, Indiana Asbury, 
 '72 (then at Roanoke); C. B. Gaskill, Oglethorpe, '72. The Con- 
 
 * For many years the badges of other fraternities had Greek letters attached by chains, the let- 
 ters designating the chapters of the owners. How early such attachments were worn the writer 
 does not know, but they were commonly worn when he was initiated February 26, 1875. About 
 i8q5 they began to be discarded, and since about 1900 the badge of 4> A © has been the only col- 
 ege fraternity badge made with an attachment of any sort. 
 
ANNALS, 1871-1872. 305 
 
 vention added S. T. Quick, Indianapolis, '70. The Executive 
 Committee elected D. E. Platter as President and S. T. Quick as 
 Secretar}'-. 
 
 At the close of the collegiate 3'^ear 1870-71, the Chicago chapter 
 suspended. No proper effort to secure new members was made 
 that 3^ear, and some internal diiftculties had a discouraging effect. 
 But to compensate for the loss of this chapter, several new chapters 
 were organized. 
 
 The Fraternity was rapidl}^ established in the State of Georgia. 
 From March until July, 1870, C. B. Gaskill attended Emory Col- 
 lege, Oxford, Ga. In the fall of the same year he attended the 
 University of Georgia at Athens, one week, finall}'' deciding to 
 return to his home at Atlanta, and enter Oglethorpe University 
 there. He established Georgia Alpha at Oglethorpe in the spring 
 of 187 1, and this chapter was soon followed by three others in the 
 State. The acquaintances that Gaskill had formed at Oxford 
 and Athens gave him good opportunities for establishing chapters 
 at those places. 
 
 In May he opened a correspondence with J. M. Mason and E. 
 I. Smith, who consented to attempt the organization of a chapter 
 of $ A at the University of Georgia. He also wrote to Dr. A. 
 A. Lipscomb, Chancellor of the university, for the consent of the 
 university authorities to the establishment of the chapter. Dr. 
 Lipscomb answered May 25: ''There are several secret societies 
 already in existence here. I regret that I cannot comply with 
 your wishes, but I do not think it advisable to consent to the 
 organization of any new society of the kind." This refusal, how- 
 ever, had but little effect. Georgia Alpha, June 5, 187 1, granted 
 a charter for Georgia Beta to E. K. Lumpkin, '71; J. M. Mason, 
 '72; J. C. Speights, '72; B. T. Thompson, '72; C. M. Beckwith, 
 '73; C. W. Clayton, '73; E. I. Smith, '73. The seven charter 
 members held their first meeting, June 5, when temporary officers 
 were elected. At their second meeting, which was on June 17, the 
 Constitution was read, and a committee appointed to formulate 
 by-laws. Smith wrote to Gaskill that this meeting was held in an 
 old school house in a retired portion of Athens. Beckwith wrote 
 Gaskill that two more students had been initiated June 24, and 
 added: Ever}^ man is perfectly devoted to the Order, and I can 
 safely say that the $ A Societ}^ will never be ashamed of any of 
 us. We have not been refused by a single man, unless he had 
 made up his mind to connect himself with no secret societ}^, or 
 else had made positive promises to others." 
 
 The members did not "swing" their badges until commence- 
 ment, the latter part of July. Smith wrote to Gaskill January 23, 
 1872: We have been fortunate in procuring a room that is nearer 
 and more retired than the one we occupied last term, and what is 
 another great item, the person from whom we obtained it will 
 
 charge us nothing for it. There is a brother from Oxford in the 
 
 (20) 
 
3o6 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 junior class here; his name is W. M. Slaton, and he appears to be 
 quite a smart boy." The older fraternities at Georgia were ^ A E, 
 X $, K A and $ F A. 3 A E, X $ and K A were exclusively sou- 
 thern orders. # F A swung" May 7, 187 1, 
 
 Ten days after Georgia Alpha at Oglethorpe chartered Georgia 
 Beta at Athens it chartered Georgia Gamma at Emory College, 
 Oxford, Ga. C. B. Gaskill wrote to W. B. Palmer July 6, 1877: 
 The founder of Georgia Gamma was my brother, C. R. Gaskill; 
 he did all the correspondence with it in its infancy. T. M. Means 
 was the first man to whom he was appointed to write, and Means 
 selected the men who did the great work of starting the Gamma." 
 Means wrote to Palmer, February 12, 1898: 
 
 I organized the chapter at Emor3\ Early in the spring of 187 1 I received a 
 letter from the Secretary of Georgia Alpha, asking me to aid in establishing a secret 
 order at Emory. After some correspondence I agreed to set about the undertak- 
 ing. Georgia Alpha was then at Oglethorpe University, Georgia Beta was at the 
 University of Georgia, so our chapter was to be the Gamma. I shall never forget 
 the caution used in selecting the first half a dozen members for a beginning. Chap- 
 ters of the southern orders of X <l> and K A had been established at Emory, and had 
 been recognized by the board of trustees, but some members of the faculty were 
 opposed to secret societies, and wished to keep any more from being organized there. 
 So at the beginning no possible publicity could be allowed, or we would put our- 
 selves in a position to be asked to desist by the faculty. How to approach a person 
 without arousing suspicion — and should I find him unfavorably inclined, to retreat 
 without having him suspect my real motive — was a matter which I considered most 
 carefully. 
 
 Eventually I secured six fine fellows, and wrote Clinton R. Gaskill to come down, 
 which he did at night. Every applicant left his boarding house alone that night, 
 and all collected at a deserted house in an old field, half a mile from the railroad 
 station. I met Mr. Gaskill at the station and conducted him to this place. With 
 matches and candles we were soon inside the house and to business. In a few hours 
 we were on our way back to college, and Gaskill on his return to Atlanta, 
 
 We exercised great care in keeping our existence a secret until the board of trustees 
 met. Should we fail to secure their approval we would be fit subjects for jeers 
 from the student body. Besides, we felt that we would be more successful before 
 the trustees by keeping absolutely in the dark until they were in session. The chapter 
 met at unseasonable hours, at all sorts of places, for about six weeks, succeed- 
 ing in keeping down all suspicions until commencement. We took Rev. Alex- 
 ander Means, D.D., a member of the board and a resident of Oxford, into our 
 confidence, initiated him into the Order, and secured his services in championing 
 our cause before the board. This grand old man made a gallant fight for us, and 
 had us indorsed by the board, over vigorous protests on the part of several of the 
 trustees.* We had a rally the night after we were given the privilege of becoming 
 a lawful adjunct of the college, and all the members pledged themselves to make a 
 record worthy of commendation, and while I was in college we kept that pledge. 
 
 Clinton R. Gaskill, June 9, 187 1, initiated B. E. Anderson, '72; 
 G. B. Battle, '72; T. JE. Means, '72; W. R. Foote, '73; G. J. 
 Martin, '73; A. F. Barnett, '74. The initiation was performed in 
 a deserted log cabin between the village of Oxford and the Coving- 
 ton railroad station. Georgia Alpha, June 15, granted these six a 
 
 * Dr. Means was afterward the author of "A Cluster of Poems for the Home and the Hearth," 
 pubUshed, 1878, by E. J. Hale & Son, New York; cloth, pp. 216, 18 mo. It contains (p. 144): "Emory 
 College and Oxford Apostrophized : A peroration to an address delivered before the $ A © Society, 
 November 21, 1873," This book was the first one ever published which mentioned $ A ©, except 
 books issued by the Fraternity itself and college annuals. The address was delivered before the 
 Emory chapter. The peroration (a poem) was reprinted in T/te Scroll, November, 1878. 
 
 \ 
 
ANNALS, 1871-1872. ■ 307 
 
 charter for Georgia Gamma. At commencement in July the chap- 
 ter numbered twelve, and they came out wearing badges and colors. 
 The first meetings of the chapter were in the old preparatory 
 department building, the <E> T Literary Society hall and other avail- 
 able places, but during the fall of 187 1 a room in the second 
 story of one of the old dormitor}^ buildings was assigned by the 
 facult}^ to the Society. For many years the facult}^ furnished the 
 Society without charge, a room in some one of the college build- 
 ings. 
 
 Georgia Delta was established at Mercer University, Macon, Ga., 
 1871-72. R. S. Saulsbury, a member of the Emory chapter, left 
 Oxford, October 25, 187 1, to visit his home at Macon and to 
 attend the Georgia state fair there. Another object he had was to 
 organize $ A at Mercer. He knew W. M. Jackson, formerly a 
 student at Emory, but then at Mercer. The result of his trip was 
 that Enoch Calloway, '73; W. M. Jackson, '73; A. A. Marshall, 
 '74, and O. M. Wilburn, '74, applied for a charter. Georgia 
 Alpha, January 2, 1872, granted them a charter to establish Geor- 
 gia Delta. Marshall wrote to C. B. Gaskill, at Oglethorpe, Feb- 
 ruary 29, 1872: Since writing to you last the Delta has increased. 
 The name of our new member is J. C. Hinton, of Macon. We 
 have no hall but it will not be long before we have a proper place 
 of meeting; all the secret societies seem to be in trouble as to halls." 
 The membership then was six, in June it was still six, in November 
 there were eleven active members. Later, Jackson affiliated with 
 the chapter at Athens. The older fraternities at Mercer were X $ 
 and S A E, both then southern orders.* 
 
 Before a charter was granted for Georgia Delta the Fraternity 
 had been established in a Western State where it had before been 
 unknown. In the spring of 187 1 some of the students of Iowa 
 Wesleyan University, Mount Pleasant, felt the need of some associa- 
 tion to counteract B 11, which was endeavoring to control every 
 organization in the institution. Two of these students, J. T. 
 McFarland and F. M. Miller, decided to make an effort to 
 establish a chapter of another fraternity. They went to 
 Monmouth, 111., for the express purpose of deciding upon a fra- 
 ternity. After careful observation of the various chapters in the 
 
 * C. B. Gaskill is justly proud of being "the pioneer Phi in Georgia." He was a verj- zealous 
 member, and besides establishing $ A © in the "Empire State of the South," he carried on an 
 extensive correspondence with members in other States. His careful preservation of his fraternitj" 
 correspondence was a fortunate circumstance for the historian, who has been allowed to examine it, 
 and has derived therefrom much information about the Fraternity during the early '70's which was 
 not elsewhere obtainable. Following are quotations from letters written by him to W. B. Palmer: 
 
 June 19, 1877 : W. T. Moyers has the distinction of being the second man in Georgia to accept 
 the Bond of the $ A ©." 
 
 March 3, 1885 : "In your reference to the University of Georgia chapter, it is due to say that 
 G. M. Beckwith hit the first licks there, in 1871. He never knew how to make a mistake. Prudent, 
 wise and gallant, he led his men in their beginning. W. R. Foote deser\'es ten thousand thanks for 
 his loyalty to the chapter at Emory. He was just the kind of a Phi for starting a chapter. At 
 Mercer we found A. A. Marshall. A truer Phi the world never saw. He went into the work with 
 his whole soul." 
 
 March 18, 1889: "The Oglethorpe chapter was organized where stands the new capitol of 
 Georgia. My brother Clinton in person organized the chapter at Oxford, in a small house near the 
 jailroad station ; as I saw the old house, it had neither doors nor window-shutters." 
 
 The National Convention of 1891 met in this capitol. 
 
3o8 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 college there, they decided upon $ A ©, and they were initiated 
 by the Monmouth chapter. Returning to Mount Pleasant, they 
 selected other students, with whom they applied for a charter. 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha for June 5, 187 1, say the "Secretary 
 was instructed to procure parchment for the charter of Iowa 
 Alpha." The charter, dated September 27, 187 1, constituted the 
 following persons and their successors the Iowa Alpha: F. M. Mil- 
 ler, '71; W. H. Hopkirk, '72; H. J. Lauder, '72; J. T. McFarland, 
 '72; S. W. Siberts, '72; E. A. Gibbs, '73; C. F. Knowlton, '73; 
 J. W. Lauder, '73; W. M. McFarland, '73; F. E. Kauffman, '75. 
 
 H. J. Bigger, at Monmouth, wrote to C. B. Gaskill, at 
 Oglethorpe, November 11, 187 1: The Illinois Beta sends greet- 
 ings to the Georgia Alpha and reports prosperity. We number 
 ten members, which we think doing remarkably well, considering 
 the fact that we have three other fraternities with which to content 
 in college. The Illinois Gamma at Knox is not in as prosper- 
 ing a condition as could be desired; some of the members of last 
 year did not return this session, and, in consequence, left it rather 
 weak as regards numbers, but strong in hope and energ}^ The 
 Iowa Alpha numbers fourteen or fifteen members and is flourishing 
 finely. We were greatly pleased to hear from you of the prosper- 
 ity of the Georgia Beta and Gamma." 
 
 C. F. Knowlton, at Iowa Wesleyan, wrote to C. B. Gaskill, 
 November 15, 1871: "We have lived in $ A © bonds only about 
 six months. Our chapter is strong, numbering: seniors, seven; 
 juniors, six; sophomores, two; freshmen, one; preparatory, two; 
 alumni, four. The first and second honors of the senior class 
 belong to $ A ©. A few weeks ago we were visited by two dele- 
 gates of the Illinois Alpha. We had a never-to-be-forgotten 
 banquet." The Chicago chapter having died, probably the Mon- 
 mouth chapter claimed to be the Illinois Alpha, hence the two 
 delegates above referred to were probably members from Monmouth, 
 which is but a short distance from Iowa Wesleyan. 
 
 The Roanoke chapter, during the spring of 187 1, had some inter- 
 nal dissentions, and in the fall of that year only three Phis returned 
 to college — D. B. Floyd, M. M. Hargrove and William Miller. 
 Floyd wrote to C. B. Gaskill, February 23, 1872: ' We have worked 
 manfully, and I think will have no more trouble. The Virginia 
 Alpha now has eleven members, and the}'- are as thorough-going 
 Phis as you ever saw. We now stand as strong intellectually, 
 morall}^ and with as much popularit}^ as any other fraternit}'^ in 
 college." 
 
 Indiana Alpha had twelve members, October, 187 1, but serious 
 internal dissentions arose in the chapter. Harvey Lee, Miami, '70, 
 then attending the law school at Indianapolis, was sent by the 
 Grand Alpha to Bloomington to try to settle the trouble, but was 
 unable to do so. The chapter was reduced to four members. 
 November 20, Beverly Gregory wrote to C. B. Gaskill: The names 
 
ANNALS, 1871-1872. 309 
 
 of those who are still Phis are E. A. Hamilton, D. A. Chenoweth, 
 H. G. Bradford and Beverh^ Gregor}-. We are now going to work 
 secretly, until we get a lot of good men, and then we will again 
 swing our badges." January 27, 1872, he wrote that the member- 
 ship was six, and the minutes show the initiation of four more mem- 
 bers during the spring. The chapter, however, did not consider 
 that it was prepared to entertain the Convention, so the Executive 
 Committee changed the meeting place from Bloomington to Danville, 
 
 Franklin College suspended Januar}^ 1872, and Indiana Delta 
 again suffered the fate of its college. The books of the chapter 
 were deposited with J. M. Daniel, '72. 
 
 C. T. Jamieson, at Hanover, wrote to C. B. Gaskill, December 
 7, 187 1 : ' As to the chapter in New York, Brother T. C. Potter 
 has simply been laying the foundation for one at Cornell. It will 
 probably be started next January or February. It will be a great 
 honor to us. We have a new chapter at Wooster, Ohio. The men 
 necessary have been initiated, but the charter has not been pro- 
 cured. Brother R. H. McClelland is the founder. He has taken 
 in the next to the best senior and expects to get the best. It will 
 be in running order by the first of next term. The chapter at Ann 
 Arbor is not full}" under way 3"et. Bro. A. D. Baldwin, late of the 
 Ohio Alpha, is there." 
 
 Nothing resulted from the attempt to reorganize Michigan 
 Alpha at Ann Arbor, but chapters were established at the Univer- 
 sity of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, and Cornell University, Ithaca, 
 N. Y. R. H. McClelland, of the Hanover chapter, entered 
 Wooster in the fall of 187 1, and set to work immediatel}^ to establish 
 a chapter there. Ohio Alpha, February 24, 1872, granted a char- 
 ter for Ohio Delta to P. S. Allen, '74; R. H. McClelland, '74; E. 
 M. Wilson, '74, and A. Z. McGogney, '75. By the end of the next 
 collegiate year, 1872-73, the chapter had enrolled twenty-one 
 members. During that 3^ear C. T. Jamieson, of the Hanover 
 chapter, affiliated with the Wooster chapter and became one of its 
 strongest workers. <l» K ^ had been established at Wooster June 
 15, 187 1 ; B n was established there May 18, 1872. 
 
 $ A made a great forward stride in establishing a chapter at 
 Cornell. Before 1872 the Fraternity had been confined to the 
 West and South. The chapter at Cornell was the first $ A © 
 chapter east of Ohio and north of Virginia. Its eastern location, 
 and the fact that Cornell was much larger than any other univer- 
 sity in which $ A had a chapter, made this move a very import- 
 ant event in the Fraternit3^'s history. S. W. Carpenter before going 
 to Cornell was pledged to ^ A by T. C. Potter, of the Hanover 
 chapter, who was his intimate friend. Carpenter persuaded N. W. 
 Cady and C. E. Washburn to unite with him in an application 
 for a charter. Ohio Alpha, February 29, 1872, granted a charter 
 for New York Alpha to N. W. Cady, '74; S. W. Carpenter, '75, 
 and C. E. Washburne, '76. At a meeting held April 5, the Bond and 
 
3IO THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Constitution, which had been copied in a book, were signed, officers 
 were elected, by-laws adopted; and the chapter decided that it could 
 not send a delegate to the Convention, but voted that the assess- 
 ment of $1.50 per capita for convention expenses be collected and 
 forwarded to Kentucky Alpha. The chapter was small in number 
 and weak in finances that year, hence thought best not to appear 
 in the Cornellian, the inter-fraternity annual, published 1872. 
 Cady wrote to C. B. Gaskill, May 18, 1872: "We have appeared 
 with our pins, and they have made quite an impression." 
 
 W, O. Bates, of Indiana Gamma, affiliated with New York 
 Alpha in the fall of 1872, and he was a most valuable addition. 
 Cady wrote to Gaskill, December 2, 1872: Our present number 
 is eight, with a prospect of three more before the term closes. 
 We have engaged a hall and are having it fitted up. The com" 
 mittee to secure a hall did a great deal of work, for halls are scarce 
 in this town. However, we have secured one of good size, 24x20, 
 with four windows, in the third story of a new building." Cady 
 wrote to E. M. Wilson, February 3, 1873: "it is something like 
 pulling eyeteeth to establish chapters in these eastern colleges. 
 The older societies have the start, and have taken about all the good 
 men. We have euchred' them in several instances and swung' 
 some good men. At present we number nine: six sophomores, 
 two freshmen and one junior — the undersigned." Cady wrote to 
 Gaskill, March 3, 1873, that New York Alpha had eleven mem- 
 bers — one senior, two juniors, six sophomores, two freshmen. Cady 
 wrote to Wilson, April 20, 1873: At present we number only 
 eleven, but we have every prospect for the addition of at least two 
 and maybe three more before the end of the term. Our chapter 
 has some of the finest intellects in the university, men who stand 
 at the head in all their classes, and men who have never been 
 'conditioned'. We are not gifted with a superfluity of cash, and 
 don't wear such fine clothes as many here, but still we keep up as 
 good an appearance as any one here." Cady was the ^ A @ 
 editor of the Cornellian^ issued in the spring of 1873, in which 
 appeared the names of the eleven members, facing the coat-of-arms. 
 The older fraternities at Cornell were Z ^, X <l>, K A, A A ^, 
 $ K ^, X^, AY, A K E, A X, but X ^ had been suppressed 
 by the faculty. During 1872-73, these fraternities had about 135 
 members out of 500 students. 
 
 The number of chapters organized through the efforts of mem- 
 bers of the Hanover chapter about this time is remarkable. Edwin 
 Walker was instrumental in the establishment of the Missouri chap- 
 ter. H. J. Bigger organized the Monmouth chapter, which, within 
 a few months, led to the organization of chapters at Knox and Iowa 
 Wesleyan. R. H. McClelland was the organizer at Wooster, and 
 T. C. Potter pledged a charter member of New York Alpha. 
 
 D. B. Floyd, at Roanoke, wrote to C. B. Gaskill, at Oglethorpe, 
 February 5, 1872: "We endeavored to plant a chapter in the Uni- 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1872. 311 
 
 versity of West Virginia, where one of our men is in attendance 
 but the laws of the institution forbid secret societies in connection 
 with it." H. R. Buckingham, at Miami, wrote to Gaskill, Febru- 
 ary 18, 1872: * We can attend to the West, but must depend on 
 you for furtherance of our Order in the South. Be particular in 
 your selections, and make your standard that of quality rather than 
 quantity, both in your choice of colleges for chapters and your 
 choice of men for Phis. We are in fine condition here, our chap- 
 ter having some eighteen men, and we still maintain the reputation 
 of being the hardest workers in college." The minutes of Ohio 
 Alpha for April 20, 1872, say: 'A letter from Oxford, Ga., read, 
 requesting permission to establish a chapter at Auburn, Ala. 
 Rankin appointed to make proper investigations." There is no 
 other record of an attempt to establish a chapter at Auburn until 
 
 1878-79. 
 
 A. B. Thrasher, at Northwestern Christian, wrote to C. B. Gas- 
 kill, October 16, 187 1: 'There has lately been an alumni chapter 
 started in the city (Indianapolis) by the resident Phis, most of 
 them lawyers." Among the organizers of this alumni chapter were 
 H. C. Guffin, '63, and A. C. Ayres, '68, both of Indiana Gamma. 
 Among those who supported it were Benjamin Harrison, Ohio 
 Alpha, '52, and C. P. Jacobs, Chicago, '57. Thrasher wrote to 
 Gaskill, January 22, 1872: The resident members in the city have 
 started an alumni chapter and have about forty members, among 
 whom are several judges, prominent lawvers, physicians, etc." 
 The National Convention, May, 1872, decided that alumni chap- 
 ters were impracticable, and this, the first one organized by Phis, 
 then became inactive. 
 
 W. O. Bates, at Northwestern Christian, wrote to D. S. White, 
 at Centre, March 10, 1872: 'How do you like the pins manufac- 
 tured here? Our boys here are well satisfied with them. Some of 
 the boys here and elsewhere have been talking of shirt-studs, 
 consisting of three small shields, with $ on one, A on another, and 
 © on the third, the letters to be carved deep and perhaps black 
 enameled. I spoke to our jeweler about it, and he said he could 
 get them up in heavy gold for from $5 to $6, after he was ready for 
 it, but he did not want to do it unless he could have some assur- 
 ance that he would continue to receive the patronage of the Frater- 
 nity. What do you think about it? The Convention, if it sees 
 proper, will have power to change the pattern." 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1872. 
 
 Indiana Alpha not being prepared to entertain the Convention at 
 Bloomington, 1872, the Executive Committee changed the meeting 
 place to Danville, Ky. The National Convention held sessions 
 Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, May 8, 9, and 10, 1872, in the 
 lecture room of the Danville Theological Seminar}^, Danville, Ky. 
 
312 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 James Robinson was temporary Chairman, H. G, Bradford tem- 
 porary Secretary. 
 
 Delegates present: Miami — J. A. Rankin, '72. htdiana — H. G. Bradford, 
 '73. Centre — A. W. Ringland, '72. Wabash — ^James Robinson, '72. Indianap- 
 olis — S. J. Tomlinson, '75. Franklin — F. M. Griffith, '74, Hanovei — N. B. P. 
 McKee, '72. Indiana Asbury — C. O, Perry, '69. Ohio — P. S. Goodwin, '72. 
 Terre Haute — B. V. Marshall, '72. Kjiox — J. D. M. Hamilton, '73. Oglethorpe — 
 C. B. Gaskill, '72. 
 
 The active chapters without delegates were those at O. W. U., 
 Roanoke, Missouri, Monmouth, Georgia, Emory, Iowa Wesleyan, 
 Mercer, Wooster, Cornell. 
 
 Other members present: Centre — A. M. Burbank, '57; J. D. Goodloe, '63; 
 Logan McKee, '68; W. M. Duncan, '70; W. O. Rodes, '72; D. S. White, '72; 
 G. C. Cohen, '74; C. R. Anderson, '75; J. C. Finnell, '75; E. B. Pugh, '75: J. B. 
 Reed, '75; L. M. Rue, '75; G. D. White, '75; S. B. Alderson, '76. Indianapolis — 
 W. C. Tingley, '73. Franklin — T. J. Morgan, '61. Hanover — S. S. Bergen, '70. 
 
 Convention officers: President, C. O. Perry; Vice-Presidents — James Robin- 
 son, W. M. Duncan; Secretary, H. G. Bradford; Assistant Secretary, P. S. Good- 
 win; Marshal, A. W. Ringland. 
 
 On motion of N. B. P. McKee, each chapter was directed to 
 insert in its by-laws a rule providing for the equal distribution of 
 the labor involved in inter-chapter correspondence. 
 
 On motion of James Robinson, the Convention decided that 
 no unjust means be employed for securing honors to members of 
 the $ A ® Fraternity. " 
 
 L. F. Keifer & Son, Indianapolis, were authorized to manufac- 
 ture <E> A © buttons for shirt bosom and cuffs. 
 
 On motion of C. B. Gaskill, a committee was appointed to take 
 into consideration some appropriate badge of mourning. Com- 
 mittee, composed of C. B. Gaskill, S. J. Tomlinson and W. S. 
 Tingley, made the following report, which was adopted: 
 
 Resolved, That we adopt a badge of mourning, consisting of black and white 
 crape, entwined and fastened under the badge, to be worn for thirty days after the 
 death of a member, and that the chapter in which the death occurs be requested to 
 notify all other chapters. 
 
 The President appointed W. M. Duncan, T. J. Morgan and A. M. 
 Burbank a committee to report a programme for the Fraternity's 
 Quarto-Centennial Celebration. The following report was adopted: 
 
 Your committee on Quarto-Centennial Celebration would respectfully tender the 
 following report. They deem it advisable: (i) That special efforts be made to 
 secure the attendance of as many members as possible, and that special committees 
 be appointed for that purpose. (2) That an oration be delivered by some member 
 of the Fraternity. (3) That a poem be written and read by some member of the 
 Fraternity. (4) That some member be selected to read obituaries of members who 
 have died. (5) That several songs be composed and sung on the occasion, and that 
 a committee be appointed to select the composers and to use its discretion as to 
 the number and character of songs. (6) That a banquet be given for the members 
 there and then assembled. (7) That the proceedings of such Convention be pub- 
 lished in a convenient form for the benefit of the Fraternity. 
 
 Ordered that the Quarto-Centennial Convention be held at Athens, 
 Ohio, May 14-16, 1873. 
 
 On motion of James Robinson the charter of the chapter at 
 Indiana State Normal School was withdrawn, May 9. T. J. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1872. 313 
 
 Morgan, S. S. Bergen and N. B. P. McKee, composing a com- 
 mittee on the establishment of chapters, presented the following 
 resolution, which was adopted: 
 
 Resolved, That we have heard with great pleasure of the large number of chap- 
 ters that have been established during the year past, that we regard the present as 
 an auspicious time for the extension of our Order in the colleges of the South and 
 West especially, and also in the East; and, while we strongly deprecate the 
 establishment of chapters in any but first-class institutions, yet we urge upon all 
 members of the Order to use all proper efforts to establish chapters in all colleges 
 and universities of good standing in the United States. 
 
 W. S. Tingle}^ Logan McKee and T. J. Morgan, composing a 
 committee on the establishment of alumni chapters, presented the 
 following report which was adopted: 
 
 The committee recommend that it is not advisable to grant charters to alumni 
 chapters for several reasons: (i) After members leave college, they are scattered 
 over so wide a range of country as to make it nearly impossible for them to keep 
 up a permanent organization. (2) That, if a sufficient number of them were found 
 in any city or town, they would not be willing or able to meet regularly, owing to 
 business engagements. (3) That it would, to some extent, require a revision of the 
 Constitution as it now stands. 
 
 On motion of W. S. Tingley, the President appointed a com- 
 mittee to nominate the Executive committee; nominations of S. P. 
 Goodwin, C. A. Atkinson and W, H. Riple}^ were confirmed. The 
 Convention of 1868 had made it the duty of the Executive Com- 
 mittee to assess the chapters, according to membership, for the 
 purpose of defra3ang the ordinary expenses of each Convention 
 (not including traveling or other expenses of delegates). At the 
 Convention of 1872, W. S. Tingley offered the following resolution: 
 
 Resolved, That a standing financial committee of five be appointed, whose duty 
 it shall be to look after the financial interests of the Order, to solicit subscriptions 
 from the alumni for a permanent fund, to fix and collect from the various chapters 
 their annual assessments, necessary to defray the usual convention expenses; further- 
 more, that it shall be the duty of the Treasurer to keep a correct account of all 
 receipts and expenditures, and report the same to the Convention. 
 
 Adopted, and C. O. Perry, Logan McKee, J. A. Rankin, C. B. 
 Gaskill and T. J. Morgan appointed. 
 
 An invitation to visit Centre College was received, and the Con- 
 vention in a body visited the institution Thursday morning. Thurs- 
 day evening the orator of the Convention, General T, J. Morgan, 
 Franklin, '61, spoke in the Second Presb3'terian Church. The 
 report in the Danville Kentucky Advocate said that a "large and 
 brilliant audience" was present, and that the church choir rendered 
 music with special reference to the occasion." Later the same 
 evening the convention banquet was held at James Hall, a number 
 of ladies attending. C. O. Perry, Indiana Asbur}^ '69, was toast- 
 master. The toasts: "The ^ A Fraternity," response by J. A. 
 Rankin, Miami, '7 2 ; ' 'Blue-grass Ladies, " James Robinson, Wabash, 
 •'72; "Kentucky Hospitality," W. S. Tingley, Indianapolis, '73; 
 "The Law," J. D. Goodloe^ Centre, '63; "The Orator," General 
 T. J. Morgan, Franklin, '61; "The President," C. O. Perry, Indiana 
 Asbur}^, '69. 
 
314 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The proceedings of this Convention were never printed. C. B. 
 Gaskill wrote to W. B. Palmer, June 12, 1885: "The success of 
 the Convention of 1872 could not be referred to without speaking 
 of the most valuable services of Brother S. S. Bergen. He was an 
 alumnus, and as whole-souled a Phi as one could wish to meet. He 
 must have been at that time nearly forty years of age. We all took 
 to him greatly. The delegates to this Convention were entertained 
 by the citizens of Danville, and no board was charged. I shall 
 always remember my Danville trip with great pleasure." 
 
 THE CATALOGUE— THIRD EDITION, 1872. 
 
 The Convention of 187 1 appointed Ohio Alpha to publish a new 
 edition of the catalogue. J. H. Gilmore, of Ohio Alpha, wrote to 
 a member of Kentucky Alpha, October 7, 187 1: We are getting 
 along first rate; appointed the committee on catalogue at our last 
 meeting, and hope to have it out on time this year, and more com- 
 plete than last year." This committee was composed of W. M. 
 Fisher, J. A. Rankin and J. H. Gilmore. February 24, 1872, 
 Gilmore was excused from the committee, and H. R. Buckingham 
 appointed in his stead. The catalogue, sent to press about April i, 
 was finished probably in July, but copies were not distributed until 
 October. 
 
 The title page: "Catalogue | of the I PHI DELTA THETA 
 FRATERNITY. | Sub Rosa. \ 1872. I Cincinnati: | Wrightson 
 & Co., Printers, 167 Walnut Street." The cover is glazed paper 
 of various colors, printed in gilt. On the first page of the cover 
 appears the same printing as on the title page (with 1872" 
 repeated at the bottom), within an ornamental border. The last 
 page of the cover bears the coat-of-arms. 
 
 The pamphlet contains 99 pages, 5^ by 9 inches; type area, 
 3^ by 6^. On the reverse of the title page is a list of "Abbre- 
 viations" used in the catalogue. On pages 3 and 4 are Intro- 
 ductory" remarks, signed by Fisher, Rankin, and Buckingham. 
 On pages 5 and 6 is a list of "Chapters of the Phi Delta Theta 
 Fraternity," which gives the name of the institution in which each 
 chapter is established and the year of establishment. The chapter 
 lists begin on page 7- The attendant members of each chapter 
 are in alphabetical order, and the correspondent members in 
 alphabetical order immediately follow. The name of a member, 
 the year of his initiation (lacking in 57 cases), his residence 
 (lacking in 43 cases), and an abbreviation of his occupation 
 (lacking in 121 cases) appear on one line. Initials only are 
 shown for given names, but occasionally the first given name 
 appears. No degrees are mentioned except C.E., M.D., and D.D. 
 No Greek letters or secret signs are used. Asterisks indicate de- 
 ceased members. The order of chapter lists and the membership 
 are as follows: 
 
 ■ 
 
Kentucky Alpha. 
 
 
 ATTENDANT 
 
 MEMBERS. 
 
 
 Anderst)D, K. C, 
 
 1871 
 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Stu. A. 
 
 Barnet, J^ 
 
 1871 
 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 (C 
 
 Cohen, G. C. 
 
 1870 
 
 Danube, Ky. 
 
 <«^ 
 
 Hate, W. W. 
 
 1870 
 
 Ft. Madison, Iowa. 
 
 (C 
 
 Hamilton, J. M. 
 
 1870 
 
 Ft. Madison, Iowa. 
 
 u 
 
 Howard, W, 
 
 ft 
 
 1870 
 
 Batavia, 0. 
 
 u 
 
 Reed, J. 
 
 1871 
 
 Danville, Ky. 
 
 cc 
 
 Roder, W. 0. 
 
 1869 
 
 Bowling Green, Ky. 
 
 u 
 
 Ringland, A. W. 
 
 1870 
 
 Winfield, Iowa. 
 
 iC 
 
 Bue, L. M. 
 
 1871 
 
 Harrodsburg, Ky. 
 
 u 
 
 
 CORRESPONDENT MEMBERS, 
 
 
 Anderson, W. Gr. 
 
 1855 
 
 Louisville, Ky. 
 
 L. 
 
 Anderson, K J. 
 
 1858 
 
 Louisville, Ky, 
 
 Mt. 
 
 Baber, Geo. 
 
 1858 
 
 Louisville, Ry. 
 
 Ed. 
 
 Bent, W. 
 
 1871 
 
 Louisville, Ky, 
 
 
 Borley, H. P. 
 
 1853 
 
 Danville, Ky. 
 
 M. D. 
 
 Bruce, J. H, 
 
 1852 
 
 Lancaster, Ky. 
 
 F. 
 
 ^Bullit, Jas. B. 
 
 
 
 
 The Catalogue of 1872. 
 
 Facsimile of first page ot Centre chapter list (page 40 in the catalogue.) 
 Type, 6y& inches from top to bottom, including running head (omitted here). 
 
3i6 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Ohio Alpha, Miami University i8o 
 
 Ohio Beta, Ohio University - 39 
 
 Ohio Gamma, Ohio Wesleyan Universit}^ 12 
 
 Ohio Delta, University of Wooster 3 
 
 Indiana Alpha, Indiana University 92 
 
 Indiana Beta, Wabash College 92 
 
 Indiana Gamma, Northwestern Christian University 80 
 
 Indiana Delta, Franklin College 21 
 
 Indiana Epsilon, Hanover College 17 
 
 Indiana Zeta, Indiana Asbury University 26 
 
 Indiana Eta, Indiana State Normal School 16 
 
 Kentucky Alpha, Centre College 144 
 
 Illinois Alpha, University of Chicago 38 
 
 Illinois Beta, Monmouth College 19 
 
 Illinois Gamma, Knox College 20 
 
 Virginia Alpha, Roanoke College 20 
 
 Missouri Alpha, University of Missouri 25 
 
 Georgia Alpha, Oglethorpe University 13 
 
 Georgia Beta, University of Georgia .• ■- 17 
 
 Georgia Gamma, Emory College 17 
 
 Georgia Delta, Mercer University 4' 
 
 Iowa Alpha, Iowa Wesleyan University 24 
 
 New York Alpha, Cornell University .-. 4 
 
 Total 923 members. The number of names in Ohio Alpha's list 
 is really 185 (not 187 as in the ' Recapitulation")? but 5 of these 
 185 belong to the O. W. U. chapter. There is no indication of a 
 number of inactive chapters, but the 180 other names in Ohio 
 Alpha's list include 5 belonging to Wittenberg, 4 to Austin, 18 to 
 Wisconsin and 10 to Lawrence. Likewise, the inactive chapter at 
 K. M. I. is not mentioned, but 5 K. M. L men are included in the 
 144 in Kentucky Alpha's list. The names of members of three 
 other inactive chapters were entirely omitted. Had their lists been 
 included, the following number of members would have been added: 
 Georgetown, 5; Northwestern, 16; Michigan, 22. Counting all 
 chapters that had been chartered (except the second chapters at 
 Miami and Centre), there were 31 chapters, with 966 members. 
 
 The Ohio Universit}"- chapter, established 1868, was improperly 
 called Ohio Beta. The O. W. U. chapter, established i860 and 
 suspended 1861, was called Ohio Gamma when reorganized 187 1, 
 instead of being given its former title, Ohio Beta, while Ohio 
 Delta was the title given to the chapter at Wooster, 1872. The 
 chapters at Chicago, Monmouth and Knox should have been 
 called Illinois Beta, Illinois Gamma and Illinois Delta respectively. 
 
 A Recapitulation" begins on page 62. The first two pages 
 give a numerical summary by chapters. The next two pages con- 
 tain the names of the 52 deceased members, in alphabetical order, 
 surrounded by a black border. The remaining pages of the book 
 are occupied with an alphabetical index of the living members. 
 The cost of the catalogue for printing was $195; the total expense, 
 $209.20. An assessment to pay the cost was levied on chapters, 
 according to membership, and collected by Ohio Alpha. 
 
 ; 
 
ANXALS, 1872-1873. 
 
 317 
 
 ANNALS, 1872-1873. 
 
 The Executive Committee had been created b}' the Convention 
 of 1868, which resolved, that the President of the Convention 
 appoint an Executive Committee, composed of two members from 
 the chapter located at the place of holding the Convention, and 
 one member from each State in which the Order is represented." 
 In 1872 the Convention itself chose the following Executive Com- 
 mittee, upon nomination by a committee: S. P. Goodwin, Ohio, '72; 
 C. A. Atkinson, Ohio, '74; W. H. Ripley, Wabash, '73. The 
 President and Secretary of the Convention of 1872, C. O. Perry 
 
 Charles Oliver Perry, DePauw, 69. 
 
 President of the Executive Committee, 1872-74. See biographical sketch, The Scroll, June, 1897. 
 
 and H. G. Bradford respectively, served, ex-officio, as President 
 and Secretary of the Executive Committee, 1872-73. 
 
 The minutes of Ohio Alpha for Ma}^ 18, 1872, say: ' Delegate 
 Rankin made a partial report of the proceedings of the Conven- 
 tion. Secretar}^ instructed to lev}' a tax to cover his expenses, 
 
 which were Si 6. 85 Baldwin appointed to write to 
 
 Athens in regard to establishing a chapter at Marietta." It 
 appears that no means were found for entering Marietta College, 
 Marietta, Ohio, but an application was received from Denison Uni- 
 versity, Granville, Ohio. In Ohio Alpha, May 31, 1872: "A com- 
 mittee consisting of Baldwin, Fisher and O'Byrne were appointed to 
 take in hand the Granville application, " When Franklin College had 
 closed, Februar}', 1872, J. W. Moncrief, of Indiana Delta, went to 
 
3i8 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Denison. He organized there a party of eight students, with 
 the object of establishing a chapter of ^ A 0. In Ohio Alpha, June 
 7, 1872: Committee on Granville reported, and it was decided not 
 to grant a charter at present." The main reason of the rejection 
 of the application was the opposition of the authorities at Denison 
 to secret societies, '^ X had been established there, 1868, and 
 B © n, 1869, but both were obliged to run si/3 rosa until 1880. 
 
 Franklin College, after a suspension of a few months, 1872, was 
 reopened in September, with W. T. Stott, Indiana Delta, '61, as 
 President — the first college President who was a member of # A 0. 
 F. M. Griffith, G. H. Elgin and T. C. Donnell, of Indiana Delta, 
 returned. October 26, they met in the college chapel, reorganized 
 the chapter and initiated W. T, Sellers. The reorganization was 
 under the chapter's previous charter. The minutes for January 23, 
 1873, show that four ladies ' were elected honorary members of 
 the Delta chapter;" and February 11, another lady was elected "an 
 honorary member of this chapter." 
 
 H. R. Buckingham, at Miami, wrote to C. B. Gaskill, at 
 Oglethorpe, March 2, 1872: ' Our hall is a neat little room, 
 nicely papered and curtained, but not yet furnished, though we 
 are making some progress toward it. Here we gather every two 
 weeks." The minutes of Ohio Alpha for October 28, 1872, say: 
 ''Committee appointed to confer with A Y committee in regard to 
 reducing rent. Committee appointed to raise subscription for 
 repairing hall." 
 
 Ohio Alpha evidently expected to issue another edition of the 
 catalogue in 1873. Its minutes for January 27, 1873? sa}^: On 
 motion, the resignation of H. R. Buckingham as member of com- 
 mittee on catalogue received. On motion, Z. T. Jones elected in 
 his stead." February 10: 'On motion, the New York Alpha was 
 granted the use of the die of this chapter for a short time." This 
 ' die" was an electrotype of the coat-of-arms; it was used by New 
 York Alpha in printing the Cor7iellian, 1873. March 20, Nathan 
 Clingman was initiated, and, the same evening, was elected as the 
 representative of the <E> A Fraternity on the editorial corps of the 
 Mia7?ii Student. " 
 
 The chapters at Northwestern and Chicago being suspended, 
 the Grand Alpha, June 7, 1872, made the Monmouth chapter the 
 presiding chapter in Illinois. During the fall of 1872, there were 
 only four Phis at Indiana Asbury, and they became discouraged and 
 surrendered their charter. At the end of the fall term of 1872, 
 Oglethorpe University closed its doors. The last meeting of 
 Georgia Alpha was on October 23. The Grand Alpha, April 7, 
 1873, made Georgia Beta, at the University of Georgia, the presid- 
 ing chapter in Georgia, without, however, changing its title. 
 
 The delegate from Oglethorpe to the National Convention at 
 Danville, Ky., May, 1872, was C. B. Gaskill. A. B. Thrasher, 
 at Northwestern Christian, wrote to him June 2, 1872: "Your trip 
 
THE QUARTO-CENTENNIAL CONVENTION, 1873. 319 
 
 to the Convention was quite long and must have involved con- 
 siderable expense. Now I do not think it right for one chapter to 
 be compelled to pa}^ more for a representative in the Convention 
 than another. It seems to me that the whole Fraternity should be 
 taxed pel' capita for defraying the total expenses of the Conven- 
 tion, including the expenses of one delegate from each chapter. 
 This would divide the burden, so that it would not fall heavih' on 
 an}^ chapter, and then ever}' chapter in the Fraternit}- would be 
 certain to be represented, for if not it would, of course, forfeit the 
 mone}" due it for defra3'ing the expenses of its delegates." The 
 plan for equalizing convention expenses, including railroad fares of 
 delegates, was adopted by the Convention of 1873. 
 
 THE QUARTO-CENTENNIAL CONVENTION, 1873. 
 
 The Quarto-Centennial National Convention held sessions Wed- 
 nesday, Thursday and Frida}^ Ma}^ 14, 15 and 16, 1873, in the 
 Odd Fellows' hall, Athens, Ohio. The Convention was called to 
 order b}' the President, C. O. Perry. 
 
 Delegates present: Miavii — J. H. Gilmore, '73. Indiana — A. W. Fullerton, 
 '73. Wabash — C. D. Whitehead, '73. Indianapolis — R. S. Blount, '76. 
 O. W. U. — G. E. Campbell, '73. Franklin — G. M. Lambertson, '72. Hanover — 
 T. C. Potter, '74. Ohio—yi. J- Morgan, '73. Roanoke— Vi. B. Floyd, '72. 
 Monmouth — J. G. Lansing, '75. Georgia — C. M. Beckwith, '73. loiva Wes- 
 leyan — C, F. Knowlton, '73. Wooster — E. M. Wilson, '74. 
 
 The active chapters without delegates were those at Centre, 
 Missouri, Knox, Emor}^, Mercer, Cornell. 
 
 Other members present: — Miami — Ransford Smith, '55. Indiana — E. A. 
 Hamilton, '72; H. G. Bradford, '73; Beverly Gregor}', '74. Wabash — James 
 Robinson, '72; J. P. Roth, '75. Indianapolis — W. N. Pickerill, '60; J. E. Clif- 
 ford, '73; T. S. Graves, '74; A. M. Lyster, '76; W. S. Moffett, '76; J. R. Wood- 
 ward, '76; J. T. Burton, '77; L. H. Reynolds, '77; E. H. Warner, '77; D. H. 
 Patterson, '78; C. W, Grainger, '79. Hanover — J. L. Fletcher, '72. Indiana 
 Asbury — C. O. Perry, '69; Ephraim Marsh, '70. Ohio — V. C. Stiers, '72; H. G. 
 Armstrong, '74; C. T. Atkinson, '74; B. V. Dowd, '74; Emmett Tompkins, '74; 
 F. S. Coultrap, '75; E. C. de Steiger, '75; Alexander Lackev, '75; C. S. Welsh, 
 '75; M. F. Parrish, '76; P. D. Rathbone, '76; H. W. Stiers, '76; F. M. Sheperd, 
 '77; F. W. Lewis, '79. Wooster — ^J. G. Connell, '74. 
 
 Convention officers: — President, C. O. Perry; First Vice-President, C. F. 
 Knowlton; Second Vice -President, W. N. Pickerill; Secretary, H. G. Bradford; 
 First Assistant Secretary, C. ]M. Beckwith; Second Assistant Secretary, Emmett 
 Tompkins; Marshal, M. J. Morgan. 
 
 C. O. Perry, chairman of the financial committee, appointed 
 1872, reported that $547 had been subscribed to the permanent 
 fund, of which $355 had been paid, of which $225 was loaned at 
 10 per cent, interest. 
 
 A financial committee, composed of C. D. Whitehead, J. G. 
 Lansing and Ephraim Marsh, was appointed, and, on its recom- 
 mendation, the Constitution was so amended that a Grand Banker 
 was added as one of the officers of the Fraternity. A resolution 
 presented by this committee and adopted by the Convention pro- 
 
320 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 vided that the Grand Banker should be elected by the National 
 Convention for two years, and that — 
 
 It shall be the duty of the Grand Banker to take charge of all the funds of the 
 Fraternity, both the general fund and the permanent fund; to make estimates of 
 expenses; to lay assessments upon the different chapters for general expenses; to 
 collect the same, and pa}' out monies upon the order of the Convention, signed by 
 the President and Secretary. He shall manage the permanent fund in such a 
 manner as will, in his judgment, produce the largest possible income consistent 
 with safety; he shall pass to the credit of the general fund all the earnings of the 
 permanent fund, and at no time, and under no circumstances, shall he use it, or 
 an}' part of it, more than the earnings of the same, in payment of claims against, 
 or of expenses incurred by, the Fraternity. He shall execute a satisfactory bond 
 to the Society for the faithful performance of his duties and the proper disburse- 
 ment of the Society's funds. 
 
 C. O. Perry was elected Grand Banker. On motion of C. F. 
 Knowlton ( but as proposed by C. O. Perry, who was in the 
 chair), 
 
 Resolved, That the Grand Banker be instructed to make a per capita assessment 
 upon the attendant members, to pay the expenses of the next Convention, includ- 
 ing railroad fare for one delegate from each chapter; that he shall collect the same 
 at his earliest convenience, and furnish to each chapter, upon payment of said 
 assessment, a certificate which shall entitle its delegate to draw the amount of his 
 railroad fare from the general fund; and no chapter shall be entitled to a vote in 
 the Convention which has not paid its assessment. 
 
 On motion of D. B. Floyd, a committee was appointed to devise 
 some means of publishing a $ A © paper. Committee, composed 
 of V. C. Stiers, W. N. Pickerill and D. B. Floyd, reported in 
 favor of the appointment of a publication committee of three, 
 including at least one practical newspaper man, who should arrange 
 with some publishing house to publish a monthly organ" of the 
 Fraternity, the support of such periodical to be derived solely from 
 subscriptions, advertisements and donations, and who should 
 select editors, to serve until the next annual Convention, when the 
 Convention should elect their successors. Adopted, and W. N. 
 Pickerill, Indiana Gamma, R. S. Blount, Indiana Gamma, and H. 
 W. Jones, Indiana Beta, appointed. 
 
 On motion of T. C. Potter, a committee on music was appointed; 
 committee composed of T. C. Potter, J. H. Gilmore and E. M. 
 Wilson, offered the following resolutions, which were adopted: 
 
 Resolved, (i) That Brothers C. P. Jacobs, of Indianapolis, Ind., P. W. Search of 
 Wooster, Ohio, W. A. Caldwell, of Hanover, Ind., and A. M. Shuey, of Minneapo- 
 lis, Minn., be appointed your committee on music, and that each be requested to 
 write a song or ballad for the Fraternity; and that each chapter containing one or 
 more poets shall specially request them to write ballads and send them to the chair- 
 man, Colonel C. P. Jacobs, for selection. (2) That the chairman be delegated to 
 publish such of the same as he may deem proper in the Fraternity monthly. 
 (3) That the chairman shall select those ballads meeting, in his judgment, the 
 requirements of the Fraternity, and present them at the Convention of 1874 for 
 approval and publication. 
 
 W. N. Pickerill moved that a committee be appointed to look up 
 lost archives; carried, and C. T. Jamieson, of Wooster, and F. C. 
 Harvey, of Miami, appointed. On motion of E. M. Wilson, a 
 committee was appointed to devise some method for using Greek 
 
 I 
 
THE QUARTO-CENTENNIAL CONVENTION, 1873. 321 
 
 letters after the names of members in the catalogue; committee, 
 E. M. Wilson, chairman, presented a report which was adopted. 
 
 On motion of T. C. Potter, a committee was appointed to revise 
 the initiation ceremony; committee, composed of G. M. Lambert- 
 son and Ephraim Marsh, submitted a report which was adopted. 
 
 On motion of G. E. Campbell, each chapter was permitted to have 
 badges manufactured wherever it might desire, the shield to weigh 
 not less than two pennyweights, the shield, sword and chain not 
 less than three pennyweights. 
 
 On motion of Emmett Tompkins, a committee was appointed to 
 devise an emblematic design for use as a chapter hall ornament. 
 The committee, Emmett Tompkins chairman, submitted the fol- 
 lowing report, which was adopted: Deeming it highly essential, 
 and in keeping with the dignity of this Society, that each chapter 
 
 Phi Delta Theta Shield and Emblems. 
 
 Adopted by the Convention of 1873 for a chapter hall ornament. 
 
 provide itself with an appropriate emblematic design, to be hung 
 in its hall, and that all chapters may be uniform in this respect, 
 we propose the following design: The back-ground shall be black 
 velvet, and shall be made the shape of our shield. In the middle 
 of the shield there shall be a silvered anchor, bearing the letters 
 '$A©. ' Beneath the anchor, the Greek numeral indicating the 
 number of the chapter, as 'A, ' 'B, ' etc. , shall be placed, and on either 
 side of it a star." The meanings of the emblems are explained 
 in the report. 
 
 Ordered that the next Convention be held at Crawfordsville, 
 Ind., May 20-22, 1874. 
 
 Thursday morning the Convention' visited Ohio University. 
 Thursday evening public literary exercises were held in the hall of 
 the Athenaeum Literary Society, which the audience filled. Vice- 
 
^ 
 
 322 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 President Pickerill presided. Prayer was offered by Dr. W. H. 
 Scott, President of Ohio University. An orchestra furnished 
 music. The orator of the occasion was Hon. Ransford Smith, 
 Ohio Alpha, '55. His subject was, "The Origin of Law: Its 
 growth and development historically considered." An historical 
 sketch of # A © was read by C. O. Perry. The literary exercises 
 concluded, the delegates and their invited guests, including ladies, 
 repaired to the Warren House, where a banquet was provided for 
 one hundred. The toasts: Our Order," response by C. M. 
 Beckwith, Georgia, '73; "Our Distinguished Guests," Emmett 
 Tompkins, Ohio, '74; "The Ladies," G. M. Lambertson, Frank- 
 lin, '72; "American Colleges," C. D. Whitehead, Wabash, '73; 
 "The Press," W. N. Pickerill, Indianapolis, ^60; "Our Orator," 
 Hon. Ransford Smith, Miami, '55; "Ohio Beta," G. E. Campbell, 
 O. W. U., '73. After the banquet the parlors of the Warren House 
 were opened, and several hours were spent in social intercourse, 
 interspersed with vocal and instrumental music. 
 
 The convention proceedings were issued in pamphlet form, and 
 were the first <I> A convention proceedings printed. The pamph- 
 let has twenty-six pages, four of which contain advertisements. 
 The cost of printing 800 copies was $^2, of which the advertisers, 
 secured by C. O. Perry, paid $50. 
 
 ANNALS, 1873-1874. 
 
 C. O. Perry, President of the National Convention, 1873, 
 appointed the following Executive Committee: J. P. Roth, Indian- 
 apolis, '75; C. F. Knowlton, Iowa Wesleyan, '73; M. J. Morgan, 
 Ohio, '73. C. O. Perry, Indiana Asbury, '69, served, ex officio, 
 as President of the Executive Committee during 1873-74; while the 
 Secretary of the Convention, H. G. Bradford, served, ex officio, as 
 Secretary of the Executive Committee. Perry served also as Grand 
 Banker of the Executive Committee. 
 
 Among the early members of the young chapter at Wooster were 
 several who took a leading part in fraternity work. An affiliate 
 from Hanover, C. T. Jamieson, as chairman of the committee on 
 lost archives appointed by the Conventions of 1873 ^^^ 1874, did 
 an invaluable service in hunting up the records of suspended chap- 
 ters and in straightening out chapter nomenclature. He wrote to 
 W. F. Vilas, Wisconsin Alpha, '58, at Madison, Wis., about re-estab- 
 lishing Wisconsin Alpha, but was discouraged by a reply from him, 
 June 3, 1873, saying: "l think very little can be done here; such 
 organizations never found favor in the university." A. Z. McGog- 
 ney, a charter member of the Wooster chapter, assisted in the estab- 
 lishment of the chapter at Allegheny College, 1879, ^s will be seen 
 further on. E. M. Wilson, another charter member at Wooster, 
 devoted himself to extension work with marked success. He wrote 
 to A. M. Shuey, Ohio Alpha, '66, at Minneapolis, in regard to 
 
ANNALS, 1873- 1874. 323 
 
 establishing a chapter at the University of Minnesota. Shuey 
 replied March 17, 1873, that the institution was yet "in embryo," 
 that the faculty will not allow such secret societies" but, as soon 
 as "the proper time" for establishing a chapter should arrive, "you 
 may be assured that I will attend to it." 
 
 Another institution in which Wilson desired a chapter was La- 
 fayette College, Easton, Pa. He wrote to J. C. Irwin, of the fresh- 
 man class, and received the following reply, dated Indiana, Pa., 
 March 29, 1873: I would gladly join with you in the establishment 
 of your Fraternity at Lafayette, but as I am at home now during 
 vacation, I shall be unable to see to it until I return to college, at 
 which time I will see what I can do and let you know." Having 
 returned to Easton, he wrote to Wilson, April 19, that he had found 
 only one man willing to join him. Later on, Asa Leard and T. W. 
 Leard, both '76, united with him in an application for a charter to 
 establish Pennsylvania Alpha at Lafayette. Ohio Alpha granted 
 the charter, June 2, 1873, ^^^ ^^e charter was dated June 5. Others 
 were initiated before commencement. The chapter was organized 
 by the election of officers, June 21. By entering Lafa3'^ette <E> A © 
 acquired a strong foothold in an eastern college. The older frater- 
 nities there were ^KX A K E, Z ^, A X, ^ X, $ K ^. 
 
 It is remarkable that simultaneously with the planting of <^ A 0's 
 most eastern outpost at Lafayette, a chapter was organized on the 
 Pacific slope. It is also remarkable that Ohio Alpha should char- 
 ter these two splendid and far distant chapters just as it was about 
 to suspend on account of the closing of Miami Universit3^ The 
 charters for Pennsylvania Alpha and California Alpha were granted 
 within the same month. "^ 
 
 At the new University of California, Z ^ established a chapter, 
 1870. The institution was located then at Oakland; in the summer 
 of 1873 i^ ^'^s moved to Berkeley, five miles north. The Zetes 
 evinced a desire to rule college politics, which suggested to W. H. 
 Chamberlain the idea of organizing another fraternity to combat 
 Z ^. At a social gathering in San Francisco, he chanced to meet 
 L. S. Clark, Wisconsin Alpha, '59, a member of the San Francisco 
 bar. In conversation with Clark, he explained the situation at the 
 university, and expressed his desire to aid in establishing another 
 fraternity there. Clark recommended $ A ©, and advised him to 
 get others to join with him in an application for charter. S. B. 
 Christy and A. W. Jackson were approached and consented to 
 join in the movement. Clark opened a correspondence on the sub- 
 ject with E. M. Wilson, of the Wooster chapter, and also with the 
 Grand Alpha at Miami. The Grand Alpha authorized him to pro- 
 ceed with the organization. June 13, 1873, he wrote to Wilson: 
 
 On Saturday, the 7th inst., three young men from the University of California 
 — Chamberlain, Jackson and Christy — met at my office in San Francisco, and were 
 duly initiated into the Brotherhood. A finer trio of young men could not have 
 
 * It will be recalled that Ohio Alpha shortly before its first suspension, 1857, had granted a char- 
 ter for Wisconsin Alpha. California Alpha was organized through a member of Wisconsin Alpha. 
 
324 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 been selected from any institution, and I felt proud of them. The}' seemed full of 
 zeal and interest in the Order. After initiation we opened the chapter by the 
 nomination of temporary officers, and the Secretary commenced taking minutes 
 of the meeting. He opened his watch saying, "Let's make a note of the exact time 
 when we commenced transactions as a chapter of the <S> A G." The hands of the 
 watch were immediately in conjunction, at about 22 minutes past 4 p. m., which we 
 took to be an omen of the future union and harmony of the chapter, and then com- 
 menced a hearty hand-shaking and expressions of the determination to make the 
 principles and precepts of the Order acknowledged and professed by many minds. 
 Officers for the current university term were then elected. I accepted the office 
 of President for the time being, but before the expiration of this term there will be 
 enough to carry on the chapter without me. We immediately on that day, 7th of 
 June, sent for the charter. Yesterday the brothers met again in my office, and 
 we initiated one more, and on the 19th inst. we shall initiate three others. We 
 are very cautious and particular, determined to have none but the cream of the 
 classes, so as to uphold a high standard. I have submitted a draft of the by-laws 
 to be acted on at a subsequent meeting when we shall have become more numerous; 
 if you would send us a copy of yours it might give us valuable hints. We feel 
 under the strongest obligations for what you have already done for us. 
 
 The Grand Alpha, June 16, 1873, granted a charter for California 
 Alpha to S. B. Christy, '74; A. W. Jackson, '74, and W. H. 
 Chamberlain, '76. By commencement, July 12, the new chapter 
 numbered fourteen. The character of these men may be judged 
 by the fact that of the fourteen^ Frank Otis was graduated first 
 in the class of '73, and D. B. .Huntley was graduated first in '75, 
 while S. B. Christy, '74, A. W. Jackson, '74, and W. C. Jones, '75, 
 afterward became professors in the university. The existence of 
 <& A at the university was not announced until the opening of 
 the fall term. S. C. Scheeline, of the new chapter, wrote to Wilson, 
 October 18: ' The chapter is in full working condition. We now 
 have sixteen active members and four correspondent members. 
 Of the latter, one is Brother I^. S. Clark; the other three are from 
 the class of '73. The University of California now holds its ses- 
 sions in the new buildings at Berkeley, five miles from Oakland, 
 thirteen from San Francisco. At present the chapter holds meetings 
 in one of the lecture halls, but in a few months we shall obtain a 
 room for our special use.'' 
 
 Clark wrote to C. T. Jamieson, at Wooster, October 27: Cali- 
 fornia Alpha is in high spirits; it now numbers twenty members — 
 seventeen attendant, and three correspondent who were graduated 
 at the last commencement." In January, 1874, there were nine- 
 teen attendant members; in March, twenty-two. At the National 
 Convention, Crawfordsville, Ind., May, 1874, Scheeline repre- 
 sented California Alpha, and was enthusiastically greeted by the 
 other delegates. 
 
 In the fall of 1873, California Alpha met sometimes in a univer- 
 sity lecture room and sometimes in the rooms of members. In 
 the spring of 1874, four of the members occupied rooms in a 
 dwelling owned by Mrs. Clarissa F. Hamilton, and the chapter 
 held meetings in the parlor of this house, located on Fernald 
 Avenue, at the head of Dwight Way. It was later known as the 
 Brumagin House. In the fall of 1874, California Alpha rented 
 
ANNALS, 1873-1874. 
 
 325 
 
 University Cottage Number 6, located on the north side of Allston 
 Way, nearly opposite Dana Street. It was one of several cottages 
 built on the campus by the university expressly to rent to clubs of 
 students. It was occupied by the chapter during the next three 
 years, and was the first house occupied exclusively by any chapter 
 of ^ A ©. Later it was used as a literary society hall and the 
 university printing office. It is a frame house of one story with 
 six rooms. 
 
 $ A was represented in the B/i^e and Gold, 1874, the first year 
 it was published. In the fall of 1874, C. E. Washburne, '76, a 
 charter member of New York Alpha, affiliated with California Alpha. 
 
 First Phi Delta Theta Chapter House. 
 
 Rented by California Alpha 1874-77. From a photograph taken 1902. 
 
 An application for a charter was received, 1873, from Illinois 
 Industrial Universit}^ (now the University of Illinois), but strict 
 anti-fraternit}^ laws were in force there, and the application was 
 rejected. 
 
 In the spring of 1873, fears were entertained that Miami Univer- 
 sity would be forced to suspend. The legislature had failed to 
 make any appropriation for it, and its income had fallen below 
 what was required to keep it abreast of the times. As late, how- 
 ever, as June 5, 1873, D. H. Pottinger, of Ohio Alpha, wrote hope- 
 fully to C. T. Jamieson, at Wooster: "Do not fear that Miami will 
 ■close and that the Grand Alpha will be sent elsewhere 
 
326 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 We number thirteen, four of whom are seniors; we are the strongest 
 Fraternity here." But at commencement, the trustees decided to 
 close the institution until the accumulation of rents from the uni- 
 versit}^ lands should place it on a good financial basis. Com- 
 mencement day was June 12, and Miami then suspended, to remain 
 inactive for twelve 3^ears. A month after the institution had closed, 
 the members of $ A © held a meeting, the minutes of which follow: 
 
 $ A Hall, August 11, 1873. 
 
 Special meeting. Society called to order by O' Byrne. On motion, it was decided 
 to transfer the business of the Grand Alpha, until the Convention, to the Ohio 
 Delta, on account of Miami University being closed. On motion, Z. T. Jones, and 
 E. N, Clingman vt^ere appointed as a financial committee to raise funds to pay off 
 the present debt of the chapter, also the rent of hall for year 1873. On motion, 
 Z. T. Jones was appointed as delegate to the next Convention from the Grand 
 Alpha. On motion, Society adjourned. 
 
 Z. T, Jones, Secretary. G. F. O'Byrne, President. 
 
 Again <^ A @ lost its parent chapter, but this time the fault was 
 not that of an}^ of its members. In the fall of 1873, ^- L. Spence 
 and M. G. Evans, of this chapter, entered the Universit}^ of 
 Wooster, and the former presented the following letter: 
 
 Oxford, Ohio, August 22, 1873. 
 To THE Members of The Ohio Delta, Greeting: 
 
 At a meeting of the members of the Grand Alpha Chapter of the $ A 9 Fraternity, 
 August II, 1873, it was decided, on account of Miami University being closed, to 
 transfer the business of the Grand Alpha to the Ohio Delta, with full power to trans- 
 act the same, in the name of the Grand Alpha, until the Convention. Mr. Walter 
 Spence, who intends entering theUniversit}' of Wooster in September, was appointed 
 to communicate this authority to you, and also to give any information concerning the 
 business of the Grand Alpha chapter that }-ou ma}' desire. Hoping that 3'ou will 
 cheerfully perform the duties devolving upon the Grand Alpha, we remain, 
 Yours in the Bond of the $ A 0, 
 
 Z. T. Jones, Secretary of Grand Alpha Chapter. 
 
 The minutes of the Wooster chapter for September 20, 1873, ^^J- 
 A communication from Miami University was read, whereby the 
 Grand Alpha was transferred to the Ohio Delta until the next Con- 
 vention. The communication was received On 
 
 motion, the Secretary was ordered to send for the minutes of the 
 Grand Alpha." When the Wooster chapter became Grand Alpha 
 pro tern., it was in a very flourishing condition, though only a year 
 and a half old. To have made the chapter at Ohio Wesleyan Grand 
 Alpha would have been impolitic, as a strong anti-fraternitv spirit 
 had existed among the students there for a 3^ear or two, and the 
 faculty had endeavored to suppress fraternities, consequent!}^ no 
 fraternity there was prosperous. An amendment to the Consti- 
 tution by the National Convention of 1874 made the Wooster chap- 
 ter the National Grand Chapter. 
 
 Michigan Alpha at Ann Arbor had been inactive over four years 
 when a chapter was established at Michigan Agricultural College, 
 Lansing. In September, 1873, C. W. Sheldon, a student there, 
 corresponded with a friend who was attending O. W. U., and 
 whose stationery bore the coat-of-arms of $ A 0. ATA had been 
 organized at Lansing, 1872. Sheldon and others desired to 
 
ANNALS, 1873- 1874. 327 
 
 organize a chapter of another fraternit)^; and when, in answer to 
 inquiries, they were informed about $ A ©, they determined to 
 apply to it for a charter. They forwarded certificates as to their 
 character and abilit}^ which were satisfactory. Under authorit}^ 
 from the Grand Alpha at Wooster, the O. W. U. chapter sent 
 them a written pledge, which they signed and returned. Then the 
 Bond was sent to them, signed and returned. October 28, they 
 received the Constitution, and, October 31, they organized by 
 electing oihcers. November 3, the}^ applied for a charter to allow 
 them to establish a chapter, to be known as Michigan x\lpha of 
 $ A 0. The signers of the application were T. F. Rogers, '74; F. 
 J. Annis, '75; C. W. Sheldon, '75, and G. M. Morse, '76. The 
 Grand Alpha, November 8, 1873, granted a charter giving them 
 the name of Michigan Beta. 
 
 The fall term at Lansing ended November 12, b\^ which time the 
 chapter had seven members. The organization had been kept as 
 secret as possible, but the facult}^ had heard of it and insisted 
 upon knowing its aim and polic}'" before giving it official recogni- 
 tion. Sufficient assurance on this score was furnished. The 
 members did not wear badges or colors until the spring of 1874. 
 During the first 3^ear meetings were held on Saturda}^ nights, usually 
 in the rooms of the members; the next three years meetings were 
 held in a class room. 
 
 In the fall of 1873 Virginia Beta was established at the Univer- 
 sity of Virginia by F. H. Terrill and M. M. Hargrove, of the 
 Roanoke chapter, and R. S. Saulsbury, of the Emor}^ chapter. 
 Terrill had been a charter member of the Roanoke chapter, and 
 Saulsbury had been instrumental in establishing the Mercer chap- 
 ter. Virginia Alpha at Roanoke, November 18, 1873, granted 
 Terrill, Hargrove and Saulsbury a charter for Virginia Beta. The 
 following account of the establishment of Virginia Beta is from a 
 letter written by Saulsbur}^ to Schuyler Poitevent, December 19, 1896: 
 
 Hargrove and Terrill having attended Roanoke at the same time, were aware, of 
 course, of each other's fraternity connections, but, coming as I did from a different 
 State, and knowing that my Fraternit}- had no chapter at the universit}', naturally 
 I felt like a stranger in a strange land, and did not look for or expect to find a 
 brother in the Bond. Chance, however, threw us together, or was it some secret yet 
 potent influence which exerts itself over the lives of faithful Phis? Be this as it may, ]t 
 is nevertheless true that our first meeting and recognition was marked by a peculiar 
 degree of warmth and cordiality not readily understood by those outside the Bond. 
 
 The session of 1873-74 had advanced somewhat before we had found each other 
 out, but we at once decided upon the establishment of a chapter, at the same time 
 recognizing the fact that little progress could be made other than the laying of a 
 solid foundation upon which those to come after us could build. We were new men, 
 without any extended acquaintance, and before this could be acquired the older fra- 
 ternities had appropriated the best material 
 
 The first meeting of Virginia Beta was held at 40 East Range, the room then 
 occupied by Hargrove and Terrill. There the infant chapter was cradled, there the 
 plans for its future development were discussed; and, as one of its sponsors, I am 
 highly gratified to know that it has assumed such a position as we then hoped for. 
 The meetings were entirely informal, and were held alternately at 40 East Range 
 and 44 East Lawn, the latter being the room occupied by myself. Hargrove 
 
328 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 returned the next session, and was joined by several Phis from Roanoke and Miami. 
 Much progress was made during that session, and when I again visited the univer- 
 sity, during its semi-centennial, in June, 1875, I found quite a flourishing chapter, 
 and every indication pointed to a successfvil career for Virginia Beta. 
 
 The three charter members held a meeting, November 25, 1873, 
 at 40 East Range and organized by electing Saulsbury President, 
 Hargrove Secretary and Treasurer, and Terrill Warden. At a 
 meeting, December 10, at 44 East Lawn, the by-laws of Virginia 
 Alpha were adopted with a few changes. No members were initi- 
 ated during that collegiate year, but C. A. Davis was pledged. The 
 minutes say: 'The last meeting of the session of 1873-74 was held 
 in No. 40 East Range, the 13th of February. Minutes were read 
 and approved. The brethren came to the conclusion that it would 
 be impossible for them to do anything toward establishing a chap- 
 ter here this session, but decided to hold the charter for better days. " 
 
 R. S. Saulsbury was associate editor of the university Magazine, 
 April, May and June, 1874, and final orator for the Washington 
 Literary Society, June 29, 1874. It was customary for the mem- 
 bership lists of the various fraternities to be published in the 
 Magazine every year. Virginia Beta was sub rosa during 1873-74, 
 hence did not appear among other fraternities in the Magazine for 
 March, 1874; in the issue for April, 1875, it was credited with 
 seven active members. 
 
 M. M. Hargrove was the only one of the three charter members 
 that returned in the fall of 1874, but S. H. Showalter, William 
 Miller and W. M. Murrill affiliated from Virginia Alpha, and J. H. 
 Gilmore and D H. Pottinger from Ohio Alpha. These six held 
 a meeting and organized at 13 West Range, November 7, Hargrove 
 being chosen President. C. A. Davis and J. B. Preston were initi- 
 ated November 28. No one else was initiated during 1874-75. 
 Showalter died April i. During the whole year efforts were made 
 to get a hall but without success; meetings were held fortnightly in 
 the rooms of members. 
 
 The University of Virginia was the foremost institution in the 
 South, and the number of fraternities there at that time was greater 
 than at any other institution in the United States. Fraternities 
 from the East and from the West met there the fraternities that 
 had originated there and at other institutions in the Old Domin- 
 ion. The following had established chapters there before ^ A ©: 
 $ K ^, ARE, $ K ^, B n, K A (Northern), :S A E, $ T A, 
 X$ (Southern), A*, X ^, :§ X, Mystical Seven, I^ ^ H K A, 
 Z ^, A T O, :S N, :S A ("Black Badge") and © A X, but K A 
 (Northern) X ^ and '% N had suspended. The Virginia chapter 
 of K A (Southern) was chartered on the same day as was Virginia 
 Beta, November 18, 1873,* making with <E> A © eighteen fraterni- 
 nities active at Virginia. 
 
 * A. S. Taylor, at the University of Virginia, wrote to W. B. Palmer, November 19, 1901 : "Our 
 charter must have been granted early in the morning, as we are given precedence over K A 
 (Southern) in the university publication in which the fraternities are arranged in the order of their 
 establishment at the university." 
 
ANNALS, 1873-1874. 329 
 
 A chapter at Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Va., soon fol- 
 lowed. In the summer of 1872, W. M. Murrell, of Virginia Alpha, 
 met J. H. Dalby, who was a student at Ashland. Noticing Mur- 
 rell's badge, he expressed a desire to establish at Randolph-Macon 
 a chapter of some good fraternit}^ and stated that good men could 
 be obtained who had refused to join the fraternities already estab- 
 lished there. Both having returned to their respective colleges, 
 they corresponded with each other on the subject. Virginia Alpha, 
 December 13, commissioned Murrell to establish a chapter at Ran- 
 dolph-Macon. Murrell and E. H. Whitehurst left Salem for Ash- 
 land, December 19. C. M. Shields, of A^irginia Alpha, joined 
 them at Richmond, and the three reached x\shland, December 20, 
 and that evening initiated J. H. Dalb}'^ and R. P. Hunter. Before 
 going to Ashland, Murrell had expected to establish a chapter with 
 three men, but the third one had changed his mind. Dalb}^ and 
 Hunter promised to apply for a charter as soon as the}^ could secure 
 another man. January 4, 1873, Murrell made to Virginia Alpha 
 a report of his trip. 
 
 This was the first effort to extend $ A in Virginia beyond 
 Roanoke College. Dalby and Hunter were sometime in getting 
 more members, and before they were ready to apply for a charter 
 Virginia Beta at the University of Virginia had been chartered. 
 Virginia Alpha, February 2, 1874, more than a year after the 
 initiation of Dalby and Hunter, granted a charter for Virginia 
 Gamma to J. H. Dalby, R. P. Hunter, B. J. Baldwin, J. L. 
 Kibler, J. B. McCabe, T. P. L. Skinner and L. A. Hardy. The 
 first regular meeting of the chapter was held, Februar}^ 10, in the 
 library of the Washington Literary Society. Skinner wrote to J. 
 B. Pomeroy, at Wooster, March 5: 'l think our chapter will suc- 
 ceed, as it has started under favorable auspices. We have ten 
 men, four of w^hom have refused nearly every f raternit}^ in college. " 
 Badges had been received by March 21, when officers were elected. 
 The older fraternities at Randolph-Macon were: A ^, K A 
 (Southern), $ K ^, ^ K 2 and B 11, but the first two were 
 suspended. The charter for the chapter of S X at Randolph- 
 Macon was issued March 7, and its first members were initiated 
 March 14, 1874. Beginning October, 1874, the chapters of B 11 
 and <I> A held their meetings in the same hall, which the}^ rented. 
 McCabe wrote to W. B. Palmer, January 24, 1898: "From the 
 start Virginia Gamma took a leading plaCe among the Greek fra- 
 ternities at Randolph-Macon. There was not a time that I knew 
 it that its members did not stick as close as brothers." 
 
 During 1873-74, Indiana Alpha came very near to dissolution. 
 A. W. Fullerton wrote to the Grand Alpha, November 7 : Indiana 
 Alpha has but six men, but we hope to initiate several more soon. 
 Other Indiana chapters report prosperit}-; the Beta has nineteen 
 men." Serious disagreements arose in Indiana Alpha, and six 
 members tendered their resignation, November 18. Fullerton 
 
33© THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 wrote, December 2, that he was then the only Phi at Indiana Uni- 
 versity. Undaunted, he went quietly to work to build up the 
 chapter again. May 9, 1874, he and H. G. Bradford, '73, initi- 
 ated two men, and by commencement there were seven active 
 members. 
 
 A job printing press was purchased by the Grand Alpha at 
 Wooster, January, 1874. The minutes of that chapter for Febru- 
 ary 3, say: The Society tendered thanks to Brother Search for 
 his kindness in purchasing the printing press." The press was set 
 up in C. T. Jamieson's room, and was used by him and P. W. 
 Search in printing (on separate slips) the annual membership 
 reports from chapters and for other official work. ^ A © songs also 
 were printed on this press. 
 
 In April the Grand Banker issued an assessment of $3.65 ^^r 
 capita^ to pay the expenses of the Convention of 1874, which were 
 estimated as follows: Railroad fares of delegates, ^892.50; other 
 convention expenses, ^61.80; printing for ensuing year, $75; 
 total, ^1,029.30. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1874. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Wednesday, Thursday 
 and Friday, May 20, 21, and 22, 1874, in the Good Templars' 
 hall, Crawfordsville, Ind. The President, C. O. Perry, and the 
 Secretary, H. G. Bradford, occupied their respective places. 
 
 Delegates present: Indiana — A. W. Fullerton, '73. Centre — G. C. Cohen, 
 '74. Wabash — G. D. McCuUoch, '76. Indianapolis — W. T. Mason, '77. O. 
 W. f/.— B. L. Duckwall, '74. Franklin— G. H. Elgin, '75. Ohio—C. A. 
 Atkinson, '74. Roanoke — S. H. Showalter, '75. Missouri — T. C. Early, '75. 
 Mo7imouth--]. A. Mitchell, '74. Georgia — J. G. Parkes, '74. Emory — B, E. 
 Anderson, '72. lozva Wesleyan — W. H. LaMonte, '74. Mercei — A. A. Marshall, 
 '74. Wooster — ^C. T. Jamieson, '75. Cornell — S. W. Carpenter, '75. lafayette — 
 J. C. Irwin, '75. California — S. C. Scheeline, '74. lansing—C. W. Sheldon, 
 '75. Randolph-Macon — F. M. Briel, '74. 
 
 The active chapters without delegates were those at Hanover, 
 Knox, Virginia. 
 
 Other members present: Miami — B. K. Elliott, '55; Z. T. Jones, '75. 
 Indiana— H.. G. Bradford, '73. Wabash— T. H. Ristine, '65; M. M. Whiteford, 
 '67; H. R. Thompson, '68; Charles Groenendyke, '69; W. H. Ristine, '71; Ira 
 McConnell, '73; W. H. Ripley, '73; C. D. Whitehead, '73; J. P. Roth, '75; L. 
 L. Todd, '75; C. D. Ellis, '76; J. B. Hains, '76; P. S. Hulbert, '76; J. W. 
 McBroom, '76; G. D. McCulloch, '76; W. L. Morey, '76; E. S. Booe, '77; C. O. 
 Hastings, '77; W. F. Ringland, '77; J. T. Strange, '77; Hardy Savage, '78; J. S. 
 Watson, '78; W. P. Wilson, '78; C. C. Applegate, '79. Indianapolis — A. G. 
 Alcott, '70; C. H. Remy, '72; J. R. Tomlinson, '74; S. J. Tomlinson, '75; W. S. 
 Moffatt, '76; J. R. Woodward, '76. Franklin — Henry Eitel, '74. Hanover — R. 
 S. Moore, '74. Chicago — C. P. Jacobs, '57. Ohio — Emmett Tompkins, '74. 
 htdiana Asbury — C. O. Perry, '69. Wooster — W. L. Spence, '76; C. F. Carson, '77. 
 
 Convention officers: President, C. D. Whitehead; First Vice-President, C. 
 M. Beckwith; Second Vice-President, S. W. Carpenter; Secretary, H. G. Brad- 
 ford; First Assistant Secretary, B. E. Anderson; Second Assistant Secretary, C. T. 
 Jamieson; Marshal, W. F. Ringland. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1874. 331 
 
 Before retiring as President, C. O. Perry delivered an extended 
 address, reviewing the progress of the Fraternity. He read a 
 report from W. N. Pickerill, chairman of the committee on publish- 
 ing a $ A © monthly, appointed 1873. The latter reported noth- 
 ing accomplished, and gave as his personal views: "The financial 
 crisis has made the publication of a Phi monthly at any time since 
 the meeting of the last Convention an utterl}^ futile project, and the 
 undersigned does not believe the time has yet arrived for the suc- 
 cessful carrying out of such a work, unless at least 800 paid up 
 subscribers are guaranteed at $2 each per year." On motion of 
 S. W. Carpenter, 
 
 Resolved, That A. B. Thrasher, and S. J. Tomlinson, of the Indiana Gamma, 
 and W. O. Bates, of the New York Alpha, be hereby authorized to act as a board 
 of editors in the issuing of a quarterly paper, devoted to the interests of the $ A 9 
 Fraternity; that the management of the paper be left in their hands exclusively, as 
 a purely business transaction, they to decide on the size and style of the paper, and 
 then find out w^hat can be raised by advertisements and subscriptions, and then 
 to use their ovv^n judgment in regard to whether the paper would succeed or not, 
 assuming the pecuniary responsibility of its success or failure if they decide to 
 issue it. If one of the board should refuse to serve, the other two shall have 
 power to choose some other one to serve with them; and if two or three refuse to 
 serve, the President of the Fraternity shall have power to appoint editors to the 
 vacancy. 
 
 C. T. Jamieson reported little accomplished by the committee 
 on lost archives appointed by the Convention of 1873. C. T. 
 Jamieson, E. M. Wilson, A. W. Fullerton and J. H. Gilmore were 
 appointed a new committee on lost archives and catalogue. On 
 motion of Jamieson, this committee was directed to ascertain 
 the location and dates of establishment of all the chapters of 
 the $ A 0, living and defunct, and also the names of all the mem- 
 bers, the dates of their initiation, their classes and present posi- 
 tions. Having arranged the members, each in his own chapter 
 list, they shall rearrange the lists, giving each chapter the double 
 title of (^) the name of the State in which it is located, and the 
 letter of the Greek alphabet signifying the order of its establish- 
 ment in the State; (<^) the letter of the Greek alphabet indicating 
 the order of establishment in the Fraternity, as Alpha, Beta, 
 Gamma, etc. ; when the number exceeds twenty-four, the twenty- 
 fifth to be known as Alpha Deuteron, Beta Deuteron, etc." 
 
 S. W. Carpenter moved that a committee on amendments to 
 the Constitution be appointed: carried, and S. W. Carpenter, 
 W. H. Ripley and W. H. LaMonte appointed. On motion of 
 G. D. McCulloch, a committee to draft an order of business for 
 the Convention was appointed; committee, consisting of G. D. Mc- 
 Culloch, J. A. Mitchell and W. H. LaMonte, submitted the follow- 
 ing: 
 
 Resolved, (i) That a committee be appointed to draft a Constitution for the 
 general government of National Conventions. (2) That the Grand Alpha be dis- 
 pensed with. (3) That this national organization be permanent and subject to this 
 Constitution. (4) That said Convention assume the office of Grand Alpha and 
 take an appropriate name. 
 
332 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 This was referred to the committee on Constitution, which did 
 not report it back to the Convention. The following amendments 
 to the Constitution of 187 1 were adopted: 
 
 On motion of C. T. Jamieson, the word Fraternity" was sub- 
 stituted for Society" wherever it occurred in the Constitution. 
 On recommendation of the committee on Constitution, the words 
 National Grand" were substituted for Grand Alpha," and the 
 words State Grand" for the Alpha Chapter" of each State. As 
 recommended by this committee, the chapter at the University of 
 Wooster was made the National Grand Chapter, and the National 
 Grand was empowered, on the suspension of any State Grand 
 Chapter, to grant its powers to such other chapter in that State 
 as may seem best qualified." 
 
 On motion of S. W. Carpenter, the following new section was 
 added: "The seal of the Order, the right to use which shall reside 
 alone in the National Grand Chapter, shall consist of the arms of 
 the Order and the words, 'Grand Seal of the Phi Delta Theta,' in 
 a circle about the same." 
 
 On motion of J. G. Parkes, the chapter office of Chaplain was 
 created. On motion of A. A. Marshall, the offices of Conven- 
 tion Historian and Chapter Historian were created. The fol- 
 lowing rules for the government of future Conventions, offered by 
 S. W. Carpenter, were adopted. 'The committee on reorganiza- 
 tion" meant the committee on nomination of officers. 
 
 Convention Rules. 
 
 1. The committee on reorganization shall consist of the official delegates of the 
 State Grand Chapters; and if the Grand Chapter of any State be not represented, 
 then the delegate from the next chapter of that State, in the order of enumeration, 
 shall be appointed. 
 
 2. Visiting delegates shall have all the parliamentary privileges of official dele- 
 gates except the right of voting other than viva voce. 
 
 3. No official delegate shall be received from any chapter which has not paid 
 in full its convention assessment. 
 
 4. No vote of the Convention shall be valid without a majority of the official 
 delegates being present. 
 
 5. Motions for previous question, to la}' on the table, and to postpone, shall be 
 decided without debate. 
 
 6. "Cushing's Manual" shall be authority when not otherwise provided for. 
 
 On motion of S. C. Scheeline, a committee was appointed to 
 consider the subject of a design for charters; committee, S. C. 
 Scheeline, chairman, reported, recommending that the National 
 Grand appoint a committee to prepare a design, subject to the 
 approval of two-thirds of the chapters; adopted. On motion of 
 J. C. Irwin, a committee on badges was appointed; committee, 
 J. C. Irwin, chairman, offered the following resolution: 
 
 Resolved, (l) That a committee of three be appointed, who shall investigate the 
 making of badges, and make arrangements with some jeweler to furnish badges to 
 all the chapters at uniform prices, and that the badges shall be not less than sixteen 
 carats fine. (2) That this Convention adopt, in addition to the badge described 
 in the minutes of the Convention of 1873, a badge of convenient size, to be worn 
 as a shirt pin, and that this pin shall weigh not less than one pennyweight, and the 
 attachment not less than eighteen grains. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1874. 333 
 
 Adopted, and J. C. Irwin appointed chairman. The following, 
 offered b}^ S. W. Carpenter, was adopted: 
 
 Whereas, We are of the opinion that associations of the alumni of the <i> A 9 
 in the large cities of our land would be highly beneficial to the prosperity of the 
 Order, not only in keeping up, by occasional meetings, the old $ A spirit, which 
 is so apt to languish when connection with the organization is severed, but also in 
 the influence an organized alumni would have on undergraduate chapters in sym- 
 pathy and in counsel; and further, believing that such organized associations, by 
 giving $ A O visitors at our larger cities information as to where they can find 
 those whom they may be able to know and at once trust, would greatly extend the 
 benefits of the Order; be it 
 
 Resolved, That this Convention of the <^ A Fraternity urge upon its alumni 
 in the larger cities to effect organizations in their respective cities for the purposes 
 herein mentioned. 
 
 C. O Perry submitted his report as Grand Banker, showing an 
 
 expenditure for railroad fares of delegates to this Convention of 
 
 ;^766.45; for other convention expenses, ^132.35. It also showed 
 
 that $553.50 had been subscribed to the permanent fund, of which 
 
 $389.59 had been paid, of which $210, was invested at 10 per cent. 
 
 interest. As a result of motions by A. A. Marshall and C. A. 
 
 Atkinson, looking to an increase in the permanent fund. 
 
 Resolved, ( i ) That every chapter, through its Treasurer, be required to collect 
 from every person when initiated the amount of one dollar, which shall be forwarded, 
 at the end of each college term, to the Grand Banker, who shall add it to the per- 
 manent fund, and shall return to the Treasurer a receipt for the same. (2) That 
 this Convention authorizes ever}' chapter to appoint annually an agent for the per- 
 manent fund, who shall solicit contributions from both its attendant and corres- 
 pondent members, and who shall be allowed to receive interest bearing notes of a 
 time not longer than ten years, to be made payable to the Grand Banker, or order, 
 for the use of the permanent fund. (3) That the interest, and the interest only, 
 of said money, excepting by unanimous consent of all the active chapters, shall be 
 expended in such way as the Convention may authorize. (4) That the articles 
 herein proposed shall be binding on every chapter from May 20, 1874, and for viola- 
 tion of the same by any chapter, it shall be subject to forfeiture of charter. 
 
 C. O. Perry was re-elected Grand Banker; A. A. Marshall was 
 elected Historian. Ordered that the next Convention be held at 
 Danville, Ky., Ma}^ 19-21, 1875. ^- ^' Mason moved that a 
 committee be appointed to report at the next Convention upon the 
 feasibility of holding Conventions biennialh" instead of annuall}^; 
 carried, and committee appointed with Mason as chairman. On 
 his motion, a committee, composed of C. O. Perr}^ H. G. Brad- 
 ford and S. J. Tomlinson, was appointed to attend to the publica- 
 tion of the minutes of this Convention. 
 
 The President read a communication from Dr. J. F, Tuttle, 
 President of Wabash, inviting the Convention to visit the college. 
 The Convention in a body visited the college Thursday afternoon, 
 and was received b}^ Dr. Tuttle, Professor E. O. Hove}^ and 
 Colonel H. B. Carrington, who conducted the members through 
 the grounds and buildings. In the hall of the Lyceum Society, 
 Dr. Tuttle made an address of welcome. In the hall of the Cali- 
 opean Literarv Society, Emmett Tompkins recited Shamus 
 O'Brien." 
 
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THE SONG BOOK— PRELIMINARY EDITION, 1874. 335 
 
 Friday evening a large audience filled the pews of Center 
 Church. C. O. Perry introduced Judge B. K. Elliott, Miami, '55, 
 who delivered an address on The Imagination and Its H3^giene." 
 Colonel C. P. Jacobs, Chicago, '57, read a poem beginning. 
 When summer suns dispel the winter glooms." C. D. White- 
 head, Wabash, '73, spoke on "Our Honored Dead." After a 
 benediction by Dr. Tuttle, the members, with ladies and other 
 invited guests, repaired to the Richardson House, where was 
 spread a banquet of 150 covers. A national flag festooned the 
 central window of the dining room, and over it hung the emblem- 
 atic design adopted by the Convention of 1873. Music was fur- 
 nished by the Crawfordsville Band. C. O. Perry, Indiana Asbury, 
 ^69, was toastmaster. The toasts: Our Army," response by 
 Colonel H. B. Carrington; "The Bar," Judge B. K. Elliott, 
 Miami, '55; "Wabash College," Dr. J. F. Tuttle; "Our Lady 
 Friends," Charles Groenendyke, Wabash, '69; The Fraternity, 
 North and South," A. A. Marshall, Mercer, '74; "Our Prospects," 
 J. G. Parkes, Georgia, '74. After the banquet the company assem- 
 bled in the hotel parlors, where, until 2.30 a. m., the time was 
 spent in promenading and conversation, interspersed with vocal and 
 instrumental music. Seven ^ A © songs, which had been printed 
 on sheets, were sung; of these four had been composed especially 
 for the occasion. 
 
 The convention proceedings, oration, poem, memorial address, 
 letters from alumni and an account of the banquet were published 
 in a pamphlet of ninety-two pages, five containing advertisements. 
 
 THE SONG BOOK— PRELIMINARY EDITION, 1874. 
 
 As mentioned in "Annals, 1864- 1868," the oldest <^ A song, so 
 far as known, is "Our Army for the Right, Boys," written by W. 
 P. Black, Wabash, '64, for the installation of the Chicago chapter, 
 January 12, 1866. 
 
 Our Army for the Right.* 
 
 Air — Benny Havens, Oh!" 
 
 Come sing a song with me, my friends, before we homeward go: 
 With steady line and gallant front, bear down upon the foe; 
 Upon the hosts of vice and wrong opposing us in might, 
 Charge now with cheery heart and song — an army for the right. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 An army for the right, an army for the right; 
 
 No fear have we while we may be an army for the right. 
 
 We meet to-night with mirth and song the evening hours to speed, 
 To burnish bright our sword and shield for use in time of need; 
 Again we promise to protect each loyal brother knight, 
 And pray the God of grace to bless our army for the right. 
 
 *The original contains six verses and two choruses. If songs that are quoted in this history have 
 been altered by the editors of the song book, the revised versions are given- See page 275- 
 
336 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Dear brother Phis, join in the song, ring out the notes of glee, 
 And lift our glorious banner till it waves from sea to sea; 
 From Atlantic to Pacific it will lead us in the fight. 
 And cheer each soldier onward in our army for the right. 
 
 Copies of this song were printed in sheet form, 5^ by 11 inches. 
 The Convention of 187 1 discussed the propriety of publishing 
 society songs in connection with the catalogue. Ohio Alpha 
 decided, February 10, 1873, ^^ request one of its alumni, A. M. 
 Shuey, '66, to write a song for the Fraternity, and its minutes, 
 say, the Secretary was instructed to levy a tax of $20 on this 
 chapter for 100 copies." Shuey did not write a song, but in 1875 
 he printed a "Phi Delta Theta March," of which he was author. 
 At the Convention of 1873, a committee, C. P. Jacobs, chairman, 
 was appointed to write songs and collect songs written by others, 
 and present them to the Convention of 1874 for approval and 
 publication." 
 
 The next oldest $ A © song, so far as the records show, is 
 ''Triumphs of Phi Delta Theta," by P. W. Search. The minutes 
 of the Wooster chapter show that it was sung September 20, 1873, 
 being heartily participated in by the entire chapter," and 'the 
 sincere and heartfelt thanks of the Grand Alpha were returned to 
 the author." (This song appears in the 1876 edition of the song^ 
 book. ) The Wooster chapter had it and other songs printed on 
 sheets, and copies were sold to other chapters.* October 25, 
 1873, C. T. Jamieson reported songs printed," and that they 
 were in a box in the ante-room. The minutes of the Wooster 
 chapter show that Our Song of Greeting," by P. W. Search, was 
 sung by the chapter November 22, 1873. (This song appears in 
 the 1876 edition of the song book; and, under the title. Hail! 
 Brothers Dear," appears in the 1882, 1886 and 1895 editions.) 
 
 The committee appointed at the Convention of 1873 to write 
 and collect songs made no report to the Convention of 1874, but 
 seven songs were printed to be sung then. They appeard on 
 sheets SVs by 19^ inches. t Following are the titles of the songs: 
 'Phi Delta Theta Rallying Cry," by Charles Groenendyke, 
 Wabash, '69 (published in 1876, 1882, 1886, 1895 and 1902 edi- 
 tions of the song book; entitled ' Our Welcome Song of Greeting"" 
 in last edition); 'Our Army for the Right, Boys," by W. P. Black, 
 Wabash, '64 (all editions); "Phi Delta Theta Union Song," by S. 
 W. Carpenter, Cornell, '75 (all editions, but only 'Dear Brother- 
 hood of college life" and seven other lines given as an opening ode 
 in last two editions); How Fares it With You Now, My Boys?" 
 by Groenendyke (all editions; entitled "Mirth and Noise" in last 
 two editions); "Oh, Comrades, Come With Joyful Hearts," by 
 
 * October 15, 1873, S. C. Rogers, of Missouri Alpha, sent seventy-five cents to M. G. Evans^ 
 of Wooster, to pay for songs. January 21, 1874, A. A. Marshall, of Mercer, wrote to C. B. Gaskill: 
 "I received some time since a copy of some of the songs published by the Grand Alpha. Some of" 
 them are very good." 
 
 t See facsimile of top of sheet, page 334, and account of Convention, page 335. 
 
THE SONG BOOK— PRELIMINARY EDITION, 1874. 337 
 
 Groenendyke (all editions; entitled ''To-night We'll Merr}^ Be" in 
 all except 1876 edition); Our Cause Speeds On Its Wa}^" b}^ P. 
 W. Search, Wooster, '76 (all editions); ' Our Farewell Song," by 
 W. A. Caldwell, Hanover, '74 (first four editions; entitled "Last 
 Meeting in the Year" in fourth edition). Under the titles of "Phi 
 Delta Theta- Rallying Cry," Phi Delta Theta Union Song," "How 
 Fares It With You Now, My Boys?" and "Oh, Comrades, Come 
 With Joyful Hearts" w^as printed Composed for the occasion." 
 
 The minutes of Kentucky Alpha for May 21, 1874, sa}': "On 
 motion, Messrs. Vansant and Fleming were appointed to compose 
 some songs appropriate to the Societ}^, and report at our next 
 regular meeting in September." There is no record of any report. 
 
 The minutes of the Wooster chapter for June 20, 1874, give the 
 programme of exercises for the annual reunion of the chapter dur- 
 ing commencement week. These exercises included an address 
 by J. M. Stitt, a poem b}^ Robert Balfegh, a farewell address by 
 R. M. Davis, a response by A. Z. McGogney, and the following 
 songs: "Our Cause Speeds on Its Way," "Dear Phi Delta Theta 
 Home" (all editions, but only "Of all spots on earth most sweet" 
 and seven other lines given as a closing ode in last edition), and 
 Our Farewell Song." 
 
 In January, 1874, the Wooster chapter bought a printing press. 
 It was set up in the room of C. T. Jamieson, and he and P. W. 
 Search did official fraternity printing on it. Jamieson was a gen- 
 eral all-around fraternit}^ worker, while Search was the greatest 
 song writer that <l> A © ever had. They printed songs on card- 
 board, pocket size, among them "Working for Old Phi Delta 
 Theta," b}^ W. O. Bates, Indianapolis, '75 (all editions). 
 
 October 13, 1874, the printing press was put in charge of C. F. 
 Carson. Some time before this, Search and Jamieson issued a 
 pamphlet edition of the songs. The only copy of this pamphlet 
 know^n to be in existence contains onh'^ the first two pages and 
 the last two pages, in a paper cover. It measures 4/^ b}^ 5^ 
 inches. The printing (type area 3/^ by 4/^) on the cover and 
 the title page is the same, a facsimile of which herewith appears. 
 On page 2 (reverse of title page) is the imprint: Printers: P. W. 
 Search, Charley T. Jamieson." On the next to the last page is 
 Our Farewell Song," and on the last page is a closing ode b}^ 
 W. A. Caldwell, Hanover, '74, beginning, Then as out into the 
 world we go" (1876, 1882 and 1886 editions). The pamphlet 
 probabl}^ contained sixteen pages. Search wrote to W. B. Palmer, 
 September 9, 1897, that, as he remembered, the collection included 
 about sixteen songs, among them the following: Our Song of 
 Greeting" (by Search, not "Our Welcome Song of Greeting," by 
 Groenendyke); "Our Cause Speeds on Its Wa}^;" Working for 
 Old Phi Delta Theta;" "Evening Songs of the Phis," by Search 
 (1876 edition; entitled "Evening Pleasures" in 1882, 1886 and 
 1895 editions, and "Happy at the Close of Day" in 1902 edition); 
 
PHI DELTA THETA PEINT, 
 WOOSTER, OHIO. 
 
 Preliminary Edition of The Song Book, 1874. 
 
 Facsimile of printing on cover and title page. 
 
 Ohio Zeta Hall," by Search (1876 edition; entitled "Phi Delta 
 Theta Hall" in 1882, 1886 and 1895 editions; an opening ode in 
 1902 edition); Work! Work! Work!" by Search (all editions); 
 
 Home, Dear Phi Home," by Search (all editions); initiation ode, 
 beginning. Hail we now our worthy brother," by Search (all edi- 
 tions); closing ode, beginning, 'Heavenly Father, let thy blessing," 
 by Search (all editions); closing ode, beginning, Then as out into 
 the world we go." 
 
 I 
 
 ANNALS, 1874-1875. 
 
 C. D. Whitehead, President of the National Convention, 1874, 
 appointed the following Executive Committee: C. A. Atkinson, Ohio, 
 '74; A. A. Marshall, Mercer, '74; B. L. Duckwell, O. W. U., '74; 
 W. H. LaMonte, Iowa Wesleyan, '74. The President and Secre- 
 tary of the Convention, C. D. Whitehead and H. G. Bradford 
 respectively, served, ex officio, as President and Secretary of the 
 Executive Committee, 1874-75. ^- O- l^^^ry, as Grand Banker, also 
 
ANNALS, 1874-1875. 339 
 
 served as a member of the Executive Committee through 1874. His 
 resignation as Grand Banker appeared in The Scroll, Januar}^ 1875, 
 accompanied with an announcement that until the next Convention 
 the President, C. D. Whitehead, would serve as Grand Banker. 
 
 In the National Grand (Wooster) Chapter, September 21, 1874, 
 C. T. Jamieson, R. V. Hunter, M. G. Evans and J. B. Pomeroy 
 were appointed a committee to draft a letter and send a cop}" of 
 it to each of the chapters of the Order, for the purpose of infusing 
 them with new zeal." The letter, dated September 29, was issued 
 in the form of a circular, 8/4^ by 14 inches. Following are extracts: 
 
 After the establishment of the Fraternit}', new chapters sprang into life and 
 action in rapid succession, but the civil war, commencing in the thirteenth year of 
 our existence, destroying commerce, enterprise and domestic happiness, did not 
 leave our Fraternity intact. At the end of the contest it was reduced to only five 
 chapters. In i858 it received a stimulus by the accession of several new chapters, 
 and, yearly since then, have our ranks been augmented. But although we were 
 growing stronger, we did not fully awaken until 1870. From a feeble Society, 
 struggling for existence in two or three States, $ A 9 has grown into a powerful 
 Order, which sees the sun rise from an ocean and set in an ocean, and extends 
 from Michigan to Georgia 
 
 One of the main agencies in promoting the rapid growth of the Fraternity dur- 
 ing the last three years has been the adoption of a system of correspondence. In 
 1871 the Indiana Epsilon passed a resolution to the effect that the individual mem- 
 bers of the chapter should maintain a regular correspondence with all the other 
 chapters. At the Danville Convention, 1872, the delegate from that chapter, hav- 
 ing been so authorized, introduced the resolution, and it was adopted. All chap- 
 ters which practically ratified the spirit of the resolution at once improved in every 
 wav. But the needs of the Fraternity soon made it obvious that some medium was 
 needed for a more complete communication of fraternity intelligence than was 
 afforded by epistolary correspondence. A periodical published in the interest of 
 the $ A was the only substitute, and, arduous as is the undertaking, it is now 
 fully under way. 
 
 The circular letter urged chapters to support the proposed Phi 
 quarterly," and to increase the permanent fund endowment. It 
 also advocated the establishment of alumni chapters, and said that 
 the catalogue committee hoped in time to publish a catalogue that 
 would be a credit to the Fraternity. 
 
 T. C. Druley, Ohio Alpha, '69, wrote, September 30, 1874, to 
 C. T. Jamieson, of the National Grand, concerning the establish- 
 ment of a chapter at Buchtel College, Akron, Ohio. He said that 
 he had been talking about it with his friend A. M. Ralston, who 
 was a student in the college, and who was "very anxious to assist 
 in organizing a good chapter." In this letter, also in one dated 
 November 10, he strongly advised that a chapter be established at 
 Buchtel. Ralston wrote to Jamieson, November 23, that he and 
 others desired to organize a chapter of ^ A ©, and asked that the 
 necessar}" preliminary papers for securing a charter" be sent to 
 them. He further said, "There is a good opening for a chapter, 
 although the ATA Society is well established." November 24, 
 the National Grand appointed a committee to consider the expe- 
 diency of establishing a chapter at Buchtel. November 25, Jamie- 
 son wrote to Ralston, and his letter was answered by A. C. White, 
 
340 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 December 3. Jamieson sent to White a pledge of secrecy and, 
 December 7, it was signed by G. A. McAlpine, '75; Joseph Hidy, 
 '76; B. J. Bogue, '77; J. L. Newberry, '77; A. M. Ralston, '77; 
 C. R. Pence, '78; T. J. M. Prior, '78, and A. C. White, '79, and 
 was forwarded by White to Jamieson. A report from the committee 
 on Buchtel in favor of having a chapter there was adopted by the 
 National Grand, December 8. 
 
 A. M. Ralston, A. C. White and W. D. Shipman, the latter a 
 sophomore at Buchtel, were at Wooster, January 19, and were then 
 elected to membership and initiated.* On the same day they were 
 
 authorized to establish a collegef of ^ A at Buchtel College." 
 The National Grand granted these three a charter, dated January 
 19, 1875, constituting them and their successors Ohio Eta.t The 
 three charter members returned to Akron, January 20,8 and initi- 
 ated McAlpine, Hidy, Bogue, Newberry, Pence and Prior, January 
 30, when the chapter was organized by the election of officers. 
 Meetings were held at first in the study room of the college, after- 
 ward in the rooms of members. In May the chapter numbered 
 sixteen members. July 18, 1877, C. B. Wright wrote from Buch- 
 tel: Our chapter is in a flourishing condition. We occupy a com- 
 fortable suite of rooms in the heart of the city." ATA was the 
 only fraternity at Buchtel before $ A © entered. 
 
 Kentucky Alpha, October 3, 1874, appointed a committee "to 
 confer with some gentlemen in regard to the establishment of a 
 chapter of this Society at Central University," but the minutes 
 contain no further mention of the matter. On the same date, how- 
 ever, J. C. Finnell was appointed to write to Abner Rogers and 
 John Rogers in regard to reorganizing Kentucky Gamma at George- 
 town. The two Rogers brothers, who were members of Kentucky 
 Alpha, had entered Georgetown in September. The minutes of 
 
 * An interesting incident connected with their initiation was thus related in a letter from A. G. 
 Foster to W. B. Palmer, February 8, 1876 : 
 
 The 2 Xs at Wooster obtained our initiation ceremony by going into a Phi's trunk. Our boys 
 had their Constitution and form of initiation, which had been obtained from another fraternity. 
 When the Phis were to initiate the charter members of the Buchtel chapter, the Sigs sent a written 
 copy of our initiation ceremony to them, and thus they knew beforehand what our initiation was 
 like. This provoked our boys to righteous indignation, and they retaliated by printing the consti- 
 tution and form of initiation of 2 X, and distributing them about college. Since then the Sigs have 
 kept remarkably quiet." 
 
 An account of this incident was related at the Semi-Centennial Convention banquet, 1898, by 
 M. G. Evans, Wooster, '77, who said that, a rival fraternity having placed the 4> A @ form of 
 initiation in the hands of the charter members from Buchtel, the Wooster Phis were compelled to 
 initiate them with a quickly improvised ceremony. He also said that, on account of the publicity 
 of the form of initiation, the adoption of an entirely new ceremony was deemed necessary. 
 
 The National Convention, May, 1875, made some changes in the ceremony. The minutes of 
 the Wooster chapter for October 28, 1875, say: On motion, a committee of three was appointed to 
 prepare a new initiation ceremony, to be presented to the next National Convention ; committee 
 consists of Brothers Evans, Hunter and Carson." The Convention of 1876 further considered the 
 matter of amending the ceremony, but the initiatory rites were not very much amended until the 
 Convention of 1878. 
 
 t The word 'college" as a synonym for chapter had not appeared in the Constitution since it 
 was revised, 1871, but this quotation from the minutes of the Wooster chapter shows that the word 
 was still occasionally used in this sense. 
 
 t Owing doubtless to Jamieson, the Buchtel chapter, instead of being chartered Ohio Epsilon, 
 had been chartered Ohio Eta, anticipating the reform in chapter nomenclature that he recom- 
 mended to the Convention, May, 1875, and which the Convention adopted. 
 
 § Another interesting incident was that on the return trip Shipman composed ' Our Loved White 
 and Blue," which became a favorite song. 
 
ANNALS, 1874-1875. 341 
 
 Kentucky Alpha for January 9, 1875, say: "Committee of three, 
 consisting of Messrs. Finnell, McClure and Fleming, appointed to 
 make the necessary preliminary arrangements with our Georgetown 
 brethren in regard to the establishment of a chapter there." Feb- 
 ruar}'- 25, Amos Stout, '75, was initiated at Georgetown; Febru- 
 ar}^ 26, L. L. Bristow, '76, and Angereau Glenn, '79; April 17, 
 L. S. Caldwell, '79; April 30, L. P. Viley, '76. These, with Abner 
 Rogers, '77, and John Rogers, '78, signed an application for char- 
 ter. The minutes of Kentucky Alpha for May 3, 1875, sa}^: "Mr. 
 Fleming read a letter from the Gamma chapter, desiring a char- 
 ter. It was granted." By commencement Kentucky Gamma 
 numbered eight active members. It was hampered b}^ a prejudice 
 against secret societies, as there was no other one in the college, 
 and its members were in a ver}^ small minority. The next fall, 
 however, Abner Rogers wrote to The Scroll: "We can get just 
 as many men as we wish, for quite a number are desirous of becom- 
 ing members of our chapter." 
 
 G. M. Lambertson, Indiana Delta, '72, who resided at Lincoln, 
 Neb., wrote, January 15, 1875, to C. F. Carson, of the National 
 Grand, concerning the establishment of a chapter at the University 
 of Nebraska: There are seven or eight young men in the univer- 
 sity whom I think would be a credit to the Fraternity. There is 
 no fraternity yet organized here. Now is the time to strike." This 
 communication was read to the National Grand, January 19. The 
 National Grand, March t6, 1875, granted a charter for Nebraska 
 Alpha, to C. W. Rhodes, '76; A. E. Gantt, '78, and Willis Sweet, 
 '79. Before the end of the collegiate 3"ear, the}^ were joined by 
 F. M. Lambertson, '77, and J. O. Sturdevant, '79. They held 
 meetings inG. M. Lambertson's office, but did not become strongly 
 organized. No other fraternity had been established there. 
 
 The Indiana Asbur}^ chapter, suspended in the fall of 1872, was 
 revived, in the spring of 1875, under the leadership of J. G. Boston 
 and J. S. Sims, who had been initiated 187 1. The minutes of 
 Indiana Alpha for March 24, 1875, sa}^: "Brother Wylie moved 
 that the charter and Constitution be returned to the Indiana Zeta 
 chapter," which motion carried. The reorganization took place 
 March 27, when A. E. Hart and J. B. Dill were initiated and offi- 
 cers were elected, Sims as President. Badges were first worn 
 April 20, when there were nine active members. In May the num- 
 ber was thirteen, and the chapter decided to rent and furnish a 
 hall in a new building. 
 
 During 1874-75, ^^ chapter at Lansing made efforts to revive 
 the chapter at Ann Arbor, but without success. In April, 1875, a 
 local organization of ten members at Maine State College (now^ 
 the University of Maine) applied, through New York Alpha, for a 
 charter. It was refused by the National Grand. 
 
 In 1874 the faculty of Monmouth concluded that, as the L'nited 
 Presbyterian Church, which controlled the college, was opposed to 
 
342 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 secret societies, fraternities should not be permitted there. The 
 chapters existing there were asked to disband, but the}^ refused, 
 whereupon the trustees enacted a radical anti-fraternity law, which 
 compelled B0n, <I>A©, <I>K^ and 5 X to run sub rosa."^ At 
 commencement 1874, the trustees of the Universit}' of Georgia 
 enacted laws against secret societies, and thereby greatly interfered 
 with the prosperity of fraternities there for several years. 
 
 The minutes of the Franklin chapter for March 15, 1875, say: 
 A committee of three was appointed to investigate the rights, privi- 
 leges and immunities of lad}'^ Phis." March 29: "Committee on 
 lady Phis reported that they recommended that no lady be badged 
 until she should promise to wear the badge of no other fraternity; 
 report received and committee discharged." The minutes of the 
 National Grand for April 27, 1875, ^^y- "The committee to sell 
 the printing press reported that it was sold for ^20." 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1875. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Wednesday, Thursday 
 and Friday, May 19, 20 and 21, 1875, in the Knights of P3''thias' 
 hall, Danville, Ky. C. D. Whitehead and H. G. Bradford, respect- 
 ively President and Secretary of the Convention of 1874, occupied 
 the same positions. 
 
 Delegates present: Indiana — S. C. Dodds, '75. Centi-e — J. D. Fleming, 
 '75. Wahash — J. P. Roth, '75. Georgetown — Abner Rogers, '77. Indianapolis — 
 A. M. Lyster, '76. O. W. U.—G. S. Hammond, '76. Franklin— T. E. Taylor, 
 '78. Hanover — D, S, McCaslin, '75. Indiana Asbury — J. S. Sims, '76. Ohio — 
 M. F. Parrish, '76. Roanoke — R. H. Woodrum, '76. Allssotirl — Earnest Davis, 
 '77. Emory — W. A. Keener, '74. lozua Wesleyan — J. S. Kline, '77. Mercer — 
 A. S. Jones, '75. Cornell — ^A. C. Greene, '75. Wooster — G. E. Patterson, '76. 
 lafayette — T. W. Leard, '76. Lansing — F. J. Annis, '75. Biichtel — W. D. 
 Shipman, '77. 
 
 The active chapters without delegates were those at Monmouth, 
 Knox, Georgia, California, Virginia, Randolph-Macon, Nebraska. 
 
 Other members present: Indiana — H. G. Bradford, '73. Centre — G. C. 
 Cohen, '74; C. R. Anderson, '75; J. C. Finnell, '75; W. M. McClure, '75; J. B. 
 Reed, '75; L. M. Rue, '75; J. R. Burnham, '77; W. O. Chenault, '77; John Coch- 
 ran, '78; W. M. Finley, '78; W. M. Kenney, '78. Wahash— C. D. Whitehead, 
 '73. Georgetozun — Angereau Glenn, '79. Monniouth — J. L. Warden, '76. 
 Georgia — C. M. Beckwith, '73. 
 
 Convention officers: President, C. M. Beckwith; First Vice-President, J. P. 
 Roth; Second Vice-President, F. J. Annis; Secretary-, H. G. Bradford; Marshal, 
 J. D. Flemming. 
 
 The Convention adopted the following amendments to the Con- 
 stitution. The Constitution had contained no provision relating 
 to the frequency of Conventions; on motion of C. D. Whitehead, 
 they were made biennial. The motto of $ A © shall be omitted 
 from the Constitution and from charters. The National Grand 
 Chapter was empowered "to affix the seal of the Order to all char- 
 
 *See "The History of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity," igo2. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1875. 343 
 
 ters, and place upon each the Greek letter indicating the chapter 
 in order, and to forward the same to the State Grand Chapter 
 granting the charter." The office of Chapter Treasurer was insti- 
 tuted, the Secretary- being relieved of the dut}^ of acting as Treas- 
 urer. A Corresponding Secretary- was substituted for the Re- 
 corder. In the month of December of each 3'ear, the Corres- 
 ponding Secretary shall forward a membership report to the 
 National Grand Chapter direct, instead of through the State Grand 
 Chapter, and then: "It shall be the duty of the Corresponding Sec- 
 retary of the National Grand Chapter to record these reports in his 
 book, and forward a cop}^ of them to The Scroll for publication." 
 The intention of this amendment was to obviate the somewhat cir- 
 cumlocutor}' method of distributing reports which had been prac- 
 ticed under the Articles of Union, adopted 1848, and the Constitu- 
 tion of 187 1, but the reports did not appear in Tlie Scroll. 
 
 A design for charter, prepared by a committee of the National 
 Grand, as authorized b}' the Convention of 1874, was adopted."^ 
 
 On motion of T, E. Ta^dor, a committee was appointed to revise 
 the initiation ceremony; committee, composed of T. E. Taylor, 
 W. D. Shipman, J. P. Roth, J. S. Sims and A. M. Lyster, presented 
 a report which was adopted. A. C. Greene moved that a committee 
 be appointed to decide upon a fraternity jeweler, and to report 
 through The Scroll; carried, and A. C. Greene, J. S. Kline and 
 W. A. Keener appointed. On motion of A. S. Jones, 
 
 Resolved, (l) That the badge of the $ A Fraternity is not complete without 
 the sword and chain attached to the shield. (2) That any chapter may place any 
 mark of the chapter it may desire on the hilt of the sw^ord. 
 
 On motion of F. J. Annis, a committee was appointed to pre- 
 pare a Phi song book for the use of chapters," F. J. Annis, W. D. 
 Shipman and J. C. Finnell being appointed. 
 
 G. E. Patterson presented a report from the lost archives com- 
 mittee and catalogue committee, appointed by the Convention of 
 1874. It w^as signed b}^ C. T. Jamieson, E. M. Wilson, A. W. 
 Fullerton and S. W. Carpenter, and said that, J. H. Gilmore hav- 
 ing resigned, the other members of the committee had elected Car- 
 penter in his stead. The report embraced a list of chapters, active 
 and inactive, with the 3'ears of their establishment, and the names 
 and locations of the institutions in which they were established. 
 The nomenclature of chapters was reformed b}' giving titles to 
 chapters as follows: 
 
 Ohio Alpha, Miami; Ohio Beta, Miami (second chapter there); Ohio Gamma, 
 Wittenberg; Ohio Delta, O. W. U. ; Ohio Epsilon, Ohio; Ohio Zeta, Wooster; 
 Ohio Eta, Buchtel; Indiana Alpha, Indiana; Indiana Beta, Wabash; Indiana 
 Gamma, Northwestern Christian; Indiana Delta, Franklin; Indiana Epsilon, 
 Hanover; Indiana Zeta, Terre Haute; Indiana Eta, Indiana Asbury; Kentucky 
 Alpha, Centre; Kentucky Beta, K. M. I.; Kentucky Gamma, Georgetown; Ten- 
 nessee Alpha, Cumberland; Texas Alpha, Austin; Wisconsin Alpha, Wisconsin; 
 Wisconsin Beta, Lawrence: Illinois Alpha, Northwestern; Illinois Beta, Chicago; 
 Illinois Gamma, Monmouth; Illinois Delta, Knox; Michigan Alpha, Michigan; 
 
 * See pages 354 and 355. 
 
344 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Michigan Beta, Lansing; Virginia Alpha, Roanoke; Virginia Beta, Virginia; 
 Virginia Gamma, Randolph-Macon; Missouri Alpha, Missouri; Georgia Alpha, 
 Oglethorpe; Georgia Beta, Georgia; Georgia Gamma, Emory; Georgia Delta, 
 Mercer; Iowa Alpha, Iowa Wesleyan; New York Alpha, Cornell; Pennsylvania 
 Alpha, Lafayette; California Alpha, California; Nebraska Alpha, Nebraska. 
 
 The titles given to chapters were correct, according to priority of 
 their establishment in each State, except that no mention was made 
 of the second chapter which existed at Centre, 1855, and except 
 that the chapters at Indiana Asbury and Terre Haute should have 
 been entitled respectively Indiana Zeta and Indiana Eta, accord- 
 ing to seniority, and except that no chapter of <l> A was ever 
 chartered or established at Cumberland University, Tennessee. 
 
 The report also assigned secondary titles to the chapters, such 
 titles being the Greek letters in alphabetical order, without regard 
 to States. Thus Ohio Alpha was Alpha, Indiana Alpha was Beta, 
 Kentucky Alpha was Gamma, etc.; Illinois Gamma was Omega; 
 and then the letters were used with the word Deuteron," begin- 
 ning with Illinois Delta as Alpha Deuteron, and ending with 
 Nebraska Alpha as Pi Deuteron. The report, which was adopted, 
 said that all the material collected by the resurrectionists has been 
 arranged for the catalogue." On motion of G. E. Patterson, a 
 committee, composed of C. T. Jamieson, S. W. Carpenter and C. 
 D. Whitehead, was appointed to publish the catalogue, and the 
 Grand Banker was instructed to levy a tax to pa}^ for printing it. 
 
 The Monmouth chapter, having contended against anti-fraternit}^ 
 laws since 187 1, on motion of R. H. Woodrum, was instructed 
 to keep its organization in the best way it could." On motion of 
 Woodrum, a committee on electioneering was appointed; commit- 
 tee, Woodrum, chairman, submitted the following, which was 
 adopted: 
 
 Resolved, That any mem.ber engaged in electioneering for college honors shall 
 be subject to expulsion, and any chapter failing to take action upon such member 
 shall be subject to forfeiture of its charter. 
 
 On motion of A. C. Greene, ordered that certificates of member- 
 ship be issued to members free of charge. The Grand Banker 
 reported that the $1 per capita assessment on initiates, levied b}^ 
 the Convention of 1874 for the benefit of the permanent fund, had 
 yielded ^74, and that the fund amounted to $652.50. C. D. 
 Whitehead was elected Grand Banker. On motion of J. S. Kline, 
 
 Resolved, That the seniors of the different chapters be solicited to contribute to 
 the Grand Banker such amounts as they may see fit to give for the permanent fund, 
 or to give their notes payable in any time from one to five years after date, said 
 notes to draw ten per cent, interest from date. 
 
 A committee, composed of A. C. Greene, G. E. Patterson and 
 J. S. Kline, was appointed to draft resolutions allowing the organi- 
 zation of ladies' chapters. The proceedings do not include the 
 report, but mention that it was tabled until the next Convention. 
 
 Although an amendment to the Constitution providing for bien- 
 nial conventions had been adopted, the Convention decided that 
 the next Convention should meet within seventeen months; ordered 
 
ANNALS, 1875-1876. 345 
 
 to be held at Wooster, Ohio, October 11-13, 1876. T. W. Leard 
 moved the appointment of a committee, to report through The 
 Scroll, as to the practicability^ of a $ A reunion at Philadelphia, 
 during July, 1876; carried, and T. W. Leard, M. F. Parrish and 
 A. C. Greene appointed. 
 
 Wednesda}^ evening the Convention was called to order b}^ Ken- 
 tucky Alpha, and Lytton Ta3*lor, of Nashville, Tenn., was initi- 
 ated for the purpose of establishing a chapter at Vanderbilt Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 Frida}^ evening public literar}^ exercises were held in the Second 
 Presbyterian Church, which the audience filled. It was announced 
 that, owing to a bereavement in his famih^. Colonel T. W. Bullitt, 
 Centre, '58, the orator chosen for the occasion, could not be pres- 
 ent; also that Colonel W. P. Black, Wabash, '64, who had been 
 selected as poet, was necessarih^ absent. Each gentleman had for- 
 warded his manuscript, and the poem was read b}" C. D. White- 
 head, Wabash, '73. A memorial address relating to deceased 
 members was delivered b}^ C. M. Beckwith, Georgia, '73. After 
 these exercises, there was, at James Hall, a banquet prepared by 
 the ladies of the First Presbyterian Church, G. E. Patterson, 
 Wooster, '76, was toastmaster. The toasts: OurOrder," response 
 b}^ C. D. Whitehead, Wabash, '73; "The Ladies," C. M. Beckwith, 
 Georgia, '73; 'The Facult}^ of Centre College," Professor L. H. 
 Ralston; 'Kentuck}^ Alpha," G. C. Cohen, Centre, '74; 'The 
 Church," Rev. J. L. McKee, D. D., B H, President of Centre 
 College; "Old Virginia," R. H. Woodrum, Roanoke, '76. 
 
 The convention proceedings, oration, poem and an account of 
 the literary exercises and banquet, including an account of the ban- 
 quet from the Danville Kentucky Advocate, were printed in The 
 Scroll, Jul)", 1875; the constitutional and ritualistic amendments, 
 and a description of the design for charter, in a supplement to the 
 same issue. 
 
 ANNALS, 1875-1876. 
 
 C. M. Beckwith, President of the National Convention, 1875, 
 appointed the following Executive Committee: G. E. Patterson, 
 Wooster, '76; J, D. Fleming, Centre, '75; F. J. Annis, Lansing, '75. 
 On the last da)^ of the Convention, Faye Walker, Miami, '68, was 
 elected President, to fill the vacancy caused b_v the resignation of 
 C. M. Beckwith. Until the next Convention, Faye AValker served, 
 ex officio, as President of the Executive Committee, while H. G. 
 Bradford, Secretary- of the Convention, served, ex officio, as Secre- 
 tary of the Executive Committee. C. D. Whitehead, as Grand 
 Banker, also served as a member of the Committee. 
 
 A letter to The Scroll, dated November 9, 1874, shows that 
 the chapter at Ohio Wesleyan had ten active members, besides two 
 who were temporaril}" out of college. It had just furnished and 
 
346 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 taken possession of a new hall, which was the finest Greek frater- 
 nity hall in the city." However, $ A as well as the other frater- 
 nities at O. W. U. had suffered from the strong anti-fraternity sen- 
 timent which had prevailed there for several years. The active 
 membership of the various fraternities was comparatively small. 
 The large anti-fraternity element included many of the best students 
 and exerted a powerful influence. Some of these students refused 
 invitations to become Greeks because secret societies were regarded 
 with disfavor by the faculty. In attempting to suppress such soci- 
 eties, the faculty had passed a regulation requiring every student to 
 promise, as a condition of matriculation, that he would not join a 
 fraternity while attending Ohio Wesleyan. The fraternities became 
 sub rosa, and evaded the regulation by initiating students before 
 their matriculation. 
 
 The opposition of the faculty and the barbarian students caused 
 a few members of <^ A © to desire to withdraw from it. The min- 
 utes of the National Grand (Wooster) chapter show that, April 
 19, 1875, a meeting was held for the purpose of hearing A. D. 
 Newell, of Ohio Wesleyan, concerning business on which he had 
 been sent 'by a number of Phis" at Delaware. He presented a 
 petition for the withdrawal of the brothers of the Ohio Gamma from 
 the $ A © Fraternity. On motion, the petition was rejected, when 
 suggestions were offered by different members of the Fraternity as 
 to the best means of re-establishing the Ohio Gamma with such 
 men as were recommended by Brother Newell. On motion, the 
 Treasurer was instructed to purchase the two pins which Brother 
 Newell had in his possession belonging to the other members of 
 the Ohio Gamma." May 18: Brothers of the Ohio Gamma 
 handed in their resignations and they were granted. On motion, 
 the charter of the Ohio Gamma was re-granted. On motion, the 
 Secretary was requested to forward the said charter." The mem- 
 bers who resigned were C. J. Read, M. C. Percival, E. L. Fosdick, 
 Cyrus Huling, J. S. Bitler, C. M. Idleman, F. M. Kirgan, A. D. 
 Newell, T. A. Turner and C. V. Lewis. 
 
 The new charter, dated June 5, 1875, was issued to Percival, 
 Fosdick, Huling, Bitler, Idleman, Newell and G. S. Hammond. 
 The effect of this reorganization was that several members became 
 detached from ^ A ©. Newell wrote to the National Grand, May 
 15: We are now making an effort to get as many Phis into a 
 certain house to room next year as we can. We think we are going 
 to be a success this time. " Hammond was a delegate to the National 
 Convention at Danville, May 19-21, when the title of the chapter 
 was changed from Ohio Gamma to Ohio Delta. A letter to The 
 Scroll, October 23, 1875, said: ' Our chapter is still sub rosa and 
 not generally known to exist, but we ourselves think we do, and 
 hence send a report. Last year we intended to come out at the 
 beginning of the present term, but met a reverse sufficient to post- 
 pone our intentions. There are but five of us left at present; 
 
ANNALS, 1875-1876. 347 
 
 three of our members did not return this term as we expected." A 
 letter to The Scroll, March, 1876, said the membership was still five. 
 A letter to The Scroll, May 15, said there were ten members and 
 they expected to have possession of a new hall in about a week." 
 
 A branch of the Franklin chapter was formed at Earlham Col- 
 lege, Richmond, Ind. Under authority granted by Indiana Delta, 
 June 7, 1875, George Banta visited Richmond and initiated a 
 sophomore, June 17, 1875. Banta wrote to W. B. Palmer, April 
 24, 1877, that R. A. Jackson was the original Earlham student 
 whom I initiated in the woods back of Earlham College." Jackson 
 affiliated with Virginia Beta, 1876-77. In spite of facult}^ opposi- 
 tion to fraternities, the Earlham branch continued until 1878, when 
 the efforts it had made to secure a charter were abandoned. 
 
 In the fall of 1875, C. M. Shields, of the Roanoke chapter, and 
 a resident of Richmond, Va., was matriculated at Richmond Col- 
 lege. At once he began looking around with a view toward estab- 
 lishing a chapter there. He was very fortunate, and in a few weeks 
 was joined by a sufficient number of students to warrant him in 
 applying for a charter. A meeting for the purpose of organization 
 was held, September 28. An application for charter was signed by 
 J. W. Hughes, '76: C. M. Shields, '76; W. F. Smith, '76; J. T. 
 E. Thornhill, '76; H. C. Smith, '77, and W. F. Harris, '78. The 
 charter was granted by Virginia Alpha, September 30, 1875. The 
 new chapter, which received the title Virginia Delta, was success- 
 ful from the start, and by the close of the collegiate year twelve 
 men wore the Phi badge at Richmond College. The older frater- 
 nities there were B © 11, K A (Southern) and $ K 2. 
 
 At Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, Pa., during 1874-75, there 
 were several students who did not care to accept invitations they had 
 received to join fraternities, but who desired to establish a chapter 
 of another fraternity. Among them was J. C. Jacoby who, having 
 attended Wabash College, knew something about $ A ©, and who 
 suggested that they apply to it for a charter. They consulted D. 
 B. Floyd, of the Indiana Asbury and Roanoke chapters, then 
 attending Gettysburg Theological Seminary. The result was an 
 application for a charter. The minutes of Pennsylvania Alpha 
 for May i, 1875, show that J. P. Keeney was then elected ' a dele- 
 gate to proceed to Pennsylvania College, at Gettysburg, and initiate 
 the charter members of Pennsylvania Beta." Asa Leard, also of 
 Pennsylvania Alpha, went with Keeney to Gettysburg, and with 
 Floyd they installed the chapter. 
 
 The charter members — J. C. Jacoby, '76; O. H. Melcher, '76; 
 S. E. Smith, '76; C. J. Reddig, '77; Albert Bell, '78, and H. M. 
 Lentz, '78 — were initiated in the parlor of the Central Hotel, the 
 evening of May 5. After the initiation, officers were elected, and 
 then a banquet took place. On the morning of the 6th, the Phis 
 wore their badges to chapel. The members of the other fraterni- 
 ties concluded to give them a demonstration of welcome, and, on 
 
348 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 the evening of that dia}^ the}^ marched, headed by a drum corps, 
 about the campus, and halted before a box platform, from which 
 speeches were made. Some things said were rather sarcastic, but 
 on the whole the reception was very friendly."^ A letter to The 
 Scroll shows that, October 15, Pennsylvania Beta had thirteen 
 attendant members and one correspondent member, and was pro- 
 vided with a comfortable hall." Pennsylvania Alpha delayed in 
 forwarding the charter, and when issued it bore the date November 
 I, 1875. April I, 1876, Pennsylvania Beta entered a new hall, 
 which a letter to The Scroll said was the largest and finest in 
 town." May 5, 1876, the first anniversar}^ of the chapter, was cele- 
 brated with appropriate exercises. The older fraternities at Gettys- 
 burg were $ K ^, <^ T A, Z ^, 2 X, X ^, but the Z ^ and X $ 
 chapters had suspended. 
 
 A third chapter in the State of Pemnsylvania soon followed. The 
 minutes of Pennsylvania Alpha for October 24, 1874, sa}'': "A 
 petition for a new chapter at Washington and Jefferson College was 
 received, and, after some discussion, was indefinitel}^ postponed." 
 The following year, however, a charter for a chapter at this college 
 was granted. The originators of the plan to secure a <E> A © char- 
 ter were J. S. Helm and Frank McCullough, who began a corres- 
 pondence on the subject with J. B. Pomeroy, of the National 
 Grand. Five others joined with them in the undertaking. An 
 application for charter was signed by O. H. Anderson, '76; J. S. 
 Helm, '77; J. C. McClenathan, '78; Frank McCullough, '78; W. 
 H. S. Thomson, '78; N. B. Hogg, '79; J. A. Langfitt, '79. The 
 minutes of Pennsylvania Alpha show that it granted them a charter, 
 November 24, 1875, ^^^ ^^e charter itself bears the date December 
 4, 1875, ^^^ chapter being entitled Penns3dvania Gamma. In a 
 sketch of the chapter, written 1880, Langfitt said: 
 
 When we received the charter we were exuberantly jubilant and happy, and, 
 forming a ring around it, we engaged in an impromptu war dance. This last was 
 partly to express our gratification, and partly to fortif}' us for the conflict into 
 which we were sure of being precipitated whenever the shield and sword should 
 make their appearance. Nor were we mistaken. The secret of our organization 
 had been well kept, and scarcely a suspicion aroused, but as soon as we showed our 
 colors the batteries of six fraternities, indignant at what they termed our presump- 
 tion, were directed upon us, charged with their heaviest shot. But we were ready; 
 our organization was complete, our armor bullet-proof, and we suffered them to 
 fire away at their own sweet will. 
 
 The chapter had eleven members, February, 1876. It remained 
 sub rosa until the annual contest between the Philo and Union So- 
 ciety and the Franklin and Washington Society, March 9, 1876. 
 The older fraternities there were B U, <E> F A, ^ K ^, $ K ^, 
 2 X, A K E, AY, ATA, and © A X, but the chapters of '% X, 
 A K E, AY and © A X had suspended. 
 
 During the 3'ear 1874-75, W. L. Calhoun, of the Georgia chap- 
 ter, was attending the Universit}^ of Nashville, and there met Lyt- 
 
 '^ The minutSfe of Pennsylvania Alpha show that it had its "first supper" at commencement, 
 1875, and that Jacoby was present. 
 
ANNALS, 1875- 1876. 349 
 
 ton Taylor, a resident of Nashville. Taylor expected to enter Van- 
 derbilt Universit}^, at Nashville, and, at Calhoun's solicitation, 
 agreed to attempt the establishment of a chapter there. C. M. 
 Beckwith, of the Georgia chapter, then a teacher in the grammar 
 school of the Universit}' of the South, Sewanee, Tenn., was con- 
 sulted about the matter. He expected to attend the National Con- 
 vention at Danville, K}'. , May, 1875. It was arranged that Taylor 
 should accompan}' him. Mav 19, the Convention, of which Beck- 
 with was President, witnessed the initiation of Taylor by Kentucky- 
 Alpha. In the fall of 1875, Taj'lor entered the first law class of 
 Vanderbilt. He associated with him several students, and the}- 
 made application for a charter. The National Grand, Januar3-2o, 
 1876, granted a charter for the establishment of Tennessee Beta. 
 This title was given under the mistaken impression that a chapter 
 called Tennessee Alpha had been established at Cumberland Uni- 
 versity in the early '50s. Taylor's plans were frustrated. The 
 Vanderbilt trustees had enacted a law prohibiting students from 
 connecting themselves with secret fraternities. The faculty threat- 
 ened with expulsion all who should disobey this regulation. From 
 correspondence bearing $ A © emblems addressed to Ta3'lor in 
 care of the universit}^ the facult}" suspected that he was attempting 
 to establish a chapter, and he was warned of serious consequences. 
 He, therefore, felt obliged to abandon the project. Seven students 
 had promised to co-operate with him, but as the}- were never initi- 
 ated, they are not included in the chapter's membership. Ta34or 
 was graduated 1876, and during the collegiate year 1876-77 no Phi 
 was in attendance at Vanderbilt. 
 
 In the winter of 1875-76 D. R. Horton, of New Vork Alpha, vis- 
 ited Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa., and consulted with 
 his friend H. C. Wilson about establishing a chapter. Wilson 
 promised to make an effort in that direction, and introduced 
 him to several other Lehigh students, who appeared to be suitable 
 men for such an enterprise. The minutes of Pennsylvania Alpha 
 for January 16, 1876, sa}-: "On motion, a committee was appointed 
 to see about starting a chapter at Lehigh L'niversity." The min- 
 utes of New Vork Alpha for February 4, 1876, say D. R. Horton 
 then announced that Pennsylvania Alpha proposed establishing a 
 chapter at Lehigh, but he thought that New Vork Alpha should 
 have the honor of establishing the chapter, and he said that 'a 
 man already pledged was willing to start the chapter, being ready 
 to come up here and be initiated." Wilson came from Lehigh, and 
 was initiated at Cornell, February 18. C. W. Bixby and Harry 
 Emmons, of Pennsylvania Alpha, visited Wilson at Lehigh and 
 invited him to visit Lafayette. Pennsylvania Alpha had a banquet, 
 March i, when Wilson was present. Wilson and others made 
 application for a charter, which Pennsylvania Alpha tabled. April 
 12, but granted, April 19. The new chapter, entitled Pennsylvania 
 Delta, seemed to start off well. Among its members were H. C. 
 
350 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Wilson, '78, and Frank Brunner, '80; and in the fall of 1876, N. 
 B. Hogg, '79, a charter member of Penns3''lvania Gamma, was affil- 
 iated. The older fraternities at Lehigh were <^ K S, X $, ATA. 
 
 At Central College, Fa^^ette, Mo., a chapter was established by 
 T. P. Lee, of Missouri Alpha, who was a student at Central, 
 1874-76. Missouri Alpha, Ma}^ 29, 1876, granted a charter for 
 Missouri Beta to C. P. Allen, '76; R. J. Coleman, '76; Virgil Dil- 
 lin, '76; T. P. Polk, '76; C. T. Noland, '76; R. H. Hamilton, '77; 
 J. H. Willis, '77; C. A. Winston. '77. Noland was the successful 
 competitor in the inter-state oratorical contest at Chicago, 1876. 
 There was no other* fraternity at Central, and the chapter had to 
 keep sub rosa on account of anti fraternity restrictions. 
 
 The Scroll, July, 1875, said that Iowa Alpha deserves the com- 
 mendations and support of the Order in the attempt to establish a 
 chapter at the State University at Iowa Cit}^" The minutes of 
 Pennsylvania Alpha for December 3, 1875, say: On motion. Broth- 
 ers Moore and Hogg were appointed to see about starting a chap- 
 ter of the Fraternit}^ at Philadelphia." The minutes of the 
 National Grand for December 9, 1875, sa}^: On motion, chapter 
 asserted its willingness to grant a charter to Amherst provided one 
 was applied for. " It was several years, however, before $A(s) 
 established a chapter at either of these three places. 
 
 The chapter at Indiana Asbury, revived March, 1875, suspended 
 again, 1876. J. S. Sims wrote to The Scroll, October 13: Our 
 prospects are not so flattering as they were last 3^ear. A great 
 many of our boys did not come back, and the fact that we had 
 rented a hall is an embarrassment to the half a dozen who are 
 still in the ranks." With the graduation of the class of '76, the 
 chapter became inactive. 
 
 Since 1871-72 Indiana Alpha had suffered from internal troubles, 
 enough to have killed almost any chapter. Writing to W. B. 
 Palmer, July i, 1885, A. G. Foster, '78, gave the following account 
 of the chapter while he was at Bloomington: 
 
 I was initiated by Indiana Alpha, October 4, 1874, and well do I remember the 
 night. The boys were few in number, and had a spiteful opposition from the 
 other fraternities. Our hall was then a back room over Luzadder's store, a build- 
 ing since removed b}' fire. 
 
 What a queer hall it was! The furniture consisted of twelve chairs, a small 
 common table, one cheap lamp and a broken-down stove, but the chief attraction 
 was a three-ply carpet that one of the boys had brought from home. In place of a 
 curtain on the only window in the hall, thick wrapping paper had been tacked up. 
 In the ceiling was a trap-opening, about 5 by 8 feet, covered with loose boards. 
 The door was fastened by a lock that any key in town would open. You would 
 appreciate this particularly could you recall with me the system of espionage to 
 which we were subjected. 
 
 Well, on the night aforesaid, I was secret!}- conducted to the hall, and, when I 
 arrived there, the bo3S were apprised that several spies were in the building, await- 
 ing the initiation, which, consequently, had to be foregone; so the dreaded cere- 
 mony narrowed down to a reading of the Bond and signing it. I was badged out 
 next morning 
 
 The method of spiking used to be, first, to find out the status of the one 
 enquired of, and, if that were correct, the "victim" would be enticed out for the after- 
 
ANNALS, 1875-1876. 351 
 
 noon to the suburban residences of Frank Hunter or Dory Wylie, or some of the 
 other boys' homes, and there, munching apples, on the green grass, in the shade 
 of the forest trees, the topic of conversation would gradually be led around to col- 
 lege organizations; and, if the promises were faithful, a pledge, on the honor of a 
 gentleman, would be signed not to reveal the state secrets about to be discussed. 
 
 This done, the talk following rarely failed to gain us our initiate 
 
 Consider us, a band then much smaller than any of our opponents, .... 
 two juniors, one sophomore, two freshmen and one prep,, and pretty badly dis- 
 heartened, but with a resolution to retain the charter so long as we remained at 
 college. During all this trying period, our meetings were continued, as the 
 minutes will show, but the}' will not tell how only three, sometimes only two, were 
 together, and how scant our literary exercises were. Every Thursday night, dur- 
 ing all those dark days, the lamp light streamed from our window, to tell the other 
 
 fraternities that $ A had not disbanded, as they so fondly hoped 
 
 After our internal troubles, we grew gradually stronger, and, by the time I was 
 graduated in 1878, we had a strong chapter and the finest hall in town, where we 
 held a monthly levee with our ladv friends. 
 
 George Banta, who had been initiated by Indiana Delta, May 16, 
 1874, was affiliated by Indiana Alpha in the autumn of 1875. After 
 graduation, 1876, he became one of the most effective general 
 workers for the Fraternity. In the spring of 1877, Charles Banta 
 was initiated b}^ Indiana Delta, and in the autumn of that 3^ear he 
 was affiliated by Indiana Alpha. Both were sons of Judge D. D. 
 Banta, Indiana Alpha, '55. 
 
 The downfall of New York Alpha, when announced to the Frat- 
 ernity, 1876, came like a thunderbolt out of a clear sk3\ W. O. 
 Bates, writing for The Sci'oll, July, 1875, just after his graduation 
 at Cornell, said: ' The New York Alpha has reached a critical 
 period in its histor}^ By the graduation of four seniors, the chap- 
 ter is deprived of the services of those who have been with it since 
 its establishment and built it up to its present standing. The chap- 
 ter will start next year under the most favorable circumstances. 
 With eight or ten members, an established reputation, all arrange- 
 ments made for a large and handsomely furnished hall, and no back 
 debts to encumber, the eyes of the old members and of the Frater- 
 nity at large will be turned with anxious solicitude upon those to 
 whose care the honor of this chapter has been committed. As the}^ 
 well or ill acquit themselves of the one chapter of our Order located 
 at one of the four great universities of the land, so will their reward 
 be; credit and commendation or disgrace." 
 
 November 14, a letter was sent to The Scroll, describing a very 
 handsome new hall of which the chapter would take possession, 
 November 19, and saying that the active membership then was 
 sixteen. In The Scroll, March, 1876, there were reported 'eighteen 
 excellent men — four post-graduates, two seniors, five juniors, two 
 sophomores and five freshmen." With these good reports, the 
 Fraternit}^ was totall}^ unprepared for bad news from that quarter. 
 May II, 1876, the National Grand received the charter, with the 
 resignations of two members, both of whom were expelled. Bates 
 wrote for The Scroll, June, 1876: "The stor}'^ of the decline and 
 downfall is long and unpleasant. It ma}" be summed up in this: 
 
352 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 incompatibility of temperament and tastes, with an intense and 
 stubborn selfishness, which refused to yield anything to the general 
 good and pleasure. There were wheels within wheels, and mat- 
 ters went from bad to worse until, early in April, one faction deter- 
 mined to overthrow the chapter, and carried the thing through by 
 storm at the next meeting, many of the members being ignorant of 
 any trouble until they reached the hall." 
 
 Following is an extract from a biographical sketch of D. R. Hor- 
 ton. New York Alpha, '75, published in The Sc7'oll, December, 
 1894: The old chapter found its end through dissensions — the 
 main cause of the dissolution being the fact that, by a bare major- 
 ity, the chapter had voted to rent a chapter house. Such a move 
 at that time was too much of an innovation even at Cornell, and 
 the minority were so much opposed to it that the charter was sur- 
 rendered shortly thereafter. In addition, the President of the 
 chapter had been luke-warm since the expulsion of a member named 
 W. E. Yaeger. After the surrender of the charter, this man, H. 
 A. Rueppele, went into the same Fraternity, A A $, of which Yaeger 
 had become a member. New York Alpha at that time was isolated 
 from the rest of the Fraternity. Had it not been for this, the 
 above mentioned factors would probably not have affected its 
 continuity of existence. " From this disaster it took the Fraternity 
 years to recover. Undoubtedl}^ $ A would have been established 
 in eastern colleges much earlier had it not been for the fall of New 
 York Alpha. 
 
 Kentucky Gamma, at Georgetown, initiated one man Novem- 
 ber 12, 1875, and three January 14. The last man admitted by 
 the chapter was initiated January 28, 1876. May 24, L. L. Bris- 
 tow wrote to The Sci^oll that arrangements were being made for 
 a grand farewell banquet," and that four of the members would 
 graduate that year but seven would be left. The chapter, however, 
 became inactive at the close of the collegiate year 1875-76. Bris- 
 tow affiliated with Virginia Beta during 1876-77. 
 
 Nebraska Alpha, which had been established in the spring of 1875, 
 but which did not get a vigorous start, suspended, 1876, no meet- 
 ings being held after June. The Sc?'oll, April, 1880, contained an 
 extract from a letter written to George Banta by E. S. Palmer, 
 who declared that the re-establishment of Nebraska Alpha was not 
 at all advisable, and said: "The objections to it are many. First, 
 faculty down on 'em. Second, the college classes are small and 
 the prep, classes large. Third, almost an entirely new set of stud- 
 ents come in at the first of every term. Fourth, the only real 
 smart chap in the college classes was expelled a short time ago. 
 The lack of respectable material, and the constant going out and 
 coming in of students are the two chief objections. I broached the 
 subject to a bigoted and egotistical junior, a man who is presi- 
 dent of his class, and said to be quite sharp. He took up with it 
 at once, under the impression that it was an organization for hazing. 
 
ANNALS, 1875-1876. 
 
 353 
 
 and after that was knocked out of him, he said he belonged to the 
 Sons of Temperance, and one secret societ}^ was as much as he 
 could stand." 
 
 Owing to laws antagonistic to fraternities, enacted by the trust- 
 ees of the University of Georgia, 1874, and made more stringent, 
 1875, each matriculate was required to sign a pledge that he would 
 not join a fraternity during his connection with the institution. 
 This severe requirement, however, did not prevent the Phis from 
 continuing to meet. They met in secluded places, though con- 
 stantly in fear of detection by some professor. They also man- 
 
 The Coat-of-Arms and Monogram, 1874. 
 
 Half-tone of steel engraving first used in the annual Cornellian. 
 
 aged to sustain themselves numerically by initiating students who 
 were temporarily withdrawn from the university. Illinois Gamma 
 at Monmouth also continued sub rosa on account of a law prohibit- 
 ing fraternities there, while Illinois Delta at Knox encountered a 
 strong anti-fraternity sentiment. 
 
 The annual Cornellian, 1874, contained a new engraving of the 
 coat-of-arms, with "1848" on the scroll beneath the helmet, with 
 the letters '<& A 0" forming a monogram behind the design, and 
 with a cloud effect about the whole. The California annual Blue 
 and Gold, 1875, contained a woodcut, which displayed the arms 
 with monogram, as shown in the Cornellian the previous year 
 C 1873," the year of California Alpha's establishment, appearing, 
 
354 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 as well as '1848," on the scroll beneath the helmet); above were 
 the emblems shown in the design adopted by the Convention of 
 1873 — an anchor, two stars and A"; above these emblems was an 
 eye; below the arms was an urn with burning incense, the incense 
 making a cloud about the whole, and University of California" 
 appearing just above the flame. The design for charters adopted 
 by the Convention of 1875 is thus described in the proceedings: 
 
 The outline shall be an arch resting on pedestals. Each pedestal shall rest 
 immediately on a book, on which shall be the words, "Bond and Constitution of 
 the $ A 0," and this book shall rest upon a book, on which shall be the words 
 "Holy Bible." On the left pedestal shall be the capital Greek letters A fi M H, 
 the date of the foundation of the Fraternity, while the right pedestal shall be 
 blank, in order that the capital Greek numerals indicating the year of the estab- 
 lishment of the chapter ma}' there be written. 
 
 Design for Insert in California Annual, 1875. 
 
 Used in the Bhie and Gold, 1875 and 1876. The original woodcut, 5K inches tall, appeared on the 
 first annual circular letter of California Alpha, 1887. 
 
 The left side of the arch shall be divided into four pieces, the lowest of which 
 shall bear the Greek word,"iTz(jrz5" (Fidelity); the second, 'TrcadzS" (Knowledge); 
 the third, '•'•' Titoj.LOvr]'''' (Patience); the highest, "^zA.<:r5£A(pz'a;'J (Brotherly love). 
 The right side of the arch shall have three divisions: on the first, " Aperrf'''' (Virtue); 
 the middle, ^''Eyxpareia'' (Temperance); the third, '^Ev6€/3sia''' (Godliness). 
 On the keystone shall be the word "'^Xa'TTT;" (Charity); on the upper edge, "$A9." 
 
 Immediately beneath the keystone shall be an eye. In the upper right hand 
 corner, in the blank formed by the deflection of the curve of the arch, shall be a 
 black shield, with the silvered anchor and stars. In the left vacancy shall be the 
 coat-of-arms. The form of the charter shall be as follows 
 
 This design for a charter was never engraved, but it was drawn 
 
 with pen and ink on some of the charters subsequently granted. 
 
 However, as the Cornell Phis added a monogram to the arms, and 
 
 as the California Phis added other features to make a college 
 
Design for Insert in Wooster Ann(jal, 1876. 
 
 Half-tone of woodcut first used in the Index. 
 Reproduced from the annual circular letter of the Wooster chapter, 1891. 
 
 annual design, so the Wooster Phis went still further, and formed 
 for the annual Index a combination of the charter design and the 
 California design, the arch surrounding the arms and other 
 emblems. A notice of the Index in The Scroll, June, 1876, said: 
 The chapter cut of our coat-of-arms facing the list of members is 
 the most elaborate and beautiful combination of our emblems 3'et 
 made." 
 
 The first makers of ^ A badges, Beggs & Smith, of Cincinnati, 
 had gone out of business, or at least had not made such badges for 
 
356 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ten years or more previous to 1875. ^^r perhaps ten 3'ears badges 
 had been made for members of the Ohio and Indiana chapters b}^ 
 L. F. Kiefer, of Indianapolis. Members of the Georgia chapters 
 had badges made in Atlanta, and members of other chapters had 
 them made by different jewelers. Charles Cook, of Cincinnati, 
 issued a price list, 1875, offering badges with raised center and 
 scroll, with blue-black and white enamel, and a set in hilt of sword." 
 Previous to this, so far as is known, all $ A badges had 
 been made plain, the eye and scroll and the border of the shield 
 being enchased on a flat gold plate. On badges made by Cook, 
 1875 and afterward, the eye was enameled in black and the scroll 
 in white, both being raised. The letters on the scroll were enam- 
 eled in black. The border was also raised and enameled in black. 
 C. T. Jamieson, at Wooster, sent one of Cook's price lists to 
 Indiana Alpha, and on the back of it wrote, April 30, 1875: ''l 
 can recommend Cook's badges. Kiefer's badges are badl}^ shaped, 
 roughly finished, and have an awkward appearance. We tried them 
 until we saw he could not improve them an}", and then we left him. 
 Cook's badges are symmetrical, well finished, and handsomer than 
 an}^ other «I> A © badges I have ever seen." The committee ap- 
 pointed at the Convention of 1875 ^^ decide upon a fraternity 
 jeweler reported in The Scroll, March, 1876, that Cook had been 
 chosen. His advertisement appeared in the three numbers of 
 Volume II of The Scroll, 1876. By 1876 Cook was making 
 badges as above described, and with eight jewels distributed about 
 the border of the shield, and three jewels in the guard of the 
 sword. 
 
 D. R. Horton, Cornell, '75, wrote to W. B. Palmer, March 10, 
 1904: My badge I think was the first ^ A badge made in the 
 East. It was made in 1875 ^1 R- ^- Heggie, of Ithaca. It was 
 the first jewelled badge I ever saw and the scroll is enameled in 
 black." The advertisement of L. G. Burgess Son & Compan}^, 
 of Albany, N. Y. , appeared in Volume II of The Scroll. He had 
 been patronized b}^ Pennsylvania chapters, who were pleased with 
 his work. These two firms made badges for the Fraternit}^ for 
 several years. In design and ornamentation Burgess' work was 
 much superior to that of Cook. Burgess began, 1876, to make 
 badges with a black enameled eye and a white enameled scroll 
 with black enameled letters. The ej'-e had a diamond setting and 
 the whole border of the shield was set with jewels. 
 
 The Convention of 1874 had authorized the manufacture of a 
 badge of convenient size to be worn as a shirt pin." For several 
 3^ears thereafter shirt studs were made in the shape of a miniature 
 badge, and also in sets of three, each having the outline of one of 
 the letters which compose the Fraternity's name. In those da3^s 
 waistcoats were cut low, displaying most of the shirt bosom. In 
 the shirt bosoms of some Phis, the three letters were worn, the ^ of 
 course at the top, then the A, and © still lower. The letters in 
 
THE SCROLL— PROSPECTUS, 1874. 357 
 
 some cases were enameled. Cook's advertisement in The Scroll, 
 1876, offered ""studs and sleeve buttons made to order. ""^ 
 
 A building fund was started b}' the Wooster chapter, 1874. Its 
 minutes for February' 17, 1876, sa}': Question: Should the insti- 
 tution known as the building fund of this chapter be continued? 
 Decision in the negative. " However, March 2, 1876, E. ^L Wil- 
 son, '74, was elected treasurer of the building fund. The question 
 for regular debate, ^slarch 25, 1876, was: "'Resolved, That the 
 National Grand Chapter of the $ A be moved to Lafajette College. 
 Affirm, McClelland; deny, Pomeroy; decision in favor of negative." 
 
 Indiana Delta, October 18, 1875, elected three ladies as honor- 
 ar}' members, and Januar}^ 16, 1876, one. The minutes of Iowa 
 Alpha for Februar}' 14, 1876, sa_v: Moved that we elect another 
 
 lad}^ for our reading circle; Miss elected." February 21: 
 
 "Moved that we have no more reading circles this term; lost." 
 March 20, 1876: 'Brother A. C. Jennis was appointed leader of 
 reading circle exercises." 
 
 The following suggestion was made b}' W. O. Bates, Editor of 
 Tlie Scroll, in the issue for March, 1876. Will the next Conven- 
 tion be kind enough to define its own powers and those of the 
 National Grand a little more distincth', and provide for contin- 
 gencies which arise between meals? A compact Executive Com- 
 mittee would meet the demands of all such cases, and its decisions 
 could be sanctioned or changed b}' the Convention. If biennials 
 prevail, something of the kind seems absolutely necessar}-." And 
 this was added in the June number: Before all things else, we 
 should have an effective and competent Executive Committee. Its 
 powers should be extensive, and subject onh' to the National Con- 
 vention." As will be seen b}^ the proceedings, the Convention of 
 1876 adopted this suggestion. 
 
 THE SCROLL— PROSPECTUS, 1874. 
 
 The first proposition to issue a journal devoted to <l> A0 of which 
 we have any record was made, 1865, by R. A. D. Wilbanks, the 
 most active Phi of that time. This was nearh^ ten years before 
 Tlie Scroll was first issued. October 18, 1865, Wilbanks, then at 
 the Universit}' of Chicago, wrote to John St. John Boyle at Centre 
 College: '"What will the members of Grand Chapter think when 
 they learn that the chapter of Phis at this university are conduct- 
 ing a magazine? Well, 3'ou shall be apprised of the fact. It is 
 to be a quarterly, the first number to appear the first of next Janu- 
 ary. It is designed as the organ of our Fraternity, and our corps 
 of editors will cheerfully insert, after the first number, articles from 
 the pen of any Phi. We so solicit and shall expect it. It will con- 
 
 ^ See illustrations of badges made by Cook and Burgess and shirt studs made by the former in 
 "Annals, 1878-1880." 
 
 Among advertisements in Volume i of The Scroll, 1875. was that of J. B. Wells & Co., Indian- 
 apolis, who offered $ A stationer^-. 
 
358 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 tain over 150 pages of purel}^ literary matter, and as our purpose is 
 not to accumulate funds, but to promote the best interests of our 
 Brotherhood in general, we shall charge only enough to pay 
 expenses, and nothing more. The price will not exceed $1 per 
 year. How many copies will your chapter take, provided, of 
 course, you approve of the merits of the quarterly after you have 
 examined the first number?" 
 
 W. H. Moore, at Indiana University, wrote to Wilbanks, Decem- 
 ber 13, 1865: Some time ago I received a letter from the Secre- 
 tary of your chapter, desiring a response in regard to the assistance 
 our chapter would give to yours in its efforts to print a magazine. 
 No reply has been sent; a;t least the Secretary has not been author- 
 ized to write anything in return, and this is not an official communi- 
 cation. It appears to me that to publish a magazine of the size of 
 the Atlantic MontJily would be too great a task to undertake, but 
 you know 3^our own facilities and resources for the accomplishment 
 
 The Coat-of-Arms, 1874. 
 
 Facsimile of wood-cut on the prospectus of The Scroll, 1874, and on the cover of the magazine, 
 1875 and 1876. A letter witten March 14, 1870, by Harvey Lee, at Miami, to Indiana Alpha, is 
 stamped (not printed) with this design. 
 
 of the work better than I can. For my part I would gladly subscribe 
 for the Phi journal." 
 
 Wilbanks was of very sanguine temperament, and never did 
 anything by halves, but the publication of a quarterly magazine, 
 aggregating over 600 pages a 3'ear, was, of course, an undertaking 
 much beyond the resources of the Society, which then had only six 
 chapters — Indiana, Centre, Wabash, Northwestern Christian, Michi- 
 gan and Chicago— the latter scarcely yet organized. No wonder, 
 therefore, the project failed. 
 
 V. C. Stiers, at Ohio University, wrote to C. B. Gaskill, at 
 Oglethorpe, April 15, 1872, suggesting several measures which he 
 thought should be presented to the Convention. One was to start 
 a monthly paper at headquarters, expressly for the good of the Fra- 
 ternity, each issue to contain a report from every chapter." He 
 said "these things are some of my own originating." 
 
 It appears that both Stiers and C. T. Jamieson at about the same 
 time conceived the idea of issuing a fraternity periodical. Jamie- 
 son, at Hanover, wrote to Gaskill, April 22, 1872: What are 3^our 
 
THE SCROLL— PROSPECTUS, 1874. 359 
 
 views as to publishing a $ A magazine, and also a histor}' of 
 the rise and progress of our Order, as a Fraternity and by chap- 
 ters, in pamphlet form? I have been brooding over this subject for 
 a long time. I want our Fraternity to be the first to issue a maga- 
 zine. The members of Indiana Gamma have been talking to us 
 about a history for some time, and I would be in favor of putting 
 both publications in charge of that chapter." 
 
 H. C. Jones wrote for The Scroll, April, 1875: ''If I mistake not. 
 The Scroll owes its existence to a suggestion from the Ohio chapter, 
 which was made at the Danville Convention in 1872 by our delegate, 
 Brother P. S. Goodwin." The proceedings of the Convention of 
 1872 show that Goodwin was a delegate, but make no mention of 
 him or any one else proposing to establish a fraternity journal. 
 
 At the Convention of 1873, on motion of D. B. Floyd, a com- 
 mittee on publishing a monthl}^ organ" was appointed, W. N. 
 Pickerill, chairman. In a communication to the Convention of 
 1874, he stated that, in his opinion, such a publication could not 
 be maintained without 800 subscriptions at $2 each per year. It 
 was impracticable, if not impossible, to obtain such a subscription 
 list. On motion of S. W. Carpenter, of New York Alpha, the Con- 
 vention adopted a resolution providing for ' a quarterly paper," 
 which was adopted. To A. B. Thrasher and S. J. Tomlinson, of In- 
 diana Gamma, and W. O. Bates, also of that chapter, but then affili- 
 ated with New York Alpha, was committed the entire management 
 of the proposed paper, they to assume all 'pecuniar}^ responsibil- 
 ity." The}-^ issued a prospectus dated Indianapolis, October 17, 
 1874, a portion of which follows: 
 
 The undersigned members of the committe3 appointed by the Convention to pub- 
 lish a quarterly devoted to the interests of the Fraternity, having associated with 
 themselves Brother J. C. Norris, as Secretary of the committee, do hereby present 
 the following plan and prospectus of the same: 
 
 The magazine will be called The Phi Delta Theta Quarterly. It will have 
 forty-eight pages, printed in small pica and bourgeois, on heav}- tinted paper, bound 
 in stiff paper cover, bearing our coat-of-arms in a new and attractive form. It will 
 be published at Indianapolis, and will be issued about November 15th, and every 
 two and one-half months thereafter. 
 
 The prospectus said there would be three departments — the frater- 
 nity department, the alumni department, the literary department. 
 
 The fraternit}- department will be devoted to the active workings of the Frater- 
 nity, and will contain reports of Conventions, hints from the Grand Banker, all 
 business and financial communications not necessarily sub rosa, a quarterly report 
 from each chapter, with such news from the different colleges and fraternities as 
 may be considered of general interest. This will, in a measure, obviate the neces- 
 sity for the laborious and insufficient correspondence hitherto employed, and pre- 
 serve in a permanent form the history of the Fraternity. Each chapter should elect 
 its local correspondent, who should at once send in its report. These reports should 
 be brief, spicy and not private, as we shall aim to publish a magazine which shall 
 be of interest to the public 
 
 Such a magazine will cost your committee yearly about $400. To defray this 
 expense, they have placed the subscription at the low rate of $i per year, with 10 
 
 cents additional to prepay postage Let every chapter, immediately on 
 
 receipt of this prospectus, elect a local agent, whose duty it shall be to solicit sub- 
 scriptions from every attendant and correspondent member of his chapter. 
 
360 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Forward subscriptions at once, and if the requisite amount is not raised by Novem- 
 ber 10, 1874, all moneys received will be promptly returned. 
 
 The prospectus is a four-page circular, 5^ by 8^ inches. In 
 addition to the foregoing announcement, it contains cards from C. 
 D. Whitehead, President, and C. O. Perry, Grand Banker, endors- 
 ing the proposed quarterly. J. C. Norris wrote, November 11, to 
 D. A. Owen, at Franklin, that, since the prospectus had been 
 issued, the committee had decided to name the magazine The 
 Scroll, and that he was encouraged at the prospect of getting a 
 sufficiently large list to insure the success of the quarterly for one 
 year. '^ He also wrote: 'How about an advertisement of Frank- 
 lin College? Five dollars will publish one quarter of a page in all 
 four issues, which I honestly think is the cheapest advertising I 
 ever heard of. I have received several advertisements." Norris 
 wrote, December 15, to C. B. Gaskill that 240 subscriptions had been 
 received, but that 300 were necessary to pay actual expenses, and 
 that the date of publication had been postponed until January 15. 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1875. 
 
 Volume I: four numbers — January, April, July, November, 1875; pp. 191 -|- 
 supplement, July, pp. 5. Editors: W. O. Bates, fraternity department; A. B. 
 Thrasher, alumni department; S. J. Tomlinson, literary department. Publisher, 
 J. C. Norris. Printers, J. B. Wells & Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 The Scroll ^2.'s> first issued when the Fraternity was 26 years old. 
 The initial number, dated January 1875, said that, ' After recon- 
 sidering their first decision, the management of The Scroll decided 
 that it would be best to conduct the paper sub rosa.''^ The four 
 numbers in the first volume contain 191 pages, not counting adver- 
 tisements or a supplement of five pages to the July issue. The pages 
 measure 5^ by 8^ inches, the type area 3^ by 6^. The cover, 
 of light blue glazed paper, bears the inscription: The Scroll: A 
 Quarterly Magazine, Devoted to the Interests of the Phi Delta Theta 
 Fraternity," with the coat-of-arms and a table of contents. 
 
 As there were three departments, so there were three salutatories. 
 S. J. Tomlinson wrote: Our intention is to give, as nearly as lies 
 within our power, all the fraternity news; to afford columns for 
 the free and full discussion of all questions bearing on the welfare 
 of the Fraternity or its members; to present a variety of literary 
 productions; and, withal, to constitute a bond of union between 
 chapters and between our members." 
 
 The July number contains the convention proceedings, a supple- 
 ment giving the constitutional amendments, etc., adopted by the 
 Convention. The volume contains sixty-one chapter letters. 
 Letters from alumni and many personals were printed. The April 
 issue has notes about Other Fraternities." The more important 
 literary articles in the volume were: "ideals and Their Attain- 
 ment," Spain and Her Rebellious Island," Michael Angelo," 
 'Paris, " ' 'a Summer Tour in Her Majesty's American Dominions. " 
 
""^^ 
 
 JANUARY, 1875. 
 
 A QuARTEkLY Magazine, Devoted to the Interests of 
 THE Phi Delta Theta Frateknitv. 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS: 
 
 Sal It I 
 
 Now and Then. Wiu. O. B»tcs 7 
 
 Sub KoEA. A LcgOQd 8 
 
 Spain and her Hebeltious Islaad. C. D. White- 
 
 Mlchael-Anpelo. Prof. A. G. Tliomas U 
 
 A Letter. C. D. Wbil^bead 15 
 
 Kditoriul Not«s IT 
 
 Editorial. Allen B. ' 
 
 Paris. Prof. BTm. U.' 
 
 Personals / 29 
 
 FR4TKRNITY— 
 
 Suniewhat Introductory. Wm. O.Bates S2 
 
 Chapter Reports 34 
 
 Buaiuess Notices ...._.. 49 
 
 AdvertisemeDU So 
 
 ISDlASAPnLIS 
 Jo9KPH h. W1L1.S & Co., Book a.\d ComukbcialPriktu 
 
 
 FiRST Number of the Scroll. 
 
 Reduced, facsimile of printing on cover of Number i, Volume i. The external appearance of the 
 four numbers issued in 1875 was like this, the typography being changed, 1876. 
 
 In a letter to H. T. Miller, published in T/ie Scro//, February, 
 1897, W. O. Bates related some of the difficulties that were 
 experienced in issuing the first two volumes, saying: There were 
 those who feared that such a periodical would inevitably result in 
 the betra3^al of every sacred secret of the Order to a scoffing general 
 public, sitting up o' nights to gratif}^ its insatiate curiosity. I think 
 I should have abandoned the undertaking in despair, but for a cir- 
 cumstance seemingly trivial as compared with the main issue. 
 The scroll on our badge had suggested a name for the projected 
 publication — that which to this da}^ it bears — and it seemed too 
 apropos not to be utilized." 
 
 In the last number of Volume I, Bates said: "it has been found 
 practically impossible to make the magazine entirel}^ si//? /'osa.'^ In 
 the same issue announcements were made that Volume II would 
 have only one editor. A. B. Thrasher wrote: "Brother Bates, a 
 practical printer, a thorough literary gentleman, and a whole-souled 
 
362 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Phi, is just the man for the place." S. J. Tomlinson wrote: "At 
 my instance, the publishing board has decided to concentrate its 
 efforts in the fraternit}^ department. The experience of the last 
 year has taught us that this department is the one in which the 
 interest of the members centers." 
 
 The first volume was highl}^ creditable in every way to the Edit- 
 ors, to the printers, and to the Fraternity. The magazine was 
 destined to become the most important factor in the devel- 
 opment of ^ A ©. The following extract from a letter written by 
 Thrasher, to W. B. Palmer, May 18, 1886, shows that to Bates is 
 due the credit of suggesting the eminently appropriate name of The 
 Scroll, instead of the commonplace name of the Quaint e7'ly\ as the 
 proposed publication was called in the prospectus: "On my return 
 from Europe, in 1874, I found that S. J. Tomlinson, W. O. Bates 
 and myself had been elected to edit a quarterly journal of <E> A ©. 
 Bates and I did not like the name of Qua?'terly, and he suggested 
 the name of Scroll. He and I voted for the name he suggested, 
 Tomlinson against it, but we carried our point. Then we agreed 
 on the division of work: Bates, fraternity department; Tomlinson, 
 literary department, and I the alumni department. The matter 
 ran thus for a year, when we shoved the whole affair oif on Bates."* 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1876. 
 
 Volume II: three numbers — March, June, September, 1876; pp. 84 -|- supple- 
 ment, September, pp. 16. Editor, W. O. Bates. Publisher, J. C. Norris. Printers, 
 Baker, Schmidlap & Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 During 1876 W. O. Bates was the sole presiding genius of the edit- 
 orial tripod. J. C. Norris continued as publisher. The pages 
 were of the same size as those of Volume I, the cover being of 
 gray paper. Owing to a lack of proper financial support. Volume 
 II was much reduced in size, the March and June numbers con- 
 taining thirty-two pages each, the September number only twenty. 
 In the latter appeared the following piteous appeal: Can 
 our subscribers complacently watch The Scroll getting thinner and 
 thinner, like a sick calf in a snow storm, and not remember that 
 some of them owe us for two years' subscription, and most of them 
 for one?" 
 
 At the Convention, July, 1876, a plan to make subscriptions to 
 The Scroll compulsory with attendant members was adopted, and 
 Bates and Norris were nominated for Editor and publisher, but 
 both declining, M. F. Parrish was elected Editor and J. B. Pom- 
 eroy publisher. Bates and Norris, however, issued the last num- 
 ber of the volume, dated September. This number contains the 
 convention oration and poem, a supplement giving the convention 
 proceedings. Pomeroy declined the appointment of publisher, and 
 
 * An elaborate review and an index of the first ten volumes of 77/^' Scroll appear in the issue 
 for June, 1886; of the second ten volumes, in the issue for June, 1896. 
 
THE SONG BOOK— FIRST EDITION, 1876. 
 
 ?>^?> 
 
 the Executive Committee appointed W. D. Shipman in his stead. 
 Parrish and Shipman issued a circular of three pages, dated March, 
 1877, saying that, owing to delay in collecting The Sc?^?// tax, the 
 first number for 1877 had been dela3'ed, but they hoped to issue it 
 soon. The legislation of another Convention (1878) was neces- 
 
 WiLLiAM Oscar Bates, Indianapolis and Cornell, '75, 
 
 Editor of T/ie Scroll, 1875 and 1876. 
 
 sary in order to start The Scroll again, and another issue did not 
 appear until September, 1878. Undoubtedly the Fraternity lost 
 much by this lapse of two years. "^ 
 
 THE SONG BOOK— FIRST EDITION, 1876. 
 
 The following suggestion was made in The Sc?'oll, April, 1875, t>3' 
 W. O. Bates, one of the Editors: "Cannot our next Convention carry 
 on the good work already begun in the way of fraternit}- music, 
 
 * The first fraternity to project a journal was A Y, which, in the spring of 1868, issued, under 
 one cover, a double number of a semi-annual, Our Record, bearing the dates October, 1867, and 
 April, 1868. It did not meet with success, but the same Fraternity issued two numbers of the 
 University Review, dated January and May, 1870, when it too ceased to exist. Publication of the 
 A T Quarterly was not begun until 1882. In June, 1869, A X issued the Shield, but only one 
 number appeared. A periodical under the same name was started by the same Fraternity, 1884. 
 The Beta Theta Pi began as a monthly, December, 1872, suspended July, 1874, was revived 
 January, 1876, and has been published continuously ever since. In 1868, 1869 and 1873 X $ issued 
 an annual called the Chackctt. This was changed to the X $ Quarterly, but only one number 
 appeared in 1874, and one in 1875. It suspended 1875, was revived 1877, and suspended again 1891. 
 The Scroll oi $A© began January, 1875, suspended September, 1876, was revived September, 1878, 
 and has been published continuously ever since. $ K S[' began publishing a Monthly, October, 
 1875. but it suspended 1876. Three issues of a Quarterly appeared 1877, and the Fraternity was 
 without an organ from then until September 1879, when the Shield of <]& K * was established. 
 ATA began publishing a monthly, the Crescent, 1877. In the ne.xt few years several other frater- 
 nity journals were established. The 1875 Convention of B © H ordered that the subscription price 
 of the Beta Theta /'/should be assessed on each active member. $ A adopted this plan, 1876. 
 
364 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 and put this very important factor of the social element of our 
 Order on a firm and satisfactory basis? We now have a few songs 
 of more or less merit. Let a committee be appointed of persons 
 who will act in the matter, and let them urge our poets to write 
 for us some good, cheery songs, and then have the same printed in 
 a convenient and tasty pamphlet." 
 
 At the Convention, May, 1875, ^- J- Annis was appointed chair- 
 man of a committee to provide a Phi song book for the use of 
 chapters." The National Grand (Wooster) Chapter, June 8, 1875, 
 requested P. W. Search and Robert Ballagh "to write a few songs." 
 The Scroll, November, 1875, ^^id that, on account of the change 
 of residence of F. J. Annis, he had transferred the work of issuing 
 the song book to P. W. Search. In The Scroll, March, 1876, Search 
 announced the song book as completed.^ 
 
 The title page: "Songs I of the 1 PHI DELTA THETA 1 
 FRATERNITY. | | Edited by | P. W. Search. | | Pub- 
 lished by I P. W. Search, | Marion, Ohio." Bound in terra cotta 
 cloth, with gilt edges and side stamp: "Songs | of the | PHI 
 DELTA THETA." 
 
 The book contains 56 pages, 5^ by 8^ inches. The paper is 
 tinted, and each page has a double rule border. The typography 
 is very good. The following is from the Preface," page 3. 
 
 $ A has a song book at last. Commenced by Brother F. J. Annis, and con- 
 tributed to by many zealous brothers, the work, so long in preparation, is completed 
 and read}' for use. However imperfect and capable of improvement it may 
 be, we, nevertheless, take great pride and pleasure in presenting it to the Fraternity, 
 for we believe it will add life and vigor to the workings of our noble Order, and 
 prove to our alumni a happy reminder of pleasant scenes and associations of by-gone 
 days. We would like to have published a book with the music, but most of the tunes 
 selected are copyrighted by persons who refuse permission to use them, thus making 
 the plan impossible. We have received a few songs with original music, some of 
 which are so good that we have printed the words. Persons desiring the music to 
 any of these for special occasions can obtain it of the publisher at small expense. 
 
 The songs begin on page 5. Under the title of each is given its 
 air. The songs and odes number fifty-three. Seventeen of them 
 were written by P. W. Search, who laid the foundation of the 
 hymnology of the P'raternity. His songs express deep devotion 
 to $ A ®, and have awakened a responsive chord in the breasts of 
 the thousands who wear the sword and shield. His Phi Delta 
 Theta All Revere" has always been especially admired. 
 Phi Delta Theta All Revere. 
 
 Air — ''Maryland, My Maryland." 
 Come, brothers, let us all unite, 
 
 Of Phi Delta singing; 
 We'll shout the chorus out to-night, 
 
 Happy voices ringing; 
 We'll sing the songs we love so dear, 
 Of common weal and brother's cheer, 
 And laud the name we all revere, 
 
 Of Phi Delta Theta. 
 
 * He wrote to W. B. Palmer, April 26, 1876, that The Scroll was out at last, also the song book. 
 
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC. 365 
 
 Let music fill the evening air, 
 
 Songs of praise be welling; 
 There's joy for us, and naught of care, 
 
 In our chapter dwelling. 
 Then let the chorus grandly ring, 
 And hearts their joyous offering bring; 
 We'll sing the songs we love to sing. 
 
 Of Phi Delta Theta. 
 
 On pages 55 and 56 is an "index," and at the bottom of 56 the 
 imprint: George Crawford & Co., Printers, Marion, Ohio." The 
 cost of the edition, 300 copies printed and 200 bound, was $127. 
 The book sold at ;^i.5o per copy. 
 
 In 1877 the Lansing chapter republished twenty-seven of the 
 songs found in the first edition, making a pamphlet of twenty-seven 
 pages, 3^ by 5^ inches. The reprint was entirely unofficial so far 
 as the general Fraternit}" was concerned, 
 
 INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC. 
 
 The minutes of the Indiana Asbury chapter show that C. O. Perry 
 was appointed, November 21, 1868, ' to attend to getting up some 
 <E> A © music," but there is no evidence that such music was com- 
 posed. The minutes of the parent chapter at Miami for March 
 20, i87i,sa3^: Messrs. Platter and Raymond were appointed a com- 
 mittee to see about having some f raternit}" music published." April 
 16: Committee on music was granted further time." November 
 (day omitted), 187 1: "Committee was appointed to try to get music 
 for fraternity use." The minutes give no account of a report 
 from either of these committees. Februar}- 10, 1873, Ohio Alpha 
 decided to ask A. M. Shue}' to write a song for the Fraternity, 
 and decided to tax the members of the chapter $20 for its pub- 
 lication. Shue}^ wrote no Phi song, but he composed a piece of 
 fraternit}^ music, which was published two 3^ears later. 
 
 The first piece of printed music inscribed to the Fraternity was 
 "The Phi Delta Theta March," dedicated by J. N. E. Wilson, '76, 
 to his chapter, California Alpha; published b}" M. Gra}', San Fran- 
 cisco, 1874; seven pages of music; parth" republished in 1902 song 
 book. Later pieces are as follows: 
 
 "Phi Delta Theta March," dedicated by Mrs. Wells to Indiana 
 Epsilon; published b}- John Church & Co., Cincinnati, 1874; four 
 pages of music. 
 
 "Phi Delta Theta March," by A. M. Shuey, Ohio Alpha, '66; 
 published by J. A. Weide, St. Paul, 1875; three pages of music; 
 republished in 1902 song book. 
 
 "The Onondaga March," dedicated to ^ A by T. B. Prentice 
 (not a Phi); published by P. W. Search, Marion, Ohio, 1875; four 
 pages of music. 
 
 "Grand March of a Hundred Years," dedicated to $ A by P. 
 W. Search, Ohio Delta, '76; published by him at Marion, Ohio, 
 1876; four pages of music. 
 
Q 5. 
 
 
 pi S 
 2 ^ 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1876. 367 
 
 "Phi Delta Theta Waltz," dedicated b}' R. T. Ewing, '96, to his 
 chapter, Michigan Alpha; published b}^ him at Ishpeming, Mich., 
 1895; five pages of music; republished in 1902 song book. 
 
 "The Fraternit}' Two-Step," dedicated to <l> A b}'- Alfred Mur- 
 ray, Illinois Epsilon, '98; published by Clark E. Stewart, Bloom- 
 ington, 111., 1896; five pages of music; republished in 1902 song book. 
 
 "Phi Delta Theta Two-Step," dedicated to Tennessee Alpha b}^ 
 Miss Odielein McCarthy; published by H A. French, Nashville, 
 1896; five pages of music. 
 
 "May," dedicated to $ A by J. R. Clark, Kentucky Delta, '96; 
 published by Finzer & Hamill, Louisville, 1900; one page of music 
 for mandolin. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1876. 
 
 It was announced in The Sci'olL March, 1876, that the commit- 
 tee, appointed at the Convention of 1875, to investigate the practi- 
 cability of holding a $ A reunion at Philadelphia in July, 1876, 
 had decided that the reunion should take place on the afternoon 
 and evening of July 6, at the Colonnade Hotel. In the same issue 
 of The Scroll^ the Editor, W. O. Bates, proposed that, instead of 
 holding the Convention at Wooster, Ohio, in October, as determined 
 by the Convention of 1875, i^ should be held at the time and place 
 of the reunion. He said: Our Conventions have generalh' been 
 held in small provincial towns, a plan not followed b}^ most fra- 
 ternities, and not calculated to enhance our reputation as a Frater- 
 nity or the enjoyment of those attending. Our recent rapid growth 
 in the East, particularly in Pennsylvania, renders it almost obliga- 
 tory that a Convention be held there soon. It would greath' en- 
 courage and assist our eastern chapters, and open the e3^es of eastern 
 fraternit}'^ men generally to our real size and importance." 
 
 May 10, 1876, a printed circular was issued from the Office of 
 the President, Phi Delta Theta Fraternit3^" It was signed by Fa3^e 
 Walker, President, and H. G. Bradford, Secretary, and directed 
 chapters to vote at once on the proposition to change the Conven- 
 tion from Wooster, in October, to Philadelphia, Jul}^ 11, 12 and 13. 
 It suggested that each chapter send as a delegate some attendant 
 or correspondent member who desired to attend the Centennial 
 Exposition, and who would pa}^ his own expenses, thus relieving 
 the fraternit}" treasur}-^ of paying railroad expenses. A circular 
 issued by the President, June 10, announced that the contemplated 
 change had been made 'by vote of the chapters." 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Tuesday, Wednesda}^ and 
 Thursday, July 11, 12 and 13, 1876, in the parlors of the Colon- 
 nade Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa. James Robinson was temporary 
 Chairman, J. C. Norris, temporarv Secretary. 
 
 Delegates present: Indiana — T. W. J. Wylie, '77. Wabash — J. R. Mitchell, 
 '65. Indianapolis — J. C. Norris, '72. Ohio — M. F. Parrish, '76. Emory — C. C. 
 Cody, '75. Iowa Wesleyan — J. R. Foulks, '79. Wooster — ^J. E. Eggert, '77. 
 
368 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Lafayette — C. W. Bixby, '76. Lansing — Charles Bloodgood, '77. Bmhiel — 
 G. S. Pleasants, '76. Richmond — H. C. Smith, '77. Gettysburg — C. J. Reddig, 
 '77. W. &^ J. — O. H. Anderson, '76. 
 
 The active chapters without delep^ates were those at Centre, 
 O. W. U., Franklin, Hanover, Roanoke, Missouri, Monmouth, 
 Knox, Georgia, Mercer, California, Virginia, Randolph-Macon, 
 Lehigh, Central (Mo.) 
 
 Other members present: Miami — J. M. Worrall, '49. Liidiana — R. D. 
 Speck, '77. Wabash — G. W. Ha3es, '60; James Robinson, '72. Ohio — Alexan- 
 der Lackey, '75. Wooster — E. M. Wilson, '74; P. W. Search, '76. Cornell—^. 
 O. Bates, '76. Lafayette — F. H. Moore. '77; J. R. Hogg, '78. California — S. 
 C. Scheeline, 74. Buchtel—G. A. Mc Alpine, '75; K. O. Foltz, '77; W. D. Ship- 
 man, '77. 
 
 Convention officers: President, D. B. Floyd; First Vice-President, C. W. 
 Bixby; Second Vice-President, James Robinson; Secretary, J. C. Norris; Assistant 
 Secretary, H. C. Smith; Marshal, J. R. Foulks. 
 
 D. B. Floyd was not present, and C. W. Bixby, First Vice-Pre- 
 sident, presided during the Convention. 
 
 On motion of J. R. Foulks, ordered that chapters should not 
 elect delegates to the National Convention from the senior class. 
 On motion of G. S. Pleasants, a committee was appointed to report 
 some plan for centralizing the powers of the Fraternity; commit- 
 tee, composed of G. S. Pleasants, M. F. Parrish and C. J. Reddig, 
 made the following recommendations, which were adopted: 
 
 1. The Conventions of the $ A Fraternity shall be composed of delegates 
 from the several chapters, each chapter being entitled to one vote; and a majority 
 of the active chapters shall constitute a quorum to transact business. The Conven- 
 tion in its action shall be supreme. 
 
 2. There shall be an Executive Committee composed of the Grand Banker, 
 Secretary, and one member of the National Grand, chosen by that chapter, which 
 shall have the following named powers: {a) To fill all vacancies in general offices, 
 or appointments to convention literary performances, occasioned in any way. {b) To 
 levy, at its discretion, taxes necessary for the transaction of the business of the 
 Fraternity, {c) To examine into the condition of all colleges where it is proposed 
 to establish new chapters, and, if those colleges are found to be up to the standard 
 required by the Constitution of the Order, to recommend that charters be granted. ■ 
 
 3. It shall be the duty of this Committee to make out and read before each Con- 
 vention a report of the condition of the Order, reporting, as nearly as can be ascer- 
 tained, the standing of each chapter. 
 
 4. It shall be its duty to propose to the Convention matters of interest to the 
 Fraternity; and, when important changes are proposed, to instruct the several chap- 
 ters in regard to the changes at least two weeks previous to the time of holding the 
 Convention. 
 
 5. When other powers are to be exercised or duties performed, and it is not 
 expedient to call a Convention for such purpose, this Committee shall have power 
 to act at its discretion, and all of its proceedings shall be subject to the action of 
 the Convention. 
 
 On motion of J. C. Norris, a committee was appointed to con- 
 sider the subject of amending the Constitution with regard to grant- 
 ing charters. Committee, composed of S. C. Scheeline and J. E. 
 Eggert, reported an amendment providing that the National Grand 
 or State Grand Chapter, in order to grant a charter, must have 
 the recommendation of the Executive Committee;" adopted. On 
 motion of G. S. Pleasants, the officers of the National Grand were 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1876. 369 
 
 authorized to place their signatures on all charters, whether granted 
 by the National Grand or State Grand Chapters. On motion of 
 J. C. Norris, a committee was appointed to report a plan for pub- 
 lishing The Scroll; committee, composed of J. C. Xorris, T. W. J. 
 Wylie and J. E. Eggert, reported the following resolutions, which 
 were adopted: 
 
 Resolved, I. That the $ A Fraternity publish a quarterly magazine, to be 
 known as The Scroll. 
 
 2. That the Grand Banker be, and is hereby, instructed to levy an annual tax 
 of $1.25 for every active member of the Fraternity, on the first day of Noveml:)er, 
 and to collect and pay the same to the publishers of The Scroll, in quarterly install- 
 ments in advance, the first payment to be made on the first day of Januarv of each vear. 
 
 3. At each Convention of the Fraternity, there shall be elected an Editor 
 and a Business Manager, who shall constitute a Board of Publishers for The Scroll, 
 and shall serve until their successors are elected. 
 
 4. The publishers shall expend the whole amount of the tax on the publication 
 of 77ie Scroll, and at the end of each quarter shall make a full report of the cost to 
 the Grand Banker. 
 
 5. Every member of the Fraternity shall be entitled to a copy of The Scroll 
 without further expense. 
 
 6. Each chapter shall elect a suVj-editor, whose duty it shall be: {a) To make a 
 report of the condition and standing of his chapter for each issue of The Scroll, 
 {h) To solicit and forward to the Editor-in-chief literary articles, discussions of 
 questions of interest to the Fraternity, and any items he may deem of interest to the 
 Fraternity, (r) To notify the publishers of the number of active members in his 
 chapter and of every new addition. 
 
 7. The publishers shall be allowed to solicit subscriptions from alumni mem- 
 bers, and advertisements, to compensate them for their labor. 
 
 The resolution in regard to admitting ladies to the Fraternity, 
 tabled by the Convention of 1875, "^^'^^ called up by W. D. Ship- 
 man, but was laid on the table indefinite!}'. '^ 
 
 C. D. Whitehead, Grand Banker, reported that the permanent 
 fund had received $98 from initiation fees since the Convention of 
 1875, and that the whole fund amounted to $830. Charles Blood- 
 good spoke in favor of abolishing the requirement that each initi- 
 ate should pa}^ $1 into the fund. On motion of J. R. Foulks, each 
 chapter was directed to select a member to solicit subscriptions to 
 the fund. C. D. Whitehead was re-elected Grand Banker. 
 
 On motion of ]\I. F. Parrish, a committee on Ritual was ap- 
 pointed; committee, composed of M. F. Parrish, T. W. J. Wylie, 
 C. J. Reddig, J. E. Eggert, G. S. Pleasants and A\'. D. Shipman, 
 reported the outline of a new form of initiation; report adopted, 
 and the committee continued, w^ith instructions to complete the 
 work and report through The Scroll.'^ Ordered that the next Con- 
 vention be held at Wooster, Ohio, ^Nlay 22-24, 1878. 
 
 The literary exercises and banquet were held Thursda}' evening in 
 the dining room of the Colonnade Hotel. C. W. Bixb}', Lafa3'ette, 
 
 * "The most amusing event of the meeting was an attempt upon the part of some of the chapters 
 to add to the Fraternity a sort of side degree for college girls. It must be remembered that soror- 
 ities were then in their infancy. Although some delegates were warm in their support of this 
 measure, it was laughed out of court." — Account of the 1880 Grand Arch Council (convention) of 
 $ K ■^ in 'The Historj- of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity," 1902. 
 
 1' November 28, 1876, ^I. F. Parrish completed an amplified form of initiation, but The Scroll 
 had then suspended, and the report was never distributed to the chapters. 
 (24) 
 
370 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 '76, presided. W. O. Bates, Cornell, '75, read a poem entitled 
 "Donaldson" (the areonaut who had recentl}' lost his life). Rev. J. 
 M. Worrall, D.D., Miami, '49, delivered the oration; subject, The 
 Responsibilities of Educated Men. " The toasts were: "Our Alumni," 
 response b}^ James Robinson, Wabash, '72; "The Ladies," S. C. 
 Scheeline, California, '74; The Scro/l,^^ J. C. Norris, Indianapolis, 
 '72; The Centennial," C. J. Reddig, Gett3'Sburg, '77. Several 
 songs from the new song book were sung. Mrs. J. M. Worrall 
 was the onh'^ lad\'' present. In an account of the Convention which 
 appeared in The Scroll, W. O. Bates said: The banquet furnished 
 would have honored Delmonico and set Sancho Panza wild with 
 delight;" and he closed an editorial review of the Convention as 
 follows: * In addition to the other attractions of the occasion the\^ 
 do say that there was quite a respectable side-show going on at 
 the same time in Fairmount Park, which some members strolled off 
 to see. This ma}' be mereh^ a rumor, however." 
 
 The oration and poem were printed in the September Scroll, the 
 convention proceedings in a supplement of sixteen pages. The 
 Constitution of 187 1, as amended in 1873, 1874, 1875 ^'^^ 1876, 
 was issued, 1877, as a small unbound pamphlet of eighteen pages. 
 
 ANNALS, 1876-1878. 
 
 D. B. Floyd, the President elected b}^ the National Convention, 
 1876, served as President of the Executive Committee for about six 
 months. He then resigned, and the remaining three members of 
 the Committee, Februar}^ 26, 1877, elected as his successor C. B. 
 Gaskill, who accepted the office March 14. The Secretar}^ of the 
 Convention, J. C. Norris, served as Secretary of the Committee, 
 1876-78. C. D. Whitehead, Grand Banker, served as a member 
 of the Committee, the fourth member of which, E. M. Beardsley, 
 was elected b}^ the National Grand. The Convention elected W, 
 O. Bates and J. C. Norris as a Board of Publishers of The Scroll; 
 both declining, the Convention elected M. F. Parrish and J. B. 
 Pomeroy, Editor and Business Manager respectivel}'. The Con- 
 vention having empowered the Executive Committee to fill an}'^ 
 vacanc}' in the Board of Publishers, the Committee, February, 1877, 
 elected W. D. Shipman, vice Pomeroy resigned, but The Scroll d\6. 
 not appear until September, 1878. An annual address of the Ex- 
 ecutive Committee, a four-page circular, dated January 24, 1877, 
 was signed by Whitehead, Norris and Beardsley. It urged chap- 
 ters to give attention to the legislation of the last Convention, and 
 to make reports and pa}" assessments promptly. 
 
 During 1876-78, the Fraternity was so unfortunate as to lose 
 several chapters. Dissatisfaction arose in Pennsylvania Delta at 
 Lehigh, and at a meeting, March 26, 1877, the members decided to 
 disband. At the Convention of 1878, the resignations of five mem- 
 bers were presented and accepted, but honorable dismissal was 
 
ANNALS, 1876-1878. 371 
 
 denied them. Onh' three members of the original chapter at 
 Lehigh are now on the rolls of ^ A © — N. B. Hogg, '79, who was 
 affiliated from Pennsylvania Gamma; H. C. Wilson, '78, and 
 Frank Brunner. '80. The latter two applied for re-admission to 
 the Fraternity, November 21, 1894, and were reinstated, by vote 
 of the General Council, February 9, 1895. 
 
 In the spring of 1877, California Alpha disbanded. It was a 
 very serious loss, second only to that of New York Alpha. At 
 California $ A © had thirteen members in the class of '76, of whom 
 nine were graduated, and Phis in other classes failed to return in 
 the fall of 1876. The remaining members were discouraged on 
 account of their weakened condition, and disagreements arose 
 among them. The last recorded meeting was held February 21, 
 
 1877, but an organization was maintained for several weeks longer. 
 It was hoped that the charter might be saved, but finally it was 
 thought best to surrender it, and it was returned to the National 
 Grand late in April, 1877. The last Phi graduate was Fremont 
 Morse, who was university medalist in '79. Undoubtedly, the dis- 
 aster at Cornell in 1876 had a disheartening effect on California 
 Alpha. A number of men went annualh^ from the University of 
 California to eastern colleges. The fall of New York Alpha left 
 <I> A without a chapter at any prominent eastern institution except 
 Lafayette. Another cause of the decline of California Alpha 
 was the growth of anti-fraternit}^ sentiment among the students at 
 Berkele3^* 
 
 * After $ A © withdrew from the field this aniagonism increased in virulence. The sketch of 
 the Iota (California) chapter of Z ^ in the Z * catalogue, 1899, says: 
 
 "By 1878 four or five fraternities were represented at the university, and Z ^ with the others 
 passed safely through a period of fraternity opposition. Commencing with the antagonism of 
 students, which for a time was active enough to find expression in the college paper, the Oi'strus, 
 the controversy was soon carried into the board of regents and the faculty. 
 
 On commencement day, 1879, an unofficial communication was received by the chapter from 
 the President of the university, stating that during the summer vacation the regents would prob- 
 ably adopt measures leading to the abolition of secret societies at Berkeley. At the meeting of the 
 regents, held August 7, formal resolutions to secure this end were adopted. Immediately upon 
 the opening of the term the faculty, after having, through a special committee, considered the 
 subject, passed a decree to pledge all entering freshmen not to join any college secret society dur- 
 ing their connection with the university, and thus prospects for the life of the Iota looked dismal. 
 It is well to note in this connection that individual members of the faculty openly testified that no 
 charges were preferred against the Z 4' Fraternitj', but that the faculty's action was made mandatory 
 by the regents. 
 
 "Shortly afterward a great council of members of the Fraternity on the coast was held at San 
 Francisco, at which it was resolved to contest the action of the authorities in every honorable way. 
 Subsequently the university alumni association met in Oakland, and condemned the action of the 
 authorities, as being inimical to the best interests of the university. Several leading newspapers of 
 the State took a similar view of the case ; a petition requesting the regents to reconsider their decision, 
 signed by many prominent citizens, was presented. The regents at their meeting on February 10, 
 1880, rescinded their resolution of August, 1879, only two members voting the contrary ; the faculty 
 likewise withdrew their opposition, and a crisis in the historj- of fraternity life was safely passed." 
 
 The Oestrzis (gadfly) was an anti-secret society paper, published weekly, beginning February 4, 
 
 1878, and suspending October 6, 1879. Publication of a weekly called the Occident began August 
 II, 1881. The second issue denied that it was a revival of the Oestrus, but an editorial announced, 
 December 15, 1881 : "The Occidetit will hereafter be published as an anti-fraternity paper." Dur- 
 ing the next year the Occident published sketches of all the fraternities at California, and severely 
 arraigned those which were still active there. Of $ A it gave a more favorable account, saying in 
 its issue of October 20, 1882 : 
 
 "We give below a sketch of the best fraternity that our university has seen. The $ A 
 Fraternity was established in the university in 1873. Its charter members were men as high in 
 character as any in the Z ^' Fraternity ; they were from the best students in the university, and to a 
 
 high degree kept this character to the end The organization was always respected by 
 
 the outsiders. We do not by anj- means intend to implj- that the Fraternity had attained perfec- 
 tion, and indeed will show that it did not; but we are convinced that it was as nearlj- perfect as a 
 Fraternity gets to be 
 
37 2 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 At Ohio Wesleyan the fraternities had to contend against an 
 anti-fraternity sentiment which continued strong as late as 1877-78, 
 and under such conditions they had not thrived.* The influence 
 of the anti-fraternity element caused dissension in the $ A © chap- 
 ter which led to its disbandment. About December i, 1877, when 
 the active membership was twelve, the charter was returned to the 
 National Grand. 
 
 The next extension was in the South. The only Southern States 
 in which 4> A was then (1877) established were Kentucky, Vir- 
 ginia and Georgia. A catalogue of Mary Sharp College, an insti- 
 tution for women, at Winchester, Tenn., fell into the hands of W. 
 B. Palmer, of the Emory chapter. He noticed in it the name and 
 address of a graduate, Miss Kate Carothers,t of Oxford, Miss. 
 He wrote to her, February, 1877, that he wished to establish 
 a chapter at the University of Mississippi, Oxford, and desired 
 her help. He requested her to recommend a student in the 
 university who would be suitable to correspond with on the sub- 
 ject. She consulted her cousin W. E. Martin, a member of 
 S X, who kindly offered his assistance. Their choice fell upon E. 
 A. Enochs, '79, who had previously been solicited to join the Rain- 
 bow Fraternity but had declined. Enochs, after several inter- 
 views with Martin, agreed to correspond with Palmer, and here the 
 assistance of Martin ended. 
 
 Enochs' first letter to Palmer was written March 9, 1877. Palmer 
 inquired about him of the Chancellor of the university. General A. P. 
 Stewart, Ohio Alpha, '42, who highly recommended him. Enochs 
 concluded to undertake the establishment of the chapter, and 
 induced W. J. Smith, '79, and C. D. Butler, '82, to join him. 
 March 17, Enochs sent a written pledge, signed by the three, after 
 which Palmer, by authority of his chapter, forwarded to them a 
 copy of the Bond and Constitution. They immediatel}^ applied 
 for a charter. The National Grand granted them a charter for 
 Mississippi Alpha, June 9, 1877. They held their first meeting 
 March 25, when J. M. Catching was initiated. The first meetings 
 were held in the Greek recitation room. Badges were first worn by 
 the members at the anniversary of the $ 2 Literary Societv, Ma}^ 5. 
 
 "The list of graduates shows well for the Fraternity. Of the forty members, thirty were gradu- 
 ates ; one of these thirty was the medalist of the class of '75, and after the death of the Fraternity, 
 one became the medalist of '79- The list, as a whole, is a favorable one for the Fraternity. The 
 history of $ A in the university can never bring a blush of shame to its members, and might be 
 studied with profit by the fraternities now in the university." — See T/ie Scroll, March, 1883, p. 154; 
 May-June, 1883, p. 223; A K E Quarterly, April, 1883, p. 127. The attacks of the Occident upon 
 the fraternities which had been established at California were reprinted, 1883, in a pamphlet of 44 
 pages. 
 
 * For accounts of the opposition of the faculty and students to fraternities at O. W. U., see "History 
 of Ohio Alpha" of * K *•, by C. L. Van Cleve, 1885 ; "The History of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity," 
 by the same author, iqo2 : sketch of O. W. U. chapter of 2 X in 2 X catalogue, iSgo; "Fifty Years 
 of History of the Ohio Wesleyan University," by W. G. Williams (E. T. Nelson, editor), 1894. The 
 chapter of A T A at O. W. U. was broken up, 1874, and in 1876 2 X had only three members there. 
 
 t Miss Carothers was the organist of the Baptist Church at Oxford, 1877. In recognition of her 
 valuable assistance in establishing Mississippi Alpha, the members elected her to honorary member- 
 ship in the chapter and presented her with a * A badge. Her name appears in the fifth {1883) 
 edition of the catalogue. She married Mr. P). T. Kimbrough, and until her death, June 2, 1897, she 
 remained a firm friend of the chapter. 
 
ANNALS, 1876-1878. 373 
 
 By commencement, the chapter was well established. In the fall of 
 1877, W. H. Magruder, of Virginia Gamma, affiliated with Mississippi 
 Alpha. The older fraternities at Mississippi were Rainbow 
 (W. W. W.), AKE, A^, 2 X, $K^, X ^, Mystical Seven, 
 $ K S, 2 A E, A K <^, <& r A, but the chapters of <& K ^ and 
 <l> K ^ had been inactive since 1861, while the chapters of Mys- 
 tical Seven, $ F A and ]S A E were reduced to one member each. 
 Mystical Seven suspended, 1878, ^ T A and :S A E, 1879. From 
 A ^ especiall}'^ $ A © received a very friendly recognition. 
 
 W. B. Palmer also found means of establishing a chapter at 
 the Universit}^ of Alabama, Tuscaloosa. From several persons he 
 received recommendations of T. H. Spencer, a cadet there, and. 
 May I, 1877, he wrote to Spencer, who replied. May 10, as fol- 
 lows: ''l have often heard of the high standing of <E> A in Vir- 
 ginia, Kentuck}' and Georgia. It was very luck}^ that your letter 
 came when it did. I was on the point of organizing a fraternit}^ 
 and had been joined by three other 3'oung men. They have con- 
 sented to join $ A 0. I think we shall start under very auspicious 
 circumstances. There are four societies here, one of them organ- 
 ized this year. We have about 145 students, onl}^ 45 of whom are 
 societ}" members, so you may judge that we have some good 
 material left. I know at least twent}^ men who have refused to 
 join either of the societies here." 
 
 T. M. Hobbs, wrote to Palmer, Ma}^ 17: You will find m}- name 
 second at the bottom of the oath which you have sent Mr. Spencer 
 for signature. I already feel half way a member of $ A 0, because 
 I was asked to join it while I was at the Virginia Militar}' Institute. 
 It has no chapter there, but a certain George D. White, late of Cen- 
 tre College, Danville, Ky., was there and asked several of his 
 friends, m3^self included, to join his Fraternity for the purpose of 
 organizing a chapter. We agreed, but just afterward his mother 
 was taken ill and he left school and did not return. I am glad the 
 opportunity to join <l> A has been offered me again b}'^ Mr. Spencer, 
 and I promise m}^ heart}^ support." 
 
 May 24, Palmer, b}^ authorit}- of his chapter, forwarded the 
 Bond and Constitution to Spencer. Ma}^ 31, Spencer forwarded 
 an application for charter, signed by O. F. Smith, '77; T. M. Hobbs, 
 '78; T. H. Spencer, '78; J. J. Mickle, '79. The National Grand 
 did not grant the charter until October J7, 1877, when a charter 
 for Alabama Alpha was issued to them. The chapter having pro- 
 cured a hall, held its first meeting June 6. Later, M. R. Knox, '78, 
 Ernest McCreary, '79, and J. C. Smith were initiated, and at com- 
 mencement, 1877, J. S. Mooring, who had attended Emory and 
 Henry College. The older fraternities at Alabama were A K E, 
 A A ^, $ r A. :S A E, K X 2 N, A P,* 2 X, but only ^ P A, 
 S X, A P and 2 X were then active. 
 
 Given as an actue fraternity in "American College Fraternities," 187Q. as an inactive fraternity 
 in 1883 and later editions, but the Alabama chapter is not mentioned in any edition. 
 
374 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The career of <I> A © there was cut ver}^ short by the universit}^ 
 trustees enacting, Juh^ 14, 1877, a stringent anti-fraternity law. 
 During the summer the cadets were notified by circular-letters 
 that fraternities would not be permitted. In the fall they were 
 required to subscribe to the following pledge: "And I do further 
 pledge myself, on honor, that I will not join, or form any connec- 
 tion with, either directly or indirecth^, any secret club, society, 
 fraternity, or other organization composed in whole or part of 
 students of the universit3% or attend the meetings of, or wear the 
 badge of, any such secret organization." 
 
 The fraternities at Alabama concluded that the}' could not get 
 around this pledge, and none of them reorganized in the fall of 
 1877. Spencer and Knox were the onh^ Phis at the universit}" dur- 
 ing 1877-78. Knox, who was there during 1878-79, wrote to The 
 Scroll, October 14, 1878, that he had intended to initiate some 
 cadets before they had matriculated, but they were late in entering; 
 he hoped to initiate others after commencement, but this plan 
 did not succeed. J. C. Smith entered Vanderbilt and assisted in 
 establishing $ A there. Hobbs became a general fraternity 
 worker, and was instrumental in establishing chapters at Virginia 
 Military Institute and Alabama Polytechnic Institute. Mooring 
 was initiated for the purpose of establishing a chapter at Emor}^ 
 and Henry College, Virginia, but the authorities there were opposed 
 to fraternities and the purpose was abandoned. He affiliated later 
 with Virginia Beta. 
 
 In the spring of 1877, W. B. Palmer, b}^ authority of the Emor}^ 
 chapter, initiated, by correspondence, W. J. Thomas, a student of 
 Johns Hopkins Universit}^, Baltimore, through whom it was thought 
 a chapter could be established. The National Grand, March 5, 
 decided to grant a charter for a chapter there if the right sort 
 of an application should be presented. However, Thomas 
 failed to get a sufficient number to join him in making an appli- 
 cation. 
 
 Through Thomas Lacy, of the Emor}' chapter, then attend- 
 ing Davidson College, North Carolina, Palmer endeavored, in the 
 spring of 1877, to establish a chapter there, but, learning that 
 George Banta was making a similar effort, he yielded to the latter 
 full direction of the movement. Banta was in correspondence with 
 J. L. Williams there, and, by authority of Indiana Delta, Williams 
 and two other students, C. T. Holt and J. W. Johnson, were initi- 
 ated. On account of anti-f raternit}" laws, these three found it would 
 be impossible to organize a chapter at Davidson. About the same 
 time, Banta made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a chapter at 
 Wake Forest College, North Carolina. 
 
 A charter had been granted, January 20, 1876, for a chapter at 
 Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., but strong anti-fraternity 
 laws prevented its establisment. In the fall of 1877, J. C. Smith, 
 of Alabama Alpha, entered the academic department, and became 
 
ANNALS, 1876-1878. 375 
 
 acquainted with J. B. Reed, of Kentiick}^ Alpha, who had entered 
 the Vanderbilt law school. They agreed to establish ^ A in the 
 3'oung university, but had to proceed cautiously, that the facult}^ 
 might not learn of their design. As the attendance of students was 
 large, and as no fraternity was previoush^ established there, they 
 were able to get a very desirable class of men. At Christmas there 
 were six members. J. M. Barrs then joined the chapter, and its suc- 
 cess during the next three years was largely due to his sagacit}', fer- 
 tilit}^ of resources and indomitable energy. The members received 
 the co-operation of L3'tton Taylor, '76, to whom the charter was 
 original!}^ granted. Nine or ten men were initiated during 
 1877-78, and at the end of the year three more were added. Meet- 
 ings were held in the rooms of members until the fall of 1878, when 
 a furnished society hall was rented, at the corner of Broad and 
 McNairy Streets. 
 
 Before attending the Universit}' of Alabama, T. ]\I. Hobbs, a 
 charter member of Alabama Alpha, had been a cadet at Virginia 
 Military Institute, Lexington, for three 3'ears. G. W. Cone, of 
 Virginia Delta, learning of this, asked him, early in 1878, to 
 recommend a cadet at V. ]M. I. through whom a chapter might 
 be established. Hobbs recommended T, W. Keitt, '78. Cone 
 obtained the necessary pledge from Keitt, and then, b\' authority 
 of Virginia Delta, sent him the Bond and Constitution. Keitt 
 initiated R. F. Haskins, '78, and J. B. Beverh^, '79. The three 
 ntade application for a charter, and, February 9, 1878, Mrginia 
 Alpha granted them a charter for Virginia Epsilon. During the 
 same session, W. H. Lake, '82, was affiliated from Virginia Alpha, 
 and J. L. Gill, '79, was initiated. Lake remained in camp during 
 the summer, and he and C. H. Chalkley, of Virginia Delta, who 
 was visiting Lexington, initiated two cadets. Keitt and Haskins 
 were graduated at commencement, Keitt received the highest 
 medal given at the institute, and during 1878-79 was assistant pro- 
 fessor there. Beverly wrote to W. B. Palmer, October 7, 1878, 
 that five cadets had been initiated that fall, and said, 'We have 
 done better than any other Fraternity here." The older fraterni- 
 ties there were A TO, K ^ K, K A (Southern), 2 X, B n, K 2, 
 S A E, but the ]§ A E chapter was inactive. 
 
 The Fraternit}^ was almost extinct in Illinois, 1877, having only 
 two chapters in the State — those at Monmouth and Knox. The 
 former was suffering from stringent anti-secret-societ^^ laws. At 
 Knox the college authorities had not enacted such laws, but among 
 the professors and students there had been for a number of years a 
 strong feeling against fraternities, which seriously affected them. 
 B n had ceased to exist there, 1873, <J» T A, 1878. George Banta, 
 of Indiana Delta and Alpha, undertook to revive the Fraternity in 
 the State of Illinois. In the spring of 1877, he obtained from A. W. 
 Little, of the Knox chapter, the address of J. A. Wakefield, then a 
 junior at Illinois ^^'eslevan L'niversitv, Bloomington. Wakefield had 
 
376 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 formerl}-- attended Lombard Universit\% Galesburg, 111. Little, who 
 had met him there, gave hira a good recommendation. Banta wrote 
 to him in regard to establishing a chapter. He replied 
 that while at Lombard he had joined the <^ ^ League, 
 which organization had desired to obtain a $ A char- 
 ter, in order to be in a national fraternit3^ He also 
 wrote that he would join $ A © if the whole League 
 would do so, and that he would immediately write to 
 the members at Lombard about it. The correspond- 
 ^ ^ „ ence between Wakefield and Banta was continued 
 
 $ 2 Badge. i • , ^-x i i^ • -, ^ 
 
 during the summer. October 29, Banta received a let- 
 ter from S. C. Ransom, Secretary of the League at Lombard, asking 
 a number of questions about $ A 0. The members of the League 
 were pleased with the information about the Fraternit}^ which Banta 
 furnished, and determined to apply for a charter. 
 
 Wakefield, hearing of this determination, took preliminarv steps 
 toward establishing a chapter at Illinois Wesle\'an. C. H. Sher- 
 wood, '80, and M. L. Johnson, '81, joined him in signing a pledge, 
 which was forwarded to Banta; whereupon Banta, with the approval 
 of Whitehead and Norris, of the Executive Committee, sent to 
 Wakefield the Bond and Constitution. Wakefield, Sherwood and 
 Johnson signed an application for charter and sent it to Banta. 
 The Monmouth chapter was then the senior chapter and State Grand 
 Chapter in Illinois, but, owing to its weak condition, it was thought 
 best to refer the application to the National Grand at Wooster, 
 Ohio. Banta forwarded it, November 28, 1877, but the National 
 Grand refusing to grant it, he decided to bring the matter 
 before the Conv^ention in Ma}^ 1878. Wakefield, Sherwood and 
 Johnson initiated others, and by the last of March there were four- 
 teen Phis at Illinois Wesleyan. The older fraternities there were 
 <l> r A and A T A. 
 
 After receiving written pledges from the members of ^ 2 (initials 
 of ''^LXoyrjOr]<i Sw^tJkt;")* at Lombard, Banta, with the approval 
 of Whitehead and Norris, sent the Bond and Constitution to them. 
 An application to ^ A for a charter, dated December 15, 1877, 
 
 "The <I> 2 League was founded at Lombard in the fall of 1857- Its motto ( given in parentheses 
 above) was translated, "Philogethian ( mirth-lov'ing ) League." It had two degrees — the anchor 
 degree" for preparatory students, and the "harp degree" for collegiate students. The badge of the 
 first was a golden anchor bearing '<5 2." The badge of the second was a golden harp, with $" in 
 gold set in black enamel at the top of the staff, and "2" likewise at the bottom. In 1867 there was 
 a reorganization, which provided for a third degree, and for e.xtending the League to other colleges. 
 The preamble to the constitution then adopted said that one of the objects of the League was to 
 spread western principles of education." 
 
 During the next five years chapters were established at Knox College. Monmouth College, 
 Northwestern University, Hedding College, Abingdon, 111., Eureka College, pAireka, 111., and 
 Jefferson College, Jeffei-son, Wis., but none of these chapters lived long. The third degree was 
 called the (jrand <l> 2 League, and was composed of second degree graduates and delegates from 
 chapters. The Clrand League, which regulated the workings of the League and granted charters, 
 held annual conventions at Lombard, but none was held after 1873. — See "American College Fra- 
 ternities," 1879. 
 
 The only prosperous chapter was the parent chapter, which was called "Lombard <I» 2 League 
 Number i." Some of its alumni members who expressed a desire to become members of * A 
 were affiliated and are included in the $ A catalogue. When the League transferred its allegiance 
 from * 2 to * A 0, it occupied a hall in the university building. The hall was well furnished and 
 well e<niipped with paraphernalia. The only other fraternity which had entered Lombard was 
 A T A. Its chapter there was established in 1860 and was in active existence up to 1885. 
 
ANNALS, 1876- 1 878. 377 
 
 was signed by H. L. Arnold, '78: William McGaan, Jr., '78; S. C. 
 Ransom, '78; F. E. Claycomb, '79; O. H. Swigart, '80: D. P. 
 Ginrich, '82; P. G. Reynolds, '82: G. M. Swart, '82; J. D. Swart, 
 '82. Banta received the application, December 18, but did not 
 forward it to the National Grand, as he had been informed of the 
 rejection of the Illinois Wesleyan application, and had no reason 
 to believe that the one from Lombard would receive from the 
 National Grand any more favorable consideration. In 1877-78 
 the Knox chapter had onl}- three members, and they were seniors 
 and were about to surrender their charter. Banta obtained the 
 consent of Whitehead and Norris for the charter to be transferred 
 to the applicants at Lombard, and the transfer was made, Febru- 
 ary, 1878. It was intended that Knox students should be initiated 
 at Lombard, and thus keep $ A alive at Knox, but this was 
 found impracticable. 
 
 The National Convention, Ma}' 23, 1878, granted the applica- 
 tion for charter from Illinois Wesleyan, and the chapter there 
 became Illinois Epsilon. The Convention took no action regard- 
 ing the transfer of the charter from Knox to Lombard, and, b\' such 
 non-action, the transfer was sanctioned. In the fall of 1878, only 
 two members returned to Lombard. November 4, thev initiated 
 M. C. Summers, with a ceremon}- which combined features of the 
 <l> 2 and $ A ritual. This date has since been adopted for the 
 beginning of the chapter's existence as a $ A organization. Sum- 
 mers became an active fraternit}" worker. By June, 1879, twenty 
 more students had been initiated, but the fact that $ 2 had been 
 absorbed by $ A was not announced at Lombard until the fall 
 of that year. The first report of the chapter to TJie Sci'oll was 
 dated December, 1879. The Knox chapter was originall}' Illinois 
 Gamma, and so remained until the Convention of 1875, when the 
 titles of chapters were reformed. It then became Illinois Delta, and 
 when the transfer of the charter was made, the Lombard chapter 
 was called Illinois Delta, but the catalogue of 1883 gave it the title 
 of Illinois Zeta, and the Convention of 1884 confirmed this title. 
 
 Early in 1878, Banta wrote to J. M. McCoy, Indiana Alpha, '60, 
 at Dallas, Texas, asking his assistance in establishing a chapter at 
 Trinity L^niversitv, Tehuacana, Texas- McCoy wrote to Miss S. 
 J. McCord, a special friend in former years of Indiana Alpha, then 
 a teacher in Trinit}'^ Universit3^ She sent him the names of W. 
 J. Lackey and S. E. Kennon, whom she declared to be worthy 
 3'oung men. McCo}' forwarded the names to Banta, who wrote to 
 the men separately, intending that neither should know that he had 
 written to the other. Being congenial friends, they conferred with 
 each other, and discovered that they had received similar letters. 
 Early in April, Kennon answered for both. He wrote that he and 
 others would connect themselves with <I> A if the objects of the 
 Fraternity were all right. Banta satisfied them on that point, and 
 receiving written pledges, forwarded the Bond and Constitution. 
 
378 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 He soon received an application for charter, signed b}^ W. H. 
 Haynie, '78; S. E. Kennon, '79; W. J. Lackey, '79. The National 
 Convention, May 23, 1878, granted to these three a charter for 
 Texas Beta. The first meeting was on Ma}^ 21, when there were 
 six members. At the second meeting, May 23, two others were 
 initiated. At the close of the next collegiate year 1878-79, the 
 chapter had enrolled eighteen members. The older fraternities 
 there were A r and B IT. 
 
 In the fall of 1877, W. B. Palmer, then in California, began a 
 correspondence with some of the students in Trinitv College, North 
 Carolina, with the view of learning what opportunity existed for 
 establishing a chapter there. One of those to whom he wrote was 
 W. H. Robbins, who had been highl}^ recommended to him. 
 He wrote to Robbins suggesting that he organize a chapter. Rob- 
 bins wrote, December 18, that he had decided to adopt the sugges- 
 tion. Later he secured the co-operation of others, and all for- 
 warded the necessary pledges. About February i, Palmer sent 
 him the Bond and Constitution. Application for charter was made 
 by G. M. Bulla, '79; Philemon Holland, Jr., '81; T. L. White, 
 '82; W. H. Robbins, '8^. The National Grand, May 9, decided 
 to refer the application to the Convention. It was granted by the 
 Convention, May 23, 1878, and by the close of the collegiate year 
 North Carolina Alpha numbered ten members. During the spring 
 and fall terms meetings were held in an old hall formerl}^ occupied 
 by the Masons, but the facult}^ gave the use of a room in the col- 
 lege building, which had been the senior reading room. It was 
 furnished by the Phis who occupied it January, 1879. The older 
 fraternities there were X <I>, A T O and K 2. 
 
 Early in 1878, Palmer began to make urgent appeals to A. M. 
 Shuey, of Ohio Alpha, a resident of Minneapolis, to establish a 
 chapter at the Universit}-^ of Minnesota. At the Convention in 
 May, Shuey was authorized to establish a chapter in the institution. 
 He was importuned also by Banta. T/ie Scrol/ior November, 1878, 
 of which Banta was Business Manager, contained the following 
 item written by him: We are sorry we cannot report progress as 
 to the proposed Minnesota Alpha. We have written man}^ pathetic 
 appeals on postal cards to Brother Shuey, but our thirst for knowl- 
 edge remains unquenched. We shall use up another deck of cards 
 (postal cards) on Brother Shuey, and, if he does not answer them, 
 we shall pawn our personal property, and take the G. T. R. R. 
 ((reneral Tramp Railroad) for Minneapolis, and wrestle with 
 Brother S. on the subject of the Minnesota Alpha in particular and 
 Christian duty towards correspondents in general. However, we 
 think that if he knew what it means for us to bombard him with 
 postal cards, he would write immediately." The Scroll, May, 
 1879, mentioned that Banta had heard from Shuey that he had six 
 young men in the University of Minnesota 'about read}^ to embrace 
 ^ A ©. " They never embraced, however. 
 
ANNALS, 1876-1878. 379 
 
 During the spring of 1878 Palmer began a correspondence with 
 a student at Amherst College, the result of which was that three 
 freshmen consented to identify themselves with $ A 0. He was 
 authorized bv the Convention in Ma}^ to establish a chapter in 
 the institution. Shorth' afterward, he transferred the correspond- 
 ence to Banta, on account of the time it took eastern mails to reach 
 California. Banta encouraged the men, and received assurances 
 in the fall that eight sophomores and one freshman would organize 
 a chapter, but a letter received from one of them in October said 
 that the}' had decided not to organize. The}' gave as their reason 
 that they had been discouraged from making the attempt by the 
 President of the college. 
 
 
 4^: 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 / 
 
 >^-*-pL ^ ^^ /r/f\ ..Aq-x.^ Jtco{dLc7_ 
 
 Membership Card, 1878. 
 
 The original measures 2K by ^'A inches. The lettering is black, but the coat-of-arms ( like the 
 arms on page 358 ) is printed in blue ink. The name at the top and date at the bottom are in the 
 handwriting of Frank E. Hunter. Indiana, '79. See page 380. 
 
 During 1876-77, Banta endeavored to establish a chapter 
 at the University of Pennsylvania, through a friend who was then 
 a student there. Both of them had belonged to a local society 
 at Franklin College. The minutes of Pennsylvania Alpha for 
 March 9, 1878, say: The Philadelphia members were requested 
 to inquire into the standing of Swathmore College." The result of 
 the inquiry is not recorded. Pennsylvania Alpha, April 13, 1878, 
 appointed a committee "to locate a chapter at the University of 
 Pennsylvania," but that institution w^as not entered by $ A until 
 1883. In 1877-78, Banta made an unsuccessful attempt, through 
 two members of Indiana Delta living in Kansas, to establish a chap- 
 ter in the University of Kansas. In 1877-78, Palmer corres- 
 ponded with R. H. Hamilton, of the chapter at Central College 
 
380 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 (Mo.), who was then attending Cumberland Universit}^ (Tenn. ), 
 in regard to establishing a chapter at Cumberland, but the latter 
 wrote that good men for the purpose could not be obtained. Be- 
 sides the idea of having a chapter at Cumberland found no favor 
 with the chapter at Vanderbilt, which is near it. 
 
 In spite of anti-fraternit}' laws, $ A 0, ]S A E and K A contin- 
 ued at the Universit}^ of Georgia. $ A had sixteen members 
 there Februarv, 1877, twelve the following November. 
 
 The minutes of Penns3^1vania Alpha for Ma}^ (date omitted), 
 1878, say the chapter ' Resolved that our delegates be instructed to 
 advocate in the Convention the removal of the National Grand 
 chapter to Lafayette." iVt the Convention atWooster, Ohio, May, 
 1878, the Wooster chapter consented to the transfer of the National 
 Grand to the Lafayette chapter. 
 
 The Convention of 1875 ordered that certificates of membership 
 should be issued free to members. On page 379 is shown a facsim- 
 ile of a membership card issued Ma}' 23, 1878, to F. E. Hunter, dele- 
 gate of Indiana Alpha to the Wooster Convention, signed by C. J. 
 Reddig, who the da}- before had been elected President of the Ex- 
 ecutive Committee. Probably none of these membership cards 
 were issued before 1878 or afterward. ' 
 
 ALUMNI CLUBS. 
 
 An alumni chapter was organized at Indianapolis, in the fall of 
 187 1, and meetings were held during a part of the winter. The 
 Convention, Ma}', 1872, decided that alumni chapters were imprac- 
 ticable. The Convention of 1874, however, adopted a preamble 
 and resolution declaring that such chapters would be beneficial to 
 the Fraternity, and urging alumni in the larger cities to establish 
 them. 
 
 The first alumni chapter established after this was organized at 
 the town of Franklin, Ind., by George Banta, of Indiana Delta and 
 Alpha. The minutes of the National Grand (Wooster) Chapter 
 for October 7, 1876, say: "Brother Taylor read a letter from Brother 
 Banta, of Indiana Alpha, concerning the establishment of an 
 alumni chapter at Franklin." November 7, 1876: 'On motion, a 
 charter was granted to the petitioners for an alumni chapter at Frank- 
 lin, Ind." The charter members were: D. D. Banta, Indiana, '55, 
 and the following members of the Franklin chapter: C. H. Hall, '72; 
 J. W. Moncrief, '73; S. L. Overstreet, '75; George Banta, '76; T. C. 
 Donnell, '76; L. U. Downey, '78; O. F. Lambertson, '79; J. C. 
 Smith, '79. George Banta wrote to A. G. Foster, November 18, 1876: 
 
 The particulars of the organization of the akimni chapter at Franklin are as fol- 
 lows: While at Indiana University last year, an article in T/ie Scroll called my 
 attention to this matter, and I resolved that I would organize such a chapter al 
 
 * See form, written by Robert Morrison, announcinR membership in <t A ©, page l?,^. Sections 
 2 and 3 of Article I of the Constitution of the higher Order of ahimni (see page i68) provided for 
 "diplomas of membership," but none were actually issued. 
 
ALUMNI CLUBS. 381 
 
 Franklin when I returned home. So, about eight weeks ago, I wrote out and circu- 
 lated among the resident Phis here, a petition praying the National Grand to grant 
 a charter for the Indiana Alpha Alumni and Alumni National Grand. Among the 
 names on our petition were those of two of the professors at Franklin College, the 
 mavor of Franklin and my father. There are in all eighteen Phis residing in or near 
 Franklin who are not connected with a college, and it is my opinion that if in any 
 place there are that many true and earnest Phis who think they can further the 
 cause we all love so dearly by an organization, they ought to have a charter. The 
 simple chartering of the Phis here unites them. We might effect a local organiza- 
 tion, but then we would not have convention privileges, etc. I have the 
 charter now in my possession. The Constitution is increased by the addition 
 of "Part III — Constitution of Alumni Chapters." I wrote it myself, and submitted 
 it to the National Grand, which approved and ratified it, with two slight changes. 
 According to its provisions, we are to have the same authority over other alumni 
 chapters that the National Grand at Wooster has over other college chapters. We 
 are also subject to the National Grand and to the National Convention. I am 
 going to see about chartering a chapter at Indianapolis as soon as possible. Cin- 
 cinnati is another objective point.* 
 
 The Constitution of Alumni Chapters, as ratified by the National 
 Grand, contained the following provisions: The alumni chapter at 
 Franklin was made the Alumni National Grand, with power to 
 grant a charter to the first alumni chapter in each State, which 
 should be the Alumni State Grand. Each Alumni State Grand 
 should have power to charter other alumni chapters in that State. 
 An alumni chapter might be organized upon application of six or 
 more members of <E> A who had been graduated or had withdrawn 
 from college, and resided in the same vicinity. Alumni chapters 
 were to be entitled in the same manner as college chapters, the 
 word Alumni" being added to the Greek letter in each case. Any 
 member of ^E* A who had been graduated or had withdrawn from 
 college, and who resided in a city where there was an alumni chap- 
 ter, might be admitted to membership therein, but no alumni chap- 
 ter should admit any person who was not already a member of the 
 Fraternity. Each alumni chapter should have power to censure, 
 suspend or expel any of its members for violation of the Bond, the 
 trial proceedings to be conducted as provided in the Constitution 
 of Chapters. An appeal might be taken to the National Grand at 
 Wooster. The officers of each alumni chapter should be a Presi- 
 dent, a Recorder, a Warden, and an Historian. The Historian 
 was required to send reports to The Scroll. Meetings should be 
 held at least once every four weeks. Each chapter should have 
 such literary or other exercises as it might determine, and should 
 have power to adopt by-laws, provided they did not conflict with 
 the laws of the Fraternit3^ Each alumni chapter should send a 
 delegate to each National Convention, and he should be allowed 
 one vote. His expenses -should be paid by a pro rata assessment 
 on the members of the chapter. An outline of this Constitution 
 appeared in The Scroll, Februar}', 1879. 
 
 An alumni chapter was organized at Richmond, Va., by G. W. 
 Cone, Richmond, '78. The Alumni National Grand, Ma}' 18, 
 
 * An alumni chapter of B © H was established at Nashville, 1868; an alumni association of 4' T 
 at New York, 1872; an alumni association of A K B at New York, J873. 
 
382 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 1878, granted a charter for Virginia Alpha Alumni to W. A. Car- 
 rington, Virginia, '77, and the following members of the Richmond 
 chapter: C. M. Shields, '76; C. W. Tanner, '77; C. H. Chalkley, 
 '78; J. J. Clopton, '79; W. R. Savage, '79. Cone not being a resi- 
 dent of Richmond, was not a charter member. 
 
 In 1898, when thirty-nine charters for alumni chapters had been 
 granted, the National Convention adopted a new Constitution, 
 which called alumni organizations clubs instead of chapters. 
 
 THE CATALOGUE— FOURTH EDITION, 1878. 
 
 The catalogues of 1870 and 1872 were published by committees 
 appointed b}^ Ohio Alpha, and that chapter intended to issue another 
 edition. Its minutes for October 14, 1872, show that G. F. 0'B3^rne 
 was appointed to assist wdth the catalogue;" and its minutes for 
 Januar}^ 27, 1873, show that the resignation of H. R. Buckingham 
 as a member of the committee on catalogue was received," and Z. 
 T. Jones was elected in his stead. The Convention of 1873 adopted 
 a system of Greek letters to be used after names in the catalogue 
 that Ohio Alpha was preparing to publish, but within a few weeks 
 Ohio Alpha suspended, on account of the closing of Miami, and 
 the Wooster chapter became the Grand Alpha Chapter. 
 
 At this Convention C. T. Jamieson and F. C. Harvey were ap- 
 pointed a committee on the recover}'- of lost archives. At the Con- 
 vention of 1874 a new committee on lost archives and a committee 
 on publication of catalogue were appointed. C. T. Jamieson, E. M. 
 Wilson, A. W. Fullerton and J. H. Gilmore were appointed on 
 these committees, which were directed to co-operate as one com- 
 mittee. Gilmore resigning, the others selected S. W. Carpenter in 
 his stead. Small blank books were issued to chapters with the 
 request that they be filled with proper data for the catalogue and 
 returned. The books were ruled for names, dates of initiation, 
 classes, addresses, occupations, etc. 
 
 The proceedings of the Conventions of 1873 and 1874 do not 
 show that the National Grand Chapter was authorized to publish 
 a new catalogue, but September 16, 1874, a printed circular, 
 signed b}^ C. T. Jamieson, President of the National Grand, and 
 beginning as follows, w^as issued: 'it has been the order of the 
 Convention to empow^er the National Grand Chapter to compile a 
 catalogue of our Order. It is a patent fact that our catalogues here- 
 tofore have been inaccurate in chapter nomenclature, in orthography 
 of names and in number of members, and it is our design to pro- 
 duce this 3^ear a catalogue that may be shown to a decided ad- 
 vantage." 
 
 The Scroll, April, 1875, said that the National Grand had received 
 not quite half the reports. The committee on catalogue and lost 
 archives reported to the Convention of 1875 that all materials col- 
 lected had been arranged for the catalogue. The report, which 
 
4^ 
 
 LIST OF MEMBERS. 
 
 MDCCCLXXX. 
 
 S. C. Dickey, C, 3.B. . . Greenville, 111. 
 
 J. F. Lingeman, C S.B. . . Brownsburg, Tnd. 
 
 Frank Minturn, Sc, H.B. . . Tuscola, 111. 
 
 A. H. Magill, C, X.B. . . Clinton, 111. 
 
 W. K. Preston, C, X.B. . . Nashville, 111. 
 
 MDCCCLXXX. 
 
 F. C. Hood, C S.B. . .Dana, 111. 
 
 L. S. Cambern, C., i'.B. . . Parsons, Kan. 
 
 CORRESPONDENT MEMBERS. 
 
 MDCCCLIII. 
 
 Rev. M. G. Hobbs, Z. . , Salem, Ind. 
 
 MDCCCLIV. 
 
 J. M Shanklin, I. . . Crawfordsville, Ind. 
 
 H. D. Wilson, L., Z. . . Columbus, Ind. 
 
 MDCCCLV. 
 
 *J. M, Defrees, Z.A. . . 
 
 Hon. A. H. Hamilton, Z.A. . . Ft. Wayne, Ind. 
 
 Member Forty-fourth Congress. 
 
 S. V.Morris, L., . ., Z.A. . Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 The Catalogue of 1878. Facsimile of a page of Wabash chapter list; attendant members at top. 
 
384 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 was adopted, included a reformed system of chapter nomenclature.* 
 On motion of G. E. Patterson, a committee, composed of C. T. 
 Jamieson, S. W. Carpenter and C. D. Whitehead, was appointed to 
 publish the catalogue, and the Grand Banker was instructed to levy 
 a tax for printing it. The Scroll, November, 1875, announced that 
 Jamieson and Carpenter had resigned from the committee. The 
 Convention of 1876 took no action regarding the catalogue. The 
 annual address of the Executive Committee, dated January 24, 
 1877, said that Jamieson and Carpenter had resigned and White- 
 head remained only as an adviser, having turned the work over to 
 Patterson. The latter also gave it up, whereupon George Banta and 
 A. G. Foster volunteered to collect and compile the data. In the 
 summer of 1877, the General Council appointed them as Catalogue 
 Editors. B3' October the}^ began furnishing cop}' to the printers. 
 The edition Avas completed March 29, 1878. 
 
 The title page is printed in black, red, green and silver. It bears 
 the arms and the following lettering inside a double rule border: 
 'V^/xT? [ ao)ori 1 Catalogue ] of the | PHI DELTA THETA FRA- 
 TERNITY. I Editors: | A. Gwyn Foster, George Banta. | 1878." 
 The cover, of enameled gra}" paper, bears the words: "Catalogue 
 j PHI DELTA THETA. | ^878," the letters in black within a plain 
 double rule border of gilt and red. Some copies were half bound 
 in cloth. 
 
 The book contains 172 pages (5 to 176, the title page being page 
 5), 5^ by 9/4^ inches; type area, 4^8 by 7/^. The paper is tinted 
 pink. On page 6 is the imprint of Baker & Randolph, 33 and 35 
 South Illinois Street, Indianapolis. On page 7 is an Explana- 
 tion" of the Greek letters used in connection with the names, a 
 modification of the s^'stem adopted b}' the Convention of 1873. 
 On page 9 is a list of "Abbreviations." Pages 11, 12, 13 and 14 
 contain the list of chapters with years of establishment and loca- 
 tions. The catalogue proper begins on page 15. The attendant 
 and correspondent members of each chapter are separate, and are 
 arranged by classes denoted b}' Roman numerals. Honorary 
 members also are separate. Ver}' few names are given in full. 
 Occupations are given for a considerable number of members. 
 Residences are given for nearl}- all, but no street addresses are fur- 
 nished. Greek letters, in most cases two capitals and a small let- 
 ter, follow each name. Postgraduate and professional degrees are 
 given. Lender a few names there are short notes, in smaller t3'pe, 
 showing official positions held. The order of chapter lists and the 
 membership are as follows: 
 
 Ohio Alpha, Miami University 138 
 
 Indiana Alpha, Indiana University 162 
 
 Kentucky Alpha, Centre College 169 
 
 Ohio Beta, Miami University 13 
 
 Ohio Gamma, Wittenberg College 7 
 
 Indiana Beta, Wabash College 128 
 
 * See pages S54 and 355- 
 
THE CATALOGUE— FOURTH EDITION, 1878. 385 
 
 Tennessee Alpha, Cumberland University i 
 
 Texas Alpha, Austin College 5 
 
 Kentucky Beta, Kentucky Military Institute 8 
 
 Wisconsin Alpha, University of Wisconsin 24 
 
 Wisconsin Beta, Lawrence University 11 
 
 Indiana Gamma, Butler L'niversity Il8 
 
 Illinois Alpha, Northwestern University 17 
 
 Ohio Delta, Ohio Wesleyan Universit}* 40 
 
 Indiana Delta, Franklin College 80 
 
 Michigan Alpha, University of Michigan 17 
 
 Illinois Beta, L'niversity of Chicago 37 
 
 Indiana Epsilon, Hanover College 44 
 
 Indiana Zeta, Indiana State Normal School 16 
 
 Indiana Eta, Indiana Asbury L'niversity 37 
 
 Ohio Epsilon, Ohio University 55 
 
 Virginia Alpha. Roanoke College 36 
 
 Missouri Alpha, University of Missouri _ 72 
 
 Illinois Gamma, Monmouth College 32 
 
 Illinois Delta, Knox College 43 
 
 Iowa Alpha, Iowa Wesleyan University 59 
 
 Georgia Alpha, Oglethorpe University 14 
 
 Georgia Beta, University of Georgia . 68 
 
 Georgia Gamma, Emory College .- 53 
 
 Georgia Delta, Mercer University 40 
 
 New York Alpha, Cornell University 30 
 
 Ohio Zeta, University of Wooster 47 
 
 California Alpha, University of California 47 
 
 Pennsylvania Alpha, Lafayette College . 49 
 
 Michigan Beta, Michigan Agricultural College.. 42 
 
 Virginia Beta, University of Virginia 13 
 
 Virginia Gamma, Randolph-Macon College 19 
 
 Ohio Eta, Buchtel College 29 
 
 Kentucky Gamma, Georgetown College . .. 5 
 
 Nebraska Alpha, University of Nebraska 5 
 
 Pennsylvania Beta, Pennsylvania College 13 
 
 Tennessee Beta, Vanderbilt L'niversity 8 
 
 Virginia Delta, Richmond College ..- 25 
 
 Pennsylvania Gamma, Washington and Jefferson College 12 
 
 Pennsylvania Delta, Lehigh L'niversily 2 
 
 Missouri Beta, Central College 9 
 
 Mississippi Alpha, L'niversity of Mississippi 18 
 
 Alabama Alpha, University of Alabama 9 
 
 Virginia Epsilon, Virginia Military Institute 3 
 
 Total, 49 chapters and 1929 members. Most of the reports 
 from chapters were from one to two years old when the catalogue 
 was printed, and, therefore, the membership of the Fraternit}' in 
 1878 was considerabh' larger than here appears. It was a mistake 
 to include Tennessee Alpha at Cumberland University, as no char- 
 ter was ever granted b\' ^ A for a chapter there. The chapters 
 at Indiana Asbur\^ and Terre Haute should have been called Indi- 
 ana Zeta and Indiana P2ta respectively. One alumni chapter is 
 included in the catalogue — Indiana Alpha Alumni, at Franklin, 
 Ind. — with 13 members, whose names are given. The cost of pub- 
 lication was $400.70. The price was Si per copy in paper cover; 
 half bound, $1.50. 
 
386 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1878. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Wednesda}^ Thursday 
 and Friday, May 22, 23 and 24, 1878, in the hall of the National 
 Grand Chapter, Wooster, Ohio. The positions of President and 
 Secretar}^ were filled by C. B. Gaskill and J. C. Norris, respect- 
 ively President and Secretar}^ of the Executive Committee. Rev. 
 J. L. Matthews led in prayer. 
 
 Delegates from college chapters present: Ijidiana — F. E. Hunter, '79. 
 Wabash—^. S. Watson, '78. Butler— Yi. U. Brown, '80. Franklin--]. L. 
 Matthews, '79. OJno — H. C. Welch, '78. Missouri — F. H. Austin, '80. Emory — 
 A. S. Hough, '75. hnva Wesleyan — J. R. Foulks, '79. Wooster — W. M. Evans, 
 '79. Lafayette — W. B. Sullivan, '78. Lansing — C. B. Charles, '79. Jlrginia — 
 L. L. Bristow, '79. Buchtel — A. A. Stearns, '79. Richmond — G. W. Cone, '78. 
 Gettysburg — C. J. Reddig, '77. Mississippi — Monroe McClurg, '78. 
 
 The active college chapters without delegates were those at 
 Centre, Hanover, Roanoke, Monmouth, Georgia, Mercer, Ran- 
 dolph-Macon, W. & J., Vanderbilt, Central (Mo.), V. M. I. 
 
 Delegate from Franklin alumni chapter — George Banta, Franklin, '76. 
 
 Other members present: Miami — O. N. Stoddard, '34. Lndiana—Yi. G. 
 Bradford, '73; A. G. Foster, '78; L. D. C. Rogers, '78. Wabash— A. H. Post, '59; 
 C. D. Whitehead, '73. Butler—]. C. Norris, '72. O. W. 6;— J. F. Brant, '73; 1. 
 M. Barker, '74. ' Franklin — E. S. Palmer, '79. Ohio — Emmett Tompkins, '74. 
 Oglethorpe — C. B. Gaskill, '72. Wooster — Edwin Brown, '76; P. W. Search, '76; 
 J. C. McClarran, '77; G. N. Luccock, '78; F. M. Senior, '78; E. M. Beardslev, 
 '79; T. B. Greenlee, '70; S. B. McClelland, '79; W. F. Harn, '80; H. W. Luc- 
 cock, '80; J. G. Evans, 81: V. M. Hatfield, '81; C. E. McBride, '81; J. C. Gas- 
 ton, '82; J. H. McLain, 82; L. H. McLain, '82. Lafayette— C. W. Bixbv, '76; 
 W. B. Sullivan, '76. Buchtel— H. A. Kellev, '79; W. H. Pleasants, '79; 'D. G. 
 Wilcox, '79; J. A. Guthrie, '80; C. B. Wright, '80; L. B. Buckingham, '82. 
 
 Convention officers: President, C. J. Reddig; First Vice-President, C. W. 
 Bixby; Second Vice-President, G. W. Cone; Secretary, J. C. Norris; Assistant Sec- 
 retary, H. G. Bradford. 
 
 C. D. Whitehead was re-elected Grand Banker. On motion of 
 A. G. Foster, a committee on revision of the Constitution was 
 appointed. Committee, composed of A. G. Foster, C. W. Bixb}^ 
 George Banta, C. J. Reddig, H. \V. Luccock, W. H. Pleasants and 
 E. M. Beardsle}'^, reported a revised Constitution which, after 
 amendment, was adopted. This Constitution was based on a revi- 
 sion by W. B. Palmer. On motion of George Banta, the Consti- 
 tition of alumni chapters was continued in force until the next 
 Convention. On motion of J. C. Norris, 
 
 Resolved, That no chapter or member is authorized to initiate members who are 
 in attendance at colleges where no chapters are established, without first obtaining 
 the consent of the Executive Committee. 
 
 On motion of J. S. Watson, a charter was granted to the appli- 
 cants at Illinois Wesleyan Universit3^ On motion of G. W. Cone, 
 a charter was granted to the applicants at Trinity University, 
 Texas. On motion of J. C. Norris, a charter was granted to the 
 applicants at Trinit}^ College, North Carolina. These charters 
 were granted in the order named, May 23. 
 
 On motion of C. J. Reddig, he was authorized to revive the chap- 
 ter at Cornell. On motion of G. W. Cone, he was authorized to 
 
H K 
 
 > 
 
 O 
 
 z 
 
 > 
 
 r 
 
 3 Z 
 
 tr c 
 
 5=1 7^ 
 
388 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 establish chapters at Washington and Lee, Universit}^ of North 
 Carolina, Brown University and Wesleyan University, Connecticut. 
 On motion of George Banta, he was authorized to revive the chap- 
 ters at Northwestern University and the University of Chicago, and 
 to establish a chapter at the University of Kansas. On motion of 
 
 A. S. Hough, W. B. Palmer was authorized to establish a chapter 
 at Johns Hopkins University. On motion of George Banta, W. 
 
 B. Palmer was authorized to establish a chapter at Amherst Col- 
 lege, and to revive the chapter at the University of Wisconsin. On 
 motion of A. G. Foster, F. H. Austin and E. S. Palmer were 
 authorized to revive the chapter at the University of Michigan. 
 On motion of L. D. Rogers, George Banta and L. S. Forbes were 
 
 Emmett Tompkins, Ohio, '74. 
 
 Orator, National Convention, 1878; Prophet, National Convention, 1882: (3rator, National 
 Convention, 1889; Toastmaster, Semi-Centennial National Convention, 1898; Representative in 
 Congress, 1900-02. 
 
 appointed to re-establish the chapter at Indiana Asbur}-. A. M. 
 Shuey was authorized to establish a chapter at the Universit}'" of 
 Minnesota. On motion of J. S. Watson, C. J. Reddig was author- 
 ized to establish an alumni chapter at Philadelphia. On motion of 
 A. S. Hough, the E)xecutive Committee was authorized to charter 
 alumni chapters wherever, in the opinion of the Committee, they 
 would be beneficial. 
 
 On motion of G. W. Cone, a committee was appointed to con- 
 sider the best means of publishing The Scroll; committee, com- 
 posed of G. W. Cone, J. C. Norris and W. M. Evans, submitted 
 recommendations similar to those regarding The Scroll adopted by 
 the Convention of 1876, but providing that, instead of being 'a 
 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF 1878. 389 
 
 quarterly magazine," it should be 'a sni) rasa newspaper," and be 
 issued during the nine school months," the price being Si, instead 
 of $1.25. These recommendations, which also included the nomi- 
 nation of M. F. Parrish as Editor and George Banta as Business 
 Manager, were adopted. 
 
 A. G. Foster moved that a committee on fraternit}^ jeweler be 
 appointed; carried, and A. G. Foster, W. B. Sullivan and A, S. 
 Hough appointed. C. D. Whitehead, Grand Banker, reported that 
 the permanent fund had received $60.90 from initiation fees since 
 the Convention of 1876, and that the whole fund amounted to 
 $1,005.40. Ordered that the next Convention be held at Indian- 
 apolis, Ind., October 26-29, t88o. 
 
 Frida\^ morning. Dr. A. A. E. Taylor, President of Wooster, who 
 had invited the Convention to visit the universit\% cordialh^ received 
 the members. Friday afternoon a photograph of the Convention 
 was taken on the east side of the Wayne Count}^ Court House. 
 Friday evening public literary exercises were held in the First Pres- 
 byterian Church. Seats were reserved for members of $ K ^ and 
 B n. Music was furnished by an orchestra. Pra3xr was offered 
 by Dr. Taylor. Introductor}^ remarks were made b}" President C. 
 J. Reddig. i\n address on the subject, "Do the signs of the times 
 indicate this to be a progressive age?" was delivered b}" Emmett 
 Tompkins, Ohio, '74. A poem entitled "Two Rivers," was read 
 by P. W. Search, Wooster, '76. A <l> A historical address was 
 made by A. G. Foster, Indiana, '78. After these exercises, the 
 members repaired to Townley's American House, where a banquet 
 was held. H. G. Bradford, Indiana, '73, w^as toastmaster. The 
 toasts: '"OurOrder," response by C. D. Whitehead; "The University 
 of Wooster, "J. C. McClarran, Wooster, '77; ' The National Grand," 
 W. B. Sullivan, Lafayette, '78; "The Ladies," G. N. Luccock, 
 Wooster, '78; "The Old Dominion," G. W. Cone, Richmond, '78; 
 Captain Jack," Emmett Tompkins, Ohio, '74. The toasts were 
 interspersed with fraternity songs. Ladies were present at the 
 banquet, as well as at the public literar}^ exercises. 
 
 The proceedings of this Convention were printed making a pam- 
 phlet of nineteen pages, without cover. The oration, poem and 
 historical address were printed in The Scroll, September, 1878, the 
 address of the President, in The Scroll, October, 1878. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION OF 1878. 
 
 "The Constitution of the $ A Fraternity," adopted by the 
 Convention of 1878, was not divided into parts, as was the Consti- 
 tution adopted in 187 1. 
 
 The Constitution of 1878 specified that the officers of the Na- 
 tional Convention should consist of a President, a First Vice-Presi- 
 dent, a Second Vice-President, a Secretary, a First Assistant Sec- 
 retary, a Second Assistant Secretar3\ a Marshal and a Grand Banker. 
 
390 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The National Grand Chapter was changed from Wooster to La- 
 fayette. State Grand Chapters were abolished. 
 
 Before 1878, it had been customary for the President of the Ex- 
 ecutive Committee to serve as President of the Convention. The 
 Constitution of 1878 specified: '"The Executive Committee shall 
 consist of a President, a Secretary and a Grand Banker, appointed 
 by the National Convention, and an active member elected by the 
 National Grand Chapter; and, during the adjournment of the Na- 
 tional Convention, its jurisdiction shall be supreme. It shall be 
 unanimous in all its decisions." It was understood that the Presi- 
 dent of the Executive Committee should be the President of the 
 Convention. 
 
 By the new Constitution, charters could be granted by either 
 the National Convention or the Executive Committee. In addi- 
 tion to the method of entitling chapters by the names of States and 
 the Greek letters, in the order of their establishment therein, the 
 new Constitution provided: The order of the establishment of 
 the chapters of this Fraternity shall be denoted by the Greek let- 
 ters -in succession, the letters being used plurally when the increase 
 of chapters makes it necessary to repeat the alphabet, as Alpha 
 Deuteron, Beta Deuteron, etc." This second plan of entitling 
 chapters had been adopted by the Convention of 1875, but not be- 
 fore included in the Constitution. 
 
 The section on qualifications for membership provided: "Such 
 persons as are contemplated in the Bond of the $ A 0, and are 
 attendant upon institutions in which are established, or in which it 
 is proposed to establish, chapters, shall be eligible to membership 
 in this Fraternity, provided that they neither belong to, nor have been 
 forced to withdraw from an}'^ other Fraternity of a similar character." 
 
 The Corresponding Secretary was not required to send an annual 
 membership report to the National Grand Chapter, but was required 
 to report initiations and changes of correspondent members to the 
 Secretary of the Executive Committee, and to send a news letter to 
 The Scroll for each issue. 
 
 The following was a new section: ' When it is necessary to make 
 secret communications between members of chapters, or to com- 
 mit to paper the motto, the words and signs of recognition, or the 
 description of the grip of the Fraternity, they shall be written in 
 cipher by means of the following table, the key-word of which shall 
 be fixed by the National Convention." 
 
 The Constitution of 1878 contained the blazon of the coat-of-arms, 
 similar to the blazon of the seal in the Constitution of 187 1. The 
 new Constitution provided for two seals, as follows: 
 
 The grand seal of this Fraternity, to be used only by the National Grand Chap- 
 ter, shall consist of the arms of this Fraternity, with the words "Grand Seal of the 
 Phi Delta Theta" in a circle about the same. 
 
 The common seal of this Fraternity, to be affixed b}- each chapter on all reports 
 and other official correspondence, shall consist of the title of the chapter and the 
 Greek numerals denoting the year of its establishment, in a circle about the same. 
 
ANNALS, 1878-1880. 39 1 
 
 Probably no chapter had the common seal made. The Conven- 
 tion of 187 1 adopted white and blue as the fraternity colors, and 
 the Convention of 1872 adopted white and black crepe as a mourn- 
 ing badge, but they were not mentioned in the Constitution until 
 1878. 
 
 There had been no regular form for the installation of chapter 
 officers, but such a form, and also a revised form of initiation were 
 included in the new Constitution. 
 
 The Constitution made an unbound pamphlet of thirteen pages, 
 sevent3'-five copies being printed; it was reprinted in The Palla- 
 dium, November, 1899. 
 
 There is a parallel between the organic laws of the United States 
 and those of <I> A 0. 
 
 In the Declaration of Independence our revolutionary forefathers 
 set forth the reasons which impelled them to establish their separ- 
 ate political existence. In the Bond of the «^ A the founders 
 declared the principles upon which the Fraternity is based. 
 
 The fathers of the Republic adopted Articles of Confederation 
 and Perpetual Union to govern, in their federal relations, the States 
 which had been colonies. The founders of $ A0 adopted Articles 
 of Union to govern the relations between the colleges, as chapters 
 were then called. 
 
 The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union having been 
 found to give the General Government insufficient powers, a Con- 
 stitution for the United States was adopted, and each State adopted 
 its own Constitution. So in $ A0, the Articles of Union were sup- 
 planted by the Constitution of the Order and the Constitution of 
 Chapters, each chapter having its own b3'-laws. 
 
 If the analogy were carried further, it could be shown that, 
 as the United States Government became more centralized, and 
 the powers of the States more restricted, b}' amendments to the 
 Constitution, so the $ A Fraternit}' was changed by combining 
 the Constitution of the Order and the Constitution of Chapters into 
 one Constitution, which provided for a more centralized govern- 
 ment than that which had before existed. 
 
 ANNALS, 1878-1880. 
 
 The Executive Committee, 1878-80, was composed of C. J. Red- 
 dig, President; J. C. Xorris, Secretary; C. D. Whitehead, Grand 
 Banker; G. W. Plack, National Grand representative, who resigned 
 and was succeeded, 1879, by J. T. Morrison, who resigned and was 
 succeeded, June, 1880, by T. B. Boughton, who resigned and was 
 succeeded, September, 1880, by A. C. McCauley. 
 
 The removal, by the Convention of 1878, of the National Grand 
 from Wooster to Lafayette was a just recognition of a worthy chap- 
 ter. Since its establishment, 1873, Pennsylvania Alpha had been 
 very strong and successful, and, since the fall of New York Alpha, 
 
392 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 1876, it had been the eastern outpost of $ A ©. The Wooster 
 chapter also was strong, and it had made a creditable record as 
 National Grand, but the Convention was influenced to make the 
 change by the consideration that extension in eastern institutions 
 would be furthered if the presiding chapter were located at I.a- 
 fa3''ette. 
 
 Since September, 1876, ^ A had had no organ of general in- 
 formation. The revival of TJie Scroll, September, 1878, had a 
 very stimulating effect on the Fraternity. In Februarv, 1879, the 
 Executive Committee issued an address in the form of a circular of 
 three printed pages. It congratulated the Fraternity on the re-estab- 
 lishment of The Scroll and said: ' The very rapid and substantial 
 
 James Chesley Norris, Indianapolis, '72. 
 
 Publisher of The Scroll, 1875-76; Secretarj- of the Executive Committee, 1876-80. 
 
 growth of $ A © during the last 3^ear is a fact of which we may all 
 feel justly proud. We have not onl}' increased the number of our 
 chapters, but have largeh"^ increased our influence. We are to-da}^ 
 in nearly all the first-class institutions in the Middle, Southern and 
 Western States." 
 
 In 1878 the trustees of the University of Georgia awoke to the 
 fact that the institution was going down. In four years from the 
 time that the rule prohibiting fraternities was passed, the attend- 
 ance had decreased from over 200 to 100, at which rate the univer- 
 sity would soon be without students. It was evident that the chief 
 cause of the decline was the anti-fraternity law. Men preferred to 
 enter institutions where they could enjo}^ the benefits of fraterni- 
 ties without incurring heavy penalties. By this time fraternities 
 
ANNALS, 1878-1880. 393 
 
 were vei\v strongly established in the State of Georgia. Nearly all 
 of the prominent men in the State, who had been educated since the 
 war were members of them. The press of the State took up the 
 subject, and demanded the repeal of the law. At commencement, 
 
 1878, the trustees debated the matter and decided to turn it over 
 to the faculty, which decided to remove all restrictions upon frater- 
 nities. The Atlanta C<^;/i-/// ////>>>;/, August 16, 1878, said editorially: 
 "We learn that the faculty of the State University have unani- 
 mously agreed to restore the secret societies, which were abolished 
 some years ago. The trustees at the recent commencement left 
 this matter entirely in the hands of the faculty. Their resolution 
 is wise, for there are fewer incentives to studious habits and gen- 
 eral good conduct than those furnished by the best secret societies. 
 Their restoration will work well." During the four years of perse- 
 cution, the Athens chapter had not suspended, though of course it 
 had been much hampered. It began a new era of prosperity in 
 the fall; in November it had eighteen active members. 
 
 The chapter established at Central College, Missouri, in 1876, 
 had to struggle against anti-fraternity laws, and finall}^ succumbed, 
 no meetings being held after June, 1878. From about 1874 to about 
 1883, there was an epidemic of anti-fraternit}'^ enactments, especi- 
 ally in southern colleges. 
 
 The trustees of Trinity College, North Carolina, decided, June, 
 
 1879, to abolish fraternities there, and North Carolina Alpha, 
 which was in a most prosperous condition at the time, was forced 
 to suspend. 
 
 Vanderbilt had a law against fraternities from the time the uni- 
 versity was opened, 1875. It did not prevent the chapter of <I> A0 
 from prospering, though occasionally the dire threats of the Chancel- 
 lor from the chapel rostrum caused alarm. During 1878-79 the 
 chapter empowed an executive committee to accept temporary 
 resignations of members in case of an emergency. B}^ the close of 
 the year over thirt}'- members were enrolled. Shortly before com- 
 mencement the chapter, by unanimous vote, disbanded, but on the 
 same night it was reorganized b}^ members who did not consider 
 themselves in great danger. The next year the chapter was trans- 
 formed into the "Dixie Reading Club," and the names of officers 
 and form of exercises were changed accordingl3^ New men were 
 pledged to accept the Bond immediateh^ after commencement, when 
 they would enter into full fellowship in <!► A 0. These plans for 
 circumventing the facult}^ were invented mainl}^ by J. M. Barrs. 
 
 During 1879-80, the membership rose to forty-one. The chapter 
 probabl}'^ was the most successful suh ?'osa chapter that ever existed. 
 Though it labored under great disadvantages, it exerted a powerful 
 influence in the universit3^ It monopolized almost all the honors 
 within the gift of the faculty or literar}' societies. On the afternoon 
 of commencement day, 1880,* the university exercises being con- 
 
 * At commencement, 1880, the Chancellor, Dr. L. C. Garland, recommended the trustees not to 
 grant a diploma to W. B. Palmer, who had passed the examinations reiiuired for the degree of 
 
394 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 eluded, a number of members were initiated. The large member- 
 ship is partly accounted for by the initiation of students attending 
 the Universit}^ of Nashville. Eighteen or twenty of them were 
 initiated during the years 1878-81, and they were ver}^ desirable 
 men, but after t88o-8i, the chapter quit admitting such students, 
 because the Univ^ersity of Nashville was in a different part of the 
 city from Vanderbilt and the students of one associated ver}^ little 
 with those of the other institution. Besides, the chapter did not 
 have the right, under the Constitution, to initiate any but Vander- 
 bilt students. 
 
 Since 1874 the chapter at Monmouth had contended against 
 anti-fraternit}' laws. A bequest of ^20,000 had been left to the 
 college on condition that the students should be prohibited from 
 joining secret societies. The chapter of $ A held on to its 
 charter and ran sub rosa, but the Fraternity in general knew little 
 about it. E. E. Stevenson, of Indiana Delta, wrote to George 
 Banta, June 20, 1879: Yesterday I attended the commencement 
 at Monmouth, and, as I was about ready to leave, I was suddenly 
 and rather secreth" accosted by a Phi brother, who informed me 
 that the}' are running a chapter sub rosa there, and have four good 
 active members besides their local alumni." The first mention of 
 the chapter in The Scroll was in the issue for March, 1880. The 
 issue for the next month said. The Illinois Gamma is in good 
 living trim with nine members."' 
 
 E. S. Palmer, of Indiana Delta, and F. H. Austin, of Missouri 
 Alpha, who attended the Convention at Wooster, Ma}^ 1878, 
 expected to enter the Universit}^ of Michigan in the fall of that 
 year, and the Convention authorized them to re-establish Michigan 
 Alpha. O. R. Wood, of the Earlham branch of Indiana Delta, 
 also went to Ann Arbor in the fall, and M. W. Gray and A. B. 
 Simonson, of the Lansing chapter, were there during 1878-79. 
 These five made application for a charter, which was received by 
 the National Grand, October 19, 1878, but which, so far as the 
 records show, was not granted. The}' organized October 29, 
 but their hopes of re-establishing the chapter were doomed to 
 failure. The chief trouble was the lack of any representation 
 
 LL.B. He also presented them with a copy of The Scroll, which he had somehow obtained, and 
 which contained a letter signed by Palmer. The letter told of the existence of $ A at Vander- 
 bilt in spite of the anti-fraternity laws. Palmer was sent for by Colonel W. B. Reese, of the law 
 facultj-, who advised him to say nothing about his connection with a secret fraternity, even if ques- 
 tioned. Ed. Baxter, also of the law faculty, appeared before the board of trustees and argued that 
 a printed paper was not admissible as evidence in any court, and, furthermore, that no person should 
 be compelled to testify against himself. The trustees upheld this contention, and Palmer received 
 his diploma. After the initiation on commencement day, which took place in the Odd Fellows' 
 Temple, there was a banquet at the Maxwell House, thirty-two Phis being present. Among the 
 cries on this occasion were: How's this for a sub rosa chapter?" Oh, we're not running here this 
 year!" "Send for the Chancellor!" etc. 
 
 * The anti-fraternity feeling arose again at Monmouth in 1878, through the temerity of the 
 women students, members of the two sororities, who began again to wear their pins. They were 
 all summoned before the faculty to answer for their rebellious conduct. Hearing of their danger, 
 the fraternity men marched in a body to the place of meeting, and shared with the ladies the brunt 
 of faculty displeasure, but the showing of strength was of no avail. The authorities would not 
 yield, and although several of the chapters at Monmouth still kept up their organizations, it was 
 with a semblance of their former strength." — "The History of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity." 1902. 
 
ANNALS, 1878-1880. 395 
 
 in the literar}' department. Palmer, Wood and Austin were in 
 the law school, Gray and Simonson in the medical school. Find- 
 ing that the obstacles in their way were greater than they 
 could overcome, they gave up the attempt to reorganize $ A © at 
 Ann Arbor. 
 
 In 1877-78, T. M. Hobbs, a charter member of Alabama Alpha, 
 began a correspondence with R. L. Thornton, '78, at the Agricul- 
 tural and Mechanical College of Alabama, Auburn, in regard to 
 establishing a chapter there. The faculty at Auburn were opposed 
 to fraternities, but, nevertheless, Thornton agreed to endeavor to 
 organize a chapter. Being initia;ted by Hobbs, he initiated I. A. 
 Lanier, '78; Alva Fitzpatrick, '80; C. A. L. Samford, '80. An 
 application dated November 21, 1878, was signed by these four. 
 The National Grand, Januar}^ 30, 1879, granted them a charter for 
 Alabama Beta. A letter to The Scroll, March 8, reported fifteen 
 members. Eight returned in the fall, and b}^ the end of iVpril, 1880, 
 the active membership was twenty. The chapter organized sub 
 rosa, and during 1878-79 meetings were held in old fields, late at 
 night with pine knots to furnish light. A letter to The Scroll, 
 October 22, 1879, said: ''The faculty at last are cognizant of our 
 existence, and we have been watching for what course the}^ would 
 pursue to prevent our continuation. Nothing more than their dis- 
 approval is evident, and they have taken no measures to impair 
 our progress." A letter to The Scroll dated two months later said: 
 We have at last procured a rendezvous, and can now convene 
 without dreading the wakeful e3^e of the barbarous intruder, and 
 can remain unmolested." 5 A E had been organized at x\uburn 
 June 15, 1878; A T O was organized there December 18, 1879. 
 At commencement, 1880, the trustees of the college enacted a 
 statute which recognized 5 A E, <E> A @ and A T O, but prohibited 
 the organization of other fraternities. 
 
 In August, 1878, W. B. Palmer wrote to J. D. Bundy, of Laurin- 
 burg, S. C., a member of North Carolina Alpha, in regard to estab- 
 lishing a chapter at Wofford College, Spartanburg, S. C. Bundy 
 sent the name of T. I. Rogers, w^ho had attended Wofford and 
 expected to return in the fall, and who, he had learned, would be a 
 good man to organize a chapter. In October, Palmer returned 
 from California and entered Vanderbilt University. He wrote, 
 November 28, to Rogers, who replied on the 30th, asking for further 
 information about <I> A ©. The information was sent, and, Decem- 
 ber 7, Rogers wrote that he thought he could get other students to 
 join him, and that he had spoken to two on the subject. Palmer 
 wrote to the chapter at Athens, Ga., which was nearer than au}^ 
 other to Spartanburg, asking it to send a member to initiate the 
 Wofford men. The Executive Committee had authorized their 
 initiation. The Athens Phis sent one of their number, T. C. Du Pont, 
 on the mission. He arrived at Spartanburg, January 15. The 
 next morning, in the old Palmetto Hotel, he initiated T. I. Rogers, 
 
396 THE HISTORY OF THI DELTA THETA. 
 
 '80; R. C. Rembert, 'S^; W. D. Simpson, Jr., '83. The three ini- 
 tiates signed an application for charter January 20, and the National 
 Grand granted them a charter for South Carolina Alpha, January 
 31, 1879. F. S. Mouzon was initiated March i, and F. R, Pegues 
 March 15. Another was initiated before the close of the 3^ear, but 
 the chapter then numbered only five members, as Mouzon had died 
 a month after his initiation. In November, 1879, the chapter had 
 nine attendant members. In December a hall was rented. The 
 older fraternities there were K A (Southern), X ^, X <l>. 
 
 A Convention of Indiana Phis was held at Indianapolis, at the 
 time of the meeting of the Indiana State Oratorical Association, 
 April 17, 1879. Between thirty and fort}^ Phis were present. 
 L. E. Ott was elected President. A committee on Constitution was 
 appointed. G. L. Spencer, Purdue, '79, was initiated as a mem- 
 ber of Indiana Beta, and a motion was passed in favor of, granting 
 a charter for a chapter at Purdue Universit}^ when an application 
 should be presented. Spencer had been approached on the subject 
 of organizing a chapter b}' J. A. Guthrie, of the Buchtel chapter, 
 then attending Purdue. Soon after this State Convention, an appli- 
 cation for charter made by Guthrie, Spencer and others was refused 
 on account of Purdue's strict anti-fraternity laws.* 
 
 Six weeks after the Convention at Indianapolis, another Indiana 
 State Convention was held. It met May 31, 1879, in Odd Fellows' 
 Hall, at Franklin. About fifty-five Phis were present. L. E. Ott 
 presided. A Constitution, prepared by the committee appointed in 
 April, was amended and adopted. On motion of H. U. Brown, a 
 committee, composed of L. E. Ott, C. L. Goodwin and J. C. Shirk, 
 was appointed to revive the chapter at Indiana Asbur^^ The pro- 
 ceedings of this Convention, the Constitution, and reports from 
 
 * A chapter of 2 X established at Purdue, 1875, had existed sul' rosa on account of facultj- oppo- 
 sition. The faculty prescribed the following regulation : 
 
 "No student is permitted to join or be connected as a member or otherwise with anj- so-called 
 Greek or other college secret society ; and as a condition of admission to the university, or promo- 
 tion therein, each student is required to give a written pledge that he or she will observe this regu- 
 lation. A violation of this regulation and pledge forfeits the right of any student to class promotion 
 at the end of the year, and to an honorable dismissal." 
 
 T. P. Hawley, a member of the Purdue chapter of 1 X, refused to give the required pledge, Sep- 
 tember, 1881, whereupon matriculation was refused. His guardian applied to the Circuit Court for 
 a mandamus to compel President E. E. White to admit him to the universitj'. The case was won 
 bv White, but was appealed to the Supreme Court of Indiana, which, reversing the decision of the 
 lower tribunal, held, June 21, 1882 : 
 
 "The board of trustees and facultj' of Purdue Universitj' cannot make membership in a Greek- 
 letter fraternitj', or other college secret societj', a disqualification for admission as a student in the 
 universitj', or require, as a condition of such admission, that an applicant, who maj' be a member of 
 such a societj', shall sign a pledge to disconnect himself from such societj' during his connection with 
 the universitj', and admission refused for such cause, maj' be enforced bj' mandate against the 
 trustees and facultj'." 
 
 See Indiana Supreme Court Reports, volume 82. T. B. Ward, Miami, '55, was volunteer 
 counsel for Hawlej'; B. K. Elliott, Miami, '55, and W. A. Woods, Wabash, '59, were two of the five 
 Justices of the Supreme Court which decided the case. 
 
 The matter was also carried into the Indiana Legislature, where a resolution was introduced in 
 the form of a rider to an appropriation bill, forbidding the paj'ment of state monej' to the universitj' 
 until the anti-fraternity regulation should be repealed. The resolution passed, but failed on account 
 of a technicalitj'. However, E. E. White resigned as President of the universitj', and was suc- 
 ceeded bj' J. H. Smart, an honorarj' member of 2 X and a friend of fraternities. This occurred in 
 1883, and the anti-fraternity regulation was rescinded in that j'ear. 
 
 See the annual reports of the President of Purdue Universitj', 1881, 1882 and 1883 ; "American 
 College Fraternities," 1883; the "Sigma Chi Catalogue and Historj-," 1890; "Student Life and 
 Customs," 1901 ; The Scroll, October, 1881, June and December, 1882, and March, 1883. 
 
ANNALS, 1 878- 1 880. 397 
 
 Indiana chapters were published in a six page pamphlet entitled 
 '' The Scroll, Jr.,^'' dated Franklin, Ind., June 7, 1879. 
 
 At Allegheny College, Meadville, Pa., there was in 1879 an asso- 
 ciation which had been organized for the purpose of obtaining a 
 charter from some fraternit}'. One of its members, P2. A. Xelson, 
 through his friend and pastor. Rev. A. Z. McGogney, became 
 acquainted with the advantages which such an extended fra- 
 ternity as $ A presented. McGogne}' was a charter member 
 of the Wooster chapter. It was an easy matter to persuade the 
 Allegheny men to apply for a $ A charter. Penns3'lvania Alpha, 
 May 8, 1879, granted a charter for Penns3dvania Epsilon to the 
 following: Wellington Bowser, '79: E. A. Xelson, '79; A. D. Col- 
 lins, '80; C. W. Miner, '81; W. G. Warner, '81; H. C. Hawkins, 
 '82; D. C. O'Connor, '82; E. W. Peck, '82; W. F. Compton, '^y, 
 J. W. Kahle, Jr., '83; A. J. Loomis, 'Zy D. W. Robinson, '83; 
 O. R. Thomas, '%y J. A. Vance, "^y E. S. Blair, '84. On Mem- 
 orial Da}', Ma}' 30, in the Commercial Hotel parlors, Meadville, 
 J. A. Langfitt, of Pennsylvania Gamma, initiated all the charter 
 members except Bowser and O'Connor. Until then the whole 
 affair had been kept very secret locally. Bowser and O'Connor 
 were initiated later. The new chapter had a banquet at commence- 
 ment. Most of the members returned the next fall, and a room in 
 a hotel was rented for meetings. A hall in a business block was 
 rented in the fall of 188 1. The chapter prospered from the be- 
 ginning. The Convention of 1880 changed its name to Pennsyl- 
 vania Delta. The older fraternities there were $ K ^, $ P A, A T A. 
 In The Scroll, December, 1878, some one asked, 'Does the Ken- 
 tucky Alpha live?" In January, George Banta answered: 'The 
 only way any one can find out about the Kentucky 
 Alpha is to go to Danville and see for himself. If 
 the chapter is living the members have either failed 
 to receive my heart-rending appeals for light upon 
 this very subject, or else neglected to answer. " In the 
 April issue a letter from W. R. Worrall was published. 
 ,, „ , He said that three others and himself, all seniors, 
 
 A K Badge. . . 
 
 were the only Phis m college. At that time there 
 existed at Centre a society called A K (initials of ' 'Aeo-/xo? Kpt'c^to;"). "^ 
 This society had been founded at Yale, 1845, and the chapter there 
 
 *A K was founded as a freshmen society at Yale, 1845, and was similar to K 2 E, founded 
 there 1840. Its open motto was *' Semper crescens" — "Always growing." Its secret motto (given in 
 parentheses above, was translated "A sacred bond," but the Greek words becoming known, a new 
 secret motto was selected. The pin was a crescent of black enamel, edged with roughened gold, 
 having in its broadest part a white shield, wheron lay a small crescent and a crossed key and dag- 
 ger, there being a star in either horn, and below the stars the letters "A" and "K."' 
 
 At Yale the societj- met everj- Saturday evening, and had literary exercises, which included the 
 reading of a manuscript paper called the Crescent. The parent chapter, calling itself the Alpha 
 chapter, chartered other chapters as follows: Beta, North Carolina, 1850: Gamma, Amherst, 1851: 
 Delta, Virginia, 1851 ; Epsilon, Mississippi, 185.3; Zeta, Dartmouth, i860; Eta, Centre, 1867. AK 
 was a freshman societj- at Yale, Amherst and Dartmouth, but not at Centre and probably not at any 
 other southern institution. 
 
 The North Carolina and Virginia chapters died, 1861, the Mississippi chapter, 1862, on account 
 of the civil war. The Amherst and Yale chapters were suppressed by the faculties, the first 1870. 
 the latter 1880, the line being drawn against all freshmen societies. At Dartmouth the fraternities 
 did not initiate students until late in freshmen year, e-xcept the freshmen society A K which initiated 
 
39^ THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 had granted a charter for a chapter at Centre, 1867. From 1870 
 to 1876 there had been no communication between the Yale and 
 Centre chapters. The Centre chapter had returned its charter to 
 the parent chapter, 1876, and since then had been an independ- 
 ent societ3^ During 1878-79 the members at Centre determined to 
 seek admission to some general fraternit}^ and, after discussing 
 various fraternities, decided on $ A ©. One member, G. B. 
 Thomas, of Maysville, Ky., was well acquainted with T. R. Phister, 
 also of Maysville, a member of Virginia Beta. Phister readily 
 agreed to do his part toward making Phis out of the Delta Kappas. 
 It was agreed that the initiation ceremonies should take place on 
 the opening of the following collegiate year. 
 
 With W. Iv. Lewis, of Lexington, a member of Virginia Beta, 
 Phister reached Danville, September 3. 1879. That evening seven 
 members of A K and one barbarian" were transformed into Phis. 
 The initiation took place in the A K hall, which was well furnished 
 and the handsomest in Danville. Dr. H. P. Bosle}^, '47; Profes- 
 sor Salvador de Soto, '50; Logan McKee, '68; C. R. Anderson, 
 '75, and T. B. Andrews, '79, all members of Kentucky Alpha, were 
 present. After the initiation there was a banquet at which Profes- 
 sor de Soto read a short poem on ^ A 0. The fortunate alliance 
 of A K with <I> A © saved from possible suspension Kentucky 
 Alpha, the third oldest chapter of the Fraternity. During 1878-79, 
 A K had sixteen active members. .Of these fourteen joined $ A0, 
 namely: W. S. Elkins, '79; J. B, Kinnaird, '79; J. G. Owsley, '79; 
 Frank Fithian, '80; Richard King, '80; James Spillman, '80; W. T. 
 St. Clair, '80; B. F. Bedford, '8t; J. M. Cowherd, '81; Hugh 
 Reid, '81; G. B. Thomas, '81; R. W. Knox, '82; W. T. Over- 
 street, '82; W. W. Owsle}^ '82. Thomas became an energetic gen- 
 eral fraternit}^ worker. He affiliated with Virginia Beta, 1880, and 
 he was Editor of The Scroll, 1882-83. Fithian became a charter 
 member of Pennsylvania Zeta, 1883. A few A K alumni were ad- 
 mitted to mem bei ship in $ A 0. 
 
 The chapter at Ohio Wesleyan, since its establishment, i860, had 
 had a very Litermittent existence. It was permanently established 
 1879. Duijng the first part of 1878-79, C. W. Marshall attended 
 O. VV. U. He then went to Butler University, where he was initia- 
 ted by If.diana Gamma. In June, Indiana Gamma authorized him 
 
 in the fall. A K's last initiation was in the fall of 1881, and its death was caused the foiiowing year 
 by the agreement of the fraternities to initiate freshmen during the fall term. 
 
 A K published song-books and catalogues, the latter at intervals of every five or six years. 
 According to its 1866 catalogue, there were 997 members of the Yale chapter, 403 of the Amherst 
 chapter, and 151 of the Dartmouth chapter. In 1879 the total membership was said to be about 
 3,000. — See ' American College Fraternities," 1879, 1883 ; "Four Years at Yale," 1871 ; "College 
 Days, or Harry's Career at Yale," 1894: ""Sale: Her Campus, Class Rooms and Athletics," 1899; 
 Student Life at Amherst," 1871 ; "The Cyclopaedia of Fraternities," 1809: "Student Life and Cus- 
 toms," 1901. 
 
 The Centre chapter was organized January 29, 1867, and its minutes are e.xtant from that date to 
 May 20, 1879. It held meetings fortnightly, and its literary exercises consisted of a declamation, a 
 debate and the reading of the Crescent. At every regular meeting an editor for the Crescent was 
 appointed, as well as the other members who should participate in the literary exercises at the 
 next meeting. l'"or a year or two, perhaps longer, after 1879, the reading of such a manuscript paper 
 continued to be a feature of the regular meetings of Kentucky Alpha, its name being changed to 
 the Sivord and S/u'eldi 
 
ANNALS, 1878-1880. 399 
 
 to initiatr; men at Ohio Wesle3^an, which he re-entered in the fall. 
 October 8 1879, in the Central House, Delaware, he initiated W. P. 
 Fulton, '81, T. H. McConica, '81, and Scott Bonham, '82. He had 
 met these three during his previous attendance at O. W. U., and 
 was confident that they were suitable for his purpose. The next 
 morning a hall was rented. Within a month the number of mem- 
 bers was increased to eight. The}' wore pins loaned b}' the Woos- 
 ter chapter until those they had ordered were received. A strong 
 chapter was built up during the year; four more members were 
 added by commencement, and the Ohio Delta was then as large as 
 the average chapter at O. W. U.* 
 
 In 1879 there was a band of students at the Universit}'^ of Ver- 
 mont, Burlington, who desired to become a chapter of some good 
 general fraternity. The institution then supported onl^^ one frater- 
 nity (2 $, one of the smallest chaptered fraternities) and two local 
 societies. The students seeking a charter had not organized a 
 local societ}^ but for some time had maintained a quasi-organiza- 
 tion, renting a hall and holding regular meetings. One of them, 
 F. O. Sinclair, was a friend of Frederick Vilas, who, in the sum- 
 mer of 1879, informed him that his cousin, W. F. Vilas, Wisconsin 
 Alpha, '58, was a member of a fraternity. x\t Sinclair's request he 
 wrote to his cousin, who replied highh- recommending $ A 0, and 
 advising that application for a charter be made through C. J. Reddig, 
 President of the Executive Committee. 
 
 Sinclair then wrote to Reddig, who, after some correspondence, 
 went to Burlington and initiated the following students: G. E. 
 Bertrand, '80; C. F. B. Haskell, '80; H. M. Woods, '81; J. W. 
 Dodds, '82; E. A. Enright, '82; E. C. Lane, '82; F. O. Sinclair, 
 '82; C. H. Hayden, '8^; G. E. Sawyer, 8^; H. H. Wheeler, '83. 
 The initiation occurred in Reddig's room at the Van Ness Hotel, 
 October 9. The initiates alread}" had a furnished hall. They 
 applied for a charter, which was granted by the National Grand, 
 October 30, 1879. Frederick Vilas, a resident of Burlington and 
 a special student at the university, was a disinterested party in the 
 establishment of ^ A there, except that he was a friend of Sinclair. 
 
 For a few weeks Vermont Alpha ran s///^ rosu, to secure a few 
 more men before the other societies should become aware of <l> A 0's 
 presence among them. November 14, Woods wrote to T//e Scroll 
 that the Green Mountain Phis numbered twelve. The chapter 
 sent H. L. Van Nostrand as a delegate to the National Convention, 
 October, 1880, and the other delegates were so well pleased with 
 him that he was elected Secretary' of the first General Council. In 
 the earl}' days of Vermont Alpha, the Constitution of $ A was 
 stolen from it. The establishment of this chapter gave <J> A a 
 
 * Unjustifiable methods of warfare were sometimes resorted to by members of various frater- 
 nities. Bonham wrote to The Scroll, December 2, 1879: "Quite a sensation was produced in O. W. 
 U, circles Thanksgiving morning, and particularly no little consternation in the $ K 4' camp, on 
 finding its constitution printed and posted up about town, revealing signs, forms of initiation, etc. 
 The Phi Psis stood it pretty well, though it was a bad 'give away.'" 
 
400 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 footing in New England. The Fraternity greatly desired to enter 
 the best eastern institutions, and this movement was a very import- 
 ant advance in that direction. The only general fraternities at 
 Vermont before <t» A © were S $ and © A X, but the © A X chapter 
 had suspended. There were also two local societies, A I and A ^. 
 
 The Convention of 1878 authorized W, B. Palmer to revive Wis- 
 consin Alpha. November 25, 1879, he wrote to D. S. McArthur, 
 at the Universit}^ of Wisconsin, in regard to organizing a chapter 
 there. McArthur, who had been recommended as a non-fraternity 
 student of good standing, replied, November 29, expressing a 
 willingness to correspond on the subject. Palmer then wrote that 
 he desired the re-establishment of Wisconsin Alpha of $ A ©, which, 
 on account of the war, had suspended, 1861. McArthur was pleased 
 with the idea of re-establishing a chapter that ante-dated any other 
 in the university, and he set to work to get other students to join 
 him. Palmer arranged with W. F. Vilas, one of those who had 
 organized the chapter, 1857, to initiate McArthur, and he for- 
 warded to Vilas all the necessary papers. 
 
 Oq the afternoon of Januar}^ 24, 1880, Vilas, in his residence at 
 Madison, initiated McArthur in an informal manner. The same 
 afternoon McArthur initiated C. A. Foster, and, on the 26th, he 
 initiated George Keenan. The first regular meeting was held on 
 the 28th at the residence of Foster. The members decided to make 
 their debut on March 4. Before this time, however, the students 
 got wind" of the chapter. The University Press said, Februar}^ 
 11: The remains of what was supposed to be a defunct secret 
 society are to be dug up soon." By the last of February six Phis 
 constituted the active membership of Wisconsin Alpha. The 
 re-establishment of the chapter was announced in the February 
 Scroll, with the statement that the Universit}^ of Wisconsin had 481 
 students. In April two more members were added. An applica- 
 tion for charter made to the National Grand was granted. The 
 charter granted 1857 was in the possession of W. F. Vilas, and the 
 old minute book of the chapter was in the possession of P. J. 
 Clawson, Wisconsin Alpha, '62. Both charter and minutes were 
 turned over to the active chapter. Clawson wrote in the minute 
 book as follows: 
 
 Monroe, Grean County, Wisconsin, July 17, 1880. This book was left in my 
 possession by some member of the Society in the year 1862, at which time I went to 
 the war, and, after an absence of nearly four years, I returned and found this book 
 among my papers and books. I have carefully guarded it, and now deliver it to 
 Charles A. Foster, to be by him delivered to the Society. All of which I hereby 
 certify to be true. P. J. Clawson. 
 
 In September the chapter began meeting in a hall. In October 
 McArthur was sent as a delegate to the National Convention. 
 The Convention decided that the old charter was legal and that the 
 new one should be destroyed. B 11 has been established at W^is- 
 consin, 1873; ^ K ^, 1875; X ^, 1878. They objected to ^A© 
 having first place in the annual, 1884, when one was first issued b}^ 
 
ANNALS, 1878-1880. 401 
 
 the junior class. In the same year the}^ also combined to exclude 
 ^ A © from the inter-fraternit}^ ball. The contest regarding the 
 ball continued until 1888, when it was settled favorably to Wisconsin 
 Alpha. The contest regarding the annual continued until 1897, 
 when the chapter gained its rightful position as the pioneer in the 
 university.* 
 
 The members at Gettysburg were desirous of a <E> A chapter at 
 Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. The two colleges are not far 
 apart, and it was easy for the Gettysburg Phis to form the acquaint- 
 ance of students at Dickinson. However, the latter institution 
 was well occupied with fraternities, and an opportunit}^ for organ- 
 izing a chapter there did not arise until after the matter had been 
 under consideration several years. C. J. Reddig, an alumnus of 
 Pennsylvania Beta, and a resident of Shippensburg, Pa., which is 
 but a short distance from Carlisle, took a special interest in estab- 
 lishing <E» A © at Dickinson, after his election as President of the 
 Executive Committee, 1878. 
 
 In 1879-80, six students were chosen, and, Februar}^ 4, Reddig 
 and W. N, Mateer, the latter representing the National Grand 
 Chapter, arrived at Carlisle, and initiated F. A. Bergstresser, '82; 
 P. S. Hills, ^82; G. E. Kleinhenn, '82; H. W. Spangler, '82; H. N. 
 Cheesman, 'St,, and A. W. Wever, 'St,, who made application for a 
 charter. The initiation took place in one of the rooms of the Man- 
 sion Hotel. J. M. Colaw, '82, was initiated April 9. In Ma}^ a room 
 for meetings was secured, and in September a hall was rented. A 
 charter was not granted until the Convention held in the fall of 
 1880. The Convention, October 27, ordered the General Council 
 to grant a charter for Pennsylvania Epsilon to the six applicants. 
 
 Much care was exercised in selecting members and the number 
 increased slowly. The seven members returned in the fall, and 
 J. W. Perkinpine, '84, and A. A. Thompson, '84, initiated Sep- 
 tember 25, were the only initiates during 1880— 8t. The nine mem- 
 bers returned in the fall of 1881, and during that collegiate year 
 four members were added, giving ^ A a strong footing at Dick- 
 inson. In the fall of 1882, five graduates and two undergraduates 
 did not return, but eight students were initiated. The older fra- 
 ternities there were Z ^, $ K 2, $ K ^, :S X, © A X, X <l>, B © n. 
 The chapters of Z ^, $ K :§ and A X were suspended, but the 
 ©AX chapter was revived February, 188 1. 
 
 T/ie Scroll, October, 1878, contains this item: Iowa Alpha 
 begins the year with the men, and will as usual keep the lead in 
 Iowa Wesleyan. B © 11 is its onl}^ rival, ATA having bitten 
 the dust. The Phis are not full}^ at work yet. It was rumored 
 at the Convention that the Iowa Alpha would this winter find for 
 itself a sister in the shape of the Iowa Beta at Iowa City." Noth- 
 ing else concerning Iowa Alpha was published during 1878—79; 
 it was suspended during that year, its charter and records being 
 
 * See "Historic Fraternity Contests," The Scroll, February, 1904. 
 
40 2 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 kept by J. R. Foulks, delegate to the Convention of 1878. Sep- 
 tember 25, 1879, Foulks, who was Principal of the public school 
 at Bloorafield, Iowa, sent the charter and records to J. D. Murphy 
 at Iowa Wesleyan. The chapter was then reorganized, and its 
 minutes for October 4, 1879, show that A. J. Weber was President 
 and J. D. Murphy Secretary, also that E. N. Kauffman was an 
 attendant member. But the chapter continued weak; the only 
 note about its condition published during 1879-80 was the follow- 
 ing in the April So^olb. 'Iowa Alpha is going ahead now and 
 there are hopes of strong work next year." However only two 
 members returned in the fall of 1880. 
 
 The Randolph-Macon chapter also was weak, having only four 
 attendant members 1878-79, and the same number 1879-80. 
 
 The chapter at Illinois Wesleyan became delinquent in the pay- 
 ment of fraternity dues, and The Sct'oll, January 1880, announced 
 that the Executive Committee had withdrawn its charter and 
 expelled its entire active membership. Such extreme measures 
 really had not been taken; the matter was adjusted, and the chapter 
 was represented by a delegate at the National Convention, Octo- 
 ber, 1880. 
 
 Fraternity material at Wooster was of unusually poor quality at 
 this time. Finding difficulty in getting first-class men, the chapter 
 there disbanded, October, 1880. 
 
 The annual Convention of Indiana Phis met April 17, 1880, in 
 the Grand Hotel, Indianapolis. Charles Banta was elected Presi- 
 dent. The committee on the revival of the chapter at Indiana As- 
 bury, appointed 1879, reported. Remarks on the report were made 
 by J. C. Shirk, Albert Weatherly and W. A. Black. On motion of 
 Black, the work of reviving the chapter was placed under the direc- 
 tion of Weatherly, with power to call on all the chapters for neces- 
 sary aid. Black announced that Indiana Gamma would begin the 
 erection of a chapter house during the next collegiate year. An 
 invitation from the Franklin chapter to the Convention to attend 
 its anniversary exercises and banquet, May 28, 1880, was presented 
 and the Convention adjourned, to meet for an adjourned session in 
 Franklin at that time. 
 
 The inactivity of the Indiana Asbury chapter had long been a 
 thorn in the side of Indiana Phis. During the winter of 1879-80, 
 Thomas Hartley, Indiana Zeta, '71, visited Bloomington and told 
 the Phis there the story of the chapter in former years. Well 
 concerted measures were then devised to restore the chapter to life. 
 At the beginning of the spring term, Albert Weatherly, of Indiana 
 Alpha, made a short visit to Greencastle, and came to the conclu- 
 sion that an excellent opportunity was presented to ^ A 0. He 
 again arrived at Greencastle, April 10, determined to re-establish 
 the chapter. He was met there by W. M. Floyd, of Indiana 
 Gamma, and on the 14th J. C. Shirk, of Indiana Alpha, joined them. 
 They received encouragement and assistance from J. R. Miller, 
 
ANNALS, 1878-1880. 403 
 
 Indiana Eta, '68, a resident of Greencastle. A number of desir- 
 able students were pledged. The minutes of Indiana Alpha for 
 April 29 say: ' Brother Weatherl}^ having received a letter from 
 Greencastle concerning the re-establishment of Indiana Eta, read 
 it before the chapter; great applause.'' 
 
 May 10, Weatherly reappeared in Greencastle and, on the even- 
 ing of that day, in the office of Miller, he initiated T. T. Moore, 
 '76 (a law partner of Miller); L. T. Rightsell, '80; J. A. Wilson, 
 '80; S. B. Grimes, '81; N. A. Whitaker, '81; J. S. White, '81; A. 
 P. Burnside, '82; J. E. Crews, '82; S. H. Elrod, '82; A. S. Pres- 
 ton, '82; Andrew Stephenson, '82; T. C. Basye, 'S;^; C. S. 
 Bridges, '83. All were provided with badges, and the next morn- 
 ing twelve men wearing shields and swords took their places in 
 chapel. Later in May six other students were initiated. During 
 that college session meetings were held in the office of Miller & 
 Moore, but at the beginning of the next year a room in the third story 
 of a business block was rented and fitted up for use. Ten mem- 
 bers of the chapter, including Grimes the delegate, attended the 
 National Convention at Indianapolis in October. The Convention 
 changed the chapter's name from Indiana Eta to Indiana Zeta. 
 The chapter dedicated a new hall January 14, 1882. 
 
 Another effort was made to raise the fallen banner of $ A at 
 Ann Arbor. January 31, 1880, I. W. Christian, of Indiana 
 Gamma, G. L. Spencer, of Indiana Beta, M. W. Gray, of Michi- 
 gan Beta, and other Phis then attending the Universit}^ of Michigan 
 held a meeting and organized b}^ electing officers. An application 
 for a charter made to the National Grand was granted. The organ- 
 ization was kept s?^^ rosa, and this effort to revive Michigan Alpha 
 was futile. Christian went to the Convention, October 1880, as a 
 delegate, but he declared that it would be impossible to place $ A 
 on an equalit}" with the other fraternities at Ann Arbor without 
 much more mone}^ than the Phis there could command. The Con- 
 vention accepted his surrender of the charter. 
 
 To W. C. Jones, California Alpha, '75, an instructor in the 
 University of California, W. B. Palmer wrote to inquire whether 
 there was any prospect for reviving California Alpha. Jones 
 replied May 29, 1879: ''The idea of reviving California Alpha can- 
 not now be entertained; there could not be a more unpropitious 
 time for starting or re-establishing a fraternit}^ at the Universit}^ of 
 California than the present. " The anti-fraternity feeling reached 
 its height there that year. In the spring of 1880, E. S. Palmer, of 
 Indiana Delta, visited the University of Nebraska. After looking 
 over the ground, he concluded that, owing to the scarcity of good 
 material and the unfriendliness of the faculty to secret societies, it 
 would be unwise to attempt a reorganization of Nebraska Alpha. 
 About May i, 1880, an attempt was made, through five or six 
 Northwestern students, to reorganize Illinois Alpha, but they 
 proved to be unreliable, and the plan was abandoned. 
 
404 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The minutes of the Wooster chapter for March 12, 1879, say: 
 "The chapter went into consideration of the expediency of estab- 
 lishing a chapter at the Ohio State University at Columbus." 
 However, no active steps in this direction were taken for several 
 years. At the suggestion of W. B. Palmer, and with the approval of 
 Tennessee Alpha, C. R. Gaskill, Oglethorpe, '72, who lived at 
 Chattanooga, initiated, August, 1879, A. S. Ragsdale and F. A. 
 Vincent, who resided there, and who agreed that they would en- 
 deavor to establish a chapter of $ A © at the University of Ten- 
 nessee. Having returned to the university at Knoxville in the fall, 
 they with one other applied for a charter. Afterward they found 
 that, because of anti-fraternit}^ laws, the}^ could not organize a chap- 
 ter, hence no charter was granted. During 1879 George Banta 
 wrote to C. C. Cody, of the Emory chapter, a professor in South- 
 western University, Texas, in regard to establishing a chapter there, 
 but nothing resulted from the correspondence. The minutes of 
 the National Grand for January 17, 1880, say: Brother Olyphant 
 spoke of the receipt of a letter requesting that the A B <l» unite with 
 $ A ©; the chapter rejected the proposal."* 
 
 The General Council refused applications for charters from the 
 following institutions in the years indicated: Central University, 
 Richmond, Ky., 1878; Kentucky University (Disciples' college), 
 Lexington, Ky., 1878; Mount Union College, Alliance, Ohio, 1879; 
 Muskingum College, New Concord, Ohio, 1879; Purdue Univer- 
 sity, Lafayette, Ind., 1879; Indiana State Normal School, Terre 
 Haute, 1880; North Georgia Agricultural College, Dahlonega, 1880; 
 Middle Georgia Agricultural College, Milledgeville, 1880; Univer- 
 sity of Lewisburg, Pa. (now Bucknell University), 1880. 
 
 During 1879-81, Rev. Robert Morrison, one of the founders of 
 $ A ©, was the financial agent of Westminster College, Fulton, Mo. 
 He greatly desired to see a chapter established there. Missouri 
 Alpha, since the spring of 1878, had been laying plans for $ A to 
 enter Westminster. In April, 1880, S. H. Kelle}'- and G. S. Rath- 
 bun, of Missouri Alpha, visited Fulton, which is twenty-five miles 
 across country (sixty by lailroad) from Columbia, where Missouri 
 Alpha is located. They had the authority of their chapter to take 
 the preliminary steps toward establishing a chapter at Westminster, 
 provided the prospects for success would warrant such a proceed- 
 ing. On the evening of April 16, they attended a meeting of the 
 Philalethian Society, and became acquainted with its Vice-Presi- 
 dent, W. B. C. Brown, '82. From their observation during the 
 meeting and their conversation with Brown, after adjournment, 
 they became convinced that the college contained good material 
 for a chapter, and they asked Brown to undertake its organization. 
 
 ■• A B $ was founded at Cornell. 1878, and in the same year established chapters at Lehigh, 
 University of Pennsylvania, Lafayette, College of the City of New York, and in 1881 at Johns Hopkins. 
 All these chapters were active until 1882, when the society disintegrated. The chapter at C. C. 
 N. Y. continued as a local society until 1884, and E. H. L. Randolph, who became a charter mem- 
 ber of New York Gamma of <t> A 0, 1884, was one of its last members. — See "American College Fra- 
 ternities," 1879, 1883, 1890. 
 
ANNALS, 1878-1880. 405 
 
 He gave a ready assent, and they initiated him the next day. They 
 furnished him with a copy of the Bond, a copy of the Constitution 
 and the form of application for charter, and instructed him to 
 initiate five other students and have the six sign the application, 
 after which they returned to Columbia. 
 
 April 24, Brown initiated H. W. Davis, '82. May i, these two 
 met at the residence of Mrs. S. N. Nichols, and after initiating 
 S. W. Yantis, '84, organized by electing officers. May 14, J. A. 
 McCoy, '82, and S. D. Chaney, '84, were initiated, and May 21, 
 C. W. Chambers, '84. During this month. Brown and some of the 
 others visited Columbia and attended a banquet given by Missouri 
 Alpha. Missouri Alpha provided the six initiates with ribbon bad- 
 ges, which they began to wear June i, having previously decided to 
 remain sub i^osa until then. They signed an application for charter, 
 which was not granted by the General Council, but being presented 
 to the National Convention, was ordered granted October 27, t88o. 
 
 The charter, which entitled the chapter Missouri Beta, was 
 secured largely through the influence of Robert Morrison, who was 
 present at the Convention, and C. B. Sebastian, delegate from Mis- 
 souri Alpha. However, only three members — Brown, McCoy and 
 Yantis — had returned in the fall. They made no additions until 
 January 8, 1881, when J. T. Montgomery, Floyd McChesney and 
 W. Y. McChesney were initiated, after which there was an 
 election of officers. January 17, S. B. Holmes and Zachariah 
 Lillard were initiated.* By the end of March seven more students 
 had been initiated, and another was added in Ma}^ Eleven mem- 
 bers returned in the fall. Previous to November, 1881, meetings 
 were held sometimes in the rooms of members, but usually in the 
 hall of one of the literary societies. The use of an office in Fulton 
 was then secured. The anniversary of the chapter was celebrated 
 May 13, 1882. The faculty having refused the use of the chapel, 
 the city hall was procured for the occasion. The exercises, which 
 were public, consisted of a history, an oration, a poem and a 
 prophecy, interspersed with music by a quartette of Phis. The 
 only fraternity which preceded $ A at Westminster was B 11. 
 
 The Alumni National Grand at Franklin, Ind. , granted a char- 
 ter, September 17, 1879, fc>r Indiana Beta Alumni at Indianapolis, 
 to Benjamin Harrison, Miami, '52; B. K. Elliott, Miami, '55; 
 J. B. Elam, Miami, '70; W. H. Ripley, Wabash, '73; C. D. 'White- 
 
 * Two weeks later, while the members were meeting in the Philalethian hall in the college 
 building, they thought they heard whisperings and stealthy footsteps without the door, but upon 
 going outside several times they found nobody. At length, however, Yantis and Holmes started 
 out in search of W. Y. McChesnej' who had not put in an appearance. As they emerged from the 
 door Yantis was suddenly struck with a broom. He carried a cane on account of a sprained ankle, 
 and he brought it down with full force upon the head of his hidden assailant. Holmes gave the 
 alarm, and when lights were brought, two fellows were found, each of whom was armed, in not very 
 manly fashion, with a broom. The blow which Yantis received was intended for Brown, who had 
 incurred the dislike of the fellows. From this incident originated the title of the chapter paper. 
 The Cane and Broo»i, and the paper's Greek motto, which was translated, "The staff is greater 
 than the broom." During the spring, by-laws were adopted, which provided for a manuscript paper 
 by this name to be read monthly in the chapter. The first number of The Cane and Bfooni was 
 read September 24, 1881, and the paper was still continued in 1900, when the writer was furnished 
 with a sketch of the chapter on which this account is based. 
 
4o6 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 head, Wabash, '73; A. C. Harris, Butler, '62; Casablanca Byfield, 
 Franklin, '60. However, the Indianapolis alumni did not organize 
 until a year afterward. 
 
 An alumni chapter was established at Louisville, Ky., by C. L. 
 Goodwin, of Sellersburg, Ind., a neighboring town. An applica- 
 tion for charter, dated December 26, 1879, was signed by J. J. 
 Cooke, Centre, '56; J. G. Simrall, Centre, '57; T. W. Bullitt, 
 Centre, '58; E. O. Guerrant, Centre, '60; W. B. Fleming, Centre, 
 '64; J. S. Boyle, Centre, '66; G. H. Mourning, Centre, '66; John 
 Cochran, Centre, '78; J. E. Hays, Hanover, '78; B. J. Baldwin, 
 Randolph-Macon, '75; W. F. Harris, Richmond, '78. An organi- 
 zation was effected, January 13, 1880, in Bullitt's law ofhce. Octo- 
 ber 27, 1880, the}^ were chartered as Kentucky Alpha Alumni. 
 
 H. H. Weber, of the Gettysburg chapter, aided greatly by W. 
 H. H. Raleigh, a member of the old Northwestern chapter, suc- 
 ceeded in establishing an alumni chapter at Baltimore, Md. Five 
 Phis met at the residence of W. F. Smith, July 21, 1880, and pro- 
 ceeded to organize. W. H. H. Raleigh, Northwestern, '60; W. J. 
 Thomas, Emory, '80; W. S. Bryan, Jr., Virginia, '80; J. L. Arm- 
 strong, Randolph-Macon, '78; W. F. Smith, Richmond, '76, and 
 H. H. Weber, Gettysburg, '82, applied for a charter. October 27, 
 1880, they were chartered as Mar3^1and Alpha Alumni. 
 
 After his graduation, Alva Fitzpatrick went to work to build up 
 an alumni chapter, at Montgomery, Ala. The names of J. T. E. 
 Thornhill, Richmond, '76; J. J. Mickle, Alabama, '79; Samuel 
 Callaway, Auburn, '80; Alva Fitzpatrick, Auburn, '80; W. J. 
 Orum, Auburn, '80; G. A. Orum, Auburn, '80, and Joseph Calla- 
 way, Auburn, '81, were secured to an application for charter. Octo- 
 ber 27, 1880, they were chartered as Alabama Alpha Alumni. 
 
 The National Convention voted, October 27, 1880, that char- 
 ters be granted to the applicants at Dickinson College and those 
 at Westminster College. Up to this time no charter had been 
 granted for the chapter at Dickinson and none for the alumni chap- 
 ters at Louisville, Montgomery and Baltimore. The new General 
 Council elected at this Convention granted the following charters: 
 Pennsylvania Epsilon, Dickinson College; Missouri Beta, West- 
 minster College; Kentucky Alpha Alumni, Louisville; Maryland 
 Alpha Alumni, Baltimore; Alabama Alpha Alumni, Montgomery. 
 The charters for all of these chapters were dated October 27, 1880. 
 
 In T/ie Scroll, January, 1880, L. E. Ott, of Wabash, made a plea 
 for annual instead of biennial Conventions. He also advocated 
 the formation of alumni chapters, the holding of State Conventions 
 and the following plan for The Sci-oll\ Establish a permanent 
 Scroll fund, and let every man who would pay into that fund say 
 ten dollars be entitled to one copy forever." This plan, modified 
 by making a life subscription five instead of ten dollars, was pro- 
 posed at the Convention of 1882; and, modified by giving The 
 Scroll ten years to a correspondent member for five dollars, was 
 adopted by the Convention of 1884. 
 
ANNALS, 1 878- 1 880. 
 
 407 
 
 During 1878-80, the permanent fund, which had been estab- 
 lished 1872, became a very unpopular institution, especially the 
 requirement that each member should contribute to it one dollar 
 on initiation. The subject was warmly discussed in The Scroll. 
 The prevailing sentiment was expressed by L. H. Bailey, Jr., 
 of the Lansing chapter, who wrote to The Scroll, June, 1880: 
 
 Why should we tax our Order in its 3^outh for the benefit of future 
 Phis, who will, in all probability, be better able to bear their own 
 burdens than we are to bear the burdens for them?" The permanent 
 fund was abolished by the Convention, October, 1880.* 
 
 The Scroll, November, 1878, had an advertisement of Charles 
 Cook, Cincinnati, Ohio, official jeweler. The advertisement con- 
 tains woodcuts of two forms of badge and two kinds of shirt studs. 
 One kind of studs was a small badge without sword and chain. In 
 the other variety of studs the three letters $ A were separate, and 
 
 Badges and Shirt Studs, 1878. 
 
 Facsimiles of woodcuts in advertisement of Charles Cook, Cincinnati, in The Scroll, beginning 
 November, 1878. The cut of the "new style" badge (angular shape) last appeared in the issue for 
 October, 1879; the cut of the "old style" badge last appeared in the issue for October, 1880, when 
 Cook's advertisement ceased. 
 
 each was enameled in black on gold. One of the forms of badge 
 was the "old style" of regulation shape, but the other, called a 
 new style," was a radical inovation. All sides of the latter were 
 straight, making a great difference in the appearance. Some 
 writer in The Scroll ior December urged the importance of uniform- 
 ity of size and design, saying: "As the design of our badge com- 
 pares so favorably with that of any other, and possesses so many 
 elements of beauty, let us see that uniformity be preserved, that we 
 wear no 'new style' shield, and no sword which might be mistaken 
 for a cross." R. A. Jackson, of Virginia Beta, wrote to I'lie Scroll, 
 January, 1879: "As great a departure from the new badge as the 
 new badge is from the old would place it beyond recognition by 
 Phis of ten years ago. Let us have one Constitution, one purpose 
 and one badge." Cook's advertisement continued unchanged in 
 The Scroll \int\\ November, 1879, when the cut of his new shape 
 
 * Information as to how the fund was disposed of may be found in the proceedings of the Con- 
 ventions of 1880 and 1882, and in The Scroll tor November and December, 1882, January-February 
 and March, 1883. 
 
4o8 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 of shield was withdrawn, and when was inserted a cut of a watch- 
 charm consisting of a large shield, two swords crossed behind it 
 and a helmet on top (not the watch-charm pictured below. ) In 
 The Scroll, May, 1880, L. C. Hoss, of Butler, congratulated the Fra- 
 ternity that Cook's new style" had been so quickly "squelched." 
 The author of this history, however, never saw a badge of this 
 pattern. 
 
 The Scroll, January, 1879, contains the report of the committee 
 on fraternity jeweler appointed by the Convention. The committee 
 recommended the appointment of L. G. Burgess' Son & Com- 
 pany, Albany, N. Y. , as official jewelers, and the Executive Com- 
 mittee announced in February that they had ratified the selection. 
 
 Designated a "large" badge 
 in price list. 
 
 Designated a small" badge 
 in price list. 
 
 Badges, 1880; Watch-charm, 1882. 
 
 Facsimiles of woodcuts of badges in price list of L. G. Burgess' Son & Company, Albany, 1880. 
 
 Watch-charm made by Burgess for W. B. Palmer, 1882 ; it consists of a double-faced $ A © 
 shield, suspended from the watch chain by a sword, hilt downward. So far as known, it was the 
 first $ A watch-charm ever made. 
 
 Burgess made badges convex, the first so made, and enameled 
 the eye, the scroll and the Greek letters. The advertisement of 
 Burgess in The Scroll, beginning December, 1879, offered: Badges 
 in plain enamel, and set in garnet, turquois, pearl, ruby, saphire 
 and diamond. Sword ornamented, and also set to match the 
 badges. Studs of shield pattern, and also in separate letters, either 
 ornamented or set. Buttons of shield pattern in enamel. Rings 
 and charms in assorted styles." 
 
 A few badges having been made with scrolls of black enamel, 
 T'he Scroll, December, 1881, said: "it may be well to call the 
 attention of the Fraternity to the fact that uniformity in badges is 
 required, and in order to be uniform the scroll on all badges must 
 be of white enamel." Black scrolls were prohibited by the Conven- 
 tion of 1886. 
 
ANNALS, 1878-1880. 409 
 
 A small book entitled "Greek-Letter Societies," b}^ A. P. Jacobs, 
 ^ Y, Michigan, '73, was published at Detroit, March, 1879. It was 
 the first attempt ever made to publish information concerning col- 
 lege fraternities in general. It gave the date and place of found- 
 ing of each fraternit}', the names and classes of its founders, a 
 description of its badge, a list of chapters with years of their estab- 
 lishment and suspension, the membership b}' chapters and a list of 
 its prominent members. The book contains fifty-one pages, two 
 devoted to $ A 0. 
 
 American College Fraternities" was published b}^ J. B. Lip- 
 pincott & Compan}^, Philadelphia, November, 1879."^ Its author, 
 W. R. Baird, Stevens, '78, was a member of A 2 X, which united 
 with B n, October, 1879, the union being mentioned in the "Ad- 
 denda." "American College Fraternities" attempted a great deal 
 more than did Greek-Letter Societies." It is a twelve mo. of 212 
 pages, containing a sketch of the development of the fraternity sys- 
 tem, a sketch of each fraternity, a director}^ of chapters in all the 
 colleges of the country, besides much statistical and other valuable 
 information. The sketch of <^ A occupies six pages. The only 
 illustration is the fi^ontispiece, which display's the badges of the 
 chaptered fraternities. A statistical summary shows that the number 
 of general fraternities for men was 39, of ladies' fraternities 7, of 
 professional fraternities 3, of local fraternities 13, of living chapters 
 487, of suspended chapters 293, of members 65,256, and of alumni 
 chapters 70. $ A © was credited with 2,600 members, and 35 
 active and 20 suspended chapters. An accurate list of its chapters 
 would have shown more active and fewer suspended chapters. 
 It was credited with two chapter houses, but this was incorrect, 
 as none of its chapters either owned or rented a house in 1879. T 
 The following is quoted from the sketch of the development of the 
 fraternity S3^stem: 
 
 The colleges and universities of New England and the Middle States have been 
 superior to those of the South and West, in that their endowments have been larger; 
 and, being in more settled communities, they have offered better facilities to 
 
 students These things, however, are rapidly becoming equalized. 
 
 The South is recovering from the effects of the war, and the West from 
 a period of depression consequent upon that struggle. The course of educational 
 as well as political empire is towai'd the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 The appearance of this book was hailed with delight by frater- 
 nity men. It at once approximately established the relative 
 
 '^To Phis it will be of interest to mention that four years earlier such a book had been suggested 
 by a member of $ A 0. For The Scroll, November, 1875, W^. O. Bates wrote : 
 
 "There is an excellent opportunitj- for some one to hang out his name on the outward walls of 
 posterity, and reap a present harvest of ducats besides, by writing a history of the twenty or thirtj' 
 college fraternities in the United States. Nothing of the kind has ever been attempted, and if the 
 work were ably and fairly done, it would meet a large sale among college men. A prominent man 
 in each fraternity might be employed to write up his order, and the whole embellished with cuts of 
 the different coats-of-arms. The date of founding, general principles of the order, its prominent 
 men, where its chapters are located, vicissitudes, etc., would be some of the topics to be treated by 
 such a work. What a fine missionary work it might do in teaching some of the smaller fraternities 
 modesty !" 
 
 The plan here outlined was almost exactly the one adopted by Baird, whose work, however, was 
 entirely original. 
 
 + See "Fraternity- Statistics" at the end of this history. 
 
4IO THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 strength of the various inter-collegiate societies. There were 
 numerous mistakes of fact, and erroneous estimates of the mem- 
 bership of some fraternities, but on the whole, considering that it 
 was a first attempt, the author had reason to congratulate himself 
 on succeeding so well, and all fraternities to thank him for furnish- 
 ing so much valuable information. The book gave a great impetus 
 to fraternity enterprise. A rapid organization of new chapters fol- 
 lowed, and in the general advance $ A © led the van. 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1878-1879. 
 
 Volume III: nine monthly numbers — September, 1878, to May, 1879; pp. 72. 
 Editor, M. F. Parrish. Business Managers: George Banta, Nos. 1-3; M. F. 
 Troxeil, Nos. 4-9. Assistant Business Manager, Charles Boaz, No. 3. Printers: 
 Press of Franklin (Ind.) De77wcrat, Nos. 1-3; J. E. Wible, Gettysburg, Pa., Nos. 4-9. 
 
 A Prospectus" of The Scroll, a circular of three printed pages, 
 was issued March, 1877, by M. F. Parrish, who had been elected 
 Editor by the 1876 Convention, and W. D. Shipman, who had 
 accepted the position of Business Manager, vice J. B. Pomeroy 
 resigned. They said that, owing to delay in collecting The Scroll 
 tax, and delay of sub-editors" in sending chapter letters, the num- 
 ber for March was not entirely ready for publication. However, 
 they hoped to publish it soon, and the}^ announced: The present 
 board of publishers has decided to hold the magazine no longer 
 sub rosa, but to make it, as far as possible, of interest to other fra- 
 ternities and to all college men, hoping thereby to considerably 
 extend its circulation and influence beyond our own Fraternity. "^ 
 
 Still The Scroll dXA not appear. The Convention, May, 1878, 
 provided for its publication as a sub rosa newspaper during nine 
 months of the collegiate year, and elected M. F. Parrish as Editor, 
 and George Banta as Business Manager. The first number of the 
 rejuvenated journal was issued, September, 1878. It has eight 
 pages, 9^ by 12/^ inches, each page having three columns. 
 Under the title appear the words ' Sub rosa.''^ The numbers for 
 September, October and November were printed in the office of 
 the Democrat, Franklin, Ind., which was Banta's home. Parrish 
 lived at Lee, Ohio. In November the name of Charles Boaz, of 
 Franklin, was added as a Business Manager. After the November 
 number was issued, Banta and Boaz resigned, and the Executive 
 Committee appointed M. F. Troxeil as Business Manager, the 
 place of publication being changed to Gettysburg, Pa., where he 
 was attending college. J. E. Wible, of Gettysburg, was the 
 printer of the December and succeeding numbers, and he turned 
 out a handsome paper. 
 
 All of the departments were well sustained. Except a few poems 
 and brief mention of other fraternities, only matter relating to $ A G^ 
 was published. A directory of chapters and general officers became 
 a regular feature, beginning in September. 
 

 n 
 
 LITERARY EXERCISES 
 
 IHIKTEENIH ANNUAL CONVENTION OK 
 PHI UEI.TATHETA, 
 
 Is this a progressive age? The old but 
 rather pertinent question presents Itst-ll 
 tonight Do the signs ol^thc time indl 
 cate this to be a progressive age } Are 
 we progressing in the sense that ilie world 
 IS becoming belter, and the condition of 
 mankind improving, morally and physi- 
 cally. or, as some believe, have we reached 
 the full expanse of our progress and are 
 now on the refluent wave } 
 
 Selecting evidence from the mass of 
 facts composing our history to answer 
 this question aflirmalively or negatively 
 alone, would produce unfair conviction 
 or belief. It mav not be diflkutt to mar- 
 shat ixw array of testimony which, stand- 
 ing alone and unopposed by other t<fsti 
 mony or reason, would esLihlish. no doubt, 
 cither the negative or affirmative of the 
 proposition. We know thecffecl ofex- 
 parte evidence is, often, to Impress one 
 wi(h erroneous ideas, so the fair way to 
 treat all questions and those of public In- 
 tcreit in particular, is to hear both sides 
 of the case before rendering judgment 
 
 That this IS an age of reason, of growth 
 and invention, we will not now say; that 
 this IS an age when things arc taken for 
 what they really are, receive their true 
 values and called by their right names, 
 we will not now consider , that the world 
 IS striding forward, leaving the shades be 
 hind and passing through the *iun light, 
 we will not now assert. There are men 
 who believe it is not such »n age, whj 
 believe the day when men reasoned, and 
 created new things, is passed , that things 
 are no longer called by their right name.i 
 and (rjven their true values, but thai 
 growln and dev;lopment have ceased 
 and that fancy values and fictitious names 
 are the rule. 
 
 Not only is this opinion asserted, but 
 men go farther; and declare that wc arc 
 retrograding, are drifting backward, and 
 are becoming, as a race, demoralized and 
 depleted. They believe the world to be 
 the "Sick Man," they have visited the 
 patient, these grave Doctors, and after 
 naving held long and learned coruulta- 
 
 i 
 
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 7) 
 
 
 
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 THE SCROLL. 
 
 tioH, now, with expressions of deep con- 
 cern and most profound wisdom, they 
 pronounce the case hopeless, and direct 
 (he friends to prepare for the ob*equles. 
 
 What evidence do they ofler in sup- 
 port ol this belief? They state two prop- 
 ositions, and they are, first . That the 
 Khysical condition of the people is un- 
 ealthy, and second, that the public 
 morals arc diseased, To maintain the 
 first of these, they contrast our ancestors 
 with their descendants, endeavoring to 
 demonstrate that the men and women of 
 the present are far inferior to those of 
 earher times, that by reason of dissipa- 
 tion, both mental and physical, the " No- 
 blest work of God " has been shattered 
 and man made weak and puerile thai 
 this 1.1 a "fast age," when life is devoted 
 to pleasures and the gratification of mor 
 bid appetites, th.-^t our habits h.we no 
 tendency to promote the growth of and 
 strengthen mind and body, but arc of 
 such destructive natures as to produce 
 weakness and imbecllily, that (he food 
 wc eat is innutritious, and the liquor wc 
 drink impure and unhealthy, that. In 
 manual pursuits, machinery h.is so f.ir 
 been substit'Ked for the " arm of brawn " 
 thdt industry is thereby discouraged and 
 mi-n made inactive and d;'pende>it 
 
 On these foundations they hope to suh 
 tain the first proposition As to the sec- 
 ond, vi7. that the public morals arc dis> 
 eased, and in prool of it. they paint So- 
 clely in most distressed and demoralized 
 conditions, assert the present religious 
 creeds, as promulgated from the pulpit, 
 to be the emanation of impious hearts 
 and distorted l^incies, They declare 
 courts to be but machine* in the h.incN of 
 wicked men who manage them to their 
 own pro^t only, and, to come nearer 
 home, they denounce politics as being 
 but rings within rings all to mure to the 
 benefit of the few, that men high |n of- 
 fice are there for the solitary purpose of 
 advancing their own interefts and that of 
 (heir Intimate Iriends and fuglemen and, 
 in short, everything religious, social and 
 political is in the embrace of Satan, and 
 they Iiyr tti daily wonder that the wrath of 
 Heaven does not descend to cut them oflT 
 in the bloom of their wickedness. 
 
 Let the people of the universe agree 
 with and conform to the opinions of these 
 cranky, crotchety men, whose cerebral 
 developments do not exceed that of a 
 bird, and whose souls are enclosed within 
 the sphere of a nut shell, and it will not 
 
 be long before everything would assume 
 the unfavorable and abnormal condition 
 by them described. These old fossils lift 
 their dry hands In pious horror that mIn 
 istcrs In the pulpit should presume to 
 question the existence of a material fu 
 turc punishment, and that deacons and 
 laymen, and other pillars of the church, 
 should commit such monstrous griev- 
 ances in the sight of heaven as to tolerate 
 card playing, dancing and other popular 
 pastimes. They believe the church and 
 .society (0 be given over to the gent with 
 the thrce-tincd fork, that all is a mock- 
 cry of tinselry and pomp, men but dapper 
 dandias, and women gay butterflies of 
 fashion 
 
 They define our courts of l.iw to be un 
 just distributors of justice and,our courts 
 of t-quity impositions on common sense, 
 fhat hiwyers are corrupt and juries for 
 sale like goods in the market place, and 
 when the merit* of a case are against 
 them and the court and jury holds, in 
 whinincr notes they complain o( the mon- 
 strous wrong imposed by perfidious coun- 
 sel, and, with knowing winks, say they'd 
 like nothing belter than what th.it jury 
 got, charge the judge with bribery, and 
 that bctwe.-n the world and the forum, 
 where justice should be meted out, (here 
 IS a barrier impa.ssablc to all but thecho- 
 hen few And while they represent Jus 
 tice as enthroned, holding in her hands 
 the pendent .scales and her eyes hood- 
 winked, they leave a rent in the folJ of 
 the bandage through which the goddess 
 can cast one eye on the Dollar 
 
 As to our literature, they declare It to 
 be in a most degenerate, dilapidated con- 
 dition , that we arc no longer pleased to 
 peruse the prosaic andabtrusive writings 
 of ancient authors, to wade through the 
 labyrinths of Socratic philosophy, to dig 
 into the depths of Newtonian theories 
 or to follow the flights of Ciceronian clo- 
 ouencc, but the people of the present 
 day cast these aside to find works of fic 
 (ion and unprofitable narration , (hat in 
 fiction the soul seeks to revel in romance 
 and feast on nonsense, to read love 
 stories, thrilling and sparkling, replrtc 
 with surprising episodes, and, notwith- 
 standing the opposition of stern parents 
 and numerous friends, invariably termin- 
 ate in the marriage of the hero and hero- 
 ine, that state where twa souls can afford 
 but a single thought, and two hearts can 
 only raise enough beats for one , that we 
 read witt^ astonishing relish the expose 
 
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 s = I I =■ f- 1 -T 5.^ % S' 1 i- i; = i- 
 
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 l-fl's 5_j I c^ i 5.| t =•£^5' = 
 
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 ■^;H' Irlii'lili'^ III r?fs'il^Hll-^!-M'!'^ liEil tl'lCl. 
 
 C I 
 
412 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The few fraternity journals that were published at this time did 
 not exchange with one another, and they were reall}^ if not in 
 name, sub rosa publications. The general ignorance of fraternities 
 about the condition of other fraternities is indicated by the follow- 
 ing item published in March: If any brother knows the number 
 of chapters which $ T A or <l> K ^ has, please let The Scroll know 
 it." The information came from somewhere, for the April num- 
 ber said that ^ T A had twenty-three active chapters and <l> K ^ 
 twenty-seven. The proceedings of the $ A © Convention of 1856, 
 furnished by W. B. Palmer, were printed in May for the first time. 
 A circular of one page, asking alumni to subscribe to The Scroll, 
 was issued January, 1879. 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1879-1880. 
 
 Volume IV: nine monthly numbers — October, 1879, to June, 1880; pp. 76. 
 Editor, M. F. Parrish. Business Manager, M. F. Troxell. Printer, J. E. Wible, 
 Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 The chief topics discussed in this volume, as in the last, were 
 extension, the need of a new catalogue and the proposed abolition 
 of the permanent fund. Abstracts of the proceedings of several old 
 Conventions (i860, 1864, 1868), furnished by W. B. Palmer, were 
 printed during the year. The following item in the issue for April 
 throws some light upon inter-fraternity practices at this time: 
 
 A printed cop}^ of B © II's Legend of Wooglin,' bearing the com- 
 pliments of Butler University,' is floating around the country." 
 
 Economical management is shown by the statement in October 
 that the cost of printing and mailing The Scroll was less than ^25 per 
 month. Nearly 400 copies were issued at that time. An editorial 
 in April suggested that it would be better for The Scroll to have 
 
 one man both Editor and Business Manager, or, if two, both sit- 
 uated in the same town. " This suggestion was adopted by the Con- 
 vention the next October. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1880. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Tuesday, Wednesday, 
 Thursday and Friday, October 26, 27, 28 and 29, 1880, in the 
 parlors of the Grand Hotel, Indianapolis, Ind. The positions of 
 President and Secretary were filled by C. J. Reddig and J. C. 
 Norris, respectiveh^ President and Secretary of the Executive Com- 
 mittee. Prayer was offered by one of the founders, Rev. Robert 
 Morrison. 
 
 Delegates from college chapters present: Indiana — J. C. Shirk, '81. 
 Centre — W. W. Owsley, '82. Wabash — S. B. Eccles, '81. Wisco?isifi- — D. S. 
 McArthur, '81. Butler— C. L. Goodwin, '81. O. IV. f/.— Scott Bonharn, '82. 
 Franklm — R. A. Brown, '84. Hanover — F. M. Lee, '83. Michigan — I. W. 
 Christian, '81. Indiana Asbury — S. B, Grimes, '81. Ohio — Emmett Tomp- 
 kins, '74. Missouri — C. B. Sebastian, '76. Emory — E. M. North, '80. La fay- 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1880. 413 
 
 ette — A. C. McCauley, '81. Lansing — L. H. Bailey, Jr., '82. Virginia — W. L. 
 Lewis, '81. Biichtel — S. L. Thompson, '84. Richmond — C. R. Sands, '81. 
 Gettysburg — Holmes Dysinger, '78. Vanderhilt — W. B. Palmer, '80. Mississippi 
 — J. C. Rich, '80. Illinois Wesleyan — J. A. Fullinwider, '82. Trinity (Texas) — 
 F. N. Drane, '81. Lombard — M. C. Summers, '81. Aulmrn — Alva Fitzpatrick, 
 '80. A-Uegheny — C. W. Miner, '81. Vermont — H. L. VanNostrand, '81. Dick- 
 inson — C. J. Reddig (Gettysburg '77). 
 
 The active college chapters without delegates were those at 
 Roanoke, Monmouth, Georgia, Iowa Wesleyan, Mercer, Randolph- 
 Macon, W. & J., V. M. I., Wofford. 
 
 Delegates from alumni chapters present: Franklin — George Banta, 
 Franklin, '76. Indianapolis — A. G. Foster, Indiana, '78. Baltimore — M. F. Troxell, 
 Gettysburg, '80. 
 
 Other members present: Miami — Robert Morrison, '49; B. K. Elliott, '55; 
 Alston Ellis, '67. Indiana — D. D. Banta, '55; H. G. Bradford, '73; Beverly 
 Gregorv, '74; C. A. Ritter, '76; F. E. Hunter, '79; W. H. Hawlev, '80; Albert 
 Weatherlv, '80; Charles Banta, '81; A. W. Butler, '81; L. B. White, '83; S. W. 
 Bradfute, '84; W. H. Holland, '85; M. W. Hutto, '85. Centre— V^. R. Worrall, 
 '79. JVabash—T. B. Ward, '55; W. C. Whitehead, '71; W. H. Ripley, '73; C. D. 
 Whitehead, '73; G. L. Spencer, '79. Bntler — W. N. Pickerill, '60: A. C. Harris, 
 '62; J. B. Blount, '66; W. J. Elstun, '66; J. C. Norris, '72; W. S. Tingley, '73: S. 
 J. Tomlinson, '75; R. S. Blount, '76; H. J. Landers, '77; A. B. Kirkpatrick, '78; 
 A. F. Armstrong, 79; D. C. Brown, '79; W. A. Black, '80; H. U. Brown, '80; W. 
 M. Flovd, '81: L. C. Hoss, '81; W\ R. Blair, '83; J. B. Landers, '83; M. A. Mor- 
 rison, '83; S. T. Burgess, '84; L. D. Guffin, '84; O. P. M. Hubbard, '84; J. B. 
 Kuhns, '84; O. M. Pruitt, '85; C. B. Vawter, '85; W\ M. Wright, '86. 0. IV. U. 
 — G. S. Hammond, '76. Franklin. — T.J. Morgan, '61; J. S. Mugg, '81; E. L. 
 Stevenson, '81; F. B. Day, '83; E. E. Stevenson, '83; E. H. Sweet, '83; C. M. 
 Carter, '85. Hanover — N. B. P. McKee, '72; H. L. Woodburn, '77; Coleman 
 Rogers, '78. Indiana Asbury—'^. A. Whitaker, '81: J. S. White, '81; A. P. 
 Burnside, '82; J. E. Crews, '82; J. A. W^ilson. '82; C. S. Bridges, '83; M. S. 
 Miller, '84; J. B. Bridges, '85; W. H. Jordan, '85. Ohio— hi. F. Parrish, '76. 
 Cornell^C. M. Cooper, '77. Lafayette — W. B. Sullivan, '78. Biichtel— C R. 
 Pence, '79; J. L. Converse, '80, 
 
 Officers elected: General Council — President, George Banta; Secretarv, H. 
 L. Van Nostrand; Treasurer, C. J. Reddig; Historian, W. B. Palmer. Editor of 
 The Scroll, M. F. Troxell. Editors of the Catalogue — George Banta, W. B. 
 Palmer. 
 
 Convention officers: President, C. J. Reddig, President Executive Commit- 
 tee, ex officio, and George Banta, P. G. C, ex offcio; First Vice President, A. C. 
 McCauley; Second Vice President, J. C. Rich; Secretary, J. C. Norris, Secretary 
 Executive Committee, ex offcio, and H. L. Van Nostrand, S. G. C, ex officio; 
 First Assistant Secretary, A. G. Foster; Second Assistant Secretary, A. W. Butler; 
 Chaplain, Robert Morrison; Marshal, W^ M. Floyd. 
 
 W. B. Palmer, C. L. Goodwin, Scott Bonham, A. G. Foster and 
 M. F. Troxell, appointed a committee on Constitution, reported 
 favorably- a Constitution and Ritual prepared by Palmer. The 
 Constitution was adopted. The Ritual was re-committed to W. B. 
 Palmer, Holmes Dysinger, Scott Bonham, M. F. Troxell and M. 
 C. Summers, and after revision, was reported back to the Conven- 
 tion and adopted. 
 
 C. I). Whitehead, Grand Banker, reported that the permanent 
 fund consisted of the following items: Initiation fees collected 
 since last Convention, $238; subscription notes, S460; unpaid sub- 
 scriptions, $139; invested, S402.40; total, $1,239.40. By a unani- 
 mous vote, the permanent fund was abolished, and the assets trans- 
 
414 T'HE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ierred to the general fund. Ordered that, after the Fraternity shall 
 be incorporated, those who have given subscription notes be 
 requested to renew them; if renewed, to be a part of the general 
 fund, if not renewed to be destroj^ed. 
 
 On motion of C. J. Reddig, a committee on incorporation was 
 appointed; committee, composed of Scott Bonham, J. C. Rich 
 and I. W. Christian, offered the following report, which was 
 adopted: 
 
 We recommend (i) that the Fraternity be incorporated. (2) That it be known 
 as the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity. (3) Feeling that to the State of Ohio and to an 
 Ohio institution we owe the existence of our Order, we recommend that it be incor- 
 porated in that State. (4) That it be incorporated as soon as expedient. 
 
 On motion of C. J. Reddig, a committee, composed of M. F. 
 Parrish, Scott Bonham and Emmett Tompkins, was appointed to 
 •secure incorporation. 
 
 As recommended by the committee on The Scroll, M. F. Troxell, 
 chairman, the Convention ordered that the form of the journal be 
 changed to that of a magazine of about twenty-four pages besides 
 cover, and that it be a secret publication, but not bear the words 
 sub rosa.^^ On motion of W. B. Palmer, ordered that The Scroll 
 be sent free for life to the three living founders of $ A 0. 
 
 The Convention voted, October 27, 1880, that charters be granted 
 to the applicants at Dickinson College and those at Westminster 
 College. An application for a charter from Southwestern Presby- 
 terian University, Clarksville, Tenn. , was refused. A committee 
 on reorganization of suspended chapters, composed of D. S. Mc- 
 Arthur, M. C. Summers and Alva Fitzpatrick, reported in favor of 
 reorganization at the University of California, where anti-frater- 
 nity laws had been repealed, and in favor of reorganization at 
 Cornell, but against reorganization at the University of Chicago, 
 on account of the precarious condition of the institution; adopted. 
 On motion of C. B. Sebastian, a committee, composed of W. R. 
 Worrall and L C. Tomlinson, was appointed to act with the Gen- 
 eral Council in investigating the expediency of reorganization at 
 Northwestern University. On motion of Scott Bonham, a com- 
 mittee, composed of F. E. Hunter and R. D. Speck, was appointed 
 to act with the General Council in establishing a chapter at the 
 University of Kansas. On motion of S. B. Eccles, a committee, 
 composed of Scott Bonham, C. L. Goodwin and W. W. Owsley, Jr., 
 was appointed to act with the General Council in investigating the 
 feasibility of absorbing a local society at Marietta (Ohio) College. 
 On the last day of the Convention, the charter of Michigan Alpha 
 was surrendered by its delegate, I. W. Christian, and the surrender 
 accepted. 
 
 A special assessment was levied to provide funds for printing a 
 new edition of the catalogue. On motion of W. B. Palmer, the 
 catalogue Editors were directed to combine the membership lists of 
 the second Miami chapter and the Wittenberg and Austin chapters 
 with Ohio Alpha's list, the K. M. I. and Georgetown lists with 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1880. 415 
 
 Kentucky Alpha's, the Lawrence list with Wisconsin Alpha's, 'the 
 Oglethorpe list with that of the Georgia chapter, the Lehigh list 
 with that of the AUeghen}^ chapter, and the Alabama list with 
 that of the Auburn chapter. On motion of W. B. Palmer, the 
 resignations of four members of the chapter at Central College 
 (Mo.) were accepted, and the remaining members ordered to be 
 combined with Missouri Alpha's list. On motion of George Banta, 
 the Terre Haute list was ordered to be combined with the Indiana 
 Asbur}'- list. 
 
 It was further ordered that the titles of certain suspended chapters 
 should be given to active chapters, the result being the following 
 changes in titles. The chapters at Ohio Wesleyan, Ohio University, 
 Wooster and Buchtel became Ohio Beta, Ohio Gamma, Ohio Delta 
 and Ohio Epsilon respectively. The chapters at the Universit}^ of 
 Georgia, Emory and Mercer became Georgia Alpha, Georgia Beta 
 and Georgia Gamma respectively. The chapters at AUeghen}^ and 
 Dickinson became Pennsylvania Delta and Pennsylvania Epsilon 
 respectively. The chapter at Trinit}^ University became Texas 
 Alpha. The chapter at Auburn became Alabama Alpha. The 
 chapter at Indiana Asbury became Indiana Zeta. The chapter at 
 Westminster became Missouri Beta. On motion of W. B. Palmer, 
 the Vanderbilt chapter was made Tennessee Alpha. It had been 
 chartered as Tennessee Beta, 1876, under the supposition that a 
 chapter called Tennessee Alpha had been established at Cumber- 
 land University before the war, but this was a mistake. 
 
 Provinces were arranged as follows: Alpha — chapters in Ver- 
 mont and Pennsylvania; Beta — chapters in Ohio and Indiana; 
 Gamma — chapters in Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa and Wis- 
 consin; Delta — chapters in Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee; 
 Epsilon — chapters in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
 Alabama, Mississippi and Texas. 
 
 As a result of motions by C. J. Reddig, M. C. Summers, Scott 
 Bonham and W. B. Palmer, the action of the Executive Committee 
 in appointing L. G. Burgess' Son & Company, of Albany, N. Y. , 
 official jewelers was ratified, members were prohibited from purchas- 
 ing <l> A badges from any other jeweler, and The Scroll from 
 advertising any other jeweler, and all badges should be pur- 
 chased through the T. G. C, the chapters to have the benefit of 
 any discount obtained. Invitations for the next Convention were 
 received from Nashville, Tenn., and Richmond, Va. ; ordered to be 
 held at Richmond, October 24-27, 1882. 
 
 The Constitution adopted by this Convention made a change of 
 great importance in the system of government. The National 
 Grand was abolished. The chapters were divided into provinces. 
 All executive power was vested in a General Council of four mem- 
 bers, selected by the National Convention, and in the Province 
 Presidents, appointed by the General Council. The Fraternity had 
 grown to be so large, and the labor of administrating its affairs so 
 
4i6 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA 
 
 great, that some such arrangement as the province system was a 
 necessity, in order to distribute the work among a greater number 
 of officers."^ 
 
 One of the features of this Convention was the speeches made by 
 some of the older alumni — Rev. Robert Morrison, Miami, '49; 
 Judge D. D. Banta, Indiana, '55; Rev. T. J. Morgan, D. D., 
 Franklin, '61, and Rev. W. S. Tingley, Indianapolis, '73. In 
 behalf of the President of Butler University, C. L. Goodwin invited 
 the Convention to visit the institution. Friday morning the mem- 
 bers boarded street cars for Irvington; arriving there, they marched 
 to the chapel, where they were addressed by the President. Friday 
 evening literary exercises were held, followed by a banquet and. 
 
 Alston Ellis, Ph. D.. Miami, '67. 
 
 Orator, National Convention, 1880. President Ohio Universitj' since 1901. See biographical 
 sketches. The Scroll, April, 188 r, April, 1893, and October, 1903. 
 
 ball. The literary exercises began at 8 p. m., in the Park Theatre, 
 where, to quote the Indianapolis Sentinel, a large and intelligent 
 audience gathered." Special invitations had been extended to the 
 Butler chapters of K K T, K A ©, B © n, ]§ X and ATA. The 
 orator of the occasion was Alston Ellis, Ph. D., Miami, '67; his 
 subject was American Education and Some of Its Essential Ele- 
 ments." An historical sketch of the Fraternity was read by D. D. 
 Banta, Indiana, '55. A part of this sketch follows: 
 
 *$ A © was the second Fraternity to adopt this system, B © H being first, 1873. Pennsylvania 
 Alpha had been the National Grand, 1878-80. In November its Reporter, A. N. Hagerty, wrote to 
 The Scroll: "When I last wrote you, I did not realize that I was sending the dying wail of the 
 National Grand. But such it has proved to be, and I heartily concur in the change. There was 
 entirely too much authority vested in one chapter under the old organization. It is much better to 
 have the organized head of the Fraternity selected from the best men of the whole body." 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1880. 417 
 
 The old Greeks were a wise people. The}^ had their philosophers and their 
 orators, their poets and their painters. The\' could, I have heard it said, read 
 Greek without the aid of "grammars and graduses, dictionaries and lexicons." And 
 yet, with all their wisdom and all their learning, they never dreamed of the potency 
 that lurked in the combinations of certain letters of i.heir own alphabet. To the 
 wise Plato or the stormy Demosthenes, $ A 0, $ K '^ or B H had no more signifi- 
 cance than p d q, k ] m or X y z have to us. We, as Greeks of a more favored age, 
 ma}' regret the fate that withheld mystic lore, and barred the youthful academican 
 from sporting a badge or spiking a freshman just from the plains of Thessaly. 
 
 Sober history tells us that, from the time of the subversion of the Western 
 Empire, the knowledge of Greek letters ceased to be cultivated throughout Europe, 
 until in the fourteenth century, when their study was revived; and under the teach- 
 ings of the schoolmasters of that and the succeeding ages, great progress therein was 
 made. It is an interesting chapter relating to this period, which records the 
 importance attached to the study of Greek letters in the revival of learning. 
 
 There has been a second revival in Greek letters — a revival which modern 
 schoolmasters have not been so zealous to promote as have their students; but it has 
 been of so recent a date that the historians have not as j-et transcribed an account 
 of it in their common-place books, much less put it in their history books; and it is 
 to this revival that we owe this meeting to-night 
 
 In the year 1835, A A $, a Hamilton College fraternity, chartered a chapter at 
 Miami University, then the leading institution in the West. It was ten years 
 before another fraternity from the East crossed the Alleghenies, but A A $ had 
 sown the "dragon's teeth." One chapter at Miami created a demand for another, 
 and, the Eastern Greeks holding back, the Miami boys took up the trade of fra- 
 ternity making for themselves. In 1839 they turned out B 11, our elder brother, 
 the first Greek-letter fraternity originated in the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 The spirit of Greek fraternityship must have run high among the Miami students. 
 In 1848 they again invoked their handicraft, and this time 4> A 0, our own Fra- 
 ternity, the second one originating in the valley, was sent out to push its way into 
 the classical world, and right well has it succeeded. I must say, when after 
 twenty-five years of buffeting with the world, I turned back in memory to my col- 
 legiate days, and looked the ground over as well as I could from those days down to 
 these, I was amazed at the wonderful progress $ A had made 
 
 The time has not yet come for writing the history of 4> A 0. History like confi- 
 dence is a plant of slow growth; it is built up from the accretions of years. The 
 old Phis and the young are the workers who are building that history — some in one 
 field, some in another. It is "here a little and there a little" — a step this year 
 another step next year. But the old Phis, like angels' visits, are "few and far 
 between" — counting those as old who were made Phis before the war, and we have 
 seen that they scarcely exceeded 300, and the angel of death has ever been reaping 
 among them, as well as among all others. Against many of their names "the fatal 
 asterisk of death is set." Standing here as I do, and speaking in some sort for the 
 older members of our Brotherhood, I think I may say for them that thev have so 
 far fought the battle of life without dishonor to themselves or to you. 
 
 A poem entitled "Sunland," and relating to the South during the 
 civil war, was read b}^ A. G. Foster, Indiana, '78. Two conclud- 
 ing verses follow: 
 
 In all our galaxy of stars, 
 
 Are not the thirteen just as bright? 
 
 What though they darkling strayed one night? 
 They have returned with deep pit scars! 
 
 Oh, great hearts be magnanimous! 
 
 These are the brothers of our blood ! 
 
 Give them your hand; love them with love! 
 So be we all unanimous! 
 
 After the literary exercises, the Phis and ladies were driven to 
 
 the Grand Hotel, where the banquet and ball were given. More 
 
 {27) 
 
4l8 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 than loo couples were seated at the banquet. Some of the ladies 
 had come from Terre Haute, Bloomington, Franklin, Worthington, 
 Brooksville and Cincinnati, to attend the closing festivities of the 
 Convention. Most of them were attired in the fraternit}'- colors. 
 Judge B. K. Elliott, Miami, '55, was toastmaster. H. L. Van- 
 Nostrand, Vermont, '81, and W. L. Lewis, Virginia, '81, responded 
 to The Union of Northern and Southern Hearts." Emmett 
 Tompkins, Ohio, '74, who had made himself famous at Wooster, 
 1878, by his speech on Captain Jack," spoke again of that 
 intrepid Indian chieftain. W. R. Worrall, Centre, '79, addressed 
 himself to The Future — how to live to best honor ourselves, the 
 Fraternity and our friends." A. G. Foster, Indiana, '78, responded 
 to "Our Sweethearts." 
 
 The November Scroll said: The Convention was probably the 
 largest assembly ever held by a Greek-letter fraternity, there having 
 been perhaps more than 150 Phis in Indianapolis during the ses- 
 sions. Also one day more than is usual was used in the business 
 sessions of the Convention. It was the most successful meeting 
 # A ever held." 
 
 No photograph of this Convention was taken. The proceedings 
 with an account of the literary exercises and banquet, appeared in 
 The Sc?'oll tor November, the poem in the issue for December, the 
 history in the issue for January and the letters from alumni in the 
 issue for February. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION OF 1880. 
 
 Following are some of the new provisions of the Constitution 
 adopted by the National Convention of 1880. 
 
 The National Grand Chapter was abolished. The Executive 
 Committee was changed to the General Council, composed of a 
 President, a Secretary, a Treasurer and an Historian, all to be 
 elected by the National Convention. The General Council was 
 empowered to make necessary ordinances and appointments between 
 Conventions, but not to annul or change any act of the Convention. 
 
 The President and Secretary of the General Council shall be the 
 President and Secretary of the National Convention. Convention 
 expenses, including railroad expenses of delegates, shall be paid for 
 by a per capita assessment on attendant members. This provision 
 had been adopted by the Convention of 1873, but not before incor- 
 porated in the Constitution. 
 
 The Convention shall divide the chapters into provinces and 
 designate them b}^ Greek letters. The General Council shall 
 choose a President for each province, who ' shall have special 
 charge of the interests of the Fraternit}^ therein." 
 
 Charters shall be granted upon a vote of the General Council 
 and Province Presidents; and, if refused by them, the National Con- 
 vention may order the General Council to grant charters. No 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF 1880. 419 
 
 charter shall be granted to establish a chapter at any college which 
 has laws prohibiting secret fraternities. Previous to 1878 any 
 member might be clothed by his chapter with special power to 
 select and initiate students at an institution where the establish- 
 ment of a chapter was desired, and after initiation they petitioned for 
 a charter. The Convention of 1878, by resolution, prohibited the 
 initiation of students at colleges where no chapters existed, unless 
 the consent of the Executive Committee had been obtained. The 
 Constitution of 1880 went further and provided that students seek- 
 ing a charter might not be initiated until the charter had been 
 actually granted.* 
 
 The second plan of entitling chapters, with Greek letters in 
 alphabetical order irrespective of States, which plan was adopted 
 by the Convention of 1875, and incorporated in the Constitution 
 in 1878, was omitted from the Constitution of 1880. 
 
 The chapter office of Corresponding Secretary was changed to 
 Reporter. On the first day of April of each year, he shall forward 
 a membership report to the Province President, who shall forward 
 it to the S. G. C. At the same time the Historian shall forward, 
 through the Reporter and the Province President, to the H. G. C, 
 a copy of the history of the chapter for the previous year. 
 
 The section on qualifications for membership provides: Stu- 
 dents of colleges where chapters are established shall be eligible to 
 membership in the Fraternity. Officers of colleges where chapters 
 are established may also be admitted, provided they are regularly 
 initiated." 
 
 The blazon of the arms provided that "1848" should appear on 
 the scroll beneath the helmet, t The sections in the Constitution 
 of 1878 regarding seals were modified as follows: 
 
 The great seal of the Fraternity, to be used by the General Council, shall con- 
 sist of the arms of the Fraternity, with the legend "Great Seal of Phi Delta Theta," 
 and the year of the Fraternity's establishment, in a circle about the same. 
 
 The seal to be used by each chapter shall consist of the title and year of estab- 
 lishment of the chapter, with the words "Phi Delta Theta," and the year of the 
 Fraternity's establishment, in a circle about the same. 
 
 Probably no chapter had the chapter seal made. The Constitu- 
 tion provided that the National Convention should elect an Editor 
 of The Scroll, who should choose an Assistant, that the magazine 
 should be published monthly during nine collegiate months of the 
 year, that it should be devoted entirely to fraternity matters, that 
 its circulation should be confined to members, and that every 
 attendant member should be required to pay the subscription price, 
 ^i a year. The provision requiring attendant members to sub- 
 scribe for The Scroll had been adopted by the Convention of 1876, 
 
 * However, the charter members of the chapters established at Minnesota, 1881 ; Iowa, 1882; 
 Sewanee, O. S. U., Texas and Pennsylvania, 1883, were initiated before the charters were granted. 
 
 tin 1874 New York Alpha had the arms engraved with "1848" on the scroll (see page 353) and 
 the design had been adopted by other charters. A smaller engraving of the same design appeared 
 on the title page of the Constitution of 1880 and on the cover of The Scroll, November, 1880, to 
 June 1883, 
 
420 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 but previous to 1880 the Constitution had not contained an}^ pro- 
 vision coijcerning the magazine. 
 
 A form of ' certificate of membership" was appended to the Con- 
 stitution, but it was intended to be used as an affiliation certificate 
 when a member should go from one college to another where there 
 was a chapter. 
 
 In addition to "The Constitution of the $ A Fraternity," the 
 Convention adopted The Constitution of the Alumni Chapters of 
 the $ A © Fraternity." It differs in the following particulars from 
 the Constitution of Alumni Chapters ratified by the National Grand, 
 1876: The General Council shall grant a charter for an alumni 
 chapter, if the application be approved by the President of the 
 province in or nearest which the city is situated. The National Con- 
 
 Banner, adopted I 
 
 vention may order the General Council to issue a charter. Alumni 
 chapters shall not be subject to assessment. Each should pay the 
 expenses of its own delegate to the National Convention. The 
 jurisdiction of Province Presidents extend over alumni chapters. 
 Each alumni chapter shall have as officers a President, a Secretary 
 and Treasurer, a Reporter and Historian, and a Warden. 
 
 The ritualistic portions of the Constitution were separated from 
 it, and several new ceremonies were added, among them opening, 
 closing and memorial ceremonies. The Constitution, the Consti- 
 tution of alumni chapters and the Ritual were printed, making fifty- 
 six pages, bound in leather. 
 
 At the end of the book is a diagram of a chapter meeting-hall, a 
 description of which stated that a part of the equipment should be 
 a mounted owl and two banners. This was the first time that an 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF 1880. 
 
 421 
 
 Th 
 
 Adopted as 
 
 emblem. 
 
 owl was a $ A emblem. The Greeks 
 regarded an owl as sacred to Pallas, though 
 she was not recognized as the tutelar}^ god- 
 dess of the Fraternit}^ until 1891. This was 
 the first time that $ A had banners. One 
 of them was a wreath surrounding the Greek 
 letters ' '^ A 0" in the middle, with the figures 
 "1848" below, and the Greek words, "Els 
 avTjp ovSeU dvi^p/' above. The other was a 
 wreath surrounding the title of the chapter 
 in the middle, with the 3^ear of the chapter's 
 establishment below, and the Greek letters 
 "$ A 0" above; the staffs of both banners 
 having spear-shaped heads. The words, ' 'Ets 
 dvTjpovSeU avi^p/' an old Greek proverb, later 
 became the open motto of the Fraternity.'^ 
 
 PHI DELTA THETA FRATERNITY INCORPORATED. 
 
 Incorporation of the Fraternit}- was discussed at the National 
 Conventions of 1868, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1878, and t88o. The 
 committee, composed of M. F^ Parrish, Scott Bonham and Emmett 
 Tompkins, appointed by the Convention of 1880, incorporated the 
 Fraternity under the laws of the State of Ohio, 1881. Following are 
 
 THE ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION. 
 
 The undersigned, Alston Ellis, Scott Bonham, M. F. Parrish, C_vrus Huling and 
 R. B. Carter, citizens of the State of Ohio, have associated themselves together to 
 form a Corporation, under the laws of Ohio, in such case made and provided; and, 
 in compliance with said laws, do hereb}- subscribe and acknowledge the following 
 Articles of Incorporation: 
 
 That is to say: 
 
 1. The name of said Corporation shall be the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity. 
 
 2. The place where the principal business of said Corporation shall be trans- 
 acted is Miami University, at Oxford, Ohio. 
 
 3. The objects and purposes of said Corporation are literary improvement and 
 social culture. 
 
 4. This organization is not for profit, and has no capital stock. 
 
 In Testimony Whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names at Columbus, 
 Ohio, this I2th day of March, A. D. 1881. 
 
 Alston Ellis, 
 Scott Bonham, 
 M. F. Parrish, 
 Cyrus Huling, 
 R. B. Carter. 
 
 * These Greek words appear on page 535 of "A Dictionary of Latin Quotations, Proverbs, Max- 
 ims and Mottos, Classical and ^Mediaeval; with a Selection of Greek Quotations,"^ edited by H. T. 
 Riley, B. A.^^ London, Henry G. Bohn. 1856. Following the Greek words are, "F?-(rz'.," a literal 
 translation. "One man (is) no man," and the free translation, "We enjoy life by the help and society' 
 of others." I well remember consulting this book in the Tennessee State Libran*-, 1880. It occurred 
 to me to look for a quotation in Greek suitable for an open motto for $ A 0. I found this proverb, 
 and it was displayed on one of the banners which I designed. The ritual adopted on probation, 
 1889, and finally, 1891, made these words the open motto of the Fraternity. W. B. P. 
 
42 2 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The State of Ohio, Franklin County, SS. : 
 
 Before the undersigned authority, a Notary Public within and for the county of 
 Franklin and State of Ohio, personal^ came the above named Alston Ellis, Scott 
 Bonham, M. F. Parrish, Cyrus Huling and R. B. Carter, who severall}^ acknowl- 
 edged that they did sign the foregoing articles of incorporation of the Phi Delta 
 Theta Fraternity, and that the same was their voluntary act and deed. 
 
 In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name, and affixed my notary's 
 seal, at Columbus, Ohio, this I2th day March, A. D. 1881, 
 
 ,0 \ J. A. Williams, 
 
 '^^^^^l Notary Public. 
 
 The State of Ohio, Franklin County, SS. : 
 
 I, Harvey Cashalt, Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas, which is a court of 
 record within and for said county and State aforesaid, do hereby certify that J. A. 
 Williams is an acting Notary Public in and for said county, duly commissioned and 
 sworn. That all his official acts as such are entitled to full faith and credit. That 
 the foregoing signature, purporting to be his, is true and genuine, and that the fore- 
 going instrument is executed according to the laws of Ohio. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal of said court, this 12th day of March, A. D. 1881. 
 
 ,0 s Harvey Cashalt, Clerk; 
 
 ^^^^'^' By JNO. J. Joyce, Deputy. 
 
 United States of America, Ohio, Office of the Secretary of State. 
 
 I, Charles Townsend, Secretary of State of the State of Ohio, do hereby certify 
 that the foregoing is a true copy of the Articles of Incorporation of the Phi Delta 
 Theta Fraternity, filed in this office on the 12th day of March, A. D. 1881, and 
 recorded in Volume 21, page 127, of the Records of Incorporation. 
 
 In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name, and affixed my seal 
 of office, at Columbus, the 14th day of March, A. D. 1881. 
 
 ,0 X Charles Townsend, 
 
 ' Secretary of State. 
 
 Following are the minutes of a meeting of the incorporators: 
 
 Columbus, Ohio, March 12, 188 1. 
 Alston Ellis, Scott Bonham, M. F. Parrish, Cyrus Huling, and R. B. Carter, 
 having taken out articles of incorporation for the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, met 
 in the parlor of the American House to complete the organization, according to the 
 statute in such cases provided. On motion, Alston Ellis was made Chairman of the 
 meeting, and M. F. Parrish Secretary. On motion of Cyrus Huling, the Board of 
 Trustees was made to consist of nine members, and the Secretary was authorized to 
 cast the ballot in favor of the following persons: President, George Banta; Secre- 
 tary, H. L. Van Nostrand; Treasurer, C. J. Reddig; Historian, W. B. Palmer, 
 members of the General Council; and Alston Ellis, Scott Bonham, M. F. Parrish, 
 W. F. Harn, and W. D. Shipman. After some informal discussion of the Frater- 
 nity's interests and the best means of conserving them, the meeting adjourned sine die. 
 
 Alston Ellis, President; 
 M. F. Parrish, Secretary. 
 
 No further meeting of the Trustees was held until the Convention 
 of 1898, when a new Board was elected. 
 
 ANNALS, 1880-1882. 
 
 The National Convention, 1880, elected George Banta, P. G. C. ; 
 H. L. Van Nostrand, S. G. C. ; C. J. Reddig, T. G. C. ; W. B. 
 Palmer, H. G. C. This General Council appointed the following 
 Province Presidents: Alpha, A. C. McCauley; Beta, Scott Bon- 
 ham; Gamma, M. C. Summers; Delta, Lyman Chalkley; Epsilon, 
 J. M. Barrs. In October, 1881, C. P. Bassett was appointed Presi- 
 
ANNALS, 1 880- 1 882. 
 
 423 
 
 dent of Alpha Province, vice A. C. McCauley resigned. Early in 
 i88t, J. M. Barrs, President of Epsilon Province, appointed W. W. 
 Hardy State President for Georgia, and F. N. Drane State Presi- 
 dent for Texas. About the same time, M. C. Summers appointed 
 the following Presidents for States in his Province: Illinois, W. 
 R. Worrall; Michigan, J. M. Hollingsworth; Wisconsin, D. S. Mc- 
 Arthur; Missouri, C. B. Sebastian; Iowa, Gardner Cowles. The 
 Constitution did not provide for State Presidents, but for a year 
 or two they were efficient aids to the constitutionall}^ appointed 
 officers. Worrall resigning, October, 1881, Summers appointed 
 J. A. Fullinwider in his stead. 
 
 George Banta, Franklin, '76; Indiana, '76. 
 
 First President of the General Council — 1880-82. 
 
 The anti-fraternit}" sentiment at Knox College appearing to 
 have subsided, M. C. Summers, soon after his appointment as 
 Province President, undertook to re-establish the chapter there. 
 He initiated the following named students: J. Y. Ewart, '8i; J. 
 B. Parkinson, '8i; G. F. Pierson, '8i; M. W. Pinckney, '8i; E. A. 
 Ray, '81; A. G. Sheahan, '8i; Thomas Taylor, Jr., '8i; N. F. 
 Anderson, '82; E. S. Carr, '82; W. H. Chambers, 'Zi; Mark Mason, 
 '83; W. H. Whitney, '84. The initiation took place in Sheahan's 
 room at Knox. These twelve members applied for a charter at 
 once, and the General Council granted them a charter, dated the 
 day of their initiation, December 10, 1880. In this charter the 
 
424 - THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 chapter was given the title of Illinois Zeta. It had former!}'- been 
 called Illinois Delta, but when it suspended, 1878, that title was 
 given to the Lombard chapter, while the Illinois Wesleyan chap- 
 ter was chartered as Illinois Epsilon. The chapters at Mon- 
 mouth, Knox and Lombard had a joint banquet, Februar}^ 4, 
 1881, at the Grand Hotel, Galesburg. In March there were 
 eighteen Phis at Knox, in April nineteen, but the chapter did not 
 sta}^ long on the active list. Strong anti-fraternit}'^ feeling, which 
 had caused the suspension of the chapter, 1878, developed again 
 when it was revived, 1880, and it suspended a second time, Febru- 
 ary, 1882, the charter being placed in charge of W. H. Chambers, 
 '82, of Galesburg. 
 
 The Convention of 1880 appointed W. R. Worrall and I. C. 
 Tomlinson to act with the General Council in investigating the 
 expedienc}^ of re-establishing Illinois Alpha at Northwestern. A. 
 
 B. Hitt and F. G. Thomson were initiated, February 19, 1881, and 
 William Walker, February 24. These three were expected to re- 
 organize the chapter, but on account of poor health, the}^ were 
 compelled to leave the universit}^, Walker very soon, the other 
 two a year later. No application for charter was made by them. 
 
 During the first week of Januar}^ 1881, I. C. TomlinsT)n called 
 on a large number of Phis in Chicago, to interest them in the 
 organization of an alumni chapter. A call for a meeting was 
 issued January 15. The meeting was held in the parlors of the 
 Palmer House, January 18. D. M. Hillis was elected President, I. 
 
 C. Tomlinson Secretar3^ W. R. Worrall and F. L. Brooks were 
 appointed a committee to make application for a charter. The 
 General Council, February i, 1881, granted a charter for Illinois 
 Alpha Alumni to the following: Charles Elliott, Miami, '40; J. M. 
 Worrall, Miami, '49; J. D. Wallace, Centre, '61; Heaton Owsle}^, 
 Centre, '77; W. R. Worrall; Centre, '79; W. P. Black, Wabash, 
 '64; J. F. Gookins, Wabash, '64; W. S. Harbert, Wabash, '64; N. 
 G. Iglehart, Wisconsin, '60; H. A. Goodrich, Northwestern, '60; 
 
 D. M. Hillis, Butler, '64; W. J. Button, Butler, '66; T. J. Morgan, 
 Franklin, '70; F. L. Brooks, Hanover, '78; W. H. Fitch, Jr., Chi- 
 cago, '65; F. A. Smith, Chicago, '66; R. W. Bridge, Chicago, '67; 
 Gw3^nn Garnett, Chicago, '67; C. C. Kohlsaat, Chicago, '67; 
 James Springer, Chicago, '6S; C. O. Perry, Indiana Asbur}^, '69; 
 W. S. Johnson, Knox, '72; J. T. Kretzinger, Knox, '73; E. T. 
 Johnson, Wooster, '78; F. S. Gray, Wooster, '79; I. C. Tomlinson, 
 Buchtel, '80; V. E. Tomlinson, Buchtel, '80. The chapter met in 
 the office of F. A. Smith, Februar}^ t8, when Rev. Charles Elliott, 
 D. D., was elected President and I. C. Tomlinson Secretary and 
 Treasurer. TAe Scroll for March contained a director}^ of Chicago 
 Phis, 44 in number, furnished b}^ I. C. Tomlinson. An elaborate 
 banquet was given at the Palmer House, Ma}" 19. W. R. Worrall 
 had much to do with organizing this chapter and making the ban- 
 quet a success. 
 
ANNALS, 1880-1882. 425 
 
 The Wooster chapter, suspended in the fall of 1880, was re- 
 organized in the following spring by two of its 3^oungest members, 
 R. C. Walker and J. W. Criswell. They made a careful selection 
 of students, keeping rival chapters in ignorance of what they were 
 doing. Nine men w^earing $ A badges appeared at church, 
 Sunday, May 8, and at the end of the collegiate year 1880-81 there were 
 eleven active members. The General Council returned to the 
 chapter the charter granted in 1872, which had been surrendered, 
 October, 1880. The Convention of 1880 had changed the title of 
 the chapter from Ohio Zeta to Ohio Delta. The chapter fitted up 
 a new hall, October, 1881. Six men were initiated during 1881-82. 
 
 The trustees of Alabama Polytechnic Institute, at commence- 
 ment 1880, enacted a statute which removed the ban on the frater- 
 nities existing there — ^ A E, $ A © and A T O. The eleven mem- 
 bers of 2 A E returned their charter to its Grand Chapter, Decem- 
 ber, 1880, and nine of them joined $ A©, Januar}^ 15. In response 
 to a request from the Editor of The Scroll for an explanation, C. 
 N. Ousley, who had been President of the S A E chapter, wrote, 
 January 26, that in the fall of 1879, one of the largest of the 
 Greek-letter fraternities made S A E an offer to unite the two orders. " 
 B}^ a vote of the chapters, the proposition was rejected. The 
 Alabama Alpha Mu chapter at Auburn became much dissatis- 
 fied, 1880, on account of the w^eak condition of S A E, which had 
 lost four chapters within one year." The chapter desiring to 
 revive the project of effecting a union of S A E and some other 
 good fraternit}^" urged the Grand President to call a spe- 
 cial convention." He replied: S A E is at a low ebb. Do not 
 think the fault lies at our door. Cannot hear from other chapters; 
 consequently cannot grant a special convention. As Alpha Mu is 
 so despondent, she had better give up her charter." Ousle}' wrote 
 to The Scroll: "l immediately returned our charter. Constitution 
 and all things concerning S A E. Very soon after our disconnec- 
 tion, $ A proposed to take us into her fold. Nine of us accepted 
 and are now loyal Phis.' The other two, for reasons of their own, 
 refuse to join an}' other fraternit3^" It should be understood that 
 the Phis made no overtures to the Sigs until the latter had dis- 
 banded. Alabama Alpha Mu of S A E w^as re-established several 
 years later. During 1880-81 the Phis organized a society among 
 the ladies of Auburn, called the "Sisters to Phis," abbreviated to 
 
 S. T. P's." Branches of this societ}^ were organized at Columbus, 
 Ga., Montgomer}', and one or two other towns in Alabama, and a 
 branch was established at Bloomington, 111., 1881-82. At com- 
 mencement, 1882, the fraternities at Auburn, having been permitted 
 to enjo}^ two 3^ears of freedom, were again prohibited by the 
 trustees, but the prohibition did not have its intended effect. 
 
 The chapter at Vanderbilt continued a prosperous sub rosa 
 existence. It closed the year 1880-81 with thirty-six active mem- 
 bers, some of them students of the Universit}^ of Nashville. At the 
 
42 6 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 beginning of 1881-82, only five or six members returned to Vander- 
 bilt, but the chapter closed that year with about twenty-five. The 
 Monmouth chapter also managed to live in spite of the necessity 
 of running sub rosa. A letter to The Scroll, June 2, 1881, said 
 there were thirteen active members. The next year they were few 
 and poorly organized, but not ready to succumb. 
 
 The faculty of the University of Missouri announced, September, 
 1881, that all secret societies were forbidden to operate there, and 
 that those then in operation must disband immediately, under pain 
 of their members being dismissed for refusal. September 15, Mis- 
 souri Alpha, which then had eleven active members, met to discuss 
 the situation. They decided that, so long as they were in such a 
 flourishing condition, they would not disband, and that they would 
 fight the action of the faculty, and run sub rosa, as long as possible. 
 They changed the chapter into a Shakespeare Club, and continued 
 to admit members. Up to this time they had been in the habit of 
 renting a hall from one of the lodges in Columbia. They thought 
 it would be safer for them to get a hall exclusively for them- 
 selves. The money that would otherwise have gone into badges 
 was put into hall furniture. Each member carried a copy of 
 Shakespeare to every meeting, and the}^ expected, if disturbed by 
 the faculty, to be found intently studying the beauties of the 
 immortal bard. 
 
 The chapter at Trinity University, Texas, opened in the fall of 
 1 88 1 with ten members, but, September 19, the President an- 
 nounced that the trustees and faculty desired that there should be 
 no secret societies in the university. At first the Phis did not 
 know what to do, but, October 24, W. A. Patterson wrote to The 
 Scroll: We have decided to run sub rosa. The boys of Texas 
 Alpha are too enthusiastic and have too much pluck to give up their 
 chapter without a great struggle. " 
 
 The minutes of Virginia Alpha show that during 1879-80 it had 
 eight members, but toward the last of the year two of these were 
 requested to resign. In 1880-81 there were perhaps not more than 
 two or three Phis at Roanoke, and at the beginning of 1881-82 there 
 was probably only one, but in the spring new men were initiated 
 one by one until the membership was ten. At the beginning of 
 1879-80, Virginia Gamma was composed of only two members. 
 They initiated two men during the fall. The chapter had only two 
 or three members in 1880-81, and about the same number in 1881- 
 82. W. G. Townsend, ^'^t^, attended the Convention at Richmond, 
 October, 1882. He was then the only attendant member at Ran- 
 dolph-Macon. 
 
 An Indiana State Convention met at Indianapolis, April, 1881. 
 An Illinois State Convention was held at Galesburg, May 31, 1881. 
 Among those present were C. O. Perry, ex-Grand Banker, and M. 
 C. Summers, P. P. W. R. Worrall, State President, presided. A 
 State Constitution was adopted. Missouri Alpha and Beta arranged 
 
ANNALS, 1880-1882. 427 
 
 for a State Convention at Fulton during commencement week, June, 
 1881, but on account of inability to agree upon a date no meeting 
 was held. 
 
 An Alabama State Convention was held at Auburn, June 30 and 
 July I, 1881, about forty being present. The Alabama Phis 
 showed great zeal in organizing a State Association while they had 
 but one college chapter and one alumni chapter. J. M. Langhorne 
 was elected President. On the first evening there were public 
 exercises, at which C. A. L. Samford and R. L. Thornton were 
 orators, Alva Fitzpatrick historian, and C. N. Ousley prophet. On 
 the second evening there were a banquet and ball, which were 
 attended by S. T. P's" from several towns. 
 
 Invitations were issued for the First Georgia State Reunion 
 and Decennial Celebration of $A©, " to be held at Athens* July 
 15-16, 1881. The Convention was in session on those dates at the 
 Dupree Opera House. W. J. Nunnally was elected President. A 
 Constitution was adopted, a resolution favoring the removal of the 
 sub rosa character of The Sc?'oll \N2iS passed, and a camping com- 
 mittee of $ A © in Georgia" was appointed to select a time and 
 place, and make suitable arrangements, for Georgia Phis to go into 
 camp during the next summer. A dance and a banquet were given 
 on the evening of the 15th. The proceedings and Constitution 
 made a pamphlet of eight pages. 
 
 Through the efforts of E. J. Edwards, Lombard, '74, affiliated 
 from ^ ^, an alumni chapter was organized at Galesburg, 111. A 
 meeting for organization was held May 19, 1881. Previous to this 
 meeting an application for charter had been signed and forwarded 
 by the following: Knox— R. J. Adcock, '78; F. R. Jelliif, '78; G. 
 W. Prince, '78; J. L. Kennedy, '82. Lombard— A. S. Slater, '60; E. 
 L. Conger, '61; G. L. Hannaman, '67; W. C. Lombard, '67; P. F. 
 Brown, '71; C. C. Tyler, '71; E. J. Edwards,' 74; H. L. Arnold, 
 '78; William McGann, Jr., '78; S. C. Ransom, '78; F. E. Claycomb, 
 '79; G. W. Brainard, '^y, C. H. Wheeler, '84. Illinois Wesleyan— 
 C. H. Sherwood, '80; C. M. C. Kennedy, '82. At this meeting 
 officers were elected, by-laws adopted, and delegates appointed to 
 the State Convention at Galesburg, Ma_v 31. The General Council 
 did not grant a charter to the applicants until October 12, 188 1, 
 when they were chartered as Illinois Beta Alumni. 
 
 E. J. Edwards took atrip to Iowa, June, 1881, and succeeded in re- 
 organizing the chapter at Iowa Wesleyan. Only two Phis had returned 
 there in the fall of 1880, and they had made no additions. Edwards 
 induced Gardner Cowles to join the chapter, and the latter aided in 
 getting four other new members. The re-organization of Iowa 
 Alpha took place on the evening of Ma}^ 30, 1881, in the office of 
 A. M. Linn, Iowa Alpha, '77, Count}^ Superintendent of Schools, 
 and after the initiations the Phis adjourned to Singer's restaurant. 
 In the fall of 1881 the chapter was weak again. J. D. Murphy, 
 Gardner Cowles and one other constituted the active membership. 
 
428 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 M. C. Summers visited the chapter and presided at a meeting, 
 •October 3, when S. A. W. Carver and T. H. Kauffman were initi- 
 ated. Afterward meetings were held regularly, and November 30, 
 1 88 1, there were ten active members. 
 
 E. J. Edwards went to Minneapolis on a visit, July i, 1881, and 
 met J. A. Fullinwider, who also was visiting the city. They at 
 •once formed plans for placing a chapter at the University of Min- 
 nesota. Within a week S. D. Townsend was pledged, and through 
 him several others, who were in the city during vacation, were 
 pledged. On the evening of September 16, in the gentlemens' 
 parlor of the Nicollet Hotel, Edwards and Fullinwider initiated J. 
 B. Gould, '82; R. H. Prosser, '82; J. C. E. King, '84; S. D. Town- 
 send, '84; Z. N. Vaughn, '84. The same evening the initiates 
 elected officers and signed an application for charter. The Min- 
 neapolis Tribwie of the next morning announced the presence of 
 •4> A © at the university. The General Council granted the appli- 
 cants a charter for Minnesota Alpha, October 12, 1881. At the 
 second meeting, James Gray was initiated, and later in the year 
 four other students. But in the fall of 1882, only three Phis 
 returned. They were disheartened at first, but received much 
 •encouragement from Edwards, who had located permanently at 
 Minneapolis, and C. H. Bullis, an initiate of the year before, who 
 was still in the city. However, no additions to the chapter were 
 made until the spring term, 1883, when A. G. Holt was initiated. 
 After this the chapter made steady progress. X ^ had been estab- 
 lished at Minnesota, 1874. The only other secret organization 
 there before $ A © was © $, a local society, also called the 'Home 
 Mission," established about 1878. 
 
 In the fall of 1881, the Nashville Phis considered that they were 
 numerous enough to organize an alumni chapter. September 26, a 
 circular signed by W. H. Goodpasture, R. F. Jackson, R. H. 
 Hamilton and W. B. Palmer was issued to the resident members, 
 calling a meeting on September 28 in the law office of Hamilton. 
 At this meeting an application for charter was signed by R. H. 
 Hamilton, '77, of the Central (Mo.) chapter, and the following 
 members of the Vanderbilt chapter: Lytton Taylor, '76; J. T. 
 Benson, '79; Paul Jones, '79; F. F. Ellis, '80; W. B. Palmer, '80; 
 J. R. West, '80; W. H. Goodpasture, '81; P. D. Maddin, 81; E. 
 A. Price, '82. A partial organization was eifected at the Maxwell 
 House, September 28. The General Council granted the appli- 
 cants a charter for Tennessee Alpha Alumni, October 12, i88t. 
 The chapter was not fully organized until June 17, 1882, when by- 
 laws were adopted. During the summer and fall of that year, semi- 
 monthly meetings were held, at which there was a variety of origi- 
 nal literary exercises. 
 
 J. M. Barrs, President of Epsilon Province, arranged for a Pro- 
 vincial Convention to meet at Atlanta during the progress of the 
 World's Cotton Exposition. The first Convention of any $ A © prov- 
 
ANNALS, 1880-1882. 429 
 
 ince was in session November 24-25, 188 1, Barrs presiding. Over 
 100 members were present. A Province Constitution was adopted. 
 On the evening of the 24th, the members gave a ball at the Kimball 
 House. The Atlanta Constitution said: The occasion was graced 
 with the presence of many of Atlanta's most beautiful societ}^ ladies 
 and a number of fair visitors." On the evening of the 25th, literary 
 exercises and a banquet were held. Rev. C. M. Beckwith was the 
 orator. Rev. Alexander Means, D. D., the poet, and W. W. Hardy 
 the historian. 
 
 During this Province Convention an application for a charter for 
 an alumni chapter was signed by Atlanta Phis, but the movement 
 went no further at that time, and an alumni chapter was not estab- 
 lished there until 1886. 
 
 The next alumni chapter was organized at Cincinnati, Ohio, by 
 W. H. Hawley. The General Council, December 17, 1881, granted 
 a charter, for Ohio Alpha Alumni, to C. F. Andress, Miami, '71; 
 W. H. Hawley, Indiana, '80; L. B. White, Indiana, '83; J. G. 
 Smalley, Indiana, '84; J. A. Thompson, Franklin, '80; R. M. Thomas, 
 Franklin, ^'^y, C. F. Knowlton, Iowa Wesle3^an, '73. A meeting 
 was held in the parlors of the Grand Hotel, December 17, when 
 officers were elected — A. B. Thrasher, President, and W. H. 
 Hawley, Secretary. At a later meeting it was decided to invite the 
 chapters of the province to hold a Convention under the auspices 
 of Ohio Alpha Alumni during the annual Musical Festival in May. 
 
 Alumni chapters did not usualh" meet regularly. Most of them 
 lapsed into a lethargic state soon after their organization. The 
 differences in the ages of alumni made it hard to arrange for 
 exercises that would be equally enjoyable to all; and the distances 
 of their residences from one another in large cities made frequent 
 meetings inconvenient. However, during the fall and winter of 
 1881-82, the Indianapolis alumni devised and carried out a most 
 successful plan. Social meetings were held monthh^ in the resi- 
 dences of alumni, at which ladies were present. The exercises 
 consisted of music, recitations and dancing, followed b}' supper. 
 The success of these meetings was largely due to J. C. Norris, A. 
 G. Foster, F. E. Hunter and a few other zealous Indianapolis Phis. 
 The first sociable was held, October 21, at the residence of Judge B. 
 K. Elliott. Nineteen Phis besides ladies were present, among 
 them Senator Benjamin Harrison, Judge A. C. Ayres, Mayor W. 
 H. Robbins, Professor N. B. P. McKee, W. H. Ripley and their 
 waves. At Thanksgiving a sociable was held at the residence of 
 Judge Ayres, Judge Elliott presiding. 
 
 At the University of Iowa, Iowa Cit}^, anti-fraternit}- laws were 
 repealed, 1879-80. J. L. Kennedy, of the Knox chapter, and H. 
 A. Cole, of the Iowa Wesleyan chapter, entered the law depart- 
 ment of the University of Iowa, in the fall of 1881. Kennedy 
 opened a correspondence with Gardner Cowles, State President of 
 Iowa, in regard to establishing a chapter. Cowles gave him sug- 
 
430 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 gestions, but he found difficulty in accomplishing much in the 
 collegiate department, as his acquaintance there was small. The 
 Iowa state oratorical contest was held at Iowa City, February 2, 
 1882. J. D. Murphy, of the Iowa Wesleyan chapter, attended 
 as a delegate. Cowles also went from Iowa Wesleyan as a visitor, 
 but with the primary object of establishing a chapter. He knew 
 one or two of the students personally. After consulting them and 
 the Phis in the law class, he broached the subject to William George, 
 who accepted the offer of membership, and was mainly instrumental 
 in persuading others to join. 
 
 On the afternoon of February 3, in the parlors of the Palace Hotel, 
 Cowles, Murphy, Kennedy, and Cole initiated the following men: 
 C. H. Dayton, '82; J. B. French, '82; W. S. Hosford, '8^; P. L. 
 Sever, '8^', William George, '84; C. L. Gillis, '84; AV. L. Park, '85. 
 On the same day Kennedy, Cole and the new initiates made appli- 
 cation for a charter. M. C. Summers, wrote to T/ie Scroll, March 
 25: I have seldom known a chapter to fall into line and get to 
 work as quickly as Iowa Beta. The members have already ordered 
 elegant badges, elected officers, adopted by-laws, and otherwise 
 perfected their organization, and made arrangements for a place of 
 meeting. We ought to feel proud of entering two such universities 
 as those of Iowa and Minnesota in one year. We shall look for a 
 generous rivalry between Minnesota Alpha and Iowa Beta, both of 
 which start so auspiciously." The General Council granted a 
 charter for Iowa Beta to the nine applicants, March 27, 1882. The 
 charter members initiated several other students before the end of 
 the collegiate year. A banquet was held by the chapter during 
 March. As a temporary arrangement, the use of the parlors of the 
 St. James Hotel for a place of meeting was secured. Later in the 
 session, meetings were held in the home of Gillis every Saturday 
 evening. A new hall was occupied September 23, 1882. The 
 older fraternities there were B II, $ K ^, $ F A, A T A, but the 
 chapters of ^ K ^ and $ F A had suspended. ^ X was estab- 
 lished at Iowa City, 1882, its charter members being initiated 
 March 2, about a month after the <^ A initiation. 
 
 The Indiana Phis held a State Convention at Indianapolis, April 
 13-14, 1882. J. B. Kuhns was elected President. The Conven- 
 tion adjourned with three cheers for C. L. Goodwin, Indiana's 
 representative in the inter-state oratorical contest. 
 
 Scot Bonham, President of Beta Province, issued invitations for a 
 Provincial Convention at Cincinnati. The Convention was in session 
 May 18-19, 1882, Bonham presiding. A Province Constitution was 
 adopted. On the first evening, an address of welcome was delivered 
 by Rev. A. I. Hobbs, Wabash, '62; and a response by D. D. 
 Woodmansee, O. W. U., '81. A banquet followed, at which thirty- 
 eight members were present. A. B. Thrasher, Butler, '73, was toast- 
 master, and there was a number of toasts and several songs; also a 
 poem, "Damon and Pythias," read by P. W. Search, Wooster, '76. 
 
ANNALS, 1880-1882. 431 
 
 Although there was onh^ one chapter in Texas, there were many 
 Phis from other States, and they determined to hold a Convention. 
 The chapter at Tehuacana invdted all Phis in the State to meet 
 there June 11, 1881, for the purpose of forming a State Association. 
 The announcement was made b}^ F. N. Drane, State President. 
 The meeting was not largeh^ attended, but a Constitution was 
 adopted, and plans formed for a State Convention the next _vear. 
 A printed call, issued the following spring, announced Waco as 
 the place and June 20-21, 1882, as the time. The Convention 
 met according to appointment. Drew Pruit was elected President. 
 The great feature of this Convention was the reading of a $ A 
 historical sketch b}' J. M. McCoy, Indiana, '60. It was published 
 as a pamphlet of fourteen pages, by request of the executive com- 
 mittee chosen by the Convention. 
 
 The Phis of Alabama held a Convention at Montgomery, June 
 29-30, 1882. W. J. Orum was elected President. The convention 
 hop took place, on the evening of the 29th, in the dancing hall of 
 McDonald's Opera House. Public literar}- exercises were held in 
 the opera house the next evening. S. P. Gilbert and H. L. Man- 
 son were the orators, J. C. Boozer the prophet. 
 
 W. D. Simpson, Jr., a charter member of the Wofford chapter, 
 and C. A. Durham, a Phi from V. M. I., succeeded in establishing 
 a chapter at South Carolina College, Columbia, S. C, which 
 the}" had entered. x\t the Richmond Convention, 1882, an 
 application for charter from South Carolina College was presented, 
 and it was strongh' favored b}' the committee on chapters and 
 charters. The Convention, October 26, instructed the General 
 Council to issue a charter to the applicants. The General Council 
 issued a charter for South Carolina Beta to W. D. Simpson, Jr., 
 'Ss; W. L.- Copeland, '84; J. T. Dudley, '85; C. A. Durham, '85, 
 and J. H. Rucker, '86; the charter being dated October 26, 1882. 
 In January following the chapter had nine members. In March a 
 hall had been secured, and the membership was twelve, including 
 A. B. Watson and L. A. Griffith, both affiliated from Virginia 
 Alpha. Watson afterward affiliated with the Sewanee chapter. 
 The older fraternities at South Carolina were A ^, A K E, $ K ^, 
 X ^, B n, © A X, K A (Southern), :§ A E, but the chapters .of 
 all save K A and 2 A E had suspended. 
 
 The General Council rejected an application for a charter from 
 St. Lawrence University, Canton, N. Y., 1880; and applications 
 from Mount Union College, Alliance, Ohio, and Denison Univer- 
 sity, Granville, Ohio, 1881. Anti-fraternit}" laws had recently been 
 repealed at Denison. During the summer vacation of i88i,H. H. 
 Weber of the Gettysburg chapter, who lived at Baltimore, organ- 
 ized several students at Johns Hopkins University for the purpose 
 of establishing a chapter there, but the movement came to naught. 
 
 W. L. Lewis and G. S. Shanklin, of Virginia Beta, who lived at 
 Lexington, Ky., were granted authority, 1881-82, to initiate stu- 
 
432 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 dents at Kentucky State College, Lexington, with a view of estab- 
 lishing a chapter there. Accordingl}^, they initiated several students, 
 who then made application for charter, but it was refused by the 
 General Council. At the Convention, October, 1882, the General 
 Council was instructed to grant a charter for a chapter at this col- 
 lege when proper application should be made, but of the five or six 
 initiates at Lexington, three had been in the class 
 of '82, and the others did not renew the applica- 
 tion. All were enrolled with Kentucky Alpha. 
 
 In 1882 E. H. Sweet, of Indiana Delta, who 
 had entered Arcadia College, Wolfville, Nova 
 Scotia, wrote encouragingly about establishing a 
 chapter there. The Convention in October re- 
 ferred the matter to the General Council, but an 
 application for charter w^as never presented. 
 
 George Banta, P. G. C, was married, 1881, 
 and C. J. Reddig, T. G. C, 1882. The frater- 
 nity made an appropriate wedding gift to each. 
 The Convention of 1875 adopted a design for charters but it was 
 never engraved. Under the direction of W. B. Palmer, charter- 
 blanks were printed, 1880, by Marshall & Bruce, Nashville, Tenn., 
 the words being set in type with a <^ A © monogram at the top. 
 
 Phi Delta Theta 
 
 Monogram, 
 
 1879.* 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1880-1881. 
 
 Volume V: nine monthly numbers ^ — October, 1880, to June, i88if; pp. 208-f- 
 supplement, October, pp. 4. Editors: M. F. Parrish, No. i; M. F. Troxell, Nos. 
 2-9. Assistant Editor, H. H. Weber, Nos. 2-9. Business Manager, M. F. 
 Troxell, No. 1. Printer, J. E. Wibble, Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 M. F. Parrish issued a one paged circular, September, 1880, 
 which urged sub-editors" (chapter correspondents) to write for 
 The Scroll about the outlook for their respective chapters during 
 the new collegiate year. 
 
 Number i of Volume V has eight pages in newspaper form, like 
 Volume III and IV, besides a supplement of four pages containing 
 articles proposing legislation for the coming Convention, one of 
 them advocating a semi-monthly issue of The Sc?^oll. The number 
 contains a highly interesting letter from Alston Ellis concerning 
 $ A © at Miami during the period from its re-establishment there, 
 1865, to the suspension of the university, 1873. 
 
 The Convention, October, 1880, ordered that the form of The 
 
 Scroll should be changed to that of a magazine, and that the words 
 
 sub rosa" should not appear on it, that, however, not to affect its 
 
 secret character. The Constitution then adopted provided that 
 
 the Convention should elect an Editor, and he should choose an 
 
 * Design made in Chicago, 1879, under direction of W. R. Worrall, and used on fraternity sta- 
 tionery, also on charter-blanlis printed 1880, and on circulars, printed 1880, for collecting data for the 
 fifth edition of the catalogue. 
 
 1 By mistake, the covers of the May and June numbers read "Volume VI," and the first page of 
 the May number is dated "April." 
 
THE SCROLL, 1881-1882. 433 
 
 Assistant, and that the}^ should attend to all editorial and other 
 work. M. F. Troxell was elected Editor, and he selected H. H. 
 Weber as Assistant. 
 
 The November and succeeding issues measure 6/i by 9^ inches, 
 the t3^pe area- 4^8 b}^ 7/^. All introductor}^ articles were printed 
 in one column to the page, editorials, chapter correspondence, 
 personals and other fraternity news in two columns to the page. 
 The cover was printed in blue on white paper (yellow paper in 
 December) . On the cover appears a cut of the arms and the words, 
 "The Scroll: Published by the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity," with 
 the names of the Editor and Assistant. Under the title, on the 
 first page, are the Greek words, "UpoOvixos iv $t AcAra ©^ra. " 
 
 The Coat-of-Arms and Monogram, 1880. 
 
 Half-tone of a woodcut reduced from the steel engraving represented on page 333. This woodcut 
 appeared on the cover of Tke Scroll, November, 1880, to June, 1883. 
 
 In the department headed "Among the Greeks," in the February 
 issue, is this item: "During ^ Y's convention at Ann Arbor last 
 year, a burlesque of its constitution and initiation was printed and 
 scattered about the streets." A directory of 44 members of $ A © 
 living at Chicago was printed in the ]\Iarch number. 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1881-1882. 
 
 Volume VI: nine monthly numbers — October, 1881, to June, 1882; pp. 216. 
 Editor, M. F, Troxell. Assistant Editor, H. H. Weber. Printer, J. E. Wible, 
 Gettysburg, Pa. 
 
 Among notable articles in this volume are a series of $ A his- 
 torical sketches, entitled "Memorabilia," by Rev. Robert Morrison, 
 Ohio Alpha, '49, beginning in October; and "Reminiscences of an 
 Old Indiana Alpha Boy," by Judge D. D. Banta, '55, beginning in 
 Februar}'. 
 
 In February the Editor said: "We have hitherto doubted the 
 expediency of exchanging" with other fraternit}' journals, but The 
 Scroll finalh' yielded to the exchange system common to all fra- 
 
434 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ternities." In March he said: The General Council, months 
 ago, authorized the Editor to exchange The Scroll or not, as his 
 judgment might dictate." The exchange arrangements included 
 stipulations that ' no unfair use is to be made of any of the jour- 
 nals," and that "no purely private fraternity business shall be 
 copied by another journal;" but, except as to editors on the exchange 
 list, our monthly is no more to be shown to outside parties now 
 than it ever was." 
 
 "Among the Greeks" in June contained this item: "in March 
 some one entered the room of the B IT who had charge of the 
 constitution, by-laws, ritual, charter and records of the chapter at 
 Denison University and purloined them during his absence." 
 
 Frank Eckley Hunter, Indiana, '79. 
 
 Co-Editor of the Second Edition of the Song Book, i8 
 
 THE SONG BOOK— SECOND EDITION, 1882. 
 
 In The, Sc7'oll, October, 1880, A. G. Foster proposed that a new 
 edition of the song book be published by a company, which should 
 have a capital stock of $500, divided into twenty shares of ^25 
 each. Six shares, he said, had already been subscribed for; but 
 the plan failed because the required amount was never obtained. 
 W. B. Palmer visited Indianapolis, October, 1881, and there con- 
 sulted with A. G. Foster and F. E. Hunter about publishing a song 
 book. They decided to publish a book as a joint enterprise, pro- 
 vided enough orders for it could be obtained to warrant them in 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1882. 435 
 
 printing it. An announcement to this effect was made in the 
 November Scroll. Sufficient encouragement was received, and the 
 book made its appearance, Januarv, 1882. 
 
 The title page: '"OScii j PHI DELTA THETA. I (Second Edi- 
 tion.) I Published under Authorit}' of the General Council. 1 Anno 
 Domini, mdccclxxxii. Anno Fratemitatis, xxxiv. | Indianapolis: i 
 Carlon and Hollenbeck, Printers and Binders. | 1882." Bound 
 in blue cloth with side stamp, "'08at | $ A0", in large silver letters. 
 Also bound in full morocco and gilt. 
 
 The book contains fifty pages, 5/^ by 7/^ inches. The paper is 
 heavy and tinted. On the reverse of the title page are the names 
 of the Editors — Foster, Palmer and Hunter. On pages 3 and 4 is 
 the table of "Contents." The songs begin on page 5. Under the 
 title of each is given its air, and the page of the music in "Carmina 
 Collegensia," if therein printed, is indicated. '"08at" contains 
 sixty-three songs and odes. The price of the book, bound in cloth, 
 was 60 cents; in full morocco and gilt, Si. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1882. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Tuesda}', Wednesday, 
 Thursday and Frida}^ October 24, 25, 26 and 27, 1882, in the 
 Exchange Hotel, Richmond, Va. The Convention was called to 
 order by George Banta, P. G. C. Prayer was offered by J. A. Lan- 
 caster. On behalf of Virginia Alpha Alumni, C. R. Sands delivered 
 an address of welcome. H. C. Carne}' delivered a response. 
 
 Officers present: General Council — President, George Banta; Treasurer, C, 
 J. Reddig; Historian, W. B. Palmer. President Alpha Province, C. P. Bassett. 
 President Delta Province, Lyman Chalkley. 
 
 Delegates from college chapters present: Indiana — M. \V, Hutto, '85. 
 Centre — W. E. Knight, '84. Wabash — Thomas Wilkins, '83. Wisconsin — C. A. 
 Foster, '81. Butler— T. M. Iden, '83. O. W. L'.—R. O. Bigley, '83. Franklin 
 — E. E. Stevenson, '83. Hanovei — T. E. Montgomery, '84. Indiana Aslmry — 
 C. S. Bridges, '83. Ohio — S. P. Armstrong, '84. Roanoke — C. J. Groseclose, 
 '82. Missouri — T. S. Ridge, '84. Georgia — A. H. Frazer, '82. Emory — H. C. 
 Carney, '82. loiva Wesleyan — S. A. W. Carver, '83. Mercer — B. G. Gregg, '83. 
 Wooster — J. W. Criswell, '85. Lafayette— Z. P. Bassett, '83. Lansing — J. H. 
 Irish, '82. Virginia — J. J. Stuart, '83. Randolph- Macon — W. G. Townsend, '83. 
 Buchtel — D. R. Crissinger, '85. Richinojtd — V. L. Fowlkes, '83. Gettysburg — 
 M. C. Remsburg, '83. W. &- /.— M. A. Denman, '82. Vanderbilt—^ . H. 
 Goodpasture, '81. Mississippi — W. S. Hill, '84. Illinois Wesleyan — T. H. 
 Simmons, '83. Lombard — E. S. Swigart, '85, Wofford — A, G. Rembert, '84. 
 Allegheny — J. A. Vance, '83. Vermont — G. E. Sawyer, '83. Dickinson — A. W, 
 Wever, '83. Westminster— 'i. W. Yantis, '84. Muinesota—Yi. S. Abbott, '85. 
 Iowa — P. L. Sever, '83. 
 
 The active college chapters without delegates were those at Mon- 
 mouth, V. M. I., Trinity (Texas), Auburn. 
 
 Delegates from alumni chapters present: Franklin — George Banta, 
 Franklin, '76. Richmond — C. R. Sands, Richmond, '81. Indianapolis — H. U. 
 Brown, Butler, '80. Baltimore — Francis Burns, Jr., V. M. I., '79, Nashville — 
 R. F. Jackson, Vanderbilt, '81. 
 
 Other members present: Miajni — B. K. Elliott, '55. Indiana — J. B. Gib- 
 son, '84. Centre— Q. B. Thomas, '81. Butler— \. W. Christian, '81. O. W. U. 
 
436 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 — J. E. Randall, '83. Ohio — Emmett Tompkins, '74. Roanoke — J. H. Spencer, 
 '78; T. J. Shipman, '81; C. A. N. Yonce, '84. Oglethorpe— C B. Gaskill, '72. 
 Georgia — C. M. Beckwith, '73. Emory — W. W. Seals, '79. Wooster — L. H. 
 Todd, '85. Virginia — J. A. Lancaster, '81; W. L. Lewis, '81; G. G. Hamilton, 
 '82; A. W. Patterson, '82; J. H. Pendleton, '83; George Shanklin, '83. Randolph- 
 Macon— Y. C. Watson, '82. Buchtel—]. L. Converse, '80; F. O. Pavne, '84. 
 Richmond— C M. Shields, '76; C. W. Tanner, '77; C. H. Chalklev, '78; G. C. 
 Powers, '78; J. J. Clopton, '79; George Bryan, '81; P. W. Noland, '81; W. B. 
 Thornhill, '82; G. G. Valentine, '82; John Currie, '83; Frank Puryear, '84; W. H. 
 Lyons, '86; O. L. Stearnes, '86. Gettysburg — J. E. Musselman, '83. V. Af. I. — 
 J. L. Gill, '79. Westminster— "^ . B. C. Brown, '82. 
 
 Officers elected: General Council — President, H. U. Brown; Secretary, W. 
 E. Knight; Treasurer, C. A. Foster; Historian, A, A. Stearns. Editor of The 
 Scroll — G. B. Thomas. 
 
 Convention officers: President, H. U. Brown, P. G. C, ex-officio; First 
 Vice President; W. B. Palmer; Second Vice President, W. B. C. Brown; Secre- 
 taries, W. H. Lyons, W. E. Knight; First Assistant Secretary, G. E. Saw3'er; Sec- 
 ond Assistant Secretary, R. O. Bigley; Chaplain, J. A. Lancaster; Marshal, O. L. 
 Stearnes. ■ 
 
 The committee on chapters and charters, A. G. Rembert, chair- 
 man, submitted a report, which recommended that the application 
 for charter from South Carolina College, Columbia, be granted, 
 and that chapters be established at Arcadia College (Wolfville, 
 Nova Scotia), Harvard University, University of Pennsylvania, 
 Ohio State University, Western Reserve University, Kentucky State 
 College, University of the South, and University of Kansas, and 
 that Illinois Alpha be re-established at Northwestern University. 
 The application from South Carolina College was ordered granted, 
 October 26. The General Council was ordered to grant a charter 
 when an application in proper form should be received from Ken- 
 tucky State College. A. A. Stearns, J. W. Criswell and R. O. 
 Bigley were appointed a committee to organize a chapter at Ohio 
 State University. C. M. Beckwith highly recommended the Uni- 
 versity of the South and favored placing a chapter there, provided 
 the consent of the trustees might be obtained; the matter was 
 referred to Tennessee Alpha. A motion to grant a charter for a 
 chapter at Arcadia College when an application should be received 
 was lost, but the matter was referred to the General Council, who 
 were instructed not to be governed by the action of the Conven- 
 tion. The matter of entering the University of Pennsylvania was 
 referred to Pennsylvania Alpha and Beta. The matter of entering 
 Harvard was referred to the General Council and W. B. C. Brown. 
 The establishment of chapters at Western Reserve University and 
 the University of Kansas, and the re-establishment of the North- 
 western chapter were referred to the General Council. 
 
 C. W. Tanner, Frank Puryear and V. L. Fowlkes, of Virginia 
 Delta, were appointed a committee to go to Randolph-Macon and 
 put Virginia Gamma on a firm basis. W. B. Palmer moved that 
 the members of Nebraska Alpha be enrolled with Missouri Alpha, 
 and the members of the North Carolina Alpha with South Carolina 
 Alpha; carried. 
 
The National Convention, Richmond, Virginia, 1882. 
 
 From a photograph by G. W. Davis, 827 Broad Street, Richmond. The splendid equestrian 
 statue of George Washington was unveiled February 22, 1858. On the plinths around it stand the 
 bronze figures, heroic size, of six other distinguished sons of the "Old Dominion" — Andrew Lewis, 
 Patrick Henrj% George Mason, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Nelson, John ^Marshall. 
 
438 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Provinces were rearranged as follows: Alpha — chapters in Ver- 
 mont and Pennsylvania; Beta — chapters in Virginia and South Car- 
 olina; Gamma — chapters in Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Missis- 
 sippi and Texas; Delta — chapters in Ohio and Kentucky; Epsilon — 
 chapters in Indiana and Michigan; Zeta — chapters in Illinois and 
 Wisconsin; Eta — chapters in Missouri, Iowa and Minnesota. 
 
 W. B. Palmer, T. H. Simmons and C. P. Bassett were appointed 
 a committee to present a revision of the Constitution and Ritual to 
 the next Convention. A resolution looking to the election of Prov- 
 ince Presidents by the chapters was referred to this committee. 
 
 C. J. Reddig, in his report as T. G. C, said that the expense of 
 issuing The Scroll two years had been ^833.20. Ordered that the 
 number of pages in each issue be increased from 24 to 32. Ordered 
 that, while the magazine should not be marked sud rosa, it should 
 be so considered, and the Editor should take precautionary meas- 
 ures to keep it from falling into alien hands. H. C. Carne}^ moved 
 that each member of the Fraternity, at the expiration of his attend- 
 ant membership, should pay $5, which would entitle him to a life 
 subscription to The Scroll; referred to the committee on Consti- 
 tution. W. B. Palmer moved that the official printing of the Fra- 
 ternity be done at the printing establishment at Maysville, Ky., of 
 which G. B. Thomas (Centre, '81) was manager, and which should 
 be called "The Phi Delta Theta Publishing House;" carried. 
 
 A motion that two official jewelers be elected was carried; and 
 L. G. Burgess' Son & Co., Albany, N. Y. , and J. F. Newman, 
 New York, N. Y. , were elected. Ordered that Newman be required 
 to make badges of the Burgess' pattern. Ordered that both jewel- 
 ers be instructed to sell no badge with only three jewels or with a 
 black enamelled scroll. An item. in the report of C. J. Reddig, T. 
 G. C, showed that, during the last two years, 184 badges had been 
 ordered through him from Burgess. These badges were valued at 
 $2,649.10, and the discount allowed was $195.50, making the net 
 amount $2,453.60. However, the S3^stem of ordering all badges 
 through the T. G. C. had been complicated and, therefore, unsat- 
 isfactory. W. B. Palmer moved that badges and other fraternity 
 jewelry be ordered through Chapter Reporters; carried. M. W. 
 Hutto moved that, as soon as the finances of the Fraternity should 
 justify it, an emblematic watch charm be purchased, for the use of 
 the P. G. C, during his term of office, at the expiration of which 
 it should be turned over to his successor; carried, but the emblem 
 was never made. 
 
 After a discussion as to the pronunciation of the name of the 
 Fraternity, participated in by H. C. Carney and others, the Con- 
 vention decided that the proper pronunciation was Phy Delta 
 Thayta," and that members should be called Phis, pronounced 
 Phys." Invitations for the next Convention were received from 
 Nashville, Tenn., and Cincinnati, Ohio; ordered to be held at 
 Nashville, October 28-31, 1884. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1882. 
 
 439 
 
 During the sessions of the Convention it was addressed by Judge 
 B. K. Elliott, Miami, '55; Rev. C. M. Beckwith, Georgia, '73; 
 Hon. Emmett Tompkins, Ohio, '74, and Rev. J. J. Clopton, Rich- 
 mond, 79. Wednesday afternoon was spent in driving about the 
 city in carriages provided by Virginia Alpha Alumni. About 
 twenty-five carriages were in procession, and the principal places 
 
 Ohio Alpha, '55. Orator at National Conventions, 1874 and iS 
 Chief-justice of Indiana:. See page 476. 
 
 of historical interest were visited. G. G. Valentine presented each 
 member with a pamphlet, "The Battle Fields of Richmond." Fri- 
 day noon two photographs of the Convention were taken, one with 
 the members standing before the Washington monument in the 
 capitol grounds, the other with them standing on it. Friday even- 
 ing literary exercises were held in the hall of the house of dele- 
 gates in the capitol. The hall was well filled with an audience 
 
 \ 
 
440 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 including many ladies. The daughter of Judge Elliott and the 
 bride of C. J. Reddig were present from a distance. A band of 
 music occupied the gallery. H. U. Brown, P. G. C, presided. 
 An oration, entitled "King Sham and His Subjects," was delivered 
 by Judge Elliott. A poem, entitled "Phi Delta Theta's Creed," 
 was read by Professor W. W. Seals, Emory, '79; and the prophecy 
 by Hon. Emmett Tompkins, Ohio, '74. C. M. Beckwith, delivered 
 an impromptu address. Judge Elliott was presented with a dia- 
 mond studded badge from the members of the Convention. The 
 Convention had decided not to have a banquet, but after the liter- 
 ary exercises many of the members and ladies repaired to a hall in 
 the city, where dancing was enjoyed until a late hour. 
 
 The trip to Richmond was most enjoyable to over forty members 
 from the West and South, who traveled together all day Monday 
 over the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. A motion made in the Con- 
 vention to take an excursion to Washington was lost, but many 
 
 First Phi Delta Theta Pennant, 
 
 Displayed at National Convention. 1882. Designed by C. M. Shields, Virginia Alpha, '76. 
 by lady friends of the Phis in Richmond. 
 
 Made 
 
 members returned home via the national capital. During the Con 
 vention a large pennant was hung from a rope stretched across the 
 street between the two parts of the Exchange Hotel. It was a 
 parallelogram, half blue and half white, the white half bearing the 
 letters "<l> A ©" in blue. It was the first ^ A © pennant ever pub- 
 licly displayed. 
 
 The address of welcome, oration, poem and prophecy appeared 
 in The Scroll^ November, 1882. The same issue said editorially: 
 There was a greater number of official delegates at Richmond 
 than had ever attended a convention of any college fraternity." It 
 also said: The four days' session, which is longer than any other 
 fraternity convention lasts, and which some of us thought would be 
 more time than we would need, was really not enough." The pro- 
 ceedings were printed in a thirty page supplement to The Scroll, 
 January-February, 1883. From 1882 to 1896 inclusive. National 
 
ANNALS, 1882- 1884. 
 
 441 
 
 Convention proceedings appeared in supplements to The Scroll. 
 The proceedings of the Convention of 1898 appeared in a special 
 number of The Scroll, and the proceedings of later conventions 
 have appeared in The Palladium. 
 
 ANNALS, 1882-1884. 
 
 The National Convention, 1882, elected H. U. Brown, P. G. C. ; 
 W. E. Knight, S. G. C. ; C. A. Foster, T. G. C. ; A. A. Stearns, 
 H. G. C. This General Council appointed the following Province 
 Presidents: Alpha, C. P. Bassett; Beta, C. R. Sands; Gamma, C. 
 M. Beckwith; Delta, F. O. Payne; Epsilon, P. H. Clugston; Zeta, 
 M. C. Summers; Eta, P. L. Sever. In December, 1882, George 
 Shanklin was appointed President of Beta Province, vice C. R. 
 
 Hilton Ultimus Brown, Indianapolis, '80, P. G, C, 1882-86. 
 
 From a photograph taken about 1884. 
 
 Sands, resigned; in September, 1883, B. F. Buchanan, zvV^ Shank- 
 lin, resigned; in October, 1884, E. P. Valentine, vice Buchanan, 
 resigned. In March, 1883, S. P. Gilbert was appointed President 
 of Gamma Province, vice C. M. Beckwith resigned. 
 
 At the Convention of 1880, a committee was appointed to act 
 with the General Council in establishing a chapter at the University 
 of Kansas, Lawrence. This committee accomplished nothing. In 
 the summer of 1882, C. S. Parmenter, Illinois Epsilon, "^t^, of 
 Ottawa, Kan., visited Lawrence, and interested in ^ A J. P. 
 
442 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Jack, W. T. Findley, S. A. Detwiler and E. F. Caldwell. A. G. 
 Foster wrote to W. B. Palmer that Samuel Dalton, Indiana Alpha, 
 of Topeka, Kan., probably would undertake to establish a chapter 
 at the University of Kansas. Not knowing of Parmenter's plans, 
 Palmer wrote to Dalton on the subject. Dalton agreed to the 
 proposition, and visited Lawrence, September, 1882, but finding 
 that steps had already been taken toward establishing a chapter, 
 proceeded no further in the matter. At the Convention, October, 
 1882, the committee on chapters and charters recommended that a 
 chapter be established at the University of Kansas, and the matter 
 was referred to the General Council. The men whom Parmenter 
 had selected induced others to join them in an application for 
 charter. 
 
 The General Council, November 5, 1882, granted a charter for 
 Kansas Alpha to S. A. Detwiler, '84; W. T. Findley, '84; J. P. 
 Jack, '84; E. F. Caldwell, '85; B. T. Chace, '85; J. A. Fowler, '86; 
 B. P. Blair, '87; T. J. Schall, '87; W. S. Williams, '87. The Gen- 
 eral Council appointed W. E. Higbee and I. N. VanPelt, of Illi- 
 nois Epsilon, to institute the chapter. The initiation ceremony 
 took place November 24, 1882. In January a hall, which the 
 members plainly furnished, was secured in the cit}^ The chapter 
 did not announce its existence at Lawrence until March 16, when 
 the members for the first time wore ^ A © badges. Onl}^ three mem- 
 bers returned the next fall, but one affiliate was received from Iowa 
 Alpha, and six men were initiated during 1883-84. The older fra- 
 ternities at Kansas were B U, ^ K v^r, $ F A. 
 
 The first fraternity at Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Mich., was 
 ATA, established there 1867, and which for many years was sub 
 rosa, on account of stern faculty opposition. In 1882, opposition 
 having diminished, an opportunity was presented for the formation 
 of another chapter. Early in the fall of 1882, a number of the 
 members of the A K $ literary society, at Hillsdale, owing in part 
 to dissatisfaction with the results of elections to offices in the 
 society, organized for the purpose of securing a charter from some 
 fraternity. H. F. Shunck, the leader in the movement, was joined 
 by C. N. Richards and L. T. Gould. After informing them- 
 selves about fraternities, they decided upon $ A 0, and applied for 
 a charter. The applicants were highly recommended by Dr. D. 
 W. C. Durgin, President of the college, and their cause was cham- 
 pioned by C. W. Proctor, of the Alleghen}^ chapter, who was a per- 
 sonal friend of Gould. 
 
 An application for charter, dated November 15, was signed b}^ 
 H. McK. Hovt, 'd>y, F. W. Hunter, 'Zy, E. W. Hart, '84; C. J. 
 Olmsted, '84; C. N. Richards, '84; H. F. Shunck, '84; W. E. 
 Allen, '85; L. T. Gould, '85; C. W. Frink, '86. The General 
 Council granted them a charter for Michigan Gamma, December 
 23, 1882, and appointed Proctor to conduct the installation cere- 
 monies. January 13, 1883, he initiated the above named per- 
 
ANNALS, 1882-1884. 443 
 
 sons, also G. C. Burgess, '86 and A. R. Heckman, '86. The 
 initiation was conducted in a new building called Stock's Office. 
 By the end of the year the membership was increased to sixteen, 
 eleven of whom returned in the fall of 1883. 
 
 For some time before the institution of the chapter, $ r A had 
 been endeavoring to enter Hillsdale. Efforts were made to induce 
 the members of the local organization to apply to that fraternity 
 for a charter, and owing to the supposition for a time that they had 
 joined that fraternity, they were, for two years after entering $ A 0, 
 known as Fijis. " 
 
 On Christmas eve, 1883, Michigan Gamma celebrated its anni- 
 versary with a banquet, held at Smith's Hotel, and attended by the 
 ladies of K K F. As the banquet occurred during vacation, it was 
 not thought necessary to consult the faculty about inviting the 
 ladies. But, because the faculty's consent had not been obtained, 
 all the members, save one who happened to have been at home, 
 were suspended from college. Writing to The Scroll^ February 
 18, 1884, E. W. Hart said: This seemed so outrageous a pun- 
 ishment for a trivial offense that only two of the suspended mem- 
 bers returned to college. Brothers Heckwa}^ and Sanford; the rest 
 of us go elsewhere. However, we will leave Michigan Gamma in 
 good condition, as we have already initiated five worthy fellows. 
 Besides, we shall have six or seven former attendant members in 
 college next spring," Though badly shaken, the chapter was not 
 destroyed. Some of the members went to other colleges, while the 
 greater number returned to Hillsdale when the term of suspension 
 had expired. At the first meeting in September, 1884, eight Phis 
 were present. During 1884-85 eight men were initiated, and a suite 
 Qi rooms was fitted up and occupied by the chapter. 
 
 At the Convention, October, 1882, the committee on chapters 
 and charters recommended that a chapter be established at the 
 University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn. C. M. Beckwith, who 
 had been master of the grammar school of the university, was pres- 
 ent, and spoke in favor of planting a chapter at Sewanee, provided 
 the consent of the trustees could be obtained. After opposing fra- 
 ternities for a number of years, the trustees had decided to recog- 
 nize them, but had enacted a law that the special permission of 
 the trustees must be obtained to admit any fraternity to the insti- 
 tution. The Convention referred the matter to Tennessee Alpha. 
 
 Tennessee Alpha had already taken steps toward entering Sewa- 
 nee. Early in October, before the Convention, W. G. Allen, 
 a Sewanee student, had visited Vanderbilt and was initiated 
 there. He returned to Sewanee, and first asked J. McH. Robin- 
 son, Jr., and Bridgeford Smith to unite with him in establishing a 
 chapter of <l> A ©. These three were from Louisville, Ky., and 
 knew one another well. J. H. P. Hodgson was next asked, and 
 later W. G. A. Aylesworth, J. F. Bailey and A. L. Hartridge. 
 Tennessee Alpha appointed two active members, S. P. Gilbert and 
 
444 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 J. M. Brents, to go to Sewanee and initiate the men, and appointed 
 an alumnus, R. F. Jackson, to write a petition to the trustees for 
 formal recognition of $ A 0, Gilbert and Brents went to Sewanee 
 in November, and initiated the men in the rear room on the north 
 side of Polk Hall, later known as Palmetto Hall. The petition was 
 presented to the trustees in December, but was not granted, because 
 Robinson, Smith and Hodgson were students in the grammar school, 
 and, under the laws of the institution, such students were not per- 
 mitted to join fraternities. The university was in vacation from 
 December to March. At the March meeting of the trustees, they 
 consented to the organization of $ A ©; and, March 21, 1883, the 
 General Council granted a charter for Tennessee Beta to Allen, 
 
 First Fraternity House in the South. 
 First Home Owned by any Chapter of Phi Delta Theta. 
 
 Built by the Sewanee chapter, 1884, the year after its establishment. Described in The Scroll, 
 October, 1884; December, 1885; June, 1893; December, 1897; June, 1903. Kodak taken by Miss 
 Sarah Hodgson. 
 
 A34esworth, Bailey, Hartridge, Hodgson, Robinson and Smith. 
 The chapter was organized by the election of officers, April 12. 
 The chapter obtained the use of the north front room of Saint 
 Luke's Hall, which was occupied until a chapter house was built. 
 A number of other students were initiated before the close of 1883- 
 84, and the chapter prospered from the beginning. 
 
 The activity and enthusiasm of the chapter were shown by the 
 fact that, before the end of this collegiate year, plans for building a 
 house were discussed. During the next year the discussion was 
 continued, and March 26, 1884, a building committee was appointed. 
 There was then no fraternity house either owned or rented at 
 Sewanee or anywhere else in the South. During the summer of 
 1884, Tennessee Beta completed its house at a cost of about 
 
ANNALS, 1882-1884. 445 
 
 $1,000. A portion of the mone}'^ had been subscribed by the mem- 
 bers, but the largest amount had been in part given and in part 
 loaned by Rev. Telfair Hodgson, D. D., Vice-Chancellor of the 
 universit}^ and father of one of the charter members. The house 
 was built on a lot, 96 by 264 feet, facing on Convocation and Ala- 
 bama Avenues, leased from the university for 99 years at $12 per 
 year. It is a frame structure of two rooms, one 32 by 18 feet, 
 the other 16 feet square. In the larger room was placed a billiard 
 table, presented to the chapter by Dr. Hodgson. 
 
 This was not only the first house occupied by any fraternity in 
 the South, but the first house owned by any chapter of ^ A ©. As 
 California Alpha rented a house, 1874, within a year after its 
 establishment, so Tennessee Beta built a house within a little more 
 than a year after its establishment. The debt on Tennessee Beta's 
 house was finally liquidated, 189 1. The older fraternities at 
 Sewanee were A T O, ^ A E, K ^. The latter was established 
 about the same time as was $ A 0, but was recognized by the trus- 
 tees, December, 1882. A T A was established there June 23, 1883. 
 
 The convention of B © IT, July, 1881, adopted a resolution in- 
 structing the board of directors of that fraternity to attempt to 
 obtain the co-operation of other fraternities in a movement to dis- 
 courage combinations for political purposes in college elections. 
 Editorial comment on the resolution in the Beta Theta Pi, No- 
 vember, 188 1, was followed by an article from W. O. Robb, in 
 that magazine for December, advocating the formation of a Pan- 
 Hellenic Council," to consider questions of general importance, 
 and to further the common interests of the Greeks. He proposed 
 that ' influential members of half a dozen of the strongest fraterni- 
 ties prepare a circular, giving in brief the reasons that make such a 
 conference desirable, and calling upon the convention of each fra- 
 ternitiy to appoint a member of a committee of arrangements." 
 
 The scheme was discussed in all of the fraternity magazines, not 
 with favor by all. In The Scroll, May, 1882, the Editor, M. F. 
 Troxell, opposed the proposition, on the grounds that it was in- 
 consistent with the secrecy and autonomy of $ A 0, that it was not 
 feasible, and, even if it were feasible, no real advantage would 
 thereby be gained. At the National Convention, October, 1882, a 
 committee, of which I. W. Christian was chairman, submitted a 
 report opposing the proposition for $ A to enter a Pan-Hellenic 
 Council, and the report was adopted. 
 
 A contributor to the X^ Quarterly, July, 1882, suggested that 
 the circular be prepared by the editors of the several fraternity 
 publications. " The editors of the Beta Theta Pi, by circular to 
 the other editors, Januar}^ 13, 1883, proposed a meeting of editors 
 and other representatives of the various fraternities; and by circu- 
 lar, February 10, announced that the editors of fraternity journals 
 {Beta Theta Pi, Phi Gamma Delta, Sigma Chi, X ^ Quarterly, 
 A T O Palm, $ A Scroll, :S A E Record, ATA Crescent, A A «l> 
 
446 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Star and C7'esce?it) had arranged for a conference, '*a purely 
 informal meeting," no fraternity to be bound by its action. The 
 authorities of each fraternit}^ were invited to appoint at least one 
 representative besides its editor. One of the subjects to be con- 
 sidered was some plan for a Pan- Hellenic Council, to be held per- 
 haps within two years, which plan might be submitted for approval 
 to the conventions of the several fraternities. 
 
 At the Colonnade Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa., February 22, 1883, 
 a meeting was held b}^ 21 representatives of 13 fraternities — two 
 each of A T n, B n, A K E, ^ r A, <E» A (G. B. Thomas and 
 Frank Fithian), «l> K ^, ^ X and Z ^, one each of A T A, A $, 
 $ K 2, ^ Y and S A E. In addition 2 1 other f raternit}^ men were 
 present — four each of A T A and X $, three of B 11, two each of 
 A $, ^ X, <E> K ^ and Z ^, one each of A K E and $ A (j. N. 
 Lentz). It was decided that there should be a ' Pan-Hellenic 
 Conference" at New York, July 4, 1884, provided ten fraternities 
 should, by January i, signify their intention of participating. G. 
 B. Thomas was one of the two Secretaries of the meeting, and was 
 a member of the committee of six which reported the plan. Those 
 present who were editors of fraternity journals formed the 'inter- 
 Fraternit}'' Press Association." This meeting at Philadelphia was 
 the first general inter-fraternity meeting ever held. The Pan-Hel- 
 lenic Conference never materialized, and the Inter-Fraternity 
 Press Association did not meet again. 
 
 The 1883 Convention of Indiana Phis, which met at Indianapolis, 
 April II, was not simply a State Convention but a Convention of 
 Epsilon Province. Delegates we're present from all the Indiana 
 chapters and from Michigan Gamma. L. D. Guffin was elected 
 President. A resolution presented by H. U. Brown, P. G. C, 
 recommending the General Council to support the proposed Pan- 
 Hellenic Conference was adopted. In the evening, at the Grand 
 Hotel, a banquet was held, at w-hich Chief-justice B. K. Elliott, 
 Miami, '55, was toastmaster. About sixty Phis were present, the 
 other older alumni being: Judge D. D. Banta, Indiana, '55; Judge 
 J. C. Robinson, Indiana, '61; W. H. Ripley, Wabash, '73; Irvin 
 Robbins, Butler, '60; A. C. Harris, Butler, '62; Judge, A. C. Ayres, 
 Butler, '68; Hon. Casabianca Byfield, Franklin, '60. 
 
 The Alabama Phis held a State Convention at Montgomery, 
 June 28-29, 1883- Twenty-six were present. B. J. Baldwin was 
 elected President. A ball was given, on the evening of the 28th, 
 at McDonald's Opera House. The Montgomery Advertiser said: 
 The spacious hall was filled with the youth, beauty and intelli- 
 gence of the city." The Convention closed with a banquet on the 
 evening of the 29th. 
 
 A circular, dated May 31, 1883, was issued by the executive com- 
 mittee elected by the Texas State Convention, 1882. It announced 
 a State Convention at Corsicana, Jul}-^ 26-27, 1883. In June the 
 only chapter in Texas, the one at Trinity University, finally sue- 
 
ANNALS, 1882-1884. 447 
 
 cumbed to the relentless opposition of the faculty. When this 
 became known, the announcement of the Convention was cancelled. 
 
 The Trinity Phis had fought a gallant but losing fight. For two 
 years they had run sub rosa. M. C. Johnson wrote to The Scroll, 
 December 12, 1882: "Our teachers watch us like a hungry hawk 
 his prey. In the lonely hour of midnight we have to meet — if at all 
 — in the halls of our college, and with dark lanterns read the dear 
 old Bond." Late in the collegiate year two men were initiated. 
 This was the last meeting of the chapter. Some of the barbarians 
 obtained the names of all the members who attended this meeting 
 and presented the list to the facult}^ The Phis were caught and 
 there was no escape. They then numbered seventeen. The fac- 
 ulty promised amnesty provided they would sign a paper. They 
 refused to sign the paper written b}^ the faculty, but signed one 
 written by themselves, which was accepted. No other terms could 
 be made. June 6, 1883, Johnson wrote to The Scroll a pathetic 
 letter bemoaning the sad fate of Texas Alpha. 
 
 The chapter at Monmouth labored under similar difficulties. 
 During 1882-83 it met at irregular intervals in the Odd Fellows' 
 Hall and initiated ten men, the active membership in February 
 being fourteen. A blunder was made in including the names of 
 the attendant members in the catalogue of ^ A © issued in the fall 
 of 1883. By some means the faculty obtained a copy, and see- 
 ing therein the names of C. S. McKelvey, D. M. Mickey, J. C. 
 Mitchell, C. C. McClaughr}^ and W. M. McKinney, suspended 
 them indefinitely from college, December 19, 1883. Three mem- 
 bers remained in the college, and it was expected that others would 
 be initiated after commencement, but this could not be done, on 
 account of the watchfulness of the faculty, and the excitement 
 which the discussion of the fraternity question in the town papers 
 had occasioned. At the Convention, November, 1884, the com- 
 mittee on chapters and charters reported as follows concerning the 
 Monmouth chapter: 
 
 While we sympathize with the members of Illinois Gamma in their struggle 
 against adversity, and admire the unparalleled determination which they have dis- 
 played, yet we think that the dignity of $ A G is compromised by continuing the 
 chapter while the adverse laws exist, especially as we have taken the position that 
 no charter shall be granted to an institution having such laws. We, therefore, 
 with all due honor to the gallant dead, recommend that the charter of Illinois 
 Gamma be withdrawn. 
 
 To a motion to adopt this part of the report, an amendment was 
 made providing for the reference of the question of withdrawing 
 the charter to the General Council, whose action should be final. 
 The amended motion was carried. However, the chapter was vir- 
 tually dead already. C. D. McCoy was the only member who had 
 returned in the fall, and no additions made. He was graduated, 
 1886, and the charter of the chapter was formally withdrawn b}^ 
 the Convention of that year.* 
 
 * Having contended against anti-fraternitj' laws since 1874 the Monmouth chapters of B n and 
 2 X died, 1878, the chapter of * K *, 1884. 
 
 I 
 
448 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 After their suspension from Monmouth, McKelvey, Mickey, 
 Mitchell and McClaughry went to Knox College, where they were 
 admitted. The chapter there had been dormant since February, 
 1882, but the Phis from Monmouth found four Phis in the senior 
 class — F. C. Perkins, W. E. Schliemann, F. W. Sisson and W. H. 
 Whitney. They came together and determined to re-establish the 
 Knox chapter. They were assisted by Lyman McCarl, of the 
 Lombard chapter, and an organization was eifected, March 11, 
 1884. Eleven men were initiated before the end of the year, which 
 placed the Fraternity again on a strong footing at Knox. For 
 some time the chapter was without a rival with which to com- 
 pete. The Convention of 1884 decided that it should be Illinois 
 Delta, and the Lombard chapter Illinois Zeta. 
 
 At several institutions, where the Phis contended against anti- 
 fraternity laws, the battle was waged successfully. The chapter at 
 Auburn began 1882-83 with eight members, two of whom did not 
 attend meetings on account of the faculty's opposition. Meetings 
 were held secretly, and thirteen men were initiated during the 
 year. The Reporter, E. M. Pace, prudently adopting a noni de 
 plume, writing to The Scroll, March 10, 1883, said: "How we 
 wish you could attend one of our meetings, and see us as we come 
 in about midnight, one by one, with noiseless steps, and eyes and 
 ears on the alert for spies." May 31, he wrote: We have had 
 no banquets, feasts nor public literary exercises. We might as 
 well go before the faculty and ask them to expel us (and I expect 
 they will do it before commencement) as to attempt such a thing." 
 But instead of expelling the Greeks, the college authorities, at 
 commencement, 1883, removed the restraints upon them, and 
 thereafter they were allowed to enjoy their fraternity privileges in 
 peace. 
 
 Despite anti-fraternity laws the chapter at Vanderbilt remained 
 large in membership. The Chancellor, Dr. L. C. Garland, 
 announced, December, 1882, that all candidates for diplomas or 
 commencement honors would be required to affirm that thej^ had 
 no connection with secret societies from that time. But threats 
 had often been made before, so, after a temporary period of excite- 
 ment, the members continued in their reckless disregard of the 
 Chancellor's injunctions. Up to this time the chapter had been 
 dealing with the faculty only. It determined to bring the frater- 
 nity question before the board of trustees, appointing an alumnus, 
 R. F. Jackson, to go before the board and present an argument to 
 show reasons why ^ A © should be recognized. At commence- 
 ment, 1883, he appeared before the board, read a length}^ paper, 
 and answered questions propounded to him in regard to the 
 workings of the Fraternity. He was thanked for his information 
 by the President of the board. Bishop H. N. McTyeire, and, 
 upon request, the paper was left with the trustees for further con- 
 sideration. The board postponed action until October. At the 
 
ANNALS, 1882- 1884. 449 
 
 opening of the session in September, the Chancellor, as usual, 
 warned students against joining "perverted imitations" of literary 
 societies, as fraternities had been designated in the by-laws and 
 catalogue of the unive^sit3^ But the warning was not taken ser- 
 iously. The day of deliverance was nigh at hand. The Nashville 
 America?!, November i, 1883, contained the following, written by 
 W. B, Palmer for the local news columns: 
 
 The students at Vanderbilt are jubilant over the repeal of the law prohibiting 
 secret fraternities. This law has been standing ever since the institution was estab- 
 lished. The faculty have been persistent in their efforts to enforce it, and have 
 made penalties for its violation greater than for the infraction of an}- other law of 
 the university. The law very earl\- became unpopular, and the dissatisfaction 
 increased as violent means of enforcement were adopted. In the fall of 1877, Phi 
 Delta Theta, the leading southern and western fraternity, succeeded in planting a 
 chapter at Vanderbilt, which took for its motto at first, "Never say die." Anath- 
 emas from the chapel rostrum were thundered against it, but "the blood of the 
 martyrs is the seed of the church," and the membership grew and multiplied. 
 The Phis have been most active in bringing about the repeal of the law. 
 The}' were never suppressed, but stood bravely by their fraternity during the dark 
 "times that tried men's souls." .... 
 
 At chapel yesterday morning, the Chancellor said that he was glad to announce 
 that he had made his last speech against fraternities, that the trustees had concluded 
 that the anti-fraternity rule had been detrimental to the success of the university, 
 and, therefore, had repealed it. The boys are wild with delight, and intend to 
 have a grand jubilee banquet. Vanderbilt is to be congratulated on the repeal of 
 the law, for it was one "more honor'd in the breach than the observance. " ^ 
 
 At the Convention, October, 1882, T. S. Ridge, delegate from 
 Missouri Alpha, requested that, so long as that chapter should be 
 compelled to remain sub rosa, the Greek letter Mu be used to 
 designate it in The Scroll. In The Scroll, December, 1882, Mis- 
 souri Alpha protested against the exchange of the magazine with 
 other fraternity journals, on account of the exposure of it and other 
 sub rosa chapters. But a majorit}^ vote of the chapters decided 
 in favor of exchanging, and The Scroll continued to publish letters 
 from Missouri Alpha, signed ''Mu." May 16, 1883, when the 
 chapter numbered sixteen, "Mu" wrote: "We of course have no 
 hall, as we are forced to run so entire!}^ sub rosa as to preclude all 
 possibility of our enjoying such a luxury;" but March, 1884, the 
 chapter had rented a hall in which it met regularl3\ The Reporter, 
 W. P. King, Jr., wrote to The Scroll, April 14, 1884: 
 
 Rejoice and lift up your voices in thanksgiving, for the Damoclean sword, which 
 has so long been suspended above the defenseless heads of your Missouri brothers, 
 has been taken down by a faculty who acknowledge themselves beaten, and by an 
 obstinate President whose watchword has always been, "I can die but I cannot 
 surrender." .... Some time ago rumors came to us that the faculty were 
 taking some action concerning secret societies, but we did not know what it was 
 until we learned through a member of the faculty that the President himself had 
 said before that body that he had "fought the fight" and failed, and that he de- 
 sired to lay down his anti-fraternity arms and rest from the troubles of the Greek 
 war. In the next catalogue of the university, which will be out in a few weeks, 
 there will be nothing concerning secret societies. 
 
 *For accounts of the repeal of the anti-fraternity law at Vanderbilt, see "Higher Education in 
 Tennessee," by L. S. Merriam, 1893, and "Student Life and Customs," by H. D. Sheldon, 1901. 
 
 (29) 
 
45 o THE HISTORY -OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The chapter at the University of Alabama had been established 
 only a few weeks, 1877, before the enactment by the trustees of 
 rigorous anti-fraternity laws. In 1883-84 six Phis from the Auburn 
 chapter were in the university — B. H. Hardaway, graduate, '83; 
 Zell Gaston, '84; J. F. Gray, '84; G. B. Michael, '84; M. M. 
 Smith, '84; J, R. Barnes, '85. They met in October, and during 
 the year continued to hold meetings in their rooms. After stud}'^- 
 ing the anti-secret society pledge, they decided that it left a gap 
 which would enable them to defeat its intention. They determined 
 to elect men to membership, and initiate them on the afternoon of 
 commencement day, and meanwhile treat them as brothers. The 
 men whom they secured upon these conditions became Phis in 
 spirit at once. At commencement, 1884, seven men were initiated. 
 The same plan was followed in 1884-85. The Convention of 1884 
 referred the condition and name of the chapter to the General 
 Council, which authorized the chapter to operate under its original 
 charter and gave it its original name of Alabama Alpha. This 
 made the Auburn chapter Alabama Beta again. 
 
 The Convention of 1882 appointed a committee from Virginia 
 Delta to put Virginia Gamma on a firm basis. W. G. Townsend 
 was the only Phi who returned to Randolph-Macon in the fall of 
 1882. In November he and A. C. Nadenbousch went to Rich- 
 mond, where the latter was initiated. With these two members, 
 the chapter continued during the year. Nadenbousch and J. H. 
 Moss returned in the fall of 1883. In November T. J. Barham 
 went to Richmond and was there initiated. No other men were 
 initiated into Virginia Gamma during the year. In the fall of 
 1884, B. F. Buchanan, P. P., wrote in regard to the chapter: 
 There is but one member there this year, and he is very anxious 
 to hold the charter. He says he will be reinforced next year by 
 two or three others, and thinks he can sustain the chapter." 
 
 The General Council held a conference at Cleveland, Ohio, 
 August 20, 1883, and considered Scroll, catalogue and other mat- 
 ters of general importance. An annual address of the General 
 Council was published in The Scroll, October, 1883. 
 
 The growing importance of Ohio State University, Columbus, 
 commanded the attention of <^ A ©. $ F A had entered there, 
 1878; ^ K *, 1880; ^ X, 1882. A chapter of ^ A at O. S. U. 
 was strongly urged, 1882, by Scott Bonham, P. P., and Alston 
 Ellis, a trustee of the university. At the Provincial Convention, 
 Cincinnati, May, 1882, the advisability of establishing a chapter 
 at O. S. U. was discussed. At the National Convention, October, 
 1882, R. O. Bigley, of O. W. U., having thoroughly informed 
 himself in the premises, presented strong reasons for entering O. 
 S. U. The committee on chapters and charters recommended that 
 a chapter be established there, and a committee composed of A. 
 A. Stearns, J. W. Criswell and R. O. Bigley was appointed to 
 attend to the matter. 
 
ANNALS, 1882- 1 884. 451 
 
 Acting b}^ authorit}^ of this committee, J. E. Brown, of the O. 
 W. U. chapter, visited Columbus, November, 1882, and, as a result, 
 H. A. Kahler and J. C. Hunger promised their efforts in behalf of 
 a chapter of $ A ©. Kahler was Brown's chum at home and Hun- 
 ger's chum at college. Kahler and Hunger being senior prepara- 
 tory students, they met with no success in their work with the 
 upper classmen, but before long they secured the co-operation of 
 W. F. Daggett, Jr., of their own class. 
 
 At this time two other bodies of students were each struggling 
 hard to obtain a sufficient number of desirable men to establish a 
 chapter. One was working for a charter from X <E>, the other for 
 one from B 11. For a while the plans of $ A © were unknown, 
 but a pledged freshman became disheartened and requested his 
 release which was granted. Soon afterward he was initiated into 
 <l> K ^, and gradually the plans became known throughout the uni- 
 versity. An interesting incident of the preliminar}- work for a 
 charter were the efforts of two men who expected to apply to B © 11 
 to capture the three who intended to apply to $ A 0, and, in turn, 
 the efforts of the latter to capture the former. It was felt that it 
 would be unwise to establish two chapters in the institution at that 
 time, but the negotiations failed, and each part}" determined to 
 enter its chosen fraternity. 
 
 Ohio Beta at O. W. U. initiated W. F. Daggett, Jr., February 
 24, T883; J. C. Hunger and H. A. Kahler, April 27, 1883; C. A. 
 Winter, June 15, 1883, all being O. S. U. students. When O. S. 
 U. opened the following September, Hunger, Kahler and Winter 
 returned, and J. E. Randall and C. P. Bonner, of Ohio Beta, entered 
 O. S. U. C. D. Thomas, who, the preceding year, had attended 
 Buchtel, also came to O. S. U. He was intiated b}" the Buchtel 
 chapter, September 22, 1883, to become a charter member. Now 
 that six men were ready to establish a chapter, the minimum 
 required b}" the Constitution, an application for charter was made. 
 It was dated September 21, and signed by J. E. Randall, '83; C. 
 P. Bonner, '85; H. A. Kahler, '87; J. C. Hunger, '87; C. D. 
 Thomas, '87; C. A. Winter, '87. The General Council, October 6, 
 1883, granted them a charter for Ohio Zeta. Daggett did not 
 become a charter member of the O. S. U. chapter, as he did not 
 return to the university in the fall of 1883, but was enrolled with 
 the chapter at O. W. U. 
 
 October 6, F. O. Payne, accompanied by F. A. Schumacher, 
 came from Akron to Columbus, bringing the charter. In the even- 
 ing, in the parlors of the Park Hotel, a meeting, attended by the 
 resident members, was held. After formal presentation of the 
 charter, the newly constituted chapter, assisted by the other Phis 
 present, performed its first initiation ceremony, with E. G. Stone as 
 the intrant. Before the close of the first year, Ohio Zeta numbered 
 ten members, the usual fraternity average in the institution at that 
 time. During the greater part of the first year of its organization, 
 
452 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 the chapter met in the parlors of the Park Hotel, but the second 
 year was not far advanced when rooms in the Moneypenny Build- 
 ing were rented and furnished. Later, rooms in the Hoster Building 
 were secured. X$ made its debut at O. S. U., November 9, 1883. 
 By special dispensation, O. S. U. men were initiated into B © 11 at 
 O. W. U. until 1885, when they received a charter. 
 
 The University of Texas, Austin, opened, September 15, 1883, 
 with an immense endowment, magnificent buildings, an able fac- 
 ulty and about 200 matriculates. The establishment of a chapter 
 at this splendid new institution was due to members of Tennessee 
 Alpha, who had formed their plans before the opening of the uni- 
 versity. Drew Pruit, an attorney at Fort Worth, and President of 
 the State Association, and I. H. Bryant, who had been elected 
 Principal of the Austin High School, were solicited by S. P. Gil- 
 bert and W. B. Palmer to undertake the establishment of a chapter 
 in the university and readily consented to do so. They, however, 
 labored under some difficulties, as Pruit lived at Fort Worth, sev- 
 eral hundred miles from Austin, and Bryant was a new-comer to 
 Texas. Pruit took a trip to Austin, in order to get acquainted with 
 the students. He and Bryant made careful selections and initiated 
 seven. The initiation ceremony was performed, October 8, 1883, 
 in a hall in the third story of the old capitol, secured through the 
 courtesy of the Supreme Court. After the initiation, officers were 
 elected. 
 
 The first seven initiates were: O. P. Hale, '85; Constance Pres- 
 sels, '86; Quitman Finlay, '87; D. H. Hotchkiss, '87; F. H. Ray- 
 mond, '87; R. W. Smith, '87; Hugh Swain, '87. An application 
 for charter was signed by all these initiates except Pressels, and 
 by J. I. Hedrick, '85, who was not among the first initiates. 
 Nevertheless, the names of both Pressels and Hedrick appeared on 
 the charter granted b}^ the General Council, making eight charter 
 members. The charter was granted October 15, 1883, the chapter 
 being entitled Texas Beta. During the year the membership 
 increased to fifteen. Meetings were held in the Odd Fellows' Hall. 
 Pruit visited the chapter in April. ^ A © was the first fraternity 
 organized at Texas. Southern K A was organized there soon 
 afterward, its first members being initiated October 18. 
 
 The Convention of 1882 decided to establish a chapter at the 
 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and placed the matter in 
 the hands of Pennsylvania Alpha and Beta. During 1882-83 
 about six Phis from other colleges were in attendance at the 
 university. Several of these, among them Frank Fithian, of Ken- 
 tucky Alpha, and M. G. Tull, of Pennsylvania Alpha, returned in the 
 fall of 1883. Encouraged by C. P. Bassett, P. P., and others, they 
 proceeded to organize a chapter. Bassett visited them in the fall 
 and approved of the men they had selected. An application for 
 charter, dated October 20, was signed by the following, all of whom 
 were students in the medical department: W. M. Barr, '84; Frank 
 
ANNALS, 1882-1884. 453 
 
 Fithian, '84; F. H. Day, '85; H. C. Deaver, '85; A. E. Geissel, '85; 
 G. M. Guiteras, '85; W. P. Orr, Jr., '85; C. S. Potts, '85; F. M. 
 Strouse, '85; M. G. Tull, '85. 
 
 The application was forwarded bv Tull to Bassett, November i, 
 and was granted by the General Council, the charter being dated 
 November 22, 1883, the date of the installation. The installa- 
 tion took place at the residence of Tull, Fortieth and Locust 
 Streets. Bassett was present, and assisted by Fithian and Tull, 
 initiated the other charter members, also F. E. Riva, '85. The 
 same evening the chapter organized by electing officers. By-laws 
 were adopted January 24. B}^ March the membership was in- 
 creased to fifteen. Meetings during the term were held at Tull's 
 residence. Only three members were lost by graduation. In 
 November and December, 1884, three men were initiated, but the 
 chapter did not succeed at this time in getting a representation in 
 the arts department. In November the chapter secured rooms at 
 3348 Walnut street. The older fraternities there were A $, $ K ^, 
 Z *, A Y, :S X, $ K ^, B © n, A T O, ^ r A, X $, but the chapter 
 of 2 X had suspended. 
 
 In 1883 $ A © made bold to invade the classic precincts of old 
 Union, where the eastern fraternities had originated and had long 
 held undisputed sway. Six fraternities had been founded there — 
 K A, 1825; 2$, 1827; A $, 1827; * Y, 1833; X ^, 1841 (sus- 
 pended 1874); © A X, 1848 (suspended 1869). Other fraternities 
 had established chapters there as follows: A Y, 1838; Z ^, 1857 
 (suspended 1873); A K E, 1857 (suspended 1869); A A $, 1859; 
 B © n, 1881. Since the fall of New York Alpha at Cornell, 1876, 
 the only chapter of # A © east of Pennsylvania was Vermont Alpha, 
 established 1879. This chapter, though far isolated, had well 
 upheld the honor of <& A ©. The Fraternity desired to establish 
 itself in the East, in order that it might rightfully claim to be a 
 national organization. Therefore, the opportunity presented at 
 Union University, Schenectady, N. Y. , was promptly embraced. 
 
 In the fall of 1883, rumors of new fraternities were prevalent in 
 the institution. It was reported that applications for charters had 
 been made to Z ^ and X ^. One day early in November, D. L. 
 Parsons and W. H. Vaughn were talking in the bell room of the 
 North College colonnade about these rumors. Parsons remarked 
 that there was an opening for a new fraternity, which led to a 
 serious discussion of the subject; and when they separated they 
 had decided to see what could be done in the way of forming a 
 chapter. The same day Parsons broached the subject to H. D. 
 Griswold, F. F. Blessing and L. C. Felthousen, and secured their 
 support. The next day E. S. C. Harris and C. A. Marvin were 
 interviewed and added to the list. Meetings were held secretly 
 in Vaughn's room, and it was determined to establish a local so- 
 ciety, and if possible to secure a charter from some large frater- 
 nity. W. T. Brown, T. W. xYllen and V. E. Weston were induced 
 
454 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 to join in the movement. Several of these men had been bid 
 by chapters at Union, and in no case did a man refuse who was 
 asked to join in organizing the proposed new chapter. 
 
 After carefully studying "American College Fraternities," they 
 resolved to apply to A K E or <E> A ©. Vaughn and Parsons corre- 
 sponded with acquaintances at other institutions. Vaughn received 
 a letter from J. W. Perkinpine, of the Dickinson chapter, whom he 
 had known intimately, and who highly recommended # A ©, and 
 gave full directions about applying for a charter. One Sunday a 
 copy of The Scroll was received, and it produced a most favorable 
 impression, in fact decided the minds of all to apply to ^ A © for 
 a charter. An application, dated November 22, was signed by 
 Parsons, Griswold and Vaughn, '85 ; Allen, Blessing, Felthousen 
 and Harris, ^'^6\ Brown, Marvin and Weston, '87. The General 
 Council, November 2.7, 1883, granted them a charter for New 
 York Beta. 
 
 The chapter was installed December 3, by C. P. Bassett, P. P. 
 In the afternoon, in Temperance Hall, all except Marvin, Weston 
 and Blessing were initiated and J. E. Swanker was also initiated. 
 Another meeting was held in Vaughn's room in the evening, when 
 Marvin, Weston and Blessing were initiated and officers were 
 elected. These meetings were conducted with the greatest secrecy. 
 The attention of ever3^body in the college except the Phi organizers 
 was attracted to the supposed Zeta Psis or Chi Psis. The first 
 official announcement of the new chapter in the college was made 
 by an application for a position on the Garnet (annual) board. 
 Though the application was late, it was granted. Soon the Phis 
 were appending ^ A © to their names, and wearing in turn the soli- 
 tary badge that had been obtained from Burgess, the Albany 
 jeweler. No little commotion was created b}" this debut, but New 
 York Beta was well received b}^ the other fraternities. A hall was 
 secured in the city, which was fitted for occupancy in December. 
 Additions to the chapter's roll were made during the year. 
 
 Nebraska Alpha, which had been established at the University 
 of Nebraska, Lincoln, 1875, ^^^ ^^^ existed but a short time, was 
 revived by A. E. Anderson, of Indiana Gamma. He entered the 
 university in the fall of 1883, and, as soon as he became acquaint- 
 ed, began to pledge men for a chapter. Application for a charter, 
 dated December 5, was signed by E. J. Churchill, '85; J. R. Foree, 
 '85; G. B. Frankforter, '85; C. G^ MacMillan, '85; A. E. Anderson, 
 '86; C. A. Canaday, '86; R. G. Codding, '87; H. E. Fulmer, '87. 
 The General Council, December 10, 1883, granted them a charter 
 for Nebraska Alpha. January 5, Anderson initiated the others at 
 the residence of George MacMillan, Professor of Greek, and father 
 of C. G. MacMillan, 1503 H Street. The same evening officers 
 were elected and a committee on b3^-laws appointed. 
 
 Badges which were immediately ordered were not received until 
 Januar}^ 30. An attempt was made to keep the organization secret 
 
ANNALS, 1882- 1884. 455 
 
 until their arrival, but nearly two weeks before they came, members 
 of 2 X learned through The Scroll that $ A was established at 
 Nebraska. 2 X had established a chapter there, Januar}^, 1883, 
 and, it seems, ought to have been glad to receive the assistance of 
 another Greek order in meeting the attacks of the barbarians who 
 were very strong. On the contrar}'^, the Sigs gave the Phis a very 
 cold reception. 
 
 Nebraska Alpha accepted the offer of General J. R. Webster, 
 Indiana Beta, '62, to meet in his law office, and through his instru- 
 mentality, later in the year, the parlors of the Masonic Temple 
 were secured for regular meetings. P. L. Sever, P. P., visited 
 the chapter in April. Two more men were initiated before the end 
 of 1883-84. The leadership in the publication of the first volume 
 of the Sombrero (annual) was taken by members of ^ A ©. The 
 K K r sororit}^ was established at Nebraska, May 1884, it being a 
 direct result of a suggestion by one of the Phis to one of the ladies. 
 A banquet in honor of the Kappas, was given b}' the Phis at 
 commencement. 
 
 In May the barbarian leader challenged MacMillan to a debate 
 on the subject of fraternities, but seeing the futility of it, he declined. 
 Not to be put off, the barbarian arranged a debate between two 
 barbarian lower classmen, and, in the general discussion which 
 followed, found an opportunity to attack the fraternities. The 
 antagonism of the barbarians toward fraternities culminated, Octo- 
 ber, 1884, when amendments to the constitutions of the literary 
 societies, the Palladian and the Union, were introduced, which 
 amendments declared that membership in a Greek order would be 
 considered incompatible with membership in these societies, the 
 proposed action, however, not to effect those who already were fra- 
 ternity men. The barbarians held a mass meeting to discuss the 
 amendments. At that time $ A © had onl}^ ten members and S X 
 seven. The amendments were carried and the Greeks immediately 
 withdrew. This left the two societies without Presidents and sev- 
 eral minor officers. The Greeks took steps at once to form a new 
 literary society, and the result was the Philodician, which for a time 
 had a prosperous existence. In a letter to W. B. Palmer, C. G. 
 MacMillan, '86, wrote, January 8, 1898, about Nebraska Alpha 
 when he was one of its active members: 
 
 In those days at Nebraska, a very rigid code was maintained by some, and I 
 recall that one man I wanted initiated was almost unanimously black-balled, be- 
 cause a member had been told by another individual that he had distinctly noticed 
 an odor akin to that of beer on the candidate's breath. The boys tell me that 
 some concession to modern college laxity in these matters has, since my day, been 
 made at Nebraska. However, 1 attribute the success of the chapter in great part 
 to the strong, although perhaps narrow, spirit of austerity which it maintained 
 throughout the years when the little Nebraska institution — little in those days — was 
 learning the college customs of America. 
 
 The establishment of New York Beta at Union encouraged $ A® 
 in hope of becoming a strong factor in other eastern institutions. 
 It led directly to the establishment of New York Gamma at the Col- 
 
456 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 lege of the City of New York, and indirectly to the establishment of 
 other chapters in New York and New England. D. L. Parsons, of 
 New York Beta, was intimately acquainted with J. S. Penman, who 
 was a senior at C. C. N. Y. At the instance of A. A. Stearns, H. 
 G. C, he wrote to Penman, December 26, 1883, asking him whether 
 there was an opening at C. C. N. Y. for a new chapter. Penman 
 replied, December 28, that he did not think there was an opening, 
 but, January 19, he wrote that the outlook seemed to be very fav- 
 orable. Encouraged by Parsons and also b}^ C. P. Bassett, P. P., 
 Penman began working very actively and with good results. 
 
 An application for charter, dated February 7, was signed by C. 
 E. Herring, '83; J. E. Holmes, '84; F. G. Mason, '84; J. M. Mayer, 
 '84; J. S. Penman, '84; F. M. Devoe, Jr., '85; Louis Hicks, '85; E. 
 H. L. Randolph, '85; D. J. Wallace, '85; Albert Shields, '86. 
 The General Council, February 16, 1884, granted them a charter 
 for New York Gamma. February 19, C. P. Bassett, T. B. Bough- 
 ton and C. A. Wallace, all of Pennsylvania Alpha, initiated all of 
 the charter members except Hicks, and at the same time initiated 
 R. V. Schoonmaker, '87. February 21, officers were elected. 
 March 4, Hicks was initiated, together with F. A. Winslow, '87, 
 and F. C. Moore, '85. Schoonmaker and Winslow were considered 
 as charter members, though they had not signed the application. 
 
 The chapter remained sub rosa until the meeting of the Eiponia 
 senior society, March 22. In April the membership was seven- 
 teen. P. C. Slaughter, of Wisconsin Alpha, W. R. Worrall, of 
 Kentucky Alpha, Paul Jones, of Tennessee Alpha, and other alumni 
 in New York attended meetings of the chapter, which were held 
 at the homes of members, and gave encouragement and assist- 
 ance. Arrangements for permanent rooms were not made until 
 the following year. The chapter celebrated its first anniversary at 
 the home of Schoonmaker, Februar}^ 19, 1885. The older frater- 
 nities at C. C. N. Y., were A A $, A K E, X *, $ T A, A Y, AB$, 
 © A X, but the chapters of X ^, AY and A B $ had suspended. 
 
 The next new chapter was established "way down East." Edward 
 Fuller, of Colby University, Waterville, Me., wrote, February 16, 
 1884, to W. B. Palmer, Editor of The Scroll, for information as to 
 what would be the proper steps to obtain a charter from ^ A ©. 
 Fuller was the Corresponding Secretary of a local secret society 
 named Logania, which had been established 1882 and possessed a 
 well furnished hall. He wrote that the members desired to become 
 a chapter of some first class general fraternity, and having studied 
 'American College Fraternities," had decided to appl}^ to ^ A ©. 
 Encouraging letters were written to Fuller by Palmer, H. U. Brown, 
 P. G. C, and others. Fuller sent to all chapters and general 
 officers a hectograph letter, dated February 27, giving information 
 about Colby and Logania. 
 
 An application for charter, dated March 15 was signed by E. E. 
 Dudley, '84; Rufus Moulton, '84; F. E. Barton, '85; Charles Car- 
 
ANNALS, 1882-1884. 457 
 
 roll, '85; Edward Fuller, '85; W. E. Bruce, '86; E. W. Frentz, '86; 
 G. E. Googins, '86; R. A. Metcalf, '86; H. A. Smith, '86; Wood- 
 man Bradbury, '87; P. N. Burleigh, '87. Fuller issued another 
 hectograph letter to the chapters and general ofificers; it was dated 
 March 17, and urged prompt action, that ^ A might have a place 
 in the Oracle of that 3'ear. The General Council, March 22, 1884, 
 granted a charter for Maine Alpha to the above named twelve 
 applicants and also to W. B. Farr, '87, and W. F. Watson, '87. 
 April I, C. P. Bassett, P. P., had the pleasure of installing another 
 new chapter. Assisted by a member of Vermont Alpha, he initi- 
 ated the fourteen charter members of Maine Alpha, also B. F. 
 Wright, ""i^i- Logania had five alumni members, all of the class of 
 [8-}^, and Wright was one of four who were received into $ A ©. 
 Officers were elected April 4. Maine Alpha at once became a very 
 enthusiastic chapter. During the fall rushing season the Phis did 
 well. The initiation, October to, was followed b}^ a banquet at the 
 Williams House. The establishment of this chapter gave ^ A 
 the slogan, "From Maine to Texas;" but for the suspension of Cali- 
 fornia Alpha, it might also have been, "From Maine to California." 
 The older fraternities at Colby were A K E, Z ^, A Y. 
 
 Shortly after the establishment of a chapter at the College of the 
 City of New York, a movement to establish a chapter at Columbia 
 College in the City of New York, was begun by J. P. Petty, of 
 Mississippi Alpha, and Lyman Chalkley, of Virginia Delta. Feb- 
 ruary 18, 1884, the}^ were visited b}" C. P. Bassett, P. P. March 30, 
 Petty forwarded an application for charter signed by himself and 
 Chalkley, and by H. L. Mollis, '85; J. D. Berry, '86; W. R. Whar- 
 ton, '86; J. B. Kerfoot, '87. Petty, HoUis, Berry and Wharton 
 were in the school of mines, Kerfoot in the school of arts, Chalkley 
 in the law school. The General Council, i\pril 15, 1884, granted 
 a charter for New York Delta to the six applicants. Maj^ 12, 
 Bassett, assisted b}^ several Phis in New York, initiated Hollis, 
 Berry, Wharton and Kerfoot. As the end of the session was so 
 near, no additions were made until October. 
 
 On reassembling in the fall, it was found that Petty and Chalkley 
 had not returned, but the new chapter was joined by J. M. Mayer, 
 a charter member of New York Gamma, who had entered Columbia 
 law school. The relations between the two metropolitan chapters 
 were very pleasant. Forty Phis accepted the hospitality of W. D. 
 Utley, of New York Gamma, October 27, when, preliminar}^ to a 
 banquet, New York Gamma removed the veil from the eyes of 
 one man, and New York Delta taught three men what it meant to 
 be a Phi. Another reunion took place, November 21, at the home 
 of Dr. J. M. Worrall, Ohio Alpha, '48, and W. R. Worrall, Ken- 
 tuck}^ Alpha, '79. The existence of $ A at Columbia was not 
 announced there until November or December. The anniversary 
 of the installation of the chapter was celebrated. May 12, 1885, with 
 a banquet at Moreth's. During 1884-85 the membership increased 
 
458 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 to fifteen. The chapter rented and furnished a suite of rooms in 
 the fall of 1884. New York Gamma, New York Delta and New 
 York Alpha Alumni jointly rented rooms on Fourteenth Street, 
 near Sixth Avenue, November, 1885. The two college chapters 
 rented more commodious rooms on Forty-fifth Street, Januar};^, 
 1887. The older fraternities at Columbia were A A ^, ^ Y, A <I>, 
 X ^, A ^, <E> K :S, # r A, $ K >]^, A K E, Z *, B H, A T O, A T A, 
 © A X, but the chapters of $ K S, ^ K ^ and A T O were inactive. 
 X ^ was practically inactive, not appearing in either of the college 
 annuals, the Colu7nbian and the Miner. 
 
 Before the war, a chapter had existed for a short time at Kentucky 
 Military Institute. A serious complication arose over an attempt 
 to revive it. T. C. Hindman, of Mississippi Alpha, entered K. M. I., 
 in the fall of 1882, and soon began to pledge men for a chapter. 
 Misled by what he supposed was official authority, and by unofficial 
 assurances that a charter would be granted, he initiated the men 
 and placed a large order for badges. The Superintendent of the 
 institute approved of the proposed chapter, and gave the members 
 a room for meetings. However, the General Council, with one 
 exception, were opposed to granting a charter. Hindman went to 
 the Convention, November, 1884, and made a strong but unsuc- 
 cessful appeal for a charter. 
 
 The General Council, 1883, refused applications for charters from 
 Wittenberg College, Springfield, Ohio; Lincoln University, Lin- 
 coln, 111. ; Iowa Agricultural College, Ames; and, 1884, refused appli- 
 cations from Madison (now Colgate) University, Hamilton, N. Y. ; 
 Denison University, Granville, Ohio; Davidson College, Davidson, 
 N. C. ; South Carolina Military Academ}^, Charleston; Baker Uni- 
 versity, Baldwin, Kan. 
 
 No alumni chapters had been established since t88i. In 1884 
 the alumni members in several cities organized and applied for 
 charters. Through the efforts of S. H. Kelley, an alumni chapter 
 was formed in the national capital. Application for a charter was 
 made, March 12, by G. L. Spencer, Wabash, '79; J. D. Dunwiddie, 
 Wisconsin, '84; M. B. Bailey, Franklin, '79; C. H. Butler, Hano- 
 ver, '72; D. W. Herriott, Hanover, '72; S. H. Kelley, Missouri, 
 '81; W. S. Yates, Randolph-Macon, '75; R. A. Hooe, V. M. I., 
 '85. The General Council, April 4, 1884, granted them a charter 
 for District of Columbia Alpha Alumni. 
 
 S. P. Gilbert, P. P. , was instrumental in organizing an alumni chap- 
 ter at Columbus, Ga. The General Council, June 9, 1884, granted a 
 charter for Georgia Beta Alumni to P. H. Burrus, Georgia, '72; 
 A. H. Frazer, Georgia, '82; U. H. Smith, Emory, '79; W. F. Smith, 
 Emory, '80; Ira Bowman, Vanderbilt, ^Zy, S. P. Gilbert, Vander- 
 bilt, '83; Henry Drane, Vanderbilt, '84; E. E. Kimbrough, Vander- 
 bilt, '85; F. J. Dudley, Auburn, '82; Bartow Eberhart, Auburn, '82. 
 
 Under the supervision of F. O. Payne, P. P., an alumni chapter 
 was organized at Akron, Ohio. Application for a charter was made. 
 
I 
 
 ANNALS, 1882-1884. 459 
 
 May 28, by I. M. Taylor, Wooster, '87; F. L. Schumacher, Buch- 
 tel, '77; W. D. Shipman, Buchtel, '77; D. G.Wilcox, Buchtel, '79; 
 I. C. Tomlinson, Buchtel, '80; V. E. Tomlinson, Buchtel, '80; F. 
 O. Payne, Buchtel, '84; F. S. Apt, Buchtel, '87; C. E. Nash, 
 Lombard, '75; W. I. Dice, Allegheny, '84. The General Council, 
 July 4, 1884, granted them a charter for Ohio Beta Alumni. 
 
 An alumni chapter was formed in the metropolis the same year 
 that the two college chapters were established in New York City. 
 The charter members were J. M. Worrall, Miami, '48; W. R. Wor- 
 rall, Centre, '79; L. C. Adamson, Georgia, '82; D. R. Horton, 
 Cornell, '75; J. W. Nute, Lafayette, '82; C. P. Bassett, Lafa^^ette, 
 '8^; A. A. Bird, Lafayette, '84; Paul Jones, Vanderbilt, '79; Glenn 
 Andrews, Vanderbilt, '84; J. M. Mayer, C. C. N. Y., '84. Their 
 application for charter, dated October 27, was presented to the 
 National Convention, which, November 13, 1884, ordered that a 
 charter for New York Alpha Alumni be granted to them. At the 
 home of Dr. Worrall, November 21, the chapter was organized by 
 the election of officers. The first annual dinner of the New York 
 Alpha Alumni and New York Gamma and Delta was held at Mar- 
 tinelli's, December ii. Eight chapters were represented around 
 the board. Dr. Worrall was toastmaster. 
 
 The Indiana Phis met in Convention at Indianapolis, April 10, 
 1884. J. A. Kautz was elected President. In the evening, at the 
 Grand Hotel, there was a banquet, attended by about fifty Phis. H. 
 U. Brown, P. G. C, was toastmaster. 
 
 A Convention of Phis was held at Columbus, Ohio, May 9-10, 
 1884. It was called the "Delta Province Convention," but only 
 the Ohio chapters were officially represented. F. O. Payne, P. P., 
 presided. A Constitution was adopted. A resolution was adopted, 
 declaring it to be the sense of the Convention that no chapter 
 should be established in any province except b}^ a unanimous vote 
 of the active college chapters in that province. A resolution 
 was adopted, recommending the National Convention to authorize 
 T/ie Scroll to receive from correspondent members ten year sub- 
 scriptions for $5. A resolution to the effect that the President of a 
 province should be elected by the chapters therein was adopted, 
 but was subsequentl)^ reconsidered and lost. On the second even- 
 ing a banquet was held in the Neil House dining room. S. J. 
 Flickinger, Cornell, '76, was toastmaster. H. U. Brown, P. G. C, 
 was present. 
 
 The x\labama Phis met in Convention at Montgomer}-, June 26, 
 1884. This 3^ear, for the first time in the history of the Alabama 
 State Association, two chapters were officially represented. One 
 was the chapter at Auburn, the other the sub rosa chapter at Tusca- 
 loosa. B. F. Elmore was elected President. On the first evening 
 there was a ball, and on the second evening a banquet. The 
 annual address was delivered by J. W. Tomlinson, Tennessee 
 Alpha, '82. 
 
46o THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Another New England State was entered by <l> A ©, 1884. In the 
 fall of that year A. A. Stearns, H. G. C, wrote to E. M. Wilbur, of 
 Vermont Alpha, asking him to ascertain the names of students at 
 Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H., who would be desirable men 
 for organizing a chapter there. October 4, Wilbur sent him a list 
 of non-fraternity students at Dartmouth who had been recommended 
 to him. Among them was G. E. Whitehill, with whom F. J. Mills, 
 of Vermont Alpha, was acquainted. Stearns wrote Whitehill, 
 October 8, asking him what opportunity there was for organizing a 
 new chapter at Dartmouth. Whitehill answered, October 11, say- 
 ing that the formation of a new chapter had for some time been 
 contemplated by a number of students. They considered the out- 
 look favorable and asked for information about the fraternity in 
 which Stearns was interested. Until 1882 it had not been customary 
 for fraternities at Dartmouth to initiate freshmen until spring. * In 
 that year the fraternities began to initiate freshmen in the fall, but 
 the delegations added in the fall were not so large as the delega- 
 tions admitted in the spring had been, hence many good men were 
 not chosen until late in freshman year. This presented a good 
 opportunity for the entrance of another fraternity at the time the 
 correspondence between Stearns and Whitehill began. 
 
 The correspondence resulted in an application for charter by 
 E. P. Pitman, '86] G. E. Whitehill, '86; E. E. Chalmers, '87; 
 C. A. Eastman, '87; A. E. Pendleton, '87; Emerson Rice, '87; 
 G. W. Shaw, '87; H. W. C. Shelton, '87; A. C. Willey, '87, 
 their application being dated October 22. The General Coun- 
 cil, October 25, 1884, granted them a charter for New Hampshire 
 Alpha. On the evening of October 30, the charter members and 
 two others were initiated at the Dartmouth Hotel. The cere- 
 monies were conducted by Woodman Bradbury, of Maine Alpha, 
 and H. D. Hoffnagle, F. S. Paddock, F. H. Clapp, G. R. Story, 
 and E. M. Wilbur, of Vermont Alpha. After the initiation officers 
 were elected, and on the same evening, in the same hotel, a banquet 
 was held, at the conclusion of which the officers elect were installed. 
 The college was kept in ignorance of the plan for establishing a 
 chapter until after initiation. The chapter was recognized at once 
 by the other fraternities and admitted to positions on college pub- 
 lications. 
 
 H. W. C. Shelton, '87, was the delegate of New Hampshire 
 Alpha to the National Convention which met at Nashville, Tenn., 
 November 11, 1885, when the chapter was barely two weeks old. In 
 order that the chapter might be established before the Convention, 
 much of the correspondence between Stearns and the men at Dart- 
 mouth was conducted by telegraph, and the correspondence between 
 the members of the General Council, approving the application, was 
 entirely by wire. During 1884-85 weekly meetings were held in a 
 room in the Dartmouth Hotel. Seven men were initiated Novem- 
 
 * See footnote about A K, page 397- 
 
I 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1882-1883. 461 
 
 ber 25, after which there was a banquet. Three other men were 
 initiated before April i. During the 3^ear the membership increased 
 to about twent3^ The older fraternities there were ^ Y, K K K 
 (local), A A $, Z ^ (suspended), A K E, A X, besides two local 
 societies and Q. T. V. in the scientific department. 
 
 An annual address of the General Council was published in The 
 Scroll, October, 1884. It was signed by H. U. Brown, P. G. C., 
 who wrote: ' Since the last National Convention, the Fraternit}^ 
 has moved forward all along the line, but more particularl}^ east- 
 ward. It is probabl}^ self-evident that more desirable success has 
 been achieved in the last two years than in any other similar period 
 of $ A ©'s existence." In The Sc7'oll for November there was an 
 editorial by W. B. Palmer, sa3dng that the approaching Convention 
 "should partake of the character of a jubilee reunion." 
 
 Since the Convention of 1882, new chapters had been established 
 at South Carolina College (chartered b}' order of the 1882 Conven- 
 tion), Universit}^ of Kansas, Hillsdale College, University of 
 the South, Ohio State University, University of Texas, University 
 of Pennsylvania, Union University, College of the City of New 
 York, Colb\' University, Columbia College, Dartmouth College. 
 Besides these splendid additions, the chapters at Nebraska, Knox 
 and Alabama had been raised from a dormant to an active condi- 
 tion. This rapid extension was not onl}- remarkable but simply 
 unparalleled in the annals of Greek-letter fraternities. During the 
 two 3'ears the chapters at Missouri, Vanderbilt and Auburn had 
 been freed from anti-fraternit}' laws. At each of these institutions, 
 the repeal of the laws had been secured mainly by the untiring 
 efforts of the Phis. Four alumni chapters had been established in 
 1884. The Convention which followed these victories might well 
 be called a 'jubilee reunion," and President Brown was correct in 
 writing that the prosperity and advancement of the Fraternity in the 
 previous two 3"ears had been greater than during an}^ similar period. 
 
 The 1883 edition of "American College Fraternities," b}' W. R. 
 Baird, B © 11, shows that B © IT and ^ A © each had forty-four 
 active college chapters. The establishment of chapters b}^ ^ A © 
 in 1883, after the publications of this edition, gave it a larger num- 
 ber of active college chapters than B © IT or any other fraternity, 
 a prominence which $ A has held continuous!}' since 1883 to the 
 time of publishing this history-. $ A © had long been strong in the 
 West; for ten years it had been strong in the South; it was begin- 
 ning to assert itself in the East. 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1882-1883. 
 
 Volume VII: seven numbers — October, November, December, 1882: January- 
 February, March, April, May -June, 1883; pp. 281 -{-supplement, January, pp. 30; 
 insert, March, pp. 4; insert. May, pp. 4; illustrations 2. Editors: M. F. Troxell, 
 No. i; G. B. Thomas, Nos. 2-7. Assistant Editors: H. H. Weber, No. i; R. O. 
 
462 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Bigley, Nos. 2-7; C. L. Goodwin, M. C. Remsburg, C. F. Bailey, Emmett Tompkins, 
 and W. B. Palmer, Nos. 5-7; T. H. Simmons, No. 7. Printers: J. E. Wible, 
 Gettysburg, Pa., No. i; Press of the Phi Delta Theta Publishing House, Ma3fsville, 
 Ky. (Maysville Democrat office), Nos. 2-7. 
 
 M. F. Troxell published his valedictory as Editor of The Scroll 
 in the issue for October, 1882. He said that during the time of 
 his connection with the magazine, its circulation had doubled. 
 This issue contains an abstract of the proceedings of the Conven- 
 tion of 1870, furnished by W. B. Palmer. 
 
 At the Convention, October, 1882, G. B. Thomas was elected 
 Editor, and the printing establishment at Maysville, Ky. , of which 
 he was manager was made the Phi Delta Theta Publishing House.'' 
 Thomas selected R. O. Bigley, of the O. W. U. chapter, as his 
 Assistant. In November The Scroll hore. the imprint "Press of the 
 Phi Delta Theta Publishing House, Ma3^sville, Ky." The press 
 work and paper were good. The inscription, "Il/ao^C/xo? kv ^l 
 AeXra ®r}Ta^" was omitted from the first page. Nearly all matter 
 was set in two columns to the page. The convention proceedings 
 appear in a supplement dated January, 1883. 
 
 At this time it was customary with most fraternity organs to 
 indulge freely in criticism of rival fraternities. This criticism was 
 often severe and sometimes exceedingly unjust. Many Phis con- 
 sidered that $ A © had been unfairly assailed in other fraternity 
 journals and, therefore, opposed exchanging The Scroll with them. 
 The Convention, October, 1882, directed the Editor to endeavor 
 to prevent The Scroll horn falling into alien hands. However, cer- 
 tain chapters and members expressed dissatisfaction with this action 
 because the Editor, unless he received other fraternity journals 
 could not reply to their attacks on $ A @, and because an exchange 
 would probably tend to create a harmony of feeling between ^ A © 
 and its rivals. Indiana Alpha, November 25, 1882, petitioned the 
 General Council to submit the question of reconsideration to a vote 
 of the various chapters. The petition was published in the Decem- 
 ber Scroll, and also an extended and conclusive editorial favoring 
 a reconsideration, and closing with this announcement: 'The 
 General Council have directed us to say that they desire all the 
 chapters to take this question under consideration, and give a free 
 expressions of their opinions in the next issue. " No authority what- 
 ever was contained in the Constitution for the repeal of an act of a 
 Convention except by a subsequent Convention. The Constitu- 
 tion had no "general welfare" clause which might be construed to 
 permit anything. But the January-February number announced 
 that a majority of chapters had voted in favor of exchange, and only 
 one had voted against it; and after this time The Scroll exchanged 
 with its contemporaries. Except for the bad precedent of over- 
 riding the Constitution, the action was wise. 
 
 The Constitution provided for only one Assistant Editor, but in 
 the January-February number the Editor said he could not make 
 The Scroll what it ought to be without more Assistants, and he 
 
THE SCROLL, 1 883-1 884. 463 
 
 petitioned the General Council to allow him to appoint more. In 
 March he gave a list of six Assistants, and in an editorial note said 
 that the General Council had notified him that their appointment 
 would be confirmed. The new Assistants were C. L. Goodwin, 
 Bloomington, Ind. ; M. C. Remsburg, Gettysburg, Pa.; C. F. 
 Bailey, Burlington, Vt. ; Emmett Tompkins, Athens, Ohio; W. B. 
 Palmer, Nashville, Tenn. The name of T. H. Simmons, Bloom- 
 ington, 111., was added in the May-June number. As Thomas was 
 such a prolific writer himself, it is hard to understand why he con- 
 sidered that he needed help. Never before had the editorial depart- 
 ment been so full, or embraced such a variety of subjects, or (it 
 may be truly said) reached such a standard of excellence; never 
 before had the exchange department been so extended. 
 
 In March a wood-cut of Hon. J. W. Foster, who had been ap- 
 pointed Minister to Spain, was given as a frontispiece. It was the 
 first portrait or picture of any kind (except the coat-of-arms 
 on the cover and badge advertisements) that had ever appeared in 
 The Sci^oll. Four sample pages of the catalogue, which was in 
 press, were bound with the March issue; they had been printed 
 under the direction of W. B. Palmer, at Nashville. The May- 
 June number contains a biographical sketch of General Benjamin 
 Harrison, who had been elected United States Senator, with a 
 wood-cut portrait of him as a frontispiece. 
 
 Although Thomas took up much room for editorials and ex- 
 changes, he always had room for chapter letters, in fact always 
 published a great many. The February number contained a letter 
 from every college chapter and every alumni chapter in the Frater- 
 nity. This unexampled feat created amazement throughout jour- 
 nalistic sanctums. The editor of the Beta Theta Pi wagered 
 a supper that it could not be repeated. In April Thomas an- 
 nounced that he would win the supper, and he did; every college 
 chapter and ever}^ alumni chapter had a letter in the May-June 
 number. 
 
 The March number stated that the circulation of The Scroll 
 was 721, "probably a larger number than is issued by any other 
 fraternity journal." Of that number 614 went to attendant mem- 
 bers, 10 to exchanges, 84 to correspondent members, and 13 
 d. h." The May-June issue has 85 pages, and, as a large part 
 of it was set in nonpareil, it contains more matter than any single 
 number of any fraternity journal published up to that time. 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1883-1884. 
 
 Volume VIII: six numbers — October, November, December, 1883; January- 
 February, March-April, May, 1884; pp. 344-l-title page and index, pp. 4; illustra- 
 tion I. Editor, W. B. Palmer. Assistaut Editors: G. C. Greer, H. M. Meri- 
 wether. Business Manager, W. R. Manier. Assistant Business Manager, J. T. 
 Boddie. Printer, Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House, Nashville, Tenn. 
 
464 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 G. B. Thomas resigned as Editor, August 7, 1883, and recom- 
 mended W. B. Palmer as his successor. The General Council 
 appointed Palmer, who accepted, on condition that he should be 
 allowed to select as many Assistants as he might need. This con- 
 dition granted, he selected G. C. Greer and H. M. Meriwether as 
 Assistant Editors, W. R. Manier, Business Manager, J. T. Boddie, 
 
 VOL.VIII. 
 
 MARCH -APRIL. 1884. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 The Scroll Cover, 1884. 
 
 This design appeared on the cover from March-April, li 
 
 %, to June, 1892. 
 
 Assistant Business Manager, all of whom accepted. The place of 
 publication was changed to Nashville, Tenn., and the Cumberland 
 Presbyterian Publishing House did the printing. In the first num- 
 ber the Editor said that his Assistants had been selected from one 
 place, Nashville, as he believed that this plan would be better than 
 having them in different sections of the country. 
 
THE CATALOGUE— FIFTH EDITION, 1883. 465 
 
 The first number announced: '^ The Scroll has gone back to its 
 original size," for the reason principal!}^ that, "We are convinced 
 now that the initial number of The Scroll, dated January, 1875, 
 was a good model, and the size which it had makes a handsomer 
 magazine than any other wx could adopt." All matter was set in 
 one column to the- page. Old style type and uncalendered paper 
 were used. The cover bore the words "The Scroll. Devoted to 
 the interests of Phi Delta Theta. Published by the Fraternity." 
 The magazine for March-April had, for the first, time an engraved 
 cover. The design, a reduced facsimile of which appears on the 
 opposite page, was made by the Editor and executed by Louis 
 Dreka, the Philadelphia stationer. The cost of engraving was met 
 by contributions from the chapters, collected b}' S. P. Gilbert, P. P. 
 
 In October the Editor published an elaborate review of the new 
 catalogue, and a long list of prominent Phis; in December a lengthy 
 review of the new edition of American College Fraternities," pre- 
 ceding the ^ A article copied from that book. In the November 
 and Januar3'-February numbers the question of extension, espe- 
 cially eastern extension, was discussed in a symposium of letters. 
 The March- April issue contains An Unanswered Question," in 
 which C. L. Goodwdn related the reveries of an alumnus over his 
 experiences in the Fraternity. It was more wideh^ copied in the 
 fraternit}' press than any article ever before published. The 
 March-April issue has a frontispiece, a wood-cut portrait of Hon. 
 J. C. S. Blackburn, who recenth' had been elected United States 
 Senator from Kentuck}-. 
 
 Chapter letters continued to be a prominent feature. In the 
 Januarj^-Februar}' issue the boasted leadership of The Scroll in this 
 respect was demonstrated b}'- a statistical table, showing the number 
 of chapter letters published b}^ each fraternity journal during the 
 first four months of 1883-84. The Scroll had published considera- 
 bly more than twice as man}- chapter letters as an}^ two other 
 journals; besides during that period every chapter of <l> A had 
 been heard from, which was not the case in any other fraternity. 
 
 The circulation of The Scroll, announced in November 1883 to 
 be 900 copies, increased with subsequent issues. In the Januar}"- 
 February issue a table of contents was given for the first time since 
 Volume I. The May issue was accompanied with an index of 
 Volume VIII, the first index issued for an}' volume. 
 
 THE CATALOGUE— FIFTH EDITION, 1883. 
 
 Until 1879 a fraternity catalogue that gave the names, classes, 
 degrees, residences and occupations of members was considered 
 sufficiently comprehensive. In that year ^ Y published an elabo- 
 rate catalogue, which gave full names in nearly all cases and much 
 biographical information. Besides the usual index of names, the 
 
 book contains a directory, showing the residences of members by 
 
 (30) 
 
466 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 States and towns.* It also contains various statistical tables, and 
 a table of relationship, showing the fathers and sons and the 
 brothers who were members of ^ Y. Many Greek letters and other 
 characters were used in the book. This catalogue was, in its gen- 
 eral features, taken as a model by many fraternities, among them 
 A A <&, B © n, <E> A ©, X *, ATA, AY, ^ X, A K E, 2 A E and 
 $ K ^, in about the order named. 
 
 Soon after this work of ^ Y appeared, a copy was purchased by 
 W. B. Palmer, who became desirous that <l> A © might have a work 
 which would be as well arranged and as complete in its details. 
 He wrote to George Banta, and A. G. Foster, Editors of the 1878 
 catalogue of $ A ©, asking for their co-operation. Banta readily 
 agreed; Foster did not care to become the Editor of a new edition, 
 but he volunteered to prepare Ohio Alpha's list, which was, per- 
 haps, the most difficult of all. He visited Nashville, where Palmer 
 lived, and they worked together for several weeks in the summer of 
 1879. The Executive Committee approved the plans of Palmer 
 and Banta, and, at the Convention of 1880, they were elected Edi- 
 tors. Two thousand circulars, dated December i, 1879, were 
 mailed to correspondent members, to obtain from them their full 
 names, degrees, residences, occupations, information as to posi- 
 tions held in church and state, literary work, army record, college 
 and fraternity honors and relationships in the Fraternity. Before 
 the book was issued, two other large editions of circulars were dis- 
 tributed. Classmates, postmasters, fellow citizens and relatives of 
 missing members were besought for information about them, and 
 efforts were made to obtain complete data about deceased members, 
 as well as living members. 
 
 The burden proving too heavy for Banta and Palmer, the}' 
 insisted that Foster also should become an Editor. Accordingly, 
 the General Council, December 5, 1881, appointed him as an Edi- 
 tor. He accepted the appointment but, in the spring of 1882, 
 Banta was compelled to resign. Foster and Palmer divided the 
 territory — the former taking the cl;iapters in Ohio, Indiana, Ken- 
 tucky, Illinois and Michigan, which were the older chapters, and 
 Palmer all chapters in the other States. The compilation of the 
 manuscript was begun in the summer of 1882, after a large amount 
 of material had been collected, and after chapter archives and all 
 the publications of the Fraternity had been examined. The printers 
 began on the book January i, 1883. Great pains were taken to 
 secure additional information, so as to bring the record down to 
 the close of 1882-83. Proofs were sent to the chapters and to 
 many individuals, and all the corrections and additions which they 
 furnished up to the times the forms went to press were made in the 
 type. Four sample pages were inserted in T/ie Scro//, March, 1883. 
 The last forms went to press in August. The publication of the 
 book was under Palmer's personal direction. 
 
 * "2 ^^ was the first society to print a geographical distribution of its membership in its cata- 
 logue." — "American College Fraternities." 
 
THE CATALOGUE— FIFTH EDITION, 1883. 
 
 467 
 
 Thetitlepage: ''The | Catalogue | of | PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 I I Ets dvqp ovBels avrjp \ Published by the Fraternity | in Its | 
 
 XXXV Year." Bastard title: "The j Fifth Edition of the Cata- 
 logue I Mdccclxxxiii." Bound in blue cloth, with silver back 
 and side stamps. The back stamp is, "Phi Delta Theta;" the side 
 stamp, Catalogue." Bound also in full morocco, with gilt back 
 and side stamps and edges. 
 
 The book contains 230 pages, 7 b}^ gji 
 by 6/^. The typograph}^ is excellent, 
 page I. On page 2 are the names of the 
 and A. G. Foster; page 3 is the title page. 
 
 4H 
 
 inches; type area. 
 
 The bastard title is on 
 
 Editors, W. B. Palmer 
 
 On page 4 is the table 
 
 of "Contents;" on pages 5, 6, and 7, a list of ' College Chapters;" 
 
 Alexander Gwyn Foster, Indiana, '78. 
 
 Co-Editor, fourth edition of the Catalogue, 1878, and fifth edition, 1883. Historian, National 
 Convention, 1878, and poet. National Convention, 1880. Co-Editor, second edition of the Song 
 Book, 1882. Half-tone from a photograph taken while he was in college. 
 
 on page 8, an ' Explanation" of the arrangement by classes, etc. 
 The chapter lists begin on page 9. The date of the charter and 
 the names of the charter members of each chapter precede its list. 
 In each chapter's list the members are divided by classes. The 
 full name, in brevier, is followed on the same line by the baccalau- 
 reate degree, sj-mbols and Greek letters (the system of symbols 
 and Greek letters having been devised by W. B. Palmer). Beneath 
 the name are biographical data, in nonpareil, which begin with 
 professional and post-graduate degrees, and conclude with occu- 
 pations and addresses, including street addresses in large cities. 
 Addresses are given for all members except 11, but a considerable 
 number of other addresses are uncertain. Full names are given 
 

 
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470 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 for all except 320. Asterisks show that 227 were dead. At the 
 end of each chapter's list are "College Notes" and * 'Fraternity- 
 Notes, " in nonpareil; under the first, college honors are mentioned, 
 under the second, distinctions in the Fraternity. The order of 
 chapter lists and the membership are as follows: 
 
 Ohio Alpha, Miami University 156 
 
 Indiana Alpha, Indiana University 185 
 
 Kentucky Alpha, Centre College 249 
 
 Indiana Beta, Wabash College 157 
 
 Wisconsin Alpha, University of Wisconsin 69 
 
 Illinois Alpha, Northwestern University 16 
 
 Indiana Gamma, Butler University 137 
 
 Ohio Beta, Ohio Wesleyan University 63 
 
 Indiana Delta, Franklin College no 
 
 Michigan Alpha, University of Michigan 22 
 
 Illinois Beta, University of Chicago 31 
 
 Ohio Gamma, Ohio University .^ 73 
 
 Indiana Epsilon, Hanover College 77 
 
 Indiana Zeta, Indiana Asbury University 88 
 
 Virginia Alpha, Roanoke College 60 
 
 Missouri Alpha, University of Missouri 1 12 
 
 Illinois Gamma, Monmouth College 61 
 
 Illinois Delta, Knox College 51 
 
 Iowa Alpha, Iowa Wesleyan University 70 
 
 Georgia Alpha, University of Georgia 139 
 
 Georgia Beta, Emory College 108 
 
 Georgia Gamma, Mercer University 75 
 
 New York Alpha, Cornell University I. 24 
 
 Ohio Delta, University of Wooster 83 
 
 Pennsylvania Alpha, Lafayette College 81 
 
 California Alpha, University of California 45 
 
 Michigan Beta, Michigan Agricultural College 85 
 
 Virginia Beta, University of Virginia 66 
 
 Virginia Gamma, Randolph-Macon College 22 
 
 Ohio Epsilon, Buchtel College 55 
 
 Virginia Delta, Richmond College 42 
 
 Pennsylvania Beta, PennS3'lvania College 48 
 
 Pennsylvania Gamma, Washington and Jefferson College 49 
 
 Tennessee Alpha, Vanderbilt University 130 
 
 Mississippi Alpha, University of Mississippi 67 
 
 Virginia Epsilon, Virginia Military Institute 24 
 
 Texas Alpha, Trinity University 41 
 
 Illinois Epsilon, Illinois Wesleyan University 54 
 
 Illinois Zeta, Lombard University 99 
 
 Alabama Alpha, Alabama Polytechnic Institute 69 
 
 South Carolina Alpha, Wofford College 49 
 
 Pennsylvania Delta, Allegheny College... 39 
 
 Vermont Alpha, University of Vermont 36 
 
 Pennsylvania Epsilon, Dickinson College 23 
 
 Missouri Beta, Westminster College 26 
 
 Minnesota Alpha University of Minnesota 15 
 
 Iowa Beta, University of Iowa 26 
 
 South Carolina Beta, South Carolina College 12 
 
 Kansas Alpha, University of Kansas 10 
 
 Michigan Gamma, Hillsdale College 17 
 
 Tennessee Beta, University of the South 14 
 
 Total, 3,460 members. The Miami list includes the names of 7 
 members belonging to the Wittenberg chapter and 8 to the Austin 
 
THE CATALOGUE— FIFTH EDITION, 1883. 471 
 
 chapter; the Centre list includes 22 K. M. I. names and 11 
 Georgetown names; the Wisconsin list includes 12 Lawrence 
 names; the Indiana Asbury list includes 14 Terre Haute names; the 
 Missouri list includes 4 Nebraska names and 10 Central (Mo.) 
 names; the Georgia list includes 7 Oglethorpe names; the Auburn 
 list includes 6 Alabama names; the Wofford list includes 24 Trinity 
 (N. C.) names. If there had been separate lists for these eleven 
 chapters whose lists were combined with others, there would have 
 
 College Notes. 
 
 I860. T. L. Hughes, Ora., Athenirtn Soo., '68. 
 
 1874. C. A. Atkinson, Master's Ora., , 1873. H. 
 
 C. .Jones (Prize, Ohio Med. Col., '76). 
 
 1875. E. Tompivins, Lit. Soc. Orn., Commencement, 
 '72. '7:^. and '74. C. S. Welch, Cont. Deb., '7.3, and '74. 
 
 1876. M. F. Parri.-'h, Cont. Essay, '74; Cont. Deb., '75; 
 Pres. O. St. Orat. Assn., '75; Del. Inter-St. Orat. Assn., 
 '76; Ed. College Mirror, '76. 
 
 1877. .J. M. Tripp, Rep. Ohio U., St. Orat. Cont., '77; 
 Master's Ora., '8<i. 
 
 1878. V.C. Lowry, Fresh. Scholarship, '74; Rep. Ohio 
 U., O. St. Orat. Cont., '78. 
 
 1881. T. A. Jones. Rep., Ohio U., O. St. Orat. Cont., 
 
 '79; Cont. Ora., Athenian. '79. F. Sternlierger, Treas. 
 
 Ohio U. Lecture Course, '81. 
 
 1884. S. P. Armstrong, Cont. Essayist, Philomaihean, 
 '8?>. G. E. de Steiguer, Cont. Deb., Athenian, '8:$. 
 
 1885. G. L. Pake, Leader Col. Choir. 
 
 Fraternity Notes. 
 
 1869. T. L. Hughes, Char. Mem. E. B. 0. Mi- 
 
 esse, Char. Mem. J. W. Shinn, Char. Mem. 
 
 1870. W. B. Carpenter, Del. Nat. Conv., Oxford, 0., 
 '70, and 2nd V. Pres. do. 
 
 1872. P- S. Goodwin, Del. Nat. Conv., Danville, Ky., 
 '72, and Asst Sei-t., do. 
 
 1873. M. J. Morgan, Del. Nat. Conv., Athens, O., '73, 
 and Marshal, do. 
 
 1874. C. A. Atkinson, Del. Nat. Conv., Crawfords- 
 ville, Ind., '74. ^ , ^ 
 
 1875. E Tompkins, Ora. Nat. Conv., Wooster, 0., 78; 
 Del. Nat. Conv., Indianapolis, '80; Proph. Nat. Conv., 
 Richmond, Va., '82; Asso. Ed. Scroll, '83. 
 
 • 1876. M. F. Parrish, Del. Nat. Conv., Danville, Ky., 
 '75; do., Pniladplphia, '7b; Ed. Scroll, '78-80; One of 
 ori-r. incorp. of Frat., under St. laws of Ohio, and 
 Mem. Bd. Directors thereunder. 
 
 1878 V. C. !.,n\vry, Del. Beta Prov. Conv.. Cincin- 
 nati, '82. C. H. Welch, Del. Niit. Conv., Wooster, 
 
 O.. '78. „. ^ 
 
 1884. S. P. Armstrong, Del. Nat. Conv., Richmond, 
 Va., '82. . 
 
 Catalogue of 1883. 
 
 Facsimile of College Notes and Fraterniti' Notes at end of the Ohio chapter list, page 70. 
 
 been 62 chapter lists, instead of 51 as appears. The Convention of 
 1875 had done much to straighten out irregularities of chapter 
 nomenclature, but this was nullified by unfortunate acts of the Con- 
 ventions of iSSo and 1882, which, in a number of cases, transferred 
 the lists of suspended chapters to active chapters, and in several 
 cases gave active chapters the titles which belonged to suspended 
 chapters. 
 
 On pages 175-177 is a list of "Alumni Chapters," giving the 
 dates of charters and the names of charter members of the chap- 
 
472 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ters at Franklin, Ind. ; Richmond, Indianapolis, Louisville, Balti- 
 more, Montgomery, Chicago, Nashville, Galesburg, and Cincin- 
 nati; alumni chapters, lo. On pages 178-181 is a Table of Con- 
 sanguinity," showing I group of father and two sons, 14 of father 
 and son, 2 of five brothers, 3 of four brothers, 12 of three brothers, 
 and 197 of two brothers; number of related members, 481. On 
 pages 182-206 is a Residence Directory," in which the member- 
 ship is divided by states and towns. On pages 207-223 is an 
 Alphabetical Arrangement," or index of names. On pages 224- 
 230 are Corrections and Additions." The biographical data and 
 the college and fraternity notes are arranged differently from the 
 arrangement in any other fraternity catalogue, and the alumni 
 chapter record was an original feature. 
 
 On the last page (230) is the imprint: "Southern Methodist 
 Publishing House, Nashville, Tenn." An edition of 1,200 copies 
 was printed. The cost was ^288. 58, for collecting and compiling the 
 material; ^1,284. 92 for printing and binding; total $1,573.50. The 
 books, cloth bound, were sold for $2.25 each; full morocco, $4.25. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1884. 
 
 The time appointed by the National Convention of 1882 for the 
 Convention of 1884 was October 28-31, but the meeting was post- 
 poned a fortnight by the General Council, so that it would follow 
 instead of precede the presidential election. The Convention held 
 sessions Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, November 
 II, 12, 13 and 14, 1884, ill Knights of Pythias' Hall, Nashville, 
 Tenn. The Convention was called to order by H. U. Brown, 
 P. G. C. Prayer was offered by Rev. VV. H. Cotton. R. F. Jack- 
 son delivered the address of welcome, C. L. Goodwin the response. 
 
 Officers present: General Council — President, H". U. Brown; Treasurer, C. A. 
 Foster; Historian, A. A. Stearns. President Gamma Province, S. P. Gilbert. 
 Editor of The Scroll, W. B. Palmer. Assistant Editor of The Scroll, J. B. Shaw. 
 Business Manager of The Scroll, E. H. L. Randolph. 
 
 Delegates from college chapters present: Indiajia — E. E. Griffith, 
 '85. Centre — G. E. Wiseman, Jr., '85. Wabash — E. J. Dukes, '85. Wisconsin — 
 A. G. Briggs, '85. Butler—]. A. Kautz, '85. O. W. C'.—W. E. O'Kane, '87. 
 Franklin — C. M. Carter, '87. Hanovei — F. D. Swope, '85. DePautv — J. M. 
 Goodwin, '85. Ohio—^N. E. Bundv, '86. Roanoke— 1.. A. Griffith, '85. Missotiri-Yi. 
 R. Williams, '87. K7lox—^. B. Brown, '86. Georgia— V. D. Pollock, '85. Emory— 
 E. P. Allen, '85. Iowa Wesleyart-S. E. Kirkendall, '86. Mercer— ¥. A. Hooper, 
 '85. Wooster — A. G. Greenlee, '85. Lafayette — J. B. Shaw, '85. Lansing — E. S. 
 Antisdale, '85. Virginia — G. B. Thomas, '81. Buchtel—Y.. C. Page, '86. Nebraska 
 — G. B. Frankforter, '86. Richmond — O. L. Stearnes, '86. Gettysburg — C. A. B. 
 Britt, '84. Vanderbilt — Waller Deering, '86. Mississippi — T. C. Hindman, '86. 
 Illinois Wesley an — I. N. Van Pelt, '88. Lombard — Lvman McCarl, '85. Auburn — 
 J. B. Robinson, Jr., '84. Allegheny— SN. H. Gallup, '86. Vermont— ¥. J. Mills, '86. 
 Dickinson — T. M. B. Hicks, '86. Westminstei — W. N. Southern, '85. Minnesota— 
 D. R. Davidson, '87. lo-iua—V.. C. Blanding, '85. Kansas— Y.. F. Caldwell, '85. 
 Hillsdale— C L. Herron, '85. Sewanee—'^. G. Jones, Jr., '85. O. S. Cl.—H. A. 
 Kahler, '87. Texas— Moran Scott, '85. Union— T. W. Allen, '86. C. C. N. Y. 
 — E. H. L. Randolph, '85. C^/^j— Edward Fuller, '85. Dartmouth— YL. W. C. 
 Shelton, '87. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1884. 473 
 
 There being no regular delegate from Virginia Beta, G. B. 
 Thomas, formerh- an active member of that chapter, was empow- 
 ered b}' the Convention to act as its delegate. The active college 
 chapters without delegates were those at Randolph-Macon, W. & 
 J., Alabama, V. M. L, Wofford, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, 
 Columbia. 
 
 Delegates from alumni chapters present: Franklin — George Banta, 
 Franklin, '76. ^/V//;;/(?;z^/— George Br^an, Richmond, '81. Indianapolis — C. L. 
 Goodwin, Butler, '83. Nashville — W. B. Palmer, Emor}^ '77. Cincinnati — W. 
 H. Hawley, Indiana, '80. ColiDnbns, Ga. — S. P. Gilbert, Vanderbilt, '83. Akron 
 — F. A. Schumacher, Buchtel, '85. 
 
 Other members present: Indiana — J. C. Shirk, '81. Ce7itre—]. F. Philips, 
 '55; W. L. Dulaney, '57; W. O. Rodes, '72. K. J/. /.—J. T. Boddie, '87. Wis- 
 consin — W. H. Wasweyler, '85. DePaniv — J. F. Wood, '86. Roanoke — ^Louis 
 Bowling, '84. Emory — D. D. Quillian, '86. lansing — T. A. Stanley, '86. 
 Biichtel — J. L. Converse, '80. Richmond — George Brvan, '81. Vanderbilt — 
 Lvtton Taylor, '76; J. T. Benson, '79; L. R. Campbell, '80; F. F. Ellis, '80; T. S. 
 Meek, '80; J. R. West, '80; E. T. Fleming, '81; W. H. Goodpasture, '81; P. D. 
 Maddin, '81; W. R. Manier, '81; J. L. Shearer, '81; J. F. Bryant, '82; V. L. Cun- 
 nvgham, '82; A. E.Howell, '82; J. W. Tomlinson, '82; T- L.' Watkins, '82; C. T. 
 Cole, '83; T. A. Embrey, '83; H. M. Meriwether, '83; t. P. Murrey, '83; J. M. 
 Zarecor, '83; G. H. Arraistead, '84; A. B. Ramsav, '84; Claude Waller, '84; C. C. 
 Waters, '84; W. H. Cotton, '85: S. S. Crockett, '85; W. H. Jackson, '85; Gilmer 
 Meriwether, '85; J. D. Clarv. '86; W. W. Nicholson, '86; C. B. Richardson, '86; 
 Walter Stokes, '86; T. L. Thompson, '86; R. L. Wardin, '86; A. R. Carter, '87; 
 W^illiam Jack, Jr., '87; Chambers Kellar, '87; J. E. Stovall, '87; G. J. Stubble- 
 field, Jr., '87; W. H. Witt, '87; Stewart Brooks, '88; John Ellett, '88; W. F. 
 Harris, '88; Marvin West, '88. Central {Mo.) — R. H. Hamilton, '77. Mississippi 
 — L. N. Dantzler, Jr., '86; T. W. Yates, '87. Illinois 11 esleyan—^ . L. Miller, 
 '92; W. A. Jones, '82. Anhiim—Y.. A. Price, '80; W. R. Walker, '82. Sewanee 
 — Hugh Cunningham, '84; Percv Cunningham, '84; C. S. Radford, '84; C. E. 
 Trevathan, '84; W^ T. Young, '84; Larkin Smith, '87; J. H. P. Hodgson, '88. 
 
 Officers elected — General Council — -President, H. U. Brown; Secretary, C. 
 P. Bassett; Treasurer, C. A. Foster; Historian, A. A. Stearns. Managing Editor 
 of The Scroll, J. M. Mayer. Business Manager of The Scroll, E. H. L. Randolph. 
 Editors of the Song Book: W. E. O'Kane, H. A. Kahler, F. D. Swope. 
 
 Convention officers — President, H. U. Brown, P. G. C, ex officio; Secre- 
 tary, L. C. Blanding; Assistant Secretary, E. H. L. Randolph; Chaplain, W. H. 
 Cotton. 
 
 H. U. Brown, in his report as P. G. C, recommended there-estab- 
 lishment of chapters at Michigan and Northwestern, and said: 
 
 Elsewhere West and South there is nothing to attract us in the 
 way of a new chapter, but East there is a wide field for extension." 
 
 The Convention rejected applications for charters from Maine 
 State College, Orono; Davidson College, Davidson, N. C. ; Erskine 
 College, Due West, S. C. ; South Carolina Military Academ}', Char- 
 leston, and Kentucky Military Institute, Farmdale. Ordered that 
 a small per capita assessment be levied annuall}'^ for an extension 
 fund. The Convention, November 13, voted that a charter be 
 granted for New York Alpha Alumni, New York City. The fol- 
 lowing resolutions were adopted: 
 
 Resolved, That the Reporters of college chapters be instructed to report to the 
 Reporters of alumni chapters the names of their alumni members who may locate 
 in the cities where alumni chapters have been established. 
 
474 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Resolved, That this Convention hereby instructs the chapters in colleges where 
 preparatory departments exist to endeavor to effect some arrangement with their 
 rivals under which preparatory students shall not be initiated. 
 
 Resolved, That it is the sense of this Convention that college combinations which 
 disregard merit, and the peace and welfare of the institutions in which our chapters 
 are located, should be discouraged, and we recommend that chapters use their influ- 
 ence for the just distribution of all honors, irrespective of factions. 
 
 The Convention adopted a revision of the article of the Consti- 
 tution relating to The Scroll. One section provided that the staff 
 should consist of a Managing Editor and a Business Manager, who 
 should be elected by the Convention, and who should choose not 
 more than two Associate Editors and two Assistant Business Man- 
 agers. Another amendment provided that by paying $5 a corres- 
 pondent member should receive The Sci^oll for ten 3^ears.* The 
 words in the Constitution of 1880 providing that the circulation of 
 The Scroll shall be confined to members of the Fraternit}^" were 
 omitted. 
 
 As recommended by A. A. Stearns, H. G. C, the Constitution 
 was amended, so that each Chapter Historian w^as not required to 
 send to the H. G. C. copies of the chapter histories every 3^ear, 
 but ' to collect information in regard to the chapter and its mem- 
 bers, and, on the first day of April of each year, to make a full 
 written report to the Historian of the General Council," which the 
 H. G. C. should put in permanent form." On his recommendation 
 also, the Convention directed the H. G. C. to have blank forms 
 printed to send to Chapter Historians, to use in making the annual 
 reports on April i, and further authorized the publication of record 
 books, to be supplied to chapters, for their Historians to enter 
 therein data about their members. The committee on revision of 
 the Constitution, composed of W. B. Palmer, T. H. Simmons and 
 C. P. Bassett, appointed at the Convention of 1882, was continued 
 until the next Convention. 
 
 The Convention authorized the publication of a song book with 
 music. The matter of procuring portraits of the founders of <> A 
 and having reproductions of them made, was referred to the Gen- 
 eral Council. During the sessions of the Convention, it was 
 addressed by Judge J. F. Philips, Centre, '55; Judge W. L. Du- 
 laney, Centre, '57, and W. O. Rodes, Centre, '72. An invitation 
 for the next Convention was received from Cincinnati, Ohio; 
 ordered to be held there, beginning October 18, 1886, and continu- 
 ing through five days, instead of four as before. Wednesday 
 morning the members visited Vanderbilt University. The Nash- 
 ville American said: 
 
 Arriving at the campus, they marched in a body to the chapel, where a number of 
 seats were reserved specially for them. After the usual morning exercises, Chan- 
 cellor L. C. Garland extended them kindly greetings, expressed to them the due 
 appreciation of the faculty for their visit, and requested the members who are stu- 
 dents of the university to escort them through the buildings and grounds. The 
 visiting members were much pleased with their friendly reception. Until a year 
 
 * See pages 438 and 459- 
 
476 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ago, the faculty were arrayed in opposition to college secret fraternities, but now 
 they extend all the courtesies and offer all the encouragement they can give to these 
 organizations. 
 
 Public literary exercises were held Wednesday evening in the 
 hall of the house of representatives.* Governor W. B, Bate 
 escorted the orator of the occasion, Judge J. F. Philips, from his 
 hotel to the capital. The hall was filled with members of the Fra- 
 ternity and invited guests, including many ladies. A floral design 
 was presented by the Vanderbilt chapter of K A. The President 
 for the evening was L. R. Campbell, Vanderbilt, '80; the orator. 
 Judge J. F. Philips, Centre, '55; the poet, W. A. Jones, Illinois 
 Wesleyan, '82; the Historian, A. A. Stearns, Buchtel, '79; the 
 prophet, George Bryan, Richmond, '81. The subject of the ora- 
 tion was, A Few Things Touching Our Civilization;" of the poem, 
 
 Past, Present and Future." The literary exercises were inter- 
 spersed with music. Judge Philips concluded his oration as 
 follows: 
 
 Brother Phis: No words of mine can express the emotions awakened by this 
 reunion. Twenty-nine years have swept on and by since, as a college boy, I sat in 
 your councils and shared in your social and literary feasts. They have been years 
 pregnant with vicissitudes — joy and sorrow, the poetry and prose of life, have com- 
 mingled. They have brought the streakings of silver to the locks and slower 
 motion to the steps. And j-et, although Time has been busy with his fate-edged 
 scythe, there are glowing memories, which age cannot dull nor time dim, still cling- 
 ing to the soul — 
 
 Bright as the star of matin hour. 
 Sweet as the song of spring. 
 
 Back over the long traveled track, friendship and love shed a mellow light, hal- 
 lowed and inextinguishable; they carry us back to the dear old college lawns, where 
 dew glistened on the grass and stars glittered from the dew. After we have again, 
 with our hearts locked in our hands, ascended for the day the river of time, 
 recounted the incidents of the long ago, and sung the old songs, we shall return to 
 our duties and labors all the younger, happier and stronger for our coming. 
 
 Thursday morning the Convention in a body called on Mrs. Polk, 
 widow of Ex-President James K. Polk. From Polk Place, the 
 members proceeded to the south front of the state capitol, where a 
 photograph of the group was taken. The convention ball took 
 place at the Nicholson House (now the Tulane Hotel) Thursday 
 evening. Over sixty ladies were present. 
 
 The closing feature of the Convention was the banquet given at 
 the same hotel by the Phis of Nashville and Vanderbilt complimen- 
 tary to the visiting members. Ninety-four members were present. 
 H. U. Brown, Butler, '80, was toastmaster. The toasts: ' The 
 Mystic Bond," response by S. P. Gilbert, Vanderbilt, '83; ''The 
 Pioneers of Our Fraternity," W. L. Dulaney, Centre, '57; "The 
 General Council," A. A. Stearns, Buchtel, '79; "The Ladies of 
 Nashville," J. M. Goodwin, DePauw, '85; "Our Eastern Chap- 
 ters," F. J. Mills, Vermont, '86; "Our Western Men," H. R. 
 Williams, Missouri, '87; "Our Northern Brothers," T. C. Hind- 
 
 '^ By a house joint resolution, introduced by Lytton Taylor, Tennessee Alpha, '76, representative 
 from Davidson County, and adopted March 26, 1883, the legislature had tendered the free use of 
 the hall of representatives and the senate chamber for the meetings of the Convention. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1884. 477 
 
 man, Mississippi, '^6; "The South," I. N. VanPelt, Illinois Wes- 
 leyan, '^^\ ''From Maine to Texas," Edward Fuller, Colby, '85, 
 and Moran Scott, Texas, '85; ''Grecian Culture," George Bryan, 
 Richmond, '81; "The Secret of Our Success," Walter Stokes, Van- 
 derbilt, '86; "Farewell," L. C. Blanding, Iowa, '85. Just before 
 the toasts began, the members presented Judge Philips with a gold 
 headed cane, E. A. Price being spokesman. Th.Q A??ierican report- 
 ing the banquet said: "it was the largest and most brilliant enter- 
 tainmeiit of the kind ever given in Nashville." 
 
 The Convention received a telegram of congratulations from the 
 grand chapter of ^ A E at Sewanee. Some of the responses to 
 invitations to attend this Convention deserve to be quoted. From 
 Rev. C. S. Doolittle, D. D., Kenyon (Ohio Alpha), '48: 
 
 Allow me to assure you and the members who shall meet on this occasion, that 
 I shall ever cherish a deep interest in the welfare and progress of our Fraternity, 
 and pray that it may ever continue to exert an elevating influence on the great 
 "Republic of Letters," as a fraternal and harmonizing effect upon our great and 
 grand Republic of States. 
 
 Pennant Displayed at the Nashville Convention, 1884. 
 
 From B. K. Elliott, Miami, '55, Chief-justice of the Indiarta 
 Supreme Court: 
 
 It would give me the keenest pleasure to meet again my young brothers, for 
 whom I cherish warm feelings of friendship, and whose kindness is remembered 
 with most profound gratitude. Bear to them from me the grateful thanks of one 
 who esteems it a high honor to be so kindly remembered by the noble young men 
 who gather at our shrines, with pure hearts and lofty aspirations, and who do great 
 honor to our noble Brotherhood. I am proud of their friendship, and, in all life's 
 memories, there are none more delightful than those of the hours spent at the gath- 
 erings of the true sons of $ A 0. 
 
 I have watched with pleasure and with pride the wisdom which has governed 
 their councils, and the true nobility of character which has ruled their actions in all 
 the paths of life. It is my fervent prayer that our Fraternity may grow in strength 
 and usefulness, and that the dawn of its life, yet young, but bright with glorious 
 promise, may widen to a clear and boundless day, and that its light may shine with 
 cloudless brilliancy in all the colleges of the land, its horizon rising from the outer- 
 most boundaries of our country. When you gather at the council-board or sit at 
 the feast, give one kindly thought to me, and know that I am with you in spirit. 
 
478 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 breathing for every Phi throughout the land the prayer, that the heart more often 
 feels than the lips express, "God have you in His keeping." 
 
 From S. A. Hoover, Indiana, '56: 
 
 I cannot conceive of anything that would afford me more pleasure and satisfaction 
 than to attend this national assembly and reunion of a Fraternity that is most dear 
 to me, both from my long connection with it, and having for a long time been hon- 
 ored as Secretary of a leading chapter, as well as the many pleasant hours and 
 improving exercises in which I have been a participant. 
 
 From J. F. Philips, Centre, '55: • '• 
 
 I am really embarrassed by the request to accept the office of orator for the Nash- 
 ville Convention in November next. My duties here are overwhelming, as court 
 will be in session at that time. I feel so much pride in the history of the Society, 
 and such desire to witness one of its grand convocations, that I am almost persuaded 
 to accept unconditionally. However, I will say that I will make a great effort to be 
 with you. 
 
 The convention hostlery was the Maxwell House. The business 
 sessions were held in the castle hall of Myrtle Lodge, Knights of 
 Pythias, Union Street, between Summer and Cherry. Across 
 Union Street hung a large triangular pennant, bearing the letters 
 "#A©,"one letter in each corner, with "1848" in the middle; 
 the body white, the border, letters and figures blue. This was a 
 part of The Scroll cover design shown on page 464. 
 
 ANNALS, 1884-1886. 
 
 The National Convention, 1884, elected H. U. Brown, P. G. C; 
 C. P. Bassett, S. G. C. ; C. A. Foster, T. G. C. ; A. A. Stearns, H. 
 G. C. This General Council appointed the following Province 
 Presidents: Alpha, G. E. Sawyer; Beta, O. L. Stearnes; Gamma, S. 
 P. Gilbert; Delta, J. E. Randall; Epsilon, J. M. Goodwin; Zeta, 
 T. H. Simmons; Eta, T. S. Ridge. January 4, 1886, W. R. Wor- 
 rall was appointed President of Alpha Province, vice G. E. 
 Sawyer, resigned. January 29, 1886, G. W. Cone was appointed 
 President of Beta Province, vice O. L. Stearnes, resigned. April 
 29, 1886, J. T. Morrison was appointed President of Delta Prov- 
 ince, vice J. E. Randall, resigned. 
 
 The trustees of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 
 repealed laws antagonistic to fraternities, February, 1885. Steps 
 toward the formation of a chapter there were taken at once by two 
 members of the suspended North Carolina Alpha at Trinity Col- 
 lege — Philemon Holland, Jr., '81, a lawyer at New Berne, N. C, 
 and Joel Hines, a law student at the University of North Carolina. 
 An informal application for charter was made February 18, the 
 formal application being dated February 23. The General Coun- 
 cil granted a charter for North Carolina Beta to R. S. Neal, '85; 
 W. H. Carroll, '86; Joel Hines, '87; W. H. McDonald, '87: A. M. 
 Simmons, '87; R. S. White, '87; O. D. Bachelor, 'd>S\ W. E. 
 Headen, '88; T. A. Marshall, '^%\ Graham McKinnon, '88; A. C. 
 Shaw, 'd»2>. Although the Convention of 1882 had ordered the 
 
ANNALS, 188-41886. 479 
 
 members of North Carolina Alpha enrolled with South Carolina 
 Alpha, the General Council gave the title of North Carolina Beta 
 to the chapter at Chapel Hill. The charter was dated March 29, 
 1885, but the chapter was instituted one da}" earlier, a favorable 
 vote on the application having been received. Holland and Hines 
 initiated the others, March 28, in the second story of a boarding 
 house known as the old Southerland residence. After the initiation, 
 officers were elected and installed. The older fraternities at 
 Chapel Hill were A K E, ^ T A, B n, 2 A E, A ^, A $, X ^, ^ K 2, 
 © A X, Z ^, X ^, K :S, A T O, Southern K A. The only active 
 chapters were those of 2 A E, $ K 2, A T n, K A. Two of these 
 had existed sub rosa several 3'ears, and another had thus existed 
 during most of the ten years that anti-fraternity laws had prevailed. 
 North Carolina Beta procured, April, 1885, the hall which had 
 been used b}" Z ^ prior to its suspension, 187 1, and more recenth' 
 used b}^ the Masons; during the next collegiate year the hall was 
 refurnished. Z ^ was revived at Chapel Hill, December 11, 1885, 
 b}^ absorbing a local society. 
 
 The establishment of North Carolina Beta strengthened Beta 
 Province, which, however, had several ver}" weak chapters. In 
 1884-85 there were onl}^ tw^o Phis at Wofford, in 1885-6 onh' one, 
 and October 31, 1885, he surrendered the charter of South Caro- 
 lina Alpha, At Randolph-Macon T. J. Barham w^as the only Phi 
 during 1884-85 and 1885-86. In 1885-86 Virginia Delta at Rich- 
 mond had onh" two active members — O. L. Stearnes and W. H. 
 Lyons. Virginia Epsilon at V. M. I. opened in the fall of 1884 
 with two members and initiated two in Januar}-. The trustees, 
 1885, enacted laws which prohibited cadets from joining secret 
 societies, and in 1885-86 there w^ere but two Phis in the institute. 
 
 The minutes of Penns3dvania Zeta sa}'^: Chapter semi-dor- 
 mant from April, 1885 to April 3, 1886." Thirteen members grad- 
 uated, with the degree of M, D., in 1885, and onl}^ a few remained. 
 A reorganization was effected at a meeting held April 3, 1886, at 
 the home of C. S. Potts. Several Phis from other chapters, 
 especially L. M. Prince, of Illinois Epsilon, aided in reorganizing 
 the chapter, and by June 5, w^hen a banquet was held, six men wxre 
 initiated, all of them medical students. 
 
 Great good fortune for <l» A ©, as well as other fraternities, at 
 the University of Alabama, w^as the repeal of the anti-fraternity 
 laws enforced there from 1877 to 1885. In the spring of 
 1885, the Phis in the universit}' had the cadets whom the}- wished 
 to initiate to sign a petition, asking the trustees to remove the 
 restrictions which prohibited them from joining a f^aternit3^ The 
 trustees referred the petition to a committee, with instructions to 
 report at commencement. This committee at first was disposed 
 to report adversely. Appreciating this fact, J. W. Tomlinson and 
 M. P. LeGrand, of Tennessee Alpha, and Zell Gaston, of Alabama 
 Beta, together with a representative from K A and one from 2 IS", 
 
48o THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 asked for a hearing before the board. The request was granted, 
 and arguments were presented so forcibly that it was announced, 
 June 17, that the anti-fraternity laws had been rescinded. 
 
 A Convention of Epsilon Province was held at Indianapolis, 
 April 9, 1885. The attendance w^as about seventy-five, including 
 representatives from all Indiana chapters and from Michigan 
 Gamma. J. M. Goodwin, P. P., presided. The Convention was 
 addressed by Major G. W. Grubbs, Indiana Delta, '61. At the 
 banquet, at the Grand Hotel after the state oratorical contest, Rev. 
 J. S. Jenckes, D. D., Indiana Alpha, '56, was toastmaster, and 
 Senator Benjamin Harrison, Ohio Alpha, '52, one of the speakers. 
 The latter gave a vivid account of his initiation at Miami, and 
 related interesting facts concerning the earl)^ history of $ A ©. 
 
 An Alabama State Convention was held at Auburn, June 27-28, 
 1885. The South Carolina Phis held a State Convention at 
 Columbia, October 11, 1885. J. O. Willhite was elected President. 
 
 The second ^ A State Convention in Texas was held at Austin, 
 October 15-16, 1885. I. H. Br3^ant was elected President. On 
 the first evening, public literar}^ exercises were held in the legis- 
 lative hall of the state capitol, the audience filling the chamber. 
 Drew Pruit presided, and replied to the address of welcome from 
 P. A. Hawthorn. The orator of the occasion was A. H. Graham; 
 an historical address was delivered by I. H. Br3^ant, and a pro- 
 phecy by C. N. Ousley. On the second evening, at Simon's 
 restaurant, there was a banquet, at which representatives of the 
 other six fraternities at the University of Texas were present. 
 
 Through the efforts of T. S. Ridge, P. P., D. M. McClanahan 
 and others, an alumni chapter was formed at Kansas Cit}^, Mo. 
 An application for charter, dated April 25, 1885, was signed by C. 
 A. Ritter, Indiana, '76; J. F. Philips, Centre, '55; E. E. Philips, 
 Centre, '77; R. F. Alderson, Centre, '83; Lycurgus Railsback, 
 Wabash, '62; Ross Guffin, Butler, '60; W. H. Rozzelle, Missouri, 
 '81; W. H. Brown, Missouri, 'S^-, J. J. Campbell, Missouri, 'S^; 
 S. A. Mitchell, Missouri, 'S^: R. T. Sloan, Missouri, '8^; T. S. 
 Ridge, Missouri, '84; M. F. Troxell, Gettysburg, '80; S. L. Col- 
 ville, Vanderbilt, '84; D. M. McClanahan, Westminster, '82; J. 
 A. McCoy, Westminster, '82; A. N. Gossett, Westminster, '84; 
 A. M. Ott, Westminster, '85; W. N. Southern, Westminster, '85; 
 G. W. Gates, Westminster, '87; B. T. Chace, Kansas, '85. The 
 General Council granted them a charter for Missouri Alpha Alumni, 
 June 29, 1885. 
 
 An application for charter, dated Jul}^ 10, 1885, was made by 
 the following residents of Minneapolis, Minn: A. M. Shue3^ 
 Miami, '66; F. C. Harvey, Miami, '76; H. L. Moore, Miami, '77; 
 Charles Bamford, Wisconsin, '82; D. F. Simpson, Wisconsin, '82; 
 H. L. W^oodburn, Hanover, '77; T. B. Greenlee, Wooster, '79; J. 
 G. Wallace, W. & J., '83; E. J. Edwards, Lombard, '74; C. E. M. 
 Morse, Vermont, '85; R. H. Prosser, Minnesota, '82; C. O. 
 
ANNALS, 1884- 1886. 481 
 
 Atherton, Minnesota, '85; James Gray, Minnesota, '85; C. A. 
 Gould, Minnesota, '88. The General Council granted them a 
 charter for Minnesota Alpha Alumni, November 5, 1885. The 
 chapter was organized by the election of officers, December 11. 
 A joint banquet of the university chapter and alumni chapter was 
 held at the West -Hotel, Januar}^ 8, 1886. Letters from Post- 
 master-general W. F. Vilas and others were read. 
 
 Miami University, which had closed its doors June 12, 1873, 
 reopened them September 17, 1885. The reopening had been 
 anxiously anticipated by $ A 0, in order that the Fraternit}^ might 
 be re-established at its birth-place. During the previous summer, 
 the Phis in Ohio made preparations, which were sanctioned by the 
 General Council, for reviving the Mother Alpha. In September, 
 W. E. O'Kane, of the O. W. U. chapter, visited Miami to inspect 
 the new students there. He interviewed several whom he regarded 
 as suitable for $ A 0. The General Council, October 2, 1885, 
 granted a charter to W. H. Foster, '88; W. E. Clough, '89; G. F. 
 Garrod, '89; J. R. Mayo, '89; W. J. Rusk, '89; S. W. Townsend, 
 '89. Their initiation, which occurred at Oxford, October 3, was 
 attended by J. E. Randall, P. P.; Scott Bonham, ex-P. P., and in 
 all eleven members from Cincinnati, Columbus, Delaware and 
 other places in the State. After the initiation, officers were 
 elected. Many telegrams and letters of congratulations were re- 
 ceived, among them one from Robert Morrison, Ohio Alpha, '49. 
 Indianapolis alumni telegraphed greetings as follows: 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind., October 3, 1885. 
 W. E. O'Kane, Oxford, Ohio. 
 
 We, Indianapolis alumni, send greetings to the reorganized Ohio Alpha, and 
 regret our inability to be present at the meeting to-night. May the chapter and the 
 university achieve the success that comes from deserving it. 
 
 Benjamin Harrison, Ohio Alpha, '52; 
 Lewis Jordan, Indiana Alpha, '56; 
 H. U. Brown, Indiana Gamma, '80; 
 C. L. Goodwin, Indiana Alpha, '83. 
 
 Kearney Prugh, '88; Harry Weidner, '88, and M. W. Lewis, '89, 
 were initiated, October 21. During the fall the chapter rented and 
 furnished a hall. ^ A w^as the first fraternity to re-enter Miami. 
 B n re-entered June 26, 1886; A K E December 20, 1889, ^ X 
 September 13, 1892. 
 
 Robert Morrison, one of the founders of $ A 0, first suggested 
 the establishment of a chapter at Central University, Richmond, 
 Ky. In June, 1885, he sent to W. B. Palmer a copy of the Saint 
 Louis Presbyterian, which contained an account of commencement 
 at Central, and mentioned the establishment there of A K E. In 
 a letter Morrison said that he considered Central to be a very 
 desirable place for a chapter of <E> A 0. Palmer wrote for informa- 
 tion about the University to Waller Deering, of Tennessee Alpha, 
 at Mount Sterling, Ky., and T. R. Phister, of Virginia Beta, at 
 Maysville, Ky. Both were in favor of establishing a chapter at the 
 
 institution, and offered to aid in doing so. Deering sent a list of 
 
 (31) 
 
482 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA 
 
 non-fraternity students who were said to stand well at Central. 
 Palmer wrote to the General Council, August 18, submitting all the 
 correspondence, and asking that Phister be authorized to visit the 
 institution and pledge men for'$ A ©. Morrison wrote to the Gen- 
 eral Council, September 3, urging the establishment of a chapter at 
 Central, and calling attention to the fact that the President of the 
 university was a Phi — Rev. J, V. Logan, D. D., Centre, '54. 
 
 The General Council approved the project, and Phister, accom- 
 panied by G. B. Thomas, also of Maysville, reached Richmond, 
 September 25 and remained until the 28th. They first called on 
 President Logan, who informed them that many of the best stu- 
 dents had not united with fraternities, and who recommended sev- 
 eral as suitable for charter members of a <> A © chapter. An appli- 
 cation for charter was signed, September 26, by M. F. Duncan, 
 '86; Abraham Knobel, '87; J. T. Wade, '87; J. J. C. Bock, '87; 
 W. B. Harrison, '8S; C. W. Bell, '89; A. M. January, '89; J. E. 
 Park, '89; E. C. Sine, '89. The General Council, October 31, 
 1885, granted a charter to those mentioned and also to H. C. 
 Bedinger, '86, and E. M. Jones, '89. Of these eleven, Bedinger, 
 Duncan and Sine were on the list which had been furnished by 
 Deering. Although the Convention of 1880 had ordered the mem- 
 bers of the old Kentucky Beta at K. M. I. and Kentucky Gamma 
 at Georgetown to be enrolled with Kentucky Alpha at Centre, the 
 General Council gave the title of Kentucky Delta to the Central 
 chapter.* 
 
 Phister, assisted by J. R. Burnam, Centre, '77, of Richmond, 
 and two active members of Kentucky Alpha — R. S. Dawson and 
 F. N. Lee — initiated the eleven charter members, November 18. 
 A room for meetings was soon secured. Only four members 
 returned, September, 1886, but seven were initiated during that 
 month. The older fraternities there were :S A E, :S N, A T O, A K E. 
 C. P. Bassett, S. G. C, in writing of the establishment of Ken- 
 tucky Delta, said in T/ie Scroll, November, 1885: The record 
 of the growth of $ A © during the last three years has added a 
 chapter startling and altogether new to the history of college 
 fraternities. " 
 
 Early in 1883, A. A. Stearns, H. G. C, of Cleveland, visited New 
 England, and while there learned what he could about Williams, 
 Amherst and Brown, with a view of establishing $ A © in those 
 institutions. He did not succeed in organizing chapters at Amherst 
 or Brown, but in 1886, after three years effort, Massachusetts 
 Alpha was established at Williams College, Williamstown, Mass. 
 Meanwhile, he had given attention also to Dartmouth, and New 
 Hampshire Alpha was chartered, 1884. In effecting an organiza- 
 
 *This followed the precedent made in entitling the chapter at the University of North Carolina, 
 as the General Council, and everybody else, realized that the Conventions of 1880 and 1882 had 
 made serious mistakes in disturbing the nomenclature of chapters. 
 
 Central University having been consolidated with Centre College, 1901, under the name of Cen- 
 tral University, located at Danville, Kentucky Alpha and Kentucky Delta were combined under 
 the name of Kentucky Alpha-Delta, 1901. 
 
ANNALS, 1884-1886. 483 
 
 tion at Dartmouth, he wrote 62 letters, and in getting a chapter 
 established at Williams he wrote 112 letters. Entrance at Dart- 
 mouth was comparatively easy; only a few weeks intervened between 
 the time the first steps were taken and the date of the charter. 
 But building up a chapter at Williams proved to be a long and 
 arduous undertaking. 
 
 Fortunately, through a mutual friend, Stearns enlisted a man in 
 the work who was well qualified for such a task — W. S. Ferris, '85. 
 In May, 1883, Ferris promised to use his best endeavors to effect 
 an organization. He, however, met with many discouragements. 
 Fraternities of eastern origin were strongly entrenched at Wil- 
 liams, and no fraternity of western origin had a chapter there. 
 When approaching men to get them to establish a chapter, he was 
 confronted with the objection that $ A © had so few eastern chap- 
 ters — none really save those at Lafayette, Gettysburg, Dickinson 
 and Vermont. W. D. Mapes, '86, was pledged, October, 1883. 
 Stearns visited Williamstown, October 17, and met Ferris, Mapes 
 and other pledged men in Ferris' room, Number 5 West College. 
 Several others were pledged, but subsequently they asked to be 
 released. It was found to be impossible to obtain desirable men 
 during that collegiate year, and equal difficulty was experienced 
 during 1884-85, although chapters had been established at Penn- 
 sylvania, Union, C. C. N. Y., Colby, Columbia, and Dartmouth. 
 However, H. J. Wells, '87, was pledged, and December 19, 1884, 
 Ferris and he held a consultation in New York City with C. P. 
 Bassett, S. G. C, E. H. L. Randolph, Business Manager of The 
 Scroll, and other Phis. Ferris labored unceasingly, but was gradu- 
 ated, 1885, without having accomplished his purpose of establish- 
 ing a chapter. He wrote to J. B. Ely, February 16, 1902: 
 
 The nearest I came to organizing the chapter during my college days was in 
 the spring of 1885. We had gathered in my room during senior year, Number 
 19 East College; the petition for charter was signed, but the signers agreed to with- 
 hold it a few days, in hope of obtaining an additional name. In the rear of my room 
 lived a member of the A T Society. He knocked the plaster off the partition 
 between his and my coal closet, overheard what we said at the meeting, and the 
 next morning, on the chapel bulletin board, published to the world the fact that 
 <J> A 9 was about to organize a chapter at Williams. Objecting to this premature 
 announcement of our plans, it was decided to postpone any further action until fall. 
 
 G. E. Sawyer, P. P., wrote September, 1885, to Ferris, then at 
 home in Brooklyn, N. Y., for the name of some man at Williams 
 who might be willing to take up the work of organization. Ferris 
 recommended H. R. Piatt, '87, and wrote to Piatt on the subject, 
 as did also Sawyer and Stearns. Piatt wrote to Stearns, October 14: 
 
 Received your letter of the 5th inst., and also letters on the same subject from 
 Messrs. Ferris and Sawyer. You ask me for my opinion as to the possibility of 
 establishing a chapter of $ A here. In reply, I would say that I think it is possi- 
 ble, but I do not think it will be an easy matter to succeed. However, I have talked 
 the matter over with the other three juniors who were interested in the project last 
 year, and we have about decided to try it once more. You say that you know some- 
 thing of the difificulties in our way. Of course the fact that there are eight other fra- 
 ternities here, mostly composed of wealthy men, and most of which have handsome 
 houses, must be prejudicial to any fraternity starting here on a less pretentious scale. 
 
484 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Piatt first approached his classmates, T. E. Haven and H. J, 
 Wells, both of '87, and both of whom had worked with Ferris the 
 year before, when application for charter had not been made, 
 because sufficient representation in other classes could not be 
 secured. Piatt wrote to Stearns October 23, 1885, that two men 
 in '88 had been pledged, and another one bid in that class, but that 
 acquaintances with the freshmen had not yet been formed. Dur- 
 ing the next three months the support of several other men was 
 enlisted. Ferris frequently had conferences with Randolph in New 
 York City, and, acting on the advice of the latter, the General 
 Council granted a charter for Massachusetts Alpha, the document 
 with blanks for names and date being placed in the latter's hands. 
 An application for charter, dated January 26, 1886, was signed 
 by W. S. Ferris, '85; W. D. Mapes, '86; Samuel Abbott, '87; 
 T. E. Haven, '87; H. R. Piatt, '87; H. J. Wells, '87; G. L. 
 Richardson, '88; S. H. Seeley, '88; J. A. Young, '88; C. H. Tra- 
 vell, '89. 
 
 Ferris was initiated by New York Gamma, January 30. W. R. 
 Worrall, P. P., and Ferris went from New York City to Williams- 
 town, February i. E. S. C. Harris and F. W. Skinner, active 
 members of New York Beta, also went there on that day, and these 
 four, on that evening, in the room of Abbott, at Mrs. A. A. Ten- 
 ny's, initiated the other nine applicants. After the initiation offi- 
 cers were elected. Four other students — H. P. Woodward, '88; 
 R. M. Blackburn, '89; G. R. Herrick, '89; C. T. Terry '89— 
 were initiated February i. There was some delay about getting 
 badges, but as soon as they arrived the members began wearing 
 them, and then the fact of the chapter's existence became publicly 
 known in the college. Richardson wrote to Bassett March 7, peti- 
 tioning the General Council that any who might be initiated before 
 April I should be enrolled as charter members. The petition was 
 granted, and C. H. Clarke, '87, who was initiated March 27, was 
 added to the list, making fifteen charter members. However, the 
 charter was dated February i, 1886. 
 
 One of the charter members, G. R. Herrick, died at Williams- 
 town, March 26, 1886, and on that occasion the chapter received 
 its first official recognition from other fraternities, in the form of 
 resolutions of sympathy. In April, 1886, the chapter rented two 
 rooms, which were furnished with money advanced by W. D. 
 Mapes, who had taken a leading part in the organization. These 
 rooms on the second floor of the building, first south from the col- 
 lege book-store, served as a meeting place until September, 1887, 
 when a house was rented. The first anniversary of the chapter 
 was celebrated February 5, 1887. The chapter's first circular letter, 
 issued March i, 1887, showed an active membership of seventeen. 
 The older fraternities there were K A, :S $, A Y, X ^, B 11, Z ^, 
 A A $, A *, A K E, ^ r A, but the B © n and $ T A chapters had 
 suspended. 
 
ANNALS, 1 884- 1 886. 485 
 
 The week of Februar}^ i, 1886, was most memorable. On Mon- 
 day, the I St, Massachusetts Alpha was installed at Williams; on 
 Saturda}^ the 6th, New York Alpha was re-established at Cornell, 
 and California Alpha was re-established at the Universit}^ of Cali- 
 fornia. D. R. Horton, Cornell, '75, was instrumental in restoring 
 his chapter, an object which had long been near to his heart. Being 
 acquainted with C. A. McAllister, a junior at Cornell, he called 
 at his home in New York during the Christmas holidays, 1885, and 
 proposed that he should undertake to reorganize the Cornell 
 chapter of # A ©. He received the proposition favorably, and 
 informed Horton that he was well acquainted with six good non- 
 fraternity men who lived in the same house with him at Ithaca. 
 On his return there, he went activel}^ to work to pledge men, 
 being advised and encouraged b}^ letters from Horton. He first 
 pledged his chum, G. W. Stephens, '88, and within two weeks 
 pledged three others — E. C. Boynton, '87; T. F. Lawrence, 'S8; 
 Harry Snyder, '89. A week or so later, C. M. Vreeland, '89, 
 accepted a bid, and the six signed an application for charter, 
 January 25. The charter was granted by the General Council, 
 February 4, 1886. 
 
 Horton and W. R. Worrall, P. P., arrived at Ithaca February 6. 
 Before then E. H. Bennett, '89, had consented to join, and it was 
 agreed that he should be a charter member. Worrall and Horton 
 instructed the men to go to room ^^ in the Ithaca Hotel that even- 
 ing; and, in order not to attract attention, the}^ were told to go 
 singly or in pairs. They were there initiated in the following 
 order: first McAllister, then Boynton and Lawrence, then Stephens 
 and Vreeland, lastl}'- Bennett and Snyder. After the initiation 
 Horton, on behalf of the alumni chapter and the two college chap- 
 ters in New York City, presented McAllister with a badge, in 
 recognition of the ability he had displayed in organizing the chap- 
 ter. Horton presented the chapter with the Bond, membership 
 roll book and minute book of the original chapter, which he had 
 -secured at its dissolution, and preserved carefull}^ for ten 3^ears. 
 For a short while the chapter remained su^ 7'osa. Its list of mem- 
 bers, with the coat-of-arms, appeared in the Corfiellian, published 
 in the spring of 1886, and thereafter it was given its old position, 
 with relation to the other fraternities, in the annual. 
 
 Within a few weeks after the installation, a brick house at the 
 ■corner of Mill and Linn Streets was leased. At the end of the 3^ear 
 the chapter had eleven members, one of whom, W. Z. Morrison, 
 '87, was affiliated from Wooster. At the first meeting in the next 
 year, September 25, 1886, ten members were present, including N. 
 R. Weaver, affiliated from Auburn. The chapter's circular letter, 
 issued March i, 1887, showed an active membership of nineteen. 
 Anniversary^ exercises were held February 5, 1887. Horton, then 
 P. P., was present, and went from Ithaca to Syracuse to install 
 ^New York Epsilon, Februar}-- 7. 
 
486 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 New York Alpha, established 1872, and suspended in the spring 
 of 1876, and California Alpha, established 1873, and suspended in 
 the spring of 1877, were located in the most prominent institutions 
 in which <^ A © was established previous to their downfall. Their 
 revival on the same day was a striking coincidence. 
 
 The years from 1877 to 1885 at California were a period of depres- 
 sion for the university. The classes had decreased in numbers until 
 1886, when there were but sixteen graduates. The class of '89 was 
 the largest that had entered the university in twelve 3^ears. Among 
 its members was H. A. Melvin, of Oakland. Before his matricula- 
 tion, 1885, he had been pledged to <E> A © by his brother, C. S. 
 Melvin, Lafayette, '82, who had had considerable correspondence 
 with C. P. Bassett, S. G. C, Lafayette, 'St,, on the subject of 
 reviving California Alpha. The younger Melvin bid several of his 
 friends, who had been his classmates in the Oakland High School. 
 An application for charter was signed, October 26, by G. W. 
 Rodolph, '87; H. A Melvin, '89; F. M. Parcells, '89, and three 
 others who subsequently withdrew their names from the document. 
 Later, W. O. Morgan, '87, D. S. Halladay, '89, and J. A. Norris, 
 '89, were pledged, and they with Rodolph, Melvin and Parcells 
 composed the charter members. Rodolph was a student in the 
 dental department at San Francisco, the other five being students 
 in the academic department at Berkeley. The charter was dated 
 December 7, 1885. 
 
 In the office of F. H. Adams, California Alpha, '80, in Oakland, 
 the six charter members were initiated, February 6, 1886, by C. S. 
 Melvin, A. A. Dewing and Adams, after which officers were elected. 
 The new members appeared wearing <> A © badges next morning. 
 Within the next few weeks C. F. Allardt, F. A. Allardt and M. S. 
 Woodhams, all of 'S8, were initiated. On university charter day, 
 March 23, California Alpha gave a luncheon for about sixt}^ guests 
 at Odd Fellows' Hall. The rejuvenated chapter received hearty 
 support from the alumni of the old chapter. The faculty included 
 four members of $ A © — F. H. Terrill, Virginia, '74; S. B. Christy, 
 California, '74; A. W. Jackson, '74; W. C. Jones, '75. The chap- 
 ter had a reception at the home of the Melvin brothers, April 16. 
 The active membership was ten, October, 1886; fourteen. May, 1887. 
 The chapter met in Rodolph's dental office in Oakland until Sep- 
 tember, 1888, when a house in Berkeley was rented. $ A © was. 
 not given its former position with relation to other fraternities in 
 the annual £lue and Gold Mn.\.\\ 1902, when E. C. Anthony, being 
 editor-in-chief, placed California Alpha next after the pioneer fra- 
 ternity, Z ^. 
 
 The chapter at the University of Texas, initiated, December 14, 
 1885, W. F. Goodrich, '86; F. H. Hall, '87; C. V. Templeton, '87; 
 H. W. Gilson, '88; C. K. Lee, 'SS\ H. H. Lennox, "SZ. They had 
 been members of the Texas chapter of the W. W. W. or Rainbow 
 Fraternity, which chapter had refused to follow the lead of other 
 
ANNALS, 1884- 1886. 
 
 487 
 
 Rainbow or 
 W. W. W. Badge.* 
 
 chapters in uniting with the ATA Fraternity. The Rainbow chapter 
 at Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas, also declined 
 the proposed merger into A T A,t and the mem- 
 bers, having returned their Rainbow charter, 
 made application to ^ A for a charter. This 
 •application was forwarded, December 19, 1885, 
 by I. H. Bryant, Vanderbilt, '80, of Austin, 
 Texas, to W. B. Palmer, and by the latter to the 
 General Council. 
 
 The General Council, March 20, 1886, granted 
 a charter for Texas Gamma to R. A. John, 
 '84; R. L. Penn, '84; W. H. Anderson, '86; S. B. 
 Hawkins, 'S6; A. J. Perkins, Jr., '86; J. E. 
 Quarles, 'S6; M. K. Bateman, '87; R. S. Carter, '87; Abdon Holt, 
 '87; J. H. W. Williams, '87; A. S. J. Thomas, '88. John and Bate- 
 man had been two of the three charter members of W. W. W. , 1884. 
 A deputation from Texas Beta — R. W. Smith, F. H. Hall and C. 
 K. Lee (the two latter being ex-Rainbows) — visited Georgetown, 
 April 9, and, in the Knights of Pythias' Hall, initiated the charter 
 members of Texas Gamma. 
 
 The catalogue of the university contained the announcement: 
 No secret societies are countenanced." It was understood that the 
 faculty was not opposed to fraternities, and the anti-fraternity rule 
 was considered practically a dead-letter. Southern K A had had a 
 chapter at Southwestern since 1883. There were two Phis on the 
 faculty — C. C. Cody and Morgan Calloway, Jr., both of the 
 Emory chapter. The law against secret societies, however, did 
 not prove to be a dead-letter, but was enforced by the faculty, to 
 the great inconvenience of Texas Gamma, for more than a year. 
 During this time the chapter remained sul? rosa. Meetings were held 
 in the law office of Fisher & Townes. On an appeal of the Greeks 
 to the board of curators, the law was rescinded, June, 1887, such 
 announcement being made at the opening of the fall session. 
 
 A Convention of Alpha Province was held February 12-13, 1886, 
 in the hall of New York Gamma. Two delegates were present 
 
 * This cut represents a badge worn by a member of the I. P. chapter at Vanderbilt. 
 
 t Negotiations began, 1885, between ATA and the Roman letter fraternity, W. W. W., or Rain- 
 bow, looking to a consolidation of the two organizations. W. W. W. was founded at the Uni- 
 versity of Mississippi, 1849. Among members it was called "The Mystic Sons of Iris." Its badge 
 was an arc, enameled in rainbow colors, surmounting a large W and two small W's ; in the semi- 
 circle inclosed by the arc were Roman letters designating the chapter. 
 
 Chapters were established as follows: La Grange College (Tenn.), 1858; Furman University 
 (S. C), 1871 ; Erskine College (S. C), 1872; Southwestern Presbyterian University (Tenn.), 1873; 
 Neophagen College (Tenn.), 1874; Wofford College. 1873; Chamberlain Hunt Academy (Miss.), 
 1880; Vanderbilt University, 1881; University of Texas, 1883; Southwestern University, 1884; 
 Emory and Henry College (Va.), 1884; University of Tennessee, 1884. 
 
 All of the Rainbow chapters had been in the South, and most of them had died before 1885. 
 ATA, though founded in Virginia, was reallj- a northern fraternity, with only three southern 
 chapters — University of Georgia, 1882 ; Emorj- College, 1882 ; University of the South, 1883. The 
 Rainbow chapters at Texas and Southwestern refused to enter the coalition with ATA but joined 
 <& A ©. However, $ A © did not interfere with the negotiations between W. W. W. and ATA, 
 and did not treat with the two Rainbow chapters in the Lone Star State until they had resigned their 
 W. W. W. charters. Only two W. W. W. charters united with A T A — those at Mississippi and 
 Vanderbilt. The Vanderbilt Rainbows were initiated by Deltas from Sewanee, March 27, 1886, and 
 the Mississippi Rainbows were initiated into A T A a little later. The E. & H. chapter disbanded, 
 1886, most of its members joining 2 A B. — See The Scroll, April, 1898. 
 
488 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 from each of the college chapters in the province except Pennsyl- 
 vania Zeta, also two from New York Alpha Alumni. Besides, 
 there were fort3^-seven visiting members. W. R. Worrall, P. P., 
 presided. A resolution opposing a division of Alpha Province was 
 unanimousl}^ adopted. The Convention banquet was held at 
 Morelli's on the first evening. C. P. Bassett, S. G. C, was toast- 
 master. Among the toasts was Ohio Alpha," responded to 
 by Rev. J, M. Worrall, D. D. Letters were read from Rev. 
 Robert Morrison, Rev. Charles Elliott, D. D., General J. C. 
 Black, Senator J. C. S. Blackburn and Postmaster-general W. F. 
 Vilas. The proceedings of the Convention were printed in a six- 
 teen page pamphlet. The ScrollioT May said: Three years ago 
 half a dozen Phis could not have been gathered together in the 
 metropolis. On the occasion of the Alpha Province Convention, 
 eighty were present, of whom over sixty sat down to the banquet." 
 
 A Florida State Association of $ A © was formed at a meeting 
 held March i8, 1886, in the office of D. U. Fletcher, Jacksonville. 
 Eight Phis representing seven chapters were present. Fletcher 
 was chosen President. 
 
 A Convention of Epsilon Province was held at Indianapolis, 
 April 7-8, 1886, W. J. Snyder presiding. Over fifty members were 
 present, including delegates from each chapter in the province. 
 Among resolutions adopted were those disapproving the spoils 
 system" in the Indiana State Oratorical Association, proposing a 
 meeting of representatives of the various fraternities to arrange for a 
 proper rotation of officers in the association, and favoring the dis- 
 tribution of such offices as should fall to ^ A © equally among the 
 Indiana chapters. W. J. Snyder delivered an oration, C. H. 
 McCaslin a prophecy. On the second evening, a banquet was held, 
 attended by about seventy Phis. 
 
 A Convention of Delta Province was held at Delaware, Ohio, 
 May 13-14, 1886. J. T. Morrison, P. P., presided. The Conven- 
 tion was addressed by A. P. Collins, O. W. U., '60. A Province 
 Constitution was adopted. A resolution was adopted which rec- 
 ommended chapters to send semi-annual circular letters to their 
 alumni members, and recommended delegates to the National Con- 
 vention to vote for such a requirement to be adopted for the whole 
 Fraternity. The proposed Ritual, presented b}'^ J. E. Brown, was 
 endorsed. x\n Alabama State Convention was held at Montgom- 
 er}'-, June, 1886. 
 
 An alumni chapter was established at San Francisco, 1886. An 
 application for a charter, dated Ma}^ i, was signed by E. M. Wil- 
 son, Wooster, '74; A. A. Dewing, Lafayette, '80; C. S. Melvin, 
 Lafayette, '82; J. B. Reinstein, California, '73; R, B. Wallace, 
 California, '73; J. N. E. Wilson, California, '76. The General 
 Council, about May 10, granted them a charter for California 
 Alpha Alumni. The charter having been lost, the National Con- 
 vention of 1894 directed that a new charter, dated Ma}^ 10, 1896, 
 
ANNALS, 1884- 1886. 489 
 
 -should be issued. Some time before June 9, 1886, the chapter held 
 a banquet, which The Scroll pronounced "a notable success." 
 The Scroll, October, 1886, contained a list of forty Phis resident 
 at San Francisco and Oakland. 
 
 An application for charter was made b}^ the following named Phis 
 living at Atlanta Ga. : W. S. Elkin, Centre,'79; J. L. T3^e, Georgia, 
 '76; J. W. Cox, Georgia, '86; G. T. E. Hardeman, Emor}^ '82; 
 E. P. Burns, Emory, '85; B. L. Willingham, Jr., Mercer, '78; W. 
 T. Spaulding, Mercer, '79; C. M. Brandon, Vanderbilt, '84; J. O. 
 Paine, Sewanee, '84. The application was dated October 14, 1886, 
 and the Natonal Convention, October 20, 1886, ordered a charter 
 granted to them for Georgia Beta Alumni. The charter was issued 
 by the General Council, December 7, 1886. The chapter was not 
 organized until 1888, as reported in The Scroll for November of 
 that year. 
 
 Colleges in Virginia were crowded with fraternities and in fact 
 had more than institutions of such size could support. Fraternities 
 
 ^ K of eastern origin met fraternities from the West in 
 
 ^|o|^ the Old Dominion, and besides there were no less 
 ^ _L Mk.Ji ffll than nine fraternities which had been founded in the 
 J^^^gj state— A T A, A T O, K A, K S, K 2 K, n K A, 
 ^^^^Ij^ SI^, $AX and <l>©^.* In 1885-86 the chap- 
 
 /<^if fek ters of ^ A at Randolph-Macon, Richmond and 
 
 "^ V. M. I. were weak. G. W. Cone, P. P., conceived 
 
 the idea of strengthening the Fraternity in Virginia, 
 by absorbing the active chapters of K 2 K.t He was informed that 
 K S K had active chapters at Randolph-Macon, Richmond and 
 V. M. I., but was not informed of an active chapter at Bethel Mil- 
 itary Academ}^ the latter being near Warrenton, Va. He knew 
 that there was an active chapter at Louisiana State Universit}^, but 
 he understood that the Virginia chapters desired and intended to 
 withdraw its charter. He wrote to T. J. Barham, March 26, 1886, 
 asking him about the prospects of Virginia Gamma and about the 
 K 2 K chapter at Randolph-Macon. Barham answered, April 5, 
 that he was the onl}^ Phi at the college, and he would graduate that 
 year. There was, he said, only one non-fraternit}" man in college 
 whom he would think of soliciting to join <E> A 0, and he doubted 
 whether, under the circumstances, it would be wise to try to per- 
 petuate Virginia Gamma. As to K 2 K, he said its chapter there 
 was composed of excellent men. 
 
 Cone wrote to W. B. Palmer, April 9, asking him to correspond 
 with the K 2 K chapter at Randolph-Macon in regard to a union 
 
 *2 A ("Black badge") was founded at Roanoke, 1859; its last chapters became inactive, 1882. 
 M n A was founded at W. & L., 1895. 
 
 tK 2 K was founded at Virginia Military Institute, September, 1867. Chapters were established 
 as follows: Washington and Lee, 1871 ; Virginia Agricultural College, 1876; Emorj- and Henry, 
 1876; University of Virginia, 1878; Randolph-Macon, 1882; Richmond College, 1883; Louisiana 
 State University, 1883; Bethel Militarj- Academy, 1883. In 1886 the chapters at V. A. C, U. ofVa., 
 and E. & H. had been inactive several years. The grand chapter, located at Richmond, was, 
 with one exception, composed of alumni. The badge was a Greek cross, at the intersection of 
 which was a black disc displaying the letters "K 2 K." The fraternitj- color was light blue. 
 
490 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 with $ A ©. Palmer wrote, April 17, that J. E. Brown, then at 
 Ann Arbor, was more of a diplomat than himself, and recommended 
 that he be requested to open the negotiations. Barham wrote to 
 Cone, April 26, that L. L. Kellam was the leading member of K IS K 
 at Randolph-Macon. Cone wrote to Brown, May 2, suggesting 
 that he write to Kellam, to learn his views about K S K uniting 
 with another fraternity. Brown wrote to Cone, May 5, that he 
 approved the plan of absorbing K ^ K, if that fraternit}^ would 
 first withdraw the charters of its undesirable chapters. In a letter 
 dated May 12, Brown asked Kellam, whether he would receive with 
 favor a proposition that chapters of K ^ K should unite with a 
 large general fraternity. Kellam replied. May 17, intimating that 
 personally he would favor such a proposition, and inviting further 
 correspondence. He also said that the last convention of K 2 K 
 at Richmond, March, 1886, had authorized the publication of a 
 quarterly, the first number of which had already appeared. Kel- 
 lan wrote to Brown again. May 30, saying that he had presented 
 the proposition to his chapter, which would not object to it, pro- 
 vided that the fraternity with which it was proposed that K ^ K 
 should unite would be acceptable to the members. He asked for 
 the name of the fraternity which Brown represented and for his 
 plan of consolidation. He also gave a list of the active and in- 
 active chapters of K ^ K, with the years when they had been estab- 
 lished. He further said that the Randolph-Macon chapter had 
 always opposed the chapter at Bethel Military Academy, and had 
 requested the grand chapter to recall its charter, and declared that 
 unless this should be done the Randolph-Macon chapter would 
 surrender its charter. 
 
 Cone met Kellam at Ford's Hotel, Richmond, June 10. The 
 latter was then enthusiastically in favor of the proposed consolida- 
 tion, and said that the members of his chapter unanimously desired 
 to consolidate with some large fraternity, prefering $ A ©, He said 
 that the charter of the Bethel chapter had been withdrawn. He 
 interviewed the members of K ^ K at Richmond College, and 
 found that they approved the plan of uniting with $ A ©. There 
 were only two Phis then at Richmond College — O. L. Stearnes and 
 W. H. Lyons — and they were much pleased with the prospects of 
 absorbing K ^ K. 
 
 Members of K 2 K held a conference in Richmond, June 14, 
 which was attended by the President of the grand chapter, Rev. 
 W. L. Gravatt, assistant rector of Saint Paul's Church, Richmond. 
 Terms of consolidation were then agreed upon. O. L, Stearnes, 
 ex-President of Beta Province, acted for $ A 0, under telegraphic 
 instructions from Cone. The members of K S K made the condi- 
 tion that the active members of the chapter at Randolph-Macon, 
 Richmond and W. & L., and such of their alumni as might be con- 
 sidered worthy, should be initiated into $ A ©. The Louisiana 
 chapter was not desired by $ A ©, and the Virginia chapters of 
 
ANNALS, 1884-1886. 49] 
 
 K 2 K decided to act independently of it. It was given the option 
 of retaining the name, constitution and ritual of K ]S K and being 
 a local societ}^, or making itself the presiding chapter over chapters 
 of K ^ K which it might establish, or of joining any other frater- 
 nity from which it could secure a charter. It accepted a charter 
 from '% IST, 1887. The chapter at V. M. I. was not considered in 
 the agreement, as it was then thought that, on account of anti-fra- 
 ternity laws, both the K S K and $ A © chapters there were about 
 to suspend. 
 
 After the agreement, June 14, Stearnes visited Ashland, and, on 
 that evening, assisted by Barham, initiated into $ A the six 
 active members of K 2 K at Randolph-Macon. Stearnes and 
 Lyons initiated into Virginia Delta the five members of K ^ K at 
 Richmond College, June 16. Kellam was affiliated with Virginia 
 Beta during 1886-88. Gravatt, who had been a charter member of 
 K ^ K at Richmond College, was initiated b}^ Virginia Delta in the 
 fall of 1886. C. B. Tippett, ex-K :S K, was the delegate of Vir- 
 ginia Delta at the National Convention of $ A ©, New York, 
 October 18-22, 1886. On his motion, a committee of three was 
 appointed to investigate fraternity conditions at V. M. I., and if 
 possible, to place Virginia Epsilon on a better footing, also to 
 investigate conditions at W. & L., and report to the General Coun- 
 cil. He was appointed chairman of this committee, and the Gen- 
 eral Council also appointed him President of Beta Province. 
 
 In the fall of 1886 there were only two Phis at V. M. I., one a 
 cadet, the other an assistant professor. Tippett visited Lexington, 
 and found that the V. M. I. chapter of K 2 K, instead of being 
 nearh^ dead, had six active members. Commencement at W. & L., 
 1886, had occurred only a few days after the Randolph-Macon and 
 Richmond chapters of K ]S K had agreed to enter ^ A @, and before 
 the terms of agreement were ratified by the W. & L. chapter. In 
 the fall, however, the six active members at W. & L. expressed a 
 desire to unite with <l» A ©, and they were initiated November 15. 
 Their names were: W. L. Pierce, W. M. Pierce, F. H. Campbell, 
 R. E. R. Nelson, H. W. Henry, E. L. Darst, the latter a sub- 
 professor. 
 
 Previous to this time, Virginia Epsilon had occasionally initiated 
 W. & L. students, and the suggestion was made that it could be 
 continued by initiating students from both V. M. I. and W. & L. 
 It was also suggested that, on account of anti-fraternit}^ laws at 
 V. M. I., the charter of Virginia Epsilon be transferred to the mem- 
 bers at W. & L. The General Council, however, decided that the 
 members at the two institutions should compose two chapters. 
 Accordingly, February 4, 1887, the six members of K 2 K at 
 W. & L., who had been initiated into ^ A ©, signed an application 
 for charter, and February 21, 1887, the General Council granted 
 them a charter for Virginia Zeta. The older fraternities there were 
 <!> K ^, B © n, A T O, K A (Southern), 2 X, :S A E, A K E, $ P A, 
 
492 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 A ^, © A X, X $, K ^, :S N, ^ A X, $ ^. Of these, eight were 
 active— $ K ^, A T O, K A, :S X, :S A E, A *, :S N, $ © *. Of 
 
 the alumni of the K ^ K chapters, about ten or twelve were initiated 
 into ^ A © at various times. 
 
 The General Council refused application for charters from the 
 following institutions: In 1884 — Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 
 In 1885 — Worcester (Mass.) Polytechnic Institute; Denison Uni- 
 versity, Granville, Ohio; Davidson College, Davidson, N. C; South 
 Carolina Military Academy, Charleston; Washington University, 
 Saint Louis, Mo.; Albion (Mich.) College. In 1886 — Adrain 
 (Mich.) College; Iowa Agricultural College, Ames; William Jewell 
 College, Liberty, Mo. ; Doane College, Crete, Neb. ; Tufts College, 
 Medford, Mass. An application from the University of the Pacific, 
 San Jose, Cal., received April, 1886, was referred by the General 
 Council to the Convention in October. The applicants at Doane, 
 Iowa Agricultural and William Jewell appealed to the Convention. 
 
 "a Manual of Phi Delta Theta" was issued from the press of 
 the Southern Methodist Publishing House, Nashville, Tenn., April, 
 1896. It was written by W. B. Palmer, and printed on his own 
 account. It has 54 pages, 4% by 6/i inches, compactly set in 
 brevier and nonpareil. The contents are: 'l — Sketch of the Fra- 
 ternity. II — Prominent Members. Ill — Statistics of Fraternities. 
 IV — Statistics of Colleges." The preface credited J. W. Mayer, 
 C. C. N. Y. , '84, with having first suggested such a handbook, and 
 said: The information concerning the origin, progress and pres- 
 ent standing of $ A © which this work presents is such as members 
 of the Fraternity by all means should possess, but which heretofore 
 has been very difficult for them to obtain. The book certainly has 
 the merit of novelty, being the first of its kind ever issued." The 
 sketch of the Fraternity said: 
 
 It is a noteworthy fact that 4> A leads all fraternities in the number of colleges 
 in which it is represented (57),* BOH comes next (47) and the other Miami fra- 
 ternity, S X, takes fourth rank (34); also that, in the number of States in which 
 each is established, $ A 6 is first (26), B 11 second (22) and S X fifth (15). In 
 these respects "the Miami Triad" stand in marked contrast to the Union fraterni- 
 ties, which have been conspicuous for their disinclination to recognize, with rare 
 exceptions, excellence in any but eastern institutions. 
 
 The price of the Manual bound in cloth was 50 cents; in paper, 
 30 cents; and the edition of about 400 copies was soon exhausted. t 
 
 * An editorial in the Shield of $ K *■, February, 1886, said : 
 The most persistent extender is $ A ©. We have been told that this Fraternity had but five 
 chapters at the close of the war. 
 
 "Since then where is the college town 
 That's missed her pilgrim staff and gown? 
 What college door has held its lock 
 Against the challenge of her knock? 
 "She has nearly sixty chapters in her fold, and more college students than any other fraternity." 
 
 t The Scroll, June, 1886 contains a large number of comments on the 'Manual." Robert 
 Morrison said: "It is eminently multum in ^arvo." D. S. McArthur wrote: ' I learned from 
 the 'Manual' in one hour much more about <& A © than I had been able to find out in six years 
 through 77;^ 5cr^// and correspondence." C. A. Foster, wrote: "In regard to fraternitj^^ matters 
 it is as indispensable as a Webster's Unabridged to a student." D. R. Horton wrote: You de- 
 layed just long enough in issuing it to make a most surprising showing for other fraternity men to 
 ponder over, for they can read it right there that $ A © is now the National Fraternity." George 
 
ANNALS, 1884-1886. 493 
 
 The Articles of Union, adopted 1848, provided for the inter- 
 change annually among chapters of reports, according to a pre- 
 scribed form, giving a list of attendant members and a list of cor- 
 respondent members, their classes, residences, etc. The same 
 provision was included in the Constitution of 187 1, a column for 
 dates of initiation being added to the appended form. The Con- 
 stitution of 1878 provided that initiates and changes of correspond- 
 ent members should be reported to the Secretary of the Executive 
 Committee, according to a prescribed form, but did not require 
 that reports should be made at an}^ specified time. The Consti- 
 tution of 1880 provided that, annually on the first day of April, 
 the Reporter of each chapter should forward a report to the Presi- 
 dent of the Province who should forward it to the S. G. C. The 
 prescribed form called for a list of members initiated since the last 
 report, with names, dates of initiation, classes, etc. ; a full list of 
 attendant members, with addresses, classes, etc., and a list of 
 members retired from college since the last report, with addresses, 
 occupations, etc. 
 
 In an official communication to The Scroll, October, 1881, H. 
 L. Van Nostrand, S. G. C, gave statistics showing the attendant 
 membership of chapters. The statistics, gathered from reports 
 received that year, though not complete, showed the attendant 
 membership of all chapters was about 525. These were the first 
 statistics of the kind that were ever published. None were pub- 
 lished for 1882. Statistics for the years ending April i, 1883, and 
 April I, 1884, were not published in detail, but summaries for 
 those 3^ears, accompanying summaries for 1885 and 1886, appeared 
 in The Sc?'oll, October, 1886. 
 
 A. A. Stearns, H. G. C, 1882-86, succeeded in reducing the 
 annual membership report system to a better basis. At his sugges- 
 tion, the Constitution was amended, 1884, so as to provide that 
 membership reports should be made, annually on the first da}^ of 
 April, to the H. G. C, instead of through Province Presidents to 
 the S. G. C. At his suggestion also, the Convention authorized 
 him to have suitable blanks printed, to be supplied to Chapter His- 
 torians for making such reports. The blanks which he then had 
 printed included spaces for more details than had before been 
 reported. The amendment provided that the H. G. C. should put 
 the information gathered by him in permanent form." 
 
 In The Scroll, June, 1885, Stearns gave a table showing the 
 number of attendant members of each chapter, April i, 1885, the 
 number initiated, affiliated and retired, and the number of degrees 
 taken, during the previous year. In The Scroll, October, 1886, 
 
 Banta characteristically wrote: "If we could only have had such a thing twelve years ago, to say 
 nothing of such a Fraternity to back it then, 'spiking' would have been much easier. As it was 
 then, we had to 'spike' like the Irishman sang — 'be main strength and ignorance, be jabbers.' I 
 imagine that the 'spiking' of today must be an easy, gentlemanly sort of thing." The Scroll, Janu- 
 ary, 1887, quoted the following from the X *■ /'«r^/^ rt«<^ Gold: "It would be faint praise to say 
 that the Manual' is the best of its kind ; it is a pioneer. So successful and useful a compendium 
 must soon be followed by others." 
 
494 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 he gave a similar table for April i, 1886, with some additional 
 tables and summaries for four years. Since then such tables and 
 summaries for each year have appeared in The Scroll or supple- 
 ments to The Scroll, and, beginning in 1899, i^ "^^^^ Palladium. 
 The printed form of reports has been amended and enlarged sev- 
 eral times, new printed blanks being issued in 1888, 1893 (when 
 they were first stitched in pamphlet form), 1899 and 1904. 
 
 By a circular, July 20, 1885, and through The Scroll, October, 
 1885, A. A. Stearns, H. G. C, announced that portraits of the six 
 founders of $ A had been procured, some of them with consider- 
 able difficult3^ Robert Morrison and A. G. Foster had assisted in 
 procuring them. They had been lithographed and printed by 
 W. J. Morgan & Co., Cleveland, each portrait on a sheet ii/^ by 
 14^ inches, and they were offered to chapters and members at 
 sixty cents for a set of six. The H. G. C. reported to the Conven- 
 tion of 1886 that an edition of 1,000 sets had been printed, and 
 that about twenty-five chapters had purchased sets. The sheets were 
 shipped to New York, and the lithographs of John McMillan Wilson 
 and Robert Thompson Drake were used, with accompanying biogra- 
 phical sketches, in The Scroll, December, 1886, and April, 1887. 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1884-1885. 
 
 Volume IX: nine monthly numbers — October, 1884, to June, 1885; pp. 426-|- 
 supplement, December, pp. 32; title page and index, pp. 7. Illustration I. Edi- 
 tor, W. B. Palmer, Nos. 1-2. Managing Editor, J. M. Maj-er, Nos. 3-9. Assist- 
 ant Editors: J. M. Mayer, J. B. Shaw, Nos. 1-2. Associate Editors: J. B. Shaw, 
 J. B. Kerfoot, Nos. 3-9. Business Manager, E. H. L. Randolph. Assistant 
 Business Manager, Albert Shiels, Nos. 4-9. Printers, Vanden Houten & Co., 
 New York, N. Y. 
 
 W. B. Palmer resigned as Editor of The Scroll, April 21, 1884, 
 to take effect at the close of the collegiate 3^ear. He favored pub- 
 lishing it at either Cincinnati or New York, and finall}^ recom- 
 mended the latter place. The General Council refused to accept 
 his resignation, but approved of publishing the magazine at New 
 York, also of his recommendations of J. M. Mayer and J. B. Shaw 
 as Assistant Editors, and E. H. L. Randolph as Business Manager, 
 and they so served for the October and November issues. The 
 Convention in November elected J. M. Mayer as Managing Editor, 
 and E. H. L. Randolph as Business Manager. Mayer selected J. 
 B. Shaw and J. B. Kerfoot as Associate Editors, and the three 
 formed the editorial staff for the monthly issues from December, 
 1884, to June, 1885, inclusive. Randolph selected Albert Shiels 
 as x^ssistant Business Manager, beginning with the Januar}^ issue. 
 
 The form was unchanged from the last volume, but a better 
 finished paper was used for the cover. The convention proceed- 
 ings appear in a supplement to the December number. By action 
 of the Convention, The Scroll was no longer to be considered a sub 
 rosa publication. The February issue was the first number of the 
 
I 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1885-1886. 495 
 
 magazine to contain a list of recent initiates. Such lists appear 
 also in subsequent issues of this volume and in later volumes. 
 W. B. Palmer contributed a review of the catalogues of thirteen 
 different fraternities, in November, and a review of "The Psi Upsilon 
 Epitome," in February. The latter work was written by A. P. 
 Jacobs, Michigan, '-73. It is a 16 mo. of 264 pages, and contains a 
 historical sketch of ^ Y, the longest sketch of any fraternity that 
 had been published. In April, Palmer also contributed "Fraterni- 
 ties in Southern Colleges." Two fine sketches, "That Chapter" 
 and "The Absent Member," were written by Mayer, the first 
 appearing in January, the second in April. The March number 
 contains the only illustration in the volume, a wood-cut portrait of 
 W. F. Vilas, Wisconsin, '57, recently appointed Postmaster-general. 
 
 DTHE SCROLL, 1885-1886. 
 
 'Volume X: nine monthly numbers— October, 1885,^ to June, 1886; pp. 404-f- 
 title page and index, pp. 7. Managing Editor, J. M. Mayer. Associate Editors: 
 T. H. Baskerville, Leo Wampold. Assistant Editor, J. B. Kerfoot, No. I. Special 
 Editor, W. B. Palmer, No. 9. Business Manager, E. H. L. Randolph. Assist- 
 ant Business Manager, Albert Shiels. Printers, Vanden Houten, & Co., New 
 York, N. Y. 
 
 The resurrected minutes of the first Convention, 185 1, annotated 
 by W. B. Palmer, were printed in The Scroll, October, 1885. The 
 November, December and January numbers contain articles by 
 Robert Morrison on "The Crisis of i85i,"an account of Ohio 
 Alpha's trouble in that year. J. E. Brown contributed two notable 
 articles: 'Colleges and Fraternities in Ohio," in November; The 
 Miami Triad t in Extension," in February. The December Scroll^ 
 contains "Dartmouth College and Her Fraternities," by G. W. 
 Shaw; the April number, "The University of Wisconsin," by G. 
 A. Buckstaff. The former was the first article descriptive of a 
 university which appeared in the magazine. Many such articles have 
 appeared in subsequent volumes. The June number, containing 
 74 pages, was written entirely by Palmer, and was devoted wholly 
 to an "historical review," "table of contents," titles and sub- 
 jects" and "index of contributors" to The Scroll, Volumes I to X, 
 inclusive. No other fraternity had attempted a similar work. 
 The following is quoted from the introduction to the historical 
 review:" 
 
 The close of the tenth volume is a particularly appropriate time to furnish a his- 
 tory of The Scroll during the successive years of its publication. When the first 
 
 *The June number (cover of which, by mistake, is dated "September," 1886) was printed at the 
 Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Nashville, Tenn., the sheets being 
 shipped to New York, where the title page, index and cover were printed. 
 
 t This was the first time that B n, $ A © and 2 X were so called. In the same article $ F A, 
 •$ K S[' and ATA were for the first time called "The Jefferson Triad," ^the first two having been 
 founded at Jefferon, the latter at Bethany. Bethany College is in the "panhandle" of West Vir- 
 -ginia. Jefferson College, which was at Canonsburg, Pa., united with Washington College at Wash- 
 ington, Pa., 1865, forming Washington and Jefferson College at the latter place. The distance 
 from Washington to Canonsburg is seven miles; from Washington to Bethany is seventeen and a 
 Jialf miles ; from Canonsburg to Bethany is twenty miles. 
 
496 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 number appeared, over eleven years ago, there were but two fraternit}' organs, viz.^ 
 the Beta Theta Pi and the X <l> Quarterly. Since then nearly all fraternities have 
 ventured upon the journalistic field. The life of The Scroll has been full of vicis- 
 situdes, but the journal has steadily increased in favor with Phis, and its usefulness 
 has increased, pari passu, with the remarkable growth of the Fraternity, The 
 Scroll has really been the most important factor in the Fraternity's development, 
 and its continuance is absolutely essential to the maintenance of the present gratif}^- 
 ing state of $ A 9. During the period embraced by the first ten volumes, it has 
 been published at six different places. It was first issued as a quarterly, andj after 
 a suspension of two )'ears, it reappeared as a monthly paper, two years later resuming 
 the magazine form. The staff of Editors has changed often. The ten volumes 
 contain nearly 2,500 pages, and include many articles of great historical interest. 
 
 In concluding the review, Palmer recommended that the place of 
 publication should not be changed so often, and that the magazine 
 
 1886 Song Book — Front Side-stamp. 
 
 The original is 4?^ inches from top to bottom. 
 
 should be directed by a Board of Publication, composed of resident 
 members at the place of publication, who should be elected b3=^ the 
 Convention, and who should choose the Editor and Business Man- 
 ager, and have power, for cause, to remove either, all acts of the 
 Board to be valid unless overruled b}^ the General Council. This 
 plan was adopted by the Convention, 1886, but abandoned, 1889. 
 
 THE SONG BOOK— THIRD EDITION, 1886. 
 
 At the Convention of 1884, W. E. O'Kane, H. A. Kahler and F. 
 D. Swope were authorized to begin at once the editing of a new 
 edition of the song book with music. The Scroll, January, 1886, 
 
THE SONG BOOK— THIRD EDITION, 1886. 
 
 497 
 
 announced that O'Kane and Kahler had resigned from the commit- 
 tee, and the General Council had appointed on it E. H. L. Ran- 
 dolph. An advertisement in the October .SV;W/ announced, "The 
 most elegantly printed and bound fraternitv song book vet pub- 
 lished." 
 
 The title page: "SONGS OF PHI DP:LTA THETA | With 
 Music and Piano-forte Accompaniment 1 Third Edition | Published 
 b}^ Authorit}^ of the National Convention | Anno Domini 
 MDCCCLXxxvi 1 Anno Fraternitatis xxxviii | Editors | Frank D. 
 Swope, E. H. L. Randolph | New York | Press of Vanden Houten 
 &: Co. I 47 & 49 Liberty Street | 1886." The title page contains 
 also the first verse of P. W. Search's song beginning, "Come, 
 brothers, let us all unite. " Bound in blue cloth, with silver side- 
 stamps; also in blue paper covers. 
 
 1886 Song Book — Back Side-stamp. 
 
 The original is 2 inches from top to bottom. 
 
 The book contains sixty -four pages, 7 Vi by 9^^ inches. The paper 
 is heavy, the printing, presswork and binding excellent. On the 
 reverse of the title page is a notice of cop3'right b}^ E. H. L. Ran- 
 dolph, and the imprint: ' J. E. Ta34or, Music Electrotyper, 15 
 Vandewater Street, New York." On page 3 is the 'Preface," dated 
 August, 1886. On page 4 is a list of "Books of Reference," in 
 which are published many of the airs to which the songs are at- 
 tuned. On pages 5 and 6 is the table of Contents." The songs 
 begin on page 7. There are one hundred and eight songs and odes, 
 fourteen with original piano accompaniments. The following, b}^ 
 Conwa}^ MacMillan, Nebraska, '85, was reproduced from The Scroll, 
 October, 1884: 
 
 DEAR CHAPTER, HAIL! 
 
 Air — ' ' TJwse Evening Bells. ' ' 
 Dear Chapter, hail! Dear Chapter, hail! 
 I>et gladness float o'er hill and vale; 
 
 And as the echoes backward bring 
 
 The songs that we so blithely sing. 
 Dear Chapter, hail! Dear Chapter, hail! 
 Let gladness float o'er hill and vale! 
 
 {32/ 
 
 Our college days are fleeting fast, 
 And soon will be forever past; 
 
49^ THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 But when in mem'ry we return, 
 
 Ma}' hearts with old-time ardor burn. 
 Dear Chapter, hail! Dear Chapter, hail! 
 Let gladness float o'er hill and vale! 
 
 As Phidom's hosts, with soul aflame, 
 Press onward to undying fame. 
 
 May our fair Chapter fight in front. 
 
 And bravely bear the battle's brunt. 
 Dear Chapter, hail! Dear Chapter, hail! 
 Let. gladness float o'er hill and vale! 
 
 William Dressier, of New York, was paid $30 for editing the 
 original music in this edition; Louis Dreka, of Philadelphia, $25 
 for side-stamps cut in brass; Vanden Houten & Co., $315. 94 for 
 printing and binding. The books, cloth bound, sold for ^i.io 
 each; in paper covers, 75 cents. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1886. 
 
 The place appointed b)" the National Convention of 1884 for the 
 Convention of 1886 was Cincinnati, but b}^ a circular, dated Sep- 
 tember 15, 1886, the General Council announced that the meeting 
 place had been changed to New York, for the following reasons: 
 
 The General Council recently received a strong petition from the Phis of New 
 York City, requesting vis to hold our next Convention as their guests. The argu- 
 ments advanced in its favor were comprehensive and convincing, touching on the 
 change of conditions which had turned the project, from unwise at the time of our 
 last session, to emphatically desirable at the present time, and included a sketch of 
 our development in the East, and the decided success of the Alpha Province Con- 
 vention held in the metropolis a short time ago. After fully considering the mat- 
 ter, the General Council, notwithstanding the limited time and the restriction of 
 preparation incident thereto, have decided to change the place of our meeting in 
 accord with the petition, and call on the whole Fraternity to join in making the 
 occasion memorable in our histor}-. In this decision the Phis of Cincinnati have 
 kindly deferred to the expression of the General Council, and subordinated their 
 own interests to the wider benefit of our entire Order. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Monday, Tuesda}'^, 
 Wednesday, Thursday and Frida}^ October 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22, 
 1886, at the Grand Central (now Broadway Central) Hotel, New 
 York, N. Y. The Convention was called to order by H. U. Brown, 
 P. G. C. Prayer was offered by W. M. Carr, Rev. J. M. Worrall, 
 D, D., delivered the address of welcome, J. W. Fesler the response. 
 
 Officers present: General Council — President, H. U. Brown; Secretary, C. 
 P. Bassett; Treasurer, C. A. Foster; Historian, A. A. Stearns. President Alpha 
 Province, W. R. Worrall. President Delta Province, J. T. Morrison. Managing 
 Editor of The Scroll, J. M. Mayer. Associate Editors of The Scroll: T. H. 
 Baskerville, Leo Wampold, Jr. Business Manager of The Scroll, E. H. L. Ran- 
 dolph. Assistant Business Manager of The Scroll, Albert Shiels. 
 
 Delegates from college chapters present: Miami — W. J. Rusk, '89. 
 Indiana— ^. W. Fesler, '87. Centre— K. S. Dawson, '87. Wabash-}. N. Til- 
 lett, '88. Wisconsin—}. T. Bennett, '84. Butler— Y. R. Kautz, '87. O. W. U. 
 — W. E. O'Kane, '87. Franklin— Qx^i^on Johnson, '87. Hanovei — T. G. 
 Brashear, '87. DePauw—^. J. Snyder, '87. Ohio—^. E. Bundy, '86. Roa- 
 jtoke — D. B. Myers, '87; Missouri — H. W, Clark, '87. Knox — J. H. Hopkins, 
 '87. Georgia — J. J. Gilbert, '86. Emory — E. P. Burns, '85. Iowa Wesleyan — 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1886. 
 
 499 
 
 E. H. Scott, '89. Mercej—h. M. Nunnally, '87. Wooster—C. K. Carpenter, '89. 
 Cornell— D. L. Bennett, '87. Lafayette — H. L. Moore, '88. California — W. 
 O. Morgan, '87. Lansing — E. R. Lake, '85. Virginia — J, J. Stuart, '83. 
 Randolph-Macon — R. L. Powers, '84. Buchtel — Car\' Jones, '87. A'ebraska — 
 A. E. Anderson, '88. Richmond — C. B. Tippett, '89. ^ Gettysburg — W. K. Diehl, 
 '86. ^. d-=/.— D. M. Skilling, '88. Frt«fl'^r/;///--C]aude Waller, '84. Missis- 
 sippi — C. F. Smith, '87. Alabama — W. W. r)uarles, '87. Lllinois IVesleyan — 
 W. L. Miller, '87. Lombard—^. R. Carpenter, '87. Auburn— \.. W. Wilkinson, 
 '86. Allegheny— Y . M. Kerr, '88. Vermont— Y. C. Morgan, '87. Dickinson— 
 T. M. Culver, '87. Westminster — S. E. Young, '86. Minnesota — R. L. Moffett, 
 '89. Io%va — F. S. Abv, '88. South Carolina — M. L. Copeland, '84; Kansas- 
 T. J. Schall, '88. Hillsdale— \N. H. P. Smith, '87. Sewanee—U. R. Bohn, '88. 
 O. S. U.—C. A. Winter, '87. Union— C. A. Marvin, '87. C. C. K. Y.—Y. A. 
 Winslow, '87. Colby — Woodman Bradbury, '87. Columbia — E. P. Callender, 
 '88. Dartmouth— K. C. Willev, '87. North Carolina— \N. H. McDonald, '87. 
 Central—]. T. Wade, '87. Williams— C. H. Clarke, '87. 
 
 The active college chapters without delegates were those at V. 
 M. I., Texas, Southwestern, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Delegates from alumni chapters present: Richmond — R. L. Powers, 
 Randolph-Macon, '84. Lndianapolis — H. U. Brown, Butler, '80. Louisville — J. 
 T. Morrison, Wooster, '87. Cincinnati — Scott Bonham, O. W. U., '82. Akron 
 — A. A. Stearns, Buchtel, '79. A^ezv York — Paul Jones, Vanderbilt, '79. 
 
 Other members present: Miami — Robert Morrison, '40; J. M. Worrall, '49 
 Centre-C. E. Kincaid, '78; W. R. Worrall, '79. Wabash— \N. H. Scofield, '85 
 Wisconsin— V. C. Slaughter, '59; J. W. Blakev, '85. O. W. 6\— W. P. Fulton 
 '81; E. S. Barkdull, '86. Franklin—]. K. Howard, '64. Hanover— ^N . T 
 Morrison, '86. Michigan — H. C. Snitcher, '68. DePatnu — R. T. Savin, '87 
 Georgia — A. C. Blain, '84. Cornell — D. R. Horton, '75; G. W. Stephens, '88 
 Lafayette— C. W. Bixbv, '76; G. W. Plack, '79; J. T. Baker, '82; A. A. Bird, '84 
 J. B. Shaw, '85; O. M Richards, '87; S. M. Neff, '88; W. M. Sterrett, '88; W 
 H. Wavgood, '88. Lansing— T. A. Stanley, '86. W. &-/.—]. C. McClenathan 
 '78; William Wallace, '82; D. B. Fitzgerald, '84; A. J. Montgomery, Jr., '87 
 Vanderbilt — J. E. Walker, '85. Allegheny — N. M. Johnson, '89. Vermont — A. 
 H. Wheeler, '83; W. M. Stiles, '84; M. N. Baker, '86: S. H. Bishop, '86. Dick- 
 inson— K. W. W^ever, '83; T. M. B. Hicks, "86; R. E. Wilson, '86: E. H. Garrison, 
 '89. O. S. U.—Yi. D. Cretcher, '88. Union— Yi. D. Griswold, '85; E. S. C. 
 Harris, '86; F. W. Skinner, '86; F. F. Blessing, '89. C. C. N. Y.—Y. G. Mason, 
 '84; F. M. Devoe, Jr., '85; C. A. Downer, '86; G. W. Hubbell, '87; W. D. Utlev, 
 '87; John Campbell, '88; Mason Carnes, '88; S. W. Dunscombe, Jr., '88; T. H. 
 Knox, '88; B. S. Orcutt, '88; E. F. Palmer, '88; G. S. Potter, Jr., '88; F. I. Brown, 
 '89. C^%— Rufus Moulton, '84. Columbia—]. D. Berry, '86; G. D. Scriba, '86; 
 J. B. Kerfoot, '87; G. L. Baker, '88; W. H. Erb, '89. Williams— \N. S. Ferris, 
 '85; Samuel Abbott, '87; H. J. Wells, '87. 
 
 Officers elected: General Council — President, C. P. Bassett; Secretary, J. 
 E. Brown; Treasurer, S. P. Gilbert; Historian, E. H. L. Randolph. Board of 
 Publication— W. R. Worrall, D. R. Horton, T. H. Baskerville, Albert Shiels, E. 
 H. L. Randolph. 
 
 Convention officers: President, H. U. Brown, P. G. C, ex officio; Secre- 
 tary, C. P. Bassett, S. G. C, ex officio; Chaplain, W. M. Carr. 
 
 H. U. Brown, in his report as P. G. C, said: "A Convention in 
 New York has now, for the first time in the history of the Order, 
 
 become possible The matter of further extension 
 
 should engage 3'our earnest attention. There should be no stagna- 
 tion, but ever}^ step should be conservativeh^ taken. It is a funda- 
 mental factor of our growth that $ A is National in purpose. 
 We believe that true American manhood is indigenous to ever}' 
 State. This Order of ours, b}^ pinning its fate to the state univer- 
 
500 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 sities, and to the best equipped of the denominational colleges, 
 whether found East or West, North or South, has staked its repu- 
 tation on the Nationality of American culture. We believe in all sec- 
 tions of this Republic and in each other. A Phi in Boston is a 
 Phi in Charleston." As in 1884, he recommended that the sus- 
 pended chapters at Michigan and Northwestern be re-established, 
 and said that "in the East great possibilities lie." 
 
 A report of the committee on revision of the Constitution, com- 
 posed of W. B. Palmer, T. H. Simmons and C. P. Bassett, was 
 presented by the latter. This committee, appointed at the Con- 
 vention of 1882, had been continued at the Convention of 1884. 
 The report having been amended, was adopted. A revision of the 
 Ritual, which with the draft of the Constitution had been prepared 
 b}^ W. B. Palmer, was tabled until the next Convention. 
 
 R. S. Dawson proposed that each undergraduate be charged $2 
 a year for T/ie Scro//, $1 of which should be considered his Scroll 
 tax for that year, the remaining $1 to entitle him to the magazine 
 for two years after leaving college. Thus, by pa3nng $8 during 
 undergraduate membership, a member would receive the magazine 
 during his four years course and eight years thereafter. The plan, 
 however, was not adopted. The committee on fraternity jewelry, 
 F. R. Kautz, chairman, presented the following report, which was 
 adopted: 
 
 We recommend (i) That the sizes of badges be restricted to what are now 
 known as small and medium. (2) That no black scrolls be made. (3) That the^ 
 blade of the sword be made narrower than at present, and in no case jeweled. (4) 
 That badges be of 18 karat gold, and of the finest quality of stones and workman- 
 ship. (5) That the National Convention appoint Messrs. J. F. Newman, of New 
 York, and D. L. x\uld, of Columbus, official jewelers to $ A 0. (6) That, in order 
 tp preserve rmifgri^jty in the badge, members are not to purchase badges of any 
 but th? QfRcial jewelei-s, 
 
 Ordered, October 20, that a charter be granted for Georgia Beta 
 Alumni at Atlanta. The Convention refused applications for char- 
 ters from the University of the Pacific, San Jose, Cal., Doane Col- 
 lege, Crete, Neb., Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, and William 
 Jewell College, Liberty, Mo. ; and referred to the General Council 
 an application from Southern University. The charter of the 
 chapter at Monmouth College was recalled, October 20. C. B.. 
 Tippett, formerly of K 2 K, traced the progress of the absorption 
 of that Fraternity by $ A ©, and moved that a committee of three 
 be appointed to investigate V. M. I. and W. & L., and report 
 to the General Council; carried, and C. B. Tippett, R. L. 
 Powers and H. L. Moore appointed. The Convention adopted a 
 resolution which provided for the appointment of a committee of 
 three to devise ways and means of re-establishing Michigan Alpha 
 at Ann Arbor; J. T. Morrison was appointed, and the General 
 Council was directed to appoint two others. The General Council 
 was directed to investigate Wesleyan, Lehigh, W. & L. and North- 
 western. Invitations for the next Convention were received from 
 
502 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Bloomington, 111.; Atlanta, Ga. , and Cincinnati, Ohio; ordered to 
 be held at Bloomington, October 10-14, 1887. 
 
 J. B. Shaw presided at a meeting Tuesday evening, when the 
 Historian's address was delivered by A. A. Stearns, and informal 
 talks were made by Paul Jones and others. The Historian said: 
 
 We are coming now more than ever to realize that in truth ours is a National 
 Order. We are neither eastern, western nor southern, though we inhabit the lead- 
 ing colleges in each section. We claim the distinction of being founded upon a 
 policy rare in the fraternity world, which recognizes the very general development 
 of liberal education in this country. A national fraternity is justified by the unex- 
 ampled progress made by the American people in higher education. The collegi- 
 ate advantages of this country are being leveled up. New England, with its 
 historic seats of learning and its traditions of scholarship, is no longer the sine qua 
 non in collegiate training. Equal advantages are making obsolete qualifying sec- 
 tional terms. 
 
 Wednesday afternoon a group photograph of the Convention was 
 taken in front of the DeVinne Press Building, Tafayette Place. 
 The convention banquet took place Thursday evening. The 
 menus were very handsome, being printed on heavy paper, inclosed 
 in leather covers, bound with white and blue cords. The covers 
 were stamped: National Convention — Phi Delta Theta — 1848- 
 1886;" and in the middle were the golden shield and sword, fully 
 jeweled as on the badge. Rev. J. M. Worrall, D. D., Miami, '49 
 was toastmaster. The toasts: "The Mystic Bond," response by 
 A. A. Stearns, Buchtel, '79; "The Convention in the East," Scott 
 Bonham, O. W. U., '82; "^ A — the National Fraternity," W. 
 O. Morgan, California, '87, and C. H. Clarke, Williams, '87; 
 "College Friends the Best Friends," G. W. Plack, Lafayette, '79; 
 
 Hellenic Courtesy, " J. W. Fesler, Indiana, '87; 'Phis in Public 
 Life," C. E. Kincaid, Centre, '78; "Our Steady Growth — 58 
 undergraduate and 17 alumni chapters, 4,850 members," J. J. Gil- 
 bert, Georgia, '86. There was also a number of informal toasts. 
 Several alumni addressed the Convention at different times, and 
 Rev. Robert Morrison, Miami, '49, spoke more than once. He 
 sat for a photograph while in the city. The members of the Con- 
 vention presented him with a cane, which was sent to him after 
 adjournment, and the following acknowledgment appeared in The 
 Scroll, January, 1887: 
 
 Aurora Springs, Mo., November 29, 1886. 
 Dear Brother Randolph: 
 
 On Saturday, 27th inst., per express, I received, in good condition, an elegant 
 and substantial cane. Like the great image in the dream of the Chaldean king, 
 the head was of gold, while the body of the cane was solid and weighty, well 
 suited to travel with such a head. This inscription was on the crown: 
 
 1848. 
 ROBERT MORRISON, 
 
 FROM 
 
 The New York Convention, 
 
 OF 
 
 Phi Delta Theta, 
 1886. 
 
 This handsome gift is highly appreciated because of its intrinsic value, and because 
 
 of its prospective usefulness, and more than all else, because it is a testimonial of 
 
 regard from a grand. National Fraternity, than which there is none better, as I 
 
THE CONSTITUTION OF 1886. 503 
 
 think, upon the continent. Please accept for yourself and for those whom in this 
 business you represent, my most sincere thanks. I remain, in the Bond, frater- 
 nally yours, Robert Morrison.* 
 
 The Convention received a number of congratulatory telegrams 
 from chapters and individual members, also one from Gov. J. B. 
 Foraker, B n,of Ohio, and one from F. M. Crossett, Editor of 
 the A Y Quarterly. Congratulations were telegraphed to the 11 B $ 
 (ladies) convention at Indianola, Iowa, and a telegraphic acknow- 
 ledgment was received. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION OF 1886. 
 
 Following are some of the new provisions of the Constitution 
 adopted by the National Convention of 1886: 
 
 The Constitutions of 1878 and 1880 required the National Con- 
 vention to be held biennially." The Constitution of 1886 pro- 
 vided only that, ' Each National Convention shall decide the time 
 and place of meeting of the next National Convention." 
 
 The Constitution of 1886 further provided that: 'The manage- 
 ment of The Scroll shall be entrusted to a Board of Publication, 
 composed of five correspondent members, residents at the place of 
 publication. The Board shall choose a staff, consisting of a Man- 
 aging Editor, who, by and with the advice of the Board, may 
 choose an Assistant, who shall be an undergraduate. The Board 
 shall also choose a Business Manager, who shall have power to 
 choose his own Assistant. Any member of the Board may hold a 
 position on the staff. The Board shall make its own rules, and all 
 of its decisions shall have full force and effect, unless vetoed by the 
 General Council." 
 
 Instead of the General Council levying a per capita assessment 
 to pay the expenses of each National Convention, provision was 
 made for regular dues, payable April i, of each year. The T. G. C. 
 shall divide the receipts into a general fund, an extension fund, and 
 a convention fund. 
 
 The Convention of 1880 gave the titles of most of the suspended 
 chapters to active chapters, transferring the membership lists of 
 the former to the latter, but the Constitution of 1886 provided 
 that any chapter on its dissolution shall not lose its name or 
 order." 
 
 Previous to 1886 the Constitution contained no provision for 
 associate members. The new Constitution defines attendant, cor- 
 respondent and associate members as follows: "So long as a mem- 
 ber is pursuing a course of study in the college where his chapter 
 is located, he shall be called an attendant member; and when his 
 connection with the college as a student shall have ceased, he shall 
 be called a correspondent member; and any member of the Frater- 
 nity who has severed his active connection with the college at 
 
 The head of the cane appears in the portrait of him on page 
 
504 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 which his chapter is located, but who is still associated with the 
 chapter, and subject to its dues, shall be termed an associate mem- 
 ber, and shall be liable to all general taxation, and ma}' hold office 
 in the chapter at its own decision." 
 
 The new Constitution required that, 'On the first da}' of ^larch 
 of each year, each chapter shall issue a circular-letter, which 
 shall give the latest news of interest about the Fraternit}-, the 
 chapter and the college." This circular shall be mailed 'to ever\' 
 correspondent member of the chapter, to the Reporter of ever}^ 
 other chapter, and to each of the general officers of the Fi-aternity." 
 
 In the blazon of the coat-of-arms ' '<ta" was changed to "Kcta, " 
 the same change being made also in the great seal, which otherwise 
 was unchanged. The provision in the Constitutions of 1878 and 
 1880 for a seal to be used by chapters was omitted. In describing 
 the badge, the new Constitution said, '"The blade of the sword 
 shall in no case be jeweled." 
 
 The Constitution of 1886, including the Constitution of alumni 
 chapters, was printed, making thirty-three pages, and bound in cloth. 
 
 ANNALS, 1886-1889. 
 
 The National Convention, 1886, elected C. P. Bassett, P. G. C. ; 
 J. E. Brown, S. G. C. ; S. P. Gilbert, T. G. C. ; E. H. L. Ran- 
 dolph, H. G. C. This General Council appointed the following 
 Province Presidents: Alpha, D. R. Horton; Beta, C. B. Tippett; 
 Gamma, Glenn Andrews. Delta, J. T. Morrison; Epsilon, W. C. 
 Covert; Zeta, W. L. Miller; Eta, H. W. Clark. January, 25, 
 1888, W. E. O'Kane was appointed President of Delta Province, 
 7'ice J. T. Morrison, resigned. On the same date, Conwa}^ Mac- 
 ]Millan was appointed President of Eta Province, vice H. W. Clark, 
 resigned. Februar}' 27, 1888, J. E. Davidson was appointed Presi- 
 dent of Epsilon Province, vice H. C. Covert, resigned. June, 12, 
 t888, G. L. Richardson was appointed President of Alpha Pro- 
 vince, 7'ice D. R. Horton, resigned. November 26, 1888, W. W. 
 Quarles was appointed President of Gamma Province, vice Glenn 
 Andrews, resigned. March 26, 1889, W. E. Bundy was appointed 
 President of Delta Province, vice W. E. O'Kane, resigned. 
 
 An unsuccessful attempt to reorganize Illinois Alpha at North- 
 western Universit}'- had been made, 1880-81, by A. B. Hitt, F. G. 
 Thomson and William Walker. Hitt's brother, I. R. Hitt, Jr., 
 entered the freshman class there, 1884. and was interested by him 
 in the revival of the chapter. I. R. Hitt, Jr., enlisted the support 
 of F. C. Waugh, October, 1886. A. B. Hitt then lived in Texas, 
 but the younger Hitt, who resided at Evanston, was advised and 
 assisted by Thomson, T. H. Simmons (P. P. 1884-86), A. S. J. 
 Magruder and other Chicago alumni. The Convention, October, 
 1886, directed the (leneral ("ouncil to investigate conditions at 
 Northwestern, with a view of re-establishing ^ A there. 
 
ANNALS, 1886-1889. 
 
 :)^D 
 
 An application for charter was signed, December 13, b\' I. R. 
 Hitt, Jr., '88; C. C. Albertson, '89; Edward Fawcett, '89:' E. B. 
 Greene, '89; F. C. Waugh, '89; G. O. Barnes, '90; C. M. Carr, 
 '90; H. L, Hanle}", '90. The General Council granted them a 
 charter, December 16, 1886. The installation occurred, January- 
 20, 1887, in a law office, corner of Washington and Dearborn Streets, 
 Chicago. The charter members were initiated except Albertson, 
 who was temporarih* out of college. H. R. Howell, '89, and 
 W. A. Clark, '90, were initiated at the same time. The initiation 
 was conducted by W. C. Covert, P. P. A number of alumni were 
 present, including R. A. D. Wilbanks, C. O. Perry, A. S. J. Ma- 
 
 Carroll Philips Bassett, Lafayette, '83; P. G. C, 1886-89. 
 
 From a photograph by Hargrave & Gubelman, 40 West 23d Street, New \ ork City. 
 
 gruder, F. G. Thomson, F. L. Brooks and J. E. McDowell. The 
 same evening officers were elected. The next morning the initiates 
 appeared at the university wearing badges, which caused much sur- 
 prise, as their plans had been kept secret from the student body. 
 Albertson was initiated later. 
 
 Soon afterward D. F. Green, '91, and J. D. Spaulding, '91, were 
 initiated, and G. B. Parker, '89, was affiliated from Iowa Alpha. 
 The chapter's circular letter, March i, 1888, showed fourteen 
 attendant members. March 25, a reception was tendered the chap- 
 ter by C. H. Remy, Indiana Gamma, '72, at his home in Evanston. 
 A hall was rented in the spring, and a larger hall was secured and 
 
5o6 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 fitted up in the fall. The first aniversary of the rejuvenated Illinois 
 Alpha was celebrated January 20, 1888. The other fraternities 
 at Northwestern refused to allow <l> A its rightful position in the 
 annual Syllabus. 
 
 During 1886-87 New York Epsilon was established 
 at Syracuse University, by the absorption of a local 
 society called IS ^ (initials of "SeAayei ^x;x>i").* In 
 the summer of 1886, C. W. Wood, of Syracuse, N. Y. , 
 editor of the catalogue of the general fraternity of 
 Z ^, wrote to W, B. Palmer for samples of the cir- 
 culars used in collecting data for the 188^ catalogue 
 of $ A ©. Palmer sent the circulars, and asked him 
 about the standing of % ^, but requested that he should not inform 
 the members of this society that inquiry concerning it had been 
 made. Wood wrote Palmer, July 5, that all the members were 
 moral, good principled fellows," that the}'^ were good students, 
 several being honor men," and that they were "well liked by the 
 faculty." He wrote something about the career of % ^, whose 
 Secretary he said was J. H, Murra3% and he tendered his own 
 further services most cheerfully." 
 
 This letter was forwarded b}^ Palmer to J. E. Brown, with the 
 request that he place the substance of it before the Convention. 
 Brown did not attend the Convention, but having been elected S. 
 G. C, he wrote to Murray, November 29, 1886, proposing a cor- 
 respondence with a view of 2 ^ becoming a chapter of ^ A 0, if 
 this should be found to be mutually desirable. At a meeting of 
 % ^, December 3, the letter was read, and the Secretary directed 
 to reply. December 7, E. M. Sanford, then Secretary, answered 
 Brown, saying he would gladly receive information about $ A 0. 
 Brown wrote to him, December 13, giving such information, and 
 asking for information regarding^ ^ and its members. Sanford 
 wrote, December 15, that ^ ^ had originated, 1881, with six mem- 
 bers, and was organized with the fraternity idea, but at the same 
 time with the determination to remain local unless a chapter of a 
 first-class fraternity could be secured." The society then (1886) 
 had fourteen active members, and information was furnished as to 
 their standing in college. Meetings, he said, were held weekly in a 
 well furnished room in the Y. M. C. A. Building in the city." A 
 cop3^ of The Manual of Phi Delta Theta" was sent b}^ Palmer to 
 Sanford, and the latter had further correspondence with Brown, and 
 
 *2^, first called K A 4', adopted a constitution, September 23, 1881, and, on the same day, S. 
 E. SproU, '82, was elected President: James Devine, '83, Vice-President: S. G. Comfort, '83, Secre- 
 tarj- ; E. A. Hill, '83, Librarian. These, with i\. H. Shurtleff, '83 ; B. D. Brown, '85 ; W. N. Holmes, 
 '85 ; A. H. Meads, '85. and F. A. Welch, '85, who were among the early members of K A 4', were 
 finally admitted to * A ©. In the fall of 188 1, K A * rented a small hall and began a library. The 
 halls of the society were successively in the Granger Block, the Lynch Building and the V. M. C. A. 
 Building. June g, 1882, a new constitution was adopted, the name of the society was changed to 
 2 4', and the secret motto was changed to the (ireek words in parentheses above, meaning, "Shine 
 by your intellect." The badge was a monogram of 2 *. Until the fall of 1882, the society 
 remained sub rosa. Strengthened by delegations from '84 and '85, the members then decided that 
 the time had come to disclose its e.xistence. Overtures were received from four fraternities before 
 those from <I> A were accepted. 
 
ANNALS, 1886- 1889. 507 
 
 also with D. R. Horton, P. P. Brown, who was attending the Ohio 
 Medical College, Cincinnati, obtained information about 2 ^ from 
 A. H. Meads, an alumnus member of the societ}' who was attend- 
 ing the Cincinnati Law School. Brown sent the form of applica- 
 tion for charter to Sanford, January 3. The question of making 
 application was discussed in 2 ^, Januar}^ 7, and laid over one 
 week. 
 
 A decision to apph^ for a charter was reached, Januar}- 14, and 
 an application was signed, January 18, by A. C. Driscoll, '87; W. 
 A. Mehan, '87; N. E. Hulbert, '88; J. H. Murray, '8S; W. S. 
 Murray, '88; M. R. Sanford, '88; E. M. Sanford, '89; H. O. Sibley, 
 '89; F. L. Boothby, '90; O. F. Cook, Jr., '90; Theophilus Devitt, 
 '89; E. M. Hasbrouck, '90; J. S. More}', '90. On the same day, 
 the application was forwarded to Horton. The General Council 
 granted them a charter for New York Epsilon, dated February- 7, 
 1887, and the chapter was installed on that date by D. R. Horton, 
 P. P. ; E, H. L. Randolph, Managing Editor of T/ie Scro//, and 
 the following attendant members of New York Alpha: E. C. 
 Boynton, C. A. McAllister, E. H. Bennett, Jr., I. S. Devendorf, 
 F. L. Dodgson, B. M. Sawyer, H. H. Williams and H. G. Folts. 
 The thirteen students who had signed the application were initiated, 
 together with G. I. Abbott, '88, and four resident alumni of 2 * — 
 S. E. Sproll, '82; James Devine, '8^; E. A. Hill, '8^; F. A. 
 Welch, '85. After the initiations, held in the society's rooms, there 
 was a banquet at Graham's restaurant. The next da}^ the Phis 
 from a distance visited the universit3\ A reception to the chapter 
 was given b}'^ Driscoll at his home in Syracuse, June 21. Only 
 seven members returned to the universit}^ in the fall, but the chap- 
 ter's circular letter, March i, 1888, showed an attendant member- 
 ship of eighteen. In his report to the Convention of 1889, Horton 
 said: "To Brother M. R. Sanford is due as much as to anyone the 
 credit of the formation of New York Epsilon. " The chapter was cor- 
 dially welcomed by the other fraternities at Syracuse — A K E, A Y, 
 ^ Y, <l> K ^. The grand chapter (convention) of Z ^, held Janu- 
 ary 6-7, 1887, had suspended the charter of its Syracuse chapter, 
 which had been ver}- weak for several 3^ears. 
 
 As related in "Annals, 1884-1886," the General Council, Febru- 
 ary 21, 1887, granted a charter for Virginia Zeta at Washington 
 and Lee L"niversit3\ 
 
 At the Alabama State Conventions of 1885 and 1886, resolutions 
 in favor of a chapter at Southern University, Greensboro, Ala., 
 were unanimously adopted. E. H. Cobb, of Alabama Beta, 
 entered Southern in the fall of 1886, and soon began to pledge 
 students to establish a chapter. He was assisted b}^ W. F. 
 Andrews, Alabama Beta, '8^, who was visiting Greensboro. An 
 application for charter, dated October 13, and bearing ten signa- 
 tures, was presented to the National Convention, New York, 1886. 
 It was endorsed by both Alabama Alpha and Beta. The Convention, 
 
5o8 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 October 20, voted to grant it, but later the vote was reconsidered, 
 and the matter referred to the General Council. 
 
 W. W. Mangum, of Alabama Beta, entered Southern, and joined 
 in another application for charter, dated December 17. W. W. 
 Quarles, delegate of Alabama Alpha to the New York Convention, 
 entered into an active correspondence with the general officers to 
 secure a charter for the applicants. B}^ a unanimous vote of the 
 General Council and the Province Presidents, a charter for Alabama 
 Gamma was granted, January 31, 1887, to W. W. Mangum, '87; 
 W. B. Otis, '87; S. W. Roberts, '87; E. H. Cobb, '88; H. H. 
 Motley, '89; Leigh Andrews, '90; E. H. Hawkins, '90; A. S. J. 
 Haygood, '90; L. Y. Masse}^ '90. All of them except Mangum had 
 signed the original application. 
 
 The installation occurred March 5, 1887, in Odd Fellows' Hall, 
 Greensboro. Glen Andrews, P. P., being unable to attend, the 
 installation was conducted by a committee, whom he requested 
 Alabama Alpha to send, composed of J. O. Banks, Jr., J. M. Ded- 
 man, W. G. Compton and W. C. Tunstall, Jr., assisted by Cobb 
 and Mangum and A. M. Tunstall, an alumnus of Alabama Alpha 
 residing at Greensboro. Of the ten members during the spring of 
 
 1887, six returned in the fall, and the circular letter, March i, 
 
 1888, reported eighteen attendant members. The older fraterni- 
 ties there were 11 K A, :S A E, ^ X, K A, A T O, but the chapters 
 of n K A and 2 X were dead. 
 
 A chapter established at Lehigh LTniversit}^ South Bethlehem, 
 Pa., 1876, had suspended the following yea.Y. The Convention in 
 October, 1886, directed the General Council to investigate condi- 
 tions at Lehigh, with a view of establishing a chapter there. 
 Lafayette being very near Lehigh, Pennsylvania Alpha was urged 
 by D. R. Horton, P. P., to ascertain whether there was an opening 
 for a chapter of $ A at the latter institution. Investigation 
 showed that a good opportunit}- was presented, and, January, 1887, 
 H. L. Moore, of Pennsylvania Alpha, secured a pledge from T. F, 
 Newby, a Lehigh sophomore, to endeavor to build up a chapter. 
 Horton visited Lafayette, March 6, and the same da}^ went on to 
 Lehigh. Newb}^ had pledged six men, and Horton was well satis- 
 fied with them. An application for charter had been signed, Feb- 
 ruary 26, by O. C. Burkhart, '88; R. P. Barnard, '89; J. J. Lin- 
 coln, '89; T. F. Newby, '89; A. T. Throop, '89; E. H. Beazell, '90; 
 F. R. Coats, '90. Newby continued working, being encouraged 
 by visits of Wallace McCamant and other attendant members of 
 Pennsylvania Alpha, and by G. M. Harleman, Pennsylvania Alpha, 
 '79; by J. L. Hoffman, '86; Joseph Otto, Jr., '86; and by C. E. 
 Stout, '87, all of Pennsylvania Zeta, who lived then at South Bethle- 
 hem. Pledges were obtained from M. H. Fehnel, '87; C. H. Miller, 
 '88, and T. A. Straub, '90, and they were added to the charter list. 
 
 The General Council granted a charter to the ten applicants, 
 the charter being dated April 15, 1887, the date of the installation, 
 
ANNALS, 1886- 1 889. 509 
 
 and the chapter being entitled Penns_vlvania Eta.* The initiation 
 took place in Fatzinger's Hall, being conducted bv C. P. Bassett, 
 P. G. C; E. H. L. Randolph, H. G. C.; D. R. Horton, P. P., and 
 G. M, Harleman. Every attendant member of Penns3dvania Alpha 
 was present. A banquet followed the initiation of the ten charter 
 members. In the fall all of them returned, including Fehnel, 
 valedictorian, '87, graduate student 1887-88. W. F. Dean was 
 affiliated from New York Alpha. Eight of the members roomed 
 in the same house and meetings were held there. The members 
 of Penns3dvania Eta were the guests of Pennsylvania Alpha at 
 Nazareth, Januar}- 31, 1888, to which place both parties were con- 
 veyed by sleighs. By April i, 1888, Pennsylvania Eta had sixteen 
 attendant members. The chapter rented a house in the fall of 
 1889. Pennsylvania Eta was the seventh chapter in the State. 
 The fraternities which had been established at Lehigh previous to 
 April 15, 1887, were <^ K 2, X ^, ATA, $A0 (1876), A T fi, 
 A $, © A X, A Y, 2 N, 2 $, ^ Y, <^ r A, but the chapters of ^ K 2, 
 ATA and $ A had suspended. 2 X was organized there, June, 
 1887. 
 
 A meeting of Pittsburg and Alleghen}" Phis was held at 413 
 Smithfield Street, December 22, 1886. Nine resident members 
 were present, three from other places. They decided to petition 
 the General Council for a charter for an alumni chapter, and 
 appointed R. B. Scandrett, W. T. Tredwa}^ alumni, and A. J. 
 Montgomer}^ an attendant member of Penns3dvania Gamma, to 
 prepare the application. Januar}^ 14, Tredway forwarded the 
 application signed by W. J. Boone, Wooster, '84; J. W. Criswell, 
 Wooster, '84; H. N. Campbell, Lafayette, '84; J. A. Langfitt, W. 
 & J., '79; R. B. Scandrett, W. & J., '85; G. W. Fulton, W. & J., 
 '86; W. A. Kinter, W. & J., '86; W. T. Tredway, W. & J., 'S6; E. 
 J. Lindse}^ Dickinson, '85. The General Council, granted them 
 a charter for Pennsylvania Alpha Alumni, Januar}'- 17, 1887. The 
 first banquet of the chapter was held at the AUeghen}^ Central 
 Hotel, April 5, 1887, and was attended b}" twenty-three members. 
 
 Urged b}^ H. AV. Clark, P. P., the Saint Louis Phis formed an 
 organization. C. F. Krone was instrumental in securing the fol- 
 lowing signatures to an application for charter, dated March 29, 
 1887: J. W. Slaughter, Wisconsin, '58; J. D. Tredway, Wisconsin, 
 '63; P. R. Flitcraft, Michigan, '71; E. P. Horner, Missouri, '73; 
 C. G. G. Rathman, Missouri, '76; C. F. Krone, Missouri, '84; H. 
 R. Williams, Missouri, '87; T. H. Kauffman, Iowa Wesleyan, '85; 
 M. L. Kauffman, Iowa Wesle5^an, '87; Lewis Perry, Cornell, '77; 
 C. H. Schureman, Cornell, '77; E. R. Koenig, Buchtel, '85; T. N. 
 Wilkerson, Westminster, '86. The General Council granted them 
 a charter for Missouri Beta Alumni, April 11, 1887. 
 
 * The chapter established at Lehigh, 1876, had been entitled Pennsylvania Delta. Since then 
 the Allegheny, Dickinson and University of Pennsylvania chapters had been entitled Pennsylvania 
 Delta. Epsilon, and Zeta respectively. The Lehigh applicants, 1887, desired that their chapter be 
 entitled Pennsylvania Eta and this was done. 
 
5IO THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Epsilon Province held a Convention at Indianapolis, April 14, 
 1887. All chapters were represented. W. C. Covert, P. P., pre- 
 sided. The Convention discussed the establishment of a summer 
 resort for Phis.* A banquet was held in the evening. 
 
 The annual reports to the H. G. C. showed that, April i, 1887, 
 the attendant membership of all chapters was 879, and the number 
 of initiates during the preceding year was 428. Commenting on 
 the returns, E. H. L. Randolph, H. G. C, said: Our annual un- 
 dergraduate membership and annual initiations will probabl}^ 
 exceed those of any other college fraternit^^" 
 
 In accordance with the Constitution, adopted 1886, the chapters 
 began issuing annual circular letters, i887.t Each chapter was 
 required to send a copy of its letter to each of its correspondent 
 members, to the Reporter of every other chapter and to each gen- 
 eral officer. Vermont Alpha had issued such letters, 1885 and 1886. 
 The first one, dated January i, 1885, is a four-page circular, with 
 the coat-of-arms on the first page. It was called a Semi-an- 
 nual report of the Vermont Alpha chapter of Phi Delta Theta," 
 and was written by the Reporter. It begins: ''To the General 
 Council and other officers of $ A ©, and especially to the alumni 
 of Vermont Alpha: In pursuance of a by-law passed at our last 
 regular meeting, it is my pleasing duty to submit to the correspond- 
 ent members of Vermont Alpha a report as to its present condition 
 and prospects for the future." The circular contains a list of at- 
 tendant members, a list of correspondent members, information 
 about the fall 'horse shedding" (rushing), college honors won by 
 Phis, visits of alumni, and a table showing the numerical standing 
 of each fraternity and the ' barbarians" at Vermont. It also re- 
 quested correspondent members to write to the chapter and to visit 
 the chapter, and urged them to subscribe for The Scroll. This 
 circular was republished in The Scroll, Januar}^, 1885. Vermont 
 Alpha's second circular letter, dated Januar}^ i, i886, was similar 
 to that of the year before. It said that, "it has been decided b}" 
 the chapter to get out a report of the condition of the Vermont 
 Alpha annually instead of semi-annually." Of sixty-two active 
 chapters, fifty-two issued circular letters, 1887. Forty-six of the 
 circulars were reviewed in The Scroll for Ma}^ and four others 
 were mentioned in the June issue. They varied considerably in 
 size, typography and contents. 
 
 The hall in the Schumacher Building rented by the Buchtel chap" 
 ter, was burned in the spring of 1886, but was restored for occu- 
 
 * The summer resort idea was suggested bj- B © H's buying property and building a club house 
 on the shore of Lake Chatauqua. The house was built, 1884, and was sold 1894. It then became a 
 hotel, but was burned 1900. — See "Fraternity Studies," 1894, by W. R. Baird. 
 
 Scrzbner's Monthly, March, 1879, contains an account of a summer camp which the Manhattan 
 (C. C. N. Y.) chapter of A A $ had maintained on a crescent-shaped island in Lake George for ten 
 years. 
 
 t See pages 488 and 504. The system of chapters issuing circular letters originated, 1879, with 
 B n, $ A © being the second fraternity to adopt it. Chapters of B © H issued semi-annual cir- 
 cular letters. One from Michigan was republished, as an example, in The Scroll, May-June, 1883. 
 In 1892 the issuance of semi-annual letters was discontinued, and annual letters from chapters were 
 bound in a special issue of the Beta Theta Fi, edited by the general secretary. 
 
ANNALS, 1886-1889. 
 
 511 
 
 pane}- by October. The hall rented b}' New Hampshire Alpha was 
 burned in a fire which destro_ved the business portion of Hanover. 
 January, 1887. Through the kindness of the Dartmouth facult}', 
 regular meetings of the chapter for a time were held in one of the 
 college rooms. 
 
 The letter from the Dickinson chapter in The Scroll, March, 
 1887, refers to "a bi-weekly paper consisting of contributions from 
 
 »^^A.-.ry 
 
 \ 
 
 Charter member of Wisconsin Alpha, 1858. Postmaster-general, 1885-88 ; Secretary- of the In- 
 terior, 1888-89; United States Senator from Wisconsin, 1891-97. See biographical sketch in The 
 Scroll, October, 1884, and March, 1885. Half-tone from a photograph by C. M. Bell, Washington, 
 D. C. Signature from a letter sent with the photograph to the author of this historj-, Mav 6, 1902. 
 
 the Phis." The letter of the Lombard chapter in TJie Scroll, April, 
 1889, mentions the reading of "the official organ of the chapter, the 
 Mirror, a supposedly humorous paper," b}'' the editor, S. D. 
 Harsh, at a reception in honor of the installation of President 
 Harrison. 
 
 The Knox circular letter for 1887 said: 'AVe have lately insti- 
 tuted a societv known as the 'Sister Phis.'" The Mercer circular 
 
 I 
 
512 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 letter for 1887 said the chapter took "great pride" in the "$ A 
 Social Club." Meetings were held fortnightly, each member 
 escorting a young lady, and the exercises indued "recitations and 
 music." 
 
 Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, was visited June 6, 1887, by E. H. 
 L. Randolph, H. G. C, W. B. Palmer, ^ex-H. G. C, and W. A. 
 Speer, who established a $ A cairn on Broadwa}^," without the 
 Star Chamber." It was made of some of the stones which 
 abound in the cave. A cherry board, bearing "$ A 0" and the 
 date of the visit, which had been brought from Nashville, was 
 placed on top of the pile, together with a small book for the regis- 
 tration of the names of visiting Phis, each of whom was expected to 
 add a stone.* 
 
 On the occasion of the visit of President Grover Cleveland and 
 members of his cabinet to Nashville, October 17, 1887, a party of 
 active members of Tennessee Alpha and resident alumni drove to 
 West Meade," where Postmaster-general W. F. Vilas, Wisconsin 
 Alpha, '58, was entertained, and presented him with a hickory cane, 
 cut from 'the Hermitage," the home of Old Hickory," General 
 Andrew Jackson. The cane was mounted with a gold head suitably 
 inscribed. The presentation speech was made by R. F. Jackson, 
 and General Vilas made an appreciative response. 
 
 The chapter at the University of Pennsylvania, which was com- 
 posed of medical and other professional students, had no letter in 
 The Scroll during 1886-87, and was in a very depressed condition 
 during that time. No minutes of meetings were recorded from June 
 5, 1886, to October 22, 1887. On the recommendation of M. G. 
 Tull, Pennsylvania Alpha, '80, and Pennsylvania Zeta, '85, and C. 
 P. Bassett, P. G. C, Pennsylvania Alpha, '83, Pennsylvania Alpha, 
 at commencement, 1887, initiated McCluney Radcliffe, Lafayette, 
 '77, andU. of P., '82, who lived in Philadelphia. Largely through 
 the efforts of Radcliffe, Pennsylvania Zeta was placed on a sub- 
 stantial basis. The first meeting in the fall of 1887 was held 
 at his home, October 22, when he and also L. E. Schroch, A, H. 
 Cleveland, B. H. Whaley andO. M. Richards, all of Pennsylvania 
 Alpha, were affiliated, and Radcliffe was elected President. In Jan- 
 uary rooms were rented at the northeast corner of 17th and Chestnut 
 Streets. During the year the college department was entered, by 
 the initiation of a number of collegiate students and by the affiliation 
 of J. R. McCance, of Nebraska Alpha. Much of the credit for 
 establishing the chapter firmly in this department was due to J. M. 
 West, Jr., '91, and later J. C. Moore, Jr., '93, became a leader in 
 pushing the chapter to the front. 
 
 * May 19, 1902, Robert Morrison sent to W. B. Palmer, for examination, a scrap-book, on the 
 back of which was pasted a paper inscribed: The Mammoiith Cave, as visited. October, 1859, by 
 Robert Morrison." The book, which was an old grammar, measured 4/4 by 6K inches, and con- 
 tained forty-one pages, on which was pasted a graphic and very interesting account of a visit to the 
 cave, headed, ' Reportorial Correspondence of the Freshyterinn Herald." The account was in five 
 chapters, and was printed in that paper (at Louisville), December, 1859, and January, i860. It 
 shows that Robert Morrison visited the cave in 1855 as well as 1859. 
 
ANNALS, 1 886- 1 889. 513 
 
 A house at 3245 Sansom Street was rented December, 1889. 
 The circular letter, March i, 1890, said that the chapter, starting 
 with eight members in the fall, had initiated twelve and affiliated 
 three, making it one of the strongest chapters at Penns3'lvania." 
 It also said: "The year that ends with the issuing of this letter 
 has been the most successful in the histor}^ of Pennsylvania Zeta. 
 We rejoice particularly because of the permanent planting of the 
 chapter in the college department, while heretofore it has been 
 almost entireh' a medical school chapter." The Scroll, April, 
 1890, said: We wonder if the Fraternity realizes just how much 
 credit is due to that loyal Phi spirit which has put such vigorous 
 and numerous Phi legs under our UniversitA' of Pennsylvania chap- 
 ter. The boys are booming — a goodh' membership, a chapter 
 house and a lap full of honors I Penns^^lvania Zeta is to be con- 
 gratulated and we do it." 
 
 Michigan Alpha was re-established in 1887-88, as a result of 
 efforts directed by J. E. Brown, S. G. C. He had attended the 
 medical department of the Universit}-^ of ^Michigan, 1884-86. 
 Though anxious for the re-establishment of $ A at Ann Arbor, he 
 made no attempt in that direction while there, having decided, on 
 investigation, that to be organized on a permanent basis the work 
 should be undertaken b}' students in the literary department, and 
 not b}' Phis from other chapters attending professional schools of 
 the universit}'. However, during the latter part of the second 
 semester of 1885-86, he had a talk about fraternities and especially 
 about <l> A © with H. F, Shier, a sophomore literary student. 
 
 At the National Convention, October, 1886, J. T. Morrison was 
 appointed one of three members of a committee to devise ways and 
 means of entering Ann Arbor. Brown was one of the other two 
 appointed by the General Council. He then began a correspond- 
 ence with Shier on the subject, his first letter being written Novem- 
 ber 27, and Shier's answer December 2. Brown wrote, December 
 20, proposing that Shier undertake the organization of a chapter of 
 <l> A at the universit}^, and asking him to have a talk on the sub- 
 ject with E. S. Blair, Pennsylvania Delta, '84, then a senior medi- 
 cal student at Michigan. Brown wrote that, '"The percentage of 
 non-fraternit}^ men in the literar}' department at Ann Arbor is much 
 larger than it is in eastern colleges or in most western univer- 
 sities." January 30, 1887, Shier wrote, conditionally accepting the 
 invitation, and, Februar}^ 6, Brown wrote to him again. 
 
 B3' a curious coincidence, on the evening of Februar}' 6, Shier, 
 F. I. Muir and A. L. Colton were late at tea, and sat talking about 
 various matters, until Shier purposeh' turned the conversation upon 
 fraternities. Binding them to secrec}'. he revealed his purpose of 
 establishing a chapter of ^ A 0. and asked their co-operation. 
 They agreed to assist, and, adjourning to the room of Shier and 
 Muir, 40 Thompson Street, they discussed plans. They soon found 
 
 five Phis in the professional schools besides Blair, viz. : J. R. 
 
 [33) 
 
514 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Calder, Ohio Delta, '86; Charles Baker, Michigan Beta, '84; W. 
 C. Stryker, Michigan Beta, '84; A. B. Martin, Illinois Epsilon, '86; 
 J. B. Mecham, Illinois Epsilon, '86. An application for charter 
 was signed about the middle of March, but three of those who were 
 already Phis raised objections to a student who had been pledged. 
 On account of this complication, the General Council rejected the 
 application, as advised by Brown, but he continued by cor- 
 respondence to give advice and encouragement to the men at Ann 
 Arbor. After P. G. Sjoblom had been pledged, a new application 
 was forwarded, the objectionable student being omitted. This 
 was about June i. Brown visited Ann Arbor, June 25, and asked 
 to see the petitioners. They met in the room of Shier and Muir, 
 and Brown urged that the applicants wait until fall for a charter. 
 Some of them insisted that it be granted without delay. At an 
 adjourned meeting at the restaurant of Hangsterfer, the. college 
 caterer, on the evening of the following day, an agreement was 
 reached to abide by Brown's decision and wait until fall, the appli- 
 cants meanwhile to form themselves into the ' P. D. T. Club." 
 
 Several Phis who attended the universit}^ 1886-87 did not return 
 in the fall, but several others from various chapters entered. An 
 appplication for charter, dated October 28, was signed by the fol- 
 lowing: Literary— F. I. Muir, '88; H. F. Shier, '88; A. L. Colton, 
 '89; P. G. Sjoblom, '89; W. H. Stillhamer, '90; W. L. Honnold, 
 '91. Medical — Willis Moore, '89; G. F. Keiper, '90. Law — J. B. 
 Mecham, '88. Of these, Stillhamer and Mecham were from Illi- 
 nois Epsilon; Honnold from Illinois Delta, Keiper from Indiana 
 Zeta, Moore from Illinois Delta and Michigan Gamma. Their 
 application was granted November 11, 1887, the names of J. M. 
 Schaeberle, Michigan, '76, then associate professor of astronomj^, 
 and F. H. Dixon, literary, '91, being added to the charter list. 
 The installation occurred December 9, being conducted by the 
 Phis in the university and twenty from a distance. Among those 
 present were J. E. Brown, F. S. Ball, W. E. O'Kane, E. S. Bark- 
 dull, J. E. Davidson, W. S. Gilbert. After the initiation, thirty- 
 one Phis sat down to a banquet at Hangsterfer's. J. P. Keyes, 
 literary, '91, was initiated afterward, and the circular letter, March 
 I, 1888, showed twelve attendant members, including S. L. Thomp- 
 son, law, '89, from Ohio Epsilon. In June the number was fifteen. 
 Seven returned in the fall, but by the end of January the number 
 was seventeen — fifteen "lits" and two "medics." 
 
 The annual Palladiinn was controlled by a close corporation of 
 nine fraternities — X ^, A A $, A K E, :S ^, Z $, ^ Y, B U, ^ K ^, 
 A T A. In the annuals of 1888 and 1889, Michigan Alpha had 
 a list of members and an engraving, but they were placed among 
 those of professional fraternities and other x\oy\.- Palladium fraterni- 
 ties. In the annual of 1890, Michigan Alpha's list and engraving 
 appeared with those of the fraternities in the literary department, 
 but the chapter's position was according to the date of its re-estab- 
 
ANNALS, 1886-1889. 515 
 
 lishment, instead of the date of its original establishment. In the 
 annual of 1893, all fraternities in the literar}^ department were 
 accorded equal representation. 
 
 Beginning with 1885, the junior hop" had been conducted by 
 the Palladtum fraternities, although members of other fraternities, 
 as well as independents, were permitted to attend. When the 
 Palladium settlement was made, 1892-93, the nine fraternities which 
 had controlled the annual refused to give the other fraternities rep- 
 resentation in the management of the so-called "junior hop." A 
 contest ensued, which continued until 1896-97, when there was a 
 settlement, whereby all fraternities of the literary department and 
 the independents were allowed representation on the hop."^ 
 
 A meeting of the General Council was held at New York City, 
 January 23-24, 1888. The proceedings were printed in a circular 
 of ten pages, one item of which was: 
 
 The General Council construe Article XI, Section I of the Constitution ("Male 
 students of colleges," etc.) to apply to matricvilated students of the college depart- 
 ment proper, not including those of allied sub-collegiate classes; that the initi- 
 ation of such as do not come under the above mentioned section is unconstitutional, 
 and exposes the chapter to the penalty of any violation of the established laws of 
 the Fraternity." 
 
 E. H. L. Randolph and F, D. Swope were appointed a committee 
 to gather and prepare materials for the publication of a new cata- 
 logue. An application for charter from Pennsylvania State College 
 was rejected. C. P. Bassett and E. H. L. Randolph were appointed 
 a committee on having a plate for printing the form of charter en- 
 graved. During the 5^ear the plate was executed by Louis Dreka, 
 the Philadelphia stationer, and impressions were used for issuing 
 duplicate charters to a number of chapters, as well as for new char- 
 ters. At the top of the engraving were the name of the Fraternit}^ 
 on a streamer, and a large, well executed reproduction of the coat- 
 of-arms, a half-tone of which herewith appears. The plate for the 
 arms was made separate, and afterward was used for printing steel 
 engravings for inserts in college annuals. After this meeting of 
 the General Council, J. E. Brown, S. G. C, began to enter in a 
 blank book a record of the acts of the General Council, which be- 
 fore had not been done. 
 
 Virginia Epsilon reported six attendant members to theH. G. C, 
 April I, 1887. R. E. R. Nelson, Reporter of Virginia Zeta at 
 W. & L., wrote to The Scroll, March 12, 1888: "l shall close with 
 a few words about Virginia Epsilon at the V.M.I, Fraternities hav- 
 ing been abolished there this year, this year will witness the death 
 of this young and flourishing chapter, which is composed of the 
 best men in the institute. Two of them are assistant professors, 
 one a captain and one first lieutenant. The men have taken high 
 standing in classes and ranks, and the chapter closes a brief but 
 honorable career." A year later, March 10, 1889, the General 
 Council voted to withdraw the charter. 
 
 *See "The Michigan Book," 1898; also "Historic Fraternity Contests," The Scroll, February, 
 1904. 
 
i6 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 In 1884, after New Hampshire Alpha had been established 
 through the instrumentality of A. A. Stearns, he endeavored to 
 organize a chapter at Amherst College, Amherst, Mass. G. W. 
 Shaw, of New Hampshire Alpha, furnished him the names of several 
 Amherst students. After some correspondence with them, the 
 effort to organize at Amherst was for a time abandoned. How- 
 ever, one of these students wrote December 20, 1884: "Thefresh- 
 
 Coat-of-Arms Used on Charters, 1888. 
 
 Half-tone from steel eiiRraving made bv I.ouis Dreka, Philadelphia. 
 
 man class, out of its 103, has 58 who are society men. If the suc- 
 ceeding classes continue as large as the present freshman class, I 
 should think that there might be room for another society here." 
 
 Three years later the opportunity arrived, and <J> A was sought 
 by petitioners at Amherst. The movement originated with J. R. 
 Danforth, '88, who, during 1885-86, saw that there was room for 
 another fraternity at the college. Associated with him were, first, 
 
ANNALS, 1886-1889. 517 
 
 A. H. Jackson, ^88, then E. E. Smith, '89. Later, the support of 
 Charles Sullivan, '88; H. H. Brown, '89; E. H. Parkman, 89; F. B. 
 Doane, '90, and S. B. Knowlton, '91, was secured. An informal 
 organization was effected, whose sole secret was its object, a secret 
 quite effectively guarded. ' American College Fraternities" was 
 carefulh' consulted as to the relative merits of various fraternities 
 not represented at Amherst. At first Danforth and his associates 
 thought the}' would prefer an eastern order, but the}' concluded 
 that it was far better to be National than eastern. In the summer 
 of 1887, at Squirrel Island, ]\Iaine, Danforth met casualh', A. H. 
 Brainerd, of the Colb}' chapter, who gave him information about 
 $ A 0, and advised him to applv to it for a charter. In a contri- 
 bution for this history, Danforth wrote, Januar}' 7, 1898: '* 'The 
 Manual of Phi Delta Theta' was put in our hands, and the work of 
 our conversion was complete." He wrote to D. R. Horton, P. P., 
 January 28, 1888, to learn how to proceed to get a charter and how 
 man}'' members would be required. An active correspondence was 
 kept up between them for several months. 
 
 Horton being unable to visit Amherst, at his request, L. G. 
 Richardson, a charter member of Massachusetts Alpha, went from 
 AVilliamstown to see the prospective Phis at the neighboring col- 
 lege. Richardson arrived at Amherst, March 22, and in the even- 
 ing met them in the South College Building. Being satisfied with 
 the appearance of the men and the outlook for a chapter, he pro- 
 duced an application for charter, which was signed that evening bv 
 the following: G. H. Corey, '88: J. R. Danforth, '88: A. H Jack- 
 son, '88; D. L. Kebbe, '88; Charles Sullivan, '88; H. H. Brown, 
 '89; A. S. Cody, '89; J. M. Eastman, '89; E. H. Parkman, '89; Yew 
 Sawayama, '89; E. E. Smith, '89; F. B. Doane, '90; W. H. Smith, 
 '90; R. M. Bagg, '91; S. R. Fleet, '91; S. B. Knowlton, '91; Herbert 
 Lewis, '91; C. G. Xoyes, '91; F. .M. Tiffanv, '91: E. P. Turner, 
 '91: W. L. Williams, '91. The General Council, May 5, 1888, 
 granted a charter for Massachusetts Beta to the foregoing and to 
 C. A. Durgin, '90, and H. F. Jones, '91 — twenty-three in all. The 
 installation took place four days later. 
 
 ]May 9 was an eventful day at Amherst. The gymnasium exhi- 
 bition drill of classes for the Si 00 Gilbert prize was followed by 
 the Amherst rs. Williams base-ball game (which Amherst won), and 
 the Lester prize speaking in the evening. The news that a chapter 
 of <I> A was to be formed was received the night before by the 
 chapter of B 11 from its chapter at Boston, and spread like wild- 
 fire throughout the college, but none of the arrangements, or even 
 the name of any of the candidates, were known. The initiation 
 occurred, May 9, in the Masonic Hall, and was conducted by 
 Horton and a delegation of five from Williams and one from Dart- 
 mouth. The ceremonies, beginning at 10.30 p. m., were neces- 
 sarily abbreviated. The twenty-three students were initiated by 
 classes, after which officers were elected, and then the members 
 
5i8 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 adjourned to the Amherst House, where there was a banquet. 
 Speeches interspersed with music were made b}^ D. R. Horton, P. 
 P.; G. L. Richardson, from Williams; G. F. Sparhawk, from Dart- 
 mouth, and others. Man}^ congratulatory letters and telegrams 
 were read, and one was received the next day from Delta Province 
 Convention at Oxford, Ohio. Circulars, dated May lo, announc- 
 ing the installation of the chapter, were sent to all the chapters and 
 general officers of the Fraternit}^ A few days before the installa- 
 tion, a house, which had been the home of Professor W. C. Estey, 
 was rented from him. 
 
 In October nine men were initiated, A. F. Newell was affiliated 
 from Vermont Alpha and J. C. Lester from Tennessee Alpha. On 
 the evening of the initiation, the chapter house was opened with a 
 reception, attended by loo guests. Massachusetts Beta's first an- 
 nual chapter letter, March i, 1889, showed an attendant member- 
 ship of twenty-nine, and said: 'it is generally admitted that no 
 Amherst chapter has ever accomplished so much during its first 
 3^ear as has our own." It also said: During the winter term we 
 have sent delegates both to the annual banquet of Massachusetts 
 Alpha and the installation of Rhode Island Alpha." From this 
 time it became usual for New England chapters to send delegations 
 to the initiations of neighboring chapters. The older fraternities 
 at Amherst were A A #, ^ Y, A K E, AY, Z ^ (suspended), 
 X ^, X $, B © n, © A X. A few of these displayed some un- 
 friendly feelings toward the new-comer, but, the day after the in- 
 stallation, the chapter of A A $ sent an invitation for Massachu- 
 setts Beta to attend a lecture to be given by Rev. E. E. Hale, 
 D.D., President of that fraternity. The X ^ chapter sent an 
 official note of welcome, and a chapter letter, dated March 17, 
 1889, published in The Scroll, said: "We are proud to number 
 ^ Y among our friends." 
 
 Through the efforts of W, W. Quarles, an alumni chapter was 
 formed at Selma, Ala. h.T\. application for charter, dated October 
 25, 1887, was signed by H. R. Dawson, '85; E. B. Cottingham, 
 '86; T. E. Gary, '86; O. A. Hobdy, '86; V. W. Jones, '86; A. 
 W. Nelson, '86; J. L. Smith, '86; W. M. Caruthers, '86; J. M. 
 Dedman, '87, and W. W. Quarles, '87, of Alabama Alpha; J. B. 
 Parke, '82; D. B. Mangum, Zy, W. W. Mangum, '84; L. W\ 
 Spratling, '86; B. L. Boykin, '87, and N. R. Weaver, "^^, of Alabama 
 Beta. The General Council granted them a charter for Alabama 
 Beta Alumni, November 21, 1887. The chapter did not organize 
 until the following June, when officers were elected. 
 
 An application for charter, dated February 17, 1888, was made 
 by the following Phis at Saint Paul, Minn. E. S. Gorman, Indi- 
 ana, '65; L. M. Vilas, Wisconsin, '63; A. G. Briggs, Wisconsin, 
 '85; H. C. Mabie, Chicago, '68; W. H. Morgan, Ohio, '?>Z\ G. R. 
 Henderson, Missouri, '82; B. W. Irving, Wooster, '89; Alexander 
 Ramsay, Lafayette, '88; A. R. Speel, Lafayette, '78; L. A. 
 
ANNALS, 1886- 1889. 519 
 
 Straight, Illinois AVesle3^an, '87; F. B. Brace, Lombard, '87; H. W. 
 Thompson, Minnesota, '88; W. J. Donahower, Minnesota, '89: W. 
 F. Hunt, O. S. U., '87; H. A. Kahler, O. S. U., '87; C. A. Winter, 
 O. S. U., '87. The General Council granted them a charter for 
 Minnesota Beta Alumni, March 26, 1888. 
 
 An application for charter, dated March 12, 1888, was signed b}' 
 the following Philadelphia Phis: McClune}^ Radcliffe, '82; M. G. 
 Tull, '80; J. R. Hogg, '78, and J. K. Horner, '84, of Pennsylvania 
 Alpha; C. A. Oliver, '76; P. N. G. Schwenk, '82; James Mitchell, 
 'St,; C. S. Potts, '85, and G. O. Ring, '85, of Penns3^1vania Zeta. 
 The General Council granted them a charter for Penns3'lvania Beta 
 Alumni, March 26, 1888. A letter, dated June 10, 1889, published 
 in 77? <f Scroll, said: The chapter is now firmh' organized, the 
 meetings being held monthh- at the homes of the members." 
 
 Through the eiforts of W. H. Anderson, W. D. Buckner and B. 
 H. Wise, an alumni chapter was formed at Los Angeles. An 
 application for charter, dated May i, 1888, was signed by S. B. 
 Hunt, Wabash, '78; W. D. Campbell, Butler, '80; F. E. Frantz, 
 Roanoke, '79; S. A. W. Carver, Iowa Wesle3^an, ''Sy, H. V. Leek, 
 California, '80; D. J. Str3'ker, Lansing, '85; W. D. Watkins, Lan- 
 sing, 'Sy, B. H. Wise, Virginia, '87; W. D. Buckner, Randolph- 
 Macon,^'79; W. J. Carlisle, V. M. L, '83; W. L. Ellis, Jr., Auburn, 
 'Sy, W. H. Anderson, Southwestern, 'Sd. The General Council 
 granted them a charter for California Beta Alumni, June 12, 1888. 
 Officers were elected and meetings were held with some regularity 
 for some time. 
 
 Eight correspondent members at Toledo, Ohio, signed an appli- 
 cation, dated November 13, 1888, for a charter of an alumni chap- 
 ter. The General Council considered that the names of others 
 ought to be secured before a charter should be granted. In conse- 
 quence of a failure to obtain additional names, the application was 
 not acted upon, and an alumni chapter was not established at 
 Toledo until twelve 3"ears later. 
 
 A State Convention of Alabama Phis was held at Montgomery, 
 October 21, 1887. The Scroll ior December said it was ' a very 
 active and enthusiastic affair." Ever since 1877, when ^ A had 
 been introduced into Alabama, the Phis of that State had been an 
 exceptionall3^ enthusiastic bod3^ This was proven again b3' the 
 publication of a magazine of twent3'^-four pages, besides cover, 
 which bore the following: ''The Phi Delta Theta Index: a semi- 
 annual paper, devoted to matters of general interest to the Fra- 
 ternity in Alabama. 1888. Mont. I. Burton, Tuscaloosa, Ala." 
 The heading of the first page was: The Phi Delta Theta Index: 
 Published semi-annually by the Fraternit3'. O. D. Street, Editor. 
 Volume I, Number I. Tuscaloosa, Ala., Januar3^, 1888." It was 
 announced that the State Convention had decided to publish a 
 journal to be "devoted to matters of general interest to the Frater- 
 nity within the State of Alabama," the object being, first, "to make 
 
520 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 known the whereabouts and occupation of ever}^ member -in the 
 State to ever\^ other member, thereb}^ making intercourse among 
 them possible, where, in many instances, it was not so before;" 
 second, to promote a closer and firmer state organization of the 
 Order." Seven pages were filled with editorial matter, thirteen 
 with personals." The attendant membership of each of the three 
 chapters in the State was given, and there was a list of Alabama 
 Phis whose addresses and occupations were unknown. There were 
 also a page and a half of advertisements. The subscription price 
 was 35 cents a 3'ear. The publication was a marked displa}^ of 
 enterprise, but it did not meet with sufficient support to warrant a 
 second issue. 
 
 A Convention of Beta Province was held at Salem, Va., Decem- 
 ber 7, 1887. Virginia Alpha, Virginia Beta, Virginia Gamma, 
 Virginia Delta, North Carolina Beta and South Carolina Beta were 
 represented. C. B. Tippett, P. P., presided. On motion of H. 
 L. Moss, an annual capitation tax was levied to defray the expenses 
 of delegates to Province Conventions, to be paid on or before the 
 15th of each December. 
 
 A Convention of Epsilon Province was held at Indianapolis, 
 April, 1888. Among those who spoke at the banquet were Rev. 
 Dr. J. S.Jenckes, Indiana, '56, and Benjamin Harrison, Miami, '52, 
 who in the following fall was elected President of the United States. 
 
 Alpha Province held a Convention at Easton, Pa., April 19-20, 
 1888. The attendance was forty-three. D. R. Horton, P. P., pre- 
 sided. On the first evening there was a banquet at the United States 
 Hotel, C. P. Bassett, P. G. C, being toastmaster. The proceed- 
 ings of the Convention were printed in a pamphlet of twelve pages. 
 
 Delta Province held a Convention at Oxford, Ohio, Ma}^ lo-ii, 
 1888. Ever}^ college chapter in the province and the Cincinnati 
 alumni chapter were represented, the total attendance being thirty - 
 seven. ^^\ E. O'Kane, P. P., presided. Letters and telegrams 
 from the three living founders — Robert Morrison, J. W. Lindle}^ 
 and A. W. Rogers — and other alumni were read. The Province 
 Constitution was revised. The proposed new Ritual was endorsed. 
 At noon on the first da}^, the Convention visited the rooms occu- 
 pied by Robert Morrison and J. McM. Wilson while in college, 
 the room of the latter having been the birth-place of $ A ©. W. 
 H. Bonner, of Miami, was initiated b}^ the Convention. On the 
 first evening, there was a reception to the Convention at Oxford 
 Female College, tendered by the President of the college, Rev. 
 Faye Walker, D. D., Ohio Alpha, '68. He was toastmaster at the 
 banquet on the following evening. 
 
 During 1887-88 a purse of $191.55 was collected b}' the West- 
 minster chapter for Robert Morrison, Ohio Alpha, '49, man}' 
 chapters and individual members contributing, as mentioned in T/w 
 Scroll^ March, 1888. The following letter of acknowledgment 
 appeared in TJic Scroll, October, \\ 
 
ANNALS, 1 886- 1 889. 521 
 
 Aurora Springs, Mo., April 3, 1888. 
 Messrs. J- E. Crawford and W. S. Foreman. 
 
 Dear Brothers: Your favor of the 24th of February is before me, and vou would 
 have received a reph' ere this but for a desire to see the March Siro/i, and for a 
 protracted but necessary absence from home. Your letter and its contents were a 
 perfect surprise to me — not surprising that earnest and worthy young Phis should have 
 a kind regard for an elder brother, but that I should receive such an expression of it. 
 
 I have indeed had an interest in the success of our cherished Fraternity: it has 
 had a warm place in my heart for nearly forty years. I have done some work for 
 it, and spent a little money for it, but I have done nothing beyond what I regarded 
 as my duty; and the approval of my conscience in the premises, with the good-will 
 of my beloved brothers, constitute an ample reward for all such outlav. 
 
 True I am preaching in a new and destitute field to a few feeble churches, where 
 the work is laborious and the financial rewards are very small. Yet I am here not 
 by compulsion, but through choice, and, though my circumstances are not verv at- 
 tractive, I can hardly regard them as very adverse. Since I have been here I have 
 had invitations to larger fields, easier to cultivate, offering more adequate provision 
 for the support of my family, which, though not very large, has no '"Phi timber"' in 
 it, as my folks are all women. 
 
 Does any one ask, then why tarry there? I answer: In my college days, when the 
 question of life-work was on hand for settlement, I came across this sentiment: "7<7 
 do 7i'hat ought to he done, but zi'hat li'ill not be done unless you do it, is your duty.'''' 
 I accepted the dictum, and since that time my life has been, to a considerable ex- 
 tent, employed in pioneer work — laying foundations for churches niost/y. and once 
 on a time, a Greek-letter Fraternity came in for a share of such labor. One of 
 the large churches in the city of Louisville, Ky.. and several in the country, I had 
 the joy to organize and start on their careers of usefulness, and, no doubt they will 
 continue to be fountains of blessings after I have passed away. Hard and loneh' 
 service may not be in the line of the world's idea of greatness or its honors, but it 
 seems to me wise to have some ever present thought of the great and final review, 
 when our work will be inspected by Himself, who, though the greatest of all 
 workers when in our world, took upon Him the form of a servant. 
 
 Let me say, in conclusion, thank you, and that, though your gift came unex- 
 pectedly, it came at a time to be appreciated, and of special service. \Yith sincere 
 prayers for the prosperity of yourselves individually, as well as of all those whom 
 you represent, I am, fraternally and truly yours, Robert Morrison. 
 
 The National Educational Association met at San Francisco in 
 the summer of 1888. A fraternity register was opened at the Pal- 
 ace Hotel, and over 200 Greeks registered, twenty- of them Phis. 
 A Pan-Hellenic banquet was held at the ]\Iaison Doree, Jul}- 20. 
 
 In the fall of 1888, an application to <^ A for 
 a charter came from members of 2 P (initials of 
 "Sro-rao-ei 'Pw/at;"), a local societ}' at Brown Uni- 
 versit}', Providence. R. I. 2 P was intended at 
 first to be a senior societ}', and C. G. Hartsock, 
 of Indiana Delta, was a member of it; but after the 
 senior class elections. September 29, 1888. sev- 
 eral lower classmen were initiated into it. and it 
 began to take on the characteristics of a secret society, whereupon 
 he withdrew, as he considered that such relations were incompati- 
 
 *2 P was organized, Ma^-, 1888. by members of the class of '89. Its object originally was to 
 secure a fair share of the senior class offices. By forming a coalition with A K E, 4' T, A $ and 
 B n, 2 P succeeded in getting twelve out of eighteen senior offices, this combination being op- 
 posed by A A $, X $, AT and Z *. The motto of 2 P, given in parentheses above, was trans- 
 lated, "In union is strength." Its badge was an equilateral triangle, with '"2 P" in black enamel in 
 the middle, and black enamelled lines parallel with the borders. It should be noted that a few of 
 the members of 2 P were not invited to join $ A 0. 
 
522 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ble with membership in $ A ©. ^S P unanimous!}^ adopted resolu- 
 tions of regret at his withdrawal, and unanimously elected him to 
 honorary membership. The society having decided to join a 
 national fraternity, he proposed that it should become a chapter of 
 $ A ©. The proposition was favorably received, and he was 
 requested to correspond on the subject with the fraternity authori- 
 ties. October 30, Hartsock wrote to C. P. Bassett, P. G. C, who 
 replied November i. Hartsock wrote a second letter November 
 6. Bassett then advised that formal application for a charter be 
 made, sending a blank form. It was signed, November 17, by W. 
 H. Barnard, A. E. Barrows, F. E. Carpenter, Arthur Gushing, H. 
 L. Day, S. E. Frohock, R. S. Fyfe, W. H. Gardner, C. G. Hart- 
 sock, F. A. Smith, A. T. Swift and N. M. Wright, all of '89; and 
 W. H. Young, '90; F. A. Greene, 91; W. B. Hopkins, 2d, '91; A. L. 
 Barbour, '92. 
 
 M. S. Hagar, of the Williams chapter, was deputized to investi- 
 gate the situation at Brown and to consult with the applicants. He 
 met them in one of the parlors of the Narragansett Hotel, Provi- 
 dence, December 5. Afterward he reported favorably upon grant- 
 ing the application, provided that more under-classmen should be 
 obtained. This condition being fulfilled, the General Council 
 granted a charter for Rhode Island Alpha, January 18, 1889. 
 The names only of the sixteen applicants appeared on the charter. 
 In January it was rumored at Brown that $ A © would enter the 
 university. G. L. Richardson, P. P., issued a circular, February 5, 
 announcing that the charter had been granted and that the installa- 
 tion would occur February 22. 
 
 At the appointed time, the installation took place, in a room on 
 the top floor of the Wilcox Building, Custom House Street, which 
 the chapter used as a hall for a year or two afterward. The cere- 
 monies were conducted by Richardson, assisted by Hartsock and 
 the following visitors: Rufus Moulton, of Colby; G. E. Miner, of 
 Dartmouth; T. C. Cheney, of Vermont; S. B. Newton, of Wil- 
 liams; W. A. George and C. E. Tilley, of Amherst; T. H. Knox, 
 of C. C. N. Y. ; F. D. Swope, of Hanover, then at Harvard. 
 Nineteen were initiated, including the sixteen charter mem- 
 bers except F. A. Smith, who was unavoidably absent and was 
 initiated later in the spring. After the initiation there was an elec- 
 tion of officers, followed with a banquet in the parlors of Gelb & 
 Mohn, caterers. Badges had been procured from Columbus, Ohio. 
 The Scroll ioT yidiTch. said: Colby, Dartmouth, Vermont, Wil- 
 liams, Amherst, Cornell, Union, C. C. N. Y., Columbia and Syra- 
 cuse! Add to this list the name of Brown, and what fraternity 
 can stand beyond us in the land of the old Hollanders and Puri- 
 tans?" llie Scroll iov April gave a list of twenty-four initiates at 
 Brown — twelve in '89, four in each of the lower classes. The new 
 chapter was well received by the other fraternities at Brown — A A <l>, 
 A <>, ^ Y, B © n, A K E, Z ^, A X, A Y, X <E>. Chapters of A ^I' 
 
r 
 
 ANNALS, 1886-1889. 523 
 
 and X ^ had formerly existed there. The Briinoniaii of March 2 
 said of ^ A 0: "This society is an honorable addition to our roll 
 of college brotherhoods. We extend the hand of welcome to the 
 new organization." Twelve members of Rhode Island Alpha 
 returned in the fall and by November the number was twent}'. The 
 chapter celebrated its anniversary with a banquet, February 22, 1890. 
 
 The Beta Province Convention which met with Virginia Alpha, 
 December, 1887, decided that the next Province Convention should 
 be held with North Carolina Beta, October 29, 1888. Virginia 
 Alpha sent A. D. R. Hancher as a delegate, but the other chapters 
 sent no delegates, so he and the members of the North Carolina 
 Beta decided not to hold a Convention. 
 
 A Convention of Alabama Phis was held at Montgomery, 
 November 15, 1888. It was decided to publish the Index again 
 with the following staff: Editor-in-chief, J. F. Crook, Alabama 
 Alpha; business manager, S. L. Earle, Alabama Alpha; assistants: 
 M. J. McAdory, Alabama Alpha; E. J. Spratling, Alabama Beta; 
 A. S. J. Haygood, Alabama Gamma. The subscription price was 
 increased to 50 cents a year. It was further decided to publish 
 the magazine at Tuscaloosa during 1889, and at Auburn during 
 1890, but no second issue appeared. 
 
 The annual Convention of Epsilon Province was held at Indian- 
 apolis, April, 1889, being, as usual, in conjunction with the annual 
 state oratorical contest.* J. E. Davidson, P. P., presided. At 
 the banquet J. W. Fesler, a student in the law office of President 
 Harrison, responded to the sentiment: Ben. Harrison: first in 
 war, first in peace, first in the hearts of ^ A 0. " 
 
 A Convention of Eta Province was held at Lincoln, Neb., May 
 3-4, 1889. In the absence of the Province President, E. F. 
 Wehrle was elected Vice-President. A Province Constitution was 
 adopted. Among resolutions adopted was the following: 
 
 Resolved, That we endeavor to move The Scroll west, and to elect at least one 
 member of the General Council west of the Mississippi; further resolved, That the 
 below be the authorized "Phi Delta whistle" for Eta Province." 
 
 On the second afternoon, the visitors were driven about the city, 
 and in the evening they were tendered a banquet by Nebraska 
 Alpha. Among toasts were: "The Fraternity Thirty Years Ago," 
 response by L. W. Billingsley, Franklin, '62; "Brother Ben. Har- 
 rison," G. M. Lambertson, Franklin, '72; "Phi Lawyers," C. A. 
 Atkinson, Ohio, '74. The proceedings of the Convention were 
 issued in circular form, but the notation of the whistle was not pub- 
 lished therewith. 
 
 A Convention of Delta Province was held at Wooster, Ohio, 
 May 14-15, 1889. C. K. Carpenter, elected Vice-President, pre- 
 sided in the absence of the Province President. A banquet was 
 given on the second evening. It was attended by Dr. O. N. Stod- 
 dard, Ohio Alpha, '34, and by a number of Wooster ladies. 
 
 * J. H. Wilkerson, of Indiana Zeta, won first prize in the Indiana contest, and later in the inter- 
 state contest of 1889. 
 
524 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The 1889 Convention of Alabama Phis was held at Birmingham, 
 June 21. Fort}^ members were present. D. D. McLeod was elected 
 President. The following resolutions were adopted: 
 
 Whereas, It is the sense of the Alabama State Association that, until The Scroll 
 is placed upon a more substantial basis, and its financial support is established, all 
 our support should be ?iven to the official organ of the Fraternity; therefore. 
 
 Resolved, That, for the present, the publication of The Index is hereby discon- 
 tinued. ' r 1 1 J 1 
 
 Resolved, That the Alabama State Association do favor the plan proposed by- 
 Brother 1. E. Brown, S. G. C, in regard to requiring all alumni chapters to have 
 at least one annual banquet or entertainment at some time to be specified by the 
 National Convention or the General Council. 
 
 The proposed new Ritual was exemplified and a resolution favor- 
 ing its adoption passed. In the evening there were a banquet and 
 
 The First Fraternity House.* 
 
 Chi Psi Cabin at the University of Michigan, 1846. 
 Reproduced from the semi-centennial catalogue of X *, 1892. 
 
 ball at the Lakeview Hotel in the suburbs. About fifty couples 
 attended. A feature of the banquet was the responses of members 
 of A K E, % A E, A T O, K A and ^ X to toasts to their respective 
 fraternities. 
 
 Illinois Alpha Alumni was reorganized at a meeting and ban- 
 quet held at the Sherman House, Chicago, September 26, 1889. 
 About fifty were present. W. S. Harbert, Wabash, '64, was toast- 
 master; and among the older alumni who spoke were R. A. D. 
 Wilbanks, Indiana, '67, and F. A. Smith, Chicago, '66, the latter 
 being chosen President of the chapter. J. F. Gookins, Wabash, 
 '64, read a poem. 
 
 The first house occupied by a chapter of ^ A © was a cottage 
 on the campus at Berkeley rented by California Alpha in the fall of 
 1874. It furnished accommodations for several persons, and was 
 
 *The first house owned by a chapter of any fraternity was a cabin built by X * at Michigan, 
 1846. 
 
ANNALS, 1886-1889. 
 
 525 
 
 occupied b}^ members until the suspension of the chapter, 1877.* 
 A considerable sum of money which had been paid into the build- 
 ing fund was then returned to the donors. 
 
 Discussion in regard to a building fund began in the Wooster chap- 
 ter, 1874, and E. M. Wilson was elected trustee of such fund, March 
 2, 1876. The subscriptions, however, amounted to little over Sioo. 
 
 As related in "Annals, 1876-1878," "the main cause of the dis- 
 solution" of New York Alpha, 1876, was "the fact that, b}^ a bare 
 majorit}^, the chapter had voted to rent a chapter house. Such a 
 move at that time was too much of an innovation even at Cornell, 
 and the minority was so much opposed to it that the charter was 
 surrendered shortly thereafter." 
 
 The Second Fraternity House. f 
 
 Delta Kappa Epsilon Cabin at Kenyon College, 1855. 
 Half-tone from steel engraving frontispiece of A K E Qitai'tei'ly, January, \i 
 
 * See page 325. 
 
 1 The chapter of A K B at Kenyon, chartered 1853, was sub j-osa for a year, and, during that 
 time, occupied a deserted log hut with a single room." Then, 1855, it erected a log cabin, 20 by 40 
 feet and 10 feet high. l"he cost was a little less than S50, the logs being chinked by the r)ekes 
 themselves. This cabin was ' not abandoned until 1871," when a more pretentious hall was built. 
 — See Sketch of Kenyon chapter, bj' F. D. Tunnard, in A K B Quarterly, January, 1884, repro- 
 duced in "The Kenyon Book," 1890. 
 
 2 ^ purchased a house at Williams, 1857. Other buildings acquired by fraternities at early 
 dates were the house erected by K K K, local, at Dartmouth, i860; the halls built at Yale by Skull 
 and Bones, senior society, 1856; A K B, i86i ; Scroll and Key, senior society, 1869; ^ T, 1870: and 
 the house erected by A A 4> at Amherst, 1873. — See 'Tour Years at Yale," 1871, by L. H. Bagg, 
 "ir T; and "Greek Homesteads," in A K E Quarterly, January, 1885. 
 
 A table in the first (1879) edition of "American College Fraternities" indicates that thirteen 
 fraternities had chapter houses — A A <!>, five : X $. four; X ^, Sk T, 2 $, Z <I> and A T, three each : 
 A K E and 4> A 0. two each ; A2X, A2$, ATA and Northern K A, one each. Some of these 
 were halls, instead of houses where members lived, and some of them were rented, instead of being 
 owned by the chapters. The total number, thirty-two, was too large, as no chapter of $ A then 
 occupied a house, and probably there were other errors in the list. Until the middle of the "8o's, 
 chapter houses were common only at a few eastern institutions, and at ■Michigan and California, 
 and in many cases these houses were rented. 
 
526 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 At the Indiana <l> A @ Convention, April, 1880, it was announced 
 that Indiana Gamma would begin the erection of a house during 
 1880-81, but the plan failed. 
 
 Tennessee Beta at Sewanee, in 1884, the 3^ear after its establish- 
 ment, built a frame house on ground leased from the universit}'. 
 It had two rooms, one used for meetings and the other contained 
 a billiard table. Tennessee Beta for eight years (until 1892 when 
 Tennessee Alpha built) was the only <E> A © chapter that owned a 
 house. P"or nearly two years it was the only chapter of ^ A © 
 which occupied any sort of a house. Some chapters rented suites 
 of rooms, but most of them rented onl}^ single halls. Some met 
 periodically in halls owned by the Odd Fellows and other orders, 
 a few met in college rooms, with the permission of the faculties, 
 and two or three met in the rooms of members. 
 
 In the spring of 1886, a few weeks after New York Alpha was 
 reorganized, it rented a brick Queen Ann house, corner of Mill and 
 Linn Streets. A larger house, which had been the home of Pro- 
 fessor Hiram Corson, was rented, June, 1889. Massachusetts 
 Alpha, September, 1887, rented a two-story frame house with 
 thirteen rooms on Glenn Avenue. The charter members of Mas- 
 sachusetts Beta, before it was organized, May, 1888, had rented a 
 house, which it began occup3dng that month. Minnesota x\lpha 
 rented a house, October, 1888, which it occupied until the chapter 
 became inactive a year later. California Alpha, in the fall of 1888, 
 rented a one-stor}^ cottage of five rooms at 2220 Bancroft Way, and 
 March, 1889, moved into a larger house, the Hillegas house, corner 
 of Bancroft Way and Audubon Street. The members at Lehigh 
 rented a house, February, 1889. Michigan Alpha rented a house 
 in the fall of 1889. The general officers of ^ A © did not begin to 
 urge strongly that chapters acquire their own houses or rent houses 
 until the Convention of 1889, when J. E. Brown, in his report as 
 S. G. C, said: 
 
 Several of our chapters have rented or leased houses. The Williams, Amherst, 
 Cornell, Lehigh, Michigan and California chapters are thus provided for. Sewanee 
 owns a pretty hall. All chapters should be planning to have buildings of their own 
 at some future day; it is none too early for any chapter to begin its plans. Every 
 one that can do so should endeavor to domicile itself in a rented house; especially 
 should this be done where the chapter house idea prevails. There are a few of our 
 chapters without even a hall for a regular meeting place. There is no excuse what- 
 ever for this, and I would recommend to the Convention to make it compulsory 
 upon every chapter to have a regular hall for meeting — make it a condition of its 
 existence. 
 
 The Convention of 1889 adopted a report from the committee on 
 internal improvement, W. H. Young, chairman, which recom- 
 mended that chapters acquire houses wherein their members should 
 reside. This was the earliest action on the subject of chapter houses 
 by any $ A © National Convention, though the subject had been 
 discussed in Province and State Conventions. The Scroll did not 
 begin discussion of the matter until April, 1890, but from then 
 until the close of J. K. Brown's term as Editor, he continued to 
 
ANNALS, 1886-1889. 527 
 
 urge the importance of chapters acquiring homes. Tennessee 
 Alpha began a building fund, 1885, Massachusetts Beta, 1889, and 
 several other chapters between those 3'ears. 
 
 A chapter letter from Minnesota Alpha, containing some incor- 
 rect statements as to the polic}' of the Fraternity, was published in 
 The Scroll, January, 1889. The letter appeared without editing, the 
 Editor being ill at the time, but on his recovery he wrote to the Repor- 
 rter, censuring him for having made such allegations. The Reporter 
 resented the reprimand, and, with other members of the chapter, 
 commenced a series of criticisms and charges against $ A which 
 were entireh" without basis. One was an accusation against the 
 standing of a chapter, which investigation proved to be unfounded, 
 and later the author of the charge repudiated his own allegation. 
 The disaffected element in Minnesota Alpha aroused dissatisfaction 
 among others, the result being that, October 9, 1889, the S. G. C. 
 received the resignations of all the active members and some 
 alumni — twenty-two in all. The\" were notified that their resigna- 
 tions would be acted upon b}' the National Convention during the 
 following week, October 14-18. B\' a unanimous vote, October 
 18, the Convention rejected the resignations and expelled the mem- 
 bers for dishonorable conduct."^ The General Council, January 
 18, 1890, expelled two other members; and, on recommendation of 
 W. R. Brown, Minnesota Alpha, '89, decided that the charter be 
 placed in charge of Conwa}' ^MacMillan, P. P., 1888-89, who 
 would watch for a good opportunit}^ to re-establish the chapter. 
 Through the efforts of Brown and MacMillan, Minnesota Alpha 
 was restored, 1891-92. 
 
 Tulane Universit\% New Orleans, La. , was entered b}' $ A 0, 1889. 
 In January of that _vear, F. P. Blake, of the Sewanee chapter, visited 
 Tulane, where he had been a student the year before. Among 
 former college mates he met W. F. Hardie, with whom he talked 
 about ^ A 0, and who, becoming much interested, determined to 
 make an effort to introduce the Fraternitv at Tulane. Hardie in- 
 terviewed his particular friends in the university, and soon C. H. 
 Tebault, Jr., then H. B. Gessner, and then C. M. Brady promised 
 to assist him. Hardie wrote, February 28, to B. S. Orcutt, Busi- 
 ness Manager of The Scroll, whose address had been furnished by 
 Blake. A reply was received March 12, which expressed doubt about 
 ^ A being willing to grant a charter for a chapter at Tulane, and 
 explained some of the difficulties that might be expected, but advised 
 that communication be made with J. E. Brown, S. G. C. 
 
 From this time Tebault was the leader in pushing the charter 
 movement. At his request, a committee of two on correspondence 
 was appointed. Tebault and Brad}' were chosen, and both wrote to 
 Brown, March 15. Tebault was well acquainted at Macon, Ga., 
 and wrote a letter to J. R. Long, Reporter of the Mercer chapter, 
 
 * See The Scroll, December, 1889, page 114: December supplement, page 13; February, irfoo, 
 page 250 : June, 1890, page 403 ; June, 1896, page 4.31. The members who were expelled joined A K B. 
 
528 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 forwarding it through a mutual friend. Long sent such information 
 as Tebault and Brad}^ desired, and introduced them by letter to 
 W. W. Quarles, P. P., whereupon they wrote to the latter. Brown 
 referred the letter he received to W. B. Palmer, requesting him to 
 investigate the Tulane movement, and ascertain the standing of the 
 men connected with it. Palmer wrote to R. H. Marr, Jr., an 
 alumnus of the Vanderbilt chapter, who resided at New Orleans, 
 requesting him to give the matter personal attention. Marr called 
 on Tebault, April 14, and later saw his associates, and made a favor- 
 able report. Other New Orleans Phis vouched for the standing of 
 the Tulane men, and urged that it would be in the interest of <I> A® 
 to be represented in the university. 
 
 A meeting for the purpose of organization was held, May 11, at 
 the residence of Tebault, 623 North Lafaj^ette Park. The day be- 
 fore, his brother, G. L, Tebault, and J. F. Dupuy, Jr., had joined 
 in the undertaking. A society was formed, called the 'incognito 
 Mundo"* Societ}^, the translation being, ' Those of the unknown 
 world." A constitution, prepared b}^ the elder Tebault, and by- 
 laws were adopted and officers elected. After this meeting, weekly 
 meetings were held at the same place. The word Mundo" was 
 dropped, and the society was known as the Incognito" merely. 
 At the Alabama State Convention, June, 1889, the Tulane matter 
 was discussed, and later D. D. McLeod, President of the Alabama 
 <E> A iVssociation, as well as W. W. Quarles, P. P., and other 
 Alabama Phis, pledged their support. During the summer all the 
 General Councilors save one and all the Province Presidents save 
 one committed themselves in favor of the movement. An applica- 
 tion for charter was made in June, but the General Council decided 
 to refer it to the National Convention. On the advice of Palmer, 
 a circular of information about the universit\^ and the societ}^ 
 was prepared and distributed to the chapters and the general offic- 
 ers of the Fraternity. It was prepared by the elder Tebault, as- 
 sisted by Gessner, and before printing was revised by Palmer and 
 Brown. It contained four pages and cover, and was issued August 
 25. It was the first printed circular ever issued b)^ any applicants 
 for a charter from <> A ©. 
 
 H. T. Cottam, Jr., of New Orleans, who had joined the Frater- 
 nity at Sewanee, was sent by the applicants to the National Conven- 
 tion to plead their cause, the application being accompanied with 
 strong endorsements from Phis of the Crescent City, as well as other 
 Phis in the South. By a unanimous vote, the Convention, Octo- 
 ber 16, 1889, ordered that a charter be granted for Louisiana Alpha. 
 The charter members were: C. M. Brady, '89; H. B. Gessner, '89; 
 C. H. Tebault, Jr., '90; Marion Souchon, '91; W. F. Hardie, '92; 
 C. V. Cosby, '93; J. F. Dupuy, Jr., '93; H. P. Jones, '93; G. L. 
 Tebault, '93. Being informed by telegraph of such action, the 
 members met at the residence of Tebault that evening and disband- 
 
 ""The name has a similarity to the names of some of the New Orleans carnival societies. 
 
AXXALS, 1886- 1889. 529 
 
 ed the Incognito Societ}'. The installation of the chapter occurred 
 in Masonic Hall, November 18, being conducted b_v W. W. Quarles, 
 assisted b}' H. T. Cottam, Jr., G. W. Knott, Robert Jamison, and 
 D. F. Talley. Other Phis present were C. L. Horton, Frank Philips, 
 Jr., C. H. Trotter, R. D. Sessions, H. R. Bohn and H. H. Flas- 
 poller. H. R. Denis, '93, was initiated with the nine charter mem- 
 bers. The chapter agreed that it would not initiate over twenty- 
 five per cent, of its members from the professional departments. A 
 hall on the fourth floor of Factor's Row, Carondelet Street, was 
 secured in January. April 11, Louisiana gave a reception, at the 
 home of Cottam on Saint Charles Avenue, representatives from 
 other Tulane fraternities being present. By the close of the year 
 the membership was thirteen. Circular letters were issued in 
 March, 1890 and 1891, the latter showing fourteen active mem- 
 bers. The older fraternities there were: $ K 2, 11 K A, K A, 2 X, 
 A T 12, 2 X, K 2, A T A, but the first two had suspended. 
 
 The General Council refused an informal application for charter 
 from Harvard Universit}^ 1887; and refused applications from 
 other institutions as follows: In 1887 — Denison Universit}^ Gran- 
 ville, Ohio; Kentucky University (Disciples' college), Lexington; 
 ^laryland ^Military and Naval Academy, Oxford; Erskine College, 
 Due West, S. C; North Georgia Agricultural College, Dahlonega. 
 In 1888- -Pennsylvania State College; Albion (Mich.) College; 
 Furman L^niversit}', Greenville, S. C. Applications from Boston 
 L'^niversit}' were refused, 1888 and 1889. Applications from Purdue 
 L'niversit}', Lafa3'ette, Ind., and Washburn College, Topeka, 
 Kan,, received 1889, were referred to the National Convention. 
 
 The Scroll, October, 1889, contained A Word to the Next Con- 
 vention," from one of the founders: 
 
 In the last Scroll before the Bloomington Convention, the writer would tender 
 congratulations to the # A O Fraternity; a hearty greeting to the brothers indi- 
 vidually, from Maine to California, and from the Lakes to the Gulf, from the Presi- 
 dent of this great Union of fort3--two sovereign States to the most obscure toUer in 
 our ranks. 
 
 The Convention is to be in the XLI year of the Fraternity's existence. How 
 quickly have forty years gone by! How appropriate to us, to the writer at any rate, 
 the words of a Roman poet: ''''Eheu! fugaces annW^ And yet something, perhaps 
 much, for the Order and by the Order, has been accomplished, so much, indeed, 
 that, contrasting the results reached and the founders, the remark is naturally 
 made: They must have "builded better than thev knew.'" 
 
 They surely did so, and the reasons were there was an opening for just that kind 
 of an Order, and the Divine Providence who gave them wisdom to see the need, en- 
 dowed them (may we not hope?) with sufficient wisdom to do the right thing at the 
 right time. They laid the foundation; to yoii is committed the important and dif- 
 ficult task of rearing a becoming and useful superstructure. 
 
 Our work as a Fraternity is by no means done; in fact, it is only begun. The 
 past is but so much in the way of preparation. The forty years are but so many 
 steps to a higher plane of work, of usefulness and enjoyment. May you have level 
 heads, earnest hearts and a firm, wise trust in God I then your successors, when the 
 Lxxx mile stone of our existence is passed, will have cause as well to say that you 
 also builded better than you knew. Truly your brother, 
 
 Robert Morrison. 
 
 (34) 
 
53° THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1886-1887. 
 
 Volume XI: nine monthly numbers — October, 1886, to June, 1887; PP- 437~l~ 
 supplement, December, pp. 44; title page and index, pp. 6. Illustrations 2. Man- 
 aging Editors: J. M. Mayer, No. i; Albert Shiels, Nos. 2-5; E. H. L. Randolph, 
 Nos, 6-9, Associate Editors: T. H. Baskerville, No. i; Leo Wampold, No. i; J. 
 B. Kerfoot, Nos. 2-3; Mason Carnes, Nos. 4-9. Exchange Editor, J. E. Brown, 
 Nos. 5-9. Business Managers: E. H. L. Randolph, No. i; Leo Wampold, Nos. 
 2-9. Assistant Business Managers: Albert Shiels, No. i; B. S. Orcutt, Nos. 2-3; 
 J. B. Kerfoot, Nos. 4-9. Board of Publication: D. R. Horton, Chairman, Nos. 
 2-9; T. H. Baskerville, Secretary, Nos. 2-9; W. R. Worrall, No. 2; Albert Shiels, 
 Nos. 2-5; E. H. L. Randolph, Nos. 2-9; W. S. Ferris, Nos. 4-9; B. S. Orcutt, 
 Nos, 6-9. Printers, Vanden Houten & Co., New York, N. Y. 
 
 Number I of Volume XI, October, 1886, which was issued prior 
 to the meeting of the Convention in that month, had the same 
 staff as that which had served during Volume X. In his report to 
 the Convention, the Managing Editor, J. M. Ma3'^er, seconded W, 
 B. Palmer's recommendation that a -Board of Publication be estab- 
 lished. The plan was incorporated in the Constitution adopted b}^ 
 the Convention of t886, but the section providing for it was 
 repealed b}^ the Convention of 1889. The Convention of 1886 
 elected a Board of five alumni, all residents of New York City. 
 The Board elected the Managing Editor and the Business Man- 
 ager, each of whom selected his Assistant. On account of resig- 
 nations, there were several changes in the Board and in the editorial 
 and business staffs, as above indicated. The convention proceed- 
 ings appear in a supplement to the December number. 
 
 The December Scroll contains ' Reminiscences of John McMil- 
 lan Wilson," twenty-four pages, by his brother Archibald Wilson, 
 who was not a Phi. The April number contains 'Reminiscences 
 of Robert Thompson Drake," eight pages, by Robert Morrison. 
 Lithographed portraits of Wilson and Drake were the only illus- 
 trations in this volume. In November the cover paper was 
 changed from brown to light blue. 
 
 The January number contains Colleges and Fraternities in the 
 State of New York," by E. H. L. Randolph; the March number, a 
 paper by R. A. D. Wilbanks, giving an account of the organiza- 
 tion by him of the chapter at Chicago, 1865; the May number, let- 
 ters from D. B. Floyd, concerning the establishment of the Indiana 
 Asbury (De Pauw) chapter, 1868, and the Roanoke chapter, 1869, 
 of both of which he was a charter member. 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1887-1888. 
 
 Volume XIL eight monthly issues — October, 1887,* to May, 1888; pp. 346-)- 
 title page and index, pp. 5. Illustrations 4. Managing Editor, E. H. L. Ran- 
 dolph. Associate Editor, G. S. Potter, Jr. Exchange Editor, J. E. Brown. Special 
 Editor, W. B. Palmer, No. i. Business Manager, Leo Wampold. Assistant Busi- 
 ness Manager, W. H. Erb. Board of Publication: I). R. Horton, Chairman; T. 
 
 *The October number was printed at the Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 South, Nashville, Tenn., the sheets being shipped to New York, where the cover was printed. 
 
THE SCROLL, 1887-1888. 531 
 
 H. Baskerville, Secretary; E. H. L. Randolph, W. S. Ferris, B. S. Orcutt. Printers, 
 Vanden Houten & Co., New York, N. Y. 
 
 E. H. L. Randolph (having succeeded Albert Shiels, March, 
 1887) served as Managing Editor for this volume and the next. 
 The number for October, 1887, contains only "Old Fraternity 
 Records," and "Miami University Buildings," by W. B. Palmer, 
 and a summar}^ of the annual membership reports to the H. G. C. 
 The sheets of this number were printed at Nashville, as a conven- 
 ience to Palmer, who was thus enabled to supervise the printing of 
 the old correspondence from the originals without the labor of 
 copying them. Of Old Fraternity Records," 44 pages appeared 
 in October, and installments appeared in November, December, Jan- 
 uary and March, the five numbers containing 81 pages of old letters, 
 arranged by years beginning 1848, written by the founders and lead- 
 ing workers of the Fraternity during its early career. Publication of 
 the old letters was continued in later volumes of the magazine. 
 
 "Miami University Buildings," in the October number, was con- 
 cluded in the November number, and the two numbers contain 
 four full-page wood-cuts of Miami buildings, including the "North- 
 east Building" (now North Dormitory"), in which $ A was 
 founded. These are the only illustrations in the volume. To the 
 May number Robert Morrison contributed a sketch of Miami dur- 
 ing its first few decades. 
 
 The December number opened with an elaborate review of col- 
 lege annuals by J. E. Brown.* The literary and artistic features of 
 
 * Sixteen annuals were reviewed : Oracle, Colby ; ^gis, Dartmouth ; Guliehiieftsian (usually 
 called Gtil.), Williams; Cornelliatt, Cornell; Garnet, Union; Onondagan, Syracuse; Melange, La- 
 fayette; Pandora, W. & J. ; Epitome, Lehigh; Haberdasher, Wooster; Bijou, O. W. U. ; Makio, 
 O. S. U. ; Co77tet, Vanderbilt; Lombard, Lombard; Gopher, Minnesota; Bhie and Gold, Cali- 
 fornia. The review said that annuals were issued at five other institutions where $ A had chap- 
 ters: jMicrocosm, C. C. N. Y. ; Columbian and Miner, Columbia; Pandora, Georgia; Mer- 
 cerian, Mercer; Badger-, Wisconsin. The Record -was issued at Pennsylvania, where $ A © had 
 been dormant, 1886-87. 
 
 At some colleges the names of annuals had several times been changed. The Oi'acle had been 
 preceded by the IVaterznllian, the Garnet by the Unio?i, the Columbian by the Columbiad, the 
 Melange by the Reporter and the Pearl, the Haberdasher by the Palladiutn and the Index, the 
 Badger by the Troches. — See list of annuals in "American College Fraternities," 1879, 1883 and 
 1890, and advertisement of "Greek Annuals Wanted" in A K B Quarterly, April, 1884, and suc- 
 ceeding issues. 
 
 A publication, variously named the Arcana, the Ragout, and the Olio, was issued at Gettys- 
 burg during the '6o's and '70's, but probably was not published every year. During the early '8o's 
 the Alleghanian appeared at Allegheny, the Mintual at Dickinson, the Butler at Butler, the 
 Mirror at Indiana Asbury, the Pandora at Northwestern, and the Kickabe at Kansas. The 
 Bomb, issued at V. M. L about 1885, was the first college annual issued in the South. Perhaps 
 such publications had been issued at irregular intervals at other institutions where $ A © was repre- 
 sented. 
 
 The Palladiu7n was issued at Michigan, where $ A © did not reorganize until November 1887 ; 
 the Olio at Amherst, where it was not established until 1888 ; the Liber Brunejtsis, at Brown, 
 where it was not established until 1889. By 1900 an annual was issued at nearly every institu- 
 tion where $ A ® had a chapter, though sometimes at some places a year passed without such a 
 publication. 
 
 The first college annual was the Vale Banner. Its first issue was dated November 5, 1841, and 
 four numbers were issued, 1841-42. Its fifth issue, dated November 3, 1842, contained an enumera- 
 tion of the college officers and classes, and lists of members, with appropriate cuts, of the secret soci- 
 eties at Yale. It next appeared in 1843, and it has since been an annual, containing such lists and 
 cuts. The first followers were the College Olio, at Amherst, October, 1855; xhe Keiiyon Reveille, 
 December, 1855; the Gidielmensian, at Williams, March, 1857. — See "The Genesis of Greek 
 Student Annuals," A K E Qiiarterly, October, 1887, in which appear reduced facsimiles of the first 
 issues of the annuals mentioned in this paragraph, also of the first issues of The Free Academy 
 (now C. C. N. Y.) Microcosm, January, 1858, and the Boxvdoin Bugle, July, 1858. 
 
 All of them were printed in sheet form. The Yale Banner issued a second edition in the form 
 of a pamphlet of about fifty pages, 1858, but did not appear regularly as a pamphlet until 1870. Be- 
 tween 1865 and 1870 other annuals, changed from broadsides to pamphlets, and since then all such 
 
532 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 each were criticised, and much information about the various col- 
 leges and fraternities, especially chapters of $ A ©, was extracted. 
 The review of annuals became an established feature of The Scroll, 
 and was continued until 1904. 
 
 As related in 'Annals, 1886-1889," the Alabama Phis issued, 
 January, 1888, the first and only number of a magazine called The 
 Tndex. An editorial in the March Scroll said: ''The Index is 
 trying an experiment which will speak for itself, and we wish it a 
 successful and prosperous career. It will certain!}^ add strength to 
 our Order in its own locality, and it is but another Index' of the 
 activity and enthusiasm of <J> A © in general and of our Alabama 
 brothers in particular. The Scroll gives its younger sister its 
 blessing and will aid it all it can." 
 
 The April Scroll mentioned that the home of the Editor, E. 
 H. L. Randolph, had been visited by a serious conflagration in 
 which considerable copy" for the magazine had been destro3^ed. 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1888-1889. 
 
 Volume XIII: nine monthly numbers — October, 1888, to Jur,e, 1889;* pp. 378-I- 
 title page and index, pp. 5. Illustration i. Managing Editor, E. H. L. Randolph. 
 Associate Editor, G. S. Potter, Jr., Nos, i and 2. Exchange Editor, J. E. Brown. 
 Business Manager, B. S. Orcutt. Assistant Business Manager, W. H. Erb, No. i. 
 Board of Publication: D. R. Horton, Chairman; T. H. Baskei-ville, Secretary; B. 
 S. Orcutt, E. H. L. Randolph, all Nos. 1-9; W. S. Ferris, Nos. 1-4; Albert Shiels, 
 Nos. 5-9. Printers, Vanden Houten & Co., New York, N. Y. 
 
 The Scroll for October, 1888, has, as a frontispiece, a fine steel 
 plate portrait of General Benjamin Harrison, Ohio Alpha, '52, who 
 was the Republican nominee for President of the United States. 
 The issues for October and November contain a number of articles 
 about him, contributed by Robert Morrison, Ohio Alpha, '49; 
 L. W. Ross, Ohio Alpha, '52; David Swing, Ohio Alpha, '52; 
 B. K. Elliott, Ohio Alpha, '55, and others. 
 
 The November 6'^r<?// contains "The Sword and the Shield," a 
 noteworthy poem, one of the best ever written with a $ A © theme. 
 The author was Edward Fuller, Maine Alpha, '85, who had been 
 the poet at the National Convention of 1889. The May number 
 contains A Legend of the Mound-Builders," a poem of much 
 merit in blank verse, by W. McA. Langtry, Missouri Beta, '89. 
 The legend was that a fierce struggle between aboriginal tribes had 
 ended in reconciliation, and that the sword and shield, which had 
 been used as weapons, had been buried in a sacred mound, to be 
 dug up centuries later by the founders of <I> A © at Miami. 
 
 A directory of lawyers, begun among advertisements in October, 
 became a permanent feature of the magazine. "The First Greek- 
 Letter Society" — <l> B K — by W. B. Palmer, appeared in February. 
 
 publications have been in pamphlet form. About 1880 they were first bound in cloth, and durinsr 
 the '8o's they began to be handsomely illustrated, while the number of them largely increased. 
 
 ''' The May and June numbers, were issued together, each having separate departments, editorials, 
 official communications, chapter correspondence, etc., but only one cover, dated "May-June, 1889." 
 
THE SCROLL, 1888-1889. 533 
 
 In Novembsr the Editor offered to send The Scroll regularly to 
 each of the chapters of an}^ fraternity, if the editor of that frater- 
 nity's journal would send it to every chapter of ^ A ©. The offer 
 was repeated in March, but nothing practical resulted. 
 
 A revival of the Alabama Index having been proposed, the Edi- 
 tor of The Scroll, changing his attitude, said in March: "An 
 Index in Alabama may be all right; but suppose there is a Co7?iet in 
 Mississippi, an Asteroid in Georgia, a Star in Tennessee, a Dial 
 in South Carolina, with the other States all provided for on the 
 same plan. Or suppose we have only one to each province. 
 There are seven parasites sucking the life blood of the central organ. 
 On the whole we cannot approve the plan of local fraternity 
 journalism." 
 
 PRESIDENT BENJAMIN HARRISON. 
 
 When $ A was in its fortieth year, it was honored b}^ the elec- 
 tion of one of its members to the Presidency of the United States. 
 Benjamin Harrison, Miami, '52, was nominated for President b}^ 
 the National C^onvention of the Republican party, assembled at Chi- 
 cago, June, 1888. He was elected in November, and, the following 
 March, was inaugurated into the same office which his grandfather, 
 William Henry Harrison, had occupied, the highest within the gift 
 of the Nation. He was the twenty-third President, the second one 
 who was a lineal descendant of a former President, and the first 
 member of a college secret societ}^ who was elevated to the Presi- 
 dency by the suffrages of the people. ^ 
 
 Before he entered Miami University, Harrison attended Farmers 
 (since Belmont) College at College Hill, near Cincinnati, where he 
 was under the tutelage of Rev. R. H. Bishop, D. D., who had 
 been the first President of Miami (1824-41), and was President of 
 Farmers from 1845 to 1855. Having attended Farmers for two 
 3'ears, Harrison, with several other students, left there and entered 
 Miami, where he was matriculated in the junior class. At the 
 same time, in the fall of 1850, Milton Sayler, a member of A A <l», 
 returned to Miami, after an absence of two years, and soon set 
 about reorganizing his fraternit}^ there. A letter written by J, A. 
 
 * President J. A. Garfield, a graduate of Williams College, class of 1856, was a member of 
 the Social Fraternity," founded there, 1834, in opposition to secret societies. In 1847 it joined the 
 "Anti-Secret Confederation," which adopted, 1864, the Greek letters A T. Since 1864, A T has de- 
 clared itself non-secret instead of anti-secret. 
 
 President C. A. Arthur, who was elected Vice-President at the time Garfield was elected Presi- 
 dent, was graduated, 1848, from Union College, where he joined * T. He became President by suc- 
 cession, and, therefore, was not an exception to the above statement. 
 
 President Grover Cleveland was elected to honorary membership in 2 X by its Ann Arbor chap- 
 ter, 1892. 
 
 President William IVIcKinley, in the fall of 1859, entered the junior class at Allegheny College 
 (where <t K ^ was then the only fraternity), but, after a few months, left on account of illness. He was 
 graduated, 1867, from the Albany Law School. He was not a member of any fraternity until 1892, 
 when he was Governor of Ohio, and when he was elected to honorary membership in 2 A E by its 
 chapter at Mount Union College. 
 
 President Theodore Roosevelt was graduated, 1880, from Harvard, where he joined both A K B 
 and A A ^. He entered the law class of 1882 at Columbia, and joined the legal fraternity * A $, 
 but left before taking a degree there. Like General Arthur, he became President by succession. 
 
534 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Anderson, of Ohio Alpha, November 2, 1850, quoted on page 228, 
 shows that Sa3^1er was associating constant!}^ with Harrison, who 
 was his classmate, and with another student, both of whom, how- 
 ever, joined ^ A © instead of A A <3E>. 
 
 Harrison is first mentioned in the minutes of Ohio Alpha for 
 Ma}^ 27, 185 1. There is a gap in the minutes from January 15, 
 185 1, to May 12, 185 1, and it is probable that he was initiated dur- 
 ing that time. A careful examination shows that he was the thir- 
 teenth man, after the six founders, who was initiated into $ A 
 at Miami. 
 
 The minutes for October 13, 185 1, were signed by Benjamin Har- 
 rison, President, and I. S. Lane, Secretary. The date of their 
 electioD as officers is not given, October 27, I. S. I.ane was 
 President, pro tem. and J. A. Anderson Secretar}^ pro tem. The 
 names of Harrison and Lane, respectively President and Secretar}', 
 were signed to the minutes of October 28, 29 and 30, November 5 
 and 18 and December 2, 185 1. On the last date, new officers were 
 elected, who assumed their duties December 17. 
 
 Once during his term as President of Ohio Alpha, Harrison was 
 called to act in a very difficult relation. He presided during the 
 trial of J. H. Childs and J. G. McNutt for violations of the Bond. 
 Robert Morrison called this affair "the Crisis of 185 1." TheSociet}^, 
 then not quite three 3'ears old, had not before had occasion to 
 discipline an}" of its members. The Bond contains no provision 
 for trial and expulsion, neither did the Articles of Union nor the 
 Constitution of Ohio Alpha. What made the situation more trjdng 
 to Harrison was that he was the room-mate and an intimate friend 
 of McNutt. To the summons then issued, citing Childs and McNutt 
 to appear before the chapter, they replied, denying its jurisdiction, 
 because the Fraternity had no constitutional power of arraignment. 
 Harrison was equal to the emergency. The minutes sa}' he 
 decided, 'That such right inherently belongs to the Society as an 
 organized bod3\ " Robert Morrison, writing of this trial for The 
 Scroll, March, 1882, said: The situation was new and the cir- 
 cumstances exciting, 3^et the President's head was cool, as evinced 
 by the decision."* Writing for The Scroll, October, 1888, after 
 Harrison's nomination for the Presidenc}^ Morrison said: 
 
 Thirty-seven years ago, the good ship 4> A 9 was sailing in straits, dangerous and 
 new. Fortunately for the craft, though there were no charts or guide-books on 
 board, the pilot was cool-headed and brave. And looking back now over the track 
 then traveled and its peculiar difficulties, we can see, better than ever, how he did 
 just the right thing at the right time. His wisdom, his nerve and promptitude 
 could not have been excelled. The Fraternitv to-day is enjoying a large measure 
 of prosperity, due perhaps to no other one thing in our history, in grand results, so 
 much as to the good judgment and skill evinced by Ben. Harrison, the youthful 
 student at Miami University, as President of the Ohio Alpha, the Grand Chapter 
 of the «i> A 9, in the celebrated crisis of 185 1. 
 
 Now, after many eventful years of varied training in camp and court and legis- 
 lative halls, he is called to the helm of the grandest ship ever launched on the ocean 
 
 ■ See page wo ct scq. 
 
Ohio Alpha, '52. 
 
 United States Senator from Indiana, 1881-87. President of the United States, 1889-93- Half- 
 tone from a platinotype presented by him to Michigan Alpha, 1897- The platinoty pemeasures 7 by 
 8^ inches, the card on which it is mounted. ii^+ by i3'2. The etching of the signature is of the 
 exact size of the signature on the outer card. See facsimile of his signature, as Secretary of the first 
 (1851) Convention, page 166: facsimile of his letter, pages 170 and 171 ; portrait, page 245 : biographi- 
 cal sketches in The Scroll, December, 1878; May-June, 1883; October, November and December, 
 1888; and memoir, April, 1901. 
 
536 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. jfl 
 
 of time. His y<7/////z//;z6'j-ji- to all his trusts in these intervening years, and the acknowl- 
 edged obility of his performance of dutv, became at once a grand preparation and 
 a pledge of successful guidance to the great ship of state, should he be chosen as its 
 next pilot. Happy will this great people be if no one of its chief rulers should ever 
 prove less competent and trustworthy than our distinguished brother, the Hon. Ben- 
 jamin Harrison. 
 
 At the first Convention of $ A 0, held at Cincinnati, December 
 30, 185 1, Harrison was present and was chosen as Secretar3^ At 
 the meeting of Ohio Alpha, December 17, 185 1, J. A. Anderson, 
 L. W, Ross and Benjamin Harrison were appointed to report to the 
 Convention as to the feasibility of establishing new chapters. The 
 report of the committee was made by Anderson, as chairman. At 
 this Convention a Constitution for a higher Order, to be composed 
 of alnmni, was adopted, and Harrison was chosen as its Recording 
 Secretar}'. 
 
 David Swing was elected President and Harrison Secretar\^ of 
 Ohio Alpha, April 17, 1852. Their names are signed to the min- 
 utes for April 17 and 27 and May 3. By the foregoing, it will be 
 seen that, during the year and a half of his attendant membership, 
 Harrison took an active part in the Societ}'. The minutes of Ohio 
 Alpha do not often tell us the subjects of the essa3''s that were read 
 before the Societv, but the}^ mention that, Februar\^ 6, 1852, Harri- 
 son read an essa}^ on "Poland," and, March 16, 1852, one entitled 
 
 Human Reason a Humbug." The subject of his graduating 
 address was "The Poor of England."'^ 
 
 After his graduation, Harrison did not fail to evince his con- 
 tinued interest in the Fraternity. He attended a meeting of 
 alumni at Cincinnati, January i, 1853, when plans for a meeting of 
 the higher Order were discussed. He attended the meeting of the 
 higher Order at Miami during commencement week, 1853, and he 
 and I. S. Lane and L. W. Ross were appointed a committee on 
 correspondence and publication. Both the address and the poem 
 delivered on that occasion were published b}' the committee, and 
 the}^ are the earliest publications bearing the name of the Society. t 
 He presided over the Indiana State ^ A Convention, at Indian- 
 apolis, June 30, 1865. In 1879 he was one of the charter members 
 of the Indiana Beta Alumni chapter at Indianapolis. During the 
 fall and winter of 1881-82, a series of social meetings was held 
 b}' the Indianapolis alumni. The first was held October 21, at the 
 home of Judge B. K. Elliott, of the Indiana Supreme Court, and 
 General Harrison was one of the nineteen Phis who, besides 
 ladies, were present. He was one of the speakers at banquets of 
 Province Conventions held at Indianapolis, April, 1885, and April, 
 1888. H. U. Brown, P. G. C, 1882-86, writing for The Scroll, 
 November, 1888, said: 
 
 (ieneral Harrison was a loyal alumnus before he was a presidential candidate. At 
 the last state fraternity banquet he responded with ringing words to one of the toasts 
 
 ■'■ Two pages of this speech are Ki\en in the "Life of (len. Hen. Harrison," by Clen. I,e\v Wallace, 
 published in the fall of 1888. 
 
 1 See facsimiles, pages 176 and 177. 
 
PRESIDENT BEXJAMIX HARRISON. 537 
 
 (and, by the way, his check helped to pay the banquet bills). Recently I knew 
 him to relieve the necessities of an Ohio chapter, and always he has entertained 
 a fraternal regard for the old Ohio Alpha, the Indiana Beta Alunini and the 4> A O 
 in general. 
 
 Brown, who was city editor of the Indianapolis N'ews, was in 
 General Harrison's office when the latter was informed of his nom- 
 ination. Among other Phis present were Judge W, A, Woods, Wab- 
 ash, '59; Rev. Dr. J. S. Jenckes, Indiana, '56; Rev. R. V. Hun- 
 ter, Wooster, '77, and J. W. Fesler, Indiana, '86 (employed in the 
 office); while J. B. Elam, Miami, '70, was at Chicago, as the imme- 
 diate representative of Harrison, with whom he was a law partner. 
 Describing the tumultuous scene which ensued. Brown said: 
 
 That night Indianapolis roared. Nobody made any more noise than those who 
 were delighted on fraternity as well as on political grounds. I was at the General's 
 house in the evening. Judge B. K. Elliott (Ohio Alpha), of the State Supreme 
 Court, was there. Thousands of telegrams were pouring in from every quarter. 1 
 wondered if the $ A 0s generally were interested as a Fraternity. I soon found 
 out. Among the first telegrams received was the following from the State v>f the 
 General's nativity: 
 
 Coi-UMiU's, Ohio, June 25, 1888. 
 Hon. Bex. Harrison, Indianapolis, Ind. : Ynur Phi Delta Theta friends of Ohio send you greet- 
 ings and congratulations on your nomination, and will greet you again in November as our next 
 President. CvRis Huling. 
 
 Presently one came from Brother C. P. Bassett, the esteemed President of our 
 Order. Then they rolled in from chapters, from individuals, from duets and quar- 
 tettes. Not fewer than twenty from 4> A 0s were received that day and night, and 
 for two or three days they continued to come. The Associated Press remarked on 
 this college enthusiasm, as a source of political support not observed in any previous 
 presidential campaign. It was the intention of the General to answer all of these 
 greetings, and I suppose that he did so. It would be interesting to preserve these 
 replies if they could be collected. Judge Elliott and I called Mrs. Harrison's 
 attention to the zeal of the fraternity brothers. She smilingly replied, "The Gen- 
 eral is a good Phi, and often hears from the boys." 
 
 In the midst of so much history-making these are but trifles. To the "barbar- 
 ian" world they possess no significance, but to those who have worn "the white 
 and blue" they bear testimony that, crown him as it may with fadeless glory, fame 
 cannot obliterate the true Greek's grateful recollections of the "mystic circle." 
 
 To a letter of congratulation from the H. G. C, and Editor of 
 
 The Scroll, General Harrison replied: 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind., Juh 12, 1888. 
 E. H. L. Randolih, Esq., New York City. 
 
 My dear Sir: Your favor of recent date has been received, and in reply I beg 
 to express my sincere thanks to you and to the General Council of the Phi Delta 
 Theta Fraternity, which you represent, for your very cordial congratulations. 
 
 Very truly vours, Benjamin Harrison. 
 
 The Scroll for October, 1888, contains a number of articles 
 about General Harrison, including a contribution from Rev. Robert 
 Morrison, Ohio Alpha, '49, and one from L. W. Ross, Ohio Alpha, '5 2, 
 Chancellor of the law department of the University of Iowa, who 
 had been a student with Harrison at Farmers College and later at 
 Miami University. Murat Halstead had been a classmate of Har- 
 rison at Farmers, but did not enter Miami, and, therefore, did not 
 become a member of any college fraternity, as none was established 
 at Farmers. Halstead, while editor of the Cincinnati Conmiercial- 
 
538 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Gazette^ 1888, wrote an article for the October Scroll, in which 
 he said: 
 
 There were four grandsons of General William Henr\- Harrison at Farmers Col- 
 lege — two Harrisons and two Thorntons — but Ben. was the one who attracted attention 
 and received the highest consideration. He did not sta}- with us at College Hill until 
 the graduating period— going off to Miami University, where he graduated with 
 honor; and I remember that it was hinted at the time that one of the inducements 
 that he had to go was that Dr. J. W. Scott, who had been our professor of rhetoric, 
 had established a female college at Oxford, and that Ben. was in love with his 
 daughter, Carrie, who is now Mrs. Harrison. 
 
 The Scroll for November, 1888, contains a contribution from 
 Professor David Swing, Ohio Alpha, '52, and one from Judge 
 
 B. K. Elliott, Ohio Alpha, '55, both relating to General Harrison. 
 
 The article from Chief -justice Elliott concludes as follows: 
 
 He is a man who retains friends; his college friendships are unbroken, his col- 
 lege days are not forgotten. No man, so busy as he, more enjoys meeting the sons 
 of $ A G at their reunions than does Ben. Harrison. He is yet loyal to her colors 
 and stands to her traditions. The honors that he has won have not obscured the 
 memories of the days and nights passed at "Old Miami." 
 
 The Harrison articles were extensivel}^ copied from The Scroll \y\ 
 the press of the countr}-, both Republican and Democratic."^ The 
 number for May-June, 1889, contains an additional note from 
 Robert Morrison concerning the Phi who had been so greatly hon- 
 ored b}^ the nation. 
 
 During the campaign some one who wrote to General Harrison, 
 inquiring whether he was a member of an}^ oath-bound secret soci- 
 ety, received from him the following response, which was widel}^ 
 published: 
 
 In answer to your question, permit me to say that I have never been a member 
 of any secret society, except a Greek-letter society in college and the G. A. R., if 
 the latter may, with any propriet}-, be called a secret society, though I do not think 
 it ma\'. 
 
 After the election, the P. G. C. addressed a letter of congratula- 
 tion to the President-elect of the United States, and received the 
 following repl}^: 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind., November 14, 1888. 
 
 C. P. Bassett, Esq., Newark, N. J. 
 
 My dear Sir: Your letter of November 9, extending to me your congratulations 
 on behalf of the Fraternity of the Phi Delta Theta, has been received. I have had 
 the pleasure of receiving from many of the chapters very fraternal expressions, and 
 would have been glad to acknowledge each of them, but the extent of my corres- 
 
 '^ The following keenly pointed shaft of wit from the A V Anchora was quoted in The Scroll, 
 March, 1889: "Benjamin Harrison is still the cry of The Scroll. Such enthusiasm is rarely met 
 with, one number being almost entirely devoted to the praise of the President-elect, the succeeding 
 numbers glowing with a pride which cannot be concealed. This world wius rather a tight fit for $ A 
 even before the 6th of November, and it is hard to tell what will become of that Fraternity now, as 
 there seems to be no feasible way of enlarging its accommodations." To which the' Editor of The 
 .SV/-^// replied : "Yes, 4» A © is proud of 'Ben.' Harrison. He is an honor to all Clreek-letter fra- 
 ternities. We pay our compliments to The President of the United States!" 
 
 A committee of Phis in Washington City, of which C. E. Kincaid, correspondent of the Louis- 
 ville Conrier-Jotirual, was chairman, was appointed to provide for the entertainment of members 
 of the Fraternity, who should attend the inauguration, March 4, i88q. Vermont Alpha suggested 
 that a 4> A © badge be presented to President Harrison, and \'ermont Alpha and New ^'ork Alpha 
 sent out circulars calling for subscriptions for this purpose. At the National Convention, October, 
 i88g, it was reported that a sum had been collected, and the Convention decided to make an appro- 
 priation of the remaining amount necessary to purchase a suitable badge. However, the plan of 
 presenting a badge to him was never carried out. 
 
PRESIDENT BE^7AMIN HARRISON. 
 
 539 
 
 pondence is such as to make that quite impossible. I beg, through you, to extend 
 to the members of my old college Fraternity my sincere thanks for their friendlv 
 recognition of me as a brother, and at the same time to express ever}- interest in the 
 continued prosperity and usefulness of the Fraternity. 
 
 Very truly yours, Benjamin Harrison. 
 
 President Harrison appointed General T. J. Morgan, Franklin, 
 '60, as Commissioner of Indian Affairs; and during the latter part 
 of his administration, J. A. Anderson, Miami, '53, was Consul- 
 general at Cairo, Egypt; J. W. Foster, Indiana, '55, was Secretar}^ 
 of State (succeeding J. G. Blaine), and G. M. Lambertson, Frank- 
 
 HoN. John Watson Foster, Indiana, '55. 
 
 United States ^Minister to Mexico, 1873-80; to Russia. 1880-81; to Spain, 1883-85. Secretary of 
 State, 1892-93. See his signature as Secretary of Indiana Alpha, page 129. See biographical 
 sketches. The Scroll, jNlarch, 1876; December, 1881; March, 1883; October, 1892; June, 1805. 
 Half-tone from a photograph by J. D. Merritt, Washington, D. C, sent by Mr. Foster to the 
 author of this history, INIay 5, 1902. 
 
 lin, '72, was Assistant Secretar}^ of the Treasur}- Department. W. 
 A. Woods, Wabash, '59, appointed United States District Judge b}' 
 President Arthur, was promoted to be Judge of the United States 
 Circuit Court b}^ President Harrison, 1892. 
 
 On other pages of this history are accounts of a banquet ten- 
 dered to President Harrison by Phis at Galesburg, 111., October 8, 
 1890; a banquet tendered to him by Phis at San Francisco, April 
 27, 1891; his attendance at the Alumni Day banquet at Washing- 
 ton City, 1892; a reception given to him by the Stanford chapter, 
 April 6, 1894; his visit to Lafayette, Ind., October 20, 1894; and 
 receptions tendered to him b}^ the Ann Arbor chapter, March 23, 
 
540 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 1897, and December 14, 1900. He was one of the speakers at the 
 banquet of the Indiana State $ A © Convention, March 13, 1896. 
 He was then elected President of the Indianapolis alumni chapter, 
 which office, by annual re-election on Alumni Da}^ he held until 
 his death. 
 
 He died at his home at Indianapolis, March 13, 1901, and was 
 buried four days later at Crown Hill Cemetery in that city. Judge 
 W. A. Woods, Wabash, '59, was one of the honorar}" pall bearers, 
 and H. U. Brown, Indianapolis, 80, one of the active pall bearers, 
 while the Fraternity was officially represented by H. H. Ward, P. 
 G. C, and F. J. R. Mitchell, S. G. C* The Scroll, April, 1901, 
 was largelv devoted to articles about General Harrison. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1889. 
 
 The National Convention which met October, 1886, decided that 
 the next Convention should meet in October, 1887. In the spring 
 of 1887 it seemed to the General Council that little legislation 
 was needed that year, and the chapters were called upon to vote 
 on the question of postponing the Convention two years. The 
 Scroll, June, 1887, said that only four chapters had voted against 
 the proposition. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Monda}^ Tuesda}', 
 Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, October 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, 
 1889, in Odd Fellows' Hall, Bloomington, 111. The Convention 
 was called to order by C. P. Bassett, P. G. C. Rev. Robert Mor- 
 rison read Psalm cxxxiii and offered prayer. Hon. J. S. Ewing, 
 Kentucky Alpha, '58, welcomed the members to the cit}^, and was 
 responded to by P. H. Stern. 
 
 Officers present: General Council — President, C. P. Bassett; Secretary, J. E. 
 Brown; Treasurer, S. P. Gilbert; Historian, E. H. L. Randolph (also Managing 
 Editor of The Scroll and Editor of the catalogue and the song book). President 
 Gamma Province, W. W. Quarles. President Zeta Province, W. L. Miller. Busi- 
 ness Manager of The Scroll, B. S. Orcutt. 
 
 Delegates from college chapters present: Miami — W. C. Harris, '91. 
 Indiana — Ralph Bamberger, '91. Wabash — Henry Little, '91. Wisconsin — W. 
 A. Curtis, '89. N'orthtvestern — G. O. Barnes, '90. Butler— l^az Noble, '90. 
 O. W. C — A. V. Evans, '90. Franklin — J. V. Deer, '90. Hanover — W. E. B. 
 McKee, '91. Michigan — J- A. McLaughlin, '91. DePatnv — W. A. Bastian, '91. 
 Ohio — E. H. Eves, '91. Roanoke — J. W. Sieg, '92. Missouri- — E. W. Hinton, 
 90. Knox — G. P. Williams, '90. Georgia — T. W. Reed, '89. loioa Wesleyan — 
 
 C. F. Weir, '91. Cornell— Y. G. Gardner, '91. Lafayette—'^. G. Hahn, '90. 
 California — H. A. Melvin, '89. Lansing — H. E. Bunce, Jr., '90. Buchtel — H. 
 
 D. Smith, '90. Xebraska — H. J. Edmiston, '92. Gettysburg — J. F. Seibert, '89. 
 W. &- J.—}. B. Clark, '90. F^?«^/^;V;///— Stewart Brooks, '88. Lehigh— Y.. H. 
 Beazell, '90. Mississippi — N, J. Buck, '91. Alabama — M. J. McAdory, '89. 
 Lllinois- Wesleyan — D. D. Darrah, '90. Lombard — S. D. Harsh, '90. Auburn — 
 G. H. Waring, Jr., '90. Allegheny— Y . G. Stubbs, '90. Vermont — F. L. Moore, 
 
 * Among the floral tributes were flowers tied with the white and bhie ribbons of 4> A 0. At the 
 Krave, as the last words were uttered by the minister, three white carnations were laid on the casket. 
 This w£us the first time that three white carnations, the flower of * A 0. were ever deposited in the 
 jirax e of a deceased member of the Fraternity. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTIvON OF 1889. 54^ 
 
 '90. Dickinson — Hammond Urner, '90. Westtninstci — L. O. Rodes, '88. hmui — 
 I. D. Orton, '90. South Carolina — L. W. Boyd, '90. Kansas — A. L. Burney, '90. 
 Hillsdale — V. W. VanFleei, '92. Sewanee — R. F. Armstrong, '90. O. S. U. — 
 
 F. W. Rane, '91. Pennsylvania — B. B. Lathburv, '90. Union — G. C. Stewart, 
 '90. C. C. N. K— P. H. Stern, '91. C^%— Walter Gary, '90. Dartmouth— 
 
 G. W. Earle, '90. Central — J. W. E. Joffrian. Williams — J. A. Bohrer, '91.. 
 Syracuse — V. E. Kilpatrick, '91. Southern — E. H. Hawkins, '89. Amherst — Her- 
 bert Lewis, '91. Brown — W. H. Young, '90. 
 
 The active college chapters without delegates were those at Cen- 
 tre, Emory, Mercer, Wooster, Virginia, Randolph-Macon, Rich- 
 mond, Minnesota, Texas, Columbia, North Carolina, Southwest- 
 ern, W. & L. 
 
 Delegates from alumni chapters present: Indianapolis — H. U. Brown, 
 Butler, '80. Nashville — W, B. Palmer, Emory, '77. Cincinnati — Harr\' Weidner, 
 Miami, '88. Akron — E. F. Krone, Buchtel, '89. A^ew York — S. W. Dunscomb, 
 Jr., C. C. N. Y., '88. Selma—W. W. Quarles, Alabama, '87. 
 
 Other members present: Miami — Robert Morrison, '49. Indiana — J. L. 
 Mitchell, Jr., '89. Centre—]. S. Ewing, '58. Wabash— \\. P. Fullinwider, '78. 
 Northxvestern—l. R. Hitt, Jr., '88; R. A. Harris, '92. O. W. U.—V). R. Grav, 
 '90; C. E. Schenk, '90. Franklin—^. A. Haltman, '87; W. G. Olwin, '87. 
 Michigan — P. G. Sjoblom, '89. Ohio — Emmett Tompkins, '74. Missouri — H. 
 W. Clark, '87. Knox — G. E. George, '92. Nebraska — W. L. Stephens, '89. 
 Illinois Wesleyan — ^N. K. McCormick, '81; J. A. Fullinwider, '82; A. T- Barr, 
 '85; J. H. Shaw, '86; A. W. Vanneman, '86; R. E. Williams, Jr., '86;' T. M. 
 Kimball, '87; Edward Manley, '87; L N. Van Pelt, '87; W. H. Stillhamer, '87; 
 L. B. Probasco, '91; J. S. Schnepp, '91; D. J. Bechtel, '92; C. C. Davidson, '92; 
 J. F. A. Deutsch, '92; G. E. Preble, '92; A. C. Sapper, '92; William Downey, '93; 
 P. L. Noggle, '93; H. B. Watt, '93; Jesse Denham, '94; G. L. Hunter, '95. lom- 
 bard — C. N. Anderson, '90; Loring Trott, '90; S. T. Donohoe, '91; L. L. Silliman, 
 '92. Sewanee — H. T. Cottam, Jr., '88. Union — A. E. Phillips, '87. Colby — 
 Edward Fuller, '85. Columbia — Leo Wampold, '88. 
 
 Officers elected: General Council — President, E. H. L. Randolph; Secretary, 
 H. T. Miller; Treasurer, H. W. Clark; Historian, W. W. Quarles. Editor of 
 The Scroll, J. E. Brown. Editors of the catalogue: E. H. L. Randolph, F. D. 
 Swope. Collector and custodian of archives, W. B. Palmer. Paraphernalia agent, 
 J. E. Brown. 
 
 Convention officers: President, C. P. Bassett, P. G. C, ex officio; Secretary, 
 J. E. Brown, S. G. C, ex officio; Assistant Secretary, B. G. Hahn; Chaplain, 
 Robert Morrison. 
 
 The privilege of voting was conferred on Robert Morrison, the 
 members of the General Council and the Business Manager of The 
 Scroll. The Constitution was amended in various particulars. 
 One amendment, proposed by J. E. Brown and adopted, provided 
 that no charter could be granted to establish a chapter at an}- 
 institution without the favorable votes of all chapters in the prov- 
 ince within which or nearest which the institution was situated.* 
 
 As proposed by W. B. Palmer, the first section of the article on 
 membership" was amended so as to provide: "No chapter shall 
 admit any person who is not a male student of the college in which 
 it is established. Only students of the college proper shall be 
 eligible." The object of this amendment was to make unmistaka- 
 ble interdiction of the initiation of preparatory students, as well as 
 to prohibit the initiation of officers of colleges, which had previ- 
 ously been allowed, 
 
 *See account of Delta Province Convention, 1884, page 459. 
 
542 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 A new article regarding The Scroll was adopted. It provided 
 that, instead of being published monthly, the Convention should 
 decide upon the frequency of issue. Instead of a Board of Publi- 
 cation, "The Convention shall elect an Editor, to whom the publi- 
 cation of The Sci'oll shall be entrusted, and the entire editorial and 
 business responsibilit}' shall devolve upon him. He may have the 
 
 power to choose an Assistant, as he deems fit In the 
 
 interim of the Convention, the General Council shall act as an 
 advisory board to the Editor of The Scroll. The General Council 
 shall have the power to fill a vacancy arising from any cause." 
 This change was proposed by J. E. Brown, who was elected Edi- 
 tor. Ordered that the magazine be issued bi-monthl}^ from Octo- 
 ber to June inclusive every year. A new section provided for pay- 
 ing the Editor a salary out of the general fund, in addition to the 
 income from advertisements and alumni subscriptions which had 
 previously been allowed. 
 
 As proposed by J. E. Brown, the following new section, estab- 
 lishing Alumni Day, was adopted: ' On the third Wednesday of 
 February each year, each alumni chapter shall meet for the elec- 
 tion of officers, social and supper, and at this meeting shall enter- 
 tain discussion upon some topic of interest to the welfare of the 
 Fraternity, that has previousl}^ been announced to each chapter b}^ 
 the General Council." * 
 
 E. H. L. Randolph moved that the Constitution be no longer 
 considered secret; lost. H. W. Clark moved that enough copies 
 be furnished each chapter to provide each initiate with a copy, and 
 that he be required to keep the same secret, as heretofore; lost. 
 
 A committee on the revision of the Constitution, composed of 
 W. B. Palmer, C. P. Bassett and T. H. Simmons, had been 
 appointed at the Convention of 1882 and continued in 1884 and 
 in 1886. At the Convention of 1886, the revised Constitution pro- 
 posed by this committee was, after amendment, adopted, but a 
 revision of the Ritual, prepared by Palmer and approved by the 
 committee, was laid on the table until the next Convention. To 
 the Convention of 1889, Palmer presented a revised Ritual, which 
 provided for a much more elaborate initiation ceremon}^ than the 
 one which was then in use, and also for a number of new cere- 
 monies for different occasions, including a funeral service. In a 
 report to the Convention he said: 
 
 The Ritual, as now presented to the Convention, is the result of years of study 
 
 and experience I by no means take to myself the entire credit for 
 
 this Ritual, though I have worked on it more constantly than has any one else. The 
 second act of the initiation was suggested by a ceremony used in Ohio Beta, of 
 which Brother Scott Bonham was the author in 1879-80. Some features of the 
 original Ohio Beta ceremony have been eliminated and others added. The whole 
 of the initiation and the opening and closing ceremonies have received a very care- 
 ful revision at the hands of Brother J. E. Brown, also of Ohio Beta.f 
 
 * See account of Alabama State Convention, 1889, page 524, and letter from W. B. Palmer, 
 October 15, 1877, in 'Old Fraternity Records," The Scroll, April, 1904. 
 t See The Scroll, February, 1897, page 256. 
 
544 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Valuable suggestions, the report said, had been received from A. 
 J. Montgomer}', H. F. Shier, W. R. Manier and F. S. Ball. 
 
 The proposed Ritual provided for a flag and for two banners. 
 The flag was to be blue, and bear three white five-pointed stars, 
 arranged triangularh^ one above and two below. '^ The banners 
 were to be triangular, and of blue material, with argent lettering 
 and fringe. On one were to be ' $" in the upper left, 'A" in the 
 lower corner, "©" in the upper right, and 1848" in the middle. 
 The other was to have the name of the State across the top, the 
 3^ear of the chapter's establishment in the middle, and the chapter's 
 letter below. The proposed Ritual provided that "Els avrjp ovSeU 
 dvrjp" should be the open motto of $ A 0. 
 
 E. H, L. Randolph moved that "the Ritual as submitted by the 
 committee be printed in suflicient quantity, and be distributed 
 
 First Design for a Phi Delta Theta Flag, 1889. 
 
 among the chapters, five copies to each, for trial and use on pro 
 bation; further, that W. B. Palmer, C. P. Bassett and J. E. Brown 
 be appointed a committee, with instructions to correspond with all 
 the chapters and get their views as to changes and amendments 
 of any kind, and report in full to the next Convention;" adopted. 
 As proposed by Palmer, a paraphernalia agent was elected. Palmer 
 was chosen as collector and custodian of archives. 
 
 An assessment was levied for the publication of the catalogue. 
 The General Council was authorized to advance a sum of money 
 for the publication of the history of the Fraternity, by W. B. 
 Palmer, but later this action was reconsidered. 
 
 By a unanimous vote, October 16, a charter was ordered granted 
 for Louisiana Alpha at Tulane University. After this action, H. 
 T. Cottam, Jr., Tennessee Beta, '88, who had been sent by the 
 
 applicants to plead their cause before the Convention, was enrolled 
 
 • 
 
 *The first fraternity to display a regulation flag was © A X, 1869. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1889. 
 
 545 
 
 as a delegate. Applications for charters from Washburn College, 
 Topeka, Kan., and Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., were 
 refused. By a unanimous vote, October 18, twenty-two active and 
 alumni members of Minnesota Alpha were expelled from $ A 0. 
 
 Provinces were rearranged as follows: Alpha — chapters in Maine, 
 New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New 
 York and Penns34vania; Beta — chapters in Virginia, North Caro- 
 lina, South Carolina and Kentuckv; Gamma — chapters in Tennes- 
 see, Georgia and Alabama; Delta — chapters in Mississippi, Louisi- 
 ana and Texas; Epsilon — chapters in Ohio, Michigan and Indiana; 
 Zeta — chapters in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, 
 Nebraska and California. 
 
 Fraternity Banner, 1889. 
 
 This banner was part of the design printed on the cover of The Scroll, March-April, 1884, to 
 June. 1892. — See page 464. The Ritual adopted on probation, 1889, provided for such a banner, 
 also the Ritual adopted by the Convention of 1891. 
 
 The report of the committee on internal improvement, W. H. 
 Young, chairman, which was adopted, said: "We would recom- 
 mend the choice and adoption of a fraternity yell," and further 
 said: "We would recommend that, as far as possible, chapters 
 should secure chapter houses, in which the members may live as in a 
 family. In most small cities this can be done with little extra 
 expense. Every chapter should have a chapter room in which to 
 hold its meetings." Harry Weidner offered the following resolu- 
 tion, which had been suggested by W. P. Palmer: 
 
 Resolved, That a committee, composed of W. B. Palmer, E. H. L. Randolph, H. 
 A. Melvin, J. E. Brown, Emmett Tompkins and Harry Weidner, be appointed to 
 take suitable steps toward building a chapter house at Miami University, to be built 
 of stone, and made fire proof, wherein valuable papers and books, the property 
 
 (35) 
 
546 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 of the Fraternity, may be properly preserved, and where also the Ohio Alpha chap- 
 ter may hold its meetings. 
 
 On motion of Palmer, amended by making Weidner chairman 
 of the committee, then adopted. Wright & Kay, of Detroit, were 
 elected as additional official jewelers. The Convention decided not 
 to elect any official stationers, but approved the engravings of the 
 coat-of-arms made by Louis Dreka, Philadelphia, and Lockwood & 
 Coombes, New York. Invitations for the next Convention were 
 received from Atlanta, Birmingham and San Francisco; ordered 
 to be held at Atlanta, October 19-23, 189 1. 
 
 Tuesda}^ afternoon a group photograph of the Convention was 
 taken in front of the main building of Illinois Wesleyan University. 
 Tuesday evening public literary exercises took place at Schroeder's 
 Opera House. Five hundred invited guests were present. W. B. 
 Palmer presided; an oration on "Modern Scolds" was delivered 
 by Hon. Emmett Tompkins, Ohio, '74; a poem on "The Bond," 
 was read by Edward Fuller, Colby, '85 ; an historical address by 
 E. H. L. Randolph, C. C. N. Y., '85, and a prophecy by C. P. 
 Bassett, Lafa3^ette, 'S^. Randolph paid the following tribute to 
 Robert Morrison: 
 
 But the central figure of them all, the conceiver, the originator, the founder, the 
 author of our Bond, and the chooser of our symbols — God still spares him — for He 
 needs him — in his field of usefulness and honor. His life has been one continuous 
 stor^' of self-sacrifice. He labors now, and has labored always, for the good of 
 others, forgetful entirely of himself. Who will say his life has not been a grand 
 and complete success? All that he has undertaken he has accomplished. The good 
 that we do, as an Order, is laid up, at least in part, to his account. God has 
 given him a field to fill and he has filled it well. We all delight to honor his name, and 
 it is our greatest pleasure to bow in respect to Robert Morrison. 
 
 Wednesday evening there were a reception and ball at Turner 
 Hall, tendered by Illinois Epsilon. About 100 ladies, including 
 visitors from New York, Duluth, Saint Louis and Nashville, were 
 present. Thursday afternoon the Convention was addressed b}^ 
 Governor J. W. Pifer, of Illinois. 
 
 Thursday evening there was a banquet at the Windsor Hotel, 
 where most of the delegates stayed. Hon. Emmett Tompkins, Ohio, 
 '74, was toastmaster. The toasts: "Our Fraternity," response b}^ 
 J. E. Brown, O. W. U., '84; "The Convention," G. P. Williams, 
 Knox, '90; "Our Country," S. P. Gilbert, Vanderbilt, '83; "The 
 Star of the East," G. C. Stewart, Union, '90; "The Golden Gate," 
 H. A. Melvin, California, '89; "First Impressions of ^ A ©," P. H. 
 Stern, C. C. N. Y., '91; "The Bond," W. W. Quarles, Alabama, 
 '87. After the toasts, presents of $ A badges from the delegates 
 were made to Emmett Tompkins, orator and toastmaster; C, P. 
 Bassett, retiring P. G. C, and S. P. Gilbert, retiring T. G. C. A 
 marked feature of the banquet was the singing, particularly of 
 "There's a hole in the bottom of the sea," to the air of "There's 
 a land that is fairer than day." These words were sung over and 
 over during, in fact, the whole Convention, the leader being R. F. 
 Armstrong, of Sewanee. The Bloomington Club, which had 
 
ANNALS, 1 889- 1 89 1. 547 
 
 opened its rooms to the Phis during the week, gave the Convention a 
 reception Frida}' evening. The entertainment included music and 
 ventriloquism. On this occasion presents of gold-headed canes 
 from the delegates were made to I. N. VanPelt and R. E. Wil- 
 liams, Jr., of the local committee of arrangements. 
 
 ANNALS, 1889-1891. 
 
 The National Convention, i88q, elected E. H. L. Randolph, P. 
 G. C. ; H. T. Miller, S. G. C. ; H. W. Clark, T. G. C. ; W. W. 
 Quarles, H. G. C. This General Council appointed the following 
 Province Presidents: Alpha, G. W. Roberts; Beta, W. A. Brat- 
 ton; Gamma, F. S. Ball; Delta, H. T. Cottam, Jr.; Epsilon, J. L. 
 Mitchell, Jr.; Zeta, I. R. Hitt, Jr. October 24, 1890, C. H. 
 Tebault, Jr., was appointed President of Delta Province, vice H. 
 T. Cottam, Jr., resigned. At the same time, B. S. Orcutt was 
 appointed President of Alpha Province, vice G. W. Roberts, re- 
 signed; and Orcutt resigning, J. M. Ma3^er was appointed, Septem- 
 ber 25, 1891. 
 
 B}^ direction of the General Council, E. H. L. Randolph, P. G. 
 C, visited the chapters in Virginia and North Carolina, November, 
 1889. Beta Province had more weak chapters than any other, and 
 needed special attention, the cause being the large number of fra- 
 ternities which over-crowded the institutions in Virginia and the 
 Carolinas. Virginia Beta, at Charlottesville, was a chapter of good 
 size, and the chapters at Roanoke, Randolph-Macon and South 
 Carolina had as man}^ members as the average at those institutions. 
 But the condition of the chapters at Richmond, Washington and 
 Lee, and North Carolina was ver}-- unsatisfactor}^ 
 
 A letter to The Scroll showed that the Richmond chapter had 
 five members, January, 1890; reports to the H. G. C. showed four 
 members, April i, 1890, and three, April i, 1891. The next letter 
 to The Scroll from this chapter was not received until a year and a 
 half later, being dated November 15, 1892. The W. & L. chapter 
 reported to the H. G. C. only three active members, April i, 1889, 
 and made no report to him in 1890 or 1891. Letters to The Scroll 
 showed a membership of six, Januar}^, 1890, and four, January", 
 1 89 1. In the fall of 1891, only one returned, but two were affili- 
 ated and two initiated. The North Carolina chapter reported to 
 the H. G. C. six active members, 1889, but made no report to him 
 in 1890 or 1891. Letters to The Scroll showed six members, Janu- 
 ary, 1890, and five, 1891. The membership became reduced even 
 below this low figure, and no further letter from North Carolina 
 appeared in the magazine for three 3^ears. 
 
 The Columbia chapter had eight men, March, 1889, but had no 
 rooms, and but few if an}'- meetings were held during 1888-89. In 
 January, 1890, there was only one active member in the arts, and 
 in the spring of that year the chapter suspended. The chapter 
 
548 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 at C. C. N. Y. , as shown by its circular letter, had sixteen active 
 members March, 1890; a letter to The Scroll showed eleven, Octo- 
 ber, 1890. At the Convention a year later, J. M. Mayer, P. P., an 
 alumnus of the chapter, reported that it had but three members, and 
 he recommended that its charter be withdrawn, which was done. 
 The Northwestern chapter, as shown by its circular letter, had 
 eleven members and six pledged men, March, 1890. The report to 
 the H. G. C. showed only three members, April, 1891; and at 
 the Convention in October of that year, I. R.' Hitt, Jr., P. P., re- 
 ported that it had but two members. The chapter was not revived 
 until a year later. 
 
 Eugene Henry Lewis Randolph, C. C. N. Y., '85; P. G. C, 1889-91. 
 
 From a photograph taken by Anderson, 785 Broadway, New York City, May, 1885. 
 
 At the Convention of 1891, C. H. Tebault, Jr., P. P., reported 
 that the Texas chapter had only six members, and that there had 
 been some disagreement among them. However, an encouraging 
 telegram was received during the Convention. Texas Beta, March, 
 1892, issued a circular letter showing nine members, and saying 
 that the chapter was in a healthier condition than it had been for 
 some time." An editorial in The Scroll, June, 1890, said: "Dur- 
 ing the year the condition of a number of chapters has been nota- 
 bly improved, as at Pennsylvania, Georgia and Iowa." 
 
 Alumni Day was established by an amendment to the Constitu- 
 tion adopted by the Convention of 1889, the third Wednesday of 
 
ANNALS, 1889-1891. 549 
 
 Februar}^ each yean being fixed as the time. The first Alumni Da}^ 
 was celebrated February 19, 1890. The topics for discussion, pre- 
 vioush^ announced by the General Council, in accordance with 
 the amendment, were: i. "Chapter houses — consideration as to 
 ways and means for their general establishment and maintenance." 
 2. "Alumni organizations — how the}' can be made of most interest 
 and value to their individual members and the general Fraternit}-. " 
 The New York alumni chapter had a banquet at Martinelli's, 
 December 10, 1889. F'ift3^-eight were present, including, among 
 older alumni, Rev. J. M. Worrall, D. D., Miami, '49; General Eli 
 Long, Indiana, '55; P. L. Slaughter, Wisconsin, '59, and David 
 Humphre3'S, O. W. U., '60. The Philadelphia alumni met at the 
 house of Penns34vania Zeta, February 19; and. Ma}' I'j, the alumni 
 and college chapters had a banquet at Boothby's, at which thirty- 
 seven were present. The Akron alumni met in the parlors of the 
 Buchtel chapter, February 19. The Louisville alumni had a ban- 
 quet at the Pendennis Club, February 19. Seventeen were present, 
 including, among the older members of Kentucky Alpha, Judge J. 
 G. Simrall, '57; Thomas Speed, '61; H. V. Escott, '62; S. J. Boyle, 
 '66; Chancellor A. P. Humphrey, '66. The Minneapolis and Saint 
 Paul alumni had a joint banquet at the Hotel Metropolitan, Saint 
 Paul, February 19. The alumni chapters of the Twin Cities were 
 consolidated by the National Convention, October 23, 189 1. The 
 Chicago alumni had a banquet at the Sherman House, September 
 26, 1889. W. S. Harbert, Wabash, '64, was toastmaster, and 
 among older alumni who responded to toasts were R. A. D. Wil- 
 banks, Indiana, '67, and F. A. Smith, Chicago, '66; while J. F. 
 Gookins, Wabash, '64, read a poem, "Hail Thee, O Phil" A 
 dinner was given at the University Club, February 19, 1890, F. A. 
 Smith, President of the alumni chapter presiding. 
 
 A Convention of Zeta Province was held at Galesburg, 111., 
 April 2-3, 1890, I. R. Hitt, Jr., P. P., presiding. The total 
 attendance was fifty-six. A banquet was held at Brown's Hotel on 
 the first evening. Among the speakers was Rev. J. W. Haney, 
 Northwestern, '62. The Secretary read an invitation from the 
 Knox and Lombard chapters of 11 B $ to attend a reception in 
 honor of the National Convention of that sorosis then in session at 
 Galesburg, and he was instructed to return thanks and congratula- 
 tions. The following reply was received: 
 
 The n B $ Sorosis, by order of its National Convention, returns the greeting of 
 Zeta Province Convention of the <f> A Fraternity. 11 B $ honors the knights of 
 the white and blue, and in their prosperity recognizes the growth of the principles 
 for which all true men and women should stand. No warmer wishes could be ex- 
 tended than those for a future prosperity equal to that of the past. 
 
 The reception took place at Odd Fellows' Hall on the afternoon 
 of April 3, about ninety 11 B <E> ladies being present. A Conven- 
 tion of Epsilon Province was held at Indianapolis, April 11, 1890, 
 J. L. Mitchell, Jr., P. P., presiding. An account of the meeting 
 in the June Scroll says: 
 
550 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 There were present large delegations from all the Hoosier chapters except Indi- 
 ana Epsilon, several chapters having their entire active membership present; two 
 delegates each from Michigan Alpha and Beta, and two-thirds of Ohio Alpha's 
 
 active members The Convention adopted the white carnation as the 
 
 floral emblem of the province, and recommended its adoption by the Fraternity at 
 
 large Following the Convention came the annual banquet at 6 
 
 o'clock, in rooms adjoining the rooms of the Indianapolis Literary Club, and it was 
 without exception the largest and most brilliant company that ever attended a col- 
 lege fraternity banquet in this city. About eighty-five Phis were present, among 
 them some of the most distinguished citizens of our State. The feature of the 
 occasion, however, and one which contributed largely to the pleasures of the even- 
 ing, was the presence of ladies. Never before have ladies been invited to attend 
 any of the numerous fraternity banquets given here during the meeting of the State 
 Oratorical Association, but it is safe to say that hereafter few gatherings of $ A O 
 will be complete without their presence. 
 
 Among the speakers at the banquet were Judge B. K. Elliott, 
 Miami, '55; Judge D. D. Banta, Indiana, '55, and Judge W. A. 
 Woods, Wabash, '59. An Alabama State Convention was held at 
 Tuscaloosa, June 19, 1890. J. F. Crook was elected President. 
 In the evening there was a ball at the Washington Hotel and a 
 banquet at the McLester House. 
 
 Two ^ A © banquets in honor of President Benjamin Harrison 
 were given, one in 1890 and one in 1891. When it was known 
 that he would attend the reunion of his old brigade at Galesburg, 
 111., October 8, 1890, an invitation was extended to him to be pres- 
 ent at a banquet to be tendered by the Knox and Lombard chap- 
 ters. He accepted, provided the plan should meet with the 
 approval of the general committee having charge of the schedule of 
 entertainment during his stay at Galesburg. As members of $ A 
 were very prominent in Galesburg's business and professional cir- 
 cles, this matter was easily arranged. The banquet took place in 
 the Odd Fellows' Hall, which was draped with the fraternity colors. 
 On the walls hung the fraternity banner and the President's picture, 
 framed in white and blue, while the china and table decorations 
 were in the same colors. The banquet was served by Kinsle}'-, a 
 Chicago caterer, and was said by a local paper to have been the 
 most elaborate affair of the kind ever attempted in .Galesburg." 
 The attendance was about 100, including President Harrison's party 
 and many members of the Fraternity from a distance. After a 
 welcome was extended to him by the toastmaster, L. L. Silliman, 
 of the Lombard chapter, President Harrison said: 
 
 It has not been my pleasure often to meet with, or sit about the banquet board 
 with, members of this Society. It gives me much pleasure to meet with you to-night. 
 I feel the greatest sympathy with young men who are now disciplining their minds 
 for the work of life. If I were to select a watchword, which I would have ever}' 
 young man write above his door and on his heart, it would be that good word 
 "Fidelity. ' ' I know of no better. The man who meets every obligation to his f amilj^, 
 to society, to the State, to his country and his God, to the very best measure of his 
 strength and ability, can not fail of that reward which comes of a good conscience, 
 and will seldom fail of the approval of his fellow-men. I want to thank you for this 
 pleasant greeting, and ask you to accept the best wishes of a brother in # A 9.* 
 
 *This speech is quoted on page 252 of "Speeches of Benjamin Harrison," compiled by Charles 
 Hedges; published by Lovell, Coryell & Co., New York, 1892. 
 
ANNALS, 1889- 1 89 1. 
 
 551 
 
 Onh^ a portion of the President's remarks on this occasion were 
 reported. His visit to Topeka, Kan., October 10, caused a tem- 
 porar}^ removal of the students from Lawrence to that place. 
 Among those who pressed into the file of them who sought to 
 grasp his hand was the latest initiate of Kansas Alpha. With a 
 smile of recognition, the President caught sight of the badge and 
 colors, and extended to him a hearty clasp of the hand and a word 
 
 Design for College Annual Insert, 1890. 
 
 Half-tone from a steel engraving made, i8qo, under the direction of J. E. Brown, by Louis Dreka, 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 of congratulation. On the President's return trip, he stopped, 
 October 13, at Wooster, Ohio, where the citizens and students ten- 
 dered him an enthusiastic reception. At the head of the reception 
 committee was Dr. O. N. Stoddard, Ohio Alpha, '34 (honorary), 
 who had been a professor at Miami when he was a student there, 
 and at this time was a professor at the University of Wooster. 
 Ohio Delta presented the President with a box of white roses. 
 
55 2 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 President Harrison was tendered a dinner by California Phis at 
 the Palace Hotel, San Francisco, April 27, 1891. Through the 
 efforts of State Senator J. N. E. Wilson, California Alpha, '76, it 
 was arranged that the banquet would not conflict with the plans of 
 the committee having charge of the President's entertainment while 
 in the cit3\ It was exclusivel}^ a Phi affair. About sixt}^ members 
 were present, representing eight chapters, mostl}^ California Alpha, 
 of course, and a number of them came from distant parts of the 
 State. The members of Ohio Alpha, besides the President, were 
 G. T. Peck, '59, and Rev. M. A. D. Steen, D. D., '66. The floral 
 decorations were elaborate, and a large orchestra furnished music. 
 The Scroll account said: 
 
 After having been welcomed by Toastmaster Wilson, and introduced to the mem- 
 bers present, a toast was drunk to our distinguished brother of the White House, 
 which was responded to b}- him in a happy address, from which the following are 
 extracts. (It is to be regretted that the whole speech was not taken down, for the 
 President opened with a number of allusions to the character of the Fraternity and 
 to his experiences in his old chapter. As one of the younger members enthusiastic- 
 ally put it, this portion of his remarks was worth $1,000 a word.) Said President 
 Harrison: 
 
 "My friends and brothers in this old Society, I enjoy very much this moment in 
 associating with you. I am a member of the first chapter of 4> A 0. I belonged to 
 the Fraternity when it was young; and now I find its members living in all States, 
 where they hold positions of trust and influence. I find that in its history it has 
 produced nothing discreditable to itself, but that it has sustained a reputation of 
 which every one of its members may well be proud. I thank you for this oppor- 
 tunity of associating with 3-ou." 
 
 Here he paused a moment, and then, lifting a glass, added, "I propose that we 
 drink to the Order to which we have given our allegiance and our love, " a proposition 
 which was assented to immediately by all present. The President then seated him- 
 self and signed the visiting members' roll of California Alpha. 
 
 Other speakers at the banquet were Professor S. B. Christ}^ '74; 
 D. E. Collins, '74; John Goss, '74; Professor W. C. Jones, '75; Fred 
 Searls, '76; R. B. Wallace, '76; G. E. DeGolia, '77; L. R. Hewitt, 
 '90, and W. H. Waste, '91, all of California; C. O. Perry, DePauw, 
 69; E. M. Wilson, Wooster, '74. 
 
 A meeting of the General Council was held, January 4, 1891, at 
 the Gait House, Louisville, Y^\. Catalogue, Scroll and other inter- 
 ests were discussed. 
 
 The annual reports of Chapter Historians to the H. G. C, April 
 I, 1891, showed that the attendant membership of chapters was 
 1,032, which was the first time it had ever reached 1,000. 
 
 Laws prohibiting secret societies were enacted at Princeton, 
 1855. Dr. James McCosh, who was President of that institution, 
 1868-88, was bitter in his opposition to such societies."^ In spite 
 of this, however, fraternities existed there sub rasa at various times. 
 When Dr. F. L. Patton became President, 1888, several fraternities 
 initiated Princeton students, at Penns3'lvania, Lehigh and Rutgers, 
 expecting that under the new administration the anti-fraternity laws 
 would soon be abolished, and that they could then establish chap- 
 
 "^ See Discipline in American Colleges," by him. — North Aiiic7-icau Review, May-June, 1878. 
 
ANNALS, 1889-1891. 553 
 
 ters. Our Universit}' of Pennsylvania chapter desired to initiate 
 Princeton men who might form a chapter when the restrictions 
 should be removed. The General Council, at its Louisville meeting, 
 decided that the initiation of such men b\'' Pennsylvania Zeta would 
 be legal, provided they had previously matriculated in an}- of 
 the departments of the U. of P. Henr}^ Delaplaine, of Pennsyl- 
 vania Zeta, had a particular friend at Princeton, G. P. Wheeler, 
 who accepted an invitation to join <l> A ©. Wheeler was initiated 
 b}^ the chapter. Ma}'- i, 1891; Alonzo Church, May 19; and P. H. 
 Davis, October 7. Their matriculation in the medical department 
 at Pennsylvania cost ^5 each and the chapter paid the fee. 
 
 In 1884-85, an association was formed at Washington Universit}-, 
 Saint Louis, Mo., for the purpose of securing a charter from some 
 general frate^nit3^ Missouri Alpha had requested C. F. Krone, 
 one of its members living in Saint Louis, to endeavor to establish 
 a chapter at this institution. He interviewed the members of the 
 association, and, as a result, an application with twelve signatures, 
 dated February 20, 1885, was presented to <l> A for a charter. 
 The application was strongly endorsed by local alumni, Missouri 
 Alpha, and T. S. Ridge, P. P. It came ver}' near being granted, 
 failing because some of the General Councilors were doubtful about 
 the institution as a desirable fraternity field. A chapter of B ©11, 
 established there 1869, had died 1879; a chapter of Z $, established 
 1872, had died 1879. The law fraternity <l> A $ was established 
 there, 1882. No other fraternit}^ existed at Washington until the 
 entrance of ^ A 0, 1891. 
 
 Missouri Gamma of $ A was established at Wash- 
 ^S^^^l ington University, by absorbing the Texta Club, which 
 ICvvQ^l had been organized, 1888-89."^ As a club, Texta was at 
 | ^tW| first opposed to becoming a chapter of a general frater- 
 ^NN AJ. } nity, though this was favored b}' some of the members. 
 Text\B\dge During 1888-90 the question of uniting with a frater- 
 nity^ was debated, and permission was obtained from 
 the faculty for the club to become attached to a national organiza- 
 tion. Correspondence began with $ A and other fraternities. 
 
 '^During the fall of 1888, nine students in the courses of mining and metallurgy, dynamic engin- 
 eering and civil engineering met in the chapel, and began singing college songs and discussing plans 
 for obtaining more social enjoyment and arousing more college spirit. The outcome was the or- 
 ganization of the W. S. and P. S. (Whippoorwill Singing and Painting Society), the name arising 
 from a favorite song. 
 
 The members decided, January, 1889, to make this organization a secret society, resembling a 
 chapter of a Greek-letter fraternity. They elaborated their constitution and ritual, adopted a grip 
 and secret signs, and changed the name to the Texta Club. The derivation and meaning of the 
 new name were one of the secrets of the club, but it may now be revealed that Texta came from 
 substituting Greek letters for English letters in the word "Hatchet," spelled backward. The name 
 was significant of the tradition about the boy George Washington chopping a cherrj- tree. The 
 badge was a gold scroll, bearing a large "X," between the arms of which were the other four letters 
 of the name, while at the bottom was "W. U," The "X," which was raised, was of lighter gold 
 than the scroll, and the other letters were in black enamel. 
 
 The officers of Texta did not bear conventional titles. The President was called the Grand 
 Mogul;" the Vice-President, the "Grand Vizier;" the Secretarj-, the "Grand Scribe;" the Treas- 
 urer,_the "Grand Jack Pot;" the Chaplain, the "High Priest." In addition to these officers were 
 the "Grand Chorister" and two "Grand F'isticators," The duty of the latter was to protect the fair 
 name of the club, and to accelerate the departure of uninvited strangers. The last man initiated 
 was, until another victim was found, the "Grand Supe." He was required to prepare the refresh- 
 ments, hold himself at the beck and call of the other members, and assist the ' Fisticators" when 
 
554 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 two or three of which offered inducements to secure an application 
 for charter. In that year C. C. Collins, who had joined Indiana 
 Delta, 1887, was initiated into Texta, and he was untiring in his 
 efforts to direct the club toward $ A ©. The advantages of <^ A 
 were presented also by H. W. Clark, T. G. C, a resident of Saint 
 Louis. At Thanksgiving, 1890, the Missouri football team played 
 against the Washington eleven at Saint Louis, and an informal 
 meeting of Phis and Textas was held. 
 
 The Textas then decided to apply to <l> A © for a charter, and 
 the Missouri Alpha Phis decided to support heartil}^ the movement. 
 An application, dated December 19, was strongl}'^ endorsed by Saint 
 Louis alumni and other Missouri Phis, and was considered by the 
 General Council at its meeting at Louisville, January 4. The fav- 
 orable votes of the officers and chapters necessary for a charter 
 were obtained by March 7, and a charter was granted to R. S. 
 McCulloch, '91; C. C. Collins, '92: W. H. Danforth, '92; H. R. 
 Hall, '92; T. G. Rutledge, '92; C. A. Bohn, '93; W. N. Cum- 
 mings, '93; W. D. Hudson, '93; A. E. Huning, '93; D. W. Roper, 
 '93. The charter, constituting then Missouri Gamma, was dated 
 March 28, 1891, which was the date of the installation of the chap- 
 ter. On that evening, before the installation took place, the Texta 
 Club met in the chapel, transferred its papers, its mone}^, its girls 
 and all its other propert}^, to the Missouri Gamma of ^ A 0, gave 
 three cheers for old Texta, then adjourned forever. 
 
 The initiation ceremonies were conducted by H. T. Miller, S. 
 G. C; H. W. Clark, T. G. C; I. R. Hitt, Jr., P. P.; P. R. Flit- 
 craft and E. J. Buck, of the Saint Louis alumni; G. P. Williams, 
 '90, of the Knox chapter; J. C. Tipton, '90; E. M. Watson, '90; 
 H. S. McLeary, '91; B. M. Thompson, '92, and C. G. Haines, '93, 
 all of Missouri Alpha. The charter members were initiated except 
 C. C. Collins, who was already a Phi, and W. N. Cummings, who 
 then being absent, was not initiated until May 2, 1891. L. B. 
 Vella, 'gi, and R. G. Cole, '95, also were initiated March 28. 
 The initiation took place in the gymnasium, and was followed by a 
 banquet in a room adjoining the chapel, after which officers were 
 elected. The next evening R. G. Cole left with I. R. Hitt, Jr., 
 as delegate to the Province Convention at Mount Pleasant, Iowa. 
 
 At first the chapter met in various rooms of the main building of 
 the university, 17th Street and Washington Avenue, as had the 
 Texta Club. In the fall of 1891, a room in this building was 
 secured and furnished for a permanent meeting place. At the 
 
 occasion required. In consideration of his services, he was given a very prominent part in the next 
 initiation. Originally it was intended that each member should have an office, so that there would 
 be no pettj' jealousy on that score. 
 
 Before June, 1889, the original nine members had been increased by live. In 1889-90, five more 
 were added, and in 1890-91 four more were initiated into Texta before it was absorbed by * A 0. 
 Balls and parties were given from time to time. An honorary list of ladies was instituted, and anyone 
 furnishing an edible, considered by the club to be of sufficient importance — and found by actual 
 trial to be sufficiently palatable and digestible to warrant the honor — was entitled to have her name 
 inscribed on the list. If she repeated the present, she received the second, third, etc., degree. A 
 party given to the club was honored by the «th degree. 
 
ANNALS, 1 889- 1 89 1. 
 
 :):)o 
 
 National Convention, October, 1891, a motion was carried which 
 allowed Missouri Gamma to initiate such members of the Texta 
 Club as might be desired, the number not to exceed five, but under 
 this authority only J. B. Leggat, '91, was initiated. He and R. S. 
 McCuUoch and L. B. Vella had been three of the nine founders of 
 Texta in 1888-89. Before the close of 1890-91, another junior and 
 a sophomore were initiated. In the fall, eleven members returned, 
 \vhile D. W. Roper affiliated with the Cornell chapter. Eight men 
 were initiated during 1891-92. $ A was the only fraternit}^ at 
 Washington until the spring of 1892, when 2 A E entered. 
 
 Through the efforts of W. S. Ferris and W. H. Erb, an alumni 
 chapter was organized at Salt Lake Cit}'. The General Council, 
 November 4, 1890, informally approved an application for charter, 
 and Februar}^ 2, 189 1, granted a charter, for Utah Alpha Alumni, 
 to D. R. Gray, O. W. U., '90; S. P. Armstrong, Ohio, '84; E. O. 
 Gates, Nebraska, '89; J. C. E. King, Minnesota, '86; E. M. Fowler, 
 Iowa, '90; W. H. Erb, Columbia, '89; W. S. Ferris, Williams, '85; 
 each of the seven being from a different chapter. A preliminar}" 
 meeting was held February 11, 1891, and on Alumni Day, a week 
 later, the chapter organized and had a banquet at the Walker House. 
 
 The topics chosen b}^ the General Council for Alumni Day, Feb- 
 ruar}^ 18, i89i,were. i. Pan Hellenism — locally and generally. " 
 2. Our extension policy." 3. The indifferent alumnus — who is 
 responsible for him?" The day was observed by a number of 
 alumni chapters. The Scroll iox April said: Acting on a sug- 
 gestion contained in the February Scroll, several of the undergrad- 
 uate chapters made Alumni Day an event in chapter life, b}^ wear- 
 ing the white and blue in its honor, and in the evening giving a 
 part}^ to close the day." The New York alumni had a banquet at 
 Riccadona's, March 7, and resolved to discontinue the mainte- 
 nance of regular rooms in the city for the present, and return to the 
 former enjo3"able gatherings at the residences of members, or an 
 occasional dinner." 
 
 A Convention of Alpha Province was held at Ithaca, N. Y. , 
 October 30-31, 1890, B. S. Orcutt, P. P., presiding. Among sub- 
 jects discussed were the proposed Ritual, and the adoption of a 
 fraternit}" yell, flag and flower.- On the evening of October 29, 
 New York Alpha had a house-warming and initiated three members. 
 The next evening there was an informal meeting enlivened with 
 music, and on the last evening there was a banquet. 
 
 Epsilon Province held a Convention at Indianapolis, March 13, 
 1891, H. T. Miller, S. G. C, presiding. Judge B. K. Elliott, 
 Miami, '55, delivered an address on ''The great English states- 
 man," and he also was toastmaster at the banquet in the evening. 
 Among those responding to toasts were Rev. J. S. Jenckes, D. D., 
 Indiana, '56; Mayor J. L. Mitchell, Indiana, '58, and J. B. Elam, 
 Miami, '70. After the banquet the members attended the oratori- 
 cal contest, in which two Phis were speakers. 
 
556 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Zeta Province held a Convention at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, 
 March 31 and April i, 1891, I. R. Hitt, Jr., P. P., presiding. 
 Among subjects discussed was the adoption of a fraternity yell. 
 Resolutions favoring a $ A @ national summer resort building, in- 
 troduced by Rev. A. M. Ringland, D.D., Centre, '72, were adopted. 
 Dr. Ringland, who had come from Duluth, lectured on the evening 
 of March 30. The account in TJie Scroll said: 'This scholarU'^ 
 and eloquent brother appeared before a splendid audience at the 
 Grand Opera House, and on the subject. Vapor and Vaporers,' 
 delivered one of the most finished addresses given to Mount Pleas- 
 ant people for years, in which his tributes to ^ A © were sincerely 
 and eloquenth' poured forth. An intense enthusiasm and love for 
 $ A © had brought Dr. Ringland hundreds of miles to deliver this 
 lecture, and it is a fact on which we may well congratulate our- 
 selves that men really great if Phis ,once are Phis forever." On the 
 first afternoon, the Convention was tendered a reception by the 
 P. E. O. Sorosis, and in the evening, after the lecture, there was a 
 banquet at the leading hostelry. 
 
 The Pennsylvania chapter rented a house at 3245 Sansom Street, 
 November, 1889. Wisconsin Alpha, in the fall of 1890, entered a 
 house, which had been built especiall}^ for the chapter, on Francis 
 Street, between Langdon Street and Lake Mendota. The chapter, 
 April, 1890, had paid $250 for a yacht, said to be the finest on the 
 lake. Michigan Alpha, in the fall of 1890, entered a larger house 
 than the one the chapter had previously occupied; it was located 
 on Forest Avenue, and had been built specially for the chapter. 
 New York Alpha also entered a larger house, which had been built 
 specially to suit the chapter; it was situated on Dryden Road near 
 Heustis Street, and was first occupied October 29, 1890, on the 
 eve of the Convention of Alpha Province, which assembled in it. 
 New York Epsilon entered a house on University Avenue, January, 
 1891. This made nine houses rented by various chapters — Wil- 
 liams, Amherst, Cornell, Syracuse, Pennsylvania, Lehigh, Michigan, 
 Wisconsin and California, besides one owned by the Sewanee chap- 
 ter. The Convention of 1889 appointed a committee to take steps 
 toward erecting a building at Miami, in which Ohio Alpha should 
 meet and the fraternity archives should be preserved, but the com- 
 mittee did not accomplish anything. 
 
 A fire in the rooms of ATA at Iowa City destroyed most of its 
 property, October 4, 1891. The $ A© rooms across the corridor 
 suffered from smoke and water, but the loss was covered by insur- 
 ance. The rented house occupied by Wisconsin Alpha was dam- 
 aged by a fire, October 19, 1891. The billiard table was burned, 
 and the piano and other furniture injured by fire, smoke and water, 
 but the loss was partly covered by insurance. 
 
 The 1890 circular-letter of the Missouri chapter said: "Brother 
 E. M. Watson is editor-in-chief of the Pan-Hellenic^ a Greek paper 
 just started for the defense of fraternities against the opprobrious 
 
ANNALS, 1 889- 1 8q I. 557 
 
 tongues of some barbarians.""^ The 1890 circular-letter of the 
 Nebraska chapter said: Together with the other fraternities we 
 have withdrawn our support from the Hesperian, formerly the col- 
 lege organ, but now representing onh^ the barbarian element. The 
 Sophoj?wrian, a very bright non-partisan paper, is published semi- 
 monthh' b}^ the class of '92." The 1891 circular-letter of the Knox 
 chapter said: "During the 3'ear the chapter has been carrying on a 
 lecture course, the proceeds of which go to the chapter house fund." 
 The 1891 circular-letter of the DePauw chapter said: ' Our great- 
 est social achievement of this year was the reception tendered 
 Brother David Swing, on the occasion of his lecture here earh^ in 
 Januar}'. Resident Phis and a few frum a distance added much to 
 the pleasure of the occasion." 
 
 The Leland Stanford Junior University was opened in the fall of 
 1891, and, as at the opening of the University of Texas, 1883, 
 ^ A lost no time in establishing a chapter in the institution. The 
 new universit}' began its career with a munificent endowment, from 
 United States Senator Leland Stanford, and promised to be one of 
 the wealthiest, if not the wealthiest, of educational institutions in 
 America. The site was the Stanford estate, called Palo Alto, thirty 
 miles south of San Francisco. It was between Menlo Park and 
 Mayfield, each about a mile and a half distant. Afterward grew up 
 the town of Palo Alto nearer the university. The formal opening 
 of the universit}^ was on October i. Extensive buildings had been 
 erected, and a faculty formed by drawing professors from man}^ 
 other institutions throughout the country-. Over 900 applicants 
 for admission were examined the first year and 559 were successful. 
 
 Among those who were admitted were E). D. Lewis, from Indi- 
 ana Alpha, and C. A. Fife, from Nebraska Alpha, the former in 
 the senior, the latter in the sophomore class. In addition Bert 
 Fesler, of Indiana Alpha, was master of Encina Hall, one of the 
 young men's dormitories. The three Phis began to look about for 
 desirable material, and the}' were encouraged in their efforts b}' 
 members from California Alpha who visited Stanford during its 
 first month. Ross Morgan, delegate of California Alpha to the 
 National Convention at Atlanta, strongly advocated establishing a 
 chapter at Stanford, as, in fact, did the whole bod}- of Pacific coast 
 Phis. Six were the minimum number of applicants necessar}' to 
 obtain a charter from $ A 0, and when Morgan left California to 
 come East, that number of applicants had not been secured at 
 Stanford, owing to the caution exercised in choosing the men for 
 charter members. 
 
 The matter was first brought up in the Convention, October 20. 
 1 891, and there was evident a sentiment against granting a charter 
 to less than six students. However, a telegram from Stanford 
 
 "^The Pan-Helleiiic, published by $ A 0, 2 N and 2 A E, was issued weekly for a year or 
 two, being discontinued when its mission had been accomplished. In 1894 there was another erup- 
 tion of the anti-Greeks at Missouri, and The Tiger was founded by the fraternities, to appear 
 weekly in competition with the barbarian organ. The Tiger suspended during the following year. 
 
558 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 brought the welcome intelligence that the quota had been obtained, 
 and the Convention, by a unanimous vote, October 23, ordered a 
 charter granted for California Beta to C. E. Chadsey, '92; E. D. 
 Lewis, '92; C. A. Fife, '94; D. L. Anderson, '95; C. W. Hether- 
 ington, '95; H. B. Small, '95. On motion of Ross Morgan, P. T. 
 Tompkins, of California Alpha, was authorized to initiate the char- 
 ter members who were not Phis already. * They went to Berkele}^ 
 and Chadse}^ Anderson, Hetherington and Small were initiated at 
 the chapter house of California Alpha on the evening of October 
 24. The initiation and banquet were attended by a large number 
 of local alumni, notably E. T. Peck, Miami, '59, and L. S. Clark, 
 Wisconsin, '59, the latter being the founder of California Alpha 
 eighteen years earlier. 
 
 Other members initiated into California Beta during the 3^ear 
 were W. G. Johnson, '92; W. S. Faris, '93; W. M. Greer,. '93; F. 
 J. Batchelder, '94; Homer Laughlin, Jr., '95. The chapter's first 
 annual circular letter, dated March i, 1893, showed a total mem- 
 bership of seventeen, of whom three had left college, one was an 
 instructor, two doing graduate work, and eleven undergraduates. 
 The first meetings of California Beta were held in various rooms. 
 The university was situated too far from Mayfield and Menlo Park 
 to rent a house in either of those places, but Lauro Hall on the 
 campus was leased by the chapter. It was so large a building that 
 several of the unmarried professors also were accommodated in it. 
 It was first occupied March 15, 1892, when the chapter gave a 
 reception to which the entire university was invited. 
 
 The honor of establishing the first chapter at Stanford was 
 claimed by Z ^ as well as <& A ©. The matter was investigated, 
 and it was learned that the claim of the Zetes was based on the fact 
 that their first members had been initiated into their University of 
 California chapter, October 5, 189 1, although the}^ admitted that 
 their charter was not granted until three months later, t On the 
 other hand, California Beta had been chartered October 23, and 
 instituted one day later. 
 
 B}" the votes of chapters or of the General Council, applications 
 for charters from the following institutions were refused: In 1890 
 — Maine State College (now University of Maine), Orono; Bow- 
 doin College, Brunswick, Me. ; Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
 nology, Boston; William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va. ; 
 
 "^ The minutes of the Atlanta Convention say: "Miss Lillian Palmer and Miss Jean Thomas, 
 of Nashville, Tenn., through Frank D. Swope, presented a spoon to the baby chapter, California 
 Keta, Ross Morgan, California Alpha, being commissioned to deliver the present." It was a silver 
 Atlanta souvenir spoon, appropriately inscribed. 
 
 t Z 4' added another to her long list of pioneer chapters in 1892 (sir), by crossing the Rockies 
 for a second time and placing a chapter at Palo Alto, three months [s/r] after Stanford University 
 had opened its doors to students. The Iota chapter at Berkeley was naturally desirous, shut off as 
 it was very largely from fellowship with the eastern chapters, of placing a branch of Z 4' at the new- 
 sister university on the Pacific slope ; and, under the leadership of Brother Edwin INIays, Iota, '93. 
 secured the consent of the grand chapter (convention) at Philadelphia January 9, 1892, when a 
 charter was granted to the petitioners, a number of whom had already become members of the fra- 
 ternity at the Iota chapter." — "History of the Z * Fraternity," in Z* Semi-centennial catalogue, 
 1899. 
 
THE SCROLL, 1889- 1890. 559 
 
 Marietta (Ohio) College: Scio (Ohio) College; Baker Universit}^ 
 Baldwin, Kan. In 1891 — University of West Virginia, Morgan- 
 town; University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. A proposition, 
 received April, 1891, from a chapter of a certain fraternity at 
 Wofford College, Spartanburg, S. C, to abandon that fraternity 
 and enter $ A was rejected. The year 1890 was the first since 
 1867 that no chapter was established. Two — -Washington and 
 Stanford — were added in 1891. 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1889-1890. 
 
 Volume XIV: five bi-monthh- numbers — October, 1889, to June, 1890; pp. 481-I- 
 supplement, December, pp. 70 ; title page and index, pp. 4. Illustration i. Manag- 
 ing Editor, E. H. L. Randolph, No. i. Editor, J. E. Brown, Nos. 2-5. Business 
 Manager, B. S. Orcutl, No. i. Board of Publication: D. R. Horton, Chairman; T. 
 H. Baskerville, Secretary; B. S. Orcutt, E. H. L. Randolph, Albert Shiels, all 
 No. I only. Printers: Vanden Houten & Co., New York, N. V., No. i; Gazette 
 Printing House, Columbus, Ohio, Nos. 2-5. 
 
 The Development of the Fraternit}' System, "by W. B. Palmer, 
 appeared in The Scrollior October, 1889, issued before the National 
 Convention held in that month. The Convention adopted an 
 amendment to the Constitution, placing the entire editorial and 
 business responsibility" for The Scroll on the Editor, whom the 
 Convention should elect. The Board of Publication was thus 
 abolished, but theamendment required the General Council to act 
 as an advisory board to the Editor." J. E. Brown, who had been 
 S. G. C, 1886-89, and a frequent contributor to The Scroll, was 
 elected Editor, the place of publication being changed to his home, 
 Columbus, Ohio. There was little change in the t^^pograph}-. As 
 directed by the Convention, the magazine was changed from a 
 monthh' (nine issues a j^ear) to a bi-monthly (five issues a year). 
 The Convention proceedings appear in a supplement to the Decem- 
 ber number. 
 
 The Scroll for December explained the purpose of the establish- 
 ment of Alumni Da}'" b}" the recent Convention, and urged that 
 alumni and college chapters make its iirst observance a success. 
 The April issue contains accounts of the celebration of the da}^ by 
 various alumni chapters. Beginning with this volume, the Editor 
 endeavored to make the April Scroll a number of special interest to 
 correspondent members, by publishing therein accounts of alumni 
 reunions and banquets and an extra quantity of alumni personals. 
 
 The Editor wa's prolific in editorial and other matter. Among 
 special articles by him was one on "Extinct Fraternit}" Chapters," 
 in April. An editorial in the same issue urged that chapters pro- 
 vide themselves with homes of their own. This was the first edi- 
 torial or other article on the subject that ever appeared in The 
 Scroll. Continually during the seven years he was Editor (1889- 
 96), J. E. Brown urged that chapters build, purchase or rent houses. 
 In June the names of initiates of the various chapters were for the 
 
560 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 first time grouped in one issue of the volume.* Brown introduced 
 the custom of publishing the names of deceased members under the 
 heading, The Chapter Grand." This was a happ}^ conception, 
 an important innovation. The editorial in the June number which 
 presented the idea is a memorable one: 
 
 For some time the Editor of llie Scroll has desired to see the adoption of some 
 definite obituar\- form and epitaph for the Fraternity. As the days go by, here and 
 there a Phi is chosen from the ranks and transferred to those "who have gone be- 
 yond." The name of "Grand Chapter" is one not unknown in the 
 
 Fraternity, but as a part of our organization it is no more. We suggest that this 
 be adopted by 4> A 0, as the name referring to the list of the honored dead of the 
 Fraternity. Truly they are our Chapter Grand, and as a brother passes away from 
 the associations here, he is an initiate of the Chapter Grand 
 
 A few years ago, in the well written history of the life of one of the founders of 
 4> A 9, who was long since initiated into the Chapter Grand, there was introduced, 
 as referring to his end, the words, "/;/ coelo qiiies est.'''' Twice this quotation has 
 already been used in these pages, in the obituary notices of members. f. No more 
 appropriate epitaph — the password of the Chapter Grand — could be chosen than 
 this, and we submit the idea to our brother Phis, in hope that it may meet with 
 their approval. 
 
 In Februar}^ was introduced the new department of ' Pot-Pourri," 
 consisting of miscellaneous items and news received too late for 
 classification. Announcement was made in April that W. B. 
 Palmer proposed to publish a book of "Selections from The Scroll ;^^ 
 however, not enough subscriptions were received to warrant the 
 publication. The June Scroll contains a directory of 124 Chicago 
 Phis, compiled by I. R. Hitt, Jr. A half-tone portrait of Rev. J. 
 S. Jenckes, D. D., Indiana Alpha, '56, making a frontispiece for 
 the June number, is the only illustration in the volume. 
 
 The Editor issued a circular, dated February 25, 1890, to 
 instruct Reporters as to Manuscript wanted for the April Scroll.'''' 
 It had onl}^ one page, but a Private circular for the June num- 
 ber," having four pages, was issued May i, 1890. The latter con- 
 tains instructions as to manuscript wanted, a call on delinquent 
 chapters to pa}^ their Scroll tax, and a grist of fraternit}'" news.-t- 
 It said: "it is likely that a circular similar to this will be issued, 
 one for every number of The Scroll. Through it a call ma}^ be made 
 for Mss. w^anted, and it may contain items that we might not wish 
 known generally to the fraternity world, as would be the case if 
 they were printed in Thi Scroll. " Such circulars were not issued 
 subsequently with any regularity, but The Palladium was estab- 
 lished, 1894. 
 
 * Previous to this volume, the names of initiates had been published in different issues, but Krow n 
 began the plan of printing them collectively in the June number. 
 
 tThe biography of one of the founders, alluded to, was that of John McMillan Wilson, Ohio 
 Alpha, '49, written by his brother Archibald Wilson, and published in The Scroll, December, 1886. 
 The Latin epitaph was used in obituar>- notices published in The Scroll, February, April and June, 
 1890. 
 
 Previous to iSqo, the names of deceased members had appeared under the headings, Obituarx-,"' 
 In Memoriam," etc. In his summary of the annual reports of the chapters, which were printed in 
 The Scroll, E. H. L. Randolph, H. (). C, had included a list of deaths reported in 1888 and i88<). 
 
 As mentioned in the editorial above iiuoted, A X had its "Omega Charge" and X "ir its Im- 
 mortals." No other fraternity then had any peculiar designation for its list of deceased members. 
 
 + This circular was similar in design to the 2 X Bnlletiv, first issued 1887; the B © H Mystic 
 Messenger, first issued 1890, and the 4> A Pallndiuiit, first issued 1894, i*ll •*■'"'' rosa journals. 
 
THE SCROLL, 1 890-1 891. 561 
 
 This volume of The Scroll was the largest that had ever been 
 published. Not counting the circulars, the volume embraces 555 
 pages. Omitting the supplement to the December number, con- 
 taining the convention proceedings, 70 pages, the five numbers 
 have an average of 96 pages, consequently each number made a 
 much more substantial appearance than when a volume was divided 
 into nine monthh' numbers, as previously. 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1890-1891. 
 
 Volume XV: five bi-monthly numbers — October, 1890, to June. 1891; pp. 4604- 
 supplement, October, pp. 12; title page and index, pp. 4. Illustrations 20. Editor, 
 J. E. Brown. Printer, Gazette Printing House, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 A metamorphosis came over TJic Scroll with the beginning of 
 this volume. The first number is embellished with four full page 
 half-tone illustrations and three wood-cuts. There were half- 
 tones in every number, the whole volume containing seventeen 
 half-tones and three zinc etchings. This was a new feature of fra- 
 ternity journalism, due to the cheapened cost of illustrations by 
 process engravings. "^^ Half-tone illustrations have since been used 
 liberally in Tlic Scroll, adding much to the attractiveness of the 
 magazine. 
 
 <E> A shield, printed at the top of the first page of The Scroll, October, 1890, to June, 1892. 
 
 The number for October includes a supplement of twelve pages, 
 quoting the sketch of $ A from ''American College Fraternities." 
 These pages were printed in Nashville, and were shipped to Colum- 
 bus to be folded with the magazine. The supplement was a pres- 
 ent to The Scroll^ made b}'' the author of the sketch, AV. B. Palmer. 
 
 ''The Chapter Fireside," b}^ the Editor, published in two issues, 
 Februar}^ and April, gives imaginat}- conversations on the observ- 
 ance of Alumni Day, the desirabilit}" of singing in chapters, the 
 importance of members taking an active interest in the general 
 affairs of $ A and other fraternity topics. The April Scroll, the 
 annual alumni number, contains half-tone portraits of four mem- 
 bers of ^ A who were contemporaneously United States Senators, 
 viz.: J. C. S. Blackburn, of Kentucky; W. F. Vilas, of Wisconsin; 
 
 ■''The fourteen previous volumes had contained only twelve illustrations altogether: Hon. J. ^^ . 
 Foster, wood-cut in the number for March, 1883; General Benjamin Harrison, wood-cut, May-June» 
 1883; Senator J. C. S. Blackburn, wood-cut, March-April, 1884; Senator W. F. Vilas, wood-cut, 
 March, 1885 (a total of four in the first ten volumes) ; Rev. J. IMcM. Wilson, lithograph, December. 
 1886; Rev. R. T. Drake, Hthograph, April, 1887; two wood-cuts — a general view of Miami Univer- 
 sity, and a view of its Main Building — October, 1887 ; two wood-cuts — Northeast and Southeast Dor- 
 mitories at Miami — November. 1887; General Benjamin Harrison, steel engraving, October, 1888; 
 Rev. J. S. Jenckes, half-tone, June, 1890, 
 (36) 
 
562 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 J. B. Allen, of Washington, and J. Z. George, of Mississippi, the 
 last an honorary member; also a half-tone of President Harrison, 
 and one of S. J. Flickinger, editor of the Ohio State Journal. The 
 June Scroll contains Hellenes Adelphoi," an excellent poem by C. 
 H. Beckham, Ohio Beta, '85, which had been read by him at a 
 banquet of the Toledo Pan-Hellenic Society. 
 
 John Beard Allen, Wabash, '67. 
 
 United States Senator from the State of Washington, 1889-93. 
 Half-tone from photograph by C. M. Bell, Washington, D. C. 
 
 The December number said that, ' 'The circulation of The Scroll 
 is 1500 copies." Two ^S^r^// circulars were issued during 1890-91 
 — one dated October 23, 1890, being a "Private circular for the 
 December number," the other a "Private circular for the April 
 number." Each had two pages, and was similar to the circulars 
 issued during the previous year. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1891. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Monday, Tuesday, 
 Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, October 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23, 
 1891, in the Hall of the House of Representatives,* Atlanta, Ga. 
 The Convention was called to order by E. H. L. Randolph, P. G. 
 
 * By a house joint resolution, introduced by S. P. Gilbert, Tennessee Alpha, '84, representative 
 from Muscogee County, and adopted October 15, 1891, the legislature had tendered the free use of 
 the hall of representatives and the senate chamber to the Convention for its meetings. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1891. 563 
 
 C, and H. T. Miller, S. G. C, led in prayer. In welcoming the 
 Convention to Atlanta, C. N. Bennett, Georgia Beta, 'S8, said 
 that the delegates were selections of the fourth degree, and 
 continued: 
 
 First, you are college men, fortunate in enjoying superior educational advan- 
 tages. Then you are fraternity men, selected from the best of college men. You 
 are also especially distinguished in being Phi Delta Thetas — the most worth}' of all 
 fraternities— for in our Georgia colleges the saying is, "Seek ye first to enter 4> AG, 
 and all things else shall be added unto you, but if you can't do that, do the best 
 you can." Finally, you have the highest crown of honor in being chosen as the 
 special representatives of your chapters on this important occasion.* 
 
 Responses were made by Scott Bonham, Ohio Beta, '82, and 
 W. W. Quarles, H. G. C., Alabama Alpha, '87. 
 
 Officers present: General Council — President, E. H. L. Randolph; Secre- 
 tary, H. T. Miller; Treasurer, H. W. Clark; Historian, W. W. Quarles. Presi- 
 dent Alpha Province, J. M. Mayer. President Gamma Province, F. S. Ball. 
 President Delta Province, C. H. Tebault, Jr. President Epsilon Province, J. L. 
 Mitchell, Jr. President Zeta Province, I. R. Hitt, Jr. Editor of T/ie Scroll, J. E. 
 Brown. Editors of the Catalogue: E. H. L. Randolph, F. D. Swope. 
 
 Delegates from college chapters present: Miami — Harrv Weidner, 
 '88. Indiana— "SN . T. Patten, '93. Centre— G. H. Green, '92. Wabash— \N. C. 
 Abbott, '92. Wisconsin — E. R. MacDonald, '93. Butler — A. A. Williams, '92. 
 O. W. U. — R. D. Hollington, '92. Franklin — A. O. Neal, '92. Hanover — R, 
 T. McElroy, '92. Michigan — Arthur Frantzen, '92. DePaiiio — E. G. Osborne, 
 '92. Ohio — D. W. Welch, '92. Roanoke — C. N. Hoover, '93. Missouri — B. M. 
 Thompson, '92. Knox — G. C. Gale, '93. Georgia — S. J. Cassells, Jr., '92. 
 Emoiy — J. H. Hallman, '92. Iowa Wesleyan — W. A. Longnecker, '92. Mercer — 
 Hugh Chambers, '92. Wooster — R. S. L. Wallace, '92. Cornell — W. S. Gilbert, 
 '93. Lafayette — N. S. Aller, '92. California — Ross Morgan, '91. Lansing — L. 
 C. Bristol, '93. Randolph- Macon — J. H. Creighton, '93. Buchtel — J. E, Cole, 
 '92. Nebraska — A. E. Guilmette, '93. Richinojid — H. L. Watson, '91. Gettys- 
 burg — E. O. Keen, '92. W. &^ J. — S. S. Baker, '92. Vanderhilt—V. M. Jones, 
 '89. Lehigh — H. R. Blickle, '93. Mississippi — M. M. Satterfield, 94. Alabama 
 — A. J. Gibson, '92. Illinois Wesleyan — L. B. Probasco, '91. Lombard — R. F. 
 Anderson, '93. Auburn — W. F. Feagin, '92. Allegheny — F. W. Black, '92. 
 Vermo7it — E. C. Mower, '92. Dickinson — H. M. Stephens, '92. Westminster — 
 T. N. Wilkerson, '86. Mi7inesota—\N . R. Brown, '89. lowa—G. W. Stiles, '92. 
 Sotith Carolina — J. B. Sloan, '92. Kansas — O. H. Holmes, '93. Hillsdale — G. 
 K. March, '93. Sewanee — Ellwood Wilson, '92. O. S. U. — E. M. Bloom, '93. 
 Pennsylvania — Henry Delaplaine, '91. Union — T. H. Reddish, '92. Colby — D. 
 J. Gallert, '93. Dartmouth — C. R. McKenzie, '93. Central — M. H. Guerrant, 
 '92. Williams — W. R. A. Wilson, '92. Southwestern — J. A. Fain, Jr., '92. 
 Syracuse — T. S. Bell, 92. Southern — Leigh Andrews, '92. Amherst — H. A. 
 Lincoln, '92. Brown — F. A. Durham, '92. Tulane — C. V. Cosby, '93. Wash- 
 ington — C. C. Collins, '92. 
 
 The active chapters without delegates were those at Northwest- 
 ern, Virginia, Texas, C. C. N. Y., North Carolina, W. & L. 
 
 Delegates from alumni chapters present: Indianapolis — ^J. S. Jenckes, 
 Indiana, '56. Louisville — D. N. Marble, Centre, '82. Montgoynery — M. P. Le- 
 Grand, Vanderbilt, '84. Chicago— \. R. Hitt, Jr., Northwestern, '88. Nashville 
 W. B. Palmer, Emory, '77. Cincinnati — Scott Bonham, O. W. U., '82. Colum- 
 
 * The following paraphrase by F. D. Swope was displayed on a large sign made for a reception 
 tendered by Mr. and iNIrs. Swope to the Convention of 1900: 
 The college men are the best. 
 
 The fraternity men are the best of the college men, 
 The Phis are the best of the fraternity men, 
 These are the best of the Phis !" 
 
. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1891. 565 
 
 hits, 6""^?.— S. P. Gilbert, ^'anclerbilt, "84. Xew York—]. M. Mayer, C. C. N. V., 
 '84. At/an fa — W. S. Elkin, Centre, '79. Sehna — W. W. Qaarles, Alabama, '87. 
 
 Other membrrs present: Miami — Robert Morrison, '49. Indiana — ^W. G. 
 Jenckes, '57; R. E. Lyons, '89: H. M. Stoops, '93. Centre — C. W. Metcalfe, '55. 
 Hanover — H. W. Hatchings, '92. Mic/ii_s^<in — G. F. Mulligan, '92. DePatno — 
 A. R. Priest, '91; F. A. Preston, '93. Missouri — C. G. Haines, '93. Oolethorpe 
 — C. B. Gaskill, '72; W. T. Movers, '73; W. H. Venable, '73. Geor<^ia—\N. M. 
 Slaton, '73: G. H. Tanner, '75: L. L. Hunnicutt, '80: T. B. Felder, Jr., '85; W. 
 K. Stansell, '85: J- W. Cox, '86; T. W. Reed, '89; Roy Dallas, '92; W. W. Shep- 
 pard, '93. Einor\ — B. F. Carter, '79; W. R. Hovt, '79; VV. W. Griffin, Ti'-, '82; 
 E. C. Merrv, '83;' F. A. Quillian, '84: C. S. Winn, '84; E. P. Burns, '85; Julian 
 McCamy. '87; Clay Johnson, '87; W. A. Spear, '87; C. N. Bennett, '88; C. T. 
 Roan, '89; H. S. Bradley, Jr., '90; R. R. Johnson, '91; F. H. Rounsaville, '91; 
 J. H. Hopkins, '93; E. D. Lambright, '94; A. W. Williams, '95. Mercer — ^B. L. 
 WiUingham, Jr., '78; \\ . T. Spaulding, '79; T. H. Northen, '83; J. R. Long, '89; 
 C. C. Harper, '93; J. P. Stetson, '93. Virginia — C. A. Reed, '79; M. C. Pat- 
 terson, '85. Gettysburg — C. W. Krissinger, '94. Vanderbilt — W. H. Goodpast- 
 ure, '81; Stanhope Sams, '81; W\ C. Rawson, '82; Glenn Andrews, '84; Morris 
 Brandon, '84; F. S. Brockman, '91: A. R. Hardin, '92. Mississippi — J. M. Oli- 
 ver, '89. Alabama — J. C. Smith, '80; H. P. Williams, '87. Auburn — R. F. Tjgon, 
 Jr., '82; D. D. McLeod, '84; C. L. Newman, '86; R. E. Noble, '90; G. H. Wear- 
 ing, Jr., '90; James Wilkinson, '90; L. E. Baker, '91; C. L. Hare, '91: R. C. 
 Smith, '91; L. A. Bize, '92; Jacob Bullen, '92; W\ B. Clav, '02; Francis Peabodv, 
 '92: Richard Werner, '92; H. H. Smith, '93. AUei^heny—Y). W. Thaver, '83. 
 South Carolina— \\. W. Ball, '87; L. W. Boyd, '90, ^ L. J. White, '93; W. C. 
 Cothran, '94; ±\. B. Wardlaw, '94. Sewanee — D. B. Smith, '86. Pennsylvania — 
 G. P. Wheeler (Princeton, '91). Colby — Solomon Gallert, '88. Columbia — J. D. 
 Berry, '86. Syracuse— \\. O. Sibley, '89; O. W. Wood, '92. W. d- Z.— J. W. 
 Avery, '90. Southern — George Stowers, '92. 
 
 Officers elected — General Council — President, W\ W. Quarles; Secretarv, 
 H. T. Miller; Treasurer, I. R. Hitt, Jr.; Historian, D. N. Marble. Editor of the 
 Scroll, J. E. Brown. Editors of the Catalogue: F. D. Swope, E. H. L. Ran- 
 dolph. Editor of the History, W. B. Palmer. Custodian of archives, H. O. 
 Sibley. 
 
 Convention officers — President, E. H. L. Randolph, P. G. C, ex officio; 
 Secretarv, H. T. Miller, S. G. C, ex officio; Assistant Secretarv, D. N. Marble; 
 Chaplain, H. T. Miller. 
 
 The Convention was addressed by Robert Morrison, Miami, '49. 
 On motion of W. B. Palmer, the privilege of speaking and voting 
 in the Convention was conferred on Robert Morrison, the General 
 Councilors, the Province Presidents and the Editors of The Scroll 
 and the catalogue. 
 
 On motion of W. B. Palmer, the Constitution of alumni chapters 
 was amended, so as to make Alumni Day the birthday of Robert 
 Morrison, March i^, instead of the third Wednesdav in Februarv 
 of each year. As proposed b}^ J. E. Brown, ordered that Alumni 
 Da}' be celebrated bv each chapter with proper ceremonies, and 
 that each member of $ A wear the colors of the Fraternity on 
 that day." 
 
 On motion of J. E. Brown, the Constitution was amended, so as 
 to provide that, an application for a charter having been received, 
 authority might be conferred "upon a neighboring chapter to 
 initiate such applicants and their properh' qualified successors, in 
 order that the\' may have due opportunity to demonstrate that a 
 suitable chapter can be maintained; but in no case shall the stand- 
 
566 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ard of the institutions or of 
 the applicants be below what 
 is required for regular chap- 
 ter establishment." J. E. 
 Brown moved that students 
 taking only a business course 
 be ineligible for membership ; 
 carried. 
 
 The Ritual adopted on 
 probation in 1889, and as 
 subsequently revised by W. 
 
 B. Palmer, J. E. Brown and 
 
 C. P. Bassett, was, after 
 amendment, adopted. J. E. 
 Brown moved that members 
 should be called "brothers" 
 not 'brethren;" carried. On 
 motion of B. M. Thompson, 
 the H. G. C. was made cus- 
 todian of the unwritten work 
 and instructed to exemplify 
 it at the next Convention. 
 
 On recommendation of 
 the committee on fraternity 
 flower, flag and cheer, W. F. 
 Feagin chairman, the white 
 carnation was chosen as the 
 floral emblem of <E> A ©, a 
 new design for fraternity 
 flag was adopted, and a 
 $ A © cheer was adopted. 
 On motion of W. B. Palmer, 
 a fraternity button was 
 adopted. A form of pledge 
 for students who accept in- 
 vitations to join $ A 0, pro- 
 posed by J. E. Brown, was 
 adopted. 
 
 An application for charter 
 from Heidelberg College, Tiffin, Ohio, was rejected. By a unani- 
 mous vote, October 23, a charter was ordered granted for California 
 Beta at Leland Stanford Junior Universit}^ On the same day, 
 the alumni chapters at Minneapolis and Saint Paul were combined, 
 as the Minnesota Alpha Alumni chapter, or Northwestern Alumni 
 Association. The General Council were authorized to grant a 
 charter for an alumni chapter at Princeton, N. J., for the benefit 
 of Princeton students who might be initiated by the chapter at the 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pallas. 
 
 Adopted by $ A © as Tutelary Goddess, li 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1891. 
 
 567 
 
 The report of the committee on internal improvement, E. R. 
 MacDonald chairman, was adopted. Among other things, it urged 
 that ever}^ initiate purchase a badge, and suggested that the initia- 
 tion fee include the price of a plain badge. It also recommended, 
 "That every chapter make continued efforts to move into a chap- 
 ter house of its own or to rent one." The committee on building 
 a fraternit}^ house at ^liami, appointed b}^ the Convention of 1889, 
 presented a report, which recommended the erection of such a 
 building as soon as practicable, and that a committee of five on 
 alumni subscriptions be appointed b}^ the General Council, and a 
 sub-committee of one member from each chapter be appointed by 
 the chapter. The report was adopted but the committees were 
 not appointed. 
 
 As recommended b}' J. E. Brown, Editor of The Scroll, the pro- 
 vision of the Constitution allowing ten year subscriptions to the 
 magazine at ^5 was repealed. The plan had been on trial five 
 years, and only 26 such subscriptions had been received. On 
 motion of W. B. Palmer, the General Council were instructed to 
 prepare uniform membership record books for biographical entries, 
 and to suppl}^ one cop}' to each chapter. Invitations for the next 
 Convention were received from Syracuse, Saint Louis and San 
 Francisco; ordered that it be held at S\^racuse, and, on motion of 
 J. E. Brown, that it assemble on Monday of Thanksgiving week, 
 1893. The Convention of 1891 was closed according to the clos- 
 ing ceremon}" for chapters contained in the new Ritual. 
 
 / 
 
 
 lAyl\.(ryJ h/nJ^ c/z.^^/^ x^ "VUZi: 
 
 
 ?. 
 
 
 /4/' 
 
 The Legend of the Palladium. 
 
 Its adoption by $ A first suggested by A. G. Foster to W. B. Palmer, August 4, i5 
 
 The palladium was a new feature of the Ritual adopted by this 
 Convention. A. G. Foster had suggested it to W. B. Palmer, 1880, 
 and as proposed by the latter, 1891, Pallas was made the tutelary 
 goddess of 4> A 0. 
 
 The Convention of 1873 adopted two stars as an emblem. The 
 Ritual adopted on probation, 1889, provided for a fraternity flag of 
 blue, with three white five-pointed stars in the middle, the design 
 being that of W. B. Palmer. He submitted a new design to the 
 
568 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Convention of 1 891— three horizontal bars, the middle of white 
 and the two outer of blue, each of the latter bearing three white 
 five-pointed stars, making six stars. At the suggestion of A. A. 
 Williams, "^ A 0" in blue was put on the white bar, and the design 
 was then adopted. 
 
 The new Ritual provided for two banners like those described in 
 the Ritual proposed in 1889; and also provided that the open motto 
 should be "Et? avqp ovBeU avrjp/' which was inscribed on one of the 
 banners described in the Ritual adopted 1880, and which was pro- 
 posed as the open motto in the probationary Ritual, 1889.''^ 
 
 O z^ ® 
 
 Thk Fraternity Flag, 1891. 
 
 In 1888, F. G. Stubbs, Allegheny, '90, proposed to his chapter 
 
 the adoption of the following 3^ell: 
 
 I!a/i/ Rah! Rah! 
 Phi-Kci-A! 
 Phi Delta Theta! 
 Rah! Rah! Rah! 
 
 After some discussion, and suggestions as to changes, the chapter 
 finally accepted the yell as first submitted. Stubbs, who was the 
 delegate of Pennsylvania Delta at the National Convention, 1889, 
 introduced the yell to the Convention. The report of the com- 
 mittee on internal improvement, W. H. Young chairman, recom- 
 mended "the choice and adoption of a fraternity yell." The report 
 was adopted, but the matter of adopting a yell was not then further 
 discussed. The Convention of 1891 adopted the yell of Pennsyl- 
 vania Delta as the fraternity cheer, no other being suggested. t 
 
 In 1890, H. T. Miller became interested in the subject of having 
 a <E> A © flower, and after considering the flowers that were most 
 
 ■"" See footnote page 421. RespondiiiK to a toast to "J'he (iirls,"at the baiKiupt of the Conven- 
 tion of 1804, !'"• n. Swope, then a bachelor, facetiously rendered the open motto, "A single man is a 
 damned fool.'' 
 
 ^At the convention of * K *, i8qo, "the now famous yell" of that fraternity was "invented" 
 and "promulgated with enthusiasm." — "The History of the Phi Kaiijia Fsi l"r; ternitx," 1U02, by 
 C. L. V'anCleve. 
 
THE NATIONAL C0XVENTI(3N OF 1891. 569 
 
 suitable, he selected the white carnation. "'^ At his suggestion, the 
 Convention of Epsilon Province, April, 1890, adopted the white 
 carnation as the floral emblem of the province, and recommended 
 its adoption b}" the Fraternity at large." In The Scroll, June, 1890, 
 the Editor, J. E. Brown, said: 
 
 Word comes to us that, at that most successful meeting at ladianapolis, the Epsi- 
 lon Province Phis selected the carnation as the flower of the province, and recom- 
 mended its selection as the flower of the Fraternit}. Should the Fraternity decide to 
 adopt some particular flower which shall become part of the symljolized associations 
 of ^ A G, we see no reason why the selection of Epsilon Province should not be the 
 one adopted. Pennsvlvania Delta, writes the Reporter of that chapter, has voted 
 to yell: ''Rah! Rah! Rah! Phi-Kei-A! Phi Delta Thcta ! Rah! Rah! Rah!'' 
 And its members think all Phis should yell with them. Trulv this is an age of ban- 
 ners, flags, flowers and yells. 
 
 The White Carxatiox, Auoi'ted as the Fraternity Flower, i8qi. 
 
 Alpha Province Convention, October, 1890, discussed the adop- 
 tion of Pennsvlvania Delta's yell, and also the adoption of a frater- 
 nitv flag and flower, but without reaching an}' decision regarding 
 them. In The Scroll, February, 1891, H. A. Lincoln, Reporter of 
 Massachusetts Beta, objected to the carnation because of its signifi- 
 cance in floral language — "Pride goeth before a fall." However, 
 no other flower was suggested at the National Convention of 
 1 89 1, and the Convention adopted the white carnation, as well as 
 the foregoing 3'ell. 
 
 At this Convention round buttons, covered with 
 silk, half blue and half white, were presented by F. 
 D. Swope and D. N. Marble to the delegates, to be 
 worn as Convention souvenirs, instead of the blue 
 and white ribbons which had been worn at previous 
 Conventions. On motion of W. B. Palmer, a button 
 Fraternity ^f ^-j^jg kind, except that the frout was to be enameled, 
 
 KlTTON, 189I. ^ f 11 
 
 instead of being covered with silk, was adopted as 
 the fraternity button." 
 
 Monday evening of Convention week a large number of the mem- 
 bers formed a theatre party. Tuesday evening a reception was 
 given at the Executive Mansion by Governor W. J. Northen to 
 Governor D. B. Hill of New York, who that day had been the 
 principal orator at the unveiling of the statue of H. W. Grady. 
 
 * At the semi-centennial banquet of the parent chapter of B U at Miami, June, iSSo, the rose 
 was chosen as the fraternity flower. B © H was the first fraternity to select a floral emblem, but 
 later in the same year ATA selected the pansy. 
 
570 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The Phis, by invitation, attended this reception, after which the 
 Convention banquet took place at the Kimball House. 
 
 The convention oration and the Historian's address were deliv- 
 ered at the banquet. The former was by Rev. J. S. Jenckes, D. 
 D., Indiana, '56, whose subject was. The Art Preservative." The 
 latter was b}^ Hon. W. W. Quarles, H. G. C, Alabama, '87, whose 
 subject was, The Law of Association." J. D. Berry, Columbia, 
 '86, was toastmaster. The toasts: $ A © in the 50's," response 
 by C. W. Metcalfe, Centre, '55; "The Ladies," F. D. Swope, Han- 
 over, '85; "College Friends," J. M. Mayer, C.^^C. N. Y., '84; 
 
 The Scroll,^'' E. R. MacDonald, Wisconsin, '93; Across the Con- 
 tinent, " Ross Morgan, California, '91; The North," H. A. Lin- 
 coln, Amherst, '92; ' Georgia Phis," Hon. S. P. Gilbert, Vander- 
 bilt, ^%2i'> ^^d Hon. Scott Bonham, O. W. U., '82. The toasts 
 were interspersed with the fraternity cheer, college yells, various 
 other outcries, and the singing of fraternit}'^ songs. Copies of an 
 eight page pamphlet containing twelve selected songs had been pre- 
 sented by W. B. Palmer. Invitations to the banquet had been 
 extended to members of the X $, 2 A E and <E> F A fraternities, 
 who were connected with the Atlanta daily papers. 
 
 Wednesday evening the Phis visited the Piedmont Exposition. 
 Thursda}^ afternoon a photograph was taken of the Convention in 
 a group on the west side of the capitol. Thursday evening Gov- 
 ernor Northen tendered a reception to the Convention at the Exec- 
 utive Mansion. On this occasion a poem, entitled. The Sword 
 and the Shield," was read b}^ H. O. Sibley, Librarian of Syracuse 
 University, and a <E> A badge was presented to Rev. Robert 
 Morrison, Miami, '49.* The presentation speech was made by 
 Governor Northen, who in conclusion said: 
 
 Yours, sir has been a grand work — this forming of man's fellowship for man, 
 this building of friendship in a tangible form. It has been blessed of God, and 
 these young men, so full of hope and promise, are but the expression of your hopes 
 in founding the Order. May this badge, which I have the honor to present in their 
 name, represent to you the high esteem in which 3-ou are held by your younger 
 brothers. May it ever remain over your noble heart, and keep you in sympathy 
 with their hearts until we shall be called into the great Brotherhood above. 
 
 This was the first National Convention since 1876 at which there 
 were no public literary exercises. Thursday afternoon some 
 of the Phis, with Atlanta ladies, enjoyed a tally-ho ride, and Fri- 
 day afternoon some of the Phis and visiting ladies enjo3^ed a car- 
 riage drive about the city. The convention hostelry was the Kim- 
 ball House. The Capital City Club and Dixie Club extended club 
 privileges to the visitors while they remained in the cit}^ The 
 Convention received a number of telegrams and letters from absent 
 Phis, and a telegram of greeting from the Central University chap- 
 ter of 2 N, to which a suitable response was made. 
 
 Most of the members from the East and West went to the Atlanta 
 Convention via Cincinnati, Louisville, Nashville and Chattanooga. 
 
 *See first footnote, page 156. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1891. 571 
 
 A Pullman sleeper had been chartered from Cincinnati, and before 
 Atlanta was reached the ^ A party on the train numbered 
 seventy-three, including ladies. The social events of the Conven- 
 tion were attended by ladies from New York, Columbus (Ohio), 
 Chicago, Louisville, Nashville, New Orleans and other cities. 
 The Scroll account said: 
 
 The people about the Chattanooga Union Station were greeted: "Rah I Rah! 
 Rah! Chat-ta-noo-ga! Rah! Rah! Ree! Old Tennessee! Rah! Rah! Ray! The 
 Blue andtheGray! Phi Delta Theta Forever and Aye!" followed by the now official 
 and authorized yell of $ A 0. And when Atlanta was reached, "Rah! Rah! Rah! 
 Atlanta! Phi Delta Theta Greets Georgia!" was the salutation given the city. 
 
 On the return trip from Atlanta to Chattanooga there was a party 
 of twenty or twenty-five. J. L. Mitchell, Jr., wrote to W. B. Palmer, 
 November 18, 1901: 
 
 On the train to Chattanooga we had a car nearly all toourselves. We got off at 
 every stop the train made and grabbed something, and started "a Piedmont Exposi- 
 tion of our own." Our collection included a bale of shingles, a cross-bar for 
 telegraph poles and goodness knows what else. At one stop we robbed a cotton 
 field. The shingles furnished autograph albums and rattle bones and tambos for 
 the minstrel show we gave, and the )int from the cotton bolls made the snowy locks 
 of the elderly negro that Frank Swope impersonated. 
 
 A laughable incident at Chattanooga was the effort of a hotel 
 clerk to sa}^ Phi Delta Theta Fraternit}', in telephoning to a livery 
 stable for carriages; he called it the "Five Dollar Theatre 
 Crowd." A group picture was taken at Sunset Rock on Lookout 
 Mountain. 
 
 A part}' of thirteen visited Mammouth Cave, between Nashville 
 
 and Louisville. Their names were: J. E. Brown, Mrs. Brown, F. 
 
 D. Swope, Miss Bertye Swope, H. T. Miller, D. N. :\Iarble, W. R. 
 
 Brown, J. L. Mitchell, Jr., W. C. Abbott, A. A. Williams, E. G. 
 
 Osborne, F. A. Preston, L. B. Probasco. The Scroll account 
 
 said: 
 
 A gay underground excursion was their nine mile trip in the cave. The S. G. 
 C. was irrepressible with puns, but comment was not precipitated until it was an- 
 nounced that we were in the "Valley of Hugh-Millerty." The Butler delegate 
 groaned as we passed through "Fat Man's Misery." Those who have visited the 
 cave know that along the corridors there are many pyramids of stones, bearing state, 
 city and societ}' names, built by visitors, each one placing a stone on a pile. In one 
 locality are those of fraternities, fourteen in number, some scarcely two hands high, 
 others of more prominence. That of $ A O was one of the largest. This party, 
 numbering thirteen, concluded to make it still larger, and future Phi visitors to the 
 cave will see, as they pass through "Fraternity Hall," the pyramid of $ A 0, tow- 
 ering above its companions, surmounted with a narrow stone column which, aside 
 from its greater size, distinguishes it from all others. 
 
 When the cairn had been founded by E. H. L. Randolph, W. A. 
 Speer and W. B. Palmer, 1897, they had left on it a wooden board, 
 bearing "<> A 0" and the date, also a small book for visitors to use 
 in registering their names. The board was found in 189 1 but the 
 book had disappeared. 
 
572 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ANNALS, 1891-1894. 
 
 The National Convention, 1901, elected W. W. Quarles, P. G. 
 C: H. T. Miller, S. G. C. ; I. R. Hitt, Jr., T. G. C.; D. N. 
 Marble, H. G. C This General Council appointed the following 
 Province Presidents: Alpha, J. M. Mayer; Beta, F. S. Ball; Gamma, 
 P. M. Jones; Delta, C. H. Tebault, Jr.; Epsilon, J. L. Mitchell, 
 Jr. ; Zeta, W. R. Brown. H. T. Miller, previous to going to 
 Europe, offered his resignation as S. G. C. The other General 
 Councilors would not accept his resignation, but requested him to 
 name a prox}^ to act for him in his absence. He, therefore, 
 named J. L. Mitchell, Jr., who was President of Epsilon Province, 
 and who acted as S. G. C. from June, 1892, to September, 1893. 
 
 When Minnesota had become inactive, through the expulsion of 
 its active members for dishonorable conduct, October, 1889, it was 
 hoped by Conwa}^ MacMillan and W. R. Brown that they could 
 soon organize a new chapter. MacMillan had been Province Presi- 
 dent, 1888-89, ^iid was an instructor at the University of Minne- 
 sota. Brown, who resided at Minneapolis, had been in the class 
 of '89, but had left college during his junior 3^ear, on account of 
 the death of his father. Failing to effect an organization during 
 1889-90, he decided to enter the law school, so as to have a better 
 opportunity for re-establishing the chapter. In September, 1890, 
 he entered the law class of '92. The charter had been in his 
 possession and technically the chapter had not been suspended. 
 ^ A © was not represented in the annual Gopher published, 1890, 
 b}^ the junior class, but in the edition for 1891 the second 
 place among fraternities was accorded to $ A as usual (X ^ 
 having been the first fraternity at Minnesota). Brown paid for 
 the emblematic inserts, and he appeared as the only active member, 
 MacMillan appearing as a faculty member. They decided that it 
 would not be best to reorganize during 1890-91. Brown attended 
 the National Convention at iVtlanta, October, 1891, and was recog- 
 nized as a delegate. He gave assurances that the chapter would 
 soon be placed on a solid footing, and the Convention tendered a 
 vote of heart}' appreciation to him and MacMillan for their efforts 
 to restore the chapter. After the Convention, Brown was appointed 
 Province President. 
 
 During the next three months he and MacMillan, working quiet- 
 ly but effectively, pledged seven students. At Brown's residence, 
 Januar\^ 8, 1892, he and MacMillan, assisted by other resident Phis, 
 initiated R. C. Dewe}^ '92; W. C. Leary, '92; J. E. Madigan, '92; 
 E. C. Bisbee, '94; H. H. Crossett, '94; E. P. Harding, '94; J. W. Le- 
 Crone, '94. The next morning these seven appeared in chapel, wear- 
 ing $ A badges, much to the surprise of the other students. They 
 were among the most popular students in the universit}^ several of 
 them being leading athletes, and they were well bounced" b}^ other 
 fraternity men, as was the invariable custom at Minnesota when a 
 new fraternity appeared, except in the case of A K E, 1889. Five 
 
ANNALS, 1891-1894. 
 
 D / O 
 
 of them had been on the champion eleven of the Northwest the 
 previous fall — Leary, half-back and re-elected captain for 1892: 
 Madigan, centre; Harding, right-guard; Dewey, tackle; Bisbee, 
 right-end; while LaCrone was a promising quarter-back. Harding 
 was president of the baseball association. To the February Scroll 
 MacMillan wrote: 
 
 All of the new men, who are herewith presented for the fraternal congratula- 
 tions and fellowship of Phis the country over, are fine fellows in every sense of the 
 word. Thev are known as men of force, ability and character. $ A O is not be- 
 hind in the social and intellectual life of the university. Everyone of the men is 
 prominent and everyone popular with his fellow students. More than all, the new 
 
 William Washington Quarles, Alabama, '87; P. G. C, 1891-94. 
 
 Half-tone from a steel engraving made from a photograph taken at Atlanta, tia., C)ctober 21, iSoi. 
 
 chapter is homogeneous, honorable, clean, energetic, capable. The Phis are the 
 acknowledged leaders in athletics. Nearly all of them are accustomed to be car- 
 ried up from the railway station on the shoulders of their fellow students, and they 
 deserve it too. At the badging out, there was no lack of "bouncing," and for ten 
 minutes after the chapel exercises, the Phis were kept in the vicinity of the ceiling by 
 enthusiastic friends from all other fraternities with possibly one exception. 
 
 The initiation of three more members was reported in the next 
 issue of The Scroll. The entire active membership attended the 
 banquet of ^Minneapolis and Saint Paul Phis on Alumni Da}^ March 
 15, 1892. One of the cuts (executed by a member of ^ K ^) in 
 
574 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 the Gopher, issued in the spring of 1892, was that of a broad- 
 trousered, eye-glassed skeleton, with an armful of health}^ infants, 
 accompanying the words, The shade of $ A comes back and 
 swipes the football team." From the reorganization until com- 
 mencement, Minnesota Alpha held meetings at Brown's residence, 
 but in the fall a chapter house was rented. Throughout the Fra- 
 ternity the highest praise was bestowed upon MacMillan and Brown 
 for their faithfulness and devotion during a period of adversity. 
 
 A Convention of Epsilon Province was held at Akron, Ohio, 
 February 18, 1892, J. E. Cole presiding. The attendance numbered 
 about fifty. A. A. Stearns, Buchtel, '79, delivered an address, 
 "The College Man and His Rivals." A banquet at the Hotel 
 Windsor followed the Ohio state oratorical contest in the evening. 
 The Indiana Phis also had a State Convention at Indianapolis, 
 March 11, 1892, when the Indiana state oratorical contest took 
 place. 
 
 The Scroll, April, 1892, contains a letter from N. C. Brooks 
 giving an account of a meeting of Phis attending the University of 
 Berlin. He wrote: 
 
 Brother Marsh kindly offered the use of his room, as the German custom of meet- 
 ing in a restaurant did not suit us. The meeting took place on the 28th of Decem- 
 ber, and all Phis whose presence in Berlin could be ascertained were in attendance — ■ 
 eight in number. The evening passed quickly and pleasantly, and too informall}^ to 
 admit of particular description. It is enough to say that a good Phi time was 
 enjo3'ed by all, college reminiscences were indulged in. Phi songs sung, and German 
 life, customs and language discussed with patriotic prejudice. The Berlin Phis 
 greet their brothers over in God's country. 
 
 The eight Phis present were, V. J. Emery, O. S. U., '87; T. M. 
 Iden, Indianapolis, '83; E. L. Powers, Hillsdale, '90; O. W. 
 Pierce, Hillsdale, '91; N. AV. Marsh, Illinois Wesley an, '93 ;T. J. J. 
 See, Missouri, '89; G. B. Frankforter, Nebraska, '86; N. C. Brooks, 
 Kansas, '90. 
 
 The topic for Alumni Day, March 15, 1892, was, The un- 
 changed and unchangeable ideals of the Fraternity." The Phis of 
 Washington banquetted at Welcker's, March 15, twenty-six being 
 there, in spite of very bad weather. The older members present 
 were: President Benjamin Harrison, Miami, '52; Dr. J. K. Boude, 
 Miami, '52; A. R. Williams, Miami, '57; Judge George Baber, 
 Centre, '60; A. R. Dyer, Lawrence, '59; General T. J. Morgan, 
 Franklin, '61, the last acting as toastmaster. President Harrison 
 proposed the toast: *The Fraternity: May it have a career of great 
 prosperity, and its members be distinguished for patriotism, for 
 devotion to duty, and for loyalty to truth." 
 
 G. P. Wheeler, one of the Princeton students who had been ad- 
 mitted to $ A ©, was present at the Convention of 1891, but for 
 prudential reasons his name was omitted from the list of those in 
 attendance. It was then hoped that the anti-fraternity law at 
 Princeton would be abolished. The Convention authorized the 
 General Council to grant a charter for an alumni chapter there, so 
 
ANNALS, 1891-1894. 
 
 575 
 
 that members who had been or might be initiated b}^ Pennsylvania 
 Zeta could have the benefit of an alumni organization until such 
 time as the establishment of a regular college chapter would be 
 permitted. Accordingly, April 22, 1892, the General Council 
 granted a charter for New Jersey Alpha Alumni, to be located at 
 Princeton, N. J. The charter members were: G. P. Wheeler, '91; 
 (a fellow in 1891-92); Alonzo Church, '92; E. J. Cook, '92; J. M. 
 Gaston, '92; P. H. Davis, '93; Philip King, '93. Cook had been 
 initiated while a student at Gettysburg, Gaston while a student at 
 Wooster. Wheeler, Church and Davis had been initiated at the 
 University of Pennsylvania, though they had matriculated in the 
 
 Isaac Reynolds Hitt, Jr., Northwestern, 
 
 T. G. C, 1891-94. 
 
 medical department there only for the purpose of being admitted 
 to $ A 0. King had been approached by Wheeler and had agreed 
 to join. The Lehigh chapter, hearing this, initiated him when he 
 was at Bethlehem attending a football game. 
 
 The alumni chapter, however, did not organize. There was no 
 yielding in the opposition of the Princeton authorities to secret 
 fraternities. Members of one of the literary societies got an ink- 
 ling of the scheme of initiating Princeton men at Pennsylvania, 
 and at one of its meetings a lively discussion ensued. Church 
 (already a member of ^ A 0) took such an active part in the dis- 
 cussion that he was appointed chairman of a committee of investi- 
 gation which went to Pennsylvania. Some one in PennsA^vania 
 
576 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Zeta had been notified of their coming, and when they arrived the 
 names of Wheeler, Church and Davis had been so changed on the 
 university matriculation books that they could not be recognized, 
 so the committee learned nothing. It was decided, however, by 
 the. Phis of Princeton that it would be very unsafe, under existing 
 conditions, to attempt to maintain any sort of a fraternity organi- 
 zation there, so after 1891-92 no further action in that direction 
 was taken. 
 
 The Phis of Alpha Province held their biennial Convention at Bur- 
 lington, Vt., October 21-22, 1892, J. M. Mayer, P. P., presiding. 
 The Convention favored the re-establishment of the Columbia chap- 
 ter, but not the C. C. N. Y. chapter. A local society at Bowdoin, 
 desiring to join a general fraternity, had corresponded with Maine 
 Alpha. Without committing itself as to the desirability of a chap- 
 ter at Bowdoin, the Convention recommended that Maine Alpha 
 keep in touch with the society. The Convention opposed granting 
 an application for charter from Rochester, and suggested that the 
 President of the Province appoint a committee to investigate the 
 placing of a chapter at Rensselaer. A letter was read from J. E. 
 Brown, Editor of T/ie Scroll, in which he congratulated eastern 
 Phis on their successful work for $ A 0. He also outlined a plan 
 for incorporating associations for the purpose of building chapter 
 houses, which plan was discussed and approved. On the evening 
 of the 2 1 St a banquet was held at the Van Ness House, forty-eight 
 Phis being present. J, M. Mayer was toastmaster. The minutes 
 of the Convention were printed in a pamphlet of sixteen pages. A 
 photograph of the Convention was taken, a half-tone of which 
 appeared in the December Scroll. 
 
 At the National Convention, October, 1891, I. R. Hitt, Jr., 
 P. P., who resided at Evanston, reported that Illinois Alpha was 
 ver}'^ weak, having only two active members, but he encouraged the 
 hope that it would soon be on a firm, footing. Two men were 
 initiated in the spring of 1892, and several students in the prepara- 
 tor}'^ department were pledged. In the fall two members of the 
 chapter, R. P. Lewis and Herbert Morris, returned, and at the 
 same time W. E. Griswold, of Indiana Delta, and C. B. Campbell, 
 of Indiana Zeta, entered Northwestern. These four, together with 
 I. R. Hitt, Jr., then T, G. C, decided to build up the chapter. 
 After a month's work, they pledged five men, who were initiated at 
 the Sherman House, Chicago, October 28, after which on the 
 same evening, a complimentary banquet was given to Illinois 
 Alpha b}^ Chicago alumni. The report to the H. G. C, April i, 
 1893, showed that the chapter had thirteen active members and 
 occupied a suite of rooms. In the same year, $ A © was readmit- 
 ted to the Pan-Hellenic Association at Northwestern. 
 
 On the evening of May 12, 1893, C. H. Remy, Indianapolis, '72, 
 tendered a reception to Eugene Field, Knox, '73, and to members 
 of Illinois Alpha and their friends. The reception was at the 
 
ANNALS, 189 1- 1894. 
 
 0/ / 
 
 Evanston Club house, which was handsomeh' decorated for the 
 occasion. About eight}' guests attended, including members of 
 the faculty and board of trustees. Among prominent <& A © alumni 
 present was Rev. A. W. Little, D. I)., rector of Saint Marks 
 Church, Evanston, The evening was made enjo3^able with recita- 
 tions b}' the noted poet and humorist, and with music, dancing 
 and refreshments. 
 
 The Columbia chapter was suspended in the spring of 1890, and 
 the charter of the C. C. N. Y. chapter was withdrawn bv the 
 Convention, October, 1891. At the meeting of the General Coun- 
 cil at Louisville, January 4, 1891, the P. G. C. was instructed to 
 
 Dwi(;ht Newcomb Marble, Centre, '82: H. G. C, 1891-96. 
 
 See biographical sketch in The Scroll, February, 1807 ; memoir, October, 1900. 
 
 re-establish Xew York Delta. The General Council, December 23. 
 1 89 1, received a letter from E. N. Roeser in regard to re-establish- 
 ing both chapters. Early in 1892 an application for reissuing the 
 charter of New York Gamma was received, and the General Coun- 
 cil voted to grant it. By May 4 all chapters in Alpha Province 
 except Massachusetts Alpha had voted to revive the chapter. 
 Alpha Province (Convention in October, while favoring the re-estab- 
 lishment of New York Delta, opposed re-establishing New York 
 Gamma, hence the latter was not rechartered. 
 
 An application, dated April 12, 1892, for a new charter for New 
 York Delta, was made by thirteen Phis attending Columbia : 
 Mines — D. J. Greene, '94: E. W. Libaire, '94; J. L. Miller, '94; 
 
578 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 F. P. Ware, '94; J. E. Jones, '95; W. S. Tyng, '95. Law— S. W. 
 Dunscomb, Jr., '93; J. E. Roeser, '93; C. T. Terr}^ '93. P. & S. 
 (medical) — F. S. Matthews, '93; H. F, Quackenbos, '93; S. T. 
 Carter, '93; S. B. Palmer, '93. Greene, Libaire, Miller, Ware, 
 Tyng, Dunscomb, Roeser and Carter were initiates of New York 
 Gamma, Jones of Virginia Alpha, Terry of Massachusetts Alpha, 
 Matthews of Pennsylvania Gamma, Quackenbos of Virginia 
 Beta, Palmer of Georgia Gamma. The General Council voted, June 
 19, 1892, to reissue to them, the old charter of New York Delta. 
 However, it was thought best to defer organization until the fol- 
 lowing year. A meeting was held at the residence of Libaire, Jan- 
 uary 13, 1893, and the chapter was re-organized under the direc- 
 tion of J. M. Mayer, P. P. Officers were elected, and W. A. Boyd, 
 New York Gamma, law, '93; R. L. Tarbox, Massachusetts Alpha, 
 law, '95, and W. R. A. Wilson, Massachusetts Alpha, medical, '95, 
 were affiliated. Rooms on Lexington Avenue, two blocks from 
 Columbia, w^ere first used, but in April a suite at 12 East 42d 
 Street was rented. Seven men — two in mines, three in law and 
 two in medical — were initiated and five were affiliated before com- 
 mencement. The chapter was given its old position in the annual 
 Columbian. 
 
 By direction of the General Council, F. S. Ball, President of 
 Beta Province, took a trip through that province, visiting every 
 chapter in the fall of 1892. In this province the chapters main- 
 tained a much smaller average number of members than in any 
 other province, and often the number in the chapters in Virginia 
 and the Carolinas was reduced dangerous!}^ low. Though not a 
 resident of the province, Ball had been appointed President be- 
 cause an experienced fraternit}'^ worker was needed to improve the 
 condition of the chapters in the eastern end of the Province. 
 He found the two Kentucky chapters enjoying their usual pros- 
 perit}^ Virginia Alpha, Beta and Gamma had about as many 
 members as usual, but the latter especialh^ ran too small. Virginia 
 Delta, which reported only two active members to the H. G. C, 
 April I, 1892, reported eight, April i, 1893, and seven, April i, 1894. 
 Ball found three Phis at Washington and Lee among twelve chap- 
 ters of Greeks, whose average membership was but five. Virginia 
 Zeta reported four, April i, 1893, and six a year later. North Car- 
 olina Beta, which had always seemed too conservative, reported 
 two members, April i, 1892, and five a 3'ear later. Onl}^ one, E. G. 
 Denson, returned in the fall of 1893; he was discouraged and pro- 
 posed to return the charter, but the Editor of The Scroll and the 
 Province President pursuaded him to renew his efforts. W: E. 
 Headon, a resident alumnus, co-operated in securing new men, 
 and, April i, 1894, seven attendant members were reported. 
 
 In 1887 the South Carolina legislature changed South Carolina 
 College to the University of South Carolina, and made a liberal 
 appropriation for its enlargement and support. Subsequently the 
 
ANNALS, 1891-1894. 
 
 579 
 
 legislature became dominated by a political faction that was un- 
 friendl_y to the institution. An act of the legislature, 1889, pro- 
 vided for a separate agricultural college, and Clemson College, the 
 name given the state agricultural and mechanical college, was 
 opened, 1893, at Fort Hill, S. C, having 443 students the first ses- 
 sion. In 189 1 the name of the institution at Columbia was changed 
 again to South Carolina College. A few 3^ears before this, the 
 student attendance there had been about 250, but in 1891-92 there 
 were onh^ 95> to furnish material for ten fraternities. The circular 
 letter issued b}'^ South Carolina Beta, March, 1892, showed that it 
 had initiated one man that 3'ear, and then had two seniors (one in 
 
 Paul McConxell Jones, Vanderbilt, '89. 
 
 President of Gamma Province, 1891-94. See memoir in The Scroll, October, 1900. 
 
 law), one junior, two sophomores and one freshman. In the fall of 
 1892 the number of students had dwindled to 80. Three Phis re- 
 turned, and one, A. P. Wright, was affiliated from Georgia Alpha, but 
 none were initiated in 1892-93. In the fall of 1893, onh^ Wright 
 returned, and, October i, the General Council voted to withdraw 
 the charter."^ 
 
 In 1892 Benjamin Harrison was renominated by the Republican 
 party for President of the United States, and A. E. Stevenson was 
 nominated b}^ the Democratic party for Vice-President. The Dem- 
 
 * The South Carolina legislature enacted. 1897. what was known as the ' Anti-Greek-letter so- 
 ciety law," which forbid the existence of secret societies in colleges receiving state aid. It was urged 
 in support of this act that the fraternities encouraged caste feeling — that a student who was not a 
 member was not considered in good social standing. The chapters thus legislated out of e.xistence 
 celebrated their annihilation with a Pan-Hellenic banquet, just before commencement, 1897. 
 
580 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ocratic ticket was successful. On the occasion of the visit of Gen- 
 eral Stevenson to Galesburg, 111., November 18, 1892, he was pre- 
 sented with a badge from the Knox and Lombard chapters. The 
 college boys and local alumni assembled in the parlors of the Union 
 Hotel. The Vice-President elect was introduced by Miss Kate 
 Carlton, and R. F. Anderson, of Illinois Zeta, introduced each Phi 
 in person. L. H. Jelliff, of Illinois Delta, then made a presenta- 
 tion speech, and pinned the badge on the coat of Brother Steven- 
 son, who spoke as follows: 
 
 Brother Phis of Knox and Lombard Colleges: I may say with great truthfulness 
 that I can find no words with which to express my feelings and gratitude for the 
 more than fraternal greeting which you have accorded to ms. No event in the 
 campaign and its long controversies will be remembered by me with greater pleas- 
 ure than this. I appreciate it. What the Fraternity taught me I have tried not to 
 forget in the struggle of this hui-ly-burly life. I trust you will never forget the les- 
 sons thus inculcated 
 
 I shall ever recall this hour with masterly emotions. I may only say that I shall 
 wear this pin continually, unless it is stolen, and I shall take good care to see that 
 it is not. If at any time during my incumbency of the office of Vice-President, any 
 of you should happen to be in Washington it will give me a pleasure to meet you 
 and to make returns for the courtesy and kindness 3'ou have shown me. I thank j-ou. 
 
 After this a Phi yell ending with Stevenson! He's the manl" 
 was given with vigor. General Stevenson bowing his acknowledg- 
 ments. At Bloomington, 111., his home, the Phis of Illinois Epsi- 
 lon and local alumni tendered him a dinner, at the Folsom Hotel, 
 on the evening of December 7, 1892. R. E. Williams, Jr., was 
 toastmaster, and Wave Miller responded to the toast, "Our Honored 
 Brother," after which he presented General Stevenson with a silk 
 umbrella. On one side of the ivory handle were the <l> A shield 
 and sword of gold, the shield set with rubies; on the other side was a 
 suitable inscription. In accepting the gift. General Stevenson said: 
 
 Young gentlemen, my brothers of the 4> A G Fraternity: I gratefully accept this 
 beautiful gift, so generously bestowed. It will be treasured by me, and in coming 
 years will pleasantly recall this hour and your cordial and heart}' welcome. 
 
 How vividly this scene revives the memories of long ago! The years roll back 
 like a scroll — and again I am in the presence of the brother Phis of old Centre 
 College, and some of those whose youthful faces arise before me, out of the shadows 
 of the past, are Judges Dulaney and Simrall and Senator Blackburn, of Kentucky; 
 the Rev. Dr. McNair, of Missouri, and James S. Ewing, of Illinois. Others I recall 
 who, like those I have named, have achieved distinction in the pulpit, at the bar 
 and in the great halls of debate. 
 
 More than a third of a century has gone since my active membership in this our 
 college Fraternity ceased. The spirit of the past comes over me to-night. Stand- 
 ing at a point on life's journey where the shadows are beginning to fall to the east- 
 ward, and looking into your faces — joyous with youth and hope as you enter upon 
 careers I trust of usefulness to your country and of honor to yourselves — I I'ealize 
 more vividly than ever before that a great gulf stretches between this hour and that 
 which witnessed my initiation into the mysteries of this Order. The rolling years, 
 however, have not weakened the ties that bind me to my brothers in our beloved 
 Fraternity. 
 
 Time but the impression stronger makes. 
 As streams their channels deeper clear. 
 
 I count myself fortunate in the fact that my name is upon the rolls of this 
 Society. We are not far from the true path so long as our lives are squared by the 
 noble precepts of the Bond of the 4> A 0. 
 
 I 
 
^i%^ x^^- 
 
 T^^'eg^-^^ 
 
 Kentucky Alpha, '6o. 
 
 Member of the United States House of Representatives, 1875-77. First Assistant Postmaster- 
 general, 1885-89. Vice President of the United States, 1803-97. Nominee of the Democratic Party 
 for Vice President, 1900. See biographical sketches in The Scroll, March, 1881 : October. 1892: 
 October, 1900. Half-tone from photograph by C. M. Bell, Washington, D. C, sent by Mr. Steven- 
 son to the author of this history, April 25, 1902. Etching of signature from autograph on the 
 photograph. 
 
582 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 During a visit to Nashville, January 13, 1893, General Stevenson 
 received a delegation of Vanderbilt Phis; and showed them the badge 
 he wore on his vest. During the next four 3^ears many Phis called 
 on him at Washington, and all received a cordial greeting from him. 
 
 A meeting of Phis at Cleveland, Ohio, was held at the office of 
 J. A. Thompson, September 29, 1892. A. A. Stearns was elected 
 Chairman and E. S. Barkdull, Secretary. It was decided to 
 organize an alumni chapter, and W. H. Merriam and Thompson 
 were appointed to secure a list of all members of $ A © in the city. 
 Another meeting was held at the same place October i. An ap- 
 plication for charter having been made, the General Council, 
 December 20, 1892, granted a charter, for Ohio Gamma Alumni, to 
 T. C. Martin, Centre, "84; E. S. Barkdull, O. W. U., 'd>6; J. A. 
 Thompson, O. W. U., '89; H. C. Robinson, O. W. U., '91; C. E. 
 Tousley, O. W. U., '91; J. J. Laisy, Iowa Wesleyan, '90;, A. A. 
 Stearns, Buchtel, '79; H. H. Henry, Buchtel, '87; H. D. Smith, 
 Buchtel, '90; C. P. L3aich, Allegheny, '^6; W. H. Merriam, Ver- 
 mont, '89. A meeting was held in Thompson's office, February 4, 
 but organization was postponed until Alumni Day, March 15, 1893, 
 when by-laws were adopted and officers elected. This was done 
 at a dinner at the Hollenden Hotel. H. H. Ward, O. S. U., '90, 
 one of the prime movers in the organization, was absent from the 
 city when the application was signed. The Convention of 1898 
 ordered that his name be inscribed on the charter. 
 
 In the fall of 1892 D. J. Gallert, delegate of Maine Alpha at the 
 National Convention of 189 1, entered the junior class of Harvard, 
 and there met W. H. Hopkins, of Rhode Island Alpha, who was 
 attending Harvard law school, and whom he had met first at 
 Alpha Province Convention, 1890. He spoke to Hopkins about 
 forming an organization of Phis at Harvard, which perhaps would 
 develop into a chapter. They sent reply postal cards to all chap- 
 ters asking for the names of Phis at Harvard. All Phis whose 
 names were thus obtained were requested to meet, and a notice of 
 a meeting was printed in the Harvard Crimson. The meeting was 
 held in Gallert's room, 22 Felton Hall. About twelve Phis at 
 Harvard attended, also D. N. Marble, H. G. C, R. D. Holling- 
 ton and C. F. Pfenry, from Boston. They organized temporarily 
 by electing Marble President and Gallert Secretary. They dis- 
 cussed whether it would be best to establish a chapter at Harvard, 
 to form an association of <I> A men in the university, or to estab- 
 lish an alumni chapter at Boston. No decision was then reached, 
 but at a later meeting they decided that the establishment of an 
 undergraduate chapter was not advisable, and that it would be best 
 for the Phis at Harvard and those at Boston to combine forces and 
 establish an alumni chapter at Boston, and that the Harvard men 
 should meet monthly and the Boston alumni at least once a year. 
 
 Signatures to an application for charter were obtained, those of 
 Harvard Phis by Gallert and Hopkins, those of Boston Phis by 
 
ANNALS, 1891-1894. 583 
 
 Marble and Henry. The application, dated Jannar}^ 27, 1893, 
 was signed b}^ D. N. Marble, Centre, '82; E. B. Greene, North- 
 western, '89;"^ J. P. Ashley, O. W. U., '90; R. D. Hollington, O. 
 W. U., '92; R. C. Morse, Knox, '84; C. N. Lathrop, California, 
 '95; I. C. Tomlinson, Buchtel, '80; C. F. Henry, Buchtel, '91; L. 
 C. Renfro, Vanderbilt, '94; W. P. Button, Lombard, '94; B. F. 
 Peek, Iowa, '95; D. F. Houston, South Carolina, '87; C. W. 
 Blessing, Union, 'S8; W. B. Farr, Colby, '87; D. J. Gallert, Colby, 
 '93; G. D. Hammond, S3'racuse, '93; F. R. Hodge, Syracuse, '93; 
 W. F. Hodge, Syracuse, '93; W. H. Hopkins, Brown, '91. The 
 General Council, February 22, 1893, granted them a charter for 
 Massachusetts Alpha Alumni at Boston. The chapter was organ- 
 ized, b}^ the election of officers, at a meeting held at the Parker 
 House, March i, after which a dinner was enjoyed. This was con- 
 sidered an observance of Alumni Day, though two weeks earh'-. 
 Twent3"-six Phis were present, including an active member repre- 
 senting Williams and one from Brown. Thus, at this first annual 
 banquet of the Boston alumni, began the custom of New England 
 chapters sending active members as representatives. 
 
 The topic for Alumni Da}^ 1893, was, ' The polic}^ of # A as a 
 training for good citizenship." Probablj' the most successful 
 alumni meeting that year was at Columbus, Ohio. No alumni 
 chapter had been organized there, but, with a view of organizing a 
 $ A © association for Central Ohio, a circular signed b}^ J. E. 
 Brown and Emmett Tompkins was issued, Februar}^ 28, inviting 
 members in the central portion of the State to attend a reunion 
 and banquet at the Hotel Chittenden, March 15. The State 
 of Ohio was said then to contain about 800 Phis. About sixt}^ 
 persons were present, including eight Columbus ladies. A number 
 of alumni came from a distance, including J. W. Lindle}', Miami, 
 '50, who gave reminiscences of the founding of the Fraternit}'. 
 
 Through the efforts of G. E. Preble and G. K. Shurtleff, an 
 alumni chapter was organized at Denver, Col. An application for 
 charter, dated March 10, 1893, was signed b}^ C. L. Hover, Wis- 
 consin, '87; J. F. Tourtellotte, Wisconsin, '92; C. J. Blakene\^, 
 Iowa Wesleyan, '87; G. E. Preble, Illinois Wesleyan, '92; Loring 
 Trott, Lombard, '90; H. W. Spangler, Dickinson, '82; J. A. Fow- 
 ler, Kansas, '87; G. K. Shurtleff, Syracuse, '83. The General 
 Council granted them a charter for Colorado Alpha Alumni, April 
 26, 1893, but before this date, on March 22, a dinner was held at 
 the Brown Palace Hotel and officers were elected. By September, 
 thirty-two names had been enrolled, twent}^ of Phis residing in 
 Denver and twelve at other places in the State. C. A. Bohn was 
 instrumental in reviving the alumni chapter at Saint Louis, 1893, 
 and a banquet was held at the Grand Avenue Hotel, April 11. 
 
 The first number of T/te College Fraternity made its appearance 
 October, 1892. It was a monthly magazine devoted to all college 
 fraternities, and was published at New York City. The editor was 
 
584 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 E. H. L. Randolph, ex-Editor of The Scroll, and the business man- 
 ager, F. M. Crossett, ex-editor of the A Y Quarterly. It was the 
 first publication of its kind, and it was abl}^ edited, well printed and 
 illustrated. It contained a great deal of valuable and interesting 
 matter, but it did not receive adequate support, and after 1892-93 
 was merged into the University Review, a periodical devoted to 
 college interests in general, but published onl}^ about one 5^ear. 
 
 In 1891 the fraternity press began the discussion of a Pan-Hellenic 
 exhibit and congress at the World's Columbian Exposition, to be 
 held at Chicago, 1893. A Pan-Hellenic Convention held b}' the 
 ladies' societies at Boston, April 16-17, 1891, appointed a commit- 
 tee "to have charge of Pan-Hellenism at the World's Fair in 1893." 
 The prospectus of the liberal arts department of the fair, issued 
 1 89 1, said that provision would be made for a fraternit}^ displa3^ 
 Dr. S. H. Peabod}^, who was at the head of this department, hav- 
 ing formerl}^ been Regent of the University of Illinois, expressed 
 an earnest desire to have a full exhibit b}'- the fraternities. A 
 meeting of fraternity men was held in Chicago Januar}^ 9, 1892, to 
 discuss the proposed congress and exhibit, Twent3^-three fraterni- 
 ties were represented, I. R. Hitt, Jr.,T. G. C, informall}^ representing 
 <l> A 0. This meeting recommended that all Greek-letter societies make 
 exhibits. The General Council, June i, officialh' appointed Hitt 
 to represent $ A in the premises. Another meeting of fraternit}^ 
 representatives was held, Juh" 7, when a constitution was adopted, 
 officers elected, committees appointed, and application for space 
 made. The October Scroll contained an announcement b\'' Hitt 
 that a Pan-Hellenic Congress would meet in the Memorial Art Insti- 
 tute, July, 1893. The General Council, December 20, 1892, 
 appointed I. R. Hitt, Jr., J. E. Brown, E. H. L. Randolph, F. D. 
 Swope, and C. P. Bassett as a committee to represent ^ A in 
 preparing a fraternity exhibit, and appointed all the Province Pres- 
 idents as an advisory committee. January 23, 1893, F. B.' Draper, 
 
 F. C. Waugh, F. G. Gardner and H. J. Till were added to the 
 advisory committee. ^'^ 
 
 However, at a meeting of the general committee, April i, six 
 fraternities being represented, a decision was reached that a fra- 
 ternity exhibit was not feasible. The chief reason was said to be 
 that the exposition authorities were so late in allotting space for 
 such an exhibit that a proper display could not be made. Another 
 reason was that the general committee estimated that all the frater- 
 nities would have to subscribe $2,500 for the fitting up of an alcove 
 and the incidental expenses of the exhibit. There was much dis- 
 agreement among the fraternities as to the proper character of the 
 exhibit, and some took little or no interest in the matter. It was 
 
 * In The Scj-oll, Februao'. i8q3, J. E. Brown gave his ideas as to a proper exhibit by * A 0, 
 I'iz.: I. The coat-of-arms. 2. Badge and other jewels. 3. Statuette of Pallas. 4. Map show- 
 ing locations of college and alumni chapters. 5. Photographs of chapterhouses. 6. Photographs 
 of prominent members. 7. The flag and banner. 8. Folders containing information about $ A 
 for distribution. 
 
ANNALS, 1891-1894. 585 
 
 found to be impossible to raise $2,500 for such purpose, and there- 
 fore the whole plan for an exhibit was abandoned and the allotted 
 space surrendered. 
 
 The Pan-Hellenic Congress feature, however, was not abandoned, 
 but was very successfully managed. The congress met in Memo- 
 rial Art Institute, foot of Adams Street, July 19, 1893. At the 
 morning session about 300 Greeks were present. Among the 
 papers read were the following by members of <l> A ©: "Histories 
 of Fraternities," by W. B. Palmer; "Fraternity Catalogue Making," 
 by F. D. Swope; ' Fraternit}^ Finances," b}' I. R. Hitt, Jr. In the 
 afternoon there was a meeting of editors of fraternity magazines, 
 at which J. E. Brown, of The Scroll^ read a paper on The ethics 
 of loA'alt}^ in relation to fraternity journalism." In the morning 
 and afternoon exercises more members of ^ A © participated than 
 members of any other fraternity. Beginning at 5 p. m., at the New 
 York State Building on the fair grounds, a reception was tendered 
 b}^ the ladies' societies to the men's fraternities. The building was 
 densely crowded with ladies and men wearing Greek-letter badges. 
 The ScroWs account of the reception says: 
 
 The chief competition in yells and songs was between <l> A 9, A K E and B IT, 
 who had more men present than anv of the other fraternities. "Phi Delta Theta 
 All Revere," "Hail, Phi Delta Theta f" and "Phi Delta Theta for Aye" were lustily 
 sung by the more than fifty Phis present. Brother Swope led in singing and yelling; 
 we doubt if he is over his consequent hoarseness yet. The various fraternity clans 
 got together and marched around in lock-step lines; and such strains as "Phi-Phi, 
 Phi-Kei-A!" and "Dee-Dee, Dee-Kay-E!" marked the accompaniment. Finally 
 a Pan-Hellenic circle was formed, and the joint singing was begun by Brother 
 Swope starting "There's a hole in the bottom of the sea," the famous song of our 
 Bloomington Convention. After the college songs, the crowd went to the music 
 pavilion on the lake front, where the band played college airs. A Pan -Hellenic 
 banquet was served in the New York Building at 7:30 p. m., and dancing con- 
 cluded the day's entertainment. 
 
 The Scroll, April, 1893, announced that a committee appointed 
 by the Chicago Phis to arrange for $ A © headquarters in Chicago 
 during the World's Fair was composed of D. L. Groner, chairman; 
 E. A. McDowell, I. R. Hitt, Jr., A. R. Heckman, W. H Condit, 
 and J. T. Boddie. The same issue also announced that the General 
 Council had received an offer to provide headquarters in a building 
 on the southwest corner of Jackson and Franklin Streets, which 
 had been converted into a temporary hotel. The offer, which was 
 made by M. M. Boddie and J. T. Boddie, was gratefully accepted 
 by the General Council, and thus the Fraternit}^ was provided with 
 convenient headquarters without expense. The building was illus- 
 trated in the June Scroll. The room donated to the Phis was a 
 large corner room on the third floor. It was suitably furnished, 
 and was decorated with the fraternit}^ colors and emblems. There 
 was a piano, and on a large table a pile of fraternity journals fur- 
 nished by the Editor of The Scroll, also a book in which visitors 
 registered their names, chapters, classes, etc. During the six 
 months of the fair 420 Phis registered at the headquarters. No 
 
586 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Other fraternity was so well provided for as to World's Fair head- 
 quarters.* 
 
 At Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., the Indiana institute of 
 technology, supported by the federal and state governments, anti- 
 fraternity rules were rescinded, i883.t The Sc7'oll, December, 
 1887, quoted from the Purdue correspondence of the Sigma Chi: 
 "Appearances indicate that certain members of ^^^ and '89 would 
 be pleased to affiliate with $ A ©. " An application for charter 
 from Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., was received by the 
 General Council, March, 1889, and referred to the National Con- 
 vention. It was favored by some of the chapters in Epsilon Prov- 
 ince but opposed by Indiana Zeta. In September, 1889, J. R. 
 Spivey, a member of Ohio Alpha who was attending Purdue, wrote 
 to J. E. Brown, Editor of The Scroll, that fourteen choice men there 
 desired to become Phis, and that A. E. Phillips, New York Beta, 
 '87, a professor at Purdue, would attend the National Convention 
 in October to present their claims for a charter. Phillips was at 
 this Convention but the application was rejected. 
 
 The movement for a charter was revived, 1890-91, by R. G. 
 Morgan, who during the spring was joined by L. V. Gould, then 
 by O. L. Simmons, later by A. S. Richey. Morgan and Richey 
 began a correspondence with the chapters and prominent members 
 of <!> A in Indiana and the general officers of the Fraternity. By 
 fall the circle had grown larger, and an application for charter 
 was taken to the National Convention, October, 189 1, but it was 
 not presented to the Convention, as the applicants were advised by 
 telegraph from Atlanta that if presented it would fail, and that 
 there was a chance for them to obtain authority to organize a pro- 
 bationary chapter, under an amendment to the Constitution then 
 adopted. At the Indiana State Convention, March 11, 1892, two 
 of the Purdue men met and talked with the delegates, making a 
 favorable impression on them, and all endorsed their application 
 except the delegates from Indiana Zeta. At that time Michigan 
 Alpha also was opposed to the proposition, and perhaps another 
 chapter in the province. 
 
 An application for charter was signed by A. B. Dodd, '93; L. V. 
 Gould, '93; C. L. Grimes, '93; O. L. Simmons, '93; F. G. Tingley, 
 '93; C. W. Brown, '94; F. C. Lingenfelter, '94; R. G. Morgan, '94; 
 A. S. Richey, '94. The application, dated April 29, 1892, was 
 forwarded. May 2, to the Province President. The General Coun- 
 cil, August 2, 1892, voted to grant authority to establish a proba- 
 tionary chapter at Purdue, and, March i, 1893, authorized Indiana 
 Beta to initiate the applicants, such authority being given later to 
 Indiana Zeta instead. The installation took place at the Conven- 
 tion of Epsilon Province, Greencastle, Ind., March 17-18. 
 
 * Soon after the fair, the Boddie brothers presented to Tennessee Alpha, to which chapter both 
 belonged, the large table which had been used in the headquarters, and the Vanderbilt Phis were 
 very proud to place this interesting historical souvenir in their pretty new chapter house. J. T. Bod- 
 die presented the register to the fraternity library, 1902. 
 
 t See footnote page 396. 
 
ANNALS, 1891-1894. 587 
 
 On the first evening, in the $ A © and Odd Fellows' halls, eleven 
 candidates were initiated, viz. : Dodd, Gould, Grimes, Simmons, 
 and Tingley, of '93; Brown, Lingenfelter, Morgan, Richey, and 
 M. B. Wells, of '94; E. B. Hyde, of '95.^^ J. E. Brown, Editor of 
 The Scroll, wrote for the April issue: "Never have we seen the 
 new Ritual so carefully performed and its beauties so well exem- 
 plified as in this initiation by Indiana Zeta. Not only were the 
 words adhered to, but it seemed that the spirit of the ceremony 
 was carried out as well as the verbal form. The members of Indiana 
 Zeta deserve compliment for their work, as do also the brothers of 
 Indiana Alpha, who contributed their part to Act II." At the con- 
 clusion of the initiation. Dr. Brown delivered a charge to the ini- 
 tiates which was followed by remarks from I. R. Hitt, Jr., T. G. C. 
 
 At the convention banquet, on the second evening, F. G. Ting- 
 ley, responded on behalf of the initiates. Returning to Lafayette, 
 they met and organized, March 22, 1893. From the first, meet- 
 ings were held in two rented rooms. The Scroll for June contains 
 a letter, dated May 10, 1893, from "Indiana Zeta, Purdue Branch," 
 which says that there were nineteen members, including three affil- 
 iates. The Scroll for October contains a review of 1893 college 
 annuals, saying of the Purdue Debris: The editor-in-chief, liter- 
 ary editor, and business manager of the book are all Phis. No an- 
 nual of those received this 3^ear surpasses it in general excellence." 
 
 Twelve Purdue Phis attended the National Convention at Indian- 
 apolis, and they were rewarded with a charter, which the Conven- 
 tion, May 9, 1894, unanimously ordered granted. The charter was 
 given that date, the names of the eleven Phis initiated March 17, 
 1893, were entered thereon as charter members, and the chapter 
 was entitled Indiana Theta — the first on our roll. Indiana Theta 
 made seven active chapters in Indiana, as in Pennsylvania. The 
 first circular letter issued by the chapter, March, 1894, showed 
 that it then had five seniors, eight juniors, six sophomores and two 
 pledged freshmen. By order of the facult}^ freshmen could not 
 be initiated. There was also one Phi professor, A. E. Phillips, 
 while another Phi, C. B. Peterson, was an instructor. The circu- 
 lar mentioned a reception and dance at Elks' Hall, February 2. 
 
 The Purdue chapter was the only one ever established under the 
 clause of the Constitution permitting probationary chapters. This 
 clause, adopted 189 1, as much perhaps for the sake of entering 
 Purdue as for an}^ other reason, was repealed 1898. The National 
 Convention of 1902 decided that ' the official and historic date 
 of the charter of Indiana Theta" should be March 17, 1893, the 
 date of the installation of the chapter. The older fraternities at 
 Purdue were: :S X, 1875; K X 1885; :S N, 1892. :S A E was 
 established there May 18, 1893. 
 
 The 1893 Convention of Epsilon Province, before referred to, 
 was attended by over sixty members. The Purdue men were ini- 
 tiated on the evening of March 17, and a business session was held 
 
588 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 on the morning of the i8th, J. L. Mitchell, Jr., P. P., presiding. 
 I. R. Hitt, Jr., T. G. C, spoke on fraternity finances, and J. E. 
 Brown, Editor of The Scroll, spoke on chapter house matters. A 
 letter was read from Rev. Robert Morrison, and the Province Pres- 
 ident was instructed to write to him that it was the sense of the 
 Convention, b\^ unanimous vote, that wanes should be excluded from 
 the tables at all National Convention banquets. A photograph 
 of the Convention w^as taken after chapel at noon, and in the after- 
 noon Indiana Zeta gave in its rooms a reception to its 3^oung lad}- 
 friends of DePauw and Greencastle, in honor of the visiting Phis. 
 In the evening there w^as a banquet at the Palace Cafe. 
 
 At the Universit}' of Illinois, Champaign, anti-fraternity laws 
 were repealed, September 8, 1891. The President of Zeta Pro- 
 vince, received an informal application for charter from there earl}^ 
 in 1892. Scott Williams w^as the leader of this set of petitioners. 
 The application was strongly endorsed by Illinois Epsilon in The 
 Scroll, February and April, 1892. A new movement for a $ A © 
 charter originated at Illinois the next collegiate year. A local 
 society called A I^ was organized, November, 1892,* in the room 
 of S. R. Duffy, F. H. Hamilton, and R. M. Hobbs. These three 
 were the leaders, but the original membership of the society inclu- 
 ded also H. E. Chester, Armin Harms, C. F. Kruse, and H. H. 
 Me3'er. Later, H. S. Piatt and B. V. Swenson were admitted. 
 The first initiates into A N after its organization were F. C. Beem, 
 J. AV. Bowen and F. F. Gilchrist. The purpose in establishing 
 A X was to secure a charter from some national fraternity. After 
 careful deliberation, the members decided to apph' to $ A 0. 
 When this decision had been reached, a vigorous campaign for a 
 charter was begun, the correspondence with $ A officials being 
 conducted by Hobbs on behalf of A N. 
 
 A formal application for charter, dated October 4, 1893, was 
 made to the General Council. E. E. Dunlap, initiated b}' Indiana 
 Delta 1892-93, entered Illinois in the fall. He did not join A K 
 but joined in the application. Illinois Epsilon, and especiall}^ 
 R. H. Little of that chapter, worked industriously to bring about 
 the granting of a charter. H. T. Miller, S. G. C, and W. R. 
 Brown, P. P., visited Champaign and gave favorable reports of the 
 university and the applicants. In a circular dated November 4, 
 1893, J- E- Brown, Editor of TJie Scroll, advocated that a charter 
 be granted. The circular contained information about the univer- 
 sity and the societ}^ and a half-tone of the members lacking three. 
 
 All necessar}' votes having been received, the General Council, 
 December 19, 1893, granted a charter for Illinois Eta to H. S. 
 Piatt, '92; B. V. Swenson, '93; W. C. Tackett, '94; Scott Wil- 
 liams, '94; H. E. Chester, '95; S. R. Duffy, '95; F. H. Hamilton, 
 '95; Armin Harms, '95; R. M. Hobbs, '95; F. C. Beem, '97; J. W. 
 Bowen, '97; E. E. Dunlap, '97; F. F. Gilchrist, '97; C. F. Kruse, 
 
 * A N never adopted a badge or colors. 
 
ANNALS, 1 89 1- 1894. 
 
 ;89 
 
 '97; H. H. Mex'er, '97. AN, immediately after its organization, 
 had taken a suite of five rooms on the second floor over No. 10 
 Main Street, Champaign, and paid $200 to the Kaskasia Club, a 
 business men's organization, for its furniture, fixtures, carpets and 
 pictures. The chapter was installed in these rooms, Friday, Feb- 
 ruary 9, 1894, and continued to occupy them until 1899. At the 
 installation twent3'-six Phis from a distance were present, includ- 
 ing H. T. Miller, S. G. C, I. R. Hitt, Jr., T. G. C, the entire 
 active membership of Illinois Epsilon, and representatives from 
 
 Design for College Annl'al Insert, 1894. 
 
 Half-tone from steel engraving made. 1893, by E. A. Wright, Philadelphia. Competition between 
 fraternity engravers led him to produce this bizarre combination of 4> A emblems, the seal effect 
 being suggested by the engraving executed, 1890, by Dreka, which appears on page 551. 
 
 Northwestern, Lombard and Washington. Letters of congratula- 
 tion were received from Robert Morrison, Ex-President Benjamin 
 Harrison, Vice-President A. E. Stevenson, United States Senator 
 J. C. S. Blackburn and many others. The first act of the initia- 
 tion was conducted in the rooms of A X, Friday afternoon, and in 
 the evening there was a banquet and ball at the Walker Opera 
 House, forty couples being present. The ScrolVs account, written 
 
 b}' ]Miller, says: 
 
 On Saturday morning the remaining acts of the initiation ceremony were com- 
 pleted in due form, and the new chapter was formally installed, given its charter, 
 and fairly smothered under a heap of sage advice, congratulations and good wishes. 
 The work of initiation was carried on under the direction of Illinois Epsilon, with 
 
590 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 R. H. Little as President. The extraordinary features introduced into the Ritual 
 by the team from Bloomington were very highly appreciated by the visiting mem- 
 bers, as well as by the initiates. 
 
 J. D. Neal, who had been an original member of A I^, entered 
 the University of Michigan in the fall of 1893 and was initiated by 
 Michigan Alpha, January 26, 1894. The Scroll ioT June gave the 
 names of twenty-four members of Illinois Eta, including E. E. 
 Dunlap, from Indiana Delta, but of this number F. F. Gilchrist 
 had affiliated with Michigan Alpha early in the spring. The Con- 
 vention of 1894 authorized Illinois Eta to initiate three men who 
 had been associated with the charter members, but who had left 
 the university before the charter was granted. The chapter cele- 
 brated its first anniversary with a ball at the Champaign Opera 
 House, Februar}^ 7, and a banquet, Februar}^ 9, 1895. The older 
 fraternities at Illinois were ATA, K 5, ^ K ^. ATA established 
 there 1872, suspended 1879, ^^^ ^^'^ ^^^ reorganized until April 
 7, 1894. 2 X established there 1881, suspended 1885, and was 
 re-established 1891. K '% entered 1891. <l» K ]S entered 1892, and 
 suspended 1894. 
 
 The application for charter from the Universit}^ of Rochester, 
 presented 1890, rejected 1891, and renewed 1892, was rejected 
 again 1892. An application for reissuing the charter of New York 
 Gamma at C. C. N. Y. , presented early in 1892, was refused. The 
 Rochester and C. C, N. Y. petitions were refused because the}^ 
 were opposed by Alpha Province Convention, 1892. An applica- 
 tion for reissuing the charter of the suspended chapter at Central 
 College, Missouri, failed on a vote of the chapters in Zeta Prov- 
 ince, 1893. ' The General Council rejected applications from the 
 following institutions: Baltimore City College, 1891; Columbian 
 Universit}^ D. C, 1892; Mount Union College, Alliance, Ohio, 
 1893; xA.drian (Mich.) College, 1894; Park College, Parkville, Mo., 
 1894. 
 
 To W. E. Willis belongs the credit of organizing an alumni 
 chapter at Spokane, Wash. It was chartered b}^ the General 
 Council as Washington Alpha Alumni, September 2, 1893, the 
 charter members being J. Z. Moore, Miami, '67; J. W. Fieghan, 
 Miami, '70; W. C. Sivyer, Wabash, '^y, W. E. Willis, Wabash, 
 '89; L. G. Nash. Wisconsin, '91; Lee Fairchild, Lombard, '86; J. 
 W. Penfield, O. S. U., '89; E. P. Callender, Columbia, '88. A 
 number of others were soon enrolled. 
 
 The topics for Alumni Day, 1894, were: i. "What article in his 
 student creed does the alumnus soonest revise?" 2. Is ^ A an 
 aid to college government? If so, how? If not, why?" 
 
 The Reporter of the Westminster chapter, writing to The Scroll, 
 March 17, 1893, said: "At a recent meeting we enjoyed a visit 
 from Rev. Robert Morrison, who entertained the chapter with an 
 account of the early days of Ohio Alpha. These visits are always 
 enjoyed by the members and greatly increase our loyalt}^ to the 
 Fraternity." The Stanford chapter gave a reception in its chapter 
 
ANNALS, 1891-1894. 
 
 591 
 
 house to Ex-President Benjamin Harrison, April 6, 1894. The 
 members were assisted in receiving by his daughter, Mrs. J. R. 
 McKee, and by Dr. D. S, Jordan, President of the university, and 
 Mrs. Jordan. About seventy-five persons were present, including 
 one alumnus and four active members from California Alpha. The 
 orchestra and caterer were from San Francisco. 
 
 The Syracuse chapter moved to a house at 109 Waverly Place, 
 September, 1893. The Pennsylvania chapter rented, 1891-92, a 
 larger house than it had before occupied; it was at 3250 Chestnut 
 
 Erected 1892. 
 
 The Vanderbilt Chapter House. 
 
 Described in The Scroll, June, 1893; December, 1897; June, 1903. 
 
 Street. During 1893-94 the Lehigh chapter moved from its rented 
 house to one bought by its alumni. The Vanderbilt chapter built 
 a house, 1892, first occupying it November 12. The building site, 
 purchased 1890, has a frontage of 109 feet on Broad Street, and is 
 opposite the main gate of the campus. $ A was the first frater- 
 nity at A^anderbilt to occupy a house. It was the second house 
 owned by any chapter of ^ A 0, Sewanee being first; and like 
 Sewanee's it is a frame house, providing only for meetings and 
 receptions, without dormitory rooms. The Minnesota chapter rent- 
 ed a house in the fall of 1892 but did not occupy it long. The Stan- 
 
592 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ford chapter rented Lauro Hall on the campus and first occupied it 
 March 15, 1892, being the first Stanford chapter to occup}^ a house. 
 
 The Scroll, October, 1893, said that, at the suggestion of the 
 Editor, I). L. Auld had made the pattern of a badge, smaller than the 
 size then usualh^ worn, but larger than the scarf-pin size. It had 
 the novel feature of the shield and sword being in one piece, the 
 sword appearing diagonally to cross beneath the shield. This was 
 called the combination badge, "and soon was made by other jew- 
 elers and became ver}^ popular. 
 
 The Scroll, June, 1892, contains an advertisement of a <l> A 
 souvenir spoon, a cut of which shows the badge and the name 
 of the owner's chapter engraved in the bowl and his initials 
 on the handle. It was made of silver, with gilt bowl, and 
 sold, coffee size, for $2. J. C. Moore, Jr., designed the spoon. 
 The Scroll, Februar}^, 1894, contains an advertisement of Simons, 
 Brother & Co., Philadelphia, who offered fraternity badges, scarf 
 pins, lapel buttons, sleeve buttons, rings, charms, lockets, fob- 
 chains, and canes, souvenir spoons, mustache combs, garters, book- 
 marks, court-plaster cases, and match, stamp and scent boxes. 
 
 At the Convention of Alpha Province, 1892, the delegate from 
 Amherst explained a plan of examination which that chapter had 
 adopted. The younger members were compelled to pass an exam- 
 ination concerning $ A ©. The circular letter issued by Amherst, 
 1893, mentioned a chapter paper, and the circular letter for 1894 
 said: Greater prominence than in previous years is given to dra- 
 matics, and a lively feature of the literar}^ exercises is the chapter 
 paper, published on alternate fortnights by rival editorial boards. 
 The Massachusetts Beta plan for examination of initiates in the 
 Fraternity's history, is continued this 3^ear with marked success, 
 and we urge its adoption by other chapters." The examination 
 plan was soon adopted by a number of chapters, among them 
 Lombard, which in its 1894 circular letter gave a list of twenty 
 questions concerning <l> A and Illinois Zeta that initiates were 
 required to answer. 
 
 Kentucky Alpha with its 1893 and 1894 circular letters issued an 
 eight-page circular containing a full list of its alumni. The Tulane 
 circular letter for 1892 said: "The $ A © Sisterhood was founded 
 October 30, 1890. To these charming young ladies we owe a great 
 deal of gratitude for the lively interest the}^ have taken in our pros- 
 perity, and for the sisterly courtes}^ they have shown in beautify- 
 ing our chapter hall." The Reporter, writing to The Scroll, No- 
 vember 7, 1892, said: "The Louisiana Alpha 4> A © Sisterhood is 
 practically disbanded, and those of its members who attend the 
 Newcomb College have formed themselves into a local organiza- 
 tion, styled Rho Omicron Rho, for the purpose of petitioning a 
 charter from the X K T Fraternity.""^ 
 
 * It may be noticed that Rho Omicron Kho spells ]'OP in English, which is somewhat siigsrestive 
 for a ladies' society. 
 
THE SCROLL, 1891-1892. 593 
 
 In the record book of the S. G. C. are these entries: November 
 3, 1891: C. C. Collins, Missouri Gamma, reports a copy of the 
 Bond in the possession of one Buck, of the local K K Y society, 
 said to have been stolen from an Indiana chapter." November 
 10, 189 1 : Various Indiana chapters assert the impossibility of 
 making copies of the Bond, as it was well guarded by them." 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1891-1892. 
 
 Volume XVI: five bi-monthly numbers — October, 1891, to June, 1892; pp. 470-]- 
 supplement, December, pp. 75; title page and index, pp.4. Illustrations 14. Editor, 
 J. E. Brown. Printers, Spahr & Glenn {Jotirnal-Gazette Printing House), Colum- 
 bus, Ohio. 
 
 The Scroll for October, 189 1, issued before the National Con- 
 vention in that month, contains an article by the Editor, J. E. 
 Brown, commenting on the increased use of illustrations in frater- 
 nity magazines. 'For a number of years there had been isolated 
 and spasmodic attempts at illustrations in fraternity journalism." 
 Now and then, at the election of an alumnus of some fraternity to 
 an honorable office, its magazine presented, with many bows and 
 much scraping, a more or less dignified portrait — anything between 
 a rough wood-cut and a steel engraving." The increase of illus- 
 trations was due mainly to the invention of processes for econom- 
 icall}'- making half-tones of photographs. 'For the last year almost 
 all the fraternity journals have been given more or less to such 
 reproductions." 
 
 The Convention re-elected Brown as Editor. The convention 
 proceedings appear in a supplement to the December number. The 
 December number contains Reminiscences of California Alpha," 
 by John Goss, '73. It includes also a picture of the chapter re- 
 cently established at Washington, the first chapter group to appear 
 in The Scroll. The frontispiece in April was the Cornell group, in 
 June the S3^racuse group. 
 
 Again was The Scroll a sufferer from fire. The magazine was 
 printed b}^ the Journal-Gazette Printing House, Columbus, Ohio, 
 and the five-story building occupied by this concern was burned 
 with adjacent buildings, January 26, 1892. The edition for Feb- 
 ruary, then in press, was destroyed, together with all the back 
 numbers and illustrative plates of The Scroll stored in the house.* 
 Fortunately Brown had saved most of the copy for the February 
 number; it was reset and the magazine appeared three weeks late. 
 This issue contains several interesting articles, among them Our 
 Small Colleges," by W. A. Curtis. "Northern Extension of South- 
 ern Fraternities," by J. E. Brown, appeared in June. In Pot 
 Pourri" for June he mentioned the enterprise of a prominent fra- 
 ternit}'^ : 
 
 * The manuscript of the Ritual, adopted by the Convention in October, which was to be printed 
 by this house, was kept in its safe, and much anxiety was felt about the copy until, after four days, 
 the safe was opened and the sheets found all right, though well browned by heat. A considerable 
 portion of the catalogue of $ K ^ was burned in the same fire. 
 
 (38) 
 
594 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Ex-President Grover Cleveland is reported to have been initiated into S X by 
 its Michigan law school chapter at the time of his visit to Ann Arbor in Febru- 
 ary. The action was taken no doubt to forestall $ A $, the exclusively law frater- 
 nity, which had decided to tender him an election, of which fraternity the Michigan 
 S X chapter is a rival. The general policy of S X has been announced as radi- 
 cally opposed to honorary members, but Ex-Presidents of the United States are not 
 often the prizes sought in a "rush," and such a distinguished candidate was not to 
 be lost to a rival on account of a general policy which had not taken such opportuni- 
 ties into consideration. 
 
 Initiates of the Chapter Grand" were printed in the first (Octo- 
 ber) and last (June) issues, the names in the last issue accompan- 
 ied with notes about deceased members. ''The Chapter Grand" has 
 been a special feature of the last number of each subsequent vol- 
 ume. The onl}^ .S^r^// circular issued during 1891-92 was a four- 
 page sheet distributed at the National Convention in October. It 
 gave advice to Reporters about the proper st34e and contents of 
 letters to the magazine. 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1892-1893. 
 
 Volume XVII: five bi-monthl}- numbers — October, 1892, to June, 1893; pp. 462 
 -|- title page and index, pp. 4. Illustrations 20. Editor, J. E. Brown. Printers, 
 Spahr & Glenn {Ohio State Journal ^o\i Rooms), Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 This volume began with new dress — new type, new paper and 
 new cover. The cover design, by J. E. Brown, was engraved by 
 Louis Dreka, of Philadelphia. Its striking feature is a bust of 
 Pallas holding a rolled scroll. Drab paper was used for the cover, 
 and for the inside calendered paper, allowing half-tones to be printed 
 on any page, without the necessity for inserts. The improvement 
 in the typographical appearance was marked. 
 
 The October number contains half-tone portraits of Benjamin 
 Harrison, Ohioi\lpha, '52, and A. E. Stevenson, Kentucky Alpha, '60, 
 and a wood-cut of J. W. Foster, Indiana Alpha, '55 — three distin- 
 guished sons of the three oldest chapters. Harrison had been re- 
 nominated for President; Stevenson had been nominated for Vice- 
 President, and Foster had succeeded J. G. Blaine as Secretary of 
 State. It was a great 5'^ear for $ A ©, and as an editorial said: 
 
 Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-two seems to be a misnomer. Numerous events 
 have transpired to make us think that this is the year Eighteen Hundred and Phi 
 
 Delta Theta The Fraternity rejoices in these signal honors that have 
 
 been given to men who in their college days wore the badge of <^ A 0, and yet 
 carry her love in their hearts. It is an inspiration to those of the present active 
 ranks, and will spur them to a better achievement of the high possibilities within 
 them. 
 
 Four years previously The Scroll had published a symposium of 
 articles about General Harrison. This number (October, 1892) 
 contains a sketch of A. E. Stevenson by J. E. Brown, and a contri- 
 bution by J. W. Moss, Kentucky Alpha, '58, who said of General 
 Stevenson: 
 
 He was an enthusiastic and devoted member of our beloved Fraternity, and was 
 seldom absent from its meetings; and a more earnest, heroic and nobler band of 
 
THE SCROLL, 1892-1893. 
 
 595 
 
 friends and brothers never lived than those who at that time composed the member- 
 ship of the ^ A O at Centre College. We were then a young and struggling So- 
 ciety, with chapters in only three or four other colleges, and the aim and desire of 
 all was to make the Kentucky Alpha the chapter par excellence of the Fraternity; 
 and as I write of them now, after an absence of nearly thirty-five years on this far 
 western coast, and without seeing one of them in all that time, the barriers of past 
 years seem to crumble at my feet, and I again see their dear faces and hear their 
 sweet voices, as I saw and heard them within our chapter walls in the nights of the 
 long ago. 
 
 The October Sci'oU also contains a sketch of T. W. Foster b}^ J. 
 E. Brown. The Februar}^ issue announced the appointment of G. 
 
 Vol 
 
 XVII. 
 
 OCTOBER i8q2. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 Directory 2 
 
 A. E. Steveason, . Fronhspuce 
 
 Prologue,. 5 
 
 College Anauals, ... .6 
 
 Athletic Field. Vanderbilt U.. Faetng 13 
 Mississippi Club, V. U., Facing 19 
 
 A. E. Sttvenson, .22 
 
 Report of the H. C. C, ... 27 
 
 John Watson Foster. 29 
 
 Same Facing 31 
 
 Alpha Province Convention, . 32 
 
 Editorial 33 
 
 Benjamin Harrison, Facing i35 
 
 Chapter Correspondence 43 
 
 Personals 71 
 
 Scott Bonham. plaU 76 
 
 Items of Interest 78 
 
 Pot-Pourri, ..... 80 
 Dr. J. M \Vorrall.//afe. . 
 
 PVBLl/HED BY THC 
 
 f-RATErRNXTY 
 
 Entered m the Post-otfitc it Columbus a» mail matter ol the Second Class. 
 
 The Scroll Cover, 1892. 
 
 This design has appeared on the cover from October, 1892, to June, 1904- 
 
 M. Lambertson, Indiana Delta, '72, as Assistant Secretary of the 
 Treasur}^ The following diverting piece of raillery, written by 
 Brown, appeared in October: 
 
 The fraternity world has had some novel and amusing spectacles played before 
 it in the year just drawing to a close. "When Greeks joined Greeks then was the 
 tug of war," is the well known adage which it has been customary to see exemplified 
 entirely among the collegians. Last winter S X and $ A 4> had a "rush," and the 
 former celebrated its victory by reading its ritual to Grover Cleveland on board a 
 railway train speeding toward Ann Arbor. 
 
596 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 In the northwestern part of Ohio, near the city of Alliance, there is an institu- 
 tion known as Mount Union College. Here chapters of A T fi and S A E flour- 
 ish, each endeavoring in all things to surpass the other. Not content with student 
 acquisitions, the chapters are now waging the war among the college trustees. 
 Last winter A T fi announced the initiation of S. J. Williams and T. R. Morgan, 
 Sr., and awaited the consternation that the bomb was to make in the camp of her 
 rival. S A E retaliated in like manner, and announced Lewis Miller and Gov- 
 ernor William McKinley as her initiates. The ceremonies of the initiation of the 
 latter took place in the Governor's office, and from the time of the arrival of the 
 committee until its departure there was an actual elapse of several minutes. Again, 
 not to be outdone, A T 12 announces the election of Bishop J. H. Vincent and 
 Lieutenant E. M. Johnson, Jr., professor of military science and tactics. 
 
 At this point commencement put a stop to the friendly rivalry, but doubtless 
 21 A E has some deep scheme brewing, which at the opening of the new year will sat- 
 isfy her ambitions over her rival. Meanwhile 2 N has entered the field with a 
 chapter of nine men, who for two years had been seekers after fraternity relations. 
 Now that there are three parties in the field, we do not know how the campaign 
 
 ^ '"I//e-^ // /r^/r 
 
 r 
 
 '/^ff .yj^-y ///. 
 
 
 Letter Head for the Editor of the Scroll. 
 
 Half-tone from copper-plate engraved, under the direction of J. E. Brown, by Louis Dreka, 
 
 Philadelphia, 1893- 
 
 will be waged. 2 N doubtless will find the "barbs" among the trustees pretty well 
 culled over by her rivals, and may seek her "distinguished alumni" from other 
 sources. 
 
 The ink was scarcely dry on the announcement of Governor McKinley's elec- 
 tion to S A E, when an account of a banquet said that, "A letter of regret was read 
 from Governor McKinley, an honored member of the order, who unfortunately 
 could not be present." We presume that his name will be used on other like 
 occasions, and in impressing the younger and more susceptible barbs of Mount 
 Union. 
 
 The editorial department of the October number contains a page 
 and a half sketch of <I» A ©, intended as a model for insertion in col- 
 lege annuals. The February number contains The Spirit of 
 Alumni Day," in which J. E. Brown suggested how the day should 
 be observed. It contains also "Opportunities for Fraternity Work," 
 by W. B. Palmer, suggesting that Phis might engage, with profit 
 to the Fraternity, in correspondence with alumni, inter-chapter 
 correspondence, attendance at Conventions, writing articles for 
 
THE CATALOGUE— SIXTH EDITION, 1894. 597 
 
 The Scroll, writing fraternity songs, writing chapter histories, form- 
 ing chapter libraries, improving chapter halls, and building chapter 
 houses. 
 
 A lengthy historical sketch of Tennessee Alpha, by W. B. Palmer, 
 and a short sketch of Tennessee Beta, by ^\^ S. Slack, appeared in 
 June, with illustrations of the Vanderbilt and Sewanee houses, the 
 first chapter houses illustrated in The Scroll. 
 
 THE SCROLL, 1893-1894. 
 
 Volume XVIII: five bi-monthly numbers — October, 1893, ^^ Jui^e, 1894; PP- 
 5i6-|- title page and index, pp. 4. Illustrations 28. Editor, J. E. Brown. Printers, 
 Spahr & Glenn, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 The Scroll, October, 1893, contains an eighteen-page sketch of 
 ^ A ©, by J- E. Brown, eight chapter-group illustrations, and 
 twenty-one ^ A songs. An extra quantity of the first thirt}- -two 
 pages, containing the sketch and songs, was printed with the idea 
 of incorporating them in a fraternity hand book, but this was never 
 done. 
 
 The October Scroll said: "it has been a subject of remark among 
 rivals that not only has $ A led in number of chapters, but that 
 in proportion to this number the department of chapter corres- 
 pondence has been kept up better in The Scroll than in any simi- 
 lar publication." In the December issue there are sixt3'-one chap- 
 ter letters (only seven chapters failing to report) — ' the largest 
 number of letters ever presented in a single issue." 
 
 The April number contains "Some Recollections of Two Alphas," 
 by W. G. Jenckes, Indiana Alpha, '56, and Wisconsin Alpha, '57, 
 and the founder of the latter chapter. Among biographical sketches 
 in this volume are two by W. E. Willis — one of Judge Norman 
 Buck, Wisconsin Beta, '59, of the Supreme Court of Washington, 
 in the December number, and one of J. W. Fieghan, Ohio Alpha, 
 '70, Speaker of the Washington House of Representatives, in the 
 April number. 
 
 A four-page circular, dated November 4, 1893, was issued by J. 
 E. Brown. It contained a half-tone group of the applicants at the 
 University of Illinois, and was devoted mainly to their application. 
 The National Convention, May, 1894, unanimousl}^ re-elected 
 Brown as Editor, and adopted his plan of publishing a private 
 journal alternately with The Scroll. 
 
 THE CATALOGUE -SIXTH EDITION, 1894. 
 
 The Scroll, May, 1886, contained an announcement by E. H. L. 
 Randolph that he was preparing a supplement to the fifth (1883) 
 edition of the catalogue. Later, he decided that a new edition 
 would be better than a supplement to the fifth edition, and, in 
 The Scroll, January, 1888, of which he was then Managing Editor, 
 

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THE CATALOGUE— SIXTH EDmON, 1894. 601 
 
 he urged that a new edition should be issued. In the spring of 
 1887, he proposed to F. D. Swope that the}' become joint Editors 
 of a new edition, and the latter agreed. At the meeting of the 
 General Council at New York, Januar}^ 23-24, 1888, Randolph and 
 Swope were appointed a committee to "gather and prepare 
 materials for the publication of a new catalogue of <^ A ©. " 
 
 Circulars asking members to furnish information about them- 
 selves were issued March 22, 1888. The work was divided 
 as follows: Randolph — chapters in Ohio, Kentuck}' and Tennes- 
 see, the Mexican Gulf and Atlantic Seaboard States, except Vir- 
 ginia and the Carolinas. Swope — chapters in Virginia, the Caro- 
 linas, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and all trans-Missis- 
 sippi States except Texas. Man}- members to whom circulars were 
 sent failed to reply, or the circulars did not reach them. The 
 Scroll, May-June, 1889, and June, 1890, contained lists of mem- 
 bers who had not been heard from, and requested that information 
 about them be furnished. The National Convention, October, 
 1889, levied an assessment to pav for publishing the Catalogue, 
 and elected Randolph and Swope as Editors. Up to that time they 
 had issued between 2,000 and 3,000 circulars. The laborious work 
 of collecting biographical data proceeded during the next year, 
 followed by the tedious task of preparing cop}^ for the printers. The 
 first cop}^ was sent to them, January, 1891. 
 
 At the National Convention, October, 1891, the Editors re- 
 ported 3,500 copies of 96 pages printed, and 20 additional pages 
 in type. The cost per 16 page form was $112, for composition, 
 paper and press work. This included $20, the average cost per 
 form for corrections in type. A proof of each member's catalogue 
 entry had been sent to him, and returns had been received from 
 about 90 per cent, of the members, some of whom had not before 
 furnished an}^ information whatever. This plan conduced to com- 
 pleteness and accuracy, but involved much additional work and 
 cost, so after this it was not continued. 
 
 Adequate provision for the expenses of publication had not been 
 made, and printing had been suspended. Randolph and Swope 
 tendered their resignations as Editors of the Catalogue, but the 
 Convention refused to accept them. The Convention made an 
 appropriation for the catalogue, but the mone}^ was not in the treas- 
 ury. After man}' months, the General Council provided two-thirds 
 of the appropriation, and the Editors themselves provided several 
 hundred dollars. After a suspension of about a 3'ear, the printers 
 resumed work, July, 1892. From that time the work proceeded to 
 completion, with several annoying delays on the part of the print- 
 ers. The first books were finished April 13, 1894. 
 
 The title page: "The Catalogue | of I PHI DELTA THETA. I 
 Sixth Edition. 1 Editors: 1 Eugene Henry Lewis Randolph, | New 
 York Gamma, '85; I Frank Dugan Swope, | Indiana Epsilon, '85. | 
 Et? avi)p o^8et9 avqp, \ Published by the Fraternity in its xlvi year. I 
 
6o2 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 New York. I 1894." Bound in blue cloth, with silver back and 
 side stamps. The back stamp: ''Catalogue | of | PHI DELTA 
 THETA. I Sixth Edition." The side stamp: "Catalogue ] of 1 
 PHI DELTA THETA. | Frank D. Swope, | Eugene H. L. Ran- 
 dolph, I Editors." Bound also in half and in full morocco, with gilt 
 back and side stamps and edges. 
 
 The book contains 475 pages, 7?^ by lo/^' inches. The paper 
 is heavy and calendered. Page 2 contains the imprint: Press of 
 Vanden Houten & Co., 247-249 Pearl St., New York." On page 
 3 is the "index," or table of contents; on pages 4-7, a list of 
 College Chapters;" on page 8, an Explanation" of the arrange- 
 ment by classes, etc. The chapter lists begin on page 9. 
 
 In its arrangement and typography, symbols and Greek letters, 
 the book is similar to the fifth edition, with the following excep- 
 tions: The type area is somewhat larger, measuring 5/^ by 7 inches, 
 instead of 4^ by 6^. In the chapter lists only one size of type 
 is used, the biographical data, college notes and fraternity notes 
 all being in brevier. Names of members are in capitals and small 
 capitals. There are no Corrections and Additions," as in the 
 edition of 1883. The order of chapter lists and the membership 
 are as follows: 
 
 Ohio Alpha, Miami University 161 
 
 Indiana Alpha, Indiana University 236 
 
 Kentucky Alpha, Centre College 251 
 
 Indiana Beta, Wabash College 195 
 
 Ohio Gamma Prime, Wittenberg College 8 
 
 Texas Alpha Prime, Austin College 8 
 
 Kentucky Beta, Kentucky Military Institute - 42 
 
 Kentucky Gamma, Georgetown College 16 
 
 Wisconsin Alpha, University of Wisconsin 127 
 
 Wisconsin Beta, Lawrence University .- 10 
 
 Illinois Alpha, Northwestern University 45 
 
 Indiana Gamma, Butler University 175 
 
 Ohio Beta, Ohio Wesleyan University 121 
 
 Indiana Delta, Franklin College -. 156 
 
 Indiana Epsilon, Hanover College 112 
 
 Michigan Alpha, University of Michigan 66 
 
 Illinois Beta, University of Chicago 32 
 
 Indiana Zeta, De Pauw University - 143 
 
 Ohio Gamma, Ohio University 116 
 
 Virginia Alpha, Roanoke College 116 
 
 Indiana Eta, Indiana State Normal School 13 
 
 Missouri Alpha, University of Missouri 184 
 
 Illinois Gamma, Monmouth College 59 
 
 Illinois Delta, Knox College 118 
 
 Georgia Alpha Prime, Oglethorpe University 13 
 
 Georgia Alpha, University of Georgia 209 
 
 Georgia Beta, Emory College 195 
 
 Iowa Alpha, Iowa Wesleyan University 120 
 
 Georgia Gamma, Mercer University.. 147 
 
 Ohio Delta, University of Wooster 136 
 
 New York Alpha, Cornell University 108 
 
 Pennsylvania Alpha, Lafayette College 127 
 
 California Alpha, University of California 84 
 
 Michigan Beta, Michigan Agricultural College 144 
 
THE CATALOGUE— SIXTH EDITION, 1894. 603 
 
 Virginia Beta, University of Virginia 138 
 
 Virginia Gamma, Randolph-Macon College 55 
 
 Ohio Epsilon, Buchtel College 86 
 
 Nebraska Alpha, University of Nebraska 47 
 
 Virginia Delta, Richmond College 68 
 
 Pennsylvania Beta, Pennsylvania College 94 
 
 Pennsylvania Gamma, Washington and Jefferson College 99 
 
 Tennessee Alpha, Vanderbilt Universit}' 216 
 
 Missouri Beta Prime, Central College 10 
 
 Mississippi Alpha, University of Mississippi 126 
 
 Alabama Alpha, University of Alabama 151 
 
 Virginia Epsilon, Vii-ginia Militar}' Institute 35 
 
 Texas Alpha, Trinity Universit}' 41 
 
 Illinois Epsilon, Illinois Wesleyan University 92 
 
 North Carolina Alpha, Trinity College 24 
 
 Illinois Zeta, Lombard University 173 
 
 Alabama Beta, Alabama Polytechnic Institute 164 
 
 South Carolina Alpha, Wofford College 25 
 
 Pennsylvania Delta, Alleghen}- College 89 
 
 Vermont Alpha, University of Vermont Iio 
 
 Pennsylvania Epsilon, Dickinson College 75 
 
 Missouri Beta, Westminster College 76 
 
 Minnesota Alpha, Universit}^ of Minnesota 38 
 
 Iowa Beta, State University of Iowa 89 
 
 South Carolina Beta, South Carolina College 38 
 
 Kansas Alpha, University of Kansas 69 
 
 Michigan Gamma, Hillsdale College 77 
 
 Tennessee Beta, University of the South 74 
 
 Ohio Zeta, Ohio State University 57 
 
 Texas Beta, University of Texas 66 
 
 Pennsylvania Zeta, University- of Pennsylvania 93 
 
 New York Beta, Union University 50 
 
 New York Gamma, College of the City of New York 54 
 
 Maine Alpha, Colby University .- 76 
 
 New York Delta, Columbia College 30 
 
 New Hampshire Alpha, Dartmouth College 90 
 
 North Carolina Beta, University of North Carolina 27 
 
 Kentucky Delta, Central Universit}^ - 53 
 
 Massachusetts Alpha, Williams College 55 
 
 Texas Gamma, Southwestern University - 45 
 
 New York Epsilon, Syracuse University 79 
 
 Virginia Zeta, Washington and Lee University - 19 
 
 Alabama Gamma, Southern University 79 
 
 Pennsylvania Eta, Lehigh University 43 
 
 Massachusetts Beta, Amherst College 'Jo 
 
 Rhode Island Alpha, Brown University 56 
 
 Louisiana Alpha, Tulane University of Louisiana 30 
 
 Missouri Gamma, Washington Universit}' - 27 
 
 California Beta, Leland Stanford Junior University 17 
 
 Number of college chapters, 83; whole number of members liv- 
 ing, 6,818; dead, 468; total, 7,286. 
 
 Some idea of the labor involved in preparing the material for 
 this catalogue may be formed from the fact that, of the 7,286 
 names, the first and middle names of all except 21 were given. "^ 
 
 Exact dates of the charters of all chapters are given except those 
 at Wabash, Wittenberg, Austin, Hanover and Monmouth. Each 
 
 * A much smaller percentage of incomplete names than is shown by the catalogue of anj- other 
 fraternity except 'J' T. The full names of several of .-these 21 have been found ; see The Scroll, 
 June, 1900. 
 
6o4 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 inactive as well as each active chapter has a separate list, but 
 where the original title of an inactive chapter was held also by an 
 active chapter, the word 'Prime" was added to the title of the 
 former. Without official authority, the Editors applied this word to 
 the titles of the inactive chapters at Wittenberg, Austin, Ogle- 
 thorpe and Central (Mo). 
 
 On pages 384-390 is a list of "Alumni Chapters," the number 
 being 29, the last being Washington Alpha Alumni at Spokane. 
 On pages 391-398 is a Table of Consanguinity," showing a grand- 
 father and grandson, 3 groups of father and two sons, 27 of father 
 and son, 3 of five brothers, 8 of four brothers, 49 of 3 brothers, 
 426 of two brothers; number of related members, 1,107. Oi^ 
 pages 399-429, is an 'Alphabetical Arrangement" or index of 
 names. On pages 430-475 is a "Residence Directory." 
 
 An edition of 3,500 copies was printed but all were not bound. 
 As nearly as can be determined from reports of the T. G. C, the 
 total cost for expenses of collecting materials and of publication 
 was $5,719.80, not including $700, which was paid to the Editors. 
 The books, cloth bound, were sold at first for $3 per copy; half 
 morocco, $4; full morocco, $5. A mistake was made in publishing 
 so large an edition. The price was reduced several times, and 
 finally, in 1899, most of the remaining copies were distributed free 
 to the chapters, each being directed to place one copy in the col- 
 lege library. 
 
 The only serious defect of this edition is that it was so long in 
 press, that the lists of the earlier chapters closed with the class of 
 '94, and later chapters with '95 or '96, but none with '97, whereas 
 students from '97 had been initiated by perhaps every active 
 chapter before the catalogue appeared. The delay was on ac- 
 count of finances. In April, 1894, the membership was probably 
 650 greater than was shown by the catalogue issued that month. 
 The total then should have been about 7,936 instead of 7,286. In a 
 review of the book in the A merica/z Unive7'sity Magazine, August, 1894 
 (republished in The Scroll, February, 1895), A. P. Jacobs, ^Y, said: 
 
 The membership of <l> A has increas^d from 25 men in 1850 to more than 
 7,900 in 1894. If the total number of members admitted be taken as the crite- 
 rion, # A ranks fourth among fraternities, being considerably surpassed in this 
 respect by A K E, and somewhat by B H. "^ T, with 7,980 members, comes 
 third in number of initiates, but as the proportion of deceased members in 4> A 
 is very small (less than 7 per cent.), this Society undoubtedly stands second in 
 respect to number of living representatives.* 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1894. 
 
 The National Convention held October, 1891, decided that the 
 next Convention should meet at Syracuse, Thanksgiving week, 
 1893. On account of the financial crisis, 1893, the Gen 
 eral Council proposed, by a circular letter issued in September, 
 
 ""See The Scroll, April, i93.<, page 513, 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1894. 605 
 
 that the Convention be postponed. The suggestion being ap- 
 proved by the chapters, the General Council, October 10, voted 
 for postponement. The Scroll circular issued November 4 called 
 for a vote of chapters whether the Convention should meet in 
 the spring or fall of 1894. Most of them favored the spring. New 
 York Epsilon found that it could not entertain the Convention 
 in the spring, so, at its request, the place of meeting also was 
 changed. An invitation was received from Indianapolis, and Feb- 
 ruary 28, 1894, the General Council voted to accept it, and fixed 
 the time for May 7-1 1, the chapters having already approved these 
 changes. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Monday, Tuesday, 
 Wednesday, Thursday and Frida3% Ma}^ 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, 1894, 
 in the hall of the House of Representatives, Indianapolis, Ind. 
 The Convention was called to order b}' H. T. Miller, S. G, C, 
 Prayer was offered b}' Rev, J, S. Jenckes, D. D., Indiana, '56. 
 Major Irvin Robbins, Indianapolis, '60, Adjutant-general of In- 
 diana, delivered an address of welcome, and Dr. J. I^. Brown, O. 
 W. U., '84, a response. 
 
 Officers Present: Geaeral Council — Secretary, H. T. Miller; Historian, D. 
 N. Marble. President Beta Province, F. S. Ball. President Gamma Province, 
 P. M. Jones. President Epsilon Province, J. L. Mitchell, Jr. President Zeta 
 Province, W. R. Brown. Editor of The Scroll, J. E. Brown. Editors of the 
 Catalogue: F. D. Swope, E. H. L. Randolph. 
 
 Delegates from college chapters present: Miami — G. R. Eastman, '94. 
 hidiana — Isham Taylor, '93. Centre — W. R. Cubbins, '96. IVabnsh — 
 
 C. S. Little, '94. Wisconsin — J. F. Sweet, '94. Xorthivestern — C. D. 
 Reimers, '96. Indianapolis — C. E. Baker, '94. O. W. U.—Y.. L. Whit- 
 ney, '94. Frankiiji — Frank Martin, '94. Hanover — W. B. Snyder, '94. 
 Michigan — G. K. McMuUen, '96. DePainv — F. A. Preston, '94. Ohio 
 — S. L. McCune, '96. Missouri — H. B. Walker, 93. Knox — Amos Town- 
 send, '96. Emory — J, R, Dvkes, '94. loioa IVesleyan — B. C. Young, '95. 
 Mercei — W. S. Keese, '96. Wooste) — J. H. Baldwin, '97. Cornell— ^N . C. Ab- 
 bott, '93, California — T. A. Smith, '96, Lansing — M, F. Toomis, '94. Ran- 
 dolph-Macon — S. J. Battin, '95. Buchtel — S. E. Findley, 94. Xebraska—^. M. 
 Welch, '94, Gettysburg — Frank Barndt, '94. Vanderbilt — J. H. DeWitt, '94. 
 Lehigh— Y. U. Hallock, '94. Mississippi — M. M. Bardvvell, '96. Illinois IVes- 
 leyan — L. B. Probasco, '91. Lombard — R. E. Olmstead, '94. Auburn — W. M, 
 Riggs? '93- Allegheny — E, W. Jaynes, '94. Verinont — F. L. Dunham, 94. Dick- 
 inson — C. G. Cleaver. '94. WestDiinster — E. C. Henderson, '93. Minnesota — 
 E. C. Bisbee, '94. lozva — W. S. Hamilton, '94. Kansas — Edward O'Byi-on, '95, 
 Hillsdale — B. F. Green, '94. O. S. U. — D. S. Pence, '94. Pennsylvania — G. 
 
 D. Codman, '94, Colby — F. W. Peakes, '96. Dartmouth — Kent Knowlton, '94. 
 Central — S. H. Carothers, 94. Williams — ^E. C, Gillette, '94. Southwestern — 
 C. A. Wilcox, '94, Syracuse— \N. W. Nichols, '94. W. &- Z,— R. J. McBryde, 
 Jr., '95. Southern — T. F. Sessions, '95. Amherst — N. H. Weeks, '94. Bro-dm — 
 A. C. Ely, '94. Tulane — J. J. Potts, '95. Washington — W. P. Hudson, '95. Stan- 
 ford — E. D. Lewis, '92. Purdue — A. P. Richie, '94. Illinois — F. H. Hamil- 
 ton, '95. 
 
 The active college chapters without delegates were those at Roa- 
 noke, Georgia, Lafa3^ette, Virginia, Richmond, W, & J,, Alabama, 
 South Carolina, Sewanee, Texas, Union, Columbia, North Carolina. 
 
 Delegates from alumni chapters present: Franklin — George Banta, 
 Franklin, '76. Indianapolis — H. U. Brown, Butler, '80. Louisville — F. D. 
 
6o6 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Swope, Hanover, '85. Nashville — W. B. Palmer, Emorv, '77. Cincinnati — 
 Harry Weidner, Miami, '88. Ne%v Vorle—E. H. L. Randolph, C. C. N. Y., '85. 
 Minneapolis — W. R. Brown, Minnesota, '89. Philadelphia — J. C. Moore, Jr., 
 Pennsylvania, '93. Boston — D. N. Marble, Centre, '89. 
 
 Other members present: Miami — Robert Morrison, '49; J, B. Elam, '70; 
 
 A. G, Work, '94; J. D. Gath, '96; C. B. Hill, '96; H. B. Mar- 
 tindell, '96; W. A. Stephenson, '96; Willis Eicher, '97. Indiana — R. I. Morrison, 
 '55; S. A. Hoover, '56; J. S. Jenckes, '56; A. W. Butler, '81; J. C. Shirk, '81; 
 P. H. Clugston, '85; E. E. Griffith, '85; J. W. Fesler, 87; T. M. Honan, '89; 
 Russell King, '89; J. M. Wall, '92; Isidore Feibleman, '93; W. T. Patten, '93; 
 H. M. Stoops, '93; W. D. Crow, '94; J. W. Fortune, '94; J. R. Hicks, '94; Ar- 
 thur Hieronymus, '94; Lewis Taylor, '94; J. F, Boesinger, '95; Joseph Carlon, '95; 
 C. E. Compton, '95; C. L. Kremp, '96; Homer Woolery, '96; C. A. Woods, '97. 
 Wabash— W. A. Woods, '59; W. H. Ripley, '73; C. C. Travis, '94. Walter Sni- 
 der, '94. Indianapolis — J. S. Duncan, 65; D. C. BroM'n, '79; I. W. Christian, '81; 
 T. M. Iden, '83; L. D. Guffin, '84; O. M. P. Hubbard, '84; J. A. Kautz, '85; 
 O. M. Pruitt, '85; F. R. Kautz, '87; Laz Noble, '90; R. F. Davidson, '92; 
 Adolph Schmuck, '95; A. B. Carpenter, '96: R. L. Moorhead, '96; J. 
 
 B. Williams, '96; G. G. Wright, '96; W. m! Blount, '97; Frank Brown, 
 '97; H. B. Canadv, '97; H. E. Goe, '97; T. R. Shipp, '97; A. L. Ward, 
 '97. O. W. £/.— M. p. Shawkey, '94; J. E. Baker> '95. Franklin— K. M. 
 Jelleff, '83; E. E. Stevenson, '83; R. A. Brown, '84; C. M. Carter, '87; R. M. 
 Wilson, '89; A. A. Alexander, '90: O. V. Nay, '90; Clarence Province, '91: 
 
 A. O. Neal, '92; O. W. Caldwell, '94; J. W. Jones, '94; C. L. Overstreet, '94; A. 
 
 C. Burton, '95; W. C. Munroe, '95; O. C. Wright, '95; I. J. Drybread, '97. 
 Hanover — C. E. Huffer, '90; J. W. Evans, '97. Michigan — J. D. Neal, '94. 
 DePamv—T. T. Moore, '76; W. EL Jordan, '85; A. R. Priest, '91; H. B. Patten, 
 '93; L. C. Bentley, '94; J. B. Brumbach, '94; F. W. Foxworthy, '94; H. L. Da- 
 vis, '94; W, L. Harris, '94; S. C. Watson, '94; C. A. Prosser, '94; W. M. Sparks, 
 '94; F. H. Bly, '95; A. L. Gary, '95; T. E. Morse, '95; J- G. McNutt, '95; R- J- 
 Roberts, '95; Austin Funk, '96; Frank Hall, '96; Edwin Kahl, '96; F. I.Walker, 
 '96; J. M. Walker, '96; R. S. Henderson, '97. Harry Muse, '97; E. G. Scotten, 
 '97. Ohio — F. H. Super, '95; R. C. Super, '95. Wooster — O. O. Rider, '97. 
 Cornell'-C. M. Cooper, '77; C. C. Brown, '78 IV. 6- /.—J. M. Hill, '87. Ala- 
 bama — J. E. Dedman, '88. V. M. I. — R. O. Johnson, '76. Illinois V/esleyan — 
 J. H. Shaw, '86; W. J. Mathews, '96. Allegheny — T. A. Douthitt, '93. Purdue 
 — L. V. Gould, '93; G. W. Brown, '94; W. H. Genner, '94; R. G. Morgan, 94; 
 R. B. Flather, '95; E. B. Hyde, '95; B. S. Murray, '95; E. A. Rickey, '95; H. 
 
 B. Culver, '96; F. S. Hartman, '96; C. E. Howe, '96; H. P. Lewis, '96. Illinois 
 H. B. Ferris, '94; H. E. Chester, '95; S. R. Duffey, '95: Armin Harms, '95; C. 
 F. Kruse, '97. 
 
 Officers elected: General Council — President, H. T. Miller; Secretary, W. 
 R. Brown; Ti-easurer, F. S. Ball; Historian, D. N. MarV^le. Editor of The Scroll^ 
 J. E. Brown. Editor of the Song Book, W. B. Palmer. Custodian of archives, H. 
 O. Sibley. 
 
 Convention officers: President, H. T. Miller, S. G. C; Secretary, W. R. 
 Brown; Assistant Secretary, C. A.Wilcox; Chaplain, J. S. Jenckes. 
 
 The privilege of speaking and voting in the Convention was con- 
 ferred on Robert Morrison, the General Councilors, the Province 
 Presidents and the Editors of The Scroll and the catalogue. 
 
 The committee on The Scroll^ E. C. Henderson, chairman, sub- 
 mitted the following report, which was adopted: We recommend 
 that it be made obligatory on the management of The Sc7-oll to 
 issue four times during the college year, alternating with The Scroll, 
 a secret circular, to contain at least four pages of matter, to be 
 read only by those who have signed the Bond of the <I> A 0; and 
 further, we recommend that this circular be considered as a supple- 
 ment to The Scroll, without any increase of the subscription price 
 
> 
 
 oc 
 
 o 
 
 4>> 
 
6o8 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 thereof." This act, which established The Palladium was really 
 the suggestion of J. E. Brown. 
 
 The committee on song book, F. D. Swope, chairman, recom- 
 mended the appointment of a committee of two to publish a song 
 book on their own financial responsibility; adopted, and W. B. 
 Palmer appointed, with power to add another member. 
 
 The committee on internal improvement, J. F. Sweet, chair- 
 man, submitted a report which was adopted, and which was in 
 part as follows: 'We urge chapters to adopt some method of 
 instruction for initiates concerning the history of <E> A ©, the 
 histories of the respective chapters, and the histories of other fra- 
 ternities. We recommend that chapters procure photographs of 
 all retired or retiring members. We severely condemn the prac- 
 tice of lifting' members from other fraternities." The Editor of 
 The Scroll was ordered to furnish, every chapter with uniform 
 record books at cost price. 
 
 By a unanimous vote. May 9, a charter for Indiana Theta was 
 ordered granted to the members composing the 'Purdue branch" 
 of Indiana Zeta. The committee on chapters and charters, J. C. 
 Moore, Jr., chairman, did not favor placing a chapter at the Uni- 
 versity of Chicago at that time, but recommended that the matter 
 be referred to the General Council and Province Presidents; which 
 was done. 
 
 As had been proposed by J. E. Brown, the committee on Con- 
 stitution, W. B. Palmer, chairman, recommended that the Consti- 
 tution be reduced to its essential principles, matters of detail relat- 
 ing to the administration of the Fraternity being embraced in a 
 Code of General Statutes; and further recommended that the Gen- 
 eral Council appoint a committee to abbreviate the Constitution 
 and to prepare a Code for the consideration of the next Conven- 
 tion. These recommendations were adopted. A small per cent- 
 age of the collections for dues was voted to the T. G. C. as a salary. 
 
 On motion of W. B. Palmer, the pledge button approved by the 
 General Council, 1892, was adopted. Simons Bros. & Co., Phila- 
 delphia; Roehm & Son, Detroit, and Bunde & Upmeyer, Milwau- 
 kee, were added to the list of official jewelers. The Convention 
 adopted a fraternity whistle, the notation of which follows: 
 
 
 
 i=-=z=::^ 
 
 :22: 
 
 t: 
 
 The Fraternity Whistle, Adopted 1894. 
 
 On motion of W. B. Palmer, ordered that the General Council 
 have gavels for all chapters manufactured of wood from the campus 
 of Miami University. Invitations for the next Convention were 
 received from Philadelphia and Saint Louis; ordered to be held at 
 Philadelphia, Tuesda}^ Wednesday, Friday and Saturday of Thanks- 
 giving week, 1896. Offered by W. B. Palmer: 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1894. 609 
 
 Resolved, That the General Council be directed to report to the next National 
 Convention in regard to the practicability of holding the next succeeding National 
 Convention at Oxford, Ohio, the week of December 26, 1898, so that the Semi- 
 centennial of the Fraternity may be suitably celebrated. If it be found that ac- 
 commodations at Oxford are insufficient for the Convention, the General Council 
 shall report whether it may be practicable to hold the Semi-Centennial exercises at 
 Oxford on December 26, 1898, the Convention to be held the same week at Cincin- 
 nati or Hamilton, Ohio; and the (reneral Council shall suggest a programme of 
 exercises for such occasion. 
 
 Adopted, with an amendment providing that the Semi-Centennial 
 Convention should meet at Oxford. ■« 
 
 The Convention of Eta Province, May, 1889, adopted a whistle 
 for the province, but the whistle adopted by this National Con- 
 vention for the Fraternity was one which had been adopted b}^ 
 the O. W. U. chapter, 1880. Scott Bonham, O. W. U., '82, be- 
 ing interviewed, 1901, in regard to the origin of the whistle, at- 
 tributed the notation to R. O. Bigley, O. W. U., '83, but remem- 
 bered that there was considerable discussion in the chapter about 
 it, and another notation, perhaps two others, was used for a short 
 time before a selection was made. The whistle was introduced at 
 the National Convention of 1894, by E. L. Whitney, delegate from 
 O. W. U., and was adopted May 10, no other notation being sug- 
 gested. $ A was the first fraternit}'^ to adopt a whistle. 
 
 The National Convention, October 22, 1891, adopted 
 a 'fraternity button," an enameled disc, half white 
 and half blue. Alpha Province Convention, October 
 22, 1892, adopted a "pledge button" for the province, 
 and recommended its adoption by the National Con- 
 PledgeButton; veutiou for the Fraternity. It originated with L. S. 
 Approved. 1892 ; Somers and J. M. West, Jr. , of Pennsylvania Zeta, who 
 opte , I 94. j^^^ several buttons made shortly before the Province 
 Convention was held. It was a square, with slightly rounded cor- 
 ners, enameled in blue, on which was a white enameled scroll bear- 
 ing the letters "$ A ©" in silver. J. E. Brown and W. B. Palmer 
 designed, April, 1892, a pledge button, consisting of a square 
 with slightly rounded corners, enameled in blue, except a diagonal 
 bar enameled in white and bearing "^iKeta" in gold. The Scroll, 
 October, 1892, announced that this style had received the approval 
 of the General Council and had been executed by D. L. Auld, of- 
 ficial jeweler. The selection of this design for a pledge button" 
 was ratified by the National Convention, May 10, 1894, and it 
 took the place of the "fraternity button" adopted in 189 1. It was 
 not thought to be proper for pledged men to wear any emblem bearing 
 the letters "<E> A ©," but "^tKeta" was considered appropriate for 
 reasons which Phis understand.* 
 
 * An alumnus button was adopted by the National Convention of 1898. $ A © was the first fra- 
 ternity to adopt either a pledge button or an alumnus button. 
 
 "The feature of the Grand Arch Council (convention) of 1900 which in any way render it mem- 
 orable were the changes made in fraternity practice in providing for a neat button for pledged men 
 and one for the use of alumni." — "The History of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity," 1902, bv C. L. 
 Van Cleve. 
 
 (39) 
 
6lo THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The convention hostelr}^ was the Denison Hotel. Tuesda\' 
 evening a reception there was tendered b}' the Indianapolis alumni. 
 Wednesda}^ afternoon the Convention was addressed b}" the Gov- 
 ernor of Indiana, Claude Matthews, a member of A K <E> at Centre. 
 
 The convention banquet was at the Denison Wednesda}^ even- 
 ing. Judge W. A. Woods, Wabash, '59, was toastmaster. He 
 referred to having been on the Supreme Court bench of Indiana, 
 together with B. K. Elliott, Miami, '55, when the court decided 
 the case of S. P. Hawley, a member of 2 X who, in 1881, had 
 been denied matriculation at Purdue, where anti-fraternity laws 
 then prevailed. "^ Referring to 2 X having initiated Ex-President 
 Grover Cleveland, he said, as reported in The Scroll, that he 
 understood that this was the Fraternit}^ which, in the lively compe- 
 tition of to-day, had felt it necessary to draft a President, in order 
 to keep up with the procession. t He was glad that there was no 
 necessit}^ for that with ^ A ©. Presidents and Vice-Presidents are 
 indigenous to the soil of $ A ©." Referring to his experience at 
 Wabash, he said: ' The college had a strict anti-fraternit}^ law, 
 but that did not deter him from joining $ A as soon as he was 
 invited. He was used to obeying the rules of the college in other 
 respects, and he promptly violated this one on the first opportunity, 
 to have the exception prove the rule. He hardly thought that this 
 would do in ever3^thing, but he believed in being a fraternit}^ man 
 when you have a chance; it was a good thing for the man and a 
 good thing for the college." 
 
 The toast list: "What are we here for?" response b}^ J. C. 
 Moore, Jr., Pennsylvania, '93; "The Girls," F. D. Swope, Han- 
 over, '85; The Bo3^s," Robert Morrison, Miami, '49; The Con- 
 vention," W. B. Palmer, Emory, '77; Our Friends the Enemy," 
 E. L. Whitney, O. W. U., '94; "The Old Settler's Story," George 
 Banta, Indiana, '76. A letter from Judge D. D. Banta, Indiana, 
 '55, was read by Robert Morrison, and, as he mentioned 'the 
 old boys," Robert I. Morrison, Indiana, '55, gave reminiscences 
 about their college days. 
 
 Among other letters read was one from J. W. Lindle}^ who 
 wrote, April 26, to the S. G. C. : "Be assured of my interest in 
 the prosperity of the Fraternity, of which I have the honor of 
 being one of the founders, and that I will watch with interest the 
 results of the deliberations at the coming Convention." 
 
 Ex-President Benjamin Harrison wrote, April 30, to the S. G. 
 C. : I regret that my necessar}' absence from home prevents me 
 from meeting with m}^ brothers of the Fraternity at their National 
 Convention and from being present at their banquet. I beg you to 
 extend to all of them an expression of fellowship and good-will 
 from me, and to express ni}^ regret that I am deprived of the pleas- 
 ure of taking part with the Indianapolis members in extending to 
 them the hospitality of the city." 
 
 * See page 396. 
 
 t See pages 594, 595, 596. 
 
ANNALS, 1894-1896. 611 
 
 Vice-President A. E. Stevenson wrote April 4, to the S. G. C. : 
 'l am in receipt of 3'our very kind letter inviting me to attend the 
 banquet of the National Convention of $ A 0. For 3^our court- 
 eous invitation please accept m}^ sincere thanks. I would be glad 
 to avail myself of it, but public duties will prevent the possibility 
 of my doing so. I can only express m}- heart}' appreciation of the 
 compliment paid me and wish a most enjoyable meeting to all who 
 have the good fortune to be present." 
 
 The Convention ordered that R. O. Johnson, V. M. I., '76, a 
 resident of Indianapolis, be initiated. He was a member of K 2 K, 
 which had been absorbed by <J> A 0, 1886-87. He was initiated by 
 a committee, Thursday morning, in a room adjoining the hall of 
 representatives. 
 
 Tuesday noon the Convention assembled on the north steps of 
 the capitol, where a group photograph was taken, "^ after which there 
 was a luncheon at the Denison, tendered to the 'Mammoth Cave 
 Party," by the two lady members, Mrs. J. E. Brown and Miss 
 Berte Swope. All of the thirteen who had visited the cave, on 
 their return from the Atlanta Convention, 189 1, were present save 
 A. A. Williams (deceased,) and E. G. Osborne. By special invi- 
 tation, W. B. Palmer was present, he having been one of the found- 
 ers of the ^ A © cairn in the cave, 1887. Thursday evening the 
 Indianapolis Natural Gas Company gave a natural gas displa\' on 
 the capitol grounds. The members in along serpentine, single file, 
 marched, lock-step, around the great blaze. The same evening 
 the}' attended the Inter-State Oratorical Contest at English's Opera 
 House. 
 
 ANNALS, 1894-1896. 
 
 The National Convention, 1894, elected H. T. Miller, P. G. C; 
 W. R. Brown, S. G. C. ; F. S. Ball, T. G. C; D. N. Marble, H. 
 G. C. This General Council appointed the following Province 
 Presidents: Alpha, J. C. Moore, Jr.; Beta, M. H. Guerrant; 
 Gamma, F. C. Keen; Delta, J. A. Fain, Jr.; Epsilon, S. E. Find- 
 ley; Zeta, J. G. Wallace. 
 
 A Convention of Alpha Province was held at Meadville, Pa., 
 October 18-19, 1894, J. C. Moore, Jr., P.P., presiding. On the 
 first evening there was a reception at Phoenix Hall, on the second 
 evening a banquet at the Commercial Hotel. A group photograph 
 was taken on the second day. 
 
 None of the men who left the Texas chapter, June, 1894, returned 
 in the fall, but, very opportunely, C. A. Wilcox, '94, and R. B. 
 Renfro, '94, of Texas Gamma, entered the State University law 
 school, as did also E. A. Ellis, '93, of Texas Beta. Assisted by 
 two resident Phis, L. B. Fontaine, '91, and T. J. Lee, '94, they 
 went to work, and before the college year closed, they had built up 
 
 By Nicholson & Sons, photographers, Crawfordsville, Ind. 
 
6i2 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 a chapter of ten members. The first semblance of a Convention 
 in Delta Province occurred, October 27, 1894, when the Tulane 
 foot ball team played the Texas eleven at Austin. Four of the 
 Tulane eleven were Phis, six Phis came over from Southwestern, 
 and a meeting of them with the active members of Texas Beta and 
 Austin alumni was held at the Avenue Hotel that evening. They 
 en masse "spiked" three Texas students, and their arguments being 
 irresistible, a triple initiation immediately followed. 
 
 An Ohio State Convention was held at Columbus, February 22, 
 1895, the day after the state oratorical contest. The chapters were 
 numerously represented. S. E. Findley, P. P., presided. In the 
 evening at the Neil House a dinner was enjoyed. An Indiana State 
 Convention was held at Indianapolis, March 8, 1895. Ralph 
 Bamberger was elected President. Fifty-eight Phis were present 
 at the dinner at the Denison Hotel in the evening, after which they 
 attended the state oratorical contest. 
 
 The topics for Alumni Day, 1895, were: i. 'Chapter and club 
 houses, their desirability and feasibility." 2. 'inter-fraternity 
 rivalry, its intensity, advantages and disadvantages." 
 
 A letter from Alabama Alpha in The Scroll iox May-June, 1889, 
 referred to a movement toward organizing an alumni chapter at 
 Birmingham. The Birmingham Phis entertained the State Con- 
 vention, June, 1889, but years elapsed before an alumni chapter 
 was established there. An application for charter was made April 
 2, 1895, by A. T. Smith, Georgia, '72; J. W. Tomlinson, Vander- 
 bilt, '82; L. V. Clarke, Alabama, '85; R. P. Wetmore, Alabama, 
 '85; T. W. Porter, Alabama, '91; J. C. Forney, Alabama, '92. The 
 General Council granted them a charter for Alabama Gamma 
 Alumni, April 10, 1895. The chapter was organized on Alumni 
 Day, 1896. 
 
 June 24, 1895, the alumni Phis of Macon, Ga. , had a banquet at 
 the Hotel Lanier, organized themselves, and made application for 
 an alumni charter. The application bore that date, and was signed 
 by P. D. Pollock, Georgia, '85; W. R. Rogers, Jr., Emory, '92; 
 W. H. Winship, Auburn, '96, and the following members of Geor- 
 gia Gamma: H. M. Willett, '78; D. W. Hill, '82; J. P. Ross, '82; 
 J. T. Ross, '82; J. R. Hodges, '85; R. C. Hazlehurst, '87; W. R. 
 White, '87; Albert Jones, '88; R. L. Anderson, '90; I. W. Cabaniss, 
 '90; W. W. Carter, '91; Osgood Clark, '91; E. S. Rogers, '92; E. 
 S. Davis, '93; Prentice Huff, '93; R. W, Johnston, '93; J. P. Stet- 
 son, '93; C. N. Anderson, '94; C. P. Bannon, '94; W. B. Tinsley, 
 '94; M, F. Hatcher, '95; Izzie Bishinski, '96; Eric Gambrell, '96; 
 E. F. Huff, '96; R. M. Rogers, Jr., '96. The General Council 
 granted them a charter for Georgia Gamma Alumni, June 21, 1895. 
 
 Through the efforts of G. B. Thomas, an alumni chapter was 
 established at Mobile, Ala. He forwarded to the General Council 
 an application, dated November 13, 1895, and signed by D. A. 
 Planck, Centre, '69; G. B. Thomas, Centre, '81; J. C. Rich, Missis- 
 
ANNALS, 1 894- 1 896. 
 
 613 
 
 sippi, '80; S. S. Pugh, Alabama, '85; S. S. Murphy, Alabama, 
 90; J. T. Wright, Alabama, '91. The General Council granted 
 them a charter for Alabama Delta Alumni, December 17, 1895. 
 
 The social organization formed b}^ Phis at Harvard, 1892, was 
 reorganized three years later. The Scroll, December, 1895, con- 
 tained a letter from I. M. Foster, saying that a dozen Phis at Har- 
 vard had met at the rooms of Wilbur Morse, November i, to con- 
 sider the organization of a Harvard ^ A © club. They decided to 
 hold "monthly meetings uf a convivial nature" at Cambridge, to 
 
 Hugh Thomas Miller, Indianapolis, '88; P. G. C, 1894-96. 
 
 See biographical sketches in The Scroll, June, 1902 ; April, 1903 ; February and June, 1904. 
 tone from a photograph taken at Rink's Studio, Indianapolis, 1903. 
 
 Half- 
 
 connect themselves as far as possible with the Boston i\.lumni chap- 
 ter, and to take part in the Alumni Day dinner of that chapter. 
 The January Palladium said: 
 
 Some twenty-five or thirty Phis are in attendance at the several departments of 
 Harvard. This fall eight meetings have been held, with an average attendance of 
 perhaps ten. The organization of a # A 9 club is the result of these meetings, 
 and the plan of monthly spreads will be tried for the rest of the year. Alpha 
 Province Convention sentiment was against a chapter at Harvard, and the Harvard 
 Phis seem to think a chapter would soon degenerate into a club or else cease to ex- 
 ist. A Phi from there says that Phi pins are as numerous about Harvard as those 
 of any other fraternity, not excepting those fraternities having chapters there. In- 
 terviews with members of one or two fraternities elicited the information that these 
 members knew very little about such chapters except that they did not amount to 
 much. We shall await the result of the experiment of a 4> A club with no little 
 interest. 
 
6 14 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 At Richmond, in the fall of 1894, four members returned, and 
 four were initiated during the fall and winter. Virginia Delta's 
 circular letter, April i, 1895, said a $ A ©boarding club had been 
 organized. A letter written to The Scroll \n. March spoke of the 
 injury to the college resulting from dissentions among the faculty 
 and trustees, and further said: ' Very few of the better class of 
 students are coming back next session, and the probability is that 
 the standing of the college will be lowered to such an extent that 
 we will not be willing to keep up our chapter here, with the pros- 
 pect of its deterioration." The two members who returned in the 
 fall of 1895 reported that this prophecy had been verified. These 
 two expected to leave college at the end of that collegiate year. 
 Having consulted with resident alumni, who approved their action, 
 they placed the charter at the disposal of the General Council, with 
 the statement that the}^ did not consider the institution a desirable 
 place for $ A © at that time. Inquiries by the General Council 
 led to a recall of the charter, November 21, 1895. 
 
 At Roanoke, in the fall of 1894, seven members returned and five 
 were initiated during the year. Eight returned in the fall of 1895; 
 five were initiated and two withdrew during the year. M. H. Guer- 
 rant, President of Beta Province, visited the Virginia and North 
 Carolina chapters, January, 1896. His report, printed in the 
 March Palladitmi, said as to Roanoke, that $ A © had the best of the 
 students there, being opposed only by a <l> T A chapter of seven. 
 A T O and ^ X had suspended (but the latter reorganized the same 
 year). Virginia Alpha he had found to be a chapter of thirteen 
 congenial men, who seem to be enthusiastic and working harmo- 
 niously." Nevertheless, he recommended the withdrawal of Virgi- 
 nia Alpha's charter. Such a course was approved by a majority of 
 the chapters in the province, and the General Council decided, June 
 24, 1896, to withdraw the charter, the withdrawal to date from 
 August I. 
 
 At Charlottesville, Guerrant found that * eighteen fine fellows com- 
 pose our Virginia Beta, but I must say some of them are distressingly 
 negligent and lax in their fraternity duties. About ten of the chap- 
 ter are transfers, most of whom are enthusiastic and do not under- 
 stand why some ginger and enthusiasm cannot be infused into Vir- 
 ginia Beta." This chapter had acted very peculiarly; it had been 
 in good condition numerically for several years, but many issues of 
 The Scroll were published without an}^ report from it, and it had not 
 been represented at a National Convention since 1886.''' Largely 
 through the efforts of Schuyler Poitevent, an affiliate from Tulane, 
 Virginia Beta, became a much more enthusiastic chapter. 
 
 Virginia Gamma at Randolph-Macon had seven members, 
 1893-94. Only one returned in the fall, another returning at the 
 
 * At the Philadelphia Convention, 1896, when Virginia Beta had a delegate, some young member 
 remarked with surprise that four men had come all the way from California. That's nothing," 
 said Guerrant, "why, there's a man here from the University of Virginia!" 
 
ANNALS, 1894-1896. 
 
 615 
 
 opening of the second session, and only one was initiated, 1894-95. 
 Two returned in the fall of 1895, and when Guerrant visited Ash- 
 land, six more had been initiated. Guerrant also visited Rich- 
 mond College, and from what he saw concluded that no mistake had 
 been made in withdrawing from there. At Washington and Lee, 
 where Guerrant had formerly been an affiliate, he found ten mem- 
 bers, the strongest chapter they had had for years." At both 
 the University of Virginia and Washington and Lee, he found that 
 the "ribbon" or local societies, as well as © IS" E (a sophomore 
 societ}' at other colleges), played an important part in the social 
 and political lives of the students. He considered that they were 
 largeh^ responsible for the lack of enthusiasm among the general 
 fraternities, sometimes causing dissentions within the various chap- 
 
 Walter Reynolds Brown, Minnesota, '89; S. G. C, 1894-98. 
 
 See biographical slcetch in The Scroll, February, iSgy. 
 
 ters, and he favored an investigation by the National Convention, 
 to decide whether members of <J> A should be allowed to join 
 these societies. 
 
 North Carolina Alpha initiated six members during 1893-94. At 
 commencement that year the trustees passed a rule prohibiting fra- 
 ternities from pledging any student until the first of October 
 of his sophomore year. Only two members returned in the fall and 
 they made no initiations during 1894-95. In the fall of 1895 no 
 Phis returned, but the chapter was revived, January, 1896, when 
 M. H. Guerrant, visited Chapel Hill. With the assistance of W. 
 E. Headen, a resident alumnus, who held the charter and records, 
 he secured a number of very desirable men. By the middle of 
 March, the chapter had seven active members and one pledged, 
 and b}^ the end of the year there were two more initiates. Con- 
 gratulatorv letters were received from everv other fraternity on 
 
6i6 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 the hill." A singular fatality as to the non-return of members 
 attended this chapter. In the fall of 1896, only two returned, 
 but six were soon initiated. 
 
 At two other institutions — Iowa Wesleyan and Purdue — there 
 were college rules prohibiting freshmen from joining fraternities. 
 At Iowa Wesleyan fraternities were forbidden to pledge or initiate 
 any one before sophomore year, or any one who had an average 
 scholastic grade under 85 per cent. In the fall of 1895 the frater- 
 nities at Dartmouth entered into an agreement that chinning" 
 
 Design for College Annual Insert, 1895. 
 
 Half-tone from steel engraving made by Quayle & Son, Albany, N. Y. 
 Appeared first in Dartmouth .^gis, 1895. 
 
 freshmen should not begin before November 20, no pledge before 
 then to be binding. 
 
 General Benjamin Harrison visited Lafayette, Ind., October 20, 
 1894. The Purdue chapter letter in the November Scroll said: 
 "Brother Benjamin Harrison delivered a political speech here a 
 few weeks ago, thus giving our chapter an opportunity to show her 
 fraternity spirit. A body guard of twelve Phis, mounted on white 
 horses, formed an escort for the Ex-President, who wore the white 
 and blue. During the speech the mounted guard arranged them- 
 
ANNALS, 1 894- 1 896. 617 
 
 selves in a long row in front of the speaker's stand, and on finish- 
 ing the speech, he was escorted to the train, his short sta}^ prevent- 
 ing an intended reception." 
 
 A letter to The Scroll from De Pauw, January 5, 1895, said: 
 "Probably the greatest social event of the season was the reception 
 given by the Phis to General J. W. Foster, on October 31. The 
 chapter hall was handsomeh^ decorated with national flags, frater- 
 nity colors, college colors and evergreens, with a profusion of 
 white carnations. About 250 invited guests from the cit}' and uni- 
 versity met the General and his estimable wife. All seemed to 
 enjoy the occasion. Brother Foster presented the chapter with an 
 8x12 photograph of himself, taken while in Paris." 
 
 A banquet, given by the chapter at Ohio University, June 24, 
 1895, was attended b}^ C. H. Grosvenor, Member of Congress. In 
 the spring of 1870, when chapters were allowed to initiate honor- 
 ar}' members, he had been invited to join <I> A 0, as shown b}^ the 
 chapter's minutes. He accepted the invitation, and his initiation 
 was appointed for commencement week, but he was called out of 
 town then, and in the fall the matter was overlooked. An investi- 
 gation twent3^-five years later disclosed these facts, whereupon Gen- 
 eral Grosvenor was duly initiated. Honorar}^ initiations had been 
 prohibited for many years but this was an exceptional case. At 
 the opening of the fall session in 1895, General Grosvenor gave a 
 reception to Ohio Gamma at his home in Athens. 
 
 Jul}^ 26, 1895, a banquet complimentary to Judge W. A. Woods, 
 Indiana Beta, '59, of the United States Circuit Court, was given at 
 the Bay View House, Bay View, Mich, b}' Phis staying there or 
 living in the vicinit}^ Missouri Alpha celebrated its twenty-fifth 
 anniversar3', November 25, 1895. The Zeta chapter of P ^ B, of 
 Baltimore Woman's College, visited Carlisle and was entertained by 
 Pennsylvania Epsilon, November 30, 1895. 
 
 The Phis of Bloomington, 111., entertained General J. C. Black, 
 at dinner, June 9, 1896. His chapter and class were Wabash, '62, 
 and he had aided in establishing the Chicago chapter, 1865-66, when 
 Chicago Phis had presented him with the first ^ A © badge made with 
 a sword. In 1896 he was the nominee of the Gold Democrats" 
 for Governor of Illinois. The dinner was at the Folsom Hotel, 
 Bloomington, and twenty-five members were present. Responding 
 to a toast, he related reminiscences about $ A at Wabash and 
 Chicago. 
 
 In the summer of 1894 there was a meeting of ten or twelve Phis 
 who were attending the students' conference for Christian work, 
 at Northfield, Mass., and similar meetings were held there in 
 subsequent years. Iowa Beta established, 1895, a summer camp 
 at the Lower Palisades on Cedar River, twent3'-four miles north of 
 Iowa City, and the members returned there in 1896. The Frank- 
 lin chapter established, 1896, a camp on Driftwood River, above 
 Columbus, Ind. 
 
6i8 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The circular letter of Virginia Delta, 1895, said that the Owl, a 
 chapter paper, had been revived and a very interesting number 
 read on Alumni Day." The Amherst chapter letter to The Sci'oll, 
 April, 1896, spoke of "the reading of the Howie?-, the official news 
 organ of the chapter." 
 
 In the spring of 1896, a $ A monogram pin was dug up in the 
 streets of Ann Arbor. A cut of it appeared in The Scroll, June, 
 1902, and inquiries then made as to who had lost the pin and when 
 it was lost have never been answered. 
 
 H. N. T. Allen wrote to The Scroll, December, 1896: "Minne- 
 sota Alpha has a new acquisition in the person of Jerry — 'jerry Phi 
 Delta Theta' he is called, as that is the inscription on his collar. 
 He is a full-blooded English bull dog, the only one in Minneapolis. 
 He is chiefly in evidence at foot-ball games, where he proudly 
 wears a satin blanket in college colors, with '^ A ©' in large letters 
 on each side, the gift of some of our co-eds. Jerry is the fraternit}^ 
 
 Phi Delta Theta Monogram Pin. 
 
 Wood-cut of a monogram pin that was dug up from the street by a laborer making excavations 
 for a sewer, near the corner of Main and Ann Streets, Ann Arbor, Mich., in the spring of 1896. He 
 showed it to "Frank," the postman who deUvered mail to the fraternity houses, and who, recogniz- 
 ing the Greek characters, took it to the home of Michigan Alpha. It is now in the possession of R . 
 M. Hardy, Michigan, '98. It was made of silver and gilded, but some of the gilt has worn off. 
 Apparently it was hand car\'ed, not molded. On the back is a pin with a safety catch. It is one of 
 the best combinations of the letters $ A ever made, and none other like it is known to exist. Who 
 made it or when it was made, and who lost it or when it was lost are unknown. Probably it was 
 dropped accidentally by some Phi while waiting for the distribution of the mails at the postofhce, 
 corner of Main and Ann Streets, where for many years it has been customary for the students to 
 assemble on the arrival of the mails in the evening. The wood-cut (actual size) is from a photo- 
 graph made, 1892. 
 
 mascot and is rapidly becoming the college pet. Incidentall}'^ he 
 keeps all of us busy squaring ourselves with the owner of the other 
 dog." The Scroll in later years mentioned several other chapters 
 that owned such mascots. 
 
 Alpha Province usually held a Convention ever}^ other .vear, but 
 having held one in 1894, it held one in 1895 also. The Conven- 
 tion of 1895 met in the <I> A © hall, Schenectady, N. Y., October 
 31 and November i, J. C. Moore, Jr., P. P., presiding. About 
 thirty members were present. On the second afternoon a group 
 photograph was taken, and the delegates visited the works of the 
 General Electric Company. President A. V. Raymond, of Union, 
 gave a reception to the Phis in the evening, after which they ban- 
 queted at the Edison Hotel. A half-tone of the photograph ap- 
 peared in the December Scroll. 
 
ANNALS, 1894-1896. 619 
 
 November 18, 1895, was set apart as Fraternity Da}^ at the Cot- 
 ton States and International Exposition, Atlanta, Ga. About 300 
 Greeks met in the auditorium building, where W. W. Davies, ^ A®, 
 chairman of the executive committee, called them to order, 
 Henderson Hallman, ^ A 0, delivered an address of welcome. 
 The American Hellenic Society was formed, though its objects were 
 not definite!}^ expressed. A President, Secretary and an executive 
 committee, of which Davies was a member, were chosen, with 
 power to determine the next place of meeting. Though not pres- 
 ent, W. B. Palmer, $ A ©, was appointed a member of a commit- 
 tee on constitution to report at the next meeting. It was decided 
 that the society should be represented at the Olympic games to be 
 held at x\thens, Greece, April, 1896, and there was talk of offering 
 a laurel wreath to one of the victors, but these plans were not 
 carried out. 
 
 A Convention of Gamma Province was held at Atlanta, Novem- 
 ber 29, 1895, just before the close of the exposition. About 125 
 Phis were present. The application for charter from Case was 
 indorsed. 
 
 A pamphlet of eight small pages, containing a list of the mem- 
 bers of Indiana Delta, 74 in number, was issued Januar}^, 1878, by 
 George Banta and Calvin McCormick, being printed in the form- 
 er's amateur printing office, Franklin, Ind. Lists of members liv- 
 ing in San Francisco Bay cities were issued in cai^d form, 1888, 
 1897 and probabh' other years. A pamphlet of twenty-four pages 
 and cover was published by the New York Alpha alumni chapter, 
 December, 1895. Outside, it bears the words "Metropolitan Phis," 
 and it contains the names, chapters, classes, occupations and ad- 
 dresses of members resident in New York Cit}- or vicinit}^ — 309 in 
 all. It contains also a prefator}^ note, a director}^ of the officers of 
 the alumni chapter and the Columbia chapter, the general officers 
 of the Fraternity and a list of college and alumni chapters. This 
 useful booklet, representing a great deal of work and evincing 
 much enterprise, was edited b}^ G. P. Bryant, assisted by T. H. 
 Baskerville and W. B. Palmer. About the same time Brvant 
 began a card catalogue of Phis in the metropolis and vicinity. He 
 was a Dartmouth initiate, and after affiliating with the Columbia 
 chapter, labored incessanth" in the latter's interest, until he left for 
 Europe a few years later. 
 
 Indiana Phis met in Convention at Indianapolis, March 13, 
 1896, C. E. Compton, presiding. Over sixty Phis attended the 
 banquet given in the dining room of the Commercial Club in the 
 evening, before the state oratorical contest. Among them were 
 General Benjamin Harrison, Judge W. A. Woods, Judge A. C. 
 Ayres, Major Irvin Robbins, H. T. Miller, P. G. C, and H. U. 
 Brown, ex-P. G. C. General Harrison and Judge Woods were 
 among the speakers. The former recounted some of his experi- 
 ences in $ A at Miami. He was elected President of the In- 
 
620 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 dianapolis alumni chapter for the ensuing year, and by annual re- 
 election, he held that office until his death, 1901. 
 
 The topics for Alumni Day, 1896, were: i, 'in what way can 
 the alumni and college chapters best aid each other?" 2. "is a 
 conservative extension policy wholel^^ advantageous or altogether 
 harmful?" At Dickinson, March 13, the program included a sketch 
 of Eugene Field (recently deceased), with a review of his poems, 
 and a sketch of Professor David Swing (also recently deceased). 
 At Allegheny, a Field memorial meeting was held, February i, 
 1896. The Boston alumni had a dinner at the United States Hotel, 
 May 22, 1896, and 'adjourned to meet at Nantasket Beach about 
 the first of August, and over baked clams talk just $ A ©. " The 
 Twin Cities alumni continued their quarterly meets." 
 
 Zeta Province held a Convention at Galesburg, 111., May 21-23, 
 1896, J. G. Wallace, P. P., presiding. The Convention favored 
 the establishment of a chapter at the University of Chicago. The 
 convention ball took place at Carr Hall, the first evening, over 
 fift}^ Phis being present. The second day a group photograph was 
 taken, and in the evening there was a banquet at the Union Hotel. 
 The Lombard chapter house was visited the third morning, and in 
 the evening there was another dancing party at the Lake George 
 Club House. 
 
 Through the efforts of H. W. Thompson, an alumni chapter was 
 organized at LaCrosse, Wis. An application for charter was made 
 October 21, 1896, by D. S. McArthur, '80; C. H. Schweizer, 
 '87; Allen McCord, '93; P. S. Elwell, '94; A. G. Paul, '96; 
 D. M. Sutor, '97; H. W. Thompson, '88; the last of Minnesota 
 Alpha, the others of Wisconsin Alpha. The General Council 
 granted them a charter for Wisconsin Alpha Alumni, October 31, 
 1896. 
 
 The Vermont chapter, June, 1894, rented the old Herrick house, 
 corner of College and Willard Streets. In June, 1894, the Amherst 
 chapter, which, since its establishment, 1888, had rented a house, 
 bought a three-story frame house, corner of College Street and 
 Maple Avenue, adjoining the campus. New York Alpha having 
 bought a lot, 1892-93, built a house three years later, first occupy- 
 ing it, April, 1896. The lot, 90 by 100 feet, on Edgemoor Lane, 
 adjoins the campus and overlooks Cascadilla George. The house 
 has two stories and a half, the first story of gray stone, the upper 
 portion of stained wood and light brown stucco. The O. S. U. 
 chapter rented a house in the spring of 1896. Illinois Alpha 
 rented a house at 17 17 Chicago Avenue, 1895-96, but the follow- 
 ing year occupied rooms only. The Lombard chapter, at com- 
 mencement, 1895, dedicated a two story frame house, called the 
 "Sam D. Harsh Memorial Hall," in honor of a deceased member 
 who had projected the building movement. It occupied a lot, fac- 
 ing the campus, purchased 1894. Wisconsin Alpha rented a house 
 two years, 1894-96, but in the spring of 1896, purchased a two and 
 
ANNALS, 1894- 1896. 
 
 621 
 
 a half stor}' frame house, corner of Lake Street and Mendota Court, 
 fifty yards from Lake Mendota, two blocks from the campus. It 
 was first occupied b}' the chapter, September, 1896. California 
 Alpha rented a house, August, 1894. The Stanford chapter gave 
 up the house on the campus it had rented, and in 1894-95, occu- 
 pied a rented house in Palo Alto Park, but the next year occupied 
 only a rented room. 
 
 The question of entering Case School of Applied Science, Cleve- 
 land, Ohio, having long been considered, the National Convention 
 of 1896 granted a charter for a chapter there. The hesitancy wa^ 
 on account of doubt about the wisdom of entering technological 
 
 
 The Amherst Chapter House. 
 
 Purchased, 1894. Described in The Scroll, December, 1894, and June, 1903. 
 
 institutions, although $ A had entered Alabama Polytechnic 
 Institute, 1879, ^^^ Purdue L'niversity, the Indiana institute of 
 technology, 1893, and prominent rival fraternities had recognized 
 such institutions as "Troy Tech." (Rensselaer), "'Boston Tech. " 
 (M. I. T. ) and Stevens Institute. 
 
 In 1884, A. A. Stearns, H. G. C, a resident of Cleveland, inter- 
 ested himself in organizing a chapter at Case. He had some nego- 
 tiations with a group of students, but before the}' made formal 
 application to $ A 0, they decided, during his absence from the 
 city, to accept a charter from Z ^, being influenced by a member 
 of the facult}^ who was a Zete. Stearns then had negotiations with 
 another set of students, but finding that they included several un- 
 
62 2 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 desirable men, he decided to drop the matter, and they organized 
 a local society called O ^. No further movement looking to a 
 <I> A © chapter at Case took place for eight years. 
 
 At the first annual dinner of the Cleveland Alumni chapter. 
 Alumni Day, 1893, a committee was appointed to investigate the 
 advisabilit}^ of entering Case and report at the next annual meet- 
 ing. The committee was composed of E. ¥. Cone, then an in- 
 structor at Case, and H. H. Ward. An entry in the S. G. C. record 
 book, dated May 7, 1893, says that "The matter of attempting to 
 enter Case School of Applied Science, urged by Cleveland Alumni, 
 was referred to the next Convention." Cone having retired from 
 Case, and objections to placing a chapter in a distinctively scientific 
 school having been raised in several quarters, the committee made 
 no report at the second annual dinner of Cleveland Alumni, 1894, 
 and the matter was not presented at the Convention of 1894. 
 
 During 1894-95, L. J. Shlesinger, '95, organized a group of stu- 
 dents for the purpose of establishing another general fraternity at 
 Case. Associated with him were T. H. Byerle}, '95, J. H. Rice, 
 '96, and others. Their first meeting was in the lunch room at the 
 top of the main building sometime during February, 1895. Noth- 
 ing was done then except to decide to seek information about 
 general fraternities. The next Sunday afternoon, Shlesinger and 
 Byerley met and decided that they would try for $ A ©. Byerley 
 remembered that Cone, while a student and instructor at Case, had 
 worn a badge similar to the cut of the badge of $ A © as shown 
 in 'American College P'raternities. " Cone's address was found in 
 the city directory, and he was interviewed the same day. He told 
 of two Phis who had been students at Case since September, 1893 
 — W. P. Putnam, Buchtel, '93, andW. A. Carter, O. W. U., '95. 
 They, as well as A. A. Stearns, were interviewed, and all of them 
 found to be favorable to a chapter at Case. Putnam wrote to the 
 S. G. C, February 22, 1895, asking for the form of application for 
 charter, and saying that he and Carter had decided to take active 
 steps toward placing a chapter of $ A © in Case." Under the 
 direction of Putnam and Carter, Shlesinger and his associates 
 proceeded to select new men, and soon discovered that 'a similar 
 movement was on foot. About a year previous, I. L. Dunn, '95; 
 O. C. Dunn, '95; H. K. Gribben, '95; F. G. Haldy, '95, and 
 others organized for the purpose of establishing another frat- 
 ernity at Case, and they were then (1895) about to apph' to © E, 
 a scientific fraternity, for a charter. A joint meeting was 
 arranged, a union effected, and all interested decided to apply to 
 $ A ©. 
 
 At the dinner of Cleveland alumni. Alumni Da}^ 1895, the mat- 
 ter was discussed, resulting in a division of opinion regarding the 
 desirabilit}^ of entering scientific schools, partly due to a lack of 
 sufficient information as to this particular institution. Most of 
 the Cleveland alumni, however, endorsed the movement, as also 
 
ANNALS, 1 894- 1 896. 
 
 623 
 
 did S. E. Findley, P. P., and the O. \V. U. and Buchtel chapters. 
 An application for charter, dated March 19, 1895, was forwarded 
 by Carter to the S. G. C. on that date. It was signed by J. H. 
 Byerley, '95; W. A. Carter, '95; I. L. Dunn, '95; O. C. Dunn, 
 '95; F. G. Haldy, '95; H. K. Gribben, '95; L. J. Shlesinger, '95; 
 Thomas Griswold, Jr., '96; N. W. Morley, '96; W. P. Putnam, 
 '96; J. H. Rice, '96. The General Council, May 15, 1895, decided 
 to refer the application to the Convention to meet at Philadelphia, 
 November, 1896. Shlesinger had an interview at Columbus with 
 J. E. Browm, Editor of The Scroll, who advised that the appli- 
 
 The Cornell Chapter House. 
 
 Erected, 1896. Described in The Scroll, October, 1896, and June, 1903. 
 
 cants organize a local societ}^. The advice was accepted, and a 
 societ}^ was organized June 5, 1895, the da}- before commencement. 
 At this meeting H. H. Ward was present, and after that time he 
 was ver}^ active in aiding the efforts to obtain a $A© charter. 
 During the summer of 1895 and afterward, Griswold was a leader 
 among the applicants in outlining and directing their plans. The 
 local society, calling itself <E> A O, in close imitation of <I> A 0, 
 adopted a constitution, signs, grips, etc. A clause in the consti- 
 tution said that one of the objects of the societ}' was ' to obtain a 
 charter from $ A0." In July, F. S. Ball, T. G. C, visited Cleve- 
 land, met a committee from ^ A O, and was favorably impressed. 
 
624 ^rHE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 On his motion the General Council voted, August 7, to allow the 
 Case men to present their claim to the General Council, without 
 waiting until the 1896 Convention. 
 
 In the fall the societ}^ rented rooms in a brick block on Stearns 
 Street, opposite the campus. Active measures were adopted to 
 bring ^ A O to the favorable attention of ^ A ©. A hectograph 
 circular, dated October 12, and signed by Thomas Griswold, Jr., 
 President, and V. E. Barnes, Secretary, announced that a bulletin 
 of information about the school and the society would soon be 
 issued. This circular was reproduced in the November Palladium. 
 A copy of a group photograph of the members of the society and 
 photographic views of the school were sent, October 16, to ever}^ 
 chapter and every general officer. Shlesinger and Barnes visited 
 all the Phis in Cleveland, thirty-eight in number, and obtained 
 their signatures to a paper addressed to the General Council, which 
 said: We, understanding full}^ the facts of the case, do believe 
 that the establishment of a chapter at the above named institution 
 will be to the best interests of the Fraternity." H. A. Couse, Re- 
 porter, attested November 5, 1895, ^^^^ "^11 the members of Ohio 
 Gamma Alumni who now reside in Cleveland have signed the above 
 petition." November 13, Barnes forwarded to the S. G. S. a cer- 
 tificate from Dr. Cady Stale}^ President of Case, vouching for the 
 applicants to $ A @ as good students and thoroughly reliable 
 men." The bulletin of information was written by Griswold. It 
 presented strongly the facts about the equipment and work of the 
 school, and reasons why $ A © would be benefitted by a chapter 
 there. It contained twenty-eight written pages, also a group photo- 
 graph of the active members and small separate photographs of the 
 alumni of $ A O. Hectograph copies were made b}^ Barnes and 
 F. E. Hulett, and sent, November 13, to all chapters in the prov- 
 ince and all general officers. Accompanying the bulletin were sent 
 a blue-print of the endorsement b}-- Cleveland Phis, a catalogue of 
 Case, and student publications. A second edition of the bulletin 
 was issued, and copies sent to the chapters in all other provinces, 
 and this display of energy had an effect very favorable to the appli- 
 cants. A circular issued, March, 1896, by $ A O, J. H. Rice, 
 President, and V. E. Barnes, Secretary, gave details about the 
 men who had been initiated recently, and said that more com- 
 modious quarters had been rented in the block on the corner of 
 Euclid Avenue and Fairmount Court. The circular also said 
 that the existence of the organization had been ' kept as quiet 
 as possible," but that the society would have a plate in the forth- 
 coming annual. The Differential, issued in the spring, contained 
 a steel plate monogram of $ A O and a list of its members. The 
 society did not adopt a badge. 
 
 The (jeneral Council, February 6, 1896, again decided to refer 
 the application to the Philadelphia Convention. At the dinner of 
 Cleveland Phis, Alumni Day, 1896, the situation at Case was dis- 
 
ANNALS, 1894-1896. 
 
 625 
 
 cussed, and it was voted unanimously to urge the granting of the 
 application, by issueing a circular letter to the P'raternity, 
 and by sending a delegate to Philadelphia at the expense of Ohio 
 Gamma Alumni. W. H. Merriam, Vermont, '89; H. C. Wood, 
 Amherst, '93, and H. H. Ward, O. S. U., '90, composed the com- 
 mittee which issued the circular letter, April 26. The final appli- 
 cation for charter, dated November i, 1896, was signed by J. H. 
 Byerley, I. L. Dunn, O. C. Dunn, H. K. Gribben, F. G. Haldy, 
 L. J. Shlesinger and J. V. Stanford, of '95; Thomas Griswold, Jr., 
 N. W. Morley and J. H. Rice, of '96; T. A. Kaderly and H. W. 
 
 Purchased, iJ 
 
 The Wisconsin Chapter House. 
 
 Described in The Scroll, December, 1896, and June, 1903. 
 
 Springsteen, of '97; V. E. Barnes, O. Y. French, C. D. Hoyt, 
 F. E. Hulett and R. D. Tyler, of '98; S. P. Bates, A. W. Diebold, 
 R. C. Gifford, C. A. Gleason and W. Cr.-Stephan, of '99. During 
 the fall every possible effort was made to get the unanimous sup- 
 port of the chapters in the province. Shlesinger and Stephan were 
 sent to Ann Arbor to obtain the favor of Michigan Alpha. How 
 well they succeeded was shown at the Convention by the work done 
 by Michigan Alpha's delegate. The week before the Convention 
 assembled, a final hectograph circular was sent by ^ A O to the 
 chapters whose endorsement had not been secured. It asked them 
 
 not to instruct their delegates against granting a charter for Case. 
 
 (40) 
 
62 6 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 It said that ' at present we have the pledged assistance of forty- 
 four out of eighty-four chapters and officers of $ A 0." 
 
 At the Convention <E> A O was represented by Haldv (alread}^ 
 initiated into $ A at Columbia, which institution he was then 
 attending), Byerley, Shlesinger, Hoyt and Stephan. Ohio Gam- l*j 
 
 ma Alumni was represented by A. A. Stearns, Buchtel, '79, who 
 made a strong speech supporting the application before the Con- 
 vention. The long protracted fight for a charter, which had been 
 the best managed of any that <3> A had ever known, was won in 
 the National Convention, November 28, 1896, when a charter for 
 Ohio Eta was ordered granted. The Sc?^olPs account of the Con- 
 vention said: ' The granting of the charter to the Case School of 
 Applied Science was the dramatic incident of the closing session, 
 marked with much oratorical eloquence, a season of intense sus- 
 pense, and a final burst of wild enthusiasm. Not the least interest- 
 ing feature was the rush of the delegate from the Cleveland alumni 
 to carry the news of the result to the applicants in waiting without." 
 The charter bore the date of November 28, and the names of those 
 who had signed the last application. Byerley and Hoyt having 
 left Philadelphia, Shlesinger and Stephan were initiated at the house 
 of Pennsylvania Zeta on the evening of November 28. There being 
 a house-full of Phis from all quarters of the compass, and conse- 
 quently many suggestions of additions to the Ritual, these two 
 intrants were the chief characters in a ceremony which for unusual 
 features and variety of tests had probably never been equalled 
 in <l» A 0. 
 
 The twent3'^-two charter members were present at the installation 
 of the chapter, which occurred at the Hollenden Hotel, Cleveland, 
 on the evening of December 21, 1896. Delegates from several 
 Ohio chapters and nearly all of the Cleveland alumni were present. 
 The initiation ceremony was conducted by H. T. Miller, R. G. C, 
 H. H. Ward, P. P., and S. E. Findley, ex-P. P. Haldy, Shlesinger 
 and Stephan, having already been initiated, took great interest in 
 the initiation of the other nineteen. After the ceremonies there 
 was a banquet. The first chapter letter appeared in the February 
 Scroll, and for several years Ohio Eta made reputation by having 
 a letter in every issue of the magazine. March 20, 1897, an order 
 was placed for badges for the entire chapter. In the following 
 September a house at 45 Fairchild Street was rented, and the Cleve- 
 land alumni assisted in furnishing it. The only general fraternity 
 established at Case before ^ A © was Z ^. There were also two 
 local societies, 12 ^ and A K. 
 
 The General Council refused applications for charters from the 
 following institutions, 1895: Howard College, East Lake, Ala.; 
 Austin College, Sherman, Texas;''' Iowa College, Grinnell; Univer- 
 
 *The application from Austin College, dated December lo, 1894, came from L. J. Mitchell, 
 Missouri Beta, '85, who was a professor there, and who with seven students organized a local so- 
 cietj' for the purpose of obtaining a charter from $ A ©. Before the civil war, <> A © had established 
 Texas Alpha at Austin College, Huntsville, Texas, but the chapter had only a short career. The 
 
I 
 
 ANNALS, 1894- 1896. 627 
 
 sity of Southern California, Los Angeles; Oregon Agricultural Col- 
 lege, Corvallis. The General Council decided, 1895, to refer 
 applications from the following institutions to the National Con- 
 vention of 1896: Albion (Mich.) College; Kentuck}^ University 
 (Disciples' college), Lexington; University of Tennessee, Knox- 
 ville; Arkansas Industrial University (now University of Arkansas), 
 Fayetteville; University of Colorado, Boulder; and decided, 1896, 
 to refer to the Convention an application from the <I> A E local 
 societ}' at Pennsjdvania State College, and an application from the 
 O E H n local society at Maine State College (now University of 
 Maine); but only the applications from Albion, Tennessee, Penn- 
 sylvania State and Maine were presented to the Convention. The 
 Pennsylvania State petitioners occupied a rented house, and were 
 the first petitioners to $ A who were living in a house when apply- 
 ing for a charter. The Maine petitioners issued a bulletin shortly 
 before the Convention. A charter was voted to applicants at the 
 University of Chicago, June 20, 1896, but a chapter was not 
 installed there until the following year, ' when a charter was 
 granted to a partly different set of applicants. 
 
 H. T. Miller, P. G. C, visited Michigan Agricultural College, 
 and having made a report as to conditions there, the General Coun- 
 cil, September, 1895, decided to refer the question of withdrawing 
 the charter of Michigan Beta to the Convention of 1896. 
 
 S. E. Findle}^ Buchtel, '94, instructor in Buchtel College, and 
 President of Epsilon Province, wrote to the General Council, 
 November 11, 1896, that the college was not prosperous, and that 
 the number of students had diminished so that fraternity material 
 was ver}^ scarce. Several meetings of the resident alumni and the 
 active members had been held to discuss the matter, and a decision 
 reached to submit a proposition to the General Council that the 
 chapter be suspended, its charter to be held in trust b}^ the General 
 Council; and if the college should prosper within five years, the 
 chapter should be reorganized; if not, the charter should be per- 
 manently withdrawn. A circular explaining the situation had been 
 sent to absent alumni, and only two objections to the plan had 
 been received. The General Council, November 20, voted to 
 recommend to the Convention that the charter be withdrawn, to be 
 restored if in the opinion of the next General Council the college 
 should improve enough to justify it. The Convention, November 
 27, 1896, adopted that section of the report of the committee on 
 chapters and charters which recommended that the charter of the 
 Buchtel chapter 'be surrendered to the General Council, to be held 
 
 college was moved to Sherman, Texas, 1876. jMitchell urged that this opportunity of reviving the 
 original Texas Alpha should be improved. Being notified that their application had been rejected, 
 the applicants decided to call their organization $ $ $, and make it the parent chapter of an inter- 
 collegiate fraternity. When the 1898 edition of "American College Fraternities" was published, it 
 credited Mitchell with being one of the founders of $ $ $, which then had chapters in several small 
 colleges. 
 
 R. H. McKee, Ohio Delta, '96, and C. F. Lamkin, Missouri Beta, '99, were two of the four 
 founders of the academic fraternitj- $ A B, which was founded at Clinton (Mo.) Academj-, Feb- 
 ruar>-, 1892, and which established a number of chapters. 
 
628 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 in trust by them until the general condition of the college shall, in 
 the judgment of the General Council and Province President, war- 
 rant the resumption of active life by the chapter. " 
 
 Before and during the Convention, it was declared that the con- 
 dition of Southern University was such that $ A © ought to with- 
 draw from it. The committee on chapters and charters rec- 
 ommended withdrawal, and November 28, the Convention revoked 
 the charter of Alabama Gamma. 
 
 THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1894-1895. 
 
 The Scroll, Volume XIX: five bi-monthly numbers — October, 1894, to June, 
 1895; pp. 504-l-supplement, October, pp. 70; title page and index, pp. 4. Illus- 
 trations 48. The Palladium, Volume I: four bi-monthly numbers — November, 
 1894, to May, 1895; PP- 32- Editor, J. E. Brown. Printers, Spahr & Glenn, 
 Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 The feature of The Scroll for October, 1894, is the large num- 
 ber of portraits of members — twenty-five. There is also a group 
 of Indiana Delta, making a larger number of illustrations than had 
 ever appeared in any number of The Scroll, or probably any other 
 fraternity journal. An editorial paragraph said: ' This issue deals 
 largely with the younger generation of the Fraternity. Portraits 
 of all our general officers are given, of all the ex-Presidents of the 
 General Council save one (E. H. L. Randolph), and of a number 
 of others who may yet be called young men, but who have achieved 
 eminent success in their chosen lines of work." The number con- 
 tains sketches of W. A. Keener, Emory, '74, Dean of Columbia 
 Law School; Professor Conway MacMillan, Nebraska, '85, of the 
 University of Minnesota; Professor G. B. Frankforter, Nebraska, 
 '86, of the University of Minnesota, all by J. E. Brown; and a 
 sketch by V. L. Kellogg (Kansas, '89, Professor, Leland Stanford 
 Junior Universit30 of William Allen White, Kansas, '90, a young 
 writer who was rapidly making literary reputation. The sketch 
 of the latter was accompanied with six pages of poetical produc- 
 tions of his pen. A supplement to the October number contains 
 the proceedings of the National Convention held May, 1894. 
 
 Reviews by W. B. Palmer of the first five editions of the cata- 
 logue of ^ A © appeared in October, December and February. 
 The sixth edition had been reviewed by him in The Scroll, Febru- 
 ary, 1894. The sixth edition had been reviewed also in the Au- 
 gust number of the AiJierican U7iiversity Magazine, by A. P. Jacobs, 
 ^ Y, Michigan, '73, who edited the "University Societies" depart- 
 ment of that magazine. To this review he added a sketch of ^ A 0, 
 which not being entirely complimentary, answers by J. E. Brown 
 and W. A. Curtis appeared in The Scroll, June, 1895, and one by 
 W. B. Palmer in The Scroll, June, 1896. 
 
 Volume XIX, counting the October supplement (convention 
 proceedings), contains 578 pages, or 23 more than Volume XIV, 
 which had been the largest volume. Besides, during 1894-95, 
 was published Volume I of The Falladiiwi, containing 32 pages. 
 
The Palladium. 
 
 A Private Bulletin devoted to the Interests of Phi Delta Theta, and Published 
 in the rionths of November. January, ilarch, flay and August. 
 
 JOHN EDWIN BROWN, Editor, 235 E. Town St , COLUMBUS, O. 
 
 Subscription Rates: THE SCROLL and THE PALLADIUfl, $1.00 Per Year. 
 
 Vol. 1. NOVEMBER, 1894. No. i. 
 
 By reference to page 39 of the Convention Supplement, Ex 
 hibit " R," It will be found that the Convention rendered obliga- 
 tory the issuance of a private circular in the months alternating 
 with the appearance of The Scroll. The section of the com- 
 mittee's report referring to this matter had been suggested by the 
 Editor of The Scroll, and therefore meets with his hearty ap- 
 proval. To facilitate matters in regard to its management, it 
 was deemed best to give it a name of its own, and register it with 
 the Post-office authorities as a regular publication With the ap- 
 proval of the General Council, the Editor has selected the name 
 which appears on this title page, the significance of which, as 
 well as its appropriateness, will be apparent to all familiar with 
 the new ritual of the Fraternity 
 
 It is designed that The Palladium be a medium for the 
 strictly private interests of the Fraternity ; for the discussion of 
 such matters as need the free interchange of opinion among the 
 chapters, but which should not be exposed to the public, as they 
 would be in the pages of The Scroll Let it, therefore, be 
 distinctly understood that the members into whose possession 
 copies come, must see that these do not fall into the hands of 
 members of other fraternities If such care is not taken, the 
 ends which The Palladium attempts to secure will be defeated 
 
 First Number of The Palladium. 
 
630 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The Palladium^ established b}^ order of the Convention of 1894, 
 has proven to be a most useful medium for disseminating within 
 the Fraternity information that it would be unwise to publish with- 
 out sub rosa restrictions. The four numbers of Volume I are 
 dated November, 1894, and January, March and May, 1895, each 
 having eight pages of the same size as those of The Scroll. The 
 following appears in the second number: 
 
 It is not intended that every active member of the chapters shall be supplied with 
 a copy of each issue of The Palladium. A sufficient number to supply the officers 
 and a few additional are sent to each Reporter, and this number is supposed to 
 be sufficient to keep the members informed as to its contents. It was the intent of 
 the Convention, and the General Council has so ordered, that it shall be the 
 duty of the Reporter, at the first regular meeting after receipt, to read the entire 
 contents of The Palladium to the chapter then in session. 
 
 The yid.j Palladium contains an article by W. B. Palmer, explain- 
 ing the ten-year-note plan for raising funds with which to acquire 
 a chapter house. This plan, which originated with W. R. Manier, 
 of Tennesse Alpha, had been adopted by that chapter in building 
 a home, and then by Lombard, Wisconsin and other chapters.* 
 
 THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1895-1896. 
 
 The Scroll, Volume XX: five bi-monthly numbers — October, 1895, to June, 
 1896; pp. 536-j-title page and index, pp. 4. Illustrations, 48. The Palladium, 
 Volume II: four bi-monthly numbers — November, 1895, to May, 1896; pp. 44. 
 Editor, J. E. Brown. Printers, Spahr & Glenn, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 A new design by J. E, Brown, emblematic of the nationality of 
 $ A 0, appears as the frontispiece of The Scroll, October, 1895. 
 The December nurnber has as a frontispiece a portrait of Eugene 
 Field, Knox, '73, and contains a poem by him which was sung at his 
 funeral, and a biographical sketch of him by J. E. Brown. Eight- 
 een of his poems were printed in the February Scroll. 
 
 The February number contains sketches of a number of Atlanta 
 Phis with portraits of eleven. The oldest of them, C. W. Metcalfe, 
 Centre, '55, in sending a photograph of himself, as requested by 
 the Editor, wrote: 
 
 Forty-two years have swept by since I entered our beloved Fraternity at Centre 
 College. I can never forget the associations then formed. The bonds of friend- 
 ship and fraternal affection established in my college boy days are as strong now as 
 then — especially with regard to those with whom I was associated in Kentucky 
 Alpha. 1 have watched their courses in the varied walks of life since then, and, 
 so far as I am informed, not one of them has brought dishonor on himself or on 
 our Fraternity. Many of them have reflected honor upon it, and in their lives are 
 beautifully exemplifving the principles and teachings of the Bond. 
 
 The February number contains a short account b}'- J. E. Brown of 
 recent athletic victories of Phis, the first account of the kind to appear 
 in The Scroll. For the April number ''F. D. Swope wrote of "The 
 Kentucky Senatorial Contest," in which J. C. S. Blackburn, Centre, 
 
 This plan was explained in the book containing the Constitution and General Statutes adopted, 
 
THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1895- 1896. 
 
 631 
 
 '57, and St. John Bo3^1e, Centre, '66, were the caucus nominees of 
 the Democratic and Republican parties respective!}" for United 
 States Senator. Such a contest between two members of the same 
 fraternity — and in this case of the same chapter — for such a high 
 office probably has no parallel. 
 
 Design for College Annual Insert, 1895. 
 
 The four arms of the cross represent the four sections of the Union. The design by J. E. Brown 
 was engraved on steel by R. B. Lockwood, New York, and a half-tone of it was used as a frontis- 
 piece of The Scroll, October, 18Q5. Impressions from the steel plate were used as inserts for college 
 annuals. The above is a half-tone reproduction. 
 
 The June 6"^/'^// has 133 pages, of which 61 pages contain a re- 
 view of the magazine, Volumes XI to XX inclusive, 1886-96; 40 
 pages, in nonpareil, contain an index to these ten volumes, and 3 
 pages give the editorial staff for ten years. These features, em- 
 
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THE SONG BOOK— FOURTH EDITION, 1895. 
 
 (>Z?> 
 
 bracing also the first two volumes of The Palladium, were prepared 
 by W. B. Palmer, who, concluding the review said: ' The Scroll 
 has maintained a high place among its contemporaries, although 
 published at a lower price than others, several of which have a sub- 
 scription price of two dollars a year, or twice that of The Scroll. 
 The publication of The Palladium, although no extra charge has 
 been made for it, entails considerable additional expense, not to 
 speak of more labor for the Editor. Another cause of increase in 
 publication expenses is the cost of illustrations, which have been 
 used liberally in the later volumes of The Scroll, adding very much 
 to its interest and attractiveness." 
 
 The November Palladium has a good deal to say about building 
 chapter houses. The January number contains the minutes of 
 Alpha Province Convention, and detailed information about a num- 
 ber of institutions from some of which applications for charters 
 were pending. 
 
 Preston Willis Search, Wooster, '76. 
 
 Author of the most popular of $ A songs. This plate was received too late to be printed with the 
 account of the first edition of the song book (page 363), of which he was the Editor. 
 
 THE SONG BOOK— FOURTH EDITION, 1895. 
 
 The Third (1886) edition of the song book was exhausted in 
 1889. The Convention of 1894 authorized the publication of a 
 new edition by a committee of two, on their own financial respon- 
 sibility, and the President appointed W. B. Palmer, with power to 
 
634 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 choose another member. F. D. Svvope accepted a proposal from 
 Palmer that they jointl}^ edit and publish a new edition. The book 
 was issued April 27, 1895. 
 
 The title page: "SONGS OF PHI DELTA THETA ] Fourth 
 Edition [ Published by Authority of the National Convention | 
 Editors | Walter Benjamin Palmer, Frank Dugan Swope | Louis- 
 ville 1 John P. Morton & Company | 1895." Bound in linen, 
 front side stamped: "Songs of Phi Delta Theta | 1895 | Fourth 
 Edition," in brown ink. Some copies were issued in gray paper 
 covers, with the same words printed on the front cover. 
 
 The book contains fifty-six pages, ^Vs by 8/4 inches. There 
 are eighty-seven songs and odes, occupying pages 3 to 50 inclusive. 
 No music was printed. The following song by J. E. Brown, O. 
 W. U., '84, had first appeared in The Scroll, April, 1892. He had 
 revised it for The Sa^oll, October, 1893, adapting it to the air of 
 Balfe's famous Pirates' Chorus," to which air is sung the Univer- 
 sity of Michigan song, 'Yellow and Blue." 
 
 ADORATION HYMN. 
 
 Am— ''Pirates' Chorus. ' ' 
 
 Hail to the maiden whose colors we wear. 
 
 Hail to the White and the Blue! 
 Hail to the maid of the golden hair, 
 
 Arrayed in the White and the Blue! 
 Crown her with lilies, and twine the bluebell, 
 With roses of white and sweet asphodel; 
 
 Hail! 
 Hail to the maiden whose colors we wear. 
 
 Hurrah for the White and the Blue! 
 
 Sing of the love unto her that we bear, 
 
 Strong as the sun's glowing light. 
 Love that we joyoush', proudly share, 
 
 For pure is the troth that we plight, 
 Pure as the clouds in celestial seas, 
 That mingle and melt in the summer breeze; 
 
 Hail! 
 Hail to the maiden whose colors we wear. 
 
 Hurrah for the White and the Blue! 
 
 Phi Delta Theta, for thee do we mean. 
 
 Regent in whom we delight, 
 Honor we give to our chosen queen. 
 
 In peans to thee we unite; 
 Ever through ages, the more and the more, 
 Thv virtues and graces shall all adore; 
 
 Hail! 
 Hail to the maiden whose colors we wear, 
 
 Hurrah for the White and the Blue! 
 
 The following song, first published in The Scroll, February, 1893, 
 was written by H. T. Miller, Indianapolis, ^88, who had first pro- 
 posed the adoption of the white carnation as the flower of the 
 Fraternity: 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1896. 635 
 
 THE WHITE CARNATION. 
 
 Air — '"''Eton Boating Song.'''' 
 
 Poets in adoration 
 
 May sing of the lovely rose. 
 Finding an inspiration 
 
 In the charms her buds disclose; 
 But we deem the White Carnation 
 
 The loveliest flower that grows. 
 
 Lavish your adulation 
 
 On daisy and daffodil; 
 Cherish an admiration 
 
 For any flower you will ; 
 But we claim the White Carnation 
 
 And she is our first choice still. 
 
 Over the whole creation, 
 
 Of flowers of every hue, 
 We crown, by acclamation. 
 
 The queen, as is her due, 
 The unrivaled White Carnation, 
 
 And we are her vassals true. 
 
 On page 51 begins an ''index to Titles," with references to songs 
 suitable for special occasions — opening and closing of meetings; 
 initiation, affiliation and reception of members; installation of 
 officers, anniversary exercises, valedictory to seniors, Alumni Day, 
 marching, serenades, banquets, reunions, Conventions, memorial 
 and funeral services. On page 54 begins an Index to Airs," with 
 references to twenty-one books, in which the music to many of the 
 songs in this book ma}^ be found. 
 
 The price per copy, cloth binding, was 50 cents; paper covers, 
 25 cents. The object of the Editors was to issue an inexpensive 
 book and sell it at a low price, so that the sale would be larger 
 than of a more costly book. For this reason the original music 
 for the songs in the third edition was not reproduced. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1896. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Tuesday, Wednesday, 
 Friday and Saturday, November 24, 25, 27 and 28, 1896, in the 
 lodge room on the seventh floor of Odd Fellows' Temple, Broad 
 Street, Philadelphia, Pa. The Convention was called to order by 
 H. T. Miller, P. G. C. Prayer was offered by Rev. W. P. Fulton, O. 
 W. U. , '81. i\n address of welcome was made by G. S. Fullerton, 
 Vice-Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, President Miller 
 responding. 
 
 Officers present: General Council — President, H. T. Miller; Secretary, W. 
 R. Brown; Treasurer, F. S. Ball; Historian, D. N. Marble. President Alpha Pro- 
 vince, J. C. Moore, Jr. President Beta Province, M. H. Guerrant. President 
 Gamma Province, F. C. Keen. President Epsilon Province, S. E. Findley. 
 President Zeta Province, J. G. Wallace. Editor of The Scroll, J. E. Brown. 
 Editor of the Catalogue, F. D. Swope. Editors of the Song-book: F. D. Swope, 
 W. B. Palmer. 
 
636 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Delegates from college chapters present: Miami — S. M. Roland, '97. 
 Indiana — Homer Woolery, '96. Centre — P. B. Bethel, '97. Wabash — R. F. 
 Byers, '97. Wisconsin — J. H. Bacon, '97. N'orthivestern — J. W. R. Conner, '97. 
 Indianapolis — W. M. Blount, '97. O. W. U. — G. N. Armstrong, '97. Franklin 
 — P, W. Monroe, '98. Ilajiovei — J. W. Evans, '98. Michigan — C. I. Woodward, 
 '97. DeFauzv — S. K. Ruick, Jr., '97. Ohio — Newman Bennett, '99. Missouri 
 — R. H. Switzler, '97. Knox — J. G. Latimer, '97. Georgia — H. C. Moreno, '93. 
 Emory — F. H. Houser, '98. lotua Wesleyan — F. S. Robinson, '97. Mercei — H. 
 L. D. Hughes, '97. Wooster — J. H. Baldwin, '97. Cornell — S. C. Lines, '97. 
 Lafayette — J. S. Koehl, '97. California — G. D. Kierulff, '96. Lansing — B. A. 
 Bowditch, '96. Virginia—]. F. Siler, '98. Buchtel—C. O. Rundell, '98. Ne- 
 braska — P. W, Russell, '98. Gettysburg — G. H. Kain, '97. Vanderbilt — P. M. 
 Jones, '89. Lehigh — C. P. Wagoner, '97. Mississippi — W. A. Lucas, '98. Ala- 
 bama — D. P. Bestor, Jr., 97. Illinois Wesleyan — Wave Miller, '97. Lombard — 
 M. W. Allen, '96. Auburn — G. M. Wheeler, '98. Allegheny — W. J. Lowstuter, 
 '99. Vermont — F. F. Lincoln, '97. Dickinson — J. G. E. Smedley, 97, West- 
 minster — H. H. Smiley, '97. Minjtesota — W. H. Condit, '96. lozva — A. A. Pais- 
 ley, '97. Kansas — J. E. Smith, '97. Hillsdale — L. P. Davis, '97. Sewanee — 
 C. B. K. Weed, '95. O. S. U.—A. D. Ingram, '96. Texas— Y.. C. Barker, '99. 
 Pennsylvania — J. T. Buxton, '97. Union — G. M. Scofield, '96. Colby — H. M. 
 Browne, '98. Columbia — H. W. Egner, '99. Dartmouth — L. H. Blanchard, '97. 
 North Carolina — E. S. Askew, '98. Central — J. J. Greenleaf, '99. Williams — 
 R. F. Denison, '97. Southzvestern — M. P. Holmes, 97. Syracuse — A. E. Larkin, 
 '94. ]V. &^ L. — R. S. McClinlic, '97. Southern — A. C. Smith, '97. Amherst — 
 R. V. Ingersoll, '97. Brozvn — A. M. McCrillis, '97. Washington — C. P. Pettus, 
 '99. Stanford — J. P. Fife, '96. Purdue — Samuel Moore, Jr., '94. Illinois — G. 
 A. Barr, '97. 
 
 The active college chapters without delegates were those at Ran- 
 dolph-Macon, W. & J., Tulane. 
 
 Delegates from alumni chapters present: Indianapolis — H. T. Miller, 
 Indianapolis, '88. Louisville — F. D. Swope, Hanover, '85. Montgomery — F. S. 
 Ball, O. S. U., '88. Chicago— ¥. J. R. Mitchell, Northwestern, '96. Nashville— 
 W. B. Palmer, Emory, '77. Washiitgton — ^J. H. DeWitt, Vanderbilt, '94.. Akron — 
 S. E. Findley, Buchtel, '94. New York — D. R. Horton, Cornell, '75. Minneapo- 
 lis — J. G. Wallace, W. & J., '93. Atlanta — E. G. Hallman, Emory, '96. Saint 
 Louis — C. A. Bohn, Washington, '93. Philadelphia — McCluney Radcliffe, Penn- 
 sylvania, '82. Cleveland — A. A. Stearns, Buchtel, '79. Boston — H. J. Hapgood, 
 Dartmouth, '96. 
 
 Other members present: Miami — W. P. Meily, '98. Centre — R. S. Daw- 
 son, '87; T. S. Field, '97. Indianapolis— yR. A. Black, '80. O. W. C/.—W. P. 
 Fulton, '81; Harold Heath, '92. Ohio—M. F. Parrish, '76; C. M. Shepherd, '96. 
 Missouri — F. O. Gudgell, '95. Emory — F. S. Palmer, '99. Cornell — T. E. Graff, 
 '96; H. W. Griffin, '96; Ralph McCarty, '96; W. G. Smith, 96; O. P. Ward, '96; 
 W. B. Newton, '97; G. L. Weller, 97; Abram Bassford, Jr., '98; J. J. Dempsey, 
 '98; A. E. Whiting, '98. Lansing— V<I. M. Munson, '88; C. F. Hermann, '97. Buchtel 
 — L. F. Lybarger, '92; C. G. Webster, '94. Gettysburg — M. L. Holloway, '84; A. 
 L. Cook; '95; J. E. Meisenhelder, '97; I. H. Berrits, '99. Vanderbilt — T. S. 
 Meek, '80; W. E. Farrell, '91; R. P. McReynolds, '95; L. M. Palmer, '95. Al- 
 legheny — R. R. Ross, '81; E. J. Chesboro, '93; Arthur Staples, '94; M. D. 
 Crary, '96. Vermont— G. M. Sabin, '96; E. B. Allen, '97; R. L. Patrick, '98; 
 R. D. Emery, '99. Dickinson — W. E. Yeager, '87; H. M. Stephens, '92; G. H. 
 Bucher, '95; H. F. Matter, '95; H. S. Noon, '96; C. S. Davidson, '98; W. E. 
 Keeler, '98; E. D. Soper, '98; W. G. Souders, '98; J. B. Wintersteen, '99; Wel- 
 don Brubaker, '00. Westfuinste? — E. C. Henderson, '93. Iowa — W. S 
 Hamilton, '94. Setvanee — O. N. Torian, '93. Pennsylvania — C, A. Oliver, 
 '76; H. B. McFadden, '82; Henry Delaplaine, '91; G. F. Levan, '91; L. 
 S. Somers, '91; J. M. West, Jr.,' '91; J. C. Zeigler, '91; H. C. Burr, '93; 
 H. P. Busch, '93; P. F. Heraty, '93; E. B. Wilford, '93; C. A. E. Codman, '94; 
 G. D. Codman, '94; I. W. Hollingshead, '94; Craig Atmore, '95; G. P. Chase, '95; 
 
re 
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 < 
 
638 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Clifton Maloney, '95; W. H. Miller, '95; J. C. Deal, '97; E. B. Essig, '97; A. E. 
 Wilhauer, '97; A. E. Ashburner, '98; F. A. Craig, '98; L. B. Hollingshead, '98; 
 Harry Lawson, '98; W. A. McClenthen, '98; H. S. Morrison, '98; H. R. Moses, 
 '98; H. N. Reynolds, '98; J. S. Wise, Jr., 98; W. M. Davison, Jr., '99; Teizo Na- 
 gavo, '99; A. M. Stokes, '99; Seizaburo Yasukawa, '00. Union — H. H. Brown, 
 '97; C. C. N. y.—}. M. Mayer, '84. Colby— ^N. A. Harthorne, '97; W. F. Tit- 
 comb, '97 Coliunbia — T. H. Baskerville, '86; E. J. Riederer, '96; A. P. Van 
 Gelder, '96; F. G. Hald}^ '97; W. P. Hailey, '98. Dartmouth~G. P. Bryant, 
 '91. Williavis — S. B. Newton, '91. Syracuse — T. H. Munro, Jr., '99. W. &^ L. 
 — L. C. Speers, '97. Lehigh — M. H. Fehnel, '87. Amherst — F. H. Smith, '93. 
 Brown — I. L. Foster, '93; C. B. Gay, '96. Washington — Ralph McCarty, '96. 
 Stanford — F. J. Batchelder, '94; C. A. Fife, '94. Illinois — F. H. Hamil- 
 ton, '95. 
 
 Officers elected: General Council — President, W. B. Palmer; Secretary, W. 
 R. Brown; Reporter {ex officio Y.d^\X.ox of Tlie Scroll), H. T. Miller; Treasurer, F. 
 S. Ball; Historian, McCluney Radcliffe. 
 
 Convention officers: President, H. T. Miller, P. G. C, ex officio; Secre- 
 tary, W. R. Brown, S. G. C, ex officio; Assistant Secretary, M. H. Guerrant; 
 Chaplain, W. P. Fulton; Wardens, W. A. McClenthen, A. M. McCrillis. 
 
 The Convention of 1894 directed that the General Council should 
 appoint a committee of three to revise the Constitution, and to pre- 
 pare a Code, which should contain laws relating to the details of 
 administration. The General Council, October 16, 1894, ap- 
 pointed W. B. Palmer, J. E. Brown and M. H. Guerrant to com- 
 pose such committee. The committee decided to offer also amend- 
 ments to the Ritual, and, September 26, 1896, issued to chapters 
 and general officers a pamphlet of no pages, of which 88 pages con- 
 tained an address to the Fraternity and the proposed Constitution, 
 Code, Prescribed Forms, etc., while proposed amendments to the 
 Ritual were embraced in the last 22 pages. Five additional printed 
 pages recommending certain further changes were presented to the 
 Convention of 1896. The amendments to the Ritual, which 
 included an Alumni Day ceremony and ceremonies for the National 
 Convention, were adopted. J. E. Brown, Editor of TJie Scroll, 
 said in the next issue. ' It is believed that our Ritual is now com- 
 plete, impressive and admirably adapted for a college fraternity. 
 The various ceremonies emphasize the cardinal principles of $ A @ 
 in a beautiful and effective manner." 
 
 Because of lack of time for proper consideration, only some of 
 the more important provisions of the proposed new Constitution, 
 Code and forms were adopted, among them the following: 
 
 At the suggestion of J. E. Brown, who at this Convention retired 
 as Editor, the Editor of The Scroll v^diS made a member of the Gen- 
 eral Council, adding a fifth member, the Reporter, who was made, 
 ex officio, Editor and Manager of The Scroll and The Palladium. 
 As proposed by W. B. Palmer, the office of Fraternity Librarian 
 was created,* and a Chorister was added to the chapter officers. 
 
 * As early as 1880, W. B. Palmer had formed a fairly complete collection of $ A publications, 
 and had begun to collect fraternity archives. At the Convention of 1889 he was chosen collector 
 and custodian of archives. The Convention of 1891 elected H. O. Sibley, librarian of Syracuse 
 University, to be custodian of $ A © archives, but he gathered little material. The action of the 
 Convention of 1896 established a permanent fraternity library, and during the next year W. B. 
 Palmer donated to it a large part of his collection. A K E established a library, 1883 ; A T, 1887 ; 
 and the New York clubs of A A $ and ^' T somewhat later. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1896. 
 
 639 
 
 The Convention of 1889 had conferred the privilege of voting on 
 the General Council, also on the Business Manager of The Sci'oll 
 and on Robert Morrison. The Conventions of 1891 and 1894 had 
 conferred the privilege of voting on the General Councilors, the 
 Province Presidents, the Editors of The Scroll and catalogue and 
 Robert Morrison. One of the amendments to the Constitution, 
 proposed by W. B. Palmer, and adopted by the Convention of 
 1896, gave a vote in the National Convention to each of the Gen- 
 eral Councilors, to each Province President, to the Fraternity 
 Librarian, and to each of the Editors of fraternity publications. 
 
 As proposed by W. B. Palmer, receipts from dues are to be ap- 
 portioned into four funds — convention fund, magazine fund, book 
 fund and general fund. The initiation fee is to include the price 
 of a plain badge, which is to be returned if a badge be purchased 
 within a month. Fraternity dues were increased $1 per annum. 
 
 The Fraternity Flag, 1896. 
 
 A chapter may prohibit its members from joining general or 
 local professional societies, inter-collegiate or local class societies, 
 or other local secret societies, but should dissentions be caused b}^ 
 membership in such societies, the National Convention or General 
 Council ma}' prohibit members from joining them at particular in- 
 stitutions. 
 
 The date of the annual membership report to the H. G. C. was 
 changed from April i to Februar}" i ; the date for chapters to issue 
 annual circular letters was changed from April i to December i. 
 
 An amendment provided that the badge, both shield and sword, 
 might be made of one piece. 
 
 A change was made in the fraternity flag, so that it would have 
 vertical instead of horizontal bars ; on the white middle bar, $ A 0, " 
 in blue, reading downward: on each of the outer blue bars, three 
 white five-pointed stars; the bars to be of equal width, and the hoist 
 of the flag on the staif to be two-thirds of the fly. The fraternity 
 
640 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 banner was to be triangular, and bear across the body the word 
 "Miami" over the figures "1848," with '"<^" in the upper left, "a" 
 in the lower corner, and "©" in the upper right; the bod}^ to be 
 blue, the lettering in gold, the standard, bar, cord and tassels sil- 
 vered. The banner for each chapter shall be similar, except that 
 for Miami" and ' 1848" should be substituted the name or ini- 
 tials of the college or university where the chapter is established 
 and the year when the chapter was chartered. These changes in 
 the flag and banners were suggested by W. B. Palmer. Further 
 revision of the proposed new Constitution, Code, forms, etc., was 
 referred to the same committee, H. T. Miller and D. N. Marble 
 being added. 
 
 9^^ 
 
 Fraternity Banner, 1896. 
 
 As recommended by the committee on jewelry, D. P. Bestor, 
 Jr., chairman, ordered that the use of the button adopted by the 
 Convention of 1894 should be confined to the pledged men only, 
 so that thus might the}^ be distinguished from initiated members, 
 who shall wear the regular badge, but not the shield without the 
 sword. 
 
 As recommended by the committee on alumni chapters, C. A. 
 Bohn, chairman, ordered that in common parlance and in The 
 Scroll, alumni chapters shall take their names from the cities in 
 which they are located." 
 
 November 28, a charter for Ohio Eta was ordered granted to the 
 applicants at Case School of Applied Science, and the alumni of 
 the local society $ A O there were declared eligible to membership 
 in <I> A ©. The steps which had been taken toward establishing a 
 chapter at the University of Chicago were approved. Charters 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1896. 641 
 
 were refused to applicants composing the O E H IT local society at 
 Maine State College (now the University of Maine), applicants 
 composing the <I> A E local society at Pennsylvania State College, 
 applicants at the University of Tennessee and at Albion (Mich.) 
 College. 
 
 The Convention, November 27, accepted the provisional sur- 
 render of the charter of the chapter at Buchtel College, and ordered 
 the General Council to investigate Michigan Agricultural College 
 and Hillsdale College; and, November 28, revoked the charter of 
 the chapter at Southern University. Inactive chapters were 
 assigned to active chapters, who were directed to treat them as 
 their own correspondent members, sending them circular letters 
 annuall}^ etc. The assignment was as follows: C. C. N. Y. to 
 New York Delta; Roanoke to Pennsylvania Beta; Richmond to 
 Virginia Beta; Trinit\^ (N. C. ) to Virginia Gamma; V. M. I. to 
 Virginia Zeta; South Carolina to North Carolina Beta; Oglethorpe 
 to Georgia Alpha; Wofford to Georgia Beta; Southern to Alabama 
 Beta; Austin to Texas Beta; Trinity (Texas) to Texas Gamma; 
 Georgetown and K. M. I. to Kentucky Alpha; Wittenberg to Ohio 
 Beta; Buchtel to Ohio Eta; Indiana State Normal to Indiana Zeta; 
 Monmouth to Illinois Delta; Central (Mo.) to Missouri Alpha; 
 Lawrence to Wisconsin Alpha. 
 
 Ordered, that no change be made in province boundaries, save 
 that Tennessee be made a part of Beta Province, and that the 
 States comprising Delta Province be combined with those of Gamma 
 Province, and that the Provinces be renamed in accordance with 
 such change." 
 
 An elaborate report from the committee on internal improve- 
 ment, J. H. Bacon chairman, was adopted; it dealt principally with 
 the subject of chapter houses, and included valuable suggestions as 
 to proper methods for incorporation, raising funds, and acquiring 
 a house. 
 
 As recommended by a special committee appointed to suggest a 
 testimonial for Robert Morrison, W. B. Palmer, chairman, ordered 
 that he be given $200 from the general fund, "and that the matter 
 of presenting him a further testimonial of regard, on the occasion 
 of his seventy-fifth birthday, March 15, 1897, be referred to a com- 
 mittee to be appointed by the President of this Convention." An 
 invitation for the next Convention was received from Saint Louis, 
 the third successive one from the Phis of that cit}^ but the com- 
 mittee, W. B. Palmer, chairman, presented the following report 
 which was adopted: 
 
 Your committee on the time and place of the next National Convention recom- 
 mend that it be held in the State of Ohio, the exact time and place to be deter- 
 mined by the General Council. As the celebration of the Semi-Centennial of the 
 Fraternity should be a prominent feature of the next Convention, the General 
 Council shall investigate whether it be practicable to accommodate the delegates 
 and visitors in Oxford. If not, the General Council shall endeavor to arrange for 
 appropriate jubilee exercises in Oxford, the business sessions to be held in some 
 other citv in the State. The General Council shall carefully consider whether it be 
 
 (41) 
 
 wmmt 
 
642 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 practicable to hold exercises in Oxford on the fiftieth anniversary of the birth of 
 $ A 0, which will be on Monday, December 26, 1898. The programme for the 
 special Semi-Centennial exercises shall be arranged by the General Council. 
 
 The convention hostelry was the Hotel Hanover. Monday after- 
 noon, the day before the Convention opened, the social pro- 
 gramme began with a reception given at the house of Pennsylvania 
 Zeta, 3250 Chestnut Street, many lady friends of the chapter assist- 
 ing in receiving. In the evening there was an informal smoker at 
 the same place. Tuesday evening the Convention enjoyed the 
 hospitality of the Philadelphia Phis, at a reception and ball, given 
 in honor of the delegates and visiting members in the new Houston 
 Hall (then the only university club house in the country) on the 
 campus of the University of Pennsylvania. About 175 ladies were 
 present, including the Swarthmore chapter of K K F, which, in the 
 special resolutions adopted by the Convention, was thanked for 
 'the attendance of its entire membership upon the social functions 
 of convention week." 
 
 The convention banquet took place at the Hotel Walton, Wednes- 
 day evening, 120 Phis being present. H. T. Miller, P. G. C, Indian- 
 apolis, 'S8, was toastmaster, and the regular toasts were as follows: 
 "Phi Delta Theta," response by Dr. J. E. Brown, O. W. U., '84; 
 Entertaining Angels Unawares," J. C. Moore, Jr., Pennsylvania, 
 '93: "Gold and Silver," F. S. Ball, O. S. U., '88; "The Wives 
 We Left Behind," G. D. Kierulff, California, '96; "The Quaker 
 Brethren," G. P. Bryant, Dartmouth, '91; Colonels and Cow- 
 boys," J. M. Mayer, C. C. N. Y., '84. Extra toasts were called 
 for, and responses were made by S. C. Lines, Cornell, '97; Ralph 
 McCarty, Washington, '96; W. B. Palmer, Emory, '77, and others. 
 T/ie Scroll account said: 
 
 The "others" included in particular T. H. Baskerville, Columbia, '86, who 
 brought down the table by his pathetic protest against always being included 
 among the "others," while his friend Mayer never failed to have a place on the 
 official programme. He told, among other interesting things, of a call he once 
 made on General Benjamin Harrison at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York, to 
 consult him about a political matter. His card bore the letters $ A O, and be was 
 invited up to see the General without delay, though many political leaders were 
 waiting for an audience. The General did not wish to talk politics, but about «E> A 9, 
 making manj^ inquiries about the Fraternity at large and about particular chapters, 
 and expressing the warmest interest in the progress the Fraternity was making. 
 
 The inimitable stories of Frank Dugan Swope formed a fitting climax to the even- 
 ing's pleasures. The boys kept demanding "one more," and the "Colonel" kept 
 rising, reluctant but smiling, with a new bit of dialect and a new style of acting to 
 fit the words. It was a great banquet. 
 
 Letters and telegrams were read from a number of members 
 throughout the country. The three founders having written letters, 
 telegrams of greeting were sent to them. A telegram of good wishes 
 was received from Dr. L. W. Glazebrook, Worthy Grand Chief of 
 A T O. No business sessions were held on Thanksgiving Day. In 
 the morning a photograph was taken of the Convention assembled 
 on the steps of the university library. In the afternoon everybody 
 went to the Cornell-Pennsylvania football game on Franklin Field. 
 
ANNALS, 1896-1898. 643 
 
 In the evening there was a large ^ A theatre part}^ to see De 
 Wolf Hopper and Edna Wallace Hopper in 'El Capitan," a comic 
 opera. Friday evening there was a business session; Saturday 
 evening two of the charter members of the Case chapter were initia- 
 ted at Pennsylvania Zeta's chapter house. Simons 
 Bros. & Co., Philadelphia jewelers, presented each 
 Phi who attended the Convention with a souvenir pin, 
 a bronze disc, displaying the shield and sword, with 
 "Philadelphia" above and 1896" below. The Scroll 
 said: ' Counting Monday, with its informal meetings 
 Souvenir Pin. |j^ ^j^g aftemoon and evening, and Thanksgiving Day, 
 when we were photographed and attended the football game in a 
 body, the sessions of the Convention extended over a period of six 
 days — the longest in our history. The number of alumni in attend- 
 ance in proportion to the active membership was remarkable. At 
 Indianapolis 35 per cent of the whole number of delegates and 
 visitors present were alumni; at Philadelphia 50 per cent." 
 
 ANNALS, 1896-1898. 
 
 The National Convention, 1896, elected W. B. Palmer, P. G. C. ; 
 W. R. Brown, S. G. C. ; H. T. Miller, R. G. C. ; F. S. Ball, T. G. 
 C. ; McCluney Radcliffe, H. G. C. This General Council appointed 
 the following Province Presidents: Alpha, J. C. Moore, Jr.; Beta, 
 M. H. Guerrant; Gamma, Schuyler Poitevent; Delta, H. H. Ward; 
 Epsilon, J. G. Wallace. The General Council, December 12, 1896, 
 elected J. E. Brown as Fraternit}" Librarian. 
 
 The old University of Chicago suspended 1886. The new uni- 
 versity by that name was incorporated 1890, and opened 1892. It 
 was richly endowed by J. D. Rockefeller, the Standard Oil magnate 
 and by a number of wealthy citizens of Chicago. Fraternities 
 recognized it as a promising field, and several immediately took 
 measures to organize chapters there. At first it was the polic}^ of 
 the facult}^ to exclude them. President W. R. Harper opposed 
 fraternities, and favored societies like the Whig and Clio, secret 
 literary societies at Princeton. Athletic Director A. A. Stagg was 
 active in opposition, claiming that fraternities interfered with 
 athletic interests. But some of the professors favored fraternities, 
 and it was seen to be almost impossible to bar them out, so the 
 faculty voted, 1892, to recognize them, but stipulated that they 
 should submit their house rules to the President, and that each 
 should appoint a representative Avith whom the faculty might con- 
 fer, in conformit}^ with the laws governing dormitories; also that 
 membership in fraternities should be restricted to "students of the 
 second year." 
 
 These restrictions, as well as the large proportion of graduate 
 students, and the peculiar curriculum, with classes beginning every 
 three months, made <l> A hesitant about entering the new univer- 
 
644 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 sity. At the National Convention of 189 1, I. R. Hitt, Jr., Presi- 
 dent of Zeta Province, and a resident of Chicago, recommended 
 consideration of the matter of establishing a chapter in the new 
 institution, but the Convention did not act on the subject. His 
 successor, W. R. Brown, of Minneapolis, in his report to the Con- 
 vention of 1894, said that he had visited the institution in the 
 interest of ^ A @, but that, for the reasons which have been given, 
 it did not seem to be an ideal home for a chapter. The committee 
 on chapters and charters, J. C. Moore, Jr., chairman reported: ' The 
 committee does not favor the placing of a chapter at the University 
 of Chicago at present, but recommends that the matter be referred 
 to the General Council and Province Presidents," which report 
 was adopted. 
 
 But by the following year many Phis realized that <I> A © had 
 made a mistake in remaining out ofChicago so long. H. T. Miller, 
 P. G. C, visited the university, June, 1895, and reported to the 
 General Council that several fraternities had demonstrated that 
 fraternity life was quite possible there. The Palladium, November, 
 1895, and January, 1896, contained requests from the P. G. C. 
 that the names of any Phis attending Chicago be sent to him. The 
 Editor, J. E. Brown, said that $ A ought to be represented 
 there, and that local members were working to that end. During 
 1895-96 there were several Phis in the university, among them 
 F. L. Davies, of Cornell; H. W. Stuart, of California, and H. W. 
 Smythe, of Stanford. Phis on the faculty list were Dr. J. W. 
 Moncrief, associate professor; J. D. Bruner, assistant professor; 
 Dr. T. J. J. See, instructor. 
 
 The unfriendly attitude of President Harper and other members 
 of the faculty toward fraternities at the outset had prejudiced many 
 students against them, so that a strong anti-fraternity sentiment 
 prevailed, but this gradually decreased. W. O. Wilson and H. L. 
 Ickes became roommates in Snell Hall, April, 1896. Both had 
 been in the university three years, and both had refused bids from 
 fraternities. However, Wilson became inclined to the idea of join- 
 ing a fraternity, and proposed to Ickes that they organize a group, 
 to petition some good fraternity for a charter. The latter, after 
 careful consideration, agreed. At Wilson's suggestion they ex- 
 amined American College Fraternities," and both decided that 
 O A was the one they would like to join. It occurred to Wilson 
 that he knew a member of $ A ©, W. L. Hipsley, of Illinois Delta, 
 who was attending Northwestern University Law School. He 
 communicated with Hipsley, and the three by appointment met at 
 the Great Northern Hotel, where the matter was discussed. Hips- 
 ley told them to secure more men, and assured them that a charter 
 would be granted if a sufficient number of acceptable applicants 
 was obtained. Hipsley at once informed H. T. Miller, P. G. C, 
 of the conference, and from that time forward the latter was in 
 official charge of the movement for a charter. Wilson and Ickes 
 
ANNALS, 1 896- 1 
 
 645 
 
 approached H. A. Peterson and S. C. Mosser on the subject. The 
 latter two had been invited to join several fraternities, and it trans- 
 pired that both had been approached some time previously by 
 Davies, who had proposed that they appl}^ to $ A0. Being chums, 
 they concluded to go together. Peterson held off for a time, but 
 finall}" he and Mosser decided to join forces with Wilson and Ickes. 
 The P. G. C. kept the general officers and man}^ of the chapters 
 informed as to developments at Chicago, so that when an applica- 
 tion for a charter should come it could be acted on immediately. 
 A formal application was made, June 11, 1896, an informal one 
 having been made earlier. It was planned to install the chapter 
 on June 20, by which dav the votes necessary for a charter were 
 
 McCluney Radcliffe, Lafayette, '82; H. G. C, 1896-1900. 
 
 received, but it was decided to postpone the installation until 
 the following year, when a larger charter list could be secured. In 
 the fall the prospective Phis went to work to secure new adherents. 
 They were aided b}^ O. W. Caldwell, Indiana Delta, laboratory 
 assistant; T. F. Chaplin, Missouri Gamma, and other Phis attend- 
 ing the university. It was then planned to install the chapter on 
 November 21, but some of the resident alumni still thought the 
 charter members were too few, so there was another postponement. 
 In the National Convention, November 24, after a report from H. 
 T. Miller, the steps taken to organize at Chicago were approved. 
 On their return from the Convention, W, R. Brown, S. G. C, and 
 J. G. Wallace, P. P., stopped off at Chicago and visited the appli- 
 cants. H. T. Miller, then Editor of The Scroll, continued his 
 visits. The applicants issued a circular to the cit}^ alumni, giving 
 
646 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 a full account of themselves and setting forth the situation at the 
 universit}^ 
 
 The charter list as finally made up was composed of C. K. Bliss, 
 '97; H. L. Ickes, '97; S. C. Mosser, '97; H. A. Peterson, '97; 
 W. O. Wilson, '97; K. F. Flanders, '98; C. F. Stockey,* '98; L. B. 
 Fulton, '99; C. H. Sawyer, '99. The General Council decided, 
 Februar}^ 11, 1897, that the initiation should take place on February 
 18, also that the charter should bear the latter date, that it should 
 be signed by the Councilors then in office, and that the chapter 
 should be called Illinois Beta, the title of the chapter at the old 
 university. 
 
 On the afternoon of February 18, the charter members were ini- 
 tiated in a suite of rooms in the Great Northern Hotel, the cere- 
 monies being conducted by Illinois Alpha. The charge to the 
 chapter was delivered by H. T. Miller, R. G. C. At six o'clock 
 the installation banquet began in the tower dining room of the 
 Union League Club. Representatives of seventeen chapters, 
 including not a few of the older alumni, were present. The toast- 
 master was F. A. Smith, '66, who had been a charter member of 
 the first Illinois Beta, and who had aided actively in organizing the 
 second at the new university, of which he was a trustee. Among 
 other speakers was Judge C. C. Kohlsaat, '67, also a charter mem- 
 ber of old Illinois Beta; Colonel H. M. Kidder, Illinois Alpha, '59, 
 and W. S. Harbert, Wabash, '64. 
 
 G. B. Swift, Illinois Beta, '67, Mayor of Chicago wrote: I 
 regret exceedingly on my own account that I will be unable to be 
 present at the institution of the new chapter of $ A ©. It would 
 give me great pleasure to renew old society affiliations." Ex-Pres- 
 ident Benjamin Harrison telegraphed: ' I am sorry I cannot be 
 with 3^ou at the ^ A @ banquet to-night. Extend m}^ good wishes 
 to all who are present." Former Vice-President A. E. Stevenson 
 telegraphed: ''Greatly regret impossibility of being present. My 
 heartfelt greeting to our beloved Fraternity." Senator W. F. Vilas 
 wrote: I beg to acknowledge, with much sensibilit}^ of the com- 
 pliment, 3^our invitation to attend the resurrection of the Illinois 
 Beta at the University of Chicago, and regret that my engagements 
 are such as to render it impossible for me to participate in the 
 pleasure of the occasion. I hope that our Fraternit}^ may enjoy 
 such success as to raise it to control in the various institutions of 
 the countr3\" Letters and telegrams were received also from Sen- 
 ator J. C. S. Blackburn, Judge W. A. Woods and man}'- others. 
 
 The charter members did not increase the membership until 
 June 24, when E. C. Hale, '99, and G. A. Brayton, '00, were 
 initiated. The chapter had a dinner at the Hotel Windemere, May 
 I, 1897; and, August 5, at the Hotel Del Prado, there was a din- 
 ner, attended b}^ fifteen members, including several active members 
 of Illinois Beta. At the opening of the fall session only four active 
 
 Name has been changed to C. F. Hreed. 
 
I 
 
 ANNALS, 1896-1898. 647 
 
 members returned, while Wilson, Mosser and Ickes, who had been 
 graduated that 3'ear, lived at the chapter house and helped "rush" 
 new men. Seven men were initiated during 1897-98. Before the 
 chapter was installed, Wilson, Ickes and Fulton had taken three 
 rooms at 5738 Monroe Avenue, establishing fraternit}' headquar- 
 ters. The next fall, October, 1897, the members had six rooms at 
 the same place. Later, an eight room flat at 5744 Monroe Avenue 
 was taken, and, October, 1898, a twelve room house at 5750 Madi- 
 son Avenue was rented. The fraternities that were established 
 at the new Universit}^ of Chicago previous to <^ A © were A K E, 
 
 ^ K *, B n, :s X, A A <i>, 2 X. 
 
 March 15, 1897, was the seventy-fifth anniversar\^ of the birth of 
 Robert Morrison. The Convention of 1896 decided to present 
 him with $200, and to refer the matter of presenting a further testi- 
 monial to a committee to be appointed by the President of the Con- 
 vention. On the natal da}^ of $ A ©, the venerable founder ack- 
 nowledged the donation: 
 
 Fulton, Mo., December 26, 1896. 
 Fred S. Ball, Esq., Treasurer of the General Council: 
 
 Thanks, hearty thanks, for your favor of December 15. It is eight and forty 
 years to-da}- since the organization of the Fraternity we cherish. Dens haec otia 
 fecit. How the days go by! It seems not very long since six men thus joined hands, 
 and when two or three days later one more joined us, and seven sat down to our 
 first banquet. Fraternally and truly yours, 
 
 Robert Morrison. 
 
 Congratulations and well wishes from every chapter, all general 
 officers and a number of other members were presented, March 15, 
 with the following letter, w^ritten by W. B. Palmer: 
 
 To Rev. Robert Morrison, Father of $ A 6, and Beloved Brother in the Bond: 
 The National Convention of <f A 0, held at Philadelphia during Thanksgiving 
 week, 1896, provided for presenting a testimonial of regard to you on the occasion 
 of your seventy-fifth birthday anniversary. 
 
 We, the undersigned, being appointed a committee to determine the nature of 
 such testimonial, decided upon a collection of tributes from the chapters, officers 
 and other members of the Fraternity. The accompanj'ing tribiites express much 
 heartfelt gratitude for your life-long labors in behalf of our Brotherhood, which has 
 exerted such a beneficial influence upon the characters of all who have accepted its 
 obligations. 
 
 f> A O has been most fortunate among Greek-letter societies in having a founder 
 who has never ceased to exhibit the most active interest in its welfare. This Fra- 
 ternity, conceived in the wisdom of you and your associates, at Miami, nearly half 
 a century ago, is based upon the purest principles. It has given noble aspirations 
 to all who have been admitted within its mystic circle, and it has incited thousands 
 of members to higher endeavors. We rejoice that the Bond, by its own terms, is 
 made of perpetual binding obligation, and that it shall endure to inspire future 
 generations with lofty ideals and purposes. 
 
 The love of all who wear the sword and shield will always follow you, so long 
 as kind Providence shall preserve your useful life. We trust that the years to come 
 may be frought with health and happiness for you, our honored friend, and, with 
 renewed assurances of highest esteem, we remain, Yours in the Bond, 
 
 Walter B. Palmer, 
 Fred S. Ball, 
 John Edwin Brown, 
 
 March 15, 1897. Harry H. Smiley. 
 
648 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The following high but deserved appreciation was the leading 
 editorial by H. T. Miller in The Scroll iox April. 1897, which was 
 called a "Robert Morrison Number." 
 
 On March 15, 1897, Robert Morrison completed his seventy-fifth year. The 
 story of his life is given in full and in his own words on other pages. It is a story 
 of hard, unselfish work in many fields. Few men have given their days and nights 
 and years to the service of others with such cheerful courage and patient devotion 
 as has Robert Morrison. His long and useful life will be one of $ A G's most ten- 
 derly treasured legacies, for the Fraternity can but feel that her founder is her own, 
 in his high purposes, in his untiring self-sacrifices, in his patient confidence. He 
 stamped the traits of his own symmetrical manliness so clearl}- on the face of his 
 ideal student and man, as he outlined him in the Bond which makes us one, that all 
 who appreciate the objects of the Fraternity, and who know her history well, feel 
 that the best example of what # A should mean, and can do for the man who is 
 guided in his career by her high principles, is to be sought in the words and deeds 
 of Robert Morrison. 
 
 The Fraternity is fortunate, indeed, to have enjoyed, now almost half a century, 
 the cheery presence, the wise counsels, the fatherly affection of her founder. Others 
 wrought with him, and others have given freely what they had, in later years, with 
 unselfishness not unlike his; all these have just claims on our gratitude and admira- 
 tion. But they and we together feel and know that we do none injustice, nor de- 
 tract from others' fame, when we say that "I* A G owes her immortal principles, her 
 sacred inner life, her success and permanence, to Robert Morrison more than to any 
 other man. 
 
 These may seem strong words and to some, who measure success by acres and 
 dollars and ballots, it may seem that the influence of this man has been felt in narrow 
 limits. This is not true. Robert Morrison was fitted to do work involving high respon- 
 sibility, and much that he has done would be instantly recognized as such. The 
 Fraternity he founded has carried its influences further than have gone those of any 
 other. But he accepted conditions as he found them, did the work that lay nearest 
 him, and did it well, whether it was counted high or humble. He has earned and 
 he holds the eternal gratitude of all who have accepted the Bond of the $ A 0, not 
 only for his wisdom and foresight and energy in organizing a great Brotherhood, 
 but for the high ideals, the manifest devotion to duty that come as an inspiration to 
 those who know his life. 
 
 The following appeared in The Palladium for September: 
 
 Fulton, Mo., August, 1897. 
 Professor Hugh Th. Miller. 
 
 Dear Brother Editor: Though at a distance, I find myself in danger of an over- 
 flow of fraternal regards. In 1886 the Convention at New York caned me, and in 
 1891 the Atlanta Convention dadged me; but the late Convention outbid its prede- 
 cessors by making a birthday present for my three score and fifteenth anniversary 
 to the amount of two hundred dollars. Republics may be and sometimes have been 
 ungrateful, but I know of at least one Fraternity that is not afflicted in that way. 
 
 Shall I tell you what that money did for me? I removed to Fulton, December, 
 1890, and after securing a modest home, mortgaged it, to enable me to educate my 
 children. I paid interest year after year, until the year of grace, 1897, when I felt 
 anxious to pull off the plaster that had drawn so steadily and severely. I gathered 
 all the money I could muster, and found a lack of about two hundred dollars, which 
 the unexpected but thoughtful kindnesss of my <^ A brothers in Convention pro- 
 vided, thus enabling me to be so happy as to lift and burn the ugly document, and 
 so releasing my house and lot from financial peril. How well timed the help I 
 needed came! Thanks to Providence and the kindness of my brothers of the last 
 Convention. In the Bond, fraternally yours, 
 
 Robert Morrlson. 
 
 P. S. — Absence from home and a short but serious illness caused delay in mak- 
 ing this acknowledgment. 
 
ANNALS, 1896-1898. 649 
 
 The testimonials presented March 15, 1897, were later returned 
 to J. E. Brown, who had them handsomel}^ bound in morocco. In 
 such form thev^ were again presented to Father Morrison, March 15, 
 1898, and he brought the volume with him to the Semi-Centennial 
 Convention, when it was examined b}' man}" members. 
 
 The topics for Alumni Day, 1897, were: i. ' What <l> A @ has, 
 and has not, in common with other fraternities." 2. "The most 
 practicable way to acquire and maintain a chapter house." J. W. 
 Lindley, one of the founders of $ A 0, was a guest of the Cleve- 
 land alumni, and a speaker at their Alumni Day dinner. 
 
 Under the leadership of W. P. Putnam, an alumni chapter was 
 organized at Detroit, Mich. March 28, 1897, he forwarded an 
 application for charter, signed by G. D. Hammond, O. W. U., '76; 
 B. C. Robbins, Franklin, '78; J. C. Hallock, Michigan, '94; A. H. 
 Kessler, Michigan, '95; C. M. Preston, Michigan, '98; P. T. 
 Davis, Northwestern, '93; E. D. Hutton, Lansing, '83; H. W. 
 Quinby, Lansing, '89; J. C. Patrick, Lansing, '94; L. S. McCol- 
 lester, Buchtel, '81; W. P. Putnam, Buchtel, '93. The General 
 Council granted them a charter for Michigan Alpha Alumni, April 
 19, 1897. The first meeting of the chapter was at the Cadillac 
 Hotel, November 22, 1897, when officers were elected. A banquet 
 was held at the Hotel Ste. Claire, Februar}^ 3, 1898. 
 
 W. B. Palmer, P. G. C, was in New Orleans for several weeks 
 early in 1897, and proposed to the Phis there that they organize 
 an alumni chapter. He presided at a banquet held at Victor 
 Bero's restaurant, Bourbon Street, on Alumni Day, when twelve 
 signatures to an application for a charter were secured. The same 
 evening a preliminary organization was formed by the election of 
 officers. Afterward the work of obtaining signatures was taken up 
 by G. L. Tebault, and Schuyler Poitevent, P. P. The latter, July 
 16, 1897, forwarded the application, which had been signed by G. 
 W. Nott, K. M. I., '86; H. H. Flashpoller, Roanoke, '89; F. W. 
 Parham, Randolph-Macon, '77; R. H. Marr, Vanderbilt, '80; E. 
 T. Merrick, Vanderbilt, '81; J. M. Leveque, Vanderbilt, '89; C. L. 
 Horton, Alabama, '87; Robert Jamison, Sewanee, '85; H. T. Cot- 
 tam, Sewanee, '91; C. M. Brady, Southern, '89; H. M. Husley, 
 Southern, '91; W. G. Tebault, Jr., Southern, '99; and the follow- 
 ing members of Louisiana Alpha: H. G. Gessner, '89; C. H. 
 Tebault, Jr., '90; J. J. d'Aquin, '92; W. F. Hardie, '92; E. P. 
 Brady, '93; C. V. Cosby, '93; R. T. Hardie, '93; H. P. Jones, '93; 
 G. K. Prentiss, '93; G. L. Tebault, '93; Marion Souchon, '94: 
 Upholdo Wolfe, Jr., ^94; E. J. Murphy, '95; Schuyler Poitevent, 
 '95; S. S. Prentiss, Jr., '95; A. A. Woods, Jr., '95; P. L. Cusach, 
 '96; F. M. Gordon, '96; E. C. Renaud, '96. The General Coun- 
 cil granted them a charter for Louisiana Alpha Alumni, August 2, 
 1897. The first meeting of the chapter was at a dinner given by 
 W. G. Tebault, Jr., at his home, February 9, 1898, when steps were 
 taken looking to a more complete organization. 
 
650 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Through the efforts of C. F. Geilfuss, an undergraduate member 
 of Wisconsin Alpha, whose home was at Milwaukee, Wis., an 
 alumni chapter was organized there, with the following charter 
 members: G. W. Hayes, Wabash, '60; Jared Thompson, Law- 
 rence, '59; H. V. Blarcom, Missouri, '97; and the following mem- 
 bers of Wisconsin Alpha: Herman Fehr, '84; A. J. Hilbert, '84; 
 F. C. Rogers, '85; W. H. Wasweyler, '85; W. E. Black, '88; F. A. 
 Geiger, '8S; R. C. Brown, '89; R. E. Hilbert, '92; J. H. Turner, 
 '92; J. F. Sweet, 'S^; G. T. Elliott, '94; C. E. Hilbert, '94; J. J. 
 Wright, '94. The application, dated August 13, 1897, was for- 
 warded b}'- Geilfuss August 17. The General Council, September 
 9, chartered the applicants as Wisconsin Alpha Alumni. The 
 chapter began its existence with a banquet at the Deutscher Club, 
 September 14. 
 
 Former Vice-President A. E. Stevenson was a guest of Michigan 
 Alpha at dinner, October 29, 1896. Ex-President Benjamin Har- 
 rison was the guest of honor at a reception given by Michigan 
 Alpha, March 23, 1897. A few days later he sent to the chapter a 
 platinotype of himself, a half-tone reproduction of which appears on 
 page 535. Missouri Alpha, gave a reception, December 16, 1896, 
 in honor of Miss Mary French Field, daughter of the deceased 
 poet, Eugene Field, '73, and presented her with a handsome badge. 
 During the same collegiate year, she was tendered a reception by 
 Pennsylvania Zeta; and, January 11, 1898, she was entertained by 
 Illinois Eta. Founder Robert Morrison, was present at a regular 
 meeting of Missouri Alpha, February 12, 1898, and Founder J. W. 
 Lindley, attended a meeting of Illinois Eta, October 31, 1898.* 
 
 Lists of Phis residing in the bay cities were distributed at a ban- 
 quet of San Francisco alumni, March 13, 1897. The names, 84 in 
 number, were printed on a folded card. The banquet cards of the 
 Cleveland Alumni chapter, Alumni Day, 1897, contained a list of 
 Phis residing there. T/te Scroll, April, 1897, contained a list of 
 62 Phis at New Orleans, compiled by G. L. Tebault; and the issue 
 for February, 1898, contained a list of 15 Phis at Detroit, compiled 
 by W. P. Putnam. The Boston alumni chapter issued, June, 1897, 
 a director}^ of Phis living in New England, a neat pamphlet of 29 
 pages, bearing on the cover "The New England Phis, 1897." It 
 is similar in size and appearance to "Metropolitan Phis" issued 
 
 At our last meeting we were honored by a visit from Brother J. W. Lindley, one of the 
 founders of 4> A © fifty years ago at Miami. He gave the chapter a very interesting talk on the 
 first work of the Fraternity, and said that the meeting of Illinois Eta was the first regular fraternity 
 meeting that he had attended since leaving Miami." — Illinois chapter letter, dated November i, by 
 W. J. Fulton, The Scroll, December, 1898. 
 
 Asked if he could remember the exact date of his visit to the Illinois chapter, J. W. Lindley 
 wrote to W. B. Palmer, October 10, 1903 : 
 
 Yes, I remember very well the exact date I visited the chapter at Champaign. It \?,/rozen 
 in my memory. It was hallowe'en night, 1898. One of the brothers came over to Urbana, where I 
 was visiting my sister Mrs. Sim, and accompanied me to their chapter rooms, where we spent a very 
 pleasant evening. After adjournment the brother saw me safe on the street car and bade me good 
 night. It was the last car for the night. After going about a square the car stopped ; the rails were 
 greased and we could go no further. I went to the hotel and telephoned to a livery stable for a 
 conveyance. An open buggy was brought to me, and when I reached Mrs. Sim I was almost 
 frozen. So I am sure of the date." 
 
ANNALS, 1896-1898. 651 
 
 1895. It contains a list of 46 Phis in Boston, 28 at Harvard, 118 
 elsewhere in Massachusetts, 71 in Maine, 43 in New Hampshire, 
 77 in Vermont, 35 in Rhode Island and 40 in Connecticut; total, 
 458. The committee of publication was W. W. Case, Emerson 
 Rice, Samuel Abbott and D. J. Gallert. 
 
 The Scroll, February and April, 1898, mentions a manuscript 
 chapter chronicle, called the ^t/ceta^" edited b}^ members of Wis- 
 consin Alpha in 1896 and again in 1898. 
 
 A State Convention of Indiana Phis was held at Indianapolis, as 
 usual, on the occasion of the state oratorical meeting, early in 1897. 
 A joint Convention of Beta and Gamma Provinces was held at 
 Nashville, October 15-16, 1897, during the Tennessee Centennial 
 Exposition, About sixty members were present. On the first day 
 a meeting was held at the Tulane Hotel, W. B. Palmer, P. G. C, 
 presiding. In the evening Tennessee Alpha tendered the visitors a 
 
 smoker" at its chapter house. On the second evening there was 
 a banquet, attended by fort3^-seven Phis, at the roof garden cafe 
 of the woman's building on the exposition grounds. 
 
 The biennial Convention of Alpha Province was held at Provi- 
 dence, R. I., October 28-29, 1897, J. C. Moore, Jr., P. P., pre- 
 siding. The enrollment was fifty. On the second evening there 
 was a banquet, fort3^-two being present. The Convention of Epsi- 
 lon Province which was to take place at Lincoln, May, 1898, was 
 postponed. So many members of Nebraska Alpha — nine actives and 
 several alumni — had enlisted in the army for the war against Spain 
 that the chapter did not feel prepared then to entertain a Convention. 
 
 The topic for Alumni Day, 1898, was <^ A 0's progress in fifty 
 years, and her prospects for years to come." 
 
 At the Alumni Da}^ dinner of Phis at Columbus, Ohio, 1896, a 
 resolution was adopted in favor of organizing the Central Ohio 
 Alumni Association, and putting the management in charge of a 
 committee composed of W. T. Morris, M. G. Evans and J. E. 
 Brown. At the Alumni Day dinner, 1898, by-laws presented by 
 this committee were adopted. The General Council having de- 
 cided that the Semi-Centennial National Convention should meet 
 the following November at Columbus, the local arrangements for 
 that event were placed in charge of the executive committee of the 
 association, composed of J. E. Brown, Emmett Tompkins and W. 
 T. Morris. A movement to secure an alumni chapter charter had 
 already originated. In the fall of 1897, I. M. Foster, of Ohio 
 Gamma, but then attending the law school of O. S. U., assisted 
 in obtaining signatures to an application for charter. The appli- 
 cation, dated April 8, 1898, bore, when forwarded by J. E. Brown, 
 the following names: M. G. Evans, Miami, '77; Cyrus Huling, 
 O. W. U., '78; F. L. Rosemond, O. W. U., 82; J. E. Brown, 
 O. W. U., '84; R. L. Seeds, O. W. U., 'Z(y\ H. L. Rownd, O. W. 
 U., '88; F. L. Brown, O. W. U., '89; W. L. Van Sickle, O. W. U., 
 '89; A. V. Evans, O. W. U., '90; P. M. Thompson, O. W. U., '90; 
 
652 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 J. M. Butler, O. W. U., '92; E. T. Miller, O. W. U., '95; B. F. 
 Mull, O. W. U., '95; T. L. Chadbourne, Michigan, '91; Emmett 
 Tompkins, Ohio, '74; J. F. Hayes, Wooster, '89; N. L. Burner, 
 Wooster, '92; R. D, Bohannan, Virginia, '76; William McPher- 
 son, O. S. U., '87; A. W. H. Jones, O. S. U., '91; J. D. Dun- 
 ham, O. S. U., '94; L. F. Sater, O. S. U,, '95; A. D. Ingram, 
 O. S. U., '97; W. T. Morris, Williams, '92. The General Coun- 
 cil, April 23, 1898, granted them a charter for Ohio Delta Alumni 
 chapter, to be known locally as The Central Ohio Association of 
 ^ A © Alumni. " The organization won unstinted praise for the splen- 
 did manner in which it entertained the Semi-Centennial Convention. 
 
 Fifteen Providence alumni met in the hall of Rhode Island Alpha, 
 March i, 1898, effected a temporary organization, and signed an 
 application for charter. A. M. McCrillis and A. T. Swift were 
 chosen President and Secretary respejctively. An application, dated 
 March i, was forwarded, March 13, to the H. G. C. It was signed 
 by A. T. Stratton, Vermont, '89; E.N. Billings, Amherst, '92; C. E. 
 Tilley, Amherst, '92; R. M. Horton, Amherst, '98; and the fol- 
 lowing alumni of Brown: W. H. Barnard, '89; F. E. Carpenter, 
 '89; Arthur Gushing, '89; A. T. Swift, '89; N. M. Wright, '89; W. 
 T. Greene, '90; W. H. Young, '90; F. A. Greene, '91; A. L. Bar- 
 bour, '92; H. G. Beede, '93; H. S. Filmer, '93; H. M. Barry, 
 '94; F. E. Horton, '95; Frederick Slocum, '94; E. E. Bucklin, 
 '96; W. H. Kenerson, '96; H. B. Bridges, '97: P. R. Bullard, '97: 
 A. M. McCrillis, '97; H. F. Clark, '99; T. J. Griffin, Jr., '99. The 
 General Council granted them a charter for Rhode Island Alpha 
 Alumni, May 28, 1898. 
 
 I. M. Foster, who had aided in establishing the alumni chapter 
 at Columbus, having returned to his home, Athens, Ohio, set about 
 organizing an alumni chapter there. During the summer of 1898, 
 he obtained signatures to an application for charter. The applica- 
 tion, dated September 24, and forwarded by Foster on that date, 
 was signed by F. W. Coultrap, '75; H. E. Dickason, '77; B. C. 
 Voorhees, '77; C. H. Welch, '78; J. M. Hyde, '81; G. L. Pake, 
 '84; A. E. Price, '88; A. A. Atkinson, '91; J. C. Pickett, '93; 
 George DeCamp, '94; H. H. Haning, '94; F. H. Super, '95; R. C. 
 Super, '95; I. M. Foster, '95; T. L. Young, '95; S. L. McCune, 
 '96; L. D. Posten, '96; F. H. McVay, '97; C. G. O'Bleness, '98; 
 W. K. Scott, '98; D. D. Tullis, '98; E. C. Mervvin, '99; H. J. 
 Herrold, '01. All of them were members of Ohio Gamma, and it 
 was the first time that all the charter members of an alumni chap- 
 ter were members of the same college chapter. The General Coun- 
 cil granted them a charter for Ohio Epsilon Alumni, October 19, 
 1898. A meeting for organization was soon held in the rooms of 
 Ohio Gamma, and officers and a delegate to the National Conven- 
 tion were elected. Alumni Day, 1899, was observed with a ban- 
 quet at the Hotel Berry. This alumni chapter made five in Ohio 
 — more than in any other State. 
 
ANNALS, 1896-1898. 653 
 
 The Los Angeles alumni chapter, which had long been dormant, 
 was reorganized 1898. At a banquet on Alumni Da}^ a petition for 
 a charter was signed by eighteen Phis. The General Council, Ma}'- 
 18, 1898, granted them a charter, in lieu of the original charter 
 issued 1888, but bearing the names of the original charter mem- 
 bers. The Denver alumni chapter was revived at a meeting, June 
 18, 1898, the first meeting held in five 3'ears. A list of Phis living 
 in Colorado was printed for the occasion. 
 
 At the Convention of 1896 the charter of the Buchtel chapter was 
 surrendered. The Convention ordered that the charter be held in 
 trust by the General Council until the condition of the college 
 should improve sufficiently for the chapter to be re-established. A 
 letter dated Januar}' 13, 1898, written b}' C. O. Rundell, Ohio 
 Epsilon, '98, and published in The Palladiinn, noted some improve- 
 ment in the institution, and said: The boys of Ohio Epsilon, of 
 whom there are five undergraduates in college, have associated with 
 themselves the most desirable men here, and have formed a local 
 organization known as the Z A E Fraternit3\ At present we have 
 ten active members, two pledged men and four associate members, 
 the latter being Ohio Epsilon alumni. " The members of the society 
 were informed that an application for the renewal of Ohio Epsilon's 
 charter would not be favorabh^ received, the improvement in the 
 college not being deemed sufficient to warrant such action. The 
 charter was formally withdrawn by the Convention of 1900. 
 
 During the 3^ears 1897 and 1898, the General Council suspended 
 or withdrew the charters from four college chapters. The last 
 chapter letter from the Illinois Wesleyan chapter appeared in The 
 Scroll, Februar}^ 1896. Onl}^ four active members were reported 
 to the H. G. C, Februar3^ i, 1897. J. W. Probasco, a local 
 alumnus well known in the Fraternit3^, advised the General Coun- 
 cil, March 9, that conditions were unfavorable, and he thought 
 that the charter should be surrendered. For many 3'ears <I> A had 
 been very prominent at Bloomington, both in the universit3" and in 
 the city, and Illinois Epsilon and resident alumni had entertained 
 the National Convention, 1889. But Illinois Wesleyan had suf- 
 fered severel3^ from the competition of rapidl3^ growing universities 
 in the State — especially Northwestern, Chicago and the State Uni- 
 versit3^ In 1896-97, the male students at Illinois Wesleyan did 
 not number sevent3^ On receipt of Probasco's letter, the General 
 Council made an investigation, and decided, March 29, to request 
 the chapter to return its charter at the end of the collegiate year. 
 Accordingh^, the charter was surrendered June 27, 1897. 
 
 The Reporter of the Wooster chapter in a letter, dated May 12, 
 1897, published in the June Scroll, gave a table showing the mem- 
 bership of the fraternities there b3^ classes. <^ A had one senior, 
 three juniors, three sophomores, two freshmen and one pledged — 
 total ten; ^ P A, nineteen (two of them pledged); ATI}, eighteen 
 (one of them pledged); B n, nine. The Reporter expected 
 
654 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 that all the Phis except the senior would return in the fall, and that 
 two others who had been out of college for a time would return. 
 However, only two returned — A. D. Endsley and R. J. Moore- 
 house, both '98, besides A. F. Sloneker, Ohio Alpha, '98, who had 
 not affiliated. They soon decided that there was a poor prospect 
 of continuing the chapter, and expressed a desire to surrender the 
 charter. They reported that the quality of the male student body 
 had steadily deteriorated, and that the new students were very 
 unpromising fraternity candidates. The administration of the uni- 
 versity was unpopular, and the opposition of the authorities to 
 inter-collegiate athletics had caused much dissatisfaction. H. H. 
 Ward, P. P., visited Wooster, September 15 and 16, and after mak- 
 ing an investigation, reluctantly concluded that, under the circum- 
 stances, withdrawal from Wooster would be the wisest course. The 
 General Council also reached this concbision, and October 26, 
 1897, decided to suspend the charter and place it in trust with 
 Province President Ward until the next National Convention. The 
 loss of this chapter, which had once been the National Grand, and 
 had furnished many loyal and prominent alumni, was greatly 
 regretted, though members throughout the State approved the action 
 taken. $ K ^ had found it necessary to withdraw from Wooster, 
 1892; :S X, 1893; ATA, 1895. 
 
 The Convention of 1896 directed the General Council to investi- 
 gate charges of low standard and weakness" preferred against the 
 institutions in which Michigan Beta and Gamma were located. W. 
 B. Palmer, P. G. C, after visiting Hillsdale, Lansing and Ann 
 Arbor, November, 1897, reported that the scholastic standard at 
 Michigan Agricultural College was low, that at Hillsdale there had 
 been a great falling off in the number of students, and that Michi- 
 gan Gamma was weak, owing to the scarcity of good material. 
 After an affirmative vote of all other chapters in Delta Province, 
 the General Council, February 12, 1898, withdrew the charters of 
 Michigan Beta and Gamma, to take effect at the end of the collegi- 
 ate year. Those who had been active members of the Michigan 
 Beta appealed to the National Convention the following November, 
 but without success. Afterward they organized a local society 
 called $ A. The Convention ordered that the General Council 
 should assign the members of the chapters which became inactive 
 in 1896-98 to active chapters, which should send them circular let- 
 ters annually. Accordingly the General Council assigned Illinois 
 W^esleyan members to Illinois Alpha, Wooster members to Ohio 
 Zeta, Lansing members to Michigan Alpha, and Hillsdale members 
 to Illinois Beta. 
 
 The Historian of Virginia Zeta reported eight active members, 
 April I, 1897, five of whom were expected to return, but only one, 
 R. G. Campbell, did return in the fall. By request, Tennessee 
 Alpha, October 30, 1897, initiated Mark Hutchins, who expected 
 soon to enter W. & L., but he did not go there, and Campbell was 
 
ANNALS, 1896-1898. 655 
 
 the only Phi there during 1897-98. The latter was prominent 
 among the students, especially in athletic interests. The attend- 
 ance was reduced, the students numbering only 140 at the end of 
 the year, while there were thirteen Greek orders. However, Camp- 
 bell looked confidently forward to the reorganization of the chap- 
 ter, frequently sending encouraging letters to the general officers 
 and The Scroll. In the fall of 1898, he was assisted by several 
 alumni in rushing; soon five men were initiated, and, October 22, 
 the General Council tendered him a vote of thanks for his splendid 
 work in reorganizing Virginia Zeta. 
 
 At Lehigh only three Phis returned, September, 1897, and the 
 outlook was not encouraging, but timely assistance was rendered 
 by several alumni and by J. C. Moore, Jr., P. P., resulting in the 
 initiation of five men. 
 
 Ohio Alpha was weak during 1896-97, reporting onl}^ four mem- 
 bers, February i. Only three returned in the fall, but within a 
 short time six men were added. By the fall of 1898 the chapter 
 was quite strong, its improvement being due largely to the energy of 
 one of its most loyal members, K. H. Zwick. 
 
 A chapter was established at the University of Cincinnati, 1898. 
 It is worth}?- of remark that this chapter, organized in the semi- 
 centennial 3^ear of the Fraternity, was located nearer to Miami 
 than any other chapter. It is noteworth}^ also that the chapters at 
 Buchtel and Wooster having suspended in 1896 and 1897 respec- 
 tively, their places in Ohio were filled b}'' the establishment of 
 chapters at Case and Cincinnati in 1896 and 1898 respectively. 
 Moreover, in 1898 two alumni chapters were established in Ohio — 
 Columbus and Athens. 
 
 The members of a local society, F N ^,'^ at the University of 
 Cincinnati, after investigating the standing of various fraternities, 
 decided to apply to $ A © for a charter, making an informal appli- 
 cation, March 8, 1898. The}^ made a very active canvass among 
 the alumni Phis of the city and were very successful in enlisting 
 their support. At the Alumni Day dinner at the Grand Hotel, 
 March 15, the matter was discussed, and the unanimous opinion 
 was that $ A © should improve the opportunit}^ of entering this 
 growing university. Among those who were most pronounced in 
 their encouragement of the efforts for a charter were Scott Bonham 
 and W. E. Bundy, both ex-Province Presidents; A. B. Thrasher, 
 ex-Editor of The Scroll; J. B. Swing, J. G. Bloom, D. D. Wood- 
 mansee and J. M. Smedes. The application was endorsed also by 
 K. H. Zwick, of Ohio Alpha, who had visited the members, and by 
 A. C. Shaw, Ohio Alpha, and Edward Francis, Ohio Zeta, who were 
 
 * r ]S 2 was organized November, 1897, the name being derived from the initials of the words 
 Give no sign." From the first the intention was to secure a charter from a national fraternity, and 
 for fear of arousing active opposition from the fraternities established at Cincinnati, the members 
 gave mutual pledges of absolute secrecy. However, the existence of the society was known in 
 local fraternity circles in March, and in April items about it began appearing in the city papers. 
 The badge of the society was a black enameled lozenge, bearing "r N 2" in gold, with a beveled 
 border, but only one was made as a sample. 
 
656 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 attending professional departments at Cincinnati. Shaw had be- 
 come a member of r IST S. W. B. Palmer, P. G. C, and M. H. 
 Guerrant, President of Beta Province, visited the university, April 
 9-10, and were very favorably impressed with the institution and with 
 the applicants. The matter was discussed in all its bearings at a 
 dinner of alumni and the applicants at the Grand Hotel, April 9. 
 
 A formal application for charter was signed, April 25, by W. M. 
 Schoenle, '98; N. C. D. Murray, '98; J. B. Kemper, '99; C. T. 
 Perin, Jr., '99; W. O. Stovall, '99; Clifford Cordes, '00; O. W. 
 Lange, '00; S. A. McGill, '00; O. H. Schlemmer, '00; Guido 
 Gores, '03. The May Palladiitm contained an elaborate article b}'^ 
 Palmer, presenting information about the university and the appli- 
 cants, and urging that a charter be granted to them. University 
 views and a half-tone group of the applicants were given. Infor- 
 mation and pictures of the same kind were furnished in an eight- 
 page pamphlet, copies of which the applicants, in May, distributed 
 to all chapters and general officers. Hectograph copies of endorse- 
 ments by local Phis also were issued. The Fraternitj^ at large 
 recognized that a favorable opening for a new chapter was presented, 
 and votes in favor of granting a charter soon began coming in- 
 Palmer went to Cincinnati, June 5, to remain several weeks, and on 
 the 8th attended a meeting of the applicants. By June 18, the 
 required vote for a charter had been received. 
 
 The chapter was installed at the Scottish Rite Cathedral July 2. 
 Among those from a distance who were present were W. B. Palmer, 
 and H. T. Miller, of the General Council; J. E. Brown, Fraternity 
 Librarian, M. H. Guerrant, President of Beta Province. The ini- 
 tiation was in charge of J. H. Shouse, Missouri, '99, of Lexington, 
 Ky. After the initiation there was a banquet in the Shriners' Hall. 
 Scott Bonham, O. W. U., '82, was toastmaster. Among those 
 responding to toasts was Dr. A. C. Kemper, Ohio Alpha, '53, who 
 had advised the members of F N 2 to apply to <l» A © for a charter, 
 and had aided them in organizing, his son, J. B. Kemper, being 
 one of the number. * Many congratulatory letters and telegrams 
 were read. A leaflet contained eight songs reprinted for the 
 occasion. 
 
 The charter of the chapter, though actually granted, was with- 
 held until after the Convention of 1898, because it was thought the 
 Convention might reform the nomenclature of chapters in Ohio and 
 other States, but no change being made, the chapter was entitled 
 Ohio Theta, and the charter bore the names of the ten applicants 
 that have been mentioned, the date of June 18, 1898, and the sig- 
 natures of the General Council in office 1896-98. In 1898-99 
 Cincinnati alumni gave the chapter a full set of paraphernalia, 
 except a statue of Pallas, which was presented by J. B. Kemper two 
 years later. For four weeks during the summer of 1898, the mem- 
 bers of the chapter maintained a camp on the Big Miami River. 
 
 *See page 115. 
 
ANNALS, 1896- 1898. 657 
 
 The first home of the chapter — from November, 1898, to May, 
 1899 — was in the Odd Fellows' Temple, corner of Fourth and Home 
 Streets. Three freshmen were initiated October 30, 1898, no other 
 additions being made during 1898-99. The chapter issued, Feb- 
 ruary I, 1899, its first annual circular letter, which includes a list of 
 alumni Phis resident in the city — 35 in number. The academic fra- 
 ternities previously established at Cincinnati were ^ X, ^ A E, B © n. 
 
 The $ A E society at Pennsylvania State College, and the O E H 11 
 society at the University of Maine (Maine State College to 1897), 
 whose applications for $ A © charters were rejected by the National 
 Convention of 1896, decided to present them to the National Con- 
 vention of 1898, but Alpha Province Convention, October, 1897, 
 having voted against them, both societies were informed that 
 continued application to ^ A © would be useless. The General 
 Council refused an application from U. S. Grant University, Chat- 
 tanooga, Tenn., 1897, and refused applications from the following 
 institutions, 1898: Lebanon Valley College, Annville, Pa. ; Colum- 
 bian (now George Washington) University, D. C. ; Western Reserve 
 University, Cleveland, Ohio; Michigan State Normal College^ 
 Ypsilanti, Mich. ; Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis. ; Iowa Agri- 
 cultural College, Ames; Baker University, Baldwin, Kan. The 
 applicants at Baker, composing the A O society, issued a bulletin 
 in the fall of 1898. 
 
 Very gratifying progress was made by many chapters in install- 
 ing themselves in houses during 1896-98. Union entered a house 
 at 404 Union Street, June, 1897, and a year later moved to a house 
 at 4 University Place. Columbia occupied a flat at 318 West 11 6th 
 Street, 1897-98, and in the fall of 1898, moved to a flat at 444 
 Manhattan Avenue. Syracuse, in the spring of 1897, moved into 
 a house at 761 Irving Avenue, and September, 1898, moved into 
 a new house at 716 Irving Avenue, the owner having built it 
 specially for the chapter. Gett3^sburg and Dickinson began stone 
 buildings, in the summer of 1898, each located on the college 
 campus. The Phi Delta Theta Club of Philadelphia, incorporated, 
 took title, 1897, to very desirable property, corner of Walnut Street 
 and Woodland Avenue. A prospectus of a house, to be owned by 
 the club and used by it and Pennsylvania Zeta, was issued May 10, 
 1898, and work on the building began that 3^ear. In the fall of 
 1897, Pennsylvania Zeta, giving up its house at 3250 Chestnut 
 Street, where it had entertained the 1896 Convention, moved to a 
 rented house at 214 South 37th Street. Allegheny rented a house 
 on Loomis Street, April i, 1897, giving a house-warming April 12; 
 and a year later moved into a larger house at 662 Highland Ave- 
 nue, giving a large reception April 22. Lehigh, September, 1897, 
 gave up the house owned by its alumni, and rented a better located 
 house at 745 Delaware Avenue. Georgia was the first $ A © 
 chapter in the South to occup}"- a house in which members lived; it 
 
 was rented in the fall of 1807. Ohio State, in the spring of 1897, 
 
 (42) 
 
658 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 moved to a house at 1368 North High Street. Case, September, 
 1897, moved into a house at 45 Fairchild Street. Hillsdale rented 
 a house January i, 1897, giving it up at the end of the collegiate 
 3^ear. Purdue, the youngest $ A chapter in Indiana, was the 
 first in the State to occup3^ a house, renting it January i, 1898; it 
 was at the corner of State and Sheetz wStreets. Indianapolis, the 
 next Hoosier chapter to begin house keeping, rented a house in the 
 fall of 1898. Northwestern, which had a house in 1895-96, and 
 rooms only during the next two 3^ears, rented a house at i960 Sheri- 
 dan Road in the fall of 1898. Chicago, having previousl}^ occu- 
 
 The California Chapter House. 
 
 Purchased, 1898; burned, iSgg. Described in The Scroll, December, \l 
 
 I, and June, iJ 
 
 pied flats, moved in the fall of 1898 to a house at 5750 Madison 
 Avenue. Lombard sold its house in 1898, taking rooms in the city. 
 Nebraska entered a house at 743 South 13th Street, September, 
 1897, and a year later moved to a more desirable house at 1522 S 
 Street, the former home of ex-President J. H. (^anfield. Califor- 
 nia, in the fall of 1897, moved to a house, corner of Bancroft Ave- 
 nue and College Way, and, in the summer of 1898, purchased and 
 moved into a two-story frame house, corner of Durant Avenue and 
 Dana Street, two blocks from the campus. Stanford, after occupy- 
 ing a room for a year, rented a house in the fall of 1896. 
 
ANNALS, 1896-1898. 659 
 
 The Franklin chapter had its second summer camp on Drift- 
 wood River near Ta3'lorsville, Ind., 1897. Camps were main- 
 tained that summer also by the Ohio, Case and Iowa Wesleyan 
 chapters. The Union chapter had a camp on Ostego Lake, near 
 Cooperstown, N. Y., August, 1898, The Cincinnati chapter, in 
 the summer of 1898, soon after its establishment, maintained a 
 camp near the cit}^ 
 
 At the Trans-Mississippi Exposition at Omaha, 1898, August 31 
 was Greek-letter fraternit}^ day, but no general meeting of Greeks 
 was held. In the evening members of $ A gave a reception to 
 members of K K V, in the Japanese tea-garden, which was reserved 
 for the occasion and appropriately decorated in the Kappa colors. 
 
 An article by J. E. Brown, Fraternity Librarian, in TAe Scro//, 
 April, 1898, showed that the library, established by the Conven- 
 tion of 1896, had already assumed considerable proportions. A 
 large number of books and pamphlets had been contributed by 
 George Banta, A. G. Foster, W. B. Palmer and others. Brown 
 estimated that the library then contained "500 bound volumes," 
 many of them college annuals preserved by Editors of T/ie Scro//, 
 and 1200 pamphlets and magazines," man}^ of them magazines of 
 other fraternities received in exchange for T/ie Sci'oll. 
 
 A second edition of "A Manual of Phi Delta Theta," prepared 
 by W. B. Palmer, appeared as a 47-page supplement to The 
 Scroll, October, 1897. It contains a sketch of $ A ©, which in- 
 cludes biographical data relating to the six founders, a roll of chap- 
 ters with their membership, notes on the careers of chapters, and 
 on changes in the Fraternity's S3^stem of government, fraternit}^ pub- 
 lications, insignia and other matter. The Manual contains also a 
 list of prominent members, tributes to $ A from a number of 
 them, several fraternity songs, statistics concerning other fraterni- 
 ties, college statistics, publications, colors, yells, etc. The frontis- 
 piece is a steel engraving, grouping ^A0 emblems,"^ and half- 
 tones are given of the Amherst, Cornell, Vanderbilt, and Sewanee 
 houses. 
 
 A new edition of "American College Fraternities," by W, R. 
 Baird, much more accurate and complete than former editions, was 
 issued, 1898. T Following is a quotation from it: 
 
 *The design shown on page 589, E. A. Wright, the engraver, giving enough inserts for this 
 purpose. 
 
 t W. B. Palmer, reviewing the book in The Scroll, June, 1898, said : 
 jNIr. Baird might have made an interesting addition to his book by showing which fraternities 
 iirst began certain usages that are now common. However, from an examination of the sketches 
 of the several fraternities, and from other sources, the following details are gathered : 
 
 "2 $ issued the first catalogue, 1834 ; *■ T the first song book, 1849. 'The Psi Upsilon Epitome,' 
 1884, was the first extended sketch of a Fraternity. A T projected the first fraternity periodical, 
 1867. The oldest fraternity journal still in existence is the Beta Theta Pi, established 1872, sus- 
 pended 1874-75, and published continuously since. The first to issue a second journal, devoted to 
 private fraternity affairs, was 2 X, 1887. The first to require members to subscribe for its journal 
 was B © n, 1875. The first to require chapters to send circular letters to alumni, annually or semi- 
 annually, was B n, 1879. 
 
 "The first recorded fraternity convention was held by A A $, 1836. The first fraternity to pro- 
 vide for a transportation fund for delegates to conventions, by capitation assessments, was $ A 0, 
 1873. A $ A convention held in Indiana, 1865, was the first state convention held with chapter 
 representation. The first fraternity to divide chapters into districts was B H, 1874. 
 
66o THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Thirty years ago the fraternities were classified quite generally according to the 
 places of their origin, as eastern, western and southern. However, such classifica- 
 tion no longer holds good. The only classification based on the geographical dis- 
 tribution of the several chapters of the fraternities, which can now properly be 
 made, is to divide the fraternities into national fraternities and sectional fraternities. 
 The national fraternities include those represented in all sections of the country. Of 
 these B 9 11, $ A0, 4> r A and A K E are prominent types.* 
 
 The 6'^r<?// for December, 1898, issued before Thanksgiving week, 
 when the Semi-Centennial Convention met at Columbus, Ohio, con- 
 tains the following editorial by H. T. Miller: 
 
 Fifty years ago, when those six men signed the Bond in Wilson's room at Old 
 Miami, do you suppose that any one of them dreamed for a moment that this year 
 would find ten thousand names following his own on the scroll that knows no end? 
 As those students of Miami a few months later planted a chapter in the little school 
 the State of Indiana was so proud as to call its "university," who would have dared 
 to say that Indiana Alpha would receive on her semi-centennial birthday the con- 
 gratulations of more than three score faithful sisters? Yet the men who founded 
 $ A 6 were not mere boys; they were mature in years and intellect. The Frater- 
 nity they planned was not for a day nor for the needs of a day. It was for col- 
 lege men then and now and hereafter. Its principles hold fast wherever Christian 
 civilization goes. <^ A G is not narrow in mind or sympathies. Fifty years ago 
 she knew the spirit and foresaw the possibilities of the Great West. But she was 
 too far-seeing, too hopeful, too great, to shut herself up inside any wall of sectionalism 
 or self-sufficient pride. She was not ashamed to correct her mistakes, or to learn of 
 others; nor was she afraid to lead the way. And now, after fifty years, with laurels 
 crowned, hopeful still, wiser from wide experience, confident of her future, she 
 comes home again, to celebrate, in truest sense. Thanksgiving Day. 
 
 THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1896-1897. 
 
 The Scroll, Volume XXI: five bi-monthly numbers — October, 1896. to June, 
 1897; PP- 690-f-supplement, February, pp. 69; title page and index, pp. 4. Illus- 
 trations 87. The Palladitim, Volume III: four bi-monthly numbers — November, 
 1896, to May, 1897; pp. 60. Illustrations 15. Editor, J. E. Brown, The Scroll^ 
 Nos. 1-2; The Falladiujfi, No. I. Editor and Manager, H. T. Miller, The Scroll, 
 Nos. 3-55 T^^^ Palladium, Nos. 2-4. Printers, Spahr & Glenn, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 J. E. Brown edited The Scroll iox October and December, 1896, 
 getting out the December number previous to the National Con- 
 vention held Thanksgiving week. At the Convention he concluded 
 his service of seven years as Editor. During that time the influ- 
 ence of The Scroll had been of incalculable benefit to the Frater- 
 nity; he had introduced many attractive features in the magazine, 
 
 The first fraternity (the first secret order of any kind, it is claimed) to adopt a distinctive prefix 
 
 to epistolary signatures was B © H, its "in /cai " being used as early as 1842. 
 
 "The first fraternity to display a regulation flag was © A X, 1869; the first to adopt a flower was 
 B © n, 1889; the first to adopt a 'pledge button' was $ A ©, 1892; the first to adopt an 'alumnus 
 button' was $ A ©, 1898 ; the first to authorize a system of heraldry with a blazon for each chapter, 
 was A K E, 1882; the first to provide for an annual Alumni Day was * A ©, 1889. 
 
 The fraternity system was introduced in the West by A A <t>, 1835 ; in the South by A K B, 
 1847. The first trans-Mississippi chapter was established by * A © at Austin College, Texas, 1853. 
 The path-finder in crossing the continent was Z 4', 1870, and the same fraternity, was the forerunner 
 in Canada, 1879. The New York alumni club of A * is said to be the oldest city club of any fra- 
 ternity." 
 
 *Chapter IV of "College Administration," by Charles F. Thwing, President of Western Re- 
 serve University, 1901, describes and upholds the fraternity system, and says: "Certain of these 
 fraternities are national in their relationships, of which at least five are prominent — A A 4>, B H, 
 * A ©, 4> r A and A K E." Several fraternities are far more national than A A *, which has no 
 chapter south of Johns Hopkins. 
 
THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1896-1897. 661 
 
 and raised its general standard, while marked improvements had 
 been made in its typographical appearance. 
 
 His tenth annual review of college annuals appeared in the Octo- 
 ber and December issues. A design displaying the fraternity flag 
 serves as a frontispiece of the October number, and among other 
 illustrations are half-tones of $ A houses at Vermont, Williams, 
 Amherst, Cornell, Syracuse and Lehigh, and a facsimile of a letter 
 written by Eugene Field to Missouri Alpha. Among Phis "in the 
 Public Eye" mentioned in the October Scroll were: General J. C. 
 Black, nominated by the Gold Democrats" for Governor of Illi- 
 nois; W. H. Ellerbe, elected Governor of South Carolina; four 
 Georgia Congressmen — C. L. Moses, J. M. Griggs, W. M. Howard 
 and W. G. Brantley (the State having but eleven congressional 
 districts); D. D. Woodmansee, President of the National League 
 of Republican Clubs; D. F. Simpson, City Attorney at Minneapo- 
 lis, and F. C. Harvey, Judge of Probate at Minneapolis. 
 
 J. E. Brown declined re-election as Editor. In his report to the 
 Convention he recommended that the Editor of The Scroll be made 
 a member of the General Council. The Convention added a fifth 
 member, a Reporter, to the General Council, making him, tx officio, 
 Editor of The Scroll. H.T. Miller, P. G. C, 1894-96, was chosen 
 for the position. The first number he edited, February, 1897, 
 contains reminiscences of the first and second volumes of The 
 Scroll, contributed by W. O. Bates, Editor 1875 ^"^^ 1876. The 
 February issue contains also an article by W. B. Palmer concern- 
 ing amendments made by B © 11, $ A and S X to their Con- 
 stitutions. A supplement to the February number contains the 
 convention proceedings. Miller at once began to give much at- 
 tention to the collection of college and fraternity news, and he 
 devoted more space to such news than any other fraternity editor 
 had ever done. The department of miscellaneous news items, pre- 
 viously headed 'PotPourri," was, on Palmer's suggestion, changed 
 to The Pyx," the significance of which the initiated understand. 
 
 The April 6'<rr<7// is a noteworthy issue; it has 169 pages, being 
 the largest that had ever been published. It was called a "Robert 
 Morrison Number," in honor of Founder Morrison, who, March 15, 
 1897, had reached the age of seventy-five. It contains an eleven 
 page autobiographical sketch of absorbing interest, and a five page 
 interview with him by W. B. Palmer. 
 
 The June number contains a sketch, by R. H. Switzler, of 
 another founder. Colonel A. W. Rogers. An illustrated article 
 about the University of Virginia, by Schuyler Poitevent, describes, 
 with a great deal of local '"color," student life there, and quotes 
 a letter from R. S. Saulsbury about the establishment of Vir- 
 ginia Beta. In previous volumes initiates for the college year 
 had been given in the June Scroll, but in June, 1897, the initiates 
 were given as shown by the annual reports to the H. G. C, the 
 date for which the 1896 Convention changed from April i to Feb- 
 
662 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ruary i. Volume XXI contains 694 pages, exclusive of the 69 
 page convention supplement, and it is much the largest volume 
 issued to that date. 
 
 The January Palladium summarizes constitutional amendments 
 made by the Convention. The March issue contains an article by 
 W. B. Palmer, P. G. C, on the Ritual, with an illustrated price 
 list of the paraphernalia required by the Ritual which had been 
 adopted by the Convention of 1896. This was the first time that 
 illustrations appeared in The Palladium. 
 
 THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1897-1898. 
 
 The Scroll, Volume XXII: five bi-monthly numbers — October, 1897, to June, 
 1898;* pp. 580 -{- supplement, October, pp. 47; title page and index, pp. 4. 
 Illustrations 67. The Palladhim, Volume IV: five bi-monthh' numbers— Septem- 
 ber, 1897, to May, 1898; pp. 96. Illustrations 6. Editor and Manager, H. T. Mil- 
 ler. Printers: The Scroll, Carlon & Hollenbeck, Indianapolis, Ind.; The Palla- 
 dium, Spahr & Glenn, Columbus,- Ohio. 
 
 The Scj'oll, October, 1897, contains a biographical sketch of foun- 
 der J. W. Lindley, written by S. E. Findley. The second edition of 
 A Manual of Phi Delta Theta," by W. B. Palmer, containing 47 
 pages, was published as a supplement to this number. 
 
 The December Scroll contains sixty-five chapter letters — one 
 from every chapter. The leading article is about chapter houses 
 of various fraternities in southern colleges, by C. B. K. Weed, half- 
 tones of several houses being given. The December issue also 
 contains Editor Miller's first review of college annuals, which his 
 predecessor had made an annual feature of the magazine. In an 
 editorial written for the December number, by W. B. Palmer, 
 Emory, '77, Phis of Georgia were remonstrated with for styling 
 themselves "Thetas,"t Owing to the illness of Editor Miller, the 
 January Palladium was issued by his predecessor, J. E. Brown, and 
 W. B. Palmer wrote the editorials for the February Scroll. 
 
 The Scroll for April contains a biographical sketch of A. W. 
 Rodgers, written by Robert Morrison. This completed the series 
 of sketches of the six founders. A sketch of Albert Leonard, 
 Ohio, ^ZZ, Dean of Syracuse University, appeared in February; 
 and in April sketches were given of General H. V. N. Boynton 
 and General A. P. Stewart, both of the Chickamauga National 
 Military Park Commission; and of Frederick Funston, Chief of 
 Artillery in the Cuban x\rmy. To the April number W. B. Palmer 
 contributed 'A Practicable Fraternity Catalogue," advocating, on 
 account of the labor and expense involved, a very condensed form 
 of such a book. The article was widely copied in other fraternity 
 
 * By mistake the first pages of the February, April and June numbers bear the year "1897," in- 
 stead of 1898. 
 
 tThe misnomer of calling Phis "Thetas," Palmer said, probably had originated at Mercer, where 
 there is a <1> A literary society, as there is a <I> K literary society at the University of (Georgia, and 
 a <l> r literary society at Kmory. Uniformity in calling members Phis was said to be important. 
 Such designation would not make confusion, as other fraternities with * as the same initial letter 
 used other designations. — See footnote page 149. 
 
THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1897-1 
 
 663 
 
 journals, and met with general approval. One of the illustrations 
 of the April Scro// W3.s from a flashlight photograph of the Cork- 
 screw," on the river route in Mammoth Cave, where, on a large rock 
 "$ A 0" was plainly visible. It transpired later that the letters 
 had been drawn by W, A. Speer, who previously (1887) had been 
 one of the founders of the $ A cairn in the cave. 
 
 The June Scroll contains a list of Phis enlistled in the war against 
 Spain, compiled b}^ the Editor. Robert Morrison contributed a 
 valuable article regarding the original badge, a cut of which was 
 given. W. B. Palmer furnished a list of sheet music inscribed to 
 ^ A 0, which had been published to that time, also a lengthy review 
 of the new edition of 'American College Fraternities." 
 
 Phi Delta Theta in Mammoth Cave. 
 
 From "The Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, an Illustrated Manual," by H. C. Hovey, D. D., and 
 R. C. Call, Ph. D. ; published by J. P. Morton & Company, Louisville. Copyright, 1892, by Ben 
 Hains. The half-tone in The Scroll, April, 1898, was from the original plate; the above reproduc- 
 tion from an electrotype. 
 
 Volume XXII of The Scroll was printed at Indianapolis, but 
 The Palladium continued to be printed at Columbus, Ohio. At 
 the suggestion of W. B. Palmer, the first number of this volume of 
 The Palladium was issued in September, succeeding issues being 
 dated December, 1897, and January, March and Ma}^ 1898. The 
 September number contains an article, by W. A. Curtis, urging 
 chapters to build houses, and an article by W. B. Palmer, showing 
 how members of a chapter may save money by renting a house, 
 instead of boarding separately. The Editor, in November, pre- 
 sented an article about Pennsylvania State College, from which an 
 
664 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 application for charter had come; it was the first article of the kind 
 that was published in either The Palladium or The Scroll. The 
 minutes of Ohio Alpha, 1848-57, copied by W. B. Palmer, and 
 annotated by him and Robert Morrison, appeared in The Palladiu7tt 
 for January, March and May. 
 
 PHI DELTA THETAS IN FOREIGN \VARS. 
 
 Before war began between the United States and Spain, two mem- 
 bers of $ A © were active in aiding the cause of the Cubans. J. M. 
 Barrs, Vanderbilt, '79, was the attorney of the Cuban junta in 
 Florida, and one of the owners of the Three Trie?ids. He was 
 constantly in trouble with the government officials at Washington, 
 because he was suspected of violating the neutrality laws, by fitting 
 out the Three Friends and other filibustering craft with arms and 
 ammunition intended for the insurgents. 
 
 Frederick Funston, Kansas, '92, after conferring with the Cuban 
 junta in New York, decided to help the insurgents fight their bat- 
 tles."^ He was with a filibustering expedition that landed in Cuba 
 from the Dauntless, August, 1896. General Calixto Garcia made 
 him Captain of Artillery and second in command to Major W. S. Os- 
 good, $ r A, who had been a famous athlete at Cornell and one of 
 Pennsylvania's greatest football players. When Osgood was killed 
 in the battle of Guamaro, October 18, 1896, Funston succeeded him 
 as Major. From printed directions and with Yankee ingenuity, he 
 learned how to operate a d3mamite gun, and he used it with telling 
 effect against the Spanish. He was engaged in twent3^-three battles 
 in Eastern Cuba and was severel}'^ wounded several times. A shell 
 crippled his left arm, and later a Mauser bullet pierced both his lungs. 
 In the summer of 1897, his horse being shot, fell upon him, fractur- 
 ing a bone in his thigh. When he could travel, he left the Cuban 
 arm}^ on sick leave, to return to the United States for medical 
 treatment. On his way to the sea he was captured by Spanish 
 soldiers, but before being searched he managed to swallow his 
 parole papers which would have identified him. After a few weeks 
 in prison, he was released, and then he returned to New York. 
 
 * He had already had a verj- adventurous and romantic career. Leaving the University of Kan- 
 sas, 1890, and being appointed assistant botanist by the department of agriculture, he made a trip 
 through the Dakotas and Montana, and was attached to the party which made the first government 
 survey of the terrible Death Valley in California. In 1892, the same department sent him to make a 
 botanical survey of parts of the Alaskan coast. He returned to the states the same year, but went 
 back to Alaska, 1893- He crossed Chilcoot Pass, then an untrodden highway, and visited the Klon- 
 dike region years before any rich gold discoveries there. In the winter of 1893-94. with an Indian 
 guide, he made a trip from the Yukon River to the Arctic Ocean and back, losing his way and trav- 
 eling 800 miles on snow shoes. Alone in an open boat built by himself, he drifted down the Yukon, 
 1,500 miles to its mouth. Returning home, 1894, he went to Central America, where he was en- 
 gaged in the coffee business for two years. 
 
 The Scroll, April, 1900, quoted from the Washington Post of March 20, a remarkable and ap- 
 parently well authenticated story about the finding of a $ A badge in Convention Hall at Washing- 
 ton, D. C, while workmen were engaged in tearing up the floor. On the back of the badge was 
 engraved Frederick Funston." General Funston being communicated with, identified the badge 
 and requested that it be returned to him. His letter, quoted in the Post, said that he had lost the 
 badge in Alaska several years previously, and it was "certainly verj' much of a mystery how it ever 
 reached Washington." 
 
s 
 
 PHI DELTA THETAS IN FOREIGN WARS. 
 
 665 
 
 W. T. Culverius, Jr., Tulane, '95 (Annapolis, '96), was aboard 
 the battleship Maine, February 15, 1898, when she was blown up 
 in Havana harbor. This dastardl}^ deed of Spanish treachery 
 caused the loss of 266 lives, and aroused a fierce spirit of war in the 
 United States. Congress, b}^ resolution, April 25, declared that 
 war with Spain existed. 
 
 Major Frederick Funston, Kansas, '92. 
 
 Chief of Artillery^ in the Cuban Army, i8g6-97. Yrovn. Harper's Weekly, March 5, 1898. 
 Copyright by Harper & Brothers. 
 
 After Consul-general Fitzhugh Lee and other Americans had 
 left Havana, Edwin Emerson, Jr., Miami, '89, went therein the 
 guise of a German war correspondent. Hostilities having begun, 
 he undertook to reconnoiter Porto Rico, before the occupation of 
 the island by the troops under General N. A. Miles. In this un- 
 dertaking he co-operated with Lieutenant H. H. Whitney, of the 
 secret service of the intelligence bureau of the war department. 
 
666 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 They planned to start from opposite points on the island, and to 
 meet midwa}" on the militar}^ road between Ponce and San Juan. 
 Whitney, having aroused the suspicion of the Spanish, was com- 
 pelled to turn back. Emerson proceeded to Caguas, where he was 
 arrested, imprisoned and condemned to death. He cleverly man- 
 aged to escape, and, tracking his way across the mountains to the 
 coast, he secured a small boat, in which he made his escape to 
 the Danish West Indies. 
 
 Lieutenant Whitney having joined him, both returned to Wash- 
 ington, to report in person to General Miles and the Secretary of 
 War. At Washington he received an earnest invitation from Colonel 
 Theodore Roosevelt to join the Rough Riders. He embarked on 
 the next transport for Santiago. In his first engagement there, he 
 distinguished himself for gallantry in action. He attracted the 
 favorable attention of General Joseph Wheeler, of the United States 
 Cavalr}^ and, at General Wheeler's request, he was transferred to 
 dut}^ on his staff. "^ 
 
 G. L. Darte, Lafayette, '96, United States Consul at Martinique, 
 F. W. I., was first to inform the authorities at Washington of the 
 arrival of Admiral Pasqual Cervera's Spanish fleet in American 
 waters. Receiving an intimation that a Spanish war ship had 
 arrived at Fort de France, he immediately informed Captain C. S. 
 Cotton of the U. S. S. Ha?'va?'d, then at Saint Pierre, who detailed 
 Lieutenant T. P. Kane to accompany him to Fort de France, four- 
 teen miles distant, to investigate. With four natives to row them, 
 Darte and Kane embarked in a canoe the night of Ma}^ 11, 1898, 
 and were nearh^ swamped by a tropical rainstorm. Arriving at 
 Fort de France at 2:30 a. m., they found a Spanish hospital ship 
 in the harbor, and, two hours later, the}' discerned behind a prom- 
 ontory the much sought for fleet of Cervera. The}' secured a 
 steam yacht to take them back to Saint Pierre, and from there 
 Darte sent the news to the state department by a cipher cable- 
 gram, while Cotton notified the navy department. On the same 
 date. May 12, the S. S. Twickenham arrived at Fort de France, 
 laden with coal, undoubtedly to supply the Spanish fleet, but she 
 arrived after Cervera's fleet had sailed. Her officers represented 
 that she was bound for Kingston, Jamaica, but Darte informed the 
 Washington authorities that he believed she would not go there but 
 make for Santiago de Cuba. The result was that a few days later 
 
 * In Alone in Porto Rico," Century Magazine, September, i8q8, Emerson save a graphic ac- 
 count of his experiences during his trip across the island. After the Spanish war, he served in China. 
 South America, and elsewhere as special war correspondent for various periodicals. During the 
 guerilla war between Venezuela and Columbia, he took such an active share in the fighting in the 
 mountain passes of the Andes that he was offered an army commission, and presently was pro- 
 moted to a colonelcy of \-aquero cavalry. At the battle of San Cristobal, he saved the life of Gen- 
 eral Castro, the brother of President Cjustro of Venezuela. For this feat he was decorated with the 
 Golden Order of Bolivar on the field, and afterward, when he was wounded, and returned inval- 
 ided to the United States, a popular vote of thanks from the Venezuelan Congress was accorded to 
 him. After the revolution at Panama, he went to the isthmus, and on the outbreak of the war be- 
 tween Russia and Japan, he went to the Far P2ast, as correspondent of the New York U'tn-ld and 
 Collier^ s 11 'ceklv. 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN FOREIGN WARS. 
 
 667 
 
 she was captured near Santiago, and was taken to Key West, where 
 her cargo was confiscated.* 
 
 Many Phis participated in the Santiago campaign. L. G. Cole- 
 man, Washington '98, as well as Edwin Emerson, Jr., Miami, '89, 
 was a trooper of the famous Rough Riders. First Lieutenant 
 O. W. B. Farr, Colby, '92, was, night and day, in command 
 of Grimes' Battery, which sustained a heavy fire from the 
 Spanish. In the first day's fight at El Caney, July i, 1898, G. B. 
 Baskervill, Vanderbilt, '01, was orderly to Lieutenant-colonel 
 Richard Comba in command of the 12th Regular Infantry, and 
 was by his side when the regiment charged and took the stone 
 
 The Maine. 
 
 W. T. Cluverius, Tiilane, '95, was aboard her when she was blown up, February 15, iJ 
 
 block-house. The Fraternity was well represented in the navy. 
 Lieutenant J. B. Patton, South Carolina, '87, was Passed Assistant 
 Engineer on the armored cruiser Brooklyn, which led in the sea 
 fight off Santiago, and whose splendid execution was due largely to 
 the speed which her engineers gave her. After the victory at Santi- 
 ago, many Phis were engaged in the Porto Rican campaign. Many 
 chapter letters in The Scroll, June, 1898, told about the enlist- 
 ment of Phis in the war against Spain, and the Editor compiled a 
 list of them, and gave place to the following editorial b}^ W. B 
 Palmer: 
 
 The complete fraternization between the North and South, which has been so 
 marked since the beginning of the war with Spain, is the fulfillment of a hope that 
 
 * These incidents are related in detail in "With Sampson Through the War," by W. A. M. 
 Goode, 1899. 
 
668 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 our Fraternity has cherished these many years. None more than members of $ A 
 
 have reason to rejoice at the result It is our proud boast that our 
 
 chapters extend from the lakes to the gulf and from ocean to ocean. So far as lay 
 within our power, we have contributed to the restoration of good feeling between 
 
 the once divided sections In the war of 1861-65, northern Phis and 
 
 southern Phis were arrayed against each other on the field of battle. In the war of 
 i8q8, brothers of the North and of the South alike are enlisted against a foreign 
 foe; and, thank God, they now fight under one flag — the old flag. <i> A hails the 
 return of perfect national unity. Long live our country! Long live our Fraternity! 
 
 During the spring and summer of 1898, thousands of troops were 
 mobilized at Chickamauga, impatient for active duty. General H. 
 V. N. Boynton, K. M. I., '58, a civil war veteran, was in com- 
 mand of the encampment, as senior Brigadier-general. A meet- 
 ing of Phis was held on Snodgrass Hill, July 10, a second a 
 week later. At the second meeting, eighteen were present and the 
 number of members that attended the first or second meeting or 
 both, was twent3^-one, representing twelve chapters. There were 
 many Phis in the other large military camps throughout the coun- 
 try. The sanitary condition of some of the camps was very bad, 
 breeding pestilential fevers. J. F. Black, Alabama, '98, died of 
 typhoid fever in a military hospital at Jacksonville, Fla., August 
 24, 1898. Wellington Harlan, Centre, '93, fell ill with typhoid 
 fever at Chickamauga, and died, September 20, 1898, shortly after 
 being removed to his home at Harrodsburg, Ky. H. G. Kimball, 
 Pennsylvania, '96, while in Porto Rico, contracted t3^phoid fever, 
 from which he died, October 13, 1898, after his return to Philadel- 
 phia. N. G. Noble, Indiana, '98, contracted yellow fever while 
 with the army of occupation in Cuba, and died at a military hos- 
 pital at Santiago, June 30, 1899. 
 
 Nebraska Alpha was nearly broken up by the enlistment of mem- 
 bers. Nine members kept up chapter meetings while in camp at 
 Lincoln, until one Nebraska regiment was ordered to San Francisco 
 and the other to Chickamauga. The Phis in camp at the Presidio, 
 San Francisco, were entertained, July 21, by C. O. Perry, DePauw, 
 '69, at his palatial home, ' Locksle}^ Hall." A letter to The Scroll 
 from W. O. Morgan, September 24, 1898, mentioned twenty-six 
 Phis encamped at the Presidio. 
 
 Pennsylvania Gamma furnished five men to the famous loth 
 Pennsylvania, a National Guard regiment that army officers con- 
 sidered to be equal or superior to regulars. F. B. Hawkins, W. & 
 J., '96, Captain of Company D, was the youngest captain in the 
 arm}^ at Manila. This company with Company E bore the brunt 
 of the fight at Malate, Jul}^ 31, 1898, and saved the day for the 
 Americans in their part of the field, losing more men than any other 
 two companies. When Manila was taken, August 13, 1898, Color- 
 sergeant R. G. Holmes, Lafa3^ette, '00, climbed the ramparts of 
 Fort Malate under fire, and raised the stars and stripes, just after 
 a comrade, who hauled down the Spanish flag, had been killed. D. 
 B. Whedon, Nebraska, '99, First Lieutenant in the ist Nebraska 
 Infantry, commanded the outpost whose sentry fired the shot which 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN FOREIGN WARS. 
 
 669 
 
 Started the war with the Filipinos, February 4, 1899. The Scroll, 
 October, 1898, contains the following editorial by H. T. Miller: 
 
 Here's to the Phis who went to the war! There may be those who can count as 
 many men as we under the flag, on land and sea; we doubt it exceedingl)-. But 
 none can show men who have done their duty better, whether heading the column 
 in a charge, facing the fire of an ambushed foe, driving the engines that drive the 
 great gray ship, flying on errands of danger, caring for the wounded, or waiting the 
 weary summer out in southern camps. We honor Hobson and Roosevelt and Fish 
 
 Edwin Emerson, Jr., Miami, '89. 
 
 In the camp of the Rough Riders, Montauk Point, tTong Island. Reproduced from Collier's 
 Weekly. War correspondent of Collier's Weekly and the New York World, in the Far East, 1904. 
 See biographical sketches in The Scroll, April, 1899, and February, 1904- 
 
 and every other Greek who showed the stuff our best college men are made of. 
 But above all, we honor the men we know and love best — our own. Every Ameri- 
 can has felt a special interest and pride in his State's regiment or in 
 the ship that bore her name, in his own townsmen and kinsmen and college 
 mates. And so we have looked eagerly through one list and anxiously through the 
 next, whenever the names of the honored living or the honored dead appeared. To 
 some on the outside, four or five months in camp seemed a mere summer outing, 
 whose chief hardship was monotony and restraint. But there are some, no, many. 
 
670 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 who see in poor Joe Black, dying of fever ia Jacksonville, the same patriotism and 
 heroism we all see in Frank Hawkins, holding an army in check before Manila 
 with his handful of men, or in Richard Holmes, as he swung out the stars and 
 stripes over Malate in the bullet hail. 
 
 Did somebody say the editor's pen had run away with him? When it comes to 
 patriotism and some other things, we are ashamed to speak out what we feel, more's 
 the pity. But why should we not'write it, at least — and read it? 
 
 When war against Spain was declared and volunteers from the 
 states were called for, Governor J. W. Leed}^ of Kansas commis- 
 sioned Frederick Funston as Colonel of the 20th Kansas Infantry. 
 But within a few days, Funston was detached and ordered to Wash- 
 ington, where he gave the military authorities valuable information 
 regarding Cuba. He was then attached to the staff of General 
 N. A. Miles at Tampa, to advise him regarding the topography of 
 the island. He rejoined his regiment at San Francisco in July, 
 and he drilled it until it became a model on the parade ground. 
 
 The 20th Kansas was one of the last volunteer regiments to leave 
 for the Philippines, but when it got there, it began making history. 
 It participated in all the earlier actions which followed the Filipino 
 outbreak, and soon was called 'the fighting Kansas regiment." 
 The men were devoted to their intrepid leader, whom they called 
 "the little Colonel." At the capture of Caloocan, he led the bri- 
 gade of Kansas and Montana troops against a strongly defended 
 position, and the next day the Kansas legislature adopted a resolu- 
 tion thanking him and his men for their gallantr}^ in action." 
 
 Before Malolos the brigade that he commanded waded and 
 swam across the river, in the face of rifle fire from entrenchments, 
 stormed the works and took the Filipino capital. A similar feat 
 before Calumpit gained him the Brigadier-general's star. With a 
 handful of volunteers, he swam the Rio Grande River, and landed 
 in front of the insurgent trenches, from which poured a hot fire. 
 By tying to a tree a rope, which they had dragged across the river, 
 a line was formed b}^ which several boat loads of men were ferried 
 over. Then, Colonel Funston in front, revolver in hand, the tren- 
 ches were charged and the insurgents routed. 
 
 Major-general E. S. Otis cabled to the war department that 
 Major-general Arthur MacArthur had reported that "the passage 
 of the river was a remarkable military achievement, the success of 
 which was due to the daring skill and determination of Colonel 
 Funston." General Otis strongl}^ endorsed General MacArthur's 
 recommendation of Funston for appointment as Brigadier-general, 
 for signal skill and gallantry in crossing the Rio Grande, and 
 most gallant services since the commencement of the war." Presi- 
 dent McKinley, May 2, 1899, announced that Colonel Funston was 
 promoted to be Brigadier-general of Volunteers. 
 
 These were only a few of the feats of arms accomplished by the 
 dashing young officer which aroused the unbounded enthusiasm of 
 his countrymen and excited the admiration of the civilized world. 
 Newspapers and magazines in the United States vied with one ano- 
 

 PHI DELTA THETAS IN FOREIGN WARS. 671 
 
 ther in recounting and illustrating the many remarkable incidents 
 in his strenuous life. The Scroll, April, 1899, contains the follow- 
 ing editorial b}^ H. T. Miller: 
 
 The time has not yet come to write the history of the share of <l> A 9 in the Phil- 
 ippine sequel to the war with Spain, but it would seem ungrateful if at least a word 
 were not written of the patient endurance, the steady courage, the dashing heroism 
 of the Phis at Manila — almost every man of the thirty and more conspicuous already 
 for some brilliant feat. Here's to the Phis in the trenches and in the rice-fields, 
 and may ever}' one of them, from Frederick Funston, the hero of heroes, and the 
 boys with him at the front, back to those who fight fever and wounds with the hos- 
 pital corps, come home safe and sound when the war is done! 
 
 General Funston returned with the 20th Kansas to the United 
 States. Reaching Topeka, November 3, 1899, they received a 
 splendid ovation from 100,000 Kansans, and he was presented by 
 the people of the State with a magnificent sword. "*" He remained 
 at home onl}^ a few weeks, sailing for Manila again in November, 
 meanwhile, on General MacArthur's recommendation, having been 
 brevetted Major-general of Volunteers. For a year he was Military 
 Governor of a province in Luzon, and during this time, he dis- 
 covered and seized the state papers and secret correspondence of 
 Emilio Aguinaldo. 
 
 Funston's most brilliant achievement, however, was the capture 
 of the wily Filipino chief himself. The stratagem emplo3^ed in this 
 daring project reminds one of the fictions of Dumas. American 
 histor}- records nothing more romantic. Funston and his support 
 of four officers, with a company of 81 Macabebe scouts, were 
 landed from the gun-boat F/(r>^j-/;z/r^at Casiguran Bay. From there 
 the party penetrated the fastness of Northeastern Luzon, marching 
 no miles to Palanan, where Aguinaldo, taken completehvby sur- 
 prise, was captured March 23, 1901. Aguinaldo, with two of his 
 principal staff officers, was brought to ^Manila.t 
 
 The expedition through the enemy's countr}^ had been beset 
 with deadly peril every step of the way, but not a man was lost. 
 It was a bold undertaking, an adventure of almost reckless daring, 
 but as in previous hazardous enterprises, complete success rewarded 
 Funston's fertilit}^ of resource and his coolness and courage in dan- 
 gerous situations. In a dispatch to the war department, General 
 Macx\rthur said: The transaction was brilliant in conception and 
 faultless in execution. All credit must go to Funston who, under 
 the supervision of General Wheaton, organized and conducted the 
 expedition from start to finish. His reward should be signal and 
 immediate." The whole United States was thrilled and the coun- 
 try resounded with praises of Funston. The President, recogniz- 
 
 "^In one engagement in the Philippines where he occupied an exposed position. General ]\Iac- 
 Arthur had asked him how long he could hold the ground. His reply was "Until my regiment is 
 mustered out." This reply, which had become famous, was engraved on the presentation sword, 
 together with the names of ten battles in which he had distinguished himself- 
 
 t For an account of the capture of Aguinaldo, written by the prisoner himself, see Everybody'' s 
 Magazine, August, igoi. For an account written by General Funston, see the same magazine, 
 September and October, 1901. A sketch of Funston bj' William Allen White, who had been asso- 
 ciated with him in Kansas Alpha, appeared in the Saturday Evening Post, May 18, 1901. Similar 
 sketches appeared in many other periodicals. 
 
American Officers in the Aguinaldo Capture Party. 
 
 From left to right: Captain H. W. Newton, Lieutenant B. J. Mitchell, Lieutenant O. P. M. 
 Hazzard, General Frederick Funston, Captain R. T. Hazzard. From a photograph taken at Palanan, 
 March 24, 1901. Reproduced from Ez'erybody' s Magazine, September, 1901. Copyright. 
 
 I 
 
 The House in Which A(;uinaldo Was Captured. 
 
 Iti this house the Filipino chief had lived seven months before his capture. It was a one-story 
 building, about 15 by 20 feet, with wooden walls built on posts, the floor being about four feet above 
 the ground. The windows had mere sliding shutters. The roof was thatched with nipa. Repro- 
 duced from Everybody s Magazine, October, 1901. 
 
 I 
 
Emilio Aguinaldo and General Frederick Funston. 
 
 From a photograph taken at Palanan, March 24, 1901. Reproduced from Everybody' s Magazine, 
 
 September, 1901. Copyright. 
 
 The Return to Manila. 
 
 Launch of the gunboat Vicksburg, with the prisoners on board, steaming for the mouth of the Pasig 
 River, at dawn March 28, 1901. Reproduced from Everybody's Magazine, October, 1901. 
 
 (43) 
 
674 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ing the universal desire, promoted him, March 30, 1901, to be 
 Brigadier-general in the Regular Army. In behalf of all members 
 of $ A 0, and by order of the General Council, the S. G. C., April 
 5, sent him the greetings and congratulations of the Fraternity. 
 
 E. R. Lyons, Vanderbilt, '83, a private in the Fifth Infantry, 
 U. S. A., was killed in the Philippines, January i, 1901. He was 
 one of a part}^ of eight who were attacked by 100 bolomen, about 
 five miles from Batac, in the wilds of Northern Fuzon. Though 
 short of amunition, they made an heroic resistance, killing 35 of the 
 bolomen, but of the party of eight only one, a native policeman, 
 escaped. Lyons, desperately wounded, crawled to a hut and asked 
 for food. Several natives volunteered to lead him to the camp at 
 Batac, but they murdered the brave wounded soldier in the woods 
 and concealed his body. Weeks afterward these men were cap- 
 tured, and they confessed that they had killed him, and told where 
 his body was buried. The body was brought to Batac, then the 
 headquarters of the command, and interred with full military hon- 
 ors. Later, it was transported to New Orleans and reinterred in 
 Metaire Cemetery. Lyons was the only member of $ A © who 
 was killed in the Philippine war, and the only member who met a 
 violent death in either the Spanish war or the Philippine war. * 
 
 The following item from an Associated Press dispatch, dated 
 Manila, March 26, 1902, refers to the capture of another insurgent 
 general by another Phi, F. E. Bamford, Wisconsin, '87: "Noriel, 
 the only insurgent general, with the exception of Malvar, still in 
 the field, has been captured by Lieutenant Frank E. Bamford, of 
 the 28th Infantry. A major, a captain, a lieutenant and five 
 men, who were acting as a body guard for Noriel, were captured 
 with him." 
 
 Devereux Shields, Sewanee, '86, was Lieutenant-colonel of the 
 Second Mississipi Volunteers during the war with Spain. Later, he 
 was Captain of Company F, 29th Infantry, U. S. A., in the Phil- 
 ippines. In September, 1900, he and 51 of his men, were ambushed, 
 and he was seriously wounded twice. They surrendered after their 
 amunition was exhausted, but were rescued a month later. 
 
 The Sci'oll, February, 1899, said: "A university club is reported 
 from Manila. It is said to have 150 members, but details of the 
 organization are lacking. $ A has thirty soldiers and war cor- 
 respondents there." The following letter appeared in the x\pril 
 Sti'oll : 
 
 In response to a call issued by D. I). Thornton, Wisconsin, '94, Assistant Sur- 
 geon ot the 1st Colorado, a business meeting and dinner of the members of 4> A 
 in Manila was held at the Paris restaurant, Thursday evening, January 26, at 7 
 o'clock. J. B. Kemper, Cincinnati, '99, Lieutenant in the 14th Infantry, U. 
 S. A., read the first account of the Columbus Convention that had penetrated to the 
 Ear East. Along with our discussion of the troublous times and immense amount 
 f)f guard duty we were supposed to do, we elected Brother Thornton President and 
 the undersigned Reporter, decided to hold meetings the second Saturday in each 
 
 *See niem(/ir in 'I'ltf Scroll, Jure, icoa. 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN FOREIGN WARS. 
 
 675 
 
 month, to make our organization regular and permanent, and to prepare an appli- 
 cation for charter as an alumni club. We had what we termed a "big time." Just 
 as your Reporter was preparing to put his letter into proper shape, the explosion 
 came; so for the time being our plans will have to be adjourned, as we are badly 
 scattered and very busy. In the Bond, 
 
 Manila, March i, 1899. James Brown Kemper. 
 
 The Scroll, October, 1899, contained a suggestion that a $ A 
 war society be formed by members who had been enlisted in the 
 war with Spain and the Filipinos. It was proposed that there 
 should be a preliminary organization, and at the National Conven- 
 
 RiCHARD Henry Little, Illinois Wesleyan, '95. 
 
 War correspondent for the Chicago Tribune, at Havana, 1898, and Philippines, 1898-99 ; for 
 the Chicago News, in the Far East, 1904. See biographical sketches in The Scroll, February, 1899, 
 and April, 1904. 
 
 tion of 1900, a permanent organization. The suggestion was first 
 made by D. G. Anderson, Pennsylvania, '91, and the notice in 
 The Scroll was signed by him and b}^ R. H. Switzler, Missouri, '98; 
 S. F. Owen, K. M. I., '86; P. W. Russell, Nebraska, '98, and 
 E. M. Lubeck, Chicago, '00. However, such an organization has 
 not yet been effected. 
 
 During the two wars a number of Phis were prominent as cor- 
 respondents for leading newspapers and magazines. R. H. Little 
 and E. L. Keen were two of eleven war correspondents that, July 
 9, 1899, signed the famous ' round robin, "protesting against the press 
 censorship of General Otis at Manila. Books about the war were 
 
676 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 written by J. R. Spears, Indianapolis, '72, and Edwin Emerson, 
 Miami, '89.* 
 
 The following list contains the names of 286 members of $ A © 
 who were engaged in the two wars. The number includes 15 who 
 were initiated after their military service, but does not include 10 
 civilian clerks or 6 war correspondents, whose names also appear 
 in the list. The number is greater than that of any other frater- 
 nity, t The list shows the principal stations of members during the 
 wars. Many Phis after voluntary service received commissions in 
 the Regular Army. 
 
 Miami. 
 
 Private Edwin Emerson, Jr., '89, 1st U. S. V. Cav. (Rough Riders); later, staff 
 
 of General Joseph Wheeler, Santiago. 
 Private J. H. Macreadv, '89, hospital corps, ist Ohio V. I., Tampa. 
 Private S. F. Van Pelt, '01, ist Ohio V. I.., Tampa. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 Corporal N. G. Rhodes, '98, 5th U. S. Inf., Fort McPherson; died Santiago, June 
 
 30, 1899. 
 Sergeant A. W. Gifford, '96, 1 60th Indiana V. I., Cuba. 
 Private U. J. Griffith, '91, i6ist Indiana V. I., Jacksonville. 
 Private J. C. Patten, '99, Indiana Light Artillery, Porto Rico. 
 Naval Cadet J. W. Fesler, '87, U. S. S. Vermont. 
 
 Centre. 
 
 First Sergeant R. P. Dow, '94, 2d Kentucky V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Private Wellington Harlan, '93, 2d Kentucky V. I., Chickamauga; died Harrods- 
 burg, Ky., September 20, 1898. 
 
 Wabash. 
 
 Private K. C. Banks, '00, U. S. A. 
 
 Private H. D. Alfrey, '01, Indiana Light Artillery, Porto Rico. 
 
 K. M. I. 
 
 Brigadier-general H. V. N. Boynton, '58, U. S. V., Chickamauga. 
 Master-at-arms S. F. Owen, '86, Michigan Naval Reserves, U. S. S. Yosemite, Cuba 
 and Porto Rico. 
 
 * "Our Navy in the War With Spain," by J. R. Spears. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons- 
 1898. Cloth; pp. 406. 8 vo. ; illustrated. Reprinted as the fifth volume of his "History of Our 
 Navy." 
 
 In Wai In Peace," by Edwin Emerson, Jr. New York: International Navigation Company. 
 1898. Stiff paper; pp. 70, 4 to. Very handsomely illustrated. Details the movements during the 
 war of the converted auxiliary cruisers, Sai7it Louis, Saint Paul, Yale and Harvard, the latter two 
 resiJectively the Paris and the New York of the International Line. 
 
 Pepy's Ghost: His Wanderings in Greater Gotham, His Adventures in the Spanish War," 
 etc., by Edwin Emerson, Jr. Boston: Richard G. Badger & Co. 1900. Paper boards, cloth back; 
 pp. .153. 16 mo. Written in the style of "Pepy's Diary." 
 
 n "l^i-^'^P^c^ °^ ^^^ Nineteenth Century, Year by Year," by Edwin Emerson, Jr. New York: P. 
 Y. Collier & Son. 1901. Cloth ; pp. 1924, 12 mo. ; illustrated. Volume III for years 1857-1900. 
 
 University of Missouri in the Spanish War," by George H. English. Jr. Columbia, Mo. : 
 J5tatesman Press. 1899. Circular, pp. 8. Of the 102 soldiers sent out by the University of Mis- 
 souri, eleven were members of 4> A 0. 
 
 T ^«VMr"'""^7,^'^^.'M^ articles about the war were written by J. R. Spears and Edwin Emerson, 
 Jr. \Villiam Allen White contributed 'When Johnny Went Marching Out" to McClure's Maga- 
 zine, June, 1898. 
 
 Edwin Emerson, Jr.. and R. H. Little were also war correspondents during the Japanese-Rus- 
 sian war, 1904. 
 
 t The following figures, showing the numbers of members of other fraternities who were en- 
 gaged in the two wars, are from lists published in their journals: K A (Southern), 149; 2 X, 132; 
 2 A E, 125;* K*, 123; K 2, 117; A K E, no; 2 N. 80; A T 12, 71 ; © A X 26 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN FOREIGN WARS. 677 
 
 Wisconsiii. 
 
 First Lieutenaut F. E. Bamford, '87, 15th U. S. Inf., Manila; later, Captain, 28th 
 
 U. S. Inf. 
 First Lieutenant L. A. Curtis, '94, 22d U. S. Inf., Manila; previously, private, 1st 
 
 Wisconsin, and Second Lieutenant, 12th U. S. Inf. 
 First Lieutenant D. D. Thornton, '94, Assistant Surgeon, 1st Colorado V. L, Manila. 
 Corporal J. K. Ragland, '98, 5th Missouri V. I., Chickamauga; later, 3d U. S. V. 
 
 Engineers. 
 Private Charles Seaman, '94, 2d Wisconsin V. I., Porto Rico. 
 Private J. H. Bacon, '97, 3d Wisconsin V. I., Porto Rico. 
 
 N^orthwestern . 
 
 First Lieutenant Clay i\llen, '98, Adjutant, 22d Kansas V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 Sergeant Andrew Cooke, '99, ist Illinois V. Cav., Chickamauga. 
 
 hidianapolis. 
 
 Captain Edward Everts, '75, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A. 
 Sergeant-major R. L. Moorhead, '96, 158th Indiana V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Private J. B. Williams, '96, hospital corps, U. S. A., Jacksonville. 
 
 Ohio Wesley an. 
 
 Captain H. V. Stevens, '88, Tennessee V. I., Philippines; later. First Lieutenant, 
 38th U. S. V. I. 
 
 First Lieutenant E. T. Miller, '95, staff of Brigadier-general J. Warren Keifer, Jack- 
 sonville. 
 
 Private L. B. Bowker, '01, hospital corps, 7th Army Corps, Jacksonville. 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 Private Edward Middleton, "97, Indiana Light Artillery, Porto Rico. 
 Private D. V. Noland, '00, 7th California V. I., San Francisco. 
 
 Hanovej-. 
 
 Lieutenant W. B. Shelby, '9^, Acting Assistant Surgeon, ist Army Corps, Cuba. 
 Corporal J. L. Rogers, '01, 159th Indiana V. I., Camp Alger, Va. ; later, hospital 
 
 corps, Santiago; later, Manila. 
 First Sergeant J. W. Evans, '97, 2d Kentucky V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Private E. S. Bridges, '00, 159th Indiana V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 Private M. E. Garber, '01, 159th Indiana V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 Private R. I. Dugan, '02, ist Kentucky V. I., Porto Rico. 
 
 Alichigan. 
 
 Firsi Sergeant Leander Steketee, '96, 32d Michigan V. I., Tampa. 
 
 Seaman J. W. Judson, '00, Michigan Naval Reserves, U. S. S. Yosemite, Cuba and 
 
 Porto Rico. 
 Landsman A. H. Kessler, '94, Michigan Naval Reserves, U. S. S. Yosemite, Cuba 
 
 and Porto Rico. 
 
 Chicago. 
 
 Private K, F. Flanders, '98, ist Illinois V. I., Santiago. 
 
 Shellman E. M. Lubeck, '00, Chicago Naval Reserves, U. S. S. Oregon, Santiago. 
 
 DePainv. 
 
 Captain F. W. Foxworthy, '94, Assistant Surgeon, 34th U. S. V. I., Manila; pre- 
 viously. Assistant Surgeon, i6oth Indiana V. L, Chickamauga. 
 First Lieutenant J. U. Brown, '86, 21st Kansas V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Private Austin Funk, '96, 159th Indiana V. I., hospital corps, Camp Alger, Va. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Private A. C.Johnson, '97, 8th Ohio V. I., Santiago. 
 Private H. L. Charter, '98, 7th Ohio V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 Ensign L. R. De Steiger, '87, U. S. S. Montgomeiy. 
 Doctor D. W. Welch, contract Surgeon, Cuba and Philippines. 
 
678 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Roanoke. 
 Sergeant W. F. Ferguson, '93, hospital steward, 2cl Virginia V. I., Jacksonville. 
 Private S, E. Linton, Jr., '97, ist North Carolina V. I., Havana. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Captain Edgar Russel, '82, U. S. V. Signal Corps, Manila; First Lieutenant, 6th 
 
 U. S. Artiller\'. 
 Captain G. H. English, Jr., '97, 5th Missouri V. I., Chickamauga. 
 First Lieutenant H. B. Walker, '93, 5th Missouri V. I., Chickamauga. 
 First Lieutenant R. W. Brown, '98, 4th Missouri V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 First Lieutenant R. S. Edmunds, '99, 5th Missouri V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Second Lieutenant R. H. Switzler, '98, 5th Missouri V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Second Lieutenant A. W. Brent, '00, 6th Missouri V. I., Cuba. 
 Sergeant G. F. Maitland, '98, 1st U. S. V. Engineers, Porto Rico. 
 Private S. J. P. Anderson, '95, 1st Missouri V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Private H. B. Williams, '98, 5th Missouri V. I., Chickamauga. 
 
 Knox. 
 
 Major R. W. Johnson, '76, Surgeon, U. S. A. 
 
 Major B. X. Smith, '90, Judge Advocate, U. S. V., Camp Gale, Cal. 
 First Lieutenant A. B. Johnson, '72, 17th U. S. Inf., Santiago and Manila. 
 Private H. H. Potter, '01, 6th Illinois V, I., Porto Rico. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Second Lieutenant G. L. Johnson, nth U. S. Inf., Porto Rico and Philippines; 
 
 later First Lieutenant. 
 Sergeant H. E. Wynne, '87, ist Georgia V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Private D. G. White, '98, Georgia Light Artillery, Chickamauga. 
 
 Emoiy. 
 
 Captain J. R. Hodges, '85, 3d Georgia V. I., Grififin, Ga. 
 First Lieutenant L. W. Branch, '91, 3d Georgia V. I., Griffin, Ga. 
 Sergeant A. M. Baker, '96, 1st Georgia V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Private Julius Newman, '98, ist Georgia V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Private J. D. Munnerlyn, '88, 2d Georgia V. I., Tampa. 
 
 Iowa IVesleyan. 
 
 Captain J. W. Clark, '92, 51st Iowa V. I., San Francisco. 
 First Lieutenant W. H. French, '93, 51st Iowa V. I., San Francisco. 
 First Lieutenant E. W. Hearne, '94, 51st Iowa V. I., San Francisco. 
 Corporal K. C. Corley, '96, 50th Iowa V. I., Jacksonville. 
 Corporal F. W. Lambert, '97, 50th Iowa V. I., Jacksonville. 
 Corporal C. A. Hearne, '99, 51st Iowa V. I., San Francisco. 
 Corporal J. S. Randall, '99, 51st Iowa V. I., San Francisco. 
 Private C. O. Hoober, '99, '51st Iowa V. I., San Francisco. 
 Private A. T. Day, '00, hospital corps, U. S. A., Fort Sheridan, 111. 
 
 Mercer. 
 
 Captain G. C. Conner, '93, 1st Georgia V. I., Chickamauga. 
 
 First Lieutenant R. C. Hazelhurst, '87, 1st Georgia V. I., Chickamauga. 
 
 Private R. L. Sparks, '93, ist Georgia V. I., Chickamauga. 
 
 Private Anderson Clark, '94, ist Georgia V. I., Chickamauga. 
 
 Ensign S. B. Palmer, '90, Surgeon, U. S. S. Annapolis. 
 
 Wooster. 
 F. S. McKinney, hospital corps, 8th Ohio V. I., Santiago. 
 
 Cornell. 
 
 Sergeant F. G. Gardner, '91, ist Illinois V. Cav., Chickamauga. 
 Private N. C. Robbins, '91, Astor Battery, Manila. 
 Private C. W. Carman, '97, '71st New York V. I., Santiago. 
 
 Junior Lieutenant C. A. McAllister, '87, Passed Assistant Engineer, U. S. S^ 
 Philadelphia. 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN FOREIGN WARS. 679 
 
 Lafayette. 
 
 Major Edgar Jadwin, '88, 3d U. S. V. Engineers, Jefferson Barracks, Mo. 
 Color Sergeant R. G. Holmes, '00, ist Colorado V. I., Manila. 
 Sergeant E. G. Smith, '94, 17th U. S. Inf., Santiago and Manila. 
 Private H. R. Douglass, '00, Pennsylvania Light Artillery, Porto Rico. 
 Junior Lieutenant B. P. DuBois, '91, Passed Assistant Paymaster, U. S. N., Sa- 
 moa and Guam. 
 
 California. 
 
 First Lieutenant W. S. Alexander, '77, 4th U. S. Artillery, Porto Rico. 
 
 Lansing. 
 
 Captain W. L. Simpson, '81, 6th U. S. Inf., Santiago. 
 Sergeant O. W. Cole, '99, 31st Michigan V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Corporal Charles Atchinson, '84, 5 th Missouri V. I. 
 Private B. K. Canfield, '89. ist Ohio V. Cav. 
 Private O. W. Gorenflo, '97, 32d Michigan V. I., Tampa. 
 Private R. W. Clark, '99, 31st Michigan V. L, Chickamauga. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Private T. C. Longino, '93, ist Georgia, V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Private B. A. Wright, '97, ist Ohio V. Cav., Tampa. 
 
 Randolph-ALacon. 
 
 Private L. L. Kellam, '88, 4th Virginia V. I., Jacksonville. 
 Private Ro\^ Kern, '98, 2d Virginia V. I., Jacksonville. 
 
 Biichtel. 
 
 Private Charles Pleasants, '82, loth Pennsylvania V. I., Manila. 
 Private Gerald Brown, '00, 8th Ohio V. L, Santiago. 
 
 A^ehraska. 
 
 Captain W. H. Ourv, '97, 1st Nebraska V. I., Manila; later. First Lieutenant, 12th 
 
 U. S. Inf. 
 Captain W. H. Hayward, '97, 2d Nebraska V. I., Chickamauga. 
 First Lieutenant T. F. Roddy, '98, 2d Nebraska V. I., Chickamauga. 
 First Lieutenant P. W. Russell, '98, ist Nebraska V. I., Manila. 
 First Lieutenant B. D. Whedon, '99, ist Nebraska V. I., Manila. 
 Second Lieutenant E. O. Weber, '95, ist Nebraska V. I., Manila. 
 Second Lieutenant C. V. Nusz, '95, 2d Nebraska V. L, Chickamauga. 
 vSecond Lieutenant W. C. Mentzer, '95, 51st Iowa V. I., San Francisco. 
 First Sergeant H. K. Wheeler, '97, 8th U. S. Cav., Fort Meade, S. D. 
 Sergeant L. A. Westerman, '97, 2d Nebraska V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Sergeant G. R. Lewis, '97, 3d Kentucky V. L, Newport News. 
 Sergeant R. W. Haggard, '98, 2d Nebraska V. I., Chickamauga. 
 
 Richmond. 
 
 Captain C. M. Miller, '90, Assistant Surgeon, Virginia V. I. 
 First Sergeant J. H. Read, Jr., '93, 5th U. S. Cav., Porto Rico. 
 Doctor B. B. Warriner, '93, contract Surgeon, Philippines. 
 
 Gettysburg. 
 
 First Lieutenant T. B. Seigle, '84, 38th U. S. V. L, Manila; later, First Lieutenant, 
 
 27th U. S. Inf. 
 First Lieutenant H, E. Gettier, '93, Assistant Surgeon, loth U. S. Cav., Staten 
 
 Island Hospital. 
 Private A. E. Linhart, '89. 
 Ensign W. H. Ulsh, '90, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. S. Yankton and U. S. S. Glaciery 
 
 Manila. 
 Ensign D. M. Addison, '95, Assistant Paymaster, U. S. S. Scindia, Philippines. 
 
68o THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Washington and Jefferson. 
 
 Captain F. B. Hawkins, '96, loth Pennsylvania V. L, Manila; later, First Lieu- 
 tenant, 27th U. S. Inf. 
 Corporal C. W. Eicher, '96, loth Pennsylvania V. I., Manila. 
 Private H. W. Weirich, '97, loth Pennsylvania V. L, Manila. 
 Private Alexander Eicher, Jr., '99, loth Pennsylvania V. I., Manila. 
 Private W. E. Ralston, '01, loth Pennsylvania V. I., Manila. 
 
 Vanderbilt. 
 
 Major R. A. Barr, '92, Surgeon, 1st Tennessee V. I., Manila. 
 
 Captain E. W. Winfield, '89, U. S. V. Signal Corps. 
 
 Captain H. C. Alexander, '95, 4th Tennessee V. L, Cuba. 
 
 Private E. R. Lyons, '83, 7th Illinois V. I., Camp Alger, Va.; later, 5th U. S. Inf., 
 
 Philippines; killed by Filipinos, near Batac, Northern Luzon, January i, 1901. 
 Private G. B. Baskervill, Jr., '01, 12th U. S. Inf., El Caney. 
 Private Paul Andrews, '90, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. 
 Private Cicero Nichols, '98, North Carolina V. I. 
 
 Lehigh. 
 
 Corporal W. M. Purman, '94, 1st U. S. V. Engineers, Porto Rico. 
 Private A. B. Schwenk, '03, 5th U. S. Inf., Manila. 
 
 Private D. F. B. Shepp, '98, 8th Pennsylvania V. L, Camp Meade, Pa. 
 Seaman A. L. Saltzman, '95, U. S. S. Badger, Santiago. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Major M. W. Beck, '81, 3d Georgia V. L, Griffin, Ga. 
 
 Captain L. M. Southworth, '83, 2d Mississippi V. L, Jacksonville. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Hiram Cassidy, Jr., Regimental Quartermaster, 2d Mississippi 
 V. I., Jacksonville. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Major E. L. Pinckard, '86, 2d U. S. V. Engineers, Fort Sheridan, 111. 
 
 Captain W. M. Walker, '93, 5th U. S. V. I., Santiago. 
 
 Captain H. M. Bankhead, '97, 5th U. S. V. I., Santiago; later. First Lieutenant, 
 20th U. S. Inf., Philippines. 
 
 Captain Romaine Boyd, 2d Alabama V. I., Jacksonville. 
 
 First Lieutenant J. R. Vidmer, '85, Adjutant, 2d Alabama V. I., Jacksonville. 
 
 First Lieutenant N. R. Cham bliss, '90, Adjutant, 3d Alabama V. I.; later. First 
 Lieutenant, 8th U. S. Inf. 
 
 Second Lieutenant J. F. Crook, '89, 3d Georgia V. I., Griffin, Ga. 
 
 Second Lieutenant W. B. Bankhead, '93. 
 
 Second Lieutenant W. C. Harkins, '99, 5th U. S. V. I., Santiago. 
 
 Sergeant A. S. Williams, '97, 2d Alabama V. I., Jacksonville. 
 
 Corporal W. C. Banks, '95, 2d Alabama V. I., Jacksonville. 
 
 First Sergeant L. F. Luckie, '97, 1st Alabama V. I., Manila; later, Acting Assist- 
 ant Quartermaster, in charge of U. S. Transport Benniohr. 
 
 Private J. F, Black, '98, 2d Alabama V. I., Jacksonville; died, Jacksonville, August 
 24, 1898. 
 
 Junior Lieutenant Raymond Stone, '91, U. S. S. Alliance. 
 
 Illinois IVesleyan. 
 Captain C. C. Tear, '83, 14th Minnesota V. I., Chickamauga. 
 
 Lombard. 
 First Sergeant M. M. Case, '91, 3d U. S. V. Engineers, Macon, Ga. 
 Private E. L. Shinn, '96, hospital corps, 6th Massachusetts V. I., Porto Rico. 
 Private H. S. Murphy, '02, 6th Illinois V. I., Porto Rico. 
 
 Auburn. 
 Lieutenant-colonel J. B. McDonald, '91, Alabama V. I., Jacksonville. 
 Major D. D, McLeod, '84, 2d Alabama V. I., Jacksonville. 
 Captain H. C. Armstrong, Jr., '87, 3d Alabama V. I., Mobile. 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN FOREIGN WARS. 68 1 
 
 First Lieutenant V. M. Elmore, Jr., 2d Alabama V. I., Jacksonville; later. First 
 Lieutenant in Regular Army. 
 
 First Lieutenant W. H. Winship, '96, 2d Georgia V. L, Tampa. 
 
 Second Lieutenant J. T. Bullen, '82, 2d Alabama V. I., Jacksonville. 
 
 Second Lieutenant A. W. Jones, '93, 1st Louisiana V. L, Jacksonville. 
 
 Sergeant E. S. Lay, '98, 2d Alabama V. I., Jacksonville. 
 
 Private J. S. Paden, Jr., '98, 2d Alabama V. I., Jacksonville. 
 
 Senior Lieutenant L. W. Spratling, '86, Passed Assistant, Surgeon U. S. S. Colum- 
 bia; later, naval hospital, Yokohama. 
 
 Allegheny. 
 
 Private F. A. Hartung, '99, Reserve Ambulance Corps, 7th Army Corps, Jacksonville. 
 
 Vermont. 
 First Lieutenant F. J. Mills, '86, 2d U. S. V. Engineers, Honolulu. 
 
 Dickinson. 
 First Lieutenant A. S. Porter, '87, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A.; retired for dis- 
 ability in line of duty, June 8, 1899, with rank of Captain. 
 Sergeant-major M. F. Ivins, '01, 4th New Jersey V. I., Seagirt, N. J. 
 Private F. L. Kriebel, '98, 8th Pennsylvania V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 
 Westminster. 
 
 Captain W. H. Forsythe, '95, Assistant Surgeon, 8th U. S. Inf., Cuba and China. 
 
 First Lieutenant J. W. Ward, '02, ist Arkansas, V. I.; later. First Lieutenant, 33d 
 U. S. V. L, Philippines; Second Lieutenant, 20th U. S. Inf., and First Lieuten- 
 ant, 15th U. S. Inf. 
 
 First Sergeant R. G. Cousley, '00, 4th Missouri V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Lieutenant R. C. Dewey, '92, 13th Minnesota V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Charles Esplin, '89, 13th Minnesota V. I.; later. Captain and 
 
 disbursing officer, Philippines. 
 Sergeant L. R. Wright, '01, 15th Minnesota V. I., Middletown, Pa. 
 
 lozva. 
 
 Major D. S. Fairchild, Jr., '94, Surgeon, 51st Iowa V. I., San Francisco. 
 
 Captain H. P. Williams, '95, Chaplain, 51st Iowa V. L, San Francisco. 
 
 Captain C. S. Aldrich, '95, 49th Iowa V. I., Jacksonville. 
 
 First Sergeant T. G. Fee, '00, 50th Iowa V. I., Jacksonville. 
 
 Sergeant Clarence Baker, '88, 3d U. S. V. Engineers, Cuba. 
 
 Corporal F. B. Reid, '01, 51st Iowa V. I., San Francisco. 
 
 Private W. G. Hicks, '97, 52d Iowa V. I., Chickamauga. 
 
 Private Robert Eby, '02, 51st Iowa V. I., San Francisco. 
 
 Private J. H. Allen, '95, 49th Iowa V. I., Cuba. 
 
 Private F. C. Neal, '99, commissary department, 4th Army Corps, Porto Rico. 
 
 Junior Lieutenant W. M. Garton, '96, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. S. New York. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Captain J. M. Kennedy, '84, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A. 
 
 Senior Lieutenant J. B. Patton, '87, U.S. '^.Brooklyn; later, U. S. S. Montgomery. 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 Brigadier-general Frederick Funston, '92, U. S. A., Philippines; previously. 
 Colonel, 20th Kansas V. I., Manila, and Brigadier-general, U. S. V. 
 
 Captain E. L. Glasgow, '90, 36th U. S. V. I., Philippines; previously. First Lieu- 
 tenant, 20th Kansas V. I., Manila. 
 
 First Lieutenant E. H. Agnew, '97, 20th Kansas V. I., Philippines; later. Lieuten- 
 ant, U. S. V. I., Philippines. 
 
 First Lieutenant H. H. Seckler, '98, 20th Kansas V. I., Philippines. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Andrew Hudson, '99, 22d Kansas V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 
 Corporal G. B. Sierer, '98, 22d Kansas V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 
 Corporal G. L. Lucas, '02, 22d Kansas V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 
 Private W. O. Woods, '94, staff of General N. A. Miles. 
 
682 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Hillsdale. 
 Second Lieutenant W. M. French, '96, 21st Kansas V. I., Chickamauga. 
 
 Sewanee. 
 
 Lieutenant -colonel Devereux Shields, '85, 2d Mississippi V. I., Jacksonville; 
 
 later, Captain, 29th U. S. V. I., Philippines. 
 Major W. F. Starley, Jr., '91, Surgeon, 1st U. S. V. I., Galveston. 
 Captain R. W. Dowdy, '84, 22d U. S. Inf., Cuba and Philippines. 
 Captain Randolph Buck, '87, 2d Mississippi V. I., Jacksonville. 
 Captain M. A. Reeve, '94, 3d Tennessee V. I., Chickamauga. 
 
 Captain J. B. Haden, '83, Assistant Surgeon, 12th New YorkV. I., Chickamauga. 
 First Lieutenant S. G. Jones, '83, 5th U. S. Cav., Santiago. 
 First Lieutenant Oscar Wilder, '98, ist Kentucky V. I., Porto Rico. 
 Color Sergeant A. P. Wright, '88, 2d Georgia V. I., Tampa. 
 Captain C. S. Radford, '84, Assistant Quartermaster, Marine Corps, U. S. S. Texas. 
 
 Ohio State. 
 
 Sergeant W. A. Kah, 3d Ohio V. I., Tampa.- 
 Private F. S. Knox, '99, Ohio Light Artillery, Chickamauga. 
 Private E. C. Grant, '01, Ohio Light Artillery, Chickamauga. 
 Private C. H. Woods, '98, 7th Ohio V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 
 Texas. 
 Sergeant-major T. T, Connally, '98, 2d Texas V. I., Jacksonville. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Second Lievitenant D. G. Anderson, 2d U. S. V. Engineers, Honolulu. 
 Private J. C. Murtagh, '94, 6th Pennsylvania V. I. Camp Alger, Va. 
 Private H. G. Kimball, '96, Penns3dvania Light Artillery, Porto Rico; died, Phila- 
 delphia, October 13, 1898. 
 Private A. D. O'Brien, '97, ist Pennsylvania V, I., Chickamauga. 
 Private A. M. Stokes, '99, Ist Pennsylvania V. L, Chickamauga. 
 Private H. W. Reynolds, '98, 6th Pennsylvania V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Private Hiram Miller, Jr., '99, Penns3'lvania Light Artillery, Porto Rico. 
 
 C. C. N. Y. 
 
 Captain P. H. Stern, '91, 5th U. S. V. 1.; later. Captain in Regular Army. 
 Private F. S. Angell, '90, New York V, Cav., Santiago. 
 
 Colby. 
 
 First Lieutenant O. W. B. Farr, '92, 2d U. S. Artillery (Grimes' Battery), San- 
 tiago. 
 
 Cohwibia. 
 
 Ensign H. H. Morrison, '97, Assistant Engineer, U. S. S. Osceola. 
 
 Dartmouth. 
 Private E. P. Bailey, '97, ambulance corps, 1st New Hampshire V. I., Cuba. 
 Private C. E. Carr, '98, reserve ambulance corps. Ponce, Porto Rico. 
 Private W. H. Mitchell, '98, reserve ambulance corps. Ponce, Porto Rico. 
 Private W. D. Turner, '98, hospital corps, Lexington, Ky. 
 
 ' North Carolina. 
 Captain W. W. Davies, Jr., '91, 2d Georgia V. I., Griffin, Ga, 
 
 Central. 
 
 Captain D. Y. Beckham, '96, 2d Kentucky V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Corporal C. C. Collins, '94, 2d Kentucky V. I., Chickamauga. 
 
 WilliaDis. 
 Private C. M. Doland, '00, Pennsylvania Light Artillery, Porto Rico. 
 
PHI DELTA THETAS IN FOREIGN WARS. 683 
 
 Southwestern. 
 Hospital Steward J. H. Foster, '96, ist Texas V. Cav., San Antonio. 
 
 Washington and Lee. 
 
 Second Lieutenant G. E. Manning, '93, 3d Ohio V. I., Tampa; later, First Lieuten- 
 ant, U. S. Artillery Corps. 
 Private L. C. Speers, '97, 1st Georgia V. I., Chickamauga. 
 
 Amherst. 
 Private J. W. Smith, '02, 2d Massachusetts V. I., Cuba. 
 
 Bro7on. 
 Private E. S. Tuttle, '98, 1st Rhode Island V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 Private T. J. Griffin, Jr., '99, ist Rhode Island V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 Private E. H. Boynton, '00, New York V. I. 
 Seaman E. F. Viles, '99, U. S. N. 
 
 Tulane. 
 First Lieutenant H. P. Jones, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. V. 
 
 First Lieutenant C. H. Tebault, Jr., '90, medical supply department, Santiago. 
 Private A. K. Foote, '96, 3d Virginia V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 
 Ensign W. T. Culverius, '94, U. S. S. Maine (on board when she sank), U. S. S. 
 Scorpion and U. S. S. Solace; later, at Guantanamo and Manila. 
 
 Washington. 
 First Lieutenant R. M. Wilson, '97, ist Missouri V. I., Chickamauga. 
 Private L. G. Coleman, '98, 1st U. S. V. Cav. (Rough Riders), Santiago. 
 Ensign W. H. Thompson, Jr., '97, Assistant Engineer, inspection dutv, U. S. N., 
 Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Illinois. 
 First Lieutenant F. H. Hamilton, '95, 2d U. S. V. Engineers. 
 Sergeant M. F. Bayard, '01, 159th Indiana V. I., Tampa. 
 
 Seaman W. O. Doud, '03, Chicago Naval Reserves, U. S. S. Oregon., Santiago. 
 Ensign J. A. Perry, U. S. N., '96. 
 
 Purdue. 
 
 First Sergeant A. M. Hopper, '01, i6oth Indiana V. I., Matanzas. 
 Corporal Frank Henley, '00, i6oth Indiana V. I., Newport News. 
 Private Edwin Lennox, '99, i6oth Indiana V. I., Newport News. 
 Private F. G. Tingley, '93, U. S. Signal Corps, Jacksonville. 
 Second Lieutenant F. C. Lander, '97, Marine Corps, Manila. 
 
 Case. 
 
 First Sergeant C. A. Gleason, '99, 5th Ohio V. I., Tampa. 
 
 Color Sergeant J. H. Byerly, '95, 26th U. S. V. I., Philippines; previously. Corpo- 
 ral, 71st New York V. I., Santiago. 
 Coporal R. D. Tyler, '98, 5th Ohio V. L, Tampa. 
 
 Cincinnati . 
 First Lieutenant J. B. Kemper, '99, 6th U. S. Inf., Philippines. 
 
 INITIATED AFTER RETIRING FROM THE SERVICE. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 F. H. Masters, '00, 159th Indiana V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 C. W. Miller, '01, 159th Indiana V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 J. R. McGinnis, '00, 159 Indiana V. I., Camp Alger, Va. 
 
 Wabash. 
 Private P. G. Jones, '04, i6oth Indiana V. I., Chickamauga, 
 
 Ohio Wesley an. 
 Private C. C. Miller, '03, 4th Ohio V. I., Porto Rico. 
 Private W. M. Whitney, '03, 4th Ohio V. I., Porto Rico. 
 
684 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Ohio. 
 Private E. U. Cave, '03, 8th Ohio V. I,, Camp Bushnell. 
 
 E??iory. 
 Corporal E. R. Dent, '04, 3d Georgia V. I., Griffin, Ga. 
 
 lozva Wesleyan. 
 Private Adetus Gibson, '00, 51st Ohio V. I., San Francisco. 
 
 Mercer. 
 
 Musician B. M. Pate, '03, 1st Georgia V. I., Chickamauga; later 3d Georgia V. I., 
 Cuba. 
 
 Allegheny. 
 Private G. W. Campbell, '04, 5th Pennsylvania V. I. 
 
 Dickinson. 
 Private M. G. Baker, '04, 5th Pennsylvania V. L, Chickamauga. 
 
 Minnesota. 
 Musician H, V. Fuller, '04, 1st South Dakota V. L, Camp Merritt. 
 
 Case. 
 First Lieutenant C. D. Chandler, '03, U. S. V. Signal Corps, Cuba. 
 
 Gettysburg. 
 Private C. R. Coble, '97, Camp Alger, Va. ; later, Hospital Steward, Philippines. 
 
 WAR CORRESPONDENTS. 
 
 Edwin Emerson, Jr., Miami, '89; Cuba, for Collier'' s Weekly, Leslie'' s Weekly, 
 
 Century Magazine, Revietv of Reviews. 
 J. R. Spears, Indianapolis, '72; with Admiral Sampson's fleet, for Harper'' s Weekly 
 
 and Scribner'' s Magazijie. 
 R. H. Little, Illinois Wesleyan, '95; Cuba and the Philippines, for Chicago Tribune. 
 E. L. Keen, Ohio Wesleyan, '91; for Scripps-McRae League at Chickamauga and 
 
 other southern camps, also in Philippines and China. 
 W. P. King, Jr., Missouri, '86; Tampa, for Kansas City World. 
 Stanhope Sams, Vanderbilt, '81; Cuba, for New York Times. 
 
 CIVILIAN CLERKS. 
 
 M. H. Guerrant, Central, '92, chief clerk, commissary department, Lexington, Ky., 
 and Columbus, Ga. 
 
 H. A. Douglass, Central, '95, chief clerk, commissary, Havana. 
 
 J. J. Greenleaf, Central, '96, clerk, commissary, 2d Kentucky V. I., Lexington, Ky. 
 
 Brooke Armat, Washington and Lee, pay department, Havana. 
 
 C. M. C. Buntain, Northwestern, '99; C. M. Shepard, Ohio, '96; M. C. Summers, 
 Lombard, '81; F. P. Gibson, Alabama, '86; P. R. Cook, K. M. I., '87; W. M. 
 Smith, Dickinson, '87, all war department clerks, at Washington, D. C, in ser- 
 vice during the war. 
 
 THE SEMI-CENTENNIAL CONVENTION, 1898. 
 
 The Semi-Centennial Convention, 1898, as well as the Quarto- 
 Centennial Convention, 1873, ^^s held in Ohio, the State in which 
 O A was founded. The Convention of 1896 directed that the 
 Semi-Centenial Convention should be held in Ohio, the exact time 
 and place to be determined by the General Council. The Phis of 
 Columbus extended an invitation for the Convention to meet there. 
 Ohio Alpha desired that it should meet at Oxford. Sentiment sug- 
 
THE SE>n-CEXTENXIAL COXVENTIOX, i 
 
 685 
 
 gested that it should meet at Oxford, the birthplace of the Frater- 
 nity, during the week of December 26, 1898. Dr. Fa3'e Walker, 
 Ohio Alpha, '68, President of Oxford Female College, tendered the 
 use of the college rooms, as dormitories for the delegates, if the 
 Convention should meet during the Christmas holida3^s; but, after 
 investigation, the Councilors concluded that the accommodations 
 which could be secured at Oxford were inadequate. The General 
 Council, Februar}^ 23, 1898, decided upon Columbus as the place 
 of meeting, and, March 21, decided that the Convention should be 
 held during Thanksgiving week. A proposed excursion to Oxford, 
 on one day during the Convention was abandoned. 
 
 View of Northwest corner. 
 
 The Ohio State Capitol. 
 
 The Semi-Centennial Convention was held in the Hall of the House of 
 Representatives in the Southeast corner. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Monda}", Tuesda}^, 
 Wednesda}^ Thursday and Friday, November 21, 22, 23, 24 and 
 25, 1898, in the Hall of the House of Representatives, Columbus, 
 Ohio. The Convention was called to order b}' W. B. Palmer, P. 
 G. C. Rev. Robert Morrison, D.D., Ohio Alpha, '49, read Psalm 
 XV, as a description of a man worth}^ in the sight of God; then read 
 Psalm cxxxiii, after which he offered pra3'er, closing with the 
 Lord's prayer. Addresses of welcome were delivered by A. S. 
 Bushnell, Governor of Ohio; S. L. Black, $ P A, Ma3^or of Colum- 
 bus, and Cj^rus Huling, ^ A 0, representing the local members. 
 H. T. Miller, R. G. C, delivered a response. 
 
 Officers present: General Council — President, W. B. Palmer; Secretary, 
 W. R. Brown: Reporter, H. T. Miller; Treasurer, F. S. Ball; Historian, McCluney 
 Radcliffe. President Alpha Province, J. C. Moore, Jr. President Delta Province, 
 H. H. Ward. Editor of the History, W. B. Palmer. Editors of the Song Book: 
 F. D. Swope, W. B. Palmer. Fraternity Librarian, J. E. Brown. 
 
 Delegates from college chapters present: Miami — K. H. Zwick, '00. 
 Indiana — G. C. Burbank, '99. Centre—?. B. Bethel, '97. Wabash — W. H. 
 
686 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Hays, 'oo. Wisconsm — A. W. Fairchild, '97. N'ort/nvestern- — C. M. C. Buritain, 
 '99. hidianapolis — C. W. McGaughey, '01. O. W. U. — A. B. Whitney, '99, 
 Franklin — W. W. Wilson, '01. Hanovei — E. A. Ballis, '99. Michigan — T. M. 
 Barr, '99. Chicago — C. W. Chase, '99. DePatiw — F. V. Smith, '99. Ohio — 
 
 E. C. Merwin, '00. Missouri — G. H. English, Jr., '97. Knox — H. N. Rex, '00. 
 Emory — F. S. Palmer, '99. Iowa Wesleyan — -E. E. Cramford, '99. Mercer — 
 G. W. Whitney, '99. Corndl — E. C. Zeller, '99. Lafayette — E. H. Saxe, '01. 
 California — H. A. Boushey, '01. Virginia — J. N. Fnrniss, '00. N'ebraska — J. T. 
 Sumner, '99. Gettysburg — H. H. Keller, '01. Vanderbilt — W. F. Bradshaw, Jr., 
 '99. Lehigh — R. M. Straub, '99. Mississippi — G. L. Ray, '98. Alabama — 
 
 F. C. Owen, '99. Lombard — G. P. Conger, '00. Auburn — I. F. McDonnell, '99. 
 Allegheny — E. S. Oakes, '99. Vermont — C. F. Blair, '99. Dickinson — I. M. 
 Wertz, '99. Westminster — C. F. Lamkin, '99. Miiinesota — W. H. Condit, '96. 
 Iowa — T. G. Fee, '00. Kansas — J. H.Fletcher, '99. Sewanee — Telfair Hodgson, 
 '99. O. S. U. — H. N. Schlesinger, '99. Texas — R. L. Hardy, '99. Pennsylva- 
 nia — W. T. Read, '00. Union — E. L. Hegeman, '99. Colby — C. F. Towne, '00. 
 Columbia— ¥ . S. Hackelt, '99. Dartmouth — C. P. Graham, '99. N^orth Caro- 
 lina — I. F. Harris, '00. Williams — Daniel Fitts, Jr., '99. Southwestern — J. H. 
 McLean, Jr., '00. Syracuse — B. V. Dolph, '98. Amherst — H. P. Whitney, '99. 
 Brown — T. M. Phetteplace, '99. Washington — T. F. Chaplin, '96. Stanford — 
 P. R. McDowell, '00. Lllinois—^. M. Bayard, '99. Case—V<f. G. Stephan, '99. 
 Cincinnati — Guido Gores, '01. 
 
 The active college chapters without delegates were those at 
 Georgia, Randolph-Macon, Washington and Jefferson, Central, 
 Washington and Lee, Tulane, Purdue. 
 
 Delegates from alumni chapters present: Franklin — George Banta, 
 Franklin, '76. Indianapolis — H. T. Miller, Indianapolis, '88. Louisville — ^F. P. 
 Kenney, Central, '94. Montgomery — F. S. Ball, O. S. U., '88. Chicago — F. J. R. 
 Mitchell, Northwestern, '96. Nashville — W. B. Palmer, Emory, '77. Cincin- 
 nati — Scott Bonham, O. W. U., '82. Akron — S. E. Findley, Buchtel, '94. Nexu 
 York — E. J. Riederer, Columbia, '97. Kansas City — R. H. Switzler, Missouri, 
 '98. Minneapolis- — W. R. Brown, Minnesota, '89. Pittsburg — W. P. Beazell, 
 Allegheny, '97. Philadelphia — J. C. Moore, Jr., Pennsylvania, '93. Cleveland — 
 H. C. Wood, Amherst, '93. Boston — H. J. Hapgood, Dartmouth, '96. Colum- 
 bus, Ohio — Emmett Tompkins, Ohi(j, '74. Athens — I. M. Foster, Ohio, '95. 
 
 Other members present: Miami — Robert Morrison, '49; J. W. Lindley, '50; 
 A. C. Kemper, '53; B. P. Jones, '68: J. H. Puntennev, '71; M. G. Evans, '77; 
 W. P. Meily, '99; W. E. Stokes, '99; T. E. Walker, '99'; F. M. Bowen, '01; C. H. 
 Mason, '01. Indiana — C. E. Compton, '95. Centre — D. N. Marble, '82. Wabash — 
 T. A. Davies, '96. Indianapolis — C. L. Goodwin, '83; F. M. Gilcrest, '88; 
 W. M. Blount, '97. O. W. 6;— Jason Blackford, '63; Cvrus Huling, '78; T. H. 
 McConica, '81; E. E. Adel, '86; R. L. Seeds, '86; G. P. Benton, '88; H. L. 
 Rownd, '88; F. L. Brown, '89; W. L. VanSickle, '89; A. V. Evans, '90; P. M. 
 Thompson, '90; J. M. Butler, '92; B. L. Mull, '92; W. E. Clark, '96; F. B. Cher- 
 rington, '99; H. H. Pauley, '99; A. B. Pvke; '99; F. J. Bright, '00; W. E.Carson, 
 '00; C. R. Gary, '00; W." R. Baves, '01;' W. E. Brown, '01; A. J. Curren, '01; 
 C. M. Earhart, 'oi; W. L. Hulse, '01; D. B. Savers, '01; W. W. Blackman, '02; 
 J. M. Dolbey, '02; R. L. Ewing, '02; C. C. Whitney, '02. Hanover— Yi. G. 
 Garber, 01. Micliis^an — T. L. Chadbourne, '91. DePautv—Y. I. Stultz, '98. 
 Ohio—C. H. Welch, '78; W. E. Bundy, '86; Ulysses McCaughey, '95; F. H. 
 Super, '95; S. L. McCune, '96; W. K. Scott, '98; N. H. Bennett, '99; T. H. 
 Sheldon, '00; P. J. Welch, '00; Dorr Casto, Jr., '01; G. L. Gold, '02; W. R. 
 Sheldon, '02. Wooster — S. S. Palmer, '87; T- F. Haves, '89; N. L. Burner, '92; 
 W. H. Coles, '96; J. B. Ballou, '97. Cornell— Y. B. tier, '74. Lafayette— Y. G. 
 Smith, '94. Lansing — W. C. Bagley, '95; B, A. Bowdich, '96; H. A. Hagadorn, 
 '97; A. E:. Lyons, '01. Virginia — R. D. Bohannan, '76. Buchtel — F. N. Slade, 
 '87; J. C. Frank, '99. Nebraska— W. H. Raymond, '95; E. A. McCreery, '99- 
 Lllinois Wesleyan — Wave Miller, '95. Lombard — G. W. Ashworth, '97; C. J. 
 P^letcher, '00. Allegheny — C. A. Peffer, '92; E. E. Soult, '99. Westminster — 
 
THE SEMI-CENTENNIAL CONVENTION, 1898. 687 
 
 A. A. Brown, '97. Hillsdale — C. E. Mark, '00. O. S. U. — Robert Eckhardt, 
 '87; William McPherson, '87; A. W. H. Jones, '91; J- D. Dunham, '94; C. H. 
 Farber, '94; Theodore Lindenberg, '95; L. F. Sater, '95; A. D. Ingram, '97; 
 H. W. Bock, '98; H. J. Bradshaw, '98; F. J. Colgan, '98; R. K. Ramsay, '98; 
 E. L. Smith, '98; Roy Sutphin, '98; C. H. Woods, '98; C. G. Bond, '99;" B. T. 
 Craig, '99; C. B. DeWitt, '99; William Erdmann, '99; F. S. Knox, '99; C. J. 
 Reeves, '99; L. E. Barringer, '00; T. J. Davis, 'oo; C. F. Dowd, 'oo; H. P. Sen- 
 ter, '00; J. M. Barringer, '01; E. C. Grant, '01; J. F. Miller, '01. W. R. Caro- 
 thers, '02; W. M. Dann, '02; E. V. Rentlinger, '02; J. G. Sterling, '02. Union — 
 A. J. Hornsby, '99. Colby — C. H. Dodge, '93. Williams — W. T. Morris, '92. 
 Syracuse — T. H. Munroe, Jr., '99. W. &= L. — G. E. Manning, '93. Amherst — 
 G. R. Mansfield, '97. Purdue — R. C. Tschentscher, '97. Illinois — F. H. Hamil- 
 ton, '95. Case — N. W. Morley, '96; F. E. Hulett, '98. Cincinnati — O. W. Lange, 
 '00; S. A. McGill, 'oo; Howard Schell, '02. 
 
 7^ 
 
 
 BOOK OF PSAL31v<, 
 
 rtir (Tiriiiiniil 38plirrttj; 
 
 
 3 
 
 The Book of Psalms, 
 
 From which Robert Morrison read at the opening of the Semi-Centennial Convention, i8q8. 
 On motion of F. S. Ball, the Convention 
 
 Resolved, That Brother Robert Morrison be requested to affix his autograph to an appropriate 
 inscription in the book of Psalms used by him in opening this Convention, and that then the book be 
 deposited with the Fraternitj" Librarian," 
 
 The book measures 5 %X7% inches, and is bound in black morocco. Above is a reduced ylr^(^ 
 simile of the title page and the fly leaf facing it. On the fly leaf is written : 
 
 In the opening exercises of the Phi Delta Theta Semi-Centennial and National Convention, 
 Columbus, Ohio, November 21, 1898, The Fifteenth & 133rd Psalms were read from this volume, 
 followed by a prayer. ^ "From Robert Morrison, 
 
 'Ohio Alpha, 1849." 
 
 The total attendance (eliminating duplicate names but not count- 
 ing a few probably not enrolled) was 208, which was larger than that 
 at any previous Convention, the attendance at Indianapolis, 1894, 
 being the next highest, 204. 
 
 Officers elected: General Council — President, J. E. Brown, who immediately 
 declining the honor, J. C. Moore, Jr., was elected; Secretary, F, D. Swope; Re- 
 porter, H. T. Miller; Treasurer, H. H. Ward; Historian, McCluney Radcliffe. 
 Other Trustees, Emmett Tompkins, J. E. Brown, A. A. Stearns, R. H. Switzler. 
 
688 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Editors of the Catalogue: L. J. Shlesinger, F. E. Hulett. Fraternity Librarian, J- 
 E. Brown. 
 
 Convention officers: President, W. B. Palmer, P. G. C, ex officio; Secre- 
 tary, W. R. Brown, S. G. C, ex officio; Assistant Secretary, D. N. Marble; Chap- 
 lain, Robert Morrison; Wardens, W. F. Bradshaw, Jr., J. M. Barr, W. G. Stephan, 
 R. L. Hardy. 
 
 W. B. Palmer in his report as P. G. C. said: At this historic 
 milestone, the fiftieth in the course of ^ A 0, we may look back- 
 ward and congratulate ourselves on a race well run. It is inter- 
 esting and instructive to recall the various stages of our career as 
 a Fraternit}^ — the small beginning, the gradual growth, interrupted 
 by the civil war, when the fires upon our altars all but expired, the 
 slow recuperation, and then the splendid development which has 
 placed $ A foremost among national college fraternities. It can 
 be asserted, without fear of successful contradiction, that during 
 the last three decades, from i868 to 1898, $ A has made more 
 substantial progress than any other college fraternity in America.'^ 
 
 Palmer mentioned that he had visited twenty-one college chap- 
 ters during his biennial term. He urged that "^ A should enter 
 and intrench itself strongly in the developing state universities. " 
 H. T. Miller, in his report as R. G. C., dwelt upon the gratifying 
 growth in chapter houses — the number having increased from six- 
 teen in 1896 to twenty-six in 1898. Of the twent5^-six, nine were 
 owned (counting three under construction at Gettysburg, Dickin- 
 son and Pennsylvania) and seventeen were rented. In closing 
 his report, Miller said: "The Reporter can heartily endorse the 
 statement of the President of the General Council that $ A has 
 never been more progressive than during the last two years (the 
 enthusiastic chapters at Case, Chicago and Cincinnati, the new 
 alumni clubs, the added chapter houses, the new Constitution and 
 Code are but outward signs of a progress which includes every part 
 and phase of <l> A 0's organization and activity), and that she stands, 
 beyond question, at the head of the Greek-letter world today." 
 
 McCluney Radcliffe, in his report as H. G. C, stated that the 
 total membership was 9,954,* and, including pledged men to be 
 initiated during the college year, it was 10,033. 
 
 The Convention adopted a new Constitution and Code, some of 
 the new features of which are summarized on pages 698-702. The 
 Constitution embraces a blazon of a new coat-of-arms. The Con- 
 vention rejected a proposition to reform the chapter nomenclature. 
 
 Provinces were reorganized as follows: Alpha and Beta — un- 
 changed; Gamma — chapters in Georgia and Alabama; Delta — 
 chapters in Ohio and Michigan; Epsilon — chapters in Indiana; 
 Zeta — chapters in Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, 
 Kansas and Nebraska; Eta — chapters in Mississippi, Louisiana and 
 Texas; Theta — chapters in California. 
 
 *The total membership really exceeded 10,000. The enumeration of the Catalogue Editors, as 
 reported to the next Convention showed 238 members more than had been counted by the H. G. C. 
 It appears, therefore, that there were (9,954+238) 10,192 members already initiated at the time of 
 the Semi-Centennial Convention. — See page 718. 
 
^<£|||' r^ > c^ 
 
 
 <!5»^a«» 
 
 
 C^ >"<» 
 
 *i^* «» 
 
 
 
 (44) 
 
690 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The Convention adopted the report of the committee on cata- 
 logue and other publications, F. D. Swope, chairman, providing 
 that work on a new edition of the catalogue should begin at once, 
 that the biographical data should be much abbreviated, as com- 
 pared with that in previous editions; providing for publishing the 
 histor}^, by W. B. Palmer, in installments in The Sc7'oll, an edition 
 of such installments to be printed separately for binding together; 
 and providing for printing uniform roll books for chapters. The 
 following were appointed fraternit}^ jewelers: J. F. Newman, New 
 York; Simons Bro. & Co., Philadelphia; D. L. Auld, Columbus; 
 Roehm & Son, Detroit; Wright Kay & Co., Detroit. Invitations 
 for the next Convention were received from New York, Louisville 
 and New Orleans; ordered to be held at Louisville, Thanksgiving 
 week, 1900. 
 
 For the first time at any Convention, ten business sessions were 
 held — one Thursda}^, three Friday, two each other da}^ The Con- 
 vention was elaborately entertained during the week. The local 
 committee of arrangements, composed of J. E. Brown, Emmett 
 Tompkins and W. T. Morris, was assisted by Mrs. Brown, Mrs. 
 Tompkins and Miss Elizabeth Morris. The convention hostelry 
 was the new Chittenden Hotel. Monday evening there was a recep- 
 
 MiAMi Gavels. 
 
 Made of wood from the campus of Miami Universitj' ; handles of wood from Robert Morrison's birth- 
 place. 
 
 tion, tendered by the Columbus Phis, in the assembly hall of the 
 hotel. The hall was decorated in the fraternity colors; on one side 
 the letters ' <^ A 0" blazed in white and blue incandescent lights, 
 and at one end was a large fraternity flag, which afterward during 
 the week floated from the flagstaff on the roof of the hotel. The flag 
 had been made by the M. C. Lilley & Co., Columbus, Ohio, under 
 direction of J. E. Brown. On motion of W. B. Palmer, the Conven- 
 tion decided that it should be purchased by the Fraternity, preserved 
 by the Librarian, and used at succeeding National Conventions. 
 
 Tuesday evening Ohio Zeta tendered a smoker at its chapter 
 house, 1368 North High Street. Souvenir pipes were distributed. 
 In the Convention, Wednesday morning, W. G. Stephan, in behalf 
 of the Case chapter, presented gavels to the various chapters 
 through their delegates. The heads of the gavels had been turned 
 from black walnut, from the campus of Miami, furnished by K. H. 
 Zwick; the handles from oak, from the birthplace of Robert Morri- 
 son, furnished by D. G. Moore; and the gavels had been made in 
 the Case shops by members of Ohio Eta. A larger gavel of the 
 same materials was presented for the use of the P. G. C. at Con- 
 
Menu and Toast Card, Semi-Centennial Convention Banquet. 
 
 The menu and toast card contains eight pages and a^over, 6 by 7% inches, the printing on the 
 -first page of cover (of which the above is a reduced facsimile) measuring 4 by 4% inches. The 
 words "Golden Anniversary Banquet" and the ornamental border are embossed in gilt, the flag, white 
 and blue, the remainder of the printing being in black. The leaves and cover are bound together 
 with blue and white silk cord. The cards were engraved and printed by E. A. Wright, Philadelphia. 
 
692 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ventions, but unfortunately it was broken at this Convention. 
 Wednesday afternoon the chapter of K A at O. S. U. tendered 
 the Convention a reception at the home of Miss Telia Axline, East 
 Town Street. 
 
 The banquet on Wednesday evening was a memorable event. 
 One hundred and twenty Phis were present, and every one felt 
 that it was the supreme hour in the Fraternity's life. The banquet* 
 was held in the dining room of the hotel, which was handsomel}'' 
 decorated; the letters "^ A 0" were again displayed in electric 
 lights, and a statue of Pallas occupied a conspicuous place. 
 Emmett Tompkins, Ohio, '74, was toastmaster. On Monda}^ 
 morning W. B. Palmer had called the Convention to order with a 
 gavel, having a lignum vitae head and a rosewood handle, furnished 
 by the custodian of the capital. Palmer proposed that it be 
 bought as a souvenir, but Tompkins, who had been a representative 
 in the legislature and later was a Congressman, requested that he be 
 allowed to present it to the Fraternity. The presentation was made 
 by him at the banquet in the following words: 
 
 The Semi-Centennial Gavel. 
 
 Used by the P. G. C. at the 1898 and succeeding National Conventions. 
 
 This is a period of memento gathering — a time when we pick up and stow away 
 souvenirs, because, as a Fraternity, we are standing on the equator of the first cen- 
 tury of our lives. We have reached the point where we should pause certainly long 
 enough to look back over the fifty years that have been traveled by this organiza- 
 tion. And by the accumulation of souvenirs and mementos and testimonials, we 
 will gather together impulses and inspirations to lead the Fraternity forward during 
 the remaining fifty years of the first century of her life. (Applause.) 
 
 I am not authorized to represent the State of Ohio officially, but I am a citizen 
 of the Buckeye State, and I believe I have the right in her name to add a souvenir 
 among those which will be gathered on this occasion, to accentuate and perpetuate 
 the incidents of this happy day — this gavel, which called to order and was wielded 
 over the deliberations of the Convention that assembled in ths fiftieth year of the 
 glorious and beautiful life of # A O. (Applause.) It is expected that the Frater- 
 nity Librarian will lay away this gavel in the archives, to be brought out at each 
 gathering of the Fraternity in National Convention. 
 
 For the first time at any Convention, two of the founders of <E> A © 
 were present — Robert Morrison, '49, and J. W. Lindley, '50. Both 
 delivered addresses at the banquet. The former spoke as follows: 
 Mr. Toastmaster and Brother Phis, older brothers and younger brothers: 
 
 After fifty years of membership in our Order, I greet you. We are here to-night 
 on the Semi-Centennial anniversary of the founding of $ A 9. It is a memorable 
 day, of course, our Golden Jubilee. I suppose I am the oldest Phi; certainly lam 
 the oldest of those yet living who instituted the Order fifty years ago. The great 
 
Robert Morrison, '49. John Wolfe Linui.ey, '50. 
 
 The Two Founders at the Semi-Centennial Convention. 
 
 From a photograph taken at Baker's Art Gallery, Columbus, Ohio, during the Convention of 
 189S. The cane held by Robert Morrison (shown also in the portrait on page 69) was presented to 
 him by the Convention of 1886. 
 
694 I^HE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 majority of you still have the energy of early life, and the bloom of youth on your 
 
 brows. But I realize very well that, not only shall I never see the Centennial, but 
 
 that many of you will not live till then, though a great many more, when God 
 
 multiplies the number, will see that day. While I am old, yet I can say in some 
 
 sense with one of Shakespeare's characters: 
 
 Though I look old, yet I am strong and lusty ; , 
 
 For in my youth I never did apply 
 
 Hot and rebellious liquors in my blood ; 
 
 Nor did not with unbashful forehead woo 
 
 The means of weakness and debility ; 
 
 Therefore my age is as a lusty winter, 
 
 Frosty, but kindly. 
 
 I have listened with a great deal of pleasure to some things that have been pref- 
 aced to the talking, which were not common in the student days of my Brother 
 Lindley and myself — the song about the "hole in the bottom of the sea," the yells 
 that were emphasized so much^I have enjoyed them. They have been new to me 
 in a good many ways; I was born and got through college before they came into 
 fashion, and I have patiently, and I may say gladly, listened to them. 
 
 Now you will indulge an old man who does not feel as old as he looks, because, 
 for one reason, I have been associated all my life with young men, and been in 
 touch with 3'oung men, and like to mingle with them; consequently I have not 
 grown as old as I should have if I had been among men of my own age all the time. 
 
 Dr. Morrison then read an account of the origin of <E> A © which 
 he had prepared, and from which the following paragraphs are quoted: 
 
 I am glad to meet you, brothers, on this festal occasion, to commemorate the 
 founding and early history of our Order. Thanks to divine Providence for all-wise, 
 beneficent guidance — not only in the launching of the good ship $ A 9, but during 
 the storms when sailing was dangerous, when shoals and rocks beset the way — we 
 have safely reached a grand haven in this good hour 
 
 An interesting and instructive lesson is found in the beautiful story of the friend- 
 ship of David and Jonathan. They were two gifted and noble. God-fearing young 
 men. They plighted their troth to be helpful to each other in time of difficulty or 
 danger. They formed a secret society, and were all the more helpful to each other 
 because of that secrecy. For such a Brotherhood, characterized by such high prin- 
 ciples, it seemed to me that there ought to be room, and that the world needed such 
 workers in greater numbers than it did 3,000 years ago 
 
 It seemed to be a little thing to do, what six plain but earnest men did fifty years 
 
 ago. The planting of an acorn or a branch of a banyan tree may be a small 
 
 work, but the results maj' be a blessing to many in the march of ages 
 
 It has often been sagely remarked that we founders "builded better than we knew." 
 
 That is no doubt true, and the reason of the success that followed was that 
 
 God has made divinely real 
 The highest form of our ideal. 
 
 And now, looking back over these fifty years, so filled with great 
 
 and wonderful things, more magnificent perhaps than those of any other half cen- 
 tury of our Christian era — while the existence and growth and usefulness of <^ A 6 
 are certainly not the greatest of these great things, who will undertake to say that 
 they are the least? .... 
 
 Your horizon, my brothers, ought to be wider than that of the plodders who only 
 laid the foundations. See that you do greater, better work for your generation than 
 we have done. We are not jealous of you; we are glad and proud that we have 
 such successors. Go on, and rear a glorious superstructure which will be more and 
 more beautiful and useful as the ages unfold the destiny of men.* (Applause.) 
 
 Founder Lindley also gave reminiscences of the early daj'^s of the 
 Fraternity, speaking in part as follows: 
 
 While we celebrate the Semi-Centennial anniversary of our organization, founded 
 by six young men who were closely united — perhaps as closely as any six young men 
 ever were — we are brought to the realization of the fact that three of us have passed 
 
 * Other extracts from this paper appear on pages 55 and 100. 
 
THE SEMI-CENTENNIAL CONVENTION, 1898. 695 
 
 to the Chapter Grand, and only three remain, but two of whom are permitted to meet 
 with yon to-night. I had fondly hoped that our third remaining brother. Colonel 
 Andrew Watts Rogers, of Missouri, would be here. I have not met Brother Rogers 
 since we left college. He and I probably were as intimate friends as there were in 
 college, and I should have been happy to meet him here tonight 
 
 I wish to allude to some things in connection with the founding of the Society. 
 There is no doubt of the morality of the young men who founded ^ A 0, and of 
 those who were brought into the Society during its earlier life. All six of the 
 founders were members of the church; four of us were members of the Presbyterian 
 Church, one of the Associated Reformed Church, and one of what we then called 
 the Seceders' Church. Three of these men became ministers of the gospel. Brother 
 Morrison lives to represent one of these three 
 
 In regard to the mental calibre of our men, I will allude only to the ability with 
 which all that were concerned in the foundation of the Society performed their 
 work, and the sagacity with which it was carried out. The Bond, which is so per- 
 fect a declaration of our principles, shows the ability of those who formulated it. 
 You see to-day the effects of the commencement of our work, in the growth of our 
 Society, which is now scattered all over this grand country. You represent here 
 to-night 10,000 members, and Brother Morrison and I in our memories 
 reach 'way back to fifty years ago, when there were only six of us. It is not 
 necessary that I should mention those who were connected with the earlier life of 
 the Society. Our history shows the character of the men who laid out and worked 
 out the plans upon which our organization was based 
 
 This is the first time I have ever been permitted to meet the National Convention, 
 though I have attended smaller gatherings of the Fraternity. It is unnecesary for 
 me to say that I have been more than pleased with all I have seen and heard during 
 the sessions of this Convention. I am pleased to see that you are now amending 
 the Constitution, which I think is all right; it shows a live, progressive and healthy 
 condition. There is one thing, however, that I have never heard, and never expect 
 to hear, you will undertake to change or amend or improve upon in any wa\-, and 
 that is the grand old Bond which unites all of us as brothers. (Applause.) 
 
 The regular toasts were: ''The Cradle of ^ A — Old Miami," 
 response by Dr. A. C. Kemper, Miami, '53; "Our Semi-Centen- 
 nial," response by J. C. Moore, Jr.; responses from the founders 
 present; "Puritan and Cavalier," Daniel Fitts, Jr., Williams, '99; 
 "What is your name? ^t/^eia," M. G. Evans, Miami, '77; "Ken- 
 tucky Colonels," F. D. Swope, Hanover, '85; "$ A © in 1948," 
 
 F. S. Ball, O. S. U., ^'^'^. Besides those on the regular programme, 
 the following were called on and responded during the evening: 
 
 G. H. English, Jr., Missouri, '97; E. G. Smith, Lafa3^ette, '94; W. 
 E. Bundy, Ohio, '86; T. H. McConica, O. W. U., '81; Scott 
 Bonham, O. W. U. , '82 ; Jason Blackford, O. W. U. , '63. Letters of 
 greeting were read from a number of the older alumni of Ohio 
 Alpha — Colonel A. W. Rogers, '51, the absent founder, to whom 
 greetings were telegraphed in return; Dr. J. K. Boude, '52; Gen- 
 eral Benjamin Harrison, '52; J. W. Stoddard, '57. Congratulatory 
 messages were received from members of various chapters. A mem- 
 orable incident was thus related by H. T. Miller in the next Scroll: 
 
 The incident which every man present will remember as long as he lives, and 
 which was as startling as it was spontaneous, was one referred to already and here- 
 after in these pages. Cheers and laughter were rising and falling above the under- 
 current of low pitched voices, and six score thoughts and fancies were stirring the 
 minds of as many men from half as many colleges. The first notes of "Dixie" 
 floated in from the orchestra in the hall — and every man's heart stood still, and his 
 hand clenched his napkin, as the piercing yell of the southern men rang out sharp 
 and clear. But the orchestra changed to "Yankee Doodle," and the men, in an 
 
696 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 instant, were on their feet and on their chairs, cheering and waving napkins, till 
 the whole room was a surging sea of white. They sang "America," and tried to 
 listen in silence while "The Star Spangled Banner" was played, but the chorus was 
 too much for them, and they had to sing that too.* 
 
 Another long to be remembered incident happened when F. D. 
 Swope arose to respond to the toast, Kentucky Colonels." From 
 all parts of the room trooped members bearing smilax wreaths, 
 which had decorated the tables, and hung them about his shoulders. 
 With ready wit he began: ' Gentlemen, brothers, friends and rev- 
 elers: If this were the favorite green product of the State of Ken- 
 tucky, and if I had here the other necessarj^ ingredients, which we 
 always have in Kentucky, I would cram the whole thing down your 
 throats." (Great laughter. ) 
 
 For the first time the speeches at a convention banquet were 
 taken down in short hand — the General Council, on motion of W. 
 B. Palmer, having ordered that a stenographic report be made for 
 The Scroll. The banquet and post prandial exercises continued 
 for six hours, closing between two and three o'clock in the morn- 
 ing, to which late hour even the two venerable founders remained. 
 
 The convention photograph was taken Thursday noon, the mem- 
 bers standing on the steps at the north end of the capital. t 
 Pictures were taken later of Founders Morrison and Lindley, the 
 two together and separately, also of the new General Council. 
 Thanksgiving afternoon the delegates attended a football game 
 between O. W. U. and O. S. U., on the lattef's athletic field. In 
 the evening the O. S. U. chapter of K K F tendered the members a 
 reception at the home of Misses Maud and Mabel Ra3^mond, East 
 Rich Street. At this reception Miss Mary French- Field gave sev- 
 eral recitations of her father's poems. At noon Friday a recep- 
 tion was tendered Miss Field, in the convention hall, many Colum- 
 bus ladies being present. When all present had individually been 
 introduced to her, she was prevailed on to favor the assemblage 
 with further recitations, after which Emmett Tompkins introduced 
 the following preamble and resolution: 
 
 Whereas, Eugene Field, of Illinois Delta and Missouri Alpha, who has added so 
 much honor to $ A and lustre to American literature, has passed away, to be 
 known no more among men save as a sweet memory, and 
 
 Whereas, He has left a daughter whose mission it is to please the world and 
 keep ever fresh the name of her beloved father, be it 
 
 Resolved, By <l> A 9 in National Convention assembled, that Mary French Field 
 be now adopted and hereafter known by us as the Daughter of <l> A O. 
 
 *The same incident was thus narrated in The Scroll by C. L. Goodwin : 
 That demonstration at the banquet showed that education does not refine away patriotism, but 
 strengthens it. It was a most dramatic manifestation of the glorious spirit of 1898 — a year in which 
 it has been a privilege for an American to have lived, a year which has shown the mighty force of 
 American nationality, as not before since 1861, which has brought the light of patriotism to the faces 
 of little children, and the gleam of battle to the eyes of old men. The band played 'Dixie,' and the 
 love of the southern men for that old melody, which seemed all the dearer when heard far from 
 home, brought forth a round of cheers. This was the prelude to the storm, and no master of the 
 drama could have arranged it better. As the southern cheers for 'Dixie' died away, the air changed 
 and there followed the notes of 'Yankee Doodle.' Then came the spirit of '98 — it burst out as 
 white, hot and sudden as an electric flash. Every man sprang to his feet by one impulse, and the 
 air wa.s white with the waving of napkins, while the cheers rang out again and again like a battle 
 call. There are great possibilities folded away in a napkin. And then, appropriately, all sang 
 America,' and afterward joined in the chorus of 'The Star Spangled Banner.'" 
 
 + By a photographer from Baker's Art Gallery. 
 
THE SEMI-CENTENNIAL CONVENTION, 1898. 
 
 697 
 
 The resolution was enthusiastically adopted with a rising vote, 
 followed by the f raternit}^ cheer and Miss Field I" shouted in unison. 
 Frida}^ afternoon Founder Morrison feelingly gave a farewell talk to 
 the Convention, a part of which follows: 
 
 This is the last time some of you will see my face, the last time I shall see all of 
 
 \^our faces Will you pardon me if I, in the midst of your enjoyment 
 
 — in the midst of your appreciation of this grand Convention — pardon me if I say, 
 "Guard against elation." Let your progress and conservatism be consistent with 
 wisdom. Look around you and do what is best. Take the motto of Julius Caesar: 
 '"'' Nil actiiui repiitxns, sigiiid superesset agendtini''' — "Counting the past as nothing 
 while an3'thing remains to do." 4> A 9 will not reach that point for another fifty 
 
 Eugene Field, Knox, '73; Missouri, '73. 
 
 See footnote, page 292 ; memoir. The Scroll, December, 1895. Half-tone of a photogravure 
 frontispiece of "The Eugene Field I Knew," by Francis Wilson, 1898. 
 
 years at least. There is something to do year after year, as the Fraternity grows, 
 that will be well worthy of your best directed efforts — something always to do. Do 
 not look at the past as a thing that is satisfying; look at it only as something that in 
 general was well done; thank God for it, but go on and do something better. Go 
 forward — forward, my brothers! If you go forward in the line of the Bond God 
 
 will speed you. The All Wise has favored the Order 
 
 I have been interested in young men and their work a long time. I thank you, 
 brothers, for all your personal kindness to me, and I hope that God will spare you 
 to be useful to your generation, and a blessing to the Order to which you belong. I 
 should like to take each of you by the hand and look into your faces and say "good- 
 bye." I am glad to have had the pleasure of attending this Convention with you. 
 
698 »THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 enjoying yom* society, and seeing how you conduct yourselves and what you are 
 trying to do. You are on the right track, and I hope all of you will prosper. God 
 bless you all, my brothers! 
 
 Miss Mary Morrison and Miss Lulu Lindley, daughters of the 
 founders, were present at the Convention. On the opening day, 
 letters of greeting were received from the O. S. U. chapters of $ F A 
 and S N. D. L. Auld, fraternity jeweler, presented the delegates 
 with souvenir buttons. The design was a miniature badge sur- 
 mounting, a blue enameled disc, surrounded with a white enameled 
 border, bearing "Columbus" above, "1848" below, and three stars 
 on either side.* 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION AND STATUTES OF 1898. 
 
 The Convention of 1896 adopted only a part of the report of 
 the committee that had been appointed to revise the Constitution 
 and to prepare a code of laws. The committee was composed of 
 W. B. Palmer, J. E. Brown and M. H. Guerrant. H. T. Miller 
 and D. N. Marble being added, the committee was directed to 
 revise its report, and have the same printed and distributed to 
 chapters for their consideration by the opening of 1898-99. The 
 report, which made a pamphlet of 90 pages, was issued to chapters 
 and general officers in the fall of 1898. It was prefaced with an ad- 
 dress to the Fraternity explaining the proposed new features. The 
 Constitution was reduced to essential principles. Details of admin- 
 istration were given in the Code. The General Statutes included 
 the Code, Prescribed Forms and other matter. The Convention of 
 1898 adopted the report practically as submitted. 
 
 An important addition to the Constitution related to the Board 
 of Trustees. It did not appear in the printed report, but was pro- 
 posed by W. B. Palmer at the Convention and was adopted. The 
 Phi Delta Theta Fraternity had been incorporated under the laws 
 of Ohio, 1881, but the Constitution had made no mention of the 
 Board of Trustees. The Constitution of 1898 contains an article 
 which provides that: "The Board of Trustees of the Phi Delta Theta 
 Fraternity shall consist of nine members. The five members of 
 General Council shall be, ex officio, members and officers of the 
 Board, and the other four members of said Board shall be chosen 
 by each National Convention, to hold office until the next National 
 Convention, or until their successors are chosen and qualified." 
 The Code imposes on the Board of Trustees the duty of deciding 
 appeals which members may make from the decisions of chapters. 
 Other changes provided for in either the new Constitution or the 
 Code were as follows: 
 
 Each Trustee is allowed a vote in the National Convention. If 
 within three months from the time the journal of proceedings is 
 issued, the S. G. C, should receive notice that any action of the 
 
 * "I submitted this design with several others to Dr. J. E. Brown for his inspection, and he 
 chose this one as being most appropriate."— D. L. Auld. to W. B. Palmer. December 30, 1898. 
 
THE CONSTITUTION AND STATUTES OF 1898. 699 
 
 Convention, other than granting or withdrawing a charter, has been 
 disapproved by two-thirds of the chapters, such action shall be null 
 and void. W. B. Palmer proposed that the P, G. C. be ineligible 
 for re-election. H. H. Ward proposed to amend by making the 
 P. G. C. ineligible for re-election for the term next succeeding that 
 during which he had served. The amendment was accepted and 
 adopted. Save in exceptional cases, a Province President must be 
 a resident of the province, and must be an alumnus member of one 
 of its chapters. As proposed by W. B. Palmer, a Catalogue Editor, 
 or Editors, was made a permanent officer, to be engaged constantly 
 in collecting data about members. 
 
 The Constitution provides that all chapters shall vote on appli- 
 cations for charters as well as General Councilors and Province 
 Presidents. An amendment to the Constitution, adopted 1891, 
 provided that authority to initiate applicants for a charter might 
 be conferred on a neighboring chapter, until they should have 
 opportunity to demonstrate that they could maintain a creditable 
 chapter. This provision was omitted from the new Constitution 
 and Code. 
 
 As proposed by W. B. Palmer, members are called active or 
 alumni, instead of attendant or correspondent, as they had been 
 called since the Fraternity was founded. No provision for asso- 
 ciate members was made. The affiliation of a member with a 
 second chapter shall continue during his active membership only, 
 after which he shall be under the jurisdiction of his original chap- 
 ter, and be catalogued with it, unless his membership should be 
 permanently transferred by the National Convention. Members 
 of suspended chapters are to be assigned to neighboring active 
 chapters, which shall have jurisdiction over them, but they are not 
 to be catalogued with such chapters. No member is allowed vol- 
 untarily to resign from <& A 0. 
 
 Every member shall own a badge and 
 wear it at all times while in college. As 
 proposed by W. B. Palmer, an alumnus 
 button was adopted, the form being sug- 
 gested by the souvenir buttons presented 
 
 Souvenir Button ^0 delegates by D. L. Auld. The alum- Alumnus Button, 
 
 1898 Convention, ^us buttou, which was the first adopted adopted 1898.* 
 by an}^ fraternity, consisted of a miniature badge surmounting a 
 blue enameled disc, with a white enameled border bearing six stars 
 and the word Alumnus." The pledge button was not changed. 
 
 The Historian is to write a history of the chapter, and to have 
 charge of the chapter roll book, scrap-book, album and library. 
 Chapter circular letters are to be issued annually, Februar}^ i. To 
 alumni members, the price of The Scroll and The Palladium was 
 made ^i a year for both. A review and index of The Scroll are to 
 
 *The first buttons like this were made by D. L. Auld, Columbus, Ohio, May, 1899, and he was 
 the only jeweler that ever made them. 
 
700 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 be issued every ten years, a sketch of the Fraternity every four 
 years. As proposed b}'^ W, B. Palmer, chapters are to be sup- 
 plied with bound volumes of both magazines. On or about March 
 15 every year, the members of each chapter shall have a group 
 photograph taken, and shall forward one to the Fraternity Libra- 
 rian and keep one in the chapter library. 
 
 As proposed by J. E. Brown, a footnote to the Constitution was 
 adopted, providing that in common parlance a chapter may be 
 designated b}^ the name of the institution or town at which it is 
 established. 
 
 As proposed by J. C. Moore, Jr., alumni chapters are to be 
 known as alumni clubs, and are to be named for the cities in which 
 they are located. Instead of having a separate Constitution, an 
 article of the Constitution and a title of the Code were devoted to 
 them. The H. G. C. shall have special charge of the interests of 
 alumni clubs. 
 
 A form of "certificate of membership" was appended to the Con- 
 stitutions of 1880 and 1886, but sections in those Constitutions 
 showed that this form was to be used as an affiliation certificate, 
 when a member should join a second chapter. Appended to the 
 Code of 1898 are prescribed forms for both an affiliation certificate 
 and a membership certificate, also for a fraternity examination. 
 The Code provides that certificates of membership may be granted 
 to members who have passed such examination. Other prescribed 
 forms provide for a chapter roll book and a visitors' register, spe- 
 cify the forms for a chapter calendar and convention credentials, 
 and give directions about preparing the annual membership report, 
 annual circular letter, news letter to 2^he Scroll, and the chapter 
 histor3^ Optional Chapter By-laws and forms of incorporation 
 were added, also 13 pages of classified index of the Constitution 
 and Code, the whole making a book of iii pages, bound in cloth. 
 Copies were distributed to chapters April 15, 1899. 
 
 THE COAT-OF-ARMS OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The Constitution of 1898 contains the blazon of a new coat- 
 of-arms, which took the place of the one designed and engraved, 
 1865-66, and incorporated in the Constitution of 1871. The blazon 
 follows: 
 
 Escutcheon: azure, on a bend argent, between six mullets of the second, a sword 
 or point downward. 
 
 Helmet: affrontee, visor closed of the third, mantling of the first and second. 
 
 Crest: a dexter arm embowed vambraced of the third, hand carnation hurling a 
 javelin of the third. 
 
 Motto: "Els 6.vr)p ovbeU avf^p.'''' 
 
 The arms were the result of a painstaking consultation of heraldic 
 authorities, and they conform to the fixed requirements of heraldry. 
 The design is simple, and there is an avoidance of any over-crowded 
 effect. The ^ A © character of the emblems is obvious to all, 
 
THE COAT-OF-ARMS OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 701 
 
 while to the initiated the armorial bearings symbolize the cardinal 
 principles of the Fraternity. 
 
 The two fraternity colors are displayed, the fine horizontal lines 
 denoting azure. The two chief emblems of <J> A © are the two most 
 prominent emblems of the arms, the sword being charged on the 
 shield, or rather on a bend argent, which divides the azure field of 
 the escutcheon. This charge is most appropriate, as the original 
 badge was in the form of a shield, the sword being added later. 
 The new arms do not include the ears of wheat, the serpents, the 
 scroll bearing ' 1848" and the parchment bearing <I>t-Keta, " which 
 were features of the old arms. The escutcheon is of conventional 
 heraldic shape, instead of the badge-form of shield, and the eye 
 and the scroll bearing <l> A 0" are omitted from the new design. 
 Instead of two javelins, there is but one, which is in the crest. 
 
 The Coat of Arms, Adopted 1898. 
 
 Zinc etching from a steel engraving made by R. B. Lockwood, New York, 1899- 
 
 The features of the new arms which were not in the old arms are 
 the six stars, the open motto, the mantling, the wreath (twist of 
 ribbons) and the mailed arm which hurls the javelin. Two stars 
 had been adopted as a fraternity emblem by the Convention of 
 1873. One of the banners described in the Ritual of 1880 bore 
 the words "El? dvrjp ovSets di/r;p." The Ritual adopted on probation 
 in 1889 provided that these words should be the open motto, and 
 provided for a flag bearing three stars. The Ritual of 189 1 made 
 these Greek words the open motto, and the Convention of 189 1 
 adopted a flag bearing six stars. 
 
 In the design that was first proposed by W. B. Palmer, "$t-Keta" 
 appeared as the motto beneath the escutcheon. At the suggestion 
 
702 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 of H. T. Miller, the open motto was substituted. As first pro- 
 posed, the sword was charged on an argent pale (perpendicular 
 bar), but D. N. Marble suggested that a bend (diagonal bar) 
 would look better. Under direction of the committee, R. B. Lock- 
 wood, of New York, drew two designs, one with a pale, the other 
 with a bend. Both were presented to the Convention, the commit- 
 tee recommending the design with a bend, and it was adopted. 
 
 The coat-of-arms was cop3^righted in the name of the Fraternity 
 early in 1899. It was engraved on steel by Lockwood, and impres- 
 sions from the plate made the frontispiece of The Scroll^ February, 
 1899.* The engraving, however, was not satisfactor3^ The shad- 
 ing was not perfect, and the accent of the last word in the motto 
 was not correct. The engraver did not follow directions in regard 
 to the upper part of the visor, and without authority placed a small 
 crescent on the front of the helmet. 
 
 The Great Seal, Adopted i 
 
 Design cut in a brass die, the seal press being finished May 29, igoi- In this die 'of" was made 
 smaller than the other letters. The first impressions made by the S. G. C. were on gilt wafers with 
 teeth-like edges. Within a few months he had a new die cut, in which "of" was of the same size as 
 other letters, and he made impressions from it on red wafers, having a wax-like appearance. 
 Above is a representation of a red wafer stamped with the second die. 
 
 The Constitution provides that, "The great seal of the Fraternity 
 consists of the escutcheon of the coat-of-arms, with the legend: 
 'Great Seal of Phi Delta Theta Fraternity,' and the figures '1848' 
 in a circle about the same." No chapter seal is provided for. 
 
 As proposed by W. B. Palmer, the Convention of 1900 decided 
 that when the coat-of-arms should be depicted in colors, the bend 
 should be in silver, the field above and below blue, the stars silver, 
 the sword, helmet, mail on the arm and javelin gold, the hand 
 flesh color, the mantling silver and blue, the motto of black letters 
 on a white scroll. 
 
 The Convention of 1902 ordered that the coat-of-arms should be 
 engraved by some well known engraver, that the plate made by 
 
 * He presented the first impression in a frame to W. B. Palmer, who presented it to the frater- 
 nity library. 
 
ANNALS, 1 898-1900. 
 
 703 
 
 him should be the standard plate and that chapters might have 
 reproductions of the design made in conformity with the standard 
 plate. The General Council decided upon The Dreka Compan}^ 
 of Philadelphia, to do the work. This compan}^ finished the plate, 
 August, 1903, and impressions from it made the frontispiece of The 
 Scroll, October, 1903.* The plate was made larger than the one 
 made by Lockwood. The Dreka Compan\^ printed a new edition 
 of charter blanks, August, 1903, from the plate made b}^ Louis 
 Dreka, 1888, the new arms being substituted for the arms of 187 1, 
 in a mortise at the top of the charter plate. 
 
 James Clark Moore, Jr., Pennsylvania, '93; P. G. C, 1898-1900. 
 
 From a photograph taken 1903. 
 
 ANNALS, 1898-1900. 
 
 The National Convention, 1898, elected the following Board of 
 Trustees: J. C. Moore, Jr., P. G. C. ; F. D. Swope, S. G. C. ; 
 H. T. Miller, R. G. C. ; H. H. Ward, T. G. C. ; McCluney 
 Radcliffe, H. G. C. ; J. E. Brown, R. H. Switzler, Emmett 
 Tompkins, A. A. Stearns. The General Council appointed the fol- 
 lowing Province Presidents: Alpha, W. W. Case; Beta, J. H. 
 DeWitt; Gamma, E. G. Hallman; Delta, W. T. Morris; Epsilon, 
 
 * The frontispiece of this history was printed from this plate. 
 
704 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 E. E. Ruby; Zeta, F. J. R. Mitchell; Eta, J. A. Lomax; Theta, 
 W. O. Morgan, November 19, 1899, J. B. Ballou was appointed 
 President of Delta Province, vice W. T. Morris, resigned. March 
 31, 1900, F. J. R. Mitchell was elected S. G. C, viceY. D. Swope, 
 resigned. April 18, 1900, R. H. Switzler was appointed President 
 of Zeta Province, vice F. J. R. Mitchell, resigned. October 10, 
 1900, J. M. Wright was appointed President of Alpha Province, 
 vice W. W. Case, resigned. 
 
 The topic for Alumni Da}^ 1899, was: The Bond: unchanged 
 for fifty years; its principles endure." The day was observed by 
 a large number of alumni clubs and college chapters, and by clubs 
 and chapters jointly. Robert Morrison was present at the meeting 
 of Missouri Beta. The Philadelphia club and Pennsylvania Zeta 
 had professional talent for entertainment. The Louisville club 
 had a smoker at the home of F. D. Swope, S. G. C., and diver- 
 sion was furnished by colored musicians and dancers. The Franklin 
 alumni had an elaborate dinner which ladies attended. The menu 
 was headed with the following lines by Eugene Field, Kn^ox, '73: 
 
 The maynoo that was spread that night was mighty hard to beat; 
 Though somewhat awkward to pronounce, it was not so to eat. 
 
 Alumni Day was celebrated by Phis at Lake Charles, La., where 
 no club was organized. In response to a call circulated by D. D. 
 Thornton, the soldier Phis at Manila, P. I., had a business meet- 
 ing and dinner at the Paris Restaurant, January 26, 1899, when 
 they organized, electing Thornton President and J. B. Kemper 
 Reporter. They decided to meet monthly and to prepare an appli- 
 cation for an alumni club, but military exigencies soon scattered 
 them, and the organization went no further. 
 
 Largely through the efforts of E. H. Eves, an alumni club was 
 established at Austin, Texas. A meeting was held at the Hotel Dris- 
 kill. Alumni Day, 1899, when officers were elected and a committee 
 appointed to prepare an application for charter. The application, 
 dated May 9, 1899, was forwarded on that date by J. A. Lomax, 
 P. P. The General Council, May 19, granted a charter to J. W. 
 Lowber, Indianapolis, '71; E. H. Eves, Ohio, '91; A. H. Graham, 
 Oglethorpe, '74; Morgan Callaway, Emory, '81; H. M. Whaling, 
 Richmond, '76; L. B. Fontaine, Richmond, '87; D. F. Houston, 
 South Carolina, '87; F. H. Raymond, Texas, '89; J. H. Caldwell, 
 Texas, '91; J. A. Lomax, Texas, '97; J. H. W\ Williams, South- 
 western, '87. 
 
 The Pan-Hellenic Society of Salt Lake City held a banquet 
 April 26, 1899. Fifty-seven Greeks, including eight Phis, were 
 present. The Greeks at Lake Charles, La., fifteen in number, three 
 of whom were Phis, held a banquet September 2, 1899. 
 
 The time and place for the Semi-Centennial Convention having 
 been fixed for Thanksgiving week, 1898, at Columbus, the General 
 Council, on motion of W. B. Palmer, decided, June 22, 1898, to 
 recommend to the Convention a plan for holding also a Semi-Cen- 
 
ANNALS, 1898-19CX). 
 
 705 
 
 tennial Celebration^ at Oxford, Ohio, commencement, June, 1899, 
 when the diamond or seventy-fifth anniversary of Miami University 
 would be celebrated. The Convention adopted the plan, which 
 included the planting, December 26, 1898, on the Miami campus, 
 of a tree taken from Robert Morrison's birthplace, also the placing 
 of a tablet on the wall of the room in which <^ A © had been founded 
 fifty years before, and the presentation of replicas of the original 
 badge to the three living founders. The tree was not planted 
 
 Phi Delta Theta Tree at Miami University. 
 
 White oak tree selected by Robert Morrison, near Fulton, Mo., and shipped by him to Oxford, 
 Ohio; planted on the campus on his birthdaj% March ig, 1899, by members of Ohio Alpha. Half- 
 tone from a photograph taken June, 1902, by L. M. Bourne, Miami, '01. 
 
 until Robert Morrison's birthday, March 15, 1899, and instead of 
 coming from his birthplace in Pennsylvania, it came not far from 
 his home at Fulton, Mo. It was a young white oak, which he 
 selected and shipped to Oxford, where it was planted between the 
 North Dormitory and the Herron Gymnasium, by W. E. Stokes, 
 O. P. Flower and other active members of Ohio Alpha. 
 
 The General Council, February 14, appointed the following com- 
 mittee to arrange the details of the <l> A © celebration at Miami in 
 
^\^m THIS Rooj^ 
 
 , PHI DELTA THETAi 
 
 I WAS FOUNDED 1 
 'DECEMBER 26,I848,BY^ 
 
 ROBERT MORRISON '49, 
 JOHN M. WILSON ^9. 
 JOHN W. LINDLEY '50, 
 ROBERT T. DRAKE '50. 
 ARDIVANW.R0DGIERS'5I. 
 ANDREW W. ROGERS '51. 
 
 PER' ' 
 
 Tablet at Miami, Commemorating the Founding of Phi Delta Theta. 
 
 Marking the birthplace of the Fraternity, in the Northeast Building, Miami University. Placed 
 in position June 8, 1890. Inscription written by W. B. Palmer. 
 
 Half-tone from Miami's "Diamond Anniversary Volume," 1900. The picture on the lower half 
 of page 26 of this history shows the appearance of the tablet on the western wall of the North Dor- 
 mitory, the modern name of the Northeast Building. 
 
 The tablet measures 44 by 34 inches, and weighs 1,600 pounds. The reddish-brown granite came 
 from the same place, Montello, Wis., from which was quarried the sarcophagus of General U. S. 
 Grant. The stone was chiseled by the F. P. Stewart Granite Company, of Hamilton, Ohio. A 
 piece of it was presented by K. H. Zwick to the fraternity Hbrary, 1899. 
 
ANNALS, 1 898- 1 900. 707 
 
 June: H. T. Miller, chairman; W. B. Palmer, J. E. Brown, W. T. 
 Morris, Harry Weidner, K. H. Zwick. Four alumni of Ohio Alpha 
 were members of the board of trustees of Miami — J. E. More}^ '67; 
 W. E. Evans, '69; Elam Fisher, '70, Harr}^ Weidner, '88. At the 
 request of Weidner, the trustees granted permission for a $ A 
 tablet to be placed in the outer wall of the North Dormitor3^ Under 
 the direction of Zwick, the tablet was set in place, June 8, on the 
 outer wall and between the two windows on the western side of the 
 second story room in the North Dormitory, in which the first <l> A 
 meeting had been held, December 26, 1848, then occupied by J. 
 McM. Wilson, one of the six founders. On a polished raised sur- 
 face, in the shape of the $ A © shield, appears the inscription 
 shown in the accompanying illustration. 
 
 The Miami University diamond anniversar}^ celebration was held 
 the week of June ii, 1899. J. E. More}^ and Harry Weidner were 
 members of the committee of arrangements appointed b}^ the board 
 of trustees. On alumni da}^, Wednesday, June 14, General B, P. 
 Runkle, '57, one of the founders of 5 X, read a poem, "The Work 
 of Old Miami," from which the following verses are quoted: 
 
 Fraternities, too, those Brotherhoods splendid, 
 
 That tie hearts together in friendship so true 
 That they last till life's weary struggle is ended, 
 
 And rise to the Brotherhood beyond the deep blue. 
 
 Did we always go East to old seats of learning. 
 
 Ready made from hands of our elders to take them? 
 
 No! our hearts strong in hope, with fraternal love burning, 
 With confidence grand, we proceeded to make them. 
 
 And now with their sisters, not greater though older, 
 Everywhere in the land their bright colors greet us; 
 
 From the far Golden Gate to the famed Plymouth boulder. 
 There are Sigma Chis, Betas and Phi Delta Thetas. 
 
 The principal literary address w^as delivered by Whitelaw Reid, 
 '56, A K E, commencement day, Thursday. After class-day exer- 
 cises, Tuesday afternoon, the commemorative exercises of $ A 
 took place in the new chapel, which the audience filled. The stage 
 was decorated with flowers, foliage and $ A colors, and the pulpit 
 was covered with an American flag, festooned with white and blue 
 ribbons. Those occup^ang the stage were Dr. W. O. Thompson, 
 President of Miami; the following officials of <^ A 0: J. C. Moore, 
 Jr., P. G. C; F. D. Swope, S. G. C.; H. T. Miller, R. G. C.; 
 H. H. Ward, T. G. C. ; W. T. Morris, President of Delta Province; 
 and the following members of Ohio Alpha: Robert Morrison, '49; 
 J. W. Lindley, '50; A. C. Kemper, '53; Alston Ellis, '67; Harry 
 Weidner, 'S8; K. H. Zwick, '00. The exercises were interspersed 
 with music. Prayer was offered by Rev. Robert Morrison, D.D. 
 Dr. Thompson, introduced by President Moore, welcomed those 
 present to Miami. Harry Weidner, on behalf of Ohio Alpha, de- 
 livered an address of welcome, H. T. Miller responding. Founder 
 Lindley then spoke as follows: 
 
7o8 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 It was on the evening of December 26, 1848, that six young men in that room 
 where we have placed a memorial tablet, founded this Fraternity. We had the co- 
 operation of the President and the faculty, and how well we performed that work, 
 and how successfully it has been carried on since that time, is seen by the rapid 
 strides of the Order. We now have 10,000 brothers, many of them men who are 
 distinguished, and some who have held the highest offices in the gift of the people. 
 I am proud to be one of the founders of a Fraternity that has sent out so many and 
 such noble men. I believe that it is still in its youth, and that its growth will go 
 steadily on. In a few years all the founders will have passed away, but the Frater- 
 nity will endure, and I predict for it a grander future than its glorious past. 
 
 A. C. Kemper, M. D., read a poem entitled "Our Fifty Years," 
 the first verse of which follows: 
 
 Our fifty years are past. 
 
 But not forever cast 
 Beneath the shadows of forgetfulness, 
 
 In utter loneliness. 
 There's many a holy tryst o'ergrown with weeds; 
 
 The vacant chair is here, 
 
 Its immortelles are sere, 
 Yet memory in our busiest moments leads 
 Our thoughts to raptures nothing present supersedes. 
 
 Dr. Robert Morrison spoke in part as follows: 
 
 There is an eternal fitness in things, sometimes more than we may think at first. 
 We are here at the birthplace of our Fraternity to celebrate its Semi-Centennial. 
 This is our Jerusalem, our center of the world, the Mecca toward which we turn 
 our faces. What fitter place to have as a center to which all of us may come? 
 To-day we may meet here, whatever be our ages, and join hands and hearts around 
 the hearthstone of $ A O. This Fraternity has had fifty years of existence, fifty 
 years of glorious history. Our record has been an eventful one. How many 
 changes have taken place! The venerable men who were here half a century 
 ago have passed away, and others fill their places. How different everything in 
 the old town looks now! These beautiful trees, now so tall and wide-spreading, were 
 small then. Buildings have been added on the campus, and the village streets have 
 been improved. Let me say that we had a hard time, in those days, to keep up 
 the camp-fires of 4> A 6. We hoped for better things, but we did not know then 
 that we should live to see our Fraternity the tower of strength, the leader in ever^^ 
 walk of life, that it is to-day. 
 
 F. D. Swope then spoke as follows: 
 
 Our Convention at Columbus determined that we should present the founders of 
 this Fraternity with badges, as tokens of the esteem and respect in which they are held 
 by the members of $ A O. Of the six men who founded the Fraternity in Decem- 
 ber, 1848, three are dead and three living. It is my privilege and great pleasure 
 to present to the survivors these badges on this occasion. Two of the founders are 
 here to-day, for the first time in forty-six years; by a strange combination of circum- 
 stances they have not been back in that time. I take pleasure in presenting to 
 Brothers Morrison and Lindley these badges, exact reproductions of the first ones 
 made. I also desire, on behalf of the members of the Cincinnati chapter, who feel 
 deeply grateful to Dr. Kemper, an old student of this institution and a foster father 
 of Ohio Theta, to present him with a badge of the same design. 
 
 The badges had been made under the supervision of H. T. Miller, 
 and modeled after the badge of his father, Rev. J. C. Miller, Indiana, 
 '55.* They were made by D. L. Auld, the Columbus jeweler, and 
 the three for the founders cost ^13.50. The badges were pinned 
 on Founders Morrison and Lindley and Dr. Kemper, and, later, 
 
 ■* See footnote page 157. 
 
ANNALS, 1898-1900. 
 
 709 
 
 one was sent to Founder Rogers. The orator of the day, Alston 
 Ellis, Ph. D., spoke in part as follows: 
 
 We have placed a tablet in the wall of the old North Dormitory, in commemora- 
 tion of the founding of our beloved Fraternity in 1848. We have not added to the 
 fame of those who did such good work fifty years ago, by placing this stone to their 
 memory. Those men need no enconium. They founded a Fraternity that now 
 has branches in the best institutions of this land. They founded a Fraternity whose 
 members live in every section of our country. They need no monument to commemo- 
 rate their work. In the city of London, where Saint Paul's lifts its dome toward 
 heaven, when you pass into that magnificent structure, you cannot help thinking of 
 the architect. Sir Christopher Wren. As you stand there and gaze on the walls, 
 you read: "Si )7ionume7ittnn reqidris. circunispice!'''' — "If you would see his monu- 
 ment, look about vou!" The founders of $ A need no monument to commemorate 
 
 Frank Dugan Swope, Hanover, '85; S. G. C, 1898-1900. 
 
 From a photograph taken 1898, by A. B. Bogart, 30 East 14th Street, New York City. 
 See memoir in The Scroll, October, 1902. 
 
 their work. You have only to look about you to-day and see the monuments erected 
 by this Fraternity in the lives and characters of our fellows. Such monuments are 
 more enduring than tablets, more lasting than granite or bronze. 
 
 After the exercises, a pilgrimage was made to the North Dormi- 
 tor}^, to inspect Founder VV^ilson's room and the memorial tablet. 
 Tuesda}^ evening there were a $ A reception and ball at the Her- 
 ron G3^mnasium, which was elaborate!}' decorated with the frater- 
 nity colors, including the large flag which had been used first at the 
 Semi-Centennial Convention. Over 250 guests were present. 
 
 The Golden Jubilee banquet of Ohio Alpha was held, Wednesda}' 
 evening, in the banquet room of the chapter's suite. Those pres- 
 ent were the following members of the mother chapter: Robert 
 Morrison, '49; J. VV^ Lindle}^ '50; A. A. Barnett, '51; A. C. 
 Kemper, '53; T. C. Hibbett, '54; E. P. Shields, '54; Alston Ellis, 
 
7IO THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 '67; J. E. Morey, '67; B. P. Jones, '68; Faye Walker, '68; W. E. 
 Evans, '69; J. M. Oldfather, '69; Elam Fisher, '70; J. C. Farber, 
 '73; G. F. O'Byrne, '73; D. H. Pottinger, '73; Harry Weidner, 'S8; 
 S. A. Stephenson, '91; H. H. Hiestand, '93; G. R. Eastman, '94; 
 
 A. G. Work, '94; J. D. Gath, '95; C. A. Kumler, '96; H. M. 
 Moore, '96; S. M. Roland, '97; R. J. Shank, '97; W. E. Stokes, 
 '99; T. E. Walker, '99; K. H. Zwick, '00; C. M. Hendricks, '01; 
 C. H. Mason, '01; H. D. Schell, '01; H. C. Shank, '01; O. P. 
 Flower, '02; H. C. Hiestand, '02; W. R. Hughey, '02; C. F. Mac- 
 Cready, '02; and the following members of other chapters: J. C. 
 Moore, Jr., P. G. C., Pennsylvania, '93; H. H. Ward, T. G. C., 
 O. S. U., '90; W. H. Hawle}^ Indiana, '80; G. F. Jackson, 
 Wooster, '97; J. A. McCoy, Westminster, '82; H. F. Schell, Cin- 
 cinnati, '02. 
 
 The menu card printed in Greek, and the toast card with Greek 
 quotations were handsomely bound in an embossed blue cover. 
 Harr}"- Weidner was toastmaster. The toasts: Reminiscences," 
 response by Rev. Robert Morrison, D. D., and J. W. Lindley; 
 "Our Golden Anniversary," Alston Ellis, Ph. D. ; "Once a Phi — 
 Always a Phi," Rev. Faye Walker, D. D. ; "Our Founders — the 
 Immortal Six," Judge Elam Fisher; ' Phi Patriotism," A. C. 
 Kemper, M. D. ; "Halc^^on College Da3^s," Rev. A. G. Work; 
 "The New Initiate," S. A. Stephenson; 'Ohio Alpha in '54," Rev. 
 E. P. Shields, D. D. ; "Ohio Alpha in '99," C. H. Mason; "Old 
 Miami, the Mother of Fraternities," D. H. Pottinger; "The Fellow- 
 ship and Friendship of Phis," G. R. Eastman; The Girls Who 
 Grace the White and Blue," H. H. Hiestand. Impromptu speeches 
 were made by J. C. Moore, Jr., H. H. Ward, J. E. Morey, Judge 
 
 B. P. Jones, Judge W. E. Evans, K. H. Zwick, J. A. McCoy and 
 others. The banquet, beginning at 9 o'clock, did not close until 
 4:30 a. m., when it was broad daylight. Father Morrison, as well 
 as many others of the older alumni, remained until that hour.* 
 
 In T/ie Scroll iox June, 1899, H. T. Miller said: 'We have had 
 fewer weak chapters, more chapter houses, more initiates to the 
 chapter, more badges owned, a larger Convention, a more perfect 
 Constitution and Code of laws, more promptness and completeness 
 in reports, more thorough and effective work on the part of the 
 Province Presidents as a body, more general prominence in current 
 literature, politics and war on the part of our alumni, than in any 
 previous year in the history of O A 0." 
 
 At the suggestion of A. J. Bealzby, Michigan, '00, the General 
 Council, February 7, 1899, deputized K. F. Flanders, Chicago, '98, 
 and Iv. B. Fulton, Chicago, '99, to take charge of the registration 
 of members of 4> A at the International Exposition in Paris that 
 
 * During the week A K E gave a reception, and banquets were held bj B H. 2 X and A K E. 
 An historical sketch of Miami University and an account of the university's diamond celebration, 
 with twenty pages devoted to the * A © Golden Jubilee, appeared in "The Diamond Anniversary 
 Volume," a book of 359 pages, published during the following year. A bronze tablet commemorating 
 the founding of B H, 1839, was placed on the inner wall of the university chapel, June 13, 1900. 
 See next page. 
 
ANNALS, 1 898- 1 900. 711 
 
 year. Fulton was a member of the staff of the United States Com- 
 missioner F. W. Peck. 
 
 The PalladiuDi, September, 1899, said: Auld has a new watch 
 charm made from the alumnus button and Newman one from the 
 new coat-of-arms." 
 
 H. H, Ward, P. G. C, was informed, November, 1899, that 
 there was an organization called "The Phi Delta Theta literary 
 society" at the Columbus Grove (Ohio) High School. There was 
 some correspondence with the Principal of the school, who refused 
 to have the name changed. The General Council, thereupon, dis- 
 cussed the advisability of obtaining a copyright for the name of the 
 Phi Delta Theta Fraternity" (the name of the Fraternity as incor- 
 porated under Ohio laws), but the matter was dropped. 
 
 Epsilon Province, embracing the State of Indiana, held three 
 Conventions within about twelve months, breaking the record for 
 
 : c. .-TJ^A' ■^■/■»'-^^r{s^y-. 
 
 
 Tablet Placed by B 6 n in Miami University Chapel, 1900. 
 
 From the Beta hetaT Pi, October, 1900; courtesy of the Editor, W. R. Baird. 
 
 frequency. The first was held at the Hotel Denison, Indianapolis, 
 January 27, 1899, E. E. Rub}^ P. P. presiding. Sixty-five were 
 present. On motion of L. A. Folsom, of Indiana Alpha (elected 
 President of the Indiana State Oratorical Association, which also 
 met that day, and in which all the officers chosen were Phis), it 
 was decided to hold a Convention at Bloomington in the fall, to 
 celebrate the Semi-Centennial of Indiana Alpha. After the busi- 
 ness session forty-three members dined at the Denison. The Con- 
 vention at Bloomington was held October 26-28, 1899. Among 
 those present were F. D. Swope, S. G. C. ; H. T. Miller, R. G. C, 
 and P2. E. Ruby, P. P. Professor J. A. Woodburn, of Indiana 
 University, welcomed the visitors. The Convention was largely 
 of a social character, some of the features being the initiation of 
 nine freshmen with extra-ritualistic ceremonies, a convention dance 
 and afternoon receptions by the ladies' societies, K A ©, K K F, 
 
712 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 n B $ and A F, at their respective houses. State Senator G. H. 
 Gifford was toastmaster at the banquet, at which forty members 
 were present. Another Convention of the province was held at 
 Indianapolis, February 2, 1900, President Ruby presiding. Sixty- 
 one were present. The principal feature was the banquet at the 
 Denison Hotel. The meeting was held, as usual, at the time of the 
 annual state oratorical contest. The next Scroll said: For 
 twelve years in succession $ A © has elected a majority of the 
 officers of the Indiana Inter-Collegiate Oratorical Association." 
 
 A Convention of Alpha Province met in the new chapter house 
 of Pennsylvania Beta, October 18-20, 1899. Twelve of the seven- 
 teen chapters were represented by delegates, and there were twenty- 
 two other members present, including J. C. Moore, Jr., P. G. C, 
 and W. W. Case, P. P., the latter presiding. The social events 
 were a smoker, a reception, and a banquet. One da}^ was spent in 
 visiting the Gett3''sburg battlefield. 
 
 A Convention of Zeta Province was held November 16-18, 1899, 
 in the chapter house of Nebraska Alpha. Several chapters had 
 delegates, and thirty-two other members were present. They were 
 welcomed by Dean L. A. Sherman, of the University of Nebraska, 
 and T. F. Roddy, of Nebraska Alpha. F. J. R. Mitchell, P. P., 
 presided. As proposed by H. H. Ward, T. G. C, the Convention 
 decided in favor of assessing equally the members of all chapters, 
 except the entertaining chapter, to provide for paying the railroad 
 fares of delegates to future Province Conventions, and for printing 
 the convention minutes, the assessment to be levied and collected by 
 the Province President,"^ and furthermore that the next National 
 Convention be requested to enact legislation to put this resolution 
 into general effect. A round of social festivities had been arranged. 
 Thursday afternoon the members attended a reception tendered by 
 Mrs. W. G. Morrison, sister of H. A. Tukey, Nebraska Alpha, '01. 
 She was assisted in receiving at her home by young ladies of A F 
 and K K F. Thursday evening Nebraska Alpha gave a smoker at 
 the chapter house. One room had been transformed into a bar- 
 room, the fixtures, signs, etc. , having been borrowed for the occasion. 
 Cider, however, was the strongest beverage dispensed. Free lunch 
 was served and a box of cigars, presented by the <E> K ^ chapter, 
 enjoyed. Souvenir pipes were distributed. Good stories, college 
 songs and yells and cake walking were the order of the evening. 
 Friday afternoon K K F received ^ A © at the home of Miss Mable 
 Richards. The convention dance took place at the Hotel Lincoln 
 Friday evening, 200 people being present. Saturday the Phis were 
 entertained at breakfast at the A F chapter house. Saturday after- 
 noon, after the convention photograph was taken, the Nebraska vs. 
 Kansas football game was attended. The convention banquet was 
 at the Hotel Lincoln Saturday evening. H. H. Ward, T. G. C, 
 
 *A similar plan had been adopted by Beta Province Convention, 1887, see page 520, but it had 
 not been put in operation in Beta or any other Province. 
 
ANNALS, 1898-1900. 
 
 713 
 
 was toastmaster. The oldest alumnus present was General J. R. 
 Webster, Wabash, '62. The proceedings of the Convention, com- 
 piled by G. H. English, Jr., Secretary, were issued in a pamphlet 
 of twenty -four pages. 
 
 A Convention of Delta Province was held, March 15-17, 1900, in 
 Ohio Eta's chapter house. Each chapter in the province had a dele- 
 gate and four alumni clubs were represented. The officials present 
 were H. T. Miller, R. G. C. ; H. H. Ward, T. G. C. ; J. B. Ballou, 
 P. P.; J. E. Brown, Fraternity Librarian; F. E. Hulett and L. J. 
 Shlesinger, Catalogue Editors. Thursday evening there was a 
 smoker at the chapter house, Friday evening a dance at the Still- 
 
 Frank Joseph Ross Mitchell, Northwestern, '96; S. G. C, 1900-1904. 
 
 man Hotel, and Saturday evening a banquet at the Stillman. Fifty- 
 nine Phis attended the banquet, at which G. K. Shurtleff was toast- 
 master. The April Sc7'oll contains a half-tone of a photograph of 
 the Convention. 
 
 A Convention of Theta Province was held at the chapter house 
 in Berkeley, March 16-17, 1900, W. O. Morgan, P. P., presiding. 
 California Beta as well as California Alpha attended in a body. 
 Friday evening there was a smoker at the chapterhouse. Saturday 
 evening, at the Poodle Dog Restaurant, San Francisco, there was a 
 banquet. Frank Otis, California Alpha, '73, was toastmaster. Tele- 
 grams of congratulations were sent to and received from the Delta 
 Province Convention at Cleveland. 
 
714 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 A Convention of Gamma Province was held at Atlanta, Ga. , April 
 2, 1900. The principal feature was a banquet in the evening at the 
 Majestic Hotel, at which about fift\^ members were present and E. 
 G. Hallman, P. P., was toastmaster. 
 
 A Pan-Hellenic banquet was held at El Paso, Texas, December 
 12, 1899. Twenty-two Greeks were present, including A. G. Foster, 
 '78, and F. E. Hunter, '79, of Indiana Alpha. 
 
 The topic for Alumni Day, 1900, was: What are the most 
 practical ways in which alumni clubs and individual alumni may 
 give aid and comfort to college chapters and promote the general 
 good of ^ A © ?" General Benjamin Harrison, President of the 
 Indianapolis club, sent his compliments to the club, with regrets 
 that he could not attend. In his absence. Judge W. A. Woods, 
 Wabash, '59, was toastmaster. At the Chicago banquet sixty Phis 
 were present; W. S. Harbert, Wabash, '64, was toastmaster, and 
 speeches were made by former Vice-President A. E. Stevenson, 
 Centre, '60, and General J. C. Black, Wabash, '62. At the Kansas 
 City banquet Rev. Dr. Robert Morrison, Miami, '49, and Judge 
 J. F. Philips, Centre, '55, were among the speakers. Father Mor- 
 rison was presented with a purse of $203.50, and a book of letters 
 from chapters, congratulating him on his seventy-eighth birth- 
 day, collected by C. F. Lamkin, G. H. English, Jr., and A. B. 
 Caruthers. 
 
 At the Alumni Day meeting of New York Epsilon, 1897, a num- 
 ber of Syracuse alumni were present, and the formation of an 
 alumni organization was discussed, but an organization was not 
 effected for three 3^ears. An application for charter, dated Ma}^ 17, 
 1900, and forwarded by E. A. Hill, August 4, was signed b}" the 
 following: S. B. Craton, Wofford, '84; W. H. Failing, Union, '99; 
 and the following alumni of Syracuse: S. E. Sproll, '82; James 
 Devine, 'Sy, E. A. Hill, '83; A. C. Driscoll, '87; J. H. Murray, '8S; 
 H. O. Sibley, '89; Edward Devine, '91; E. C. Ryan, '91; E. D. 
 Rich, '92; E. P. Turner, '92; C. F. Wiley, '92; W. F. Hodge, '93; 
 H. R. Jaquay, '93; T. W. Taylor, '93; A. E. Larkin, '94; F. S. 
 Honsinger, '98; J. D. Shipman, '98; H. S. Kelly, '98; T. H. Munroe, 
 Jr., '99; J. W, Plant, '99. The General Council granted them a 
 charter August 23, 1900. The first meeting of the S3^racuse club 
 was held on Alumni Day, 1901, when b3'^-laws were adopted and 
 officers elected. 
 
 Through the efforts of A. R. Priest, an alumni club was estab- 
 lished at Seattle, Wash. An application for charter, dated Septem- 
 ber I, 1900, was signed by the following: J. B. Allen, Wabash, '67; 
 J. C. Allen, K. M. I., '86; R. M. Kinnear, Northwestern, '94; 
 A. R. Priest, De Pauw, '91; G. E. de Steigner, Ohio, '84; H. H. 
 Lewis, California, '80; L. R. Wright, Minnesota, '01; F. E. Case, 
 Kansas, '99; C. H. Clark, Williams, '87; R. P. Ballard, Stanford, 
 '97; each of the ten being from a different chapter. The General 
 Council granted them a charter September 29, 1900. 
 
ANNALS, 1898-1900. ' 715 
 
 The Scroll, October, 1900, mentioned as a new departure the 
 organization at Seattle of a secret societ\^ among alumni of various 
 fraternities. It was called 11 E, and had fift}^ members, a consti- 
 tution and by-laws and an elaborate ritual. The object was to 
 form a social club to keep alive memories of college days. Six of 
 the charter members were Phis — E. B. Johnson, Centre, '00; A. R. 
 Priest, DePauw, '91; J. H. Lane, Minnesota, '99; L. R. Wright, 
 Minnesota, '01; J. W. Crooks, Kansas, '97; F. E. Case, Kan- 
 sas, '99. 
 
 The establishment of an alumni club at Harvard University was 
 another new departure, in which, however, only $ A was con- 
 cerned. Owing to the dominance of local societies at Harvard, 
 the Fraternity did not consider that it would be wise to establish a 
 chapter there. This opinion was held also by most of the Phis 
 who attended Harvard, of whom there were a score or more ever}^ 
 year. In the fall of 1900 two movements began which led to the 
 establishment of a regularly chartered alumni club at Harvard. 
 One of these movements was started by A. D. Burnham, the other 
 by D. B. Trefethen and G. H. Kain, who were room-mates. When 
 those backing these movements learned of each others plans, they 
 consolidated forces and held a conference October 28. At a sec- 
 ond meeting, November 2, seventeen Phis were present. They 
 decided unanimoush' to apply for an alumni charter, and signed 
 an application, and they also then organized by electing officers. 
 The}^ further decided to hold a series of smokers during the winter 
 at the diiferent rooms of the men. 
 
 The application was forwarded November 4; and, November 12, 
 1900, the General Council granted a charter for the ^ A © club of 
 Harvard Universit}'- to the following: R. W. Morris, Indiana, '01; 
 E. W. Olive, Wabash, '93; F. B. Cherington, O. W. U., '99; 
 R. S. Sturgeon, Northwestern, '00; W. A. Oldfather, Hanover, '99; 
 H. A. Peterson, Chicago, '98; C. W. Chase, Chicago, '99; E. C. 
 Hales, Chicago, '00; F. I. Stults, DePauw, '98; E. C. Peper, 
 Missouri, '00; E. W. Farwell, Wooster, '00; H. J. Edmiston, 
 Nebraska, '92; G. H. Kain, Gett3^sburg, '97; R. C. Wells, Texas, 
 '00; Kenneth Beal, Dartmouth, '99; H. W. Mead, Williams, '01; 
 A. 1). Burnham, Sj^racuse, '00; E. E. Harris, x\mherst, '96; D. B. 
 Trefethen, Amherst, '98; E. M. Brooks, Amherst, '99; R. M. 
 Brown, Brown, '93; K. L. Eno, Brown, '95; J. G. Cole, Washing- 
 ton, '99; H. W. Eliot, Jr., Washington, '01; E. S. Harrison, 
 Washington, '03. The twent3^-five charter members represented 
 eighteen chapters. Their first smoker was held November 12 in the 
 rooms of Trefethen and Kain. In a letter to The Scroll, Kain 
 wrote, December 17: 
 
 Our 3'oungest, at the oldest, makes its bow to the Fraternity. As a matter of 
 fact, we were reared upon the graves of two or three Phi clubs not chartered, but 
 which flourished for a time at Harvard, and then, with the graduation of the lead- 
 ing spirits, sank into oblivion, with no other record than an occasional notice in 
 The Scroll oi. some years back. And, naturally, a club with a membership depend- 
 
7i6 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ing upon the men who come here for graduate or professional courses, must of 
 necessity have a varying career. However, with the number of Phis who come 
 here each year, there is no reason why an alumni club should not have a stable and 
 flourishing existence, and, from the enthusiasm aroused, and the general approval 
 of the movement among the twenty-seven Phis here now, this first alumni club of 
 4> A in a university bids fair to prove a successful experiment. And we think 
 that we occupy a unique position, not only in our own Fraternity, but in the Greek 
 -world, for we know of no other regularly chartered alumni club of any fraternity 
 existing in a university or college.* 
 
 He further said that a vote had been taken upon the advisability 
 of establishing a chapter there, and the unanimous decision was 
 that <l> A would not be strengthened, but rather weakened, by 
 adding Harvard to the list of undergraduate chapters.'' t The new 
 club joined the Boston club in celebrating Alumni Day, 1901, as 
 Phis at Harvard before had done. Active members from Colby, 
 Dartmouth, Williams, Amherst and Brown were present and the 
 total number was forty-seven. The establishment of an alumni club 
 at Harvard raised the question of the expediency of establishing a 
 similar club at Yale. The matter was investigated by S. E. Find- 
 ley, Buchtel, '94, ex-P. P., who in 1900-01 took a graduate course 
 at Yale, but he found few other Phis there, not enough to justify 
 the chartering of a club. 
 
 In the fall of 1900, J. B. Ballou, President of Delta Province, 
 urged C. F. Dowd to secure signatures to an application for a 
 charter for an alumni club at Toledo, Ohio, furnishing him with 
 the form of application. After canvassing among some of the 
 alumni, Dowd turned the application over to E. S. Barkdull, who 
 continued the canvass. At the National Convention in November, 
 Ballou presented an application for charter signed by Campbell 
 Coyle, Wabash, '86; C. H. Beckham, O. W. U., '85; J. W. Ben- 
 schoter, O. W. U., '85; E. S. Barkdull, O. W. U., '86; B. W. 
 
 '^The Phis attending Harvard formed asocial organization, 1892-93, which during that and the 
 following year met at intervals in their rooms, and joined with the Boston alumni in the observance 
 of Alumni Day. In 1895 there was a reorganization of Phis at Harvard. Before 1900, A K £! 
 and perhaps one or two other fraternities had Harvard associations composed of members from 
 other institutions, as had $ A ©, but they did not claim to be chartered. The club which $ A 
 chartered there, 1900, was the first chartered alumni club at Harvard or any other university. The 
 list of the club was published in the Harvard University Register, a name list of clubs in the 
 university, accompanied with the statement, which has not been contradicted, that. It is the only 
 regularly chartered alumni club of any fraternity established in a university." The statement was 
 printed also in The Scroll, February, 1902, without contradiction. 
 
 To evade the anti-fraternity law at Princeton, * A granted a charter for an alumni chapter 
 there, 1892, but no organization was effected. — See pages 552 and 574. The object of the alumni 
 club established at Harvard, 1900, was to bring together socially members of <> A from other insti- 
 tutions and give them the benefit of an organized association while they should remain at Harvard, 
 but not to initiate Harvard students into 4> A © at Harvard or elsewhere. 
 
 tin January, 1901, the club had a neat "shingle" printed, which measured 5 K by 6j^ inches, 
 and bore the following in plain black letters : 
 
 "Harvard Alumni Ci-ub 
 
 of 
 
 PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Founded November 12, 1900. 
 
 These Presents Certify that 
 
 of Chapter, 
 
 Became a Member of this Club 
 
 On 19 
 
 President. 
 
 Secretary." 
 
 At the top was the 4» A arms in gilt, reduced in size. This was issued a year and a half 
 before the Fraternity issued certificates of membership. 
 
ANNALS, 1 898- 1 900. 717 
 
 Dowlev, O. W. U., '88; E. E. McCammon, O. W. U., '88; A. V. 
 Evans, O. W. U., '90; R. D. Hollington, O. W. U., '92; P. G. 
 Jones, O. W. U., '97; W. W. Blackman, O. W. U., '02; M. W. 
 Ross, Michigan, '01; B. F. Templeton, Wooster, '84; J. B. Tem- 
 pleton, Wooster, '84; J. R. Calder, Wooster, '86; J. B. Ballou, 
 Wooster, '97; H. F. Shunck, Hillsdale, '85: J. C. Munger, O. S. U., 
 '87; H. R. Fowler, O. S. U., '94; E. R. Thomas, O. S. U., '94; 
 C. F. Dowd, O. S. U., '00. The Convention, November 28, 1900, 
 ordered that a charter be granted to them. The first meeting of 
 the club was at the University Club, September 13, 1901, when, 
 after a dinner, an organization was effected b}' the election of 
 officers. 
 
 In 1900 as in 1892, $ A had two men on the presidential elec- 
 tion tickets. A. E. Stevenson, Centre, '60, was nominated by the 
 Democratic Party for re-election as Vice-President, and Job Har- 
 riman, Indianapolis, '85, was nominated for the same office by the 
 Social Democratic Party. Neither, however, was elected. Dur- 
 ing the summer E. H. Conger, Lombard, '62, United States Minis- 
 ter to China, was one of the party of besieged ministers at Pekin. 
 In the fall ten Phis were elected to Congress — S. J. Pugh, Centre, 
 '77; J. V. Graff, Wabash, '76; F. M. Griffith, Franklin, '74; C. H. 
 Grosvenor, Ohio, '70 (honorar}'); Emmett Tompkins, Ohio, '74: 
 G. W. Prince, Knox, '78; W. M. Howard, Georgia, '77: W. G. 
 Brantle}', Georgia, '82; J. M. Griggs, Vanderbilt, '81; M. R. Pat- 
 terson, Vanderbilt, '82. Tompkins and Patterson were elected for 
 the first time, the others re-elected. 
 
 The new Code provided that questions of membership should be 
 decided b}^ the Board of Trustees. The first decision of the trus- 
 tees was on Jul}^ 20, 1900, when a member who had been expelled 
 several 3^ears before was reinstated. 
 
 At the suggestion of A. A. Stearns, H. G. C, the Convention of 
 1884, authorized the publication of record books to be supplied 
 to chapters, for their Historians to enter therein data about their 
 members. These books were not printed, and Stearns, in his 
 report to the Convention of 1886, said: ' I am now prepared to 
 recommend that the publication of the books of record be indefi- 
 niteh' postponed." The Convention of 1891, on motion of W. B. 
 Palmer, ordered that membership record books be printed and dis- 
 tributed to the chapters. The General Council, Ma}', 1892, 
 approved a form for such books submitted b}' C. G. Haines. The 
 Convention of 1894 ordered that record books should be supplied 
 to chapters b}' the Editor of The Scroll, but this was not done on 
 account of the expense involved. The General Statutes, adopted 
 1898, provided that chapters be furnished with uniform roll books, 
 and the General Council, September 9, 1899, authorized W. B. 
 Palmer to have them manufactured according to a form he had sub- 
 mitted. The roll books were finished April, 1900, and sent to the 
 Catalogue Editors, L. J. Shlesingerand F. E. Hulett, who employed 
 
Pennsylvania Chapter House — Walnut Street Front. 
 
 Erected 1898-99- Academic Building of the University of Pennsylvania in the background. 
 
 a clerk to enter in them the names of members initiated since the 
 catalogue of 1894 went to press, as shown by the annual reports 
 of the H. G. C. to February i, 1900. Chapters were directed to 
 enter in separate blank books additional data learned about mem- 
 bers named in the catalogue. The Catalogue Editors brought the 
 roll books to the Convention of 1900 and distributed them to the 
 delegates. 
 
 The total membership of the Fraternity February i, 1900, as 
 compiled by the H. G. C, was 10,487. However, the Catalogue 
 Editors, in their report to the Convention of 1900, said: 'As 
 there are 7,286 names in the 1894 catalogue, and the historians' 
 report show 3,439 initiated since then to February i, 1900, our 
 card catalogue now contains 10,725 names." This shows a dis- 
 crepancy of 238 names. The actual total membership cannot be 
 stated more accurately before a new edition of the catalogue. 
 
 The General Council, December 17, 1899, granted a dispensa- 
 tion to Louisiana Alpha, allowing it to initiate students of the pro- 
 fessional departments at Tulane to fifty per cent, of its active mem- 
 bership; and, February 7, 1900, granted a dispensation to Indiana 
 Gamma, allowing it to initiate students of the law department of 
 the University of Indianapolis, located in the city, several miles 
 from Butler College, the liberal arts department, at Irvington. 
 Louisiana Alpha reported seven members February i, 1900, but 
 only two returned in the fall and they were much discouraged. 
 The General Council requested G. L. Ray, Mississippi, '98, to 
 visit New Orleans and give them encouragement and aid. He 
 spent the first ten days of October there, and helped them secure 
 
Pennsylvania Chapter House — Woodland Avenue Front. 
 
 Described in The Scroll, June, 1900 (contains floor plans", and June, 1903. 
 
 a number of desirable men, for which service the General Council 
 tendered him a special vote of thanks. Two other Phis returned 
 when the medical department opened, and in November Louisiana 
 Alpha had twelve members. 
 
 L. B. Herrington was the only active member of Kentucky Delta 
 to return in the fall of 1899, but, aided b}^ Phis in town and in the 
 facult}^ he succeeded in initiating eight men. J. S. Bartholemew 
 was the only active member of Indiana Beta to return in the fall of 
 1900. Aided by local alumni, he initiated four men, but several 
 soon dropped out of college. The chapter reported only two active 
 members Februar}'- i, 1901, but a month later the Reporter wrote to 
 The Sci'oll that Ihe}^ numbered four and had two men pledged. At 
 North Carolina only three members returned in the fall of 1900, 
 but several others were initiated. 
 
 The Palladium, March, 1899, mentioned that the ^ K ^ chapter 
 at Gettysburg had returned to Pennsylvania Beta, a copy of the 
 Bond and of an old <3> A Constitution. It seems that the Phi 
 Psis there in previous years, when stealing fraternity constitutions 
 was not so very uncommon, had accumulated the constitutions of 
 several fraternities and written them in a blank book. A '98 Phi 
 Psi had been so dishonorable as to exhibit the book to a barbarian, 
 who told the Phis about it. Knowing that the Phis were 
 aware of their illegal possession of copies of the <l» A documents, 
 the Phi Psis cut them from the book and gave them with apologies 
 to a member of Pennsylvania Beta, January, 1899.* 
 
 * See quotation from The History of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity," footnote, page 48. 
 
720 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The Amherst chapter letter in The Scroll, April, 1899, said: 
 The $ A © comedy company presented the two act farce, 'A Limb 
 o' the Law,' at the chapter house March 21." The Franklin chap- 
 ter letter in The Sc7'oll, June, 1899, said: "On May 23 we enter- 
 tained our friends with a minstrel show, and on May 30 with a 
 concert by the orchestra and other members of the chapter." 
 
 The Stanford chapter, October 20, 1899, gave a reception to 
 General Frederick Funston and Mrs. Funston, The General had just 
 returned from Manila, bearing becomingly the honors of war. Hav- 
 ing received the plaudits of his countrymen, he returned to the 
 
 The Gettysburg Chapter House. 
 
 Erected 1898-99. Described in The Scroll, June, 1899, and June, 1903. 
 
 Philippines within a few weeks, to acquire still greater fame as a 
 soldier. During the Stanford commencement festivities, 1900, Mrs. 
 Funston was a guest of California Beta. 
 
 As mentioned in a Westminster chapter letter in The Scroll, 
 Founder Robert Morrison was present at a meeting of Missouri 
 Beta November 13, 1899.* The review in The Scroll, December, 
 1900, of the Westminster annual, the Searchlight, said: In the 
 Synodical College roll, three of the young women wear the title of 
 
 * Up to the time Father Morrison moved to the country, March, 1901, he attended meetings of 
 Missouri Beta several times a year, and he told us the story of the organization of $ A © until we 
 became very familiar with it."--C. F. Lamkin to W. B. Palmer, October 8, 1903. 
 
ANNALS, 1898- 1900. 
 
 721 
 
 'Sisters of K A,' fiv^e are 'Sisters of B IT,' and ten are Sisters of 
 <l> A 0. ' Judging from the names of the 3^oung women, man}- of 
 them are really sisters of the 3'oung men in the chapters to which 
 the.v avow their allegiance. " 
 
 In the summer of 1899, ^^^ Cincinnati and Iowa Wesleyan chap- 
 ters maintained camps again, the former on the Big Miami River, 
 near Venice, Ohio, the latter on the Skunk River, ten miles from 
 Mount Pleasant. 
 
 The increase in chapter houses during 1898-1900 continued to be 
 remarkable. The three houses at Pennsylvania institutions, under 
 
 Erected iS 
 
 The Dickinson Chapter House. 
 
 3-99. Described in The Scroll, June, 1900, and June, 1903. 
 
 construction at the time of the 1898 Convention, were completed. 
 The house built on the campus at Gettysburg was entered February, 
 1899, and dedicated June 14, 1899. It is a stone house without 
 living rooms, as the faculty would not permit a fraternity to have a 
 dormitory house. The marble house built on the northwest corner 
 of the campus at Dickinson was occupied January, 1900; not 
 being entirely finished for some time, it was not formally opened 
 until February 13, 1901. Pennsylvania Zeta, December, 1899, 
 occupied the house, corner of Woodland Avenue and Walnut Street, 
 facing the campus, erected by the co-operation of Philadelphia 
 alumni. It is a splendid three-story building of brick with cut stone 
 trimmings. The materials and architecture are like those of the 
 (46) 
 
722 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 university dormitories. Vermont, in the fall of 1899, moved to a 
 house at 89 North Prospect Street. Union moved to a house at the 
 corner of Nott Street and Van Vranken Street, Ma}^, 1900. Col- 
 umbia, which before had rented apartments, rented, in the fall of 
 
 1899, a furnished house at 371 West 123rd Street, and gave a house 
 warming October 6. Washington and Jefferson, in the spring of 
 
 1900, rented a house at 331 South Main Street, and gave a house 
 warming. Lehigh, in the spring of 1900, moved to a house at 451 
 Lehigh Street, Georgia rented a house in the fall of 1899, ^^^ ^ 
 
 The California Chapter House. 
 
 Erected, 1899, replacing a house that burned ; see page 658. Described in T/ie Scroll, October, 1899, 
 
 and June, 1903- 
 
 year later moved into a better house. Emory, in the spring of 
 1899, rented the house which had long been the home of a loyal 
 honorary member. Dr. Morgan Callaway, deceased; and, Septem- 
 ber, 1900, moved into the Hardeman mansion. Mercer, early in 
 1899, rented a house at 1363 Oglethorpe Street, but the faculty 
 being opposed to chapter houses, required the chapter to give up 
 the house October i of that year, after which time the chapter oc- 
 cupied its old hall in a college building. Texas, at the close of 
 1899-1900, rented a house at 2096 University Avenue. Miami, the 
 
ANNALS, 1898- 1900. 
 
 723 
 
 mother chapter, rented a house June, 1900. O. W. U., at the 
 close of 1899-1900, rented a house. Indiana, in the fall of 1900, 
 rented a house at 314 North Washington Street, still keeping its 
 rooms in town for entertainments. Indianapolis, in the spring of 
 1899, was compelled to give up its house, on account of a change of 
 ownership; at the next Christmas vacation it moved into a new 
 house on Butler Avenue, speciall}' built for it. DePauw, Septem- 
 ber, 1899, rented a house, still keeping its separate hall. Purdue, 
 unable to secure an extension of its lease, at the close of 1898-99, 
 rented a house at 102 Waldron Street, March, 1900, still keeping 
 its hall, corner Fifth and Main Streets. Northwestern, in the fall 
 
 I 
 
 The Stanford Chapter House. 
 
 Erected, 1899- Described in The Scroll, February, 1900, and June, 1903. 
 
 of 1899, moved into a house at 518 Church Street. Knox rented 
 a house at 228 West Tompkins Street, October, 1899, and gave 
 a housewarming February 2, 1900. Illinois rented a house 
 at no East Green Street, Januar}^ 1899. Minnesota, which had 
 occupied a suite of rooms since 1892-93, entered a house at 118 
 State Street, S. E., September, 1900. Iowa entered a house Janu- 
 ary I, 1899. Missouri rented the Trimble house on Ninth Street, 
 December, 1898, still keeping its separate hall; and moved to a 
 house at 313 Hitt Street, September, 1900. California's house was 
 burned May 16, 1899. The chapter's library with some of its 
 records and considerable of its furniture was destroyed. $ A F 
 
724 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 and A Y opened their houses to shelter the chapter's rescued effects. 
 The da}' after the fire the directors decided to build a better house, 
 and just a month after the fire rebuilding commenced. Work was 
 pushed rapidh^, and, August 20, the chapter moved into its new 
 home, though the finishing touches were not given until September 
 2. It is a two and a half stor}' frame building of colonial style. 
 Stanford, November, 1899, occupied a house built by the chapter 
 on a lot 150 b}^ 170 feet, situated on the southwest portion of the 
 campus, at 6 Lansen Street, commonl}^ designated ' Fraternity- 
 Row." It is a handsome three-story building, in Spanish mission 
 style, harmonizing in architecture with the university buildings. 
 
 The Scroll, April, 1900, when there were sixt3^-four active chap- 
 ters, said editorially: "Henceforth in $ A the houseless chapter 
 will be in a constantly diminishing minority. The number of houses 
 now occupied by our chapters reaches thirty-three — more than one- 
 half the number of chapters. Of the thirty-three chapters, ten own 
 their houses and twent3^-three rent them. This is a gain in three 
 years of seventeen houses, of which five have been built b}' the 
 chapters that occupy them. Such a record is creditable in the 
 highest degree to the Fraternity and to the chapters now housed.'* 
 At the Convention in November the Editor reported 39 houses oc- 
 cupied. 
 
 $ A © was established in the most northwestern state in the 
 Union, 1900. A. R. Priest, DePauw, '91, arrived at the Univer- 
 sity of Washington, Seattle, September, 1899, to take the chair of 
 rhetoric and orator}'. He soon concluded that Washington afforded 
 a good location for a chapter. He selected a number of students 
 and confided to them his idea of establishing $ A © there. He 
 first approached D. A, Millett just before Thanksgiving, During 
 December those who had been selected held informal meetings in 
 Priest's recitation room. At a meeting, January 12, 1900, a local 
 society called A$ was formally organized. This meeting was held 
 in Priest's apartment"^ and was attended by him and W. M. French^ 
 Michigan Gamma, 'q6, who was a law student at the university, 
 and also by nine students: C. E. Caches, D. A. Millett, W. W. 
 Blain, F. J. Ceis, C. A. Minkler, L. E. Thayer, F. E. Brightman, 
 E. F. Earl, Jr., H. A. Hanson, These nine signed a pledge, decided 
 to apply to ^ A © for a charter, and adopted white and blue as colors. 
 At this meeting also, at the suggestion of Priest, they began to dis- 
 cuss the renting of a house. The Palladium for March contains an 
 article about the university and the membership of the local society, 
 written by Priest and illustrated with university views and two 
 groups of the members of A O. The same issue of The Palladium 
 contains a recommendation of the institution as a home for a chap- 
 ter, and an endorsement of the students who desired a <l>A0 char- 
 ter. This recommendation, dated February 14, was signed by 
 
 *No. 4506 Brooklyn Avenue, in the house purchased by 4> F A, 1901, an illustration of which 
 appeared in The ScroU, February, 1902. 
 
ANNALS, 1 898- 1 900. 
 
 725 
 
 eight resident members of $ A 0. J. Z. Moore, Ohio Alpha, '67, 
 though not a resident of Seattle, was a trustee of the university. 
 
 O. D. Rohlfs and S. M. Treen, having been pledged, a formal 
 application for a charter was made. The General Council, by 
 a circular dated April 9, called for a vote of chapters. The 
 necessar}" vote required by the Constitution for a charter was 
 not at once obtained. The applicants, however, received 
 much encouragement. Remarkable enterprise was displayed b}' 
 
 The Washington State Chapter House. 
 
 Erected, 1900, before the chapter was chartered. Described in The Scroll, April, igoi, and 
 
 June, 1903. 
 
 them in building a house, ground for w^hich was broken in June, 
 and which was occupied September lo. It is a frame structure 
 and has two and a half stories and sixteen rooms. The lot, 60 by 120 
 feet, fronts on Fourteenth Avenue, N, E., one block from the cam- 
 pus. The lot and house cost $5,000, and it was the first fraternity 
 house west of Minnesota and north of California. The success of 
 this venture was in a large measure due to the indefatigable efforts 
 of Professor Priest and the building committee — W. W. Plain, F. 
 E. Brightman and S. M. Treen. The house is the first one that was 
 
726 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 erected or owned by applicants to <I> A at any institution.* The 
 Palladium for September and November contains articles favoring 
 the establishment of <l> A at Washington. The application was 
 highly recommended by a number of Phis who visited the univer- 
 sity. F. V. Smith, '99, and I. P. Smith, '02, both of Indiana Zeta, 
 visited the universit}^ of Washington May 3 and 4. The former 
 represented the interests of the applicants, as well as the Seattle 
 Alumni Club, at the National Convention, November, 1900, the 
 latter being the delegate from DePauw. 
 
 B. W. Reed, delegate from California, on his way to the Con- 
 vention, stopped at Seattle, remaining there several days. In a 
 statement to the Convention he said he had been favorably im- 
 pressed, especially with the character of the men who were appli- 
 cants for a charter. W. O. Morgan, President of Theta Province, 
 requested a unanimous vote in favor of granting the application. 
 The Convention gave such vote, November 29, 1900. The char- 
 ter for Washington Alpha bears that date and the following names: 
 C. E. Gaches, '01; D. A. Millett, '01; G. R. Tennant, '01; W. W. 
 Blain, '02; F. J. Ceis, '02; G. A. Minkler, '02; F. E. Brightman, 
 '03; E. F. Earl, Jr., '03; H. A. Hanson, '03; O. D. Rohlfs, '03; 
 S. M. Treen, '03; Max Hardman, '04; W. W. Phillips, '04; D. 
 E. Twitchell, '04; J. A. Urquhart, '04. 
 
 The chapter was installed February 12, 1901, b}^ sixteen members 
 who resided in Seattle, one of whom was J. B. Allen, Wabash, '67, 
 ex-United States Senator from Washington. The initiation was con- 
 ducted by E. B. Johnson, Centre, '00. All the charter members 
 save F. J. Ceis were initiated at that time. Before the end 
 of the collegiate year F. J. Ceis, '02; A. C. Hastings, '02; L. 
 E. Thayer, '02; F. W. Hastings, '03, and A. M. Prosch, '04, were 
 initiated, and R. L. Ewing, O. W. U., '02, was affiliated. L. E. 
 Thayer, one of the original members of A $, was not included in 
 the charter list because he was absent part of the year and his re- 
 turn was uncertain, but he returned before the year ended. The 
 first annual circular letter of the chapter showed that fourteen mem- 
 bers had returned in the fall of 1901, ten had been initiated and 
 two had dropped out of college, making twenty-two active mem- 
 bers, February i, 1902. The Seattle Alumni Club entertained 
 Washington Alpha at a banquet March 15, 1902. The older fra- 
 ternities at Washington were S N and $ F A. 
 
 An application for a charter to re-establish Illinois Epsilon at Illi- 
 nois Wesleyan University, an application from the A P society at 
 the University of Maine, and an application from the Michigan 
 State Normal College, Ypsilanti, were refused, 1899. An applica- 
 tion from Millsaps College, Jackson, Miss., was refused 1900. An 
 application from a local society at McGill University, Montreal, 
 received 1900, was not put to a vote, on account of indecision as to 
 
 *Only one set of applicants (those at Pennsylvania State College, 1896) had ever before rented 
 a house. 
 
THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1898-1899. 727 
 
 the policy of entering Canada. i\n application for a charter to 
 re-establish Kentuck}^ Gamma at Georgetown College, received 
 1900, was not put to a vote, on account of anti-fraternity laws there, 
 and the applicants appealed to the National Convention. An ap- 
 plication for a charter to re-establish Wisconsin Beta at Lawrence 
 Universit}^ received 1900, was referred to the National Conven- 
 tion. Applications, received 1900, from the 2 A society at the 
 Universit}^ of Nevada, the A O societ\^ at Baker University, Bald- 
 win, Kan., the $ T society at Kentucky State College, and from 
 students of the Universit}^ of Louisville were referred to the Na- 
 tional Convention. The applications from Lawrence, Baker and 
 Michigan Normal were renewals of those made in 1898. The 
 Baker applicants issued another bulletin, 1900. 
 
 THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1898-1899. 
 
 The Scroll, Volume XXIII: six numbers — ^October, Decembei", 1898; Janu- 
 ary, February, April, June, 1899; pp. 5 lo-j-title page and index, pp. 4. Illustrations 
 67. T]ie Palladhini, Volume V: five bi-monthly numbers — September, 1898, to 
 May, 1899; pp. 84. Illustrations 6. Editor and Manager, H. T. Miller. Printers: 
 The Scroll, C. E. Hollenbeck, Indianapolis, Ind. ; The Palladiiini, Spahr & Glenn, 
 Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 The Scroll, October, 1S98, contains a length}^ list of Phis in the 
 war with Spain, with numerous notes and portraits; the June num- 
 ber a supplemental list of soldier Phis; both lists compiled b}^ the 
 Editor. 
 
 The Convention re-elected H. T. Miller as R. G. C. and Editor 
 and Manager. The January number contains the convention pro- 
 ceedings; the February number, the most elaborate account of the 
 social features of a Convention that had appeared in any fraternity 
 magazine. It was written b}' the Editor, with an introductor}' ar- 
 ticle b}' C. L. Goodwin. The frontispiece shows the new coat-of- 
 arms from a steel plate, and among half-tone illustrations are the con- 
 vention group, the new General Council, Founders Morrison and 
 Lindley, Miss Mary French Field, "daughter of $ A ©," and the 
 front cover of the convention banquet menu. The banquet speeches, 
 stenographically reported, were published. 
 
 Beginning in February-, college items were headed "Collegiate" 
 and other fraternit}" news "Hellenic." The following paragraph 
 in the April Scroll related to the membership of Theodore Roose- 
 velt in two fraternities, and is a good example of the pungency of 
 Editor Miller's wit: 
 
 When Theodore Roosevelt visited Chicago recently, A A <i> tried to make a 
 demonstration, during the parade of students before him, and an Alpha Delt suc- 
 ceeded in pinning a badge on the Governor at his hotel, much to the amusement of 
 the Chicago papers. The Dekes kept quiet. At Ann Arbor the Alpha Delts kept 
 quiet, and the Dekes went in a body to the reception given him, remaining some 
 time in conversation with their distinguished half-brother. 
 
 The Scroll in April republished from the © A X Shield a table 
 prepared b}' the Shield's retiring editor, C. W. Holms. It showed 
 
728 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 that during the ten years, 1889 to 1898 inclusive, The Scroll had 
 exceeded all other fraternit}^ journals in number of pages (4,732) 
 and number of illustrations (213). 
 
 Two articles on 'Increase in Fraternit}^ Membership" and "Fra- 
 ternity Badges and Other Emblems," compiled by W. B. Palmer 
 from "American College Fraternities," appeared in the October 
 and December numbers respectively, and in the latter number the 
 table of chapter houses owned or rented b}^ the various fraternities 
 was reproduced from the same book. ' Reminiscenses of Cata- 
 logue Making," a delightful article by F. D. Swope, appeared in 
 the December and April numbers. The June issue contains a re- 
 view by W. B. Palmer of © A X's "Memorial Histor}^" 1848-1898. 
 Biographical sketches of the following members appeared in the 
 volume: In Februar}^ A. C. Harris, Minister to Austria, and R. 
 H. Little, Chicago Tribiuie correspondent at Havana (later in the 
 Philippines); in April, Edwin ICmerson, Jr., one of the "Rough 
 Riders" in Cuba, and well known as an author; in April and June, 
 Frederick Funston, Brigadier- general. United States Volunteers. 
 The election of W. H. Ellerbe as Governor of South Carolina and 
 of J. V. Hadley as Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court was 
 announced in Februar}^ 
 
 The Palladium, November, 1898, contains articles by W. B. 
 Palmer, H. T. Miller and J. E. Brown, on the need of reforming 
 chapter nomenclature. The Articles of Union and the Constitu- 
 tion adopted b}'' Ohio Alpha in 1848, and the Constitution adopted 
 by the Convention of 1856, were printed in the January issue, and 
 the Constitution of 187 1 was printed in the March issue. These 
 old documents had been collected by W. B. Palmer. The May 
 issue contains the statistical tables compiled b}^ the H. G. C. This 
 was the first year that they were printed in the private journal. 
 
 THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1899-1900. 
 
 The Scroll, Volume XXIV: five bi-monthly numbers — October, 1899. to June, 
 1900; pp. 584-l-title page and index, pp. 4. Illustrations 52. The Palladium, Vol- 
 ume VI: five bi-monthly numbers — September, 1899, to May, 1900; pp. 88. Illus- 
 trations 4. Editor and Manager, H. T. Miller. Printers: The Scroll, C. E. Hol- 
 lenbeck, Indianapolis, Ind.; The Palladium, Spahr & Glenn, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 The Editor announced, October, 1899, that he had moved from 
 Irvington, Ind., to Columbus, Ind. The Scroll for October con- 
 tains an article by him on the <l> A © Semi-Centennial Celebration 
 at Miami, commencement week, June, 1899. The speeches, steno- 
 graphically reported, were printed. K. H. Zwick contributed an 
 account of Ohio Alpha's Golden Jubilee banquet. The frontispiece 
 is a half-tone of the tablet, commemorating the founding of <I> A 0, 
 which had been placed in the wall of the old room of Founder Wil- 
 son (reproduced on a larger scale in the June number). Sixt}^- 
 four chapter letters — one from every chapter — were printed in De- 
 
 * Reproduced, differently arranged by W. B. Palmer, in The Palladium, September, 1898. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1900. 729 
 
 cember. An unusual feature was a contribution to the Februar}- 
 Scroll from an officer of another fraternit}^ — an illustrated article 
 on secret societies at Yale, b}" T. Alfred Vernon, Yale, '75, Phul- 
 archos of Phule ^Province) I of $ F A. 
 
 W. B, Palmer contributed to this volume reviews of several 
 books: ' The C3'clqpaedia of Fraternities," in December; new cata- 
 logues of A ^ and B 11, in December; catalogues of $ F A and 
 ATA, in Februar}'^; catalogues of A T O and A A $, in April; 
 "Greek-Letter Men of New York," and Miami's "Diamond Anni- 
 versary Volume" and alumni catalogue, in June. A badge offered 
 by the Editor for the best chapter letters written for Volume xxiv 
 of The Scroll was awarded to G. L, Ray, Reporter of Mississippi 
 Alpha. 
 
 The Palladium, September, 1899, contains a very practical article 
 by J. C. Moore, Jr, , P. G. C., on how to acquire a chapter house, 
 a full explanation of his second mortgage bond plan being given. '^ 
 The Constitutionof 1878 was reprinted in November. The January- 
 number contains a table, compiled by W. B. Palmer, showing in 
 which 3^ears chapters had issued circular letters (some additions ap- 
 pearing in 'The Pyx" of the April Scroll). For the first time, be- 
 ginning in March, The Palladiii77i was sent to all alumni subscribers 
 to The Scroll. The roll of initiates for the 5'ear ending February 
 I appears, with the statistical tables compiled by the H. G. C., in 
 the May PalladitiDi, and the}' have appeared together in the issue 
 for May each 3^ear since. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1900. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions, Monday, Tuesda}^ 
 Wednesday, Thursday and Frida}-, November 26, 27, 28, 29 and 
 30, 1900, in the lodge room of the B. P. O. Elks, on Walnut Street, 
 between Third and Fourth Streets, I_^ouisville, Ky. The Conven- 
 tion was called to order by J. C. Moore, Jr., P. G. C. Pra3'er was 
 offered b}^ Rev. Dr. C. H. Jones, Richmond, '86. An address of 
 welcome was delivered by T. W. Bullitt, Centre, '66, a response by 
 H. T. Miller, R. G. C. 
 
 Officers present: General Council — President, J. C. Moore, Jr.; Secretary, 
 F. J. R. Mitchell; Reporter, H. T. Miller; Treasurer, H. H. Ward; Historian, 
 McCluney Radcliffe. Other Trustees: J, E. Brown, R. H. Switzler. President 
 Alpha Province, J. M, Wright. President Beta Province, J. H. DeWitt. Presi- 
 dent Gamma Province, E. G. Hallman. President Delta Province, J. B. Ballou. 
 President Epsilon Province, E. E. Ruby. President Zeta Province, R. H. Switz- 
 ler. President Theta Province, W. O. Morgan. Editors of the Catalogue: L. J. 
 Shlesinger, F. E. Hulett. Editor of the History, W. B. Palmer. Editors of the 
 Song Book, F. D. Swope, W. B. Palmer. Fraternity Librarian, J. E. Brown. 
 
 Delegates from college chapters present: Miami — J. G. Welsh, '02. 
 Indiana — L. A. Folsom, '01. Centre — J. A. Monks, '01. Wabash — W. H. Hays, 
 '01. Wisconsin — C. F. Geilfuss, '01. A'orthwestern — H. E. Weese, '02. Indian- 
 
 * This plan is explained in the pamphlet containing the amendments to the Constitution and 
 General Statutes, adopted 1900. 
 
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 The General Council, 1898- 1900. 
 
 From left to right— H. H. Ward, T. G. C ; F. J. R, Mitchell. S. G. C. (after March 31, 1900) : 
 H. T. Miller, R. G. C. ; J. C. Moore, Jr., P. G. C. ; McCluney Radcliffe, H. G. C. The sign held 
 by them is mentioned in the footnote on page 563. From a kodak by J. E. Brown. 
 
 apolis — J. M. Cunningham, '01. O. W. U. — W. R. Bayes, '01. Franklin — C. 
 E. Fisher, '02. Hanovei — E. W. Newton, '04. Michigan — ^J. W. Jud.son, '03. 
 Chicago — A. Y. Hoy, '02. DePatnu — J. P. Smith, '02. Ohio — T. W. Craig, '03. 
 Missouri — W. B. Burruss, '02. Knox — H. H. Potter, '01. Georgia — C. H. Whit- 
 field, '03. Emory — J. G. Parks, Jr., '01. Iowa Wesleyan — C. O. Hoober, '01. 
 Mercer — E. W. Stetson, '01. Cornell— ¥.. E. White, '01. Lafayette — W. C. 
 Isett, '01. California — B. W. Reed, '02. Virginia — Owsle}^ Brown, '02. Ran- 
 dolph-Macon — W. P. Carter, '00. N^ebraska — C. H. von Mansfelde, '01. Gettys- 
 burg— Yi. H. Kellar, '01. W. &- /.--A. E. Sloan, '02. Vanderbilt—H. V. 
 Jones, '01. Lehigh — G. W. Welsh, '01. Mississippi — Bern Price, Jr., '02. Ala- 
 bama — C. A. Brown, '01. Lombard — C. E. Davis, '04. Auburn — D. W. Pea- 
 body, '02. Allegheny — R. H. Motten, '02. Vermont — D. H. Perry, '01. Dick- 
 inson — E. J. Presby, '01. Westminster — A. B. Caruthers, '01. Minnesota — 
 C. A. Pitkin, '01. lotva — L. A. Birk, '01. Kansas — Fred Johnson, '01. Sewanee 
 — W. E. Cox, '02. O. S. U. — J. M. Barringer, 'or. Texas — H. B. Duncan, '03. 
 Pennsylvania — Thomas Gucker, Jr., '01. Union — G. L. Shelley, "01. Colby — 
 H. E. Pratt, '02. Colu?nbia — B. M. L. Ernst, '99. Dartjnouth — E. H. Hunter, 
 '01. North Carolina — I. F. Harris, '00. Central — L. B. Herrington, '01. 
 Williams — Lewis Squires, '01. Southzvestern — W. G. Swenson, '01. Syracuse — 
 C. M. Marriott, '01. W. &^ L. — H. R. Keeble, '02. Amherst— A. F. Hamilton, 
 '01. Broivn — G. E. Buxton, Jr., '02. Tulane — G. L. Tebault, '93. Washing- 
 ton — E. T. Senseney, '01. Stanford — W. C. Day, '01. Purdue — H. R. Wilson, 
 '01. Illinois — H. B. Kirkpatrick, '01. Case — L. D. Gibson, '02. Cincinnati — 
 A. E. Keller, '01. 
 
 Delegates from alumni clubs present: Franklin — George Banta, Frank- 
 lin, '76. Indianapolis — S. K. Ruick, Jr.. DePauw, '97. Louisville — R. J. Mc- 
 Bryde, Jr., W. & L., '96. Montgomery— Y . S. Ball, O. S. U., '88. Chicago— 
 R. H. Little, Illinois Wesleyan, '95. N'ashville — F. S. Palmer, Emory, '99. Cifi- 
 cinnati — Guido Gores, '01. Akron — L. j. Shlesinger, Case, '95. A^ew York — 
 C. A. Swope, Hanover, '85. Kansas City — G. H. English, Jr., Missouri, '97. 
 
The Mammoth Cave Party, 1900. 
 
 From left to right— J. E. Brown, F. D. Swope, Mrs. J, E. Brown, H. T. Miller, W. B. Palmer. 
 Of the original party (see pages 571 and 611), these were all that were present at the Louisville Con- 
 vention. 
 
 San Francisco — Duncan McDuffie, Califoi-nia, '99. Atlanta — George Winship, 
 Emory, '04. Pittsburg — T. E. Graff. Cornell, '96. Saint Louis — C. F. Lamkin, 
 Westminster, '99. Philadelphia — -McCluney Radcliffe, Lafayette, '77. Clevelana 
 — A. W. Northrup, Case, '03. Denver — C. A. Bohn, Washington, '93. A'ew 
 Orleans — G. L, Ray, Mississippi, '98. Colicinbns, Ohio — J. E. Brown, O. W. L., 
 '84. Seattle — F. V. Smith, DePauw, '99. 
 
 Other Members Present: Miami — J. W. Lindley, '50; J. G. Sanford, '01. 
 Indiana — Frank Parsons, '72: L. L. Robinson, '94; Edwin Kahl, '96; H.L.Smith, 
 '98; Frederick Honneus, '00: C. M. Dickey, '01; H. S. Dickey, '01; F. H. Masters, 
 '01; C. W. Miller, '01: W. G. Rogers, '01; George Shaw, '03; L. K. Tulev, '03: 
 George Doll, Jr., '04. Centre— 'i. G. Simrall, '57; T. W. Bullitt, '58; W. G. 
 Anderson, '59; Thomas Speed, '61; P. F. Green, '63; St. John Boyle, Sr., '66; A. 
 P. Humphrey, '66: G. H. Mourning, Sr., '66; L. S. McMurtrv, '70; J. C. Barret, 
 '75; John Cochran, '78; W. M. Finlev, '78; W. T. St. Clair, '80; W. N. Vaughan, 
 Jr., '81; F. W. Samuel, '84; F. X. Lee, '87; G. A. McRoberts, '90. W. S. Bowmer, 
 '92; G. H. Green, '92; Cliifton Johnson, '92; A. R. Dunlap, '95; E. H. Matthews, 
 '95; P. B. Bethel, '97; D. J. Currv, Jr., '97; Gideon Wood, '97; George Lewis, 
 '97; H. S. Hale, '98; J. F. Fairleigh, '99; J. C. Caldwell, Jr., '00; Thebes Far- 
 thing. '00; A. W. Gullion, '01; Di Ingram, Jr., '01; B. O. Rodes, Jr., '01; S. V. 
 Rowland, '02; W. L. Sudduth, "02; J. R. Ingram, '03; J. C, Lee, '03; H. D. 
 Sandifer, Jr., '03; C. B. Schoolfield, '03; St. John Boyle, Jr., '04; J. B. P. Cojh- 
 ran, '04. Wabash — M. V. Robb, '00; C. H. Peter, '02. K. M. I. — Biscoe Hind- 
 man, '83. IVisconsin — W. A. Curtis, '89; G. K. Tallman, '97; C. R. North, '00 
 B. H. Stebbins, '01; T. F. Frawley, Jr., '02; Mark Banta, '04. N'ortlnoestern — 
 F. W. Phelps, '01; M. H. Baird, '02. Indianapolis — C. L. Goodwin, '83; O. M. 
 Pruitt, '85; W. R. Longlev, '01; W. A. Lvbrand, '01. O. W. ^:— Scott Bon- 
 ham, '82; W. P. Baird, '02; J. M. Dalbv, '02. Franklin— Yi. H. Woodsmall, 98; 
 W. W. Wilson, '01; O. B. Sellers, '02; H. H. Raskins, '03; F. N. Thurston, '03; 
 A. B. Hall, '04. Hanover— T. W. Green, '78; J. E. Havs, '78; J. E. Taggert 
 '79; T. M. Honan, '89; H. C. Johnson, '89; J. B. McCormick, '89; Brainard 
 
The General Council, 1898-1900. 
 
 From left to right— H. H. Ward, T. G. C ; F. J. R, Mitchell. S. G. C. (after March 31, 1900) ; 
 H. T. Miller, R. G. C. : J. C. Moore, Jr., P. G. C. ; McCluney Radcliffe, H. G. C. The sign held 
 bi' them is mentioned in the footnote on page 563. From a kodak by J. E. Brown. 
 
 apolis — J. M. Cunningham, '01. O. VV. U. — W. R. Bayes, '01, Franklin — C. 
 E. Fisher, '02. Hanover — E. W. Newton, '04. MicJiigan — -J. W. Judson, '03. 
 Chicago — A. Y. Hoy, '02. DePatno — J. P. Smith, '02. Ohio — T. W, Craig, '03. 
 Missouri — W. B. Burruss, '02. Knox — H. H. Potter, '01, Georgia — C. H. Whit- 
 field, '03, Emory — J. G. Parks, Jr., '01. Iowa Wesleyan — C. O. Hoober, '01. 
 Mercer— ¥.. W. Stetson, '01. Cornell— ¥.. E. White, '01. Lafayette—^ . C. 
 Isett, '01. California — B. W. Reed, '02. Virginia — Owsley Brown, '02. Ran- 
 dolph-Macon — ^W. P. Carter, '00. Nebraska — C. H. von Mansfelde, '01. Gettys- 
 burg— Yi. H. Kellar, '01. W. &- /.—A. E. Sloan, '02. Vanderbilt—H. V. 
 Jones, '01. Lehigh — G. W. Welsh, '01. Mississippi — Bern Price, Jr., '02. Ala- 
 baina — C. A. Brown, '01. Lombard — C. E. Davis, '04. Aubur?i — D. W. Pea- 
 body, '02. Allegheny — R. H. Motten, '02. Vermont — D. H. Perry, '01. Dick- 
 inson — E. J. Presby, '01. Westminster — A. B. Caruthers, '01. Minnesota — 
 C. A. Pitkin, '01. Iowa — L. A. Birk, '01. Kansas — Fred Johnson, '01. Sewanee 
 — W, E. Cox, '02. O. S. U. — J. M. Barringer, '01. Texas — H. B. Duncan, '03. 
 Pennsyl'vania — Thomas Gucker, Jr., '01. Union — G. L. Shelley, "oi. Colby — 
 H. E. Pratt, '02. Coliunbia — B. M. L. Ernst, '99. Dartmouth — E. H. Hunter, 
 '01. North Carolina — I. F. Harris, '00. Central — L. B. Herrington, '01. 
 Williams — Lewis Squires, '01. Southxvestern — W. G. Swenson, '01. Syracuse — 
 C. M. Marriott, '01. W. &= L. — H. R. Keeble, '02. Amherst — A. F. Hamilton, 
 '01. Bro'cun — G. E. Buxton, Jr., '02. Tulane — G. L. Tebault, '93. Washing- 
 ton — E. T. Senseney, '01. Stanford — W. C. Day, '01. Purdue — H. R. Wilson, 
 '01. Illinois — H. B. Kirkpatrick, '01. Case — L. D. Gibson, '02. Cincinnati — 
 A. E. Keller, '01. 
 
 Delegates from alumni clubs present: Franklin — George Banta, P'rank- 
 lin, '76. hidianapolis — S. K. Ruick, Jr.. DePauw, '97. Louisville — R. J. Mc- 
 Bryde, Jr., W. & L., '96. Mo7itgomery—Y . S. Ball, O. S. U., '88. Chicago— 
 R. H. Little, Illinois Wesleyan, '95. A^ashville — F. S. Palmer, Emory, '99. Cin- 
 ci7inati — Guido Gores, '01. Akron — L. J. Shlesinger, Case, '95. A^etv York — 
 C. A. Svvope, Hanover, '85. Kansas City — G. H. English, Jr., Missouri, '97. 
 
The Mammoth Cave Party, 1900. 
 
 From left to right— J. E. Brown, F. D. Swope. Mrs. J, E. Brown, H. T. Miller, W. B. Palmer. 
 Of the original party (see pages 571 and 611), these were all that were present at the Louisville Con- 
 vention. 
 
 San Francisco — Duncan McDuffie, California, '99. Atlanta — George Winship, 
 Emory, '04. Pittsburg — T. E. Graff. Cornell, '96. Saint Louis — C. F. Lamkin, 
 Westminster, '99. Philadelphia — McCluney Radcliffe, Lafayette, '77. Clevelana 
 — A. W. Northrup, Case, "03. Denver — C. A. Bohn, Washington, '93. N'exo 
 Orleans — G. L. Ray, Mississippi, '98. Cohunbus, Ohio — J. E. Brown, O. W. U., 
 '84. Seattle — F. V. Smith, DePauw, '99. 
 
 Other Members Present: Miami — J. W. Lindley, '50: J. G. Sanford, '01. 
 Indiana — Frank Parsons, '72; L. L, Robinson, '94; Edwin Kahl, '96; H.L.Smith, 
 '98; Frederick Honneus, '00; C. M. Dickey, '01; H. S. Dickey, '01; F. H. Masters, 
 '01; C. W. Miller, '01; W. G. Rogers, '01; George Shaw, '03; L. K. Tulev, '03; 
 George Doll, Jr., '04. Ceiitre—]. G. Simrall, '57; T. W. Bullitt, '58; W. G. 
 Anderson, '59; Thomas Speed, '61; P. F. Green, '63; St. John Boyle, Sr., '66; A. 
 P. Humphrey, '66: G. H. Mourning, Sr., '66; L. S. McMurtrv, '70; J. C. Barret, 
 '75; John Cochran, '78; W. M. Finlev, '78; W. T. St. Clair, '80; W. N. Vaughaii, 
 Jr., '81; F. W. Samuel, '84; F. X. Lee, '87; G. A. McRoberts, '90. W. S. Bowmer, 
 '92; G. H. Green, '92; Clifton Johnson, '92; A. R. Dunlap, '95; E. H. Matthews, 
 '95; P. B. Bethel, '97; D. J. Currv, Jr., '97; Gideon Wood, '97; George Lewis, 
 '97; H. S. Hale, '98; J. F. Fairleigh, '99; J. C. Caldwell, Jr., '00; Thebes Far- 
 thing. '00; A. W, Gullion, '01; Di Ingram, Jr., '01; B. O. Rodes, Jr., '01; S. V. 
 Rowland, '02; VV. L. Sudduth, "02; J. R. Ingram, '03; J. C, Lee, '03; H. D. 
 Sandifer, Jr., '03; C. B, Schoolfield, '03; St. John Boyle, Jr., '04; J. B. P. Coch- 
 ran, '04. Wabash — M. V. Robb, '00; C. H. Peter, '02. K. M. I. — Biscoe Hind- 
 man, '83. Wisconsin — W. A. Curtis, '89; G. K. Tallman, '97; C. R. North, '00 
 B. H. Stebbins, '01; T. F. Frawley, Jr., '02; Mark Banta, '04. N^ortJnvestern — 
 F. W. Phelps, '01; M, H. Baird, '02. Indianapolis — C. L. Goodwin, '83; O. M. 
 Pruitt, '85; W. R. Longlev, '01; W. A. Lvbrand, '01. O. W. ^:— Scott Bon- 
 ham, '82; W. P. Baird, '02; J. M. Dalbv, '02. Frankli^t—H. H. Woodsmall, 98; 
 W. W. Wilson, '01: O. B. Sellers, '02; H. H. Raskins, '03; F. N. Thurston, '03; 
 A. B. Hall, '04. Hanovej — T. W. Green, '78; J. E. Hays, '78; J. E. Taggert 
 '79; T. M. Honan, '89; H. C. Johnson, '89; J. B. McCormick, '89; Brainard 
 
734 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Piatt, '94; C. S. Deibler, '95; M. E. Garber, '01; R. I. Dugan, '02; W. G. Rogers, 
 '02; W. E. Hunter, '03; L. W. Niklaus, '03; J- E- Snyder, '04. Chicago — H. W. 
 Planter, '65; H. B. Blakey, '03. DePamv — J. H. Lewman, '93; C. A. Prosser, 
 '94; W. A. Collings, '00; E. C. Walker, '00. Ohio — F. E. Coulthrop, Jr., '03. 
 Missoiu-i — R. T. Haines, '89; T. H. Shouse, '99; R. B. Oliver, Jr., '01; E. S. 
 Stephens, '03. Woostei — R. C. Walker, '85. Cornell— T. E. Graff, '96; H. S. 
 Ward, '95; O. B. Ward, '96; G. L. Weller, '97; E. C. Zeller, '99; W. H. Morri- 
 son, '01. Lafayette — D. M. Hinkle, '01. Virginia — A. S. Bullitt, '98; C. R. A. 
 Cheatham, '00. Nebraska — G. E. Payne, '94; W. H. Raymond, '96: W. H. Hay- 
 ward, '97; E. A. McCreery, '99; E. W. Seacrest, '01; J. D. Lau, '02. Riclwiona 
 — C. H. Jones, '83; C. B." Tippett, '89. Vanderbilt — A. R. Carter, '87. Missis- 
 sippi — M. M. Bardwell, '96. Auburn — G. P. Cooper, '02; D. W. Peabody, '02. 
 Dickinson — Y. L. Kriebel, '98; W. G. Souders, '98; J. T. Earle, 01; R. S. Loose, 
 '01. Westminster — H. S. Jacks, '96; A. A. Brown, '97. Minnesota — R, W. 
 Wet«iore, '02. Sezvanee — F. G. Hogan, '92; D. R. Jacob, '92; G. S. Zorn, '92; 
 
 Convention Souvenirs. 
 
 For explanation see The Scroll, February, 1901. 
 
 D. L. Miller, '93; Bvron Hilliard, '94; J. N. Atkins, '02. Union — W. L. Terry, 
 '96; G. S. Woolworth, '02. Colby— Y . H. Hodge, '94. North Carolina— \N. W. 
 Davies, Jr., '91. Central — M. H. Guerrant, '92; S. H. Carothers, '94; J. R. 
 Bridgeforth, '96; R. H. Sanford, '96; J. M. Bains, '97; W. F. Booker, '97; John 
 Carruthers, 97; S. E. Booker, '98; J. R. Clark, '98; S. S. English, '98; J. J. 
 Greenleaf, '98; English Hoke, '98; L. M. Smith, '99; F. P. Bowles, '00; W. F. 
 Land, '01; T. H, Robertson, '01; A. N. Eastman, '03; J. R. Miller, '04; E. P. 
 Smith, '04. W. &-. Z.— D. P. Young, '96. Lehigh—S. T. Harleman, '01. 
 Washington— li. R. Hall, '92; Ralph McCarty, '97. Purdue — H.R.Wilson, '01; 
 S. W. Weyer, '02. Illinois — F. H. Hamilton, '95. Cincinnati — S. A. McGill, 
 '00; Clarence Bahlmann, '04; Willard Black, '04. 
 
 The total attendance was 272, which was much larger than at 
 any previous Convention. For the first time in the history of the 
 Fraternity every active college chapter was represented by an official 
 delegate. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1900. 
 
 735 
 
 Officers elfxted: General Council — President, H. H. Ward; Secretary, F. 
 J. R. Mitchell; Reporter, H. T. Miller; Treasurer, J. H. DeWitt; Historian, R. H. 
 Switzler. Other Trustees: J. C. Moore, Jr., McClune\^ Radcliffe, F. D. Swope, 
 F. S. Ball. Editors of the Catalogue: G. H. English, Jr., C. F. Lamkin. Editors 
 of the Song Book: W. B. Palmer, H. T. Miller. Fraternity Librarian, J. E. Brown. 
 
 CoNVEXTiON OFFICERS: President, J. C. Moore, Jr., P. G. C, ex officio; Sec- 
 retary, F. J. R. Mitchell, S. G. C, ex officio ; Assistant Secretaries, W. C. Isett, 
 Bern Price, Jr.; Chaplain, C. H. Jones; Wardens, W. C. Day, W. E. Cox, G. E. 
 Buxton, Jr., L. A. Folsom. 
 
 J. C. Moore, Jr., P. G. C, in his message said: "When we have 
 all our active chapters in chapter houses, our next step should be 
 to build club houses for our alumni clubs." H. T. Miller, in his 
 report as R. G. C., said: The increased number of our alumni 
 clubs from t^Z to 42, b.v the addition of clubs at Austin, Syracuse, 
 Seattle and Harvard Universit}^, is a matter of self-congratulation, 
 but the number of possibilities in this line has b}^ no means been 
 
 Convention Curios. 
 
 From a pen and ink sketch by H. M. Holland, Knox, 'oo, (not present at the Convention.) 
 
 exhausted." H. H. Ward, in his report as T. G. C, said that for 
 the first time in man}^ years every chapter had paid all its dues to 
 the Fraternity. McCluney Radcliffe, in his report as H. G. C., 
 said that some chapters had too low an active membership, notabl}" 
 Randolph-Macon, North Carolina, Wabash, Indianapolis, Hanover, 
 and Lombard. 
 
 In the fall of 1900, W. B. Palmer, chairman of the committee on 
 revision of the Ritual at previous Conventions, issued a pamphlet 
 of thirty-one pages containing proposed amendments to the various 
 ceremonies, with the addition of a Chapter Grand Ceremony. The 
 Convention of 1900, for lack of time, considered only a part of 
 these amendments. Further consideration of the Ritual was post- 
 poned until the next Convention, W. B. Palmer, J. E, Brown and 
 C. F. Lamkin being appointed a committee on revision. Proposed 
 
 * Drawing of bottle i-ioo actual size. 
 
736 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 amendments to the Constitution and General Statutes, formulated 
 by W, B. Palmer, appeared in The Palladium, November, 1900. 
 Among these amendments the following were adopted: 
 
 As proposed by H. H. Ward, provision was made for the chap- 
 ters in any province or State to authorize a per capita assessment 
 for paying the traveling expenses of delegates to Province or State 
 Conventions.* 
 
 As proposed by H. T. Miller, fraternity dues were increased 
 twenty-five per cent. As proposed by H. H. Ward, general frater- 
 nity dues are to be collected and remitted by Chapter Reporters to 
 the T. G. C. Treasurers are to collect only initiation fees and 
 chapter dues and assessments. 
 
 As proposed by J. C. Moore, Jr., no chapter is allowed to incor- 
 poi^ate itself under the name of the Fraternity or the title of the 
 chapter. 
 
 As proposed by W. B. Palmer, the 
 pledge button was altered by adding six 
 stars, three in the blue above the bend 
 bearing "<I>tK€ta^" and three below; and 
 the alumnus button was changed by omit- 
 ting the word Alumnus" and placing 
 
 Pledge Button. ^-J^e six StarS Cqui-distaut in the border. ■ Alumnus button. 
 I900.T ^ I900.+ 
 
 As proposed by F. D. Swope, the 
 phraseology of the certificate of membership, adopted 1898, was 
 abbreviated and a form suggested b}^ W. B. Palmer, J. C. Moore, 
 Jr., J. E. Brown and H. T. Miller was adopted. 
 
 Any chapter may elect an alumnus member of any chapter to be 
 an associate member. Such members must pay nominal dues, 
 which shall include subscriptions to The Scroll. 
 
 Ordered that each chapter house be insured, and that each chap- 
 ter should own a fire-proof safe in which to preserve its valuable 
 papers. 
 
 A special assessment was levied for publishing the history, not 
 to be issued in installments in The Scroll, as ordered by the 1898 
 Convention, but as a separate volume. Ordered that the author 
 be allowed a certain number of copies to be sold to alumni. A 
 special assessment was levied for publishing a new edition of the 
 catalogue, and an appropriation was made from the book fund for 
 publishing a new edition of the song book. 
 
 Ordered, November 28, that a charter be granted for an alumni 
 club at Toledo, Ohio. F. V. Smith, Indiana Zeta, '99, who had 
 visited the applicants at the University of Washington, May, 1900, 
 represented their interests, as well as the Seattle alumni club, at 
 the Convention. By a unanimous vote, November 29, ordered, 
 
 * As propo'^ed by Ward, Zeta Province Convention, 1899, adopted such a plan, recommending 
 that it be adopted by the National Convention for all provinces. See page 712. 
 
 tThe first buttons like this were made by J. F. Newman. New York, May, 1902. 
 tThe first buttons like this were made by Newman, May. 1902. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1900. 
 
 737 
 
 that the applicants be chartered as Washington Alpha. George 
 Banta, ex-P. G. C., represented the applicants at Lawrence Uni- 
 versity; their application was tabled. For 
 the first time in the history of $ A ©, gentle- 
 men who were not members of the Fraternity 
 were accorded the privilege of the Conven- 
 tion floor to plead for charters. Mr. R. M. 
 Allen spoke for the applicants at the Ken- 
 tucky State College; their application was 
 '"'V referred to the General Council. One of 
 
 \ J. the Baker University applicants spoke for 
 
 \i them but a charter was refused. Applica- 
 
 ^-"^"'^B^ tions from the University of Nevada, the 
 
 if ^y University of Louisville and Georgetown Col- 
 
 1^ lege were rejected. The Convention declared 
 
 TliC Pill "Man AliD in favor of establishing chapters at state uni- 
 TFlE ORDiriARYCjTJZETt versities when sufficiently developed, and 
 on rOURTJl AVEL,. directed the General Council to investigate 
 
 From the Courier-Journal. i. • i. t. ^ ^ ^ 
 
 certain state , ^ ^' *^ 
 
 universities in the West. The Con- 
 vention also adopted a resolution, 
 offered by H. H. Ward, in favor of 
 expansion into Canada, and direct- 
 ing the General Council to investigate 
 the institutions in the Dominion. 
 
 On motion of W. B. Palmer, or- 
 dered that the General Council divide 
 all of the United States and Canada 
 (including the States and territories 
 in which no chapters existed) into 
 provinces. 
 
 On motion of C. F. Lamkin, the 
 Convention unanimously voted a pen- 
 sion of $200 a year to Robert Mor- 
 rison, payable quarterly during life. 
 
 On motion of W. B. Palmer, 
 ordered that the General Council ap- 
 point a committee to provide means 
 for erecting tombstones over the 
 graves of the deceased founders of the 
 P'raternity whose graves were not so 
 marked already.* 
 
 A small plain badge was adopted 
 as the standard badge, jewelers being 
 required to conform to its propor- 
 tions, without restrictions as to size or ornamentation, t The Gen- 
 eral Council having, May 2, 1900, provisionally authorized A. H. 
 
 * See footnote page 96. 
 
 t For several years fraternit>^ jewelers had been making badges smaller and smaller. There 
 was a great difference in size between the small badges which found general favor withPhis in college 
 
 (47) 
 
 An irate guest of the hotel who thinks he 
 should be allowed to sleep. From the Cou- 
 rier-Journal. 
 
738 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Fetting, of Baltimore, as an official jeweler, he received a permanent 
 appointment from the Convention. "^^ Invitations for the next Con- 
 vention were received from New York, 
 New Orleans and Kansas City; ordered 
 to be held at New York, Thanksgiving 
 week, 1902. 
 
 The Convention hostelry was the 
 Louisville Hotel, from the flagstaff of 
 which floated the large flag first used at 
 the Semi-Centennial Convention. The 
 Convention was notable for the elabor- 
 ate social functions, which in number 
 and variety went beyond all former con- 
 vention entertainments. The local com- 
 mittee on arrangements was composed 
 of F. D. Swope, J. B. McCormick and 
 R. J. McBryde, Jr. They and the sev- 
 eral sub-committees discharged their 
 duties in a manner which won great 
 admiration. 
 
 Monday evening, F. D. Swope, Han- 
 over, '85, and Mrs. Swope entertained 
 the Convention and man}'^ ladies at a 
 reception, held in the Louisville Athle- 
 tic Club house. During the evening 
 Miss Mary French Field, 'daughter of 
 <^ A 0," recited several of her father's 
 poems.. At the hotel Tuesday evening 
 a ball was tendered to the Con- 
 vention by the Louisville alumni. Among the ball-room decora- 
 tions were a $ A © flag, made by Miss Ethel V. Wilder, of Louis- 
 ville, and many college pennants brought by the delegates. Wed- 
 nesday morning a social session was held in honor of Miss Field. 
 With other ladies she appeared in the convention hall, and having 
 been introduced to all the delegates, she favored them with a num- 
 ber of recitations. An afternoon reception and tea were given, Wed- 
 
 HAVE 
 TO STOP 
 TnAT" 
 
 From the Courier-Journal. 
 
 in 1900 and the badges which were popular fifteen or even ten years earlier. The shields of many 
 of the badges worn in 1900 were no larger than the small shields worn as shirt studs in 1878 (see page 
 407). The new small badges were called "combination badges," the shield and sword being made in 
 one piece. This was authorized by an amendment to the Constitution, 1896, but such badges had 
 been worn for several years. The following, written by W. B. Palmer, appeared in The Scroll's 
 account of the Convention of 1898 : 
 
 Brother Frank D. Swope wore one of the largest badges seen at the Convention — an old timer 
 —and he says that the badges worn when he was initiated at Hanover, 1881, were large enough for 
 a Phi to put the shield on his left arm ; and, taking the sword in his right hand, he could go down 
 the street and with these weapons kill the first man he might meet. Ever since then the size of the 
 badges has been gradually decreasing, and Brother Swope says that now entirely too close an in- 
 spection is necessary to distinguish a 'Thi by the badge he wears. By way of illustration, he tells 
 of an historical incident. The judges and barristers of England wear gowns and wigs, the only 
 difference being that a wig of a judge has a small button on top, while a barrister's wig does not 
 have this appendage. Originally the judges wore caps in court, but the caps were made smaller 
 and smaller, until finally only a button was used. Brother Swope fears that our badge will go on 
 diminishing until it reaches insignificant proportions." 
 
 *The General Council, October 7, 1901, authorized as fraternity jeweler Charles I. Clegg, of 
 Philadelphia, successor to Simon Bros. & Co. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1900. 
 
 739 
 
 nesday, by Judge J. G. Simrall, Centre, '57, and Mrs. Simrall, at 
 their home on Fourth Street. 
 
 The convention banquet was held at the hotel Wednesday evening, 
 208 members being present. The enthusiasm displayed was a thing 
 never to be forgotten. Judge A. P. Humphrey, Centre, '66, was 
 toastmaster. The toasts: The Ideals of College Days," response 
 by Dr. L. S. McMurtry, Centre, '70; "The History of ^ A @," 
 W. B. Palmer, Emory, '77; "The ^ A® Girl," Rev. Dr. C' H. 
 Jones, Richmond, '83; "The Rocky Mountain Goat," W. O. Mor- 
 gan, California, '87; "The Man from the West," C. F. Lamkin, 
 
 AtTRcDall 
 
 Fro:\i the Coi(rier-Jo2ir7ial. 
 
 Westminster, '95; "Phi and Citizen," C. L. Goodwin; "The Phi 
 
 and the Flag," R. H. Little, Illinois Wesle3^an, '95. The speeches 
 
 were stenographicall}^ reported for The Scroll. From the speech 
 
 of W. B. Palmer: 
 
 Two years ago, in the capital city of Ohio, we fittingly celebrated the Semi- 
 centennial of this Fraternity, and the historic event was also celebrated at Miami 
 in the following June. In 1899 a Province Convention was held at Indiana Univer- 
 sity, in honor of the Semi-Centennial of Indiana Alpha; and it is most appropriate 
 that the National Convention should meet in Kentucky this year, because of the 
 establishment fifty years ago of Kentucky Alpha at Centre College. The first 
 three chapters, Ohio Alpha, Indiana Alpha and Kentucky Alpha, are each half a 
 century old. They are an historic trinity, and have sent forth many men who have 
 reflected high honor on the Fraternity. 
 
 From the speech of C. L. Goodwin: 
 
740 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 To us in this Fraternity it is a sort of first love. It has been to us an incentive 
 to high principle and resolve. It has been to us the occasion of some of our purest 
 and most lasting friendships. To us v^^ho have been out of college many years, it is 
 with something of the devotion of the Mohammedan, when he turns his face toward 
 the East, that we again bend our steps toward our old chapter halls and to these 
 biennial Conventions. Through the long years that have elapsed, there has been a 
 shifting process with us, which has refined away the baser matter from our college 
 experience, and has left that which is permanent, that which is pure gold. Where 
 now the resentments, the animosities; where now the passions, the acrimonious de- 
 bates of that time? All gone. But the friendships, ah, how they endure! They 
 seem to us indeed the longer we live, to be the main thing in life. 
 
 The conclusion of R. H. Little's speech follows: 
 
 Whether in camp or in battle, whether in Cuba or in the Philippines, or on board 
 ships, they did their duty like good men and true. Not a one was a discredit to us, 
 not a one but of whom we may be proud. And so to honor the Phi soldiers whom 
 we have with us this evening, to honor those who are still out in the Philippines, or 
 in foreign lands, and who shall one day read something of this meeting, and shall 
 know of what has taken place here — and it is impossible but what their hearts will 
 be gladdened in knowing that they are remembered here at the National Conven- 
 tion, and that we have taken cognizance of what they have done, and honored them 
 for their bravery and heroism — I say, brothers, it would not be out of place if all 
 of us were to arise and drink a toast to those Phis who went forth, whether on land 
 or sea, to fight for the Union and the flag, and who, in the words of our Ritual, 
 carry their "most sacred honor without stain." Brothers: "The Phi and the Flag!" 
 
 Impromptu speeches were made by Founder J. W. Lindley, 
 Miami, '50; Dr. J. E. Brown, O. W. U., '84; R. T. Haines, Mis- 
 souri, '89, and A. S. Bullitt, Virginia, '98. The speeches were 
 interspersed with instrumental music and $ A © songs, an eight 
 page pamphlet of songs having been prepared by the local com- 
 mittee. A flashlight photograph of the banqueters was taken, the 
 iirst one attempted at any <E> A © Convention. 
 
 The regular convention photograph was taken Thursday morn- 
 ing, the members standing on the steps on the south side of the 
 courthouse.'^ At the Pendennis Club, Thursday noon, the Conven- 
 tion was entertained at breakfast by St. John Boyle, Sr., Centre, 
 ^66, assisted by St. John Boyle, Jr., Centre, '04. The Thursday 
 afternoon session was opened with a Thanksgiving service, which 
 included the reading of Psalm cm and the singing of America," 
 the service being conducted by Rev. C. H. Jones, D. D. The 
 Louisville alumni tendered a smoker to the Convention, Thursday 
 evening, at the Scottish Rite Cathedral. Entertainment was fur- 
 nished by colored musicians, dancers and cake walkers. At the 
 closing session of the Convention, Friday afternoon, the visitors 
 presented a silver loving cup to F. D. Swope and Mrs. Swope, as a 
 token of appreciation for what they had done to make the Conven- 
 tion so successful socially. t Further evidence of Kentucky hospi- 
 tality was shown during the week by a number of small dinner 
 parties, at which Louisville Phis were hosts. 
 
 Many messages were received from absent Phis. Greetings and 
 good wishes were telegraphed to the two absent founders, Rev. 
 
 *This photograph, as well as the photograph of the banquet, was taken by Kauber. 
 
 t 'The meeting of two years ago will always rest in our memory as 'Frank Swope's Conven- 
 tion.'" — H. T. Miller, at memorial meeting, 1902 Convention. 
 
ANNALS, 1900-1902. 
 
 741 
 
 Robert Morrison, D. D., and Colonel A. W. Rogers. A telegram 
 of greeting was received from the K ^ convention at Philadelphia. 
 It was answered, and greetings were telegraphed to the Iv A 
 convention at Columbus, Ohio. A congratulator}^ telegram also 
 was sent to K A at Union College, where that week the dean 
 among fraternities was celebrating its sevent3^-fifth anniversar)-. 
 Every member at the Convention 
 was presented by J. R. Clark with a 
 piece of instrumental music, composed 
 b}^ him and dedicated to $ A ©. 
 Ever}' member was presented with 
 souvenir buttons by D. L. Auld and 
 A. H. Fetting, official jewelers. The 
 Auld button was a small badge with- 
 out chain surmounting a gilt disc, with souvenir Blttox. 
 Louisville, 1900," in raised letters in the border. Fettixg pattern. 
 The Fetting button was a sterling silver badge without chain, bear- 
 ing, in raised letters, "Louisville, Nov., 1900." 
 
 The Louisville newspapers printed upward of forty-four columns 
 about $A0, and devoted to it more space than had ever been given 
 to an}^ Convention of $ A or any other college fraternit}' b}' 
 the press of an}^ cit3\ The Coiiriei'-Joiirnal published many half- 
 tones of general officers and chapter houses, and also many strik- 
 ing cartoons. This was the first time that any newspaper had printed 
 convention cartoons in the histor}' of any college fraternit}'. An 
 editorial on the Convention appeared in the Dispatch. 
 
 Souvenir Button, 
 Auld pattern. 
 
 ANNALS, 1900-1902. 
 
 The National Convention, 1900, elected the following Board of 
 Trustees: H. H.Ward, P. G. C. ; F. J. R. Mitchell, S. G. C; H. 
 T. Miller, R. G. C. ; J. H. DeWitt, T. G. C; R. H. Switzler, H. 
 G. C; F. D. Swope, J. C. Moore, Jr., McCluney Radcliffe, F. S. 
 Ball. The General Council appointed the following Province 
 Presidents: Alpha, J. ]\L Wright; Beta, R. J. McBryde, Jr., Gam- 
 ma, E. G. Hallman; Delta, J. B. Ballou; Epsilon, E. E. Rub}'; 
 Zeta, \V. H. Raymond; Eta, G. L. Ray; Theta, W. O. Morgan. 
 The Board of Trustees, May 285 1902, elected George Banta, a 
 member of the board, vice F. S. Ball, resigned; and August 15, 
 1902, elected A. B. Gilbert a member, vice F. D. Swope, resigned. 
 The General Council, October 7, 1901, elected S. K. Ruick, Jr., 
 President of Epsilon Province, vice E. E. Ruby, removed from the 
 province and resigned. The National Convention, 1900, appointed 
 W. B. Palmer and H. T. Miller Editors of the song book. The 
 General Council, December 31, 1900, appointed C. A. Bohn Editor 
 of the song book, viceYi. T. Miller, resigned; and, October 18, 1901, 
 elected G. S. Parsons as an additional Editor. As recommended 
 by Alpha Province Convention, J. M. Wright, P. P., appointed A. 
 
742 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 M. McCrillis, Vice-President of Alpha Province, Januar)^ 20, 1902, 
 to have special charge of the chapters in New England, the Gen- 
 eral Council confirming the appointment February 28, 1902. 
 
 As directed by the National Convention, the General Council, 
 January 4, 1901, assigned to the existing provinces all the unassigned 
 States and territories and Canada — Connecticut, New Jersey, Dela- 
 ware, Quebec and Ontario to Alpha Province; Maryland, District of 
 Columbia, West Virginia and South Carolina to Beta Province; 
 Florida, Cuba and Porto Rico to Gamma Province; South Dakota, 
 North Dakota, Wyoming and Colorado to Zeta Province; Arkan- 
 sas, Indian Territory, Oklahoma and New Mexico to Eta Province; 
 Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Montana, Washington, British 
 Columbia, Alaska, Hawaii and Philippine Islands to Theta Pro- 
 vince. 
 
 Through the efforts of K. H. Zwick and R. J. Shank, an alumni 
 club was established at Hamilton, Ohio, very near Oxford, the 
 birthplace of $ A ©. An application for charter was signed Jan- 
 uary 23, 1900, by P. C. Conklin, '53; J. E. More}^ '67; S. I. Mc- 
 Clelland, '68; H. T. Ratliff, '97; H. C. Shenk, '00; K. H. Zwick, 
 '00; E, G. Beauchamp, '01; C. H. Mason, '01; L. E. Sohngen, 
 '03, all of Miami; C. E. Shenk, O. W. U., '90; John Francis, 
 Wooster, '86; R. J. Shank, O. S. U., '97. The application was 
 lost for nearl}-^ a year, but being found was granted January 12, 
 1901. 
 
 Colonel Andrew W. Rogers, one of the founders of the Frater- 
 nity, died February 26, 1901. Ex-President Benjamin Harrison 
 died March 13, 1901. The General Council were represented at the 
 funeral of Colonel Rogers by R. H. Switzler, H. G. C, and at the 
 funeral of General Harrison by H. H. Ward, P. G. C, and F. J. 
 R. Mitchell, S. G. C. 
 
 The topic for Alumni Da}', 1901, was: The Better Care of Our 
 Alumni.""^ Many chapters and alumni clubs at their meetings on 
 that day adopted memorial resolutions on the deaths of Colonel 
 Rogers and General Harrison. The Scroll for April gave a ver- 
 batim report of memorial speeches made at Indianapolis b}'" Judge 
 J. V. Hadley, Judge W. A. Woods, J. W. Fesler and R. A. Brown. 
 Tudge Woods was elected President of the alumni club, to 
 succeed General Harrison, but he himself died June 29, 1901. At 
 the dinner of the New York club, March 15, 1901, there were 174 
 present, breaking the fraternity banquet record except at the Louis- 
 ville Convention. 
 
 A Pan-Hellenic banquet was held at El Paso, Texas, December 
 12, 1900; one at Muscatine, Iowa, January 2, 1901; one at Sault 
 
 * H. H. Ward, P. G. C, offered a fraternity flag to the chapter in each province that would pre- 
 sent the best paper on this subject at its next Province Convention, and a bust of Pallas for the best 
 paper on the subject from any province. Papers were presented at only two Province Conventions 
 — Delta and Zeta. E. M. Karr, '02, (affiliated from Ohio Beta) won a flag for Ohio Eta, and H. G. 
 Winslow. '04, won a flag for Wisconsin Alpha. A paper from Missouri Gamma also was submitted. 
 The one by Karr was adjudged the best of the three, hence the Case chapter was awarded the bust 
 of Pallas also. Karr's paper was read at the National Convention, 1902, and appeared in The Scroll^ 
 June, 1903- 
 
ANNALS, 1 900- 1 902. 
 
 743 
 
 Ste. Marie, Mich., August 31, 1901; one at Salt Lake City, Janu- 
 ary 9, 1902. 
 
 The $ A club of Schenectady, N. Y., was organized October, 
 1900, and incorporated under the laws of New York, with A. J. 
 Hornsby, H. A. Barrett, G. C. Shelley, H. P. Willis, W. H. Way- 
 good, H. A. Hagadorn and O. O. Rider as directors. Nineteen 
 alumni and the active members of New York Beta celebrated Alumni 
 Dsij with a dinner at the Hotel Edison, March 15, 1901. The 
 object of incorporation was to build a home for the Union chapter. 
 For this purpose a large subscription was made on the evening of 
 the dinner. The same evening an application to $A© for a char- 
 
 I 
 
 Hubert Herrick Ward, O. S. U., '90; P. G. C, 1900-02. 
 
 From photograph taken by Charles Horton & Co., Cleveland, Ohio, 1902. See biographica 
 
 sketch in Tke Scroll, April, 1903. 
 
 ter for an alumni club ^vas signed by J. C. Knox, '90; Burton 
 Fisher, '92; A. C. Pickford, '92; E. G. Blessing, '94; W. L. Law- 
 ton, '94; B. O. Burgin, '95; A. J. Hornsby, '99; D. J. Hoyt, '99; 
 J. D. Edwards, '00; L. G. Robinson, ^00; E. T. Grout, '02; G. B. 
 Jenkins, '03; H. P. Willis, '03, all of Union; W. H. Way- 
 good, Lafayette, '^^\ H. A. Hagadorn, Lansing, '98; Andrew 
 Brice, Lehigh, '00; O. O. Rider, O. S. U., '97; F. T. Copp, Jr., 
 Tulane, '00. The application, forwarded March 18 by G. L. 
 Shelley, was granted April 3, 190T. The March Palladium said 
 that the Schenectady club made forty-five <l» A © alumni clubs, 
 which w^ere ''many more than any other fraternity has." 
 
744 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 In 1901 a chapter was gained and a chapter was lost in the State 
 of Kentucky. In the spring of 1899, R. M. Allen proposed to his 
 classmate Leonidas Ragan that the}'^ form a local society for the 
 purpose of obtaining a charter for a chapter at Kentucky State Col- 
 lege, Lexington, where both of them were students. Ragan con- 
 sented, and the}'- decided to seek a charter from $ A ©. In the 
 fall of 1899 they took into their confidence T. L. Richmond and 
 L. D. Threlkeld. An informal application for a charter, made by 
 these four and other students, April 20, 1900, was supported by 
 Kentucky Alpha. The General Council referred the application 
 to the National Convention. At a meeting in the Leland Hotel, 
 April 27, a local club was formally organized. The name then 
 given to the club was P. T., but, at the time of the National Con- 
 vention at Louisville, it was changed to $ T. In the Convention, 
 November 29, 1900, Allen was accorded the privilege of the floor 
 for the purpose of making a statement in regard to K. S. C. and the 
 applicants. Having made such a statement and answered various 
 inquiries, he retired, whereupon the Convention voted to refer the 
 application to the General Council. 
 
 G. L. Ray, President of Eta Province, visited Lexington, Decem- 
 ber 10, where he met the applicants. Ray was there again Decem- 
 ber 13, and W. A. Curtis, Wisconsin, '89, was there on the 13th, 
 14th and 15th, both of them meeting the applicants on the first 
 date. The society, January, 1901, rented rooms in the Mer- 
 rick I. O. O. F. Lodge Building, corner of Short and North Lime- 
 stone Street, and in March following rented rooms in a mercantile 
 building on North Upper Street. The members, in January, 
 started a house building fund, each of them giving subscription 
 notes. Kentucky Alpha voted unanimously in favor of the appli- 
 cation January 19. A meeting of the applicants, January 30, was 
 attended by J. H. Shouse, Missouri, '99, of Lexington. 
 
 During January, however, a second body of petitioners, headed 
 by B. R. Campbell, was formed to secure a $A© charter. A con- 
 ference held at Lexington, February 9, to discuss the situation was 
 attended by Shouse and J. M. Scott, Centre, '93, of Lexington; T. 
 M. Mourning and A. N. Eastman, active members of Kentucky 
 Delta, and R. J. McBryde, Jr., of Louisville, President of Beta 
 Province. McBryde was in Lexington again, February 27, and 
 eifected a consolidation of the two bodies of petitioners, which, 
 after reorganization, were composed of R. M. Allen, '00; Leonidas 
 Ragan, '00; T. L. Richmond, '01; W. G. Campbell, '02; G. W. 
 Ewell, '02; L. D. Threlkeld,. .'02; W. E. Gary, '03, and J. C. Shel- 
 by, '04, of the first set of applicants, and B. R. Campbell, '03; R. 
 W. Ellis, '03, and A. M. Swope, '03, of the second set. These 
 eleven, except Ragan who was not at college, signed a formal appli- 
 cation for charter, dated March i. 
 
 The Palladium for March contains an article about K. S. C, a 
 group portrait and information about the petitioners, and endorse- 
 
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746 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ments of the application from McBr3'de, Ra}^ Curtis, Shouse, the 
 Lexington alumni, Kentucky Alpha, Kentucky Delta and Dr. J. R. 
 Patterson, President of the college. By March 27 every chapter 
 in Beta Province had voted for the application. On the evening 
 of April 12, after the state oratorical contest, at Lexington, the 
 Phis from Centre and Central (the representative from Central be- 
 ing a Phi) met the applicants in their rooms. H. H. Ward, P. G. 
 C, called for a general vote of chapters and officers. May 7. With 
 only one vote in the negative, a charter for Kentucky Epsilon was 
 granted May 20, 1901, to the eleven applicants. 
 
 The chapter was installed May 25. The initiation ceremony 
 took place in the hall of Lexington Lodge No. i, F. & A. M., 
 being conducted by H. H. Ward, P. G. C. ; R. J. McBryde, Jr. ; 
 F. P. Kenney, Central, '93; P. B. Bethel, Centre, '97, and S. V. 
 Rowlands, Jr., Centre, '02. The eleven charter members having 
 been initiated,* the company adjourned to the Phoenix Hotel, where 
 there was a banquet attended by forty-seven Phis. J. H. Shouse 
 was toastmaster. Kentuck}^ Epsilon was cordially welcomed by 
 the college community, including the fraternities previousl}' estab- 
 lished there— K A, 2 X, :S A E, K 2. K ^ had been installed 
 April 5, 1901, while 11 K A was installed June 5, 1901. Kentucky 
 Epsilon was organized b}^ the election of officers May 31. L. J. 
 Pryse, '04, was initiated June i. 
 
 The enterprise of the new chapter was shown by its leasing a 
 house in July, which it occupied at the opening of the fall 
 term. It was the first chapter at K. S. C. to occupy a house, 
 the second at an\^ college in the State. Eight active members 
 returned in the fall, and two alumni, Allen and Richmond, remained 
 in Lexington. Seven men were initiated during 1901-02. One of 
 the charter members, Leonidas Ragan, '00, died September 23, 
 1901. The chapter's first annual circular letter shows that it had 
 fourteen active members February i, 1902. The anniversary of the 
 chapter was celebrated with a banquet at the Phoenix Hotel, May 
 30, 1902. R. J. McBryde, P. P., in his report to the New York 
 Convention said: ' The wisdom of chartering Kentucky Epsilon 
 has been amply vindicated by the admirable personnel of the men 
 who compose the chapter, and b}^ the spirit pervading each one of 
 them, that <l> A is the only college fraternit}^ ever conceived in the 
 mind of man. From the start they have held first place at State." 
 
 Centre College, Danville, Ky., controlled by the Northern Pres- 
 byterian Synod, and Central University, Richmond, Ky., controlled 
 by the Southern Presbyterian Synod, were consolidated, 1901, 
 forming Central University at Danville. Colonel T. W. Bullitt 
 
 * Professor M. A. Scovell was initiated at the same time. He was the Director of the Agricul- 
 tural Experiment Station connected with K. S. C, and R. M. Allen, after graduation, igoo, had 
 become his assistant. He was a graduate of the University of Illinois, 1875, and while a student 
 there had signed an application for a charter, which was rejected by <fr A 0, 1873, on account largely 
 of that university then having anti-fraternity laws. He had given valuable aid to the K. S. C. 
 applicants while they had been working for a charter, and, being an active member of 4> T, was 
 admitted to * A under the clause in the code providing that, "The active members of a local 
 society may be admitted to establish a chapter." 
 
AXXALS, 1900-1902. 747 
 
 and Judge A. P. Humphre}^ both members of <I> A 0, were two of 
 the lawA'ers that drew up the terms of the consolidation. The fra- 
 ternities at Richmond had been ^ A ©, A K E, 2 N, S A E; those 
 at Danville, $ A 0, B © 11, 2 X, K A — $ A being the only one 
 represented at both places. During 1901-02 all of them had chap- 
 ters at Danville save ^ N. As proposed by J. H. DeWitt, the 
 chapter resulting from the coalescence of Kentucky Alpha and 
 Kentucky Delta was called Kentuck}^ Alpha-Delta, this name be- 
 ing approved b\' the General Council August 9, 1901, Eleven 
 members of Kentuck}' Alpha and two of Kentucky Delta matriculated 
 at Danville in September. Four men svere initiated during the fall, 
 and an elegant house was rented, but afterward it was given up and 
 something went wrong with the chapter, so that it did not prosper 
 during the latter part of the collegiate year. Nine men returned, 
 September, 1902, and they, after receiving a visit from J. H. De- 
 Witt, T. G. C., and assistance from a local alumnus, Dr. G. W. 
 Green, restored the chapter to a prosperous condition. 
 
 Onh^ three members of Indiana Beta returned, September, 1900, 
 and two of them left at Thanksgiving. There were only four act- 
 ive members, June, 1901, and onh^ one of them returned in Sep- 
 tember. The local alumni, with outside assistance, then took the 
 chapter in hand, the result being that $ A 0, which had been the 
 weakest fraternit}- at "Wabash, became the strongest within one 
 term. The local societ}- IT ^ E disbanded September 23, and all 
 except two of its members joined ^A0. The active membership of 
 Indiana Beta was fifteen, June, 1902. 
 
 The General Council, June 11, 190T, ordered that members of 
 Indiana Alpha be prohibited from uniting with inter-fraternity class 
 secret societies, particularly "jaw Bones," "Skulls," © I^ E and 
 Z AX. 
 
 An edition of t,ooo of blank certificates of membership, the form 
 adopted by the Convention of 1900, was printed on vellum paper 
 by R. B. Lockwood, N^ew York, July 2, 1901. The first copy is- 
 sued by the S. G. C. was sent by him to Dorr C. Casto, Ohio, '01, 
 August 14, 1901.'^ 
 
 The Scroll, October, 1901, said: Norwood, a suburb of Cin- 
 cinnati, boasts of a Phi Delta Theta social club.' No member of 
 $ A belongs to it. Its founders seem to hav^e seen the name in 
 print and to have taken a fanc}' to it." 
 
 The Indianapolis alumni issued, June, 1901, a directory of Phis 
 living in that city. It is a pamphlet of 30 pages, containing the 
 names of 143 alumni in Indianapolis and 8 active members of Indiana 
 Gamma, portraits of prominent alumni, historical data concerning 
 the Indiana chapters and the Indianapolis alumni club, and other 
 matter. S. K. Ruick, Jr., was chairman of the board of editors. 
 The tenth annual chapter letter of New York Delta, issued Novem- 
 
 ^ Membership cards were issued 1878 ; see pages 379 and 380. The first copy of the membership 
 certificate, printed July 2, 1901, was framed and presented by W^. B. Palmer to the fraternity library 
 in that month. 
 
748 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ber, 1901, was really a second edition of Metropolitan Phis," 
 issued 1895. It is a pamphlet of 52 pages, containing the names of 
 571 Phis living in New York City and vicinity. The committee on 
 publication were B. M. L. Ernst, G. C. Atkins and P. L. Griffith. 
 The Chicago alumni issued, November, 1901, a directory of Phis 
 living in that cit}^, 236 in number. It is a pamphlet of 23 pages. 
 The committee on publication were W. O. Wilson, J. G. Latimer, 
 L. H. Blanchard, F. F. Soule and E. B. Hyde. The circular letter 
 issued by Washington, May, 1902, contains a directory of 153 alum- 
 ni living in and near Saint Louis, besides 14 active members of 
 the chapter. The chapter letters of Brown, Union, Syracuse, 
 K. S. C, Vanderbilt, O. S. U., Case, Cincinnati, Purdue, Min- 
 nesota and Washington State contained lists of local alumni. 
 
 During the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, 1901, a register 
 of Phis visiting the exposition was kept by E. A, Kinsey, Cornell, 
 '01. An informal meeting of members was held at the Ohio Build- 
 ing, August 29. Among those present were: George Banta, ex-P. 
 G. C; W. B. Palmer, ex-P. G. C. ; H. H. Ward, P. G. C; H. T. 
 Miller, R. G. C. ; C. A. Bohn, Editor of the song book; J. B. Bal- 
 lon, President of Delta Province. 
 
 At Poughkeepsie eight Phis rowed in the regatta of 1901, thir- 
 teen in 1902. J. P. Gardner and W. G. Gardner were in the Penn- 
 sylvania crew, the former being stroke and captain, that rowed at 
 Henle}^ and defeated Dublin, 1902. 
 
 At a meeting of the General Council, held in Chicago, Novem- 
 ber 27-30, 1901, considerable business was transacted. The Coun- 
 cilors were entertained in a varied manner by the Chicago club 
 and the Chicago and Northwestern chapters. A banquet was 
 given at the Hotel Victoria on the last evening, a number of the 
 older alumni being present. The December Scroll contains a half- 
 tone of a photograph of the General Council taken at Chicago. 
 
 Under the auspices of the Amherst chapter, a Convention of 
 Alpha Province was held in Red Men's Hall, Northampton, Mass., 
 October 31-November 2, 1901. Delegates were present from six- 
 teen chapters (all in the province save Pennsylvania Zeta). J. M. 
 Wright, P. P., presided; H. H. Ward, P. G. C, represented the 
 General Council. A motion was carried authorizing the Province 
 President to appoint a Vice-President, to have special charge of 
 the eastern chapters. Thursday afternoon an address of welcome 
 was delivered by Dr. George Harris, President of Amherst College. 
 Thursday evening there was a smoker at the house of Massachusetts 
 Beta. Friday evening there was a banquet at the Hotel Hampton, 
 fifty-two members being present. Saturday afternoon, following a 
 Brown vs. Amherst football game, there was a dance at the chapter 
 house. 
 
 A Convention of Delta Province was held in the hall of Ohio 
 Beta at Athens, November 28-30, 1901, J. B. Ballon, P. P., pre- 
 siding. Delegates were present from all chapters in the province 
 
THI "DELTA THETA F'RATE'RJ^IT^ 
 
 Founded o1 Miami Vni'Verjily. Veccmber 26, 184^8 
 
 Theft Trejenl-t Certify that 
 
 ll^a.AM-ldl 
 
 ,^)^MX-^k^K^^ 
 
 by the Chapter 
 _ and thai 
 
 He is Erttitled to All the "Right* ani ^i*>ilege.t of the Fraternity. 
 
 
 Otry\:'.^^^^^(- 
 
 Stcrwtory 
 'Reporlmr 
 
 
 Mm»i 
 
 HiitQ'ion 
 
 Ste^mtary o/ fA« CramrtU Ccomc/I 
 
 J 
 
 The First Certificate of Membership. 
 
 Half-tone of the first "shingle" issued, August 14, 1901, by F. J. R. Mitchell, S. G. C, who 
 wrote "Dorr C. Casto," and "Ohio University," the other blanks being filled by officers of Ohio 
 Gamma. The original measures 8 by loK inches. 
 
750 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 and from four alumni clubs, forty-three members in all being en- 
 rolled. A smoker was given by Ohio Beta Thanksgiving evening. 
 The convention dance took place Friday evening. The ladies of 
 n B <^ received the members of <l> A © Saturday afternoon, at the 
 home of Dr. Alston Ellis, Ohio Alpha, '67, President of Ohio Uni- 
 versity. A convention photograph was taken Saturday afternoon, 
 and in the evening there was a banquet at the Hotel Berry, Dr. 
 Ellis being toastmaster. The convention proceedings appeared in 
 a pamphlet of seven pages. 
 
 Michigan Alpha tendered a reception to ex-President Benjamin 
 Harrison, at its chapter house, December 14, 1900. President 
 Angel and Deans Hudson, Hutchins and Vaughn, and Mrs. Hutch- 
 ins, Mrs. Vaughn and other ladies assisted in receiving. Gen- 
 eral Harrison remained at the chapter house until he left Ann Arbor 
 the next day. This was the second time that Michigan Alpha had 
 entertained him. Pennsylvania Zeta gave a tea to friends of its 
 members February 15, 1901, about 300 being present. The West- 
 minster chapter opened the fall term, 1901, with a smoker and 
 vaudeville. The Wabash chapter gave a musicale, November 15, 
 
 1 90 1, the faculty and representatives from other fraternities being 
 present. The Colby and O. W. U. chapter gave sleighing parties 
 in the winter. House parties were given b}^ the Wisconsin, Purdue 
 and Emor}'^ chapters. The Washington chapter gave a smoker and 
 minstrel show New Year's eve, 1902, and in May gave a dance in 
 the university gymnasium, at which over 300 guests were pres- 
 ent. The Wisconsin chapter bought a new racing yacht, 1901, and 
 in the winter of 1901-02 had a fleet of three ice boats. 
 
 Through the efforts of R. A. Collins, an alumni club was organ- 
 ized at Meridian, Miss. An application for charter, dated Novem- 
 ber II, 1901, was signed by Stone Deavons, '91; A. D. Bordeaux, 
 '96; R. H. Bordeaux, '96; E. B. Williams, '96; Elnathan Tartt, 
 '97; R. L. Lewis, '98; S. A. Witherspoon, Jr., '98; W. W. Venable, 
 '99; E. B. Hall, '00; J. M. Broach, '01; R. A. Collins, '01; T. A. 
 Hardy, '01; W. R. Cochran, '02, all of Mississippi; C. W. Robin- 
 son, Indiana, '75; F. J. Burke, Alabama, '92; G. B. Michael, '84, 
 and A. J. Alexander, '97, Auburn; T. G. Fewell, Central, '96. 
 The charter was granted November 22, 1901, and the club began 
 to hold meetings in the rooms of the Stonewall Club. 
 
 Reviewing college annuals in The Sci'oll, December, 1901, H. T. 
 Miller noted that the Mercer Kinetoscope showed there were Z^i 
 ^ A alumni in Macon, Ga., and said: "it will be seen that Macon 
 is one of the strong Phi cities of the country; in perhaps no other 
 city of its size have we so many alumni." In The Scroll, Decem- 
 ber, 1902, H. H. Ward said: "in the small town of Franklin, Ind., 
 there are in the neighborhood of 65 alumni Phis." 
 
 Epsilon Province held no Convention in 1901, but a Convention 
 was held at the Denison Hotel, Indianapolis, Ind., February 7, 
 
 1902, S. K. Ruick, Jr., P. P., presiding. The attendance was 
 
ANNALS, 1900-1902. 751 
 
 about eighty. The General Council were represented by F. J. R. 
 Mitchell, S. G. C, and H. T. Miller, R. G. C. H. U. Brown, 
 ex-P. G. C., was toastmaster at the banquet, which was attended 
 by about fifty members. Among alumni present was W. O. Bates, 
 Editor of the first and second volumes of The Scroll. After the 
 banquet at the hotel, a smoker was given to the visitors by^ the 
 Indianapolis Phis at the Century Club. 
 
 A Convention of Theta Province was held in the chapter house 
 of California Beta, February 21-22, 1902. Ten members of Cali- 
 fornia Alpha were present but none from Washington Alpha. On 
 the first evening the visitors were entertained at the opera, and 
 then at supper at the chapter house. W. O. Morgan, P. P., who 
 presided at the Province Convention, said, in his report to the 
 National Convention, that there were several difficulties about 
 holding a convention in Theta Province. One was the distance 
 between Washington Alpha and the California chapters — as far as 
 from New York to Chicago. Another was the difficulty in voting; 
 if votes were taken by chapters, there would be onh^ two or at most 
 three votes; if taken by individuals present, the result would be 
 unfair to the chapter with the smallest representation. 
 
 The topic for Alumni Da>, 1902, was The dut}^ of alumni clubs 
 to assist financiall}'^ neighboring college chapters." The New York 
 club at its Alumni Day dinner had 181 present, breaking its own 
 record of the year before. The Chicago alumni adopted, in the 
 fall of 1901, the plan of meeting at some appointed place for lunch- 
 eon on Fridays. The General Council, at its meeting at Chicago, 
 November 30, approved this plan and recommended it to other 
 alumni clubs. During 1902 the alumni at Saint Louis, Kansas Cit}', 
 Cleveland, New York, Providence and Boston began meeting weekly 
 for luncheon, and those at Indianapolis, Pittsburg and Washington 
 began meeting monthh^ for the same purpose, while those at Har- 
 vard had monthly smokers. The Boston club decided, 1902, to 
 have a reception for ladies each 3^ear. The younger alumni at 
 Indianapolis organized, 1902, a ^ A dancing club, giving dances 
 monthly. 
 
 The eightieth anniversary of the birth of Robert Morrison was 
 celebrated at Fulton, Mo. The celebration extended over two 
 da\^s, Friday and Saturday, March 14-15, 1902, and was the occa- 
 sion of a Missouri State Convention. The General Council were 
 represented by H. H. Ward and R. H. Switzler. Friday afternoon 
 the visiting, resident and collegiate Phis were driven to the home 
 of Founder Morrison, two miles from Fulton, escorted by his 
 nephew, Professor J. S. Morrison, Missouri Beta, '93. They were 
 received by Father Morrison, Mrs. Robert Morrison, the Misses 
 Morrison and Mrs. J. S. Morrison. President J. H. MacCracken 
 and other members of the Westminster facult}"" were present. 
 
 In the evening there was a reception for members of the Frater- 
 nit}^ at the home of Mrs. J. E. Watson in Fulton, which was attended 
 
752 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 by the college President and professors, by prominent citizens of 
 the town, by young ladies from surrounding towns as well as from 
 Fulton, and b}'- members of the K A and B 11 fraternities. Danc- 
 ing was indulged in until a late hour. Father Morrison was too 
 feeble to attend the reception, but he was present during the exer- 
 cises on Saturday. He offered prayer in the opening ceremony 
 of the State Convention, held Saturday morning in Missouri Beta's 
 hall. The regular Alumni Day ceremony was performed. E. L. 
 Drum, of Missouri Alpha, was elected President, H. M. Pollard, 
 of Missouri Gamma, Secretary. Resolutions congratulating Robert 
 Morrison on his eightieth birthday, offered by E. C. Henderson, 
 were adopted, and resolutions on the death of Colonel A. W. Rogers, 
 offered by J, S. Morrison, were adopted. 
 
 About noon the convention adjourned, and after a group photo- 
 graph was taken at Martland's gallery, the members repaired to the 
 Palace Hotel. After dinner many telegrams of congratulation to 
 Father Morrison were read. They came from chapters, alumni 
 clubs and individual Phis all over the country, and they were pasted 
 in the order of receipt in a scrap-book, to be kept by Father Mor- 
 rison as a souvenir of the occasion. Wave Miller, of Bloomington, 
 111., brought this message from former Vice-President Stevenson: 
 
 As a member of $ A 0, of which you are one of the honored founders, I send 
 you a word of congratulation. Your many friends throughout the country rejoice 
 to know that you have reached so good an old age in health, and all hope that 
 there may be many days more of happiness in store for you. 
 
 Yours in the Bond, 
 
 Adlai E. Stevenson. 
 
 As a token of the esteem and affection of the general officers of the 
 Fraternity, H. H. Ward, presented to Father Morrison a purse 
 containing $8o in gold — one dollar for each year of his life. The 
 company then repaired to the college chapel, where a tablet com- 
 memorative of Robert Morrison's services to the college was un- 
 veiled. The chapel was filled with the members of the Fraternity, 
 members of the faculty, citizens of Fulton, and delegations from 
 the two women's colleges in the town. The tablet, which had been 
 provided by Missouri Beta, was presented by C. F. Lamkin to the 
 general Fraternity. The white and blue bunting which covered 
 the tablet was then removed by E. C. Henderson. H. H. Ward, 
 P. G. C, accepted the tablet on behalf of the Fraternity, and in 
 turn presented it to Westminster College. President J. H. Mac- 
 Cracken accepted the tablet on behalf of the college, saying: We 
 are glad to give it a place on the walls of this institution, for the 
 very existence of these walls is due in large measure to the man whom 
 this tablet commemorates." The exercises were closed with an ad- 
 dress on the history of <I> A @ by R. H. Switzler, H. G. C. The plan 
 for the Morrison celebration originated with C. F. Lamkin, and he 
 was in charge of the arrangements, being assisted in local arrange- 
 ments by R. E. Burch. The tablet is of white marble, cut in Saint 
 Louis, the lettering in gilt, the stone framed in quartered oak. 
 
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754 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 E. H. Sweet of Indiana Delta, entered Acadia College, Wolf- 
 ville, Nova Scotia, 1882, and at the National Convention in that 
 3^ear it was reported that he favored the establishment of a chapter 
 there. A motion to grant a charter when an application from 
 Acadia should be received was lost, but, without prejudicing such 
 an application, the matter was referred to the General Council. 
 However, no application was received, and it was twent}"^ years 
 later, when the Fraternit}' was in its fifty-fourth year, before <> A G> 
 
 The Morrison Tablet at Westminster College. 
 
 Inscription written by C. F. Lamkin, Missouri Beta, '99. 
 
 entered any institution beyond the borders of the United States. 
 Z ^ entered the University of Toronto, 1879, and McGill Univer- 
 sity, Montreal, 1883. It had the field to itself until 1892 at To- 
 ronto, until 1897 at McGill. Other fraternities then began to enter 
 Canada. 
 
 An application for a charter, dated February 7, 1900, came to 
 ^ A from a local society of twelve members at McGill Univer- 
 sity. It was entirely unexpected, and the General Council were un- 
 
ANNALS, 1900-1902. 755 
 
 willing to approve such a radical departure as granting a charter 
 for a chapter outside the United States without the sanction of the 
 National Convention. The applicants were informed that they 
 need not expect a charter from $ A © before the Convention, No- 
 vember, 1900, and one might not be granted then. By direction 
 of the General Council, D. H. Perr}^ delegate-elect from Vermont 
 Alpha, visited McGill in the fall of 1900 to investigate fraternit}^ 
 conditions. The same fall C. A. Richardson, Maine Alpha, '02, 
 entered the medical class of '04 at McGill. At the Louisville Con- 
 vention Perr}^ reported that conditions at McGill were favorable 
 for the establishment of a good chapter. After a full discussion, 
 the Convention decided in favor of a polic}^ of expansion into Can- 
 ada, should suitable applications be received from institutions of 
 unquestioned character and standing. 
 
 The General Council, March 29, 1900, deputized G. L. Ra}^ 
 President of Eta Province, to visit McGill and confer with Rich- 
 ardson in regard to the establishment of a chapter. Ra}' was 
 chosen for this mission because of his excellent record as a frater- 
 nity worker while at Mississippi, and his success in restoring <^ A® 
 to activity at Tulane in the fall of 1900. Arriving at Montreal, 
 April 15, he found Richardson very enthusiastic on the subject of 
 ^ A entering McGill. His visit, however, was ill-timed, as final 
 examinations in the faculties (Canadian idiom for departments) of 
 arts and science were in progress, in fact almost completed, and 
 practically onh^ seniors expected to remain for the convocation 
 (commencement), April 26, while in the f acult}' of medicine exami- 
 nations were to commence April 23, a month earlier than usual, on 
 account of the remodeling of the medical building. Ra3^'s oppor- 
 tunities for making acquaintances, therefore, were limited, but he 
 and Richardson pledged Charles Rowlands and interviewed E. B. 
 Tilt, A. J. Dickson, J. A. Faulkner, L. C. Lauchland and A. C. 
 Sellery, all of whom later became charter members. The founda- 
 tion for a chapter having been laid, Ray left Montreal, April 26. 
 
 The Convention of Alpha Province at Amherst, November i, 
 1 901, unanimously approved of the steps already taken at McGill, 
 and recommended to the General Council that an organization be 
 effected there. The General Council, at the meeting in Chicago, 
 Thanksgiving week, appointed E. H. Hunter and Kendall Banning, 
 of New Hampshire Alpha, to visit Montreal, and, in co-operation 
 with Richardson, to take such action as would be proper for the 
 establishment of a chapter in the university. Hunter had been the 
 delegate from Dartmouth at the Louisville Convention. He and 
 Banning arrived in Montreal, Februar}^ 14, 1902, and through Rich- 
 ardson, became acquainted, with the students whom Richardson con- 
 sidered desirable candidate? for $ A 0. At a meeting in the Wind- 
 sor Hotel, the evening of February 20, an application for charter was 
 signed by Charles Rowlands, science, '03, Albany, N. Y. ; W. H. 
 Thorpe, science, '03, Mount Vernon, N. Y. ; B. C. Crowell (B. A., 
 
756 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 McGill, 'oo), medical, '04, Yarmouth, N. S. ; A. J. Dickson (B. A., 
 Toronto, '99), medical, '04, Goderich, Ont. ; J. A. Faulkner (B. A., 
 McMaster, '00), medical, '04, Stirling, Ont.; L. C. Lauchland 
 (B. a., McMaster, '00), medical, '04, Oshawa, Ont.; C. A. Rich- 
 ardson (Maine Alpha, '02), medical, '04, East Jefferson, Maine; 
 A. C. Sellery (Phm. B., Toronto, '97), medical, ^04, Kincardine, 
 Ont. 
 
 The same evening they effected a temporary organization, with 
 Sellery as President and Rowlands as Secretary-Treasurer. There- 
 after the applicants met every Saturday evening in Rowland's room, 
 131 Metcalfe Street. t>e long they admitted E. B. Tilt, science, 
 '03, Goderich, Ont., but owing to the short time before the closing 
 of the faculties of arts and science, it was not deemed wise to enlarge 
 further the list of prospective charter members. Hunter left Mont- 
 real February 21, Banning a day later. Quoting from letters, dated 
 February 23, from Banning and Richardson, H. H. Ward, P. G. C, 
 issued, February 28, a circular letter to chapters and officers, calling 
 for their immediate votes on the application. Excepting one chap- 
 ter, the vote was unanimous, and a charter for Quebec Alpha was 
 granted March 29, 1902. Of the nine charter members, the three 
 science juniors had been intimately associated for three years. 
 The other six were members of the sophomore medical class, five 
 of them graduates from Canadian institutions, while the sixth, a 
 Phi already, had attended Colby. Three of the nine were citizens 
 of the United States. 
 
 The chapter was installed April 5, the installation partv being 
 H. H. Ward, P. G. C; A. M. McCrillis, Vice-President of Alpha 
 Province; E. H. Hunter and M. W. Peck, from Dartmouth, and 
 D. M. Rice from Vermont. They with Richardson initiated the 
 eight other charter members in rooms 239, 240 and 242 at the 
 Windsor Hotel, using paraphernalia from Dartmouth. The initia- 
 tion ceremony, begun at 8 p. m., was completed by 10 o'clock, 
 when the company proceeded to Her Majesty's Cafe, where a 
 dinner was tendered to the visitors. The first toast was to The 
 King," the second to ' The President." The company did not 
 separate until 3 a. m. 
 
 It is a coincidence that the first chapter of $ A established on 
 British territory was installed on the same day the will of Cecil 
 Rhodes was published, by which he endowed many scholarships to 
 be held by students from the United States at the University of Ox- 
 ford, in furtherance of his purpose to bind into closer fellowship 
 the Anglo-Saxon peoples of the United States and the British Em- 
 pire.* An article of half a column about $ A © and the establish- 
 ment of Quebec Alpha appeared in the Montreal Stai-, April 7. A 
 sketch of McGill University and several articles relating to the new 
 
 * With the promised influx of Americans at Oxford, what is going to happen in the way of Brit- 
 ish extension? Wonders are coming into view every day, trans-Atlantic wireless telegraphy being 
 the latest. Will British extension of the American college fraternity be next?" — Editorial bj- R. H., 
 Switzler in The Scroll, February, 1903. 
 
ANNALS, 1 900- 1 902. 757 
 
 chapter appeared in the April Scroll, an editorial in which said: 
 "The Phi Delta Thetas of McGill are thrice welcome — as fellow 
 Americans, as college men, as brothers in the Bond." 
 
 The chapter held its first meeting at the Windsor Hotel, the da}' 
 following its installation, all the installation part}- being present. 
 It did not organize until its next meeting, held in the room of Tilt 
 and Dickson, 73 McGill College Avenue, x\pril 21, when officers 
 were elected. The officers were installed at the next meeting, April 
 21, after which time, the arts and science term being closed, the 
 members in the medical facult}' continued to meet regularl}' every 
 Saturday evening until the convocation in June. 
 
 At the opening of the autumn session, September 23, all of the 
 charter members returned. The two upper flats of the three-story 
 house at 49 Shuter Street were rented, but being too small the 
 house at 118 Durocher Street, corner of Prince Arthur, was leased, 
 and the chapter moved into it February i, 1903. By the close of 
 the academic year Quebec Alpha had eighteen active members. 
 Other fraternities had been established at McGill as follows; Z ^, 
 1883; AA<I>, 1897; AY, 1898; KA, 1899; AKE, 1900; A X, 
 1901."^ 
 
 A Convention of Zeta Province was held in the house of Wiscon- 
 sin Alpha, Ma}^ 15-17? 1902. Delegates were present from thirteen 
 chapters (all in the province save Missouri), and besides the act- 
 tive members of Wisconsin Alpha, fourteen alumni were present. 
 Wisconsin Alpha entertained twent3"-four visiting members during 
 the Convention. W. H. Raymond, P. P., presided; F. J. R. 
 Mitchell, S. G. C, and R. H. Switzler, H. G. C, represented the 
 General Council. A smoker was given by Wisconsin x\lpha the 
 first evening. At noon Friday, the second da}^ there was a base- 
 ball game between the local chapter and the visitors, the S. G. C. 
 being umpire. A reception to the Convention was given by the 
 ladies of F $ B at their chapter house the second afternoon, and 
 in the evening the convention ball was given by Wisconsin Alpha in 
 Keeley 's hall. The convention photograph was taken Saturday after- 
 noon, and in the evening the banquet took place in the dining room 
 adjoining Keeley's hall. F. J. R. Mitchell was toastmaster. The 
 proceedings of the Convention were printed in a pamphlet of fifteen 
 pages. This was the first Province Convention at which the trav- 
 eling expenses of the delegates were paid by a per capita assess- 
 ment on the active membership in the province, as provided for by 
 an amendment to the code, 1900, and the plan worked most suc- 
 cessfully. 
 
 The University of Colorado, Boulder, was one of the western 
 state universities which the National Convention of 1900 directed 
 the General Council to investigate. The alumni in Denver and 
 throughout Colorado were strongly in favor of having a chapter at 
 
 * "We beg to take exception to the statement that McGill is the northernmost chapter of $ A 0, 
 as Washington Alpha outstrips us by two degrees easily." — L. C. Lauchland, Reporter, Quebec 
 Alpha, in letter to The Scroll, April, 1904- 
 
758 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Boulder. A chapter was organized there, 1901-02, principally 
 through the efforts of L. G. Keller, who had been a member of 
 <E> A but a short time, having been initiated by the Cincinnati 
 chapter June 25, 1901. He entered the University of Colorado 
 September 20, and J. H. Brown, Missouri Beta, '98, entered the 
 same institution October 2. When they had become acquainted 
 they talked about starting a chapter, and they agreed that the pros- 
 pects were favorable. As Brown was taking special work, and did 
 not come in direct contact with the undergraduates as much as 
 Keller, he requested the latter to take the initiative in the matter. 
 
 Seven students — S. W. Ryan, '02, law, '04; J. G. Houston, '04; 
 E. T. Lannon, '04; W. C. Stickney, law, '03; T. C. Davis, '04; 
 G. L. Keller, '04, and J. D. Dunshee, '05 — met, December 3, in 
 room II Woodbury Hall, then occupied by Stickney, Keller and 
 Dunshee. After a thorough discussion, the}'' decided that there 
 was a sufficiency of good material from which to select members 
 for a good chapter, and those present pledged themselves to endeav- 
 or to organize a chapter. Keller, acting as temporary chairman, 
 appointed a committee to investigate and report in regard to other 
 students whose names had been proposed. At the next meeting at 
 the same place, December 10, R. W. Ashley, '04; A. L. Richey, 
 '04, and W. D. Vance, '04, were chosen, and all of them were sub- 
 sequently pledged. At this meeting an organization was effected, 
 by the election of Keller as President; Stickney, Vice President; 
 Lannon, Secretary; Ryan, Treasurer; and a committee on consti- 
 tution and by-laws was appointed. A room on the second floor of 
 the Cheney Building, corner of Eleventh and Pearl Streets, was 
 rented. At the first meeting in this room, January 6, 1902, the 
 constitution and by-laws were adopted, also the name A T. Keller 
 and Stickney met C. A. Bohn, Editor of the song book, in Denver, 
 February 9. W. R. Sheldon, of Ohio Gamma, visited Boulder and 
 met the prospective charter members, February 22. Both Bohn 
 and Sheldon promised to aid in securing a charter. Keller attended 
 the Alumni Day meeting of Denver alumni at the residence of F. P. 
 Tuxbury, March 15, and all present promised to support the char- 
 ter movement. 
 
 An application for a charter, signed by the members of A F March 
 29, was forwarded the next day. Seven of them attended a meet- 
 ing of the alumni club at Denver April 17, when much enthusiasm 
 was manifested by the alumni at the prospect of a chapter at Boul- 
 der. Articles relating to the charter movement appeared in T/ze 
 Palladium for January, March and May. A mimeograph letter 
 urging favorable consideration of the application was issued to the 
 chapters in Zeta Province and the general officers. It was dated 
 May 6, and signed by five Denver alumni — F. P. Tuxbury, of Dart- 
 mouth; Talbot France, of Michigan; M. A. Clarkson, of Northwest- 
 ern; C. L. Hoover, of Wisconsin; A. A. Stover, of Kansas. An 
 illustrated bulletin of information about A V and the university, a 
 
ANNALS, 1900-1902. 759 
 
 pamphlet of twenty-two pages, was issued May 7. The Convention 
 of Zeta Province voted unanimously, May 16, in favor of the appli- 
 cation. H. H. Ward, P. G. C, issued a call, May 17, for a vote 
 of chapters and general officers. With only one chapter vote in the 
 negative, a charter for Colorado Alpha was granted May 31, 1902. 
 There were eleven charter members — Keller, Brown, and the nine 
 other students who have been mentioned. 
 
 F. J. R. Mitchell, S. G. C, made arrangements with the Denver 
 alumni for the installation of the chapter. The installation, with 
 Mitchell in charge, took place at Denver on the evening of June 7. 
 The nine candidates were initiated in the parlors of the Unity Uni- 
 tarian Church, the use of which had been tendered by the pastor, 
 David Utter, Indiana Gamma, '67. At 10 p. m. the company repaired 
 to the Albany Hotel, where a banquet was served, fifty members 
 being present. M. A. Clarkson was toastmaster, and among those 
 who responded to toasts were Brig. -gen. Frederick Funston, Rev. 
 David Utter, D. D., Judge J. D. Fleming, Dr. F. P. Tuxbury, Dr. 
 Donald Kennedy, Grant Jones, T. S. Dines and H. N. Haw- 
 kins. The chapter met at the hotel the next day and organized by 
 electing officers — Stickney, President; Houston, Secretary; Richey, 
 Reporter. The charter members then left for their homes to spend 
 the summer vacation. Richey and Dunshee, both of whom were 
 from Iowa, remained in Boulder during the summer, and they with 
 Stickney, who returned a month before the fall opening, rented a 
 stone house on University Hill, which the chapter entered in Sep- 
 tember. Only six of the charter members returned — Ryan,. Stick- 
 ney, Ashley, Lannon, Vance and Dunshee — but by February i, 
 1903, nine had been initiated, and G. A. Gerth affiliated from Iowa 
 Alpha. Keller and eight others returned September, 1903. The 
 men's fraternities which preceded <E» A © at Colorado were ATA, 
 2 A E, B © n, A T O, 2 N, the latter having been established 
 May 2, 1902. 
 
 All of the southern delegates at the Louisville Convention favored 
 the establishment of a chapter at the Georgia School of Technology, 
 Atlanta, and claimed that a chapter there was desired by every 
 member of # A © in the South. The Convention ordered that if 
 an application for a charter should be made b}^ students of the 
 institution, "the General Council shall investigate, present a report 
 to the chapters, and request them to vote." E. H. Gay, of the 
 Sewanee chapter, entered Georgia Tech. in the fall of 1897, and 
 T. B. Pearson, of the Mercer chapter, entered it three years later. 
 In the fall of 1900, before the Louisville Convention, they pledged 
 H. J. Scales to become one of a party of applicants for a charter; 
 and early in 1901 pledged J. E. O'Keefe and J. F. Hallman. No 
 others were pledged during that college year. At the opening of 
 the fall term, 1901, T. U. Conner, Jr., of the Mercer chapter, 
 entered the institution, and during that term P. M. Peteet, C. R. 
 Pendleton, Jr., and J. E. Roberts were pledged. Pearson with- 
 
76o THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 drew from the institution May, 1901, Ga}'^ was graduated in Novem- 
 ber, and Conner withdrew Januar}^ 1902. B}^ February, 1902, 
 G. H. Cornwel], W. S. Rankin and A. R. Howard had been pledged. 
 
 In the law office of Felder & Rountree, fourth floor of the Temple 
 Court Building, the nine prospective charter members held their 
 first meeting, February 8, when the matter of petitioning $ A was 
 discussed. Their second meeting was held, Februar}'- 15, at the 
 same place, their third meeting, Februar}^ 22, at the home of Scales, 
 48 Forest Avenue, and at the latter place they continued to meet 
 regularly once a week. They decided, March 8, to organize a local 
 societ}^ to be called B <l>, and, a week later, adopted a constitution 
 and by-laws. An application to $ A © for a charter was signed by 
 P. M. Peteet, textile, '03; A. R. Howard, textile, '03; J. E. Roberts, 
 chemical, '03; W. S. Rankin, mechanical, '03; J. E. O'Keefe, chemi- 
 cal, '04; H. J. Scales, electrical, '04; G. H. Cornwell, electrical, 
 '05; C. R. Pendleton, Jr., electrical, '05; J. F. Hallman, mechan- 
 ical, '06. All these students were endorsed by W. H. Ferguson, 
 of the Emory chapter, who was adjunct professor of mathematics 
 in the Tech. The whole charter movement was directed by E. G. 
 Hallman, of Atlanta, President of Gamma Province. W. A. Speer, 
 I. S. Hopkins, Jr., and G. A. Myers rendering valuable assistance. 
 The application, dated March 19, was forwarded by E. G. Hall- 
 man to the General Council, April 2, and at the same time he for- 
 warded the votes of all chapters in the province, each chapter 
 having cast a unanimous vote. A bulletin of information about 
 the institution and the B <l> society was issued May 10. It was an 
 illustrated pamphlet of 54 pages, and included a great man}" en- 
 dorsements from alumni in Georgia and other Southern States. 
 
 May 16, H. H. Ward, P. G. C, called, for a vote of chapters 
 and general officers on the application. May 19, J. H. DeWitt, 
 T. G. C, visited Atlanta, met all the applicants, and, with Professor 
 Ferguson and E. G. Hallman, inspected the institution. He made 
 a favorable report to the General Council, May 21. The required 
 vote being obtained, the General Council, June 4, 1902, granted a 
 charter for Georgia Delta. 
 
 The chapter was installed on the evening of June 11, in the 
 Knights of Pythias' Hall, fifth floor of the Riser Building, corner 
 of Pryor and Hunter Streets. The installation was in charge of 
 H. H. Ward, P. G. C, and E. H. Hallman, and was attended by 
 eight active members from Athens, seven from Emory, one from 
 Mercer, by thirty Atlanta alumni and four alumni from elsewhere 
 in Georgia. Eight of the applicants were initiated — all save J. F. 
 Hallman, whose initiation was postponed, because he was a mem- 
 ber of the sub-apprentice class. Previous to the installation the 
 Atlanta alumni club was reorganized. The Atlanta Journal, June 
 12, contained a two-column article about <l> A and Georgia Delta. 
 The first letter from Georgia Delta to The Scroll, dated June 18, 
 appeared in the June issue. The chapter met at Scales' home, June 
 
ANNALS, 1900-1902. 
 
 761 
 
 14, when officers were elected, and June 18, commencement being 
 on June 19. A reception to the chapter was tendered by Scales at his 
 home June 20. The chapter was cordialh^ greeted b}" the fraterni- 
 ties previous!}' established in the institution — A T Q, IS A E, K 2, 
 2 N, K A. 
 
 All of the charter members save Pendleton returned in the fall. 
 J. F. Hallman, then a member of the apprentice (freshman) class, 
 was initiated, and his name was enrolled on the charter. \V. W. 
 Garth, Jr., was affiliated from Alabama, George Winship, Jr., from 
 Emor}^ The report to the H. G. C., Februar}' i, 1903, showed 
 
 Thk Williams Chapter House. 
 
 Purchased, 1901. Described in The Scroll, October, 1901, and June, 1903- 
 
 sixteen active members and a total membership of eighteen. During 
 the year the chapter occupied rooms 813 and 814 on the eighth 
 floor of the Austell Building, 10 North Forsyth Street. 
 
 During 1900-02 ^ A was besieged with applications for char- 
 ters. An application from the A Z $ society at the University of 
 Arkansas obtained the constitutional vote for a charter Ma}' 21, 
 1901, but a law which imposed restrictions on fraternities, enacted 
 "by the Arkansas legislature, was approved by the Crovernor May 
 23, whereupon the General Council rescinded the charter. The 
 applicants appealed to the National Convention. An application 
 
762 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 from the Tridentia society at the University of South Dakota, re- 
 ceived 1 90 1, was rejected because of failure to obtain the favorable 
 votes of all chapters in Zeta Province. The applicants issued a bul- 
 letin of information May, 1901, and another bulletin November, 
 1902; they occupied a rented house; they appealed to the National 
 Convention. An application from the S. C. L. societ}^ at Wash- 
 ington Agricultural College was rejected 1901. The A P society at 
 the University of Maine applied again for a charter, 1901, but was 
 refused. An application from Trinity College for the re-establish- 
 ment of North Carolina Alpha, received 1901, was rejected on a 
 vote of chapters. An application from another set of petitioners at 
 the same college, calling themselves the T B K society, was received 
 1902. They issued a bulletin of information, May, 1902, but becom- 
 ing discouraged withdrew their application and disbanded in the fall. 
 An application from the Knights of Classic Love, 6f Illinois Wes- 
 leyan University, for the re-establishment of Illinois Epsilon was 
 received 1901, but no decided action was taken. The applicants 
 issued a bulletin January, 1902, and a supplement in November; 
 having changed their society's name to T K E, and having rented 
 a house, they appealed to the National Convention. An applica- 
 tion from the K ^ A society at the University of Idaho, received 
 1901, was referred to the National Convention. The applicants 
 issued a bulletin November, 1902. An application from the ^ S 
 society at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute was rejected, 1902. An 
 application from a local society at the Universit}'^ of Nashville was 
 rejected, 1902. The 2 A societ};^ at the Universit}^ of Nevada 
 applied again for a charter, 1902, issuing a bulletin in November; 
 the application was referred to the National Convention. The ^ 
 societ}" at Lawrence University applied again, 1902, for a charter 
 to re-establish Wisconsin Beta. The applicants occupied a house 
 purchased b}^ the societ}^; the}^ issued a bulletin in November; their 
 application was referred to the National Convention. 
 
 During 1900-02 there was a large increase in chapter houses 
 owned and rented. Quebec Alpha rented two flats at 49 Shuter 
 Street, September, 1902. The house of New Hampshire Alpha, a 
 three-story frame building of colonial design, and the first frater- 
 nity house to be built at Dartmouth, was formally opened March 
 22, 1902. The lot, 125 by 240 feet, purchased 1896, is on Webster 
 Avenue, near North Main Street, about 200 yards from the campus. 
 A two-story frame house was purchased by the Williams chapter 
 house association June, 1901. The lot fronts 150 feet on Main 
 Street, and is nearly 800 feet deep, about 150 3^ards from the cam- 
 pus. Twelve members of Rhode Island Alpha rented the first floor 
 of Brunonian Hall, September, 1902, the chapter keeping its rooms. 
 Union moved to a house at 30 Wendell Avenue September, 1901, 
 and a year later, to one of the three sections of North College 
 Dormitory. Columbia gave up a house at 371 West 123d Street, to 
 take an apartment at 416 West ii8th Street, Januar}^ 1901. It 
 
ANNALS, 1 900- 1 902. 
 
 763 
 
 rented a house at 411 West 117th Street, September, 1901, moving 
 a year later to a house two doors west in the same row. Central 
 rented a house on Harrodsburg Avenue in the fall of 1901, giving 
 it up at the end of the term. Kentucky State began occupying a 
 rented house at 177 South Upper Street, September, 1901, and a year 
 later moved to a house at 325 South Limestone Street. Georgia 
 moved to a house on the corner of Hancock and Hall Streets Sep- 
 tember, 1901. Emor}^ gave up its house June, 1901. Texas built a 
 two-story frame house, completed September, 1902. It stands on 
 the corner of San Antonio and West 23d Streets, one block from 
 the campus. It was the first house owned by any fraternit}^ at 
 
 The Dartmouth Chapter House. 
 
 Erected, 1901-02. Described in The Scroll, June, 1902, and June, 1903. 
 
 Texas. Indianapolis gave up its house at the end of 1900-01. De 
 Pauw, September, 1902, moved to a house at 208 West Walnut 
 Street. Purdue, finding the house at 102 Waldron Street inadequate, 
 rented the adjoining house at 108 Waldron, continuing to rent a 
 separate hall. Northwestern moved in the fall of 1901 to a house 
 at 2122 Sherman Avenue, and a year later to a house at 1940 Orring- 
 ton Avenue. Chicago moved to a house at 5719 ^Monroe Avenue, 
 Ma3% 1 90 1. Knox moved to a house at 498 Monmouth Boulevard, 
 September, 1901. Lombard rented a house at 112 South White- 
 boro Street, September, 1902. Iowa Wesleyan rented a house Sep- 
 tember, 1901. Iowa moved into another house September, 1901. 
 
764 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Westminster rented a house Februarj^ 1901. Washington rented 
 a seven-room flat at 2832 Locust Street, September, 1902. Kansas 
 rented a house at 615 Tennessee Street, September, 1901. Colo- 
 rado rented a house at 907 12th Street, September, 1902. Addi- 
 tions to the Cornell and California houses were made in the spring of 
 1902. The Scroll, October, 1901, said that $A0 chapterhouses 
 *'now number forty-four, more than- any other fraternity can 
 claim;" December, 1901, it said that over two-thirds of the chap- 
 ters of ^ A © occupied houses; Februar}'-, 1902, it republished 
 from the February Phi Gamma Delta a table showing that <l> A 
 owned 13 houses and rented 31, while B © 11 owned 14 and 
 rented 28. 
 
 The prosperity of the Fraternity was indicated b}^ the increase 
 in the active membership, which was 1,058 in 1900,'!, 116 in 190T, 
 1,184 in 1902. Previous to 1900 the average active membership 
 per chapter had been 15 and a fraction for years; it was 16.5 in 
 1900, 17.4 in 1901, 18.2 in 1902. 
 
 Mississippi Alpha returned ten members, September, 1901, and 
 initiated nine. Additional rooms were rented to provide for recep- 
 tions and dancing. Of the 225 students in the university, 127 were 
 members of fraternities. As a result of barbarian vs. Greek an- 
 tagonism, the trustees of the university passed a resolution in De- 
 cember, prohibiting the fraternities from initiating an}'- more mem- 
 bers during the remainder of 1901-02 and during 1902-03. How- 
 ever, at commencement, 1902, the trustees repealed this action, 
 but at the same time adopted regulations prohibiting fraternities 
 from meeting elsewhere than on the campus, or oftener than once 
 a fortnight, prohibiting rushing or pledging men until eight 
 weeks after their matriculation, and suspending any chapter for 
 violating these rules. Eight members returned, September, 1902, 
 and after eight weeks they initiated eight members, all the men 
 whom the}^ had invited. Forced to give up its suite of rooms in 
 Oxford, the chapter secured a hall in the chapel building. 
 
 The Chicago faculty rule, prohibiting the initiation of stu- 
 dents until their second years, was changed to permit initiation 
 six months after matriculation, and later after three months. In 
 the fall of 1902 the rule was further modified to permit pledg- 
 ing of students at any time, the rule prohibiting initiation within 
 three months of matriculation remaining in force. The Purdue 
 faculty rule, prohibiting the initiation of freshmen, was modified, 
 1902, to permit their initiation after April i each 3^ear. The Iowa 
 Wesleyan rule, prohibiting the initiation of freshmen, had, by 1902, 
 been modified so as to permit their initiation after the beginning of 
 the spring term. The Sewanee faculty still, 1902, enforced a rule 
 prohibiting the initiation of any student until he had entered his 
 second term. The Lehigh faculty adopted a rule prohibiting fra- 
 ternities after January i, 1903, from initiating students before their 
 completion of all freshman work. The fraternities themselves at 
 
ANNALS, 1 900- 1 902. 
 
 765 
 
 several institutions adopted rushing regulations — at Indianapolis, 
 1900; at Amherst, Wabash and Texas, 1902; at Randolph-Macon, 
 1903. Such an inter-fraternity agreement at Minnesota was broken 
 over, 1902. 
 
 Alston Ellis, Ph. D., Miajni ^6'], was elected President of Ohio 
 University, 1901. The election of Rev. G. P. Benton, D. D., 
 O. W. U., '2>^, as President of Miami Universit}^ 1902, gave to 
 <I> A the distinction of having Presidents of two of the three uni- 
 versities supported b}' the State of Ohio, one of the two being the 
 institution in which the Fraternity had its beginning."^ 
 
 The Texas Chapter House. 
 
 Erected, 1902. Described in The Scroll, Februan', April (contains floor plans) and June, 1903. 
 
 By order of the General Council, the S. G. C, April 5, 1901, 
 extended the congratulations of the Fraternity to General Frederick 
 Funston on the success of his daring expedition to capture the Fil- 
 ipino chieftain Aguinaldo. 
 
 Rev. Robert Morrison, D. D., one of the founders of the Fra- 
 ternity, died July 27, 1902. ¥. D. Swope, ex-S. G. C, died July 
 13, 1902. The General Council were represented at the funeral of 
 Father Morrison bv J. H. DeWitt, P. G. C, and R. H. Switzler, 
 H. G. C. ; at the funeral of Frank Swope by H. T. Miller, R. G. C. 
 
 '' See their portraits on pages ^2 and aid 
 
766 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The General Council April 3, 1902, ordered that two <E> A © flags, 
 each 6x9 feet, be purchased. During 1902, H. H. Ward, P. G. C., 
 collected from many chapters the pennants of their colleges. The 
 flags and pennants were intended to be kept in the fraternit}^ 
 library and to be used at National Conventions; they were first 
 displayed at the New York Convention. 
 
 Eight members of Nebraska Alpha who were residents of Omaha 
 met at the home of C. B. Sumner, April, 1902, and decided to ap- 
 ply for a charter for an alumni club. An application, dated April 
 16, was signed by the following twenty-four members: G. H. 
 Palmer, '94; R. M. Welch, '94; Thomas Creigh, '97; A. B. Lind- 
 quist, '97; E. R. Davenport, '98; C. H. True, '98; W. P. Thomas, 
 '99; C. H. von Mansfelde, '99; J. A. C. Kennedy, '00; A. F. 
 Johnson, '01; H. A. Tukey, '01; A. C. Welshans, '01; C. B. Sum- 
 ner, '03; M. B. Houck, '04; F. J. McShane, Jr., '05, all of Ne- 
 braska; M. A. Hall, Wisconsin, '8S; H. P. Treadway, Michigan, 
 '98; J. H. McCulloch, '76, and B. F. Thomas, Jr., '85, Monmouth; 
 C. C. George, '85, and J. E. George, '92, Knox; E. C. Page, Buch- 
 tel, '86; J. L. Kennedy, Iowa, '82; J. G. Wallace, Williams, '99. 
 The application, forwarded by Sumner April 17, was granted May 
 2, 1902. The first meeting of the club was in the Commercial 
 Club rooms November 6, 1902, when officers were elected. 
 
 The alumni at Crawfordsville, Ind. , organized in the fall of 1901, 
 but did not formall}^ apply for a charter for six months, when ap- 
 plication was made by D. N. Morgan, '59; T. H. Ristine, '65; 
 W. H. Ristine, '71; W. F. Sharpe, '84; W. M. Curtis, '95; R. IJ. 
 Gerard, '95; A. C. Ball, '98; F. C. Evans, '98; M. E. Folej^ '99; 
 L. A. Ensminger, '00; H. G. Evans, '02; B. E. Hughes, '02; C. 
 N. McClamroch, '02; F. S. Martin, '04, all of Wabash; H. C. 
 Yount, '86, and H. L. Davis, '94, of DePauw. The application, 
 
 The half-tone plate filling the opposite page represents $ A © badges and jewelry made by J. P. 
 Newman, New York, igo2. The actual size of each article is shown. The badge in the upper left 
 corner is the largest size that is now made. It is a "combination badge" (the shield and sword of 
 one piece), has a chased border, and was first made about 1895. The badge in the middle at the 
 top has a crown-set border, diamonds and opals alternated, and was first made about 1897. The 
 "combination badge" in the upper right corner has a border set closely with pearls and four rubies, 
 and was first made about 1897- 
 
 The badges on the second row are of a small and now more popular size. The first to the left 
 is a "combination badge," with crown-set border, emeralds and diamonds alternated, and was first 
 made about 1899. The badge in the middle of the second row has a crown-set border, opals and 
 diamonds, of extra size alternated, and was first made about 1899- The "combination badge" at 
 the right has a beveled Roman border, and was first made about 1899. 
 
 Below the badges is a watch-charm designed like the coat-of-arms. The escutcheon is enam- 
 eled in blue and white, and beneath it on a scroll is the open motto in black letters, the remainder 
 of the design being finished in gold. The first charm of this design was presented by Newman to 
 J. C. Moore, Jr., P. G. C, 1899. On the left is a locket first made about 1897. On the right is a 
 watch-charm, fashioned after the alumnus button, and first made 1902. In some cases the coat-of- 
 arms of the owner's college appears on the reverse. Below is a medallion, worn with a silk ribbon 
 as a watch fob, and first made 1901. To the right is a shield and sword pendant for a watch chain, 
 first made about 1894, and to the left of which is a seal pendant, first made 1899. In the latter the 
 owner's initials may be cut. 
 
 Two varieties of cuff buttons are shown, both first made 1898. Below the medallion the two sides 
 of a seal ring are shown, one size bearing the $ A shield in relief, the other the arms of Williams 
 College, the arms of other colleges being substituted when ordered, and the initial or crest of the 
 owner being cut in the face. This style of ring was first made 1902. The smaller rings, the one to 
 the left with the shield, and the one to the right with a pearl set shield and a sword on either side, 
 ■were first made 1898. The scarf pin in the form of a "combination badge" was first made about 
 1894. The monogram pin was designed 1902 by Albert Shiels, C. C. N. Y., '86. The * is enam- 
 eled in blue, the A is of gold and the © white enameled. 
 
Phi Delta Theta Badges and Jewelry, 1902. 
 
 See footnote on opposite page. 
 
768 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 dated April 29 and forwarded by H. G. Evans, was granted May 
 8, 1902. The first annual banquet of the club, held at the Craw- 
 ford House, June 17, 1902, was attended by thirty-two old and 
 young Phi Delts, including M. M. C. Hobbs, Indiana and Wabash, 
 '53; H. T. Miller, R. G. C, and S. K. Ruick, Jr., P. P. 
 
 George Banta, who drew up the Constitution for alumni chap- 
 ters, and under it organized the first regular alumni chapter, at 
 Franklin, Ind., 1878, organized an alumni club at Menasha, Wis., 
 1902, where he had resided many years. An application for char- 
 ter, dated June 28, 1902, was signed by the following residents of 
 Menasha, Neenah and Appleton: J. E. Chapin, Wabash, '56; W. 
 H. Holcomb, Wisconsin, '89; Mark Banta, Wisconsin, '04; J. H. 
 Krueger, Wisconsin, '04; A. S. Putney, Jr., Wisconsin, '04; K. B. 
 Tanner, Wisconsin, '04; Samuel Boyd, Lawrence, '59; M. H. 
 Baird, Northwestern, '02; George Banta, Franklin, '76; C. W. 
 Treat, DePauw, '90; F. A. Havighorst, Iowa Wesleyan, '89. The 
 charter was granted September 6, 1902. Officers were elected, 
 also a delegate to the New York Convention, at a meeting at Apple- 
 ton in November. Five were present at a supper at the Sherman 
 House, Appleton, Alumni Day, 1903. 
 
 At a meeting of members at Bloomington, 111., held at the Ar- 
 nold Hotel, May 12, 1902, a preliminar}^ organization was effected, 
 by the election of temporary officers and a delegate to Zeta Pro- 
 vince Convention. An application, dated September 23, was 
 signed by A. J. Barr, '85; J. F. Wight, '85; J. L. Yolton, '85; J. 
 H. Shaw, '86; R. E. Williams, '86; W. H. Stillhamer, '89; D. D. 
 Darrah, '90; Spencer Ewing, '94; Samuel Holder, '95; Wave Mil- 
 ler, '95; A. M. Miller, '96; Louis Fitz Henry, '97, all of Illinois 
 Wesleyan; J. S. Ewing, Centre, '58; A. E. Stevenson, Centre, '60; 
 W. B. Carlach, Lombard, '67; J. A. Bohrer, Williams, '91; H. W, 
 Fifer, Williams, '98; J. G. Melluish, Illinois, '94; F. J. Arnold, 
 Illinois, 03. The application, forwarded by Shaw September 23, 
 was granted November 6, 1902. Shaw and Stillhamer were promi- 
 nent in establishing the club. Permanent officers were elected No- 
 vember 14, 1902. The club held its first dinner at the Illinois Ho- 
 tel, Alumni Day, 1903, sixteen members being present. 
 
 The members residing at Portland, Ore., effected a preliminary 
 organization by electing officers at a dinner given by Wallace Mc- 
 Camant at the Portland Hotel, December 23, 1901. At a dinner 
 at the same place July 28, 1902, when ten members were the guests 
 of R. W. Wilbur, they decided to apply for a charter. The appli- 
 cation, dated August 25, was signed by S. C. Spencer, Wabash, 
 '89; A. A. Wright, Wisconsin, '91; C. M. Idleman, O. W. U., '78; 
 E. A. Ballis, Hanover, '99; J. L. Baker, Knox, '84; J. J. Dempsey, 
 Cornell, '99; Wallace McCamant, Lafayette, '8S; P. W. Davis, 
 California, '97; R. W. Wilbur, Vermont, '90; W. S. Gilbert, Hills- 
 dale, '92. The application, forwarded by McCamant September 
 15, was granted November 22, 1902. 
 
THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1900- 1901. 769 
 
 An application for charter for an alumni club at Peoria, III., 
 dated October 22, 1902, was signed by the following members liv- 
 ing at Peoria and Pekin, 111.: T. W. Rodecker, Indiana, '97; J. B. 
 Garner, Wabash, '93; S. M. Miller, Northwestern, '96; W. G. 
 Olwin, Franklin, '87; B. M. Mead, Knox, '00; C. H. Mead, Knox, 
 '01; J. T. Hunter, Cornell, '96; Henry Mansfield, Virginia, ^S8; 
 S. T. Donahoe, Lombard, '91; R. F. Anderson, Lombard, '93; H, 
 B. Beecher, Iowa, '87; C. D. E. Thomas, O. S. U., '87; L. E. 
 Gurney, Colby, '99. The application, forwarded by Miller Octo- 
 ber 22, was granted November 22, 1902. The Peoria club made 
 six alumni clubs chartered in 1902. The R. G. C. reported to the 
 1902 Convention that, though there were then fifty-two alumni 
 clubs, the "possibilities in this line are by no means exhausted." 
 
 THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1900-1901. 
 
 TAe Scroll, Volume XXV: five bi-monthly numbers — October, 1900, to June, 
 1901; pp. 652-l-title page and index, pp. 4. Illustrations 69. The Palladium, 
 Volum.e VII: six numbers — September, December, 1900; January, February, March, 
 May, 1901; pp. 236. Illustrations 13. Editor and Manager, H. T. Miller. Spe- 
 cial Editors: VV. B. Palmer, The Scroll, No. 3, The Palladium, Nos. 3-5; R. H. 
 Switzler, Scroll, No. 4, The Palladium, No. 6. Assistant Special Editors: J. H. De- 
 Witt, Scroll, No. 3; J. E. Brown, The Scroll, Nos. 3-4. Printers: The Scroll: C. E. 
 Hollenbeck, Indianapolis, Ind.; The Pa lladitmi, S^psihr Si.n6 Glenn, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 The Scroll, October, 1900, contains biographical sketches, writ- 
 ten by the Editor, relating to A, E. Stevenson, Centre, '60, nomi- 
 nee of the Democratic party for Vice-President of the United 
 States; Job Harriman, Indianapolis, '85, nominee of the Social- 
 Democratic part}^ for Vice-President; E. H. Conger, I^ombard,. 
 '62, United States Minister to China, one of the diplomats impris- 
 oned in Pekin by besieging Chinese during the previous summer. 
 The December Scroll contains Three Generations of Phis, "writ- 
 ten by W. B. Palmer, relating to Judge D. D. Banta, Indiana, '55; 
 George Banta, Franklin, '76, and Mark Banta, Wisconsin, '04, the 
 latter being the first Phi whose grandfather as well as father was 
 a Phi. The same issue contains a letter about Pennsylvania Beta, 
 1876-82, by M. F. Troxell, ex-Editor of The Scroll. 
 
 The Convention re-elected H. T. Miller as R. G. C. and Editor 
 and Manager, but on account of his illness, W. B. Palmer, by re- 
 quest of the General Council, edited the February Scroll, and 
 the January, February and March issues of The Falladi?im, and R. 
 H. Switzler edited the April Scroll and May Palladium. J. H. 
 DeWitt edited chapter correspondence in The Scroll for February, 
 J. E. Brown the Collegiate" and ' Hellenic" departments in The 
 Scroll iox February and April. 
 
 The February Scroll contains an account of the Louisville Con- 
 vention, sevent3'^-six pages in length — somewhat the longest and 
 best illustrated account of a college fraternit}^ convention that had 
 
 ever been published. It was prepared by W. B. Palmer, and in- 
 
 (49) 
 
770 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 eludes the stenographically reported speeches made at the opening 
 exercises and at the banquet, a resume of convention legislation, 
 letters and telegrams from absent members, extracts from the Louis- 
 ville papers, etc. There were seventeen illustrations — the conven- 
 tion group serving as a frontispiece, a half-tone of a flashlight pho- 
 tograph of the members at the banquet table, three smaller groups, 
 one other half-tone, two wood cuts, one etching and eight conven- 
 tion cartoons reproduced from the Courier- Journal . 
 
 An article, by W. B. Palmer, about New York Delta called at- 
 tention to the remarkably large number of honors won by its mem- 
 bers, and especially to the prominence of Phis in the 1901 Colum- 
 bia University comic opera, Princess Proud," of which two Phis, 
 G. S. Parsons and A. R. Allen, were the authors, and in the pro- 
 duction of which leading characters were taken by several mem- 
 bers, a half-tone of the cast in costume being given. The Penn- 
 sylvania letter in the April Scroll mentioned two $ A represent- 
 atives in the 1901 production of the Mask and Wig Club. 
 
 The February Scroll (issued late in March) also contains a no- 
 tice, by R. H. Switzler, of the death, February 26, of Colonel A. 
 W. Rogers, one of the founders of ^ A ©, and a notice, by H. U. 
 Brown, of the death, March 13, of ex-President Benjamin Harri- 
 son. A list, of Phis in metropolitan journalism appearing in the 
 February Scroll (supplemented in the June number) shows that 
 there were nine on Chicago papers and twenty-three on New York 
 papers. 
 
 The April Scroll was devoted largely to memorials of General 
 Harrison and Colonel Rogers. Articles relating to General Harri- 
 son were contributed by J. W. Foster, Indiana, '55, who had been 
 Secretary of State in his cabinet; Dr. A. C. Kemper, Miami, '52, 
 who had known him intimately while both were active members of 
 Ohio Alpha, and J. B. Elam, Miami, '70, who had been his law 
 partner. R. H. Switzler prepared an account of his public career, 
 and W. B. Palmer an account of his connection with $ A © for 
 half a century — 1851-1901. H. H. Ward contributed an account 
 of his funeral, and J. L. Mitchell a report of the memorial meet- 
 ing held by members of the Fraternity in Indianapolis, including 
 the stenographically reported speeches made on that occasion. A. 
 M. Potter wrote an account of a reception given by Michigan Al- 
 pha to General Harrison, December 14, 1900. W. B. Palmer con- 
 tributed a biographical sketch and Robert Morrison an apprecia- 
 tion of Colonel Rogers. A biographical sketch of Frederick Fun- 
 ston, Kansas, '92, recently promoted by President William McKin- 
 ley to be a Brigadier-general in the regular army, as a reward for his 
 capture of Emilio Aguinaldo, was written by R. H. Switzler, and 
 reminiscences of Funston while an active member of Kansas Alpha 
 were written by Paul Wilkinson, Kansas, '93. 
 
 H. T. Miller, having recovered, resumed editorial charge of The 
 Scroll. The June number contains "Our Roll of Honor," a list of 
 
THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1900-1901. 
 
 771 
 
 members of $ A engaged in the civil war, compiled b}' W. B. 
 Palmer. The Editor prepared an interesting article about mem- 
 bers of <^ A who had been prominent in college athletics during 
 1900-01. There was a large number especialh' in football (includ- 
 ing man}' captains), baseball, track and other teams, and repre- 
 sentatives on the crews that rowed in inter-collegiate regattas. 
 
 The New York Journal was quoted as sa3'ing that Governor B. 
 B. Odell, of New York, was becoming ''addicted to the college 
 fraternit}'^ dinner habit," having recenth' attended a banquet in the 
 metropolis given b}' members of B 11, and a little later one given 
 b}' members of ^ Y. It transpired that he had joined the former 
 at Bethan}' and the latter at Columbia. 
 
 David Demaree Banta, Indiana, '55. 
 
 Historian, National Convention, 1880. See pages 130, 156 and 416. Father of George Banta, 
 Franklin, '76, and Indiana, '76 (see portrait, page 423), and Charles Banta, Franklin, '81, and Indi- 
 ana, '81, and grandfather of Mark Banta, Wisconsin, '04. The first member of * A who had a 
 son and a grandson who were members. 
 
 From the New York Twies was quoted a statement that a stu- 
 dent at Colb}", while being initiated into AY, was struck in the small 
 of his back so hard that the blows produced convulsions, which 
 nearly resulted in death. This initiation ceremony was certainh^ 
 somewhat severe for a non-secret societ}^ to perform. Another item 
 in the June Scroll said that two Harvard men had been severel}' 
 injured during their initiation into the Dicke}' Club and the Institute 
 of 1770."^ One was said to have had concussion of the brain from 
 
 '^The members of the Dickey Club are sophomores chosen from the Institute of 1770. The club 
 composed the Harsard chapter of A K E from 1865 until 1891, when .A K £ withdrew its charter, 
 Dickey continuing as a local sophomore club. 
 
772 THE HISIORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 being kicked on the head, and the other to have had both knees 
 injured and a finger broken. In consequence, the Dickey Club had 
 modified its initiation ceremony, abolishing part of it. 
 
 In The Palladium, H. T. Miller did not fail to warn chapters of 
 ^ A against adding anything to the ritualism of its initiation 
 ceremony which might result in physical injury.* The proceed- 
 ings of the Louisville Convention, sixty-eight pages, made the Jan- 
 uary Palladium, the first issue of that journal to have a cover. An 
 extra number of The Palladiuin, dated February and devoted 
 mainly to convention news, was issued simultaneously with the 
 March issue, which was devoted mainly to articles about institu- 
 tions from which applications for charters had been received. The 
 March number, containing eighty-four pages, has a cover with a 
 table of contents. The May number contains thirty-two pages, 
 completing a volume of 236 pages, the largest volume of The Pal- 
 ladium ever printed. At the suggestion of W. B. Palmer, F. J. R. 
 Mitchell, S. G. C, began to print in this issue "Acts of the Gen- 
 eral Council," by which important actions of the Council were 
 made known to the Fraternity at large. This became a' regu- 
 lar feature of The Palladium, the heading being changed, on Palm- 
 er's suggestion, November, 1901, to ' General Council Record." 
 
 THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1901-1902. 
 
 The Scroll, Volume XXVI: five bi-monthly numbers — October, 1901, to June, 
 1902; pp. 572-|-title page and index, pp. 4. Illustrations 66. The Palladium, 
 Volume VIII: five bi-monthly numbers — September, 1901, to May, 1902; pp. 108. 
 Illustrations 4. Editor and Manager, H. T. Miller. Printers: The Scroll, The Hol- 
 lenbeck Press, Indianapolis, Ind.; The Palladhun, Spahr & Glenn, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 The Scroll, October, 1901, contains a letter from every chapter, 
 a revised list of Phis in the Spanish and Philippine wars, compiled 
 by R. H. Switzler, and articles about Kentucky State College and 
 the installation of Kentucky Epsilon by R. M. Allen. The Decem- 
 ber number has "Old Fraternity Records" — letters, written 
 1858-60, relating to Wisconsin Beta — furnished by W. B. Palmer. 
 To the same issue, B. M. L. Ernst contributed a table showing the 
 remarkable growth of ^ A © at Columbia as compared with other 
 fraternities there. Counting active members. Phis from other col- 
 leges in the professional schools and officers in the university, 
 <E> A © had 84, the fraternity with the next largest number, B 11, 
 having but 58. 
 
 The February number contains an article on Chapter Houses 
 and Fraternity Growth," by T. A. Vernon, copied from the Febru- 
 
 * Three deaths have occurred during college fraternity initiations, or rather during preparations, 
 for initiation. October to, 1873, M. M. Leggett, a candidate for initiation into K A at Cornell, 
 was led, while blindfolded, near the verge of a precipice, over which he fell, resulting in injuries 
 from which he died within a few hours. June i, 1892, Wilkins Rustin, a candidate for initiation 
 into A K E at Yale, was required, while blindfolded, to run down a street; and in running he 
 struck the end of a carriage pole, which caused injuries resulting in death June 6. October 27, 1899, 
 E. F. Berkeley, a candidate for initiation into K A at Cornell, was directed to run across the coun- 
 try at dusk; and in doing so he fell into a canal and was drowned. 
 
THE SONG BOOK— FIFTH EDITION, 1902. 773 
 
 2irj Phi Gavima Delta. A table in the article shows that <I> A 
 had 65 chapters (an increase of 2 since the last edition of Baird's 
 "American College Fraternities," 1898), and owned 13 and rented 
 31 chapter houses, total 44 houses (an increase of 2 since 1898). 
 The fraternit}^ making the next best showing, B n, had 64 chap- 
 ters (increase of 2 since 1898), and 14 houses and 28 rented, total 
 42 (increase of 12 since 1898). 
 
 The April number contains an account, b}' H. H. Ward, of the 
 celebration of the eightieth anniversar}^ of the birth of Founder 
 Robert Morrison, including the stenographically reported speeches 
 made on that occasion. The other feature of the April Sci'oll was 
 articles relating to jMcGill Universit}^ and Quebec Alpha, by B. 
 C. Crowell, J. A. Faulkner, H. H. Ward, G. L. Ray, E. H. Hun- 
 ter and A. M. McCrillis. 
 
 The frontispiece of the June Sci'oll, a picture of New Hampshire 
 Alpha's beautiful new chapter house, is followed b}- articles about 
 Dartmouth and the chapter, b}^ C. K. Woodbridge and Kendall 
 Banning. The first installment of Bibliography of ^ A 0" was 
 contributed b}^ W, B. Palmer. The June Scroll, which was not 
 issued until x\ugust, announced the death, Jul}" 27, of Robert Mor- 
 rison. He had contributed more articles to The Scroll than an^^- 
 one else, those who had been Editors excepted. This number con- 
 tains two posthumous contributions from him — an obituar}^ of S. W. 
 Mitchell, Centre, '57, and an acknowledgment of the man}^ mes- 
 sages of greetings and congratulations received b}' him on his last 
 birthda}^ The Editor wrote an obituar}- of his father, J. C. Mil- 
 ler, Indiana, '55, illustrated with portraits of the father and 
 three sons — H. T. Miller, Indianapolis, '2>2>\ J. F. G. Miller, Pur- 
 due, '03, and S. V. B. Miller, Purdue, '05.* An editorial summing 
 up the good work of the collegiate 3"ear said: ' The Scroll, which 
 has for man}' years been credited with a larger circulation than an}^ 
 other Greek-letter fraternity magazine, has almost doubled the 
 number of its alumni subscribers within twelve months." 
 
 Volume VIII of The Palladium contains several articles b}" H. 
 H. Ward, P. G. C, and articles by W. A. Curtis, E. E. Ruby, S. 
 K.Ruick, Jr., and others, bearing on topics of current interest. The 
 proceedings of Alpha Province Convention and Epsilon Province 
 Convention appeared in the March issue. 
 
 *The article said : "It is believed that this is one of the first instances where a father and three 
 sons have all been members of $ A 0." But in Indiana Alpha there are a father and four sons — 
 G. H. Gifford. '72 : A. W. Gifford, '96 ; F. H. Gifford, '01 ; G. J. Gifford, '02 ; H. S. Gifford. '05. 
 
774 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 THE SONG BOOK— FIFTH EDITION, 1902. 
 
 The Convention of 1900 appointed W. B. Palmer and H. T. 
 Miller Editors of a new edition of the song book. The latter re- 
 signing, the General Council, December 31, 1900, appointed C. A. 
 Bohn in his stead. At the request of Palmer and Bohn, the Council, 
 October 18, 1901, appointed G. S. Parsons Editor, especially to 
 edit the music. The Council at its meeting in Chicago, Thanks- 
 giving, 1 90 1, recommended that the Editors include successful 
 selections of instrumental music composed by Phis or dedicated to 
 $ A ©." The book was issued October 17, 1902. 
 
 SONGS AND 
 MUSIC OF 
 
 PHI DELTATHE1A 
 
 Fifth €dition 
 
 tSQ2 
 
 Side Stamp of 1902 Song Book. 
 
 The title page: ''Songs and Music | of the | PHI DELTA 
 THETA FRATERNITY. I Fifth Edition. | Editors: | Walter Ben- 
 jamin Palmer, Emory, 1877; i Charles Ahiman Bohn, Washington, 
 1893; I George Sanford Parsons, Columbia, 1902. I Published by 
 the Fraternity, 1 In Its LIV Year, | 1902." The title page also 
 contains the first verse of "Phi Delta Theta All Revere." Bound 
 in blue cloth with side stamp (reduced fac simile of which herewith 
 appears) printed with white ink; also in blue paper covers, bearing^ 
 same design in white ink. 
 
 The book contains seventy-two pages, 8 by 10% inches. On 
 the reverse of the title page is the imprint: ' The Armstrong Com- 
 pany, Music Typographers and Printers, 7ioSansom Street, Phila- 
 delphia." On page 3 is the "Preface," dated September i, 1902. 
 
THE SONG BOOK— FIFTH EDITION, 1902. 775 
 
 On page 4 are the notation of the fraternity whistle, and the frater- 
 nity cheer: "Rah! Rah! Rah! Phi-kei-a! Phi Delta Theta! Rah! 
 Rah! Rah!"; also the unofficial cheer:* 
 
 Efs dvTjpl 
 E^s dvrjpl 
 Ovdels, ovdels, oidels, avfjpl 
 Eu-re-ka! 
 Phi-kei-a! 
 Phi Delta Theta! 
 Rah! Rah! Rah! 
 
 There are sixty-four songs and odes and six instrumental pieces on 
 pages 5 to 68 inclusive. Nine of the songs have original accompani- 
 ments (five reproduced from the third edition), and accompani- 
 ments are given for twelve other songs. The following song by W. B. 
 Palmer, Emory, '77, was reproduced from the second edition of 
 "The Manual of Phi Delta Theta" (issued as a supplement to The 
 Scroll, October, 1897): 
 
 PHI DELTA THETA, DEAR. 
 
 Air — ^'Aj/ierica.''^ 
 
 Phi Delta Theta, dear. 
 Before thee we appear. 
 
 And homage bring; 
 Within our chapter hall, 
 Thy virtues we extol. 
 Thy glorious past recall. 
 
 Thy praises sing. 
 
 Phi Delta Theta, dear. 
 When we assemble here. 
 
 Our spirits blend; 
 Deep is our love for thee. 
 Strong is our loyalty. 
 And all will faithful be 
 
 Till time shall end. 
 
 Phi Delta Theta, dear. 
 Our pledge of fealty hear, 
 
 Thee we adore; 
 We see thy growing fame, 
 Thy high and noble aim 
 Shall all thy sons proclaim 
 
 Forevermore. 
 
 On pages 69 and 70 is an "index to Titles and First Lines." On 
 pages 71 and 72 are notes regarding "Earlier Editions of the Song 
 Book." These notes show in which editions the songs included in 
 the fifth edition appeared, and mention is made of the publication 
 of certain songs before they were incorporated in the song book. 
 
 The cost of printing 1200 copies of the book and binding 500 in 
 cloth and 300 in paper, 400 remaining to be bound later, was 
 
 * This cheer, except the word "Eureka," was invented by W. B. Palmer and was first used at the 
 Semi-Centennial Convention. The addition of "Eu-re-ka I" was suggested to him, igo2, by the yell 
 of Miami University. In a review of the song book. The Scroll, December. 1902, E. E. Ruby sug- 
 gested that this cheer would look better if the last four lines also were printed in Greek. 
 
776 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ^509.75, and the cover plate cost $i<, additional. The pages were 
 electrotyped. Copies, cloth bound, were sold at ^i; paper bound, 
 75 cents each. 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1902. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Monda}^ Tuesday,. 
 Wednesdays Thursday, Friday and Saturday, November 24, 25, 26, 
 27, 28 and 29, 1902, in the ball-room of the Hotel Majestic, cor- 
 ner of 7 2d Street and Eighth Avenue, New York, N. Y. The Con- 
 vention was called to order by H. H. Ward, P. G. C. ; prayer by 
 Rev. Dr. J. B. Shaw, Lafayette, '85. An address of welcome was 
 made by Judge J. M. Mayer, C. C. N. Y., '84, on behalf of the New 
 York alumni club, and one was made by B. M. L. Ernst, Colum- 
 bia, '99, on behalf of New York Delta. Responses were made by 
 A. M. McCrillis, C. F. Lamkin, F. S. Palmer, J. B. Ballou and L. 
 C. Eauchland, representing respectively the East, West, South, 
 North and Canada. J. W. Eindley, only surviving founder, 
 expressed thanks for the heartiness of his reception, the pleasure 
 he felt in being present, and his gratification at the continued pros- 
 perity of the Fraternity. The members were presented individu- 
 ally to Father Lindley and to Miss Mary Morrison, daughter of 
 Father Robert Morrison. On behalf of Missouri Beta, R. E. 
 Burch presented to the President a gavel made from wood of a tree 
 grown on the farm of Father Morrison near Fulton, Mo., to be used 
 at this and subsequent National Conventions.* 
 
 Officers present: General Council — President, H. H. Ward; Secretary, 
 F. J. R. Mitchell; Reporter, H. T. Miller; Treasurer, J. H. DeWitt; Historian, 
 R. H. Switzler. Other Trustees: J. C. Moore, Jr., McCluney Radcliffe, George 
 Banta, A. B. Gilbert. Vice-President Alpha Province, A. M. McCrillis. President 
 Delta Province, J. B. Ballou. President Epsi ion Province, S. K. Ruick, Jr. Pres- 
 ident Zeta Province, W. H. Raymond. President Eta Province, G. L. Ra}'. 
 President Theta Province, W. H. Morgan. Editors of the Catalogue: G. H. Eng- 
 lish, Jr., C. F, Lamkin. Editor of the History, W. B. Palmer. Editors of the 
 Song Book: W. B. Palmer, G. S. Parsons. Fraternity Librarian, J. E. Brown. 
 
 Delegates from college chapters present: Miami — O. P. Flower, '03. 
 Indiana — G. E. Shaw, '03. Central — W. C. Hudson, '05. Wabash — A. H. King, 
 '04. Wisconsin — J. B. Blake, '04. Northwestern — J. B. Romans, Jr., '04. 
 Indianapolis — Cleo Hunt, '04. O. W. U. — N. I. Taylor, '03. Franklin — R. H. 
 Sellers, '04. Ilanovei — C. S. Hatfield, '04. Michiga?i — P. F. Steketee, '03. 
 Chicago — W. A. Lybrand, '02. DePauzv — R. J. Brower, '03. Ohio — F. E. Coul- 
 trap, '04. Missouri — F. A. Thompson, '04. Knox — G. A. Shurtleff, '03. Geor- 
 gia — G. W. Legwen, '03. Enwry — T. B. Cavanaugh, '03. Iowa Wesleyan — 
 Burton Beck, '03. Mercei — B. M. Pate, '03. Cornell — J. P. Frenzel, Jr., '03. 
 Lafayette — A. A. Walter, '03. California — S. V. Walton, '03. Virginia — A. S. 
 Taylor, '03. Randolph-Macon — J. C. Copenhaver, '03. N^ebraska — H.J. Sowles, 
 '03. Gettysburg — G. L. Eppler, '04. W. &" J. — W. F. Shallenberger, '03. Van- 
 derbilt — D. M.' Wright, '04. Lehigh— Y.. M. Mack, '04. Mississippi — T. C. 
 Campbell, Jr., '03. Alabama— T. L. Coles, '04. Lombard — J. C. Hurd, '04. 
 Auburn — W. C. Coles, '02. Allegheny — R. G. Freeman, '05. Vermont — H. J. 
 
 * At the same session G. L. Eppler, on behalf of Pennsylvania Beta, presented to H. H. Ward, 
 P. G. C, a gavel and block made of wood grown on Gettysburg battlefield, a bullet shot into the 
 ■wood during the battle being embedded in the gavel. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1902. 777 
 
 Adams, '03. Dickinson — R, Y. Stuart, '03, Westminster — R. E. Burch, '03. 
 Minnesota — H. V. Fuller, '04. loioa — E. M. Hagler, '02. Kansas — R.J. DeLano, 
 '03. Seivanee — P. O. Benjamin, '03. O. S. U. — H. P. Humphrey, '04. Texas — 
 
 E. E. Witt, '03. Pennsylvania — J. H. R. Acker, '04. Union — A. E. Bishop, '03. 
 Colby — J. A. Oilman, '05. Columbia — E. H. Updike, '04. Dartmouth — R. E, 
 Lewers, '03. North Carolina — W. F. Smathers, '03. PVi lliams— Clarence Mc- 
 Millan, '03. Southivestern — C. C. Cody, Jr., '03. Syracuse — F. M. Edson, '03. 
 W. &^ L. — J. W. Bagley, '03. Amherst— K. H. Favour, '03. Brown— V. W. 
 Gardner, '03. T'ulane — J. R. Upton, '02. Washington — E. G. Curtis, '03. Stan- 
 ford — E. A. Behlow, '03. Purdue — E. R. Johnson, '04. Illinois — C. O. Clark, 
 '04. Case — A. H. Anthony, '03. Cincinnati — W. H. Fillmore, '03. Washing- 
 ton State— Yi. A. Hanson, '03. K. S. C.—R. B. Osburn, '05. McGill—L. C. 
 Lauchland,'04. Colorado — W. C. Stickney,'o3. Georgia Tech. — J. E. Roberts,'o3. 
 
 A delegate was present frofn ever}^ active chapter. 
 
 Delegates from alumni clubs present: Franklin-^^ . W. Wilson, Frank- 
 lin, '01. Richmond — H. L. Watson, Richmond, '91. Indianapolis — W. H. Mor- 
 rison, Jr., Cornell, '01. Baltimore — M. P. Rucker, R.-M., '99. Montgomery — 
 
 F. S. Ball, O. S. U., '88. Chicago— R. H. Little, Illinois Wesleyan, '95.' Cincin- 
 nati — Guido Gores, Cincinnati, '01. Washijigton — C. N. Bennett, Emory, '88. 
 Netv York — B. M. L. Ernst, Columbia, '99. Kansas City — B. E. Dolphin, Michi- 
 gan, '01. Minneapolis — W. R. Brown, Minnesota, '89. San Francisco — J. R. 
 Moulthrop, California, 'co. Atlanta — W. A. Speer, Emory, '88. Pittsburg — 
 W. D. Tredway, W. & J., '86. Saint Louis — A. R. Skinker, Washington, '05. 
 Philadelphia — Thomas Gucker, Jr., '01. Cleveland — C. L. Gates, O. W. U., '99. 
 Boston — W. F. Switzler, Missouri, '00. Spokane — C. M. Doland, Williams, '00. 
 Biriningham — C. A. Brown, Alabama, '01. Detroit — J. W. Judson, Michigan, '03. 
 Milwaukee — ^J. F. Sweet, Wisconsin, '93. Providence — T. M. Phetteplace, Brown, 
 '99. Syracuse — A. E.^Larkin, Syracuse, '04. Harvard — W. B, C. Pilcher, Van- 
 •derbilt, '01. Toledo — W. W. Ross, Michigan, '91. Omaha — J. T. Sumner, 
 Nebraska, '99. Crawfordsville — W. H. Hays, Wabash, '01. Menasha — M. H. 
 Baird, Northwestern, '02. Bloomington — W. H. Stillhamer, Illinois Wesleyan, '89. 
 
 Other members present: Miami — J. W. Lindlev, '50; Edwin Emerson, Jr., 
 '89; W. C. Harris, '91; W. P. Meilv, '99; O. P. Flower, '02. Indiana— Y. E. 
 Ruby, '98. Centre— V^. R. Worralf, '79. Wabash— tl. W. Little, '96; M. V. 
 Rob'b, '00. Wisconsin — J. W. Blakey, '85; W. A. Curtis, '89; G. P. Hardgrove, 
 '00; C. R. North, '00; E. N. Pardee, '01; H. W. Wilbur, '04; H. G. Winslow, 
 '04. Northwestern — C. D. Tomv, Jr., '01. Indianapolis — C. L. Goodwin, '83; 
 Stallo Vinton, '97. O. W. U.—G. P. Benton, '88; W. E. Clark, '96; E. W. 
 Hamill, '01; H. D. Marsh, '01; J. W. Bare, '04; E. W. Buxton, '04; C. P. Hamill, 
 '04. Franklin — E. L. Stevenson, '81; W. A. Halteman, '84; E. L. Beck, '98; 
 P. W. Monroe, '98; O. A. Province, '98. Hanover— C. A. Swope, '85; H. V. 
 Swope, '89; H. A. Marks, '92. Michigan — H. W. Clarke, '04; E. J. Wohlgemuth, 
 '05. DePauzo—Y. I. Stults, '99; B.' V. Moore, '02. Ohio—]. J. Welch, '83; 
 
 F. H. Super, '95; Dorr Casto, '01; F. H. Tinker, '04. Missouri — B. M. Thomp- 
 son, '92; W. T. Conley, '94; D. S. Conley, '02; George Houck, Jr., '02; J. P. 
 McBaine, '02. Knox — E. E. Barr, '02; R. T. Barr, '02; R. B. Porter, '02. 
 Georgia— C. C. Harrold, '98; D. V. Hopps, '98; W. S. Blun, '99; C. C. Clay, 
 '00; S. B. Goff, Jr., '00; J. C. Westbrook, '06. Emory — W. A. Keener, '74; 
 E. S. Palmer, '99; C. H. Richardson, '04. loxoa Wesleyan — J. W. Clark, '92; 
 E. W. Hearne, '94; G. M. Rommel, '97. Mercer~Y. N. Calloway, '02; S. H. 
 Wilson, '03. Wooster—Y. B. Baltzly, '96. Cornell— Y). R. Horton, '75; G. A. 
 Blauvelt, '90; E. A. Darling, '90; D. L. Holbrook, '92; N. C. Robbins, '94; F. R. 
 Slater, '94; H. H. Morrison, '97; B. B. Conable, '01; H. J. Couch, '01; C. H. 
 Fay, '01; F. W. Mastin, '01; W. W. Pellet, '01; C. E. Stevens, '01; F. W. Mc- 
 Kinney, '02; E. H. Powley, '02; C. B. Kugler, Jr., '03; W. C. Pruyn, '03; E. J. 
 Snow, '03; C. R. McSparren, '04; R. M. Tolin, '05; H. R. de Funiak, '06; J. L. 
 Helm, Jr., '06; Edward Wilder. '06. Lafayette — J. K. Horner, '84; J. B. Shaw, 
 '85; F. S. Nute, '91; L. H. Allen, '94; G. W. Hagnev, '99; F. A. Poole, '99; 
 
 G. B. Robb, '01; H. H. Bender, '03; J. M. Cooper, '03; W. M. Smith, '03; W. W. 
 Johnston, '04; D. C. Pomeroy, '05; E. G.Wilson, '06; L. F. Wilzin, '06. Califoj-- 
 
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78o THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 nia — A. W. Jackson, '74. Virginia — E. M. Long, '89; Warner Ames, '02. Ran- 
 dolph-Macon — H. S. Blakene}^ '04. Buchtel — S. E. Findley, '94; C. G. Webster, 
 '94. N'ebraska — P. W. Russell, '97; J. D. Hastie, '99; E. E. Farnsworth, '03. 
 Gettysburg — J. E. Meisenhelder, '97; M. T. Huber, '01; H. H. Keller, '01; J. W. 
 Singmaster, '04; Tillotson Fryatt, '05; H. M. Singmaster, '05. W. &= /. — J. B. 
 Clark, '90; F. S. Mathews, '90; J. A. Mathews, '93; K. L. W. Core, '00; T. C. 
 Duff, '01; J. A. Metz, '01; C. F. Miller, '01; G. E. Mellor, '02; A. E. Sloan, '02; 
 MacLean Libbey, '03; J. W. Thompson, '03; H. B. Woods, '03. Vanderbilt — 
 Paul Jones, '79; R. F. Jackson, '81; F. P. Turner, '91; E. S. Jones, '97; J. B. 
 Pitman, '98; S, C, Pilcher, '00; M. H. Bonner, '01; C. W. Caldwell, '02. Lehigh — 
 J. P. Reynolds, '97; A. L. Saltzman, '97; A, H. Serrell, '97; A. T. Brice, '00; 
 S. T. Harleman, '01; E. B. Wilkinson, '01; M. B. Cory, '04; J. B. Trumbull, '06. 
 Mississippi — Lamar Hard}', '98; W. H. Lee, '89; T. H. Campbell, '03. Ala- 
 bama — L. F. Luckie, '96; J. S- Stillman, '97; A. A, Walker, '01. Lombara — 
 C. E. Hasbrook, '70; Lee Fairchild, '88; E. L. Shinn, '96; W. A. Johnson, '01; 
 J. K. Gibson, '04. Aiibtiryi — W. L. Green, '01; H. M. Smith, '03. Allegheny — 
 R. W. Elliott, '90; M. D. Crary, '96; Paul Weyand, '98; Milton Weatherby, '99; 
 Irwin Campbell, '01; A. R. Elliott, '01. Vermont — G. E. Sawyer, '83; G. W. 
 Roberts, '87; D. E. Croft, '89; A. F. Newell, '89; T. C. Cheney, '91; F. S. Grow, 
 '91; Joel Allen, '92; C. H. Mower, '94; L, S. Doten, '97, W. P. Kern, '97; F. F. 
 Lincoln, '97; R. L. Patrick, '98; H. H. Greene, '99; A. E. Lovett, '00; C. T, 
 Murray, '00; E. E. Parker, '01; G. G. Morse, '02; D. M. Rice, '02; A. D. Welch, 
 '02; C. J. Parker, '03; L. P. C. Smith, '03; C. H. Wheeler, '03; F. S. Briggs, '04; 
 H. E. Cunningham, '04; G. R. Varnum, '04; M. R. Peck, '06. Dickinson — W. V. 
 Mallalieu, '99; R. S. Loose, '01; W. D. Burkey, '02; M. C. Haldeman, '03; H. P. 
 Stuart, '03; C. L. Swift, '04. Westminster — S. Y. Van Meter, '97. Minnesota — 
 W. H. Condit, '96; M. C. Perkins, '98; L. K. Sowle, '03; F. L. Thompson, '03. 
 Iowa — L. A. Birk, '01. Hillsdale — F. H. Avery, '98. Sewanee — J. H. P. Hodg- 
 son, '86; C. B. K. Weed, '95; Oscar Wilder, '98; Telfair Hodgson, '99; J. N. 
 Atkins, '02; H. H. Powers, '03. Texas — Banton Moore, '00; Alexander Pope, '05. 
 O. S. U.—<Z. A. Winter, '87; H. A. Kahler, '89; F. W. Rane, '91; H. W. Bock, 
 '98. Pennsylvania — H. B. Beitler, '01; J. P. Gardiner, '01; C. H. McCauley, Jr., 
 '02; C. A. Godshalk, '03; J. P. Austin, '04; E. T. Davis, Jr., '04; B. H. Ludlow, 
 '04; Lewis Walker, Jr., '04; C. E. Goodin, '05; Malcolm Davis, '06; E. H. Fitler, 
 '06. Union — Harlow McMillen, '87; W. L. Lawton, '94; G. M, Scofield, '97; 
 C. D. Griffith, '98; R. C. Gambee, '99; D. J. Hoyt, '99; D. E. Griffith, '02, 
 W. E. Hays, '02; R. F. Barrett, '03; A. G. Pickins, '03; J. L., Donhauser, '04; 
 C. L. Hays, '04; H. N. Haight, '06. C. C. N. F.— J. M. Mayer, '84; F. J. 
 Greene, '87; L. E. A. Drummond, '88; B. S. Orcutt, '88; E. F. Palmer, '88; 
 Albert Shiels, '88; E. W. Libaire, '92. Colby— D. J. Gallert, '93; B. O. Jones, 
 '02; C. A. Richardson, '02. Columbia — T. H. Baskerville, '86; J. B. Kei-foot,'87; 
 G. B. Germann, '95; B. de F. Bogart, '96; A. P. Van Gelder, '96; G. W. Rap- 
 pold, '96; F. A. Goetze, '97; W. G. Kilian, '97; E. J. Riederer, '97; H. W. Egner, 
 '98; O. W. Ehrhorn, '98; A. W. Opp^ '98; C. F. Bell, '99; F. S. Hackett, '99; F- W. 
 Hinrichs, Jr., '99; R. G. Simpson, '99; T. R. Temple, '99; W. M. Van Name, '99; 
 •C. E. Fleming, '00; O. H. Hinck, '00; Frederick Knowles, '00; J. S. Buhler, '01; 
 E. J. Edwards, Jr., '01; F. R. Wooster, '01; A. R. Allan, '02; G. C. Atkins, '02; 
 G. E. Farish, '02; C. E. Fisk, '02; R. P. Jackson, '02; C. C. Lieb, '02; H. S. 
 Riederer, '02; R. K. Shively, '02; J. C. Caldwell, '03; J. I. Fort, '03; R. C. 
 Gaige, '03, P. L. Griffith, '03; D. M. Updike, '03; Eugene Ashley, '04; L. A. 
 Carbo, '04; J. S. Maeder, '04; Eugene Pitou, Jr., '04; L. L. Savage, '04; G. C. 
 Turner, '04; W. R. Tyler, '04; W. L. Benham, '05; W. A. Bode, '05; S. B. 
 Dewev, '05; E. N. DoUin, '05; Thomas Miller, fr., '05; F. K. Sprague, '05; 
 T. R.'St. John, '05; J. G. Wallace, Jr., '05; R. T. Williams, '05; C. L. Campbell, 
 ^06; Carlton Gantert, '06; John Miller, '06; R. B. Schoonmaker, '06. Dartmouth — 
 Edward Griffith, '92; H. J. Hapgood, '96; L. M. Huntington, '98; W. J. Witte, 
 ""98; E. H. Hunter, '01; F. R, Guardineer, '03; P. W. Howard, '03; Carroll Paul, 
 ■'03; W. L. Rice, '03; E. P. Noel, '05. North Carolina — I. F. Harris, '00. Cen- 
 tral— 1. L. Gill, '05. Williams— K. M. Blackburn, '89; C. T. Terry, '89; John 
 Hill, '91; R. L. Tarbox, '92; F. E. Parks, '93; G. H. Ansley, '99; F. R. Baker, 
 
The Convention of 1902. — In the Convention Hall, November 26. 
 
 '99; D. C. Smith, '99; W. R. Conklin, '00; Frederick Squires, '00; C. A. Squires, 
 '00; Lewis Squires, '01; J. G. Orr, '03; J. E. Waller, '03; Walter Squires, '04; 
 Hayden Talbot, '04; L. S. Woodruff, '04; E. L. Crooker, '05; R. M. Ketcham, 
 '05; A. P. Newell, '05; W. A. Newell, '05; J. B. Pruvn, '05; W. C. Harris, '06; 
 G. D. Hulst, '06; W. S. Case, '06. Syracuse—^. W. May, '86; E. J. Read, '86; 
 E. M. Sanford, '89; f. S. Morev, '90; V. E. Kilpatrick, '91; W. M. Fanton, '92; 
 E. D. Rich, '92; G. b. Coons, "'94; 0..W. Wood, '92; W. W. Nichols, '94; G. H. 
 Baskerville, '95; F. P. Shenck, '95; C. W. Mills, '98; B. V. Dolph, '99; H. B. 
 Reddick, '99; F. S. Perry, '00; H. V. Rulison, '00; C. M. Marriott, '01; H. H. 
 Simpson, '01; C. J. Clark, '02; J. H. Cornell, '02; J. M. Scrafford, '02; Guy Com- 
 fort, '03; T. H. Low, '03; A. R, Seaman, '03; C. C. Bateman, '04; J. T. Lane, 
 '04; G. G. Merry, '04; J. R. Rubin, '04; C. S. Sleeth, '04; A. G. Taft, '04; J. A. 
 Distin, '05; C. T. Robertson, '05; L. O. Burrell, '06. W. 6^ L. — L. C. Speers, 
 '96; J. W. Marshall, '02. Amherst — Charles Sullivan, '88; F. P. Johnson, '93; 
 G. A. Goodell, '94; E. C. Sharp, '96; R. V. Ingersoll, '97; H. H. Wright, '98; 
 A. H. Sharp, '99; A. R. Couch, '01; C. J. Crary, '01; J. W. Smith, '02; W. V. 
 Trevoy, '02; R. S. Haradon, '03; W. C. Morgan, '03; J. M. Murdock, '03; J. H. 
 O'Donnell, '04; J. W. Roberts, '04; J. D. Crowell, '05; J. N. Worcester, '06. 
 Bro7vn — L, A. Roux, '94; H. P. Dorman, '96; N. H. Gifford, '99; W. L. Frost, 
 '01; J. G. Melendy, '01; George Burdick, '02; Henry Natsch, '02; Jeremiah 
 Holmes, '03; A. L. Philbrick, '03; B. H. Buxton, '04; N. B. Judah, '04; O. J. 
 Case, '05; R. C. Powell, '05; J. M. Marble, '06; Washington — C. L. Glasgow, 
 '02. Leland Stanford — -R. C. Victor, '00; Freeman Ford, '04. Purdue — F. H. 
 Henlev, '00; S. W. Wever, '02; M. R. White, '02. Illinois — M. E. Chester, '97; 
 C. F. kruse, '97. Case—N. E. Barnes, '98; G. S. Case, '04; H. D. Miller, '04; 
 H. C. Selby, '04. Cincinnati — G. M. Kenned}-, '05. Washington State — O. D. 
 Rohlfs, '03; Max Hardman, '04; D. E. Twitchell, '04. Kentucky State — R. M. 
 Allen, '00. Georgia Tech.—Yi. J. Scales, '04. 
 
 The total attendance was 547; it was nearly twice that of the 
 Louisville Convention, the largest previous $ A Convention; it was 
 indeed the largest convention ever held by an}^ college fraternity. 
 
The General Council, 1900-1902. 
 
 From left to right— J. H. DeWitt, T. G. C. ; F. J. R. Mitchell. S. G. C. ; H. H. Ward. P. G. C. ; 
 H. T. Miller, R. G. C. ; R. H. Switzler, H. G. C. Taken in Central Park, November 29, 1902. 
 See larger picture of this General Council in The Scroll, December, 1901. 
 
 Officers elected: General Council — President, J. E. Brown; Secretary, F. J. 
 R. Mitchell; Reporter, R. H. Switzler; Treasurer, J. H. DeWitt; Historian, A. M. 
 McCrillis. Chapter House Commissioners: H. T. Miller, J. C. Moore, Jr. Alumni 
 Commissioners: H. H. Ward, Lamar Hardy. Editors of the Catalogue: G. H. 
 English, Jr., E. E. Ruby. Editor of the History, W. B. Palmer. Fraternity 
 Librarian, J. E. Brown. 
 
 Convention Officers: President, H. H. Ward, P. G. C, ex officio; Secre- 
 tary, F. J. R. Mitchell, S. G. C, ex officio; Assistant Secretaries, E. E. Ruby, 
 V. E. Barnes; Chaplain, J. B. Shaw.; Wardens, W. R. Brown, Burton Beck, H. S. 
 Selby. 
 
 H. H. Ward, P. G. C, in his message said that during the four 
 years he had served on the General Council, 1898-1902, he had 
 traveled over 15,000 miles in the interest of ^ A © and had visited 
 57 of the 68 active chapters, besides 32 alumni clubs. 
 
 W. B. Palmer, J. E. Brown and C. F. Lamkin, composing the 
 committee on revision of the Ritual, appointed at the Convention 
 of 1900, issued, October, 1902, a pamphlet of fifty-nine pages, con- 
 taining proposed amendments to the various ceremonies. The vote 
 required for adopting the revision was not obtained. The Palla- 
 diuTtij November, 1902, contained proposed amendments to the 
 Code, among which the following were adopted: 
 
 As proposed by W. B. Palmer, the four Trustees who were not 
 Councilors were divided into two commissions — a Chapter House 
 Commission and an Alumni Commission, each to have two mem- 
 bers, one of whom the General Council shall designate as Chair- 
 man. <> A © was the first Fraternity to establish commissions to 
 have special charge of chapter house matters and of alumni and 
 alumni clubs.* 
 
 An amendment to the Code authorized the General Council to 
 appoint a Vice-President for any province, as had been done already 
 
 * See The Scroll, April, 1903, page 437. 
 
The General Council, 1902-1904. 
 
 From left to right— R. H. Switzler, R. G. C. ; F. J. R. Mitchell, S. G. C. ; J. E. Brown. P. G. C. ; 
 A. M. McCrillis, H. G. C. ; J. H. DeWitt, T. G. C. Taken in Central Park, November 29, 1902. 
 R. H. Switzler resigning, J. B. Ballou was elected a member of the General Council, 1904. 
 
 in Alpha Province; but, as proposed b}^ J. E. Brown, the Conven- 
 tion ordered the General Council to appoint two Presidents of 
 equal powers for Alpha Province, on account of its size and its 
 unwillingness to be divided, this provision for dual Presidents not 
 being embodied in the Code. 
 
 An amendment to the Code provided that a member who has affil- 
 iated with a second chapter shall be catalogued with both chapters. 
 A resolution, proposed b}^ Guido Gores, and adopted, provided 
 that an}^ Province President might authorize the officers of alumni 
 clubs or other alumni to pa}'^ official visits to neighboring chapters. 
 George Banta was elected official fraternit}^ printer, without mak- 
 ing that office a statutor}^ one. 
 
 A watch-charm made b}' D. L. Auld, fashioned 
 after the coat-of-arms, was approved. Ordered 
 that the pledge button be made smaller. 
 
 Ordered that a committee be appointed to select 
 a suitable design for a bronze medallion or some 
 form of insignia to be placed on the tombstones of 
 deceased members if desired, the design to be 
 subject to the approval of the General Council. 
 This being proposed b}'' W. B. Palmer, he was 
 made chairman of the committee. 
 
 As proposed b_v W. B. Palmer, ordered that no 
 member shall have the right to use the name of 
 the Fraternit}' or of an}' of its chapters in connec- 
 tion with an}' business enterprise. 
 
 Ordered that the author of the history be guaranteed the sale of 
 a certain number of copies of the history within three years after its 
 publication. 
 
 Watch-Charm Like 
 Coat-of-Arms. 
 
Past Presidents of the General Council. 
 
 From left to right— H. T. Miller, P. G. C, 1894-96; W. B. Palmer, P. G. C., i8$6-98 ; J. C. 
 Moore. Jr., P. G. C., 1898-1900; H. H. Ward. P. G. C., 1900-02. George Banta, P. G. C., 1880-82, 
 also attended this Convention, but left the citj^ before this kodak was taken, November 29, 1902. 
 
 Two representatives of the K $ A society at the University of 
 Idaho were present and one addressed the Convention. Two repre- 
 sentatives of the Tridentia society of the University of South Da- 
 kota were present and one addressed the Convention. The appli- 
 cations of both societies for charters were referred to the General 
 Council, as was also the application of the A Z $ society at the Uni- 
 versity of Arkansas. A representative of the <l> society at Law- 
 rence University addressed the Convention. R. H, Little and 
 others spoke in favor of granting a charter to the T K E society at 
 Illinois Wesleyan University, The applications from Lawrence and. 
 Illinois Wesleyan were rejected, as was also the application from 
 the ^ A society at the University of Nevada. 
 
 A noteworthy act of this Convention was the raising of the 
 Robert Morrison Memorial Fund, to cancel a mortgage indebted- 
 ness of $2,120 on the home of the deceased founder. The idea 
 originated with H. H. Ward, P. G. C, and was presented by him 
 and C. F. Lamkin to the Convention. The response was immedi- 
 ate, and members clamored for the floor to offer their subscrip- 
 tions. Within thirty minutes $2,182 had been subscribed — $870 
 by chapters, $750 by alumni clubs, $562 by individuals. The sub- 
 scriptions were subsequently increased. Ordered that the surplus 
 above the amount necessary to pay the mortgage be used for erect- 
 ing a monument to Father Morrison.* 
 
 The Convention accepted an invitation from Atlanta, Ga. , for 
 the next Convention to be held there Thanksgiving week, 1904. 
 
 The business sessions of the Convention extended over six da3''S, 
 a longer time than any Convention held previously by any college 
 
 * Ward's final report showed $2,336.30 collected for the fund. — See The Palladium, May, 1904- 
 Of this amount $187.78 was contributed toward erecting a tombstone over the grave of Father Mor- 
 rison, 1904. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1902. 785 
 
 fraternit}' had been in session. The social features of the week 
 were the most elaborate that had ever been attempted b}* any col- 
 lege fraternit}-. 
 
 Monda_v evening there was a reception in the ball room of the 
 Hotel Majestic, which was decorated with white and blue bunting, 
 college pennants and the $ A semi-centennial flag, flanked with 
 the stars and stripes and the flag of Canada. W. A. Keener, 
 Justice of the New York Supreme Court and President of the Xew 
 York Alumni Club, introduced Ma3'or Seth Low, who delivered an 
 address of welcome, to which H. H. ^^'ard, P. G. C, responded. 
 After this there was a ball, which entertainment was tendered to 
 visitors by the Xew York alumni club. More than 800 people 
 were present. 
 
 Tuesday evening the Xew York alumni club tendered to visitors 
 a smoker at Sherry's restaurant, corner of 44th Street and Fifth 
 A\ enue. The smoker began with a vaudeville entertainment and 
 ended with the younger members carr3'ing older members around 
 the rooms on their shoulders. Lee Fairchild, Lombard, 'S8, who 
 had arranged for the vaudeville program, responded to calls for a 
 speech. The number of members present was 409. 
 
 Wednesda}' evening there was a $ A theatre party at Daly's 
 Theatre, Broadwa}', near 30th Street, where a musical comedy, '"A 
 Countr}' Girl," was performed. The four boxes on the lower floor, 
 the two on the upper floor and all the seats on the lower floor, 520 
 in all, had been reserved for the Fraternity, and some members had 
 to find seats in the balcony. The balcony and boxes were deco- 
 rated with the Fraternity's colors and college pennants, while the 
 silk <^ A flag made b}' Miss Ethel Y. ^Yilder, and first displayed at 
 the Louisville Convention ball, was used on the stage, and the 
 chorus girls carried shepherd's crooks, to which were attached 
 white and blue streamers. 
 
 After the business session Thanksgiving morning, there was a 
 memorial service, which had been appointed by the General Coun- 
 cil. Prayer was offered by Rev. J. B. Shaw, D. D. A memoir of 
 General Benjamin Harrison, was read b\- J. E. Brown. A memoir 
 of Colonel A. W. Rogers, one of the founders, was read b}' R. H. 
 Switzler. A memoir of F. D. Swope, formerh* S. G. C, was de- 
 livered b}' H. T. ]^Iiller. A memoir of Robert Morrison, one of 
 the founders, was read by J. H. DeWitt. On behalf of ]Mrs. 
 Robert Morrison, and at the request of }^Iiss Mary Morrison. W. 
 B. Palmer presented to the oflicers of the Fraternity and the dele- 
 gates of college chapters souvenir badges made of wood from 
 the drawer of a dresser in the room in which Robert Morrison lived 
 and died near Fulton, Mo. The dresser was a part of a suite of 
 furniture bought b\' him when he was married, 1872, and taken to 
 Missouri when he moved there, 1876. The front of each button 
 was a square block of wood, on which was gilded the <I> A shield, 
 
786 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 in imitation of the original badge, the corners and edges of the 
 block being burnt. On the reverse were burnt "1822" and "1902" 
 (years of Robert Morrison's birth and death), and there was a 
 metal attachment for holding the souvenir in a button hole. 
 
 Thanksgiving evening the convention banquet was served in the 
 hotel ball-room. The number present was 309. Rev. J. B. Shaw, 
 D. D., Lafayette, '85, was toastmaster. The toasts: "Phi Delta 
 Theta," response by Founder J. W. Lindley, Miami, '50; "Miami 
 University, the Mother of $ A 0," Rev. G. P. Benton, D. D., O. 
 W. U., '88; "1902-1886— a Retrospect," Judge J. M. Mayer, 
 C. C. N. Y., '84; "The Fraternity Idea," C. T. Terry, Williams, 
 '89; "Phidom and Otherdom," D. E. Croft, Vermont, '89; "The 
 West, ^ A ©'s iVncient Stronghold," G. H. English, Jr., Missouri, 
 '99; "$ A ©, Queen of Southern Fraternities," G. L. Ray, Missis- 
 sippi, '98; 'Phi Delta Theta an International Fraternity," L. C. 
 Lauchland, McGill, '04; "Behold how Beautiful!" R. H. Little, 
 Illinois Wesleyan, '95; "Pepy's Ghost in College and War," 
 Edwin Emerson, Jr., Miami, '89; 'Apropos," Lee Fairchild. The 
 speeches were stenographically reported for The Scroll. Father 
 Lindley spoke as follows: 
 
 Once more we have assembled to strengthen the ties that for more than fifty 
 years have bound us closely together. This is one of the many occasions when we 
 refer to the history and to the present standing of <l» A 6. Starting fifty-four years 
 ago in what was then the Far West of our country, our Fraternity has extended its 
 influence to the farthermost limits of this Nation, and even beyond it, until now 
 there are sixty-eight bands of the best young men of America who owe allegiance to 
 the high ideals for which 4> A 9 stands. The strong bond of fraternal affection and 
 material helpfulness has kept out all jealousies and unfriendliness of every sort. 
 Bound together by the unalterable Bond of $ A 6, we are constrained to strive 
 for the highest intellectual, moral and social advancement of ourselves, and the 
 welfare of our fellows. No merely formal acceptance of this obligation can explain 
 the wonderful power that this Fraternity has exerted upon the hearts and lives of its 
 members. It is the spirit of true brotherhood that touches the depths of a man's 
 inner life, and wards off sorrows and disappointments, opens the way for the highest 
 services, and furnishes the inspiration of right living. 
 
 It is a great pleasure and privilege to appear here to-night as the elder brother in 
 such a joyous united family. We older ones rejoice at the opportunity of meeting our 
 younger and more active brothers. They have the same warm welcome and the 
 same complete confidence we would have exhibited in our college da3's. The honor 
 roll of <l> A contains the names of many illustrious men in every department of 
 active life and in every quarter of our country. Of these we are truly and rightly 
 proud, but we are none the less proud of the strong young men now in the ranks of 
 the Fraternity. It is to these men that we must look to uphold its honor and its 
 power. I wish to express my personal appreciation of the high honor and respect 
 that all of you have shown me. For myself and for the others of us who are approach- 
 ing the evening time of life, I wish to express the full faith that you who are still in 
 the vigor of youth will guard well your inheritance, and will hand it down in your 
 turn undiminished and unstained to the honor of 4> A 0. (Applause.) 
 
 Dr. G. p. Benton, President of Miami University, spoke as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 Miami University brings glad greetings to her offspring. Her's is a numerous 
 progeny of noble prosperity. In the diadem of her maternity sparkle with bright 
 luster three glorious gems — B II, <l> A and S X (applause) — and the greatest of 
 
^ 
 
 / ■ /I 
 
 „\v 
 
 pit Jelta^ Jheta 
 
 1Eational@nl)mtioii 
 
 iauQuet 
 iRi?tt) York 
 
 F 
 
 QI.IJMBl/:) 
 
 ''C^- 
 
 Menu and Toast Card — 1902 Convention Banquet. 
 
 The card, 7 bj' 9 inches, has eight pages and covers. On two pages there are four $ A © songs. 
 Two pages were left blank for autographs. The front cover was designed and hand tinted by E. J. 
 Read, New York Epsilon, '86. The Northeast Building at Miami, where $ A © was founded, 1848, 
 appears in the oval at the top of the design, the library of Columbia University in the City of New 
 York at the bottom. The tinted space, 5/^x7/^ inches, is shown in half-tone above. The four leaves 
 (eight pages) and two covers are bound together with two ribbons, one white, one blue, the colors of 
 Columbia University as well as of $ A ©. 
 
788 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 these is — I leave it to those at this board to make answer. (Applause and cries of 
 "$ A O.") I do not find it in my heart to disagree with you. A college President 
 who has the proper conception of the dignit}- of his position will rise above all parti- 
 sanship. For the time being, at any rate, his fraternity badge will be concealed, onh' 
 to be brought out on special occasions. He must be the trusted counselor of all the 
 fraternities; he must be the sincere friend of the humblest barbarian who can ap- 
 proach him in confidence; his heart affections must be large enough to take in every 
 student. But when he has paid these obligations, he may be pardoned if, after the 
 shadows of night have fallen, in the hours of accustomed rest, under cover of dark- 
 ness, he finds his way to his own chapter house, there to tell the boys around his 
 own hearthstone that he loves them best. (Applause.) 
 
 Unless one has had the experience, he can scarcely conceive the emotions that 
 sweep through the breast of one who hitherto has been far removed from the birth- 
 place of the organization to which he belongs, when by his chosen life's work he is 
 brought to that location as a residence. Three years as a student, and later as a 
 visitor at other chapters, I have frequently heard the statement made to candidates 
 for initiation: "You are now facing Miami University, the birthplace and first home 
 of our Fraternity." It has been my privilege since last September to hear that a 
 number of times, and, realizing that I had official connection with that institution, 
 and that it was less than two blocks away, sensations thrilled my being that are 
 absolutely indescribable. That was a noble half-dozen who met in that room, room 
 No. 7, in the old North Dormitory of Miami University, to found our Order. I 
 hesitate to tell vou, lest I be open to the charge of sacrilege, but truth must be told, 
 and truth is that that sacred room is now profaned by the occupancy of two mem- 
 bers of B 9 11. (Groans and cries of "Throw them out.") 
 
 Miami expects to be true to the noble traditions of the past. She expects to keep 
 in the vanguard of the procession of modern progress. She hopes ever to be worth}' 
 of your homage and jour filial devotion, and pledges herself in turn to preserve in- 
 violate your most sacred shrine. (Applause.) 
 
 Members of 2 11 A,* a side degree, had a luncheon in the Majes- 
 tic buffet, Frida3^ Most of those present responded to peremptory 
 calls for speeches, but were suppressed before they were through, 
 some before they had fairh^ begun to speak. 
 
 The social events were closed Frida}^ with an afternoon tea and 
 reception given by New York Delta at its chapter house, 415 West 
 117th Street. The niimber of ladies from a distance present at 
 this Convention was unusually large, including Mesdames H. H. 
 Ward, H. T. Miller, J. H. DeWitt, T. E. Brown, J. C. Moore, Jr., 
 McCluney Radcliffe, F. S. Ball, W. H. Raymond, S. K. Ruick, Jr., 
 W. H. Havs; Misses Mary Morrison, Lulu Lindleyt and Ethel 
 V. Wilder. "^ 
 
 The local committee on arrangements was composed of Albert 
 Shiels, chairman; A. B, Gilbert, treasurer; Lamar Hardy, chair- 
 man for the reception; F. F. Lincoln, chairman for the smoker; 
 
 ''^ 2 n A was organized in the Bismarck cafe at Chicago, on the Thursday evening before the 
 Convention met. The organizers were Phis en route to the Convention. They went from the cafe 
 to the train, and others were initiated on the L. S. & M. S. train to New York. Arriving at New 
 York, others were initiated until the number was 52, the numljer of cards in a deck ; and the follow- 
 ing national officers were chosen: H. V. Fuller, Minnesota, '04, King of Diamonds (President) : C. 
 F. Lamkin, W'estminster, 'gg. Jack of Clubs {Treasurer! ; W. A. Lybrand, Chicago, '03, Big Casino" 
 (Wf rden) ; R. E. Burch, Westminster, '04, Little Casino (Chaplain). 
 
 At Galesburg, 111., on Alumni Day, 1903, several members were initiated into SUA. — See let- 
 ter of R. H. Little, '/yte Palladiiun, September, 1903. 
 
 t Mrs. Mary Lemly (nee Morrison) is a daughter of Founder Robert Morrison, Miss Lindley a 
 daughter of Founder J. W. Lindley. The eldest daughter of the latter was present also, Mrs. 
 Elizabeth McMurry, wife of F. ^L McMurry, Ph. D., professor in Teachers' College of Columbia 
 University. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1902. 789 
 
 G. C. Atkins, chairman for the theatre party; B. M. L. Ernst, 
 chairman for the banquet; L. E. A. Drummond, chairman for the 
 press announcements; W. A. Keener, J. M. Mayer, W. B. Palmer, 
 Lee Fairchild, B. S. Orcutt, G. W. Roberts, G. A. Blauvelt, Max 
 Hardman, J. C. Martin, Jr., D. J. Gallert. 
 
 Telegrams were ordered to be sent to every ^ A football captain 
 pla3'ing on Thanksgiving da}". A telegram of greeting to the K 2 
 convention at New Orleans was sent and answered. B. M. L, Ernst, 
 chairman for the banquet, received the following letter from former 
 Vice-President Stevenson: 
 
 Your kind invitation to attend the Phi Delta Theta banquet on the evening of 
 November 27th duly received. I regret that important engagements will prevent 
 my attendance. I have an abiding interest in the prosperity of our beloved Frater- 
 nity. Whatever concenis its welfare is of deep interest to me. I trust the meeting 
 on the 27th will be one of unalloyed happiness to all who are so fortunate as to be 
 in attendance. Thanking you sincerelv for your kind remembrances of me, I 
 remain, Yours in the Bond, 
 
 Adlai E. Stevenson. 
 
 A photograph of the Convention was taken in front of the hotel 
 Monda}" noon. A flash light photograph was taken in the conven- 
 tion hall Wednesda}" afternoon. "^ The official photograph was takent 
 near the Bethesda Pool in Central Park shortly after noon Thurs- 
 day,! but on account of a misunderstanding about the time of tak- 
 ing the photograph, owing to weather conditions, man}^ of the 
 members were not present. A number of kodak pictures were taken 
 by W. B. Palmer Saturda3^ 
 
 AuLD Pattern. ISIorrison Souvenir. Fetting Patter.n". 
 
 Convention Buttons. 
 
 Souvenir buttons were presented by D. L. Auld and A. H. Fet- 
 ting, the one made by the former being gilt, the one made by the 
 latter of silver. This Convention doubtless received more notices 
 from the press than any other Convention ever held b}" any college 
 f^aternit3^ Two bound volumes of newspaper notices were ordered 
 
 *The photograph taken Monday and the one taken Wednesday were made by C. F. Allen, 485 
 Columbus Avenue. 
 
 t By Pach, Broadway and Twenty-second Street. 
 
 + On motion of H. T. Miller, the General Council ordered, November 22, 1902, that only mem- 
 bers of $ A should be in the oflScial convention photograph ; hence lady friends were not included 
 as has been customarj- at previous Conventions. 
 
790 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 from press clipping bureaus, one by H. H. Ward, P. G. C, the 
 other by the New York alumni club, which presented it to A. B. 
 Gilbert. A total of 434 different articles and items about the Con- 
 vention were thus gathered. 
 
 ANNALS, 1902-1904. 
 
 The National Convention, 1902, elected the following Board of 
 Trustees: J. E. Brown, P. G. C. ; F. J. R. Mitchell, S. G. C. ; 
 R. H. Switzler, R. G. C; J. H. DeWitt, T. G. C. ; A. M. McCrillis, 
 H. G. C. ; H. T. Miller, J. C. Moore, Jr., H. H. Ward, Lamar 
 Hardy. The General Council appointed the following Province 
 Presidents: Alpha, T. M. Phetteplace, B. M. L. Ernst; Beta, 
 H. L. Watson; Gamma, W. A. Speer; Delta, J. B. Ballou; Epsilon, 
 W. H. Hays; Zeta, C. F. Lamkin; Eta, G. L. Ray; Theta, J. E. 
 McDowell. February 13, 1903, the General Council divided the 
 four trustees who were not councilors as follows: Alumni Com- 
 mission — H. H. Ward, Lamar Hard}-; Chapter House Commission 
 — H. T. Miller, J. C. Moore. December 2, 1903, R. H. Switzler 
 resigned as R. G. C, to take effect Januar}^ i, 1904. The General 
 Council, December 15, 1903, accepted his resignation; January 15, 
 1904, elected J. H. DeWitt, R. G. C, and J. B. Ballou, T. G. C. ; 
 February 18, 1904, appointed C. S. Hoskinson President of Delta 
 Province. The General Council, December 31, 1903, accepted 
 the resignation of G. H. English as Editor of the Catalogue; April 
 25, 1904, accepted the resignation of E. E. Ruby as Editor of the 
 Catalogue, and appointed T. J. Griffin, Jr., as sole Editor of the 
 Catalogue. January 15, 1904, J. H. DeWitt appointed W. B. 
 Palmer Assistant Editor of The Scroll. 
 
 Through the eiforts of C. E. Johnson, R. M. Lester and C. C. 
 Cole, an alumni club was established at Oklahoma City, Okla. 
 An application for charter, dated November 15, 1902, was signed 
 by J. L. Brown, Miami, 'dZ; R. M. Lester, Georgia, '98; J. E. 
 Crawford, Westminster, '88; H. B. Crawford, Westminster, '92; 
 W. E. Dicken, Westminster, '95; E. S, Laird, Sewanee, '00; C. C. 
 Cole, Texas, '00; C. E. Johnson, Texas, '01; J. R. Clark, Central, 
 '01; T. V. Young, Lombard, '02; W. E. Moore, Purdue, '97; J. M. 
 Taylor, Purdue, '97. The General Council granted the application, 
 January 24, 1903. A meeting of the club was held at Johnson's 
 office, 307 Wooldridge-Maney Building, March 8. Ten members 
 were present at a banquet at the Illinois Hotel, March 20, when 
 the club organized by electing officers. This was the first alumni 
 club established b}" ^ A © in a territory. 
 
 The topic for Alumni Day, Saturday, March 14, 1903, was: The 
 ways in which the fraternity chapter, as a body, can exercise an 
 influence for good in the life of its college." The National Con- 
 vention, 1891, fixed Alumni Day on the anniversary of March 15, 
 1822, the birthday of Founder Robert Morrison. On March 15, 
 
ANNALS, 1 902- 1 904. 
 
 791 
 
 1903, Missouri Beta observed the first Alumni Day after his death 
 by decorating his grave at Fulton, Mo., with evergreens and white 
 carnations. 
 
 During 1903 the Louisville, Indianapolis and Spokane alumni 
 clubs adopted the plan of meeting weekly for luncheon, and the 
 Denver alumni club decided to meet semi-monthly for that purpose. 
 The Seattle club began meeting weekly for luncheon, 1904. 
 
 The Denver alumni club issued a list of Phis in Colorado with 
 circulars announcing annual banquets, 1902 and 1903. The 1903 
 list contains the names of 29 alumni at Denver, 7,^ elsewhere in 
 
 John Edwin Brown, O. W. U., '84; P. G. C, 1902-04. 
 
 From a photograph taken by Baker Art Gallerj-, Columbus, Ohio. See biographicaPsketches in 
 T/ie Scroll, February, 1897, and April, 190J. 
 
 the State, and 15 active members of Colorado Alpha. The alumni 
 of Indianapolis issued a new edition of their directory, September, 
 1903. It is a pamphlet of 19 pages, and was compiled by S. K. 
 Ruick and W. H. Morrison, Jr. It enrolls 301 members — 186 liv- 
 ing in Indianapolis and 115 in the immediate vicinity, 49 of them 
 at Franklin, Ind. 
 
 The Philadelphia alumni club instituted an entirely new depart- 
 ure in fraternity journalism by issuing the P/ii Delta Theta Neius, 
 a paper devoted primarily to local $ A © interests, but also giving 
 
792 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 information about the general fraternit}'. Number i, dated June, 
 1903, contains 4 pages; Number 2, October, 1903, 8 pages; Num- 
 ber 3, December, 1903, 8 pages; Number 4, March, 1904, 8 pages; 
 Number 5, Jul}^, 1904, 4 pages; Number 6, October, 1904, 4 pages; 
 Number 7, Januar}^ 1905, 4 pages; Number 8, March, 1905, 4 
 pages; Number 9, June, 1905, 4 pages. Numbers 1-6 were edited 
 by Craig Atmore and E. A. Shumwa}^; Numbers 7-9 b}^ J. H. R. 
 Acker and B. H. Ludlow. 
 
 T/ie Scroll, June, 1903, mentioned that, in addition to a dancing 
 club, organized, 1902, the Indianapolis club had a tennis club and 
 had recently organized a baseball club. October 28, 1903, the 
 Chicago alumni club tendered a banquet to General J. C. Black 
 and Judge F. A. Smith. 
 
 A Pan-Hellenic banquet was held at the Cit}^ of Mexico, 
 November 6, 1903; one at Houston, Texas, November 23, 1903. 
 
 At the University of Nebraska there was a Pan-Hellenic barbecue, 
 preceded b}^ an inter-fraternit}^ baseball game and other sports, 
 and followed by a Pan-Hellenic dance, May, 1903. The barbecue 
 was repeated, 1904, and there was such a barbecue at the University 
 of Iowa, 1904. 
 
 Theta Province held a Convention at the chapter house of 
 California Alpha, March 13-14, 1903. Twelve members from 
 Stanford were present, together with all the active members at 
 Berkele}^ and a number of alumni. J. E. McDowell, P. P., pre- 
 sided. Washington had no delegate. California Alpha entertained 
 the visitors wath a dinner and a theatre part}^ on the 13th, and 
 a baseball game between a <^ A nine and the State Deaf and 
 Dumb Asylum team, on the morning of the 14th, the latter team 
 winning by a score of 6 to 5. The active members attending the 
 Convention and the San Francisco alumni club observed Alumni 
 Day by having a banquet at the Techau Tavern, San Francisco, on 
 the evening of the 14th. Forty-three were present and H. A. Melvin 
 was toastmaster. Theta Province did not hold a Convention in 
 1904. 
 
 Epsilon Province held two Conventions in 1903. The first one 
 met in the Century Club rooms, Denison Hotel, Indianapolis, 
 March 6. Each chapter was represented and the attendance was 
 twenty-two. W. H. Hays, P.P., presided. In the evening there 
 was a dinner at the hotel. The second Convention met at Craw- 
 fordsville May i. Every chapter was represented and the attend- 
 ance was thirty-six. Hays presided. The Convention adopted a 
 plan formulated by him, providing for an Epsilon Province executive 
 committee, composed of three members in each of the congressional 
 districts of Indiana, to be appointed every year at the Province Con- 
 vention, by the Province President, who shall designate the chair- 
 man for each district, the whole executive committee to act as a 
 campaign committee, and to assist the chapters in rushing, and 
 
ANNALS, 1902-1904. 
 
 793 
 
 otherwise to promote the interests of the Fraternity. The Conven- 
 tion adopted for Epsilon Province the Greek cheer:'^ 
 
 Els dvrjp\ els avrjp] 
 
 ovSet's, ovSeL<i ovSeis av^p\ 
 
 ^vpr)Ka [ $t- Ket'-a ; 
 
 $1 AeA.ra &rJTal pa.\ pd[ pd[ 
 
 In the afternoon a photograph of the Convention was taken in 
 frontjof the Carnegie Library. At 6:30 p. m. there was a dinner 
 at the Ramsey Hotel, about seventy-five members being present. 
 After the dinner there was a theatre party at Music Hall, to hear 
 
 Arthur Milton McCrillis, Brown, '97; H. G. C, 1902-06. 
 
 From a photograph taken by Edgar K. Horton & Company, Providence, R, I. 
 
 the Wabash College glee club. In the hall of the Patriotic Order 
 of Sons of America, from 10:30 p. m. until 2:30 a. m., there was a ball 
 given b}^ the local chapter and alumni to the delegates and visitors. 
 A four page programme of the Convention had a handsome cover, 
 designed by Martin Anderson, the cut being reproduced in the 
 June Scroll. 
 
 A Convention of Alpha Province was held in the assembly hall of 
 the Yates Hotel, Syracuse, N. Y., November 24-26, 1903. Each 
 chapter in the province except Penns5ivania Delta was represented 
 by a delegate. The total attendance was 74. Both Presidents of 
 
 * See page 775- 
 
794 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Alpha Province, T. M. Phetteplace and B. M. L. Ernst, were pres- 
 ent. The Convention endorsed the application from Pennsylvania 
 State College, and favored entering the University of Toronto. On 
 the first evening, there were a New England dinner, smoker and 
 vaudeville sketches at the Candee Hotel, Onondaga Valley. On 
 the second afternoon a group photograph was taken at the city 
 hall, a half-tone of which appeared in the December Scroll. A 
 reception and dance took place on the second evening at Empire 
 Hall. On the third afternoon (Thanksgiving day) there was ^ 
 <l> A theatre party at the Weiting Opera House. On that evening 
 there was a banquet at the hotel. J. E. Brown, P. G. C, was the 
 toastmaster. Members attending this Con«vention were presented 
 with silver souvenir badges from A. H . Fetting, the Baltimore jeweler. 
 
 Through the efforts of C. H. McCauley, Jr., an alumni club, 
 intended for members in Northwestern Pennsylvania, was estab- 
 lished, with headquarters at Warren, Pa. An application for char- 
 ter, dated June 19, 1903, was signed by Edward Walker, Cornell, 
 '03; H. L. Moore, Lafayette, '88; B. M. Marlin, Wooster, '84; T. 
 W. Kennedy, Wooster, '92; L. B. Long, Allegheny, '86; E. H. 
 Brevillier, Pennsylvania, '01; J. H. DeFrees, Pennsylvania, '01; 
 C. H. McCauley, Jr., Pennsylvania, '03; B. S. DeFrees, Pennsylva- 
 nia, '04; E. H. Sutton, Pennsylvania, '04; J. G. Smith, Amherst, 
 '96; Roy Heermans, Amherst, '97; C. J. Crary, Amherst, '01. 
 These members resided in the towns of Warren, Erie, Ridgway 
 and DuBois, Pa. The application for charter, forwarded by Mc- 
 Cauley, October 19, was granted b\^ the General Council, November 
 14, 1903. 
 
 Through the efforts of G. M. Sabin, G. I. Forbes, E. C. Mower 
 and C. H. Mower, an alumni club was established at Burlington, 
 Vt. An application for charter, dated March 2, 1904, was signed 
 by fourteen members of Vermont Alpha — F. O. Sinclair, '82; G. I. 
 Forbes, '90; E. C. Mower, '92; C. C. Briggs, '94; C. H. Mower, 
 '94; G. M. Sabin, '96; F. K. Jackson, '97; R. L. Patrick, '98; 
 M. W. Andrews, '99; C. A. Kern, '01; C. R. Peck, '02; N. P. 
 Brooks, '03; C. H. Wheeler, '03; G. L. Orton, '04; and one mem- 
 ber of Rhode Island Alpha — H. E. Lewis, '96. The application, 
 forwarded by Sabin, March 2, was granted by the General Council, 
 March 12, 1904. At the house of Vermont Alpha the club met, 
 March 15, organized by electing officers, and participated with the 
 chapter in the Alumni Day observances and in a banquet. The 
 club met again at the chapter house, March 24, when thirty more 
 members were elected. 
 
 The topic for Alumni Day, 1904, was: "<E> A 0's contribution to 
 our life equipment." The Chicago alumni to the number of 155 
 banquetted at the Sherman House. It was one of the largest <E> A © 
 banquets ever held. 
 
 Through the efforts of two active members of Kentucky Epsilon — 
 W. E. Gary, '04, and J. C. Shelby, '04 — an alumni club was estab- 
 
ANNALS, 1 902- 1 904. 
 
 795 
 
 lished at Lexington, Ky. They canvassed the city and secured the 
 following names to an application for charter, dated March 5, 1904: 
 J. D. Hunt, Centre, '57; J. M. Scott, Centre, '65; O. H. Chenault, 
 Centre, '73; W. K. Massie, Centre, '83; W. R. Clay, Centre, '85; 
 R. S. Hudson, Centre, '89; J. W. Scott, Centre, '93; W. C. Scott, 
 Centre, '95; W. H. Smith, Centre, '97; S. L. Yerkes, Centre, '99; 
 J. H. Shouse, Missouri, '99; W. L. Lewis, Virginia, '8t; G. S. 
 Shanklin, Virginia, '83; W. O. Bullock, Virginia, '96; W. .H. 
 Forsythe, Westminster, '94; M. H. Guerrant, Central, '92; F. P. 
 Kenney, Central, '93; William Land, Central, '00; M. A. Scovell, 
 K. S. C.,'75,; R. M. Allen, K. S. C.,'oo; W. G. Campbell, K. S. C, 
 
 John Benjamin Ballou, Wooster, '97; T. G. C, 1904-06. 
 
 '02; A. M. Swope, K. S. C, '03; L. M. Land, K. S. C, '06. The 
 application, forwarded by Shelby, March 5, was granted by the 
 General Council, March 18, 1904. The club organized by electing 
 officers at a meeting held at the house, of Kentucky Epsilon, May 
 4, T904. 
 
 In the fall of 1903, R. F. Dickens and C. W . L. Armour started 
 a movement to establish an alumni club at Fort Smith, Ark. An 
 application for charter, dated February 20, 1904, was signed by 
 R. F. Dickens, Centre, '98; J. E, Revnolds, Centre, '98; L. P. 
 Miles, Virginia, '92; T. D. J. Kasessman, Gettysburg, '87; W. B. 
 McCorkle, Mississippi, '90; W. R. Martin. Alabama, '83; J. A. 
 
796 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Ward, Jr., Auburn, '98; G. W. Clev^eland, Westminster, '06; C. W. 
 L. Armour, Kansas, '96; Leigh Kelle}', Stanford, '07; W. J. 
 Murph}^ Jr., Purdue, '05. The application, forsvardedb}^ Dickens, 
 February 20, was granted b}' the General Council, April 4, 1904. 
 
 Through the efforts of J. U. Brown, an alumni club was estab- 
 lished at Hutchinson, Kan. An application for charter, dated 
 Februar}^ 25, 1904, was signed by H. F. Mason, Wisconsin, '8t; 
 O. J. Richards, O. W. U., '76; W. F. Daggett, O. W. U., '87; 
 J. U. Brown, DePauw, '86; L. M. Riley, DePauw, '89; J. W. 
 Maguire, Ohio, '74; W. E. Vincent, Iowa Wesleyan, '85; F. V. 
 Russell, Randolph-Macon, '86; C. L. Cooper, Kansas, '00; M.H. 
 Ta3^1or, Kansas, '01; R. C. Russell, Kansas, '02; C. S. Collada}^ 
 Kansas, '03. The application, forwarded by Brown, February 25, 
 was granted by the General Council, April 8, 1904. Cooper lived 
 at Newton, Kan. ; Mason and Riley at Garden Cit}^ Kan. ; the 
 Russells at Great Bend, Kan., the others at Hutchinson. 
 
 Through the efforts of R. H. Munger, an alumni club was estab- 
 lished at Sioux Cit}^ Iowa. An application for- charter, dated 
 March 10, 1904, was signed by J. W. Hallam, Wisconsin, '82; 
 G. W. Beggs, Northwestern, '60; H. H. Jarvis, Northwestern, '93; 
 O. S. Dean, Buchtel, '94; G. W. Wakefield, Lombard, '66; J. P. 
 Blood, Lombard, '70; A. O. Wakefield, Lombard, '95; S. D. 
 Riniker, Iowa, '95; R. H. Munger, Iowa, '99; F. E. Munger, 
 Iowa, '03. The General Council granted the application, June 6, 
 1904. The club organized b}^ electing officers, Jul}^ 22, 1904. 
 
 The Reporter of the Harvard alumni club wrote to The So'oll, 
 June 10, 1904: "Thirt3'-nine men, representing twent}^ chapters 
 located in all sections of the countr}^ composed the membership of 
 the club this year." 
 
 A Convention of Epsilon Province was held at Indianapolis, Ind., 
 April 29, 1904. Ever}^ chapter in the province was represented b}' 
 two delegates and b}^ two to fourteen active members. In the 
 afternoon a business session was held at the English Hotel, and a 
 photograph of the Convention was taken on the steps of the sol- 
 diers' monument. A banquet held at the Columbia Club in the 
 evening was attended by 167 members, the largest number that ever 
 attended a Provincial Convention. Among those in attendance 
 were: J. E. Brown, P. G. C; H. U. Brown, Past P. G. C. ; H. T. 
 Miller, Past P. G. C. ; W. H. Hays, P. P.; S. K. Ruick, ex-P.P.; 
 and many distinguished alumni, including Judge J. V. Hadle}^ 
 Judge Ephraim Marsh, A. C. Harris and J. B. Elam. H. U. Brown 
 was toastmaster. 
 
 A Convention of Delta Province was held in the house of Ohio 
 Beta, Delaware, May 13-14, 1904. Ever}' chapter in the province 
 was represented, the total attendance being 66. Among those pres- 
 ent were Father J. W. Lindley, J. B. Ballou, T. G. C, and C. S. Hos- 
 kinson, P. P. On the first evening Ohio Beta gave a reception to 
 her guests. The convention banquet was on the second evening. 
 
ANNALS, 1902-1904. 
 
 797 
 
 at the Hartman Hotel, Columbus, L. F. Sater, O. S. U.,'95, was 
 the toastmaster. 
 
 For seven years, Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa., 
 had been growing more prominent and its attendance had been 
 increasing. I. L. Foster, of Rhode Island Alpha, assistant pro- 
 fessor of romance languages at "State," had been looking for an 
 opportunity to establish a chapter there. He saw a good opening 
 in the fall of 1902, especialh' as C. S. Forkum, of Penns3'lvania 
 Gamma, had entered the sophomore class. A conference was held 
 at Foster's home on Allen Street, in September, those present 
 besides himself being L. P. Wyman, of Maine Alpha, instructor in 
 
 Charles Fackler Lamkix, Westminster, '99. 
 
 President of Zeta Province, 1902-06. 
 
 chemistry, and Rev. C. T. Aikens, of Pennsylvania Beta, pastor of 
 the Lutheran Church at Pine Grove Mills, six miles from State 
 College. The result of the conference was that Forkum, who was 
 present later in the evening, was delegated to select men suitable to 
 be considered at a subsequent meeting. 
 
 John Dallas, of Pennsylvania Eta, entered the junior class, 
 February, 1903, and became much interested in the plan to estab- 
 lish a chapter. Several men having been pledged, a local society 
 was formed, April 21. This society, was called AX; its avowed 
 purpose was to secure a charter from $ A 0. A constitution was 
 adopted April 28, a ritual May 5. During ]May letters were written 
 
798 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 to chapters in Pennsylvania, to ascertain whether they approved of 
 the proposed chapter. The replies being favorable, A X issued a 
 bulletin of information about the college and the society. This 
 bulletin, an illustrated pamphlet of twenty pages, \vas mailed, June 
 10, to every chapter and general officer of ^ A 0. At the same time 
 letters were written to the chapters in Alpha Province. The appli- 
 cation for charter, dated June 16, 1903, was signed by R. W. Bow- 
 ers, '04; T. J. Bryson, '04; John Dallas, '04; N. G. Miller, '04; 
 P. O. Noble, '04; L. W. Cooper, '05; C. S. Forkum, '05; R. G. 
 Lose, '05; C. E. Gulp, '06; H. B. Etter, '06; William McCleary, '06. 
 
 At the reopening of college, September 12, these eleven students 
 returned, and P. O. Ray, of Vermont Alpha, became an instructor 
 in history at ' State." After a hard rushing season, A X initiated 
 seven men, October 7 — H. R. Geib, '05; W. R. Fleming, '06; J. C. 
 Cosgrove, '07; W. G. Felmeth, '07; C. R. Garrett, '07; J. S. Kel- 
 ler, '07; F. O. Leitzell, '07. Three more were initiated during 
 March, 1904 — R. M. Carson, '06; J. G. Bailey, '07; H. K. Dime- 
 low, '07. The selection of all the men initiated b}^ the society 
 during 1902-03 and 1903-04 was approved by each of the members 
 of 4> A © connected with the college and by Aikens. 
 
 The meeting on April 21, when A X was established, was held in 
 the room of Dallas and McCleary, 575 Main Building, and all sub- 
 sequent meetings were held there until October 7, 1903, when the 
 society entered a house, corner of Beaver Avenue and Frazer 
 Street, leased for three years from Aikens. Early in October copies 
 of the bulletin with two additional pages were sent to all chapters 
 and general officers, and again letters were written to the chapters 
 in Alpha Province, asking for their support and help. 
 
 The society sent Dallas, Cooper, McCleary, Felmeth and Keller 
 to represent it at Alpha Province Convention, Syracuse, N. Y. 
 Foster, Ray and Aikens accompanied them. By the unanimous 
 vote of delegates, the Convention, November 26, 1903, endorsed 
 the application. In a communication to the November Palladium, 
 J. E. Brown, P. G. C, commended the movement. Keller and 
 McCleary left college, January, 1904. McCleary having entered 
 Lehigh was initiated by Pennsylvania Eta, February 19, 1904. 
 Another edition of the bulletin, an illustrated pamphlet of twenty 
 pages, was issued February 26, 1904. An article b}^ W. B. Palmer 
 describing the college and recommending the application appeared 
 in the March Palladium. 
 
 The S. G. C. called for a vote of chapters and general officers, 
 March 5. The required vote being obtained, the General Council 
 granted a charter for Pennsylvania Theta, the eighth chapter in the 
 Keystone State. The charter, dated April 23, 1904, bears eighteen 
 names — Bowers, Bryson, Dallas, Miller, Noble, Cooper, Forkum, 
 Geib, Lose, Carson, Gulp, Fleming, Bailey, Cosgrove, Dimelow, 
 Felmeth, Garrett, Leitzell. 
 
ANNALS, 1902-1904. 799 
 
 The charter members were initiated in the chapter house, May 
 10. The ceremony was conducted 'by A. M. McCrillis, H. G. C, 
 assisted by Foster, Wyman, Ray, Aikens, Dallas, Forkum, and 
 J. M. Cooper, Pennsylvania Alpha, '05. After the initiation the 
 chapter organized b}' electing officers. Then there was a banquet 
 in the dining room of the house. In the earh^ morning the party 
 visited the houses of the various fraternities and at each gave the 
 ^ A cheer. These fraternities were ^ T A, R 11, $ K 2, 2 X, 
 K 2, 2 A E, $ 2 K. The chapter house was the scene of a recep- 
 tion to the faculty and members of other fraternities, on the afternoon 
 of May II, and a dance in the evening. Before commencement 
 three more men were initiated and one pledged. Thirteen returned 
 in the fall and eight more were initiated up to February i, 1905, 
 when the first annual circular letter of the chapter was issued. 
 
 The members of Z 2 jS", a local societ}" at the Universit}- of 
 Toronto signed an application to $ A for a charter, February 11, 
 1903, and issued a bulletin of information, February 17, 1903, and 
 another, November 15, 1904. The members of 211, another local 
 society at Toronto, signed an application, October 17, 1903, and 
 issued a bulletin, November 2, 1903. Applications for charters 
 from two separate bodies of students at West Virginia University 
 were received, 1903. Applications from the Universit}' of Florida, 
 New Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Colo- 
 rado College and Rose Polytechnic Institute were received, 1904. 
 The Colorado petitioners, organized as the A <p societv, issued a 
 bulletin. May, 1904; the Rose petitioners, organized as the M. E. P. 
 society, issued a bulletin, October, 1904. The $ society at Law- 
 rence University, the T K E society at Illinois Wesleyan Univer- 
 sity, the A Z <E> societ}^ at the Universit}^ of Arkansas, the K $ A 
 society, at the University of Idaho and the Tridentia society at the 
 University of South Dakota continued their applications, and 
 appealed to the Convention of 1904. The Arkansas petitioners 
 issued a bulletin, April 8, 1904; the South Dakota petitioners a bul- 
 letin, November 4, 1904. The Z 2 N society at Toronto and the 
 Colorado petitioners also appealed to the Convention. Of these 
 societies houses were rented by Z 2 N, 2 IT, T K E, A Z $ and 
 K <E> A; $ occupied a house which it had purchased, and Triden- 
 tia, having rented a house for a while, built one, 1904. The only 
 application for charter, received 1902-04, which was put to a vote 
 of chapters and general officers was the one from Pennsylvania State 
 College, it being granted. 
 
 Quebec Alpha rented a house at 118 Durocher Street, taking 
 possession February i, 1903; it is a larger house than the one it 
 had before occupied. In the spring of 1903, Vermont Alpha bought 
 a two story brick house at 439 College Street, less than 250 feet 
 from the campus, the lot having a frontage of 214 feet. The chap- 
 ter began living there September, 1903. January 15, 1903, Alleg- 
 heny bought the Joshua Douglass house, which it had rented since 
 
The Vermont Chapter House. 
 
 Purchased, 1903. Described in The Scroll, April and June, 1903. 
 
 The Allegheny Chapter House. 
 
 Purchased, 1903. Described in The Scroll, June, 1898, and June, 1903. 
 
The Ohio Wesleyan Chavter House. 
 
 Purchased, 1903. Described in The Palladiiini, May, 1903; in The Scroll, June, 1903. 
 
 The Wabash Chapter House. 
 
 Purchased, 1903. Described in The Scroll, December, 1903 ; other views in issue for April, 1904- 
 {50) 
 
The Case Chapter House. 
 
 Purchased, 1903. Described in The Scroll, April and June, 1903. 
 
 The Michigan Chapter House. 
 
 Erected, 1903. Described in The Scroll, June, 1903, and February, 1904 (contains floor plans) 
 
The Illinois Chapter House. 
 
 Erected, 1904. Described in The Scroll, April, 1905 
 
 The Missouri Chapter House. 
 
 Purchased, 1904. Described in The Scroll, June, 1905. 
 
8o4 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 1898. It is a frame structure of Swiss architecture, with 19 rooms, 
 at 662 Highland Avenue, the lot being 200 x 260 feet, three minutes 
 walk from the college buildings. Penns3dvania State was living in 
 a house when installed. Randolph-Macon rented a house on the 
 edge of the campus, December, 1903, but gave it up, January i, 
 1905. North Carolina rented a house from February to June, 1903. 
 Southwestern rented, a house September, 1903. O. W, U. pur- 
 chased a house, April 16, 1903, a two story brick structure with 
 stone trimmings, on a lot 80 x 250 feet, previously known as the 
 Little or Halleck property, located at 130 North Washington Street, 
 between Lincoln and Griswold Streets. The chapter began occu- 
 pying it, October i, and gave a housewarming, Januarj^ 15, 1904, 
 entertaining 250 of the girls from Monnett Hall and the facult3^ 
 Ohio rented a house opposite the university librar}^ and just across 
 the street from the campus, September, 1904. The house was for- 
 mally opened, October 31, when 150 guests were present, including 
 alumni, sororities and the facult}^ Case bought a house, March 2, 
 
 1903, a two story frame building at 95 Adelbert Street; the lot has 
 a frontage of 63 feet, and faces Case School and Western Reserve 
 University. The chapter began occupying the house, March 21, 
 and dedicated it, April 3, when 57 members were present. Michigan 
 bought a lot, known as the Ten Brook property, 1902. It is a 
 triangular lot, beautifulW situated at the corner of Washtenaw and 
 South University Avenues. On it a two story brick house, in old 
 English baronial style, was erected, 1903. At the beginning of the 
 fall semester, late in September the chapter moved into it, though 
 it was yet unfinished. In conjunction with the Detroit alumni, 
 Michigan Alpha held a housewarming and banquet, March 19, 
 
 1904, when fifty-seven Phis were present, including J. E. Brown, 
 P. G. C. Indiana gave up its rented house, June, 1904, and dur- 
 ing 1904-05 met in the hall it had long occupied in previous years. 
 Wabash purchased a two story brick house, October 5, 1903, and 
 began occap3dng it, January 4, 1904. It had been known as the 
 Goltra or Wasson propert}^ and it is located at the corner of Col- 
 lege and Walnut Streets, one block from the campus. It was for- 
 mally opened, Februar}^ 19, when the chapter received 500 guests. 
 Northwestern moved. May, 1904, to a house at 2018 Orrington 
 Avenue. Chicago moved. May 2, 1904, to a house at 640 East 
 60th Street. Lombard moved, September, 1903, to a house at 7T2 
 South Pine Street, and a year later to a house at 652 Lombard 
 Street. Illinois purchased two lots, 1903, on the corner of Green 
 and Second Streets, fronting 132 feet on Green Street, and built 
 thereon a frame house in colonial style, which was occupied, Jan- 
 uary 8, 1905. The house was planned by W. H. Parker, Illinois, 
 '05, and constructed under the supervision of E. S. Swigart, Lom- 
 bard, '86, Mayor of Champaign. Minnesota moved, September, 
 1903, to a house at 1018 University Avenue, S. E. Missouri 
 moved, September, 1903, to a house at 806 Conley Avenue. The 
 
ANNALS, 1902- 1904. 805 
 
 chapter had purchased a lot, 1S99, but sold it, July, 1904, then 
 buying the Lee Anthony propert}^, with a frontage of 155 feet and 
 a depth of 350 feet, the house being numbered 606 College Avenue. 
 Westminster gave up its rented house, June, 1903. Kansas moved, 
 September, 1903, to a house at the corner of Tennessee and Adams 
 Streets, specialh" built for it during the summer. Nebraska bought 
 a house, August, 1904; it is a frame building, numbered 1522 S 
 Street, and occupies a lot 80 b}" 100 feet, three squares from the 
 campus. Colorado moved, September, 1903, to a house at 1135 
 Broad\va3^ 
 
 The rules made by the trustees of the University of Mississippi 
 in regard to pledging men, 1902, were modified, 1904, by the adop- 
 tion of a resolution which provides that no student shall be solicited 
 either to join or not to join a fraternit}^ until he shall have been in 
 college one year and passed all his examinations unconditional!}^; 
 but law students ma}'^ be pledged in Januar}^ after passing their first 
 term examinations. The Lehigh faculty adopted rules, 1904, pro- 
 hibiting fraternities from pledging men until January- i 01 their 
 freshman 5'^ear, prohibiting the initiation of freshmen until Februar}'^ 
 I, and prohibiting a freshman from living in a fraternit}^ house 
 until February i. The Reporter of Pennsylvania Eta wrote to The 
 Sc7'oll, September 28, 1904: This makes rushing an extremely 
 hard matter, on account of the large space of time in which to 
 carry it out, and, moreover, it is ver}' expensive to all concerned." 
 The fraternities at Vanderbilt agreed, 1905, that the}' would do no 
 spiking during 1905-06 until Februar}- 4. 
 
 "Captain Racket," a comedv in three acts, was performed by 
 members of Indiana Beta in the hall of the Patriotic Order of Sons 
 of America, Crawfordsville, February 5, 1903. The audience was 
 composed of the Wabash facult}^ and their families and other friends 
 of the chapter, including out-of-town guests — about 400 in all. The 
 play was followed b}^ a dance. The Scroll, April, 1903, men- 
 tioned that Pennsylvania Epsilon had instituted a new departure at 
 Dickinson, in the form of afternoon teas, given on Saturdays, com- 
 plimentar}' to the lady friends of the chapter in the college and the 
 town. Ma}^ 14, 1903, Ohio Alpha tendered a reception to Dr. G. 
 P. Benton, Ohio Beta, ^'^Z, President of ^Nliami University, and to 
 Mrs. Benton. The guests numbered about 300. The chapter let- 
 ter in The Scroll, December, 1904, said: On October 13 we were 
 delightfull}^ surprised with a pillow shower by the loyal Phi girls." 
 Massachusetts Alpha had a house party during "prom, week," May 
 28-31, 1903. The Case chapter house was the scene of a children's 
 party, Februar}" 20, 1904. The lady friends of the chapter enter- 
 tained the members with a leap-year part}-, February 29, 1904. 
 The Illinois chapter gave a minstrel show at Cr3^stal Lake Pavillion, 
 Urbana, April 15, 1904. The show was followed by a dance, two 
 members from each of the other fraternities and two members of 
 the facult}^ with their lady friends, being invited. The W. & J. 
 
Cast of Characters in Indiana Beta's Play, 1903. 
 
 See The Scroll, April, 1905. 
 
 chapter gave a picnic dance at Oakwood Park, near Pittsburg, May 
 25, 1904. The Amherst chapter gave a house party, lasting four 
 days and culminating in the Junior prom.," May 30, 1904. Dur- 
 ing commencement week, June 15, 1904, the Allegheny chapter 
 celebrated its quarto-centennial; and during commencement week, 
 July, 1904, the Vermont chapter had a similar celebration. 
 
 Acting on a suggestion made by the Editor of The Scroll, J. H. 
 DeWitt, the alumni club of Saint Louis appointed July 11-18, 1904, 
 as <I> A © week during the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and 
 appointed as fraternity headquarters the Hotel Hamilton, corner of 
 Hamilton and Maple Avenues. R. H. Switzler was chairman of 
 the committee on arrangements. Announcements were made in 
 The Scroll, June, 1904, and by circulars, but the meeting was not 
 well advertised, and the attendance was not large. Twenty-five or 
 more Phis were connected with the exposition or its various exhib- 
 its. In the education building a $ A register was kept by D. D. 
 Starr. 
 
 By circulars, dated June 28 and July 6, C. F. Lamkin, Presi- 
 dent of Zeta Province, announced a Provincial Convention. The 
 Convention was held, July 14, 1904, in the library of Lindenwood 
 College, Saint Charles, Mo., near Saint Louis. Dr. G. F. Ayers, 
 
ANNALS, 1902-1904. 807 
 
 Missouri Beta, '87, President of the college, welcomed the brothers. 
 Official delegates were present from nine chapters — Northwestern, 
 Lombard, Illinois, Iowa Wesleyan, Iowa, Missouri, Westminster, 
 Washington, Kansas. F. J. R. Mitchell, P. G. C, and five other 
 visitors were present, besides two gentlemen representing the South 
 Dakota petitioners and one representing the Arkansas petiiioners. 
 The Province President presided. One of the acts of the Conven- 
 tion was to vote an assessment on chapters to defray the expense 
 of at least one visit by the Province President to each chapter dur- 
 ing each college year. The Convention held a short session at 
 the Hotel Hamilton, Saint Louis, July 15, and on the evening of 
 that day there was a dinner at the Irish Village on "The Pike," in 
 the exposition grounds. This dinner was attended by thirty-four 
 Phis. 
 
 In the regatta at Poughkeepsie, 1903, there were 19 Phis con- 
 nected with the various crews or the management — 6 Varsit}'- oars- 
 men (including 2 captains), 4 'varsity substitutes, 4 freshman oars- 
 men, 2 freshman substitutes, 2 assistant coaches, i judge of the 
 'varsity race. In 1904 the number was 20 — 7 'varsity oarsmen 
 (including 2 captains), 2 freshman oarsmen, 5 substitutes in the 
 various boats, 3 assistant coaches, 3 officials. In 1903 and 1904 
 there was the usual <l> A © reunion during the summer student con- 
 ference at Northfield, Mass., and in the latter year there was a 
 reunion of Phis attending the summer student conference at Waynes- 
 ville, N. C. 
 
 Over the grave of Founder Robert Morrison was erected, in the 
 summer of 1904, a monument, which was thus described by C. F. 
 Lamkin in The Scroll, December, 1904: 
 
 Under the shade of a venerable oak, near the town of Fulton, Missouri, lie the 
 mortal remains of our beloved founder, Robert Morrison. It seems particularly 
 fitting that he who founded the fraternity should have been in his later years, placed 
 in a college town where his younger brothers held aloft the unsullied banner which 
 he had first unfurled at Old Miami. In his dying hours Phis hastened to comfort; 
 dead, they tenderly laid him to rest, and to-day the Westminster chapter deems that 
 to it has been given the guardianship of his last resting place. 
 
 During the past summer a granite slab has been erected, severely plain and yet 
 characteristic of the man who despised show and pretense and admired solid worth. 
 A Fraternity, actuated b}' love, provided the funds to erect the monument. Mrs. 
 Morrison approved the design, and the local work was done under the direction of 
 Brother D. P. Bartlev, Westminster, '82, and the general Fraternity was repre- 
 sented by Brother H. H. Ward, Past P. G. C. 
 
 The monument is of gray granite and stands about five feet high by four feet in 
 width and is eighteen inches thick. It is on the Morrison family lot in the Fulton 
 cemetery, close to the college that he loved so well and almost in the shadow of a 
 great Presbyterian church to which he gave his life's best service. 
 
 The monument was made and erected by A. K. Luckie, of 
 Mexico, Mo., at a cost of ^212.20, of which 1^187.78 was contri- 
 buted b}^ the fraternity.* The Scriptural quotation on the face of 
 the monument, rather dimly shown in the accompanying half-tone, 
 is from Psalm xvii, verse 15: 'As for me, I will behold thy face 
 
 See footnote, page 784. 
 
Monument to Father Morrison. 
 
 Erected over his prave in the cemetery at Fulton, Missouri, 1904- 
 
ANNALS, 1 902- 1 904. 
 
 809 
 
 in righteousness: I shall be satisfied, when I awake, with thy like- 
 ness. " On the other side of the monument is an outline of the 
 shield of <i> A 0, with the star in the upper angle, and the following 
 inscription, written by D. P. Bartley: "Author of the Bond and 
 One of the Six Founders of the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity at 
 Miami University, 1848. In Coelo Oiiies Est.'''' 
 
 As the members in Canada were required to pay a duty of 35 
 per cent, on badges imported by them from the United States, the 
 General Council, April i, 1904, appointed Henry Birks civi Sons, of 
 Montreal, official jewelers to ^ A 0. 
 
 The fraternity jeweler, J. F. Newman, fashioned a <E> A watch- 
 fob March, 1904, designed b}' W. B. 
 Palmer, an old style of a watch ke}', 
 displaying the alumnus button and 
 '1848;" on the reverse the bust of Pallas 
 in black enamel, and the open motto: 
 "Ets o.vr)p ovSet? dvrjp;" the whole resem- 
 bling in outline the key-badge of ^ B K. 
 Roehm «S: Son offered for sale, October, 
 1904, a watch-fob on which the coat- 
 of-arms of ^ A was stamped. 
 
 Wright, Ka}' & Com pan}' offered for 
 sale, June, 1904, porcelain steins, in 
 which the coat-of-arms had been burned. 
 Descriptions and illustrations of wall ornaments offered for sale 
 by several fraternity jewelers, 1904, appeared in The Scroll, Octo- 
 ber, 1904, and Febru- 
 ary and April, 1905. 
 These ^ A placques, 
 which were of different 
 sizes, consisted of the 
 badge enlarged or the 
 coat-of-arms cast of 
 brass, enameled in the 
 fraternit}' colors and 
 mounted on shield- 
 shaped or oblong 
 boards of antique oak. 
 In their illustrated price lists fraternity jewelers offered for sale 
 various kinds of what they called novelties" — scarf pins, cuff 
 buttons, lapel buttons, shirt studs, rings, charms, fobs, canes, card 
 cases, cigarette cases, match boxes, stamp boxes, court plaster 
 cases, mustache combs, book marks, pipes, flasks, cork-screws, 
 steins; and for the use of ladies, brooches, hat pins, belt buckles 
 and belt pins, Nearl}'^ all of these articles were mounted with the 
 <l> A badge, some st3Tes displaying a monogram of the letters and 
 others the coat-of-arms. The National Convention, 1904, prohibi- 
 ted the sale of novelties bearing the Fraternitv's badge. 
 
8io 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The National Convention, 1902, ordered that a new plate of the 
 coat-of-arms should be engraved, which should be the official plate. 
 March 10, 1903, the General Council ordered that an edition of 
 new charter blanks be printed from the plate engraved by Louis 
 Dreka, Philadelphia, 1888, and that the new plate of the arms be 
 substituted for the old plate of the arms mortised in the charter 
 plate. W. B. Palmer was appointed to direct the engraving of the 
 new plate. The Dreka Company completed the engraving of the 
 coat-of-arms on a steel plate, and printed new charter blanks, 
 August, 1903. The frontispiece of The Scroll^ October, 1903, was 
 the coat-of-arms, a sufficient number of impressions from the new 
 plate having been donated by The Dreka Company.* 
 
 Stein Bearing Coat-of-Arms. 
 
 The National Convention, 1902, ordered that a committee, with 
 W. B. Palmer as chairman, be appointed to select a suitable design 
 for a medallion to be used on the tombstones of deceased members, 
 the design to be approved by the General Council. January 30, 
 1903, the General Council appointed J. C. Moore, Jr., and H. H. 
 Ward on the committee. 
 
 In the spring of 1904, Pennsylvania Zeta adopted a hat band 
 made of specially manufactured black silk ribbon, with three nar- 
 row stripes — one of white between two of blue. The hat band, sold 
 by Dyer Brothers, Philadelphia, was worn, 1905, by members of 
 the Pennsylvania, Columbia and other chapters. 
 
 For twenty-one years — 1883 to 1904 — $ A © had a larger num- 
 ber of active chapters, than any other college fraternity. In the 
 latter year it had 69 active chapters, but in that year the number 
 of active chapters of K 2 reached 71. 
 
 * The Dreka Company also donated impressions from the plate for the frontispiece of this history. 
 
THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1902-1903. 811 
 
 THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1902-1903. 
 
 7 he Scroll, Volume XXVIL five bi-monthl\^ numbers — October, 1902, to June, 
 1903; pp. 660 -|- title page and index, pp. 4. Illustrations 100; facsimiles 6; dia- 
 grams 3. Editor and Manager, H. T. Miller, Nos. 1-2; R. H. Switzler, Nos. 3-5. 
 Printers, The Hollenbeck Press, Indianapolis, Ind. The Palladium. Volume IX: 
 five bi-monthly numbers — September, 1902, to ]\Iay, 1903; pp. 208. Illustration i. 
 Editor, H. T. Miller, Nos. 1-2: R. H. Switzler, Nos. 3-5. Printers, Spahr & Glenn, 
 Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 The Sc7-olL October, 1902, contains a profuseh^ illustrated bio- 
 graphical sketch of Robert ^Morrison, b}" W. B. Palmer; accounts 
 of Father Morrison's funeral, b}^ R. H. Switzler and C. F. Lamkin, 
 and an article m memortam, by T. C. Hibbett, formerl}^ a pupil of 
 Robert Morrison in Tennessee. W. B. Palmer also gave a bio- 
 graphical sketch of F. D. Swope, who, before his untimel}" death, 
 had attained unexampled popularit}^ throughout the Fraternit3^ 
 I. S. Hopkins, Jr., wrote an article about the Georgia School of 
 Technolog}^ and E. G. Hallman wrote of the establishment of 
 Georgia Delta. 
 
 The December Scroll contains a sonnet on Robert Morrison, b}^ 
 J. W. Roberts."^ This exquisite poetical tribute and the articles 
 about Father Morrison in the October number were republished in 
 a pamphlet of thirt3^-six pages, 400 copies being issued, which were 
 distributed at the National Convention. To the December num- 
 ber J. E. Brown contributed 'Reminiscences of Phis Met at Our 
 National Conventions (r 889- 1900), now Members of the Chapter 
 Grand." The fifth edition of the song book was reviewed by E. 
 E. Ruby. An article about the Universit}^ of Colorado was writ- 
 ten by S. W. Ryan, and F. J. R. Mitchell, S. G. C, wrote of the 
 installation of Colorado Alpha. "Thus endeth The ScrolVs six- 
 teenth review of college annuals," wrote H. T. Miller, at the con- 
 clusion of his sixth annual review. His valedictory appeared in 
 the December 6'<rr<?//, which was issued the week before the National 
 Convention held on Thanksgiving week, when he declined re-elec- 
 tion as R. G. C. 
 
 During the six years that he was Editor, The Scroll published 
 more matter and printed more illustrations than any other fra- 
 ternity journal. Moreover, during all of that time, it had been pre- 
 eminent for general excellence, for the literary character of its 
 editorials, and for its wealth of news, particularly Hellenic and 
 collegiate news. In fact. The Scroll wsls the delight of its ^ A © 
 readers, and the despair of rival fraternities. Every interest of 
 ^ A © received adequate treatment, and the stimulus which Miller 
 gave to fraternit}^ activities had produced results that were as grati- 
 fying as they were plainly apparent. 
 
 The National Convention elected R. H. Switzler, R. G. C. and 
 Editor and Manager. The February Scroll contains an account 
 by him of the New York Convention, seventy-four pages, with 
 seventeen half-tone illustrations. The convention banquet speeches 
 
 * See page 70. 
 
8l2 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 were stenographically reported. The ApriKS^r^// contains an arti- 
 cle on Washington University, by T. F. Chaplin; a sketch of H. 
 H. Ward, Past-P. G. C, by J. E. Brown: a sketch of H. T. Miller, 
 ex-Editor of the Scroll, by W. B. Palmer, and "Bibliography of 
 $ A 0" continued, by Palmer. 
 
 The June Scroll contains illustrations and brief descriptions of 
 houses owned by the chapters at Dartmouth, Vermont, Williams, 
 Amherst, Cornell, Gettysburg, Alleghen}^ Dickinson, Pennsylvania, 
 Vanderbilt, Sewanee, Texas, Michigan (under construction), O. 
 W. U., Case, Wisconsin, California, Stanford, Washington State 
 — 19 in all. Mention was made of 27 chapters renting houses — 
 McGill, Union, Columbia, Syracuse, W. & J., Lehigh, North Caro- 
 lina, K. S. C, Georgia, Miami, O. S. U,, Indiana, De Pauw, 
 Purdue, Northwestern, Chicago, Knox, Lombard, Illinois, Min- 
 nesota, Iowa Wesle3^an, Iowa, Missouri, Westminster, Kansas, 
 Nebraska and Colorado; besides a floor of a college dormitor}^ 
 occupied by the Brown chapter, and a flat rented by the Washing- 
 ton chapter. Mention was made also of 5 chapters having pur- 
 chased building lots — Auburn, Indiana, Purdue, Illinois and Mis- 
 souri. W. B. Palmer contributed a further installment of "Old 
 Fraternity Records." R. G. Freeman wrote a sketch of Allegheny 
 College and Pennsylvania Delta. A sketch of J. E. Brown, P. G. 
 C, was written by R. H. Switzler, and a sketch of Dr. G. P. 
 Benton, President of Miami Universit}^ was written b}^ J. E. Brown. 
 
 Tlie ^^(f;^// issued 2,500 copies in 1903. 
 
 The September Palladium contains an account of the installation 
 of Georgia Delta and of visits to other southern chapters, b}^ H. 
 H. Ward. "Bibliography of $A0, " by W. B. Palmer, in this 
 number, relates to sub rosa publications of the Fraternity. The 
 March number, containing the proceedings of the New York Con- 
 vention, has 105 pages and cover. The May number contains an 
 article by W. B. Palmer explaining how funds for acquiring a chap- 
 ter house may be raised by selling common and preferred stock. 
 For the same number J. E. Brown wrote of Financing a Chapter 
 House Purchase," referring to the O. W. U. house. A similar 
 article b}^ H. H. Ward, referring to the Case house, had appeared 
 in the April Scroll. 
 
 THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1903-1904. 
 
 Volume XXVIII: five bi-monthly numbers — October, 1903, to June, 1904; pp. 
 598-|-insert, October, pp. 12; insert, Februarj^, pp. 4; title page and index, pp. 4. 
 Illustrations, 82; diagrams 6; map i. Editor and Manager, R. H. Switzler, Nos. 
 1-2; J. H. DeWitt, Nos. 3-5. Assistant Editor, W. B. Palmer, Nos. 3-5. Printers, 
 The Hollenbeck Press, Indianapolis, Ind., Nos. 1-2; George Banta Publishing 
 Company, Menasha, Wis., Nos. 3-5. The Palladium, Volume X; five bi-monthly 
 numbers, September, 1903, to May, 1904; pp. 120. Illustrations 3; map i. Editors, 
 R. H. Switzler, Nos. 1-2; J. H. DeWitt, Nos. 3-5; Assistant Editor, W. B. Palmer, 
 Nos. 3-5. Printers, Spahr & Glenn, Columbus, Ohio, Nos. 1-2; Cumberland Pres- 
 byterian Publishing House, Nashville, Tenn., Nos. 3-5. 
 
THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1903- 1904. 813 
 
 The Scj'oll for October, 1903, was largeh' devoted to sketches 
 with half-tone portraits of prominent members: Hon. J. W. Foster, 
 counsel for the United States before the Canadian Boundary Com- 
 mission; General J. C. Black, Commander-in-chief of the Grand 
 Arm 3^ of the Republic (a month or two later, President of the 
 United States Civil Service Commission); Alston Ellis, Ph. D., 
 LL. D., President of Ohio Universit}^; J. T. Morrison, Governor 
 of Idaho; C. M. Beckwith, Bishop of Alabama; J. C. McRe3'nolds, 
 Assistant Attorney-general of the United States. The sketch of 
 McReynolds was written by J. H. DeWitt, the sketch of Bishop 
 Beckwith b^^ C. B. K. Weed, the other sketches b}' the Editor. 
 
 The frontispiece of the December Scroll is a double-page outline 
 map of the United States, on which are located the active chapters 
 and alumni clubs, chapters owning houses being indicated. The 
 map was prepared b}^ Franklin Sweet. An article about the Wabash 
 chapter house, by the Editor, was accompanied b}^ a view of the 
 house (other views of the house being given in April). An illustra- 
 ted article on S3'racuse Universit}^ was contributed hy C. T. Robert- 
 son. The first review of college annuals in TJu Scroll appeared in 
 1887. The seventeenth annual review of such publications appears 
 in the issue for December, 1903. It was written b}^ R. H. Switzler, 
 who in the same number announced his resignation as a member of 
 the General Council and Editor of The Scroll. 
 
 J. H. DeWitt being chosen R. G. C. and Editor, appointed 
 W. B. Palmer as Assistant Editor. The February number, the first 
 under their management, contains an article on Michigan Alpha's 
 beautiful new house, b}^ C. H. Upmeyer, with an illustration and 
 floor plans. "Historic Fraternity Contests" told of the efforts of 
 jealous rivals to prevent certain chapters of <& A which had sus- 
 pended and been re-established from having their old positions in 
 the lists of fraternities in college annuals, and told also of victories 
 of the chapters at Wisconsin and Michigan over rivals which had 
 denied to <5 A equal representation in inter-fraternity social 
 aifairs. This article was written by W. B. Palmer, who also 
 reviewed "The History of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternit}^." 
 
 The Scroll for April contains an article on 'lowa Beta and Her 
 New Home," b}^ C. T. Loizeaux, with an illustration of the house. 
 "Student Life and Customs" was reviewed by W. B. Palmer, who 
 furnished another installment of ' Old Fraternity Records." 
 
 The June number contains articles on Pennsylvania State College 
 and Pennsylvania Theta, by I. L. Foster; articles on the Univer- 
 sity of Vermont and Vermont Alpha, b}^ H. E. Cunningham; 
 an acrostic — "A Phi Delta Theta — " by W. R. Higgins, copied 
 from the Wabash, February, i860; a list of $ A members of con- 
 gress, prepared by W, B. Palmer; a list of summer addresses of 
 Chapter Reporters, a new feature. 
 
 The October number contains a portrait of Rt. Rev. C. M. 
 Beckwith, Bishop of Alabama, with a sketch of him by C. B. K. 
 
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General John Charles Black, Wabash, '62. 
 
 President of the United States Civil Service Commission. Presented, 1866, with the first badge 
 ever made with the sword attached to the shield. This badge was loaned bj- him to the author of 
 this history, December, 1903, for the purpose of having three replicas made and of having made the 
 woodcut which appears on page 352. Half-tone from a photograph by A. Cox, Chicago, sent by 
 General Black to the author, June 2 ipo2. See biographical sketches in The Scroll, December, 
 1894, and October, 1903. 
 
 Weed; the Februar}^ number, a portrait of Rt. Rev. M. E. Fawcett, 
 Bishop of Quinc}^, with a sketch of him by W. B. Palmer. The 
 Februar}^ number contains a portrait of Edwin Emerson, Jr., war 
 correspondent of the New York World and Collier'' s Weekly in the 
 Far East, with a sketch of him by W. B. Palmer; the April number, 
 a portrait of R. H. Little, war correspondent of the Chicago Evening 
 News in the Far East, with a sketch of him by J. A. Dixon. The 
 December number contains an article b}^ J. J. London, on 'Phi 
 Delta Thetas at Annapolis," where there were ten Phi midshipmen; 
 the February number an article b}^ B. M. L. Ernst, on "Phi Delta 
 Thetas at West Point," where there were thirteen Phi cadets. The 
 first 16-page form of "The History of the Phi Delta Theta Frater- 
 nity" makes an insert for the October number; a 4-page prospectus 
 of the history an insert for the February number. The last three 
 
8i6 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 numbers were printed by the George Banta Publishing Company, 
 Menasha, Wis., and the improvement in typography was marked. 
 
 The Palladium for November contains a price list of parapherna- 
 lia, the January number a list of prominent members of <l> A ©, 
 compiled by W. B. Palmer, the March number an article by Palmer 
 on Pennsylvania State College, and articles about other institutions 
 from which applications for charters had been received. Begin- 
 ning with the January number the printing was done by the Cum- 
 berland Presb3^terian Publishing House, Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Beneath the title of The Palladium when it was first issued, 
 November, 1894, appeared the words: 'A private bulletin devoted 
 to the interests of Phi Delta Theta. " These words appeared on 
 every issue until March, 1897, inclusive. At the suggestion of W. 
 B. Palmer, the words, "Devoted to the private interests of Phi 
 Delta Theta, and intended for Phis only," were substituted, and 
 they appeared beneath the title on the issues from May, .1897, to 
 Januar}^ 1904, inclusive. The place of publication being moved 
 to Nashville, application was made for the entry of the publication 
 in the postoffice there as mail matter of the second class. The 
 postal authorities objected to making such entry if subscriptions 
 were restricted to members of the Fraternity; hence, beginning with 
 the issue for March, 1904, the words, 'Devoted to the private 
 interests," etc., were omitted and nothing appeared about the publi- 
 cation being private, but nevertheless it was so considered. hX. the 
 same time the title was extended to The Palladium of Phi Delta 
 Theta:' 
 
 THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1904. 
 
 The National Convention of 1902 decided that the next Conven- 
 tion should meet at Atlanta, Ga. The General Council voted, 
 June 2, 1904. that the place of meeting should be more central 
 than Atlanta, and, an invitation having been received from Indian- 
 apolis, voted, June 3, that it be accepted. 
 
 The National Convention held sessions Monday, Tuesday, 
 Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, November 21, 22, 23, 24 and 
 25, 1904, in the Claypool Hotel, Indianapolis, Ind. The opening 
 session and one or two other sessions were held in the ball room, 
 the other sessions in the palm room of the hotel. The Convention 
 was called to order by J. E. Brown, P. G. C. Psalm cm was 
 read and prayer was offered by Father J. W. Lindley. Addresses 
 of welcome were delivered by J. W. Holtzman (not a Greek), 
 Mayor of Indianapolis; H. U. Brown, Past P. G. C. ; J. S. Jenckes, 
 Indiana, '56, and A. C. Harris, Indianapolis, '62. Responses 
 were made by H. T. Miller, Past P. G, C, on behalf of the Indiana 
 Phis; J. H. DeWitt, R. G. C, on behalf of the General Council 
 and the Fraternity at large; R. L. Skinner, on behalf of the 
 alumni, and C. G. Guyer, on behalf of the active chapters. Father 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1904. 817 
 
 Lindley was enthusiasticall}^ received by the Convention. He 
 returned his thanks for the heartiness of his reception, and 
 expressed his great pleasure in being present, and his gratification 
 at the growth and progress of the Fraternity which he had helped to 
 found. He was presented by the author of the history of the Fra- 
 ternity with a bound copy of the first 784 pages of the book, the 
 presentation speech being made by H. T. Miller. 
 
 Officers present: General Council — President, J. E. Brown; Secretary, 
 F. J. R. Mitchell; Reporter, J. H. DeWitt; Treasurer, J. B. Ballou; Historian, 
 A. M. McCrillis. Chapter House Commissioner, H. T. Miller. President Beta 
 Province, H. L. Watson. President Epsilon Province, W. H. Hays. President 
 Zeta Province, .C F. Lamkin. President Eta Province, G. L. Ray. President 
 Theta Province, J. E. McDowell. Editor of the Catalogue, T. J. Griffin, Jr. 
 Editor of the History. W. B. Palmer. Fraternity Librarian, J. E. Brown. 
 
 Delegates from college chapters present: Miami — M. D. Prugh, '05. 
 Indiana — C. T. Cisco, '05. Central — ^J. L. Gill, '05. Wabash — R. D. Schrock, 
 '05. Wisconsin — D. S. Law, '06. N^orthwestern — O. A. Wakeman, '05. Indian- 
 apolis — Paul Murray, '05. O. W. U. — M. C. Gilchrist, '06. Franklin — R. L. 
 Olt, '06. Hanover — Donald DuShane, '06. Michigan — A. E. Kusterer, '05. 
 Chicago — F. D. Mabrey, '07. DePanw — A. C. Beyer, '05. Ohio — W. S. Mer- 
 ritt, '05. Alissotiri — R. S. Houck, '05. Ktiox — H. W. Lass, '06. Georgia — 
 A. C. Reppard, '06. Emory — O. E. Rayne, '05. loxva Wesleyan — Arthur Beck, 
 '06. Mercer — H. B. Nichols, '05. Cornell— K. W. Chase, '05. Lafayette — 
 D. D. Pomerey, '05. California — H. R. Erbright, '05. Virginia — Lyman John- 
 son, Jr., '06. Randolph-Macon — Adolphus Blair, Jr. (Virginia Delta), '92. 
 Nebraska— Yi. F. Neely, '05. Gettysburg — Tillottson Fryatt, '05. W. &^. J. — 
 T. C. Frame, '05. Vanderbilt — W. H. Morgan, '06. Lehigh — J. H. Wallace, 
 '06. Alississippi — O. L. Kimbrough, '06. Alabama — J. H. Miller, '05. Lom- 
 bard — R. W. Justus, '07. Atiburn — J. S. Boyd, '05. Allegheny — J. E. Morrison, 
 '05. Vermont— Yi.. H. Watson, '06. Dickinson — -R. E. Smith, '05. Westmin- 
 ster — ^J. L, Edwards, '07. Minnesota — W. H. Frisbee, '05. Lozua—'L,. C. Oel- 
 kers,'o5. Aransas — Chester Cooke, '00. Sezaanee — Wyatt Brown, '05. O. S. U. — 
 James Prendergast, '06. Texas — G. D. Hunt, '03. Pennsylvania — W. G. Gard- 
 ner, Jr., '06. Union — H. E. Haight, '06. Colby — C. P. Chipman, '06. Colum- 
 bia — W. L. Benham, '05. Dartmouth — H. B. Loder, '05. Williams — W. S. 
 Avers, '05. Southzvestern — Ireland Graves, '05. Syracuse — H. D. Sanford, '05. 
 W. &- L.—G. R. LeGore, '07. Amherst—]. D. Crowell, '05. Brozvn—G. A. 
 Gessner, '05. Tulane — R. G. Robinson, '06. Washington — R. A. Campbell, '06. 
 Stanford — C. G. Gayer, '06. Purdue — C. S. Sale, '06. Illinois — W, E. Brearley, 
 '06. Case — A. C. Vicary, '06. Cincinnati — H. C. Fetsch, '05. Washington 
 State — L. D. Grinstead, '05. K. S. C. — C. W. Haynes, '05. McGill — D. S. 
 Likely, '05. Colorado — L. G. Keller, '05. Georgia Tech. — George Winship, Jr., 
 '06. Pennsylvania^ State — C. F. Culp, '06. 
 
 The only active college chapter without a delegate was the one 
 at North Carolina. 
 
 Delegates from alumni chapters present: Franklin — L. E, Ott, Wabash, 
 '80, Indianapolis — W. H. Morrison, Jr., Cornell, '01. Louisville — J, M. Baines, 
 Central, '98. Chicago — W. E. Godso, Chicago, '03. Nashville — W. B. Palmer, 
 Emory, '77. Cittcinnati — Guido Gores, Cincinnati, '01. N'ezu York — D, J. Gallert, 
 Colby, '93. Pittsburg — C. L, Goodwin, Indianapolis, '83. Saint Louis — R, H. 
 Switzler, Missouri, '98. Cleveland — W. H. Merriam, Vermont, '89. Denver — 
 H. T. Chaney, Colorado, '05. Spokane — C. E. Caches, Washington State, '01. 
 Birmingham — C. A. Brown, Alabama, '01. Detroit — C. M. Preston, Michigan, 
 '98. Milwaukee — J. H. Turner, Wisconsin, '92. Providence — T. J Griffin, Jr., 
 Bj-own, '99. Syracuse — T. H. Munroe, Jr., Syracuse, '99. Seattle — J. R. Kinnear, 
 Washington State, '05. Toledo — W. A. Eversman, Michigan, 'oi. Hamilton — 
 K. H. Zwick, Miami, '00. Omaha — FI. F. Neely, Nebraska, '05. Crawfordsville — 
 
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• 20 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 H. G. Evans, Wabash, '02. Menashn — George Banta, Franklin, '76. Blooming- 
 ton — A. J. Barr, Illinois Wesleyan, '85. Oklahoma City — W. E. Moore, Purdue, 
 '01. Lexington — R. M. Allen, K. S. C, '00. Fort Smith — F. L, Mulky, Indiana, 
 '82. Hutchinson — L. J. Flint, Kansas, '04. 
 
 Other members present: Miami — J. W. Lindlev, '50; B. K. Elliott, '55; 
 J. B. Elam, '70; J. C. Farber, '73; R. J. Shank, '97; C. A. Macauley, '98; L. E. 
 Sohngen, '00; W. C. Robertson, '03; A. A. Burkhart, '07; E. H. Hartle, '07; 
 J. W. Leist, '08. Indiana—]. S. Jenckes, '56; W. T. Hicks, '71; D. A. Cheno- 
 weth, '75; VV. H. Hawlev, '80; A. W. Butler, '81; O. H. Mills, '81; J. C. Shirk, 
 '81; W. H. Dye, '85; T.'m. Honan, '89; J. L. Mitchell, '89; Ralph Bamberger, 
 '91; G. H. Pendleton, '91; Clarence Province, '92; J. M. Wall, '92; Isadore Fei- 
 bleman, '93; F. N. Fitzgerald, '93; W. T. Patten, '93; George Watts, '93; E. R. 
 Mason, '95; C. R. Hudson, '97; C. A. Woods, '97; Homer Woolery, '97; W. H. 
 Kennedy, '98; J. C. Patten, '00; Z. M. Laughlin, '01; F. V. Overman, '02; J. G. 
 Hoover, '03; C. W. Miller, '03; G. E. Shaw, '03; J. H. Dickey, '04; J. P. Todd, 
 '04; H. S. Gifford, '05; M. C. Kent, '05; Harry Long, '05; L. J. Sentney, '05; 
 J. H. Smith, '05: O. W. Edwards, '06; J. M. Gilchrist, '06; Charles Kemp, '06; 
 W. D. Levi, '06; R. K. Shook, '06; G. H. Kirker, '07; William Sears, '07; A. B. 
 Williamson, '07; Albert Aronson, '08; Glenn Hurron, '08; W. J. Kempf, '08. 
 Wabash— Yi. H. Hanna, '59; T. H. Ristine, '65; J. L. Ketcham, Sr., '66; R. E. 
 Defrees, '70; W, H. Riplev, '73; J. K. Sharpe, jr., '74; C. H. Brewer, '78; S. B. 
 Eccles, '81; S. C. Dickev,^'8i; T. C. Hood, '81; C. U. Stockbarger, '86; M. E. 
 Wilson, '88; T. B. Noble, '90; E. H. Davis, '91; A. G. Cavins, '93; W. W. Wil- 
 son, '93; C. S. Little, '94; W. I. Snyder, '94; T. A, Davis, '96; H. W. Little, '96; 
 N. H, Richardson, '96; A. C. Ball, '98; R. T. Bvers, '98; L. A. Ensminger, 00; 
 M. V. Robb, '00; B. C. Day, '02; B. E. Hughes,' '02; W. I. A. Beale, '05; E. C. 
 Courtney, '05; A. L. Deniston, '05; F. A. Boulton, '06; R, S. Edwards, '06; 
 H. M. Smaltz, '06; M. S. Leaming, '07. Wisconsin — A. W. Fairchild, '97; H. H. 
 Manson, '97; C. F. Geilfuss, '99; G. P. Hardgrove, '00; A. S. Neilson, '01; J. B. 
 Blake, '04; H. F. Lindsav, '05; H. C. Allen, '06. Northtvsstern — I. R. Brown, 
 '02; H. I. Allen, '04; R.'W. Baird, '05; L. L. Hebblethwaite, '05; J. F. Wulff, 
 '05; J. B. Romans, '06; H. A. Romans, '07. Indianapolis — A. C. Harris, '62; 
 J. V. Hadlev, '63; J, S. Duncan, '65; A. C. Ayres, '68: Benjamin Franklin, '71; 
 J. B. Dill, '73; T. S. Graves, '74; W. O. Bates, '75; W. T. Sellers, '75; W. S. 
 Moffett, '76; W. M. Croan, '78; D. C. Brown, '79; H. U. Brown, '80; I. W. 
 Christian, '81; J. B. Long, '83; M. A. Morrison, '83; L. D. Guffin, '84; C. B. 
 Vawter, '85; R. F. Kautz, '87; C. D. Deliass, '90; O. W. Green, '90; Laz Noble, 
 '90; R. F. Davidson, '92; Alfred Lauter, '92; Adolph Schmuck, '95; R. S. Foster, 
 Jr., '97; F. C. Olive, '97; T. R. H. Shipp, '97; J. M. Cunningham, '01; H. J. 
 Hadley, '01; C. W. McGaughey, '01; P. A. Van Sickle, '01; F. A. Cotton, '02; 
 W. R. Longley, '02; W. A. Lybrand, '02; H. H. Heinerichs, '03; S. W. Moore, 
 '03; Cleo Hunt, '04; Albert Seaton, '04; Dillon Hacker, '05; H. L, Cook, '06; 
 G. A. Davis, '06; O. W. Edwards, '06; R. H. Egbert, '06; G. P. Guffin, '06; 
 J. K. Kingsbury, '06; M. H. Brown, '07; O. B. Cockrum, '07; F. B. Davenport, 
 '07; C. H. H. Emrich, '07; J. L. Bohnstadt, '08; P. D. Christian, '08; I. W. Cot- 
 ton, '08; A. F. Krauss, '08; J. R. Tracy, '08; M. J. Traub, '08. O. W. ^— Scott 
 Bonham, '82; J. E. Breese, '02. Franklin — C. H. Hall, '72; Henry Eitel, '74; 
 C. C. Edwards, '76; D. A. Owen, '78; J. F. McCrav, '79; C. F. Moffitt, '79; 
 E. A. Bonham, '80; E. E. Stevenson, '83; R. A. Brown, '84; W. W. Smith, '84; 
 C. M. Carter, '87; J. W. Fesler, '87; Grafton Johnson, '87; L. O. Stiening, '88; 
 A. A. Alexander, '90; O. V. Nay, '90; A. A. Ogle, '90; C. D. Ransdell, '90; 
 J. C. Williams, '91; E. L. Branigin, '92; W, P. Garshwiler, '92; E. L. Hendricks, 
 '95; C. F. Patterson, '95; P>ank Martin, '96; H. J. Martin. '96; F. R. Owen, '96; 
 H. A. Payne, '96; G. I. White, '96; L J. Drybread, '97; E. L. Middleton, '97; 
 E. L. Moore, '98; H. H. Woodsmall, '98; G. vV. Middleton, '99; Harry Bridges, 
 '00; E. M. Edwards, '00; O. I. Demaree, '00; C. A. Smaller, '01; C. E. Fisher, 
 '02; C. H. Weyl, '02; K. G. Foster, '03; O. B. Sellers, '03;" H. E. Tincher, '03; 
 Everett Wiley, '03; Verne Branigin, '04; A. B. Hall, '04; M. H. Miller, '04; 
 R. G. Scott, '04; R. H. Sellers, '04; M. D. Webb, '04; M. M. Proffitt, '05; J. I. 
 Perkins, '05; Guilford Wiley, '05; B. J. Deming, '06; C. B. La Grange, '06; I. S. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1904. 821 
 
 Valentine, '06; F. A. Witt, '06; M. J. Abbett, '07; E. W. Crecraft, '07; O. W. 
 Edwards, '07: C. K. Marshall, '07; T. L. Neal, '07; W. B. Douglass, '07. Hano- 
 ver—yN. S. Garber, '72; G. A. McCaslin, '75; W. H. Link, '77; J. W. LaGrange, 
 '86; W. E. B. McKee, '91; Donald Kennedy, '93; J. D. DePrez, '94; H. W. 
 DePrez, '95; M. J. Bowman, '96; T. C. Whallon, '98: H. G. Garber, '01; J. A. 
 Prier, '04; R. V. Sipe, '05; T. H. Cartmel, '07. Michigan — C. D. Starr, '02; 
 C. T. Tuck, '02; H. W. Clarke, '04. C. H. Upraeyer, '04; W. G. Moore, '05; 
 A. A. Tredway, '07. Chicago — C. W. Chase, '99. DePauw — Ephraim Marsh, 
 '70; T. D. Wright, '74: J. G. Boston, '76; N. A. Whittaker, '81; Andrew Stephen- 
 son, '"82; J. L. Randell, '84; C. T. Vajen, '84; F. T. Loftin, '86; H. C. Yount, 
 '86; G. K. Keiper, '87; J. H. Wilkerson, '89; W. A. Bastian, '91; E. H. Culbert- 
 son, '9[: J. W. Martin, '91; C. W. Metsker, '91; H. B. Patten, '93; Ward Wil- 
 liams, '93; Y. W. Foxworthy, '94: W. H. Harris, '94; S. C. Matson, '94; F. A. 
 Preston, '94; J. M. House, '95; R. L. Tomkins, '95; C. D. Newlin, '96; W. M. 
 Sparks, '96; C. A. Prosser, '97; S. K. Ruick, '97; C. D. Mead, '98; W. S. Peters, 
 '98; F. I. Stults, '98; F>ed Foxworthv, '99; F, V, Smith, '99; L, R. Cartright, '00; 
 W. A. Collings, '00; A. N. Dovle, ''01; E. H. Pritchard, '02; L P. Smith, '02; 
 R. J. Brower, '03; B. V. Moore," '04; R. R. Bair, '05; E. C. Pottorff, '05; O. R. 
 Van Dyke, '05; C. E. Felton, '06; Elden Ford, 'ob; W. P. Evans, '07; D. A. Hall, 
 '07; G. E. Hawthorne, '07; C. W. Jewett, 07; C. M. Eastburn, '08; N. W, 
 Metsker, '08. Ohio — J. H. Charter, '75; M. G. Coultrap, '06; J. H. Preston, '06. 
 Knox — H. M. Judson, '07. lo'cva Wesleyan — C. F. Knowlton, '73; F. R. Beck, 
 '03; M. A, Besser, '05; L. C. Willits, '05; L. B. Lewis, '06. Cornell — C. M. 
 Cooper, '77; C. C. Brown, '78; E. C. Zeller, '99; J. P. Frenzel, Jr., '03; Walter 
 Kuhlmey, '05; H. G. Bosler, '06; Herbert DeFuniak, '06; J. S. Kittle, '06; R. E. 
 Sweeney, '06; Edward Wilder, '06; M. H. Wilev, 'o5; George Kothe, '07; C. S. 
 Sweeney, '08. Lafayette— K. A. Young, '03. 'W. &^ /.— W. N. Burt, Jr., '04. 
 
 F. Af. I. — R. O. Johnson, '76. Lombard — J. E. Karns, '86. Auburn — S. D. 
 Gilbert, '00. Vermont — C. J. Parker, '03; A. L. Owen, '06. Dickinson — J. P. 
 Donley, '01; R. S. Loose, '01; F. M. Cayou, '02; D, M. Hoffman, '02; M. E. 
 Halderman, '03. Minnesota — James Thompson, Jr., '04; Elmer Bisbee, '05. 
 Hillsdale — C. E. Marks, '90; O. W. Pierce, '91. Seiu.inee — Randolph Buck, '87; 
 O. N. Torian, '96. O. S. r.—W. G. Moore, '04; M. E. Welliver, '05. Texas— 
 
 G. T. Ham, '03. Pennsvh'ania — C. E. Goodwin, '05; C. B. Gucker, '06; T. E. 
 Allison, '07. C. C. vV. Y. — L. E. A. Drummond,'90. Columbia — R. K. Shiveley, 
 '02; E. H. Updike, '04; J. L. Tonnele, Jr., '05. Dartmnith — C. C. Colton, '03; 
 P. B. Phillips, '06. Syracuse — T. H. Munroe, Jr., '99; R. L. Skinner, '01; J. A. 
 Distin, '05. Washijigton — Brownlee Fisher, '07. Stanford — P. H. White, '95. 
 Purdue — F. C. Lingenfelter, '94; F. S. Hartman, '96; L. D. Ream, '96; R. S. 
 Barrett, '98; E. M. Graves, '99; R- E. Peck, '99; R. W. Wallace, '99; J- B. Dill, 
 '00; H. M. Woolen, '01; S. W. Weyer, '02; C. W. Wilson, '03; R. S. Rauh, '04; 
 J. A, Conners, '05; S. V. B. Miller, '05; J. A. Miner, '05; S. E. Minor, '05; R. W. 
 Reynolds, '05; R. W. Hughes, '06; G. T. Ellis, '07; E. O. Finney, '07; H. R. 
 Fitton, '07; D. H. Long, '07: W. C. Miller, '07; G. T. Stewart, '07. Lllinois — 
 F. H. Hamilton, '95; J. C. Smith, Jr., '98; J. L. Polk, '04; A. B. Cutler, 'o5; 
 Moses Greenleaf, '07; M. J. Trees, '07. Case — Donald McDonald, '99; C. D. 
 Chandler, '03. Cincinnati — Clarence Bohlman, '04; W. T. Clark, '05; H. G. 
 Holdredge, '05; W. B. Campbell, '07; H. B. McGili, '07; W. W. Morris, '07. 
 Washington State — J. A. Urquart, '04. Pennsylvania State — W. R. Fleming, '06. 
 
 The total attendance was 502 — only 45 less than that at the New 
 York Convention, 1902. 
 
 J. E. Brown read his message as P. G. C, which had been 
 printed in a pamphlet of fourteen pages, copies of which were dis- 
 tributed in the Convention. This was the first time that the mes- 
 sage of the P. G. C. or the report of any general officer had been 
 printed previous to any Convention. The Code was amended so as 
 to provide that the message of the P. G. C. and the reports of 
 general officers, including Province Presidents, should be printed 
 
Father and Mother Lindley. 
 
 From kodaks taken by W. B. Palmer in front of the Claypool Hotel, Indianapolis, Ind., November 
 
 26, 1904- 
 
 for distribution at the opening session of each future Convention. 
 The Code was amended in several other particulars. One amend- 
 ment, proposed by F. J. R. Mitchell and adopted, provided a new 
 method of collecting fraternity dues from chapters so as to insure 
 less delay in discharging such obligations. Fraternity dues were 
 slightly increased. 
 
 Beta Province was divided, Kentucky and Tennessee being 
 detached from it and erected into a new province. Washington, 
 Oregon, Idaho and Montana were detached from Theta Province 
 and erected into a separate province. This made ten provinces 
 which were entitled by the Greek letters from Alpha to Kappa. 
 Ordered that Vice-Presidents be appointed by the Presidents of 
 the two largest provinces, Alpha and Zeta, subject to the advice 
 and confirmation of the General Council. 
 
 Ordered that the badge should be worn on the left breast over 
 the heart, and that it should be worn at all times on the vest, shirt 
 or sweater. Ordered that the wearing of caps bearing, and making 
 a conspicuous display of, the Fraternity's name, monogram or 
 colors be prohibited, but not hat bands of blue and white. Ordered 
 that the badge shall not be used on miscellaneous articles, and 
 shall not be used on articles of jewelry, excepting stick pins and the 
 alumnus buttons, but the coat-of-arms and monograms of $ A 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1904. 
 
 823 
 
 ma}^ be used on such articles. Ordered that members exercise 
 extreme care in permitting women to wear the badge or other 
 insignia. ^>^i Burr Patterson & Compan}^ 
 
 were added to the list of offi- 
 cial jewelers to the Fraternit3\ 
 ^ _ The Convention referred to 
 
 hj ^^^^^i^S^ *^ f^ j^ ^^^ General Council the selec- 
 
 ^O ^y^^O'C^ ^ "''•«. ^^ L^j^ tion of the place of meeting of 
 
 the next Convention, fixing 
 Thanksgiving week of 1906 as 
 the time. 
 
 On Monday the delegates, 
 the general officers and the 
 members of the local commit- 
 tee were the guests of J. E. 
 Brown, P. G. C, at luncheon 
 at the Columbia Club. 
 
 Tuesday afternoon a photo- 
 graph of the Convention was 
 taken, "^ the members standing 
 on the steps on the east front of the state capitol. 
 
 Tuesda}^ evening, there were a reception and ball in the ball loom 
 of the Claypool Hotel, which was profusely decorated with palms, 
 white and blue bunting, and college flags and pennants. Over the 
 platform, where the orchestra was stationed, was a large <I> A 
 badge in electric lights, and once the room was darkened with the 
 exception of this illumination. Refreshments were served in the 
 palm room adjoining. The reception and ball were tendered to 
 the visitors by the Indianapolis alumni club. Over 500 persons 
 were present. Many ladies from a distance attended the reception, 
 coming not only from cities in Indiana but from other States. 
 Among them were Mother Lindley, Mrs. J. E. Brown, Mrs. F. J. R. 
 Mitchell, Mrs. A. M. McCrillis, Miss Ethel V. Wilder. 
 
 How THE Badge Might Be Worn. 
 
 One of a series of four cartoons in the JVews, 
 showing men wearing the badge, when attired 
 in football "togs." in a bathing suit, in evening 
 dress and in night clothes. 
 
 Phi Delta Thetas Capture the Town. 
 
 The charge of the Greeks and the retreat of the cop. — From the A^c'7us. 
 
 "* By Nicholson Brothers, 1 126 North Pennsylvania Street. Reproduced in half-tone on pages 
 818 and 819. 
 
824 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Wednesday evening there was a $ A © theatre party at English's 
 Opera House, where a musical comedy, ' The Office Boy," was 
 performed by Frank Daniels and company. The boxes and all of 
 the seats on the lower floor and in half of the balcony were occu- 
 pied by members of the Fraternity and the ladies accompanying 
 them. White and blue bunting and college pennants hung from 
 the boxes and balcony, while on the stage was displayed the silk 
 $ A flag, made by Miss Ethel V. Wilder, which had been in evi- 
 dence at the Conventions of 1900 and 1902. White and blue rib- 
 
 
 
 f. ,0.'. 
 
 
 Posing for the Photograph. 
 
 Phi Delta Thetas assume artistic attitudes to have the convention picture taken. — From the Nezvs. 
 
 bons were worn by the young ladies of the chorus. A unique 
 feature of the performance was the throwing of serpentines by Phis 
 in the audience during the second act, until there was a network 
 of vari-colored paper ribbons over the lower floor and the stage. 
 
 Thursday morning. Thanksgiving day, there was a memorial 
 service, according to the Ritual. 
 
 Thursday evening the convention banquet took place in the ball 
 room of the hotel, which was decorated as on Tuesday evening. 
 The number present was 267, not counting ladies in the gallery. 
 
THE NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1904. 825 
 
 H. T. Miller, Indianapolis, 'S8, Lieutenant-governor of Indiana, 
 was toastmaster. The toasts: "Phi Delta Theta," response b}' 
 A. C. Harris, Indianapolis, '62; "Opportunities," R. M. Allen, 
 K. S. C, '00; "The Czar of Russia," Scott Bonham, O. W. U., 
 '82; "in College and Afterwards," J. H. Wilkinson, DePauw, '89; 
 Reminiscences," M. A. Morrison, Indianapolis, '83. The speeches 
 were stenographicalh' reported for T/ie Sci'oll by H, G. Garber, 
 Hanover, '01. The following paragraphs are quoted from the 
 speech of A. C. Harris, former minister to Austria-Hungary. They 
 are his opening and closing remarks: 
 
 Mr. Toastmaster and fellow-Phis: I felicitate myself tonight that I have the 
 opportunit\' of speaking for our mystic order in the presence of the last one of the 
 immortal six and his delightful consort, who comes here to greet us with her pres- 
 ence. (Applause.) Could he have thought, and those who sat with him a little 
 more than half a century ago, that tonight we would meet here in this hall the rep- 
 resentatives of twelve thousand of the brotherhood which he established, he would 
 have felt that he was laying the foundations of an order grand and glorious, which 
 no other society would equal in all the things that go to make a Greek fraternity a 
 noble, lasting and immortal order. (Applause.) 
 
 And now, brother Phis, when in the course of nature the last of our dear immor- 
 tal six shall cease to meet with us, I know that every one here tonight, as long as he 
 lives, will remember this glorious night he has had in the presence of Brother Lind- 
 ley and his sweet, good wife (applause); and I want to ask you all now to give a glori- 
 ous Chatauqua cheer for Brother Lindley, founder of our immortal order. (Cheers. ) 
 
 The regular toast list being concluded. Father Lindley was called 
 on. He expressed his great pleasure in being present, and said 
 that his interest in the Fraternity continued unabated, and that he 
 hoped to live to attend future Conventions. Impromptu speeches 
 were made by State Senator T. C. Farber, Miami, '73, and W. O. 
 Bates, Indianapolis, '75, one of the founders and first Editors of 
 The Scj'oll. Between the speeches fraternity songs were sung, 
 several having been printed in leaflet form for the occasion. 
 
 Friday evening the Indianapolis alumni club tendered to the 
 visiting members a smoker in the ball room of the Columbia Club. 
 A vaudeville programme was presented from the stage. A luncheon 
 was served during the evening. A handsome gold watch and chain 
 were presented to W. B. Palmer for his work on the history of the 
 Fraternit3^ The gift was purchased with the contributions of mem- 
 bers attending the Convention. The presentation speech was made 
 by H. T. Miller. 
 
 The local committee on arrangements was composed of S. K. 
 Ruick, chairman; Frank Martin, treasurer; Frank W. Foxworth}^ 
 chairman for the reception and dance; J. M. Gilchrist, chairman for 
 the theatre part}^; W. H. Morrison, Jr., chairman for the banquet; 
 S. K. Ruick, chairman for the smoker; A. A. Ogle, chairman for the 
 decorating committee; C. T. Tuck, chairman for the reception and 
 information committee; Frederick W. Foxworth}^ chairman for press 
 reports. 
 
 Among messages of greeting received b}' the Convention was the 
 following cablegram from R. H. Little, Illinois Wesle\'an, '95, 
 who was a war correspondent in the Far East: 
 
826 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Cheefoo, November 22, 1904. 
 Convention, Indianapolis. 
 
 Congratulations and best wishes from Manchuria Alpha. That's me. 
 
 Little. 
 (Mukden.) 
 
 The Indiana alumni of $ K ^, holding an annual dinner^at the 
 Columbia Club, sent "fraternal greetings to the members of your 
 splendid fraternit}^" to which cordial message H. T. Miller 
 responded in person on behalf of $ A 0. 
 
 Menu and Toast Card — 1904 Convention Banquet. 
 
 The card contains eight pages, 4K x 6V& inches, and has a cover of brown, undressed leather, 
 bearing the coat-of-arms in the form of a seal, embossed in two tints of blue. The leaves and cover 
 are bound together with a leather string, tied in a double bow knot. The cards were made by The 
 Dreka Company, Philadelphia. 
 
 Four different jewelers presented souvenir buttons to members in 
 attendance, and one presented souvenir card cases. The news- 
 papers of Indianapolis — the morning Sentinel, the morning Star and 
 the evening News — devoted much space to the Convention. The 
 Netus of which H. U. Brown, Past P. G. C, was general manager, 
 was especially liberal in this respect. It had an editorial about 
 the Convention on Wednesda}^ and during the week printed sev- 
 eral clever convention cartoons, some of which are here reproduced. 
 
ANNALS, 1904-1905. 
 
 827 
 
 ANNALS, 1904-1905. 
 
 The National Convention, 1904, elected the following Board of 
 Trustees: F. J. R. Mitchell, P. G. C. ; S. K. Rnick, S. G. C; J. 
 H. DeWitt, R. G. C.; J. B. Ballon, T. G. C..; A. M. McCrillis, 
 H. G. C. ; A. B. Gilbert and A. W. Fairchild, Alumni Commis- 
 sioners; L. E. A. Drummond and Guido Gores, Chapter House 
 Commissioners. The General Council appointed the following 
 Province Presidents: Alpha, R. L. Skinner; Beta, H. L. Watson; 
 Gamma, R. M. Allen; Delta, W. A. Eversman; Epsilon, W. H. 
 Ha3's; Zeta, C. F. Lamkin; Eta, C. A. Brown; Theta, William 
 
 I 
 
 J. H. DeWitt, R. G. C. J. B. Balloi", T. G C. S. K. Ruick, S. G. C. 
 
 A. M. McCrillis, H. G. C. F. J. R. Mitchell. P. G. C. W. B. Palmer, Past P. G. C. 
 
 The General Council, 1904-06, and W. B. Palmer. 
 
 From a photograph taken on the roof of the Claj'pool Hotel, Indianapolis, Ind., November 25, 1904. 
 
 Steen; Iota, J. E. McDowell; Kappa, A. R. Priest. The President 
 of Alpha Province appointed I. L. Foster Vice-President of that 
 province, and the President of Zeta Province appointed R. H. Little 
 Vice-President of that province, and the General Council approved 
 these appointments. 
 
 As provided b}' a constitutional amendment, adopted 1886, the 
 chapters began, 1887, to issue annual circular letters to alumni, to 
 sister chapters and to the general officers. Man}^ chapters failed 
 to compl,y with this requirement. Few^ of the circulars issued 
 included lists of alumni. The Palladium for January", 1900, con- 
 tains a table showing the 3"ears in which chapters issued circular let- 
 
828 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 ters (some additions appearing in ''The Pj^x" of the April Scroll). 
 Though a regular size was prescribed, the circulars which were 
 issued varied as much in size as in typography. They were, there- 
 fore, very unhandy to bind, but the fraternity library contains eigh- 
 teen bound volumes of circular letters, for the years 1887 to 1904 
 inclusive. This is probably the only complete set in existence. 
 
 To the Convention of 1904 F. J. R. Mitchell, S. G. C, proposed 
 a greatly improved system of issuing circular letters annually. The 
 important features of this system were that each chapter should 
 send to the P. G. C. the material for its letter, including a corrected 
 list of alumni with addresses, and that he should have all letters 
 
 Samuel Kenley Ruick, DePauw, '97; S. G. C. 1904-06. 
 
 printed of uniform type and size, that he should send a copy of the 
 letter of each chapter to each of its alumni, and should distribute 
 to every chapter, alumni club and general officer a bound volume 
 containing the circular letters of all chapters. The Convention of 
 1904 failed to act on Mitchell's proposition, but it was authorized 
 by the General Council, February 8, 1905. The result was that in 
 that year for the first time circular letters were issued by all the 
 chapters, and all of them contained alumni lists. The last one was 
 issued May 4, 1905. The circular letters were reprinted in book 
 form, 155 copies being issued May 20. 
 
 The title page: "Annual | Circular Letters I of the | Sixty- 
 Nine Active Chapters I of the I PHI DELTA THETA FRA- 
 
ANNALS, 1904-1905. 
 
 829 
 
 TERNITY I Compiled by | Frank J. R. Mitchell, P. G. C. | Vol- 
 ume XIX I 1905 I The Evanston Index Company." Bound in black 
 cloth, with gold back stamp: "Phi Delta Theta | Chapter ] cir- 
 cular I LETTERS I 1905 I Volume XIX." 
 
 The book contains 702 pages, 6% by 9/i inches. The introduc- 
 tory matter fills pages 1-8, the circular letters pages 9-332, the lists 
 of alumni pages 333-702. In the chapter letters there are 28 illus- 
 trations — chapter groups, chapter houses, etc. The new system 
 is explained in The Palladium for January, March and May, 1905. 
 If this system is continued, the Fraternity will have every year a 
 new condensed catalogue of the Fraternity as well as a history of the 
 chapters for the previous twelve months. 
 
 A supplement to the annual circular letters was issued July 10, 
 1905. It is a circular of twenty pages and contains the names of 
 
 The Miami Chapter House, Purchased, 1905. 
 
 alumni whose addresses were unknown. The circular letters which 
 had been sent to them had been undelivered and returned because 
 of incorrect addresses. 
 
 Early in 1905 a club house was rented by the New York alumni 
 club. It is a brown stone building with basement and four stories, 
 located at 25 East 44th Street. It contains a parlor, library, dining 
 room and accommodations for twelve members. At the house- 
 warming, February 25, 1905, over 100 members were present, 
 representing over 30 chapters. This was the first club house con- 
 ducted by alumni of $ A ©. 
 
 The topic for Alumni Day, 1905, was, "What the alumni owe to 
 their parent chapters." At the Alumni Day dinner of the Chicago 
 club 130 members were present. 
 
 The $ A © club at Harvard University issued a circular of one 
 page, 1905, giving the names of 31 members who were students at 
 Harvard during 1904-05. 
 
830 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The alumni club of Washington, D. C, issued a four-page cir- 
 cular, T900, containing the names of 94 Phis living in the national 
 capital. A four-page circular with a cover issued by the club, 
 January, 1905, contains the names of 99 members. 
 
 The first club book of the New York alumni club was distributed 
 at the Alumni Day dinner of the club, March 15, 1905. 
 
 The title page: "The Club Book | of the | PHI DELTA 
 
 THETA CLUB | of I New 
 York City | March 15, 1905." 
 The cover, of gray paper, bears 
 the same words. 
 
 The book contains 30 pages, 
 6/ix']'/8. On pages 3-6 is 
 *'The History of the Club;" on 
 pages 7-9, the "Certificate of 
 Incorporation" of the club un- 
 der the laws of the State of New 
 York, February i, 1898; on 
 pages 10-17, the By-laws and 
 Constitution" of the club; on 
 pages 17-18, the "House 
 Rules;" on pages 18-19, the 
 "Rules Governing the House 
 Committee;" on page 19, a list 
 of the "Officers" and the 
 "Board of Directors;" on pa- 
 ges 20-30, a ' List of Mem- 
 bers," containing 152 names. 
 The book was edited by B. M. 
 L. Ernst. 
 
 Through the efforts of Arthur 
 Beck, an active member of 
 Iowa Alpha, an alumni club 
 was formed at Mount Pleasant, 
 Iowa. A meeting of alumni in 
 the town was held at the chap- 
 ter house on Alumni Day, 
 1905, and they decided to or- 
 ganize. An application for 
 charter, dated March 31, was 
 signed by J. W. Edwards, O. W. U.,'95; C. W. Roberts, Iowa, '99, 
 and the following members of Iowa Alpha: H. E. Snider, '75; 
 J. W. Palm, '76; J. L. Hall, '85; E. S. Havighorst, '87; F. A. 
 
 Rogers, '91; V. H. Shields, '93; Adam 
 '95; H. A. Roth, '98; J. A. Randall, '99; 
 Weibley, '04; H. G. Van Cise, '06. The 
 
 New^York Alumni Club House. 
 
 No. 25 East 44th Street. 
 
 Havighorst, '89; 
 Weir, '93; E. L 
 F. R. Beck, '03; 
 application was 
 
 C. S. 
 Roth, 
 W. F. 
 
 forwarded by Beck, April i, and the General 
 
 Council granted a charter, April 22, 1905. Forty-three Phis were 
 
ANNALS, 1904- 1905. 
 
 831 
 
 present at an alumni banquet on June 13, 1905, and the club was 
 then organized b}^ the election of officers. 
 
 At Harrisburg, Pa., fourteen Phis had a reunion and dinner, 
 December 30, 1904. Doubless an alumni club will soon be organ- 
 ized there. Applications for charters from seven or eight collegiate 
 institutions are pending, 1905. 
 
 A Convention of Kappa Province was held in the chapter house 
 of Washington Alpha, March 18, 1905. A. R. Priest, P. P., pre- 
 sided. Forty Phis from eight different chapters attended the ban- 
 
 New York Alumni Club House. 
 
 Group in library at housewarming, February 25, 1905. From a flashlight photograph taken by 
 
 W. C. Harris, Miami, '91. 
 
 quet in the evening at the Hotel Lincoln, Seattle. C. I. Roth was 
 toastmaster. 
 
 A Convention of Iota Province was held in the chapter house of 
 California Alpha, April i, 1905. California Beta attended in a 
 body. J. E. McDowell, P. P., presided. The meeting was mainly 
 of a social nature. 
 
 The parent chapter at Miami acquired a home, 1905, by the pur- 
 chase of a house and lot, 66x165 feet, on the corner of East and 
 South Streets, facing the campus. The house is a two story frame 
 structure with ten rooms and is supplied with water and electric 
 lights. The property was owned b}^ Professor A. W. James, who 
 occupied it as a residence; it had previously been the Methodist 
 
832 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 parsonage. It was purchased, May 16, 1905, and occupied by the 
 chapter in September. Wisconsin exchanged its house and lot for 
 a larger lot, 1904, receiving a bonus in the transaction, and during 
 1904-05 rented and continued to occup}^ its old home at 621 Lake 
 Street; but it built a house, 1905, on its lot, which is on the oppo- 
 site side of Lake Street, and has a frontage of 105 feet and a depth 
 of 133 feet, with a strip, 17 feet wide and 100 feet long, extending 
 to Lake Mendota. The house, a three story structure of stone and 
 brick, colonial style, was begun in May. Westminster, which rented 
 a house on Court Street, Februar}^, 1901, and gave it up June, 1903, 
 began renting and occupying it again, February, 1905. 
 
 Several chapter house associations own building sites. Sevvanee 
 secured a large lot, adjoining its house and lot, by leasing it, 1903, 
 for a long term from the university, which owns all the land in the 
 town. Auburn purchased a lot, 1901; it is on Gay Street, three 
 blocks from the campus. Indiana purchased two lots within half a 
 block of the campus, 1900. Purdue purchased three lots, 1902; 
 they are on the corner of Waldron and Third Streets. Westminster 
 bought a lot, 1904; it is 60x130 feet, facing on Westminster Avenue, 
 half a block from the campus. 
 
 The night before the holidays, 1904, Michigan Alpha had its 
 annual dinner and Christmas tree. Pennsylvania Zeta gave a house 
 party January 6-8, 1905, the first of its kind at the university, and 
 the chapter gave its annual tea March 31, 1905. At the annual recep- 
 tion of Ohio Beta, January 21, 1905, there were 250 guests. The 
 annual party of Illinois Eta took place, February 10, 190^, in 
 Illinois Hall, which, says the chapter's annual circular letter, 'was 
 very tastefully decorated with southern smilax and the fraternity 
 colors. In the center of the orchestra balcony there was a large 
 shield design, composed of small electric lights displa3'-ing the 
 fraternity colors and making the Greek letters '^ A 0'." On the 
 next afternoon there was a reception, and in the evening there was 
 a smoker in the chapter house for visiting alumni. Wisconsin 
 Alpha had a house party, beginning February 16, 1905. Ohio Eta 
 turned over the chapter house to lady friends, who acted as host- 
 esses, April I, 1905. Pennsylvania Alpha and Eta had a joint ban- 
 quet at Bethlehem, May 3, 1905. The letter, dated May 11, 1905, 
 from Indiana Gamma to The Scroll sa3'^s: ''We have erected on 
 the college campus a very attractive boulder summer house, which 
 will stand as long as the present college buildings remain as a mon- 
 ument to ^ A @. " 
 
 The original copy of the Bond was stolen from Ohio Alpha, 
 1856.* The oldest copies extant are a copy made by J. W. Lindley 
 in the spring of 1849, to use in establishing a chapter at Kenyon 
 College,t and two copies made by Robert Morrison before he went 
 to Tennessee, December, 1849, ^^ ^^e in establishing chapters in 
 that State. t Lindley sent the copy made by him in 1849 to W. B. 
 
 * See footnote, page 103. t See page 160. % See page 185. 
 
ANNALS, 1904-1905. 
 
 ^33 
 
 Palmer, May 17, 1880. Morrison sent one of the copies made by 
 him in 1849 to Palmer, December i, 1885, the other April 26, 1902. 
 By order of the General Council, April 22, 1905, the S. G. C. 
 issued to each chapter a certified copy of the Bond. The certified 
 copies had been carefully compared with the three oldest copies. 
 The General Council appointed W. B. Palmer, May 27, 1905, to 
 have new certificates of membership made. He decided to have 
 them made from a steel plate with the wording in script, and the 
 'seal embossed in two tints of blue in the card. He engaged The 
 Dreka Company, of Philadelphia, to make the plate, and it was 
 finished and the first proofs made July 5, after which an edition of 
 
 
 ^j€ft^y&£r/f^^y^^^ 
 
 
 ^^n/e^i^JcyS^y^^^f^^xm^J^^ 
 
 ^ejeani^ 
 
 ,^etvfi<fy 
 
 .^u^K^ritfr' 
 
 J'uj/i^ 
 
 ,J^cre&u^ ^^./fif 'S^f»vera/'G/OMn«c^ 
 
 Drtta. PJttln 
 
 Certificate of Membership, 1905. 
 
 1000 'shingles" was ordered printed on parchment vellum card- 
 board, 7x9 inches. A small change had been made for the certifi- 
 cates first issued in 1901,"^ but the General Council decided to fur- 
 nish the new certificates to chapters for initiates free of cost. 
 
 In 1904 two members of ^ A were appointed to the Cecil Rhodes 
 scholarships at the University of Oxford, England — J. H. Kirk- 
 patrick,. Alabama, '03, and J. J. Tigert, Jr., Vanderbilt, '04; and in 
 1905 three others were appointed — H. P. Steger, Texas, '01; W. 
 H. Branham, K. S. C, '01, and S. E. Eliot, Washington, '05. 
 H. S. Smith, Miami, '05, won the gold medal for the best oration 
 
 * See pages 747 and 749- 
 
 (53) 
 
834 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 delivered by representatives of universities in a contest under the 
 auspices of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Saint Louis, 1904. 
 J. M. Devers, DePauw, '05, won first place in the western inter- 
 state oratorical contest, 1905. 
 
 A new edition of "Baird's Manual of American College Frater- 
 nities" was issued, May, 1905. It is the sixth edition and has 
 590 pages, being much larger than any previous edition. Anyone 
 who is interested in college fraternities should possess this valuable 
 book. It contains tables which show the growth of fraternities' 
 since 1883. They give the number of members, the number of 
 chapters, active and suspended, and the number of chapter houses 
 owned and rented by each fraternity in the years 1883, 1890, 1898 
 and 1905, the years when the last four editions of the manual were 
 published. The following statistics are taken from the last edition, 
 showing conditions early in 1905. 
 
 The ten fraternities having the largest membership are: A K E, 
 15,000; B n, 14,046; $ A 0, 13,161; ^Y, 10,428; ^r A, 9,979, 
 ^K^, 9,806; A A $, 9,406; 2AE, 9,383; AY, 9,169; :SX, 8,358. 
 
 The ten fraternities having the largest number of active chapters 
 are: K 2, 70; $ A ©, 69; B © n, 67; 2 A E, 66; $ T A, 57; 2 N, 
 54; 2 X, 53; A T O, 51; Southern K A, 49; ATA, 47- 
 
 The ten fraternities owning the largest number of chapter houses 
 are: ^ A ©, 23; B © H, 23; A K E, 22; A A <E>, 18; $ T A, 18; ^ Y, 
 18; SX, 16; $K*, 15; AY, 14; KX 13- 
 
 The ten fraternities renting the largest number of chapter houses 
 are: B © 11, 31; 2 A E, 31; A T A, 28; $ A ©, 26; 2 X, 26; 2 N, 
 26; <^ r A, 25; K X 23; A T fi, 21; ^ K ^, 20.* 
 
 The Governor of Indiana approved, February 24, 1905, an act 
 passed by the General Assembly, which provides that any tract of 
 land, not exceeding one acre, owned by any Greek-letter fraternity 
 which is connected with any institution of learning, and all 
 improvements thereon, and all personal property owned by any 
 such fraternity shall be free from taxation in Indiana. This is the 
 first statute of the kind enacted by any legislature. The author of 
 the act was S. K. Ruick, S. G. C., a member of the House of 
 Representatives. 
 
 THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1904-1905. 
 
 T/ie Scroll, Volume XXIX: five bi-monthly numbers — October, 1904, to June, 
 1905; PP- 6284* title page and index, pp. 4. Illustrations 86, diagrams 2. The 
 Falladium,Yo\vimeXl: five bi-monthly numbers — September, 1904, to May, 1905;! 
 pp. 210. Illustration I. Editor and Manager, J. H. DeWitt. Assistant Editor, 
 W. B. Palmer. Printers: The Scroll, George Banta Publishing Company, Mena- 
 sha. Wis.; The Palladium, The Cumberland Press, Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 * See a table and article showing the actual and relative growth in membership of the different 
 fraternities, The Scroll, October, 1898; also a table showing the growth in number of chapters and 
 chapter houses. The Scroll, February, 1902. 
 
 t By mistake Number 2 was dated October instead of November, 1904.. 
 
THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1904-1905. 
 
 835 
 
 The 6*^;'^// appeared with a new cover, October, 1904, designed 
 by W. B. Palmer and engraved by The Dreka Company. W. A. 
 Curtis contributed an article on the Universit}^ of Wisconsin and 
 its fraternities; B. M. L. Ernst a biographical sketch of J. M. 
 Mayer, Managing Editor of The Sc7'oU, 1884-86, who was elected 
 Attorney-general of New York, November, 1904; C. F. Lamkin an 
 account of "Phi Delta Theta Week at the World's Fair." A song 
 — "Here's to the men who founded us" — by E. T. Sensensy, 
 
 Vol. XXIX 
 
 OCTOBER, 1904, 
 
 No. I. 
 
 • • • • •_ • 
 
 Vm DELTA rHETA 
 
 ,.,,. ;,i,,!,,Lmm _ CONTENTS ':,immiimmi} 
 
 The Unireniiy of Wlsconsia Frontispiece 
 
 The Uoirenity of Wiscoosia and its Semi-Centeoaial f 
 
 Wisconsin Fraternities and Wilscoosin Alpha .... to 
 
 Phi Delta Thei» Week at the World's Fair 12 
 
 Phi Delta Theias at Northfield and Wajnesrille ... IS 
 
 Staging a College Play 17 
 
 Phi Delta Theta at Ponghkeepsie ........ %\ 
 
 A New Phi Delta Theta Song - . . J5 
 
 Julias Marshall Mayer a. 
 
 Honors to Two Sosthem Phis 28 
 
 A Brilliant Voang Phi Delta Theu Orator zg 
 
 Editorial 31 
 
 Chapter Correspoodence 37 
 
 Personal 60 
 
 Hellenic . .' £6 
 
 The First Fraternity in Delaware 73 
 
 Chapter Houses ts. Dormitories 74 
 
 We're-the-WhoIe-Thing Chapter t 76 
 
 TTie Two Kappa Alpha Fraternities 80 
 
 The Pjn . • 85 
 
 Convention Arrangements ' . . , 86 
 
 The New Cover of The Scbou. 87 
 
 The Chapter House Curriculuni 89 
 
 Iu.i.jTa»Tio«— The Uiinniir o' w'tKooiin— Lookint trom Lake 
 Mesdoo: The Ucivcniir o( Wucobbh— Encineerini Redulioo 
 H^r Tie UoivertitT ol WUcooiin— Scieoce Hill. The-Unirenitj 
 tA Wiw»rt»iB— Grmnaimm Eed Boal Hou*« ; The UaivewitT oi Wi». 
 ramui-Bird-j E,e View ; Phi it .North6eH io<u : Juliin MmhaU 
 Mirer: Jusei H Kirlcpsnick : John J Tiien. Jr. : Howard Siao- 
 Ijj Smith; lows Alpha Chmpter: The "We-Leadlo-Eyeirihiiia- 
 ChaMei Leaer : KeotucItT Eimloa Chsner : Phi Delta Theu Placuue; 
 Phi Delta Theu Steta. 
 
 WBllSHEB&nuffEm 
 
 m 
 
 S«te«d M ■eeowS-cUn maner Febnurr n. tvcu. at the poM-oScc st Mcuth«, Wii.. uft4ertik«actorCoBCteMof Mvthi. tS»L 
 
 The Scroll Cover, 1905. 
 
 appeared in the October number. Staging a College Play," by 
 R. C. Gaige, New York Delta, '03, was copied from the Cosmopoli- 
 tan. The burlesque chapter letter from the Hickie Alpha chapter 
 of Yammi Hammi Ki, read by R. H. Little at the banquet of the 
 New York Convention was reprinted, and it was copied b}^ the 
 magazines of a number of other fraternities. 
 
 The frontispiece of The Sci-oll for December is a view of the 
 monument to Father Morrison, and it is followed by an account 
 
836 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 of the monument by C. F. Lamkin. Lamkin also contributed a 
 biographical sketch of Rev. F. W. Hinitt, D. D., President of 
 Central Universit3^ B. M. L. Ernst contributed two articles — an 
 historical account of Columbia Universit\% and an article on "Phis 
 in Metropolitan Journalism." This issue contains 'Books About 
 College Life," by W. B. Palmer, and an installment of "Old Fra- 
 ternity Records," edited by him. Governing Boards of Frater- 
 nities" was copied, with some changes, from the A Y Quarterly. 
 
 The December Scroll was issued before the National Convention 
 in November. The Convention re-elected J. H. DeWittasR.G, C, 
 and he reappointed W. B. Palmer as Assistant Editor. The Feb- 
 ruary issue contains an extensive account of the Convention, by 
 
 Five Editors of The Scroll, 
 
 Left to right— J. H. DeWitt, 1904- ; H. T. Miller, 1896-1902 ; W. O. Bates. 1875 and 1876 ; W. B. 
 Palmer, 1883-84; J. E. Brown, 1889-96. From a kodak taken in front of the Claypool Hotel, In- 
 dianapolis, Ind., November 26, 1904. 
 
 DeWitt, covering 59 pages, and including the speeches at the ban- 
 quet, which had been stenographically reported. The account also 
 includes numerous illustrations, and the convention cartoons which 
 had appeared in the Indianapolis News were reproduced. The 
 frontispiece was a half-tone of the convention photograph, 5 /^ by 
 13^ inches. An editorial by W. B. Palmer discussed the advan- 
 tages of holding the National Convention during the summer. 
 B. M. L. Ernst contributed an article on the club house of the 
 alumni in New York. This number contains a letter from each of 
 the sixty-nine active chapters. 
 
 The Scroll for April contains an article, b}^ A. B. Cutler, on the 
 new house of Illinois Eta, with an exterior and an interior view; and 
 an article by C. T. Terry on the proposed house of Massachusetts 
 
THE SCROLL AND THE PALLADIUM, 1904-1905. 
 
 837 
 
 Alpha, with an elevation and floor plans. J. H. DeWitt furnished 
 a biographical sketch of F. J. R. Mitchell, P. G. C. ; W. B. Palmer 
 an article on Academic Societies;" W. R. Manier, Jr., an article 
 on Phis at Annapolis, a group picture of eleven Phi midshipmen 
 being given. Other features of this issue were: "Three Bishops" 
 (C. M. Beckwith, M. E. Fawcett and W. L. Gravatt) ; "Two War 
 Correspondents" (R. H. Little and Edwin Emerson, Jr.), and "A 
 Corned}^ Pla3^ed b}" the Wabash Chapter" (a half-tone of the cast 
 being given). 
 
 Julius Marshall Mayer, C. C. N. Y., '84. 
 
 Managing Editor of The Scroll, 1884-86; President of Alpha Province, 1891-94; Attorney General 
 of the State of New York, 1904 — ; see biographical sketch in The Scroll, October, 1904. 
 
 The June Scroll contains a notable article, Recollections of the 
 Early Years of Phi Delta Theta," by Rev. E. P. Shields, D. D., 
 Miami, '54. A biographical sketch of Rev. D. B. Flo3^d was writ- 
 ten by W. B. Palmer. R. H. Switzler contributed an article on 
 Missouri Alpha's chapter house, a picture of which formed the 
 frontispiece. A large number of extracts from other fraternity jour- 
 nals appeared under the heading 'Comments of Contemporaries." 
 
 Reviews, by W. B. Palmer, of several fraternity publications 
 appeared in this volume — the catalogue of A K E, in December; 
 the catalogues of Z ^ and 2 ^, in April; "Patterson's College and 
 School Directory," in April; the catalogue of 2 X, the "Manual" 
 
S^S THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 of 2 A E, and "American College Fraternities" in June. A ^ A 
 stein (with an illustration) was mentioned in October. ^ A 
 placques were mentioned in October (with illustration), February 
 and April (with illustration). The directory in T/ie Scroll for 
 December, T903, included the year of establishment of each active 
 chapter. This feature, introduced by R. H. Switzler, then Edi- 
 tor, was inadvertantly omitted from the next issue, but beginning 
 with the issue for October, 1904, the year of establishment of every 
 active chapter and of every alumni club was given. 
 
 The Palladium for September, 1904, contains the minutes of Zeta 
 Province Convention, and articles about several universities from 
 which applications had been received. The March number, con- 
 taining 109 pages, the proceedings of the Indianapolis Convention, 
 is the largest number of The Palladium ever issued. 
 
 THE ROLL OF CHAPTERS. 
 
 Following is a list of the institutions which ^ A has entered. 
 They are classified to show which are under the control of the 
 States or cities and which are under the control of the various 
 churches. The year when each institution was opened is appended 
 to its name. 
 
 State universities — University of North Carolina, 1795; University of Vermont,* 
 1800; University of Georgia,* 1801; Indiana University, 1824; University of Vir- 
 ginia, 1825; University of Alabama, 1831; University of Michigan, 1837; Univer- 
 sity of Missouri,* 1841; University of Iowa, 1847; University of Mississippi, 1848; 
 University of Wisconsin,* 1850; University of Washington, 1862; University of 
 Kansas, 1866; University of Minnesota,* 1868; University of Illinois,* 1868; Uni- 
 versity of California,* 1869; University of Nebraska,* 1869; Ohio State Universit}^* 
 1873; University of Colorado, 1877; University of Texas, 1883. 
 
 State institutions — South Carolina College, 1805; Ohio University, 1809; Miami 
 University, 1824; Virginia Military Institute, 1839; Kentucky Military Institute, 
 1846; Michigan Agricultural College,* 1857; Pennsylvania State College,* 1859; 
 Kentucky State College,* 1866; Indiana State Normal School, 1870; Alabama 
 Polytechnic Institute,* 1872; Purdue University,* 1874; Georgia School of Tech- 
 nology, 1888. 
 
 City institutions — College of the City of New York, 1849; University of Cincin- 
 nati, 1874. 
 
 N^ on- sectarian — University of Pennsylvania, 1740; Union University, 1795; Mc- 
 Gill University, 1829; Tulane University, 1834; Knox College, 1837; Washington 
 University, 1859; Lehigh University, 1866; Cornell University,* 1868; Case 
 School of Applied Science, 1881; Leland Stanford Junior University, 1891. 
 
 Baptist — Brown University, 1764; Colby College, 1818; Georgetown College, 
 1829: Richmond College, 1832; Franklin College, 1834; Mercer University, 1837; 
 Hillsdale College,! 1855; University of Chicago, 1857. 
 
 Christian— \Jixi\vt.x%\\.y of Indianapolis, 1855. 
 
 Congregational — Dartmouth College, 1769; Williams College, | 1793; Amherst 
 Collet,e,t 1821. 
 
 Episcopal — Columbia University,:}: 1754; University of the South, 1868. 
 
 Lutheran — Pennsylvania College, 1832; Wittenberg College, 1845; Roanoke 
 College, 1853. 
 
 * Receives financial support from the United States Government. 
 
 1 Free Baptist. 
 
 t Classed as non-sectarian by the United States Commissioner of Education. 
 
THE ROLL OF CHAPTERS. 839 
 
 Methodist — Dickinson College, 1783; Allegheny College, 1815; Randolph-Macon 
 College, * 1832; Emory College,'* 1836; DePauw University, 1837; Ohio Wes- 
 leyan University, 1844; lovi^a Wesleyan University, 1844; Lawrence University, 
 1849; Illinois Wesleyan, 1850; Trinity College, * 1851; Wofford College, * 1854; 
 Northwestern University, 1855; Central College, ^ 1857; Southern University, * 
 1859; Syracuse University, 1871; Southwestern University, * 1873; Vanderbilt 
 University,* 1875. 
 
 Presbyterian — Washington and Lee University, § 1749; Washington and Jefferson 
 College, 1802; Centre College, 1822; WaVjash College, 1832; Lafayette College, 
 1832; Hanover College, 1833; Oglethorpe University, 1838; Austin College, 1850; 
 Westminster College, 1853; Monmouth College,! 1856; Trinity University,:}: 1864: 
 University of Wooster, 1870; Central University, 1874. 
 
 Universalist — Lombard College, 1852; Buchtel College, 1872. 
 
 During the first twenty years of its existence, $ A @ was confined 
 almost entirely to the West, where it was founded. During its 
 third decade, 1869-79, it entered many institutions in the South, 
 and during its fourth decade, 1879-89, it established chapters in a 
 number of prominent eastern institutions, making it national in 
 extent. Its chapters, in the order that they were chartered, are as 
 follows. The membership of each chapter is given as shown by 
 the statistics compiled by the H. G. C. from reports of Chapter 
 Historians, February i, 1905. 
 
 1. Ohio Alpha, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio; founded December 26, 1848; 
 suspended 1857; rechartered 1865; suspended 1873; rechartered 1885. Members, 243. 
 
 2. Indiana Alpha, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind.; chartered October 
 
 11, 1849. Members, 362. 
 
 3. Kentucky Alpha-Delta, Central University, Danville, Ky, (Centre College 
 and Central University consolidated, 1901); chartered April 9, 1850. Members, 
 
 345. 
 
 4. Indiana Beta, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind. ; chartered November 
 16, 1850. Members, 293. 
 
 5. Ohio Beta, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio; chartered April 13, 1852; sus- 
 pended 1852. Membership combined with Ohio Alpha. 
 
 6. Ohio Gamma, Wittenberg College, Springfield, Ohio; chartered May 18, 
 1852; suspended 1854. Members 8. 
 
 7. Texas Alpha, Austin College, Sherman, Texas; chartered June 9, 1853; sus- 
 pended 1854; revived 1857; suspended 1858. Members, 8. 
 
 8. Kentucky Beta, Kentucky Military Institute, Lyndon, Ky. ; chartered Octo- 
 ber 17, 1854; suspended 1856. Members, 42. 
 
 9. Kentucky Gamma, Centre College, Danville, Ky.; chartered February 6, 
 1855; suspended 1855. Membership combined with Kentucky Alpha. 
 
 10. Kentucky Gamma, Georgetown College, Georgetown, Ky.; chartered Jan- 
 uary 20, 1857; suspended 1857; vechartered 1875; suspended 1876. Members, 16. 
 
 11. Wisconsin Alpha, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.; chartered June 
 27, 1857; suspended 1861; revived 1880. Members, 254. 
 
 12. Wisconsin Beta, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis.; chartered February 
 3, 1859; suspended i860. Members, 11. 
 
 13. Illinois Alpha, Northwestern University, Evanston, 111.; chartered February 
 
 12, 1859; suspended 1861; rechartered 1886. Members, 124. 
 
 14. Indiana Gamma, University of Indianapolis, Irvington, Ind.; chartered 
 October 22, 1859. Members, 240. 
 
 15. Ohio Beta, Ohio Wesleyan University, Deleware, Ohio; chartered March 
 10, i860; suspended 1861; rechartered 1871; suspended 1877; revived 1879. Mem- 
 bers, 240. 
 
 16. Indiana Delta, Franklin College, Franklin, Ind., chartered April 28, i860; 
 suspended 1861; rechartered 1869; suspended 1872; revived 1872. Members, 256. 
 
 * Southern Methodist, t United Presbyterian. + Cumberland Presbyterian. 
 § Classed as non-sectarian by the United States Commissioner of Education. 
 
840 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 17. Indiana Epsilon, Hanover College, Hanover, Ind.; chartered (but not or- 
 ganized) i860 or 1861; rechartered December 14, 1868. Members, 171, 
 
 18. Michigan Alpha, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; chartered 
 November 28, 1864; suspended 1869; rechartered 1880; suspended 1880; rechar- 
 tered 1887. Members, 173. 
 
 19. Illinois Beta, University of Chicago, Chicago, 111.; chartered October 14, 
 1865; suspended 187 1; rechartered 1897. Members, 92. 
 
 20. Indiana Zeta, DePauw University, Greencastle, Ind. ; chartered February 
 25, 1868; suspended, 1870; revived, 1871; suspended 1872; rechartered 1875; sus- 
 pended 1876; revived 1880. Members, 241. 
 
 21. Ohio Gamma, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; chartered March 28, i868. 
 Members, 186. 
 
 22. Indiana Eta, Indiana State Normal School, Terre Haute, Ind.; chartered 
 April 15, 1869; suspended 1872. Members, 13. 
 
 23. Virginia Alpha, Roanoke College, Salem, Va. ; chartered May 31, 1869; 
 suspended 1896. Members 138. 
 
 24. Missouri Alpha, Universit}^ of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.; chartered Novem- 
 ber 21, 1870. Members, 281. 
 
 25. Illinois Gamma, Monmouth College, Monmouth, 111.; chartered January 
 12, 1871; suspended 1884. Members, 59. 
 
 26. Illinois Delta, Knox College, Galesburg, 111.; chartered March 16, 187 1; 
 suspended 1878; rechartered 1880; suspended 1882; revived 1884. Members, 203. 
 
 27. Georgia Alpha, Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, Ga.; chartered May 8, 
 187 1 ; suspended 1872. Members, 13. 
 
 28. Georgia Alpha, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga,; chartered June 5, 1871. 
 Members, 301. 
 
 29. Georgia Beta, Emory College, Oxford, Ga.; chartered June 15, 1871, 
 Members, 297. 
 
 30. Iowa Alpha, Iowa Wesleyan University, Mount Pleasant, Iowa; chartered 
 September 27, 1871. Members, 197. 
 
 31. Georgia Gamma, Mercer University, Macon, Ga.; chartered January 2, 
 1872. Members, 249. 
 
 32. Ohio Delta, University of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio; chartered February 24, 
 1872; suspended 1880; revived 1881; suspended 1897. Members, 153. 
 
 33. New York Alpha, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; chartered February 
 29, 1872; suspended 1876; rechartered 1886. Members, 220. 
 
 34. Pennsylvania Alpha, Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. ; chartered June 5, 1873. 
 Members, 219. 
 
 jt 35. California Alpha, University of California, Berkeley, Cal. ; chartered June 
 16, 1873: suspended 1877; rechartered 1886, Members, 162. 
 
 36. Michigan Beta, Michigan State Agricultural College, Lansing, Mich.; char- 
 tered November 8, 1873; suspended 1898, Members, 164. 
 
 37. Virginia Beta, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.; chartered Novem- 
 ber 18, 1873. Members, 193. 
 
 38. Virginia Gamma, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Va. ; chartered Feb- 
 ruary 2, 1874. Members, 95. 
 
 39. Ohio Epsilon, Buchtel College, Akron, Ohio; chartered January 19, 1875; 
 suspended 1896. Members, 94. 
 
 40. Nebraska Alpha, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. ; chartered March 
 16, 1875; suspended 1876; rechartered 1883. Members, 141. 
 
 41. Virginia Delta, Richmond College, Richmond, Va.; chartered September 
 30, 1875; suspended 1895. Members, 76. 
 
 42. Pennsylvania Beta, Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, Pa.; chartered No- 
 vember I, 1875. Members, 133. 
 
 43. Pennsylvania Gamma, Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pa.; 
 chartered December 4, 1875. Members, 172. 
 
 44. Tennessee Alpha, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. ; chartered Jan- 
 uary 20, 1876; suspended 1876; revived 1877. Members, 302. 
 
 45. Pennsylvania Eta, Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa.; chartered 
 April 19, 1876; suspended 1877; rechartered 1887. Members, 100. 
 
THE ROLL OF CHAPTERS. 841 
 
 46. Missouri Beta, Central College, Fayette, Mo.; chartered May 29, 1876; 
 suspended 1878. Members, 10. 
 
 47. Mississippi Alpha, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Miss.; chartered June 
 9, 1877. Members, 215. 
 
 48. Alabama Alpha, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala.; chartered Octo- 
 ber 17, 1877; suspended 1877; revived 1883. Members, 249. 
 
 49. Virginia Epsilon, Virginia Military Institute, I^exington, Va.; chartered 
 February 9, 1878; suspended 1889. Members, 35. 
 
 50. Illinois Epsilon, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, 111.; chartered 
 May 23, 1878; suspended 1897. Members 103. 
 
 51. Texas Alpha, Trinity University, Waxahachie, Texas; chartered May 23, 
 1878; suspended 1883. Members, 41. 
 
 52. North Carolina Alpha, Trinity College, Durham, N. C; chartered May 23, 
 1878; suspended 1879. Members; 24. 
 
 53. Illinois Zeta, Lombard College, Galesburg, 111.; chartered November 24, 
 
 1878. Members, 245. 
 
 54. Alabama Beta, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala.; chartered 
 January 30, 1879. Members, 271. ' 
 
 55. South Carolina Alpha, Wofford College, Spartanburg, S. C; chartered 
 January 31, 1879; suspended 1885. Members, 25. 
 
 56. Pennsylvania Delta, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pa. ; chartered May 8, 
 
 1879. Members, 176. 
 
 57. Vermont Alpha, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.; chartered October 
 
 30, 1879. Members, 212. 
 
 58. Pennsylvania Epsilon, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. ; chartered October 
 27, 1880. Members, 163. 
 
 59. Missouri Beta, Westminster College, Fulton, Mo.; chartered October 27, 
 
 1880. Members, 142. 
 
 60. Minnesota Alpha, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.; chartered 
 October 12, 1881, Members, 126. 
 
 5i. Iowa Beta, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; chartered March 27, 1882. 
 Members, 189. 
 
 62. South Carolina Beta, South Carolina College, Columbia, S. C; chartered 
 October 26, 1882; suspended 1893. Members, 38. 
 
 63. Kansas Alpha, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan.; chartered November 
 5, 1882. Members, 175. 
 
 64. Michigan Gamma, Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Mich.; chartered December 
 23, 1882; suspended 1898. Members, 102. 
 
 65. Tennessee Beta, University of the South, Sewanee, Tenn.; chartered March 
 21, 1883. Members, 150. 
 
 66. Ohio Zeta, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; chartered October 6, 
 1883. Members, 140. 
 
 67. Texas Beta, University of Texas, Austin, Texas; chartered October 15, 
 1883. Members, 147. 
 
 68. Pennsylvania Beta, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; chartered 
 November 22, 1883. Members, 200. 
 
 69. New York Beta, Union University, Schenectady, N. Y. ; chartered Novem- 
 ber 27, 1883. Members, 109. 
 
 70. New York Gamma, College of the City of New York, New York, N. Y.; 
 chartered February 16, 1884; suspended 1891. Members, 54. 
 
 71. Maine Alpha, Colby College, Waterville, Maine; chartered March 22, 1884. 
 Members, 172. 
 
 72. New York Delta, Columbia University, New York, N. Y.; chartered April 
 15, 1884; suspended 1890; revived 1893. Members, 121. 
 
 73. New Hampshire Alpha, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.; chartered 
 October 25, 1884. Members, 240. 
 
 74. North Carolina Beta, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C; 
 chartered March 29, 1885. Members, 88. 
 
 75. Kentucky Delta, Central University, Richmond, Ky.; chartered October 
 
 31, 1885; consolidated with Kentucky Alpha, 1901. Members, 100. 
 
842 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 76. Massachusetts Alpha, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass.: chartered 
 February I, 1886. Members, 128. 
 
 77. Texas Gamma, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas; chartered 
 March 20, 1886. Members, 112. 
 
 78. New York Epsilon, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y.; chartered Feb- 
 ruary 7, 1887. Members, 187. 
 
 79. Virginia Zeta, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va. ; chartered 
 February 21, 1887. Members, 65. 
 
 80. Alabama Gamma, Southern University, Greensboro, Ala.; chartered Jan- 
 uary 31, 1887; suspended 1896. Members, 122. 
 
 81. Massachusetts Beta, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.; chartered May 5, 
 1888. Members, 183. 
 
 82. Rhode Island Alpha, Brown University, Providence, R. I. ; chartered Jan- 
 uary 18, 1889. Members, 146. 
 
 83. Louisiana Alpha, Tulane University of Louisiana, New Orleans, La.; char- 
 tered October 16, 1889. Members, 82. 
 
 84. Missouri Gamma, Washington University, Saint Louis, Mo.; chartered 
 March 28, 1891. Members, 104. 
 
 85. California Beta, Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, Cal.; char- 
 tered October 23, 1891. Members, 83. 
 
 86. Indiana Theta, Purdue University, Y/est Lafayette, Ind.; chartered March 
 17, 1893. Members, 96. 
 
 87. Illinois Eta, University of Illinois, Champaign, 111.; chartered December 19, 
 1893. Members, 128. 
 
 88. Ohio Eta, Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio; chartered 
 November 28, 1896. Members, 93. 
 
 89. Ohio Theta, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; chartered June 18, 
 1898. Members, 55. 
 
 90. Washington Alpha, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.; chartered 
 November 29, 1900. Members, 56. 
 
 91. Kentucky Epsilon, Kentucky State College, Lexington, Ky. ; chartered 
 May 20, 1 901. Membei-s, 46. 
 
 92. Quebec Alpha, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; chartered March 29, 
 1902. Members, 43. 
 
 93. Colorado Alpha, University of Colorado, Boulder, Col.; chartered May 31, 
 1902. Members, 35. 
 
 94. Georgia Delta, Georgia School of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. ; chartered 
 June 4, 1902. Members, 34. 
 
 95. Pennsylvania Theta, Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa.; char- 
 tered April 23, 1904. Members, 27. 
 
 Chapters chartered, 95; chapters active, 69; chapters inactive, 26; total member- 
 ship, 13,167. 
 
 Miami University was suspended from 1873 to 1885. North- 
 western Christian University was moved from Indianapolis to 
 Irvington, Ind., 1875, and its name was changed to Butler Uni- 
 versity, 1877. Being combined with professional schools at 
 Indianapolis, it became Butler College, Department of Liberal Arts, 
 of the University of Indianapolis, 1896. Franklin College was 
 suspended during a part of 1872. The name of Indiana Asbury 
 University was changed to DePauw University, 1884. Centre Col- 
 lege at Danville, Ky., and Central University at Richmond, Ky., 
 were consolidated, 1901, under the name of Central University, 
 located at Danville. Kentucky Military Institute was located at 
 Franklin Springs (post office, Farmdale), near Frankfort, Ky., until 
 1892; it was closed 1892-96, and then opened at Lyndon, near 
 Louisville, Ky. Austin College was moved from Huntsville, 
 
THE ROLL OF CHAPTERS. 843 
 
 Texas, to Sherman, Texas, 1876. Trinity University was moved 
 from Tehuacana, Texas, to Waxahachie, Texas, 1902. The Uni- 
 versity of Chicago suspended, 1886; the new University of Chicago 
 opened, 1892, Oglethorpe University has been suspended since 
 1872. The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama 
 became Alabama Polytechnic Institute, 1885. South Carolina Col- 
 lege became the University of South Carolina, 1887, and South 
 Carolina College again, i8qi. Trinity College was moved from 
 Randolph county (post office. Trinity College), N. C, to Durham, 
 N. C, 1892. Columbia College became Columbia University, 
 1896. Colby University became Colby College, 1899. Lombard 
 University became Lombard College, 1901. 
 
 Owing to changes made in chapter nomenclature, the titles of 
 chapters in some States are not in regular order, according to the 
 alphabetical sequence of the Greek letters. A number of chapters, 
 upon re-establishment after suspension, have been rechartered with 
 different titles. The nomenclature of chapters was corrected by 
 the Convention of 1875, but by the unwise action of the Conven- 
 tions of 1880 and 1882, the membership lists of certain suspended 
 chapters were ordered combined with those of neighboring active 
 chapters, and some of these active chapters received Greek letters 
 nearer the first of the alphabet than the letters of their original 
 titles.* The lists of suspended chapters, which in the catalogue of 
 1883 appeared combined with those of active chapters, were given 
 separatel}'^ in the catalogue of 1894, but the Editors of the latter, 
 without official authority, placed the word Prime" after the titles 
 of four suspended chapters — Wittenberg, Austin, Oglethorpe and 
 Central (Mo.) — whose original titles had been the same that in 
 1880 were awarded to active chapters. Prime" was omitted in 
 designating such chapters in the Manual, 1897. The chapters 
 whose titles have at various times been changed are as follows: 
 
 Wittenberg chapter: chartered as Ohio Gamma, 1852, title never changed except 
 to Ohio Gamma Prime in 1894 catalogue. 
 
 Ohio Wesleyan chapter: chartered as Ohio Deha, i860; rechartered as Ohio 
 Gamma, 1871; changed to Ohio Delta, Convention of 1875; changed to Ohio Beta, 
 Convention of 1880. 
 
 Ohio chapter: chartered as Ohio Beta, 1868; changed to Ohio Epsilon, Conven- 
 tion of 1875; changed to Ohio Gamma, Convention of 1880. 
 
 Wooster chapter: chartered as Ohio Delta, 1872; changed to Ohio Zeta, Con- 
 vention of 1875; changed to Ohio Delta, Convention of 1880. 
 
 Buchtel chapter: chartered as Ohio Eta, 1875; changed to Ohio Epsilon, Con- 
 vention of 1880. 
 
 DePauw chapter: chartered as Indiana Eta, 1868; changed to Indiana Zeta, Con- 
 vention of 1880. 
 
 Terre Haute chapter: chartered as Indiana Theta, 1869; changed to Indiana 
 Zeta, Convention of 1875; entitled Indiana Eta in 1894 catalogue. 
 
 Central (Kv.) chapter: Kentucky Alpha, chartered, 1850, and Kentucky Delta, 
 chartered, 1885, consolidated with title of Kentucky Alpha-Delta, 1901. 
 
 Central (Mo.) chapter: chartered as Missouri Beta, 1876; title never changed 
 except to Missouri Beta Prime in 1894 catalogue. 
 
 See articles on chaptef nomenclature. The Palladium, November, \i 
 
844 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Austin chapter: chartered as Texas Alpha, 1853; title never changed except to 
 Texas Alpha Prime in 1894 catalogue. 
 
 Trinity (Texas) chapter: chartered as Texas Beta, 1878; changed to Texas Alpha, 
 Convention of 1880. 
 
 Chicago chapter: chartered as Illinois Alpha, 1865; changed to Illinois Beta, 
 Convention of 1875. 
 
 Monmouth chapter: chartered as Illinois Beta, 1871; changed to Illinois Gamma, 
 Convention of 1875. 
 
 Knox chapter: chartered as Illinois Gamma, 1871; changed to Illinois Delta, 
 Convention of 1875; rechartered as Illinois Zeta, 1880; entitled Illinois Delta in 
 1883 catalogue; confirmed as Illinois Delta, Convention of 1884. 
 
 Lombard chapter: on suspension of Illinois Delta at Knox, its charter was trans- 
 ferred to the applicants at Lombard, 1878; entitled Illinois Zeta in 1883 catalogue; 
 confirmed as Illinois Zeta, Convention of 1884. 
 
 Oglethorpe chapter: chartered as Georgia Alpha, 1871; title never changed 
 except to Georgia Alpha Prime in 1894 catalogue. 
 
 Georgia chapter: chartered as Georgia Beta, 1871; changed to Georgia Alpha, 
 Convention of 1880. 
 
 Emory chapter: chartered as Georgia Gamma, 1871; changed to Georgia Beta, 
 Convention of 1880. 
 
 Mercer chapter: chartered as Georgia Delta, 1872; changed to Georgia Gamma, 
 Convention of 1880. 
 
 Vanderbilt chapter: chartered as Tennessee Beta, 1876; changed to Tennessee 
 Alpha, Convention of. 1880. 
 
 Auburn chapter: chartered as Alabama Beta, 1879; changed to Alabama Alpha, 
 by General Council, 1884, under authority of Convention of 1884. 
 
 Lehigh chapter: chartered as Pennsylvania Delta, 1876; rechartered as Penn- 
 sylvania Eta, 1887. 
 
 Allegheny chapter: chartered as Pennsylvania Epsilon, 1879; changed to Penn- 
 sylvania Delta, Convention of 1880. 
 
 A footnote to the Constitution adopted 1898 authorized chapters 
 to be designated in common parlance by the names of the institu- 
 tions or the towns in which they are located, such designations 
 having previously been common. In this book the chapter at the 
 Universit}^ of the South is called Sewanee, the chapter at Alabama 
 Polytechnic Institute is called Auburn, the chapter at Michigan 
 Agricultural College is called Lansing, the chapter at Indiana State 
 Normal School is called Terre Haute. About 1895, the students 
 at Pennsylvania College began to call it "Gettysburg College," to 
 distinguish it from other institutions which bear the name "Penn- 
 sylvania." In this book the chapters at Pennsylvania College, Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania and Pennsylvania State College are called, 
 respectively, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and Pennsylvania State. 
 The chapter at Washington University is called Washington, the Uni- 
 versity of Washington chapter being called Washington State. Cen- 
 tral, unless Central College, Missouri, is specially mentioned, refers 
 to Central University, which was at Richmond, Ky., until 1901, and 
 at Danville, Ky., since then. Abbreviations are used for Ohio 
 Wesleyan University, Ohio State University, Washington and Jef- 
 ferson College, Washington and Lee University, Virginia Military 
 Institute, Kentucky Military Institute and Kentucky State College. 
 
 <I> A has entered thirty States of the United States and one 
 Province in Canada, in the following order: Ohio, 1848; Indiana, 
 1849; Kentucky, 1850; Texas, 1853; Wisconsin, 1857; Illinois, 
 
THE ROLL OF ALUMNI CLUBS. 845 
 
 1859; Michigan, 1864; Virginia, 1869; Missouri, 1870; Georgia, 
 1871; Iowa, 1871; New York, 1872; Pennsylvania, 1873; Califor- 
 nia, 1873; Nebraska, 1875; Tennessee, 1876; Mississippi, 1877 
 Alabama, 1877; North Carolina, 1878; South Carolina, 1879 
 Vermont, 1879; Minnesota, i88t; Kansas, 1882; Maine, 1884 
 New Hampshire, 1884; Massachusetts, 1886; Rhode Island, 1889 
 Louisiana, 1889; Washington, 1900; Quebec, 1902; Colorado, 1902. 
 The Fraternity now has chapters in all of these States except South 
 Carolina. 
 
 $ A © was the first fraternity to enter the States of Texas, Wis- 
 consin and Nebraska. In entering Texas it was the first fraternity 
 to cross the Mississippi River. When ^ A entered Indiana Uni- 
 versity and Centre College, Kentucky, there were no other fra- 
 ternities in those States, the chapters of B © 11 there being sus- 
 pended. ^ A © was the pioneer fraternity at Wisconsin, North- 
 western, Indianapolis, Franklin, Nebraska, Vanderbilt, Texas and 
 Stanford; and in point of continuous existence, it has the senior 
 chapters at Miami, Indiana, Central (formerly Centre), Wabash, 
 Missouri, Knox, Mercer, Alabama, Lombard, Auburn and Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 THE ROLL OF ALUMNI CLUBS. 
 
 Members of ^ A © living in Indianapolis, Ind., formed an alumni 
 chapter, 1871, which was not chartered, but held meetings during 
 the fall and winter. The first alumni chapter to be chartered was 
 at Franklin, Ind., 1876; the second at Richmond, Va., 1878; the 
 third at Indianapolis, Ind., 1879. Such organizations were desig- 
 nated alumni clubs, 1898, instead of alumni chapters. Alumni in 
 the following places have been chartered: 
 
 1. Franklin, Ind., November 7, 1876. 
 
 2. Richmond, Va., May 18, 1878. 
 
 3. Indianapolis, Ind., September 17, 1879. 
 
 4. Louisville, Ky., October 27, iSSo. 
 
 5. Baltimore, Md., October 27, iSSo. 
 
 6. Montgomery, Ala., October 27, i88o. 
 
 7. Chicago, 111., February I, 1881. 
 
 8. Galesburg, III., October 12, 1881. 
 
 9. Nashville, Tenn., October 12, 1881. 
 
 10. Cincinnati, Ohio, December 17, 1881. 
 
 11. Washington, D. C, April 4, 1884. 
 
 12. Columbus, Ga., June 9, 1884. 
 
 13. Akron, Ohio, July 4, 1884. 
 
 14. New York, N. Y., November 13, 1884. 
 
 15. Kansas City, Mo., June 29, 1885. 
 
 16. Minneapolis, Minn., November 5, 1885. 
 
 17. San Francisco, Cal., May 10, i885. 
 
 18. Atlanta, Ga., December 7, i885. 
 
 19. Pittsburg, Pa., January 17, 1887. 
 
 20. Saint Louis, Mo., April 11, 18B7. 
 
 21. Selma, Ala., November 21, 1887. 
 
 22. Saint Paul, Minn., March 26, 1888; consolidated with the alumni chapter 
 at Minneapolis, 1891. 
 
846 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 23. Philadelphia, Pa., March 26, i! 
 
 24. Los Angeles, Cal., June 12, i< 
 
 25. Salt Lake City, Utah, February 2, 1891, 
 
 26. Cleveland, Ohio, December 20, 1892. 
 
 27. Boston, Mass., February 22, 1893. 
 
 28. Denver, Col., April 26, 1893. 
 
 29. Spokane, Wash., September 2, 1893. 
 
 30. Birmingham, Ala., April 10, 1895. 
 
 31. Macon, Ga., June 21, 1895. 
 
 32. Mobile, Ala., December 17, 1895. 
 
 33. La Crosse, Wis., October 31, 1896. 
 
 34. Detroit, Mich., April 19, 1897. 
 
 35. New Orleans, La., August 2, 1897. 
 
 36. Milwaukee, Wis., September 9, 1897. 
 
 37. Columbus, Ohio, April 23, 1898. 
 
 38. Providence, R. I., May 28, 1898. 
 
 39. Athens, Ohio, October 19, 1898. 
 
 40. Austin, Texas, May 19, 1899. 
 
 41. Syracuse, N. Y., August 23, 1900. 
 
 42. Seattle, Wash., September 29, 1900, 
 
 43. Harvard University, November 12, 1900. 
 
 44. Toledo, Ohio, November 28, 1900. 
 
 45. Hamilton, Ohio, January 12, 1901. 
 
 46. Schenectady, N. Y., April 3, 1901. 
 
 47. Meridian, Miss., November 22, 1901. 
 
 48. Omaha, Neb., May 2, 1902. 
 
 49. Crawfordsville, Ind., May 8, 1902. 
 
 50. Menasha, Wis., September 6, 1902. 
 
 51. Bloomington, 111., November 6, 1902. 
 
 52. Portland, Ore., November 22, 1902. 
 
 53. Peoria, 111., November 22, 1902. 
 
 54. Oklahoma City, Okla., January 24, 1903. 
 
 55. Warren, Pa., November 14, 1903. 
 
 56. Burlington, Vt., March 12, 1904. 
 
 57. Lexington, Ky., March 18, 1904. 
 
 58. Fort Smith, Ark., April 4, 1904. 
 
 59. Hutchinson, Kan., April 8, 1904. 
 
 60. Sioux City, Iowa, June 6, 1904. 
 
 61. Mount Pleasant, Iowa, April 22, 1905. 
 
 CONVENTIONS AND GENERAL OFFICERS. 
 
 Founding of ^ A 0, 1848, to Convention of 185 i. 
 Grand Chapter: Ohio Alpha, Miami Universit3s Oxford, Ohio. 
 
 Convention of 1851 to Convention of 1856. 
 
 Convention I. General Convention, Cincinnati, Ohio, Decem- 
 ber 30, 185 1. Members present, 7. President, I. S. Lane; Sec- 
 retary, Benjamin Harrison. 
 
 Grand Chapter: Ohio Alpha, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. 
 
 Convention of 1856 to Convention of 1858. 
 
 Convention II. General Convention, Cincinnati, Ohio, Decem- 
 ber 30-31, 1856. Members present, 7. President, J. W. Foster; 
 Secretary, Joel Tuttle. 
 
 Grand Chapter: Ohio Alpha (suspended September, 1857), 
 Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. 
 
CONVENTIONS AND GENERAL OFFICERS. 847 
 
 Convention of 1858 to Convention of i860. 
 
 Convention III. General Convention, Bloomington, Ind., July 
 13, 1858. Members present, 11. President, J. L. Mitchell; Sec- 
 retary, J. W. Gorman. 
 
 Grand Chapter: Indiana Alpha, Indiana University, Bloom- 
 ington, Ind. 
 
 Editor of the Catalogue: Robert Morrison (appointed Editor by 
 the Grand Chapter, January 14, 1859, and edited first edition, i860). 
 
 Convention of i860 to Convention of 1864. 
 
 Convention IV. General Convention, Danville, Ky. , June 26, 
 i860. Members present, 17. President, J. B. Bullitt; Secretary, 
 J. H. Lapsley; Orator, Samuel Hibben. 
 
 Grand Chapter: Kentucky Alpha, Centre College, Danville, Ky. 
 
 Convention of 1864 to Convention of 1868. 
 
 Convention V. General Convention, Bloomington, Ind., June 
 28-29, 1864. Members present, 13. President, D. M. Hillis; 
 Secretary, R. A. D. Wilbanks; Chaplain, Robert Morrison; Orator, 
 N. E. Cobleigh. 
 
 Grand Chapter: Kentucky Alpha, Centre College, Danville, Ky. 
 
 Editor of the Catalogue: R. A. D. Wilbanks. 
 
 Convention of 1868 to Convention of 1869. 
 
 Convention VI. National Convention, Indianapolis, Ind., June 
 lo-ii, 1868. Members present, 22. President, O. F. Baker; 
 Vice Presidents — B. J. Jones, Elam Fisher, S. E. Mahan, L. W. 
 Florea, R. C. Storey, J. C. Magill, E. F. Stearns, F, A. Smith; 
 Secretary, W. J. Elstun; Assistant Secretaries — C. O. Perry, B. M. 
 Mills; Orator, H. C. Guffin; Poet, C. P. Jacobs. 
 
 Grand Alpha Chapter: Illinois Beta, University of Chicago, 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 Executive Comittee: President, B. P. Jones; Secretary, F. A. 
 Smith: R. A. D. Wilbanks, Charles Groenendyke, D. C. Pennington. 
 
 Convention of 1869 to Convention of 1870. 
 
 Convention VII. National Convention, Chicago, 111., June 9-10, 
 1869. Members present, 29. President, R. W. Bridge; Vice 
 Presidents — Harvey Lee, W. S. Cantrell, J. F. Gookins; Secretary, 
 William Thomson; Assistant Secretaries — D. B. Williams, J. B. 
 Elam; Marshal, D. M. Hillis; Poet, J. F. Gookins. 
 
 Grand Alpha Chapter: Ohio Alpha, Miami University, Oxford, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Executive Committee: President, F. A. Smith; Secretary, Elam 
 Fisher; Harve}^ Lee, C. O. Perry, R. C. Storey, D. A. Planck, 
 D. B. Floyd. 
 
 Convention of 1870 to Convention of 187 i. 
 Convention VIII. National Convention, Oxford, Ohio, May 
 11-12, 1870. Members present, 30. President, R. L. Lyons; 
 
848 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Vice Presidents — C. P. Jacobs, D. B. Williams, W. B. Carpenter; 
 Secretary, J. B. Elam; Assistant Secretaries — J. L. Fletcher, R. O. 
 Post; Marshal, F. C. Danaldson; Orator, H. C. Guffin; Poet, C. P. 
 Jacobs; Toastmaster, R. L. Lyons. 
 
 Grand Alpha Chapter: Ohio Alpha, Miami University, Oxford, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Executive Committee: President, H. C. Guffin; Secretary, J. B. 
 Elam; G. M. Royce, C. P. Jacobs, F. A. Smith, D. B. Floyd. 
 
 Editors of the Catalogue: D. E. Platter, B. F. Thomas (Edi- 
 tors of second edition, 1870). 
 
 Convention of 187 i to Convention of 1872. 
 
 Convention IX. National Convention, Indianapolis, Irid., May 
 10-12, 187 1. Members present, 41. President, S. T. Quick; Vice 
 Presidents — D. E, Platter, Clark Craycroft; Secretary, R. O. Post; 
 Assistant Secretaries — Thomas Hartley, D. W. Herriott; Marshal, 
 A. G. Alcott; Orator, J. Z. Moore; Poet, J. M. Oldfather. 
 
 Grand Alpha Chapter: Ohio Alpha, Miami University, Oxford, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Executive Committee: President, D. E. Platter; Secretary, S. T. 
 Quick; Faye Walker, D. B. Floyd, C. B. Gaskill. 
 
 Editors of the Catalogue: W. M. Fisher, J. A. Rankin, J. H. 
 Gilmore, H. R. Buckingham. (Gilmore resigning, Buckingham was 
 appointed February 24, 1872; Fisher, Rankin and Buckingham 
 Editors of third edition, 1872.) 
 
 Convention of 1S72 to Convention of 1873. 
 
 Convention X. National Convention, Danville, Ky., May 8-10, 
 1872. Members present, 29. President, C. O. Perry; Vice Presi- 
 dents — James Robinson, W. M. Duncan; Secretary, H. G. Brad- 
 ford; Assistant Secretary, P. S. Goodwin; Marshal, A. W. Ring- 
 land; Orator, T. J. Morgan; Toastmaster, CO, Perry. 
 
 Grand Alpha Chapter: Ohio Alpha, Miami University, Oxford, 
 Ohio. 
 
 Executive Committee: President, C. O. Perry; Secretary, H. G. 
 Bradford; P. S. Goodwin, C. A. Atkinson, W. H. Ripley. 
 
 Convention of 1873 to Convention of 1874. 
 
 Convention XI. National Convention (the Quarto-Centennial 
 Convention), Athens, Ohio, May 14-16, 1873. President, C. O. 
 Perry; First Vice-President, C. F. Knowlton; Second Vice-Presi- 
 dent, W. N. Pickerill; Secretary, H. G. Bradford; First Assistant 
 Secretary, C. M. Beckwith; Second Assistant Secretary, Emmett 
 Tompkins; Marshal, M. J. Morgan; Orator, Ransford Smith; His- 
 torian, C. O. Perry. 
 
 Grand Alpha Chapter: Ohio Alpha, Miami University, Oxford, 
 Ohio, to August II, 1873; afterward, Ohio Delta, University of 
 Wooster, Wooster, Ohio. 
 
CONVENTIONS AND GENERAL OFFICERS. 849 
 
 Executive Committee: President and Grand Banker, C. O. 
 Perry; Secretary, H. G. Bradford; J. P. Roth, C. F. Knowlton, 
 M. J. Morgan. 
 
 Convention of 1874 to Convention of 1875. 
 
 Convention XII. National Convention, Crawfordsville, Ind., 
 Ma}^ 20-22, 1874. Members present, 59. President, C. D White- 
 head; First Vice-President, C. M. Beckwith; Second Vice Presi- 
 dent, S. W. Carpenter; Secretary, H. G. Bradford; First Assistant 
 Secretary, B. E. Anderson; Second Assistant Secretary, C. T. 
 Jamieson; ^^larshal, W. F. Ringland; Orator, B. K. Elliott; Poet, 
 C. P. Jacobs; Necrologist, C. D. Whitehead; Toastmaster, C. O. 
 Perr}'. 
 
 National Grand Chapter: Ohio Delta, Universit}" of Wooster, 
 Wooster, Ohio. 
 
 Executive Committee: President, C. D. Whitehead; Secretar3% 
 H. G. Bradford; Grand Banker, C. O. Perry, succeeded, Januar}^ 
 1875, by C. D. Whitehead; C. A. Atkinson, A. A. Marshall, B. L. 
 Duckwall, W. H. LaMonte. 
 
 Editor of the Sorig Book: P. W. Search (Editor of preliminary 
 edition, 1874). 
 
 Convention of 1875 to Convention of 1876. 
 
 Convention XIII. National Convention, Danville, Ky. , May 
 T9-21, 1875. Members present, 36. President, C. M. Beckwith; 
 First Vice-President, J. P. Roth; Second Vice-President, F. J. 
 Annis; Secretary, H. S. Bradford; Marshal, J. D. Fleming; Orator, 
 T. W. Bullitt; Poet, W. P. Black (the Orator and Poet were absent 
 but both forwarded their manuscripts); Necrologist, C. M. Beck- 
 with; Toastmaster, G. E. Patterson. 
 
 National Grand Chapter, Ohio Delta, University of Wooster, 
 Wooster, Ohio. 
 
 Executive Committee: President, Fa^^e Walker; Secretary, H, G. 
 Bradford; Grand Banker, C. D. Whitehead; G. E. Patterson, 
 J. D. Fleming, F. J. Annis. 
 
 The Scroll (calendar 3^ear 1875): Editors — W. O. Bates, frater- 
 nit}^ department; A. B. Thrasher, alumni department; S. J. Tom- 
 linson, literar}^ department. Publisher, J. C. Norris. 
 
 The Scroll (calendar year 1876): Editor, W. O. Bates; Pub- 
 lisher, J. C. Norris. 
 
 Editor of the Song Book: F. J. Annis, succeeded, fall of 1875, 
 b}^ P. W. Search (Editor of first edition, 1876). 
 
 Convention of 1876 to Convention of 1878. 
 
 Convention XIV. National Convention, Philadelphia, Pa., July 
 11-13,1876. Members present, 27. President, D. B. Floyd (absent); 
 First Vice-President, C. W. Bixby (presided); Second Vice-Presi- 
 dent, James Robinson; Secretary, J. C. Norris; Assistant Secretary, 
 
 (54) 
 
850 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 H. C. Smith; Marshal, J. R. Foulks; Orator, J. M. Worrall; Poet, 
 W. O. Bates; Toastmaster, C. W. Bixb}^ 
 
 National Grand Chapter: Ohio Delta, Universit}^ of Wooster, 
 Wooster, Ohio. 
 
 Executive Committee: President, D. B. Floyd, succeeded, Feb- 
 ruary 26, 1877, by C. B. Gaskill; Secretar}^, J. C, Norris; Grand 
 Banker, C. D. Whitehead; National Grand representative, E. M. 
 Beardsley. 
 
 The Sci'oll: Editor, M. F. Parrish; Business Manager, J. B. 
 Pomeroy (both elected by the Convention of 1876); the latter suc- 
 ceeded, 1877, by W. D. Shipman (but the magazine was suspended 
 from September, 1876, to September, 1878). 
 
 Editors of the Catalogue: George Banta, A, G. Foster (vol- 
 unteered as Editors, 1877, and edited fourth edition, 1878, several 
 others having served temporarily and resigned; see pages 382 and 
 384). 
 
 Convention of 1878 to Convention of 1880, 
 
 Convention XV, National Convention, Wooster, Ohio, Ma}^ 
 22-24, 1878. Members present, 52. President, C, J. Reddig; 
 First Vice-President, C. W. Bixb}^; Second Vice-President, G. W. 
 Cone; Secretary, J. C. Norris; Assistant Secretary, H. G. Brad- 
 ford; Orator, Emmett Tompkins; Poet, P. W. Search; Historian, 
 
 A. G. Foster; Toastmaster, H. G. Bradford. 
 
 National Grand Chapter: Pennsylvania Alpha, Lafayette Col- 
 lege, Easton, Pa. 
 
 Executive Committee: President, C. J. Reddig; Secretar}'-, J. C. 
 Norris; Grand Banker, C. D. Whitehead; National Grand repre- 
 sentative, G. W. Plack, succeeded, November, 1879, ^3' J- T. 
 Morrison, who was succeeded, June, 1880, by T. B. Boughton, 
 who was succeeded, September, 1880, by A. C. McCauley. 
 
 The Scroll: Editor, M. F. Parrish; Business Manager, George 
 Banta, succeeded, December, 1878, by M. F. Troxell; Assistant 
 Business Manager, Charles Boaz, November, 1878 (one issue). 
 
 Convention of 1880 to Convention of 1882. 
 
 Convention XVI. National Convention, Indianapolis, Ind., 
 October 26-29, 1880. Members present, 104. President, C. J. 
 Reddig (President Executive Committee) and George Banta (P. 
 G. C); First Vice-President, A. C. McCauley; Second Vice-Presi- 
 dent, J. C. Rich; Secretary, J. C Norris (Secretary Executive 
 Committee) and H. L. Van Nostrand (S. G. C); First Assistant 
 Secretary, A. G. Foster; Second Assistant Secretary, A. W. Butler; 
 Chaplain, Robert Morrison; Marshal, W. M. Floyd; Orator, Alston 
 Ellis; Poet, A. G. Foster; Historian, D. D. Banta; Toastmaster, 
 
 B. K. Elliott. 
 
 General Council: President, George Banta; Secretary, H. L. 
 Van Nostrand; Treasurer, C. J. Reddig; Historian, W. B. Palmer. 
 
CONVENIIONS AND GENERAL OFFICERS. 851 
 
 Board of Trustees: The General Council of 1880-82, and Alston 
 Ellis, Scott Bonham, M. F. Parrish, W. F. Harn, W. D. Shipman.* 
 
 Province Presidents: Alpha (chapters in Vermont, Penns34va- 
 niat), A. C. McCaule3% succeeded, October, 188 1, by C. P. 
 Bassett; Beta (Ohio, Indiana), Scott Bonham; Gamma (Michigan, 
 Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota), M. C. Summers; 
 Delta (Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee), Lyman Chalkley; Epsilon 
 (North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, 
 Texas), J. M. Barrs. 
 
 State Presidents (appointed b}^ Province Presidents early in 
 1881): Georgia, W. W. Hardy; Texas, F. N. Drane; ^Michigan, 
 J. M. Hollingsworth; Illinois, W. R. VVorrall, succeeded, October, 
 188 1, by J. A. Fullinwider; Wisconsin, D. S. McArthur; Iowa: 
 Gardner Cowles; Missouri, C. B. Sebastian. 
 
 The Scroll: Editor, M. F. Troxell; Assistant Editor, H. H. 
 Weber. 
 
 Editors of the Catalogue: W. B. Palmer, A. G. Foster, George 
 Banta. (All three began work voluntarih', summer of 1879; Pal- 
 mer and Banta elected b\^ the Convention of 1880; Foster appointed 
 by the General Council, December 5, 188 1; Banta resigned, spring 
 of 1882.) 
 
 Editors of the Song Book: A. G. Foster, W. B. Palmer, F. E. 
 Hunter (volunteered as Editors, October, 1881, and edited sec- 
 ond edition, 1882). 
 
 Convention of 1882 to Convention of 1884. 
 
 Convention XVII. National Convention, Richmond, Va., Octo- 
 ber 24-27, 1882. Members present, 82. Presidents — George Banta, 
 H. U. Brown; First Vice-President, W. B. Palmer; Second 
 Vice-President, W. B. C. Brown; Secretaries — W. H. L3^ons, 
 W. E. Knight; First Assistant Secretary, G. E. Sawyer; Second 
 Assistant Secretary, R. O. Bigley; Chaplain, J. A. Lancaster; iSIar- 
 shal, O. L. Stearnes; Orator, B. K. Elliott; Poet, W. W. Seals; 
 Prophet, Emmett Tompkins. 
 
 General Council: President, H. U. Brown; Secretary, W. E. 
 Knight; Treasurer, C. A. Foster; Historian, A. A. Stearns. 
 
 Province Presidents: Alpha (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 
 New York, Pennsylvania), C. P. Bassett; Beta (Virginia, South 
 Carolina), C. R. Sands, succeeded, December, 1882, by G. S. 
 Shanklin, who was succeeded, September, 1883, by B. F. Buchanan, 
 who was succeeded, October, 1884, b}-^^ E. P. Valentine; Gamma 
 (Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas), C. M. Beck- 
 with, succeeded, March, 1883, by S. P. Gilbert; Delta (Ohio, 
 Kentuck}^), F. O. Payne; Epsilon (Michigan, Indiana), P. H. Clug- 
 ston; Zeta (Illinois, Wisconsin), M. C. Summers; Eta (Missouri, 
 Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas), P. L. Sever. 
 
 "^ No change made until 1898. 
 
 t Only States in which college chapters were established are mentioned. 
 
852 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 The Scroll: Editors — G. B. Thomas, November, 1882, to May, 
 1883; W. B. Palmer, October, 1883, to November, 1884. Assist- 
 ant Editors — R. O. Bigley, November, 1882, to May, 1883; C. L. 
 Goodwin, M. C. Remsburg, C. F. Bailey, Emmett Tompkins and 
 W. B. Palmer, all March, 1883, to May, 1883; T. H. Simmons, 
 May, 1883 (one issue); G. C. Greer and H. M. Meriwether, both 
 October, 1883, to May, 1884; J. M. Mayer and J. B. Shaw, both 
 October and November, 1884. Business Managers — W. R. Manier, 
 October, 1883, to Ma_Y, 1884; E. H. L. Randolph, October and 
 November, 1884. Assistant Business Manager, J. T. Boddie, 
 October, 1883, to May, 1884. 
 
 Editors of the Catalogue: W, B. Palmer, A. G. Foster (Edi- 
 tors of fifth edition, 1883). 
 
 Convention of 1884 to Convention of 1886. 
 
 Convention XVIII. National Convention, Nashville, Tenn., 
 November 11-14, 1884. Members present, 127. President, H. U. 
 Brown; Secretary, L. C. Blanding; Assistant Secretary, E. H. L. 
 Randolph; Chaplain, W. H. Cotton; Orator, J. F. Philips; Poet, 
 W. A. Jones; Historian, A. A. Stearns; Prophet, George Bryan; 
 Toastmaster, H. U. Brown. 
 
 General Council: President, H. U. Brown; Secretary, C. P. 
 Bassett; Treasurer, C. A. Foster; Historian, A. A. Stearns. 
 
 Province Presidents (Massachusetts added to Alpha, North 
 Carolina to Beta, California to Eta; other provinces unchanged): 
 Alpha, G. E. Saw3^er, succeeded, January 4, 1886, by W. R. Wor- 
 rall; Beta, O. L. Stearnes, succeeded, January 29, 1886, by G. W. 
 Cone; Gamma, S. P. Gilbert; Delta, J. E. Randall, succeeded, 
 April 29, 1886, by J. T. Morrison; Epsilon, J. M. Goodwin; Zeta, 
 T. H. Simmons; Eta, T. S. Ridge. 
 
 The Scroll: Managing Editor, J. M. Mayer. Associate Edi- 
 tors — J. B. Shaw and J. B. Kerfoot, both December, 1884, to June, 
 1885; T. H. Baskerville and Leo Wampold, both October, 1885, 
 to October, 1886. Special Editor, W. B. Palmer, June, 1886 (one 
 issue). Business Manager, E. H. L. Randolph. Assistant Busi- 
 ness Manager, Albert Shiels. 
 
 Editor of the History: W. B. Palmer (appointed by the Gen- 
 eral Council, January 20, 1885; author of first edition of the Man- 
 ual, 1886). 
 
 Editors of the Song Book: W. E. O'Kane, H. A. Kahler, F. D. 
 Swope, E. H. L. Randolph. (O'Kane, Kahler and Swope elected 
 by the Convention of 1884; O'Kane and Kahler resigning, Ran- 
 dolph was appointed by the General Council, December, 1885; 
 Swope and Randolph Editors of third edition, 1886.) 
 
 Convention of 1886 to Convention of 1889. 
 
 Convention XIX. National Convention, New York, N. Y. , 
 October 18-22, 1886. Members present, 135. President, H. U. 
 
CONVENTIONS AND GENERAL OFFICERS. 853 
 
 Brown; Secretar}^, C. P. Bassett; Chaplain, W. M. Carr: Historian, 
 A. A. Stearns; Toastmaster, J. ]M. Worrall. 
 
 General Council: President. C. P. Bassett; Secretary, J. E. 
 Brown; Treasurer, S. P. Gilbert; Historian, E. H. L. Randolph. 
 
 Province Presidents (Rhode Island added to Alpha; other prov- 
 inces unchanged): Alpha, D. R. Horton, succeeded, June 12, 1888, 
 by G. L. Richardson; Beta, C, B. Tippett; Gamma, Glenn Andrews, 
 succeeded, November 26, 1888, by W. W. Quarles; Delta, J. T. 
 Morrison, succeeded, January 25, 1888, by W. E. O'Kane. who 
 was succeeded, March 26, 1889, by W. E. Bundv; Epsilon, W. C. 
 Covert, succeeded, February 27, 1888. b}' J. E. Davidson: Zeta, 
 W. L. Miller; Eta, H. W. Clark, succeeded, January 25, 1888, by 
 Conway MacMillan. 
 
 The Scroll: Managing Editors — Albert Shiels, November, 1886, 
 to Februar}', 1887; E. H. L. Randolph, March, 1887, to October, 
 1889. Associate Editors — J. B. Kerfoot, November and Decem- 
 ber, 1886; Mason Carnes, January to June, 1887; G. S. Potter, Jr., 
 October, 1887, to November, 1888. Exchange Editor, J. E. 
 Brown, February, 1887, to June, 1889. Special Editor, W. B. 
 Palmer, October, 1887 (one issue). Business ^Managers — Leo 
 Wampold, November, 1886, to Mav, 1888; B. S. Orcutt, October, 
 1888, to October, 1889. Assistant Business Managers — B. S. 
 Orcutt, November and December, 1886; J, B. Kerfoot, Januar}- to 
 June, 1887; W. H. Erb, October, 1887, to October, 1888. Board 
 of Publication — D. R. Horton, Chairman, November, 1886. to 
 October, 1889; T. H. Baskerville, Secretary, November, 1886 to 
 October, 1889; E. H. L. Randolph, November, 1886, to October, 
 1889; W. R. Worrall, November, 1886 (one issue); Albert Shiels, 
 November, 1886, to Februar}', 1887, and February, 1889, to 
 October, 1889; W, S. Ferris, January, 1887, to January, 1889; B. S. 
 Orcutt, March, 1887, to October, 1889. 
 
 Editors of the Catalogue — E. H. L. Randolph, F. D. Swope 
 (both appointed b}' the General Council, Januar}-, 1888). 
 
 Editor of the History: W. B. Palmer. 
 
 Convention of 1889 to Convention of 1891. 
 
 Convention XX. National Convention, Bloomington, III., 
 October 14-18, 1889. Members present, no. President, C. P. 
 Bassett; Secretar}', J. E. Brown: Assistant Secretar}', B. H. Hahn, 
 Chaplain, Robert Morrison; Orator, Emmett Tompkins: Poet, 
 Edward Fuller; Historian, E. H. L. Randolph: Prophet, C. P. 
 Bassett; Toastmaster, Emmett Tompkins. 
 
 General Council: President, E. H. L. Randolph; Secretary, 
 H. T. Miller; Treasurer, H. W. Clark; Historian, W. W. Quarles. 
 
 Province Presidents: Alpha (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 
 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania), G. W. 
 Roberts, succeeded, October 24, 1890, by B. S. Orcutt, who was 
 succeeded, September 25, 1891, b_v J. M. Mayer: Beta (Virginia, 
 
854 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky), W. A. G. Bratton; 
 Gamma (Tenneesee, Georgia, Alabama), F. S. Ball; Delta (Mis- 
 sissippi, Louisiana, Texas), H. T. Cottam, Jr., who was succeeded, 
 October 24, 1890, by C. H. Tebault, Jr.; Epsilon (Ohio, Michi- 
 gan, Indiana), J. L. Mitchell, Jr.; Zeta (Illinois, Wisconsin, Min- 
 nesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, California), I. R. 
 Hitt, Jr. 
 
 The Scroll: Editor: J. E. Brown. 
 
 Editors of the Catalogue: E. H. L. Randolph, F. D. Swope. 
 
 Editor of the History: W. B. Palmer. 
 
 Custodian of Archives: W. B. Palmer. 
 
 Paraphernalia Agent: J. E. Brown.* 
 
 Convention of 1891 to Convention of 1894. 
 
 Convention XXL National Convention, Atlanta, Ga., October 
 19-23, 1891. Members present, 167. President, E. H. L. Ran- 
 dolph; Secretary, H. T. Miller; Assistant Secretary, D. N. Marble; 
 Chaplain, H. T. Miller; Orator, J. S. Jenckes; Poet, H. O. Sib- 
 ley; Historian, W. W. Quarles; Toastmaster, J. D. Berry. 
 
 General Council: President, W. W. Quarles; Secretary, H. T. 
 Miller (while he was in Europe, June, 1892, to September, 1893, 
 J. L. Mitchell, Jr., acted as S. G. C); Treasurer, I. R. Hitt, Jr.; 
 Historian, D. N. Marble. 
 
 Province Presidents (province boundaries unchanged): Alpha, 
 J. M. Mayer; Beta, F. S. Ball; Gamma, P. M. Jones; Delta, C. H. 
 Tebault, Jr. ; Epsilon, J. L. Mitchell, Jr. ; Zeta, W. R. Brown. 
 
 The Scroll: Editor, J. E. Brown. 
 
 Editors of the Catalogue: E. H. L. Randolph, F. D. Swope 
 (Editors of sixth edition, 1894), 
 
 Editor of the History: W. B. Palmer. 
 
 Custodian of Archives: H. O. Sibley. 
 
 Convention of 1894 to Convention of 1896. 
 
 Convention XXII. National Convention, Indianapolis, Ind., 
 May 7-1 ij 1896. Members present, 204. President, H. T. Miller; 
 Secretary, W. R. Brown; Assistant Secretary, C. A. Wilcox; Chap- 
 lain, J. S. Jenckes; Toastmaster, W. A. Woods. 
 
 General Council: President, H. T. Miller; Secretary, W. R. 
 Brown; Treasurer, F. S. Ball; Historian, D. N. Marble. 
 
 Province Presidents (province boundaries unchanged): Alpha, 
 J. C. Moore, Jr.; Beta, M. H. Guerrant; Gamma, F. C. Keen; 
 Delta, J. A. Fain, Jr.; Epsilon, S. E. Findley; Zeta, J. G. Wallace. 
 
 The Scroll'. Editor, J. E. Brown (Editor also of The Palla- 
 dium, beginning November, 1894). 
 
 Editor of the History: W. B. Palmer. 
 
 Editors of the Song Book: W. B. Palmer, F. D. Swope (Edi- 
 tors of fourth edition, 1895). 
 
 Custodian of Archives: H. O. Sibley. 
 
 * No change made until 1898. Code then adopted provides that the S. G. C. shall furnish infor- 
 mation to chapters inquiring about paraphernalia. 
 
CONVENTIONS AND GENERAL OFFICERS. 855 
 
 Convention of 1896 to Convention of i8g8. 
 
 Convention XXIII. National Convention, Philadelphia, Pa,, 
 November 24-28, 1896. Members present, 192. President, H. T. 
 Miller; Secretar^^ VV. R. Brown; Assistant Secretary, M. H. Guer- 
 rant; Chaplain, W. P. Fulton; Wardens — W. A. McClenthen, 
 A. M. McCrillis; Toastmaster, H. T. Miller. 
 
 General Council: President, W. B. Palmer; Secretary, W. R. 
 Brown; Reporter, H. T. Miller; Treasurer, F. S. Ball; Historian, 
 McCluney Radcliffe. 
 
 Province Presidents: Alpha (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 
 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania), J. C. 
 Moore, Jr. ; Beta (Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee), 
 M. H. Guerrant; Gamma (Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louis- 
 iana, Texas), Schuyler Poitevent; Delta (Ohio, Michigan, Indiana), 
 H. H. Ward; Epsilon (Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Mis- 
 souri, Kansas, Nebraska, California), J. G. Wallace. 
 
 The Scroll diXid The Palladium: Editor and Manager, H. T. Miller. 
 
 Editor of the History: W. B. Palmer (author of second edi- 
 tion of the Manual, 1897). 
 
 Fraternity Librarian: J. E. Brown. 
 
 Convention of 1898 to Convention of 1900. 
 
 Convention XXIV. National Convention (the Semi-Centennial 
 Convention), Columbus, Ohio, November 21-25, 1889. Members 
 present, 208. President, W. B. Palmer; Secretar}^ W. R. Brown; 
 Assistant Secretary, D. N. Marble; Chaplain, Robert Morrison; 
 Wardens— W. F. Bradshaw, Jr., J. M. Barr, W. G. Stephan, R. L. 
 Hardy; Toastmaster, Emmett Tompkins. 
 
 General Council: President, J. C. Moore, Jr. ; Secretary, F. D. 
 Swope, succeeded, March 31, 1900, by F. J. R. Mitchell; Reporter, 
 H. T. Miller; Treasurer, H. H. Ward; Historian, McCluney Rad- 
 cliffe. 
 
 Board of Trustees: The General Council and J. E. Brown, 
 Emmett Tompkins, A. A. Stearns and R. H. Switzler. 
 
 Province Presidents: Alpha (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 
 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania), W\ W. 
 Case, succeeded, October 10, 1900, by J. M. Wright; Beta (Vir- 
 ginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee), J. H. DeWitt; 
 Gamma (Georgia, Alabama), E. G. Hallman; Delta (Ohio, Michi- 
 gan), W. T. Morris, succeeded, November 18, 1899, by J. B. 
 Ballou; Epsilon (Indiana), E. E. Ruby; Zeta (Illinois, Wisconsin, 
 Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska), F. J. R. Mitchell, 
 succeeded, April 18, 1900, by R. H. Switzler; Eta (Mississippi, 
 Louisiana, Texas), J. A. Lomax; Theta (California), W. O. Morgan. 
 
 The Scroll Z-W-A The Palladium-. Editor and Manager, H. T. Miller. 
 
 Editors of the Catalogue: L. J. Schlesinger, F. E. Hulett. 
 
 Editor of the History: W. B. Palmer. 
 
 Fraternity Librarian: J. E. Brown. 
 
856 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Convention of 1900 to Convention of 1902. 
 
 Convention XXV. National Convention, Louisville, K3^, No- 
 vember 26-30, 1900. Members present, 269. President, J. C. 
 Moore, Jr.; Secretar3\ F. J. R. Mitchell; Assistant Secretaries — 
 W. C. Isett, Bem Price, Jr.; Chaplain, C. H. Jones; Wardens — ■ 
 W. C. Day, W. E. Cox, G. E. Buxton, Jr., L. A. Folsom; Toast- 
 master, A. P. Humphrey. 
 
 General Council: President, H. H. Ward; Secretar}^ F. J. R. 
 Mitchell; Reporter, H. T. Miller; Treasurer, J. H. DeWitt; His- 
 torian, R. H. Switzler. 
 
 Board of Trustees: The General Council and J. C. Moore, Jr., 
 McClune}^ Radcliffe, F. S. Ball, succeeded, Ma}^ 28, 1902, by 
 George Banta, and F. D. Swope, succeeded, August 15, 1902, by 
 A. B. Gilbert. 
 
 Province Presidents (Quebec added to Alpha, Colorado to Zeta, 
 Washington to Theta; other provinces unchanged*): Alpha, J. M. 
 Wright (a, M. McCrillis appointed Vice-President, Januar}^ 20, 
 1902); Beta, R. J. McBryde, Jr.; Gamma, E. G. Hallman; Delta, 
 J. B. Ballon; Epsilon, E. E. Rub3% succeeded, October 7, 1901, 
 by S. K. Ruick, Jr.; Zeta, W. H. Raymond; iLta, G. L. Ra}^; 
 Theta, W. O. Morgan. 
 
 T/ie Scroll 2ii\d The Palladium-. Editor and Manager, H, T. Mil- 
 ler. vSpecial Editors — W. B. Palmer, Scroll, February, 1901; Pal- 
 ladhti7i, January, February, March, 1901; R. H, Switzler, Scroll, 
 April, 1901; Palladium, May, 1901. Assistant Special Editors — 
 J. H. DeWitt, Scroll, Februar}-, 1901; J. E. Brown, Scroll, Feb- 
 ruary and April, 1901. 
 
 Editors of the Catalogue: G. H. English, Jr., C. F. Lamkin. 
 
 Editor of the History: W. B. Palmer. 
 
 Editors of the Song Book: W. B. Palmer, H. T. Miller, C. A. 
 Bohn, G. S. Parsons. (Palmer and Miller elected b}^ the Con- 
 vention of 1900; Miller resigning, Bohn was appointed by the 
 General Council, December 31, 1900; Parsons appointed, October 
 18, 1901; Palmer, Bohn and Parsons Editors of fifth edition, 
 T902.) 
 
 Fraternity Librarian: J. E. Brown. 
 
 Convention of 1902 to Convention of 1904. 
 
 Convention XXVL National Convention, New Vork,- N. Y., 
 November 24-29, 1902. Members present, 547. President, H. H. 
 Ward; Secretary, F. J. R. Mitchell; Assistant Secretaries — E. E. 
 Ruby, V. E. Barnes; Chaplain, J. B. Shaw; Wardens — W. R. 
 Brown, Burton Beck, H. C. Selby; Toastmaster, J. B. Shaw. 
 
 General Council: Pres"dent, J. E. Brown; Secretary, F. J. R. 
 Mitchell; Reporter, R. H. Switzler, succeeded, January 15, 1904, 
 by J. H. DeWitt; Treasurer, J. H. DeWitt, succeeded, January 
 15, 1904, by J. B. Ballon; Historian, A. M. McCrillis. 
 
 * Except that, as directed by the National Convention of looo, the (ieneral Council assigned to 
 the existing provinces all the unassigned States and territories and Canada: see page 742. 
 
CONVENTIONS AND GENERAL OFFICERS. 857 
 
 Chapter House Commission: H. T. Miller, J. C. Moore, Jr. 
 
 Alumni Commission: H. H. Ward, Lamar Hard}-. 
 
 Province Presidents (province boundaries unchanged): Alpha, 
 T. M. Phetteplace (Canada, New England); B. M. L. Ernst, 
 (New York, Penns3dvania) ; Beta, H. L. Watson; Gamma, W. A. 
 Speer; Delta, J. B. Ballou, succeeded, Februar}^ 18, 1904, by C. S. 
 Hoskinson; Epsilon, W. H. Hays; Zeta, C, F. Lamkin; Eta, G. L. 
 Ray; Theta, J. E. McDowell. 
 
 The Scroll and The Palladium: Editor and Manager, R. H. 
 Switzler, succeeded, January 15, 1904, by J. H. DeWitt, who 
 appointed W. B. Palmer as Assistant Editor, January 15, 1904. 
 
 Editors of the Catalogue: G. H. English, Jr., resignation 
 accepted, December 31, 1903; E. E. Ruby, resignation accepted, 
 April 25, 1904; T. J. Griffin, Jr., appointed sole Editor of the 
 Catalogue, April 25, 1904. 
 
 Editor of the History: W. B. Palmer, 
 
 Fraternity Librarian: J. E. Brown. 
 
 Convention of 1904 to Convention of 1906. 
 
 Convention XXVIT. National Convention, Indianapolis, Ind., 
 November 21-25, 1904- Members present, 503. President, J. E. 
 Brown; Secretary, F. J. R. Mitchell; Assistant Secretaries — S. K. 
 Ruick, R. M. Allen; Chaplain, H. T. Miller; Wardens, W. G. 
 Gardner, Jr., C. W. Chase, J. S. Boyd; Toastmaster, H. T. Miller. 
 
 General Council: President, F. J. R. Mitchell; Secretar}^ S. K. 
 Ruick; Reporter, J. H. DeWitt; Treasurer, J. B. Ballou; Historian, 
 A. M. McCrillis. 
 
 Chapter House Commission: L. E. A. Drummond, Guido 
 Gores. 
 
 Alumni Commission: A. B. Gilbert, A. W. Fairchild. 
 
 Province Presidents: Alpha (Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, 
 Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania), 
 R. L. Skinner (Vice-President, I. L. Foster); Beta (Virginia, 
 North Carolina), H. L. Watson; Gamma (Kentuck}^, Tennessee), 
 R. M. Allen; Delta (Ohio, Michigan), W. A. Eversman; Epsilon 
 (Indiana), W. H. Hays; Zeta (Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, 
 Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado), C. F. Lamkin (Vice- 
 President, R. H. Little); Eta (Georgia, Alabama), C. A. Brown; 
 Theta (Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas), William Steen; Iota (Cali- 
 fornia), J. E. McDowell; Kappa (Washington), A. R. Priest. 
 
 The Scroll and The Palladium: Editor and Manager, J. H. 
 DeWitt; Assistant Editor, W. B. Palmer. 
 
 Editor of the Catalogue: T. J. Griffin, Jr. 
 
 Editor of the History: W. B. Palmer (Editor of the first edi- 
 tion, 1905). 
 
 Fraternity Librarian: J. E. Brown. 
 
858 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 INDEX TO GENERAL OFFICERS. 
 
 The figures in parentheses show that the name appears more than 
 once in the preceding record of Conventions and general officers 
 for the 3'^ears indicated. 
 
 Alcott, A. G., '70, Ind. F 
 
 Allen, R. M., '00, Ky. E ... (2) 
 Anderson, B. E., '72, Ga. B... . 
 Andrews, Glenn, '84, Tenn. A 
 Annis, F. ]., '75, Mich. B.. (3) 
 Atkinson, C. A., '74, Ohio T.. 
 
 Bailey, C. F., '83, Vt. A.- 
 Baker, O. F., '62, Ind. A 
 Ball, F. S., '88, Ohio Z 
 
 Ballou, J. B., '97, Ohio A.... i 
 
 ;:::::::::::::;;::::::.z:...::::r(2) 
 
 Banta, D. D., '55, Ind. A .. 
 Banta, George, '76, Ind. A. 
 
 898 
 
 [3) 
 
 Barnes, V. E , '98, Ohio H 
 
 Barr, J. M., '99, Mich. A... i 
 
 Barrs, I. M., '79, Tenn. A 
 
 Baskerville, T. H., '86, N. Y. A 
 
 Bassett, C. P., '83, Pa. A 
 
 898 
 
 (2) 
 
 (2) 
 
 Bates, W. O., '74, Ind. T.. (2) 
 
 Beardsley, E. M., '79, Ohio A 
 
 Beck, Burton, '03, Iowa A 
 
 Beckwith, C. M., '73, Ga. A... 
 
 :::::::::.:z:;;:::::::.;";;:;;:;'.: (2) 
 
 Berrv, J. D., '86, N. Y. A 
 
 Biglev, R. O., '83, Ohio B (2) 
 Bixby, C. W., '76, Pa. A... (2) 
 
 Black, W. P., '64., Ind. B 
 
 Blanding, L. C., '85, Iowa B... 
 
 Boaz, Charles, '80, Ind. A 
 
 Boddie, J. T., '87, Ky. B 
 
 Bohn, C. A., '93, Mq. T 
 
 Bonham, Scott, '82, Ohio B (2) 
 Boughton, T. B., '81, Pa. A .. 
 Boyd, J, S.,'05, Ala. B 
 
 871-72 
 904-06 
 
 874-75 
 886-89 
 875-76 
 872-73 
 874-75 
 882-84 
 868-69 
 
 889-91 
 891-94 
 894-96 
 896-98 
 900-02 
 1900 
 900-02 
 902-04 
 904-06 
 880-82 
 876-78 
 878-80 
 880-82 
 882-84 
 900-02 
 902-04 
 -1900 
 880-82 
 884-86 
 886-89 
 880-82 
 882-84 
 884-86 
 886-89 
 889-91 
 875-76 
 876-78 
 876-78 
 902-04 
 873-74 
 874-75 
 875-76 
 882-84 
 
 891-94 
 882-84 
 876-78 
 878-80 
 
 875-76 
 884-86 
 878-80 
 882-84 
 900-02 
 880-82 
 878-80 
 904-06 
 
 Bradford, H. G., Ind. A... (2) 1872-73 
 
 (2) 1873-74 
 
 (2) 1874-75 
 
 1875-76 
 
 (2) 1878-80 
 
 Bradshaw, W. F., '99, Tenn. A 
 
 I 898- I 900 
 
 Bratton, W. A. G., '91, Va. Z 
 
 Bridge, R. W., '67, 111. B 
 
 Brown, C. A., '01, Ala. A 
 
 Brown, H. U., '80, Ind. T (2) 
 -(3) 
 
 Brown, J. E., '84, Ohio B.. (2) 
 (3) 
 
 889-91 
 869-70 
 904-06 
 882-84 
 884-86 
 886-89 
 886-89 
 
 889-91 
 891-94 
 894-96 
 896-98 
 (2) 1898-1900 
 
 (2) 
 
 - (2) 
 
 (2) 
 
 Brown, W. B. C., '82, Mo. B 
 Brown, W. R., '89, Minn. A.... 
 
 (2) 
 
 (2) 
 
 i^ 
 
 Brvan, George, '81, Va. A... 
 
 Buchanan, B. F., '84, Va. B. .. 
 Buckingham, H. R.,'73, Ohio A 
 
 Bullitt, J. B., '60, Kv. A. 
 
 Bullitt, T. W., '58, Ky. A 
 
 Bundv, W. E., '86, Ohio T 
 
 Butler, A. W., '81, Ind. A 
 
 Buxton, G. E., '92, R. I. A ... 
 Cantrell. W. S., '71, Ind. A ... 
 Carnes, Mason, '88, N. Y. P.. 
 Carpenter, S. W., '75, N. Y. A 
 Carpenter, W, B., '70, Ohio T 
 Carr, W. M., '84, 111. E. 
 
 Case, W. W., '84, Pa. A..... 1898-1900 
 
 Chalkev, Lyman, '85, Va. A ... 
 
 Chase, C. W., '99, lU. B 
 
 Clark, H. W., '87, Mo. A 
 
 Clugston, P. H., '85, Ind. A.. 
 Cobleigh, N. E., '43, Ind. A.. 
 Cone, G. W., '78, Va. A 
 
 Cottam, H. T., '91, Tenn. B.. 
 Cotton, W. H., '85. Tenn. A. 
 
 Covert, W. C, '85, Ind. E 
 
 Cowles, Gardner, '82, Iowa A 
 
 900-02 
 902-04 
 904-06 
 882-84 
 891-94 
 894-96 
 896-98 
 8-1900 
 902-04 
 884-86 
 882-84 
 871-72 
 860-64 
 
 875-76 
 886-69 
 880-82 
 900-02 
 869-70 
 886-89 
 
 874-75 
 870-71 
 886-89 
 
 880-82 
 904-06 
 886-89 
 889-91 
 882-84 
 864-68 
 878-80 
 884-86 
 
 889-91 
 884-86 
 886-99 
 880-82 
 
INDEX TO GENERAL OFFICERS. 
 
 859 
 
 Cox, W. E., '02, Tenn. B 
 
 Craycroft, Clark, '71, Mo. A.. 
 
 Danaldson, F. C, '72, Ind. A 
 
 Davidson, J. E., '88, Mich. T 
 
 Day, W. C, '01, Cal. B 
 
 DeWitt, J. H., '94, Tenn. A i 
 
 - (2) 
 
 (3) 
 
 - (2) 
 
 Drane, F. N., '81, Texas A 
 
 Drummond, L. E. A., '88, 
 
 N. Y. r 
 
 Duckwall, B. L., '74, Ohio B.. 
 Duncan, W. M., '70, Kv. A. -. 
 Elam, J. B., '70, Ohio A 
 
 (2) 
 
 Elliott, B. K., '55, Ohio A 
 
 Ellis, Alston, '67, Ohio A....(2) 
 
 Elstun, W. J., '66, Ind. T 
 
 English, G. H., '97, Mo. A... 
 
 Erb, W. H., '89, N. Y. A 
 
 Ernst, B. M. L., '99, N. Y. A.. 
 Eversman, W. E., '01, Mich. A 
 
 Fain, J. A., '92, Texas T 
 
 Fairchild, A. W., '97, Wis. A.. 
 
 Ferris, W. S., '85, Mass A 
 
 Findley, S. E., '94, Ohio E .- 
 Fisher, Elam, '70, Ohio A 
 
 Fisher, W. M., '72, Ohio A 
 
 Fleming, J. D., '75, Ky. A (2) 
 
 Fletcher, J. L., '72, Ind. E 
 
 Florea, L. W., '68, Ind. F 
 
 Flovd, D. B., '72, Ind. Z 
 
 (2) 
 
 Floyd,. W. M., '81, Ind. T 
 
 Folsom, L. A., '01, Ind. A 
 
 Foster, A. G., '78, Ind. A 
 
 (4) 
 
 Foster, C. A., '81, Wis. A. 
 
 Foster, I. L., '93, R. I. A 
 
 Foster, J. W., '55, Ind. A 
 
 Foulks, J. R., '79, Iowa A 
 
 Fuller, Edward, '85, Me. A... 
 Fullinwider, J. A., '82, 111. E.. 
 Fulton, W. P., '81, Ohio B...... 
 
 Gardner, W. G., '06., Pa. Z... 
 Gaskill, C. B., '72, Ga. A 
 
 Gilbert, A. B., '89, Vt. A 
 
 Gilbert, S. P., '83, Tenn. A... 
 
 900-02 
 871-72 
 870-71 
 886-89 
 900-02 
 1900 
 900-02 
 902-04 
 904-06 
 880-82 
 
 904-06 
 
 874-75 
 872-73 
 869-70 
 870-71 
 
 874-75 
 880-82 
 882 84 
 880-82 
 868-69 
 900-02 
 902-04 
 886-89 
 902-04 
 904-06 
 894-96 
 904-06 
 886-89 
 894-96 
 868-69 
 869-70 
 871-72 
 875-76 
 870-71 
 868-69 
 869-70 
 870-71 
 871-72 
 876-78 
 880-82 
 900-02 
 876-78 
 878-80 
 880-82 
 882-84 
 882-84 
 884-86 
 904-06 
 856-58 
 876-78 
 889-91 
 880-82 
 896-98 
 904-06 
 871-72 
 876-78 
 900-02 
 904-06 
 882-84 
 
 Gilmore, J. H., '75, Ohio A... 
 Goodwin, C. L., '83, Ind. r... 
 Goodwin, J. M., '85, Ind. Z ... 
 Goodwin, P. S., '72, Ohio F (2) 
 
 Gookins, J, F., '64, Ind. B 
 
 Gores, Guido, '01, Ohio 
 
 Gorman, J. W., '59, Ind. A... 
 
 Greer, G. C, '83, Tenn. A 
 
 Griffin, T. J., '99, R. I. A 
 
 S84-86 
 886-89 
 871-72 
 882-84 
 884-86 
 872-73 
 869-70 
 904-06 
 858-60 
 882-84 
 902-04 
 904-06 
 
 Gi-oenendvke, Charles, '60, 
 
 ."'. Ind. B 1868-69 
 
 Guerrant, M. H., '92, Ky. A ... 1894-96 
 1.. (2) 1896-98 
 
 Guffin, H. C, '63, Ind. T 1868-69 
 
 .....(2) 1870-71 
 
 Hallman, E. G. '96, Ga. B.. 1898-1900 
 
 [900-02 
 
 Hardy, Lamar, '98, Miss. A ... 1902-04 
 
 Hardv, R. L., '99, Texas B 1808-1900 
 
 ' 880-82 
 880-82 
 
 Hardy, W. W., '81, Ga. A 
 Ham, W. F., '80, Ohio A ..... 
 Harrison, Benjamin, '52, 
 
 Ohio A 
 
 Hartley, Thomas, '71, Ind, Z.. 
 Hays, W. H., '01, Ind. B 
 
 Herriott, D. W. '72, Ind. E .. 
 Hibbin, Samuel, '53. Ohio A .. 
 Hillis, D. M., '64, Ind. T 
 
 Hitt, I. R., '88, 111. A. 
 
 Hollingsworth, J. M., '82, 
 
 Mich. B 
 
 Horton, D. R., '75, N. Y. A (2) 
 Hoskinson, C. S., '89, Ohio B 
 Hulett, F. E., '98, OhioH.. 1898-1900 
 Humphrey, A. P., '66, Ky. A 1900-02 
 
 Hunter, F. E., '79, Ind. A 1880-82 
 
 Isett, W. C, '01, Pa. A 1900-02 
 
 Jacobs, C. P., '57, 111. B 1868-69 
 
 (3) 1870-71 
 
 874-75 
 
 Jamieson, C. T., '75, Ind. E.... 1874-75 
 Jeneckes, J. S., '56, Ind. A... 1891-94 
 
 894-96 
 Jones, B. P., '68, Ohio A (2).. 1868-69 
 
 Jones, C. H., '83, Va. A 1900-02 
 
 Jones, P. M., '80, Tenn. A 1891-94 
 
 Joner, W. A., '82, 111. E 1884-86 
 
 Kahler, H. A., '87, Ohio Z 1884-86 
 
 Keen, F. C, '94 1894-96 
 
 Kerfoot, J. B., '87, N. Y. A.... 1884-86 
 
 (2) 
 
 Knight, W. E., '84, Ky. A (2) 
 Knowlton, C. F., '73, Ohio A 
 
 (2) 1873-74 
 
 851-56 
 871-72 
 902-04 
 904-06 
 871-72 
 860-64 
 864-68 
 -70 
 -91 
 891-94 
 
 880-82 
 886-89 
 902-04 
 
 882-84 
 
86o 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Lamkin, C. F., '99, Mo. B. 
 
 La Monte, W. H., '74, Iowa A 
 Lancaster, J. A., '81, Va. B... 
 
 Lane, I. S., '52, Ohio A 
 
 Lapsley, J. H., '61, Ky. A 
 
 Lee, Harvev, '70, Ohio A. (2) 
 
 Little, R. H., '95, 111. E... 
 
 Lomax, J, A., '97, Texas B.. i^ 
 Lyons, R. L., '68, Ohio A (2) 
 
 Lyons, W. H., '86, Va. A 
 
 MacMillan, Conwav,'85,Neb.A 
 
 Magill, J. C, '68, Mich. A 
 
 Mahan, S. E., '69, Ind. A 
 
 Manier, W. R., '81, Tenn. A... 
 Marble, D. N., '82, Kv. A (2) 
 
 Marshall. A. A., '74, Ga. T. 
 Mayer, J. M., '84, N. Y. T... 
 
 McArthur, D. S., '81, Wis. A 
 
 McBryde, R. J., '93, Va. Z 
 
 McCaulev, A. C, '81, Pa. A. 
 
 [2) 
 
 McClenthen, W. A., '98, Pa. Z 
 McCrillis, A. M., '97, R. I. A 
 
 McDowell, J. E., '00, Cal. B 
 
 Meriwether, H. M., '83, Tenn. A 
 
 Miller, H. T., '88, Ind. T 
 
 (3) 
 
 (2) 
 
 (4) 
 
 (2) 1883 
 
 ~ (3) 
 
 (2) 
 
 Miller, W. L., '92, 111. E 
 
 Mills, B. M., '68, Ind. B 
 
 Mitchell, F. J. R., '96, 111. A 
 
 (2) I 
 
 (2) 
 
 (2) 
 
 (2) 
 
 Mitchell, J. L., '58, Ind. A 
 
 Mitchell, J. L., '89, Ind. A 
 
 (2) 
 
 Moore, J. C, '93, Pa. Z 
 
 ■(2) 
 
 Moore, J. Z., '67, Ohio A 
 
 900-02 
 902-04 
 904-06 
 
 874-75 
 882-84 
 
 851-56 
 860-64 
 869-70 
 904-06 
 18-1900 
 870-71 
 882-84 
 886-89 
 868-69 
 868-69 
 882-84 
 891-94 
 894-96 
 18-1900 
 
 874-75 
 882-84 
 884-86 
 889-91 
 
 891-94 
 880-82 
 900-02 
 878-80 
 880-82 
 896-98 
 896-98 
 900-02 
 902-04 
 904-06 
 902-04 
 904-06 
 882-84 
 889-91 
 891-94 
 894-96 
 896-98 
 -1900 
 900-02 
 902-04 
 904-06 
 886-89 
 868-69 
 
 (2) 
 
 898 
 
 898 
 
 -1900 
 900-02 
 902-04 
 904-06 
 858-60 
 889-91 
 891-94 
 894-96 
 896-98 
 1900 
 900-02 
 902-04 
 871-72 
 
 Oldfather, J. M., '69, Ohio A .. 
 O'Kane, W. E., '87, Ohio B... 
 
 Orcutt, B. S., '88, N. Y. T 
 
 Palmer, W. B., '77, Ga. B..(3) 
 
 (4) 
 
 ■■ (2) 
 
 (2) 
 
 (2) 
 
 (2) 
 
 (2) i! 
 
 - (3) 
 
 (2) 
 
 (2) 
 
 Parrish, M. F., '76, Ohio T ..... 
 
 Parsons, G. S., '02, N. Y. A... 
 Patterson, G.E., '76, Ohio A (2) 
 
 Payne, F. O., '84, Ohio E 
 
 Pennington, D. C, '70, Mich. A 
 Perry, C. O., '69, Ind. Z.. 
 
 :::::::;:: .:.:::::.::..:::::::;:(3) 
 
 (3) 
 
 (2) 
 
 Phetteplace, T. M., '99, R- 1- A 
 
 Philips, J. F., '55, Kv. A 
 
 Pickeril], W. N., '60, Ind. P.... 
 
 Plack, G. W., '79, Pa. A 
 
 Planck, D. A., '69, Ky. A 
 
 Platter, D. E., '71, Ohio A 
 
 (2) 
 
 Poirevent, Schuyler, '94, La. A 
 Pomerov, J. B., '77, Ohio A... 
 
 Post, R^ 0.,'7i, Ind. B 
 
 Potter, G. S., '71, Ind. B 
 
 Price, Bern, '02, Miss. A 
 
 Priest, A. R., '91, Ind. Z 
 
 Quarles, W. W., '87, Ala. A.. 
 Morgan, M. J., '73, Ohio T (2) 
 
 Morgan, T. J., '61, Ind. A 
 
 Morgan, W. O., '87, Cal. A 1898 
 
 Morris, W. T., '92, Mass A... 1898 
 Morrison, J. T., '80, Pa. A.. .. 
 Morrison, J. T., '87, Ohio A ... 
 
 Morrison, Robert, '49, Ohio A.. 
 
 Norris, J. C, '72, Ind. T ... (2) 
 (2) 
 
 1898 
 
 878-80 
 880-82 
 871-72 
 884-86 
 886-89 
 886-89 
 880-91 
 880-82 
 882-84 
 884-86 
 886-89 
 889-91 
 891-94 
 894-96 
 896-98 
 -1900 
 900-02 
 902-04 
 904-06 
 876-78 
 878-80 
 880-82 
 900-02 
 875-76 
 882-84 
 868-69 
 868-69 
 869-70 
 872-73 
 873-74 
 874-75 
 902-04 
 884-86 
 
 873-74 
 878-80 
 869-70 
 870-71 
 871-72 
 896-98 
 876-78 
 870-71 
 886-89 
 900-02 
 904-06 
 886-89 
 873-74 
 872-73 
 
 -1900 
 900-02 
 1900 
 878-80 
 884-86 
 886-89 
 858-60 
 864-68 
 880-82 
 889-91 
 
 -1900 
 875-76 
 876-78 
 
INDEX TO GENERAL OFFICERS. 
 
 86i 
 
 (2) 
 
 Quick, S. T., '70, Ind. A.. (2) 
 Radcliffe, McClunev, '82. Pa. Z 
 
 1898 
 
 Randall. J. E., '83, Ohio B .... 
 Randolph, E. H. L., '85, 
 
 N. Y. r 
 
 ■ (3) 
 
 (4) 
 
 (3) 
 
 (2) 
 
 Rankin, 1. A., '72, Ohio A 
 
 Ray, G. L., '98, Miss. A 
 
 Ravniond, W. H., '95, Neb. A 
 Reddig, C. J., '77, Pa. B.. (2) 
 
 - (2) 
 
 Remsburg, M. C., '83, Pa. B.. 
 
 Rich, J. C, '80, Miss. A 
 
 Richardson, G. L., '88, 
 
 Mass. A 
 
 Ridge, T. S., '84, Mo. A.. 
 
 Ringland, A. W., '72, Kv. A.. 
 Ringland, W. F., '77, Ind. B.. 
 Ripley, W. H., '73, Ind. B .... 
 
 Roberts, G. W., '87, Vt. A 
 
 Robinson, James, '72, Ind. B- 
 
 Roth, J. P., '75, Ind. B 
 
 Royce, G. M., '75, Ind. T 
 
 Rub}^ E. E., '98, Ind. A i 
 
 Ruick, S. K., '97, Ind. Z 
 
 (2) 
 '(2) 
 
 Sands, C. R., '81, Va. A 
 
 Sawyer, G. E., '83, Vt. A... 
 
 Seals, W. W., '79, Ga. B ... 
 Search, P. W., '76, Ohio A. 
 
 Sebastian, C. B., '76, Mo. A 
 
 Selby, H. C., '04, Ohio H 
 
 Sever, P. L., '83, Iowa B 
 
 Shanklin, G. S., '83, Va. B 
 Shaw, J. B., '85, Pa. A 
 
 (2) 
 
 Shlesinger, L. J., '95, Ohio H 
 
 Shiels, Albert, '86, N. Y. P .... 
 
 (2) 
 
 Shipman, W. D., '77, Ohio E 
 
 Sibley, H. 0.,'89, N. Y. E (2) 
 
 889-91 
 891-94 
 871-72 
 896-98 
 1900 
 900-02 
 884-86 
 
 Simmons, T. H., '83, 111. E 
 
 882-84 
 884-86 
 886-89 
 889-91 
 891-94 
 871-72 
 900-02 
 902-04 
 900-02 
 878-80 
 880-82 
 882-84 
 880-82 
 
 886-89 
 884-86 
 872-73 
 874-75 
 872-73 
 889-91 
 
 872-73 
 876-78 
 
 873-74 
 875-76 
 870-71 
 1900 
 900-02 
 902-04 
 900-02 
 904-06 
 882-84 
 882-84 
 884-86 
 882-84 
 
 874-75 
 875-76 
 878-80 
 880-82 
 902-04 
 882-84 
 882-84 
 882-84 
 884-86 
 902-04 
 
 1900 
 884-86 
 886-89 
 876-78 
 880-82 
 
 891-94 
 894-96 
 
 Skinner. R. L., '01, N. Y. E.. 
 
 Smith, F. A., '66, 111. "B ....(2) 
 
 Smith, H. C, '77, Va. A 
 
 Smith, Ransford, '55, Ohio A 
 
 Speer, W. A., '87, Ga. B 
 
 Stearnes, O. L., '86, Va. A 
 
 Stearns, A. A., '79, Ohio E... 
 
 Stearns, E. F., '69, 111. B 
 
 Steen, William, '00, Miss. A. 
 Stephan, W. G., '99, Ohio H i< 
 Storey, R. C, '68, Mich. A ... 
 
 Summers, M. C, '81, 111. Z... 
 
 52-84 
 [884-86 
 [904-06 
 [868-69 
 [869-70 
 [870-71 
 [876-78 
 
 873-74 
 
 [902-04 
 
 52-84 
 
 [884-86 
 
 [882-84 
 
 (2) 1884-86 
 
 [886-89 
 
 I 898- I 900 
 
 [868-69 
 
 [904-06 
 
 5-1900 
 
 [868-69 
 
 [869-70 
 
 [880-82 
 
 - 1882-84 
 
 Switzler, R. H.,'97, Mo. A (2) 1898-1900 
 
 (2) 1900-02 
 
 (2) 1902-04 
 
 Swope, F. D., '85, Ind E 1884-86 
 
 886-89 
 889-91 
 891-94 
 894-96 
 1898-1900 
 900-02 
 
 889-91 
 891-94 
 870-71 
 882-84 
 869-70 
 875-76 
 886-89 
 875-76 
 
 873-74 
 878-80 
 882-84 
 889-91 
 
 Tebault, C. H., '90, La. A. 
 
 Thomas, B. F., '72, Ohio A... 
 
 Thomas, G. B., '81, Kv. A 
 
 Thomson, William, '67, 111. B 
 Thrasher, A. B., '72, Ind. P.... 
 
 Tippett, C. B., '89, Va. A 
 
 Tomlinson, S. J., '75, Ind. P.. 
 Tompkins, Emmett,'74, Ohio P 
 
 Troxell, M. F., '80, Pa. B. 
 
 Tuttle, Joel, '57, Ohio A 
 
 Valentine, E. P., '85, Va. B... 
 Van Nostrand, H. L., '81, 
 
 Vt. A (2) 
 
 Walker, Faye, '68, Ohio A 
 
 Wallace, J. G., '83, Pa. P 
 
 Wampold, Leo, "88, N. Y. A 
 Ward, H. H., '90, Ohio Z 
 
 (2) 
 (2) 
 (2) 1898-1900 
 
 878-80 
 880-82 
 856-58 
 882-84 
 
 880-82 
 871-72 
 
 875-76 
 894-96 
 896-98 
 884-86 
 886-89 
 896-98 
 I 898- I 900 
 .. 1900-02 
 
862 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 (2) 1902-04 
 
 Watson, H. L., '91, Va. A 1902-04 
 
 1904-06 
 
 Weber, H. H., '82, Pa. B 1880-82 
 
 Whitehead, C. D.,'73, Ind.B (4) 1874-75 
 
 1875-76 
 
 1876-78 
 
 1878-80 
 
 Wilbanks, R. A. D., '67, 
 
 111. B (2) 1864-68 
 
 1868-69 
 
 Wilcox, C. A., '94, Texas T . 1894-96 
 
 Williams, D. B., '70, Ind. r.... 1869-70 
 
 - 1870-71 
 
 Woods, W. A., '59, Ind. B 1894-96 
 
 Worrall, J. M., '49, Ohio A... 1876-78 
 
 1886-89 
 
 Worrall, W. R., '79, Kv. A... 1880-82 
 
 ". 1884-86 
 
 1886-89 
 
 Wright, J. M., '96, Pa. A... 1898-1900 
 
 1900-02 
 
 ALUMNI DAY TOPICS. 
 
 Alumni Day was established by the National Convention of 1889, 
 the third Wednesda}^ of February being the date of observance in 
 1890 and 1891, but the Convention of 1891 changed the date to 
 March 15, the birthday of Founder Robert Morrison. Following 
 are the topics chosen b}^ the General Council for discussion on 
 Alumni Day: 
 
 1890: I . Chapter houses^ — considerations as to ways and means for their general 
 establishment and maintenance. 2. Alumni organizations — how the}' can be made 
 of most interest and value to their individual members and the general Fraternit}'. 
 
 1891: I. Pan-Hellenism — locally and generally. 2. Our extension policy. 
 3. The indifferent alumnus — who is responsible for him? 
 
 1892: The unchanged and unchangeable ideals of the Fraternity. 
 
 1893: The policy of <I> A O as a training for good citizenship. 
 
 1894: I. What article in his student creed does the alumnus soonest revise? 
 2. Is <i> A 9 an aid to college government? If so, how? If not, why? 
 
 1895: I. Chapter and club houses; their desirability and feasibility. 2. Inter- 
 fraternity rivalry — its intensity, advantages and disadvantages. 
 
 1896: I. In what ways can the alumni and college chapters best aid each other? 
 2. Is a conservative extension policy wholly advantageous or altogether harmful ? 
 
 1897: I. What $ A 9 has, and has not, in common with other fraternities. 
 2. The most practicable way to acquire and maintain a chapter house. 
 
 1898: $ A 9's progress in fifty years and her prospects for years to come. 
 
 1899: The Bond: unchanged fc: fifty years; its principles endure. 
 
 1900: What are the most practical ways in which alumni clubs and individual 
 alumni mav give aid and comfort to college chapters and promote the general good 
 of <!> A 9?' 
 
 1901: The better care of our alumni. 
 
 1902. The duty of alumni clubs to assist financially neighboring college chapters. 
 
 1903: The ways in which the fraternit)' chapter, as a body, can exercise an in- 
 fluence for good in the life of its college. 
 
 1904: 4> A 9's contribution to our life equipment. 
 
 1905: What the alumni owe to their parent chapters. 
 
 PROMINENT MEMBERS. 
 
 During the first twent}^ years of its existence, <E> A © made slow 
 progress and its growth was arrested by the civil war. The rapid 
 development of the Fraternity did not begin until 1868. As 
 shown by the first three editions of the catalogue, the membership 
 (counting names that properly should have been included) was onl}^ 
 306 in i860, 664 in 1870, 966 in 1872. In 1870 <E> A was out- 
 
PROMINENT MEMBERS. 863 
 
 ranked b}^ manj'- fraternities, both as to number of chapters and 
 number of members. According to the first edition of "American 
 College Fraternities," the membership of ^ A in 1879 was 2,600, 
 being exceeded b}^ eight other fraternities — A K E, 6,300; ^ Y, 
 5,000; B © rt, 5,000;^^ A A $, 4,950; ^ K vk, 3,200; AY, 3,200; 
 <^ r A, 2,750; Z ^, 2,700. Since then ^ A has distanced all of 
 them save A K E and B IT in number of members enrolled. t 
 
 Although the number of members of $ A initiated before 1880 
 is comparativel}^ small, many of them have become prominent pub- 
 lic men in their respective States, while not a few have attained 
 national distinction. The first to fill an important national office 
 was J. W. Foster, who became Minister to Mexico, 1873. J. C. S. 
 Blackburn became a Representative in Congress, 1875; A. H. 
 Hamilton, 1875; A. E. Stevenson, 1877; J. A. Anderson, 1879. 
 Benjamin Harrison was the Republican candidate for Governor of 
 Indiana, 1876, and was the first member of ^ A to become a 
 United States Senator, 1881. In the 8o's the number of prominent 
 members rapidly increased. W. F. Vilas was the first to fill a cab- 
 inet position, 1885; Benjamin Harrison became President of the 
 United States, 1889; A. E. Stevenson, Vice-President, 1893. No 
 other fraternit}^ has had both a President and a Vice-President of 
 the United States. 
 
 Following is a list of members who have filled important posi- 
 tions. So many are prominent clergymen, physicians, law3^ers and 
 judges, and so man}^ are professors in colleges, theological semi- 
 naries, medical schools and law schools that for lack of space their 
 names are omitted: 
 
 President and V^ice- President of the United States. 
 President — Benjamin Harrison, Miami, '52. 
 Vice-President — A. E. Stevenson, Centre, '60. 
 
 Cabinet, Department and Bureau Officers. 
 Se'^retary of State — J. W. Foster, Indiana, '55. 
 oecretary of the Interior — W. F. Vilas, Wisconsin, '58. 
 Postmaster-general — W. F. Vilas, Wisconsin, '58. 
 First Assistant Postmaster-general — A. E. Stevenson, Centre, '60. 
 Assistant Secretary of the Treasurs' — G. M. Lambertson, Franklin, '72. 
 Assistant Attorney-general — J. C. McReynolds, Vanderbilt, '82. 
 Commissioner of Pensions — J. C. Black, Wabash, '62. 
 Commissioner of Indian Affairs — T. J. Morgan, Franklin, '6[. 
 President of the Civil Service Commission — J. C. Black, Wabash, '62. 
 
 Ministers to Foreign Countries. 
 
 Minister to Brazil and China and Ambassador to Mexico — E. H. Conger, Lom- 
 bard, '62. 
 
 Minister to Mexico, Russia and Spain — J. W. Foster, Indiana, '55. 
 Minister to Austria-Hungar} — A. C. Harris, Indianapolis, '62. 
 Minister to Belgium^ — J. S. Ewing, Centre, '58. 
 Minister to Portugal — C. H. Lewis, Centre, '53. 
 
 * An overestimate, as B © H had onb' 4,874 members in 1883, according to the edition of that 
 year- 
 
 tSee "Increase of Fraternity Membership," The Scroll, October, 1898, and review of the cata- 
 logue of B © n. The Scroll, December, 1899. 
 
864 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 United Slates Senators. 
 
 From Indiana — Benjamin Harrison, Miami, '52. 
 From Kentucky — J. C. S. Blackburn, Centre, '57. 
 From Wisconsin — W. F. Vilas, Wisconsin, '58. 
 From Washington — J. B. Allen, Wabash, '67. 
 
 Representatives in Congress. 
 
 From Illinois — A. E. Stevenson, Centre, '60. 
 From Illinois — J. C. Black, Wabash, '62. 
 From Illinois — E. H. Conger, Lombard, '62. 
 From Illinois — J. C. Sherwin, Lombard, '62. 
 From Illinois— J. V. Graff, Wabash, '76. 
 From Illinois^ — G. W. Prince, Knox, '78. 
 From Georgia — C. L. Moses, Mercer, '76. 
 From Georgia — W. M. Howard, Georgia, '77. 
 From Georgia — J. G. Lee, Emory, '80. 
 From Georgia — W. G. Brantley, Georgia, '82. 
 From Georgia — T. W. Hardwick, Mercer, '93. 
 From Georgia — J. M. Griggs, Vanderbilt, '81. 
 From Indiana — A. H. Hamilton, Wabash, '55. 
 From Indiana — T. B. Ward, Wabash, '55. 
 From Indiana — F. M. Griffith, Franklin, '74. 
 From Kentucky— J. C. S. Blackburn, Centre, '57. 
 From Kentucky— J. W. Lewis, Centre, '62. 
 From Kentucky — S. J. Pugh, Centre, '73. 
 From Ohio— L. J. Fenton, Ohio, '72. 
 From Ohio — Emmett Tompkins, Ohio, '74. 
 From Texas — T. M. Paschal, Centre, '66. 
 From Texas — J. G. Russell, Georgia, '78. 
 From Tennessee — M. R. Patterson, Vanderbilt, '82. 
 From Mississippi — W. S. Hill, Mississippi, '84. 
 From Kansas — J. A. Anderson, Miami, '53. 
 From Idaho, Willis Sweet, Nebraska, '79. 
 
 Justices of United States Courts. 
 
 Circuit Court — W. A. Woods, Wabash, '59. 
 Circuit Court — C. C. Kohlsaat, Chicago, '67. 
 District Court — J. F. Philips, Centre, '55. 
 
 Justices of Highest State Courts. 
 
 Chief Justice of Indiana — B. K. Elliott, Miami, '55. 
 Chief Justice of Indiana — J. V. Hadley, Indianapolis, '63. 
 Indiana Supreme Court — W. A. Woods, Wabash, '59. 
 Kansas Supreme Court — H. F. Mason, Wisconsin, '81. 
 Idaho Supreme Court — Norman Buck, Lawrence, '59. 
 New Mexico Supreme Court, W. B. Fleming, Centre, '64. 
 
 Governors of States. 
 
 South Carolina— W. H. Ellerbe, Wofford, '83. 
 South Dakota — A. C. Mellette, Indiana, '64. 
 South Dakota — S. H. Elrod, DePauw, '82. 
 Idaho — J. T. Morrison, Wooster, '87. 
 
 Other State Officials. 
 
 Lieutenant-governor of Indiana — ^H. T. Miller, Indianapolis, '88. 
 Secretary of State of Iowa — W. M. McFarland, Iowa Wesleyan, '73. 
 Treasurer of Iowa— E. H. Conger, Lombard, '62. 
 Treasurer of Illinois — R. N. Ramsay, Indiana, '64. 
 Treasurer of Alabama — J. C. Smith, Alabama, '80. 
 Comptroller-general of South Carolina — W. H. Ellerbe, W^offord, '83. 
 Attorney-general of New York — J. M. Mayer, C. C. N. Y., '84. 
 
PROMINENT MEMBERS. 865 
 
 Attorney-general of Maryland — W. S. Bryan, Virginia, '80. 
 Attorney-general of Mississippi — Monroe McClurg, Mississippi, '78. 
 Attorney-general of Texas — H. H. Boone, Austin, '55. 
 Attorney-general of Minnesota — W. J. Donahower, Minnesota, '89. 
 Attorney-general of Nebraska — J. R. Webster, Wabash, '62. 
 Attorney-general of Oregon — C. M. Idleman, O. W. U., '78. 
 Attorney-general of Porto Rico — Willis Sweet, '79. 
 
 Assistant Secretary of State of Minnesota — P. G. Sjoblom, Michigan, '89. 
 Assistant Attorney-general of Texas — R. A. John, Southwestern, '84. 
 Assistant Attorney-general of Massachusetts — R. A. Stewart, Vermont, '93. 
 Adjutant-general of Indiana — Irvin Robbins, Indianapolis, '60. 
 Superintendentof Public Instruction of Maryland — M. B. Stephens, Dickinson, '85. 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction of Indiana — F. A. Cotton, Indianapolis, '02. 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction of Iowa — J. F. Riggs, Iowa Wesleyan, '85. 
 
 Presiding Officers of State Legislatures. 
 
 President, Georgia Senate — W. H. Venable, Oglethorpe, '73. 
 
 Speaker, Washington House of Representatives— J. W. Fieghan, Miami, '70. 
 
 Speaker, Colorado House of Representatives — J. B. Sanford, Syracuse, '92. 
 
 College Presidents and Deans. 
 
 President, Miami University — G. P. Benton, O. W. U., '88. 
 
 President, Ohio University — Alston Ellis, Miami, '67. 
 
 President, Central University, J. V. Logan, Centre, '54. 
 
 President, Central University — F. W. Hinitt, Westminster, '90. 
 
 President, University of Florida — ^Andrew Sledd, Randolph-Macon, '92. 
 
 President, Mercer University — P. D. Pollock, Georgia, '85. 
 
 President, Franklin College — W. T. Stott, Franklin, '61. 
 
 President, Lombard College — C. E. Nash, Lombard, '75. 
 
 President, Iowa Wesleyan University — -J. T. McFarland, Iowa Wesleyan, '72. 
 
 President, Albion College — ^J. P. Ashley, O. W. U., '90. 
 
 President, Davidson College — H. L. Smith, Virginia, '87. 
 
 Vice-President and Dean, Syracuse University — Albert Leonard, Ohio, '88. 
 
 Vice-President, Emory College, H. S. Bradley, Emory, '90. 
 
 Director, College of Agriculture, Cornell University — L. H. Bailey, Lansing, '82. 
 
 Dean, Graduate College and Summer School, University of Iowa, L. G. Weld, 
 Iowa, '83. 
 
 Dean, Graduate School, Western Reserve University — R. W. Deering, Vander- 
 bilt, '85. 
 
 Chancellor, Law Department, University of Iowa, L. W. Ross, Miami, '52. 
 
 Dean, Law Department, Columbia University — W. A. Keener, Emory, '74. 
 
 Dean, Law Dejpartment, Kentucky University — Lyman Chalkley, Richmond, '79. 
 
 Dean, Medical Department, University of Texas — W. S. Carter, Pennsylvania, '90. 
 
 Dean, Columbus Medical College — J. E. Brown, O. W. U., '84. 
 
 Dean, Dental Department, University of Iowa — W. S. Hosford, Iowa, '83. 
 
 President, Louisville Hospital Medical College, L. S. McMurtry, Centre. '70. 
 
 President, Oxford Female College — Faye W^alker, Miami, '68. 
 
 Clergymen. 
 
 Bishop of Alabama — C. M. Beckwith, Georgia, '73. 
 Bishop of Quincy — M. E. Fawcett, Northwestern, '89. 
 Bishop-coadjutor of West Virginia — W. L. Gravatt, Richmond, '87. 
 Secretary, Baptist Home Missionary Society — T. J. Morgan, Franklin, '61. 
 Secretary, Baptist Foreign Missionary Society — H. C. Mabie, Chicago, '68. 
 Secretary, Lutheran Board of Education — M. F. Troxell, Gettysburg, '80. 
 Secretary, Lutheran Board of Church Extension — H, H. Weber, Gettysburg, '82. 
 Field Secretary, Universalist Church — C. E. Nash, Lombard, '75. 
 Founder of Central Church, Chicago — David Swing, Miami, '52. 
 International Secretary, Y. M. C. A. — F. S. Brockman, Vanderbilt, '91. 
 (55) 
 
866 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Aliscellaneotts. 
 
 Mayor of Chicago — G. B. Swift, Chicago, '69. 
 
 Mayor of Indianapolis— J. L. Mitchell, Indiana, '58. 
 
 Mayor of Minneapolis — James Gray, Minnesota, '85. 
 
 Brigadier-general, U. S. A.— H. V. N. Boynton, K. M. L, '58. 
 
 Brigadier-general, U. S. A. — Frederick Funston, Kansas, '92. 
 
 Literary men: Eugene Field, Knox and Missouri, '73; John R. Spears, Indian- 
 apolis, '72; William Allen White, Kansas, '90; Ray Stannard Baker, Lansing, '89; 
 Edwin Emerson, Jr., Miami, '89; Post Wheeler, Pennsylvania, '91; John S. Phil- 
 lips, Knox, '82; Frank S. Pixley, Buchtel,'87; Wardon Allan Curtis, Wisconsin, '89. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY OF THE FRATERNITY. 
 
 1848. December 26. The $ A © Fraternity founded at Miami 
 
 Universit}^ Oxford, Ohio. 
 December 28. wSecond meeting of the parent chapter. 
 December 30. Third meeting of the parent chapter: 
 Secret motto adopted. 
 The Bond of the $ A adopted. 
 Articles of Union adopted. 
 
 Initiation ceremony adopted. 
 Form of applications for charters adopted. 
 Form of charters adopted. 
 Chapter nomenclature adopted. 
 Form of chapter membership reports adopted. 
 Constitution of Ohio Alpha adopted. 
 First officers elected. 
 
 1849. January i. Fourth meeting of the parent chapter. 
 
 Morton George Williams, the iirst initiate, initiated. 
 First banquet, 
 April 25. Ohio Alpha adopted By-laws. 
 
 June 26. Badge (a shield on which was charged a scroll bear- 
 ing "^ A 0" and an e3^e) adopted (completed, 
 June 12, 1849). 
 October 11. Chapter at Indiana University chartered. 
 December 25. First chapter (Indiana Alpha) membership 
 report. 
 
 1850. January i. Indiana Alpha's first banquet. 
 March 11. First signature, "in the Bond." 
 
 April 9. Chapter at Centre College (now Central Universit}^ 
 
 chartered. 
 November 16. Chapter at Wabash College chartered. 
 
 1851. September 11. Morton George Williams died (first death 
 
 among members of $ A 0). 
 December 30. First Convention, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 Constitution for alumni order adopted. 
 
 1852. April 5. First member affiliated (M. M. C. Hobbs, Indiana 
 
 x\lpha, '53, affiliated with Indiana Beta). 
 April 13. Second 4> A chapter at Miami University char- 
 tered. 
 
k 
 
 CHRONOLOGY OF THE FRATERNITY. 867 
 
 Ma}^ 18. Chapter at Wittenberg College chartered. 
 
 June 26. $ A badges first worn publicly at Miami (the 
 
 Fraternit}^ sub rosa there until then). 
 November 11. Second chapter at Miami suspended. 
 
 1853. Januar}^ i. Meeting of alumni at Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 June 9. Chapter at Austin College chartered. 
 
 June 28-30. Meeting of alumni order at Oxford, Ohio. 
 Fall. First ^ A © publications (address and poem delivered 
 before the alumni order) . 
 
 1854. Spring. $ A © badges first worn publicly at Indiana Univer- 
 
 sity (the Fraternitx" sub rosa there until then). 
 
 Spring. Chapter at Wittenberg College suspended. 
 
 Commencement. <!► A © badges first w^orn publicl}^ at Centre 
 College (the Fraternity sub rosa there until 
 then). 
 
 October 17. Chapter at Kentuck}^ Military Institute char- 
 tered . 
 
 Chapter at Austin College suspended. 
 
 1855. January 18. Party given by Kentucky Alpha. 
 
 February 6. Second ^ A chapter at Centre College char- 
 tered. 
 July 5. Second chapter at Centre suspended. 
 
 1856. April I. Password designated by the President of Ohio Alpha. 
 Spring. Chapter at Kentucky Military Institute suspended. 
 December 11. Founder Ardivan Walker Rodgers died 
 
 {(statis 32). 
 December 30-31. General Convention, Cincinnati, Ohio: 
 December 31. Revised Constitution adopted (ratified 
 
 probably by Kentucky x^lpha only). 
 Box belonging to Ohio Alpha rifled of Bond and other 
 
 contents. 
 
 1857. Januar}^ 20. Chapter at Georgetown College chartered. 
 April 7. Chapter at Georgetown College suspended. 
 Spring. Chapter at Austin College reorganized. 
 
 June 27. Chapter at the Universit}^ of Wisconsin chartered. 
 September. The parent chapter at Miami suspended. 
 
 1858. Spring. Chapter at Austin College suspended. 
 July 13. General Convention, Bloomington, Ind. : 
 
 Grand Chapter changed from Miami to Indiana. 
 
 1859. February 3. Chapter at Lawrence University chartered. 
 February 12. Chapter at Northwestern Universit}^ chartered. 
 October 22. Chapter at Northwestern Christian University 
 
 (now the Universit}^ of Indianapolis) chartered. 
 i860. March 10. Chapter at Ohio Wesle3^an Universit}^ chartered. 
 April 28. Chapter at Franklin College chartered. 
 Spring. Chapter at Lawrence University suspended. 
 June. First edition of the Catalogue (edited by Founder 
 
 Robert Morrison). 
 
868 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 June 26. General Convention, Danville, Ky. : 
 
 Grand Chapter changed from Indiana to Centre. 
 Chapter at Hanover College chartered (perhaps in 186 1, but 
 not organized at this time). 
 1861. Spring. Chapter at Northwestern University suspended. 
 Spring. Chapter at Ohio Wesleyan University suspended. 
 Spring. Chapter at Franklin College suspended. 
 Fall. Chapter at the Universit}-^ of Wisconsin suspended. 
 
 1863. February 27. Wabash chapter no longer sub rosa. 
 
 1864. June 28-29. General Convention, Danville, Ky. 
 
 ^K^'^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 . 
 
 
 V 
 ^ 
 
 Fm^ . 
 
 
 
 
 
 *i 
 
 ^f 
 
 James Farrington Gookins, Wabash, '64. 
 
 Designer of the first coat-of-arms and originator of the sword attachment to the~shield. ^^ His 
 photograph was received too late to make a half-tone portrait to accompany the article on "The 
 Sword Added to the Shield," page 302. See memoir in TAe Scroll, June, 1904. 
 
 November 28. Chapter at the University of Michigan char- 
 tered. 
 
 1865. June 30. Indiana State Convention, Indianapolis (first State 
 
 Convention held by any college fraternity). 
 • October 7. Charter granted for the reorganization of the 
 
 parent chapter at Miami University. 
 October 14. Chapter at the University of Chicago chartered. 
 December. Coat-of-arms designed. 
 
 1866. January 11. First badge with sword worn. 
 
 January 12. First $ A song (written for the installation of 
 the Chicago chapter). 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF THE FRATERNITY. 
 
 869 
 
 Spring. $ A © first represented in a students' annual (the 
 Michigan Palladium) . 
 
 1868. February 25. Chapter at Indiana Asbury (now DePauw) 
 
 University chartered. 
 March 28. Chapter at Ohio University chartered. 
 June lo-ii. National Convention, Indianapolis, Ind. : 
 
 June 10. Grand Alpha Chapter changed from Centre to 
 
 Chicago. 
 June 10. Executive Committee established. 
 December 14. Chapter at Hanover College rechartered. 
 
 1869. April 15. Chapter at Indiana State Normal School chartered. 
 
 David Bittle Floyd, DePauvv and Roanoke, '72. 
 
 President of the Fraternitj', 1876. Founder of $ A in Virginia, from which State the Fraternity 
 extended throughout the South. See biographical sketch \nThe Scroll, June, 1905- 
 
 Ma)^ 31. Chapter at Roanoke College chartered. 
 
 Spring. Chapter at the University of Michigan suspended. 
 
 June 9-10. National Convention, Chicago, 111.: 
 
 June 9. Grand Alpha Chapter changed from Chicago 
 to Miami. 
 December 20. Chapter at Franklin College rechartered. 
 Chapter at Indiana Asbury (now DePauw) Universitv sus- 
 pended. 
 1870. May 11-12. National Convention, Oxford, Ohio. 
 
 November 21. Chapter at the University of Missouri char- 
 tered. 
 187 I. January 12. Chapter at Monmouth College chartered. 
 Januar3^ Second edition of the Catalogue. 
 
870 THE HISTORY OB' PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 February 10. Chapter at Indiana Asbury (now DePauw) 
 
 University reorganized. 
 March 16. Chapter at Knox College chartered. 
 April 16. White and blue adopted as fraternity colors by 
 
 Ohio Alpha. 
 May 8. Chapter at Ohio Wesleyan University rechartered. 
 May 8. Chapter at Oglethorpe University chartered. 
 May 10-12. National Convention, Indianapolis, Ind. : 
 May II. Revised Constitution adopted: 
 Sword officially added to the badge. 
 Coat-of-arms officially adopted: 
 
 Blazon included helmet, javelins, parchment (bear- 
 ing "^t-Keta")^ ears of wheat and serpents. 
 May 12. White and blue officially adopted as fraternity 
 colors. 
 June 5. Chapter at the University of Georgia chartered. 
 June 15. Chapter at Emory College chartered. 
 Spring. Chapter at the University of Chicago suspended. 
 September 27. Chapter at Iowa Wesleyan University char- 
 tered. 
 Fall. Alumni chapter organized at Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 1872. January 2. Chapter at Mercer University chartered. 
 January. Chapter at Franklin suspended (college closed). 
 February 24. Chapter at the University of Wooster char- 
 tered. 
 
 February 29. Chapter at Cornell University chartered. 
 May 8-10. National Convention, Danville, Ky. : 
 May 8. Permanent fund established. 
 May 9. Black and white crepe adopted for a mourning 
 
 badge. 
 May 9. Charter of chapter at Indiana State Normal 
 School withdrawn. 
 July. Third edition of the Catalogue. 
 October 23. Chapter at Oglethorpe suspended (university 
 
 closed). 
 October 26. Chapter at Franklin College reorganized. 
 Fall. Chapter at Indiana Asbury (DePauw) University sus- 
 pended. 
 
 1873. March 19. Founder Robert Thompson Drakedied (^/^//i'51). 
 May 14-16. Quarto-Centennial National Convention, Athens, 
 
 Ohio.: 
 May 14. Per capita assessment ordered to pa}^ expenses 
 
 of National Convention, including railroad 
 
 fares of delegates. 
 May 14. Shield, bearing anchor, two stars and Greek 
 
 letter of chapter, adopted as an emblem. 
 First National Convention proceedings printed. 
 June 5. Chapter at Lafayette College chartered. 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF THE FRATERNITY. 871 
 
 June 12. Parent chapter at Miami suspended (university 
 closed). 
 
 June t6. Chapter at the University of California chartered. 
 
 August II, Grand Alpha Chapter transferred from Miami to 
 Wooster. 
 
 November 8. Chapter at Michigan State Agricultural College 
 chartered. 
 
 November 18. Chapter at the University of Virginia char- 
 tered. 
 
 1874. Februar}' 2. Chapter at Randolph-Macon College chartered. 
 May 16. First son of a Phi initiated (George Banta, '76, son 
 
 of D. D. Banta, Indiana Alpha, '55, initiated 
 by Indiana Delta). 
 May 20-22. National Convention, Crawfordsville, Ind.: 
 May 21. "Fraternity" substituted for "Society" wher- 
 ever occurring in the Constitution. 
 Ma}^ 22. ' Grand Alpha Chapter" changed to ' National 
 
 Grand Chapter," at Wooster. 
 May 22. Initiates assessed for the permanent fund. 
 May 22. Establishment of alumni chapters authorized. 
 July 19. Founder John McMillan Wilson died (cptatis 49). 
 Summer or fall. Preliminar}^ edition of the song book printed 
 
 by the Wooster chapter. 
 Fall. First house occupied by any <E> A © chapter (rented by 
 
 California Alpha, 1874-77). 
 October 17. Prospectus of TV;*? 6'r;'<?// issued. 
 First instrumental music inscribed to # A © published. 
 
 1875. January 19. Chapter at Buchtel College chartered. 
 January. First number of The Scroll published at Indiana- 
 polis, Ind. 
 
 March 16. Chapter at the University of Nebraska chartered. 
 
 March 24. Chapter at Indiana Asbury (now DePauw) Uni- 
 versity rechartered. 
 
 May 3. Chapter at Georgetown College rechartered. 
 
 May 19-21. National Convention, Danville, Ky. : 
 May 19. Initiation ceremony revised. 
 May 20. Nomenclature of chapters revised. 
 
 September 30. Chapter at Richmond College chartered. 
 
 November i. Chapter at Pennsylvania College chartered. 
 
 December 4. Chapter at Washington and Jefferson College 
 chartered. 
 
 Badges first enameled and jeweled. 
 
 1876. January 20. Chapter at Vanderbilt University chartered. 
 March. First edition of the Song Book. 
 
 April 19. Chapter at Lehigh University chartered. 
 May 29. Chapter at Central College (Missouri) chartered. 
 May. Chapter at Cornell University suspended. 
 Spring. Chapter at Georgetown College suspended. 
 
872 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Spring. Chapter at Indiana Asbury (now DePauw) Univer- 
 sity suspended. 
 June. Chapter at the University of Nebraska suspended. 
 June. Chapter at Vanderbilt University suspended. 
 June 11-13. National Convention, Philadelphia, Pa.: 
 
 July 13. Annual assessment ordered for The Scroll. 
 September. The Scroll suspended. 
 
 November 7. Alumni chapter at Franklin, Ind., chartered 
 (first alumni chapter chartered). 
 
 1877. March 26. Chapter at Lehigh University suspended. 
 Spring. Chapter at the University of California suspended. 
 June 9. Chapter at the University of Mississippi chartered. 
 October 17. Chapter at the University of Alabama chartered. 
 Fall. Chapter at Vanderbilt University reorganized. 
 
 Fall. Chapter at the University of Alabama suspended. 
 December i (circa). Chapter at Ohio Wesleyan Universit}'- 
 suspended. 
 
 1878. Februai-y 9. Chapter at Virginia Military Institute chartered. 
 Februar3^ Chapter at Knox College suspended, 
 
 March 29. Fourth edition of the Catalogue. 
 May 22-24. National Convention, Wooster, Ohio: 
 May 23. Revised Constitution adopted: 
 
 National Grand Chapter changed from Wooster to 
 
 Lafayette. 
 State Grand Chapters abolished. 
 Initiation ceremony revised. 
 Installation ceremony adopted. 
 May 23. Chapter at Illinois Wesleyan University char- 
 tered. 
 May 23. Chapter at Trinity University (Texas) chartered. 
 May 23. Chapter at Trinity College (North Carolina) 
 
 chartered. 
 First National Convention of which a photograph was 
 taken. 
 June. Chapter at Central College (Missouri) suspended. 
 September. The Scroll revivedi; published at Franklin, Ind. 
 November 4. Chapter at Lombard University (now College) 
 
 chartered (<I> 2 absorbed). 
 December. The Scroll published at Gettysburg, Pa. 
 First book (except fraternit}'- publications and college annuals) 
 mentioning $ A @. (See Bibliography.) 
 
 1879. January 30. Chapter at the Agricultural and Mechanical 
 
 College of Alabama (now Alabama Pol3^technic 
 
 Institute) chartered. 
 January 31. Chapter at Wofford College chartered. 
 May 8. Chapter at Allegheny College chartered. 
 June 7. The Scroll, Jr., published by the Indiana chapters. 
 June. Chapter at Trinity College (North Carolina) suspended. 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF THE FRATERNITY. 873 
 
 September 3. A K Society at Centre College absorbed. 
 September 17. Alumni chapter at Indianapolis, Ind., char- 
 tered. 
 October 8. Chapter at Ohio Wesle3'an Universit}'^ reorgan- 
 ized. 
 October 30. Chapter at the University of Vermont chartered. 
 November. First edition of 'American College Fraternities." 
 January 24. Chapter at the Universit}^ of Wisconsin reor- 
 ganized. 
 Januar}' 31. Chapter at the University of Michigan reor- 
 ganized. 
 Ma}" 10. Chapter at Indiana Asbur}" (now DePauw) Univer- 
 
 sit3' reorganized. 
 October 26-29. National Convention, Indianapolis, Ind.: 
 October 27. Chapter at Dickinson College chartered. 
 October 27. Chapter at Westminster College chartered. 
 October 27. Alumni chapter at Louisville, Hy., chartered. 
 October 27. i\lumni chapter at Baltimore, Md., char- 
 tered. 
 October 27. Alumni chapter at Montgomer}^ Ala., char- 
 tered. 
 October 28. Revised Constitution adopted: 
 National Grand Chapter abolished. 
 Executive Committee changed to a General Council 
 (President, Secretary, Treasurer, Historian). 
 Province sj-stem established (the General Council to 
 
 appoint a President for each province). 
 Chapters required to make annual membership reports. 
 October 28. Revised Constitution of alumni chapters 
 
 adopted. 
 October 28. Revised Ritual (including opening, closing 
 and several other ceremonies) adopted: 
 Banners adopted— one bearing "Els avrjp ovSeU dvrjp,'' 
 Owl adopted as an emblem. 
 October 28. Permanent fund abolished. 
 October 28. Nomenclature of several chapters changed. 
 October 29. Surrender of charter of Michigan Alpha 
 accepted. 
 October. Chapter at the University of Wooster suspended. 
 December 10. Chapter at Knox College rechartered. 
 February i. Alumni chapter at Chicago, 111., chartered. 
 March 12. Phi Delta Theta Fraternity incorporated: 
 
 First Board of Trustees elected. 
 May. Chapter at the Univeisit}^ of Wooster reorganized. 
 October 12. Chapter at the University of Minnesota char- 
 tered. 
 October 12. Alumni chapter at Nashville, Tenn. , chartered. 
 October 12. Alumni chapter at Galesburg, 111., chartered. 
 
874 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 November 24-25. First Province Convention, Atlanta, Ga. 
 December 17. Alumni chapter at Cincinnati, Ohio, char- 
 tered. 
 State Presidents appointed by Province Presidents. 
 
 1882. January. Second edition of the Song Book. 
 February. Chapter at Knox College suspended. 
 March 27. Chapter at the University of Iowa chartered. 
 October 24-27. National Convention, Richmond, Va.: 
 
 October 24. First $ A pennant publicly displayed. 
 
 October 26. Chapter at South Carolina Collegechartered. 
 November 5. Chapter at the University of Kansas chartered. 
 November. The Scroll published at Maysville, Ky. 
 December 23. Chapter at Hillsdale College chartered. 
 
 1883. February 22. Pan-Hellenic editorial council, Philadelphia, 
 
 Pa. 
 March 21. Chapter at the University of the South chartered. 
 March. First illustration in The Scroll. 
 June. Chapter at Trinity University (Texas) suspended. 
 August 20. Meeting of the General Council, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 August. Fifth edition of the Catalogue. 
 
 October 6. Chapter at the Ohio State University chartered. 
 October 15. Chapter at the University of Texas chartered. 
 October. Chapter at the University of Alabama reorganized. 
 October. The Scroll published at Nashville, Tenn. 
 November 22. Chapter at the University of Pennsylvania 
 
 chartered. 
 November 27. Chapter at Union University chartered. 
 December 10. Chapter at the University of Nebraska rechar- 
 
 tered. 
 
 1884. February 16. Chapter at the College of the City of New York 
 
 chartered. 
 
 March 11, Chapter at Knox College reorganized. 
 
 March 22. Chapter at Colby University (now College) char- 
 tered. 
 
 April 4. Alumni chapter at Washington, D. C, chartered. 
 
 April 15. Chapter at Columbia College (now University) 
 chartered. 
 
 June 9. Alumni chapter at Columbus, Ga., chartered. 
 
 June. Chapter at Monmouth College suspended. 
 
 July 4. Alumni chapter at Akron, Ohio, chartered. 
 
 Summer. First house owned by any ^ A © chapter (erected 
 by the Sewanee chapter); first house owned by 
 any fraternity in the South. 
 
 October 25. Chapter at Dartmouth College chartered. 
 
 October. The Scroll published at New York, N. Y. 
 
 November 11-14. National Convention, Nashville, Tenn.: 
 November 13. Alumni chapter at New York, N. Y., 
 chartered. 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF THE FRATERNITY. 875 
 
 November 14. Constitution amended to permit The 
 Scroll to circulate among persons not members 
 of <^ A ©. 
 
 1885. Januar}^ I. Circular letter to alumni issued b}^ Vermont Alpha. 
 March 29. Chapter at the University of North C'arolina 
 
 chartered. 
 
 June 29. Alumni chapter at Kansas City, Mo., chartered. 
 
 October 2. Parent chapter at Miami University rechartered. 
 
 October 31. Chapter at Central University chartered. 
 
 October 31. Chapter at Woiford College suspended. 
 
 November 5. Alumni chapter at Minneapolis, Minn., char- 
 tered. 
 
 December 7. Chapter at the University of California rechar- 
 tered. 
 
 December 14. Ex-members of the Rainbow fraternity initi- 
 ated into ^ A © by the chapter at the Univer- 
 sity of Texas. 
 
 1886. January i. Second circular letter to alumni issued b}^ Ver- 
 
 mont Alpha. 
 
 February i. Chapter at Williams College chartered. 
 
 February 4. Chapter at Cornell University rechartered. 
 
 March 20. Chapter at Southwestern University chartered 
 (the charter members being ex-members of the 
 Rainbow fraternity). 
 
 April. First edition of the Manual. 
 
 Ma}^ 10. Alumni chapter at San Francisco, Cal., chartered. 
 
 June 14. Terms of consolidation of K 2 K with <^ A agreed 
 upon (members of K 2 K at Randolph-Macon 
 being initiated into $ A © on this date, followed 
 by its members at Richmond, V. M. I. and 
 W. & L.). 
 
 October. Third edition of the Song Book. 
 
 October 18-22. National Convention, New York, N. Y. : 
 October 20. Revised Constitution adopted: 
 
 Chapters may elect their own alumni to be associate 
 
 members. 
 Chapters required to issue annual circular letters. 
 October 20. Charter of chapter at Monmouth College 
 withdrawn. 
 
 December 7. Alumni chapter at Atlanta, Ga., chartered. 
 
 December 16. Chapter at Northwestern University rechar- 
 tered. 
 
 December. ''In Coelo Quis Esf first used as an epitaph 
 (in biographical sketch of Founder John Mc- 
 Millan Wilson, printed in The Scroll). 
 
 1887. Januar}'^ 17. Alumni chapter at Pittsburg, Pa., chartered. 
 January 31. Chapter at Southern University chartered. 
 February 7. Chapter at Syracuse University chartered. 
 
876 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Februar3^2i. Chapter at Washington and Lee University 
 
 chartered. 
 March i. Chapters began to issue annual circular letters to 
 
 alumni. 
 April II. Alumni chapter at Saint Louis, Mo., chartered. 
 June 6. ^ A cairn esta»blished in Mammoth Cave. 
 November 11.. Chapter at the Universitj^ of Michigan rechar- 
 
 tered. 
 November 21, Alumni chapter at Selma, x\la., chartered. 
 
 1888. January 23-24. Meeting of the General Council, New York, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 January. The Phi Delta Theta Index published by the Ala- 
 bama chapters. 
 
 March 26. Alumni chapter at Saint Paul, Minn., chartered. 
 
 March 26. Alumni chapter at Philadelphia, Pa., chartered. 
 
 May 5. Chapter at Amherst College chartered. 
 
 June 12. Alumni chapter at Los Angeles, Cal., chartered. 
 
 Charter blanks printed from engraved plate. 
 
 1889. January 18. Chapter at Brown Universit}^ chartered. 
 March 4. Benjamin Harrison, Ohio Alpha, '52, inaugurated 
 
 President of the United States. 
 March 10. Chapter at Virginia Militar}" Institute suspended. 
 August 25. First bulletin of information issued by any appli- 
 cants to ^ A © for a charter (Xulane). 
 October 14-18. National Convention, Bloomington, 111.: 
 October 15. Revised Ritual adopted on probation. 
 
 Provided for a fraternity flag with three stars, and for 
 
 triangular banners. 
 "Ets a.vy)p ovlii^ avrjp'' made the open motto. 
 October t6. Alumni Day established b\^ constitutional 
 
 amendment. 
 October 16. Chapter at Tulane L^niversity chartered. 
 December. The Sc7'oll published at Columbus, Ohio, 
 
 1890. February 19. Alumni Day first observed. 
 
 Spring. Chapter at Columbia College (now Universit}^ sus- 
 pended. 
 
 June. Names of initiates for the 3'ear first printed (in TJie 
 Sci'olt) . 
 
 June. The Chapter Grand instituted. 
 
 1891. January 4. Meeting of the General Council, Louisville, Ky. 
 February 18. Second observance of Alumni Day. 
 
 March 2. Alumni chapter at Salt Lake City, LUah, chartered. 
 March 28. Chapter at Washington University chartered. 
 October 19-23. National Convention, Atlanta, Ga. : 
 October 22. Revised Ritual adopted. 
 
 Pallas recognized as tutelary goddess. 
 October 22. The white carnation adopted as the frater- 
 nity flower. 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF THE FRATERNITY. 877 
 
 October 22. Fraternit}- flag with three horizontal bars 
 and six stars adopted (six stars first used as a 
 fraternity emblem). 
 
 October 22. Fraternit}- button adopted. 
 
 October 22. Fraternit}^ cheer adopted. 
 
 October 23. Alumni Da\' changed from the third Wednes- 
 day of February to Robert Morrison's birth- 
 day, March 15, b}^ constitutional amendment. 
 
 October 23. Chapter at Leland Stanford Junior Univer- 
 sit}^ chartered. 
 
 October 23. Charter of the chapter at the College of the 
 City of New York withdrawn. 
 
 1892. March 15. Alumni Da}" celebrated this year and afterward 
 
 on the anniversary of Founder Robert Morri- 
 son's birthda}'. 
 December 20. Alumni chapter at Cleveland, Ohio, chartered. 
 
 1893. January" 13. Chapter at Columbia College (now Universit30 
 
 reorganized. 
 
 February 22. Alumni chapter at Boston, Mass., chartered. 
 
 March 4. A. E. Stevenson, Kentucky Alpha, '60, inaugu- 
 rated Vice-President of the United States. 
 
 March 17. Chapter at Purdue University chartered. 
 
 April 26. Alumni chapter at Denver, Col., chartered. 
 
 Jul}' 19. Pan-Hellenic congress, Chicago, 111. 
 
 October i. Chapter at South Carolina College suspended. 
 
 December 19. Chapter at the University of Illinois chartered. 
 
 1894. April 13. Sixth edition of the Catalogue. 
 
 Ma3" 7-1 1. National Convention, Indianapolis, Ind. : 
 
 May 10. Pledge button adopted. 
 
 May 10. Fraternity whistle adopted. 
 November. First number of The Palladium published at 
 Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 1895. -"^pril 10. Alumni chapter at Birmingham, Ala., chartered. 
 April 27, Fourth edition of the Song Book. 
 
 June 21. Alumni chapter at Macon, Ga., chartered. 
 November 18. American Pan-Hellenic Society conference, 
 
 Atlanta, Ga. 
 November 21. Chapter at Richmond College suspended. 
 December 17. Alumni chapter at Mobile, Ala., chartered. 
 
 1896. August I. Chapter at Roanoke College suspended. 
 October 31. Alumni chapter at LaCrosse, Wis., chartered. 
 November 24-28. National Convention, Philadelphia, Pa.: 
 
 November 25. Revised Ritual (including Alumni Day 
 ceremon}") adopted. 
 
 November 27. Constitutional amendments adopted: 
 
 A fifth member added to the General Council, a 
 Reporter, who shall be, cx-officio, Editor and 
 Manager of The Sc7'oll and The Palladium. 
 
878 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Office of Fraternity Librarian instituted. 
 
 Fraternit}^ flag changed to have vertical instead of 
 
 horizontal bars. 
 Banners changed. 
 November 27. Surrender of the charter of the Buchtel 
 
 chapter accepted. 
 November 28. Charter of the chapter at Southern Uni- 
 versity withdrawn. 
 November 28. Chapter at Case School of Applied Science 
 chartered. 
 
 1897. February 18. Chapter at the University of Chicago rechar- 
 
 tered. 
 March 15. Testimonial given to Robert Morrison on the 
 
 seventy-fifth anniversary of his birth. 
 April 19. Alumni chapter at Detroit, Mich., chartered. 
 June 27. Chapter at Illinois Wesleyan University suspended. 
 August 2. x\lumni chapter at New Orleans, La., chartered. 
 September 9. Alumni chapter at Milwaukee, Wis., chartered. 
 October 26. Chapter at the University of Wooster suspended. 
 October. The Scroll published at Indianapolis, Ind. 
 October. Second edition of the Manual. 
 
 1898. April 23. Alumni chapter at Columbus, Ohio, chartered. 
 May 28. Alumni chapter at Providence, R. I., chartered. 
 June 18. Chapter at the University of Cincinnati chartered. 
 June. Chapter at Michigan State Agricultural College sus- 
 pended. 
 
 June. Chapter at Hillsdale College suspended. 
 November 21-25. Semi-Centennial National Convention, Co- 
 Columbus, Ohio. 
 November 23. Miami gavels distributed to chapters. 
 November 25. Revised Constitution adopted: 
 New coat-of-arms adopted. 
 Board of Trustees reorganized, making nine members 
 
 including the General Council. 
 Permanent office of Editor or Editors of the Cata- 
 logue instituted. 
 Alumni organizations called clubs instead of chapters. 
 November 25. General Statutes adopted: 
 
 Board of Trustees empowered to decide questions 
 
 regarding membership. 
 P. G. C. ineligible for a second successive term. 
 H. G. C. given special charge of alumni clubs. 
 Members called active (instead of attendant) mem- 
 bers and alumni (instead of correspondent) 
 members. (No provision for associate mem- 
 bers as in 1886.) 
 Certificate of membership adopted. 
 Alumnus button adopted. 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF THE FRATERNITY. 879 
 
 1899. March 15. <l> A tree planted on Miami campus. 
 Ma}^ 19. Alumni club at Austin, Texas, chartered. 
 
 June 8. Tablet commemorating the founding of ^ A © placed 
 in the western wall of the Northeast Building 
 of Miami Universit3^ 
 
 June 13. Semi-Centennial celebration, Oxford, Ohio. 
 
 June 14. Golden Jubilee of Ohio Alpha. 
 
 1900. August 23. Alumni club at Syracuse, N. Y. , chartered. 
 
 September 29. Alumni club at Seattle, Wash., chartered. 
 
 November 12. Alumni club at Harvard University chartered. 
 
 October 12. First grandson of a Phi and a son of a Phi initi- 
 ated (Mark Banta, '04, grandson of D. D. 
 Banta, Indiana Alpha, '55, and son of George 
 Banta, Indiana Delta, '76, initiated b}^ Wis- 
 consin Alpha). 
 
 November 26-30. National Convention, Louisville, Ky.: 
 November 27. Amendments to the General Statutes: 
 Chapter may elect alumni of an}^ chapter to be asso- 
 ciate members. 
 Chapters in any province or state authorized to levy 
 capitation assessments, to pa}^ expenses of pro- 
 vince or state conventions, including traveling 
 expenses of delegates. 
 Design of pledge button modified. 
 Design of alumnus button modified. 
 November 28. Alumni chapter at Toledo, Ohio, chartered. 
 November 29. Chapter at the Universit}" of Washington 
 
 chartered. 
 November 30. Provision made for erecting tombstones 
 
 over unmarked graves of founders of <I> A 0. 
 Roll books distributed to chapters. 
 
 1901. January 12. Alumni club at Hamilton, Ohio, chartered. 
 February 26. Founder Andrew Watts Rogers died (cetatis 76). 
 March 15. Alumni Da}'^ dinner in New York, N. Y., attended 
 
 by 174 members. 
 
 April 13. Alumni club at Schenectady, N. Y. , chartered. 
 
 May 20. Chapter at Kentucky State College chartered. 
 
 August 9. Title of Kentucky Alpha-Delta given to Ken- 
 tuck}^ Alpha and Kentucky Delta consolidated. 
 
 August 14. First certificate of membership issued. 
 
 November 22. Alumni club at Meridian, Miss., chartered. 
 
 November 27-30. Meeting of the General Council, Chicago, 
 111. 
 
 1902. February 28. The General Council confirmed the appoint- 
 
 ment by the President of Alpha Province of a 
 Vice-President for that province. 
 March 14-15. Celebration at Fulton, Mo., of the eightieth 
 anniversarv of the birth of Robert Morrison: 
 
88o THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 March 15. Morrison tablet unveiled in the chapel of 
 Westminster College. 
 March 15. Alumni Day dinner in New York, N. Y., attended 
 
 by 181 members. 
 March 29. Chapter at McGill University chartered. 
 May 2. Alumni club at Omaha, Neb., chartered. 
 May 8. Alumni club at Crawfordsville, Ind., chartered. 
 May 30. Tombstone erected over the grave of Founder An- 
 drew Watts Rogers. 
 May 31. Chapter at the University of Colorado chartered. 
 June 4. Chapter at Georgia School of Technology chartered. 
 July 27. Founder Robert Morrison died (oetatis 80). 
 September 6. Alumni club at Menasha, Wis., chartered. 
 October 17. Fifth edition of the Song Book. 
 November 6. Alumni club at Bloomington, 111., chartered. 
 November 22. Alumni club at Portland, Ore., chartered. 
 November 22. Alumni club at Peoria, 111., chartered. • 
 November 24-29. National Convention, New York, N. Y. : 
 Total attendance, 547. 
 
 November 26. Robert Morrison memorial fund raised. 
 November 27. Bronze medallion, to be placed on tomb- 
 stones of deceased members, authorized. 
 ' November 29. Use of the name of the Fraternity or of 
 
 any of its chapters in connection with any 
 business enterprise prohibited. 
 November 29. General Council ordered to appoint two 
 
 Presidents for Alpha Province. 
 November 29. Amendments to the General Statutes. 
 General Council authorized to appoint a Vice-Presi- 
 dent for any province. 
 The four Trustees who were not Councilors divided 
 into two Commissions — a Chapter House Com- 
 mission and an Alumni Commission. 
 
 1903. January 24. Alumni club at Oklahoma City, Okla., chartered. 
 June. The Phi Delta Theta News published by the Philadel- 
 phia alumni club. 
 
 November 14. Alumni club at Warren, Pa., chartered. 
 
 1904. Januar}^ Tlie Palladium published at Nashville, Tenn. 
 February. The Scroll published at Menasha, Wis. 
 March 12. Alumni club at Burlington, Vt., chartered. 
 March 18. Alumni club at Lexington, Ky., chartered. 
 April 4. Alumni club at Fort Smith, Ark., chartered. 
 April 8. Alumni club at Hutchinson, Kan., chartered. 
 April 23. Chapter at Pennsylvania State College chartered. 
 June 6. Alumni club at Sioux (Mty, Iowa, chartered. 
 August. Tombstone erected over the grave of Founder 
 
 Robert Morrison. 
 November 21-25. National (Convention, Indianapolis, Ind. : 
 Total attendance, 503. 
 
I 
 
 FRATERNITY BIBLIOGRAPHY. 88 1 
 
 November 21. Message of the P. G. C presented in 
 
 printed form for the first time. 
 November 25. An amendmeat to the Code adopted, 
 providing that reports of general officers shall 
 be printed for distribution at the opening of 
 subsequent National Conventions. 
 November 25. The Pi*esidents of Alpha and Zeta Prov- 
 inces each ordered to appoint a Vice-President, 
 subject to the confirmation of the General 
 Council. 
 Two members of $ A appointed to the Cecil Rhodes' schol- 
 arships at Oxford, England; three in 1905. 
 1905. February 8. The General Council approved a plan for all 
 
 annual circular letters of chapters to be issued 
 under the supervision of the P. G. C. ; first 
 bound volume of such circulars issued, Ma)^ 4, 
 1905. 
 February 24. Act of the General Assembly of Indiana ex- 
 empting fraternit}^ propert}^ from taxation ap- 
 • proved by the Governor. 
 February 25. Housewarming of the club house of the New 
 York alumni club; first club book issued March 
 
 i5» 1905- 
 March 16. Alumni Day dinner in Chicago, 111., attended by 
 
 130 members. 
 
 April 22. Alumni club at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, chartered. 
 
 April 25. The General Council ordered the S. G. C. to dis- 
 tribute certified copies of the Bond to chapters. 
 
 May 16. House purchased by the parent chapter at Miami. 
 
 May 27. The General Council ordered a new edition of cer- 
 tificates of membership; first proofs made from 
 steel plate, July 5, 1905. 
 
 The History of the Fraternity published. 
 
 FRATERNITY BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 The more important open publications of ^ A© (catalogues, man- 
 uals, song books, instrumental music, The Scroll 2,xvA The Palladium) 
 are fully described in this history, and the classified index of the vol- 
 ume refers to some of the minor publications of the Fraternity."^ 
 
 *See the following subdivisions of "Bibliography of $ A 0," by W. B. Palmer: 'The Cata- 
 logue," "Chapter and locality lists of members," "The Manual," ''The Song Book," "Song selec- 
 tions," Instrumental music," "The Scroll" The Palladiiun" National Convention proceed- 
 ings," Province and State Convention proceedings," Annual chapter letters," Chapter house 
 corporations and plans," "$ A miscellany," "Bulletins issued by applicants for charters " "Bio- 
 graphies and memorials of members," "Miscellaneous books mentioning $ A 0" — The Scroll, June, 
 1902; "Bulletins issued by applicants for charters," "The Constitution and General Statutes," "The 
 Ritual" — The Palladittm, September, 1902; "Books relating to colleges in general," Books relat- 
 ing to particular colleges," "Books relating to fraternities in general," "Magazine articles relating 
 to fraternities" — The Scroll, Apiil, 1903; 'Bibliography of $ A — addenda" — The Palladium, 
 September, 1905. 
 (56) 
 
882 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Miscellaneous Books Mentioning Phi Delta Theta. 
 
 1. A Cluster of Poems for the Home and the Heart. B}' A. Means, D. D., LL. 
 D. New York: E. J. Hale & Son. 1878. Cloth; pp. 216, 5x7>4. Contains (p. 
 144) "Emory College and Oxford Apostrophized: A peroration to an address deliv- 
 ered before the # A G Society, November 21, 1873." The address was delivered 
 to the Emory chapter, of which the author was an honorary member. The perora- 
 tion (a poem) was reprinted in The Scroll, November, 1878. See page 306. 
 
 2. The Pennsylvania College Book, 1832-1882. E. S. Breidenbaugh, editor. 
 Published for the Alumni Association of Pennsylvania College. Philadelphia: Luth- 
 eran Publication Society. 1882. Morocco; pp. X -\- 476, J^ixg}^. Contains a 
 history of the college during its first fifty years. Includes (pp. 141-144) a sketch of 
 Pennsylvania Beta, by Holmes Dysinger, '78. 
 
 3. Acts of the State of Tennessee, Passed by the Forty-third General Assembly. 
 Nashville: Albert B. Tavel, Printer to the State. 1883. Sheep; pp. 472, 5^x8^. 
 Contains (p. 423) House joint resolution, approved March 28, 1883, tendering the 
 use of the hall of the House of Representatives or Senate chamber to the National 
 Convention of $ A 6. See footnote, page 476. 
 
 4. The Histor}' of Education in North Carolina. By Charles Lee Smith, Fellow 
 in Johns Hopkins University. Washington: United States Bureau of Education. 
 1888. Paper; pp. 180, 5^x9^. Contains (p. 93) a list of the fraternities at the 
 University of North Carolina. 
 
 5. Quarter-Centennial Histor}' of the University of Kansas, 1866-1891. Edited 
 by Wilson Sterling. Topeka: George W. Crane. 1891. Cloth; pp. 198, sX'^7- 
 Chapter on "Student Life in K. S. U.," by Arthur G. Canfield^ gives dates of estab- 
 lishment, names of charter members and other items about the chapters of the fra- 
 ternities in the institution. 
 
 6. Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Georgia, at the 
 Adjourned Session ot the General Assembly, Jul}', 1891. Atlanta: Franklin Pub- 
 lishing House, 1891. Sheep; pp. 1438, 6x9. Contains (p. 1389) House joint reso- 
 lution, tendering the use of the hall of the House of Representatives or Senate 
 chamber to the National Convention of $ A 0. See footnote, page 552. 
 
 7. Speeches of Benjamin Harrison, 1888-1892. Compiled by Charles Hedges. 
 New York: United States Book Company. 1892. Cloth; pp. 580, 5)^x7%. Con- 
 tains (pp. 251-252) an account of a banquet tendered to the President and his party 
 by members of 4> A 9, at Galesburg, 111., October 8, 1890, and quotes from his 
 speech on the occasion. See page 550. 
 
 8. Higher Education in Tennessee. By Lucius S. Merriam, Instructor in Cornell 
 University. Washington: United States Bureau of Education. 1893. Paper; pp. 
 287, 5%x9^. Contains (pp. 167-169) an account of the repeal of anti-fraternity 
 laws at Vanderbilt University. The author was a member of B 6 11. See pages 
 349, 374, 375, 393, 425, 44^, 4^1, 476. 
 
 9. Fiftv Years of History of the Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio, 
 1884-1894.' By Professor w'. G. Williams (Professor E. T. Nelson, editor). Cleve- 
 land: The Cleveland Printing and Publishing Company. Cloth; pp. vi -|- 547, 6x8. 
 Fraternities at O. W. U. mentioned, page 78. 
 
 10. Illustrated History of the University of California, 1868-1895. By William 
 Carey Jones, A. M., Professor of Jurisprudence. San Francisco: Frank H. Duke- 
 smith. 1895. Cloth, pp. 413, 734x12^. Fraternities at the University of Califor- 
 nia mentioned, page 315. The author is a member of 4> A 9. Second Edition, 
 1 90 1. See page 371. 
 
 11. A History of Amherst College, 1821-1891. By William S. Tyler, D. D., 
 LL. D. New York: Frederick H. Hitchcock. 1895. Cloth; pp. xxvi -j" 3^2; 
 5x7X- Fraternities at Amherst mentioned, pp. 262, 302. 
 
 12. Life of Jefferson Dillard Goodpasture. By his sons, A. V. and W. H. 
 Goodpasture. Nashville, Tenn.: Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House. 
 1897. Cloth; pp. 308, 5)^x7 J^. W. H. Goodpasture mentions (p. iii) a visit of 
 himself and other members to the <i> A 9 rooms, New York City, 1885. See T/ie 
 Scroll, February, 1898, page 298. 
 
FRATERNITY BIBLIOGRAPHY. 883 
 
 13. The Michigan Book. Ann Arbor: The Inland Press. 1898. Cloth; pp. 
 323, 6)^x9. Contains an historical sketch of the University of Michigan and an 
 account of its student life and student organizations (an account of <l> A on pp. 
 242-245), by E. H. Humphrey, ^ T. Illustrated. See page 515. 
 
 14. The Diamond Anniversary Volume, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 1824- 
 1899. Published by authority of the Board of Trustees, under the direction of the 
 general committee of arrangements, and the editorial supervision of Walter Law- 
 rence Tobey and William Oxley Thompson. Hamilton, Ohio: The Republican 
 Publishing Company. 1899. Cloth; pp. vi -|- 359, 6^x9^. Contains a history 
 of Miami and an account of the celebration of the university's seventy-fifth anniver- 
 sary, 1899, including an account of the Golden Jubilee celebration of $ A 9 at the 
 same time, 20 pages being devoted to 4> A 0. Illustrations include a half-tone of 
 the <l> A memorial tablet. W. L. Tobey is a member of B 11; W. O. Thomp- 
 son was President of Miami. Issued 1900. Reviewed in The Scroll, June, 1900. 
 See page 710. Also see, "The Alumni and Former Student Catalogue of Miami 
 University," issued 1899. 
 
 15. History of Higher Education in the State of New York. By Sidney Sher- 
 wood, Associate Professor in Johns Hopkins University. Washington: United States 
 Bureau of Education. 1900. Paper; pp. 538, 5^x9^^. Contains (p. 212) a list 
 of fraternities at Union Universit3'. 
 
 16. College Administration. By Charles F. Thwing, President of Western 
 Reserve University. New York: The Century Company. 1900. Cloth; pp. 
 xii -|- 321, 5J^x8^. Chapter IV describes and upholds the fraternity system, and 
 says, page 100: "Certain of these fraternities are national in their relationships of 
 which at least five are prominent — A A $, B 11, $ A 0, 4> F A, and A K E." 
 See footnote, page 660. 
 
 17. A History of Columbia University, 1754- 1904. Published in commemora- 
 tion of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding of King's College. 
 New York: The Columbia Press; The Macmillan Company, agents. 1904. Cloth; 
 pp. XIII -\- 493, 634^x9. Contains (p. 463) "The Greek-letter fraternities now at 
 Columbia University, with the dates of the foundation of each chapter." 
 
 $ A is mentioned in most of the books in the following list: 
 
 Books Relating to Fraternities in General. 
 
 1. Secret Societies in Colleges: Some opinions concerning them. Pp. 4, 6x934^. 
 No cover or title page; above printing at top of first page. An article, opposing 
 college secret societies, reprinted, November 20, 1850, from an article, headed 
 "Narrative of Review of Religion in Williams College," which appeared first in the 
 American Quarterly Register, May, 1841. See first title under "Magazine Articles 
 Relating to Fraternities," page 889. 
 
 2. Review of a I'ract Entitled "Secret Societies in Colleges — Some opinions 
 concerning them." Pp. 4, 6x9X- No cover or title page; above printing at top 
 of first page. An article upholding college secret societies, answering arguments in 
 the above mentioned tract, quoting favorable opinions of such societies from some 
 of their distinguished members, and referring to speeches made before the K A, 
 S #, ^ T and A $ societies. Dated "Union College, November 21, 1850." 
 Reflector print. 
 
 3. Review of the "Review." Pp. 6x9^. No cover or title page; above printing 
 at top of first page. An answer to the tract last mentioned above. Not dated, but 
 printed probably in December, 1850, as it refers to said tract as having been issued 
 "a short time since." Presents arguments against college secret societies, especially 
 on account of the expense they incurred for halls, badges, suppers, etc., and their 
 "deleterious effects upon religious young men." 
 
 The three tracts above mentioned are, so far as known, the earliest prints 
 relating to college secret societies in general. All three are in the library of Union 
 University. The first and third were reprinted in the Phi Gamma Delta, Decern 
 ber, 1904. 
 
 4. Four years at Yale. By a graduate of '69. New Haven: Charles C. Chatfield 
 Co. 1871. Cloth; pp. 713, 5x8. The author is Lyman H. Bagg, ^ T. Chapters 
 I to IV, pp. 51 to 190, are devoted to a minute account of the society system at Yale. 
 
884 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 5. College Secret Societies: Their customs, character, and efforts for their sup- 
 pression. By H. L. Kellogg, Chicago: Ezra A, Cook. 1874. Paper, pp. 88. 
 5/^x7^. A bitter attack on fraternities, emanating from a committee appointed 
 by the National Christian Association, 1873. Second edition, with 6 pages of addi- 
 tional matter, 1894. 
 
 6. American Colleges: Their students and work. By Charles F. Thwing, 
 President Western Reserve University. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1878. 
 Cloth; pp. IV+159, 5x6J^. Second edition, 1883; pp. vi-f-213. Chapter V 
 treats of fraternities. 
 
 7. The Greek-letter Societies. By Albert P. Jacobs, ^ T. Detroit: Gulley Print- 
 ing House. March, 1879. Cloth; pp. 51, 3^x5^^. The two pages given to 4> A 
 contain a list of its chapters, the names of its founders and of a few of its prominent 
 members, and a description of its badge. Noticed in The Scroll, May, 1879. See 
 page 409. 
 
 8. American College Fraternities: A descriptive analysis of the societ}' S3'stem 
 in the colleges of the United States, with a detailed account of each fraternity. By 
 Wm. Raimond Baird. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1879. Cloth; pp. 
 212, 4X^7^. Frontispiece displays "Badges of the chaptered fraternities." This 
 work contains information about fraternities which was valuable and most of which 
 had not previously been easily accessible. Some of it, especially the table of member- 
 ship of the various fraternities, was inaccurate, as might be expected in a first edition. 
 Five pages devoted to <l> A 0. Issued, November, 1879. Noticed in llie Scroll, 
 March, 1880. The author was a member of A 2 X, which united with B 11, 
 October, 1879. See page 409. 
 
 In 1882 new articles about some fraternities (but not $ A 0) were printed on 
 sheets which were substituted for some of the sheets as originally printed, and 
 changes in other fraternities were noted in five supplemental pages. This was 
 afterward called the first revised edition or second edition. Reviewed in The Scroll, 
 April, 1882. 
 
 9. The Secret Society System. By E. E. Aiken. New Haven: O. H. Briggs, 
 publisher; Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor, printers. 1882. Paper; pp. no, 4^x6/^. 
 An attack on fraternities, especially those at Yale. Revised and enlarged from 
 five articles printed in the Yale Critic, 1882. 
 
 10. The Greek Fraternity Issue. By E. E. White, President of Purdue Univer- 
 sity. Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, State Printer. 1882, 1883 and 1884. 
 Paper. Included in the seventh annual report (pp. 7, 8 and 27-76) of the President 
 of Purdue to the board of trustees, the eighth annual report (pp. 11 and 12) and 
 the ninth annual report (pp. 12, 13, 19 and 29-56), for the college years ending 
 June 30, 1881, 1882 and 1883, respectively. An argument against fraternities, 
 with the special object of suppressing 2 X at Purdue. See pages 396, 566, 610. 
 
 11. Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Judica- 
 ture of the State of Indiana. Volume 82. Indianapolis: Carlon & Hollenbeck. 
 1883. Contains decision in case styled. The State ex rel. Stallard vs. White etal. 
 Held, that the President of Purdue University, E. E. White, must permit T. P. 
 Hawley to matriculate as a student at the university, although he was a member of 
 S X, and that the faculty had no legal right to compel a student, as a condition of 
 such matriculation, to sign a pledge that he would disconnect himself from a col- 
 lege fraternity while attending the institution, as Purdue was a public institution, 
 and the condition sought to be imposed constituted a discrimination against a cer- 
 tain class of students within the State which the faculty had no right to impose. 
 See pages 396, 586, 610. 
 
 12. American College Fraternities: A descriptive analysis of the society sys- 
 tem in the colleges of the United States, with a detailed account of each fraternity. 
 By Wm. Raimond Baird. Second revised edition. New York: Frank Williams, 
 64 Duane Street. 1883. Cloth; pp. 265, 3J^X5X. Instead of a frontispiece 
 showing all the badges, the article on each fraternity is preceded with an illustra- 
 tion of its badge or emblematic cut. Ten pages devoted to <i> A 0. Later called 
 the third edition. Reviewed in The Scroll, December, 1883, the $ A article 
 being therein republished. See page 461, 
 
FRATERNITY BIBLIOGRAPHY. 885 
 
 13. An Account of the Greek-letter Fraternities of the University of California; 
 republished, corrected and brought down to date from the files of the Occident, 
 newspaper, for the year ending June i, 1883. Berkeley: Occident Publishing Com- 
 pany, 1883. Paper; pp. 44, 4^x7. A virulent attack on fraternities at the Uni- 
 versity of California, "l> A G escaping with milder censures than any other fraternity. 
 See page 371. 
 
 14. The College Student's Manual. By H. E. Moseley. Grand Rapids, Mich.; 
 H. E. and A, B. Moseley. 1884. Cloth; pp. 195, 4^x7^^. Contains a list of all 
 colleges and universities in the United States, and treats of requirements for admis- 
 sion, libraries, college societies, etc. One page and a half devoted to $ A 0. The 
 author is a member of B 9 11. 
 
 15. American College Fraternities: A descriptive analysis of the society system 
 of the colleges of the United States, with a detailed account of each fraternity. By 
 Wm. Rainiond Baird. Fourth edition. New York: James P. Downs. 1890. Cloth; 
 PP- 359? 5/4^^7. Seventeen pages devoted to <i> A 9. Reviewed in The Scroll, 
 February, 189 1. See page 561. 
 
 16. A Standard Dictionary of the English Language. New Yoi-k: Funk & 
 Wagnalls Company. 1890. The first dictionary to mention college fraternities. 
 Under the word "Fraternity," is the following entry: "Greek-letter fraternities 
 (U. S.), college, literary or social organizations, known b}' the initial letters of a 
 Greek motto, or the like, and consisting usually of affiliated chapters; very numer- 
 ous in American colleges, where they often own costly halls or club houses, which 
 in some instances include dormitories for members." 
 
 17. The World Almanac for 1892. New York: The Press Publishing Com- 
 pany. Contains statistics of fraternities reprinted from the 1890 edition of 
 "American College Fraternities." Same also in edition for 1893. 
 
 18. Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia. New York: A. B. Johnson Compan}'. 
 1893. Volume II contains an article on "College Fraternities," by Wm. Raimond 
 Baird, B 9 H. The first cyclopaedia to contain such an article. 
 
 19. Colleges in America. By John Marshall Baker, Ph. D. Cleveland, Ohio: 
 Cleveland Printing and Publishing Company. 1894. Cloth; pp. 265, 4^x6^4^. 
 Discusses the origin, development and characteristics of colleges. Chapter V, on 
 "Student Life in College," refers to fraternities. Contains a brief bibliography. 
 The author is a member of $ A 9. 
 
 20. The World Almanac and Encyclopaedia for 1895. New York: The Press 
 Publishing Company. Fraternities briefly mentioned. Also in editions for 1896, 
 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900. 
 
 21. The Tribune Almanac for 1896: New York. The Tribune Association. 
 Contains a list of fraternities, with places and years of establishment. 
 
 22. Keep and Read: Senators and Representatives. An anonymous circular, 
 addressed to the General Assembly of South Carolina, 1897, urging the enactment 
 of a bill to prohibit secret Greek-letter fraternities from existing in state institutions, 
 and referring particularly to South Carolina College. Quoted in the Cadiicens of 
 K 2, March, 1897. See page 578. 
 
 23. Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South 
 Carolina, passed at the regular session of 1897. Columbia: Charles A. Calvo, Jr., 
 State Printer. 1897. Contains an act, approved March 5, 1897, entitled, "An act 
 to prohibit secret Greek-letter fraternities or any organization of like nature in state 
 institutions." See page 578. 
 
 24. The College Year-Book and Athletic Record, for the academic year 
 1896-97. Compiled and edited by Edwin Emerson, Jr. New York: Stone & Kim- 
 ball. 1897. Cloth; pp. 592, 4Kx7)^. Contains descriptions of colleges, statis- 
 tics as to buildings, income, students, volumes in libraries, list of professors in each 
 institution, college publications, colors and cheers, a list of fraternities, athletic 
 records, etc. The author is a member of 4> A 9. 
 
 25. Folly, Expense and Danger of Secret Societies. By Charles A. Blanchard, 
 President Wheaton (111.) College. Chicago: National Christian Association. 1897. 
 Paper; pp. 32, 3X^6. College fraternities as well as other secret orders are con- 
 
886 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 demned. The National Christian Association publishes much anti-secret society 
 literature and alleged exposures of the rituals of the Free Masons, Odd Fellows, 
 Knights of Pythias and many other orders; also a monthly journal called the Chris- 
 tian Cynosure, which "represents the Christian movement against the secret lodge 
 system." 
 
 26. American College Fraternities: A descriptive analysis of the fraternity 
 system in the colleges of the United States, with a detailed account of each frater- 
 nity. By Wm. Raimond Baird. Fifth edition. Harrisburg, Pa.: Mount Pleas- 
 ant Printery. 1898. Cloth; pp. 438, 534^x7^. Seventeen pages devoted to 4> A 0. 
 Reviewed in The Scroll, June, 1898. See pages 659, 728. 
 
 27-50. Fraternity men of Chicago. Compiled b}' Will J. Maxwell. Chicago: 
 The Umbdenstock Publishing Co. 1898. Half morocco; pp. 204, by^xj^. Con- 
 tains sketches of the general fraternities for men and lists of their members resident 
 in Chicago and vicinit}'. Illustrated with half-tone views of chapter houses and 
 many portraits. 
 
 The first of a series of books, issued under the same management, using substan- 
 tiall}^ the same introductor}' matter and similar illustrations, bound in the same st3^1e, 
 and containing lists of fraternity men in the following localities: Saint Louis, 1898, 
 pp. 140; Philadelphia, 1899, pp. 654; New York, 1899, pp. 758; Cleveland, 1900, 
 pp. 304; Washington, D. C, 1900, pp. 396; Cincinnati, 1900, pp. 308; Baltimore, 
 
 1900, pp. 348; Boston, 1900, pp. 416; Buffalo, N. Y., 1900, pp. 304; Rhode Island, 
 
 1901, pp. 304; Rochester, N. Y., 1901, pp. 304; Syracuse, N. Y., 1901, pp. 302; 
 Albany, N. Y., 1901, pp. 300; Utica, N. Y., 1901, pp. 300; Central New York, 1901, 
 pp. 300; Pittsburg, Pa., 1901, pp. 310; Michigan, 1901, pp. 312; Wisconsin, 1901, 
 pp. 312; Troy, N. Y., 1901, pp. 298; Schenectady, N. Y., 1901, pp. 300; Minnesota. 
 
 1902, pp. 340; The Pacific Coast, 1903, pp. 696; Kansas City, 1904, pp. 366. 
 Greek-Letter Men of New York, reviewed in The Scroll, June, 1900, 
 
 51. The Cyclopaedia of Fraternities. By Albert C. Stevens. Paterson, N. J. : 
 Hamilton Printing and Publishing Company. 1899. Cloth; pp. xxiv -f- 444, 
 6%x9%^. Contains sketches of over 600 secret societies in the United States; 37 
 pages devoted to college fraternities, one page (359) to $ A 6. The author is a mem- 
 ber of A A <l>. Reviewed in The Scroll, December, 1899. 
 
 52. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac for 1899. Contains a list of fraterni- 
 ties with their New York City officers and headquarters. Same also in editions for 
 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904 and 1905. 
 
 53. The International Year-Book for 1899. New York: Dodd, Mead & Com- 
 pany. 1900. Contains an article on "College Fraternities." 
 
 54. 'Twixt Greek and Barb: A Story of University Life. By William C. 
 Levere. Evanston, 111. : William S. Lord. 1900, Cloth; pp. 187, 534^x 7^. The 
 author is Eminent Supreme Archon of S A E. Deals with fraternity conditions 
 and customs at Northwestern University. The only novel in which fraternities are 
 the leading theme, but "Cornell Stories" contains a story relating to spiking men 
 during the rushing season, and stories of like character are found in similar books, 
 an incomplete list of which appears in The Scroll, December, 1904. 
 
 55. Reports of Cases Heard and Determined in the Appellate Division of the 
 Supreme Court of the State of New York. Official Edition; Volume LI. Albany: 
 Banks & Company. 1900. Contains decision in case styled, Lucia E. Heaton and 
 others, respondents, vs. Mary J. Hull, appellant, impleaded with others, which 
 involved the right of the grand council of the K K T sorority to withdraw the char- 
 ter of its chapter at Saint Lawrence University. Held, that members of a chapter 
 of a college fraternity may maintain an action against the grand council thereof to 
 restrain it from unlawfully withdrawing the charter of the chapter, although no 
 member is thereby sought to be expelled from the fraternity, and no property rights 
 are appropriated. Where there is no provision in the charter of the chapter or in 
 the constitution or by-laws of the fraternity authorizing the revocation of the char- 
 ter, except for a violation of the rules and usages of the fraternity, the fact that the 
 college at which the chapter is located has not proper material for the maintenance 
 of the chapter, and that disclosures have been made of the constitution and of cer- 
 tain secrets of the fraternity, will not authorize the revocation of the charter, espe- 
 
FRATERNITY BIBLIOGRAPHY. 887 
 
 cially if it appears that the disclosures were rendered necessary for the defense of 
 the chapter against the attempted revocation. 
 
 56. Acts and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas. Little 
 Rock: The Democi-at Company. 1901. Contains an act, approved Mav 23, 1901, 
 entitled, "An Act to prohibit the organization of secret societies in the University 
 of Arkansas and for other purposes." Published in full in The Falladiuiii, Novem- 
 ber, 1 90 1. 
 
 57. Student Life and Customs, by Henry D. Sheldon. New York: D. Apple- 
 ton «& Company. 1901. Cloth; pp. xxii -j- 366, 5x7 X- Discusses, among other 
 subjects, fraternities, class societies, literary societies, college religious societies and 
 athletics. A unique and very interesting work; valuable especially on account of 
 its full bibliography. Reviewed in The Scroll, April, 1904. 
 
 58. Universal Cyclopaedia and Atlas. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 
 1901. Volume III contains an article on "College Fraternities," bv Wm. Raimond 
 Baird, B 9 H. 
 
 59. The World Almanac and Encyclopaedia for 1901. New York: The Press 
 Publishing Company. Contains statistics of fraternities reprinted from the 1898 edi- 
 tion of "American College Fraternities." 
 
 60. The Tribune Almanac for 1901. New York: The Tribune Association. 
 Contains information about fraternities, where and when founded, general officers, 
 etc. Same also in editions for 1902 and 1903. 
 
 61. The College Student and His Problems. B\' James H. Canfield, librarian 
 of Columbia University. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1902. Cloth, 
 pp. 197, 4^x734^. Chapter V treats of fraternities. 
 
 62. A Thesaurus Dictionar}- of the English Language. Prepared under the 
 supervision of Francis Andrews March, LL. D. Philadelphia: Historical Publish- 
 ing Company. 1902. Contains three colored plates, showing the seals of 33 col- 
 leges and universities, and one colored plate, showing the badges of 45 fraternities 
 and sororities. 
 
 63. Reports of Cases Heard and Determined in the Appellate Division of the 
 Supreme Court of the State of New York: Official Edition; Volume LXXIV. 
 Albany: J. B. Lyon Company. 1902. Contains decision in case styled. The 
 People of the State of New York, ex rel. The Delta Kappa Epsilon Society of Ham- 
 ilton College, respondent, vs. E, F. Lawler and others, as assessors of the town of 
 Kirkland, Oneida County, N. Y., appellants. Held, that a house owned by a 
 chapter of a Greek-letter college fraternity, organized, as stated in its certificate of 
 incorporation, for literary purposes and the promotion of the fine arts, which house, 
 with the exception of the society room, is primarily used as a boarding place for 
 the active members of the chapter, at which they may enjoy the privileges of home 
 life and meet for social recreation and fellowship, without intrusion from uninvited 
 guests, and which is used incidentally for literary, educational or scientific pur- 
 poses, is not exempt from taxation under the tax law, which provides: "The real 
 property of a corporation or association organized exclusively for the moral or 
 
 mental improvement of men or women or for educational, scientific, 
 
 literary, library purposes, or for two or more 
 
 such purposes, and used exclusively for carr3ing out thereupon one or more of such 
 purposes, and the personal propert}^ of any such corporation shall be exempt from 
 taxation." 
 
 64. Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachu- 
 setts. Volume 182. Boston: Little, Brown & Company. 1903. Contains decision 
 in case styled, Phi Beta Epsilon Corporation vs^ City of Boston. Held, that the 
 keeping of a dormitory and boarding house for students of the Massachusetts Insti- 
 tute of Technology by a literary or scientific corporation other than the institution 
 itself, is not an educational purpose within the meaning of the statute, exempting 
 from taxation the property of such a corporation used for an educational purpose; 
 and if some literary or scientific work is done in the building this does not change 
 the result if the principal use of the building is for a dormitory or boarding house. 
 
 65. The American Almanac, Year-Book, Cyclopaedia and Atlas. New York: 
 W. R. Hearst. 1903. Contains information about fraternities. Same also in edi- 
 tion for 1904. 
 
888 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 66. The American College Fraternity. Paper, pp. 33, 6x9. No title page; 
 above printing at top of first page; same words on cover. Contains 48 replies to 
 circular letters addressed by W. A. Crawford, K S, to the presidents of the leading 
 collegiate institutions throughout the United States, asking for their opinions of 
 fraternities, nearly all of such replies being favorable. Prefator\' statement dated 
 Arkadelphia, Ark., March 10, IQ03. Arkadelphia: Herald-Siftings Printing Com- 
 pany. 1903. 
 
 67. The New International Encyclopaedia. New York: Dodd, Mead & Com- 
 pany. 1903. Volume VII contains an article on "Fraternities, " with colored plate 
 illustrating fraternity badges. 
 
 68. Shall Fraternities Live? Paper, pp. 48, 5/^x7^. Contains articles favor- 
 able to fraternities, intended to influence the members of the Legislature of Missis- 
 sippi to vote against a bill to prohibit fraternities at the University of Mississippi, 
 which had been introduced in the House of Representatives. Issued by the frater- 
 nities at the University of Mississippi, February, 1904. 
 
 69. Patterson's College and School Directory. Compiled by Homer L. Patter- 
 son. Chicago: American Educutional Company. 1904. Cloth; pp. 346, 6^x8^. 
 Contains a list of collegiate institutions, professional schools, seminaries and acade- 
 mies in the United States and Canada, a list of college papers, information about 
 college fraternities, a list of universities in Europe, and other matter. The informa- 
 tion regarding fraternities includes the date and place of founding of each fraternit}', 
 the title and location of each of its chapters, describes its badge, and mentions its 
 colors, flower and the name of its open magazine. 
 
 70. Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1903. Washington: 
 Government Printing Office. 1905. Contains a chapter, by Charles F. Thwing, 
 LL. D., President of Western Reserve University, on "American LTniversities," 
 which includes a paragraph about college fraternities; probably the first mention of 
 such organizations in any report issued by the United States Government. See The 
 Scroll, June, 1905. 
 
 71. Laws of the State of Indiana, Passed at the Sixty-fourth Regular Session of 
 the General Assembly. Indianapolis: Wm. B. Burford. 1905. Contains an act, 
 approved February 24, 1905, providing that any tract of land, not exceeding one 
 acre, owned by any Greek-letter fraternity which is connected with any institution 
 of learning, and all improvements thereon, and all personal property owned by any 
 such fraternity shall be free from taxation in Indiana. Published in full in The 
 Scroll, February, 1905. This is the first statute of the kind enacted by any legisla- 
 ture. The author of the act is S. K. Ruick, 4> A 0, a member of the House of Rep- 
 resentatives. See page 834. 
 
 72. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities: A descriptive analysis of 
 the fraternity system in the colleges of the United States, with a detailed account of 
 each fraternity. By Wm. Raimond Baird. Sixth edition. New York: The Alcolm 
 Company. 1905. Cloth; pp. xvi-l-574, 5/^x7>^. Preface dated May i, 1905. 
 Seventeen pages devoted to $ A 0. Indispensable for acquiring a knowledge of 
 fraternities in general. Reviewed in Tlie Scroll, June, 1905. 
 
 Histories of Fraternities. 
 
 1. The Psi Upsilon Epitome: Studies addressed to the society concerning its 
 outward growth, characteristics and results, from its origin, in the latter part of 
 1833, to the installation of its youngest chapter, early in 1884. By Albert Poole 
 Jacobs, Phi (Michigan), '73. Boston: Rand, Avery and Company. 1884. Cloth; 
 pp. 264, 4^x6%. Illustrated. Reviewed in The Scroll, February, 1885. 
 
 2. A Manual of Phi Delta Theta. By Walter B. Palmer. Nashville: South- 
 ern Methodist Publishing House; printed" for the author. 1886. Cloth; pp. 54, 
 4J4^x6^. Contains: I — Sketch of the Fraternity. II — Prominent Members. 
 in — Statistics of Fraternities. IV— Statistics of Colleges. Preface dated May i, 
 1886. Noticed in 'J'he Scroll, June, 1886. See page 492. 
 
 3. Fraternity Studies: A manual of information concerning the fraternity of 
 Beta Theta Pi. By Wm. Raimond Baird, author of "American College Fra- 
 
FRATERNITY BIBLIOGRAPHY. 889 
 
 ternities." Harrisburg, Pa.: Mount Pleasant Printery. 1894. Cloth pp. 370, 
 53^x73^. Illustrated. Reviewed in The Scroll, February', 1895. 
 
 4. A Manual of Phi Delta Theta. Second Edition. By Walter Benjamin 
 Palmer. Indianapolis: Carlon & Hollenbeck. 1897. Paper: pp. 47, 6%xgyi. 
 No title page; above printing on cover. Illustrated. Preface dated September, 
 1897. Issued as a supplement to T/ie Scroll, October, 1897. See page 659. 
 
 5. Memorial History of the Theta Delta Chi Fraternity, with an account of the 
 semi-centennial convention and banquet. Clay W. Holmes, Phi (Lafayette), '67, 
 editor and publisher. Elmira, N, Y. 1898. Cloth; pp. 294, 6)^x9. Illustrated. 
 Reviewed in The Scroll, June, 1899. 
 
 6. The History of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity, from its foundation in 1852 to 
 its fiftieth anniversary. By Charles Liggett Van Cleve, Ohio Alpha (O. W. U.),'79. 
 Philadelphia: Franklin Printing Company. 1902. Cloth; pp. 304, 6x9. Illus- 
 trated. Reviewed in The Scroll, February, 1904. 
 
 7. Kappa's Record: A Short History of the Kappa Kappa Gamma Fraternity. 
 By Minnie Royse Walker, Iota (De Pauw). New York: Edward V. Brokavv & 
 Brother. 1903. Paper; pp. 67, 4)^x5^4^. Reviewed in The Scroll, April, 1904. 
 
 8. Sigma Alpha Epsilon Manual. By George H. Kress. Los Angeles, Cal.: 
 Baumgardt Publishing Company. 1904. Clolh; pp. ix -|- 186,4)^x634^. Contains 
 an historical sketch of 2 A E, also a paragraph about every other general college 
 fraternity for men or women. Reviewed in The Scroll, June, 1905. 
 
 9. The History of the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, 1848- 1905. By Walter 
 Benjamin Palmer. Menasha, W^is.: George Banta Publishing Company. 1905. 
 Cloth and morocco. Illustrated. 
 
 The catalogues of A A *, # K 2, 2 A E, 2 $, 2 X, 2 N, Z ^, X >I^, X <i>, 
 K A (Northern), K A (Southern) and A T contain more or less historical matter 
 about their respective fraternities. 
 
 Sketches of chapters have been published by the Dartmouth. Brown, Wesleyan, 
 Rochester and Michigan chapters of ^ T, the Vermont, Sewanee and Centenary 
 chapters of K 2, the Wabash and Ohio Wesleyan chapters of <l> K ^, the Bowdoin 
 chapter of A K E, the Denison chapter of B 11, the Cornell chapter of A X, 
 the Cornell chapter of $ 2 K, the Williams chapter of K A, the Williams chapter of 
 A ^. The Amherst chapter of A A <l> published an account of its semi-centennial 
 exercises, 1887. 
 
 Magazine Articles Relating to Fraternities. 
 
 1. Narrative of Review of Religion in Williams College, by Albert Hopkins; 
 American Quarterly Register (Boston), May, 1841. Refers to hindrances which 
 college secret societies were alleged to have caused to a religious revival at Williams- 
 town, Mass., adduces objections to such societies, aud quotes opinions antagonistic 
 to them from college presidents and professors and other persons. See first three 
 titles under ''Books Relating to Fraternities in General," page 883. 
 
 2. College Secret Societies, by W. W. Lathrop; University Quarterly, April, 
 1861. An argument against the secret society principle. 
 
 3. My Objections to Secret Societies in Colleges, by Howard Crosby, A $, 
 Chancellor of the University of New York; Tlie Congregationalist, April 28, 1871. 
 
 4. Discipline in American Colleges, by James McCosh, President of Princeton 
 College; Xorth American Revie^v, May-June, 1878. Considers fraternities harmful. 
 
 A Fossil from the Tertiary, by Edward Everett Hale, AA4>; Atlantic Monthly, 
 July, 1879. An historical sketch of <i> B K. 
 
 5. A College Camp at Lake George, bv R. R. Bowker, A A $; Scribner' s 
 Monthly, March, 1879. An account of a summer camp maintained by the Manhat- 
 tan (C. C. N. Y.) chapter of A A <l>. 
 
 6. Secret Societies in College; 77/^ O7V/V, March 8, 1884. Editorial criticising 
 societies at Yale; answered by *'Scroll and Key," in issue for INIarch 22. 
 
 7. The Secret Society System of Yale College, by John Addison Porter, A K E; 
 The Nezv Englander, May, 1884. Reprinted in pamphlet, pp. 19. 
 
890 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 8. College Fraternities, by Andrew D. White, ^ T, President of Cornell Uni- 
 versit_v; The Forum, May, 1887. A strong argument in favor of fraternities, 
 
 9. Secret Societies in College, by Charles S. Robinson, X ^; The Century, 
 October, 1887. Refers to the formation of the Anti-Secret Confederation (which 
 became A T). See second footnote, page 14. 
 
 10. Interchange (symposium on fraternities), by James McCosh, President of 
 Princeton College; J. H. Seelye, ^ T, President of Amherst College; C. K. Adams, 
 ^ T, President of Cornell University; Professor Oren Root, S $, of Hamilton Col- 
 lege, and Professor T. C. Burgess, of Fredonia (N. Y.) State Normal and Training 
 School; The Academy (Syracuse, N. Y.), November, 1887. Arguments for and 
 against fraternities. 
 
 11. College Fraternities, by John Addison Porter, A K E; The Century, Sep- 
 tember, 1888. Illustrated with views of chapter houses. 
 
 12. The Fast Set at Harvard, by "Aleck Quest;" A^orth American Reviezv, 
 November, 1888. An arraignment of A K E; answered by "One of the Fast Set," 
 in issue for December. 
 
 13. The Advantages of College Fraternities, by A. F. Sanborn; The Academy 
 (Syracuse, N. Y.), October, 1890. 
 
 14. The Original Records of the $ B K Society, 17761781, together with the 
 original charter granted to the Harvard chapter, sketches of the fifty original mem- 
 bers, and lists of the officers and chapters of the present organization, by Lyon G. 
 Tyler, K 2, President of William and Mary College; William and Mary College 
 Quarterly Historical Magazine, April, 1896. See page 6. 
 
 15. College Fraternities, by P. F. Piper; The Cosmopolitan, April, 1897. 
 Illustrated with the badges of the various fraternities. 
 
 16. Greek-letter Societies in American Colleges, by E. H. L. Randolph, $ AG; 
 Ne%v England Magazine, September, 1897. The author of "Student Life and 
 Customs" says it is the "Best general sketch of the fraternities written from a sym- 
 pathetic standpoint." Illustrated with views of chapter houses. 
 
 17. College Fraternities, by E. J. Ridgway; Alunsey's Magazine, February, 
 1901. Illustrated with badges of the various fraternities and views of chapter 
 houses, including the $ A O house at the University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 18. The University Magazine. New York. Volumes TX, 1887-94. Merged 
 into the American Ufiiversity Magazine. "University Societies" department edited 
 by A. P. Jacobs, <^ T. 
 
 19. The American University Magazine. New York. Volumes TVI, 1894-97. 
 Suspended, 1897. "University Societies" department edited by A. P. Jacobs, ^ T. 
 
 20. The College Fraternity, edited by E. H. L. Randolph, $ A 0. New York. 
 Volumes I-II, 1892, 1803. Merged, 1893, into the University Review, which soon 
 suspended. 
 
 21. Western University Magazine. Kansas City. "Fraternity Department" 
 of Volumes II and III, 1897-98, edited by R. PI. Switzler, # A 9. 
 
 FRATERNITY STATISTICS. 
 
 The first of the following tables gives the membership of the sev- 
 eral chapters of <l> A 0, as shown \iy each of the six editions of the 
 catalogue. 
 
 The second table shows the active membership of each chapter 
 on April i, each year from 1885 to 1896 inclusive, and on Febru- 
 ary I, each year from 1897 to 1905 inclusive. 
 
 The third table is a summary of the membership reports of chap- 
 ters for each year from 1883 to 1905 inclusive. 
 
TABLE I— MEMBERSHIP SHOWN BY CATALOGUES. 
 
 
 i860 
 
 1870 
 
 1872 
 
 1878 
 
 1883 
 
 1894 
 
 
 70 
 
 37 
 
 75 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 10 
 15 
 14 
 9 
 
 114 
 77 
 
 114 
 84 
 
 45 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 39 
 14 
 
 9 
 10 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 143 
 92 
 
 139 
 92 
 
 5 
 4 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 ID 
 
 80 
 12 
 21 
 17 
 
 '38 
 
 26 
 
 39 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 152 
 162 
 169 
 128 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 II 
 
 17 
 
 118 
 
 40 
 
 80 
 
 44 
 
 17 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 55 
 
 16 
 
 36 
 
 72 
 
 32 
 
 43 
 
 14 
 
 68 
 
 53 
 
 59 
 
 40 
 
 47 
 
 30 
 
 49 
 
 47 
 
 42 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 141 
 185 
 216 
 
 157 
 
 8 
 22 
 II 
 57 
 12 
 16 
 137 
 63 
 
 no 
 77 
 22 
 31 
 74 
 73 
 14 
 60 
 98 
 61 
 51 
 7 
 
 132 
 
 108 
 70 
 75 
 83 
 24 
 81 
 45 
 85 
 66 
 22 
 55 
 4 
 42 
 48 
 49 
 
 130 
 
 ID 
 
 67 
 
 6 
 24 
 
 54 
 41 
 24 
 99 
 63 
 25 
 39 
 36 
 23 
 26 
 15 
 26 
 
 12 
 10 
 17 
 14 
 
 161 
 
 
 236 
 
 251 
 
 195 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 42 
 
 16 
 
 127 
 
 10 
 
 45 
 
 175 
 
 Kentucky Alpha, Centre College 
 
 
 
 Kentucky Beta, Kentucky Military Institute 
 
 Kentucky Gamma, Georgetown College 
 
 Wisconsin Alpha, University of Wisconsin--- 
 
 Illinois Alpha, Northwestern University 
 
 Indiana Gamma, University ot Indianapolis... 
 
 
 156 
 
 
 Michigan Alpha, University of Michigan 
 
 66 
 
 32 
 
 143 
 
 116 
 
 .11 
 
 184 
 
 ^^ 
 118 
 
 13 
 
 209 
 
 195 
 
 120 
 
 147 
 
 136 
 
 io8 
 
 127 
 
 84 
 
 144 
 
 138 
 
 55 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 Indiana Eta, Indiana State Normal School-.- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iowa Alpha, Iowa Wesleyan Universitj' 
 
 
 
 Pennsylvania Alpha, Lafayette College 
 
 California Alpha, University of California 
 
 Michigan Beta, Michigan State Agr'l College. 
 
 Virginia Gamma, Randolph-Macon College--- 
 
 Nebraska Alpha, University of Nebraska 
 
 47 
 68 
 
 Pennsylvania Beta, Pennsylvania College 
 
 Pennsylvania Gamma, W. and J. College 
 
 Tennessee Alpha, Vanderbilt University 
 
 94 
 
 99 
 
 216 
 
 43 
 
 
 Mississippi Alpha, University of Mississippi--- 
 
 Alabama Alpha, Universitj- of Alabama 
 
 Virginia Epsilon, Virginia Military Institute--- 
 Illinois Epsilon, Illinois Wesleyan University 
 
 126 
 
 151 
 
 35 
 
 92 
 
 41 
 
 2i 
 
 173 
 
 164 
 
 25 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 Alabama Beta, Alabama Polytechnic Institute 
 
 South Carolina Alpha, Wofford College 
 
 Pennsylvania Delta, Allegheny College 
 
 Pennsylvania Epsilon, Dickinson College 
 
 75 
 76 
 
 Minnesota Alpha, University of Minnesota... 
 
 38 
 89 
 38 
 69 
 
 South Carolina Beta, South Carolina College 
 
 
 Tennessee Beta, Universitj- of the South 
 
 Ohio Zeta, Ohio State University 
 
 74 
 57 
 
 66 
 
 
 93 
 50 
 
 54 
 76 
 
 New York Beta. Union Universitj' 
 
 New York Gamma, College of the City of N- Y. 
 Maine \lpha Colby College 
 
 
 30 
 90 
 27 
 53 
 
 New Hampshire Alpha, Dartmouth College 
 North Carolina Beta, University of N. C. 
 
 
 Texas Gamma, Southwestern University 
 
 New York Epsilon, Syracuse University 
 
 Virginia Zeta, Washington and Lee University 
 
 43 
 79 
 19 
 79 
 
 
 Rhode Island Alpha, Brown Universitj' 
 
 56 
 30 
 27 
 17 
 
 Missouri Gamma, Washington University 
 
 Cal. Beta, Leland Stanford Junior University 
 
 Totals 
 
 292 
 
 556 
 
 923 
 
 1929 
 
 3460 
 
 7286 
 
 
 
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 Si 
 
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 W 
 
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896 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS 
 
 Page 10, footnote, line 3. For "1868," read: 1768. At Princeton 
 the Plain Dealing Club was in existence, 1763, having been founded 
 probably, 1760. The Well Meaning Society was founded, 1765. 
 On account of acrimonious rivalry, both were suppressed b}^ the 
 faculty, 1768. James Madison, with several members of the Plain 
 Dealing Club and some other students, formed the American Whig 
 Society, 1769. A number of undergraduates reorganized the Well 
 Meaning Society, under the name of the Cliosophic Society, 1770. 
 — See "Princeton Sketches," 1893. 
 
 Pages 14 and 27. A T A was founded, 1859; K 2, 1869. $ $ ^ 
 and M n A became extinct, 1904. © X, founded at Norwich Univer- 
 sity, 1856, established a chapter at M. I. T., 1903. Two fraterni- 
 ties, n II A and A ]S ^, were founded at C. C. N. Y. , 1901; the 
 former now has six chapters, the latter five. 2 <l> E, founded at 
 Richmond, 1901, now has thirteen chapters. — See ' Baird's Manual 
 of American College Fraternities," sixth edition, 1905. Note the 
 extinction of <l> $ <l>, page 627, line 4 from bottom of footnote. 
 
 Page 29, footnote, read: Thirty-eight members of Ohio Alpha of 
 $ A ® were engaged in military service on the Federal side, two on 
 the Confederate side. 
 
 Page 31, In 1903-04 Miami had 798 students, and 31 were 
 graduated; in 1904-05 it had 722 students, and 36 were graduated. 
 Hepburn Hall, a dormitory for women, was completed, 1905, at a 
 cost of $45,000, and in the same year Brice Scientific Hall was 
 enlarged, at a cost of $35,000. The following statistics are from 
 a "Classification of the graduates of Miami University," 1826-1903. 
 
 Educational positions — College presidents, 30; college professors, 76; city and 
 county superintendents, 52; other teachers, 116. 
 
 General occupations — Teachers, 274; lawyers, 327; ministers, 313; general busi- 
 ness, III; physicians, 122; editors and journalists, 50; authors, 50; farmers, 80; 
 bankers, 13; manufacturers, 17; engineers, 24. 
 
 Public offices — President of the United States, i; Governors of States, 6; Lieu- 
 tenant-governors, 2; cabinet officers, 3; foreign ministers, 5; United States Senators, 
 7; Congressmen, 23; State Senators, 30; State Representatives, 69; Federal, State, 
 county and supreme court judges, 53; United States army officers, with the rank 
 of Captain and above, 66. 
 
 Page 41, footnote, line 2 from bottom. For "45," read: 46. 
 
 Page 60, footnote, line 7 from bottom. Omit "l." For further 
 particulars about the missionary society at Amherst, see "Student 
 Life at Amherst" and "Student Life and Customs." The latter 
 book says that the Theological Society was organized at Amherst, 
 182 1, its name being changed afterward to the Society of Inquiry, 
 and that it corresponded with similar organizations in other col- 
 leges." 
 
 Page 63, last line. The kodak of the church founded by Robert 
 Morrison was taken by Miss Wilder, January 22, 1903. 
 
 Page 70, lines 3 and 5. Robert Morrison attended eight, not 
 nine. National Conventions; he was not present at the Philadelphia 
 Convention, 1896. 
 
CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 897 
 
 Page 74, line 24. John McMillan Wilson was Assistant Princi- 
 pal of the Morning Sun (Ohio) Academ}^ 1856-57, and Principal 
 of the same, 1857-60. 
 
 Page 76, last line. The proof of the sketch of John McMillan 
 Wilson was reviewed b}^ his niece. Miss Wilson, October 19, 1903. 
 
 Page 85, line 13. John Wolfe Lindley attended the National 
 Convention at Indianapolis, 1904. 
 
 Page 100, footnote, last line. Robert Morrison also purchased 
 the box in which the Bond and other important documents were 
 kept, as the financial statement, page 107, shows that 80 cents was 
 paid to him for that purpose. 
 
 Page 115, line 5. The exact wording of the telegram was: A 
 hearty welcome to Dr. A. C. Kemper into Phi Delta Theta ranks 
 from Robert Morrison." 
 
 Page 13 T, footnote, line 6 from bottom. Other extracts from 
 Judge Banta's 'Reminiscences" are quoted on pages 156 and 191. 
 
 Page 142, line 38, add as a footnote: See the acrostic — 'A Phi 
 Delta Theta" — by W. R. Higgins, '61, published in the Wabash, 
 Februar}^ i860, while Indiana Beta was still sub I'osa, and repub- 
 lished in The Scroll, June, 1904. 
 
 Page 158, line 32. Omit "H." before "j. E. Waring." 
 
 Page 161, lines i and 2. For "Doolittel" read: Doolitell. Cor- 
 rect the spelling of the name also on page 477, line 13. 
 
 Page 178, line 9 under heading. H. L. Brown was in the class 
 of '56. 
 
 Page 183, line 26. For Ephraim Wilson," read: E. S. Wilson. 
 
 Page t86, line 27. The quotation from the minutes of Kentucky 
 Alpha refers to the withdrawal of the charter of the chapter at 
 Georgetown, not the charter of the chapter at Kentucky Military 
 Institute. See page 198, line 28. Kentucky Beta at K. M. I. sus- 
 pended at the close of 1855-56. 
 
 Page 198, line 25. To charter members of Kentucky Gamma, 
 add: Henry Ray, '58. 
 
 Page 190, line 2. Hill's middle initial is T. 
 
 Page 218, lines 13 and 14. The printing on the title page is: 
 "CATALOGUE j of the | $ A ©. 1 Louisville: I Hull & Brother, 
 Printers. | i860." 
 
 Page 225, footnote, last line. ' Old Fraternity Records" have 
 appeared in The Scroll, April and December, 1904, and three or 
 four installments, down to 1882 inclusive, are yet to be printed. 
 
 Page 233, line 23. Theodore Read (not ' Reed") was the speaker. 
 
 Page 240, footnote. The letter dated Crawfordsville, Ind., 
 January 28, 1854, was signed by James McK. Defrees. 
 
 Page 244, footnote. 2 A E had on the roll of its ante-bellum 
 chapters the names of about 300 men. Their war records have 
 never been carefully investigated, but our present knowledge shows 
 that at least 175 of these were in the Confederate army, while onl}'- 
 a single member is credited to the Federal arm}^. — "Sigma Alpha 
 
 Epsilon Manual," 1904. 
 
 (57) 
 
898 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Page 245, line 4. For Chairman," read: President. 
 
 Page 245, line 23. Plimpton's middle initial is A. 
 
 Page 245, footnote, line 4 from bottom. Mrs. Harrison's middle 
 name is Lord. 
 
 Page 253, line 7, and page 258, line 10 from bottom, read: 
 where he was confined until March i, 1865, when he was taken for 
 exchange to Richmond, Va., where he was paroled March 3. 
 
 Page 253, line 19. For "Eddington, " read: Edgington. 
 
 Page 270. The list of members present at the Indiana state reun- 
 ion, 1865, is unquestionably very incomplete. The names of G. A. 
 Bicknell, Indiana Alpha, '31 (honorary); W. C. L. Taylor, Indiana 
 Alpha, '55; J. L. Mitchell, Indiana Alpha, '58; H. H. Boudinot, 
 Indiana Beta, '6^, and W. P. Black, Indiana Beta, '64, appear on 
 the invitation card, and undoubtedly these members attended the 
 reunion. The letter written by Wilbanks, quoted at the bottom of 
 the page, says that he presumed the number present was "over a 
 hundred." 
 
 Page 291, footnote. The statement about Missouri Alpha is an 
 error. B 11 has existed at Westminster continuously since 1867, 
 at Iowa Wesleyan continuously since 1868. 
 
 Page 299, line 17. J. W. Fieghan, not Harvey Lee, was a mem- 
 ber of the committee on revising the Constitution; see page 290, 
 line 29. 
 
 Page 309, line 4 from bottom. For Washburn," read: Wash- 
 burne. 
 
 Page 312, line 16. Tingley's middle initial is S. 
 
 Page 313, line 22, and page 317, line 8. For "S. P. Goodwin," 
 read: P. S. Goodwin. 
 
 Page 325. The kodak of the California house was taken by 
 W. O. Morgan. 
 
 Page 325, line 4 from bottom, and page 328, line 27. For "Pot- 
 tinger," read: Pottenger. , 
 
 Page 330, line 11 from bottom. G. D. McCulloch should not 
 have been included among other members present" at the Craw- 
 fordsville Convention, 1874, as he was the delegate of the Wabash 
 chapter. 
 
 Page 330, line 3 from bottom. C. M. Beckwith, though elected 
 First Vice-President, was not present at the Crawfordsville Con- 
 vention, 1874. 
 
 Page 367, line i. Ewing's middle initial is D. 
 
 Page 386, line 28. W. B. Sullivan should not have been in- 
 cluded among other members present" at the Wooster Convention, 
 1878, as he was the delegate of the Lafayette chapter. 
 
 Page 388, line 12. For "L. D. Rogers," read: L. D. C. 
 Rogers. 
 
 Page 397, footnote, line 14 from bottom. For "sacred," read: 
 secret. 
 
 Page 398, line 25, for "Elkins," read: Elkin. 
 
CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 
 
 899 
 
 Page 408, line 14 from bottom. L. G. Burgess, Son & Com- 
 pany began making convex badges with enameled eye, scroll and 
 Greek letters and set with jewels, 1877. 
 
 Page 421. Add the following as a footnote under "Phi Delta 
 Theta Fraternity Incorporated:" The first fraternity incorporated 
 was A T O, chartered under the laws of Mar3''land, January i, 
 1879. The next were: A A ^, chartered by act of the legislature of 
 New York, May 5, 1879; B 11, chartered under the laws of Ohio, 
 September 4, 1879; ^ A chartered under the laws of Ohio, 
 March 12, 1881; A K E, chartered by act of the legislature of New 
 
 First Fraternity House in the South 
 
 Rented by the University of Virginia chapter of K 2 and occupied by it, 1870-71. 
 
 York, June 12, 1884. In footnote, page 659, note that A T O was 
 the first fraternity incorporated. 
 
 Page 429, line 10 from bottom. For "Mayor W. H. Robbins," 
 read: Major Irvin Robbins. 
 
 Page 431, line 30. Copeland's first initial is M. 
 
 Page 432, line 4 under heading. For "Wibble," read: Wible. 
 
 Page 436, line 13. A. A. Stearns, though elected H. G. C., 
 was not present at the Richmond Convention, 1882. 
 
 Page 436, lines 23 and 37. For "Arcadia" read: Acadia. 
 
 Page 442, line 19- The charter members of Kansas Alpha were 
 initiated by Higbee and Van Pelt, November 24, 1882. The initia- 
 tion took place at the home of the parents of Schall, iioi Delaware 
 
900 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Street, Lawrence. There was no banquet. Meetings were held in 
 the rooms of members until January, 1883, when a hall was secured. 
 It was a room 16x16 feet, on the second floor, at 700 Massachu- 
 setts Street. The chapter remained si^/? rosa until March, 1883. 
 Until then the students generally suspected that a new frater- 
 nity existed there but did not know the name of a single member of 
 ^ A ©. "The Quarter-Centennial History of the University of 
 Kansas" says that the members of Kansas Alpha first publicly wore 
 $ A @ badges, March 20, 1883. Since noticing this statement I 
 have not had access to my historical records to verify the date of 
 March 16. 
 
 Page 443, line 20. For Heckway," read: Heckman. 
 
 Page 444, line 10. For trustees," read: faculty. The house 
 built by the Sewanee chapter of $ A ©, 1884, was the first house 
 built, and the first house owned by any southern chapter of any 
 college fraternit}^ but it was not the first house occupied by any 
 chapter in the South, as the chapter of K ^ at the University of 
 Virginia occupied a rented house, 1870-71. See the Caduceus of 
 K S, April, 1905, and The Scroll, June, 1905. 
 
 Page 452, line 2. For 'Moneypenny," read: Monypeny. 
 
 Page 456, line 14. For "Shields," read: Shiels. 
 
 Page 456, line 17, for "Wallace," read: Walker. 
 
 Page 461, line 38, read: a prominence which <5 A © held con- 
 tinuously from 1883 to 1904. Before the close of the latter year 
 K '% had seventy-one active chapters, a larger number than any 
 other fraternity had, two more than $ A © had. 
 
 Page 473, line 16. George Bryan should not have been included 
 among ' other members present" at the Nashville Convention, 1884, 
 as he was the delegate from the Richmond alumni chapter. 
 
 Page 480, line 17. For 'second," read: third. The second 
 State Convention in Texas was held 1882; see page 431. 
 
 Page 486, line 6 from bottom. The second place among frater- 
 nities in the Blue and Gold was given to <E> A ®, 1902, but not after 
 that year. 
 
 Page 488, last line, and page 492, line 19. For "1896," read: 
 1886. 
 
 Page 490, line 9 from bottom. For "President," read: Grand 
 Archon. 
 
 Page 492, line 3. Only three alumni of K 2 K have been initia- 
 ted into^A©— R. O. Johnson, V. M. I., '76; W. L. Gravatt, 
 V. P. I., '80; H. L. Watson, V. P. I., '84. Gravatt attended the 
 Virginia Protestant Episcopal Seminary, 1879-84, and was assist- 
 ant rector of Saint Paul's Episcopal Church, Richmond, 1886. He 
 was Grand Archon of K ^ K, 1886, and in that year was initiated 
 by the Richmond chapter of <E> A ©. Watson was initiated by the 
 same chapter, 1887. Johnson was initiated by the O A © Conven- 
 tion, 1894; see page 611. The Convention of 1904 provided for 
 the initiation of other alumni of K 2 K. 
 
CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 901 
 
 Page 498, line 7 from bottom; page 502, line 29; page 537, line 
 9; page 606, line 9. Fesler is an initiate of Indiana Delta. 
 
 Page 499, line 20. R. L. Powers should not have been included 
 in the list of delegates from alumni chapters" at the New York 
 Convention, 1886, as he was the delegate of Virginia Gamma. 
 
 Page 499, line 45. J. E. Brown and S. P. Gilbert, though elected 
 S. G. C. and T. G. C. respectively, were not present at the New 
 York Convention, 1886. 
 
 Page 503, line 6. For "B n," read: ^ K ^. 
 
 Page 505, line 6. The installation of Illinois Alpha, Januar}^ 20, 
 1887, when the chapter was re-established, occurred in the law office 
 of A. S. J. Magruder, corner of Washington and Dearborn Streets, 
 Chicago. 
 
 Page 505, legend under portrait. For ' Carroll Philips Bassett," 
 read: Carrol Phillips Bassett. 
 
 Page 506, footnote, line 3. Shurtleff's middle initial is K. 
 
 Page 507, line 24. Under authority granted by the General 
 Council, June 22, 1904, New York Epsilon initiated, January 13, 
 1905, C. F. Taylor, '84, of Syracuse, N. Y., who had been a mem- 
 ber of 2 ^. 
 
 Page 508, line 18. Compton's middle initial is N. 
 
 Page 512, line 34. For 'Schroch, " read: Schoch. 
 
 Page 512, line 37. For "northeast," read: northwest. 
 
 Page 514, line 7 from bottom. For 'Z ^, " read: Z ^. 
 
 Page 526, line 28. The statement here about the month in 1889 
 when the Lehigh chapter rented a house is inconsistent with the 
 statement on page 509, line 13. A chapter letter in The Scroll, 
 October, 1889, mentions our new chapter house." 
 
 Page 529, line 3. For "G. W. Knott," read: G. W. Nott, Jr. 
 
 Page 539, legend under portrait of Hon. J. W. Foster. A bio- 
 graphical sketch of him was published also in The Scroll, October, 
 1903. 
 
 Page 542, line 23. ^ A @ was the first fraternity to adopt a day 
 for general observance throughout the fraternity. 
 
 Page 546, line 34. For "Pifer," read: Fifer. 
 
 Page 547, line 4 under heading. For "W. A. Bratton," read: 
 W. A. G. Bratton. 
 
 Page 549, line 11. Slaughter's middle initial is C. 
 
 Page 552, line 10. P'or "G. T. Peck, '59," read: E. T. Peck, 
 '61; change class also on page 558, line 11. 
 
 Page 556, line 5. Ringland's middle initial is W. 
 
 Page 573, line 4. For "LaCrone," read: LeCrone. 
 
 Page 576, line 13 from bottom. W. E. Griswold is a member 
 of Illinois Zeta, not Indiana Delta. 
 
 Page 578, line i. Ware's middle initial is B. 
 
 Page 578, line i. For "Tyng, " read: Th3''ng. 
 
 Page 578, line 5 from bottom. For "Headon," read: Headen. 
 
 Page 582, line 13 from bottom. At the time. Marble was in 
 M. I. T. , HoUington in Boston University, Henry in Tufts. 
 
902 THE HISTORY OF PHI ITELTA THETA. 
 
 Page 594, line 9. See account of the initiation of Grover Cleve- 
 land, quoted from the ^ X catalogue, 1902, in a review of the cat- 
 alogue, 7 he Scroll, June, 1905. 
 
 Page 605, line 7 from bottom. Richie's middle initial is S. 
 
 Page 605, line 29. Martin's class is '96. 
 
 Page 606, line 20. For "T. R. Shipp," read: T. R. H. Shipp. 
 
 Page 618. Roehm & Son began making watch-fobs similar to 
 the monogram, September, 1902. The monogram pin was de- 
 stroyed by fire, December 26, 1903. 
 
 Page (iTyd, line 3. For "R. F. Byers,'97," read: R. T. Byers,'98. 
 
 Page 636, line 17. Ralph McCarty should be omitted here, as 
 his name appears on page 638, line 11. He was initiated by Mis- 
 souri Gamma and attended Cornell but never affiliated with New 
 York Alpha. 
 
 Page 638, line 4. Re3molds' middle initial is W. 
 
 Page 643, line 5 from bottom, read: also that fraternities should 
 not initiate students of the first year." 
 
 Page 644, line 25. For "H. W. Smythe," read: W. S. Smyth. 
 
 Page 645, legand under portrait of McCluney Radcliffe, add: See 
 biographical sketch in The Scroll, February, 1897. 
 
 Page 652, line 33. Coultrap's middle initial is S. 
 
 Page 657, last line; page 722, line 9; page 763, line 7. Georgia 
 Alpha rented the Steedby house, corner of Hancock Avenue and 
 Hall Street, fall of 1897; remained there two years; rented the 
 Cobb house, on Prince Avenue, fall of 1899; I'emained there one 
 year; returned to the Steedby house, fall of 1900; remained there 
 one year; moved to the Howell Cobb house, 717 Hill Street, fall 
 of 1901, which it still occupies. 
 
 Page 665, line i. For ' Culverius," read: Cluverius. Make 
 same correction in Tulane list, page 683. 
 
 Page 667, footnote, add: Also see The Scroll, June, 1904. 
 
 Page 668, line 2 from bottom. For "D. B. Whedon," read: 
 B. A. Whedon. Make same correction in Nebraska list, page 679. 
 
 Page 669, legend under portrait of Edwin Emerson, Jr., add: Also 
 mentioned in The Scroll, April, 1905. 
 
 Page 675, legend under portrait of R. H. Little, add: Also men- 
 tioned in The Scroll, April, 1905. 
 
 Page 677, Franklin list. For "Edward Middleton," read: E. L. 
 Middleton. 
 
 Page 677, Ohio list. Welch's class is '92. 
 
 Page 678, Georgia list. For "G. L. Johnson," read: G. L. L. 
 Johnson, '00. 
 
 Page 679, Richmond list. Warriner is a member of the Ran- 
 dolph-Macon chapter. 
 
 Page 680, Mississippi list. Cassidy's class is '87. 
 
 Page 680, Alabama list. Bo3'^d's class is '98. 
 
 Page 681, Auburn list. Elmore's class is '95. 
 
 Page 682, O. S. U. list. Kah's class is '96. 
 
 Page 682, Pennsylvania list. Anderson's class is '91. 
 
CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 903 
 
 Page 683, Tulane list. Jones' class is '93. 
 
 Page 683, Purdue list. For "Frank Henley," read: F. H. Henley. 
 
 Page 684, civilian clerks. For "Brooke Armat," read: S. B. 
 Armat, '95. 
 
 Page 686, line 16. For ]|B. L. Mull, '92," read: B. F. Mull, '95. 
 
 Page 687, line 14. For "Howard Schell," read: H. F. Schell. 
 
 Page 692, line 14. For "capital," read: capitol. 
 
 Page 696, footnote, line 5 from bottom. For "white, hot," read: 
 white-hot. 
 
 Page 710, line 8. Schell's class is '02. 
 
 Page 710, footnote, add: The semi-centennial convention of 
 S X, held at Cincinnati, June 27-30, 1905, made a pilgrimage to 
 Oxford, June 28, and unveiled in the chapel of Miami University a 
 bronze tablet commemorating the founding of that fraternit}^, 1855. 
 
 Page 713, legand under portrait of F. J. R. Mitchell, add: P. G. 
 C, 1904-06. See biographical sketch in The Scroll, April, 1905. 
 
 Page 717, line 21. Pugh's class is '73. 
 
 Page 719, line 7. Bartholemew's middle initial is B. 
 
 Page 723, last line. For "was," read: were. 
 
 Page 725, line 3, read: C. E. Morford, O. D. Rohlfs and S. M. 
 Treen, having been pledged, etc. Page 726, line 19, add: C. E. 
 Morford, '02. Page 726, line 26, read: All the charter members 
 save F. J. Ceis and C. E. Morford were initiated at that time. 
 Page 726, line 'i,2i-> 3^dd: C. E. Morford, one of the charter mem- 
 bers, being absent at the time of the installation, and later going 
 to the Philippines, was not initiated until October 21, 1904. 
 
 Page 732, line 3. P'or "j. P. Smith", read: I. P Smith. 
 
 Page 732, line 9. For "H. H. Kellar," read: H. H. Keller. 
 
 Page 734. Omit the three following names from, the list of other 
 members present" at the Louisville Convention, 1900: T. E. Graff, 
 line 6, as he was the delegate of the Pittsburg alumni club; D. W. 
 Peabody, line 12, as he was the delegate of Alabama Beta; H. R. 
 Wilson, line 24, as he was the delegate of Indiana Theta. On 
 account of these duplicates, reduce the total attendance, line 4 from 
 bottom, from 272 to 269. 
 
 Page 743, line 5. Shelley's middle initial is L. 
 
 Page 744, line 35. Scott's middle initial is W. 
 
 Page 747, line 16. Green's middle initial is H. 
 
 Page 748, line 22. For "j. P. Gardner and W. G. Gardner," 
 read: J. P. Gardiner and W. G. Gardiner, Jr. Correct the spell- 
 ing of the latter's name also on page 817, line 33: page 856, line 
 23, and page 859, line 55. 
 
 Page 758, line 13. For "G. L. Keller," read: L. G. Keller. 
 
 Page 758, line 2 from bottom. For "Talbot France, " read: T. H. 
 France. 
 
 Page 759, line 28. For "G. A. Gerth," read: A. G. Gerth. 
 
 Page 763, line 10 from bottom, read: DePauw, September, 1902, 
 moved to a house at 5 East Poplar Street. 
 
904 THE HISTORY OF PHT DELTA THETA. 
 
 Page 768, line 30. For "Garlach," read: Carlock. 
 
 Page 770, line 13. For "Allen," read: Allan. 
 
 Page 772, footnote, add: On the evening of October 28, 1905, 
 S. L. Pierson, a candidate for initiation into A K E at Ken5^on, was 
 directed to go to an abutment of a railroad bridge, to await a com- 
 mittee, and, within an hour, his lifeless body was found on the 
 bridge, an engine having run over him. See The Sc?^olI, Decem- 
 ber, 1905. 
 
 Page 776, line 27 under heading. Morgan's middle initial is O. 
 
 Page 777, line 23. Tredwa3'-'s middle initial is T. 
 
 Page 777, line 24. Gucker is a member of Pennsylvania Zeta. 
 
 Page 777, line 29. For ''W. W. Ross, Michigan, '91," read: 
 M. W. Ross, Michigan, '01. 
 
 Page 780, line 2. To those present at the New York Conven- 
 tion, 1902, add: J. C. Martin, Jr., Randolph-Macon, '88. Page 
 781, line 3 from bottom, page 856, line 39, and page 880, line 19, 
 increase the total attendance at the Convention from 547 to 548. 
 
 Page 780, line 13. Lee's class is '91. 
 
 Page 781, line 10 from bottom. Glasgow's middle initial is E. 
 
 Page 782, line 9. Selby's middle initial is C. 
 
 Page 784, footnote, change to read: A total of $2,326.30 was 
 collected for the Morrison fund. Of this amount, $187. 78 was con- 
 tributed toward the erection of a tombstone over the grave of 
 Father Morrison, 1904. See Ward's final report to the Conven- 
 tion of 1904, Tht Palladiui7i, May, 1905. 
 
 Page 792, line 8. Number 10 of the Phi Delta Theta JVewSy 
 edited by J. H. R. Acker and B. H. Ludlow, and published b)^ the 
 Philadelphia alumni club, is dated November, 1905, and contains 
 four pages. The News is the onl}" local journal issued b}'' an}'- col- 
 lege fraternity. 
 
 Page 807, footnote. See second preceding paragraph as to change 
 in footnote on page 784. The tombstone over Robert Morrison's 
 grave was erected, August, 1904. The inscription, attributed to 
 D. P. Bartley on page 809, was written by H. H. Ward. 
 
 Page 813, line 37. Loizeaux's middle initial is H 
 
 Page 815, line 4 of legend under portrait of J. C. Black. The 
 woodcut of his badge appears on page 302. 
 
 Page 817, line 24. For "D. D. Pomerey," read: D. C. Pomeroy. 
 
 Page 817, last line. H. F. Neely should not have been included 
 in the list of ' delegates from alumni clubs" at the Indianapolis 
 Convention, 1904, as he was the delegate of Nebraska Alpha. Page 
 821, lines 7 and TyT^, W. G. Moore, O. S. U., '04, and Michigan, 
 '05, appears twice in the list of "other members present;" omit in 
 Michigan list. On account of these duplicates, reduce the total 
 attendance, page 821, line 50, from 502 to 500; and on page 859, 
 line 20, and page 880, last line, change 503 to 500. 
 
 Page 821, line 6. Starr's first initial is D. 
 
 Page 821, line 11. Keiper's middle initial is F. 
 
CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 
 
 905 
 
 Page 821, line 37. For ^"P. B. Phillips," read: P. B. Paul. 
 Page 821, line 49. For "j. A. Urquart," read: J. A. Urquhart. 
 Page 821. After line 8 from bottom, add to account of Indian- 
 apolis Convention, 1904: 
 
 Officers elected: General Council — President, F. J. R. Mitchell; Secretary, 
 S. K. Ruick; Reporter, J. H. DeWitt; Treasurer, J. B. Ballou; Historian, A. M* 
 McCrillis. Chapter House Commissioners — L. E. A. Drummond, Guido Gores. 
 Alumni Commissioners — A. B. Gilbert, A. W. Fairchild. Editor of the Catalogue, 
 T. J. Griffin, Jr. Editor of the History, W. B. Palmer. Fraternity Librarian, 
 J. E. Brown. 
 
 Convention officers: President, J. E. Brown, P. G. C, ex officio; Secretary, 
 F. J. R. Mitchell, S. G. C, ex officio; Assistant Secretaries, S. K. Ruick, R. M. 
 Allen: Chaplain, H. T. Miller; Wardens. W. G. Gardiner, Jr., C. W. Chase, J. S. 
 Bovd. 
 
 The Wisconsin Chapter House. 
 
 Erected, 1905, replacing the house illustrated on page 625, which had been sold, 1904. Described 
 (with floor plans) in The Scroll, December, 1905. 
 
 Page 832. Colb}^ entered a rented house at 67 College Avenue, 
 September, 1905. In the fall of 1905, the house of the Williams 
 chapter, illustrated on page 761, was moved back on the deep lot, 
 and the foundation was laid of a new house on plans drawn b}'' 
 Frederick Squires, Massachusetts Alpha, '00, shown in The Scroll, 
 April, 1905. Syracuse purchased a lot for a house, 1905. K. S. C. 
 moved to a house at 618 South Limestone Street, September, 1905. 
 Pennsylvania State laid the foundation for a house on the campus, 
 November, 1905. Emory purchased a frame house on George Street, 
 one square from the campus, August, 1905, possession to be given 
 September, 1906. Ohio moved to a house at 12 North College 
 
9o6 THE HISTORY OF PHflBELTA THETA. 
 
 Street, September, 1905. O. S. U. moved to a house at 1463 
 North High Street, September, 1905. Franklin entered a rented 
 house, September, 1905, still occupying halls. Purdue moved, 
 September, 1905, to two houses, one at 129 Sheetz Street. The 
 new house of Wisconsin Alpha, mentioned on page 832, was com- 
 pleted, November, 1905. Southwestern moved, September, 1905, 
 into a larger house than it had previousl}^ occupied. Colorado 
 moved into a larger house, September, 1905, 
 
 Page 830, next to last line. Arthur Beck forwarded the appli- 
 cation. 
 
 Page 831. A meeting of the General Council was held at Provi- 
 dence, R. I., September 3-4, 1905. S. K. Ruick was chosen Fra- 
 ternity Librarian, vice J. E. Brown, resigned. E. C. Henderson 
 was chosen chapterhouse commissioner, vice A. B. Gilbert, resigned. 
 The topic, What the chapters owe to their alumni" was chosen 
 for alumni day, 1906. November 10, 1905, the General Council 
 appointed E. E. Witt as President of Theta province, vice William 
 Steen, resigned. • 
 
 Page 835, line 8. For "E. T. Sensensy," read: E. T. Sensensey. 
 
 Page 838, line 15 under ' The Roll of Chapters." Kentucky 
 Military Institute is not a state institution but a non-sectarian insti- 
 tution. 
 
 Page 841, chapter 68. For "Pennsylvania Beta," read: Penn- 
 sylvania Zeta. 
 
 Page 860. For "Potter, G. S.,'71, Ind. B,"read: Potter, G. S., 
 ^Z%, N. Y. r. The names from M. J. Morgan to J. C. Norris are 
 misplaced alphabeticall3^ 
 
 Pages 864-865. To prominent members, add: Justice of Geor- 
 gia Supreme Court, M. W^. Beck, Mississippi, '82. President, Uni- 
 versity of Texas, D. F. Houston, South Carolina, '87. Dean, Col- 
 lege of Mining, University of California, S. B. Christy, California, 
 '74. Dean, College of Liberal Arts, University of Washington, 
 A. R. Priest, DePauw, '91. 
 
 Page 872, add: First convex badges made, 1877. 
 
 Page 883. To miscellaneous books mentioning ^ A ©, add: 18. 
 University of Pennsylvania: Its History, Influence, Equipment and 
 Characteristics. Joshua L. Chamberlain, LL. D., editor. Boston: 
 R. Herndon Company. 1902. Half morocco; Volume i, pp. 
 491; Volume II, pp. 648, 9x12. Volume i contains a chapter (pp. 
 225-227) on "Fraternities, Dramatic Clubs and Musical Associa- 
 tions," illustrated with half-tones of three fraternity houses, includ- 
 ing the house of Pennsylvania Zeta. 
 
 Page 890. To magazine articles relating to fraternities, add: 
 'Good and Evil of College Fraternities," by W. A. Curtis, <5 A 0, 
 The Independent, October 5, 1905; reprinted in The Scroll, Decem- 
 ber, 1905. 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 907 
 
 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 Academic societies, 627, 837. 
 
 Additions and Corrections, 896. 
 
 Affiliation, see Membership. 
 
 Alumni clubs (called chapters until 
 1898), 339, 380, 386, 388, 420, 473, 
 504, 524, 548, 549, 555, 565, 640, 700, 
 735, 751, 769, 783, 791, 829, 830, 831, 
 845, 862, 871, 873, 878, 880, 881, 894, 
 895; roll of, 845; chapter at Indian- 
 apolis, 187 1, 311; such chapters op- 
 posed by convention of 1872, 313; 
 approved b}^ convention of 1874, 333; 
 first chartered, Franklin, Ind., 1876, 
 380, 872; constitution and amend- 
 ments, 831, 420, 504, 700; meetings 
 for luncheon, 751, 791; club house of 
 New York club, 829, 830, 831, 881; 
 N'e'ws of Philadelphia club, 791, 880, 
 904; see Publications, citv directories, 
 and Index of alumni clubs. 
 
 Alumni commissioners, see Board of 
 Trustees. 
 
 Alumni day, 524, 542, 548, 549, 555, 
 559, 561, 565, 574, 583, 590, 596, 612, 
 620, 649. 660, 704, 714, 742, 743, 751, 
 752, 790, 794, 829, 876, 877, 901; 
 topics, 862, 906. 
 
 Alumni order, 68, 76, 79, 85, 108, 115, 
 167, 188, 228. 229, 230, 231, 241, 242, 
 536, 866, 867. 
 
 Alumnus button, see Insignia. 
 
 Amendments, see Constitutions. 
 
 "American College Fraternities," xxvii, 
 409, 461, 465, 561, 659, 728, 834, 838, 
 873, 884, 885, 886, 888. 
 
 Annals, 1848-1851, 159; 1852-1856, 184; 
 1 858- 1 860, 209; 1 860- 1 864, 221; 1864- 
 1868,269; 1869-1870,288; 1870-1871, 
 291; 1871-1872, 304; 1872-1873, 317, 
 1873-1874, 322; 1874-1875, 338; 1875- 
 1876, 345; 1876-1878, 370; 1878-1880, 
 391; 1880-1882, 422: 1882-1884, 441; 
 1884-1886; 478, 1886-1889, 504; 1889- 
 1891, 547; 1891-1894, 572; 1894-1896, 
 611; 1 896- 1 898, 643; 1 898- 1 900, 703; 
 1900-1902, 741; 1902-1904, 790; 1904- 
 1905, 827. 
 
 Annual membership reports of chapters, 
 see Membership; circular letters, see 
 Publications. 
 
 Annuals, see College annuals. 
 
 Anti-fraternily laws, see Opposition. 
 
 Appeals from chapters, 698, 717. 
 
 Applications for charters, phraseology 
 of, see Charters. 
 
 Archives, XXI, xxii, xxiv, xxvi, 320, 
 322, 331, 343, 382, 544, 565, 606, 638, 
 854; see Old fraternity records. 
 
 Articles of Union, see Constitutions. 
 
 Association, synonymous with frater- 
 nity, see Societ}^ 
 
 Autographs — A. A. Barnett, 123; J. K. 
 Boude, 119; R. T. Drake, 77,107; R. 
 G. Elliott, 121, 125, 139; S.S. Elliott, 
 121; J. W. Foster, 129; Benjamin 
 Harrison, 166, 171, 535; E. C. John- 
 ston, 139; J. W. Lindley, 82, 83; 
 Robert Morrison, 59, 67, 69, 102, 174; 
 W. B. Palmer, xxiii; A. W. Rodgers, 
 86; A. W. Rogers, 91, 93, 123; 
 A. E. Stevenson, 581; W. F. Vilas, 
 511; M. G. Williams, 239; H. D. 
 Wilson, 141; J. McM. Wilson, 141. 
 
 Badge, see Insignia. 
 
 Banners, see Insignia. 
 
 Banquets of chapters, see Social func- 
 tions. 
 
 Bibliography, 773,812, 881, 906. 
 
 Bicameral chapters at Miami, 178, 867; 
 see Ohio Beta, Miami, in Index of 
 chapters. 
 
 Bicameral chapters at Centre, 181, 867; 
 see Kentucky Gamma, Centre, in In- 
 dex of chapters. 
 
 Birthplace of <i> A O, see Miami. 
 
 Bond of the $ A O, 68, 99, 100, 102, 
 127, 143, 144, 146, 149, 647, 648, 704; 
 Morrison and Wilson joint authors of, 
 100; adopted, 103,143,866; order of 
 signatures of founders, 99, 103; par- 
 allel between organic laws of 4> A O 
 and those of the United States, 391; 
 box of Ohio Alpha rifled of Bond, 
 etc., 100, 103, 107, 155, 243, 832, 
 867, 897; first signatures "In the 
 Bond," 239, 240, 866; oldest copies 
 extant, 100, 103, 832; certified copies 
 issued to chapters, 833, 881. 
 
 Board of Trustees, 422, 687, 698, 703, 
 717, 741, 782, 790, 827, 851, 855, 856, 
 873, 878, 880; alumni commissioners, 
 782, 790, 827, 857, 880; chapterhouse 
 commissioners, 782, 790, 827, 857, 
 880, 906. 
 
 Brothers, not "brethren," 566. 
 
 Buttons, see Insignia. 
 
 By-laws of chapters, 103, 127, 135, 149, 
 196, 277, 285, 312, 324, 328, 700, 866. 
 
 Camps of chapters, see Summer camps. 
 
 Cairn, see Mammoth Cave. 
 
 Carnation, see Insignia. 
 
 Catalogue, see Publications. 
 
 Certificate of membership and affiliation, 
 see Membership. 
 
 Chapters, see Index of chapters; roll of, 
 838; active at certain periods, see 
 
90< 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 chapters represented and not repre- 
 sented at National Conventions; sus- 
 pended, 198, 273, 279, 280, 298, 316, 
 
 343, 385, 414, 415, 436, 471, 479, 
 482, 503, 509, 699; nomenclature, see 
 Nomenclature; "prime" chapters, 602, 
 603, 604. 843; lists assigned to active 
 chapters, 641, 699; branch chapters, 
 347, 565, 587, 699; probationary chap- 
 ter, 565, 586, 587; see Parent chapter 
 and Sub rosa chapters. 
 
 Chapter Grand, 72, 134, 560, 594, 811, 
 875, 876. 
 
 Chapter halls, 105, 130, 136, 191, 277, 
 279, 284, 285, 289, 291, 292, 294, 305, 
 306, 307, 310, 318, 324, 326, 327, 328, 
 329, 341, 346, 347, 348, 350, 351, 372, 
 375, 378, 395, 396, 397, 399, 400, 401, 
 403, 405, 425, 426, 430, 431, 442, 444, 
 447, 452, 453, 454, 455, 458, 460, 479, 
 481, 482, 484, 486, 487, 505, 506, 510, 
 511, 512, 529, 554, 558, 574, 578, 571, 
 589, 624, 657, 744, 758, 761, 764, 900. 
 
 Chapter house commission, see Board of 
 Trustees. 
 
 Chapter houses, XX, 169, 229,325, 409, 
 
 444, 524, 525, 526, 545, 556, 559, 567, 
 576, 588, 591, 597, 620, 630, 641, 657, 
 662, 663, 688, 722, 724, 728, 729, 736, 
 
 762, 764, 772, 773, 812, 834, 862, 894, 
 895; first house rented, 324, 325, 524, 
 871; first house owned, 444, 445, 526, 
 874; name of Fraternity or chapter 
 not to be used b}' chapter house cor- 
 poration, 736; Miami, 169, 229, 545, 
 546, 556, 567, 722, 812, 829, 831, 881; 
 Indiana, 723, 804, 812, 832; Central, 
 763; Wabash, 801, 804, 813; Wiscon- 
 sin, 556, 620, 625, 812, 832, 905, 906; 
 Northwestern, 620, 656, 723, 763, 804, 
 812; Indianapolis, 402, 526, 658, 723, 
 763; O. W. U., 723, 801, 804, 812; 
 Franklin, 906; Michigan, 526, 556, 802, 
 804, 812, 813; Chicago, 647, 658, 763, 
 804, 812; DePauw, 723, 763, 812, 
 903; Ohio, 804, 905; Missouri, 723, 
 803, 804, 812, 837; Knox, 557, 723, 
 
 763, 812; Georgia, 657, 722, 763, 
 812, 902; Emory, 722, 763, 905; 
 Iowa Wesleyan, 763, 812; Mercer, 
 722; Wooster, 357, 525; Cornell, 352, 
 485, 526, 555, 556, 620, 623, 661, 764; 
 California, 324, 325, 486, 524, 526, 
 621, 658, 722, 723, 764, 812, 898; 
 Randolph-Macon, 804; Nebraska, 658, 
 712, 804, 812; Gettysburg, 657, 688, 
 712, 720, 721; W. & J., 722, 812; 
 Vanderbilt, 527, 591, 812; Lehigh, 
 509, 526, 591, 657, 661, 722, 812, 901; 
 Lombard, 620, 658, 763, 804, 812; 
 
 Auburn, 812, 832; Allegheny, 657, 
 799, 8oo; Vermont, 620, 661, 722, 
 799, 8oo, 812; Dickinson, 657, 688, 
 721; Westminster, 764, 804, 812, 832; 
 Minnesota, 526, 574, 591, 723, 804, 
 812; Iowa, 723, 763, 812, 813; Kan- 
 sas, 784, 804, 812; Hillsdale, 658; 
 Sewanee, 444, 526, 591, 812, 832, 
 874; O. S. U., 620, 657, 812, 906; 
 Texas, 722, 763, 765; Pennsylvania, 
 
 513, 556, 591, 657, 688, 718, 719, 721, 
 812, 890; Union, 657, 722, 812; Col- 
 by, 906; Columbia, 657, 722, 762, 
 812; Dartmouth, 762, 763, 773, 812; 
 North Carolina, 804, 812; Williams, 
 528, 661, 761, 702, 836, 905; South- 
 western, 804, 906; Syracuse, 556, 591, 
 
 657, 661, 812, 905; Amherst, 518, 
 526,527, 620, 621, 661; Brown, 762; 
 Washington, 764, 812; Stanford, 558, 
 591,621, 658, 723, 724, 812; Purdue, 
 
 658, 723, 763, 812, 832, 906; Illinois, 
 723, 803, 804, 812, 836; Case, 626, 
 658, 713, 802, 804, 812; Washington 
 State, 725, 812; K. S. C, 744, 746, 
 763, 812, 905; McGill, 757, 762, 799, 
 812; Colorado, 759, 764, 804, 812, 
 9o5; Pennsylvania State, 798, 799, 
 804, 905. 
 
 Chapter nomenclature, see Nomencla- 
 ture. 
 
 Chapter papers, see Publications. 
 
 Chapter roll books, 194, 567, 6o8, 699, 
 700,717,879. 
 
 Charters, conditions for granting, 144, 
 168, 169, 172, 173, 386, 390, 418, 419, 
 565, 699; applications for, phraseol- 
 ogy, 120, 126, 138, 144, 866. 
 
 Charters, phraseology, 122, 144, 866; 
 designs, 122, 126, 301, 332,343, 345, 
 354, 355, 432, 515, 516, 703, 810, 876. 
 
 Cheer, 545, 555, 556, 566, 568, 570, 
 775, 793, 877. 
 
 Chronology of the Fraternity, 856. 
 
 Cipher, see unwritten work. 
 
 Circular letters of chapters and city 
 directories of Phis, see Publications. 
 
 Civil war, see War. 
 
 Class societies, 11, 16, 639, 747. 
 
 Clubs, see Society, Alumni clubs and 
 Index of alumni clubs. 
 
 Club house of New York alumni club, 
 ^ 829, 830, 831,836. 
 
 Coat-of-arms, see Insignia. 
 
 Coeducation, 286. 
 
 College annuals, 277, 310, 318, 325, 
 328, 353, 354, 355, 455, 485, 485, 506, 
 
 514, 515, 516, 531, 551, 572, 574, 578, 
 587, 589, 596, 616, 624, 631, 65i, 662, 
 720, 750, 811, 859; first, 541; designs 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 909 
 
 for, 515, 516, 551, 553, 554, 555, 589, 
 616,630, 631, 659, 900. 
 College Fraternity, magazine, 583. 
 College politics, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 
 47, 48, 50, 136, 312, 344, 474, 488, 712. 
 Colleges, see Institutions. 
 College, synonymous with chapter until 
 1871, 143, 144, 145, 148, 150, 301; 
 used later, 340. 
 Colors, see Insignia. 
 Commissioners, see Board of Trustees. 
 Consanguinity of members, 351, 472, 
 604, 769, 771, 773. 871. 879, 894, 895- 
 Constitutions — 
 
 Articles of Union, xxvi, 143, 149, 
 193, 300, 343, 391, 493, 728, 866. 
 Constitutions of chapters — Ohio Al- 
 pha, XXVI, 99, 102, 103, 147, 191, 
 196, 197, 290, 293, 300, 728, 866; 
 Indiana Alpha, 128, 148, 191, 197, 
 285, 290, 300; Kentucky Alpha, 
 135, 148, 277, 300; Indiana Beta, 
 142, 148, 197, 300; Indiana Gamma, 
 300; Indiana Delta, 300; Indiana 
 Epsilon, 197, 300; Michigan Alpha, 
 277, 300; Illinois Beta, 300; Indi- 
 ana Zeta, 300; Ohio Gamma, 300; 
 Indiana Eta, 300; Virginia Alpha, 
 300; Georgia Alpha, 300. 
 Constitution of 1856, xxvi, 194, 204, 
 235' 277, 300, 728, 867; of 1871, 
 XXIV, XXVI, 290, 295, 299, 300, 304, 
 343, 370, 390, 493, 728, 870, 898; 
 of 1878, XXVI, 137, 386, 389, 493, 
 
 503, 504, 729, 872; of 1880, xxr, 
 142, 189, 413, 415, 418, 419, 432, 
 474, 493, 502, 504, 873; of 1886, 
 189, 438, 500, 503, 510, 515, 827, 
 875; of 1898, 382, 587, 608, 698, 
 717, 844, 854, 878. 
 
 Amendments to Constitution in 1873, 
 319, 370; in 1874, 336, 331, 332, 
 370, 871; in 1875, 342, 344, 345, 
 360, 370; . in 1S76, 368, 370; in 
 1884, 474, 493, 875; in 1889, 189, 
 541, 542, 559, 876; in 1891, 565, 
 587; in 1896, 638, 662; in 1900, 
 729, 736, 757, 879; in 1902, 782, 
 880; in 1904, 821, 881. 
 
 Constitution of alumni order, 168; of 
 alumni chapters and clubs, 381, 420, 
 
 504, 700. 
 
 Conventions and general officers, 846, 
 858; see National, Province and State 
 conventions. 
 
 Correspondence during the early years, 
 136, 225, 312, 339; see Old frater- 
 nity records. 
 
 Court decisions regarding fraternities, 
 see Judicial decisions. 
 
 Cuff buttons, see Insignia. 
 
 "Cyclopcedia of Fraternities," 729. 
 
 Deaths resulting from initiations, see 
 Fraternities. 
 
 Decisions, see Judicial decisions regard- 
 ing fraternities. 
 
 Directories of Phis, see Publications. 
 
 Dual membership, see Fraternities. 
 
 Dues, see Finances. 
 
 Early members, class standing and ca- 
 reers in life, XX, 109, 114, 228, 695. 
 
 Eligibihty, see Membership. 
 
 Emblems, see Insignia. 
 
 Examinations on fraternity topics, 592, 
 700. 
 
 Executive Committee, 1868-1880, 219, 
 281, 282, 283, 288, 291, 304, 313, 317, 
 319,320,338, 339,357,368, 369, 370, 
 376, 377, 384, 386, 390, 391, 392, 402, 
 418, 466, 847, 848, 849, 850, 869, 873; 
 Grand Banker, 319, 320, 338, 339, 
 
 368, 389, 390; see General Council. 
 Expenses, see Finances. 
 
 Extension of the Fraternity, xviir, xix, 
 159, 161, 162, 166, 167, 194, 198,208, 
 227, 278, 285, 288, 291, 294, 309, 311, 
 313, 323, 339, 367, 392, 399, 400, 410, 
 412, 414, 436, 461, 473, 483, 499, 688, 
 737, 839, 862, 869. 
 
 Eye, see Insignia. 
 
 Faculty opposition, see Opposition and 
 Sub rosa chapters; regulations regard- 
 ing time for rushing and initiation, see 
 Spiking. 
 
 Fathers and sons, see Consanguinity. 
 
 Fields, meetings in, see Woods. 
 
 Finances — first receipts and disburse- 
 ments of Ohio Alpha, 103, 106, 107, 
 897; assessments in Kentucky Alpha, 
 136, 137; fraternity dues, 6'39, 736, 
 822; extension fund, 473, 503; per- 
 manent fund, 313, 319, 320, 333, 344, 
 
 369, 389, 407, 412, 413, 870, 873; 
 catalogue fund, 216, 290, 414, 544, 
 601, 736; convention fund. 281, 282, 
 295, 313, 317, 319, 320, 333, 418, 503, 
 639, 659, 870, 871; province conven- 
 tion funds, 520, 712, 736, 757, 807, 
 879; magazine fund, 362, 369, 389, 
 639,. 872; history fund, 736; book 
 fund, 639; general fund, 503, 542, 
 639; commission on badges, 415, 438; 
 ten year subscriptions to The Scroll, 
 438, 459, 474, 500, 567; salary of The 
 ^^rc// editor, 542; salary of T. G. C, 
 608; Morrison memorial fund, 784, 
 807, 880, 904. 
 
 Fire, damage to Wisconsin chapter house, 
 556; Iowa rooms, 556; Buchtel hall, 
 510; Dartmouth hall, 511; California 
 
QIO 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 chapter house, 723; The Scroll, 532, 
 
 593- 
 First events and customs in $ A — 
 meeting, 1848, loi, 104, 866; pledge 
 of secrecy, 1849, 137, 145; initiation, 
 1849, 104, 162,239,866; receipts and 
 disbursements, 1849, 103, 106, 107; 
 badge, 1849, 99, 100, 150, 155, 156, 
 216, 226, 242, 243, 866; application 
 for charter, 1849, 120, 121, 138; char- 
 ter, 1849, 122, 123, 866; chapter mem- 
 bership report, 1849, 129, 138, 866; 
 signature "In the Bond," 1850, 239, 
 240, 866; affiliation, 1850, 133, 140, 
 141, 142; expulsion, 1851, no; mem- 
 ber died, 1851, 134, 866; convention, 
 1851, 165, 866; publications, 1853, 
 176, 177, 232, 867; catalogue, i860, 
 213, 867; badge with sword, 1866, 
 159, 301, 302, 815, 868; coat-of-arms, 
 1866, 274, 275, 303, 868; seal, 1866, 
 304, song, 1866, 274, 275, 335, 868; 
 college annual in which #> A O was rep- 
 resented, Michigan Palladium, 1866, 
 277; convention proceedings printed, 
 
 1873, 194, 870; son of a Phi initiated, 
 
 1874, 351, 871; instrumental music, 
 
 1874, 365, 366, 871; chapter house 
 rented, 1874, 324, 325, 524, 871; song 
 book, preliminary edition, 1874, 335, 
 338, 871; The S'croll, 1875, 357, 360, 
 871; badges enameled and jeweled, 
 
 1875, 356, 871; song book, 1876, 
 363, 871; alumni chapter, 1876, 380, 
 845, 872; convex badges, 1877, 408, 
 906; first convention photographed, 
 1878, 387, 872; certificate of mem- 
 bership, 1878, 379, 380, 747, 749, 
 833; book mentioning $ A O, 1878, 
 306, 872; province convention, 1881, 
 438, 874; pennant, 1882, 440, 874; 
 illustration in The Scroll, 1883, 463, 
 56 c, 874; chapter house owned, 1884, 
 444^ 445? 526, 874, 900; manual, 
 1886, 492, 875; chapter circular let- 
 ters, 1887, 510, 876; bulletin issued 
 by applicants for charter, 1889, 528, 
 876; flag, 1889, 544, 568, 639, 876; 
 The Palladium, 1894, 628, 629, 630, 
 877; grandson and son of Phis initia- 
 ted, 1900, 769, 771, 879; circular let- 
 ters bound, 1905, 828,881; History, 
 1905, 881; see First fraternities to 
 adopt certain customs. 
 
 First fraternities to adopt certain cus- 
 toms — 
 By <i> A 9 — chapters entitled by names 
 of States preceding Greek letters, 
 1848, 144, 147, 149; trans-Missis- 
 sippi chapter, 1853, 185, 660; state 
 
 convention, 1865, 269, 270, 271, 
 272, 689, 868; convention transpor- 
 tation fund 1873, 281, 282, 295, 
 313, 317* 319, 320, 418, 503, 639, 
 659, 870, 871; alumni day, 1889, 
 524, 542, 565, 574, 660, 876, 877, 
 901; pledge button, 1892, 566, 569, 
 608, 609, 640, 660, 736, 783, 877, 
 879; whistle, 1894, 609, 877; alum- 
 nus button, 1898, 698, 699, 711, 
 736, 878, 879; alumni club in a 
 university, 1900, 715; alumni com- 
 mission and chapter house commis- 
 sion, 1902, 782, 790, 827, 857, 880. 
 By other fraternities — catalogue, S ^, 
 
 1834, 659; pioneer in West, AA4>, 
 
 1835, 33j 660; convention, A A $, 
 
 1836, 659; prefix to signature, 
 B n, 1842, 239, 660; fraternity 
 house, X S^, 1846, 524; pioneer in 
 South, A K E, 1847, 660; song- 
 book, Sk T, 1849, 659; journal, 
 A T, 1868, 363, 659; flag, A X, 
 1869, 544, 660; pioneer in Califor- 
 nia, Z ^, 1870, 323, 660; district 
 system, B 11, 1874, 416, 659; 
 compulsor}' journal subscriptions, 
 B n, 1875, 659; circular letters 
 to alumni, B 11, 1879, 510, 659; 
 incorporated, A T i2, 1879, 899; 
 pioneer in Canada, Z ^, 1879, 660, 
 754; history, -^ T, 1884, XXXIII, 
 659; secondary journal, S X, 1887, 
 560, 659; flower, B n, 1889, 
 569, 660; college annual, Yale, 
 1841, 531. 
 
 Flag, see Insignia. 
 
 Flower, see Insignia. 
 
 Foreword from Father Lindley, XV. 
 
 Founders of $ A 0, xxviii, 52, 58, 70 
 77, 80, 85, 89, 160, 241, 250, 251, 530, 
 560, 661, 662, 692, 693, 694, 695, 706, 
 709; Robert Morrison, 58; J. McM. 
 Wilson, 70; R. T. Drake, 77; J. W. 
 Lindley, 80; A. W. Rodgers, 85; A. 
 W. Rogers, 89; see Index of names; 
 order in which they signed the Bond, 
 99, 103; class standing, 109, 114, 228, 
 695; four taught in Tennessee, also 
 two charter members of Indiana Alpha, 
 57,58, 59,61, 73,81,89,138,227,232, 
 239,240, 243; tombstones over graves, 
 79, 87, 95, 96, 737, 783, 784, 807, 
 808, 835, 879, 880, 904; medallion 
 on tombstones, 783, 810. 
 
 Founding of 4> A 0, see Parent chapter. 
 
 "Frat." and fraternity, see Society. 
 
 Fraternity library, see Library. 
 
 Fraternities — A A 4>, 13. 14, 19, 21, 27, 
 33, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 911 
 
 50, 52, 109, 114, 115, 146, 149, 150, 
 151, 186, 187, 228, 243, 244, 272, 282, 
 294, 417, 445, 466, 510, 514, 518, 525, 
 533, 638, 659, 660, 727, 729, 834, 863, 
 
 883, 886, 889, 899; A T fi, 12, 14, 27, 
 
 149, 445, 446, 489, 596, 642, 729, 834, 
 
 199; A X p, 15; Be n, XXXIII, 13, 
 84, 15, 18, 19, 21, 27, 33, 35, 38, 39, 
 40, 42, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 109, 
 116, 131, 133, 142, 147, 149, 150, 151, 
 177, 239, 243, 244, 272, 295, 363, 381, 
 400, 416, 417, 434, 445, 446, 447, 451, 
 452, 461, 463, 466, 481, 492, 495, 496, 
 503, 510, 514, 517, 560, 569, 585, 604, 
 659, 660, 661, 710, 711, 721, 729, 747, 
 752, 764, 771, 772, 773, 786, 788, 834, 
 
 845, 863, 883, 884, 885, 887, 888, 889, 
 898,899,901; A KE, 12, 14, 21,27,41, 
 42, 46, 47, 48, 50, 5 1 , 52, 114, II 5, 149, 
 151, 187, 244, 272, 372, 381, 446, 466, 
 481, 514, 525, 527, 531, 533, 572, 585, 
 604, 638, 660, 707, 710, 727, 747, 771, 
 772, 834, 837, 863, 883, 886, 889, 890, 
 899, 904; A S <I>, 896; ATA, 13, 14, 15, 
 27, 150, 151, 363, 445, 446, 466, 487, 
 
 489, 495, 514, 525, 569, 729, 834, 896; 
 A T, 12, 14, 27, 52, 149, 244, 318, 363, 
 466, 483, 503, 525, 533, 584, 638, 659, 
 724, 771, 834, 836, 863, 889; A $, 12, 
 14, 27, 33, 446, 889; A ^, 12, 14, 27, 
 
 150, 660,729,889; Z^, 12, 14,27,146, 
 149, 244, 291, 371, 446, 453, 454, 506, 
 514, 525, 558, 621, 660, 754, 837, 863, 
 889, 901; G A X, XXXIII, II, 14, 15, 
 27, 100, 149, 150, 151, 282, 363, 544, 
 
 560, 660, 727, 728, 889; e X, 896; 
 
 K A, (Northern), 1 1, 13, 14, 27, 33, 
 146, 149, 525, 741, 772, 883, 889; 
 K A, (Southern), 1 1, 14, 27,^49, 151, 
 476, 489, 721, 747, 752, 834, 889; K S, 
 13, 14, 27, 480, 489, 741, 789, 810, 
 834, 885, 888, 889, 896, 899, 900; 
 n K A, 12, 14, 27, 489; S A E, 
 XXXIII, 12, 14, 27, 150, 425, 445, 446, 
 466, 477, 533, 570, 594, 596, 747, 834, 
 838, 886, 889, 897; 2 N, 13, 14, 27, 
 
 480, 489, 570, 596, 698, 747, 834, 837, 
 889; S $, 12, 14, 27, 33, 42, 146, 150, 
 466, 514, 525, 659, 883, 889, 890; 
 S # E, 896; S X, 12, 14, 27, 33, 41, 
 42, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 114, 150, 295, 
 340, 372, 396, 445, 446, 447, 455, 466, 
 
 481, 492, 495, 533, 560, 586, 595, 610, 
 
 659, 661, 707, 710, 747, 786, 834, 837, 
 
 884, 889, 902, 903; * r A, 12, 14, 15, 
 27, 149, 412, 443, 445, 446, 495, 570, 
 
 660, 685, 698, 723, 724, 729, 773, 834, 
 863, 883; 4> K 2, 12, 14, 27, 149, 446, 
 889; $ K Sk, XXXIII, II, 14, 27, 48, 1 16, 
 149, 151, 244, 295, 342, 363, 369, 372, 
 
 393, 399, 400, 412, 446, 447, 4^6, 492, 
 495, 514, 568, 573, 593, 609, 712, 719, 
 813, 826, 834, 863, 889, 901; * S K, 
 12,15,889; X $, 12, 14, 27, 149, 363, 
 445, 446, 451, 452, 453, 454, 496, 525, 
 570, 889; X ^, 12, 14, 27, 150, 244, 
 400. 466, 493, 514, 518, 524, 525, 560, 
 889, 890; ^ T, XXXIII, 12, 14, 27, 
 149, 201, 244, 282, 295, 381, 433, 446, 
 465, 466, 495, 514, 518, 525, 533, 604, 
 628, 638, 659, 771, 834, 863, 883, 884, 
 888, 889, 890; fi n A, 896; inact- 
 ive fraternities, A E I, 16; A S X, 
 15, 525, 864; A B <l>, 404; A K (one 
 chapter absorbed by <l> A 9), 15, 397, 
 460, 783, 898; K S K (four chapters 
 absorbed by 4> A 9, 15, 489, 490, 491, 
 500, 611, 875, 900; M II A, 15, 151, 
 489, 2 A, 489; ^ A X, 489; <!> 9 ^, 
 489; 4> 2 (one chapter absorbed by 
 $ A 9), 15, 376, 872; <!> <!> $, 13, 15, 
 149, 627, 896; Mystical Seven, 15; 
 W. W. W. (two chapters absorbed by 
 <l> A 9), 14, 486, 487, 875; sororities, 
 
 15, 286: A 4>, 13, 15; A X Q, 16; 
 r $ B, 13, 15, 757; A r, 13, 15, 712; 
 AAA, 13, 15; K A 9, 13, 15, 286, 
 692, 711, 741; K K r, 13, 15, 286, 
 443, 455, 642, 659, 696, 711, 712, 886, 
 889; n B $, 13, 15, 286, 503, 549, 
 712, 750; professional fraternities, 15, 
 
 16, 639; A 2 A, 16, A X, 16, 9 S, 14, 
 15, 622; N 2 N, 14, 16; <l> A r, 16; 
 # A «^, 14, 16, 533, 595; * X, 14, 16; 
 local societies, 639; <l> N 9, 211; 
 Q. T. v., 14, 15; X A 9 (inactive), 
 II. 14; pan-Hellenic alumni society, 
 n E, 715; honorar}' society, 4> B K, 
 XXVI, I, II, 13, 14, 27, 146, 147, 149, 
 532, 889, 890; class societies, 11, 16, 
 747; 9NE, 14, 16; academic societies, 
 837; ^ A E, 627; first Greek-letter 
 society, i ; inter-collegiate fraternity 
 system, 10; nicknames of fraternities, 
 149; deaths resulting from initiations 
 by fraternities, 772, 904; dual member- 
 ship, 116, 117: histories of fraterni- 
 ties, XXXIII, 495, 728, 813, 838, 888, 
 
 1; see "x\merican College Frater- 
 
 nities," "Cyclopaedia of Fraterni- 
 ties," First fraternities and Pan-Hel- 
 lenic events. 
 
 Gavels, of wood from Miami, 608, 690; 
 semi-centennial, 692, 878. 
 
 General Conventions, see National Con- 
 ventions and Conventions and general 
 officers. 
 
 General Council, established, 415, 418; 
 R. G. C. added, 638, 877; P. G. C. 
 ineligible for immediate re-election. 
 
912 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 609, 878; H. G. C. in charge of alum- 
 ni clabs, 700, 878; list of, 850, 851, 
 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857; meetings 
 oi, 450, 515. 552, 553. 577» 601, 748, 
 751, 755, 774, 874, 876, 879, 906; pic- 
 tures of, 732, 782, 783, 827; records of 
 XXVII, 515, 593, 772; P. G. C. mess- 
 age printed, 821; see Executive Com- 
 mittee. 
 
 General officers, list of, 846, 858. 
 
 Generations of Phis, see Consanguinity. 
 
 Grand Banker, see Executive Commit- 
 tee. 
 
 Grandfathers, sons and grandsons, see 
 Consanguinity. 
 
 Greek alphabet, 1 1 ; Greek letters, # A 6, 
 and motto, see Motto; Greek letters 
 and symbols in catalogue, see Publi- 
 cations. 
 
 Grip, see Unwritten work. 
 
 Halls, see Chapter halls. 
 
 Harrison, President Benjamin, 833, 876, 
 882; see Index of names. 
 
 Hatband of 4> A colors, 810. 
 
 Helmet, see Insignia. 
 
 Higher order, see Alumni order. 
 
 History of $ A 0, see Publications; of 
 other fraternities, see Fraternities. 
 
 House at Oxford, Ohio, proposed bv Mor- 
 rison, 169, 229, 243; see Chapter 
 houses. 
 
 Incorporation of Phi Delta Theta Fra- 
 ternity, 414, 421, 422, 698, 873, 899; 
 name of Fraternity or chapter not to 
 be used bv chapter house corporation, 
 736. 
 
 Index of alumni clubs, 926; of chapters, 
 921; of general officers, 858; of 
 names, 927; of subjects, 907. 
 
 Initiation, first, 104, 162, 239, 866; cer- 
 emony, see Ritual; initiates' names 
 first printed in T/ie Scroll, 559, 876; 
 in ThePalladinw, 729. 
 
 Insignia — 
 
 Badge — original shield, 68, 99, 100, 
 127, 128, 150, 173, 216, 226, 866; 
 Morrison suggested shield shape and 
 eye, 150, 154; Wilson suggested 
 scroll, 150, 1 54; unlike other badges, 
 151; Morrison's directions for mak- 
 ing, 151, 152, 154, 226; adopted, 
 
 154, 866; first badge owned by 
 Morrison, 154, 155, 156; second 
 owned by Ohio Alpha, 155, 156; 
 cut of first, 154; replicas of first, 
 708; cut of oldest, 154, 215, 216; 
 first publicly worn at Miami, 109, 
 
 155, 156, 241, 242, 243, 867; worn 
 on shirt bosom, 59; sword added to 
 shield, 159, 301, 302, 303, 815, 
 
 870; not complete without 
 sword and chain, 343; designation 
 of chapter allowable on hilt, 343; 
 first enameled and jeweled, 154, 
 356, 871, 899; first convex pattern, 
 408, 899, 906; black scrolls pro- 
 hibited, 408, 438, 500; size of, 159, 
 194, 220, 242, 243, 299, 302, 500, 
 737» 766: weight of, 321, 332: cost 
 of, 127, 156, 158, 233; commission 
 on, 415, 438; for each initiate, 567, 
 639; always to be worn, 699; over 
 left breast, 822, 823; shield and 
 sword of one piece, 592, 639, 766, 
 767; standard pattern, 737; badges 
 in 1902, 766, 767; not to be used 
 on jewelry, 822; monogram pin pro- 
 posed, 157, 203; unauthorized pat- 
 tern, 407; mourning badge, 312, 
 391, 870. 
 
 Badge, emblems of — shield, 68, 99, 
 100, 127, 128, 150, 151, 152, 153, 
 154, 173, 216, 226, 866; scroll, 100, 
 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 303; eye, 
 99, 100, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 
 303, 354, 355; sword, 159, 301, 302, 
 303, 815, 868, 870. 
 
 Coat-of-arms, first design, 274, 277, 
 296, 299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 318, 
 
 332, 353, 354, 355, 39o, 419, 504, 
 515, 516, 546, 868, 870. 
 
 Coat-of-arms, first design, emblems of 
 —helmet, 301, 303, 700, 701, 870; 
 styli, 301, 303, 304; javelins, 301, 
 303, 304, 700, 701, 870; serpents, 
 301, 303, 304, 701, 870; wreath, 
 301, 303; ears of wheat, 700, 701, 
 870. 
 
 Coat-of-arms, second design, 700, 711, 
 727, 766, 767, 810, 822, 878. 
 
 Seal, 304, 332, 342, 390, 419, 504, 
 702. 
 
 Colors, 294, 295, 299, 391, 870; flag, 
 58, 544, 555, 567, 569, 639, 661, 
 690, 701, 709, 738, 742, 766, 781, 
 785, 824, 876, 878; banners, 420, 
 421, 464, 465, 544, 545, 568, 569, 
 640, 873, 876; pennants, 440, 477, 
 766, 781, 874; flower, 550, 555, 566, 
 568, 569, 876, 877. 
 
 Fraternity button, 566, 569, 609, 877; 
 pledge button, 608, 609, 640, 660, 
 736, 783, 877, 879; alumnus but- 
 ton, 698, 699, 711, 736, 878, 879. 
 
 Jewelry — shirt studs and cuff buttons, 
 299, 3", 312, 332, 356, 407, 408, 
 766, 767; 408, 592, 766, 767; 
 watch charms and fobs, 408, 592, 
 711, 766, 767, 783, 809, 902; scarf 
 pins, 592, 766, 767; emblem for 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 913 
 
 P. G. C. proposed, 438; novelty 
 articles bearing fraternity emblems, 
 592, 766, 767, 809; badges on such 
 articles prohibited, 822; see Jew- 
 elry. 
 Emblems — shield, 321; anchor, 321, 
 354. 355> 870; arch, 354, 355; two 
 stars, 321, 354, 355, 567, 701, 870; 
 six stars, 58, 568, 701, 877; Pallas, 
 421, 566, 567, 876; palladium, 566, 
 567, owl, 420, 421, 873; urn with 
 burning incense, 354, 355, 464. 
 Miscellaneous — Bible, 354, 355; mon- 
 ograms, 353, 354, 355, 432, 433, 
 618, 766, 767, 806, 822, 902; sym- 
 bols in catalogue, 216, 217, 218, 
 296, 314, 320, 384, 467, 468, 598, 
 602; plaques, 809; stein, 809, 810; 
 hat band, 810. 
 Institutions in which $ A 9 has not es- 
 tablished chapters — Howard College, 
 East Lake, Ala., 626; Wesle3an Uni- 
 versity, Florence, Ala., 237; Univer- 
 sity of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Ark., 
 799, 807; University of Southern Cal- 
 ifornia, Los Angeles, Cal., 627; Uni- 
 versity of the Pacific, San Jose, Cal., 
 492, 500; University of Toronto, To- 
 ronto, Canada, 794, 799; Colorado 
 College, Colorado Springs, Col., 799; 
 Wesleyan University, Middletown, 
 Conn., 388, 500; Yale University, 
 New Haven, Conn., 159, 716; George 
 Washington (formerly Columbian) 
 Universit}-, Washington, D. C, 590, 
 657; North Georgia-Agricultural Col- 
 lege, Dahlonega, Ga., 404, 529; Mid- 
 dle Georgia Agricultural College, 
 Milledgeville, Ga., 404; University of 
 Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 574; Uni- 
 versity of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 762, 
 784, 799; Illinois College, Jackson- 
 ville, 111., 223; McKendree College, 
 Lebanon, 111., 276; Lincoln Univer- 
 sity, Lincoln, 111., 458; Earlham Col- 
 lege, Richmond, Ind., 347; Rose 
 Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute, 
 Ind., 799; Vincennes University, Vin- 
 cennes, Ind., 269; Iowa State Col- 
 lege of Agriculture and Mechanic 
 Arts, Ames, Iowa, 458, 492, 500, 657; 
 Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 
 492; Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa, 
 626; Baker University, Baldwin, 
 Kan., 458, 559, 659; 727, 737; Kan- 
 sas State Agricultural College, Man- 
 hattan, Kan., 294; Washburn Col- 
 lege, Topeka, Kan., 529, 545; Ken- 
 tucky University, Lexington (formerly 
 Harrodsburg), Kv., 212 237, 404, 
 (58) 
 
 529, 629; University of Louisville, 
 Louisville, Ky., 221, 237, 727; Bow- 
 doin College, Brunswick, Me., 558, 
 576; University of Maine (formerly 
 Maine State College), Orono, Me., 
 341, 473, 558, 627, 641, 657, 726, 762; 
 Baltimore City College, Baltimore, 
 Md., 590; Johns Hopkins Univer 
 sity, Baltimore, Md., 374, 388, 431; 
 iSIaryland Military and Naval Acad- 
 emy, Oxford, Md., 529; Boston Uni- 
 versity, Boston, Mass., 529; Massa- 
 chusetts Institute of Technology, Bos- 
 ton, Mass., 558; Harvard University, 
 Cambridge, Mass., 436, 582, 715; 
 Tufts College, Medford, Mass., 492; 
 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Wor- 
 cester, Mass., 492; Adrian College, 
 Adrian, Mich. 492, 590; Albion Col- 
 lege, xA.lbion, Mich., 492, 529, 627, 
 641; Michigan State Normal College, 
 Ypsilanti, Mich., 657, 726, 727; Mill- 
 saps College, Jackson, Miss., 726; 
 Oakland College, Oakland, Miss., 
 198; W^illiam Jewell College, Liberty, 
 Mo., 492, 500; Park College, Park- 
 ville. Mo., 590; Doane College, Crete, 
 Neb., 492, 500; University of Nevada, 
 Reno, Nev., 727, 737, 762, 784; New 
 Hampshire College of Agriculture and 
 the Mechanics Arts, Durham, N. H., 
 799; Princeton University (formerly 
 College of New Jersey), Princeton, 
 N, J., 10, 159, 552, 556, 574, 896; 
 Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, Brook- 
 lyn, N. Y., 762; Saint Lawrence Uni- 
 versity, Canton, N. Y., 431; Col- 
 gate (formerly Madison) University, 
 Hamilton, N. Y., 159, 458; Univer- 
 sit}- of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y., 
 559? 576? 590; Rensselaer Polytech- 
 nic Institute, Troy, N. Y., 576; Da- 
 vidson College, Davidson, N. C, 
 374, 458, 473, 492; Acadia College, 
 Wolfville, Nova Scotia, 436, 899; 
 Mount Vernon College, Alliance, 
 Ohio, 404, 431, 590, 596; Western 
 Reserve University (formerly College), 
 Cleveland (formerly Hudson), Ohio, 
 159, 166, 167,436,657; Kenyon Col- 
 lege, Gambler, Ohio, 160, 166, 167, 
 237, 832; Denison University, Gran- 
 ville, Ohio, 237, 317, 431, 458, 492, 
 529; Marietta College, Marietta, 
 Ohio, 198, 317, 414, 559; Muskingum 
 College, New Concord, Ohio, 404; 
 Scio College, Scio, Ohio, 559; Hei- 
 delberg College, Tiffin, Ohio, 566; 
 Antioch College, Yellow Springs, 
 Ohio, 211, 286; Oregon Agricultural 
 
914 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 College, Corvallis, Ore., 527; Leba- 
 non Valley College, Annville, Pa., 
 657; Jefferson College, Canonsburg, 
 Pa., 159, 166, 167, 198, 228; Buck- 
 nell University (formerly University 
 of Lewisburg), Lewis burg, Pa., 404; 
 Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, 
 Pa., 379; South Carolina Military 
 Academy, Charleston, S. C, 458, 
 473, 492; Erskine College, Due West, 
 S. C, 473, 529; Furman University, 
 Greenville, S. C, 529; University of 
 South Dakota, Vermillion, S. D., 762, 
 784, 799, 807; Grant (formerly 
 U. S. Grant) University, Chattanooga, 
 Tenn., 657; Southwestern Presbyte- 
 rian University, Clarksville, Tenn., 
 414; University of Tennessee, Knox- 
 ville, Tenn., 404, 627, 641; Cumber- 
 land University, Lebanon, Tenn., 
 159, 185, 218, 219, 227, 343, 344, 380, 
 385, 415; Union University, Mur- 
 freesboro, Tenn. (merged into South- 
 western Baptist University, Jackson, 
 Tenn.), 227; University of Nashville, 
 Nashville, Tenn., 166, 167, 185, 227; 
 Emory and Henry College, Emory, 
 Va., 374; William and Mary College, 
 Williamsburg, Va., I, 588; Washing- 
 ton Agricultural College, Pullman, 
 Wash., 762; Bethany College, Beth- 
 any, W. Va., 198, 199; West Virgi- 
 nia University, Morgantown, W. Va., 
 311, 559; Beloit College, Beloit, 
 Wis., 209, Racine College, Racine, 
 Wis., 209; Carroll College, Wauke- 
 sha, Wis., 209. 
 
 Institutions, statistics of, 25, 27; sketches 
 of, Colorado, 811; Georgia Tech., 
 811; K. S. C, 772; Washington, 812; 
 Dartmouth, 495; Columbia, 836; Sy- 
 racuse, 813; Allegheny, 812; Penn- 
 sylvania State, 813; McGill, 773; Ver- 
 mont, 813; Virginia, 661; Wisconsin, 
 495, 835. 
 
 Instrumental music, see Music. 
 
 Introduction by C. L. Goodwin, XVII. 
 
 Javelins, see Insignia. 
 
 Jewelry, see Insignia; jewelers to <S» A 0, 
 151, 152-, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 
 220, 226, 227, 233, 241, 243, 311, 332, 
 343, 355, 356, 389, 407, 408, 415, 438, 
 500, 546, 607, 643, 690, 698, 711, 738, 
 741, 766, 783, 809, 823, 899, 902. 
 
 Judicial decisions affecting fraternities, 
 396, 884, 886, 887. 
 
 Ladies, admission of, to <l> A 9 proposed, 
 see Women; ladies' branch organiza- 
 tions, 289, 295, 318, 342, 357, 327, 
 
 425, 511, 592, 696, 721; soroi-ities, see 
 Fraternities. 
 
 Legal status of fraternities, see Judicial 
 decisions. 
 
 Library of the Fraternity, xxi, xxvii, 
 638, 643, 659, 690, 692, 702, 766, 855, 
 856, 857, 878, 906; collection of works 
 of members proposed, 188. 
 
 Literary exercises in chapters, xvii, 10, 
 104, 127, 130, 135, 136, 147, 148, 149, 
 189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196, 231, 241, 
 536. 
 
 Literary societies, xvii, 10, 662; rivalry 
 of Greeks in, see College politics. 
 
 Local societies, 639. 
 
 Mammoth cave cairn, 512, 571, 611, 
 662, 739, 876. 
 
 Manual, see Publications. 
 
 Medallion on tombstones of founders, 
 see Founders. 
 
 Membership, qualifications for and eligi- 
 bility, 145, 147, 195, 390, 419, 541, 
 566, 717; attendant, 145, 503, 699, 
 878; correspondent, 145, 503, 699, 
 878; active, 699, 878, 894, 895; alum- 
 ni, 699, 736, 878, 894, 895; associate, 
 503, 736, 875, 878, 879, 894, 895; affili- 
 ated, 140, 141, 142, 145, 420, 699, 
 700, 783, 866; honorary, 21, 109, 173, 
 175, 186, 187, 188, 189, 202, 210, 220, 
 231, 232, 267, 372, 384, 419, 541, 617, 
 745, 882; expulsions, no, in, 112, 
 113, 114, 115, 116, 166, 196, 894, 895; 
 resignations not permitted, 699; mem- 
 bership certificate, 133, 168, 344, 
 379, 380, 420, 700, 716, 736, 747, 749, 
 833, 878, 879, 881, 894, 895; affilia- 
 tion certificate, 141, 145, 420, 700; 
 membership record books, see Chap- 
 ter roll books; reports of chapters, 
 125, 126, 129, 138, 145, 146, 147, 186, 
 195, 202, 203, 212, 224, 233, 234, 301, 
 
 330, 343, 390, 419, 474, 493, 494, 5io, 
 552, 560, 639, 661, 688, 700, 728, 729, 
 839, 866, 873; membership at certain 
 periods, see Number of members. 
 
 Miami University, 16, 33, 43, 44, 45, 
 108, 117, 326, 531, 533, 561, 705, 707, 
 729, 765, 896; Northeast Building, 
 now North Dormitory, birthplace of 
 <!> A e, 26, 29, 57, 104, 520, 531, 561, 
 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 728, 787, 879; 
 rooms of founders, 26, 57, 104; snow 
 rebellion, 38, 39, 98, 100, 109, 133; 
 fraternities at, 33, 187, 272, 294, 318, 
 417; triad, B 9 H, $ A 0, S X, 15, 
 492, 495- 
 
 Monograms of <S> A 9, see Insignia. 
 
 Motto, secret, 68, 100, 102, 103, 127, 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 915 
 
 L 
 
 866; Greek letters $ A chosen by 
 Morrison and Wilson, motto by Mor- 
 rison, 68, 100; omitted from consti- 
 tution and charters, 342; open. El's 
 avr/p ovdeii avrfp, 420, 421, 544, 
 568, 701, 702, 876; $iK£icx, 301, 304, 
 
 353, 354, 355, 35^, 361, 366, 379, 433, 
 589, 609, 616, 702, 736, 870; Once a 
 Phi, always a Phi, 130; epitaph. In 
 coelo quies est, 560, 875. 
 Mourning badge, see Insignia. 
 Music inscribed to <l> A 9, see Publica- 
 tions. 
 Name of the Fraternity, see Motto; not 
 to be used by chapter house corpora- 
 tions, see Incorporation; not to be 
 used in business, 783,880; pronuncia- 
 tion of 4> A 9 and Phis, 149, 438, 662. 
 National Conventions, list of, 846; offi- 
 cers, 281, 332, 389, 390, 846; rules, 
 281, 282, 286, 299, 331, 332, 368, 541, 
 565, 606, 639, 698; expenses, see Fi- 
 nances; first proceedings printed, 1873, 
 194; first photographed, 1878, 387; 
 souvenir buttons, see Souvenirs. 
 National Conventions (General Conven- 
 tions to 1868) — 
 1851, Cincinnati, Ohio, 76, 112, 161, 
 165, 168, 170, 192, 193, 231, 242, 
 495, 536, 846, 866. 
 1856, Cincinnati, Ohio, 157, 192, 193, 
 194, 197, 213, 235, 412, 846, 867. 
 1858, Bloomington, Ind., 205, 207, 
 
 208, 213, 236, 847, 867. 
 i860, Danville, Ky., 70, 158, 218, 
 
 219, 236, 412, 847, 868. 
 1864, Bloomington, Ind., 70, 224, 
 238, 412, 847, 868. 
 
 1868, Indianapolis, Ind., 280, 317, 
 412, 847, 869. 
 
 1869, Chicago, 111., 187, 286, 847, 869. 
 
 1870, Oxford, Ohio, 289, 847, 869. 
 
 1871, Indianapolis, Ind., 294, 295, 
 298, 299, 300, 304, 314, 336, 391, 
 
 848, 870, 898. 
 
 1872, Danville, Ky., 311, 317, 339, 
 359, 380, 391, 848, 870, 898. 
 
 1873 (quarto- centennial), Athens, 
 Ohio, XXIV, 312, 319, 336, 354, 
 359, 382, 567, 684, 848, 870. 
 
 1874, Crawfordsville, Ind., 150, 324, 
 326, 330, 336, 356, 359, 380, 382, 
 439, 849, 871, 898. 
 
 1875, Danville, Ky., 340, 342, 354, 
 355, 356, 360, 364, 367, 377, 380, 
 382. 384, 390, 419, 432, 471, 843, 
 
 849, 871. 
 
 1876, Philadelphia, Pa., 340, 357, 
 362, 367, 384, 410, 419, 849, 872. 
 
 1878, Wooster, Ohio, 340, 370, 377, 
 
 378, 380, 386, 389, 391, 394, 400, 
 410, 411, 419, 467, 850, 872, 898. 
 1880, Indianapolis, Ind., xxr, 70, 397, 
 399, 401, 403, 406, 412, 418, 424, 
 425, 432, 441, 466, 467, 471, 482, 
 
 843, 850, 873. 
 
 1882, Richmond, Va., xxi, 149, 431, 
 432, 434, 437, 440, 442, 443, 450, 
 452, 462, 471, 472, 474, 478, 500, 
 542, 754, 843, 851, 874, 899. 
 
 1884, Nashville, fenn., 377, 440, 
 447, 450, 461, 472, 494, 500, 542, 
 717, 852, 874, 882, 900. 
 
 1886, New York, N. Y., xxii, 65, 70, 
 440, 447, 491, 496, 498, 503, 507, 
 513, 530, 542, 648, 717, 827, 852, 
 875, 901. 
 
 1889, Bloomington, III., xxii, 70, 
 440, 496, 526, 527, 528, 540, 556, 
 559, 561, 568, 586, 601, 853, 876. 
 
 1891, Atlanta, Ga., xxii, 70, 156, 
 307, 440, 555, 557, 558, 562, 574, 
 586, 587, 593, 601, 609, 639, 644, 
 648, 717, 790, 854, 876, 882. 
 
 1894, Indianapolis, Ind., xxiv, 67, 70, 
 
 440, 587, 590, 597, 604, 628, 629, 
 633, 638, 639, 640, 644, 717, 854, 
 877, 900, 902, 
 
 1896, Philadelphia, Pa., xxiv, 440, 
 614, 626, 627, 628, 635, 645, 647, 
 653' 657, 661, 662, 684, 855, 877, 
 
 896, 902. 
 
 1898 (semi-centennial), Columbus, 
 Ohio, XXIV, 67, 69, 70, 83, 85, 100, 
 115, 253, 340, 382, 441, 582, 587, 
 609, 641, 649, 651, 652, 654, 656, 
 660, 684, 704, 717, 727, 739, 775, 
 
 844, 855, 878. 
 
 1900, Louisville, Ky., XXV, xxxiv, 
 85, 94, 441, 563, 653, 712, 717, 618, 
 726, 727, 729, 744, 755, 759, 769, 
 772, 774, 781, 824, 856, 879, 880, 
 
 903. 
 1902, New York, N, Y., xxv, 84, 85, 
 
 441, 587, 740, 742, 776, 810, 811, 
 812, 824, 835, 856, 904. 
 
 1904, Indianapolis, Ind., xxv, 809, 
 816, 827, 828, 836, 838, 857, 880, 
 
 897, 904, 905. 
 
 National Grand Chapter (Grand Chap- 
 ter until 1868; Grand Alpha Chapter, 
 1868-74), Miami, 1848-57, 144, 145, 
 149, 150, 193, 213, 846, 847; Indi- 
 ana, 1858-60, 205, 206, 207, 208, 211, 
 214, 219, 220, 235, 236, 300, 847, 867; 
 Centre, 1860-68, 220, 223, 224, 225, 
 238, 278, 300, 847, 868; Chicago, 
 1868-69, 281, 283, 286, 288, 300, 847, 
 869; Miami, 1869-73, 286, 288, 847, 
 848, 869; Wooster, 1873-78, 326, 331, 
 
9i6 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 332, 342, 357, 368, 380, 390, 391, 848, 
 849, 850, 871; Lafayette, 1878-80, 
 357, 380, 390, 391, 415, 850, 872, 873. 
 
 Nicknames of fraternities, 149. 
 
 Nomenclature of chapters, 144, 146, 147, 
 149, 198, 221, 269, 273, 279, 280, 298, 
 316, 322, 331, 340, 343, 344, 349, 377, 
 382, 384, 385, 390, 397, 403, 414, 415, 
 
 424, 425, 436, 450, 471, 479, 482, 503, 
 509, 604, 440, 656, 688, 700, 728, 747, 
 843, 866, 871, 873; secondary titles; 
 344, 419; titles in common parlance, 
 640,700, 844; first fraternit}' to entitle 
 chapters by names of states preceding 
 Greek letters, 144, 147, 149. 
 
 Number of members at certain periods, 
 186, 202, 203, 212, 219, 224, 298, 316, 
 385, 470, 510, 552, 603, 604, 688, 718, 
 728, 764, 834, 839, 863, 891, 892, 893, 
 894, 895. 
 
 Objects of €» A O, xv, 38, loi, 127, 
 143, 147, 194. 
 
 Officers of Conventions, see National 
 Conventions and Conventions and gen- 
 eral officers; of chapters, suggested 
 by Morrison, 100; President, 100, 147, 
 195? 196; Secretary, 100, 145, 147, 
 I95» 343; Warden, 100, 145, 147, 195, 
 196; Recording Secretary', 195, 196; 
 Corresponding Secretary, 195, 419; 
 Recorder, 301, 343; Treasurer, 343; 
 Historian, 343; Chaplain, 343; Report- 
 er, 419. 
 
 Ohio University, 17, 60, 61. 
 
 Old fraternity records, xxii, xxv, xxvi, 
 97, 225, 226, 531, 772, 812, 897; see 
 Archives and Correspondence. 
 
 Open motto, see Motto. 
 
 Opposition of college authorities to fra- 
 ternities — Miami, 34; Wabash, 138, 
 140, 142, 143, 193, 208, 212, 233, 234, 
 236, 610, 813; Lawrence, 209; O. W. 
 U., 326, 346, 372; Missouri, 426, 449, 
 461; Monmouth, 341, 342, 344, 353, 
 375, 394, 426, 447; Georgia, 305, 353, 
 380, 392, 393; Emory, 306; California, 
 371, 414, 885; Nebraska, 352; Van- 
 derbilt, 349, 374, 375, 393, 425, 448, 
 461, 476; Central (Mo.), 350, 393; 
 Alabama, 374, 450, 459, 479; V. M. I., 
 479; Trinity (Texas), 426, 446, 447; 
 Trinity (N. C), 393; Auburn, 395, 
 
 425, 448, 461 ; Iowa, 429; South Caro- 
 lina, 579, 885; Sewanee, 443; North 
 Carolina, 478, 479; Southwestern, 487; 
 Purdue, 396, 586, 610, 884; Illinois, 
 588; Princeton, 552, 566, 574; Arkan- 
 sas, 761; see Sub rt^j^a chapters and 
 Bibliography. 
 
 Opposition of students to fraternities, 34, 
 
 131, 201, 211, 341, 346, 352, 353, 371, 
 
 372, 375, 423, 424, 455, 556, 557, 764, 
 883, 884, 885. 
 
 Order, synonymous with Fraternity, see 
 Society; order of alumni, see Alumni 
 order. 
 
 Owl, see Insignia. 
 
 Oxford (Rhodes) scholarships, 833, 881. 
 
 Pallas and palladium, see Insignia; The 
 Palladitiin, see Publications. 
 
 Pan-Hellenic Council, Philadelphia, 
 1883, 445; Pan-Hellenic Congress, 
 Chicago, 1893, 584; American Pan- 
 Hellenic Society, Atlanta, 1895, 619; 
 Pan-Hellenic meetings, interfraternitv 
 courtesies, etc., 49, 50, 142, 389, 416, 
 
 445, 476, 503, 521, 549, 556, 557, 57o, 
 576, 584, 642, 692, 696, 698, 704, 711, 
 712, 714, 715, 723, 724, 729, 741, 742, 
 750, 752, 757, 773, 789, 792, 826, 862, 
 874, 877. 
 Paper stamped with $ A 9 emblems, see 
 
 Stationery. 
 Paraphernalia, 544, 662, 816, 854.' 
 Parent chapter — established, 1848, 21, 
 38, 39, 68, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 
 
 108, 694, 695, 866; idea of the Fra- 
 ternity in minds of Morrison and Wil- 
 son only a few weeks before first 
 meeting on night of December 26, 
 1848, 242; first meeting, 99, loi, 104, 
 242, 706, 707, 708; meetings, time and 
 place of, 104, 105, 108; opened with 
 prayer, 106, lli; alumni present and 
 allowed to vote, 106, 108, 178; con- 
 stitution, 147, 191, 866; by-laws, 103, 
 149, 189, 866; order of business, 149; 
 officers, 103, 105, 106, 147, 178; first 
 initiation, 104; first receipts and dis- 
 bursements, 106, 107, 147; badge 
 adopted, 154, 866; first publicly worn, 
 
 109, 155, 156, 241, 242, 243, 867; 
 literary exercises, 104, 127, 147, 148, 
 149, 189, 190, 191, 231, 536; ban- 
 quets, 108, 113, 127, 162, 163, 164, 
 165, 866; daguerrotypes, 106; col- 
 lege honors, 109, 114; careers of 
 early members, 109; attitude of facul- 
 ty, 44, 109, no, 112, 160, 175, 177, 
 187, 188, 190, 231, 243; internal trou- 
 bles, 40, no. III, 112, 113, 114, 115, 
 116, 166, 178, 179, 231, 242. 495, 534, 
 536, 708; proposition from B 9 II to 
 lift Ohio Alpha, 40, 243; no rivals 
 until 1 85 1, 38, 39, 40, 98; sub rosa 
 until 1852, 40, 108, 109, 181, 193, 
 229, 241, 242, 243, 867; original min- 
 utes, XXVI, 96, 97, 99, loi, 102, 103, 
 664; box containing Bond, etc., rifled, 
 100, 103. 107, 243, 832, 867, 897; 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 917 
 
 Grand Chapter, 144, 326, 846, 848, 
 869; suspended, 1857, 50, 203, 204, 
 205, 206, 207, 867; recollections of 
 early members, 240, 837; reorganized, 
 1865, 50, 272, 432, 868; suspended, 
 1873, 325, 326, 871; reorganized, 
 1885, 4815 875; golden jubilee, 1899, 
 27> 32, 57. 67, 70, 85, 115, 156, 157, 
 609, 641, 705, 728, 739, 879, 883; 
 house proposed by Morrison, 169; 
 rented a house, 722; purchased a 
 house, 829, 831, 881. 
 
 Password, see Unwritten work. 
 
 Pennant, see Insignia. 
 
 Phi Delta Theta literary society, 71 1 ; 
 Phi Delta Theta social club, 747. 
 
 Phis, members so called from the first, 
 149; pi-onunciation of, see Name. 
 
 Photographs of chapters, 700; daguer- 
 reotypes of Ohio Alpha, 106; first 
 convention photographed, 387, 872. 
 
 Plaques, 809. 
 
 Pledge of secrecy, 98, 99, 130, 137, 139, 
 145, 147, 566; pledge button, see 
 Insignia. 
 
 Politics, see College politics. 
 
 Portraits— J. B. Allen, 562; J. B. Bal- 
 lou, 795; D. D. Banta, 771; George 
 Banta, 423; C. P. Bassett, 505; W. O. 
 Bates, 363; G. P. Benton, 32; J. C. 
 Black, 254, 815; J. C. S. Blackburn, 
 632; St. John Boyle, 632; H. U. 
 Brown, 441; J. E. Brown, 791; W. R. 
 Brown, 615; J. H. DeWitt, 745; R. T. 
 Drake, 77, 78, 494; B. K. Elliott, 
 439; Alston Ellis, 416; Edwin Emer- 
 son, Jr., 669; Eugene Field, 697; 
 D. B. Floyd, 897; A. G. Foster, 467; 
 J. W. Foster, 539; Frederick Fun- 
 ston, 665, 672, 673; C. L. Goodwin, 
 xix; J. F. Gookins, 868; Benjamin 
 Harrison, 30, 245, 535; I- R- Hitt, 
 575; F. E. Hunter, 434; P. M.Jones, 
 579; A. C. Kemper, 114; C. F. Lam- 
 kin, 797; J- W. Lindley, 82, 83, 84, 
 693, 822; R. H. Little, 675; D. N. 
 Marble, 577; J. M. Mayer, 837; A. M. 
 McCrillis, 792; J. C. McRevnolds, 
 814; H. T. Miller, 613; F.' J. R. 
 Mitchell, 713; J. C. Moore, Jr., 703; 
 J, T, Morrison, 814; Robert Morrison, 
 59, 65, 67, 69, 494, 693; J. C. Norris, 
 392; W. B. Palmer, xxiii; C. O. 
 Perrv, 317; W. W. Quarles, 573; 
 McCluney Radcliffe, 645; E. H. L. 
 Randolph, 548; A. W. Rodgers, 86, 
 160; A. W. Rogers, 89, 91, 93, 250, 
 251; S. K. Ruick, 828; P. W. Search, 
 633; A. E. Stevenson, 581; David 
 Swing, 30, 116; R. H. Switzler, 745; 
 
 F. D. Swope, 709: Emmett Tomp- 
 kins, 388; W. F. Vilas, 511; H. H. 
 Ward, 743; A. C. White, 246; J. McM. 
 Wilson, 71, 494. 
 
 Preparatory students, 474, 515, 541; see 
 Academic societies and Spiking. 
 
 Presidents of the United States belong- 
 ing to fraternities, 533, 594, 902. 
 
 Printer to the Frat'=;rnity, 438, 462, 783. 
 
 Probationary chapter, see Chapters. 
 
 Professional societies, see Fraternities. 
 
 Prominent members, 862, 906. 
 
 Pronunciation of 4' A and Phis, see 
 Name. 
 
 Provinces — 1880-82, 415, 422, 851, 873; 
 1882-84, 428, 441, 851; 1884-86,478, 
 852; 1886-89, 504, 814, 853; 1889-91, 
 545, 547; 1891-94, 572, 827, 854; 
 1894-96, 611, 854; 1896-98, 641, 693, 
 855; 1898-1900, 688, 703, 855; 1900- 
 02, 737^ 741, 742, 856; 1902-04, 790, 
 857; 1904-05, 822, 827, 857,906; Vice- 
 Presidents of, 742, 748, 779, 782, 
 880, 881; two Presidents for Alpha, 
 783, 790, 880. 
 
 Province Conventions — 
 
 1881, Epsilon, Atlanta, Ga., 428. 
 
 1882, Beta, Cincinnati, Ohio, 429, 
 430, 450. 
 
 1883, Epsilon, Indianapolis, Ind., 446. 
 18S4, Delta, Columbus, Ohio, 459, 
 
 541; Epsilon, Indianapolis, Ind,. 
 480, 536. 
 
 1886, Alpha, New York, N. Y., 487, 
 498; Epsilon, Indianapolis, Ind., 
 488; Delta, Delaware, Ohio, 488. 
 
 1887, Beta, Salem, Va,, 520, 523; 
 Epsilon, Indianapolis, Ind., 510. 
 
 1888, Alpha, Easton, Pa., 520; Delta, 
 Oxford, Ohio, 520; Epsilon, Indian- 
 apolis, Ind., 520, 536. 
 
 1889, Delta, Wooster, Ohio, 187, 523; 
 Epsilon, Indianapolis, Ind., 523; 
 Eta, Lincoln, Neb., 523, 609. 
 
 1890, Alpha, Ithaca, N. Y., 555, 569; 
 Epsilon, Indianapolis, Ind., 549, 
 569; Zeta, Galesburg, 111., 549. 
 
 1891, Epsilon, Indianapolis, Ind., 555; 
 Zeta, Mount Pleasant, Iowa, 556. 
 
 1892, Alpha, Burlington, Vt., 576, 
 ~)90, 592, 609; Epsilon, Akron, 
 Ohio, 574. 
 
 1893, Epsilon, Greencastle, Ind., 586, 
 587, 588. 
 
 1894, Alpha, Meadville, Pa., 611; 
 Delta, Austin, Texas, 612. 
 
 1895, Alpha, Schenectady, N. Y., 
 618, 633; Gamma, Atlanta, Ga., 
 619. 
 
 1896, Zeta, Galesburg, 111., 620. 
 
91- 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 1897, Aloha, Providence, R. L, 651, 
 657; Beta and Gamma, Nashville, 
 Tenn., 651. 
 
 1899, Alpha, Gettysburg, Pa., 712; 
 Epsilon, Indianapolis, Ind., 711, 
 739; Epsilon, Bloomington, Ind.. 
 711; Zeta, Lincoln, Neb., 712, 726. 
 
 1900, Gamma, Atlanta, Ga., 7^4? 
 Delta, Cleveland, Ohio, 713; Epsi- 
 lon, Indianapolis, Ind., 712; Theta, 
 Berkeley, Cal., 713. 
 
 1901, Alpha, Northampton, Mass., 
 748, 755» 773; Delta, Athens, Ohio, 
 708, 742. 
 
 1902, Epsilon, Indianapolis, Ind., 750, 
 773; Zeta, Madison, Wis., 742, 
 757j 759; Theta, Palo AUo, Cal., 
 
 751. 
 
 1903, Alpha, Syracuse, N. Y., 793, 
 798; Epsilon, Indianapolis, Ind., 
 792; Epsilon, Crawfordsville, Ind., 
 792; Theta, Berkeley, Cal., 792. 
 
 1904, Delta, Delaware, Ohio, 796; 
 Epsilon, Indianapolis, Ind., 796; 
 Zeta, Saint Louis, Mo., 806; Iota, 
 Berkele}', Cal., 831; Kappa, Seat- 
 tle, Wash., 831. 
 
 Publications — 
 
 Address delivered and poem read be- 
 fore alumni order (first $ A pub- 
 licat.ons), 173, 175, 176, 177, 232, 
 867.1 
 The Scroll, prospectus, 320, 331, 339, 
 357, 871; name, 359, 360, 361, 262; 
 sub rosa, 359, 360, 361, 389, 410, 
 414, 875; other fraternities first 
 mentioned, 360; subscriptions com- 
 pulsory, 362, 363, 369, 419; ten 
 year alumni subscriptions, 438, 459, 
 474, 567; first illustrations, 463, 
 561, 593, 874; ten year review and 
 index, 1886, 495; 1896, 631, 699; 
 cover, 1875, 361; 1884, 464, 465; 
 1892, 594, 595; 1904, 835; first 
 chapter group, 593; Editor made a 
 member of General Council, 638, 
 661, 877; selections from proposed, 
 560; published, magazine form, In- 
 dianapolis, Ind., 1875-76, 360,871; 
 suspended, 1876, 363, 369; news- 
 paper form, Franklin, Ind., 1878, 
 388, 410, 872; Gettysburg, Pa., 
 1878-82; magazine form, beginning 
 1880, 410, 414, 432, 872; Mays- 
 ville, Ky., 1882-83, 462, 874; Nash- 
 ville, Tenn., 1883-84, 463, 874; 
 New York, N. Y., 1884-89, 494, 
 874; Columbus, Ohio, 1889-97, 
 459> 876; Indianapolis, Ind., 1897- 
 1903, 662, 878; Menasha, Wis., 
 
 1904-06, 812, 813, 880; 1875, 320, 
 358, 360, 409, 661, 836, 849, 871; 
 1876, 356, 358, 661, 849, 872; 
 1878-79, 370, 388, 392, 407, 410, 
 411, 850, 872; 1879-80, 406, 407, 
 408, 412, 850; 1880-81, 407, 414, 
 418, 419, 424, 432, 851; 1881-82, 
 408, 433, 438, 851; 1882-83, 436, 
 438, 440, 461, 852, 874; 1883-84, 
 
 463, 836, 852, 874; 1884-85, XXII, 
 
 474, 493, 494, 5io, 5", 835, 837, 
 852, 874, 875; 1885-86, 493, 494, 
 495, 852; 1886-87, 494, 496, 500, 
 
 503, 510, 530, 853; 1887-88, XXII, 
 XXV, 519, 530, 853; 1888-89, XXVI, 
 
 521, 523, 524, 532, 536, 537, 538, 
 601, 853; 1889-90, 526, 527, 529, 
 542, 551, 559, 601, 836, 854, 876; 
 1890-91, 561, 854; 1891-92, 593, 
 634, 854; 1892-93, 594, 634, 854; 
 1893-94, 606, 854; 1894-95, 628, 
 854; 1895-96, 527, 630, 697, 854; 
 1896-97, XXVI, 660, 836, 855, 877; 
 1897-98, XXVI, 659, 662, 855, 878; 
 1898-99, 660, 699, 727, 855; 1899- 
 1900, 728, 855; 1900-01, 540, 769, 
 828, 856; 1901-02, 772, 856, 881; 
 1902-03, 742, 745, 756, 775, 811, 
 
 857, 881; 1903-04, 515, 703, 745, 
 810, 857, 880; 1904-05, 834, 836, 
 
 857. 
 The Palladium published Columbus, 
 Ohio, 1894- 1903, 608, 628, 629, 
 877; Nashville, Tenn., 1904-06, 
 816, 880; 1894-95, 560, 562, 594, 
 597, 606, 608, 628, 629, 630, 854, 
 877; 1895-96, 630, 633, 854; 1896- 
 
 -97, 660, 662, 855; 1897-98, XXVI, 
 
 662, 663, 855; 1898-99, XXVI, 727, 
 728, 855; 1899- 1900, XXVI, 724, 
 
 728, 729, 827, 855; 1900-01, 736, 
 
 744, 769, 771, 856; 1901-02, 758, 
 772, 773, 856; 190203, 782, 811, 
 812, 857, 881; 1903-04, 790, 812, 
 816, 857, 880; 1904-05, 829, 834, 
 838, 857. 
 Catalogue, Greek letters and symbols, 
 216, 217, 218, 296, 314, 320, 384, 
 467, 468, 598, 602; Editor a per- 
 manent officer, 699, 878; condensed 
 form favored, 662, 690; first edi- 
 tion, i860, 158, 192, 208,213,220, 
 237, 628, 847, 867, 897; second 
 edition, 1870, 218, 225, 238, 281, 
 287, 290, 296, 628, 847, 848, 869; 
 third edition, 1872, 219, 298, 299, 
 314, 628, 848, 870; fourth edition, 
 1878, 218, 219, 318, 331, 339, 343, 
 344, 382, 628, 850, 872; fifth edi- 
 tion, 1883, XXI, 219, 372, 377, 412, 
 
INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 919 
 
 414, 432, 447, 463, 465, 628, 843, 
 851, 852, 874; sixth edition, 1894, 
 219, 515, 544, 597, 628, 728, 843, 
 853, 854, 877; seventh edition, 688, 
 690, 736, 782, 783, 790, 855, 856, 
 857, 878. 
 
 History, XV, Xix; see preface; 70, 
 359,' 41 7, 544, 585, 736, 739, 782, 
 783, 815, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 
 857, 881, 889; of chapters, 419, 699. 
 
 Manual, first edition, 1886, 492, 506, 
 517, 597, 875, 878, 888, 900; sec- 
 ond edition, 1897, 659, 662, 775, 
 
 Song book, first song, 274, 275, 335, 
 868; preliminary edition, 1874, 299, 
 320, 334, 335, 338, 849, 871; first 
 edition, 1876, 340, 343, 363, 633; 
 reprinted by Lansing chapter, 365, 
 849, 871; second edition, 1882,434, 
 467, 851, 874; third edition, 1886, 
 474, 496, 852, 875; fourth edition, 
 1895, 608, 633, 854, 877; fifth edi- 
 tion, 1902, 741, 774, 856, 880. 
 
 Music inscribed to 4> A 6, 294, 295, 
 336, 365, 741, 871. 
 
 Chapter papers (manuscript), 398, 
 405, 5", 592, 618, 651. 
 
 Annual circular letters of chapters, 
 XXVI, 488, 504, 510, 639, 699, 700, 
 729, 827, 875, 876, 881. 
 
 City Directories, 424, 560, 619, 650, 
 791, 830. 
 
 Miscellaneous, 274, 275, 334, 335, 
 
 339, 370, 384, 392, 397, 431, 461, 
 515, 519, 520, 524, 528, 532, 533, 
 560, 562, 570, 576, 588, 592, 594, 
 597, 619, 624, 627, 650, 656, 657, 
 698, 713, 735, 740, 747, 748, 758, 
 760, 762, 782, 791, 798, 799, 821, 
 828, 872, 876, 880, 881, 904. 
 Qualifications for membership, see Mem- 
 bership, 
 Receptions of chapters, see Social func- 
 tions. 
 Recollections of the early years, XXVII, 
 
 130, 156, 191, 240, 837, 897. 
 Related members, see Consanguinity. 
 Reports of chapters, see Membership. 
 Reunions at expositions, etc. — Philadel- 
 phia, 1876, 345; Atlanta, 188 1, 428; 
 San Francisco, 1888, 521; Berlin, 1892, 
 574; Chicago, 1893, 584, 585, 877; 
 Atlanta, 1895, 619, 877; Nashville, 
 1897, 651; Omaha, 1898, 659; Paris, 
 1899, 710; Buffalo, 1901, 748; Saint 
 Louis, 1904, 806, 835; Poughkeepsie, 
 748, 807; Northfield, 617, 807; Way- 
 nesville, 807. 
 Ritual, 145, 301, 321, 340, 343, 345, 
 
 369, 391, 413, 420, 438, 488, 500, 520, 
 524, 540, 542, 544, 566, 567, 568, 587, 
 593, 626, 638, 662, 701, 735, 782, 866, 
 871, 872, 873, 876, 877. 
 
 Roll of chapters, 838; ofalumni clubs, 
 845; roll books, see Chapter roll 
 books. 
 
 Rushing rules, see Spiking, 
 
 Scroll, see Insignia; The Scroll, see 
 Publications. 
 
 Seals, see Insignia. 
 
 Secret motto, see Motto; secret work, 
 see Unwritten work. 
 
 Semi-centennial Convention, see Nation- 
 al Convention; golden jubilee of Ohio 
 Alpha, see Parent chapter. 
 
 Serpents, see Insignia. 
 
 Shield, see Insignia; for hall ornament, 
 321. 
 
 Shingles, see Certificate of membership. 
 
 Shirt studs, see Insignia. 
 
 Signatures, see Autographs. 
 
 Signs of salutation and recognition, see 
 Unwritten work. 
 
 Six founders, see Founders; six stars, 
 see Insignia. 
 
 Social functions of chapters, anniversa- 
 ries, banquets, receptions, etc., 108, 
 127, 128, 129, 162, 163, 164, 165, 443, 
 455, 456, 457, 460, 461, 484, 485, 486, 
 505, 506, 507, 509, 512, 518, 529, 557, 
 558, 576, 587, 588, 590, 617, 646, 720, 
 750, 751, 770, 804, 805, 832, 866, 867. 
 
 Society of the $ A 0, see Alumni order. 
 
 Society, Order and Association synony- 
 mous with Fraternity, 149, 150, 300; 
 Fraternity substituted for Society in 
 Constitution, 1874, 150, 332, 871; 
 called "frat." in West and "club" in 
 South, 150. 
 
 Songs, first, 274, 275, 335, 868; song 
 book, see Publications. 
 
 Sororities, see Fraternities. 
 
 Souvenir buttons at conventions, 643, 698, 
 699, 741, 789, 794, 826; spoon, 592. 
 
 Spiking, 130, 350, 493; faculty regula- 
 tions regarding time for rushing and 
 initiation, 587, 615, 616, 643, 764, 
 805, 902; inter-fraternity agreements, 
 616, 764, 765. 
 
 State Conventions — 
 
 1865, Indiana, 70, 269, 270, 271, 272, 
 282, 536, 659, 868, 898. 
 
 1879, Indiana, 396. 
 
 1880, Indiana, 402, 526. 
 
 1 88 1, Alabama, 427; Georgia, 427; 
 Illinois, 426; Indiana, 426; Mis- 
 souri, 426; Texas, 43 T. 
 
 1882, Alabama, 431; Indiana, 430; 
 Texas, 431. 
 
920 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 1883, Alabama, 446; Indiana, 446; 
 Texas, 446. 
 
 1884, Alabama, 459; Indiana, 459. 
 
 1885, Alabama, 480, 507; South Car- 
 olina, 480; Texas, 480, 900. 
 
 1886, Florida, 488. 
 
 1887, Alabama, 519. 
 
 1888, Alabama, 523. 
 
 1889, Alabama, 524, 528, 542, 6l2. 
 1892, Indiana, 574, 586. 
 
 1895, Indiana, 612; Ohio, 612. 
 
 1896, Indiana, 540, 619. 
 
 1897, Indiana, 651. See Province 
 conventions. 
 
 State Presidents, 423, 851, 874. 
 
 State Grand chapters abolished, 390, 872. 
 
 Stationer}^ stamped with $ A emblems, 
 158, 287, 294, 299, 303, 357, 546. 
 
 Statistics of the Fraternitv, 890; of col- 
 leges, see Institutions. 
 
 Stein, 809, 810. 
 
 Stolen fraternity constitutions, etc., 42, 
 48, 100, 103, 136, 143, 340, 399, 412, 
 593, 719, 832, 867. 
 
 Stih rosa chapters — Miami, 40, 108, 109, 
 181, 193, 229, 241, 242, 243, 272, 867; 
 Indiana, 129, 156, 157, 193, 227, 233, 
 241, 867; Centre, 133, 135, 157, 193, 
 232, 867; Wabash, 138, 140, 142, 143, 
 193, 208, 212, 233, 234, 236, 813, 897; 
 Lawrence, 209; O. W. U., 346; Michi- 
 gan, 276; DePauw, 279, 341; Missouri, 
 426, 449, 461; Monmouth, 341, 342, 
 344, 375, 394, 426, 447; Georgia, 
 305, 342, 380, 392; Emory, 306; Cor- 
 nell; 310, 485; California, 324; Lan- 
 sing, 327;- Virginia, 328; Nebraska, 
 454; W. & J., 348; Vanderbilt, 349, 
 374, 375, 393, 425, 44^, 461, 476; Cen- 
 tral (Mo.), 393; Alabama, 374, 450, 
 459, 479; V. M. I., 479; Trinity 
 (Texas), 426, 446, 447; Lombard, 377; 
 Auburn, 3915, 425, 448, 461; Kansas, 
 436, 900; Vermont, 399; Southwest- 
 ern, 487; see Opposition. 
 
 Summer camps, 427, 510, 556, 617, 656, 
 659, 721. 
 
 Sword added to shield, see Insignia; 
 members called "Swords" at Miami, 
 
 304- 
 
 Symbols, see Insignia. 
 
 Tablet marking <i> A 9's birthplace, 70, 
 705, 706, 709, 728, 879; commemo- 
 rative of Morrison at Westminster, 70, 
 752, 754, 880. 
 
 Taxes, fraternity property in Indiana 
 free from, 834, 881, 888; not exempt 
 in New York or Massachusetts, 887. 
 
 Theatricals in chapters, 592, 720, 750, 
 805, 837. 
 
 Titles of chapters, see Nomenclature. 
 
 Tombstones over graves of founders, 
 see Founders. 
 
 Transfer of membership, see Member- 
 ship. 
 
 Tree planted at Miami during semi-cen- 
 tennial, 705, 879. 
 
 Triad, Miami, B 9 H, $ A 0, S X, 15, 
 492, 495; triad of 1848, $ F A, A X, 
 * A0, 15. 
 
 Tributes to $ A from C. N. Bennett, 
 563; G. P. Benton, 786; C. S. Doo- 
 litell, 477; B. K. Elliott, 477; Al- 
 ston Ellis, 709; Edward Fuller, 532; 
 C. L. Goodwin, xviii, 740; A. C. 
 Harris, 825; Benjamin Harrison, 550, 
 552, 574, 610, 646; S. B. Hatfield, 
 276; S. A. Hoover, 478; W. M. 
 Langtry, 532; J. W. Lindley, XV, 
 610, 694, 708, 786; C. W. Metcalfe, 
 630; Robert Morrison, 521, 529, 694, 
 697, 708; W. B. Palmer, xxxvi; 
 J. F. Philips, 476,478; H. O. Sibley, 
 570; A. E. Stevenson, 580, 611, 646, 
 752; G. B. Swift, 646; W. F. Vilas, 
 200, 646. 
 
 Trustees, see Board of Trustees. 
 
 Universities, see Institutions. 
 
 Unwritten work, 566; password, 106; 
 grip, 294, 390; words of salutation 
 and recognition, 390; signs of, 106, 
 136, 390; cipher, 390. 
 
 War, civil, xxviii, 29, 74, 90, 91, 244, 
 896, 897, 898; effect on chapters and 
 the Fraternity, 221, 222, 223, 224, 
 237, 244, 275, 278, 280, 339; foreign 
 wars, XXVIII, 662, 664, 704, 727,815, 
 739, 740, 765, 770, 771, 772, 815, 902, 
 903. 
 
 Whistle of the Fraternitv, 523, 608, 609, 
 
 877. 
 Women, admission of, to 4> A pro- 
 posed, 192, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 
 
 295, 299, 344, 369- 
 Woods and fields, meetings in, XX, 100, 
 
 105, 130, 136, 241, 395. 
 Wreath, see Insignia. 
 Yacht owned by Wisconsin Alpha, 556. 
 Yell, see Cheer. 
 
INDEX OF CHAPTERS. 
 
 921 
 
 INDEX OF CHAPTERS. 
 
 Alabama Alpha, University of Alabama, 
 
 XXXI, 373, 374, 375, 3'85, 395, 415, 
 450, 459' 461, 471, 473, 479, 499, 5o8, 
 51Q, 540, 563, 603, 605, 636, 680, 686, 
 732. 776, 817, 838, 841, 845, 872, 874, 
 891, 892. 
 
 Alabama Beta, Alabama Polytechnic In- 
 stitute, XXXI, 311, 347, 395, 413, 415, 
 425, 435, 448, 450, 459, 461, 470, 471, 
 472, 479, 499, 507, 508, 519, 540, 563, 
 603, 605, 621, 636, 641, 680, 686, 732, 
 776,812, 817, 832, 838, 841, 843, 844, 
 845, 872, 891, 892, 903. 
 
 Alabama Gamma, Southern University, 
 XXVI, XXXII, 500, 507, 541, 563, 603, 
 605, 628, 636, 641, 839, 842, 875, 878, 
 891, 892. 
 
 California Alpha, University of Califor- 
 nia, XXX, 323, 324, 325, 330, 342, 
 344, 353, 354, 366, 368, 371, 372, 385, 
 403, 414, 470, 485, 486, 499, 524, 526, 
 540, 552, 557, 558, 563, 591, 593, 602, 
 605, 621, 636, 658, 679, 686, 713, 722, 
 723, 726, 732, 751, 764, 776, 792, 812, 
 817, 831, 838, 840, 871, 872, 875, 882, 
 885, 891, 893, 898, 900. 
 
 California Beta, Leland Stanford Junior 
 University, xxxii, 539, 557, 558, 566, 
 590, 591, 592, 603, 605, 621, 636, 658, 
 686, 713, 720, 723, 724, 732, 751, 777, 
 792, 812, 817, 831, 838, 842, 845, 877, 
 891, 893. 
 
 Colorado Alpha, University of Colorado, 
 
 XXXII, 627, 757, 759, 764, 777, 804, 
 811, 812, 817, 838, 842, 880, 891, 893, 
 903, 906. 
 
 Georgia Alpha, Oglethorpe University, 
 XXX, 293, 294, 295, 299, 300, 304, 
 305, 306, 307, 312, 316, 318, 344, 385, 
 415, 471, 602, 641, 839, 840, 843, 844, 
 870, 891. 
 
 Georgia Alpha, University of Georgia, 
 XXX, 266, 305, 307, 308, 312, 316, 
 318, 319, 330, 342, 344, 348, 349, 353, 
 368, 380, 385, 386, 392, 393, 395, 413, 
 415, 435, 470, 471, 472, 498, 540, 548, 
 563, 602, 605, 636, 641, 657, 662, 678, 
 686, 722, 732, 760, 763, 776, 812, 817, 
 838, 840, 844, 870, 891, 892, 902. 
 
 Georgia Beta, Emory College, XXVI, 
 XXX, 266, 305, 306, 307, 308, 312, 
 316, 319, 327, 330, 342, 344, 367, 372, 
 373, 374, 385, 386, 411, 412, 415, 435, 
 470, 472, 498, 541, 563, 602, 605, 636, 
 641, 662, 678, 684, 686, 722, 732, 750, 
 760, 763, 776, 817, 839, 840, 844, 870, 
 882, 891, 892, 905. 
 
 Georgia Gamma, Mercer University, 
 XXVI, XXX, 150, 307, 312, 316, 319, 
 
 327, 330, 342, 344, 368, 385, 386, 413, 
 415, 435, 470, 472, 499, 51 1, 541, 563, 
 602, 605, 636, 662, 678, 684, 686, 722, 
 732, 750, 760, 776, 817, 838, 840 ,844, 
 845, 870, 891, 892. 
 
 Georgia Delta, Georgia School of Tech- 
 nology, 759, 777, 811, 812, 817, 838, 
 842, 870, 880, 891, 892. 
 
 Illinois Alpha, Northwestern University, 
 
 XXIX, 209, 210, 212, 218, 220, 221, 
 222, 223, 244, 263, 273, 298, 316, 343, 
 385, 388, 403, 414, 424, 436, 470, 473, 
 500, 504, 505, 540, 548, 563, 576, 589, 
 602, 605, 620, 636, 645, 656, 677, 686, 
 723, 729, 763, 776, 804, 807, 812, 817, 
 839, 845, 867, 868, 875, 886, 891, 893, 
 901. 
 
 Illinois Beta, University of Chicago, 
 
 XXX, 187, 265, 273, 274, 276, 280, 281, 
 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 
 292, 296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 
 305, 308, 316, 335, 343, 357, 358, 385, 
 388, 414, 470, 530, 602, 608, 620, 627, 
 640, 643, 647, 658, 677, 686. 688, 763, 
 764, 776, 804, 812, 817, 838, 840, 843, 
 844, 847, 868, 869, 870, 878, 891, 893, 
 902. 
 
 Illinois Gamma, Monmouth College, 
 XXX, 291, 292, 294, 299, 300, 307, 308, 
 310, 312, 316, 318, 319, 330, 341, 342, 
 343, 344, 353, 3^8, 375, 376, 385, 386, 
 394, 413, 426, 435, 447, 448, 470, 500, 
 602, 603, 641 ,839, 840, 844, 869, 874, 
 875, 891,893- 
 
 Illinois Delta, Knox College, xxx, 266, 
 292, 294, 299, 300, 308, 312, 316, 319, 
 330, 342, 343, 344, 353, 368, 375, 377, 
 385, 423, 424, 448, 461, 470, 472, 498, 
 
 511, 539, 540, 549, 550, 557, 563, 580, 
 602, 605, 617, 620, 636, 641, 678, 686, 
 723, 732, 763, 776, 812, 817, 838, 840, 
 844, 845, 870, 872, 873, 874, 882, 891, 
 
 893- 
 
 Illinois Epsilon, Illinois Wesleyan Uni- 
 versity, xxxi, 367, 375, 376, 377, 386, 
 402, 413, 424, 435, 470, 472, 479, 499, 
 540, 563, 588, 589, 590, 603, 605, 636, 
 653, 680, 726, 762, 784, 799, 817, 836, 
 839, 841, 872, 878, 891, 893. 
 
 Illinois Zeta, Lombard College, xxxi, 
 267, 376, 377, 413, 424, 435, 448, 470, 
 472, 499, 511, 539, 540, 549, 550, 563, 
 580, 589, 592, 603, 605, 617, 620, 636, 
 658, 680, 686, 732, 735, 763, 776, 804, 
 807, 812, 817, 839, 841, 843, 844, 845, 
 872, 882, 891, 893. 
 
 Illinois Eta, University of Illinois, xxxii, 
 325, 588, 589, 590, 605. 636, 650, 683, 
 686, 723, 732, 746, 777, 803, 804, 805, 
 
922 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 807, 812, 817, 832, 836, 838, 842, 877, 
 
 ^93- 
 
 Indiana Alpha, Indiana University, 
 XXVI, XXIX, 70, 117, 132, 137, 138, 
 140, 142, 156, 157, 159, 161, 162, 163, 
 165, 167, 185, 186, 188, 191, 192, 193, 
 197? 1995 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 
 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 
 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 
 227, 229, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 
 238, 241, 242, 256, 269, 270, 272, 273, 
 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 283, 284, 285, 
 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 296, 298, 300, 
 301, 305, 308, 309, 311, 312, 316, 317, 
 319, 329, 330, 341, 342, 343, 344, 350, 
 351, 356, 357, 358, 367, 375, 377, 384, 
 386, 402, 403, 412, 433, 435, 462, 470, 
 472, 498, 540, 557, 563, 587, 597, 598, 
 599, 602, 605, 636, 676, 683, 685, 711, 
 723, 729, 739, 747, 776, 804, 812, 817, 
 832, 838, 839, 845, 847, 866, 867, 879, 
 891, 893. 
 
 Indiana Beta, Wabash College, XXVI, 
 
 XXIX, 118, 129, 137, 159, 161, 162, 
 167, 186, 192, 193, 202, 203, 208, 212, 
 213, 214, 218, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 
 227, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 259, 
 270, 278, 280, 283, 286, 287, 288, 289, 
 
 290, 293, 296, 298, 300, 312, 316, 317, 
 
 319, 329, 330, 342, 343, 367, 383, 384, 
 386, 396, 412, 435, 468, 469, 470, 472, 
 498, 540, 563, 586, 602, 603, 605, 617, 
 636, 676, 683, 685, 719, 729, 735, 747, 
 765, 776, 792, 801, 804, 805, 806, 813, 
 817, 837, 839, 845, 866, 868, 891, 893, 
 897, 903. 
 Indiana Gamma, University of Indian- 
 apolis, XXIX, 198, 210, 211, 212, 218, 
 220, 223, 224, 225, 236, 238, 244, 263, 
 269, 270, 280, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 
 
 291, 293, 296, 298, 300, 312, 316, 319, 
 330, 342, 343, 359, 367, 385, 386, 398, 
 402, 412, 416, 435, 454, 470, 472, 498, 
 526, 540, 563, 602, 605, 636, 658, 677, 
 686, 718, 723, 729, 735, 763, 765, 776, 
 817, 832, 838, 839, 842, 845, 867, 891, 
 893. 
 
 Indiana Delta, Franklin College, XXVI, 
 
 XXX, 159, 212, 218, 219, 220, 221, 
 223, 236, 265, 283, 288, 290, 295, 296, 
 298, 300,309, 312, 316, 317, 318, 319, 
 330, 341, 342, 343, 351, 357, 368, 374, 
 37?, 379, 380, 385, 386, 402, 412, 432, 
 435, 470, 472, 498, 521, 540, 554, 563, 
 602, 605, 617, 619, 628, 636, 659, 677, 
 686, 720, 732, 776, 817, 839, 842, 845, 
 867, 868, 869, 870, 872, 879, 891, 893, 
 906. 
 
 Indiana Epsilon, Hanover College, 
 XXVI, XXVII, XXX, 129, 140, 161, 184, 
 
 197, 198, 221, 227, 234, 283, 284, 285, 
 
 286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 295, 296, 298, 
 299, 300, 309, 310, 312, 316, 319, 322, 
 330, 339, 342, 343, 358, 365, 368, 385, 
 386, 412, 435, 470, 472, 498, 540, 563, 
 603, 602, 605, 636, 677, 686, 732, 735, 
 776, 817, 838, 840, 868, 869, 891, 893. 
 
 Indiana Zeta, DePauw University, XX vi, 
 
 XXX, 266, 279, 280, 284, 285, 286, 
 
 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 298, 
 
 299, 300, 304, 312, 316, 317, 318, 341, 
 342, 343, 344, 347, 350, 365, 385, 388, 
 402, 403, 412, 415, 435, 470, 471, 472, 
 530, 540, 557, 563, 586, 587, 588, 602, 
 605, 617, 636, 641, 677, 686, 723, 732, 
 
 763, 776, 812, 817, 839, 840, 842, 843, 
 
 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 891, 893, 903- 
 Indiana Eta, Indiana State Normal 
 
 School, 284, 286, 289, 290, 298, 299, 
 
 300, 312, 316, 343, 344, 385,, 404, 415, 
 471, 602, 641, 838, 840, 843, 844, 869, 
 
 870, 891. 
 
 Indiana Theta, Pnrdue University, 
 XXXII, 396, 404, 529, 539, 545, 586, 
 605, 636, 608, 616, 621, 636, 658, 683, 
 686, 723, 732, 748, 750, 763, 764, 777, 
 812, 817, 832, 838, 842, 877, 893, 903, 
 906. 
 
 Iowa Alpha, Iowa Wesleyan University, 
 XXVI, XXX, 266, 292, 307, 308, 310, 
 312, 316, 319, 330, 342, 344, 350, 357, 
 367, 385, 386, 401, 413, 427, 429, 430, 
 435, 470, 472, 498, 540, 556, 563, 605, 
 636, 659, 678, 684, 686, 721, 732, 763, 
 
 764, 776, 807, 812, 813, 817, 839, 840, 
 870, 891, 893. 
 
 Iowa Beta, University of Iowa, XXXI, 
 350, 401, 419, 429, 430, 435, 470, 472, 
 499, 541, 548, 563, 603, 605, 617, 636, 
 681, 686, 723, 732, 763, 777, 792, 807, 
 812, 813, 817, 838, 841, 874, 891, 893. 
 
 Kansas Alpha, University of Kansas, 
 
 XXXI, 379, 388, 414, 436, 441, 442, 
 461, 470, 472, 499, 541, 551, 563, 603, 
 605, 636, 681, 686, 732, 764, 777, 804, 
 807, 812, 817, 838, 841, 874, 882, 891, 
 
 893, 899- 
 Kentucky Alpha, Centre College (to 
 1901), XXVI, XXIX, 104, 108, 130, 131, 
 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 165, 167, 169, 
 175, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 188, 189, 
 192, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199, 202, 203, 
 204, 206, 207, 208, 210, 212, 213, 214, 
 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 
 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 244, 258, 
 269, 273, 277, 278, 280, 281, 283, 286, 
 
 288, 290, 296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 303, 
 311, 312, 314, 315, 316, 319, 337, 340, 
 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 349, 357, 368, 
 373, 384, 386, 397, 398, 412, 415, 432, 
 
INDEX OF CHAPTERS. 
 
 923 
 
 435, 452, 470, 471, 472, 482, 498, 541, 
 563, 578, 592, 595, 602, 605, 636, 641, 
 676, 685, 729, 739, 744, 746, 839, 842, 
 
 843, 845, 847, 866, 867, 873, 879, 891, 
 892. 
 
 Kentucky Beta, Kentucky Military In- 
 stitute, XXIX, 182, 186, 193, 218, 237, 
 244, 261, 298, 316, 343, 385, 414, 458, 
 471, 473, 482, 602, 641, 676, 838, 839, 
 842, 844, 867, 891, 897, 906. 
 
 Kentucky Gamma, Centre College (sec- 
 ond chapter there), 181, 182, 183, 184, 
 186, 219, 839, 867, 897. 
 
 Kentucky Gamma, Georgetown College, 
 XXIX, '198, 210, 219, 235,237, 298, 
 316, 340, 341, 342, 343, 352, 385, 414, 
 471, 482, 602, 641, 727, 737, 838, 839, 
 867, 871, 891, 897. 
 
 Kentucky Delta, Central University (to 
 1901), XXXII, 70, 367, 404, 481, 482, 
 499, 541, 563, 578, 605, 636, 682, 686, 
 719, 732, 746, 839, 841, 842, 843, 844, 
 875, 879, 891, 892. 
 
 Kentucky Alpha-Delta, Central Univer- 
 sity (since 1901), 137, 746, 747, 763, 
 
 776, 817, 839, 842, 843, 844, 845, 879, 
 892. 
 
 Kentucky Epsilon, Kentucky State Col- 
 lege, XXXII, 432, 436, 727, 737, 744, 
 748, 763, 772, 777, 812, 817, 838, 842, 
 
 844, 879, 892, 905. 
 
 Louisiana Alpha, Tulane University, 
 XXXII, 527, 544, 563, 592, 603, 605, 
 636, 683, 686, 718, 732, 755, 777, 817, 
 838, 842, 876, 891, 892. 
 
 Maine Alpha, Colby College, xxxii, 
 456, 460, 461, 472, 499, 541, 563, 576, 
 603,605, 636, 682, 686, 732, 750, 755, 
 
 777, 817, 838, 841, 843, 874, 891, 892, 
 905. 
 
 Massachusetts Alpha, Williams College, 
 XXXII, 482, 485, 499, 526, 541, 563, 
 603, 605, 636, 661, 682, 686, 732, 761, 
 762, 777, 805, 817, 836, 838, 842, 875, 
 891, 892, 905. 
 
 Massachusetts Beta, Amherst College, 
 XXXII, 350, 379, 388, 482, 516, 518, 
 526, 527, 541, 563, 569, 592, 603, 605, 
 618, 620, 621, 636, 661, 683, 686, 720, 
 732, 748, 765, 777, 806, 812, 817, 838, 
 842, 876, 882, 891, 892. 
 
 Michigan Alpha, University of Michi- 
 gan, XXVI, XXX, 221, 265, 269, 
 270, 276, 277, 280, 283, 285, 288, 298, 
 300, 309, 316, 326, 341, 343, 367, 385, 
 388, 394, 403, 412, 414, 470, 473, 500, 
 513, 526, 535, 539, 540, 550, 556, 563, 
 586, 590, 600, 602, 605, 618, 625, 636, 
 650, 677, 686, 732, 750, 770, 776, 802, 
 804, 812, 813, 817, 832, 838, 840, 868, 
 869, 873,876, 883, 891, 893. 
 
 Michigan Beta, Michigan State Agricul- 
 tural College, 326, 327, 330, 341, 342, 
 344, 365, 368, 385, 386, 413, 435, 470, 
 472, 499, 540, 550, 563, 602, 605, 627, 
 636, 641, 654, 679, 838, 840, 844, 871, 
 878, 891, 893. 
 
 Michigan Gamma, Hillsdale College, 
 
 . XXVI, XXX, XXXI, 442, 461, 470,472, 
 499, 541, 563, 603, 605, 636, 641, 654, 
 658, 682, 838, 841, 874, 878, 891, 893. 
 
 Minnesota Alpha, University of Minne- 
 sota, XXXI, 323, 378, 388, 419, 428, 
 435, 470, 472, 499, 526, 527, 541, 545, 
 563, 572, 574, 591, 603, 605, 618, 636, 
 681, 684, 686, 723, 732, 748, 765, 777, 
 804, 812, 817, 838, 841, 873, 891, 893.. 
 
 Mississippi Alpha, University of Missis- 
 sippi, XXXI, 237, 372,. 373^ 385, 386, 
 413, 435, 457, 470, 472, 499, 54°, 563, 
 603, 605, 636, 680, 686, 732, 755, 764, 
 776, 805, 817, 838, 841, 872, 891, 892. 
 
 Missouri Alpha, University of Missouri, 
 XXX, 198, 266, 291, 292, 294, 298, 299, 
 300, 310, 312, 316, 319, 330, 342, 344, 
 368, 385, 386, 404, 405, 412, 415, 426, 
 435, 436, 449, 461, 470, 471, 472, 498, 
 540, 553, 554, 556, 563, 602; 605, 617, 
 636,641,650,678, 686, 723, 732, 752, 
 757, 764, 776, 803, 804, 807, 812, 817, 
 837, 838, 840, 845, 869, 891 , 893, 898. 
 
 Missouri Beta, Central College, 350, 
 368, 385, 386, 393, 415, 471, 590, 603, 
 641, 839, 841, 843, 844, 871, 872, 891. 
 
 Missouri Beta, Westminster College, 
 XXVI, XXXI, 70, 404, 405, 406, 414, 
 415,435,470,472, 499, 521, 541, 563, 
 590, 603, 605, 636, 681, 686, 704, 720, 
 732, 750, 751, 758, 764, 777, 791, 804, 
 807, 812, 817, 832, 839, 841, 873, 879, 
 891, 893. 
 
 Missouri Gamma, Washington Univer- 
 sity, XXVI, XXXII, 492, 553, 563, 589, 
 593, 603, 605, 636, 683, 686, 732, 742, 
 748, 750, 752, 764, 777, 807, 812, 817, 
 838, 842, 844, 845, 876, 891, 893, 902. 
 
 Nebraska Alpha, University of Nebras- 
 ka, XXXI, 341, 342, 344, 352, 385, 
 403, 436, 454, 461, 471, 472, 499, 512, 
 540, 557, 563, 603, 605, 636, 651, 658, 
 668, 679, 686, 712, 732, 776, 792, 804, 
 812, 817, 838, 840, 845, 871, 872, 874, 
 891, 893. 
 
 New Hampshire Alpha, Dartmouth Col- 
 lege, XXXII, 460, 461, 472, 482, 483, 
 499, 511, 516, 541, 563, 603, 605, 619, 
 636, 682,686, 732, 755, 756, 762, 763, 
 773, 777, 812, 817, 838, 841, 874, 891, 
 892. 
 
 New York Alpha, Cornell University, 
 XXVI, XXX, 309, 310, 312, 316, 319, 
 330, 341, 342, 344, 349, 351, 352, 353, 
 
924 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 354' 359' 371' 385> 386, 391, 414, 419, 
 453' 470, 4^5' 486, 499» 507' 525' 526, 
 54O' 555' 556, 563' 593' 602, 605, 620, 
 623, 636, 661, 678, 686, 732, 764, 776, 
 817, 838, 840, 870, 871, 875, 891, 892, 
 898, 902. 
 New York Beta, Union University, xxxii, 
 
 453' 455' 456, 461, 472' 484' 499' 54i'' 
 563, 603, 605, 618, 636, 657, 686, 722, 
 732, 743, 748, 777, 812, 817, 838, 841, 
 874, 883, 891, 892. 
 
 New York Gamma, College of the City 
 of New York, xxxii, 404, 455, 456, 
 457, 458, 459, 461, 472' 484, 485, 499, 
 541, 548, 563, 576, 577, 590, 603, 641, 
 682, 838, 841, 874, 877, 882, 891, 892, 
 900. 
 
 New York Delta, Columbia Universit}', 
 XXVI, XXXII, 457, 458, 459, 461, 485, 
 499' 54I' 547' 576' 577' 603, 605, 619, 
 626, 636, 641, 657, 682, 686, 722, 732, 
 747, 762, 770, 772, 776, 777, 812, 817, 
 838, 841, 843, 874, 876, 877, 882, 883, 
 891, 892, 901. 
 
 New York Epsilon, Syracuse University, 
 XXXII, 485, 506, 541, 556, 563, 591, 
 593, 603, 605, 636, 657, 661, 686, 714, 
 732, 748, 777, 793, 812, 813, 817, 839, 
 842, 875, 891, 892, 901, 905. 
 
 North Carolina Alpha, Trinity College, 
 XXXI, 378, 386, 393, 395, 436, 471, 
 478' 479' 603, 641, 762, 839, 841, 843, 
 872, 891. 
 
 North Carolina Beta, University of 
 North Carolina, XXXII, 198, 388, 478, 
 479, 482, 499, 541, 547, 563, 578, 603, 
 605, 615, 636, 641, 682, 686, 719, 732, 
 735' 777' 804, 812, 817, 838, 841, 875, 
 882, 891, 892. 
 
 Ohio Alpha, Miami University, xx, xxvi, 
 XXIX, 21, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 
 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 68, 96, 97, 98, 
 99, 100, loi, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 
 107, 108, 109, no, 
 115, 116, 117, 118, 
 
 123, 127, 131, 132 
 149, 150, 154, 155 
 161, 162, 163, 164 
 171, 173, 174' 175 
 181, 184, 185, 186 
 191, 192, 193, 196 
 204, 205, 206, 207 
 226, 227, 228, 229 
 236, 240, 241, 242 
 272, 278, 280, 283 
 290, 291, 293, 294 
 300, 304, 305, 308 
 316,317,318,319 
 328, 336, 343, 344 
 384, 386,414,417 
 
 III, 112, 113, 114, 
 
 119, 120, 121, T22, 
 133, 144, 147, 148, 
 156, 158, 159, 160, 
 165, 166, 167, 169, 
 177, 178, 179, 180, 
 187, 188, 189, 190, 
 197, 198, 199, 203, 
 
 208, 213, 2x8, 219, 
 
 230, 231,232,235, 
 243, 244, 254, 270, 
 286, 287,288, 289, 
 295, 296, 297, 298, 
 309, 311,312, 314, 
 323, 324, 325, 326, 
 358, 365. 366, 382, 
 432, 433, 466, 470, 
 
 480, 481, 495, 498, 533, 534, 536, 537, 
 
 540, 545, 546, 550, 556, 563, 567, 602, 
 605, 619, 636, 640, 655, 664, 676, 684, 
 
 685, 690, 694, 695, 706, 707, 708, 722, 
 728, 729, 739, 765, 776, 805, 812, 817, 
 829, 831, 832, 837, 838, 839, 842, 845, 
 846, 847, 848, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 
 871, 875, 878, 879, 881, 883, 891, 893' 
 896, 897; see Parent chapter in Index 
 of Subjects. 
 
 Ohio Beta, Miami University (second 
 chapter there), 112, 148, 178, 179, i8o, 
 181, 184, 218, 219, 240, 241, 242, 343, 
 
 384, 839, 866, 867. 
 
 Ohio Beta, Ohio Wesleyan Universit}', 
 XXX, 159, 160, 211, 212, 2x8, 220, 
 22X, 222, 223, 237, 264, 293, 295, 298, 
 299' 312, 316, 319' 326, 327, 330, 342, 
 343, 346, 368, 372, 385, 386, 398, 4x2, 
 ,4x5, 435, 45X, 470, 472, 498, 513, 540, 
 563, 602, 605, 609, 636, 64X, 677, 683, 
 
 686, 696, 723, 732, 742, 750, 765, 776, 
 796, 80X, 804, 812, 8x7, 832, 839, 843, 
 844, 867, 868, 870, 872, 873, 882, 89X, 
 
 893. 
 
 Ohio Gamma, Wittenberg College, XXIX, 
 X12, X59, i6x, X84, x86, 193,2x8,298, 
 316, 343, 384, 414, 458, 470, 602, 603, 
 64X, 838, 84X, 843, 867, 891. 
 
 Ohio Gamma, Ohio University, xxvi, 
 
 XXX, 61, 266, 280, 286, 289, 290, 294, 
 296, 298, 299, 300, 3x2, 3x6, 3x7, 3x9, 
 330, 342, 343, 358, 359, 367, 385, 386, 
 4x2, 4x5, 435, 470, 471, 472, 498, 540, 
 563, 602, 605, 617, 636, 652, 659, 677, 
 684, 686, 732, 765, 776, 804, 8x7, 838, 
 840, 843, 869, 89X, 893, 905. 
 
 Ohio Delta, University of Wooster, 
 XXVI, XXX, 309, 3x0, 312, 316, 3x9, 
 322, 323, 326, 327, 330, 336, 337, 338, 
 339' 340, 34I' 342, 343' 346, 349' 35°' 
 35I' 355' 356, 357' 358, 364' 365' 367' 
 372' 373, 376, 377, 378, 380, 381, 382, 
 385' 386, 39I' 392, 397' 402, 404' 415' 
 425, 435, 470, 472, 499, 525, 54X, 55X, 
 563, 602, 605, 636, 653, 678, 839, 840, 
 843, 848, 849, 850, 870, 87X, 872, 873, 
 878, 89X, 893. 
 
 Ohio Epsilon, Buchtel College, xxvi, 
 
 XXXI, 267, 339, 340, 342, 343, 358, 
 
 385, 386, 396, 4x3, 4x5, 435, 451, 470, 
 472, 499, 510, 516, 540, 563, 603, 605, 
 623, 627, 636, 64X, 653, 679, 839, 840, 
 843, 871, 878, 891,893. 
 
 Ohio Zeta, Ohio State University, xxxii, 
 404, 4x9, 436, 450, 451, 461, 472, 499, 
 
 541, 563, 603, 605, 620, 623, 636, 657, 
 682, 686, 696, 732, 748, 777, 8x2, 838, 
 84X, 844, 874, 878, 891, 893, 900, 906. 
 
 Ohio Eta, Case School of Applied Sci- 
 
INDEX OF CHAPTERS. 
 
 925 
 
 ence, xxxii, 619, 621, 626, 640, 641, 
 643, 658, 659, 683, 684, 686, 688, 690, 
 713, 732, 742, 748, 777, 802, 804, 805, 
 812, 817, 832, 838, 842, 878, 893. 
 
 Ohio Theta, University of Cincinnati, 
 XXXII, 115, 655, 659, 683, 686, 688, 
 721, 732, 748, 758, 777, 817, 838, 842, 
 878, 893. 
 
 Pennsylvania Alpha, Lafayette College, 
 XXVI, XXX, 323, 330, 342, 344, 347, 
 348, 349, 350, 357, 368, 371, 379, 380, 
 385, 386, 391, 394, 395, 396, 397, 399, 
 400, 401, 404, 412, 416, 435, 436, 452, 
 456, 470, 472, 486, 499, 508, 509, 512, 
 540, 563, 602, 605, 636, 679, 686, 732, 
 776, 817, 832, 839, 840, 850, 870, 872, 
 891, 892. 
 
 Pennsylvania Beta, Pennsylvania Col- 
 lege, XXVI, XXXI, 284, 347, 348, 368, 
 385, 386, 401, 413, 435, 436, 452, 470, 
 472, 499, 540, 563, 603, 605, 636, 641, 
 657, 679, 684, 686, 688, 712, 719, 720, 
 
 721, 732, 769, 776, 797,817,838, 840, 
 844, 871, 872, 882, 891, 892, 903. 
 
 Pennsylvania Gamma, Washington and 
 Jefferson College, XXXI, 159, 166, 167, 
 198, 348, 350, 368, 385, 386, 397, 413, 
 435, 470, 473, 499, 540, 563, 603, 605, 
 636, 680, 686, 690, 722, 732, 776, 805, 
 812, 817, 839, 840, 844, 871, 891, 892. 
 
 Pennsylvania Delta, Allegheny College, 
 XXXI, 322, 397, 413, 415, 435, 442, 
 470, 472, 499, 540, 563, 568, 569, 603, 
 605, 611, 620, 636, 657, 681, 684, 686, 
 7325 776. 799' 800, 806, 812, 817, 839, 
 841, 844, 872, 891, 892. 
 
 Pennsylvania Epsilon, Dickinson Col- 
 lege, XXVI, XXXI, 401, 406, 413, 414, 
 415' 435' 454' 47O' 472' 499, 511, 54 r 
 563, 603, 605, 617, 620, 636, 657, 681, 
 684, 686, 688, 721, 732, 777, 805, 817, 
 839, 841, 873, 891, 892. 
 
 Pennsylvania Zeta, University of Penn- 
 sylvania, XXVI, XXXII, 350, 379, 398, 
 419, 436, 452, 461, 473, 479, 499, 508, 
 512, 513, 541, 548, 552, 556, 563, 566, 
 575' 59I' 603, 605, 609, 626, 636, 642, 
 643, 650, 657, 682, 686, 688, 704, 718, 
 719, 721, 732, 750, 770, 777, 812, 817, 
 832, 838, 841, 844, 874, 890, 891, 892, 
 901, 906. 
 
 Pennsylvania Eta, Lehigh University, 
 XXXI, 349, 350, 368, 370, 385, 415, 
 500, 508, 509, 526, 540, 563, 575, 591, 
 603, 605, 636, 655, 657, 661, 680, 686, 
 
 722, 732, 764, 776, 797, 805, 812, 817, 
 832, 838, 840, 844, 871, 872, 891, 892, 
 901. 
 
 Pennsylvania Theta, Pennsylvania State 
 College, 515, 529, 627, 641, 657, 663, 
 
 726, 797, 799, 804, 813, 816, 817, 838, 
 842, 844, 880, 892, 905. 
 
 Quebec Alpha, McGill University, 
 XXXII, 726, 737, 754, 757, 762, 773, 
 777' 799' 812, 817, 838, 842, 880, 892. 
 
 Rhode Island Alpha, Brown University, 
 XXXII, 388, 482, 521, 541, 563, 603, 
 605, 636, 651, 683, 686, 732, 748, 762, 
 777, 812, 817, 838, 842, 876, 891, 892. 
 
 South Carolina Alpha, Wofford College, 
 XXXI, 395, 396, 413, 431, 435, 436, 
 470, 471, 473, 479, 559, 603, 641, 839, 
 841, 872, 875, 891. 
 
 South Carolina Beta, South Carolina 
 College, XXXI, 431, 436, 461,470, 473, 
 499' 54I' 547' 563' 579' 603, 605, 641, 
 681, 838, 841, 843' 874' 877' 885, 891, 
 892, 899. 
 
 Tennessee Alpha, Vanderbilt Univer- 
 sity, XXVI, XXXI, 345, 348, 349, 367, 
 374' 375' 380, 385, 386, 393, 394, 395, 
 404, 413, 415, 425, 435, 436, 443, 448, 
 452, 461, 470, 472, 479, 481, 499, 512, 
 527, 540, 563, 582, 586, 591, 597, 603, 
 605, 636, 651, 654, 680, 686, 732, 748, 
 
 776, 805, 812, 817, 839, 840, 844, 845, 
 872, 874, 882, 891, 892. 
 
 Tennessee Beta, University of the South, 
 XXVI, XXXII, 419, 436, 443, 444, 461, 
 470, 472, 499, 526, 541, 563, 591, 597, 
 603, 605, 636, 682, 683, 732, 764, 777, 
 812, 817, 832, 838, 841, 844, 874, 891, 
 892. 
 
 Texas Alpha, Austin College, xxix, 
 181, 185, 193, 198, 218, 261, 298, 316, 
 343' 385' 415' 47O' 602, 603, 626, 641, 
 839, 843, 844, 845, 867, 891. 
 
 Texas Alpha, Trinity University, XXXI, 
 377' 378' 386, 413, 415, 426, 431, 435, 
 446, 447, 470, 603, 641, 839, 841, 843, 
 844, 872, 874, 891. 
 
 Texas Beta, University of Texas, xxxi, 
 419, 452, 461, 472, 486, 487, 499, 541, 
 548, 563, 603, 605, 611, 636, 641, 682, 
 686, 722, 732, 763, 765, 777, 817, 838, 
 841, 845, 874, 875, 891, 893. 
 
 Texas Gamma, Southwestern Univer- 
 sity, XXXII, 404, 487, 499, 541, 563, 
 603, 605, 611, 636, 641, 683, 686, 732, 
 
 777, 804, 817, 839, 842, 875, 891, 893, 
 906. 
 
 Vermont Alpha, University of Vermont, 
 XXXI, 399, 413, 435, 453, 457, 460, 
 470, 472,499, 510, 540, 563, 603, 605, 
 620, 636, 661, 681, 686, 722, 732, 755, 
 756' 776, 798, 799, 800, 806, 812, 813, 
 817, 838, 841, 873, 875, 891, 892. 
 
 Virginia Alpha, Roanoke College, xxx, 
 266, 284, 285, 286, 288, 290, 291, 293, 
 295, 298, 299, 300, 304, 308,310, 312, 
 
926 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 316, 319, 327, 329, 330, 342, 344, 347, 
 368, 375> 385' 386, 413, 426, 435, 470, 
 472, 498, 530, 540, 547, 563, 578, 602, 
 605, 614, 641, 678, 838, 840,891, 892. 
 
 Virginia Beta, University of Virginia, 
 XXX, 166, 167, 327, 328, 329, 330, 
 342, 344, 352, 368, 374, 385, 386, 398, 
 413, 431, 435, 470, 472, 473, 481, 491, 
 499, 541, 547, 563, 578, 603, 605, 614, 
 615, 636, 641, 661, 679, 686, 732, 776, 
 817, 838, 840, 871, 891, 892. 
 
 Virginia Gamma, Randolph-Macon Col- 
 lege, XXVI, XXXI, 266, 329, 330, 342, 
 368, 385, 386, 402, 413, 426, 344, 435, 
 436, 450, 470, 473, 479, 489, 490, 491, 
 499' 54I' 547' 563' 578, 603, 605, 614, 
 636, 641, 679, 686, 732, 735, 765, 776, 
 804, 817, 839, 840, 871, 875, 891, 892. 
 
 Virginia Delta, Richmond College, xxxr, 
 347' 368, 375, 385, 386, 413, 435, 436, 
 450, 457' 470, 472> 479' 489' 490, 49i' 
 499' 54I' 547' 563' 578,603, 605, 614, 
 618, 641, 679, 838, 840, 871, 874, 875, 
 877, 891, 892, 900. 
 
 Virginia Epsilon, Virginia Military In- 
 stitute, XXXI, 373, 374, 375, 385, 386, 
 
 413, 431, 435, 470, 473, 479, 489, 491, 
 499, 500, 515, 603, 611, 641, 838, 841, 
 844, 872, 875, 876, 891, 892. 
 
 Virginia Zeta, Washington and Lee 
 University, xxxii, 388, 490, 491, 500, 
 507, 541, 547, 563, 578, 603, 605, 615, 
 636, 641, 654, 683, 686, 732, 777, 817, 
 839, 842, 844, 875, 876, 891, 892. 
 
 Washington Alpha, University of Wash- 
 ington, XXXII, 724, 736, 748, 751, 757, 
 777, 792, 812, 817, 831, 838, 842, 844, 
 879, 893, 903. 
 
 Wisconsin Alpha, University of Wiscon- 
 sin, XXVI, XXIX, 117, 198, 199, 203, 
 204, 208, 209, 212, 218, 220, 221, 222, 
 223, 235, 236, 244, 261, 273, 298, 316, 
 322, 323, 343, 385, 388, 399, 400, 412, 
 415, 435, 470, 471, 472, 498, 540, 556, 
 563? 597? 602, 605, 620, 625, 636, 641, 
 651, 677, 686, 729, 742, 750, 757, 776, 
 812, 813, 817, 832, 838, 839' 845' 867, 
 868, 873, 879, 891, 893, 905, 906. 
 
 Wisconsin Beta, Lawrence University, 
 XXXI, 209, 212, 218, 220, 262, 298, 
 316, 343, 385, 415, 471, 602, 641, 657, 
 727' 737' 762, 772, 784, 839, 867, 891. 
 
 INDEX OF ALUMNI CLUBS. 
 
 Alabama — Birmingham, 612, 777, 817, 
 846, 877; Mobile, 612, 846, 877; Mont- 
 gomery, 406, 472, 563, 636, 686, 732, 
 777, 845, 873; Selma, 518, 541, 565, 
 
 845, 876. 
 
 Arkansas — Fort Smith, 795, 820, 846, 
 
 880. 
 California — Los Angeles, 519, 653, 
 
 846, 876, 886; San Francisco, 488, 
 539' 552, 619, 650, 733, 777, 845, 875, 
 886, 900. 
 
 Colorado— Denver, 583, 733, 757, 758, 
 791, 817, 846, 877. 
 
 District of Columbia — Washington, 
 458, 539, 636, 751, 777, 845, 874, 886. 
 
 Georgia — Atlanta, 429, 489, 500, 565, 
 630, 636, 733, 760, 777, 847, 875; Co- 
 lumbus, 458, 473, 563, 845, 874; 
 Macon, 612, 750, 846, 877. 
 
 Illinois — Bloomington, 302, 540, 617, 
 768, 777, 820, 846, 880, 904; Chicago, 
 187, 424, 472, 524, 549, 560, 563, 636, 
 686, 714, 732, 748, 751, 777, 792, 794, 
 817, 845, 873, 881, 886; Galesburg, 
 427, 472, 539, 550, 788, 845, 873; 
 Peoria, 769, 846, 880. 
 
 Indiana — Crawfordsville, 766, 777, 817, 
 846, 880; Franklin, 380, 385, 386, 
 405, 413, 435, 472, 473, 605, 686, 704, 
 
 732, 750, 768, 777' 79I' 817, 845, 872; 
 Indianapolis, 311, 380, 405, 413, 429, 
 435' 472' 473' 499' 536, 540, 541, 563, 
 605, 620, 636, 686, 714, 732, 742, 747, 
 75I' 777' 79I' 792, 817, 825, 845, 870, 
 873. 
 
 Iowa — Mount Pleasant, 830, 846, 881, 
 906; Sioux City, 796, 846, 880. 
 
 Kansas — Hutchinson, 796, 802, 846, 
 880. 
 
 Kentucky — Lexington, 795, 820, 846, 
 880; Louisville, 406, 472, 499, 549, 
 563, 605, 636, 686, 704, 732, 791, 817, 
 
 845, 873. 
 
 Louisiana — New Orleans, 649, 650, 
 
 733, 846, 878. 
 
 Maryland — Baltimore, 406, 413, 435, 
 472, 777, 845, 873, 886. 
 
 Massachusetts — Boston, 606, 620, 
 636, 650, 686, 716, 751, 846, 877, 886, 
 901; Harvard University, 582, 613, 
 715' 777' 796, 829, 846, 879. 
 
 Michigan — Detroit, 649, 650, 777, 817, 
 
 846, 878, 886. 
 
 Minnesota — Minneapolis, 480, 549, 
 566, 573, 606, 620, 636, 686, 748, 777, 
 846, 875, 886; Saint Paul, 518, 549, 
 566, 846, 876. 
 
 Mississippi — Meridian, 750, 846, 879. 
 
 * See Alumni clubs in Index of Subjects. 
 
INDEX OF NAMES. 
 
 927 
 
 Missouri — Kansas City, 480, 686, 732, 
 75I' 777' 845, 875, 886; Saint Louis, 
 509, 583, 636, 733, 748, 751, 777, 806, 
 817,845,876, 886. 
 
 Nebraska — Omaha, 766, 777, 817, 846, 
 880. 
 
 New York— New York, 459, 473, 499, 
 541, 549, 555, 565, 606, 619, 636, 686, 
 732, 742, 748, 751, 770, 776, 777, 785, 
 817, 829, 836, 845, 874, 879, 880, 881, 
 886; Schenectady, 743, 748, 846, 879, 
 886, 903; Syracuse, 714, 748, 777, 817, 
 846, 879, 886. 
 
 Ohio — Akron, 458, 473, 499, 541, 549, 
 636, 686, 732, 845, 874; Athens, 652, 
 686, 846, 902; Cincinnati, 429, 472, 
 473' 499' 54I' 563' 606, 656, 686, 732, 
 748, 777, 817, 845, 874, 886; Cleve- 
 land, 582, 636, 622, 624, 626, 650, 686, 
 733' 748' 75I' 777' 817, 846, 886; Co- 
 lumbus, 583, 651, 684, 686, 733, 748, 
 846, 877, 878; Hamilton, 742, 817, 
 846, 879; Toledo, 519' 562, 715, 736, 
 777, 817, 846, 879. 
 
 Oklahoma — Oklahoma Citv, 790, 820, 
 846, 880. 
 
 Oregon — Portland, 768, 846, 880. 
 
 Pennsylvania — Philadelphia, 388, 519, 
 549, 606, 636, 686, 704, 733, 777, 791, 
 846, 876, 880, 886; Pittsburg, 509, 
 686, 733, 751, 777, 817, 845, 875, 886, 
 903; Warren, 794, 846, 880. 
 
 Rhode Island — Providence, 652, 748, 
 75I' 777' 8x7' 846, 878, 886. 
 
 Tennessee — Nashville, 428, 435, 472, 
 473' 512, 541, 563, 606, 636, 686, 732, 
 748, 817, 845, 873. 
 
 Texas — Austin, 704, 846, 879. 
 
 Utah — Salt Lake City, 555, 846, 876. 
 
 Vermont — Burlington, 794, 846, 880. 
 
 Virginia — Richmond, 381, 382, 435, 
 
 439' 472' 473' 499' 777' 845. 
 
 Washington — Seattle, 714, 726, 733, 
 736, 748, 791, 817, 846, 879, 886; 
 Spokane, 590, 777, 791, 817, 846, 886. 
 
 Wisconsin— La Crosse, 620, 846, 877; 
 Menasha, 768, 777, 820, 846,880; Mil- 
 waukee, 650, 777, 817, 846, 878, 886. 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES. 
 
 Abbett, M. T., '07, Ind. A, 821. 
 Abbott, G. i., '88, N. Y. E, 507. 
 Abbott, Samuel, '87, Mass. A, 484, 499, 
 
 651. 
 Abbott, W. C, '92, Ind. B-N. Y. A, 
 
 563, 571, 605. 
 Acker, J. H. R., '04, Pa. Z, 777, 792, 
 
 904. 
 Adams, F. H., '80, Cal. A, 486. 
 Adams, F. W., '75, Iowa A, 266. 
 Adams, H. J., '03, Vt. A, xxxi, 777. 
 Adams, I. C, '71, Ohio T, 280. 
 Adamson, L. C, '82, Ga. A, 459. 
 Adcock, R. J., '78, 111. A, 427. 
 Addison, D. M., '95, Pa. B, 679. 
 Adel, E. E., '86, Ohio B, 686. 
 Agnew, E. H., '97, Kan. A, 681. 
 Aikens, C. T., '85, Pa. 9, 797, 798. 
 Alberry, T. W., '75, Ind. B-Ohio B, 
 
 293- 
 Albertson, C. C, '89, 111. A, 505. 
 Alcott, A. G.,'70, Ind. r, 289, 290, 298, 
 
 299' 330, 858. 
 Alderson, R. F., '73, Ky. A, 480. 
 Alderson, S. B., '76, Ky. A, 312. 
 Aldrich, C. S., '95, Iowa B, 681. 
 Alexander, A. A., '90, Ind. A, 606, 820. 
 Alexander, A. J., '97, Ala. B, 750. 
 Alexander, H. C. '95, Tenn. A, 680. 
 Alexander, W. S., '77, Cal. A, 679. 
 Alfrey, H. D., '01, Ind. B, 676. 
 Allan, A. R., '02, N. Y. A, 770, 780, 
 
 904. 
 
 Allardt, C. F., '88, Cal. A, 486. 
 Allardt, F. A., '88, Cal. A, 486. 
 Allen, Clav, '98, 111. A, 677. 
 Allen, C. P., '76, Mo. B (C), 350. 
 Allen, E. B., '97, Vt. A, 636. 
 Alien, E. P., '85, Ga. B, 472. 
 Allen, H. C, '06, Wis. A, 820. 
 Allen, H. L, '04, 111. A, 820. 
 Allen, H. N. T., '98, Minn. A, 618. 
 Allen, Joel, '92, Vt. A, 780. 
 Allen, J. B., '67, Ind. B, 260, 562, 714, 
 
 726, 864. 
 Allen, J. C, '86, Ky. B, 714. 
 Allen, J. D., '74, Ohio A, 290, 297. 
 Allen, J. H., '95, Iowa B, 681. 
 Allen, L. H., '94, Pa. A, 777. 
 Allen, M. W., '96, 111. Z, 636. 
 Allen, P. S., '74, Ohio A, 309. 
 Allen, R. M., '00, Ky. E, xxxii, 737, 
 
 744, 746, 772, 781, 795, 820, 825, 827, 
 
 858, 905. 
 Allen, T. T., '02, Pa. A, xxxi. 
 Allen, T. W., '86, N. Y. B, 453, 454, 
 
 472. 
 Allen, W. A., '56, Texas A (A.), 185, 
 
 187, 249, 261. 
 Allen, W. E., '85, Mich. F, 442. 
 Allen, W. G., '82, Tenn. B, 443, 444. 
 Aller, N. S., '92, Pa. A, 563. 
 Allison, T. E., '07, Pa. Z, 821. 
 Alloway, C. T., '73, Mo. A, 291. 
 Ames, Warner, '02, Va. B, 780. 
 Ammen, Jacob, '31, Ind. A, 267. 
 
92( 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 Anderson, A. E., '86, Ind. T-Neb. A, 
 
 Anderson, B. E., '72, Ga. B, 306, 330, 
 858. 
 
 Anderson, C. N., '90, 111. Z, 541. 
 
 Anderson, C. N., '94, Ga. T, 612. 
 
 Anderson, C. R., '75, Ky. A, 312, 315, 
 342, 398. 
 
 Anderson, D. G., '91, Pa. Z, 675, 682, 
 902. 
 
 Anderson, D. L., '95, Gal. B, 558. 
 
 Anderson, E. J., '60, Ky. A, 216, 217, 
 220, 236, 237, 315. 
 
 Anderson, J. A,, '53, Ohio A, 40, 60, 
 105, 106, 108, no, 112, 113, 140, 155, 
 161, 163, 164, 166, I69, 172, 173, 178, 
 179, 181, 187, 189, 190, 191, 217, 228, 
 230, 231, 232, 240, 242, 243, 255, 297, 
 534' 536, 539' 863, 864. 
 
 Anderson, Martin, '06, Ind. B, 793. 
 
 Anderson, N. F., '82, 111. A, 423. 
 
 454' 499- 
 Anderson, O. H., '76, Pa, T, 348, 368. 
 Anderson, R. F., '93, 111, Z, 563, 580, 
 
 769. 
 Anderson, R. L., '90, Ga, F, 612, 
 Anderson, S. J. P., '95, Mo. A, 678, 
 Anderson, W, C, '24, Ohio A, 25, 27, 
 
 108, 109, no, 156, 160, 190, 217, 231, 
 
 242, 243,297. 
 Anderson, W. G., '59, Ohio A-Ky. A, 
 
 202, 207, 217, 240, 297, 315, 733. 
 Anderson, W. H., 86, Texas F, xxxii, 
 
 487, 519. 
 Andress, C. F., '71, Ohio A, 297, 429. 
 Andrews, Glenn, '84, Tenn. A, 459, 
 
 504, 508, 565. 
 Andrews, Leigh, '92, Ala. F, 508, 563. 
 Andrews, M. W., '99, Vt. A, 794. 
 Andrews, Paul, '90, Tenn. A, 680. 
 Andrews, T. B., '79, Ky. A, 398. 
 Andrews, W. F., '83, Ala, B, 507, 
 Angell, F. S., '90, N. Y. P, 682. 
 Annis, F. J., '75, Mich. B, xxx, 327, 
 
 342, 343' 345' 364' 858. 
 Ansley, G. H., '95, Mass. A, 780. 
 Anthony, A. H., '03, Ohio H, xxxii, 
 
 777- 
 Anthony, C. A., '65, 111. Z, 267. 
 Antisdale, E. S., '85, Mich. B-Mich. A, 
 
 472, 600. 
 Applegate, C. C, '69, Ind. B, 330. 
 Apt, F. S., '87, Ohio E, 459. 
 Armat, S. B., '95, Va. Z, 684, 903. 
 Armistead, G. H., '84, Tenn. A, 473. 
 Armstrong, A, F., '79, Ind. F, 413. 
 Armstrong, C. D., '57, Ky. F, 198, 235. 
 Armstrong, G. N., '97, Ohio B, 636. 
 Armstrong, H. C., Jr,, '87, Ala. B, 680. 
 Armstrong, H. G., '74, Ohio F, 319. 
 Armstrong, J. L., '78, Va. F, 406. 
 Armstrong, R. F., '90, Tenn. B, 541, 546. 
 
 Armstrong, S. P., '84, Ohio F, 435, 471, 
 
 555. 
 Armour, C, W, L., '96, Kan. A, 795, 
 
 796. 
 Arnold, F. J., '03, 111. H, 768. 
 Arnold, H. L., '78, 111. Z, 377, 427. 
 Aronson, Albert, '08, Ind. A, 820. 
 Ashburner, A. E., '98, Pa. Z, 638. 
 Ashley, Eugene, '04, N. Y. A, 780. 
 Ashley, J. P., '90, Ohio B, 583, 865. 
 Ashley, R. W., '04, Col. A, 758, 759. 
 Ashworth, G. H., '97, 111. Z, 686. 
 Askew, E. S., '98, N. C. B, 636. 
 Atchinson, Charles, '84, Mich. F, 679. 
 Atherton, C. O., '85., Minn. A, 481. 
 Atkins, G. C, '02, N. Y. A, xxxii, 748, 
 
 780, 789. 
 Atkins, J. N., '02, Tenn. B, 734, 780. 
 Atkinson, A. A., '91, Ohio F, 652. 
 Atkinson, C. A., '74, Ohio F, 313, 317, 
 
 330, 333' 338, 47I' 523' 858. 
 Atkinson, J. B., '58, Ind. A, 208, 210, 
 
 217, 249, 257. 
 Atmore, Craig, '95, Pa. Z, xxxii, 636, 
 
 792. 
 Austin, F. H., '80, Mo. A, 386, 388, 
 
 394' 395- 
 Austin, J. P., '04, Pa. Z, 780. 
 Austin, S. K., '68, 111. A, 273. 
 Avery, F. H., '98, Mich. F, 780. 
 Avery, J. W., '90, Va. Z, XXXII, 565. 
 Avars, F. C, '04, 111. Z, xxxi. 
 Aycock, W. T., '89, S, C. B, xxxi. 
 Aylesworth, W. G. A., '82, Tenn. B, 
 
 443' 444- 
 Ayres, A. C, '68, Ind. F, 280, 298, 311, 
 
 429, 446, 619, 820. 
 Ayers, G. F., '87, Mo. B, 806. 
 Avers, W. S., '05, Mass. A, 817. 
 Baber, George, '60, Ky. A, 217, 220,. 
 
 315' 574- 
 Bachelor, O. D., '88, N. C. B, 487- 
 Bacon, J. H., '97, Wis. A, 636, 641, 
 
 677. 
 Bagg, R. M., '91, Mass. B, 517. 
 Baglev, J. W., '03, Va. Z, 777. 
 Bagley, W. C, '95, Mich. F, 
 Bahlman, Clarence, '04, Ohio 0, 734. 
 Bailev, C. F., '83, Vt. A, 462, 463, 858. 
 Bailey, E. P., '97, N. H. A, 682. 
 Bailey, J. F., '82, Tenn. B, 443, 444. 
 Bailey, J. G., '07, Pa. 0, 798. 
 Bailey, L. H,, '82, Mich. B, xxx, 407^ 
 
 412, 865. 
 Bailey, M. B., '79, Ind. A, 458. 
 Bain, J. G., '70, Ind. A, 257. 
 Bains,' J. M., '97, Ky. A, 734, 817. 
 Bair, R. R., '05, Ind. Z, 821. 
 Baird, M. H., '02, 111. A, 733, 768, 777. 
 Baird, R. W., '05, 111. A, xxix, 820. 
 Baird, W. P., '02, Ohio B, 733. 
 
CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 929 
 
 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 
 
 Page XXIX. To Miami list add: W. C. Harris, '91, and E. B. 
 Southwick, '08. 
 
 Page XXIX, line 2 from bottom. Davidson's middle initial is A. 
 
 Page XXX, line i. For "Richards," read: Richard. 
 
 Page XXXI, line 8. Stearnes' class is '86. 
 
 Page XXXI. i\fter line 20, add: Central (Missouri) — T. S. 
 Dines, '79. 
 
 Page XXXI, line t^t^. For "Phileman Holland," read: Philemon 
 Holland. 
 
 Page XXXI, line t^^. Robinson's middle initial is B. 
 
 Page XXXI, line 52. Omit C. E. Glasgow here, as his name 
 appears on page xxxii, line 39. 
 
 Page xxxii, line 6. Shank was initiated at Miami. 
 
 Page XXXII, line 42. Morse was initiated at DePauw, where his 
 class was '95. 
 
 Page XXXII. After line 54, add: Pennsylvania State — W. R. 
 Fleming, '06. 
 
 Page 881, line 33, and page 889, line 23. The history of the 
 Fraternity was published in 1906. The compilation of the index 
 of names was completed and the manuscript of it was sent to the 
 printers, December 14, 1905. My hopes of publishing the history 
 with all of the features I had planned were blasted at the last 
 moment. A letter from the printers, dated January 5, 1906, 
 informed me of a great misfortune. It said that, through an acci- 
 dent in the composing room, some lye had been spilled on the man- 
 uscript of the index of names, and much of the writing made illeg- 
 ible. A page and a half of the names had been set in type, those 
 beginning with A and a few beginning with B, enough to fill the 
 form ending with page 928. The manuscript of the index of names 
 consisted of sixty-three large and closely written pages, and so 
 man}^ of the names and figures were obliterated that they could not 
 be replaced without doing over again the whole work of indexing 
 the names in the book. In the hurry to issue the history as soon 
 as possible, the indexes had been sent to the printers just as soon 
 as they were finished and without making duplicates. I felt a 
 great pride in having done ever3^thing possible to make the history 
 complete, and, when I learned of the mishap, I experienced one of 
 the keenest disappointments of my life. I had long dreaded some 
 accident to the manuscript, fearing that it might be burned, but I 
 never imagined that it might be destroyed otherwise. In justice to 
 the printers, however, I feel bound to sa}" that, except in this 
 instance, they have handled all of the manuscript of the book most 
 carefully, and it has been preserved for the archives of the Fra- 
 ternity. The indexes have been in preparation ever since the first 
 forms of the book went to press in 1903, but I fell behind on the 
 index work, and but for that work the book could have been issued 
 several months earlier than it is. The index of names was consid- 
 
930 THE HISTORY OF PHI DELTA THETA. 
 
 erably larger than all of the other indexes together. To have 
 indexed the names again, in such time as I could devote to the 
 work, would have required man}^ months, and, after all I had already 
 done, appeared to be an appalling task. I decided, therefore, to 
 omit this feature of the history, being influenced also by the con- 
 sideration that further delay in the publication would not be war- 
 ranted for the purpose of including the index of names, which really 
 is not an essential part of the history. My grief over the misfor- 
 tune is profound, but I console myself with the thought that this 
 feature could be spared with less loss to the book than any other, 
 though it cost me a vast amount of labor. Everything concerning 
 the Fraternity itself which I contemplated publishing appears be- 
 tween the covers of the book, though the index of names would have 
 been interesting to the individual members and useful in looking 
 up the records of those who have made $ A © what it is. 
 
 Walter B. Palmer. 
 
 PHI DELTA THETA 
 
 Finis. 
 
 A rubber stamp making this impression was used by the author of this book on thousands of 
 documents, letters and papers, to show that his examination of them for historical materials had been 
 finished. The last proof of this page was returned to the printers, January 26, 1906. 
 
DAVIS & CLEGG 
 
 The Official Fraternity Jewelers of Philadelphia 
 Successors to Simons Bro. & Co. 
 
 Silversmiths and Official Fraternity Jewelers 
 Importers of Clocks 
 
 6 1 6 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia 
 
 Specialists in College Fraternity Jewelry, Class Rings, Pipes, Canes and 
 Pins. Designers auid McJcers of Prizes and Medals for Athletic Events 
 
 A. H. PETTING 
 
 Manufacturer of 
 
 GREEK-LETTER FRATERNITY JEWELRY 
 Official Jeweler to 
 
 PHI DELTA THETA 
 
 Temporary location: 213 North Liberty Street, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Memorandum package sent to any fraternity 
 member through the reporter of the chapter 
 
J. F. NEWMAN 
 
 JEWELER TO PHI DELTA THETA 
 
 : : : AND ALL : 
 
 Prominent National College Fraternities and 
 Sororities, by Special Convention Appointments 
 
 PHI DELTA THETA BADGES 
 
 ALUMNI KEY CHARM 
 
 COAT -OF -ARMS, ETC. 
 
 Manufacturer of 
 High Grade Fraternity and College 
 
 Badges, Jewelry and Specialties 
 
 Eleven John St. NEW YORK, N. Y. 
 
 W 296 83 , 
 

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