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 rhe Pennsylvania War History Conunission 
 
 .^ 
 
 7 ■ ' — ^ 
 
 Pennsylvania's Participation 
 
 in the 
 
 World War 
 
 1917-1918 
 
 ''Hake Pennsylvania's War Record Complete' 
 
 HARRISBUEG, PA.: 
 
 J. L. L. KUHN, PRINTER TO THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 1919. 
 
The Pennsylvania War History Commission 
 
 '} .^ 
 
 Pennsylvania's Participation 
 
 in the 
 
 World War 
 
 1917- 1918 
 
 Make Pennsylvania's War Recbrd Complete" 
 
 HARRISBURG, PA.: 
 
 J. L. L. KUHN, PRINTER TO THE COMMONWEALTH 
 1919. 
 
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 •<•»:•;" i 
 
 ^ of *). 
 
 JAN 26 192J 
 
 (2) 
 
\ 
 
 GENERAL PURPOSE 
 
 The Pennsylvania War Histoiy Commission is an official body, 
 acting under state law, appointed to make a permanent record of 
 the military, economic, and civic participation of Pennsylvania in 
 the World War. 
 
 Through its central organization, and through county and local 
 committees the Commission is engaged in collecting all forms of 
 records which bear upon the State's history m war times. 
 
 The Commission has established a permanent war archives, which 
 Avill be a most fitting memorial to the more than three hundred 
 tliousand Pennsylvaniant' who entered the national service, and to 
 the jnillions of others who aided with personal service in factories, 
 mines, fanns, financial undertakings, vand welfare organizations, to 
 defeat the common enemy. 
 
 It is also the aim of the Commission to cooperate with county and 
 local committees in the collection of material for the State's archives, 
 and in the establishment of duplicate records in the several coun- 
 ties, where they may become the basis for a patriotic understanding 
 of the county's part in the War. 
 
 To aid in this local work the present pamphlet has been issued. 
 It is hoped that the suggestions herein contained will prove of value 
 to all communities and counties throughout the Commonwealth. 
 N^ot all of the topics treated will be of significance in each county; 
 but it is believed that no important topic has been omitted. 
 
 (3) 
 
THE PENNSYLVANIA WAR HISTORY COMMISSION 
 Officers and Members 
 
 CHAIRMAN 
 The Honorable William C. Sproul, Governor of the Commonwealth. 
 
 VICE-CHAIRMAN 
 Major General C. Bowman Dougherty, Formerly Commanding Division, National 
 
 Guard of Pennsylvania 
 
 SECRETARY 
 Albert E. McKinley, Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 CURATOR 
 
 Thomas Lynch Montgomery, State Librarian. 
 
 Herman V. Ames; Professor of American Constitutional History, University of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Brigadier General Frank D. Beary; Adjutant General of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Honorable Hampton L. Carson; Member of Pennsylvania Historical Com- 
 mission. 
 
 The Reverend Doctor George P. Donehoo; Secretary of Pennsylvania Historical 
 Commission. 
 
 Rt. Rev. Mgr. Henry T. Drumgoole, b. D., LL. D.; CSiairman Historical Com- 
 mittee for the Catholic National War CouncU. 
 
 John W. Jordan, LL. D. ; Librarian of Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 
 
 John Bach McMaster; Professor of American History, University of Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 John E. Potter; Treasurer, Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania. 
 
 Colonel H. M. M. Richards; President, Pennsylvania Federation Historical 
 Societies; President, Lebanon County Historical Society. 
 
 The Honorable William H. Staake; President of Board of Commissioners on 
 Uniform State Laws. 
 
 William H. Stevenson; President, Pennsylvania Historical Commission; Presi- 
 dent Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania. 
 
 Christopher Wren; Corresponding Secretary, Wyoming Historical and Geological 
 Society. 
 
 (4) 
 
COUNTY WAR HISTORY COMMITTEES 
 Co-operating with the Pennsylvania War History Commission 
 
 I. PURPOSE 
 
 To collect and preserve a faithful memorial record of the military 
 and naval services of the men of the county, and an account of the 
 war-time activities of the communities at home. 
 
 All records and historical narratives to be prepared in duplicate; 
 one to be permanently preserved in the county as a memorial to the 
 war-workers of the county ; and the other copy to be deposited with 
 the Pennsylvania War History Commission for the State Archives, 
 which will become the basis for a history or histories of the State's 
 participation in the War. 
 
 II. TWO PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF RECORDS 
 
 1. The service records of the men and women who entered the 
 service of the United States or of any of the Allies. Blanks for 
 this purpose will be furnished by the War History Commission. 
 
 2. A series of narratives, reports, and histories showing the 
 activities within the county which helped win the War. 
 
 III. COMMITTEES 
 
 The County Committee should contain those who have been most 
 active in "making history;" officers and privates in the Army and 
 Navy; executive heads of war activities and of various civilian war 
 service organizations; representatives from some of the leading 
 educational, business, professional and governmental organizations, 
 and historical societies. 
 
 Sub-committees may be appointed for each township or one for 
 each school district, city, village or precinct; or for each phase 
 of war activity carried on in the county. 
 
 IV. PROCEDURE 
 
 To each member should be assigned definite material to collect 
 or a definite area to cover. The county may be divided into sections 
 small enough so each can be canvassed by one person. This i's par- 
 ticularly serviceable for getting data or records in private homes. 
 Use should be made of the newspapers, public and parochial schools, 
 chambers of commerce, lodges, churches, historical societies, and 
 other permanent organizations in the county. 
 
 (5) 
 
V. EXPENSES 
 
 Nearly all the counties of the State have found means to provide 
 for the slight expenditures incui*red. Everywhere it is realized 
 that this work should be undertaken at once in order that the 
 county's war record may be made complete in the State archives and 
 in its own collections. 
 
 VI. INDIVIDUAL SERVICE RECORDS 
 
 The most important single work to be undertaken in the counties 
 is the completion of the service records of the men and women who 
 entered the service of the United States or of any of the Allies. The 
 distribution and collection of the blanks, furnished in duplicate 
 by the Pennsylvania War History Commission, may be carried on 
 through the schools and churches, through local honor-roll com- 
 mittees, through organizations such as the Red Cross, Mothers of 
 Democracy, patriotic societies; or, if permission can be gained, 
 through the local police and assessors. 
 
 VII. RECORDS OF HOME ACTIVITIES 
 
 Among the home activities which should be described in narra- 
 tives and reports are: 
 
 1. The County Council of National Defense and its various 
 branches. 
 
 2. Local Committees for special work, such as Liberty Loan Com- 
 mittees, Committees on W. S. S., and on the various war drives. 
 
 3. War Welfare Organizations, such as Red Cross, Knights of 
 Columbus, Y. M. C. A., Y. M. H. A., Salvation Army, War Camp 
 Community Service, etc. 
 
 4. The war-time activities of permanent organizations, such as 
 churches, lodges, schools and colleges, i chambers of commerce, labor 
 unions, clubs, moving picture theatres, patriotic societies, agricul- 
 tural organizations, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, firemen's associations, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 5. War-time activities of industrial and financial institutions, 
 such as mining companies, manufacturing plants engaged in war 
 work, banks and trust companies, insurance companies. 
 
 6. War work of newspapers and periodicals and advertising 
 agencies. 
 
 7. War work of members of the professions of ministry, law, 
 medicine, dentistry and veterinary medicine. 
 
 VIII. CLASSES OF MATERIAL TO BE SECURED 
 
 1. All material bearing upon the war records of Pennsylvanians 
 in the service; such as letters, diaries, photographs of individuals 
 and units; histories of military and naval units. 
 
2. Newspaper clippings, newspapers, posters, circular letters, 
 and other publications at home during the War. 
 
 3. Photographs of the communities in war times, showing cele- 
 brations, departure and return of service men, methods of carrying 
 on the various drives, etc. 
 
 4. Manuscript minute books, records, and printed matter relat- 
 ing to organizations doing war work. 
 
 5. Narratives of the war work of churches, banks, factories, 
 mines, agricultural associations, theatres, moving picture houses, 
 etc. 
 
(8) 
 
AN OUTLINE FOR A STATE OR COUNTY HISTORY 
 OF THE WAR 
 
 Note: — The following outline will be used, with possible modifi- 
 cations, in compiling the State's history of the War. It will furnish 
 to counties and local committees suggestions for the treatment of 
 topics which were important in each locality. 
 
 I. PRE-WAR CONDITIONS 
 
 A. Social Conditions. 
 
 1. Population and racial sympathies. 
 
 B. Political Conditions. 
 
 1. Popular conception of the European struggle and of 
 
 America's relation to it. 
 
 2. Local Governments. 
 
 C. Economic Conditions. 
 
 1. Agricultural development; crops and general conditions. 
 
 2. Industrial establishments — Productions of supplies and 
 
 munitions of War for the Allies. 
 
 3. Financial condition. 
 
 D. Public Opinion — Means taken to make the true character of the 
 
 War apparent. 
 
 II. MILITARY, NAVAL AND AVIATION 
 A. Military Activities. 
 
 I. The Army. 
 
 1. The National Guard of Pennsylvania. 
 
 a. History of local companies. 
 
 b. Members. 
 
 c. Previous military experience. 
 
 d. Mobilization for World War. 
 
 2. Kecruiting. 
 
 a. Volunteers in U. S. Army. 
 
 b. Volunteers in foreign armies. 
 
 c. Local recruiting stations. 
 
 (9) 
 
10 
 
 3. The Draft Laws and their enforcement. 
 
 a. Kegistration, 
 
 b. Organization and work of Draft Board. 
 
 c. Organization and work of Appeal Board. 
 
 d. Administration of the Draft. 
 
 e. Work of physicians and examiners. 
 
 f. Work of dentists for drafted men in county. 
 
 g. Work of lawyers as legal advisors, 
 h. Number of drafted men. 
 
 i. Exemptions. 
 
 (1) Character and number of. 
 
 (2) Conscientious objectors. 
 
 j. Incidents in connection with the Draft, 
 k. Slackers and deserters. 
 1. Government prosecutions. 
 
 4. Service records of men and women m the service of 
 
 the U. S. or Allies. 
 
 a. Those receiving citations, honors and commis- 
 
 sions. 
 
 b. Lists of casualties. 
 
 5. History of all military units in which men from the 
 
 State or countv were numerous. 
 
 B. Naval Activities. 
 
 I. The Navy. 
 
 1. Recruiting stations and enlistments. 
 
 2. Service records of all men in the Navy of the U. S. or 
 
 Allies. 
 
 a. Those receiving citations, honors and commis- 
 
 sions. 
 
 b. Casualties. 
 
 3. History of all vessels manned in part by men from 
 
 the State or county. 
 
 4. TJ. S. Marine Hospitals. 
 
 IT. Naval Reserves. 
 
 1. Recruiting stations and enlistments. 
 
 2. Service records of all men in the Naval Reserves. 
 
 3. History of all vessels manned in part by men from 
 
 the State or county. 
 
 III. Marine Corps. 
 
 1. Recruiting stations and enlistments. 
 
 2. Service records of all men in the Marine Corps. 
 
11 
 
 C. Aviation. 
 
 1. Service records of all men in the Aviation Service. 
 
 1. In Army. 
 
 2. In Navy. 
 
 D. Honor Rolls. 
 
 E. Home Coming Celebrations. 
 
 F. War Memorials. 
 
 III. INDUSTRIES DURING THE WAR 
 
 A. Character of Industries before the War. 
 
 B. Readjustments and Developments. 
 
 C. Fuel Production and Use. 
 
 1. Means taken to increase production. 
 
 2. Relation of labor to production. 
 
 3. Means taken to conserve the use of fuel. 
 
 a. Daylight saving. 
 
 b. Heatless days and lightless nights. 
 
 c. Gasless Sundays. 
 
 4. State and County Fuel Administrations and the char- 
 
 acter of their work. 
 
 5. Problems of transportation. 
 
 6. Compulsory regulations. 
 
 a. Copies of orders regulating sale and distribution of 
 coal. 
 
 D. Iron and Steel Industry. 
 
 1. Importance of. 
 
 2. General means for meeting the emergency. 
 
 a. Production and shipment of iron ore. 
 
 b. Amount of production of pig iron, Bessemer and 
 
 open hearth steel, and special mixtures. 
 
 c. Allocation of raw materials and finished prodiict. 
 
 3. Character of munitions output. 
 
 a. Small arms manufacture. 
 
 b. Artillery and large guns. 
 
 c. Shells and ammunition. 
 
 d. Special and unusual forms. 
 
 e. Armor plate. 
 
 • E. Machinery, tools, locomotives, engines, boilers, etc. 
 
 F. Shipbuilding. 
 
 G. Other Metals. 
 
 H. Textile Industrv. 
 
]2 
 
 1. Character of war output. 
 
 a. Woolen goods. 
 
 b. Cotton goods. 
 
 c. Silk goods (ammunition bags, etc). 
 
 I. Clothing and Equipment Industry^ 
 
 J. Explosives and Chemicals. 
 
 K. Dye Industry. 
 
 L. Other Industries contributing to the War. 
 
 M. Industries Restricted by the War. 
 
 N. New Inventions and Industries. 
 
 O. Enemy Activities against War Industries. 
 
 P. Extended Use of Women and Children in industry. 
 
 Q. Government Contracts received by corporations and firms, and 
 amount of materials furnished. 
 
 IV. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION 
 
 A. Character of agriculture and source of food supply. 
 
 B. Means taken to increase production. 
 
 1. County farm agents. 
 
 2. Farm Councils. 
 
 3. Work of Council of National Defense. 
 
 4. Work of Local Food Adniiuistration. 
 
 5. Work of Granges, Agricultural Societies, etc. 
 
 6. Work of schools, in gardens, pig clubs, etc. 
 
 7. Farm Labor. 
 
 a. Relation to the Draft. 
 
 b. College and school boys and girls. 
 
 c. Business men and women. 
 
 d. Employment bureaus. 
 
 8. Utilization of Land. 
 
 a. Selection of seeds. 
 
 b. Improved methods of farming. 
 
 9. Introduction of labor saving machinery. 
 
 a. Purchase of tractors. 
 10. Increase in production. 
 
 C. Boys Working Reserve. 
 
 1. Organization of clubs. 
 
 2. Work of clubs. 
 
 D. Girls Working Reserve. 
 
 E. Organization of State and County Food Administration. 
 
 F. Means taken to conserve food. 
 
13 
 
 1. Educational means by Food Administration in families, 
 
 schools, county fairs and public meetings. 
 
 2. Limitation of use and supply. 
 
 3. "Meatless and Wheatless Days." 
 
 4. War-time Prohibition. 
 
 5. Elimination of waste. 
 
 6. Control of prices. 
 
 7. Compulsory regulations. 
 
 a. Copies of orders regulating sales. 
 
 d) Sugar. 
 
 (2) Flour. 
 
 (3) Meats. 
 
 b. Price lists on food products. 
 
 c. Licenses issued to retailers and distributors. 
 
 d. Licenses revoked. 
 
 e. Hoarding of supplies. 
 
 f. Violations reported. 
 
 g. Punishment of profiteers and offenders. 
 
 G. The Thrift Campaign and Its Kesults. 
 H. Cookery. 
 
 1. Work of Instructors. 
 
 2. War Foods. 
 
 3. War Recipes. 
 
 4. Canning Clubs. 
 
 V. FINANCING THE WAR 
 
 A. Organization for the Sale of Liberty Loans. 
 
 1. County organization. 
 
 2. Township and local committees. 
 
 3. Work of Women's Committees, Boy and Girl Scouts, 
 
 schools, churches, fraternal orders, etc. 
 
 B. Methods Pursued by banks. 
 
 1. In advertising loans. 
 
 2. In using extra clerks. 
 
 3. In loaning funds to their customers for purchase of bonds. 
 
 C. Methods Pursued by Brokers, insurance agents and traveling 
 
 salesmen. 
 
 D. Details of Each of the Loans. 
 
 1. First. 
 
 a. Quota. 
 
14 
 
 (1) State. 
 
 (2) County. 
 
 (3) Cities. 
 
 (4) Townships. 
 
 b. Amount subscribed. 
 
 c. Amount accepted. 
 
 d. Means of promotion. 
 
 e. Interesting incidents. 
 
 2. Second. 
 
 Same as first. 
 
 3. Third. 
 
 Same as first. 
 
 4. Fourth. 
 
 Same as first. 
 
 5. Fifth. 
 
 Same as first. 
 
 E. War Savings Stamps. 
 
 1. Organization in the State and county. 
 
 2. Use of schools, post-offices, stores, ticket offices, etc. 
 
 3. Terms of sale. 
 
 4. Amount of quota and amount subscribed. 
 
 F. United States Certificates of Indebtedness. 
 
 1. Purpose. 
 
 2. Method of sale. 
 
 3. Amount subscribed by banks and financial institutions. 
 
 G. Taxation — National. 
 
 1. Number of persons taxed on incomes. 
 
 2. Amount of taxes collected. 
 
 a. In county. 
 
 b. In township. 
 
 c. In cities. 
 
 H. National Farm Loan Organization and work in Pennsylvania. 
 
 I. State Finance. 
 
 J. County and municipal finance. 
 
 1. Limitation of bond issues. 
 
 2. Public works stopped. 
 
 3. Public works encouraged (roads, canals, etc.) 
 
15 
 
 K. Banks and Trust Companies. 
 
 1. Control in war times. 
 
 2. Part in loan issues. 
 
 3. Attitude toward commercial credit. 
 
 4. Reserves. 
 
 VI. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION IN WAR 
 
 TIMES 
 
 A. Railroad Transportation. 
 
 1. Before December 31, 1917. 
 
 2. Under United States Railroad Administration. 
 
 3. The winter of 1917-1918. 
 
 4. Priorities system for freight. 
 
 5. Curtailment of regular passenger and freight service. 
 
 6. "Sailing Days" and similar devices for saving car space 
 
 and car time. 
 
 7. New building to meet war needs. 
 
 8. Restrictions on repairs and upkeep. 
 
 9. Labor and Wage question. 
 10. Increase in rates. 
 
 B. Electric and Street Railway Transportation. 
 
 1. New demands due to shifting of population to neighbor- 
 
 hood of war plants. 
 
 2. Increase in rolling stock and trackage to meet demands. 
 
 3. Failure to obtain supplies for repair and upkeep. 
 
 4. Labor and wage questions. 
 
 C. Automotive Transportation and the Highways. 
 
 1. Increased use of trucks for freight service. 
 
 2. Increased use of automobiles for passenger service. 
 
 3. Army trucks transported through the State. 
 
 4. Effect on highways. 
 
 5. Work of State Department of Highways in the improve- 
 
 ment of roads. 
 
 D. Canals. 
 
 E. Government Administration of telegraph. 
 
 F. Government Administration of telephone. 
 
 G. Government Administration of Express Companies. 
 H. Post Office Aeroplane Mail Service. 
 
16 
 
 VII. COMMERCE 
 
 A. Effect of war on wholesale and retail trade. 
 
 1. Foreign commerce (Exports). 
 
 2. Foreign commerce (Imports). 
 
 3. Internal commerce. 
 
 4. Mercantile establishments. 
 
 B. Use and control of shipping. 
 
 C Training of men for merchant marine. 
 
 D. Enlargement of port facilities. 
 
 E. Plans for inland waterways development. 
 
 F. Specific forms of commerce and trade. 
 
 G. New methods of trade, price-fixing and limitation of production. 
 H. Development of new foreign trade, especially in South America. 
 I. Work of boards of trade, chambers of commerce and special trade 
 
 associations. 
 J. Profiteering. 
 
 VIII. SOCIAL, WELFARE AND RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 A. Pennsylvania Council of National Defense. 
 
 1. State organization. 
 
 2. County units. 
 
 3. Cooperation with Federal agencies, such as Food and 
 
 Fuel Administration, etc. 
 
 4. Outline of work, subdivisions. 
 
 5. Accomplishments. 
 
 B. American Red Cross. 
 
 1. State organization. 
 
 2. County chapters and local units. 
 
 3. Finances. 
 
 4. Character of work done. 
 
 5. Amount of work done. 
 
 6. Canteen work. 
 
 7. Junior Red Cross and work in the schools. 
 
 8. Navy Auxiliary. 
 
 C. Welfare Organizations. 
 
 1. War Camp Community Service, 
 
 2. United War Work Campaign. 
 
 3. War Chest. 
 
 4. Emergency Aid. 
 
37 
 
 5. Y. M. C. A. 
 
 6. Y. W. C. A. 
 
 7. Knights of Columbus. 
 
 8. Salvation Army. 
 
 9. American Library Association. 
 
 10. Navy League. 
 
 11. Y. M. H. A. 
 
 12. Y. W. H. A. 
 
 13. Boy Scouts. 
 
 14. Girl Scouts. 
 
 15. Other welfare organizations. 
 
 D. Special Eelief Committees and Relief Work. 
 
 E. Adopting War Orphans in Europe. 
 
 F. Care of War Orphans in Pennsylvania. 
 
 (}. War and Relief Work of Fraternal Organizations. 
 H. War and Relief Work of Associations of Actors, Musicians, 
 Artists. 
 
 I. W^ar work of Theatres and Moving-Picture Houses. 
 
 IX. EDUCATION 
 
 A. The War and the Schools. 
 
 1. Eifect of the War on schools and educational institutions. 
 
 a. In attendance. 
 
 b. Teaching force. 
 
 c. Buildings and equipment. 
 
 d. Changes in curriculum. 
 
 2. War work of the schools. 
 
 a. Thrift campaigns. 
 
 b. Red Cross and Junior Red Cross. 
 
 c. War Savings Stamps. 
 
 d. Liberty Loans. 
 
 e. School gardens, etc. 
 
 3. War work of higher institutions. 
 
 a. Research work of educational institutions. 
 
 B. Americanization work. 
 
 X. WORK OF RELIGIOUS BODIES 
 
 A. Work of Individual Churches. 
 
 B. War Spirit as shown in sermons, rituals, etc. 
 
18 
 
 XI. LABOR AND THE CRISIS 
 
 A. Labor in its Relation to the War. 
 
 1. "Work or fight." 
 
 2. Labor and the Draft. 
 
 B. Wage Increase. 
 0. Strikes. 
 
 XIL WAR WORK AND THE PROFESSIONS 
 (Refers only to professional work; not general activities.) 
 
 A. Medical Profession. 
 
 1. Those entering the active service. 
 
 2. Important surgical and medical developments by physi- 
 
 cians. 
 
 3. Relief work at home. 
 
 4. Services in the influenza epidemic. 
 
 B. Nurses. 
 
 1. Those entering the active service. 
 
 2. Relief work at home. 
 
 3. Services in the influenza epidemic. 
 
 C. Legal Profession. 
 
 1. Legal advisers to Draft Board. 
 
 2. Help in filling questionnaires and exemption papers. 
 
 3. Help in obtaining war relief. 
 
 4. Aid in detecting and punishing pro-Germanism. 
 
 5. Profteering-rent. 
 
 D. Dental Profession. 
 
 1. Organization in the State and County for war work. 
 
 2. Work for drafted men. 
 
 E. Literary Workers. 
 
 1. Work for the press: see topic XV. 
 
 2. War poems, narratives and histories. 
 
 F. Actors. Musicians, Artists. 
 
 1. Character of services performed. 
 
 2. Special instances. 
 
 I 
 
19 
 G. Clergymen. 
 
 1. Use of church edifice, and services for patriotic purposes. 
 
 H. Scientists, Chemists, Engineers, etc. 
 
 1. Character of services performed. 
 
 2. Significant cases. 
 
 3. Noted inventors and inventions. 
 
 4. Work of research laboratories. 
 
 5. Work of scientific societies. 
 
 I. Educators — Administrators and Teachers. 
 
 1. Changes in curriculum. 
 
 2. Organization of courses of study in patriotism, causes of 
 
 the war, etc. 
 
 3. Compilation of material bearing on war. 
 
 4. Organization of schools and colleges for war work. 
 
 XIII. PUBLIC HEALTH UNDER WAR CONDITIONS 
 
 A. General health conditions. 
 
 B. Work of State and local Boards of Health. 
 
 C. Epidemics. 
 
 D. Housing problems. 
 
 E. Drainage of marsh lands. 
 
 F. Mosquito problem. 
 
 0. Long working hours. 
 H. Industrial poisons. 
 T. Powder workers. 
 
 XIV. WOMEN IN THE WAR 
 
 A. See under all other headings; also 
 
 B. Women in industry. 
 
 C. Women in farm work. 
 
 D. Food saving. 
 
 E. Canning and preserving. 
 
 F. Nursing. 
 
 G. Eed Cross work. 
 
 H. Yeowomen in Navy. 
 
 1. Work of Women's Clubs. 
 
 J. Women in financial and other war drives. 
 K. Other Women's Organizations. 
 L. Work in schools. 
 
20 
 
 XV. PUBLIC SENTIMENT BEFORE, AFTER AND DURING 
 
 THE WAR 
 
 A. General Character of the Population. 
 
 1. Large number of foreigners or sympathizers with various 
 foreign states. 
 
 B. Early Attitude of Neutrality. 
 
 1. "Neutral in thought as well as deed." 
 
 2. War not to be discussed in schools. 
 
 C. Kealization of Germany's Responsibility for the War. 
 
 1. Effect of President's Addresses. 
 
 2. Work of newspapers. 
 
 3. Work of various patriotic societies. 
 
 D. Guiding Public Opinion during the War. 
 
 1. Organization of a national character operating in the 
 
 State and county. 
 
 2. National Committee on Public Information. 
 
 a. Its literature sent out. 
 
 b. Its inspection of foreign language newspapers. 
 
 c. Work in Pennsylvania and by Pennsylvanians. 
 
 3. Pennsylvania Council of National Defense, through pub- 
 
 lications, Speaker's Bureau, etc. 
 
 4. Four Minute Men. 
 
 a. Organization in the State and County. 
 
 b. General character of work, accomplishments, interest- 
 
 ing incidents. 
 
 5. The Press, 
 
 a. Great importance of. 
 
 b. Influence of. 
 
 (1) Editorials. 
 
 (2) News Material. 
 
 (3) Advertisements. 
 
 6. Posters. 
 
 7. Work of artists, singers, musicians, actors, etc. 
 
 8. Appeals in churches, schools, theatres and moving picture 
 houses. 
 
 9. Work of organizations, such as patriotic societies, etc. 
 10. New community activities; liberty and community sings, 
 
 pageants and parades; service flags; Liberty Bond 
 flags, buttons, etc. ; flag raisings, meetings in all places 
 and hours, — in factories at noon hour; in churches, 
 agricultural societies and granges. 
 
21 
 E. Opposition to the War. 
 
 1. Character of opposition. 
 
 a. Pacifists and conscientious objectors. 
 
 b. Pro-German sympathizers. 
 
 c. Alien enemies. 
 
 d. 1. W. W. 
 
 e. vSpies and German agents. 
 
 2. Means taken to oppose the War. 
 
 a. Speeclies, sermons and newspaper articles, foreign 
 
 language press.' 
 
 b. Secret associations— German societies. 
 
 c. False and malicious reports. 
 
 d. Interference with draft. 
 
 e. Attacks upon factories, etc. 
 
 f. Labor difficulties fomented. 
 
 g. Indirect harmful effect on war of liquor-selling to 
 
 soldiers, rent profiteering, food hoarding, houses 
 of prostitution, etc. 
 
 r. Detection and Repression of ])]-()-Geruian Sentiment and Action. 
 
 1. Organization for. 
 
 a. Work of United States Department of Justice in 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 b. Work of State Police. 
 
 c. Home Guards. 
 
 d. Home Defense Police. 
 
 e. American Protective League. 
 
 2. Treatment of conscientious objectors. 
 
 3. Interment of aliens. 
 
 4. Registration of alien enemy men and women. 
 
 5. Punishments inflicted — de])ortation, imprisonment. 
 
 6. Regulaticm of liquor traffic and of prostitution. 
 
 7. Control of ]>rofiteering. 
 
 8. Instances of community action against suspects. 
 
 9. Work of newspapers and war jn'opaganda agencies in 
 
 overcoming pro-German sentiment. 
 
 10. Treatment of foreign language press. 
 
 11. Conti-ol of alien enemy property. 
 
 XVI. RECONSTRUCTION PROBLEMS 
 
 A. Social conditions. 
 
 B. Bolshevism. 
 
 C. Socialist Activities. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGREbb 
 
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