Glass. Book COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT ^ •p.®- -^xeitingr t2i. SEE They are made of the best materials and by the best workmen which can be had. It will pay you to investi- gate their merits. Send for c rough factor: I-HE ^lllGapEpandEffrliiflrjiidrij The Hospital Department of the Chicago Eye and Ear College lor the Treatment and Cure of Blindness, Deafness, Deformities and all Diseases of the JEl'^Z'^1 -i^^^lSro IBAJR. Special attention given to this important branch of medicine and to the cure of Cataract, Closure of the Pupil, Cross-Eye, Closure of the Tear Duct, Inverted Lids and the removal of Tumors and Morbid Growths of every description. Artificial Eyes and Ear Drums inserted without pain. All patients are under the care and management of Prof. B. A. Cam- field, M. D., President of the Faculty and Lecturer on the Diseases of the /"Eye and Ear in the Chicago College of Ophthalmology and Otology. Dr. Camfie'd makes a specialty of fitting glasses in difficult and complicated cases, where others have failed. 1 YOU CAN HEAR THOUGH YOU ARE BY USING Dr. Camfield's Sound Disk. DEAF It can be worn by anyone, is out of sight, and helps more cases than all other devises combined. Send stamp for particulars. ARTIFICIAIv KYBB. An assortment of eyes will be sent to any address, allowing purchaser to select one and return the bal- ance, thus .insuring a perfect fit. Send your old eye or parts of a broken one as a sample, or state color and right or left side. Address DR. B. A. CAMFIELD, iSfj/t/'ng and Operating Surgeon for All Diseases and Deformation,^ '^f the Eye 'OTTTTT THK mm FOllG BATH Ti SELF-HEATING, or fitted with TOILET CABINET in place of Heater for use with HOT and COLD WATER connections ^G A Sanitary Necessity. Praetieal. Saves Doctor's Bills. Ornamental. Complete in every appointment, as perfect in operation as a Foldiug Bed. Advantages apply with or without works. Gives bath conveniences with unequalled heating facilities, meeting every requirement of a superior modern bath at moderate cost. Send for Descriptive Catalogue. Jl^e /Hosely poldii)(^ BatI? Sub Co. 181 so. CANAL STREET, CHICAGO, ILL, iii ^HE [J ENNEY TpAG QO^ MANUFACTURERS OF SHIPPING TAGS. PRINTED ENVELOPES. FflGKERS' TAG FASTENERS, and BftGGftGE. CHECKS. ISS-IST E. In-eLiarLa, Street, CHIC.^C30. ESTABMSHED 1873 . C. S. REDFIKLD Rooms 620=622, 218 LA SALLE STREET, Specialty— High Gr^de Residence Property, North Lake Shore. CITY AND SUBURBAN. Build to suit purchaser and sell on very easy terms. iT THE "COLTON" SLIDING DOOR HANGER. Pat. Dec. 9th, WHY THE BEST? BEC^-CrSE Only I4 inch opening overhead. Only 23^ inches be- tween studding. Self-adjusting to un- equal elevations of track. Working parts of steel. Bearings babbitted. STRONG, DURABLE, NOISELESS MANUFACTURED BY MUNGER-COLTON MFG. COMPANY, CHICAGO. H. H. & C. L IVIUNGER,GenM Agents, 142 Lake St., Chicago. SAFEST, FASTEST AND FINEST TRAINS IN AMERICA RVN VIA BALTIMORE & OH/0 RAILROAD, NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE and WASHINGTON. All Trains Vestibuled from End to End, and protected by Pullman's Anti-Telescoping Appliance, including Baggage Cars, Day Coaches, Parlor Cars and Sleepers. ALL CARS HEATED BY STEAM, AND LIGHTED BY PINTSCH GAS. THE BALTIMORE & OHIO RAILROAD Maintains a Complete Service of Vestibuled Express Trains Between New York, Cincinnati, St. Louis and Chicago, Equipped with PULLMAN PALACE SLEEPING CARS, running through without change. ALL B. & 0. TRAINS BETWEEN THE EAST AND WEST RUN VIA WASHINGTON. :r=i^i2^ci:p.i5>.Xj oi^ipices. 211 Washington Street, Boston, Mass. Cor. Wood St. and Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 415 Broadway, New York. Corner 4th and Vine Streets, Cincinnati, 0. Cor, 9th and Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. 193 Clark Street, Chicago, 111. Cor. Baltimore and Calvert Sts,, Baltimore, Md, 105 Broadway, St, Louis, Mo. 1351 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D, C. J. T. ODELL,Gen'l Mgr., CHAS. O. SCULL, Gen'l Pass. Agt., Yiii me Greoo system i Home Electric Treatment THE ONLY WAY TO CURE NERVOUSNESS, DEBILITY, '^^^ LOST VITALITY, RHEUMATISM, LUMBAGO and many other Chronic Diseases. TpE OMLY ^Y^TEM of the I^ID IM T JE WOp Patients privately, quickly and permanently cured in all parts of the world. Consultations personally or by mail by expert phy- sician and medical electrician free. Call or write to THE GREGG ELECTRIC CURE CO., 214 Inter Ocean Building, CHICAGO, ILL. Entered according to A ct of Congress, by Flinn & Sheppard, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C. ALL RIGHTS OF TRANSLATION RESERVED. DONOHUE & HENNEBERRY, Printers and Binders, CHICAGO. UNDER STATE SUPERVISION. Ifilwaul^eB j^vepe State BquI Cor. Milwaukee Ave. and Carpenter St. PAID-IN CAPITAL, $250,000.00 Does a general banking business. Solicits the accounts of corporations, merchants, manufacturers, tradesmen and individuals. Receives savings deposits in any amounts, and pays interest thereon at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum, compounded quarterly. Sells drafts and money orders on all countries in Europe. Buys and sells foreign coin and currency. Makes loans on improved Chicago real estate. Real Estate Mortgages For Sale. Safety Vaults in connection with the Bank. MILWAUKEE ftVENUE STATE BANK. 'PXTTL O. Stensland, President. A. C. Lausten, Vice-President. Chas. E, Schlytern, Cashier. ANDREW DUNNING, RealF^tatelnVE^Iimenl!^ Suite 2S, 92 La Salle Street. Chicago. If you desire acre property in Chicago and vicinity for SUB-DIVISIONS, MANUFACTURING SITES or INVEST- MENT purposes, where prices have not been "boomed," V7here the land lies from 25 to 100 feet above the lake, and possesses natural beauties unequaled elsewhere around Chicago, and where improvements not already made are being pushed in every direction, send for list of acres in NORTHWEST sections, controlled EXCLUSIVELY by me. If you prefer improved property paying fixed income on gold basis for long term of years, write me for information. Correspondenca solicited. No trouble to answer letters. ,T0 HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY THE MIKADO OF JAPAN, WHO WAS FIRST AMONG THE GREAT RULERS OF THE EARTH TO RECOGNIZE THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION ; FIRST AMONG FOREIGN POTENTATES TO SEND AN EXHIBIT; AND FOREMOST IN THE DISPLAY OF PRINCELY GENEROSITY TOWARD CHICAGO, THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED BY THE COMPILER. BOGUE & CO, REAL ESTATE AGENCY. Rooms 203 to 209 Real Estate Board Building, 59 DEARBORN STREET, CHICAGO. WE HAVE CONSTANTLY O.V HAND A LARGE LIST OF BUSINESS, RESIDENCE AND MANUFACTURING PROPERTY, TO WHICH WE INVITE THE CAREFUL ATTEf^TION OF PARTIES SEEK- ING HOMES OR PROFITABLE INVESTMENTS . We call Special Attention to our Subdivided Properties in New and Thoroughly Improved Sections. THE GRANT LOCOMOTIVE WORKS ADDITION TO CHICAGO PRESENTS EXCEPTIONAL ADVANTAGES FOR PRO! ^ ITABLE INVESTMENT. ( I This property is situated at the southwest corner of West 12th street and Hyman avenue — immediately to the east of the Great Loconioti\re Works. The property is easily reached by the suburban trains of the Chicago & Northern Pacific; and street car lines and electric railways are planned, and it is expected will be completed to this prop- erty during the early summer of 1892. DIVISIONS OF THE HAND-BOOK. PART T.— Industrial Expositions— Where the idea of holding the'm was born and how it grew— The great national ind international fairs (7.^ history, from London in 1761 to Paris in 1889— Descriptive of the leadin^^ exhi- bitions. - - - - -■- - - r'age 17 PART II.— Growth of the American Republic— Some amazing- figures for the visitor— The changes fifty years have wrought— Great cities vr>f to-day— From the Atlantic Ocean lo Chicago -Tourist guide. 1 age 50^ PART III— Chicago— The marvelous growth of the western metropolis -Its advancement in wealth and culture— Statistics of an interesting char- acter for the visitor -Information of a general nature alphabetically arranged. ----.-._ Page 64 PART IV.— Inception of the World's Fair project— The selection of Chicago -President's proclamation— Cost of the great undertaking— The site and buildings— A view of the W^orld's Columbian Exposition from the lake — Won a ers of the day and beauties of the night. - - Page 109 PART v.— Development of the plans for the great Exposition— The neces- sity for expenditures beyond the original estimates— Comparison between the Chicago and the last Paris Exposition -Interesting figures —Descriptions of the magnificent buildings— Their dimensions, cost, etc. -----.--- Page 1^4 PART VI . —The State buildings and exhibits— Rules governing them- What the great Commonwealths of the Union have contributed to the World's Columbian Exposition— Resources and products illustrated— A general review— The Territories. _ _ _ - Page 155 PART VII.— Foreign representations and e^fhibits -The civilized world dis- plays its progress at the Chicago Exposition— Some of the leading attractions— Rules governing foreign exhibits— Location of foreign buildings, etc. ...... ^ Page 183 PART VIII.— Departments an i departmental exhibits— What the visitor will behold in th great buildings and on the grounds of the World's Columbian Exposition— A wonderful display made by the nations of the globe— Art, agriculture, electricity, fish, etc. - - Page 231 PART IX.— Women andthe Fair— The scope given to their work— Exhibit in the Woman's building— Marvellous interest created throughout the world in this departm-^ nt— The curious things of the Exposition- Special exhibits— Midway Plaisa nee, etc. _ . . Page 260 PART X — The educational exhibit— How the schools of the country are represented- Arrangements for music— Rand stands and choral halls- World's Congresses— Military— Electric effects— The medusaline walks —General notes and information. - . . _ Page 280 PART XI.— What Chicago has to offer for the entertainraentof her visitors besides the Exposition— Where one may spend an hour or a day com- fortably or profitably- Information of all kinds alphabetically arranged -------- Page 288 PART XII.— Dedication of the World's Columbian Exposition, October 12, 1893— Turning the buildings over to the Pre ident— The " Procession of Centuries "— Fireworks— Great chorus— Military display— Prices of admission, etc. - - - . - - - Page 313 PART XIII.- Appendix — Rules for Exhibitors — Directory of the World's Fair- Officers, Departments, Committees, Bureaus, Etc. — Hack and Cab Rates— Chicago Street Guide - - - - Page 316 \ \Ti|eD.l.SDBi(!I Wa )^ MptCO. OR REFUND MONEY. . . ROOM 310 ... . CHICAGO OPERA HOUSE .... BUILDING. Give Each Patient A WRITTEN From BDsiDess. Refer to Over 700 Patients. EXAMINATION FREE The D. L Snedil(er Hernia Treatment Co. Suite 310 Chicago Opera House Bldg. SEND FOR CIRCULAR, OHIOA^GO, IZ^I^. GUARANTEE TO PERMANENTLY CURE GENEEAL INDEX. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EX- POSITION, PAGE. Administration Building 13 ) Administration Building, Cost 130 Administration Building Described 13 ) Administration Building, Dimensions 130 Agricultural Building 131 Agricultural Building, Cost... 13L Agricultural Building, ... Described 131 Agricultural Building, Dimen- sions 131 Agricultural Department 2M Agricultural Department, As- sembly Building 3,'8 Agricultural Department, Ex- hibits 228 Agricultural Department, Ex- periment Stations 229 Agriculturial Department, . . . Scope of 227 Alabama Building 15/' Alabama E'chi bit lof Alaska Exhibit 181 Algiers' Exhibit 19 Ancient Anchors 61 Ancient Bell 2b8 Andrews, The Lone Voyager. . 268 Annexes, Area covered 115 American Antiquities 269 American Indian Exhibit 267 American Indian Exhibit, .... Scope of 267 Archeological and Ethnolog- ical Section 266 Archeological and Ethnolog- ical Section, Scope of... 2*16 Architects Employed 126 Area covered by buildings ... 131 Arizona Exhibit 181 Arkansas Exhibit 157 Argentine Exhibit 19 L Agricultural Department, Illi- nois Prizes 228 Art Building 13 Art Building, Cost 133 PAGE. Art Building, Described 133 Art Building, Dimensions 133 Art Department 2'22 Art Department, Architecture 226 Art Department, Conspicious Exhibits 225 Art Department, Extent of .. . 22j Art Department, Foreign Ex- hibitors 222 Art Department, Grecian Ex- hibit 224 Art Department, Paintings . . 23;i Art Department, Rules Gov- erning 226 Art Department, Sculpture .. 324 Art Department, Space occu- pied 233 Art Depa tment, Statuary 233 Articles for Exhibition 185 Astronomic il Clock :;69 Attractive Exhibits 268 Australian Exhibit 191 Austrian Exhibit. ... 193 Balloon Ascensions 369 Ba lots for Location 109 Band Stands 1^4 Bank 154 Battle Ship 134 Batte Ship, Co t 131 Battle Ship, Described 134 Battle Ship, Dimensions 134 Bazaar of Nations ^ 69 Bible of 1615 370 Big and Rare Trees 270 Brazilian Exhibit 193 Bridges 153 British Colum'oian Exhibit . . . 194 British Guiana Exhibit 195 British Honduras Exhibit ... 195 British West Indian Exhibit.. 195 liolivi m Exhibit 192 Bull ing«. Area Covered 115 Buildings, Costof 115 Building Statistics 115 Bulgarian Exhibit 195 California Building 157 California Exhibit 558 Clam Bake 270 Canadian Exhibit 195 GENERAL INDEX. PAGE. Capacit5% etc 1-^8 Care of Foreig-a Visitors 185 Casino Pian Abandoned J5l Casino, Substitute 151 C6y Ionian Exhibit 196 Chicago's Pledge to Congress.. 109 Chicago Municipal Subscrip- tion 109 Chicago's Citizens' Subscrip- tion 109 Chinese Exhibit 196 Chilian Exhibit 196 Cocoa Exhibit 270 Columbian Exhibit 197 Columbian Museum 385 Columbus Bell 270 Columbus Collection 270 Cold Storage Warehouse 370 Colorado Building.. 159 Colorado E hibit 159 Congressional Artion 110 Congressional Conditions. ..... Ill Congressioi al Restrictions 111 Connecticut Exhibit 150 Contents of Great Bui 'dings. . . 2^ Convent of LaRabida 152 Cut G Jass Factory 271 Compared with other Exposi- tions 124 Compared with last Exposition 127 Competitors for Location 109 Cost of Buildings 115 Cost of Buildings 131 Costa Rican Exhibit 198 Cuban Exhibit 198 Curious Things 268 Cyclists' Parade 271 Dairy Building 135 Dairy Building, Described ... 135 Dairy Building, Dimensions . 135 Dairy Section. 229 Dairy Section, Tests 229 Denmark Exhibit F8 Delaware Building. 150 Delaware Exhibit 150 Descriptive 116-123 Description of Buildings. . . 131 Description of Site 1 13 Development of Plans 124 Department Building 15J Department Building, De- scribed 153 Department Classification... .331 Departmental Exhibits 321 Diamond Exhibits 37L Dimensions of Buildings 131 District of Columbia Exhibit. . 183 PAi Dominion Exhibit 195 Dutch West Indian Exhibit . . 199 Early Railroad Architecture.. 271 East Indian Village 271 Ecquador Exhibit 199 Eddystone Lighthouse 271 Educational Exhibit 280 Educational Exhibit, Scope of. 281 Electrical Effects 285 Electrical Effects at Night. . . : . 285 Electricity Building 1 5 Electricity Bui ding, Cost ... .135 Electricity Building, Described 135 Electricity Building, Dimen- sions 135 Electricity Department 230 Electricity Department, An Electric Household 231 Electricity Department, Edison Exhibit 233 Electricity Department, Elec- tric Power 234 E ecti-icity Department, Eng- lish Display 333 Electricity Department, Ex- hibitors 230 Electricity Department, Ex- hihits 230 Electricity Department, Ger- man Display 333 Electric liighting. > 34 Employes of Exhibitors 1^5 English Exhibit 199 Estimated Cost l:-7 Exposition Act 110 Exposition at a G lance 116 Exposition from the Lake. . . . 116 Exposition Proclaimed 113 Exposition, Scope of 387 Extent of Plans 14 Fast Flight of Carrier Pigeons. 371 Fire Arms ... 271 Fire-Proof Construction 272 First < otton Gin 271 First Forei j n Exhibit 271 First Locomotive 373 First Map of the World 272 First Telegraph Message 273 First Tele/raph Wire 373 Fishe ies Building 1 37 Fisheries Building, Cost . . 137 Fisheries Building, Described.. 137 Fisheries Building, Dimensions 137 Fisheries Department 236 Fisheries Dep'tment, Aquarial 237 Fisheries Department, Curios- ities of 238 GENERAL INDEX. iii PAGE. Fisheries Dep'tment Exhibit . . 237 Floriculture Display 289 Fl riculture, Foreign Exhibits 239 Fioriculture Section 239 Florida Building 161 Foreign Agents, Exhibits of ... IfcO Foreign Appropriations 183-220 Foreign Art 183-220 Foreign Buildings 139 Foreign Buildings 183-220 Foreign Commission 183 Foreign Countries Represented 190 Foreign Difficulties. . . 184 Fore gn Employes of Exhib'ors 185 Foreign Exhibits 183 Foreign Exhibits, How Entered 185 Foreign Exhibits, Law Gov- erning 185 Foreign Exhibits, Magnitude of 183-220 Foreign Exhibits, Questions Answered 187 Foreig.i Exhibitors, Informa- tion for 185 Foreign Governments Notified 113 Foreign Interest 183 Foreign Representation 183 Foreign Re resentatives . . . .183-220 Fore'gn Visitors, Care of J85 Forestry I?uilding 138 Forastry Buildiaj-, Cost 138 Forestry Building, Described . 138 Forestry Building, Dimensions 138 Forestry Department 240 Forestry Department, Display 240 Forestry Department, Exhibits 241 French Exhibit SOO Friendship of For'gn Countries 185 German Exhibit 201 Georgia Building 161 Georgia Exhibit 161 Government Building 147 Government Buii' ing. Cost . . 147 Government Building, De- scribed 147 Government Building, Dimen- sions — 147 Government Exhibit 267 Great Britain Exhib t 199 Great Buildiags Described 130 Great Eagle 272 Grecian Exhibit 203 Ground Adornment 139 Guatemalian Exhibit 203 Guianan, British, Exhibit 195 Gun Boat Niaa-ai-a 272 H.iWaian Exhibit 216 PAGE. Haytian Exhibit 4O4 Headquarters for Manufact- urers , 272 Holland Exhibit 204 Honduras, British, Exhibit ... 195 Honduras Exhibit 201 Horticu -tural Building 140 Horticultural Building, Cost.. 140 Horticultural Building De- scribed 140 Horticultural Building, Di- mensions 140 Horticultural Department 24L Horticultural Department Ex- hibit 241 Horticultural Department, Foreign Exhibits 243 Horticultural Department, Space Al otted 24 J Ice Skating Rink 272 Iceberg Shaped Building 273 Idaho Building 161 Idaho Exhibit 161 II inois Building 162 Illinois Building, Description.. 162 Illinois Building, Interior 163 Illinois Building, Sculpture 164 Illinois Exhibit 165 1 Uinois Exhibit, Features of. . . 166 Inception (>f the Project 109 Increase of Expenditures 124 Indiana Building 167 Indiana Exhibit 167 Indian Exhibit ( East) 205 Iowa Building 168 Iowa Exhibit 168 Irish Exhibit .... 205 Ita'ian Exhibit 205 Japanese Exhibit 208 Japanese Gift 208 Kansas Building 168 Kansas Exhibit 168 Kentucky Building 169 Kentu ky Exhibit 169 Lab r Contract Law 185 Lake George Wreck 270 La Rabida, Convent of. ... 153 Last Nail for Woman's Build- ing 150 Lavatories, etc ISS LiCe Saving Station 272 Life Savin g Exhibit 267 Live Stock Section 243 Live Stock Section, Cattle and Horses 244 Live Stock Section, Dogs . . . 243 Livestock Section, Exhibits.. 243 IV GBNBRAL INDEX. Louisiana Exhibit 169 Machinery Department 244 Machinery Department Exhib- it.. . 244 Machinery Hall ., . 141 Machinery Hall, Cost 14 L Machinery Hall, Described. .. 141 Machinery Hall, Dimensions. . 141 Maderian Exhibit 209 Magnificent Microscope 2 3 Maine Building 169 Maine Exhibit 169 Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building 14S Manufactures and Liberal Ai ts hullding. Cost 143 Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, Desciibed 143 Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, Dimensions 143 Manufactures and Liberal Arts Department 245 Manufactures and Liberal Arts Department, Exhibit 345 Manufactures and Liberal Arts Department, Exhibitors. . 246 Maori Curiosities 2^3 Marine Device 273 Maryland Building 170 Maryland Exhibit 170 Massachu;etts Building.. . i70 Massachusetts Exhibit 170 Marvellous Clock 273 Material Used 126 Maya House 273 Medusaline Walks 286 Meteoric St^ nes 273 Mexican Exhibit 209 Michigan Building 171 Michigan Exhibit 171 Military D splays 286 Mines and Mining Building. . . 145 Mines and Mining Building, Cost 145 Mines and Mining Bui ding, Described 145 Mines and Mining Building, Dimensions 14o Mines and Mining Department J;47 Mines and Mining Department Exhibits 249 Mines and Mining Department, 400 Years' Progress 250 Mines and Mining Department, Scope of 247 Minnesota Buil'Ung 171 Minnesota Exhibit 171 PAGE. Miscellaneous Buildings . 151 Mississippi Exhibit 171 Missouri Exhibit 171 Model Home 273 Model Post-office 267 Models of War t-hips 273 Montana Exhibit — 173 Moorish Palace 273 Morocco Exhibit 213 Music Hall 151 Musical Section 282 Musical Section, Exhibit ^82 Musical Section— Society Par- ticipation 283 Musical Section, Vocal Forces 283 Natatorium 374 Natatorium Building 154 > ational Museum Exhibit 267 National Prison Association Exhbit 374 Naval Exhibit in Battle Ship. . 134 Naval Review in New York. . Ill Nebr ska Building 173 Nebra-ka Exhibit 173 Nevada Exhibit VIS New Foundland Exhibit 213 New Hampshire Exhibit 173 New Mexico Exhibit 181 New Jersey Building — 173 New Jersey Exhibit 173 New York Building 173 New York Exhibit 173 Newspaper Ea hibit 274 Nicar^guan Exhibit 3 3 Norwegian E ^ hibit 212 North Carolina Building 174 North Carolina Exh bit 174 North Dakota Building 174 North Dakota Exhibit 174 Notification to President Ill Novel, Quaint and Curious Things 268 Ocean Currents 274 Ohio Building 175 Ohio Exhibit 175 Oklahoma Exhibit 181 Old Cotton Exhibits 274 Oregon Exhibit 175 Organization of Commission ... Ill Outlay on Buik.ings and Grounds 135 Panama Exhibit 313 Panorama of a Volcano 274 Paraeuan Exhibit 313 Parthenon of Athens 375 Pennsylvania Building 176 Pennsylvania Exhibit 176 GENERAL INDEX. I PAGE. Permanent Circus 275 Feisian Exhibit 213 Peruvian Exhibit 2i3 Petrified Loj? 275 Pliysicians' Bur.au of Service., 275 Plan Statistics 114 Pigmies From Africa 275 Pizarros' Chi'ouometer L75 Pompeii Reproduced. 275 Postal Museum 275 Post Office Exhibit 275 Power3( f Comm ssion liO Prelimin ry Action Ill Presidential Proclamation 112 Pro jabl ■ Total Expenditures.. 129 Pr -vision for Grovernment Exhibits Ill Provision for U. S. commis- sion 110 Provisions of Act of Congress.. 110 Public ati ns Free of Duty 1>^ 5 '•Puck"B ildia- 276 Pullman in Miniature 276 Quainc Things 26S Keccption of Foregn Visitors. 18') Relics oft iC Mouu.l Builders.. 276 Religious Exnibits Building'... 154 Restaurants 286 Rhode Island Building- 177 Rhode Isl.nd Exhibit 177 Roumanian Exhibit 215 Rules Governing State Build- ings and Exhibits 155 Russian Exhibit 214 Salt Plant 276 'V-ams jn, " The Locomotive. . . 276 Sam Houston's Capture 276 Sandwich Islands Exhibit 216 San Domingoan Canon 277 San Domingoan Exhibit 215 ' 'Santa Maria" 277 School Exhibit 280 Scope of World's Congress Auxiliary 113 Scotch Exhibit 200 Servian Exhibit 216 Shakespeare's Home 277 Shoe and Leather Building — 1' 3 S amese Exhibit '<^16 Side Shows . . : 277 Signal Service Exhibit 267 Silver Building 277 Site of the Exposition 286 Site Selected 113 Smithsonian Exhibit 267 South American Exhibit 217 Society of friends 376 PAGE. South African Exhibit 216 South Carolina Exhibit 178 South Dakota Building 178 South Dakota E.^:hibit 178 South Sea Islands Exhibit '^ 8 Spanish Exhibit 218 "St tf" 1.9 Stamp Mill 277 Standard ciuide Abroad 185 State Buildinj-s GroupeJ 182 State Buildings and Exhibits . 155 Statuary 277 Steam Engine, Centuries Old. . 278 Street in Cairo 278 Streets in Reproduction 153 Survey of Exposition 116 SAvedish Exhibit 212 Swiss Exhibit 219 Tea House 278 Tennessee Exhibit 178 Territorial Exhibits 181 Texas BuiLing 178 'Cexas Exhibit ... 178 'I heatrical Exhibit 278 To ver 152 Tower Decoration J54 Tower of London 278 Transit ; 87 Transportation Building 146 Transportation Building, Cost 146 Transp ^nation Building, De- scribed 146 Transportation Building, Di- mensions It6 Transpor ation Department . . 254 Transportation Department, Classification 255 Transportation Dep'tment Ex- hibit 254 Transp rtation Dep'tm'nt, Ex- hibitors 256 Trinidad Exhibit 219 Turkish Exhibit 219 Turners' Gymnastic Exhibit'n 278 U. S. Government Building.... 147 Utah Building 183 Utah Exhibit 18i Uruguan Exhibit 220 Vermont Building 179 Vermont Exhibit 179 Virginia Exhibit . . 179 Viticulture Section 259 Vote of Congress on Location. 109 Washington Building 179 Washington Exhibit 17 ♦ Washington Park Races 378 Waukesha Water 278 GENERAL INDEX. PAGE West Indian, British, Exhibit.. 195 West Virginia Building J 80 West Virginia Exhibit 180 White Star Steamship Exhibit. 278 Wild We^t Show :79 Wisconsin Building 180 Wisconsin Exhibit 180 Woman's Building 147 Woman's Building, C.st . 147 Woman's Department ... .260 Woman's Dep rtment, General P an ... 264 Woman's Department, Wo- man's Exhibits 263 Woods and i etrifacti ns.. ... :^79 World's Congresses . . . 2t3 Wor d's Fair Autograph Al- bum 279 Wyoming Building 181 W yoming Exhibit 18L DEDICAT ON CEREMONIES. Admission Price 3' 2 Dedication Ball 3W Ded cation Day Program 313 Dedi ation of Buildings 313 Ded cat on Mus.c 313 Dedication Ode 312 Dedication Oration 313 Fire Works 313 General Arrangements 312 Mihtary Di-play 314 Procession of Centuries 314 Special Trains 314 APPENDIX. Boards, Bureaus, Departments, etc . 319 Boar 1 of Architects '.*...... . . 320 Bureau of Constru tion 320 Board of Control and Manage- ment of the United Ptates Exhibit 320 Poard of Lady Managers 3il Bf)ard of Lady Managers, Chi- cago Managers 321 Board of s ady Mana ers. Pres- idents and Vice-Pres dents 3.21 Board f Lady Mana g e r s, '-cope. Plans, Officers, etc ... 3-^4 Chicago Street Directory 3 9 Dtpa tments A to P 319 Hack and Ca > Rates 3 '7 Local Board Committees 318 Local Board Directory 318 Local Board Executive Com- mittee 3 8 PAGE. Local Board Headquarters and Officers 3 8 Medical Bureau 320 Rules and Regulations World's Columbian Exposition 316 Worl '8 Columbian Commis- sion 319 World's Columbian Exposition Management 318 World's Congress Auxiliary. .. 321 World's Congress Auxiliary Departments. 331 HI TORICAL. Austrian National Exhibitions. 24 Belgium National Exhibitions. 25 Centennial Exposition. 1876 .. 39 Co vent Garden Exhibition 27 Crystal Palace, The 27 Dublin Exposition, 1853 30 Early Industrial Displays . . 17 Eifectof Centennial on Com- merce 43 English National Expositions. 36 First International Exposi- tion 27 Foreign Expositions .... . 30-49 German National Exhibitions. 24 Industrial Exhibitions 17 Iri-h Exposition, 1829 36 London Exposition, 1851 3 ? London Exhibition, 1761 30 London Exposition, 1863,. 31 Melbourne Exposition, 1880 ... 46 McCormick Reaper, First Eng- lish Exposition 39 Ni w York Exposition, 1853 — 31 O igin of Expositions 17 Paris Exposition, 1798 21 Paris Exposition, 1867 36 Paris Rxposition, ] 878 44 Paris Exposition, 1855 32 Paris Exposition, 1889 47 Philadelphia Exposition, 1876.. 39 Saxon National Exhibition — 24 Swiss National Exhibitions ... 25 Sydney Exposition, 1879 46 Vienna Exposition, 1873 38 Why Expositions are Held 17 CHICAGO— CONDENSED GUIDE TO. Academy of Music 289 Advancement in wealth and Culture 64 Alhambra Theatre 28'> Amusements , — .....■■ 66 GENERAL INDEX. 68 PAGE. Amusement, Places of .. . . Anarchy Annexation 69 Architecture 69 Area 70 Area in Square Miles 65 An Institute. . *;89 A rt Interests 70 A shland Block 77 Asylums, etc 76 Athletic Clubs 81 Athenaeum 289 Audito ium 73 ruditoiium Building- 290 Auditorium Hotel 290 Auditoi ium Theatre 290 Banks 70 Bank Capital 65 1 anif dealings 65 Banking Business 71 Board of Trade 71 Boating 290 Bound Book Production 66 Breweries 71 Bridewell 71 Bridges and Viaducts 72 Buildings in 189 J 65 Buildings since 1876 65 Building Statistics 72 Buildings, the Notable 73 Bunco Steerers 290 Cable Lines 80 Calumet Lake — hS Calumet River 93 Casino .291 Cemetei'ies 78 Chamber of Commerce 75 Charities 73 Charitable Institutions 78 Chicago Opera House 29J Chicago River 93 Christian Organizations 79 Churches 79 City Railways 80 Clark Street Theatre 293 Climate 81 Clubs 66 Colleges 85 Commercial Exchanges 82 Compared with Other Cities. . . 79 Concert Saloons 293 Confidence Men 293 Cook County Abstract Buildg, 77 Coroner's Inquest 82 County Expenditures 83 County Revenue 83 Court House 83 PAGE. Courts 83 Crib, The 84 « ycloramas 294 Daily Papers 96 Daily and We _ kly Papers 66 Dime Museums j;94 Distance to other Principal Cities 84 Divisions or sides 93 Educational Institu ions 65 Electric Fountain 108 Elevated Railroads 80 Electric Railways . 81 Fire Department 85 Fire of 71 85 Fi.eof '74 87 Foreign Born People S7 Gambling Houses ~97 G ntlemen's Cmbs . 81 Germania i^uilding 17 Germania Theater 298 Geographical location of 87 Grain Elevators 88 Grand Opera House 29J Gi and Pacific Hotel ^98 Grand View Hotel 298 Great Buildings 73 Great Industi ies 89 Great Northern Hotel 298 Growth of the Western Metrop- olis 64 Hacks and Hansom ; 8i Hansom Cabs 299 Havlin's J heater 299 Haymarket Massacre 88 Haymarket Tiieater 2; 9 Historical 64 Historical Fac s 89 Hooley's Theatre 299 Hor^e Railways 81 Hospitals 90 Hote s 90 Hotel Wellington - ... 299 Hon e of Correction 71 Hyde Lake 9 5 Inebriate Asylums 90 Insane Asylum . 82 Iron and Steel Manufacture. . . 91 Jail 83 Jobbing Business 91 Keeley Institute 91 Kimball Hall 300 Lakes and Rivers 93 Lake and River Frontage 93 Leading Theaters 68 Lemont Ston-^! Quarries 301 Length and Width 93 GENERAL INDEX. PAGE. Libraries . . 'J ^ Libby Prison Museum bOl Life fcsavjng- Stations 9'J Light Houtees 9t Literary CJubs 81 Lumber Trade -. 94 Manufactures 65 Manufactures, capital and Jabor 94 Marriages — 94 Masonic Temple 74 Mc \'icker's Theater . . 359; 64 Population, 1 89-J 64 Population, Growth of. 64 Poor, Care of The 77 PoorHousfi Ki Postal rnformation 98 Post (^fljce J. uil«!ing lOQ Poverty 77 Printed Matter Mai od.. 66 Private Schools 65 Prominent IJuildingg 77 VuYAU: ijWjr'dry ". . , 1(0 PubJic School System, Co^t of 65 Pullman 305 Pullmun Paiawi Car Co 306 Jiaxdng Tracks 66 Railroads JOl ItaJIroad J>epots 101 jteljc House 306 Jtf'w.rts 66 Jievenu^:* and Disbursements of ^ity Government 81 Richelieu Hotel 307 llookery. The 75 Sem in;i ries 85 Sherman Hoiise 3f)8 Shipping Ufi Ship » uilding Yard 308 Sky Scrapers 7 '< Sp*^;iaJ Attractions 288 Btan'lard Theater ... 309 PAGE. StateC^ubs f-l Statistics 64 Steam Surface Kailways 80 Suburbs lOi Suburbs -How to Reach Them Hl3 Tacoma, The 76 Taxable Valuation of Cook Ojunty Pr. perty 103 TempJe, The 74 Topojrrnphy 10:3 Tremont House 'Mi Tributary Cities and Towns. . 10 J Tributary Cities. How to Reach Them 103 Tributary Cities. Population of 10 { Union St'»ck Yards 3evelopment U. S. Exports of U. S .... — From the Atlantic to Chicago, Great Cities of the U. S 91 3 93 n 108 311 GENERAL INDEX. PAGE. Growth of the American Re- public 50-63 Imports of U. S . Increase of Wealth in the U. S. Indianapolis Liquor Manufacture in the U.S Money Circulation of the U. S. New York City Pbiladelpbia. 51 bl 54 56 Pittsburgh 59 Popu ation of U. S 50 Railroads of the U. S 51 Rise of Cities and Common- wealths 52 School Houses in the TJ. S .. . . 51 Southern Cities . f-3 St. Louis 62 Tourist Guide 50 Washing-ton 56 Wealth of U. S 50 Western Cities 63 SPECIAL MENTION. ^tna Chemical Fire Engine Co Armour & Co Andrews, A . H. & Co Architectural Iron Works. . . . Belden F. Culver Berwyn B. F. Clarr Calumet Iron & Steel Co Chambers, J. B. & Co Charles Curry Charles McDonald's News Sttire Charles Kaestner & Co Chicago Copper Refining Co. . . Chicago Raw Hide Manu- facturing Co Clay, Robinson & Co Columbia Steel Car Co ( olumbia Theater "Crown" Pianos and Organs. . Dale and Serapiirs Corner Deuney Tag Co Dodge Manufacturing Co Douglass Instantaneous Water Heater Dunning, Andrew Economist, The Eggleston, Mallette & Brown- ell Ely, The Edward E. Co . . E. S. & W. S. Fowler 293 293 293 293 £94 294 :94 294 295 295 i95 296 296 PAGE. E. W. Blatchf ord & Co 296 Fred S. James & Co 297 Geo. B. Carpenter & Co 297 Geo. M. Bogue & Co 298 Gormully & Jetfery Mfg. Co. . . 298 Grant Locom five Works 298 Gutta Percha Mfg. Co 299 Hartman, I. A. & Co 2fc9 Henry Dibblee Co 2 9 Iron Works 299 Irwin, Green & Co 299 Jenkins, Krter & Comp&ny... 300 Kimball, The W. W. Co ...... 300 Klinck Catarrh Remedy 300 Krimbill & Fuchs 300 Kumyss 300 Kurtz Bros. & Buhrer 3C0 M. A Richardson, Jr., «& Co . . . 301 Marine Engine Works 301 Mason&DavsCo 301 McCormick Harvesting Co 3< 1 Milwaukee Ave. State Bank. . . 302 Mosely Foldmg Bath Tub Co. . 302 Munger-Colton M'f 'g Co ... . 303 Mutual Life Ins. Co. cf New- York £03 Newcomb,J.C 303 Newman Bros 303 Northern Assurance Co. of Lon- don.... 303 Northwestern Masonic Aid As- sociation 304 O'Connor Shoe, The 3i'4 Orcutt Lithographing Co., The 304 Pettibone, Mulliken & Co's Works 304 Powell, M. W.& Co 315 Pratt & Ely 30 1 Redfleld,C. S 306 Remington Typewriter 316 Rice & Whitacre Mfg. Co 3 6 Ritchie, W. C. & Co 507 Sawyer-G oodman Co 3li7 S. D. Kimbark 3 7 Simonds Manufacturing Co . 308 Smyth's Town Market 308 Snediker Hprnia Treatment. r08 Sweer, Wallach & Co 309 TheDunlapHat 309 Thomson & Tnj'lor Spice Co. . . . 309 Vierling, McDowell & Co 310 Warner Bros, Corset Mfrs 310 Western Wheel Works 310 Wrought Iron Bridge Co 311 Wood Bros 310 STREET DIRECTORY 329 IMON fl THE SiMONDS KNIFE UUJL_[L_fl_JUJJ We carry in Chicago a large finished stock, besides have a Chicago Factory for Manufactur- i ing and Repairing Saws and Knives. Simonfls Manulaciurlna Go. FITCHBURG, MASS, CHICAGO, ILL. LIST OF ILLUSTKATIOTSrS. PAGE. Administration B'lding, between pag-es 28-29 Agricultural Building, between pages 96-97 Agricultural Building, Another View, between pages 228-229 Art Building, between pages.132-133 Alt Institute of Chicago, between pages 178-179 Battle Ship, between pages. . .116-117 Berwyn, Suburb of, between pages 332-333 Bird's Eye View, facing page 17 Carpenter, Geo. B. & Co., be- tween pages 29^-299 Delaware State Bldg., between pages 186-187 Donohue & Henneberry Bldg., between pages 328-329 Electi'icity Building, between pages 34-35 Ely, The Edward Co., Interior, between pages 266-267 Eggleston, Suburb of, between piges 29.-291 Fisheiies Bldg., between pages.44-45 Forestry Bldg., b.-t'e n pages. 218-219 Herald Buildi ig. The, between pig;es .. 258-259 Horticultural Building, between pages 140-141 Illinois State Building, between pages 80-81 Indiana St ite Building, between pages 210-211 Jackson Fark, Map of, between pages 220-221 John M. Smyth Bldg., between pages 108-109 Kansas and North Dakota State Buildings, between pages. ..244-245 Keeley Laboratory and Offices, between pages 90-91 PAGE. Lagoon and Surroundings, frontis- piece. Manufactures and Liberal Arts Buildii.g, between pages — 40-41 Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, Another View, be- tween pug s 102-103 Manufactures and Liberal Arts building. Full View, between pages 146-147 Marshall Field &Co.'s Retail H's \ between pages 50-51 Massachusetts Build ng, between pages 170-171 Mines i.nd Mining Building, be- tween pages 162-163 Mines and Mining Bldg., Another View, between pages 236-237 One of the Floats, between pages 20 -203 Palace of Mechanical Arts Build - ing, between pages 22-23 Palace ( f Mechanical Arts Build- ing, Another View 66-67 Pennsylvania Building, between pages 154-155 RiLch.e, W. C. & Co., between pages 310-311 Sawyer-G odmanCo. Saw Mills, etc., between pages 322-323 Tower and Landing Pier, be- tween pag s 124-125 Transportation Bldg., between pages — ... 56-57 U. S. Gov't Building, between pages 74-75 Wellington Hotel, The, between pages 274-275 Woman's Blfig., between pag;es.86-87 Woman's Bldg., Another View, bet veen pages 194-195 Wyoming and Nebraska State Buildings, between pages . . .250-251 INDEX TO ADYERTISEMENTS. PAGE ^tna Chemical Fire Engine Co., The, Fire Extinguishers, between pages 103-103 Andrews, A . H. &Co.. Folding Beds, Office Desks, etc., be- tween pages 154-155 Andrews & Piper, Berwyn Prop- erty, between pages 332-333 AthenEeum, Chicago, Gymnasi- um, facing page 23 Ath-nseum, Chicago, "The Peo- ple's College," between passes 22-23 Baltimore & Ohio R. R., Chica- go, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Wanhingt ju, front of book page viii Bentley & Gerwig, Rope, Twine, etc.,betwpen pages 2t'i-245 Besley's Waukegan Brewir^ Co., Ale and Porter, between pages 140-141 Bogue & Co.,R^al Es' ate Agency, Grant Locomotive Works Addition, facing Book Divis- ion Index. Bruce's Law & Inquiry Office, Robt. Bruce, Supt., facing page 28 Carpenter, Geo. B. & Co., Ship Chandlers and Sail Makers, between pages 298-299 Chambers, J. B. & Co., Watches, Dinmonds, etc., between pages 74-75 Chicago Copper Refining Co., The, Electrolytic Copper, etc., facing page 56 Chicago Eye & Ear Infirmary, Dr. B. A. Camfleld, front of bonk page ii Chicago & Northwestern Ry., Chicago, West and Northwest, between pages 88-87 Clarke, B. F., Morgan Park Property, between pages. 96-97 Clay, Robinson & Co., Live Stock Commission, facing pag ' 44 Continental National Bank, John C. Black, Pres., facing page 86 Cooper, H. N.& Co., Choice Resi- dence Property, facing page. . 80 PAGE. Corn Exchange B ink, Chas. L. Hutchinson, Prcs., between pages 178-179 Crown Pianos & Organs, Geo. P. Bent, front of book page — i Culver, Belden F., Real Estate Agency, between pages . . 124-125 Pale & Sempill, Chemists and Pharmac sts, between pages 132-133 Denney Tag Co., The, Shipping Tags, Envelopes, etc., front of bookpaga — iv Dodge Mfg. Co., View of Engine Room, facing Back Cover. Dodge Mfg. Co., Engineers, Founders and Machinists, In- side Back Cover. Donohue & Henneberry,Printers and Bin ers, between Pages 328-329 Dunlap&Co., The Dunlap Hat, between pages 1^0-171 Dunning, Andrew, Real Estate Investments, facing dedication Economist, The, Financial and Commercial newspaper, facing last page of book, Eggleston, Mallette& Brownell, Real Estate and Mortgage Bankers, between pages ^90-291 Ely, The Edward Co., Merchant Tailors, between pages 266-267 Erie Railway Line , Chicago to New rork, front of book, page vi Evening Post, The Chicago, fac- ing page. S2 Forsyth, Jacob, Map of Forsyth Land, facing page 28o Forsyth Jacob, Whiting, Indiana, fa ing page 281 Fowler's, Scientific Opticians, between pages 56-"7 "Granitoid" Side walks, S. P. McKelvey, facing page 61 Gregg Electric Belts and Appli- ances, The Gregg Electric Cure Co., facng title page. Gregg system of Home Electric Treatment, The Gregg Electric Cure Co., facing frontispiece. Gutta Percha & Rubber M't'g Co., The, Fu-e Hose, Belting, etc., between pages 202-203 Hanford-Hall Works, Pure Lin- seed Oil, between pages 44-45 INDEX TO ADViERTISEMENTS. PAGE. Hartman, I. A. & Co., Real Estate and Loai s, betwe n i, ages.. 250-251 Henry Dibblee Co., The, Ceramic Mosaics, Mantels, etc., between pages. 236-237 Herald, The Chicago,Daily Morn- ing Newspaper, between pages 258-259 Illinois Central R. R., Chicago, St Louis and th 3 South, front of book, page vii Instantaneous Water Heating Co., The, The Douglas and Acme Water Heaters, between pages l46-:47 Klnck Catarrh and Bronchial Remedy Co., f :icing page 66 Kiimbill & Fuchs, Real Estate, Ins J ranee. Loans, etc., facing page. .124 Lowell Art C'.,The M. H., Pic- tures and Picture Frames, fi.c- ing page 140 Marshall Field & Co., Retail Dry Goods, facing page 50 Mason & Davis Co., Wrought Steel R inges,betweenpage^il0-21] Mead & Coe, Real Estate Agents between pages 116-117 Merchants National Bank, Chauncey J. Blair, President, facing page 102 Merrick Thread Co., Merrick's Spool Cotton, between pages 162-163 Milwaukee Ave. State Bank, Banking, Safety Vaults, facing C p. light. Morgan Park Property, B. F. Clarke, between pages 96-97 Moseley Folding Bath Tub • Co., Folding Bath Tubs, front of book, page iii Munger-Colton M'f 'g Co., "Col- ton" Sliding Door Hanger, front of book, page v Newcomb, J. C, Ornamental I icture Frames and Mouldings facing pag ■ 96 Newman Bros., Parlor and Chapel Organs, between pages — 22ri-2 9 Northern Assurance Co. Aber- deen-London, facing page. . . 34 O'Connor, The E. L. Co., O'Con- nor Extens'n Shoe, facing- pa go 108 Office Specialty Manf 'g Co.,Oftice Furniture, facing page. 65 Orcutt Co. High Grade Lithog- raphy, facing page V62 Peabody, Houghteling & Co., Real Estate Investments, be- tween pages 28-29 P ankinton. The, Leading Mil- waukee Hotel, facing page. .. 183 Powell, M. W. & Co., Roofers, facing page 116 Prat & Ely, Real Estate Agents, between pa es .0-81 Pi'idmore,W. A.,R'l Estate,Rent- ing and Loans, Inside Front Cover Rand, Chas. E., Real Estate, Cal- umet Lands, between pages. .£'6- ..7 Red field, C. S.,City and Suburban R'l Estate, Front of book page iv Relic House, The, Relics of the Great Fire, between pages . . 186-187 Remington Standard Typewriter Wyckoff , Seamans & Benedict, facing page 17 Remington !-tandard Typewriter Wyckotf, Seamans & Benedict, facing Bird's-eye view Engrav- ing. Rice & Whitacre Mfg. Co., En- gines, Boilers, Heaters, etc., be- tween pages 40-41 Ritchie,W. C. & Co , Paper Boxes and Paper Cans, bet'n pages 310-311 Sawyer-Goodman Co., Lumber M'f'rs and dealers, between pages 322-323 Scully-Ctistle Co., The, General Railway Supplies, facing page 146 Cimonds Mfg. Co., Saws, Knives, etc., facing index to illustra- tions. Snediker Hernia Treatment Co., The D. L, Rupture, etc. , facing- General Index. Union National Bank, The, J. J. P. O'Dell, Prest., between pages 34-35 Vierling, McDowell & Co., Iron Works, facing page 40 Wellington Hotel, The Gage Ho- tel Co . , between pages 274-275 Western Fence Co., contractors between pages 244-245 Wood Bros. Live Stock Commis- sion, facing page 74 Wrought Iron Bridge Co., Can- ton, O., between pages ... .218-219 80,000 COPIES — OF — Tli6 Sianflarfl Guide lo Gnicaoo SOLD IN 1891. 250,000 COPIES WILL CERTAINLY BE SOLD IN 1892. 1,000,000 COPIES Will be Sold in 1893. THE WORLD'S FAIR EDITION OF The standard GUIDE TO CHICAGO WILL, BE The Greatest Advertising Medium on Earth. THE STANDARD GUIDE GO 358 Dearborn St, CHICAGO, ILL, U. S. A, PEEFACE TO FIRST EDITION. This Hand-Book, so far as it relates to the World's Columbian Exposition, is compiled from official sources. I believe it contains, in substance, all the information in possession of the management up to this time. The extent of this information, one year before the opening, will probably surprise the reader. As a matter of fact, however, the scope and character of the World's Fair is as well understood now as it wll be on May 1, 1893. Henceforth it will be the task of the Director-General and his Chiefs of Departments rather to compress than to expand. Notwithstanding the immense amount of space originally provided for and afterward increased, it is found even at this early day that the allotments to foreign and home exhibitors must be curtailed. The World's Fair of 189B will be a Universal Exposition in the strictest sense of that term. It will overshadow all its predecessors. The latest and greatest of European Expositions must lose by com- parison with it. This statement is supported by the facts presented within these covers. I have thought it essential to devote considerable space to informa- tion concerning Chicago. This is presented in alphabetical order, and covers, I think, everything that might be of value or interest to the stranger within our gates. This Hand-Book will be revised from time to time, until, at the opening of the Exposition, it will be a complete guide for the visitor. In order to make it so, I do not think that many alterations or additions will be necessary. John J. Fwnn. ' May, 1892. The 1892 Model of the Remington is now on the market. Wyckoff Seamans & Benedict, 327 Broadway, New York. I 75 Monroe Street, Chicago. Constant improvement has charac- terized the history of the Reming- ton Standard Typewriter. The new model presents no start- ling novelty and involves no radical departure from the principles of construction which have been ap- proved by twenty years' experience. The changes introduced into the 1892 Model represent the carefully tested results of expert study of various points deemed capable of improvement. Old users of the Remington will find advantages in the quality of the work, and ease as well as conveni- ence of operation. New ones will soon discover that the 1892 Model will increase the prestige of the STANDARD WRITING MACHINE OF THE WORLD. OUR GOODS ARE SOLD IN ALL THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE WORLD. SEND FOR AN ILLUS- TRATED CATALOGUE. !► The Best Work BY THE Simplest Means IN THE Shortest Time Remington Standard Typewriter. Send for Illustrated Catalogue. Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, 327 Broadway, New York. 175 Monroe Street, Chicago. PART I. INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITIONS— WHERE THE IDEA OF HOLDING THEM WAS BORN AND HOW IT GREW-THE GREAT NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL FAIRS OF HISTORY-FROM LONDON IN 1761 TO PARIS IN 1889 - DESCRIPTION OF THE LEADING EXHIBITIONS. It is eminently fitting that the civilized Nations of the earth, individually or collectively, should pause at intervals, to take an accounting, as it were, of the progress which they are making in science, art and commerce, as well as in government, morality and politeness. The world of discovery, of invention and of appliance travels at a rate of speed which defies the most acute and coolest-headed observer of events— he becomes amazed if he tries to classify them; confused if he aims to follow them; bewildered if he attempts to understand them. At best his vision, even though he be blessed far beyond the average with an ability to measure the achievements of his contemporaries, is of short range. He may be able to trace the progress of his neigh- borhood, of his country, or even of the world at large, in a given direction, but beyond this his knowledge, as it is extended, becomes uncertain, unreliable, superficial. His eye can not behold any more than his mind can comprehend the countless changes, innovations or improvements which are occurring in every depart- ment of human activity. If he be a physician, and would be considered worthy of distinction, he must be constantly on the alert, or discoveries of living interest to his profession will escape him. He will have little time to devote to astronomy or to archi- tecture, and his knowledge of the progress being made in these branches must necessarily be that which is acquired by the inter- ested spectator, rather than by the toiling student. If he be an astronomer, an architect, a painter; a civil engineer, an electri- 17 18 HAND-BOOK OF cian, a worker in wood or a worker in iron; a merchant or a mechanic ; an artist or an artisan, and is striving to gain honorable prominence in his profession or extraordinary success in his calling, so much of his time and so much of his labor must be devoted to the special line of duty which lies before him, that he will have but small opportunity of investigating the triumphs of mind or muscle which are recorded daily in other parts of the world and in other walks of life. The enlightened nations of the globe, spurred on by the lovers of art, the enthusiasts in discovery, the devotees of science, the far-seeing philosophers, the liberal-minded philanthropists, the studious political economists and the wise statesmen, have for over two centuries been seriously engaged in devising plans whereby suc'.i a man may be enabled to see, within a reasonable period of time and at a reasonable outlay, what his brother- laborers are accomplishing. Since all men can not travel in search of knowledge, it has been deemed proper that the results, at least, of the skill which is born of knowledge and which is diffused pretty equally throughout a nation and throughout the earth, should be collected, as far as may be, at intervals, so that the thinker and toiler might be enabled to witness what is being achieved by brain and brawn beyond the limits of the village, town, city, state or country, in which he lives and labors. Few men in the rank of life where constant activity of mind or body is an absolute requisite, have the means or the time at their disposal, no matter how strong the inclination may be, to travel the world over. As a rule, the very men to whom the experience of sight-seeing would be beneficial, and from whose experience communities and nations would be most likely to profit, are debarred from the opportunities which travel affords. The statesmen of many coun- tries realized this fact as early as the seventeenth century, and it gave rise to a problem for the solution of which suggestions without number were offered. England, France, THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 19 Germany and Holland had their envoys — scientists, artists, scholars and artisans — abroad at public expense, whose mis- sion it was to penetrate the secrets held by the industrial classes of the sister nations, and bring back the knowledge they obtained to the country which sent them forth. France for centuries guarded certain industrial secrets with a jealousy and with a care that defied the prying eyes of those envoys, and which were only made known to England finally by the immigration of the Huguenots. Holland sent her tradesmen and her manufact- urers into France and England, on every pretense, with no other object in view than the discovery of certain processes of dying wool. Peter the Great of Russia, disguised as a mechanic, worked as a common laborer in a Dutch shipyard in order that he might learn the art of ship-building and introduce it to his sub- jects. The special industries of nations had not become as fixed as they are now. The contest for pre-eminence in the arts of peace was only less bitter than that which was waged for pre- eminence in the arts of war. Proud as a nation might be of the skill displayed by her artificers or her weavers, she wanted no foreign apprentices, and the secret of turning the links of a chain or of weaving a pair of stockings was preserved by a family or a community carefully behind locked doors or high walls, com- municated only in whispers, and never allowed by any chance to escape from the lips of the possessor in the presence of the unin- itiated, even when a fortune would have been the price of treason. And yet in those days of trade-jealousy between nations there existed a vanity, as there always has and always will exist a van- ity where human nature is given a fair opportunity of assert- ing itself, which was gradually bringing about a change in the drift of popular opinion, that finally culminated in the unlocking of trade secrets and in the solution of the problem. This vanity assumed at first only neighborhood proportions; but it gradually spread over entire continents, and has continued to 20 HAND-BOOK OF be one of the inspiring and inspiriting motives of the brain- worker and the muscle- worker, the scientist and the artist, the scholar and the handicraftsman to this day, as well as one of the most important factors in the expansion of human ideas, in the enlightenment of mankind, and in the development of domestic and international trade. It is the vanity, not only excusable but praiseworthy, of desiring to excel, and, excelling, to exhibit. It began at the village fair, spread to the town hall, grew to the dimensions of a national industrial display, and finally took on the proportions of an international exposition. We are indebted to the English Society of Arts for the idea of National Industrial Expositions. As the International Exposi- tion was the natural and inevitable outgrowth of this idea, it may be said that to England belongs the credit of originating what of late we have been pleased to term ''world's fairs." There was, however, no broad or generous impulse behind the action of the Society of Arts when, in 1761, it offered prizes for machinery, agricultural and miscellaneous, which it proposed to exhibit in the rooms occupied by the Society in London. The exhibition was to be strictly national in character — that is to say, strictly British. And as an evidence of the jealousy with which inventions and improvements were guarded by the patentees and manufacturers, the advertisement announcing the exhibition, among other things, promised that the machinery displayed should be constantly under the surveillance of members of the Society, who would see that foreign spies were kept at a safe distance, and that no drawings were made upon the premises. "We have only to recall, from prints or descriptions, what agricultural and miscellaneous machinery looked like at the beginning of the pres- ent century in order to form a fair estimate of what it was in 1761. That first exhibition of machinery in London must have been a very crude affair from our standpoint, but it was the begin- ning of a movement in the direction of encouraging a taste for THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 21 invention, which spread rapidly throughout Great Britain and into continental nations. The French, quick to see and seize upon a good idea, were not long in following up and improving upon the English mechanical exhibition. The Revolution had scarcely made Napoleon Emperor before a series of National Industrial Exposi- tions were planned by that versatile and indefatigable monarch. The first of these displays was held in Paris in 1798, ere the country had yet recovered from the Reign of Terror, and only 110 exhibitors took part in it. A jury of nine persons, selected by the Emperor, was empowered to decide upon the merits of the various manufactures presented for public inspection. Napoleon and Napoleon's subjects in those days hated the English with an intensity that would not be allayed, and this hatred permeated every movement of a national character in France. And so we find that a gold medal was offered at this, the first of the French Expositions, to the manufacturer who should deal the heaviest blow to English trade. The name of the successful contestant, as well as a description of the contrivance, whatever it was, which it was believed would cripple English commerce, are both lost to us. We only know that British trade survived the blow, and that France has continued to prosper right in the face of English com- petition. A second exhibition was opened in 1801, and proved to be more successful than the first — so much more so that a third exhibition was opened in 1803, and this was followed by exhibi- tions in 1806, 1819, 1823, 1827, 1834, 1839, 1844 and in 1849. At the exhibition last named there were no less than 4,494 exhibitors. This was the last of the purely national fairs held in Paris. One has only to follow up the history of these exhibitions, and trace the progress of French manufacture and trade between 1798 and 1849, to see what a marvelous influence they exerted in the devel- opment of the industries of that country. In half a century the number of exhibitors increased from 110 to 4494, France became a nation of manufacturers, and Paris was transformed from a mere 22 HAND-BOOK OF resort for the dissipated pleasure-seekers of Europe into one of the greatest industrial centers on the globe ! The impetus given to French manufacture by the very first and least successful of these exhibitions was so pronounced and so evident that Napoleon became an enthusiastic promoter of trade displays in all parts of the Empire, and Talleyrand declared, long before the exhibitions had attained respectable proportions, that in their encouragement lay hidden the future glory of the French people. It is not necessary, hardly, to point out to the intelligent reader the remarkable strides make by France in art, manufacture and com- merce between 1798 and 1849. Every student of recent French history is familiar w^ith the subject. In spite of revolutions and wars, such as have cursed no other European nation during the present century, the French people have clung tenaciously to the arts in which they excel, and the competition of the world has not been sufficient to weaken their hold upon the trade which beyond question received its first impulse from the little exhibition held in Paris in 1798. The arts were popularized by the series of National Exhibitions which closed in 1849. The youth of France was spurred by these displays to emulate and to surpass the achievements of their fathers. A taste for the useful, the beautiful and the ideal was created and encouraged. All France was in training for these exhibitions, and the results of the skill and labor of the people were displayed and given prominence by successive governments. The brains of the French people were kept in a state of constant activity. Their pride, local, national and personal, was excited ; the people of all nations acknowledged their industrial supremacy. The National Exhibitions had brought about all this. France had reached a point where she acknowl- edged no competitor ; she had no rivals to fear. She was ready, when invited in 1851, to display her handiwork alongside of the productions of other nations at the first great International Exhi' bition which was held in London, 1 THE CHICAGO EVENING POST Is read every day in the homes of "^nore people of cuttiire, refinement and zvealth than any other daily newspaper in the city. It is there- fore more freely ttsed as an adver- tisi7ig medimn by merchants^ who have first-class , reliable goods for sale, thaii any other. O XI Q -I 0) C/l H Pi •a ■< > y c ^ o w < < Oh CHICAIJO ATHEW/EUM "The People's College." NEW ATHENfUM BUILDING. 18-26 VAN 6UREN ST. 5 HIS well-known institution, now in its 2ist year, has for its sole aim the lending of a helping hand to all who desire to secure a good education. It employs 29 teachers, has classes daily all the year, and evening classes five times a week for nine months. PUPILS MAY ENTER AT ANY TIME AND ELECT THEIR STUDIES. A well-chosen Library and Reading Room, and a spacious, elegant Gymnasium are maintained. The Athenaeum comprises BUSINESS, GRAMMAR AM) MUNSON SHORTHAND SCHOOLS. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURAL AND MECHAN- ICAL DRAWING. CITIL ENGINEERING AND SUR- VEYING, MATHEMATICS. FRENCH, GERMAN, SPANISH, LATIN AND GREEK. RHETORIC, COMPOSITION, ELOCUTION AND ORA TORY. LADIES' CLASS IN SHAKE SPE ARE, MUSIC For Free Catalogue or further information address E. I. GALVIN, Supt. CHICAGO ATHENiEUM GYMNASIUM New Athenaeum Buildingr. THIS is the largest, best planned and best equipped Gymnasiunn tliat thi^s city has ever had, It has been newly furnished within the past year and the nnost innproved apparatus secured. It includes a spacious Gynnnastic Hail, with Running Track, Hy- draulic Rowing Machine, a large variety of Pulley Weights, Horizontal and Parallel Bars, Vaulting Horses, Quarter Circle Striking Bags, a standard Hand-Bail Court, Swim- ming Bath, lined with English Porcelain, Shower and Plunge Baths, etc . . . • . The Gymnasium is open daily from 8 a. m till 9:45 p. m. There are regular daily Drill Classes for gentlemen at 1 p m. and 7:45 p. m., and daily classes for ladies from 10 to 12 a. m.; also Thursday evenings from 7 to 9 o'clock, under an experienced director. TERMS: For Gentlemen $14 a Year, including Locker; Ladies $10 a Year. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 23 Prominence is given here to the ISTational Expositions of France, for the reason that in France, more than in any other country, were industrial displays encouraged during the early part of tlii i century, and in France, more than in any other country, is it possi- ble to trace the direct influence of these exhibitions upon the people, upon their products and upon the growth of a nation in the estimation of the world. We know that in the fine arts, in the production of delicate fabrics, in the<" manufacture of the thousand and one useful and beautiful things which contribute to our comfort and delight, the French people have excelled -for many years. Vie know fully as well that the National Industrial Expositions of that country were the schools in which the people received their education and imbibed a taste for the arts which have made them famous. England, as we have said, was the founder of the National Exhi- bition. In England, also, was held the first International Exposition. But between the little mechanical fair of 1761 and the great world's display of 1851 a wonderful change had occurred throughout Europe. Every nation on the continent was struggling to shine as the center of some special industry. The arts^of peace became of more importance to the people, if not to their rulers, than the arts of war. Machinery was working its way gradually and steadily into favor, and the minds of the people were diverted from national and religious jealousies and hatreds into channels that promised not only prosperity for the manufacturer and merchant, but a little more ease and comfort than the mechanic and the artisan had enjoyed under the old system of labor. A spirited competition arose among the different villages, towns and cities of the various coun.ries, and the National Exhi-. bitions, which came to be of annual occurrence on the continent, became the battle-fields on which the skilled and industrious artificers tried their strength. Wo find that in 1820 a series of Exhibitions were opened in Austria, and that National Exhi' 24 HAND-BOOK OP bitions were held in Vienna in 1835, 1839 and 1845 — exhibitions, by the way, which did much toward attracting strangers to theAustrian capital and which promised at one time to make that city as popular with continental travelers as Paris. Had the Austrian pursued the liberal policy of the French government, which, whether Bourbon or Corsican, imperial, monarchistic or republican, never neg- lected the goose that laid the golden egg, Vienna might have outranked Paris among the attractive cities of the continent. But Austria grew tired of Industrial Exhibitions just at the very time when all the rest of the world was becoming interested in them. In Glermany there were National Exhibitions at Berlin in 1822 and 1827, neither of which was a pronounced success, but at the Berlin Exposition of 1844 there were 3,060 exhibitors. Ger- many at this time was cut up into kingdoms. Duchies and prov- inces, and Berlin was not the prominent capital it has become in our day . Yet these exhibitions did much toward keeping Prussia in the lead of her sister States and in determining that Berlin should be the center of German art, German industry and German activity. National exhibitions were held in Saxony, at Dresden, from 1824 to 1845. In the last named year the number of exhibit- ors was 6,013. Saxony has for years been the home of " cottage industry. " It continues to be a kingdom of manufacturers and artisans. Though the exhibitions of Dresden ceased, the people of Saxony have seldom failed to solicit and obtain space for their exhibits among the displays of other countries. And it might be said truthfully that perhaps there is no people in Europe who watch with closer attention the progress made in art and manufact- ure outside of their own country than the Saxons. It is by carefully observing the work of foreign designers as well as by studiously following close at the heels of the leading manufacturers of France, Belgium and Switzerland, that the hosiery and glove manufacturers of little Saxony have been able through all these years to keep a grip upon the immense traffic which they enjoy. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 25 Switzerland had national exhibitions between 1837 and 1848, Lausanne, Bern, St. Gall and Zurich equally sharing in the dis- tinction of being selected as locations. Belgium had national exhibitions in Brussels and Ghent, between 1835 and 1850; national exhibitions were held at Moscow, St. Petersburg and Warsaw between 1829 and 1849; at Lisbon, in Portugal, between 1844 and 1849; in the kingdom of Sardinia between 1829 and 1855; at Madrid, in Spain, between 1837 and 1850; at New York, and Washington, in the United States, between 1828 and 1844, and in England and Ireland periodically from the time first named until 1849, the last great national exhibition being held at Bir- mingham. A peculiar fact will be noticed in running over the list of national exhibitions — that they practically went out of fashion all the world over between 1840 and 1850. The reason for this is plain. Between the years mentioned London was gathering force and material for the first great International Exposition. The nations of the earth were to be pitted against each other for the first time. The various countries were husbanding their strength for this great contest. Besides, they felt, one and all, that if the London exhibition was successful, the great exhibitions of the future must be international in character. This has proved to be the case, as a matter of fact, although many local or minor exhib tions, of great interest to the countries in which they were held, have been opened and conducted successfully since 1851. The National Industrial Expositions by the middle of the present century attained such proportions that it was difficult to improve upon them or to add new attractions, unless the coun- tries in which, and under whose auspices they were ] eld invited their neighbors to participate. Strange as it may seem, England, which had originated the national displays, was the most back- ward of the great nations of Europe in encouraging them. The Society of Arts never allowed its interest to la guish, however. 26 HAND-BOOK OP althou<^h it met with innumerable obstacles and disappointments. The English public, unlike the French, was apathetic. There was little or no enthusiasm among the working classes, and a taste for mechanics had not been cultivated among the nobility and gentry. The fine arts, of course, were encouraged and fostered, but mechanical pursuits were hardly deemed deserving of the recognition which they received on the continent. In spite of this apathy and contempt the inventors, artisans and manufact- urers of Great Britain and Ireland, who profited as best they might from the lessons which were being ta' ght annually in the National Exhibitions of neighboring countries, pursued their tasks with a genius, an ability and an energy which prevented foreign competition from destroying the commerce of their indus- trial centers with the colonies. Parliament, although frequently appealed to by the Society of Arts for such assistance as would enable England to make an industrial display worthy of herself and of the Empire, refused to recognize the neces- sity for the outlay required. In the meantime, and while France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Spain and Portugal were exerting themselves in the encouragement of industries peculiar to their people and in experimenting with those which had grown up among their neighbors, and doing all in their power to encourage discovery, invention and proficiency in workmanship among their people, an exhibition was opened in London, under the patronage of George IV. — the first gentleman of Europe — which, according to the writers of the times, was a miserable failure and " dragged out an unfortunate existence until 1833, when it was consigned to oblivion as an unsuccessful bazar," In Ireland, we learn that exhibitions of native industry were held triennially in the rooms of the Royal Dublin Society, commencing in 1829. Not until 1845 did the English public or the English statesmen become fully aroused to the necessity of doing something which would awaken an interest in and an THE world's COLOIBIAN EXPOSITION. 27 enthusiasm for home manufactures, such as were felt so intensely across the channel, and the want of which was working serious inroads upon British trade and influence throughout the world. In the year mentioned an exhibition of manufactures was held in Covent Garden, London, which proved to be so success- ful, as regarded the number of exhibitors, the attendance and the interest felt by the public of all classes, that the project of hold- ing an International Exhibition — something that had not been attempted before by any nation — found warm supporters every- where, but it nevertheless required all of the arguments and the influence which the Society of Arts could bring to bear to con- vince the government that an enterprize of the magnitude sug- gested could be successfully carried out. Numerous proposals were made by the Society, between 1846 and 1849, and at length it became clear to parliament that the time had arrived when the work, if ever, should be undertaken, for France had, as usual, discovered the value of a good idea, and was on the point of doing precisely what England still hesitated to enter upon. A Royal Commission was issued in 1849 "to take steps for an indus. trial exhibition to be held in 1851." The Commissioners were offered and selected a site of eighteen acres in Hyde Park, and immediately set to work upon the building which became known as "The Crystal Palace," and has continued to be a famous structure down to our day. The designer of this wonderful piece of architecture was Mr. Joseph Paxton, who was knighted by the Queen afterward, in recognition of the services he had rendered the country. The general plan of the building was a parallelogram, 1,848 feet long by 408 feet wide. On the north side there was a projection 936 feet long. The entire structure covered a space of 1,000,000 square feet. There were four great departments of the Exhibition — raw material (which we would probably call products), machinery, manufact- ures, and fine arts. These departments were subdivided into 28 HAND-BOOK OF thirty classes, an arrangement which was followed in the Paris Exposition of 1855, in the London Exhibition of 1862, and to some extent in all national disj)lays down to the Centennial Exposition of 1876 in Philadelphia. One-half of all the space was allotted to England and the Colonies, and one-half to foreign countries. The nations of the earth did not generally participate officially in this Exhibition, but most of them did, and private dis- plays were made by exhibitors from nearly every part of the globe. Of course, the exhibits were of a more select order than those usually granted space in the national displays. This kept down the number of exhibitions to 13,937, of which 6,861 were from Great Britain anu Ireland, 520 from the Colonies, and 6,556 from the rest of the world. The estimated value of the exhibits was £1,781,929, or about $9,000,000. The admission price was fixed at one shilling, or about 24 cents, for four days in the week ; on Fridays two shillings and sixpence, and on Saturdays five shil- lings. Season tickets for gentlemen were sold at three guineas ($15.75), season tickets for ladies two guineas ($10.50). The difference in the prices charged for admission on Fridays, Saturdays and other days arose out of the class distinction which always enters into affairs of this kind in England. The high prices on Fridays and Saturdays would, it was thought, keep the common people away on those days, and give the nobility, gentry and well-to-do tradespeople an opportunity of witnessing the display without incurring the "annoyance " of being brushed against by laborers and mechanic^. The gates were open from 10 a. m. to 8 p. M. There were collected at the gates £275,000 ($1,375,000) in silver and £81,000 ($405,000) in gold. About £500 in bad money was taken in. The gates were attended to by eighteen collectors, assisted on special occasions by six aids. It w^as esti- mated that the fixed income of the City of London was increased about £4,000,000 ($20,000,000) for the six months during which the Exposition was kept open, "without reference to any ESTABLISHED 1873. BRUGE'S LAW AND INQUIRY OFFICE ROBERT BRUCE, Supt. No. 166 Randolph Street, CHICAGO, ILL, U. S. A. Civil and Criminal Cases attended to. Searches instituted for missing friends and next to kin. Copies of wills, marriages, births, divorce decrees, deaths, and other certificates procured without delay from all parts of the world. Inquiries conducted with secrecy and dispatch. Confidential correspondents throughout the United States, Canada, England, Ireland, Scotland, France and the Australian Colonies NOTf\RY PUBLIC: Legal Papers drawn up and authenticated. All business strictly confidential. German and French interpreters. Consultation free. Correspondence solicited. Inclose stamp for reply. [Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.] ADMINISTRATION BUILDING.-WORLD'S COLVMBIAN EXPOSITION. Peabody, Houghteling & Co. No. 59 Dearborn Street, Loans and Invesimenis on Real Estate Security exclusively INVESTMENTS. CHICAGO CITY MORTGAGES FOR SALE. For the convenience of investors we carry from $200,000 to $50 ,000 of choice mortgages at all times. These loans are made by us after careful investigation of the titles, the value of the securities offered and responsi- bility of borrowers. In transacting a business of over $70,000,000, no title approved by us has ever been successfully attacked. IN ANY AMOUNT. These loans vary in amount from $500 to $50,000, and bear from 5 per cent, to 1 T^yer cent, inteve&t, payable semi-anniiallrj at our ojjicc^ or at such place as investor may elect. The standard rate on ordinary amounts, say $3,000 to $10,000, being 6 per cent.; smaller loans, 6]^ per cent, and 7 percent.; laige loans, on exceptionally strong security, 5 per cent, and 5J^ per cenrt. AT PAR AND ACCRUED INTEREST. These securities are ready for delivery, and are on sale at par and accrued interest. No commission is charged the buyer, the income named being net. INVESTORS' INTERESTS CARED FOR WITHOUT CHARGE. We collect all interest and remit to any part of the country free of charge. We see that all insurance policies pledged as collateral security are renewed at expiration, and that the investor is protected in case of failure on the part of the borrower to pay taxes. In other words, we act as finan- cial agents for the investor without charge. Parties buying mortgages securing building loans, where trie huildings are not fully completed, are guaranteed completion free of mechanic's liens. PRINCIPAL AND INTEREST PAYABLE IN GOLD. THE WOHLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 29 permanent advantage which accrued at a later period." The receipts exceeded the expenditures by about $1,000,000. The enterprise brought thousands of foreigners to London. It acquainted the people of the world with the English metropolis, with the English people, and with the English methods of doing business. It helped to break down many barriers and remove many prejudices. It served to establish friendly trade relations between British and foreign merchants. It brought the intellectual, the inventive, the manufacturing and the industrial classes of the world closer together. More than all, it opened the eyes of the English people to the fact that other countries were far more pro- gressive than was supposed, and that England would have to bestir herself if she expected to hold her pre-eminence as a great com- mercial nation. The lessons taught at this great exhibit of the world's progress were not lost upon the industrious people of the tight little isle. A new impetus, a fresh vigor was given to invention and manufacture. The general trade of England almost imme- diately felt the beneficial effects of the exhibition of 1851, and it is looked upon to this day as a event which marked the beginning of a new era in the history of British art and manufacture. The United States made a very poor showing at the London exhibition from one point of view and a very good one from another. The total number of exhibits from this country was 499, and only 5,048 Americans visited London during the progress of the display. Our exhibits were nearly all of a private character. The United States display for the most part consisted of manufact- ures of the Eastern States, and these were hardly representative of the progress we had made even in 1851. A number of awards were secured for coaches, buggies, wagons, trotting sulkies, pianos, woolen goods, etc., and Chicago, in this early day, was distinguished by the McCor'mick reaper, which carried off the gold medal. The only work of art of prominence which we contributed was Power's Greek Slave in marble. 30 HAND-BOOK OF The first great International Exposition was a success in every particular; it more than justified the outlay, and more than ful- filled the predictions of its promoters. Queen Victoria, then in her youth, opened the exhibition in person on May 1, 1851. By her side was her young husband, who from the first was an enthusiastic champion of the enterprise. This recognition on the part of royalty made it easy for the nobility and gentry to give their support to this and similar exhibitions which followed. It became fashionable — at least it ceased to be vulgar — at last in England to have some knowledge of the mechanical arts. The structure in which the exhibition w^as held was removed to Snyden- ham. Since then, as the Crystal Palace, it has been the scene of many notable exhibitions and occurrences, and has been visited by hundreds of thousands of people during recent years. The wisdom of erecting a building which should remain as a memorial of the exhibition has been strongly exemplified in the case of the Crystal Palace. The London exhibition started the ball in motion, and two years later an international display was opened at Dublin, Ireland, which, though more modest in proportion, attracted universal attention. Although ostensibly under the auspices of the govern- ment and the municipality, the cost of the undertaking, about $400,000, was assumed by a private citizen of Dublin. It was an exhibition of Irish arts and industries, but there were many foreign exhibitors. The Lord Lieutenant opened the exhibition, as a rep- resentative of the Queen, on May 12, 1853, and it remained open until October 39th. There had been no paintings on exhibition at the London Exhibition, and the managers of the Dublin display took advantage of this fact. The result was that a magnificent collection of the finest paintings in Great Britain and Ireland and on the continent was exhibited here. It was practically t!:e first great art exhibition held in Europe. The value of the paintings was estimated at |1, 000, 000. The number of visitors w^as 1,150,- THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 31 000. It was not a financial succesc. Neither can it be said to have accomplished anything for art and industry in Ireland. Its failure in both of these directions was due, however, to other causes which do not require an explanation here. Although the United States made a discreditable display at the London exhibition, the idea of a similar enterprise foui.d form at once among the manufacturers and merchants of New York, many of whom had visited London in 1851. The govern- ment gave the enterprise no official sanction. It was purely a local undertaking, but every effort was made to create the impres- sion abroad that it was to be National and held under National sanction. The association at the head of the enterprise was incor- porated under the title of an "Association for the Exhibition of the Industries of All Nations," with a capital of $200,000. Patri- otism might dictate that the first American International Exhibi- tion should be spoken of in terms of praise, but the truth would hardly justify any such course. While many of the leading and wealthiest citizens of New York were interested financially and otherwise in the success of the undertaking, the interest taken in it, not only throughout the country but in New York City itself, was half-hearted. The plans, to begin with, were not on a scale commensurate with the greatness of the Republic. The capital was not as great as some of the small States of Europe had provided for their National Exhibitions. This exhibition was opened to the public on July 14, 1853. The main building covered an area of 170,000 square feet, and an annex covered 33,000 square feet. The first-named was two sto- ries high, the lower floor being in the form of an octagon and the upper that of a Greek cross. A dome 148 feet high rose from the center. The four corners were octagon-shaped, and each front was ornamented with a tower 70 feet high. The design of the building, so far as it related to iron girders, columns, etc., was like that of the Crystal Palace, the dome only being of Amer- 32 HAND-BOOK OP ican design. The annex was also two stories high, 31 feet broad and 450 feet long, lighted from the roof, with colored sides. This building was arranged as a picture gallery, con- nections with the main buildings being through two one-story galleries, which were used as refreshment rooms. Altogether, the buildings of the first International Fair in the United States were inferior to many of the Exhibition buildings to be found now in our larger cities, while the exhibits at the annual displays in St. Louis, Cincinnati and Chicago of late years have been far more valuable and interesting than that which New York offered the world in 1851. There were only 4, 100 exhibit- ors, "more than half of whom," says an authority on the subject, "were foreigners," In fact, it was used as a vehicle of advertis- ing by foreign manufacturers and exporters w^ho saw an oppor- tunity of introducing their wares into this country. The cost of the buildings, added to other expenses, footed up $640,000; the total receipts were only $340,000, leaving a deficiency of $300,000, which had to be met by the stockholders. This exhibition, like the display we made at London, reflected no credit upon the United States, but on the contrary gave the world aj very poor idea and a very erroneous impression of American art, manufac- tures, and trade. Yery naturally the success of the London exhibition excited a desire and led to a determination on the part of the French people to achieve something more brilliant. It has been remarked above that had the English delayed action much longer upon the propo- sitions of the Society of Art, the French would have launched the enterprise themselves. It was scarcely suggested 1 i London before all Paris was ready to take it up . Courtesy, however, for- bade such a movement as long as it remained in contemplation across the channel. No sooner, however, had the London exhi- bition closed than preliminary steps were taken in Paris for the great Universal Exposition of 1855. Just four years and seven- THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 33 teen days after Queen Victoria opened the exhibition in London the Elmperor Napoleon declared the Universal Exposition opened in Paris. Up to the date named this was by far the greatest exhi- bition ever held. The French did not follow in a single ] articular, except in the matter of classification, the plans adopted for the London Exhibition. The buildings were of many kinds, and of various architectural designs. Instead of one great central hall as in London, the Paris Exposition had several, the most prominent being the Palais d'Industrie and the Palais des beaux Arts. Other structures were grouped around these, for the accomm« dation of agricultural implements, carriages, minor articles, etc. The great Panorama building was one of the leading features. Th 3 main building of the Expo ition was of stone, brick and glass, 800 feet long and 350 feet wide. '' The Exposition," says a writer on the subject, "brought together an assemblage of objects in the industrial and fine arts such as. had never been seen before. The distinguishing feature of the Palais d'Industrie was its collection of works of living artists, while the London display of 1851 was principally a display of manufactured goods." The total number of exhibitors was 23,954, of which 11,986 (a number nearly equal- ing the total at the London Exhibition) were from the French Empire and 11, 968 from the rest of the world. The United States was represented, or rather misrepresented, by only 144 exhibitions, of whom thirteen were in the department of fine arts. The Exposition was open two hundred days, including Sundays. The admission generally was one franc, or twenty cents ; on Fri- days, a reserve day, $1 was charged, while on Sundays, that the very poorest and the most constantly employed class of people might enjoy the treat, the admission price was reduced to eight cents. The total number of visitors was 5,162,330. The largest number of persons in attendance on any one day was on Sunday, September 9, 1855, when there were 123,017 admissions. Paris during the Exposition was visited by 160,000 foreigners and by 84 BAHD-BOOIv OF ^^^1 350,000 French people from the various departments. The totu'' cost of the Exposition was $2,257,000, or, including cost of the, Palais d'Industrie, which was met by the French government, nearly $5,000,000. The total receipts reached 3,202,405 francs ($644,100). This loss was anticipated by the projectors and caused no concern, as it was apparent rather than real. Paris profited greatly by the number of strangers which the Exposition attracted ; French Art and French Industry were given an adver- tisement which yielded large returns almost immediately, and altogether the deficiency was more than counter-balanced by the stimulus which the enterprise gave to trade of every character and the ambition which it gave to the artists, artisans and manufac- turers of the French Empire. Years of unparalleled prosperity followed the great Exposition. Whether this was a consequence or a coincidence it is difficult to say, but the French people have always believed that the first International Exposit on paid large dividends on the money invested. Passing over minor displays, international in name but hardly so in character, we come to the second great Universal Exhibition held in London in 1862. This was intended lo eclipse the first enterprise, as well as to overshadow the Paris Expo- sition, and in many respects it proved to be far in advance of its predecessors. The buildings were of brick, iron and glass and were erected adjoining the gardens of the Horticult- ural Society at South Kensington, ^'The main building con- sisted of two vast domes of brass, " we are told, "250 feet high and 60 feet in diameter, larger than the dome of St. Peter's, connected by a nave 800 feet long, 100 feet high and 83 feet wide, with a closed roof lighted by a range of windows after the manner of a clere-story of a Gothic cathedral. The domes opened latterly into spacious transepts, and the nave into a wide central avenue, and interminable side isles and galleries roofed with glass. These apartments occupied 16 acres, but in addition there were two (ESTABLISHED 1836.) NORTHERN ASSURANCE COMPANY ABERDEEN. | LONDON. United States Department Offices : BOSTON, CHICAGO, CINCINNATI, NEW YORK:, SAN F^RANCISCO. Losses paid since organization, - $35,000,000 Losses paid in United States, - 6,890,000 Northwestern Department : WNl. D. CROOKE, IVlanager, 226 La Salle Street, CHICAGO. Colorado, Dakotas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montane Nebraska, New Mexico, Wisconsin, Wyoming. CHICAGO OFFICE: 153 IvA SaIvLK STREE5P. Telephone 1520. Charles Nelson Bishop, - - City Manager. THE DKIOH HOTIOPL BjIKK OF CHICAGO. CAPITAL, - - 82,000,000. SURPLUS, - - 700,000. OFFICERS; J. J. P. ODELL, Ppest. DAVID KELLEY, V. Prest. AUGUST BLUM, Cashr. W. 0. HIPWELL, Asst. Cashr. DIRECTORSs C. R. CUMMINGS, J. H. BARKER, H. N. MAY, DAVID KELLEY, O. C. BARBER, S. K. MARTIN, S. B. BARKER, D. B. DEWEY, J. J. P. ODELL. A General Domestic and Foreign Bank- ing Business Transacted. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 35 annexes wMcli covered 73^ acres." The opening ceremonies of tliis great exhibition, on May 1, 1862, was pronounced the most imposing public pageant which had been seen in Britain for many years. The date and the year were among the darkest in the history c f the United States, but English trade was flourishing as a result of the Civil war in this country and the crippled con- dition of our maritime interests. Prices had advanced for all classes of manufactures and nearly every country in Europe was enjoying a prosperity such as had not been experienced before. While England and the Colonies covered 229,759 square feet of space with exhibits, France and her colonies 54,481 square feet and Germany 38,691 square feet (for Germany was making rapid headway in art and manufacture), Austria 15,494 square feet, Belgium 12,473 square feet and Italy 7, 905 square feet, the United States once more contributed a contemptible display covering an area of 3,242 only square feet. The war was not altogether accountable for this. The Eastern States were prosperous. The arts and manufactures throughout the North were rather devel- oped than checked, rather expanded than contracted by the Civil war. The real cause was the old-time apathy, the want of pride in American industries, for which the East had become noted in these days. Our people were selfishly wrapped up in the contem- plation of their own greatness. They did not think it necessary to display it before the world. Were it not for a few enterpris- ing private establishments, some of which were located in the West, the American exhibit, such as it was, would have even been less deserving of notice. The number of exhibitions in the indus- trial division of this exhibition was 26,348, in the art division 2,305, making in all 28,653. The fine art collection comprised 901 pieces of sculpture, 1,275 engravings, 983 architectural designs and 3,370 paintings. The classification adopted in 1851 was followed. The total area covered was 1,291,800 feet, of which 147,700 feet were given over to refreshment rooms, ofl&ces, 36 HAND-BOOK OF entrances, staircases, etc., leaving 1,144,100 square feet available for exhibition purposes. The total area roofed was 988, 000 square feet. One-half of the entire space was given to foreign exhibi- tions. The total cost of the buildings was about $1, 605, 000, and the cost of the entire exhibition, including expenses, was $2,300,000. The total receipts for season and general admission tickets amounted to $1,644,260; and, including other revenue from con- cessions, privileges, etc., $1,298,150. Although the expenditures were liberal, not to say lavish, there was no deficiency after all of the business of the Exhibition had been wound up. The admis- sion price on general days was the same as in 1851 — one shilling, or about twenty-four cents. The total number of visitors was about 6,225,000. The daily average attendance was 36,328. This second Industrial Exhibition in London was as successful in every particular as the first. The French did not delay preparations for an exposition which would overshadow the magnificence of the English triumph. The Empire was in the height of its prosperity, and the Emperor was at the zenith of his glory. The Exposition of 1867 was destined to be the brightest event in the reign of the last Napoleon. Paris had be- come by this time the most magnificently built city on the globe. Napoleon had torn down square miles of old buildings, and erected in their place the beautiful structures which now line the boulevards in the center of the French capital. The boulevards had been widened, too; the magnificent Grand Opera House had been constructed; costly monuments had been added to the attractions of Paris; the improvements of a quarter of a century had completely transformed the city, and made it not only the gayest but the handsomest metropolis on earth. The site selected was the historic and beautiful Champ de Mars, the area exceeded thirty-sevtn acres, and in the preparation for the foundation of the buildings it became necessary to remove 870,000 cubic meters of soil. The general design was an immense oval THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 37 building arranged in twelve concentric aisles with a small open central garden. The oval building was 1,550 feet long and 1,250 feet wide. It covered about eleven acres. The smaller buildings, erected as annexes, made the area covered about thirty-five acres. In addition, the island of Billancourt, comprising fifty-two acres, was added for agricultural purposes. "The outer circle of the oval structure," according to a writer on the subject, "was exca- vated so as to give a succession of vaulted cellars built of stone and concrete and lined with cement. The two interior galleries of the Exhibition were built of stone and the seven others of iron. The roof was formed of corrugated iron and supported by 176 iron pillars, each weighing 24,000 pounds, upon which the arches or ribs were placed. The supply of water for this enor- mous structure and for the park, its various buildings and fountains, was o jtained from the river Seine, and was raised by powerful pumps to a reservoir with a capacity of 4,000 cubic yards of water, which was rendered water-tight by a lining of concrete." The grounds surrounding the Exposition, as well as the entire Champ de Mars, was laid out beautifully in flower beds, etc., ornamented with fountains, and covered with Turkish Mosques, Russian Slobodes, Swiss Chalets, Tunisian Kiosks, Swedish Cottages, English light-house, Egyptian temples, Caravan series, etc., many of which were erected by the different nations, but generally in conformity with the French plan of the exposition. It was pro- nounced by all writers, almost without exception, the grandest undertaking of the age, and the nations of the world united in praising the wonderful taste, energy and executive management displayed in every arrangement for the magnificent spectacle. The Exposition Universelle was opened by their Imperial Majes- ties, Napoleon and Eugenie, on April 1st, and closed on November 3, 1867, having been open to the public 117 days, Sundays included. There were 50,226 exhibitors, and the number of visitors reached the unparalleled total of 10,200,000. The receipts were about 38 HAND-BOOK OF $2,103,675. The expenditures exceeded the-e figures greatly, but they were never known definitely, as the government was not willing to make the cost of the undertaking or the losses incurred known to the world. But whatever may have been the deficit of the Exposition proper, Paris and France reaped a large profit from the enterprise. French art and French manufacture received the stamp of the world's indorsement, and such an advertisement as they had never received before. At no time in the history of the country was it so prosperous as during the three years succeeding this exposition, or until Napoleon madly plunged the nation into a disastrous war. But this very disaster gave the world the most convincing proof it had ever received of the wonderful degree of industrial development which it had attained, for the rapidity with which the government was able to raise by taxation the enormous amount of money exacted by the Germans as a condi- tion of their evacuating the country in 1871 could not have been possible had not the people of France been able to produce man- ufactures for which the whole world furnished a market. One of the remarkable features, as well as one of the leading attractions of the French Exposition of 1867, was the presence in Paris, during its progress, of the Czar of Russia with his two sons and suite, the Sultan of Turkey and suite, the Prince of Wales, the Khedive of Egypt, the King of Prussia, afterward Emperor of Germany, and Prince Bisma ck, the Kings of Den- mark, Portugal, Sweden, and members of the various royal fami- lies, representatives of the nobility, etc., of the various nations of Europe, Asia, Africa and South America. The Vienna International Exhibition was opened in thd Impe- rial Park in Vienna in May 1873. The building in which this dis- play was given was the largest single structure thus far erected, covering over 40 acres. There was a grand nave 1,000 yards long, from the middle of which rose a dome of great height. The Board of Trade of Vienna raised a guarantee fund of about THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 39 $1,500,000, and the Austro-Hungarian Government fathered the enterprise, advancing $3,000,000 as a loan. There were grouped around the main building a large number of novel and attractive edifices erected by other nations. The total number of exhibitions was 70, 000. The United States was represented only by 654, but received 442 awards. The total cost of the Exhibition exceeded $7,850,000, and a very large deficiency was shown when the receipts were figured up. Yet Austria felt that indirectly the exhibition was a profitable undertaking. It is hardly necessary to enlarge upon the Centennial Exhibition held in Philadelphia in 1876. It was one of the greatest, perhaps, in many respects, the very greatest, of the International Exhibitions held up to that time. It was cer- tainly creditable to the United States and to the American people, and in a few weeks it did wonders in the way of removing the erroneous impressions entertained among foreigners regarding the development of the arts, manufactures and physical resources of this country. The unimportant, not to say contemptible, part which this country had taken in connection with foreign expositions, and the general beggarly character of the New York display in 1853, had united in creating and in spreading the impression abroad that the United States was at best merely an agricultural country, rather raw in point of cultivation, and with no art or mechanical inclination worth speaking of. Three things, however, continued to protect this nation from the utter scorn of the out- side world. First, our exhibits were proved to be entirely incon- sistent with our progres^s by foreign travelers in the United States and American travelers in Europe. S cond, while we had made no displays worthy of the nation at home or abroad, it became a recognized fact in commerce that we had attained the highest rank as an inventive people, that our machinery was unequaled for ingenuity, utility and durability, by any other country; and that in the arts we frequently surpassed, 40 HAND BOOK OF the older nations of the world. Thh'd, it was established that, while the United States made no such display of her progress as had France or England for instance, that she had, as a matter of fact, not only kept pace with these countries, but in almost every line of useful industry had passed them. The term "Yankee Invention " had become of common application to nearly every- thing ingenious and useful in machinery. We introduced nine- tenths of all the useful inventions and appliances of the first seventy-five years of the nineteenth century. These facts had their weight with the thinking people of the world, so that when the idea of holding a great national and International exposition ^t Philadelphia in 1876— one that should receive the sanction of the American government and the enthusiastic support of the American people — the nations of Europe became interested at once, and the result was an international display of arts and manufactures such as had never been witnessed before. The gi-eat Exposition was located in Fairmount Park, the site having been presented, free of all expense or charge, by the city of Philadelphia. In addition to the expenditure of a large amount of money in the improvement of the park, the municipality also built across the Schuylkill river two beautiful and substantial bridges at a cost of $2,500,000, in order to improve the means of communicating with the grounds. The distance from the city was about three miles; the area given over to the Exposition was 450 acres, of which 236 were fenced in. Within this enclosure were the exposition buildings. The main building covered an area of 870,464 square feet; Machinery Hall covered an area of 504,720 square feet; the art building covered an area of 76,650 square feet floor space and 88,869 square feet wall space; Horticultural Hall was 350 feet long, 160 feet broad and 65 feet in height; the agri- cultural building covered an area of 117,760 square feet, and the Woman's Department building was ^08 feet long and 208 feet broad. Vierling, McDowell & Co. IRON WORKS 23d St. & Stewart flv.. 6HI6flG0. Robert Vierling, President. Louis Vierling, Sec'y dfTreas. Alfred Grossmitk, Supt. Manufacturers of flRGHITEGTURflL IRON General Foundry, Stair and Beam Work, fleavu and Llgtit Gastinas. Rolled Beams In Stock. Ill \ WPCRE M'FG CD. MANUFACTURERS OF and DEALERS IN ENGINES and BOILERS OF ALL SIZES AND STYLES SHAFTING, PULLEYS, HANGERS, BELTING, STEAM AND HOT WATER HEATERS »HD RADIATORS • RICE & WHITACRE M'F'G CO., 47 and 49 South Canal Street, - CHICAGO, ILL. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 41 The city of Philadelphia donated $50,000 for the preliminary work. Congress passed a bill creating a Centennial Board of Finance, which was authorized to issue stock in shares of $10 each, the whole amount issued not to exceed $10,000,000. This money had to be raised by private subscription. Congress treated the great enterprise gingerly, and it was not until after persistent efforts that a national loan (since paid back) of $1,500,000 was secured from the treasury. The City of Philadelphia subscribed $1,500,000; the State of Pennsylvania, $1,500,000, and all the other States, notably New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut and New Hampshire, contributed liberally. Later Ccngress appropri- ated $728,500 for the Government exhibit. The reader should pause long enough to compare some of the figures just given with those which have been presented with ref- erence to the previous International Expositions. Note the growth in the area covered by the various displays from the London Expo- sition of 1851 to the Philadelphia Exposition of 1876; the increase in the number and size of the buildings, but more particularly the increase in expenditures required by these great undertakings. It is equally as interesting to note the steady increase of public interest in these exhibitions, as indicated by the number of exhib- itors and visitors. The total number of exhibitors at the Centen- nial Exposition was estimated at 30,864; at London, in 1851, the number was 13,937; at Paris, 1855, the number was 23,954; at London, 1862, the number was 28,853; at Paris, 1867, the num- ber was stated at 50,226, but a |]reat majority of these were small exhibitions, principally from the various departments of France. The Centennial was, up to 1876, the greatest industrial exhibition ever held, as representing the world's art and industry on a large scale, the character of the exhibits, as well as their value, being far in excess of any hitherto brought together. Of the 30,868 exhibitors at the Philadelphia Exhibition, the United States was represented by 8,175; Spain and her colonies 42 HAND-BOOK OF by 3,822; Great Britain and her colonies, 3,584; Portugal, 2,462; all other nations m smaller numbers. The countries represented were as follows: Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Chili, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Great Britain and colonies, Ha- waii, Italy, Japazi, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Orange Free States, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Siam, Siberia, Spain, Swe- den, Switzerland, Tunis, Turkey, United States, Venezuela. The United States was well represented in every department. The following table will show the strength of American as com- pared with foreign exhibitions under every principle classification : 1 Mining- and MetaJlurgy. a Manufactures 3 Education and Science. 4 Art 5 Machinery 6 Agriculture 7 Horticulture Total U.S. 8,175 Total. 644 ;i,139 3,246 8,760 381 2,490 1,784 4,9 1,606 2,360 1,474 10, '^17 40 108 30,864 The Centennial exhibition opened on May 10, 1876. In the fence line surrounding the enclosure, and which was 16,000 feet in length, there were 106 entrance gates for persons, seventeen for wagons and forty-one exit gates, so placed as to be perfectly con- venient to all classes and at all times. The admission gates were divided into classes to correspond with the classes of tickets used: Class A, for those persons paying fifty cents ; class B, for those holding complimentary tickets ; class C, for exhibitors, workmen and attendants. From the opening of the gates until the close of the exhibition, November 10, 1876, there were admitted a grand total of 9,910,966 persons, of whom 8,004,274 paid admission fees, which amounted to $3,813,726.49. There were 1,815,617 entrances of persons connected with the exhibition, and 91,075 complimen- tary admissions, making the daily average attendance, paid and free, 62,333. The largest attendance was on Pennsylvania day, September 28, 274,919; the smallest number was on May 12 (two THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOK. 43 days after the opening), 12,720. The Exhibition grounds opened at 8: 30 a. m., and closed at 7: 30 p. m. Only a fraction over $1,000 in counterfeit money was taken in altogether during the progress of the exhibition. As said at the outset it is not necessary to enlarge upon the Philadelphia Exhibition. Nearly every detail of that splendid enterprise is fresh in the minds of all intelligent people of mature years now. It was in every respect a creditable display. From the opening to the closing there was no circumstance connected with it that had a tendency to lesson the pride of America in their own institutions or in their own people. It gave us a position in the estimation of the world which we had never held before, and attracted to us the favorable notice of people in all countries who previously had been known to shrug their shoulders when American art, American manufacture, American progress or American culture was mentioned in their presence. It may, again, have been a coincidence, but once more it was at least a remarkable one. The period between 1873 and 1877 was about the most discouraging that the mercantile interests of the country ever passed through. Stagnation reigned supreme in every line of industry and in every avenue of trade. Mills and factories were closed; commercial failures were the order ( f the day; labor was cheap and without a market; money was tight; real estate was a drug ; confidence was in the ebb. It was with the greatest difiiculty that the Centennial Exhibition was gotten under way. "Were it not for the glorious anniversary which it was intended to celebrate, for the patriotism of a few noble Americans in Philadelphia, and for the generous assistance ren- dered by President Grant, his cabinet and his friends, the project would have fallen through. The May day on which the Exposi- tion opened was almost the gloomiest that this country ever beheld. Even in Chicago, where pluck and enterprise had found a home, there was nothing doing. Yet the opening day of the 44 HAND-BOOK OF Exhibition marked the turn of the tide . From that time on there was a visible improvement in feeling throughout the business centres of the country. Even a confused and embittered polit- ical contest, while it delayed somewhat, did not prevent the gradual increase of trade, the gradual expansion of confidence, the gradual return of prosperity. From the Centennial Exposi- tion to the present time the people of the United States have been passing through the most glorious, prosperous and happiest period of their history. Whether we admit that the Centennial Exhibition influenced the changes which immediately followed, or not, it is pleasant at least to remember that the present era of prosperity dates from that enterprise. The Expositi(m held in Paris, in 1878, under the name of the "Exhibition of the Works of Art and Industry of All Nations," was the first opened in that country since the Empire had fallen into ruins. Projected under the auspices of a Republican gov- ernment which was endeavoring to show the people how econom- ical everything could be done, if wanted much of the brilliancy and much of the boldness which characterized its immediate predecessor. But although there was less extravagance displ .yed than under the old Empire, the French are not a people who do things by halves. Greatly to the surjDrise of their n ighbors, who predicted failure and perhaps rather wished it, the Exposition of 1878 proved to be up to the national standard of excellence. In practical results the French Exposition of 1878 has been pro- nounced the most successful held in that country. The Champ de Mars wa-^ again the site selected, and the total area covered by the buildings on both sides of the Seine exceeded 100 acres. The French occupied one-half of the space, the rest bei g reserved for foreign exhibitions. The United States was more ably repre- sented ofiicially at this than at any previous foreign exposition, and out of 40,366 exhibits we contributed 1,229. The United States section was one of the princij^al attractions of the Exposi- Glm, Robinson i Go. Live Stock Commission. CHICAGO SO. OMAHA KANSAS CITY Publishers of "THE LIVE STOCK REPORT" The Leading authority in Live Stock Matters. ■^^rssixE s^osa xt. iftlitfiiidi HflNFORD-HftUL WORKS, MANUFACTURERS OF RAW, KETTLE-BOILED AND REFINED PURE UNSEED OIL BY F>RE:SSUREi PROCESS. OIL CAKE. OIL MEAL. OT^F^ICE: NITLL: ROOKERY BUILDING. GRAND CROSSir^C A. 0. Hall, Manager, CHICAGO. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 45 tion. Our display was first-class, representative, creditable and received the favorable notice of all classes of visitors and the enthusiastic praise of many. There were about 75,000 Americans ill attendance at this Exhibition, The attentions shown us during the Philadelphia display by the people of all nations had taught us to be courteous For the first time we cut a figure abroad, a- it were, as a people. American art, American skill, American indus- try, were popular topics everywhere. Our curious, useful, wonder- ful inventions were constantly surrounded in the American section by great throngs of admiring foreigners . We were recognized as a revolutionary people in art and industry, and compliments were not spared either by the visitors to or the managers of the Exposition when American exhibits came up for examination. This Exhibition opened on May 1, 1878, and closed on October 10, following. The total number of admissions were 16,032,725, an average of 82,650 per day, considerably in excess of the aver- age at Philadelphia. On one day, June 10th, the number of entrances reached a total of 200,613. of which 182,240 were on payment. The number given exceeded the largest day in 1867 by about 30,000, which went to prove that popular interest in International Exhibitions was growing rather than diminishing. The total receipts for visitors was 12,253,746 francs, or $2,531,650, a respectable increase over 1867, though considerably less than the receipts of the Centennial. It was estimated that the number of persons who visited Paris during the six months of the Exposition was 571,792, or 308,000 more than came to Paris the preceding year, and that the profit to the city of Paris, as a direct result of the Exposition, was $15,000,000. Congress appropriated $190,000 for the United States depart- ment of the exhibition, while Great Britian, although by no means anxious to contribute toward a Republican triumph, gave 335,000. It has always been difficult to move Congress in mat- ters of this kind. A national body that at times can be so extrav- 46 HAND-BOOK OP agant in its appropriations of public money as to amaze and alarm the country, it has proved itself on all such occasions as the one just mentioned to be penurious and mean in the extreme. Little credit, therefore, is due the national government for the admir- able display w^hich our exhibition made in the Paris Exposition of 1878. The Sydney International Exposition, opened September 17, 1879, and closed April 20, 1880, vv^as, as might be expected, a small affair comparatively, but it resulted in great benefit to Australians and Australian interests, as did also the Melbourne Expos tion, held later on. The num' er of visitors to the Sydney ( isplay was 1,117,536, of whom 850,480 paid admission, the amount realized being about $202,180. Some of the numerous annual State expositions in this country make much better returns, but it was Sydney's first effort and proved to be a successful one. The number of exhibitions was 9,345; the net cost of the Exhibi- tion after deducting all returns, entrances, concessions, etc., was $1,321,000, which, however, the people of Sydney felt was M^ell invested. The Melbourne Exhibition of 1880 was more pretentious and, generally speaking, far more successful. The total cost of the buildings was $1,201,025. They consisted of a permanent nave 500 feet long and 160 feet wide, and main temporary hall 820 feet long and 490 feet wide, a temporary annex for British machinery containing about 21,000 square feet, and German and Austrian annexes containing about 20,000 square feet. The buildings were very handsome, and the display of exhibits was remarkable in view of the distance of Melbourne from the great centers of the world. The number of exhibitors was 12,792, representing over 32,000 separate exhibits, nearly all countries being represented. The United States exhibitors numbered 366, while those of Great Britain and Ireland numbered 1379, France 1106, Germany 963 and Italy 888. The total attendance wag THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 47 1,330,379. The United States exhibits received a liberal share of the awards, honorable mention, etc., and it is stated that our trade with Australia has very materially increased since 1880. The Boston Exhibition of 1888 was hardly claimed to be an International Exhibition, nor does it deserve to be ranked here as such. It was a private enterprise entirely, and yet it proved to be not only very successful but beneficial in a large sense to American industries. The total number of exhibits was but 680, of visitors 800,000. The last great International Exposition and the crowning triumph of the series which are here described, was that which opened in Paris in commemoration of the French Re olution on May 5, 1889. As serving to illustrate at once how the demands of an enterprise of this character had grown since the first International Exposi- tion held in Paris, and also how the public interest had increased, it is only necessary to give the figures showing the receipts and expenditures. They are, briefly: Receipts, 49,500,000 francs; ex- penses, 41,500,000 francs; profit, 8,000,000 francs, or $1,600,000. This was by all odds the most successful International Exposition ever held. It stands out head and shoulders above all others. It is the exposition which Chicago must surpass. The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 must suffer the disadvantage of being compared with the Paris Exposition of 1889 or reap the benefit of such a comparison. It remains to be seen whether, after 1898, the Paris Exposition of 1889 will still be remembered as the greatest International Fair ever held, or whether it will be overshadowed by an event at Chicago. The Champ de Mars was again selected as the site of the fair. The total space occupied w^as 173 acres. The Machinery Palace, the largest structure on the ground, measured 1,878 feet in length, 406 feet in width and 166 feet in height. This building alone cost $1,500,000 and covered eleven acres. The Palace of Arts cost $1,850,000, the Palace of the French Section $1,150,000, and 48 HAND-BOOK OF improvements ia the parks and gardens, $16,500,000. Besides the buildings and ornaments devised and provided by the Exposi- tion management, nearly all nations contributed to the architect- ure. The Indian dwellings, street in Algiers, houses of New \ Caledonia, Tunisian Minaret, Turkish village, English dairies, Dutch bakeries, etc., vrhich were scattered over the park were very attractive. It is hardly necessary to mention the Eiffel Tower, of which so much has been written. The structure is 984 feet high, and has occupied a more prominent place than any other attraction in Paris for the past three years. The number of exhibitors was 55,000, the largest number that has ever contrib- uted to the success of an art and industrial exposition before. The United States was represented by no less than 1,750, and received 941 awards. It was estimated that Americans alone emptied 350,000,000 francs into the lap of Paris during the Exposi- tion. The gold revenue in the bank of France rose enormously. Police estimates gave the total number of strangers in Paris during the Exposition at 1,500,000, divided as follows: Belgians 225,000 Swedes and Norwegians 2/00 English 380,000 Greeks, Roumanian and Turks 5,000 Germans 160,000 Africans, principally Algeri- SwiS3 52,000 ans 12,000 Spaniards 56,000 North Americans 90,000 Italians 38,000 South Americans 35,000 Russians 7,000 Oceanica, Java, etc. . 3,000 The various railroads reported an increase over the six months of the preceding year of 1,878,747 in the number of passengers carried, and in receipts an increase of 66,- 000,000 francs. The City of Paris Omnibus Company reported an increase of 14,000,000 francs. The Cab Company tran- sported 29,097,111 persons from Jan. 1 to Nov. 1, 1889, the same period in the previous year only 12,000,000, with an increase in revenue of 1,558, 000 francs. All other lines of business in Paris are known to have increased in revenue at a corresponding THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 49 rate. Among the interesting things discovered was that the con- sumption of meat increased 3,278,871 pounds and of wine 3,162,- 227 gallons. The total excess of the receipts of the theaters over the corresponding six months of the previous year was 10,867,555 francs. It was estimated that the total gain to Paris must have exceeded 500,000,000 francs. The Exposition of 1889 gave very general satisfaction to visitors from all countries. Paris never looked better. The republic positively outshone the empire. There was not so much glare and brilliancy as during the expo- sition of '67; there was less of tinsel and less of surface display, but the Parisians were evidently more contented, a spirit of patriotic regard for the government pervaded the masses, and strangers felt whatever appearance of prosperity they witnessed was genuine. PAET 11. ^ GROWTH OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC-SOME AMAZING FIG- URES FOR THE VISITOR— THE CHANGES FIFTY YEARS HAVE WROUGHT-GREAT CITIES OF TO-DAY-FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN TO CHICAGO-A TOURIST GUIDE. If one were asked to select from the mass of statistics which is at the hand of every student a single group that would give a comprehensive idea of the general progress of the United States for ten, twenty, fifty or a hundred years, it would be difiicult to make a choice. Figures prove inadequate almost to tell the story of our National advancement. We find ourselves drifting into generalities and coquetting with adjectives unconsciously whenever we dwell upon the material progress of the Republic. How shall we convey to the foreigner who has never turned his thoughts to us before, an idea of the increase in population, the growth in wealth, the advancement in enlightenment that have marked the years of the present century in the United States ? If we deal in generalities our story will read like a chapter of fiction. If we deal in specific facts we will bewilder him beyond understanding. If we produce figures we will certainly amaze him. Suppose, for instance, that we tell him the population of the United States in 1790 was 3,929,212; that it rose to 7,239,881 in 1810; that it jumped to 17,069,453 in 1840; that it more than doubled itself by 1870; that it reached 50,155,783 in 1880; that it was over 62,000,000 in 1890, and that it is gain- ing at a rate which promises u'^ a population of something like 75,000,000 in 1900, what will he think of it ? Or, sup- pose we tell him that our exports have grown from a figure too small to mention to $845,293,826 in 1890, and that our imports reached the enormous total of $789,222,228, what will he 50 MARsmiFiaD&O). State and Washlngton Streets, Chicago. Probably of more importance to ladies than any point of interest in Chicago, is the retail house of Marshall Field & Co. Rated as it is among the largest in the world, it is by far the most complete and most handsomely equipped in Chicago, and a Shopping head- quarters for the larger portion of its residents. To strangers a most cordial welcome is extended. Waiting Rooms, Check Rooms, Re- tiring Rooms, and all possible conveniences are offered to those who care to enjoy them. To patrons it has to recommend it Large Stock of Dry Goods, etc. Low (the lowest) Prices, and Absolute Trustworthiness. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 51 say to that? Will he be prepared to take in the statement that foreign immigrants in sufficient numbers to people an empire have been landed on our shores since 1856; that we have produced 1,- 260,157,086 bushels of wheat since 1880, that the number of miles of railroad in operation in the United States increased from 30,626 miles in 1860 to 161,255.08 miles in 1889, that the amount of money in circulation in the United States increased from $806,- 807,889 in 1878 to $1,502,891,123 in 1890; that the money in the United States, in the treasury and in circulation, increased from $1,063,493,310 in 1878 to $2,186,929,195 in 1890; that we raised in the United States during the year 1890 wheat to the value of $334,773,687; corn to the value of $754,433,451, and oats to the value of $222,048,486; that there are 216,330 school houses and 12,291,259 enrolled pupils in public schools, 1,122,000 in private schools, and 352,231 teachers employed in their behalf, and that the total expenditures for school purposes amount to $132,129,600 per annum — suppose we should tell him that the National Banks of the United States have a capital of $531,858,282, or that the pro- duction of gold and silver in the United States has increased from $10,050,000 in 1848 to $97,735,730 in 1889; or that we pro- duce 83,535,165 gallons of distilled and 854,420,264 gallons of fermented liquors in a single year — suppose we tell him these and a great many other things equally true ; will he be any the better able to appreciate the resources, wealth or immensity of this country than he was before? He can not be expected to realize the changes that have occurred upon the face of the United States during the past one hundred years better than those who are familiar with the changes that are occurring in the present, and n their own immediate neighborhood, and those who fully appreciate the extent and magnitude of these changes are few indeed. No better il ustra- tion of the growth of the country can be given than is obtained from a glance over the population returns of the leading cities HAND-BOOK OF or by comparing the population of the States and Territories of the country in 1890 with what it was in 1880. Over an expanse of country which was a wilderness fifty years ago great commonwealths and cities have arisen. The original thirteen States of the American Union are but a small part of the nation now, and have but a small part of the wealth or population that belongs to it. The center of population has moved from Maryland to Indiana. Millions of people have crowded into the great valley of the Mississippi within a quarter of a century, and places like Chi- cago, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Omaha and Kansas City have grown from mere hamlets or thriving towns, to great and prosperous cities within the memory of young men. The chain of American States now extends across the entire width of the continent. We have been passing as a people since 1876 through a period of prosperity unparalleled in the history of this or any other country. It has been the golden age of American enterprise, American industry and American development. Wonders have been achieved in every branch of thought, and in every line of trade. We have been at peace at home and abroad. It is fitting that we, as the people of the greatest nation on the continent dis- covered by Christopher Columbus, should lead in the celebration of the 400th anniversary of that event, and call upon the people of the civilized world to unite with us. It is fitting also that the celebration should have for its expression not only the glorifying of a name and of a deed which stand out in bold relief against the dark background of the middle ages, and which will live for cen- turies to come in the memory of humanity, but in an exhibition of arts and industries which will tell the story of the world's progress through those four centuries, and enable us to form a just concep- tion of the advancement mankind has made in every department of life since the day when Columbus, bending his knees on the I THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 53 sand of the southern island, poured out his heart in gratitude to God that his long voyage was at last happily ended. In the Unite I States as in all countries, the general progress of the people has found its most eloquent expression in the great centers of commercial act.vity. Although we produce food material in sufficient quantities to supply half the globe, Ameri- cans are neither, by instinct, by taste, nor by education, an agri- cultural people. Trade and commerce in all their multiform aspects claim the best energies, the best thought and the most intelligent application of the people. Marvelous cities have marked the progress of civilization as it has extended across the American continent. The pioneers of the age have built towns — settlements they are called — first of all. The country has grown up around them later on. This is a reversal of the order which obtained in the up-building of European nations. The conditions of life in America have compelled it. The first move of the Ameri- can settler has ever been to develop the resources of the country as he found them. He has claimed from the soil barely sufficient to supply his own modest wants while he delved in the mines or hewed in the forest. The agriculturist has almost invariably fol- lowed the woodsman, the miner, the railroad-builder and the town- builder. Hence it is that the traveler in the United States, and more especially in the western part of the country, has in other days been surprised to find prosperous towns and large cities almost in the midst of wildernesses. The manufacturer and the artisan follow close upon the heels of the woodsman and the miner. The tradesman and the merchant come next. The prac- tical farmer comes last. In a country where the soil yielded so generously to all, merely for the asking, as it were, the trade of farming could not in the very nature of things be looked upon as a special branch of industry, or one deserving of particular recog- nition. The woodsman, the miner, the manufacturer, the artisan, the tradesman, the merchant, in the early days, delved or hewed. 54 HAND-BOOK OP or wrought or bargained to make a livelihood, and plowed and sowed in leisure hours for recreation or maintenance. As the country grew older and the demands for supplies grew larger, this naturally changed. The lands, too, required something like careful cultivation before they would yield, after the first fruits had been gathered. Farming is now reduced to a science throughout the United States, and the farmer takes rank among the most useful and most intelligent of citizens. In no land has machinery been applied so generously in agriculture. In no department of life has invention been more active. In no country on earth are there more fertile, more beautiful farms than may be seen in the great valleys of the United States. But the cities will naturally attract the attention of the great majority of strangers who will visit us during the progress of the Exposition. Imperial among them is New York, the metropolis of the Republic, the largest city on the continent, and, in many respects, the most remarkable city on the globe. Al- though ranking third among the great cities of the world, with a population of 1,515,301, London, Eng., with a population of about 4,500,000, and Paris, France, with a population of 2,344,- 550, leading her, this is in reality not her rightful position. For New York City proper, on Manhattan Island, is the center of a cluster of great cities, all of which should be reckoned one, as they are, in fact, as much a part of each other, and as closely allied to each other geographically, commercially and socially as are the suburbs and outlying towns which, with the parent center, constitute the metropolis of London. Considered in this light, and adding Brooklyn, with its population of 806, 343 ; Newark, with its 181,830; Jersey City, with its 163,003, and Hoboken, with its 43,648 — to say nothing of the numerous smaller suburbs and villages lying between — we find that New York should be credited with a population of 2,710,125, or about 300,000 more than Paris. I THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 55 New York is the great financial and commercial center of the United States. One statement of fact will make unnecessary a vast quantity of statistical matter which would prove tiresome to the reader. The sixty-four banks of Kew York City re- ported clearings for the year ending October 1, 1890, of thirty-seven thousand, six hundred and sixty million, six hun- dred and eighty-six thousand, five hundred and seventy-two dollars ($37,660,686,572), out of a total of $58,845,279,505, repre- senting the total clearings of all the banks in the country. This figure exceeded the clearings of the London banks by about $500,- 000,000, and was equal almost to the clearings of all the banks in England combined. It should be stated, however, that a great number of the leading financial institutions of England do not report clearings. The figures given represent the enormous vol- ume of business transacted in the financial institutions of the chief city of the nation, although it can not be considered as represent- ing the commercial transactions of New York alone. But these commercial transactions are of a magnitude commensurate with the importance of the American metropolis. New York City has other claims upon the attention of the for- eigner and stranger than those which arise from her unquestioned pre eminence as a financial and commercial center. It is one of the most beautiful cities in the universe — beautiful in its situation, beautiful in its architecture. Seen from the quarter deck of an ocean steamer, the very first view the traveler obtains of the Empire City is an entrancing one. Nor is he disappointed when he finds himself carried along with the tide of humanity which surges along the great central artery of the city. Broad- way is famous the world over, as is Fifth Avenue, as is the Bowery, as is Printing House Square, as is Central Park, and the thousands of attractions which the superb metropolis has to offer. Nor will the visitor be contented with New York alone, for within easy access is the magnificent scenery of the Hudson and Catskills, 56 HAND-BOOK OF Ihe beautiful City of Churches, across the bridge, the delightful summer resorts which dot the coast, the sea views, the river vie.NS, the mountain views, innumerable, which invite him upon daily excursions beyond the noise and bustle of the city streets. He will not neglect either while in the East to visit Philadel- phia, until within the past few months recognized as the second city on the continent. The Quaker City, as it is familiarly called, is within a few hours of New York. It is one of the historic cities as well, and one of the greatest commercial centers of the country. Here American independence, born at Lexington and cradled in Boston, attained its manhood. Philadelphia has a population of 1,046,964, according to the census of 1890, and ranks third (Chicago being second) among American cities. It is a great manufacturing center, and excels in carpets, in machinery, and in many other industrial arts. Besides it is, perhaps, the most genteel city on the continent. Philadel- phia society does not take on the gay plumage which is characteristic of New York, Chicago and San Francisco. The manners of her people are more subdued. Tb'' Quaker tinge is felt everywhere. It is a city of homes, rather than a city of clubs. There are more single householders in Philadelphia than in any other city in the United States. But it is lacking in none of the essentials of a great metropolis. Its streets and avenues are among the finest in the world. Many of its buildings are marvels of architecture. Its maritime interests are immense. In ship building it ranks its sister cities. It is the financial and commercial center of the great iron and coal regions of the country. Washington is not far off, and the Nation's capital must surely be visited. It has been transformed from a very dirty town into a very beautiful city within twenty-five years. It is now, without question, one of the handsomest cities on the globe. The magnificent National buildings alone fail to make W. G. COOLIDGE, Prest. and Treas. W. I. HlTT, Sec'y. H. L. Bkidgman, E. M., Supt. — MAKE — ELECTROLYTIC COPPER Refine Matte and Pig Copper, and Supply Ingot, Cake, and Wire Bars. WORKS AT BLUE ISLAND. ILL. OFFICE, 621 Phenix Building, 138 Jackson St. Telephone, Main- 1 544. CHICAGO. iS '-• por aeeurately fitted GLASSES GO TO THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 57 it SO. For years these noble piles were set in the midst of mud holes, and Washington was a place abhorred by people of taste. It has arisen out of its mud, however. Its streets are now paved with asphaltum, and are the most beautiful avenues to be found in the United States. They are, besides, broad and sweep- ing, running at angles and curving, forming graceful circles and beautiful squares. Monuments ornament the numerous parks, and the public buildings are set off by the hundreds of ele- gant mansions which surround them. Washington is becom- ing the favorite home of retired statesmen, of literary and of wealthy people. The salubrious climate, the brilliant and con- genial surroundings and the ever changing phases which society at the Capital assumes, have contributed toward making it a pop- ular place of residence for people of means and leisure. Al hough it has a population of 230,392, trade is not one of the features of the city. It is rather a great suburb than a great city. Phila- delphia and Baltimore rob it of whatever commercial prominence it might naturally have by reason of its size. Its people do not encourage the industrial arts, for in most instances they have fled to Washington to escape them. It is a city given over almost wholly to political and social duties and pleasures. Baltimore — the monumental city — is close by. A city of 434,439 inhabitants, a great commercial city, and, from an Ameri- can point of view, an ancient city, it demands the attention of the visitor. It is the most Northern of the Southern cities, as well as the most consequential one. It is a bustling, thriving place — the center of much wealth and refinement. Its numerous monuments, its great libraries, and its magnificent picture galleries testify to the higher taste of the people. Baltimore has grown wonderfully during the last twenty years, and ranks among the most prosper- ous cities on the Atlantic seaboard. Its maritime, manufacturing and commercial interests are expanding annually. It is the city nearest on the Atlantic coast to Chicago, 58 HAND BOOK OF Kichmond, the chief city of Yirginia, made historic by hav- ing been during four of the darkest years of the American nation the seat of government of the Southern Confederacy, is only a short distance from Baltimore and "Washington . Annapolis, at one time the seat of government, now the home of the national naval academy; Mount Vernon, the home and burial place of Washington, and hundre "s of historic and interesting points are at hand. The beautiful Potomac and the hardly less beautiful James, Fortress Monroe, Harper's Ferry, and a thousand resorts of pleasure and fashion offer themselves to the stranger here, and a month may be pleasantly divided among them. Before turning his face to the West the visitor should not fail to see Boston — the ''hub of the Universe," the home of American culture, the cradle of American liberty. A city made famous abroad by Bunker Hill, ' y Faneuil Hall, by Harvard, by Long- fellow, by Oliver Wendell Holmes, by James Russell Lovvell — by so many events, so many men, so many associations, demands attention. It will be found worthy of all t' at the stranger may bestow upon it. Boston, to paraphrase a familiar line, to be loved needs but to be seen. It will be a relief to the European to find himself in a city which, although the most distinctively American of American cities, bears the unmistakable European, or, to be more exact, the unmistakable English impress. The lay of the streets, their width (or want of width), their crookedness; the style of buildings in the older part of the town, the churches which have survived colonnial times, and even the manners and accent of the people— the genuine Yankee people — will remind him forcibly of a town and of a people of which he has read in Thackeray, or perhaps in Dickens, or of a town he may have seen before stepping on the deck of the vessel which brought him over. But this impression will be short-lived. Boston has quaint streets, quaint buildings, and quaint ways from one point of view ; from another it is a city as thoroughly THE world's COLUilBIAN EXPOSITION. 59 young in its ideas and fresh ia its vigor as any of its sisters on this side of the Atlantic. Boston stands next to New York as a great financial center. Capital is centralized here. Boston capi- talists wield a powerful influence throughout the entire country. They own or control railroads, canals, steamship lines everywhere. They own or control private corporations in all parts of the country. They hold mortgages on real estate in the newly developed sections of the country. They lend money at a good rate of interest to the mercantile classes in all parts of the country. They avoid the rush of such cities as Kew York and Chicago, and quietly and noiselessly clip their coupons, gather in their dividends, and draw their interest under the shadow of the tall elms in Bos- ton Common. Boston is the great wool and cotton goods market, the center of the milling interests of New England, It is also a great leather and boot and shoe center. For years it ranked as the leading book and periodical publishing city, but New York and Chicago both lead Boston in this particular now. Its ship- 23ing interests are extensive. It is surrounded by a score of busy and prosperous m nufacturing towns, like Lowell, Lawrence, Lynn, Waltham, etc., all of which will interest the stranger. Boston itself has attractions innumerable. The old South Church, Faneuil Hall, the Common, the Public Gardens, the Back Bay, the Public Library, the Art Hall, ^the Scientific Institution, will each claim a visit from the stranger. Within a few minutes from Boston are numerous seaside resorts. All of the leading and attractive points on the New England coast are accessible by rail or water. Harvard, in Cambridge, is but a street car ride from the hotel. Plymouth Rock may be visited in a forenoon. The population of Boston is now 448,477. The city ranks as the sixth in the country in point of population ; as the first, of course, in point of culture. Or the visitor may think it a saving of time to travel west- ward by way of Pittsburgh, and hold Boston in reserve for the 60 HAND-BOOK Oy return trip. In any event the famous manufacturing city of Penn- sylvania must be visited. It may not be too late to witness the wonderful distribution and utilization of natural gas. We say it may not be too late, for natural gas is failing in Pittsburgh and vicinity, and this is a misfortune rather than a calamity. The city for generations was known as one of the blackest and dirti- est in America, because of the immense clouds of smoke which overhung it like a pall, creating a condition in the atmosphere which made spotless linen an impossibility and cleanliness as rare as godliness among the Pittsburghans. Natural gas was discov- ered and put to use, and suddenly the clouds dissolved above Pittsburgh, the atmosphere cleared up, and, from the dirtiest, in an incredibly short space of time it became one of the cleanest cities on the continent. But Pittsburgh, in a commercial sense, will scarcely feel the loss of natural gas. It is situated so close to the great anthracite district that it must always remain one of the great iron and steel manufacturing centers of the world. Here and at Allegheny City the visitor will behold some of the most gigantic rolling mills and iron foundries on earth. Pittsburgh has at times been called the American Bradford and the Ameri- can Birmingham. It is greater than either or than both combined as a manufacturing town, and the output of its mills and manu- factories, in iron, steel, brass and metal ware generally, is greater than that of any city on the globe. Its population is 238,617. Allegheny, practically a suburb of Pittsburgh, has a population of 105,287. In the ordinary course of travel the visitor's next stop will be at Cleveland, the bea^-itiful and bustling city of northern Ohio. This city has grown at a truly phenomenal rate during the past twenty-five years. From a fairly prosperous town it has de\ eloped into a city of 261,353 inhabitants. Here is located the home of the celebrated Standard Oil Company — a company that practically controls the petroleum production and traffic of the United States THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 61 and the illuminating oil market of the world. The visitor, no matter where he comes from, or what his station in life, has paid tribute in some shape or other to this stupendous monopoly. In the beautiful cemetery which overlooks the lake lies the mortal re- mains of President Garfield, and on the way to this silent city of the dead the stranger will pass along Euclid Avenue, pronounced one of the grandest in the world. Cleveland is a manufacturing city of considerable importance, besides having a large shipping trade. To the south, on the Ohio River, is a city once known as the Paris of America, and again as Porkopolis. It has lost its title to both names, not because it has fallen away in population or wealth, but because other cities to the west have passed it in the race. Cincinnati is a semi-southern city, like Louisville and St. Louis. It is located at apoint where the Southern and Northern types meet and mingle. It is neither Northern nor Southern in a distinctive sense, and has the characteristics at once of Boston and New Orleans. For years it was pronounced the handsomest of the American cities, and therefore the Paris of the Republic. But that was before Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Omaha, Kansas City and Denver had arisen to dispute the title. In the pork- packing industry Chicago has long since surpassed the Ohio city. Cincinnati has an immense Southern commerce, however. Her river traffic continues to be great. The city has grown, but not as fast as some of her sisters. The present population is 296,198. Her mercantile classes are substantial and conservative. The arts are encouraged and cultivated here. In no American city is there a higher regard or a greater demand for good music. Extensive libraries, picture galleries and annual musical festivals whi h the masses take part in attest the direction of popular senti- ment in Cincinnati. Columbus, the capital of Ohio, is not far away. It is a city worthy of a visit. Indeed within a radius of a hundred miles* of CinQirinati there are many beautiful and attractive places, 62 HAND-BOOK OF On the westward trip it will be worth while to leave the direct route, if necessary, in order to visit Indianapolis, the chief city and capital of Indiana. Here is a city beautifully built and progressive. It has a population of 105,436. The visitor may desire to see it if for no other reason than that it is the home of Benjamin Harrison, president of the United States. It is but a short journey to St. Louis, the fifth city of the Union, and one of the most important centers on the continent. In other days the rival of Chicago, it has fallen behind that remarkable city, although at the same time it has grown at a rate which, under ordinary circumstances, would be pronounced won- derful. The present population of St. Louis is 451,770. It lies on the west bank of the Mississippi river, immediately below its confluence with the Missouri. The river is crossed here by two magnificent bridges, and a third is projected. One of these bridges was constructed by the famous James B. Eades, and is one of the great engineering achievements of the century and the world. St. Louis has an immense Southern and Southwestern trade; her manufactories aie numerous and important; she is the second railway center of the country, and one of the best built cities in the world. Socially St. Louis ranks among the first of American cities. Her society is neither Northern, Southern nor Western, but combines the better elements of all. It is one of the few cities on the continent where merit is weighed against means. Education, refinement and character are considered among the requisites, while wealth without these receives but slight recogni- tion among the old residents of the city. The arts are not neg- lected, and the mercantile library of St. Louis would be a credit to any city of the world. Her schools and colleges are numerous and first class ; her parks and public gardens are beautiful. Some of her drives are magnificent. Going south from SL Louis, Louisville, Nashville, Memphis, Vicksburg, Baton Rouge and New Orleans wdll demand attention. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 63 The southern cities will all prove interesting to the vi-itor. The journey may be extended to Mobile or to Jacksonville, or even to Key West; and, coming back, the visitor may wish to call at Gal- veston, Austin, Dallas and the other thriving cities and towns of the great State of Texas. We can not follow him now, and we must part company with him for the present if he takes the southern route to the Pacific Coast and visits San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco or the cities of the new Northwest. We would like to accompany him to Portland, Seattle, Tacoma, Spo- kane, Salt Lake City, Denver and Cheyenne; but the best we can do is to rejoin him on his return to Omaha. In touching this last named city we are once more entering the constellation of Chicago. The beautiful cities which form a cir- cle around Chicago are not to be overlooked or slighted under any circumstances. Omaha and Lincoln, in Nebraska ; Council Bluffs, Cedar Rapids, Keokuk, Des Moines, Davenport, Muscatine, etc., in Iowa; St. Joseph, Kansas City, Hanniba', Sedalia, in Missouri ; Atchison, Leavenworth, Topeka, Abilene, etc., in Kansas; St. Paul and Minneapolis in Minnesota ; Milwaukee, Waukesha, Madison, in Wisconsin; Detroit, Grand R:ipids, Ypsilanti, etc., in Michigan — these forma semi-circle around the World's Fair City and contribute toward her greatness. PART III. CHICAGO— THE MARVELOUS GROWTH OF THE WESTERN METROP- OLIS-ITS AD VANCEMElVT in WEALTH AND CULTURE-STATIS- TICS OF AN INTERESTING CHARACTER FOR THE VISITOR- INFORMATION OF A GENERAL NATURE ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED, One hundred years ago there was no such place as Chicago known to the student of geography; no such place on the map of the world. Ithad no existence. A little less than seventy -five years a^o it was a border fur-trading village, where were collected a few rude huts and a few rude inhabitants, red and white. A little more than fifty years ago, when it had attained the dimensions of a respectable Western town, it was incorporated as a city. In 1837 it had a population of 4, 170. Ten years later its inhabitants numbered 16,859. In 1855 the population was 80,000; in 1860, or at the outbreak of the Civil war, it was 100,206. In 1866, or at the close of the Civil war, it had grown to 200,418. In 1870, just before two-thirds of the city was destroyed by the most dreadful conflagration of modern times, its inhabitants numbered 306,605. Ten years later the population was 503,185. In 1886, it was 703,- 817. In 1889 the annexation of out-lying towns, which had in fact been parts of Chicago for several years previously, brought it up to 1,066,213. The United States census of 1890 gave the population at 1,098,850. The school census, believed to be by far the more accurate, taken the same year, made the population 1,208,669. The population at the present writing (spring of 1892) is about 1,300,000. It is estimated that the population of Chicago in the spring of 1893 will exceed 1,500,000. These figures will not include visitors, but people who have actually fixed their 64 -^^^ ii^: S. p. McKELVEY. (( Granitoid'' Sidewallcs 456 "THE ROOKERY," TELEPHONE 4325. CHICAGO. OFFICE SPEGIULTY PIBHFI} f MANUFACTURERS OF METALLIC VAULT FURNITURE FOR PUBLIC OFFICES, BUILDINGS, ETC. OONSISTINQ OF" Holler Book Shelves, Automatic Adjustable and Plain Shelving, Document Files (U. S. and. Lang), Check Files and Cabinets, Safety Vault Boxes, Expansive Pigeon-Hole Boxes, Upright Roller Book Stalls, Book Shelf Omnibuses, Storage Files, Etc. ALSO Shannon Letter File Cabinets, Shannon Letter and Bill Files, Rapid Roller Copiers, Document Files (IJ. S. and Lang), Wood, Legal Blank Cases — for Lawyers, Check Files and Cabinets — for Bankers, Portfolio Cabinets — for Architects, etc., Schlicht's Standard Side-cutting Indexes, Schlicht's Tabular Indexes — for Public Offices, etc. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES. Plans, Specifications and estimates furnished for metallic work when desired. OFFICE SPECIALTY MANF'G CO.. 323 WABASH AVE3NUE, - - CHICAGO. THE world's COLUIVIBIAN EXPOSITION. 65 abode here. Some other figures showing the progress of Chicago are equally impressive. A few of them are given. The area of Chicago in square miles in 1837 was 10,70; in 1892, 181.71; the length of Chicago in lineal miles in 1837 was about 4; in 1892 it was 24, and its width was 10. The number of buildings erected in Chicago since 1876 reached the enormous total in 1892 of 67,862, and their cost was $309, 309, 379. The frontage of buildings erected from 1876 to 1892 was 286 miles. The number of buildings erected in Chicago in 1891 was 11,626, their frontage 53 miles, and their cost $54,010,500. The bank clearings of Chicago in 1866 amounted to $453,798,648.11; in 1891, $4,456,885,230. The com- merce of Chicago in 1850 figured up a total of $20,000,000; in 1891, $1,459,000,000. The capital of the Chicago national banks in 1891 was $21,241,680, and their surplus and profits $12,495,143. The value of the meat products in Chicago in 1891 was $133,860,000; the wholesale business amounted to $517,166,000, and the manu- factures, $567,012,300. The wages paid employes of manu- facturers footed up during the same year $104,904,000, and the capital invested in manufactories was $210,302,000, But these figures show only the material advancement of the city. The stranger will naturally inquire for some other evi- dence of progress. It is at hand. For instance, the public school system of Chicago to-day represents a public investment of $58,000,000. That is a fair showing for a municipality a little more than fifty years of age. The number of pupils in daily attendance at 192 public schools is 146,751, and the persons employed to teach them number 3,259. The cost of maintaining the public schools in 1891 was $5,013,435.86, and the cost for 1892 will exceed $6, 000, 000. Aside from the public schools there are 800 private educational institutions in Chicago, 350 academies and seminaries and four universities. There are 12, 000 tutors and teachers employed in these private schools and colleges, and the number of pupils in daily attendance is 70,000. There were 66 HAND-BOOK OF 166,475 volumes in the public library of Chicago in 1892; the number of visitors to the library reading room in 1891 was 492,837, and the number of books taken out was nearly 1,300,000. The estimated number of volumes in other libraries is 3,000,000. The visitors to the Art Institute in 1891 numbered 75,000. There are thirty daily and 305 weekly newspapers printed in the city, all languages being represented; and the total number of periodicals having a a general circulation issued from Chicago is 611. The produc- tion of bound books in Chicago in 1891 exceeded 9,000,000. Chicago pays a larger newspaper postage than any city in the United States except New York. The quantity of newspapers mailed by the publishers of Chicago equals the amount mailed at Boston, Cinciimati, New Orleans, Buffalo and Baltimore com- bined, or at St. Louis, Cincinnati, San Francisco, New Orleans and Baltimore combined, and also at Philadelphia, New Orleans, Baltimore and Cincinnati combined, or in the entire thirteen Southern States, with St. Louis combined, amounting to 30,000,- 090 pounds of serial matter per annum. There are no less than 575 handsome church edifices in Chicago; thirty great hospitals, 50 charitable asylums, 3,000 charitable societies and innumerable semi-charitable "Homes "and "Institutions." The amount expended in public charities annually exceeds $3,000,000; the amount contributed toward the support of private charities exceeds $5,000,000. There are 575 literary clubs and organiza- tions in this marvelous city, 89 gentleme I's and social clubs and over 500 athletic and sporting clubs. There are open nightly from twenty to twenty-five places of amusement of the highest class, and amusement halls without number of the middle and lower cla s. There are three great racing tracks open here during the summer months ; excursion boats and excursion trains leave the city for summer resorts hourly during the season, and for those who prefer to remain at home there are magnificent parks and boulevards, forming a semi-circle around the city and covering KREAD AND REMEMBER THAT ^W^ ■'Wm^ is the name of that -^^- -^"^ WONDERFUL REMEDY Which is the Only Positive Cure for CATARRH, HAY FEVER, COLD IN THE HEAD, LA GRIPPE, SORE THROAT, CANKER AND BRONCHITIS. 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PINT BOTTLES, - - . $1.00 Klinck Catarrh and Bronchial Remedy Co. CHICAGO, - - - II.I.INOIS, 5 OQ US 5 O c^ Oi > '63 there was added February 27, 1861, there was added May 16, 1887, there was added November and Decembers, 1887, there was added July 29 18S9 there was added April 16, 1890, village of Gano added 1890, South En^lewood added 1»90, Washington Heights 1890, West Koseland 2 98 making 177.16 2.H) making 179.96 1.80 making 181.70 Art Interests. — There are estimated to be in Chicago at least five hundred artists who are engaged exclusively in their calling, aud who find a ready market for their wot\<. if it is meritorious in character. There are here a large number of gen lemen of vs^ealth vfho have devoted themselves for years past to fostering the development of art in Chicago, and who have contributed largely towards popularizing art exhibitions and art studies. During the past, few years great progress has been made in the direction of building of private galleries, and the walls of many of the resi- dences of the city are now ornamented with some of the choice-^t productions of the studios of Europe and America. The Art Galleries and Art Schools of the Art Institute are well patronized and attended. A permanent Art Building is now- in course of construction on the Lake Front, which will be in the future the home of Chicago's art interests. It will cost $600,000. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Banks. — The banks doing business in Chicago are classified under three headings. National, State and Private. The National banks are conducted in accordance with the Federal banking laws and are under the supervision of the National Government. The State and Private banks are organized under State laws. The former make reports of their condition to the Auditor of State. The latter are not supervised, but conduct business under general commercial laws. The capital of the National banks of Chicago at the close of the year 1891 was $21,241,680, as against $16,100,- 000 at the close of 1S90; surplus and profits were $12,424,164, as THE WOin.D'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 71 against $10,343,119 for 1890; deposits were $117,792,594, as against $94,471,271 for 1890, and loans and discounts were $89,- 292,728, as against $72,392,018 for 1890. The capital of the State banks doing business in Chicago, according to last reports fur- nished the State Auditor, was $12,227,000, their surplus $3,869,- 000 and their undivided profits $1,869, 288. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Banking Business. — Chicago in volume of banking business transacted ranks next to New York, although Boston usually occupies second place in the clearing-house column which is pub- lished by the papers. Boston has fifty-one banks that clear, while Chicago has but twenty-two, yet the Chicago banks relatively do more business than the Boston banks. The fact that the clearing- house figures apparently give Boston a larger business cuts no figure in actual facts. Chicago really is the second city of the country in financial affairs. The clearings of the Banks of Chicago for 1866 were $453,798,648.11; for 189 L they were $4,456, 885,- 730.00. There was not a single bank failure in Chicago during the year 1891. Since the panic of 1873 there have been fewer bank failures in Chicago than in any other large American city. [See Flinn's Standard G-uide to Chicago.] Board OF Trade. — The Board of Trade of Chicago is the greatest grain and produce exchange in the world; its member- ship is about 2,000. The volume of business transacted during 1891 on the floor of the Board amounted to $104,083,527.67. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Breweries. — The annual output of Chicago breweries is at present about 3,000,000 barrels. Chicago is, besides, largely sup- plied by Milwaukee breweries. Bridewell, or House op Correction. — This is the city prison and is generally known as the Bridewell, a name which it derived from the Bridewell of Dublin, Ireland, to which it bears a similarity in many respects. The management is vested in a superintendent, appointed by the mayor. The expenditures for salaries and maintenance and construction are about $125,000 per annum ; the receipts from police court fines, brick made by inmates inside the walls, labor oi prisoners, laundry work for police department, etc., amounts 1o about $60,000 per annum. The number of prisoners committed to the Bridewell annually is about 73 HAND-BOOK OF 9,000, of whom about seven-eights are male. The average num- ber of prisoners confined is about 760 males and 40 females. The cost of the prison to the city of Chicago, as it stands to-day, is about $1,500,000. The prisoners are employed in brick-making and other industries. Coun.y prisoners are also sent here, for whose support the city is paid about 30 cents per capita daily. The Bridewell is situated at South California avenue, near West Twenty-sixth street, West Side, and may be reached by Blue Island avenue cars. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Bridges and Viaducts. — As the Chicago river is navigable for lake vessels, audit with its branches intersects the heart of the city, a large number of bridges have been required. No less than forty-five now span this small stream. Nearly all are swinging bridges, and many of them are operated by steam. Steel con- struction has been employed in the bridges most recently erected. Among these, the Adams street bridge is a notable structure. It is a 4-track bridge, 259 feet long on center truss, and 57 feet in width. This bridge is two feet three inches lower at the east end than at the west end, and at the same time is reversible, the turn- table track being set on a grade of onein 115. Some doubts were expressed as to its feasibility when the plan was proposed, but the city engineers say that no bridge in the city works better than this one. The Rush street draw is one of the longest in the world. The Lake, Wells and Jackson street bridges are handsome struc- tures. The railroads entering the city do so in but few instances above or below the street level. Grade-crossings are the rule. Engi- neers have long sought to remedy this state of affairs, which will probably be accomplished in time ; but meanwhile some relief is being provided at the most dangerous crossings by the erection of viaducts. There are thirty-five of these structures in the city, the longest and finest of which is on Twelfth street, extending from Clark street to Wabash avenue, crossingthetracksof the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Company, and costing $209,736. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Building Statistics. — The amazing growth of Chicago during the past fifteen years has been made manifest in no particular more strongly than in the number, the magnitude, the beauty and the costliness of the buildings erected. The business and a large portion of the residence quarter of the city had to be rebuilt after the great fire of 1871. This is not taken account of in the THE world's COLUMBIAK EXPOSITION. 73 following, which includes only a period beginning four years after the fire, and at a time when the damage done by that catastrophe had been more than repaired, and ending with the close of last year. From 1876 to 1889 there were erected in the city 37,042 buildings, covering a frontage of 173 miles, costing $176,460,779, being an average of 3,087 per year for twelve years, an average of 14 1-3 miles of frontage, and an average cost of $14,705,065. The least number of buildings erected in any one year was in 1878, with a frontage of about six miles. The least expenditure was in 1879. The largest transaction for same period was in 1888 — number of build- ings 4,958, 22 miles frontage, expenditure $20,360,800. During 1889 the number of buildings erected was 7,590, covering over 34 miles of street frontage and costing $31,516,000. The buildings erected in 1890 covered a frontage of SO)^ miles. In the South Division 1,120 buildings were erected, having a frontage of 29,594 feet, and at a cost of $15,400,800; in the North Division 502 buildings, with a frontage of 14,055 feet, costing $3,681,200; in the West Division 3,994, with a frontage of 91,336 feet, costing $13,687,600. In Hvde park 2,052 buildings were erected with a frontage of 44,481 feet, cost ng $6,624,300. In Lake 2,889 were erected, with a frontage of 63,297 feet, costing $5, 578, 100. Lake View added 1,051, with a frontage of 23,518 feet, costing $2,350, - 100. The total building transactions of Chicago in 1891 were as follows: New buildings erected, 11,626; feet frontage, 281,654; total cost, $54,010,500. This makes the total number of build- ings erected in Chicago since 1876 67,818; total cost, $309,309,- 379 ; total frontage 286 miles. Buildings, The Notable Structures of Chicago. — Among the great buildings of Chicago which will excite the wonder and admiration of the visitor are the following: The Auditorium, on Wabash ave., Congress st. and Michigan ave., a great hotel, theater and office building combined, the dimensions of which are startling. Total street frontage on Wabash ave., Michigan ave. and Congress st,, 710 feet; height of main building (10 stories) 145 feet; height of tower above main building (eight floors), 95 feet; height of lantern tower above main tower (two floors), 30 feet ; total height, 270 feet ; size of tower, 70x41 feet ; the foundations cover almost two and a half times greater area ; weig t of entire building, 110,000 tons; weight of tower, 15,000 tons; exterior material, first and second stories granite; balance of 74 BAND-BOOK OF building stone; interior material, iron, brick, terra cotta. marble, hard-wood finish, etc.; cost of iron work about $600,000; num- ber of brick in building, 17,000,000; number of square feet of Italian marble, Mosaic floors, 50,000 (containing about 50,000,000 pieces of marble, each put in by hand); number of square feet of terra cotta (arches and partitions) 800,000; number of square feet of wire lath, 175,000; number of square feet of plate glass, 60,000; number of miles of gas and water p'pes, 25; number of miles of electric wires and cable, 230; number of miles of steel cable for moving scenes on stage, 11 ; number of electric lights, 10,000; number of dynamos, 11; number of electric motors for driving ventilating apparatus, and other machinery, 13; number of hydraulic motors for driving machinery, 4; number of boilers, 11; number of pumping engines, 21; number of elevators, 13; number of hydraulic lifts for moving stage platforms, 26; c>stof building, $3,500,000; with ground, $5,000,000. The Masonic Temple, on State and Eandolph sts,, another, and, in many respects, a still more wonderful structure. This building covers 170 feet on State and 114 feet on Randolph st. ; it is 20 stories in height, or nearly 265 f c^et, resting on a cement and iron foundation, extending far out under the two thoroughfares named; superstructure entirely of steel, faced with dressed red Montello granite for 3 stories, and for the remaining 17 stories with gray brick. The inner court of this building is worth a long journey. There are 17 passenger elevators, each of which is capable of making the round trip in two minutes. The edifice is really a city in itself, and has a business population larger than that of many considerable towns. The cost of the building exceeded $2,- 000,000. The stranger will be interested in this magnificent struc- ture from the basement floor to the roof. The Masonic lodge rooms on the top floors may be seen by arrangement. Some of them are gorgeous. The Temple^ corner of Monroe and LaSalle sts,, some- times cdled "The Temperance Temple" and *' The Women's Temple " This is one of the most attractive of the great buildings of the city, both as regards its exterior and interior. In style it is a combination of the old Gothic and the more modern French. For the first two stories the material used is gray granite with a dash of pink running through it. Above that is used pressed brick and terra cotta. This harmonizes nicely with the granite, taking on a tone and color the same with the exception that it is a darker pink. The frontage on La Salle street is 190 feet, S.E.WOOD. JAS.WOOD. E.A.WOOD. R.NASH. WOOD BROTHERS Commission Merchants FOR THE SALE OF ALL KINDS OF LIVE STOCK. ADDRESS, UNION" STOCK YARDS, CHICAGO, ILL. BRANCH HOUSE, UNION STOCK YARDS, SO. OMAHA, NEB. TEL. 9548. (Established 1867.) O Cu, X H "8 ."2 '3 C/5 "2 'J ^ I H ^ > CQ as > o o C/5 t3 ESTABLISHED 1857. J. B. CHAMBERS & CO. CLARK AND MADISON STREETS. IMPORTERS. DIAMONDS #»€ w ft*v WATCHES Wedding and Anniversary Gifts. Society Emblems and Charms, THE WOKLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 75 while ou Monroe it is ninety feet. In shape the temple is some- what novel, and might be likened to the letter H. It consists of two immense wings united by a middle portion or vinculum. On La Salle street is a court seventy feet long and thirty feet wide, and on Monroe street a similar one of the same length and eighteen feet deep. Facing the grand entrance and arranged in a semi- circle are eight great elevators, and from the front court rise two grand stairways leading clear to the top of the building. A cen- tral hall extends north and south on each floor, and a transverse one also extends into the ■wings. The lower courts and halls are resplendent with marble mosaic paving, while plain marble is used in the upper halls. In height the temple is a "sky-scraper," extending thirteen stories towards the heavens. A peculiar and pleasing effect has been gained by causing the building line to retreat at the tenth story, wh-re the immense roof, containing three stories, commences, breaking as it ascends into Gothic tur- rets. Work was begun in July, 1890, and the temple was ready for occupancy in the month of May, 1892. The entire cost was about $1, 100, 000. TTie RooTcery, corner of Adams and La Salle streets. This is considered the most elegant, as it is the largest, office building in Chicago. Its cost, exclusive of the ground upon which it stands (the property of the municipality), was $1,500,000. It is ten stories high and has 600 office rooms. The grand rotunda is in itself a beautiful bit of architecture, but the building to be properly appreciated mu'^t be taken as a whole. There is not a commercial structure in the world that compares with it in size, in elegance or in convenience. There are three distinct groups of elevators, two on the LaSalle street and one on the Monroe street side, and the people occupying the top floors are practically as well situated, so far as accessibility is concerned, as those on the first floor. The mosaic work in the structure is su])erb. Like the Chamber of Commerce and Home Insurance buildings, the wains- coting is all of Italian marble. Every room in the buihing is lighted perfectly. There is not the slightest jar felt here, and those in the upper stories are practic lly removed from the noise and bustle of the streets below. CTi amber of Com- merce, corner of Washington and La Salle streets. The name may be confusing to the stranger. It occupies the site of the old Chamber of Commerce, a structure that was leased by the Board of Trade, and derives its name from that fact. It has no connection now with any commercial exchange. The 6 HAND-BOOK OF _ §1 "Chamber of Commerce" has gone out of existence. In its "I place we have the Board of Trade. The Chamber of Commerce Building is in many respects the finest commercial structure in the world, and certainly one of the grandest office buildings in the United States. The property on which it stands cost $650,000, and the building itself has cost over $1,000,000. Standing upon the mosaic floor on the first story in the center of the building, throwing back your head and looking up, you will see twelve bal- conies with their bronzed railings rising in perfect symmetry above you. Away at the top and crowning this grand central court is probably the largest skylight in the world. It is a plate-glass arch thirty-five feet wide and 108 feet long, and its weight is supported on iron and copper frames which rest upon iron trusses. Through this mammoth window in the roof a perfect flood of light pene- trates the central cjurt, so that the interior of the building is almost as brightly illuminated as the exterior during the day. As you look up, if your neck will bear the strain, you will notice that not a post or pillar is visible along the sides or between the twelve balconies other than those at the north and south ends, the intervening stretch being perfectly clear and free from obstruc- tion. The twelve balconies are supported on the cantilever prin- ciple. There are 500 office rooms in this structure, every one ot which is perfectly lighted. The thii'teenth floor is finished as handsomely as the first. You will notice that the marble used in the wainscoting from top to bottom is perfectly matched, the grain running through from slab to slab as perfectly as it did in its native Italian quarry. All of this marble was quarried in Italy and finished in Belgium for this building. The mosaic floors con- tain billions of separate marble blocks, and present a beautiful as well as a novel sight to t e visitor. The ceiling of the main entrance is a charming bit of mosaic work; the bronze railings and elevator shaft gratings are all highly finished. Eight passenger cars and two great freight cars are constantly moving up and down between the thirteen stories of this magnificent structure. We will go to the top, the time consumed in the trip being a minute and a quarter, counting stoppages. Looking down, the people on the floor of the court below seem like pigmies. The height makes us dizzy, and we move away from the bronze railing, fearing that the natural but unaccountable temptation to throw our- selves over it may gain the mastery of us. The building is thirteen stories high. The Tacoma, corner qf Madison and La Salle streets. THE world's COLU^NIBIAN EXPOSITION. 77 Thisbuilding towers above its surroundings. It was one of the first very high structures erected here, being 12 clear stories above the sidewalk. It contains, in addition to the stores on the first floor, about 500 offices. The cost was about $500,000. Ashland Bhclc, corner of Randolph and Clark streets, one of the newest of the sky-scrapers, covers the site of the first genuine office building ever erected in Chicago, also known as the "Ashland." The new building is an imposing structure, 16 stories high, con- t dnicg about 500 offices and cost $600,000. Germania Theater, on Randolph street, near Clark, just east of the Ashland, is an elaboration of the tower idea in modern architecture. This mag- nificent structure was finished in 1892 and cost $600,000. The Venetian, on Washington street, east of State, opposite Marshall Field & Co's. retail house, is another sky-scraper, handsomely fin- ished. The cost was $300,000. The Cook County Abstract and Trust Building, on Washington, east of Clark street, a magnificent structure rising high above the great buildings in the vicinity, cost $600,000. The Ellsworth, 353 and 359 Dearborn street, cost $250,000. The Morton, the Manhattan, the Pontiac, tlie Monadnoch and Kearsarge and the Great Northern Hotel, (m South Dearborn street, are all immense structi res, rising from 12 to 16 stories, containing from 350 to 700 rooms and costing from $450,000 to $1,250,000. The Insurance Exchange, the Rand-McNally, the Counselman, the Home Insurance, the Traders, the Phenix, thie Com- merce, the Royal Insurance, all in the Board of Trade center, are magnificent and costly structures of the sky-scraping order. Other great buildings are The Calumet, 3Iarshall Field's Retail, Marshall Field^s Wholesale, '■''The Fair,'''' the leiter (occupied by Siege], Cooper & Co.), the Palmer House, the Tremont House, the Grand Pacific, the Postofjce and Custom House, the Appraiser's Building, the Board of Trade, the City Hcdl, the Court House, the Neirherry liltrary, on the North Side, the John M. Smyth and Stone on the West Side. For a full description of the great buildings, with all facts of interest connected with them, see Flinn's Stand- ard Guide to Chicago. Care of the very Poor. -Notwithstanding the great prosperity of the people as a whole, poverty is to be found in Chicago as elsewh'^re. Municipal charity in Chicago has risen to the dignity of an applied science. Through the refuse alleys, up the trembling stairs of tenements, and into the hovels of want and misery a force of men and women daily goes, carrying food for the hungry. 78 HAND-BOOK OP warm clothing lor the naked, coals for the needy, and medicine for the sick. From November until April, Cook County gives aw^ay 200 sacks of flour, forty pairs of shoes, and fifty tons of coal every day. Relief of the deserving poor involves not alone the discovery and proper aid of the unfortunates, but is attended with a constant warfare against the idle and vicious. Agents of the Visitation and Aid society, the Relief and Aid society, the German Aid society, the Hebrew Aid society, and St. Vincent de Paul's daily seek the sick and needy, but their work is only of a semi-public nature. From the office of the county agent, at 36 West Madison street, there are sent twenty-seven men and three women, who investigate the condition of those reported to be in want and who, by reason of their familiarity with neighborhoods and individuals, are able to insure a wise bestowal of public charity. — [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Cemetebies. — There are many beautiful burying grounds within the present corporate limits of the city and in the immediate suburbs. There are no oM grave-yards, or church-yards, such as may be seen in the cities anl towns of Europe or in the older cities of this continent, within the business district. The only remains of a cemetery to be seen in the old city is the tomb of the Couch family, which still holds its place in Lincoln Park, a great portion of which covers the site of an old grave-yard. The most beautiful of the cemeteries are: Gahary (Catholic), ten miles north of the City Hall, on the C. & N. W. R. R. ; Graceland, five miles north of the City Hill, on the Evanston division of the C, M. & St. P. ; OaTcwoorU, Sixf^y-seventh street and Cottage Grove avenue, on the I, C. R. R. ; Hosehill, seven miles north of the City Hall, on the C. & N". W. R. R. All of these cemeteries are within eas/ access by carriages; the drives to them are very attractive. Many hand- some monuments and tombs are to be seen in all of them. Land- scape gardening of the advanced school makes them particularly charming to visitors through the summer months. WaldJieim, where the executed anarchists are buried, is ten miles west of the City Hall, on the C. & N. P. R. R. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Charities. — The charitable institutions of Chicago are num- erous. Among the mo'-t interesting are 1 he American Educa- tional and Aid Association, Armour Mission, Chicago Children's Hospital, Daily News Fresh Air Fund and Sanitarium, Free THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. ^9 Kindergarten Association, Chicago Orphan Asylum, Chicago Policlinic, Relief and Aid Society, Church Home for Aged Per- sons, Convalescent Home, Danish Lutheran Orphan's Home, Erring Woman's Refuge, Foundling's Home, German Old People's Home, Good Samaritan Society, Guardian Angel Orphan Asylum, Hebrew Charity Association, Holy Family Orphan Asylum, Home for Incurables, Home for self-supporting Women, Home for Unemployed Girls, Home for Working Women, Home for the Friendless, Home of Industry, Home of Providence, Home of the Aged, House of the Good Shepherd, Margaret Etter Creche Kin- dergarten, Masonic Orphan's Home, Lake Geneva Fresh Air Asso- ciation, Newsboy's and Boot Black's Home, Odd Fellow's Orphan's Home, Old People's Home, School for Deaf and Dumb, Servite Sis ers' Industrial Home for girls, St. Joseph's Asylum for Boys, St. Joseph's Home, St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum, St. Joseph's Providence Hospital, St. Paul's Home for newsboys, Ulich Evangelical Lutheran Orphan Asylum, AVaif's Mission, Helping Hand, Young Ladies' Charity Circle, These associations and institutions are all described and explained in Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago. Chicago's Place Among the Great Cities of the World. — Chicago, Cook County, State of Illinois, United States of America, is the second city on the American continent in point of popula- tion and commerce. Among the cities of the civilized world, it is only outranked in population by London, Paris, New York, Vienna, and Berlin, in the order named. The L'. S. census, taken in June, 1890, placed the number of inhabitants at 1,098,576. The Bchool census, taken at the same time, generally believed to be far more reliable, increased the number to 1,208,669. Since then new districts have been annexed to the city, and the former ratio of increase has been more than maintained, so that a conser- vative estimate of the population of Chicago, in the summer of 1892, brings the figures up to 1,300,000.— [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Christian Organizations. —The most prominent are The Young Men's Christian Association, The Young Women's Christian Associa- tion, the Bible Institute, the Christian Endeavor Society, and the Women's Christian Temperance Union. [See Flinn's Standard Guiie to Chicago.] Churches.— The visitor will not be many hours in Chicago 80 HAND BOOK OF before he is impressed with the number and beauty of the structures consecrated to divine worship. Unlike some of the older American and European cities, however, he will notice that there are no church edifices in the business center, nor along any of the great business arteries. There were a numlDer of handsome and costly church buildings in the business district previous to 1871, but the great fire swept them away. The leading churches of the three divisi ons of the city are removed to the extent of a street car trip from hotels and depots of the South Side. On the West Side they are found principally along Washington and Ashland boulevards or around Jefferson and Union Parks. Centenary Methodist and the Second Baptist churches, two of the oldest in the city, arelocated on Monroe and Morgan streets. On the North Side they are to be found in the district North of Ontario and East of Clark streets, principally on Dearborn avenue. On the South Side they are to be found on Wabash avenue, Michigan boulevard, and in the district E ist of State street and South of Twenty-second street. Take West Madison cable line for West Side, North Clark street cable line or State street horse line for North Side and Cottage Grove avenue cable line for South Side. Two of the leading Independent churches of the city, however, the Central and People's, hold services in the Central Music Hall and Columbia Theater, respectively, only a short walk from the hotels. Prof. Swing preaches at the former every Sunday; Dr. Thomas at the la'ter. [For location of churches, list of popular ministers and preachers, etc. , see Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] City Railway Service. — Chicago being twenty-four miles in length and ten miles in width, and divided into three distinct divisions, there are various methods employed for the rapid transportation of the public from point to point. There are: Steam Surface Railways, or the suburban service of the various lines of railways centering here, which cover large districts of the city. The Illinois Central railroad, for instance, carries more suburban passengers than any railroad in the country, most of its suburban stations, so-called, being within the city limits. The Chicago & North-Western; the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific; the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; the Chicago & Northern Pacific; the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy; the Chicago & Eastern Illinois; the Wabash and the Grand Trunk, all assist very materially in carrying the people of Chicago from point to point within the corporate limits. Elevated Railroads. — There are two of these, the "Alley L" on the South Side, and the " Lake Sreet L," on the West Side. C^tble Lines. — These are the lines most depended upon for urban trana|>ortation. There are three com- panies, one for each division of the, Qity. The terminal:^ of all are on H IN. COOPER (f CO. Choice Residence Property on Lake Shore Drive and vicinity a specialty. ROOMS 1510 TO 1514, No. 100 WASHINGTON ST., GHIGfVGO. E. Huntington Pratt. Edward S. Ely. Jacob C Pratt Pratt $c Ely, real estate agents, 132 La Salle St., TELEPHONE "MAIN 5333." CHICAGO. WE take full charge and management of Chicago and adjacent Real Estate. Making sales, rentals, insurance, and attending to all details. IITE make a specialty of carefully answering all questions as to Chicago and suburban Real Estate. WE are doing a strictly Commission Business, and make Loans on all kinds of Real Estate upon conservative valuations. WE can always place capital in safe loans without expense to the lender. WE see that the loans are protected by prompt payment of taxes, and keep the holder of loans made through us fully informed as to all matters regarding security therefor. We invite you to list with us any property you have for sale or to rent. PRATT & ELY, REAL ESTATE AGENTS, 132 LA SALLE STREET, CHICAGO. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 81 the South Side, in the business district. Horse Raihcays— These are connected with the cable lines and are adjuncts to or extensions of the cable systems. Electric Raihcays. — These are in operation only in the outlying districts of the city, and connect many of the suburbs with the cable or hoi se lines. Carettes. — A system of four-wheeled convey- ances, built somewbat after the plan of street cars. These run priia- cipally on back streets and, not being confined to tracks, can at times make better speed than the street cars through the crowded districts. Hacks and Hansoms. —Stands for these and other convey- ances of the kind are to be found in different parts of the city. They can also be called by telephone. [See Hack and Cab Rates.] The fare on all street cars is 5 cents any distance; carettes, 5 cents: on trains from 5 to 10 cents; on elevated roads, 5 cents. [For full information in relation to these matters see Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] City Revenues and Disbursements. — The receipts of the city government from all sources during 1891 were $30,118.15; the dis- bursements, $28,149,393. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Climate. — The ciimate of Chicago is healthful and beautiful, though the weather sometimes goes to extremes in summer and winter. The air is cool and bracing through most of the summer, and hot nights are very rare. Many thoughtful people attribute the wonderful growth of the city to the stimulating atmosphere which arouses all the latentenergy in the human system, and maizes possible the hard mental and physical labor of the people The mean barometric pressure during a period of ten years was discov- ered by the United States signal office to have been 29.303 inches; the mean annual temperature 40.06°, the mean annual precipitation 36.64 inches, and the mean annual humiditv of the air 70.9, 100 representing complete saturation. The maximum annual pi:ecipi- tation averaged about 46 inches during this period. The highest mean temperature was 51.40°, the lowest 45.42°. Although the mercury reaches the nineties in the summer at times, and falls below zero in winter, this is rarely the case. In winter the cold is tempered by the lake, and extremely severe weather seldom con- tinues longer than a week at a time. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Clubs.— The clubs of Chicago are too numerous to be mentioned here even by name. They are: Athletic and Sporting, Gentlemen's Commercial, Sporting, Women's, Literary, State, etc. Some of them are very wealthy and influential. Many occupj^ their own buildings, which are large and el-gantly furnished. Among the leading clubs of the difl:eient cksses are: Athletic. — The Chicago 83 HAND-BOOK OF Athletic. Sporting. — Chicago Carling, Chicago Fencing and Box- ing, Audubon Gun, Chicago Cumberland Gun, English Lake Huut- ing and Fishing, Western Rifle Association. Gentlemen's. — Calumet, Chicago, Chicago Electric, Commercial, Bankers', Hyde Park, Iro- quois, Kenwood, La Salle, Press, Sheridan, Standard, UnionLeague, Marquette, Washmgton Park. Social, — Argo, Church, Douglas, Evanston Country, Forty, Harvard, Ideal, Indiana, Irish- American, Germania, Irving, Lakeside, Minneola, Oakland, Oaks, Park, Phenix, Sunset, Fellowship, Whitechapel, etc. Commercial — Com- mercial, Bankers'. Literary. — Women's, Fortnightly, Chicago Literary. Saracen, etc. State. — Sons of New York, Sons of Maine, Sons of Vermont, etc. [For full information regarding the clubs of the city and suburbs see FJinn's Standard Guide to Chicago ] Commercial Exchanges. — Among the most notable are : The Board of Trade, The Real Estate Board, Ihe Real Estate Exchange, The Open Board of Trade, The Live Stock Exchange, The Produce Exchange, The Stock Exchange, The Mining Exchange, The Lumber- men Exchange. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Coroner's Inquests. — The Coroner of Cook County is called upon to inquire into the cause of about 2,000 deathsannually. These deaths are the result of accidents on railroads, street crossings, etc. The suicides annually number about 300, [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] County Insane Asylum. — Located at Dunning, a suburb of Chicago. Take train at Union depot, Canal and Adams streets. This institution is a large and costly structure, surrounded by spacious grounds, far enough removed from the city to make the location a quiet and healthful one. Numerous additions in the way of cottage-wards have been made to relieve the overcrowded condition of the main building. — [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] County Jail. — Situated in the rear of the Criminal Court build- ing, Michigan st., between Clark st. and Dearborn ave., North Side. Entrance from Michigan street. Visitors admitted by permission of the sheriff. The jail, like the Criminal Court building, has long since oeased to meet the demands made upon it by the extraordinary growth of the city, and the consequent and natural increase in the number of criminals. It is an old-fashioned prison, built after the manner of the jails constructed in the early years of the present century. It laciss every modern improvement, and will, doubtless, soon be replaced by a much larger and a better structure. The jail is connected with the Criminal Court building by a "bridge of sighs," over which the culprits pass for trial and after conviction. Aside from this entrance, which is never used except by deputy THE world's COLtJMBIAJSf EXPOSITION. 83 sherifiFs and jailers in discharge of their duties, there is but one entrance, and that is up a narrow flight of steps leading from the open court between the two buildings. At the head of these steps is a double iron gate, where stands the outer turnkey. If he admits you, you find yourself in the jail office. On one side, as you face the prison entrance, is the head jailer's room ; on the other the olfice of the jail clerk. Before going further you must have a permit. If you secure it you are admitted into the "Cage," an iron-bound arrangement covered with several thicknesses of wire netting, through the meshes of which you can hardly poke your finger. If you wish to see a prisoner, he is called, and you must talk to him through thisnetting. Here it was that the "Tiger Anarchist" Lingg received from his sweetheart the dynamite cartridge which he exploded in his mouth, killing himself the day before that set for his execution. As you look straight in front of you, with your back to the jailer's door, you will see the cell in which the suicide occurred. It is on the ground floor, ^ Along the same line of cells the Anarchists were confined. Just above, on the next balcony, is " Murderers' Row," from which a number of unfortunates have gone forth duricg tlie past twenty years, to find the gallows waiting for them on the other side of the cell building. The cell balconies, just as you see them before you, four in number, run all around this interior building. At the northeast corner of the cell building the gallows is always erected, and here the Anarchists were hanged. There is nothing of interest to be seen inside the jail, unless you have a morbid desire to witness the pale, hopeless faces of the prisoners. There are four departments : men's, women's, boys' and debtors', [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] County Poor House. — Located at Dunning, a suburb of Chicago. Take train at Union depot, Canal and Adams streets. This institution is not remarkable in any sense, save as the home of the most wretched class of paupers in the county. County Revenue and Expenditures. — The revenue of the County Government is about $2,000,000 per annum ; the expendi- tures are generally kept within this figure. Courts. — There is one county, one probate and eighteen judges of the Superior and Circuit Courts. Court House. — Occupies the entire east half of block, bounded by Washington, Dearborn, La Salle and Clark sts., in the center of the business district of the South side, the west half being occupied by the City Hall. I'his magnificent pile was erected in 1876--77 at a cost of about $3,000,000, and is one of the handsomest public build- ings in the county. It is at ptesent four stories in height, and two 84 HAND-BOOK OP additional stories are to be added during the present year at a cost of $275,000. In tliis building are located the County, Probate and various Circuit and Superior courts, the Law Library, and all the Co'inty offices, except that of the State's (or prosecuting) attorney, which is located in the Criminal Court building, North side.— [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] "Crib," The. — The original crib is situated about two miles out in Lake Michigan, almost directly East of the foot of Chicago ave- nue. "The Man of the Crib" is Captain Charles McKee, who, with his family, has spent eleven years in that desolate, wave-washed and tempest-battered granite home. He has reared a family of five girls and one boy, all of whom are married, except one girl. Besides his wife and daughter, three men and a dog occupy the crib at present. The crib-keeper's quarters are comfortable. During the winter months, when ice floes threaten to clog the grated mouth of the water tunnel, his duties are as severe as they are important. There are thousands of visitors at the crib during the summer months; in the winter it is sometimes difficult to reach it with the city supply boat. The visitor can take an excursion boat, steam or sail, on the lake shore, foot of Van Buren Street. Fare, 25 cents. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Distance of Chicago from othkti Principal Cities. — Chicago is distant from Montreal, Canada, 842 miles; time, 29 hours; from Portland, Me., 1255 miles; time, 40 hours; from Boston, 1150 miles, time, 32 hours; from New York, 911 miles; time, 26 hours; from Philadelphia, 822 miles; time, 24 hours; from Baltimore, 854 miles; time 27 hours; from Washington, 811 miles; time, 26 hours; New Orleans, 915 miles; time, 48 hours; from the City of Mexico, 2600 miles; time, 5 days; from San Francisco, 2440 miles; time, d}4 days; from Vancouver, B. C , 2350 miles; time, 43^ days. The time between Queenstown, Ireland, and New York is now made by the average ooean steamer in less than seven days. The time from Queenstown to Chicago would therefore be about 834 days; from Dublin, Ireland, 9 days; from Belfast, Ireland, 93^ days; from Liverpool; England, 9 days; from London, England, 9)^ days; from Edinburg. Scotland, 10 days; from Glasgow, Scotland (via Liver- pool and Queenstown), 10 days; from Havre (direct), 9 days; from Paris (via Havre), 10 days; from Bremen (via Southampton), 9 days; from Berlin, (via Bremen or Hamburg), 11 days (via (jalais, Dover, Liverpool and Queenstown), 10 days; from Vienna (via Bremen), 11 days; from Rome (via Marseilles, Bologna, Liverpool and Qu ens- town), 15 days; from Madrid, via Lisbon, direct, 12 days; (via rail to Havre, and via Havre by steamship direct), 16 days; (via Liver- THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 85 pool and Qaeeustown), 15 davs; from S:. Petersburg (via Havre, Bremen or Hamburg), about 16 days. Educational Institutions. — Among the leading educational institutions of Chicago are Allen's Academy; Chicago Atheneum; Chicago Manual Training School; Chicago Kitchen Garden Associa- tion; Chicago Theological Seminary; Illinois Military Academy; The Josephnium ; De LaSalle Institute; Kenwood Institute; Lake Forest University; McCormick Theological Seminary; Morgan Park Female Seminary; Morgan Park Theological Seminary; Northwest- ern University; St. Ignatius' College; St.Xavier's Academy; Univer- sity of Chicago. In addition there are hundreds of private schools, academies, seminaries, training schools, etc. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Fire Department. — The fire department of Chicago is gener- ally acknowledged to be the best equipped and most efl9cient in the United States, which means that it is the best equipped and most etficieiit in the world, for the firemen of this country are called upon to be prepared for and to meet emergencies which do not rise in the '•icies of Europe. The department consists of 970 men and oflScers, 73 steam fire engines, 22 chemical fire engines, 99 hose carts, 28 hook and ladder trucks, 1 water tower, 3 fire boats (for river and harbor service, and for work along the river sides on buildings, warehouses, lumberyards, etc., adjacent), 99 apparatus stations, 421 horses and an extensive and well equipped repair shop. As an auxiliary to the department there are 1,935 stations, provided with necessary instru- ments and several thousand miles of wire, by which alarm of fire may be communicated. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Fire of 1871. — The fire of 1871 broke out on Sunday night, October 8th. There had been on the previous evening an extensive conflagration in the West Division, involving a heavy loss of prop eityin the lumber district. The firemen had worked upon the blaze for many hours, finally succeeding in subduing it. The department, however, was pretty well exhausted when an alr.rm was sounded at 9 o'clock on the following Sunday evening. The fire was caused by the upsetting of a little lamp, in a stable, in the vicinity of De Koven and Jefferson sts., west of the river and south of Van Buren St.; whether the lamp was kicked over by a cow belonging to a Mrs. O'Leary is a question that has never been satis- factorily settled. The fire first crossed the river at Van Buren St., and soon enveloped the old gasworks on Adams St., where the Moody and Sankey Tabernacle afterward stood, and where stately wholesale houses now tower toward the sky. From that moment the business section of the city was doomed, for the wind blew a 86 HAND-BOOK OP perfect gale and every moment added to the heat and fury of the cooflagracion, which marched steadily on, devouring granite blocks with the same ease as it destroyed wooden shanties. About one o'clock in the morning it had reached and wiped out the Chamber of Commirce building; shortly afterward it had swallowed up ihe Court Hoase, whose bell tolled to the last minute. Then, in one column, it pursued its furious course eastward, laying Hooley's Opera House, the Times building, Crosby's fine opera house and many other noble structures in ashes. Then it moved toward the norttieast, and then attacked the wholesale district at the foot of Ran- dolph St., carrying away the Central Depot, the ruins of which are still standing. Then it formed a junction with another branch of the main column after the latter had demolished the Sherman House, the Tremont House and other magnificent buildings in its path. Then there was a general onslaught upon the city's center from the left column which laid low all the buildings lyine- West of LaSalle street, incluiling the Oriental and the Mercantile buildings, the Union Bank, the M-irchants' Insurance building, where Gen Sheri- dan had his headq'iarters, the Western Union Telegraph oliice. and the solid and magnificent blocks of commercial houses that lined LnSille street, in those days. Bv morning there was not one stone upon another in this great business center. The right column of the fire is described as having started from a point near the inter- section of Van Buren street and the river, where some wooden build- ings were ignited by brands from the West Side. This column had the advantage of a large area of wooden buildings, say Colbert & Chamberlain, "on which to ration and arm itself for its march of destruction." It gutted the Michigan Southern Depot and the Grand Pacific Hotel, and destroyed other handsome structures in the vicinity. Passing along the Postoffice, the Bigelow House, the Honore block, McVicker's new theater, the Tribune hnWdin^, Book- sellers' Row, Potter Palmer's store, occupied by Field & Leiter, and all the smaller or less conspicuous structures on the road. It branched off and destroyed the handsome residences and churches on Wabash avenue, and was finally stayed in its southward course at Congress street. The fire crossed over to the North division about half-past three in the morning, and among the first building? to go down was the engine-house of the water works, which, fool- ishly, had been roofed with pine shingles. The fire was carried here by burning brands which mus' have traveled a mile and half in advance of the conflagration. "This was the system," say Colbert & Chamber- lain, "by which the North Side was destroyed: Blazing brands and scorching heat sent ahead to kindle many scattering fires, and the grand general conflagration following up and finishing up." O -A-FITJLJLi, $ 2,000,000 GOHTIPTBL POUHL BBjIK Corner Adams and La Salle Streets, CHICAGO. ILLINOIS. OFFICERS JOHN C. BLACK, President. DOUGLASS HOYT, Cashier. ISAAC N. PERRY, 2d Vice-Pres. IRA P. BOWEN, Ass't C:ashier. ► DIRECTORS: JOHN C. BLACK. CALVIN T. WHEELER. WILLIAM G. HIBRARD. RICHARD T. CRANE, GEORGE H. WHEELER, HENRY C. DURAND, HENRY BOTSFORD, JAMES H. DOLE J. OGDEN ARMOUR. ISAAC N. PERRY. A General Foreign Exchange Business Transacted. Travelers' Circular Letters of Credit Issued, Available in all parts of the World. SOLID VESTIBULED TRAINS Between Chicago and St Paul, Minneapolis, Council Blu£Fs, Omaha, Cheyenne, Denver, and Portland. FREE RECLINING GHfllR CARS Between Chicago, Council Bluffs, Omaha, Denver, and Portland. THROUGH SLEEPING GARS Between Chicago and St Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Council Bluffs, Omaha, Sioux City, Denver, O^den, Portland, and San Francisco. SUPERB DINING CARS. ALL AGENTS SELL TICKETS VIA THE Chicago & North-Western Ry. For full information address the Gen- eral Passe I ger and Ticket Agent, Chicago, 111. W. H. NEWJUN. J. M. WHITMAN, W. A. THRAIL, 3rd Vice Prest. Gen 1 Manager. G. P and T. A. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 87 The North Side was left a mass of blackened ruins by morning. Only at the lake and the northern limits of the city was the fire stayed. The district burned over was bounded on the north by Fullerton avenue, on the west by Halsted street to Chicago avenue, and from that point south on Clinton street, on the south by Twelfth street and on the east by Lake Michigan, The total area burned over was nearly three and a third square miles; number of buildings destroyed, 17,450; persons rendered homeless, 98,500; persons killed, about 200; loss, not including the depreciation of real estate or loss of business, estimated at $190,000,000; recovered by insurance, $4 1,000,000. One year after the fire many of the best business blocks in the city were rebuilt; five years after the fire the city was hand- somer and more prosperous than ever; ten years after the fire nearly all traces of the calamity had disappeared. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Fire of 1874. — The second great fire in Chicago occurred on July 14, 1874. This conflagration swept over a district south of Twelfth street and east of State street, which had escaped the fire of 1871. Although eighteen blocks or sixty acres were burned over, and although 600 houses were destroyed and the loss was close to $4,000, 000, the calamity was never as deeply regretted as it would have been had the district been a safe one near the heart of the city. The houses were nearly all wooden, and were a continual menace. This district was soon rebuilt in a more substantial manner. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] FoREiGN-BoRN People IN CHICAGO. — Chicago is a thoroughly cosmopolitan city. Less than one-fourth of her people are of Ameri- can birth ; fully one-third of the 292,463 native-born citizens are of immediate foreign extraction. The following is a careful estimate of the nationalities represented, based upon the last school census : Hollanders 4,9'3 Hungarians 4,827 Swiss 3,735 Roumanians 4,350 Canadians 6,989 Belgians e83 Greeks 698 Spanish 297 Potuguese 34 East Indians 28 West Indians 37 Sandwich Islanders 31 Mongolians 1,217 America 292,403 German 384,958 Irish 215,534 Bohemian 54,209 Polish 52,756 Swedish.. 45,877 Norwegian 44,615 English 33,785 French 12,963 Scotch 11,^27 Welsh 2,966 Russian 9,977 Danes 9,891 Italians 9,931 1.208,669 Geographical Location. — Chicago is situated on the south- west shore of Lake Michigan, in 41° 52' N. lat. and 87° 52' W. long; 88 HAND-BOOK OF 854 miles from Baltimore, the nearest point on the Atlantic sea- board, and 2,417 miles from the Pacific ocean, directly on the high- ways from east to west and from the Great Northwestern States to the Atlantic; having all the advantages of a seaport town combined with those of a great inland feeder. Grain Elevators. — The immense grain warehouses of Chicago, called elevators, will attract attention. These are twenty-seven in number and their total s'orage capacity (which is often put tj a test) is 28,675,000 bushels. [See Fllnn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Great Industries. — These are numerous and interesting. Notable among them are: Pullman, one of the most remarkable industrial centers in the world; The Union Stock Yards, the Illinois Steel Company's rolling mills; the McCormick Harvester works, and the many immense manufactories scattered throughout the city and in the suburbs, [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Haymarket Massacre. — Night of May 4, 1886. Take West Randolph street car and alight at the Police Monument. The title is a misnojier. The tragedy recalled to mind by the name in reality occurred on Desplaines street between the Haymarket and the alley which runs east from Desplaines street, south of Crane Brotheis' manufacturing establishment. The wa^on from wliich the anarch- ist speakers addressed the mob stood directly in front of Crane Brothers' steps, about eight feet north of this alley. The bomb was thrown from the mouth of the alley, and exploded between the second and third companies of policemen, as the six companies were halting close to the wagon. The bomb-thrower unquestion- ably made his escape through the alley, which connects with another opening on Randolph street, east of the Haymarket. Seven police- men were killed outright, or died shortly afterward of their wounds, as a result of the explosion. A large number of policemen were badly and permanently injured. How many of those in the mob were killed or died afterward of their injuries they received in the police fusillade which followed the explosion has never been known, for their bodies were quietly buried and their wounds con- cealed by their friends whenever possible. The arrest of tne leaders, Fielden, Spies, Engel, Lingg, Neebe, Schwab, Fischer, the searching of the Arheiter Zeitung office, on the east side of Fifth avenue, near Washington street, and the discovery there of a vast supply of dynamite, arms, bombs and infernal machines; the discovery of bombs in different parts of the city, under sidewalks, in lumber yards and at the homes of the anarchists; the sensational surrender of Parsons, who had taken flight on the aight of the massacre; the long trial, the speeches, the sentence, the appeal; the THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 89 refusal of the Supreme Court of the United States to interfere; the etturis made to have the death sentence commuted; the day of execu- tiun, ihe 11th of November, 1887; the shocking suicide of the " tiger anarchist," Lie gg, in his cell at the jail; the hanging of Parsons, Spies, Engel and Fischer, the commutation of the death sentences of Fielden and Schwab to life imprisonment, all contributed toward the popular excitement which followed the fatal 4ih of May, and continued until the gallows and prison had perfoimed the parts assigned them by law. The executed anarchists are buried at Wald- heim Cemetery. The cell in which Lingg committed suicide is directly in front of the "cage" in the coui.iy jail. TLe other anarchists occupied cells in the same row. The police monument at the intersection of Kandolph and Desplaines streets (Haymarket Square), was erected by the citizens of Chicago in honor of the brave officers who risked or sacrificed their lives in defense of the law, and in commemoration of the death of anarchy in this city. [SeeFlinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Historical Facts. — Chicago was first settled about 1779, its first settler being a fugitive San Domingoan slave named Point De Sable. It was known as Chicago Portage for many years. Its earliest resi- dents were French Canadian fur traders. Its first citizen of prominence was John Kinzie. Fort Dearborn was constructed here in 1803. It was destroyed by the Indians in August, 1812, after the Garrison had been massacred. The fort was rebuilt in 1814. Illi- nois was admitted to the Union in 1818. Chicago was incorporated as a city March 4, 1837. Three and a third square miles of this city were burned over in 1871; 17,450 buildings were destroyed; 98,500 persons were rendered homeless; 200 were killed and the direct and immediate loss was over $190,000,000; insurance recovered $44,000,000. One year after the fire many of the best business blocks in the city were rebuilt; five years after the fire the city was hand- somer and more prosperous than ever; ten years after the fire nearly all traces of the calamity had disappeared. The second great fire in Chicago occurred on July 14, 1874. This conflagration swei)t over a district south of Twelfth street and east of State street, which had escaped the fire of '71, Although eighteen blocks or sixty acres were burned over, and although 600 houses were destroyed and the loss was close to $4,000,000, the calamity was never as deeply regret- ted as it would have been had the district been a safe one near the heart of the city. The houses were nearly all wooden, and were a continual menace. This district was soon rebuilt in a more substan- tial manner. These were the greatest calamities ever suffered by Chicago, and both are now reckoned as having been blessings in disguise. [See ±i'lmn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 90 HAND-BOOK OF Hospitals. — The hospitals of Chicago are numerous, the system under which they are conducted, as a rule, is liberal, their manage- ment is admirable, and their charity is catholic in its scope. The visitor or stranger in this city if stricken down by accident or dis- ease need not fear but that he will be cared for with the same solici- tude and tenderness that he would find at his own home, no matter what his nativity or creed may be, or whether he be rich or penni- less. The hospitals of Cliicago never close their doors upon the stranger. Public, private, Protestant, Roman Catholic and Jewish institutions alike are open to men, women and children in distress, without question, and, when there is a necessity for it, without price. The leading hospitals are: Alexian Brothers, Chicago Hospital for Women and Children, Cook County (public), German, Mercy, Michael Reese, Presbyterian, Railway Brotherhood, St. Joseph, St, Luke's, St. Vincent's Infant Asylum and Maternity, U. S. Marine, Wesley, Woman's. [For general and special information regarding hospitals and dispensaries, their location, terms for admission, etc., see Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Hotels. — There are at present between fourteen and fifteen hundred hotels in the city of Ctiicago, including small and large, and houses of all grades, but excluding lodging-houses, boarding- houses and distinctively family hotels, where no transients are received. The united capacity of these hotels is estimated at 175,000. It is believed that th^y could, if pressed, accommodate 100,000 addi- tional guests. But this will not be necessary. Numerous immense hotels are either projected or being constructed at the present time. The spring of 1893 will find Chicago ready with ample hotel accom- modations for 500,000 guests. Neither the boarding-houses, nor houses where furnished ro ms may be rented, nor lodging houses, are considered here. Outside of the hotels there are eating-houses or restaurants and cafes, with an estimated feeding capacity at the present time of 25,000 persons daily. Tlie hotels of prominence in Chicago are as follows: Atlantic, Auditorium, Briggs, Burke's, Clifton, Commercial, Continental, Gault, Gore's, Grand Pacific, Brevoort, Drexel, Grace, Wellington, Woodruff, Hyde Park, Leland, McCoy's, Palmer, Richelieu, Saratoga, Sherman, Southern, Tremont, Virginia, Great Northern, Victoria. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Inebriate Asylums. — The institutions of the city which receive and treat patients suffering from alcoholism are: Alexian Brothers' Hospital, 539-569 N. Market st. (take N. Market st. car); Dr. Chas. W. Earle's private sanitarium, 533 Washington blvd. (take Madison St. cable line); Martha Washington Home (for females exclusively)^ O Q c ^ ."5 o O <1 Tl J rt 1 -n c H iS ffi (/J C») ^ cd k4 pc] W W THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 91 Graceland and Western aves., Cuyler station, nearRavenswood (take train at Wells st. depot, Wells and Kinzie sts.); Mercy Hospital, conducted by the Sisters of Mercy, Calumet ave. and Twenty-sixth St. (take Cottage Grove ave. cable line); St, Joseph's Hospital, con- ducted by the Sisters of Charity, Gariield ave. and Burling st., near N. Halsted st. (take Garheld ave. or N. Halsted st. car), and the Washingtonian Home, W. Madison st. and Osden ave. (take Madi- ison St. cable line). Of these institutions, hospital treatment only is afforded by all excepting the Martha Washington and Washing- tonian Homes. The latter are reformatory institutions, and, when their rules are strictly enforced, do not accept patients merely for physical treatment. The parent Keeley Institute for the cure of drunkenness, the opium and morphine habits and nervous diseases, is located at Dwight, 72 miles south of Chicago, on the Chicago & Alton railroad. This institution has attained a world-wide celebrity by reason of its successful treatment of alcoholism and similar dis- eases. Thousands of ccnfirmed inebriates are restored to perfect mental, physical and moral health at Dwight and its numerous branches every month. [See "Keeley Institute, 'Mn this volume. For full particulars see Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Iron and Steel Manufacture.— There are in Chicago 316 firms and companies engaged in the manufacture of iron and steel products. Total capital employed, |44, 005,000 ; total working men employed, 30,185; total value of products annually, $70,700,000; total wages paid annually, $19,706,000. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Jobbing and Wholesale Business. — The jobbing and whole- sale business of Chicago amounts to $520,000,000 per annum. The dry goods business alone is $95,000,000; groceries, $56,000,000; lumber, $39,000,000; manufactured iron, $17,000,000; clothing; $23,000,000; boots and shoes, $27,000,000; tobacco and cigars, $11,500,900; books, stationary, etc., $22,000,000; paper, $28, 000^,000, pig iron, $20,000,000; hardware and cutlery, $19,225,000; coal, $26,000,000; jewelry, watches, etc.. |25. 000, 000; other branches of trade below $10,000,000. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Keeley Institute — Dwight — Thousands of visitors will take advantage of their trip to Chicago to visit the now celebrated little village of Dwight, seventy-two miles to the southwest, on the Chicago & Alton railroad. Take train at Union Depot, Canal and Adams streets, West Side. The run is made in less than three hours, A return trip, giving the visitor time to see the Keeley Institute buildings, the method of treatment, etc., may be made in one day. It is well, however, to take a couple of days for it. 92 HAND-BOOK OF Leslie E. Keeley, M. D., LLD , Curtis J. Judd, and John R. Ough- ton, constituting ttie Leslie E. Keeley Company, reside at Dwight. Here also is located the laboratory of the company, the prmci- pal offices, etc. This being the parent Institute and headquar- ters, very naturally it attracts more patients than any of the branches, although the treatment at all authorized Institutes is precisely the same. The cost of treatment is $25 per week. Inci- dental expenses, including board, about $10 per week. The Living- ston Hotel charges $3.00 per day. Expenses are regulated entirely aside from the treatment, according to the taste, the inclination or the means of the patient. The treatment, however, does not vary. There is but one coarse for rich and poor. Up to this time it is estimated that from 55,000 to 60,000 confirmed drunkards have been permanently cured by the Keeley treatment. Among these are representatives of every class and profession. Some of the most prominent men of the country have graduated within the past two years from Dwight and its branches. The treatment is such that the sys- tem suffers no shock. The habitual drunkard is released from his appe- tite painlessly and almost unconsciously. There is no attempt made to deprive him of liquor. He is given all he asks. He must aban- don its use voluntarily. This he does usually inside of thirty-six hours after the commencement of treatment. Neither is the patient, no matter how far he may have gone, subjected to any restraint. Only for his protection against accident and to insure his following the rules regarding the taking of medicine at regular intervals, the patient who arrives under the influence of liquor, or who is violent or stupid from the effects of a debauch, is furnished with an attendant, who is not permitted to exercise any restraint over his charge, but rather to humor his whims. There are no locked doors, no cells, no confinement whatever. The patients come and go as they please. They are expected to be present for treatment four times daily, to take the remedy every two hours, and to retire at 10:30 p. m. The rest of the time is their own. They have a club — the Bichloride of Gold — which is provided with comfortable quarters, and which holds daily session. This is a source of great entertainment for the patients, and its influence has been felt for good by every man who has taken the Keeley treatment. The Keeley cure is no longer an experiment. If every drunkard in the world could receive the treat- ment the number of inebriates would be reduced a trifle more than 95 per cent. This is an absolute statement of fact, founded upon actual results up to date. [See Flinn's Standard G-uide to Chicago for full information regarding the Keeley Institute.] Lake and River Frontage. — The city has a frontage on Lake Michigan of twenty-two miles and a river frontage of about fifty- THE WORLD*S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 93 eight miles, twenty two and one-half miles of which are navigable. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Lakes and Rivers est Chicago . — There are three lakes within the present city limits containing an area of 4,095.6 acres, as follows: Calumet Lake, 312.2 acres; Hyde Lake 330.8 acres; the portion of Wolf Lake lying within the city limits, 642.8 acres. Of these. Calumet and Wolf are navigable. There are two rivers within the corporate limits; the Chicago River, with north and south branches, which divide the city into districts known, respectively, as the North, South and West " Divisions" or " Sides" — and the Calumet river, with Big and Little Calumet Rivers, which penetrate the extreme southern part of the city. Of course Lake Michigan is not taken into account here. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Length and Width op Chicago. — The distance between north Seventy-first street, being the nortLern city limits, and One Hundred and Thirty -ninth street, being the southern city limits, is twenty- four miles. The city at its broadest point is 10.5 miles in width. State street has the greatest extension north and south, running from North avenue to the southern city limits, eighteen miles; Eighty-seventh, the greatest western extension, running the entire width of the city. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Libraries. — The libraries of Chicago are keeping pace with the growth of the city in other directions. There are very many large and valuable private collections, which, however, are not accessible to visitors or students. The leading clubs also have large libraries. These are only open to members. The public library is referred to elsewhere. The principal libraries are: Armour Mission, Chicago Atheneum, Chicago Historical Society, Newberry, Union Catholic, and Wheeler. The John Crerar library has been provided for by will. The Newberry library will probably be, when perfected, the greatest reference library in the United States. A great building is now being erected for its accommodation. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Life-Saving Stations. — The existing United States life-saving stations in this vicinity are: Chicago life-saving station, northwest corner of the harbor, on Illinois Central railroad land. A station has been erected by the government at Jackson Park in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition, which will be constituted the Chicago life-saving station after the close of the World's Fair. This is one of the most complete life-saving stations in the world. Evanston life-saving station, located on the lake shore of the suburb of Evanston, on Northwestern University grounds. This station is superbly equipped with every modern and scientific appliance. It is 94 HAND BOOK OF manned by students of the Northwestern University. The crew has distinguished itself for bravery on several occasions. It has saved many lives and has been awarded medals for heroic conduct. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Lighthouses. — The lights of Chicago harbor are: Chicago light, located on the inner pier north side of Chicago river; crib and break- water lights and Grosse Point light. The latter is located at Grosse Point, just north of the suburb of Evanston, the most dangerous point on the southern shore of Lake Michigan. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Ldmbeh. — The lumber trade in Chicago during 1891 assumed proportions not equaled in any former year. The amount of white pine lumber consumed during 1891 exceeded by two hundred mil- lion feet that of any previous year. It is estimated that there was consumed in 1891, 100,000,000 feet more than in 1890, which is largely due to the consumption of lumber at the World's Fair, at which a close estimate places the number of feet to be 50,000,000. The exact receipts of white lumber up to December 19, 1891, were 2,035,817,000 feet; shingles, 295,804.000. The receipts of 1890 were 1,935,135,000 feet of lumber; showing a difference of 180,682,000 in favor of 1891, while the shingles received in 1890 were 808,875,000 greater than in 1891, or in round numbers 504,680,000. While the receipts in 1891 were not as large as those in 1888, yet more lumber was handled and sold. The lumber trade of 1892 was fully up to that of 1891. Manufactures.^ — The number of manufactories of various kinds in Chicago is 3,807; capital employed, 1210,000,000; number of workingmen employed, 180,870; wages paid by manufacturers, $104,904,000. The total value of the product of these manufactories is $567,012,300. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Marriages. — There are now over 15,000 marriage licences issued in Chicago annually. Civil interference with marriage only extends to the license, which must be procured from the county clerk. The marriage may be solemnized either by a justice of the peace (magis- trate) or by a minister of the Gcspel. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Meat Packing. — Meat packing is one of the great industries of Chicago. There are over 2,500,000 cattle and nearly 6,000,000 hogs slaughtered annually. The receipts of hogs in a single year reach nearly 9,000,000; of cattle, 8,250,000; of calves, 285,- 000, and of sheep. 2,200,000. The capitil employed in hog packing is $7,500,000; working men, 11,000, and the annual pro- duct is valued at $60,000,000. The capital employed in beef THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 95 canning is $6,000,000; working men, 9,000; value of product, $55,000,000. The capital employed in the manufacture of lard, oil and sterrine is $3,000,000; working men, 3,500; value of product, $13,550,000. The capital employed in the manufacture of butterine is $1,000,000; the working- men, 1,000; value of product, $4,330,000. The capital employed in the manufacture of sausag-e is $500,000; working men, 500; value of product, $1,980,- 000. The total number of firms and companies engaged in the meat- packing and meat-product industry is 76; total capital, $17,000,000 ; total working men, 25,000; total value of product, $133,860,000, and total wages paid over $14,000,000. The Union Stock Yards are worthy of a visit from the stranger. Take State street or South Halsted street cars, or C, R. I. & P. train. Guides will be on hand to conduct you through the yards and great packing houses. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Military.— In Chicago are located the headquarters of the mil- itary department of the Missouri. Fort Sheridan, twenty-six miles north of the city, is garrisoned by U. S. troops. The state troops of Chicago consist of the First and Second Regiments, I. N. G. Rock Island Arsenal is situated at Rock Island, between St. Louis and St. Paul, on the Chicago &; Rock Island Railway. There are n^.merous military organizations in Chicago, notably the Chicago Hussars, Chicago Zouaves, Cook's Chicago Lancers. ["See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Monuments. — The principal moruments are: Lincoln Statue, Grant Statue, Yon Linne Statue, Schiller Statue and Indian Monu- ment, Lincoln Park; Douglas Monument, Douglas Place, 35th St., on lake shore; Police Monument, Haymarket Square; Sol- diers' Monument, R(jsehill Cemetery; Mulligan Monument, Cal- vary Cemetery. A large number of monuments are planned or in course of erection. Among these are monuments to the late Joshua Knickerbocker, to Yictor Hugo, to Admiral Farragut, to Hans Christian Andersen, to William B. Ogden, first Mayor of Chicago; to William, Prince of Orange; to Gen. Phil Sheridan, to John A. Logan, and to Daniel O'Connell. Numerous monumental foun- tains will also be in position in 1893. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago."! Municipal Government. — The government of the City of Chi- cago is vested in a mayor, elected for two years, salary, $7,000; and a city council, composed of 68 aldermen, or two from each of the thirty- four wa-ds. wh-^ receive a per diem for actual services, the total of which amounts to about $15,000 annually. One alderman is elected 96 HAND-BOOK OF fcom each ward on alternate years. Tne mayor is assisted in the performance of his duties by heads of departments and bureaus, as follows: Comptroller, $5,000 ; treasurer, including assistants, $25,000, and interest on city deposits, his right to the latter being now in dispute; city clerk, $3,500; commissioner of public works, $5,000; city engineer, $3,500; counsel of corporation, $6,000; city at- torney, $5,000; prosecuting attorney, $4,000; general superintendent of police, $5,000; chief marshal of fire department, $5,000; superin- tendent of fire alarm telegraph, $3,675; commissioner of health, $4,000; city collector, $4,000; superintendent of special assessment, $3,500; superintendent of street department; $3,500; mayor's secre- tary, $2,500; mayor's assistant secretary, $1,500. Ne wspapers. — There are published in Chicago 24 regular dailies, 260 weeklies, 36 semi-monthlies, 5 bi-monthlies and 14 quarterlies, m iking a total of 531 daily and periodical newspapers. The leading dailies of Chicago printed in English and other languages are: Abendpost. Arbeiter Zeitung, Daily Globe, Daily National Hotel Reporter, Daily News, Daily Sun, Dagbladet, Drovers' Journal, Evening Journal, FreiePresse, Goodall's Daily Sun, Herald, Illinois Staats Zeitung, Inter-Ocean, Listy, Mail, Post, Press, Skandinavan, Times, Tribune. The leading weeklies are: Advance, Banner of G)ld, Dramatic Journal, Eagle, Citizen, Economist, Farmer's Review, Figaro, Furniture, German-American Miller, Graphic, Inland Architect, Inland Printer, Interior, Iron Age, Legal Adviser, L I nber Trade J )uraal, National Builder, National Hotel Reporter, Nederlander. Norden, Northwestern Christian Advocate, North- western Lumberman, Occident, Orange Judd Farmer, Prairie Farmer, Presto, Railway Age, Universalist, Union Signal, Saturday Evening Herald. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Park and Boulevard System. — The Park System of Chicago was designed and is conducted upon an elaborate scale. In its entirety the area covered by the different parks and public squares withinthe city limits embraces 1,974,61 acres. This is exclusive of the ground covered by park boulevards. The Park System proper is divided into three divisions, each division being under the con- trol of Park Commissioners, elected by the Courts. Thus we have three boards: The South Park Commissioners, the West Park Com- missioners and the North Park Commissioners. The parks under the supervision of these commissioners are maintained by direct tax upon the respective divisions of the city. Under control of the city government are a number of small parks, squares and ' ' places," which are maintained at the expense of the city treasury. The parks of Chicago form, wiih the boulevards as their connectinglinks, a chain around the city, both ends of which are anchored in Lake J. C. NEWCOMB MANUFACTURER OF Ornameniai ?'um Frames and HOLDIHCS. FACTORY A^JS^D SA.LESR00M:S 307-309 Wabash Ave., CHICAGO. OPPOSITE AUDITORIUM. /^NY STYLE FRAMES MADE TO ORDER ANY SIZE— For the Trade or Individual. OLD FRAMES REGILT AND REPAIRED Parlor Furniture Gilding a Specialty, Morgan Park Chicago's Leading Suburb, The Location of the Preparatory D e- partment o f the University of Chicago. The aristocratic res- idence and educa tional center of the South Side. Business Property near the Station, and Choice Resi- dence Lots in all parts of Morgan Park. ., #■> m^, [ Ml^J' k \. Acres a Sfecialty. Loans Negotiated. - - Houses Built. B. JP. CLA.RKB, BOOMS 409 AND 410. 218 La Salle street, CHICAGO. THE WOKLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 97 Michigan. For the visitor, all parks are within convenient reach. Cable lines or street cars "will carry you to any of them at the uniform rate of five cents. Trains on the Illinois Central •will take you to Jackson Park (South Park Station) and return for twenty- five cents. The great parks are grouped as follows; South Side. — Jackson Park — take Illinois Central train, foot Rauaolph, Van Buren, Sixteenth, Twenty-second, Twenty-seventh or Thirty-first street, or Cottage Grove avenue cable line, Washington Park — take State street or Cottage Grove avenue cable line, the former for Grand boulevard, the latter for Drexel boulevard entrance. Park phaetons convey visitors around Washington and Jackson parks, touching or stopping at all points of interest, for thirty- five cents per adult passenger; fifteen cents for children. West Side, — Douglas Park — take West Twelfth street or Ogden avenue cars, Garfield Parii — take West Madison street cable or West Lake street cars. Humboldt Park — take Milwaukee avenue cable line or West North avenue cars. North Side. — Lincoln Park — take North Clark or Wells street cable line to main entrance ; take North State strett cars to Lake Shore Drive entrance. Persons desiring to take other conveyances can make their selection from the hackney cabs, hansoms, coupes, etc., found at downtown stands. [See hack and cab ra'es.] Carriage arrangements may be made by telephone with the various livery stables, by the hour or by the day. During the summer and autumn months the parks and park boulevards are beautiful. LaLdscape gardening has been reduced to a science by the Park Commissioners, and the flower beds and foliage figures are among the most beautiful attractions Chicago has to offer lior visitors. The finest displays are at Washington Park on the South Side and at Lincoln Park on the North Side. Garfield, Douglas abd Humboldt Parks on the West Side are also worthy of a visit. Magnificent conservatories, open all the year around, are to be found in each of the great parks. At Lincoln Park there are extensive and interesting zoological gardens. The finest monu- ments in the city — notably the Lincoln and Grant statues— are also here. A grand summer night attraction at Lincoln Park is the beautiful electric fountain, presented to the public by Charles T. Yerkes, Esq. The lily beds also deserve attention at this park, and there is no more enjoyable carriage way in the city than the Lake shore drive which skirts Lincoln Park on the east. Adjacent to the park, at 9i0 N, Clark St., is the Relic House, a place which the visitor must not overlook. It contains thousands of relics and curi- osities, mostly relating to the gnat fire of 1871. Jackson Park on the South Side corresponds in situation with Liccoln on the North, but as it is given over to The World's Columbian Exposition 98 HAND-BOOK OP at present, its attractions are discussed under a separate heading. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Cliicago,] Police Department. — The police department of the city of Chicago is under the official control of the mayor, and is conducted by a general superintendent, an assistant superintendent, a secretary with the rank of captain, a private secretary to the general superin- tendent, a chief inspector, four division inspectors, 16 captains, 52 lieutenants, 56 patrol sergemts and 86 desk sergeants. The total force, including officers and men, number 2,508. Headquarters, City Hall. Cost of maintenance per annum, $3,000,000. The patrol wagon system, which is worked to perfection in this city, had its origin in Chicago. From the patrol boxes located at convenient corners, or by telephone from any point, place of business or resi- dence, a patrol wagon containing from four to eight police officers raav be summoned ai any hour of the day or night. The response is quick, surprisingly so to strangers, who are always interested in its operation. The telephone and telegraph are constantly employetl in connection with the police system of Chicago, and some arrests of dangerous and notorious characters have been made by the opera- tions of this system that could not have been accomplished under the old methods. The patrol service is also an ambulance corps, and renders valuable assistance in rescuing the injured in accidents, or in carrying to hospitals those who are suddenly stricken with illness. Besides the patrol wagons there are regular ambulances connected with the department. The number of patrol wagons in the service is 35. Postal Information. — The letter rate of postage is 2 cents ior each ounce, or fraction thereof, throughout the United States and Dominion of Canada. The postage on letters dropped in the office for delivery in the city is 2 cents per ounce. All letters must be fully prepaid by stamps, Tlie foreign rate is 5 cents to all countries in the Postal Union. Letters may be registered to all parts of the United States upon the payment of a fee of 10 cents in addition to the re2:alar postage. The fees for money-orders are: On orders not exceeding $5 — 5 cents; over $5 and not exceeding $10—8 cents; over no and not exceeding $15— 10 cents; over $15^nd not exceeding ^3')— 15 cents; over $30 and not exceeding $40—20 cents; over $40 and not exceeding $50 — 25 cents; over $50 and not exceeding $60— 30 cents; over |60 and not exceeding $70—35 cents; over $70 and not exceeding $80—40 cents; over $80 and not exceeding $100—45 cents; no fractions of cents to be introduced in the order. No single order issued for more than $100. Parties desiring to remit larger sums must obtain additional money-orders. No applicant, THE WOULD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 99 however, can obtain in one day more than three orders payable at the same office and to the same payee. Orders can be obtained upon any money-order office la Great Britain and Ireland, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Switzer- land, Italy, Canada, France, Algeria, Japan, Portugal, the Hawaiian Kingdom, Jamaica, New Zealand, New South Wales, Hungary, Egypt, Hong Kong, India and Tasmania, Queensland, Cape Colony, the Windward Islands and the Leeward Islands for any sum not exceeding $50 in United States' currency. No single order issued for more than $50. Parties desiring to remit larger sums must obtain additional money orders. There is no limit to the number of orders in the International Money Order System. The fees for all Interna- tional Money-Orders are: on orders not exceeding $10 — 10 cents; over $10 and not exceeding $20 — 20 cents; $20 and not exceeding $30—30 cents; $80 and not exceeding $40— 40 cents; $40 and not exceeding $50 — 50 cents. Foi\;ign visitors will be guided by the following luies for the closing of mails; Mails for Great Britain and Ireland dispatched in closed bags as follows: Sundays, Mon- days and Thursdays via New York, close 4 p. m. - For Denmaik, Norway and Sweden, dispatched in closed bags, Sundays, Mondays and Thursdays, close 4 p. m. For Germany, dispatched in closed bags, Mondays and Thursdays. For China, Japan, New Zealand, Australia, Sandwich Islands, Fiji Islands, Samoa, and special addressed matter for Siam, close daily at 2 p. m., sent to San Fran- cisco for dispatch in closed bags from that office. Note: Mails for countries not named above close daily 4 p. m., and are s'^nt to New York for dispatch in the closed bags from that office. For Canada, Province of Ontario and Quebec, close 7 a. m. and 8 p. m. daily, except Sunday, Sunday 5 p. m. Hamilion (city), Ontario, Toronto (city), Ontario, special dispatch close daily at 2.30 p. m. Quebec, London special dispatch close daily 10 a. m. Mail for above points close Sunday 5 p. M. For Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward's Island and Newfoundland close daily at 8:15 a. m. and 7 and 8 p. m. For British Columbia and Manitoba, close daily at 2 a. M. Foreign postage tables will be found in the public lobbies of the main and branch offices. For Mexico, close daily at 8:15 a. m. and 8 p. m. The letter rate of postage is two cents for each ounce, or fraction thereof, throughout the United States and Dominion of Canada. The postage on letters dropped in the office for delivery in the city istwo cents per ounce. All letters must be fullyprej^aid by stamps. The following classes of letters are not advertised: Drop letters, box letters, letters directed and sent to hotels and thence returned to the post-office as unclaimed; letters returned from the dead -letter office to writers, and card request letters; circulprs, free 100 HAND-BOOK OF packets, contaming documents, speeches, and other printed matter. N. B, — A request for the return of a letter to the writer within thirty- days or less, written or printed with the writer's name, postoffice and State across the left-hand side of the envelope, on the face side, will be complied with. Such letters will be returned to the writer free of postage. Post office Building. — Located on the square bounded by Adams street on the noith, Jackson street on the south, Dearborn street on the east and Clark street on the west, in the heart of the business center, within easy walking distance of all the great hotels, railroad depots and street car terminals. The erection of the build- ing was commenced in 1871, after the great fire, in which the old post-office building, northwest corner of Dearborn and Monroe streets, where the First National bank building now stands, was destroyed. Architecturally and mechanically the structure is a failure. Although costing in the lielghborhood of -$5,000,000, it has been an eyesore to the people of Chicago, a perfect biot iipon the architectural beauty of the city, and inconvenient, inadequate and unsafe for the purposes to which it is dedicated. When erected it was supposed to be large enough to meet the demands of the Chi- cago postal service for fifty years to come. Inside of ten years it proved to be too small. The building as it stands to-day is hardly worth a description. The visitor, however, will be interested in walking through it, because of the immense volume of business con- ducted there, and the bustling crowds to be met with in the cor- ridors. A new post-office, to cost between $5,000,000 and |6,000,- 000, will shortly take its place. The building is also occupied by the Custom house officers and the United States courts. Public Library — Occupies entire fourth floor of the City Hall (excepting council chamber.) Was founded in 1872. The library contained on January 1st, 1892, 171,709 volumes, and the collection is increasing by purchase and donation at the rate of somewhat over 10,000 volumes annually. Its literary treasures, many of which can not be duplicated at any cost, are at the lowest estimate valued at $275,000. With an annual circulation and consultation of over 1,500,000 volumes, it leads the circulation of the free public libra- ries of the country. At the Paris Exposition of 1889 it received the distinguished honor of an award of a gold medal, on an exhibit con- sisting of the annual report, finding lists and a volume showing in detail the administration of the library in every department. A reading-room is maintained, which last year was patronized by 500,000 visitors, 450,000 periodicals being given out across the Qounter. There are also reference departments, including general, THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 101 patent and medical, which are consulted by thousands of people in search of special knowledge, annually. A magnificent new libiaiy building is being erected on Michigan avenue, between Washington and Randolph streets. It will occupy an entire block. [SteFlinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Railroads and Depots. —The following are the principal railroads centering in Chicago, with location of their central depots and how to reach them by street car. Atchison, Toipeka Sc Santa Fc— Central depot Polk st. and Third ave. Take State st. cable line or Dearborn st. horse car line. Baltimore & O/iio.— Central depot, Harrison bt. and Fifth ave. Only a short walkfi'om the business center. Chicago & Ei^ie.— Central depot, Polk st. and Third ave. Take State st. cable or Dearb rn st. horse car line. Chicago & Alton. - Central depot. Canal and Adams sts.. West Side. Take cars going west on Adams, Van Buren or Madison sts. Only a short walk from business center. Chicago cfc Eastern Illinois.— Central depot, Polk st. and Third ave. Take State St. cable or Dearborn st. horse car line. Chicago & Grand Trunk.— Central depot, Polk st. and Third ave. Take State St. cable or Dearborn st. horse car line. Chicago & Northern Pacific— Central depot, Fifth ave. and Harrison st. Take Van Buren st. cars going west from State or south from Madison sts., or Harrison st. line. Chicago & North Western.— Central Depot, Wells and Kinzie sts.. North Side. Take Dearborn, State or Wells street car going north. Only a short walk from the business center. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy.— Central depot. Canal and Adams sts. West bide. Take Adams, Van Buren or Madison street car gomg west. Only a short walk from business center. Chicago, Milwauliee & St. Paul.— Central depot. Canal and Adams sts., West Side. Take Adams, Van Buren or Madison street car going west. Only a fchort walk from business center. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific— Central depot, Van Buren and Sherman streets. Take ears on Clark street or Fifth avenue going south . Only a short walk from business center. Chicago, St. Louis & Pittshurg— Central depot. Canal and Adams sts.. West Side. Take Adams, Van Buren or Madison street car going Avest. Only a short walk from business center. Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas Cifi/.— Central depot, Harrison st. and Fifth ave. Take Van Buren street cars going west from State or south from Mad- ison St., or Harrison street line. Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis ("The Big 4.")— Central depot, foot of Lake St. Only a short walk from business center. Illinois Central.— Central depot, footof Lake st. Only a short walk from business center. La?!6 Shore & Michigan Southern.— Central depot. Van Buren and Sher. man sts. Take cars on C ark st. or Fifth ave. going south. Only a short walk from business center. 102 HAND-BOOK OF Louisville, New Albany & Chicago ("Monon Route").— Central depot, Polk St. and Third ave. Take State street cable or Dearborn street car line. Michigan Ccntral.—Centrai depot, foot of Lake st. Only a short walk from business center. Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago.— CentraX depot, Canal and Adams sts., "West side. Take Adams, Van Buren or Madison street ear going west. Only a short walk from business center, Wabash . —Central depot, Polk st . and Third ave . Take State street cable or Dearborn street horse car line. Shipping. — It will be a surprise to the stranger, whether Ameri- ca'n or foreign, to learn that the arrivals and clearances of vessels at Chicago harbor exceed those of New York by fully 50 per cent. ; that they are nearly as many as those of Baltimore, Boston and New York combined, and that they are a fraction of over 60 per cent, as many as all the arrivals and clearances in Baltimore, Boston, New York, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Portland and San Francisco. Chicago has also fully 25 per cent, of the entire lake-carrying trade, as compared with the total arrivals and clearances in Buffalo, Detroit, Duiuth, Erie, Huron, Grand Haven, Milwaukee, Ogdens- biirg, Sandusky and Marquette. The arrivals at Chicago harbor last year exceeded 10,000 ; the clearances, 10,200; tonnage, $5,000, 000. The Chicago river with its branches, and the Calumet river with its branches, form the harbor of Chicago. [See Flinn's Stand- ard Guide to Chicago.] Suburbs of Chicago. ^Chicago is justly proud of her beautiful surroundings. She is the central diamond of a magnificent cluster. What has been lacking in natural scenery in the country about has been made up by the taste, the genius and industry of the people, who have dotted the prairies with hamlets, villages, towns and cities as charming as any that ever encircled the neck of a metropolis, ancient or modern: Business and professional people, M^ho are not wealthy enough to own mansions and grounds on the fashionable avenues and boulevards of the city, but who desire to own homes of their own, naturally seek the suburbs. With rapid and comfortable transit; with perfect sewerage, water and illuminating systems; with educational facilities equal and in many respects superior to those which maybe had in the city; with religious and social advantages of a character to satisfy the most exacting demands of a moral and refined people, the suburbs of Chicago have grown at a most remarkable rate in number and in beauty. The stranger bent upon carrying away an intelligent idea of Chicago and her surroundings, should not miss the opportunity while here of visitingihe suburbs and charming summer resorts in this vicinity. Among the most beautiful and interesting suburbs and outlying towns are the followinsr: [The figures in parenthesis indicate distance from the Cty Hall. TKe Wants' nal BaQK aiP c 13:10 .A.a-0. statement at Close of Business, March 1, 1892. RESOURCES. Loans and Discounts $ 7,208,865 45 Overdrafts 387 97 U. S. Bonds at par 50,000 00 Other Bonds at par 283,700 00 Banking House and Safe Deposit Vaults 125,000 00 Due from Banks and U. S. Treasury 1,899,482 69 Coin and Currency 3,848,329 45 $13,415,765 56 LIABILITIES. Capital I 500,000 00 Surplus 1,500,000 00 Undivided Profits 287,957 32 Deposits 11,127,808 24 $13,415,765 56 CHAUNCEY J. BLAIR, HENRY A. BLAIR President. Secon d Vice-President. FRED'K W. CROSBY, JOHN C. NEELY, Vice-President. Cashier. L, o o 7^ •a ^ ■5 ^ O m "H ^ ^S 1^ lU ■< h til "S Q c CO W W < < A FIRE KILLER. THE BEnm GHEiCIIL FIBE EXTI|ll!DI!iHEB BEST iisr tx3:e '^s7^o:rjljJD. t^ J-TL No pressure on machine until used, Guaran- f^m=m ^ 1 A lit \ 1 a teed for TEN years without at- tention. If- \ The most pow- erful Combina- tion of Chemicals for the destruc- t i n f fi r e, known toscience- ^ ill i! Hi ii r _ 1 ^ 1 NICKEL FINISH. 1 Reliable and Always ready for Immediate Use. Ask us what our claims for su- periority are over all others, and we will gladly inform you. Built in 1 to 5 Gal- Sizes. THE m% mm. fire ehiiihe co.. COLUMBUS, OHIO, U. S. A. And 285 DEARBORN STREET, - - CHICAGO, ILL. I THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 103 The most direct railroad line is also given:] ArgylePark(53^, C.,M. & St. P. R. R.), AubumPark(9, C. &E. 1.), Aurora(39, C, B. &Q.), Austin (63^. C. & N. W.), Berwyn (9^, C, B. &Q.), Dauphin Park (61^,1. C), Downer's Grove (23, C, B. &Q.), Edgewater(73^. C.,M. &St.P.),Eggleston(9,C.,R. I. & P.), Elgin (42, C. & N. W.), Engle- wood Heights (73^, C. , R. I. & P. ), Englewood on the Hill (7i, C. , R. I. &P.), Evanston (12, C. & N. W.), Geneva (35i, C. & K W.), Glen Ellyn (23, C. &N. W.), Gray's Lake (45i^, C. & N. P.), Grossdale (12, C, B. & Q.), Hammond (13, C. & W. L). Harvey (12, I. C), Hawthorne (6, C, B. & Q.), Highland Park (23, C. & N. W.). Hins- dale (17, C, B. & Q.). Irving Park (63^, C. & N. W.), Joliet (39, C. & A.), Kenosha (514, C. & K. W.), La Grange (14, C, B. & Q.), Lake Bluff (30, C. &. N. W.), Lake Forest (28^, C. & N. W.), Lake Ville (5H, C. & N. P.), Maywood (10, C. & N. W.), Montrose (7i, C. & N, W.), Morgan Park (13, C, R. I. «& P.), Morton Park {6U, C, B. & Q.), Naperville (30, C, B. & Q.), Normal Park (7, C. & E.), Oak Park (8%, C. & N. W.), Racine (68, C. & N. W.), Ravenswood (5, C. & N. W.), River Forest (9, C. & N. W.), River- side (12^^, C, B. & Q.),Roseland(13i^,I. C), Pullman (133^, I. C), South Evanston (11, C. & N. W.), Tolleston (25, M. C), Washing- ton Heights (16, C, St. L. & P.), Waukegan (353^, C. & N. W.), Waukesha (1043^, C. & N. W.). Whiting (13, B. & O.), Wilmette (14, C. & N. W.), Winetka (18, C. & K W.), Woodlawn(83^, I. C). [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Taxable Valuation of Cook County Property. — The total valuation of all the taxable property in Cook County is |282,676,- 167. The total real estate valuation aggregates $223,859,166; per- sonal property, $48,795,740; railroad property, $15,021,261. Topography op Chicago. — The city of Chicago is level but not flat. There are considerable rises here and there, the most notice- able being the ridge which traverses the southern portion, west of Hyde Park, to the Indiana line. All difficulties in the way of sew- ering have been overcome long since by skillful engineering. The Chicago river which originally emptied into, now flows out of the lake. The sewerage is carried by the river, in great part, to a canal which conducts it through the interior. It finally finds its way into the Illinos and Mississippi rivers. The drainage of the city is an interesting subject, and the plans for future work in this connection are of great magnitude and involve the expenditure of many mil- lions. Tributary Cities and Towns. — The following are the principal cities and towns of the West, Southwest and Northwest, tributary to Chicago, with their distances from this city, the railroad lines by 104 HAND-BOOK OF which they maybe reached and their respective populations accord- ing to the census of 1890: Cincinnati (306, B. & O.), population 296,309; Cleveland (365, L. S. & M. S.), 261,546; Columbus (315. P. C. C. & St. L ), 90,000; Des Moines (357, C. H. I. & P.), 50,000; De- troit (285, M. C), 205,669; Galena a80, C. & N. W.), 4,603; Gales- burg (163, C, B. & Q >, 15,212; Indianapolis (140, P. C. C. & St. L.), 125,000; Jacksonville (200, C. & A.), 12,357; Kansas City (488 C. M. & St. P.), 105,000; Keokuk (C. R. I. & P.), 14,075; Leavenworth (522 C. R. I. & P.), 30,000; Louisville (323 L., N. A. &C.), 185,756; Mil- waukee (85, C. & N. W. and C. M. & St. P.), 204,150; Minneapolis (420, C. & N. W. aud C. M. & St. P.). 164,780; Omaha (490, C. «fe N. W. and C. M. &. St. P., C. R. I. & P.), 134,742; Quincy (263, C. B. & Q.), 31,478; St. Joseph (500, C. R. I. & P., C. B. & Q.; C, St. P. & K. C), 75,000; St. Louis (283, C. & A., I. C. and Wabash), 460,357; St. Paul (360, C.& N. W.; C. M. & St. P. and W. C), 133,156; Springfield (185, C. & A., I. C. and Wabash), 24,852. The follow- ing are towns of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan and Wisconsin, immediately tributary to Chicago, not included above, with their populations according to the census of 1890: Illinois: Aurora, 19,634; Belleville, 15,360; Bloomington, 20,000; Cairo, 14,000; Canton, 5,589; Champaign, 5,827; Danville, 11,528; Decatur, 16,841; Dixon, 5,149; E. St. Louis, 15,156; Elgin, 17,429; Freeport, 11,000; Galena, 6,406; Joliet, 27,407; Lincoln, 6,125; Litchfield, 5,798; Mat- toon, 6,829; Molioe, 11,995; Monmouth, 5,837; Ottawa, 11,500; Paris. 5,049; Peoria. 40,758; Rockford, 23,589; Rock Island, 13,596; Sterling, 5,822; Streator, 6,120. Indiana: Anderson, 10,759; Brazil, 5,902; Columbus, 6,705; Crawfordsville, 6,086; Elkhart, 11,000; Evansville, 50,674; Ft. Wayne, 35,349; Goshen, 6,027, Huntington, 7,300; Jeffersonville, 11,274; Kokomo, 8,224 Lafayette, 16,407; LaPorte, 7,122; Logansport, 13,798; Madison, 8,923; Marion, 8,724; Michigan City, 10,704; Muncie, 11,339; New Albany, 21,000; Peru, 6.731; Princeton, 6,494; Richmond, 16.849; Seymour, 5,337; Shelbyville, 5,449; South Bend, 21,786; Terre Haute, 30,287; Valparaiso, 5,083; Vincennes, 8,815, Wabash, 5,196; Washington, 6.052. Iowa: Boone, 6,518; Burlington, 22,528; Cedar Rapids, 17,997; Clinton, 13,629; Creston, 9,120; Davenport, 25,161; Dubuque,30,147; Ft. Madison, 7,906; Iowa City, 5,628; Lyons, 5,791; Marshalltown, 9,308; Muscatine, 11,432; Oskaloosa, 7,300: Ottumwa, 13,996; Sioux City, 37,862; Waterloo, 6,679. Michigan: Adrian, 9,239; Alpena, 11,228: Ann Arbor, 9,509; Battle Creek, 13,000; Bay City, 27,826. Big Rapids, 5,265; Cheboygan, 6,244; Coldwater, 5,462; Escanaba, 8,000; Flint, 9,845; Grand Rapids, 64,147; Ishpeming. 11,184; Kalamazoo, 17,857; Lansing, 12.630; Ludington, 7,499; Manistee, 12,799; Marquette, THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 105 9,096; Menominee, 10.606; Monroe, 5,246; Muskegon, 22,688; Negaunee, 6,061; Owosso, 6,544; Pontiac. 6,243; Pt. Huron, 13,519; Saginaw, 46,215; W. Bay Cit}^ 12,910; Ypsilanti, 6,128. Wiscon- sin: Appleton, 11,825; Ashland, 16,000; Beloit. 6,276; Chippewa Falls, 8,520; Eau Claire, 17,438; Fond du Lac, 11,942; Green Bay, 8,879; Janesviile, 10,631; Kenosha, 6,529; LaCrosse, 25,053; Madi- son, 13,392; Manitowoc, 7,525; Marinette, 11,513; Menominee, 5,485; Neenah, 5,076; Oconto, 5,221; Oshkosh, 22,753; Portage, 5,130; Kacine, 21,022; Sheboygan, 16,341; Stevens Point, 7,888; Water- town, 8,870; Waukesha, 7,475; Wausau, 9,251; Superior, 13,000. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago. 1 Water Works: — The water works of Chicago are among the wonders of the city, not alone because of their magnitude, but because of the magnificent engineering features which they present to the intelligent or curious visitor. The great central pumping works of the system are as follows: Foot of Chicago avenue. North Side. Take North Clark street cable or State streetcar to Chicago avenue, and walk east toward the lake. These works are at the Southern end of the Lake Shore drive and should be visited by all strangers. West Side works, corner of Blue Island avenue and Twenty-second street. Take Blue Island avenue car. Central pumping station, West Harrison street, between Desplaines and Halsted streets. Take Harrison street or South Halsted street cars. To visit the different " cribs" situated in Lake Michigan, during the sum- mer months, take excursion boats on the lake shore, foot of Van Buren street. The fare for round trip is 25 cents. The area of Chi- cago is about 181 square miles, the greater part of which is thickly populated, requiring good facilities for an abundant supply of water. This is drawn from Lake Michigan by a number of sepa- rate water works, all of which are operated upon the same plan. Owing to the perfectly level plain upon which Chicago is built, there is no natural elevation available for the establishment of reser- voirs. The water, when drawn from the lake, is pumped directly into the mains against a stand-pipe head of about 100 feet. The water supply of Chicago and her environs is taken from Lake Michigan, which is a part of the chain of lakes and rivers composing the basin of the St. Lawrence. To form some idea of this inexhaustible and magnificent reservoir of pure water, at the very doors of her people, it is only necessary to give a few pertinent statistics. The chief geographer of the United States geogical survey gives the fol- lowing data : Area of basin of St. Lawrence, 457,000 square miles, of which 330,000 belong to Canada, 127,000 to the United States. Lake Superior — area, 31,200 square miles, length, 412 miles ; mini- mum breadth, 167 miles ; maximum depth, 1,008 feet ; altitude above 106 HAND BOOK OF sea leavel, 602 feet. Lake Huron— area. 21,000 square miles ; 263 miles long, 101 broad , maximum depth, 702 feet, altitude, 581 feet. Lak ! St. Clair; 29 miles long ; Lake Erie, area, 9,960 square miles ; length, 250 miles; maximum breadth, 60 miles; maximum depth, 210 feet ; altitude, 573 feet, and the above Lake Ontario 326 feet. Lake Ontario — area, 7,240 square miles ; length, 190 miles ; breadth, 54 miles ; maximum depth, 738 feet ; altitude, 247 feet. Lake Michi- gan — area, 22,450 square miles ; maximum breadth, 84 mile^; length, 345 miles, maximum depth, 870 feet ; altitude, 581 feet. The vari- ous tunnels into the lake (now 9 in number) are builtupon anincline, so that the vy^ater pours into wells under the pumping works. In getting there it has been allowed to fall several feet belowthe level of the lake. When the pumping is light, of course the water rises in the wells to the level of its source — the lake — but in Chicago the demand is so strong that tlie pumps keep the water in the wells sev- eral feet below that in the lake, raising the water from a distance maybe sixteen feet below the lake surface. After the pumps have thus raised the water their work is just begun. They must now force it out the mains and into the houses, juntas an ordinary well pump, with the valve in the bottom of the well instead of up near the pump handle, brings the water to the pump spout. The use of the tower is now shown. Take away a section of the masonry and there remains an upright pipe. A description of the West Side water works tower will serve as an illustration. There the standpipe is five feet in diameter and about 167 feet high. It is made of plate boiler iron about five-eighths of an inch thick, and looks like an ordinary engine boiler except in length. When the water passes the valve in the pump it passes through the main pipe, close by the base of this tower, or may pass under the tower. An opening allows the water to run out of the pipe into the tower stand- pipe. At the West Side works there, are four of these main pipes, all opening into the stand-pipe. Now comes the essential pfirt, which is very simple when understood. The pumps are started, say at a pressure of forty pounds to the square inch of surface. The water is forced out along the mains, and through the opening into the tower stand-pipe. That will raise the water about two and one- third feet in the stand-pipe for each pound of pressure, which is about ninety-three feet for the forty pound?. The weight of the water in the pipe represents that power, and stands there as an elastic spring or cushion, rising and falling, equalizing the pressure on the water faucets and pipes. If every one having faucets on the main should close them, the water pumped in the main would have an escape through this pipe, and the rpsnh can be imagined — the pipe wouldn't hold it very long if the pun is were not stopped. But THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 107 there is an indicator, like the hands on the face of a clock, which shows. jusL how much water itj being drawn, or how much of the power is used, and the engineer regulates his pumping accordingly. After the above explanation it may be simply stateil that the stand- pipe in the water tower furnishes an equalizer, so that when Mil engine is running at a given rate of speed or pressure, the turning on or off of a few more or less faucets by consumers may not seriously and too suddenly affect the pressure and supply. The Water AVorks System may be intelligently dtscribed by con- rtuing ourselves to the principal Water Works, or those now in lull operation. Two miles from the shore, in the lake, a substan- tial structure is located, which is popularly styled "the crib," with- ia which is an iron cylinder 9 feet in diameter, extending down 31 feet below^ the bottom of the lake, and connecting with two distinct tunnels leading to separate pumping works on shore. Water is admitted into the crib from the surface of the lake, its flow being regulated by a gate. The tunnel first constructed is five feet in (1 in meter, and communicates with the pumping works at the foot of Chicaiio ave. , where there are four double and two single engines, which^furnishesa daily average of 50.000,000 gallons under a head of 105 7 feet. The Sfcond tunnel is seven feet in diameter, and ex tends under the lake and under the city; a distance of six miles, to the pumping works on the West Side, in which there are four engines whose daily performance is about 61,000,000 gallors under a head of 106 feet. A new central pumping station has recently been built on West Harrison St., between Desplaines and Ha'sted sts. which is for the present obtaining its supply of water from the seven-foot tunnel just referred to. It is equipped with two triple expansion engines, built by the Edward P. Allif' Com- pany, of Milwaukee, each weighing "440 tons, iucluding pumps, and each calculated to deliver 15,000,000 gallons daily against a head of 125 feet, with a steam pressure of 125 pounds. With a view to meeting the requirements in the near future of this rapidly growing city, a new lake tunnel has just been completed. The in-take to this tunnel is located four miles from shore, to avoid the pollution of the water supply from the drainage into the lake. The original plans contemplated an eight-foot tunnel, but difficul- ties were encountered in the nature of the soil which made it neces- sary to reduce the size, and two six-foot tunnels were then driven. An intermediate crib has been built, two and one-half miles from shore, to enable the water supply from this source to be made available when necessary. The central pumping station at Harrison st. will eventnallv draw its supply from this new tunnel, as will the new pampiiig station situated on Fourteenth 108 HAND BOOK OF St. The latter station is supplied with four triple expaDsion engines of the same pattern as those at the Harrison street sta- tion. The average temperature of the water in the lake is: Jan- uary, 32.0; February, 32.0; March, 35.4; April, 43 3; May, 51.9; June, 54.9; July, 65.9; August, 60.2; October, 50 6; November, 43.0; De- cember, 37.5. The cost of the Water Works of Chicago up to 1893 is about. $18,000,000. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Yerkes Fountain, The —Among the great attractions for the visitor is the magnificent electric founiain at Lincoln Park, which was presented to the people of Chicago by Mr. C. T. Yerkes, presi- dent of the North and West Side street railway companies. This fountain cost in the neighborhood of $50,000, and is the finest of its kind in existence. It is in operation about two hours every pleasant evening during the summer mouths, and p^'esents an enchanting spectacle to the hundreds of thousands of people who flock to see it. It is as if the colors of a hundred rainbows were concentrated here iuto one beautiful fountain of prismatic light. Its ever-changing glories compel the coldest of observers to give expression to won- der, amazement and delight. Take N. Clark st. cable line about 7 P.M., during the summer evenings, for main entrance to Lincoln Park and North Clark St., and walk directly east toward the Lake shore. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] If you have one limb two to ten inches shorter than the other, we can make you look like people with two sound limbs. Can wear shoes, low quarter pumps, etc., by buying our Extension. Send for Price List and Circulars. B£FOR£. AS I LOOKED B'lFORK I BOUGHT THE o'CONNOR EXTENSION. THE E. L. O'CONNOR CO. 167-169 Wat)a$h Avenue, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, [Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.! THE NEW JOHN M. SMYTH BUILDING,- WEST MADISON ST. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 10 PART lY. INCEPTION OF THE WORLD'S FAIR PROJECT.-THE SELECTION OF CHICAGO.-PRESIDENrS PROCLAMATION -COST OF THE GREAT UNDERTAKING.-THE SITE AND BUILDINGS.— A VIEW OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION FROM THE LAKE. -WONDERS OF THE DAY AND BEAUTIES OF THE NIGHT. The proposal to hold a World's Fair in the United States to com- memorate the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of Amei- ica by Christopher Columbus began to interest the public seriously in 1888, although there had been talk of such an enteipiise at inter- vals for ten years previous to that time. In 1889 the entire country appeared to favor the enterprise, and it became a settled point that such an exposition should be held. Several cities almost immedi- ately entered into competition, notably New York, Chicago, St. Louis aud Washington, to be designated as the place of its locatioD, and urged their respective claims before Congress wiih all the force and intluence they could command, It was apparent from the start, almost, that either New York or Chicago would be selected. Chicago, wiih characteristic energy, formtd an organiza- tion — the World's Columbian Exposition — embracing its most sub- stantial business men, raised more than $5,000,000 by subscription, and pledged itself to increase the amount to $10,000,000, to be expended ia behalf of the Fair. Chicago's superiority in many respects as a place for holding the Exposition was admitted, and on the first ballot this city led New York by more than 40 votes. It captured the prize on the eighth ballot, receiving 157 votes to 107 for New York, 25 for St. Louis and 18 for Washington. The dis- appointment of its rivals soon wore off, and the selection of Chicago has now almost universal approval. 110 HAND BOOK OP la March, 1890, Senator Daniel, of Virginia, introduced a bill in the Senate of the United States to authorize and establish the expo- sition at Chicago. It was referred to a special committee of the two houses, which reported a bill that passed and was approved by the President, April 25, 1890. The act is entitled "An Act to provide for celebrating the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, by holding an international Exhibition of Arts, Industries, Manufactures and the product of the soil, mine and sea, in the City of Chicago, in the State of Illinois." The act makes the following provisions: A national commission, to be designated as the World's Columbian Commission, to be com- posed of two commissioners from each state and territory and from the District of Columbia, and eight commissioners at large, is created. The commissioners from the states and territories are to be appointed by the respective governors thereof, and those at large and from the District of Columbia by the President. Like provision is also made for the appointment of alternates. The compensation of the commissioners must not exceed $6.00 per day, when they are necessarily away from home on the business of the commission, and actual traveling expenses. The Secretary of State is directed to notify the governors to appoint commissioners. When all are ap- pointed they shall meet at Chicago and organize, and they are au- thorized to accept such site and plans as are submitted by the cor- poration of the state of Illinois already in existence — "The World's Columbian Exposition," or local directory — provided that corpora- tion give evidence of the possession of a bona-fide subscribed capital stock of $5,000,000, and that it can secure an additional $5,000,000, making it $10,000,000 in all. The commission is directed to deter- mine the plan and scope of the exposition, allot space for exhibitors, prepare a classification of exhibits, appoint judges and examiners, and generally have charge of all intercourse with the exhibitors and the representatives of foreign nations. And it is also required to appoint a board of lady managers. The act directs that a dedication of the buildings of the exposition shall take place with appropriate ceremonies, October 13, 1892, and the exposition shall be open THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Ill not later than May 1, 1893, and close not later than October 26, 1893. Whenever the Piesident shall be notified by the commission that the preliminary provisions of the act have been complied with, he shall make a proclamation setting forth the time the exposition shall open and close, and inviting foreign nations to take part therein and appoint representatives thereto. Articles im- ported from foreign countries for the sole purpose of exhibition in the exposition, shall be admitted dutyfree, but, if afterwards sold for consumption in the United States, shall pay the customary duty. Provision is made for government exhibits and the erection of a government building or buildings, to cost not exceeding $400,000. The entire sum for which the government of the United States is liable on account of this special exhibit must not exceed $1,500,000. It is declared that nothing in the act shall be construed to create any liability of the United States for any debt or obligation incurred by the commission in excess of the appropriations made by Congress. Section 8 of the act provides, "That the President is hereby em- powered and directed to hold a naval review in New York harbor in April, 1893, and to extend to foreign nations an invitation to send ships of war, to join the United States Navy in rendezvous at Hamp- ton Roads, and to proceed thence to said review." The commissioners were appointed, and the first session of the commission was held at Chicago, June 26, 1890. Hon. Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan, was chosen president, and John T, Dickinson, of Texas, secretary. The local corporation, after much discussion and several changes, had finally selected Jackson and Washington Parks and the Lake Front Park as a dual site for the exposition, and this action was ratified by the commission. At the second meeting of the commis- sion, beginning September 15, a director-general was elected, a board of lady manag rs appointed, the classification of the exhibits made, and architectural designs for the buildings considered. The Pres- ident of the United States was subsequently notified that all the preliminary requirements of the act of Congress had been complied with, and in accordance with the law, therefore, on December 24, 1890, he issued his proclamation. The proclamation was as follows: 113 HAND-BOOK OF By the President of the United States of America: A PROCLAMATION. Whereas, Satisfactory proof has been presented to me that provision has been made for the adequate grounds and buildings for the uses of the World's Columbian Exposition, and that a sum not less than $10,000,COO, to be used and expended for the purposes of said Exposition, has been provided in accordance with the conditions and requirem nts of section 10 of an act, entitled "An Act to provide for celebrating the four- hundredth anni- versary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures and the prod- ucts of the soil, mine and sea, in the city of Chicago, in the State of Illinois," approved April 25, 1893. Now, THEREFORE, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States by virtue of the authority vested in me by said Act, do hereby declare and proclaim that such International Exhibition will be opened on the first day of May, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-three, in the city of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, and will not be closed before the last Thurs- day in October of the same year. And in the name of the Government and of the people of the United State-!, I do hereby invite all t' e nations of the earth to take part in the commemoration of an event that is pre-eminent in human history and of lasting interest to mankind, by appointing representatives thereto, and sending such exhibits to the World's Columbian Exposition as will most fitly and fully illustrate their resources, their industries and their prog- ress in civilization. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington this twenty-fourth day of December, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and ninety, and the inde- pendence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth. By the President: Benjamin Harrison. James G. Blaine, Secretary of State. This proclamation, accompanied by a letter of the Secretary of State, rogalatioas for foreign exhibitors, regulations of the Secre- tary of the Treasury governing tbe free importation of exhibits, and the prospectus of a proposed World's Congress Auxiliary of the World's Columbian Exposition, was sent to the following coun- tries early in January, 1891: Argentine Republic, Siberia, Austria- Hungary, Mexico, Belgium, Netherlands, Paraguay and Uruguay, Brazil, Persia, Peru, Gautemala, Portugal, Salvador, Roumania, Nicaragua, Russia, Honduras, Servia, Costa Rica, Siam, Chili, THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 113 Spain, China, Sweden and Norway, Colombia, Switzerland, Corea, Turkey, Denmark, Venezuela, Ecuador, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hawaiian Islands, Italy, Japan. The World's Congress Auxiliary, referred to above, is an author- ized adjunct of the World's Fair, and aims to supplement the exposition which that will make of the material progress of the world by a portrayal of the " wonderful achievements of the new age in science, literature, education, government, jurisprudence, morals, charity, religion and other departments of human activity, as the most effective means of increasing the fraternity, progress, prosperity and peace of mankind." Virtually it will be a series of congresses at which the greatest thinkers of the world will discuss, among other themes, the following: I. The grounds of fraternal union in the language, literature, domestic life, religion, science, art and civil institutions of different peoples. II. The economic, industrial and financial problems of the age. III. Educational systems, their advantages and their defects; &nd the means by Avhich they may best be adapted to the recent enormous increase in all departments of knowledge. J V. The practicability of a common language, for use in the commer- cial relations of the civilized world. V. International copyright and the laws of intellectual property and commerce. VI. Immigration and naturalization laws, and the proper international privileges of alien governments, and tbeir subjects, or citizens. VII. The most efficient and advisable means of preventing or decreas- ing pauperism, insanity, and crime; and of increasing productive ability, prosperity and virtue throughout the world. VIII. International law as a bond of union and a means of mutual pro- tection ; and how it may best be enlarged, perfected and authoritatively expressed. IX. The establishment of the principles of judicial justice, as the supreme law of international relations, and the general substitution of arbitration for war in the settlement of international cont oversies. Fuller information regarding the World's Congress Auxiliary is given later on. The idea of a dual site was abandoned very soon as imprac- ticable, and Jackson Park was selected as the location of the Exposition buildings. This change, opposed vigorously at first, was soon generally approved. Many of the minor buildings, special exhibits, etc., were provided for with space in Wash- ington Park and on Midway Plaisance. Jackson park is beau- tifully situated on the lake shore seven miles southeast of the City Hall, and embraces 586 acres. Washington park 114 HAND-BOOK OP is a mile or more nearer and has 371 acres. Midway Plais- ance has 80 acres. Thus a total of 1,037 acres is available for the Exposition, The spacious grounds of the Washington Driving Park Association, adjoining Washington park on the south, may be used for certain stock exhibits. Upon these parks previous to their selection as the World's Fair site, $4,000,000 was spent in laying out the grounds and beautifying them by lawns, flower-beds, shrubbery, etc. The site is an ideal one. No world's fair ever had one sur- passing it. It is four times as large as that devoted to the Paris Exhibitions of 1878 and 1889. It has a frontage of 2 miles on Lake Michigan, the largest body of fresh water on the globe. The build- ings cover twice the area and cost twice as much as did those of the Paris Exposition of 1889. Alone they have cost nearly fifty per cent, of the total expense attending the Paris fair. The plans were prepared by the best architects in America, and the several struc- tures exhibit the highest achievements of American architecture. Altogether nearly |5,000,000 have been spent in laying out and beautifying the grounds of Jackson and Washington Parks, and the features of landscape gardening which the visitor will behold are in themselves sufficient recompense for a trip from the end of the world. To supply the Exposition buildings and grounds with water two plants were put in, one with capacity of 24,000,000 gallons a day, and the other of 40,000,000 gallons. Thus 64,000,000 gallons a day are available. The pumping works and all the great machinery furnishing power to the Exposition are open to the inspection of vis- itors, A system for drainage, believed to be adequate and perfect, was adopted. Perfect sew^erage, too, was secured. All refuse from the cafes and kitchens, and from lavatories and closets, of which 6,500 were constructed at an expense of some $450,000 is received by injectors and forced by compressed air through underground pipes into four huge tanks, where it is treated chemically and rendered entirely inoffensive. Plans adopted for lighting the buildings and grounds provided for 138,218 electric lamps, of which 6,766 are arc ■ lamps of 2,000 caudle-power each, and 131,452 incandescent, 16 can- dle-power each. The electric lighting cost something like $1,500,000 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 115 and is ten times as extensive as was employed at the Paris Exposi- tion. The light and motive plant at the Exposition require 26,000 horse-power, of which 22,000 is required for the electric plant. Before going into a general description of the Exposition buildings and grounds itis necessary that the visitor should learn something of the details. The dimensions and cost of the magnificent struct- ures which rear their beautiful domes on all sides of you will be interesting. The following condensed table will convey this infor- mation in a compact and intelligible form: Buildings. Manufactures and Liberal Arts Administration Mines . Eleetri ity Transportation " Annex Wom^Jn's Art Galleries " Annexes (3) Fisheries " Annexes (3) Horticulture " Greenhouses (8) Machinery " Annex. " Power house. " Pumping Works " Machine Shop Agriculture " Annex " Assembly Hall, etc . . Forestry. Saw Mill Dairy Live Stock (3) ' Pavillion Sheds Casino Music Hall TJ. S. Goverment " Imitation Battleship. Illinois State '• Wings (2) Dimensions in f , et. m X1687 363 X 263 350 3i5 256 435 199 3311 120 700 X X X X X X X 165 X 365 135 diam'r 250 X 998 34 X ■"" X X X X 50J X 8' 300 X 550 125 X 450 208 X 528 125 X 300 100 X 200 65 X 3( 280 X 440 490 100 77 146 90.1 600 200 100 846 550 461 84 250 120 X 25(1 120 X 250 345 X 415 19.25 X 348 160 X 450 Area in acres. 30.5 1.6 5 6 5.5 5.6 I 8.«)" 1.8 3.71 M* 1.4/ .8f 5.7 .5 6.2)" 2 1 9.2 1 3.8 i 1.3 2.5 .9 .5 .9 2.8 40. '.'i'\ 153.8 3.3 .3 1 71 Cost. Sl,500,000 435,000 265,000 401,000 370,000 138,000 670,000 224,000 300,000 25,000 1,200,000 85,000 618,000 250,' 00 .4 $7,791,000 ^Including connect ng peristyle. 116 HAND-BOOK OF Two of the last named buildings were erected at the ex- pense of the United States Government, and one at the expense of the State of Illinois, but these must be classed among the great Exposition structures. The Exposition buildings, not including those of the Government and Illinois, have also a total gallery area of 45.9 acres, thus making their total floor space 199.7 acres. The Fine Arts building has 7 885 lineal feet, or 145. 852 square feet, of wail space. All of the annexes are scarely less imposing and architecturally beautiful than the main buildings themselves. The live-stock sheds which cover an immense area as indicated, are constructed as in- expensively as possible without marring the general architectural effect. The power houses, pumping works, etc., are exhibits in themselves, and so constructed as to be readily inspected by visitors. There are several Exposition buildings in addition to those named, but these are mentioned in another connection. Among them are a Press building, in which every possible convenience and accommo- dation for the press representatives of the world is provided; and a reproduction of the Spanish convent, LaRabida, in which a wonder- fully complete collection of Columbus relics and allied exhibits are gathered. The total cost of the Exposition structures alone is estimated at $8,000,000. Of course, it is understood, no reference is made here either to the numerous State or foreign buildings or to structures for the accommodation of special exhibits. These of themselves form a very important part of the Exposition. The visitor will naturally be desirous of taking in the entire Ex- position atone journey, if possible, before entering upon special views. The most delightful, probably, though not the speediest, means by which the visitor may reach the Exposition grounds will be by steam boat on Lake Michigan. A ride of six miles from the embarking point on the Lake Front Park, with the towers and gilded domes of the Fair buildings constantly in sight, will take him there. When abreast of the site a grand spectacle of surpassing magnificence will be before him; the vast extentof the beautiful park; the windings of thelagoon; the superb array of scores of buildings, elegant and imposing in their archi- tecture, and gay with myriads of flags and streamers floating from their M. W. POWELL & COMPANY, ROOFERS. 334 Dearborn Street, PHONE, MAIN 354. CHICAGO. POWELL'S PATENT TILE ROOF. ^^ PATENTED COMBINED FLAX FELT AND f WOOL FELT ROOFING, | PATENT ASPHALT ROOFING CEMENT. *■ o H O 0. X! ,-,S §8 "§ V P ^^ •§ I. on S o W > > I o pL Aaron B. Mead. Albert L. Coe. Established 1867. MEAD & COE, I^eal Estate /^(^epts, Rooms 801 to 804 Chicago Title and Trust Co. BIdg, lOO yirA.SHINGTOJS STRBBT. If you wish to Invest in Chicago REAL ESTATE of any kind, or in LOANS secured by Trust Deed on Real Estate, or have your property RENTED, Rents Collected and Taxes Paid, Come and See Us or Write. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 117 pinnacles and towers. In the northern portion of the grounds he will see a picturesque group of buildings, perhaps forty or fifty of them, constituting a veritable village of palaces. Here, on a hundred acres or more, beautifully laid out, will stand the buildings of foreign na- tions and a number of the States of the Union, surrounded by lawns, walks and beds of flowers and shrubbery. In the western part of the group stands the Illikoib Build INQ costing $350,000. It is severely classic in style, with a dome in the centre, and a great porch facing southward. Just south of the foreign and state buildings may be observed a considerable expanse of the lagoon with inlet to the lake, and encompassing a large island on which stands the Fish and Fisheries Building, 700 feet in length, and flanked at each end by a curved arcade con- necting it with two octagonal pavilions, in which is seen the aquaria and the tackle exhibit. The total length is 1,100 feet, and the width 200 feet. This building, designed by Henry Ives Cobb, of Chicago, is in the Spanish style, and conspicuous because of a lib- eral use of color. A little further south across an area of the lagoon is the United States Government Building, measuring 350x420 feet, and having a dome 120 feet in diameter and 150 feet high. It is constructed of stone, iron and glass, classic in style, covers four acres, and cost $400,000. In it is a very complete exhibit, from the war, treas- ury, agriculture, interior, postoffice and navy departments, the Smithsonian Institute, the national museum, etc. On the lake shore east of this building and in part in the interven- ing space, the government has a gun battery, a life-saving station complete with apparatus, a lighthouse, war balloons, and a full- size model of a $3,000,000 battle ship of the first class. This is constructed on piling alongside a pier, being thus surrounded by water and apparently moored at a wharf. The "ship" is built of brick and coated with cement. It is 348 feet long, 69 feet wide amidships, and has all the fittings and apparatus that be- long to the most approved war vessel, such as guns, turrets, torpedo tubes, torpedo nets and bombs, boats, anchors, military mast, etc.. 118 HAND-BOOK OP and a full complement of seamen and mariners detailed from the navy department. The visitor arriving by steamboat will pass very near and obtain an excellent view of the shore portion of the gov- ernment exhibit. He will probably see also anchored near by, a Columbus Fleet — a reproduction, as near as may be, of the one with which the great discover sailed from Pal( s — and also a government revenue cutter and one or two torpedo boats. Steaming by the government exhibits the visitor will come abreast of the largest building of the Exposition — that of Manufact- ures AND Liberal Arts. It measures 1,700x800 feet, with two interior courts. Surrounding it on all sides is a jjorch two stories in height, affording a delightful promenade and a view of the other buildings, of the lagoon, alive with row boats, gondo- las, and pleasure craft propelled by electricity, and of the grounds generally. This building, which is of the French renaissance style, was designed by George S. Post, of New York. Extending westward across the park, is a long avenue or court, several hundred feet wide. To the right, at the entrance of this grand avenue, is the great Building of Manufactures and Liberal Arts, and farther back the other attractions already referred to. To the left is the Agricultural Building, measuring 800 by 500 feet, designed by Architect McKim, of New York. It is severely rectangular in form, but made elaborately ornate with statues and other relief work. Between this and the huge Manufactures build- ing juts a branch of the lagoon. All down this grand avenue en- compassing a beautiful sheet of water, stand imposing buildings, along the majestic facades of which will sweep the gaze of the visitor until it rests upon the Administration building of the Exposition, which terminates the vista nearly a mile distant. Passing the Agricultural building, the visitor will come to the great Machinery Hall, which lies to the westward of it, and which is connected with it by a horseshoe arcade, doubling a branch of the lagoon. It is nearly identical with it in size and cost, but differs from it considerably in appearance, being serious, impressive and THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 119 rich in arc'iitectural line and detail, and the best work of its design- ers, Peabody & Stearns, of Boston. Opposite Machinery Hall and north of it in the centre of the '"Long Walk " stands the Exposition Administration Building. This is one of the most imposing, and, in proportion to its size, by far the most expensive one of the large structures. Richard M. Hunt, of New York, President of the Amgrican Institute of Archi- tects, is its designer, and he has made it stately and simple, yet exceedingly striking in appearance, and an excellent representative of Italian renaissance. Itisadornedwith scoresof statuary figures, and surmounted by a gilded do me rising 250 feet, or about the height of the Auditorium tower. In it are the offices of the National Commissi( n and Local Directory, and the headquarters of all the numerous officials connected with the management and administraticn of the Exposition. To the northward of th3 Administration building, on either side and facing the grand avenue, are two more immense buildings, one for the Electrical and the other for the Mining exhibit. These are about equal in size, covering each a little more than five acres and a half. Both are of French renaissance. The former was dt - signed by Yan Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City, the latter by S. S. Beman, of Chicago. North of these buildings in the main lagoon is an island of twenty or thirty acres in area. This is one of the most attractive spots in the Exposition. Proceeding from the Administration building still farther west- ward, or, more accurately, southwestward, the observer will arrive at the railway facilities for the arrival and departure of visitors. Six parallel tracks sweep into the grounds in a huge circle at the ex- treme southwest portion, entering and leaving at nearly the same point. Within this loop made by the railway tracks is the machinery annex — a huge building covering more than eight acres, and con- taining the overflow exhibits from machinery hall, with which it is connected by subways. Within the loop also are the main powei: 120 HAND-BOOK OF house, from which power is furnished to such buildings on the grounds as require it. To the southward of the line of buildings which are arranged along the south side of the grand avenue is a vast open expanse which is devoted to the livestock exhibit. Here immense stock buildings, a show ring, and whatever else will contribute to the success of the live stock feature of the Exposition are to be found. Jackson Park resembles a right-angled triangle in shape. The visitor has thus far, on his tour of inspection, traversed the lake shore or hypothenuse of the triangle, and across the southern end or base. It remains only to turn towards the north and note the struc- tures ranged along the perpendicular. The first one arrived at is the Transportation Building. This is Romanesque in style and one of the largest of all, measuring 960 by 256 feet, exclusive of a great annex in the rear, which covers nine acres. North of this is the Horticultural Building, another immense structure, 1,000 by 250 feet, with three domes, one at each end and a larger one at the centre. Siill farther north and directly opposite the park entrance of Midway Plaisance stands the Woman's Building, which is one of the chief objects of interest on the grounds. The exterior design was furnished by a woman architect, Miss S. G. Hayden, of Boston. Here the lady managers have their headquarters, and hereis collected a wonderful exhibit illustrating the progress and attainments of women in the various branches of industry. Passing the Woman's Building the visitor can turn toward the northeast and inspect the Foreign and State buildings in the north- ern portion of the park, of which he is supposed to have caught a general view from the steamboat deck, or he can turn sharply to the west into Midway Plaisance. All of the important buildings stand on terraces four feet above the general park level, thus greatly improv- ing the general landscape effect and rendering their own appearance more imposing. The actual erection of these great buildings began in June, 1891. By October of 1892 they were all ready for the recep- tion of exhibits. Of the buildings themselves too great praise can THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 121 scarcely be given. Architecturally they have had no superiors and very few equals in any like exposition that the world has ever seen. The Commissioners have wisely called to their aid all the most emi- nent architects of the country, and each of the great buildings has been designed by men who are recognized masters of their calling. Tiie expenditures of the Commission on the buildings and grounds will not fall below $14,000,000, and the total expense of construct- ing, organizing, and conducting the Exposition will foot up $18,000,- 000. The nations of the old world will have expended a grand total of $10,000,000 upon their displays before the Exposition closes; the expenditures of the South American republics and the North American Colonies, including Mexico, will foot up several millions, while the states of the Union will have expended not less than $5,- 000,000. The grand total expended upon the Fair will probably reach $40,000,000, This w 11 be more than double the outlay for the same purpose in Philadelphia in 1876, and more than three times that at Paris in 1889. Above has been given a mere outline, a cursory view, of the great buildings. As seen from the Lake, they afford a wonderful sight, yet the visitor must be brought close to them that he may be better able to appreciate their noble attractions. One of the most graphic writers in the country thus described the scenes on the Exposition grounds in advance of the opening: "The beautiful waters of the system of lagoons pass everyone of the main buildings, and all but surround some of them. On their surfaces all the palaces will be reflected, and at night the water will duplicate the full brilliaocy of this, the second of the world's expositions, which electricity has rendered viewable after dark. The water itself, by the way, will be shot with brilliant lights by scores of electric lamps.placed in the depths. A hundred gondolas brought from Venice will loaf luxuriously along these liquid avenues, to be distanced contemptuously by a myriad of swift launches. Their motions on the water's surface will but weakly imitate the fast gliding artificial denizens of the deep which skilled electricians plan to send hither and thither by means of delicate machinery 132 HAND-BOOK OF urged by power stored in the bodies of the toys. At night, when the eyes of these submarine monsters and beauties are lighted by electricity, they will add a strange feature to the general spectacle. " Besides the gorgeous Administration building, on the one hand, is the Machiaery Hall, designed by Messrs. Peabody &8tearns of Boston. It is a beautiful and imposing palace, and is connected artistically with the building for agriculture by means of a colonnade surrounding one end of a great canal. Messrs. McKim, Mead & White, of New York, designed the Agricultural building. These two great houses for agriculture and machinery are each above 800 feet long, and the Machinery building has an annex 550 feet in length, so that the roofs of these two buildings and their connections cover an unbroken length of 2,400 feet. The Machinery Building will be constructed as if three great railway depots or train-sheds were placed side by side, and it is the purpose of the Columbian Corporation to sell these parts for such uses after the Fair closes. The managers expect to realize a salvage of at least $3,000,000 on the material used in the various structures, and they boast that they have already saved $1,000,000 on what was considered a careful pre- liminary estimate of the cost of the buildings. "But to return to the view. Down the canal that half divides these buildings the Electricity and Mining houses are reached. The electrical building (designed by Van Brunt & Howe of Kansas City) is most unique, and besides being decorated by many towers, has a grand entrance that rises a story higher than the rest of the build- ing, and that, when illuminated at night, will seem ablaze with light, as if it were a colossal lantern. Beyond this building is the princi pal lagoon, from whose surface rises what is known as the Wooded Island. This island is many acres in extent, and is designed to remain bare of everything but flowers, trees and paths, in orderthat it may furnish throughout thi Exposition a cool and alluring retreat for tired visitors. " Behind this great lagoon are the Transportation. Horticultural, and Woman's buildings, at the further end is the Illinois building, and on the side between the lagoon and Lake Michigan are the Fish- THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 123 eries and United Stales Government buildings, all costly, extensive and elaborate examples of the skill of the most gifted American archi- t cts. One building that has not yet been mentioned receives, per- haps, the highest praise. It is the Art Building, and will stand be- yond the lake that is now in the old part of Jackson Park. Its designer is Mr. Atwood, of New York. " Beyond the Art building, in the olderpart of Jackson Park, and gathered amid its groves and around its picturesque lake, are to be the seals of the foreign govtrnments that participate in the Fair. The domes and the towers of these still undetermined buildings will doubtless reach far down what is called Midway Plaisance, a park- way connecting Washington and Jackson Parks. Duwn this plais- ance, now a broad bo very boulevard, will also be gathered many of the lesser attractions of the Fair, not all of them wholly disconnected with private enterprise or the showman's profession. "Thus has been arranged the greatest of world's expositions. The field laid out embraces 610 acres, and 400 acres adjoining this are available if n eded. Tlie floor space already provided for is equal to 400 acres or more, it is said, than the entire ground utilized in any other exposition. The park is seven miles from the Chicago City Hall, but it is to be connected with the city by all the great steam railroads that enter Chicago, by the cable car lines and stages, by the lake bo its, and by an elevated railway now nearly con- structed. Within the Exposition ground connection between all the points of interest may be had both by land and water — by donkey- back, jiurikisha, bus, gondola, launch or skiff, and perhaps by a marvelous overhead-traveling sidewalk. A trial bit of this is now undergoing construction by its sponsor, in order to demonstrate its feasibility." 124 HAND-BOOK OF PART V. m DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLANS EOR THE GREAT EXPOSITION.— THE NECESSITY FOR EXPENDITURES BEYOND THE ORIGINAL ESTIMATES.— COM PARISON BETWEEN THE CHICAGO AND THE LAST PARIS EXPOSI LION.— INTERESTING FIGURES.— DESCRIP- TIONS OF THE MAGNIFICENT BUILDINGS— THEIR DIMENSIONS, COST, ETC. It was found in the spring of 1892 that the practical development of the World's Coluiubiau Exposition had expanded away beyond the calculations of the public and the managers of the enterprise. This was the natural result of the determined effort made on all sides to eclipse everything that had been attempted before in the way of an international fair. The preparations for the greatest event of the nineteenth century were carried out upon a scale commensurate with this determination. Everything was to be better, greater and grander than the world had ever seen before, and as the grounds were laid out and the mammouth buildings began to assume form, it was seen that the management, instead of falling short in its promises and pretensions, had in every particular exceeded them. The plan and scope determined by the National Commission involved an expenditure upon the part of the local directory of about $10,000,000. It was very soon evident that $20,000,000 would be nearer the amount which Chicago would be called upon to lay out on this gigantic enterprise, and that this latter sum would quite likely represent only fifty per cent, of the whole amount to be spent before the gates of the Exposition would be thrown open . The government outlay upon the federal exhibit easily exceeds $3,000,- 000, and additional appropriations it is thought will be necessary. The States of the Union (beginning with Illinois, which appropri- ated $800 000, and which was followed by Pennsylvania and New York with 300,000 each, and by a number of less wealthy common- KRIMBILL & FUCHS, I^eal E5tat^, Ipsurape^, LOANS AND RENTING. Loans Negotiated and First-Class Mortgages for Investors FOR SALE — Lots, Blocks and Acres; south side property a specialty; location for manufacturing and acres for subdividing and subdivisions managed for owners. SPECIAL INDUCEMENTS OFFERED IN THE CALUMET REGION. Room 23 Reaper Block, 95 Glark St., OPPOSITE COURT HOUSE. A. KBIMBILL'S SOUTH CHICAGO OFFICE : PUIP 11^0 Booms 4 and 5 Winnepeg Block, South Chicago. UniUHuU. TELEF^HONE, REAPER BLOCK!. BELDEN F. CULVER REAL ESTATE AGENCY 69 DEARBORN STREET CHICAGO THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 125 wealths by sums ranging from $100,000 to $150,000) have added not 'ess than $3,000,000 to the outlay. The appropriations of foreign .ations aggregate about $3,000,000. The international character and importance of the World's Fair will be understood clearly when it is learned that the fii St sums set aside for their exhibits by such nations as Japan, Mexico and Brazil amounted to $630,000, $750,- 000 and $300,000 respectively. The visitor will be curious to know where and how this immense 5um is to be expended and what results will be obtained by hu- manity in general from such an outlay. The details of the work per- formed as summarized and pointed out in this volume cannot more than give a faint idea of the achievements of the Exposition manage- ment. A personal inspection of the Exposition as a whole, covering a period of not less than one month, will alone be sufficient to give the visitor a perfect understanding of the magnitude and grandeur of cne undertaking and the success which has crowned the efforts of those who have had it in charge. Some facts must always be borne in mind. It would be well for the visitor to commit them to memory. These re. late to the area covered by the Exposition, the dimensions of the great buildings, the area of exhibit space, thecostof the several architectu- ral features, etc., etc. These facts are given here as plainly as it is possible to present them. It is necessary at times to repeat some of these figures in making comparisons for the information of the reader. The Exposition grounds cover an area of 633 acres, having a frontage of 2 miles on Lake Michigan. To the casual spectator flitting by on an Illinois Central train, even before the great structures were all up, it seemed as though the entire park was under roof. Inside the grounds, however, it is seen that there is ample room between these mighty structures for the display of landscape gardening, for broad avenues, terraces, etc. The largest building is about one mile in cicumf erence, and its central aisle has a clean span of 368 feet and is 206 feet high. The Machinery Hall of the Paris Exposition, if placed within this aisle, would have a space 6 feet wide on each side and 11 feet on each end, with 50 feet clear for ventilation above its roof. There were used in the construction of this building 6,000 tons of iron and 126 HAND-BOOK OP Steel. These figures may mean much or little to the visitor, but for the purpose of comparison it may be stated that the Eiffel tower re- quired but 7,000 tons, and only 3,600 tons were used in the Brooklyn bridge, and 5,600 tons in the great railroad bridge at St, Louis. The heroic dimensions of all the buildings have only lately been realized as they have appeared in their finished state and perfect outlines. The Exhibition buildings, including annexes, required a consumption of 18,000 tons of iron and steel. The buildings primarily projected, including landscape improvements, were contracted for at a saving of about $2,500,000 from the architects' estimates, but the growing necessities'of the enterprise required the erection of others not at first contemplated at a cost of about $1,900,000. The total floor space of the great Exposition buildings (not including the foreign, state or spe- cial buildings) is 6,320,000 square feet or 155 acres. For the protection of these buildings and their contents, and to supply fountains and all the daily requirements within the grounds, the management provided for a possible supply of 64,000,000 gallons of water daily, which is car- ried through twenty miles of mains from six inches to three feet in diameter. For supplying power for machinery, etc., the management provided for boilers having a water evaporating capacity equal to 25,000 horse-power and engines for generating electricity, 18,000 horse-power; for driving line shafting and isolated exhibits, 2,000 horse-power; for compressed air, 3,000 horse-power; and for pumps 2,000 horse-power. Electrical force is supplied as power to the amount of 3,000 horse-power. The system of sewage projected is extensive and complete. The arrangements are made for the treatment of 6,000,000 gallons of sewage every twenty-four hours, the precipitated matter of which is burned and only clear water allowed to escape. The lighting of the grounds and buildings requires the use of 7,000 arc lights and 120,000 incandescent lamps. In planning the grounds and buildings the highest architectural genius in America was employed. The Board of Architects, ten in number, first met in conference with Mr. Fred L. Olmsted, the lands- cape architect, and agreed upon a general plan, each accepting an as- signment of one grand building. Ttie economy of the new material THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 127 used for exterior covering enabled the management to give the architects an open field for the exercise of their genius. When each had completed hi? individual plan further conferences were had, and all were made to harmonize without cost to the artistic beauty or individual worth of each. The result has been an ensemble of land and water, of nature and art, that in its completed state is more beautiful than anything yet created by the hand of man. There is no Eiffel tower or other meretritious attractions to allure the multitude, but there are no lack of entertaining fea- tures of a high order, and the grounds and buildings are an exhibition in themselves. This exhibition of the genius of American architects will be a revelation to the world, and for years to come its beautiful forms will inspire students audits details will be copied wherever public buildings are erected. The estimated cost of the completed structures, including landscape, statuary, fountains, terminal facilities, police and fire stations, and all that may be necessary for the comfort and convenience of visitors, is $15,117,500, exclusive of the cost of administration, which is estimated at $2,770,000, up to the opening of the Exposition May 1, 1893. As to architecture and proportions of buildings it cannot be con- strued as a criticism of the magnificent Paris Exposition to aflBrm that the Columbian Exposition will outrival that of Paris and all its predecessors. For instance, Machinery Hall in 1889 was the great distinctive feature from a structural and architectural point of view. Its roof spanned in the clear 368 feet, at that time the widest span ever used for a roof truss. In the grand building of Manufactures and Lib- eral Arts in 1893 the roof span of the great central transept is 375 feet in the clear, and the length of the building with trusses of this span is about a quarter of a mile. Surrounding this central and distinguishing feature of the Liberal Arts building, on all four sides of it, are great galleries, 200 feet wide, making the total size of the building about 1,700 feet long and 788 feet wide. There is under roof in this one structure thirty-three or thirty-four acres. The great Machinery Hall of the Columbian Exposition referred to above 128 HAND-BOOK OF is in clear aiea more capacious than that of 1889, and yet in Paris the exhibits of transportation appliances, such as locomotives, cars, etc., were largely displayed in Machinery Hall and its annex. For the transportation exhibits the Columbian directory have piovided a separate building more than 1,000 feet long and 250 feet wide, with a great annex having more than twice the area of the main building. Agricultural Hall is a structure of most imposing proportions and of exquisite architecture, and in it will be exhibited the choicest illus- tr-ations of America's great agricultural industries of farm and field, together with her food products of all kinds and descriptions. A separate building of suitable proportions is provided for the forestry exhibits. There is also a suitable building for the greatest display of electrical machinery and appliances that has ever been thrown open to the public; also a building of large proportions for mines and mining, to the end that the great mineral resomrces of the coun- try may be shown to the world. The fine arts will be housed in a palace surpassingly beautiful from an architectural point of view, and so designed and arranged in its intenior as to afford ample, and prominent display of all works of art from our own country and from foreign lands. Woman's work in all its various branches and ramifications will be exemplified in what is known as the Woman's building, designed by a Boston woman, whose work will bear the most favorable compari- son with that of architects of the sterner sex. One of the distin- guishing features of the cluster of buildings grouped around the great central court and basin is the Administration building, designed by one of New York's famous architects. Classic, impos- ing, and inspiring, it dignifies by its symmetry and proportions the great main group of the central court. As has been already inti- mated, the architecture of all the buildings is superior to that of any other group of exposition buildings yet constructed in any country. The honor of designing these great structures and of dis playing to the world our progress in architecture, as well as in- construction, was wisely distributed among the leading architects of the United States. Three were selected from New York City, one THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 129 from Boston, one from Kansas City, and five fiom Chicago, making aboard often, by whom the general arrangement and character of the grounds and buildings were determined, in conference with the distinguished landscape architects, Messers. Olmste d (fe Co. , of Boston, aad Chief of Construction D. H. Burnham, on the Committee on Grounds and Buildings. The Paris Exposition cost about $9,500,- OCO. It should be borne in mind that the Trocatlero Palace, erected many years ago at a cost of many millions of dollars, was put to good use. Assuming, however, lor the sake of comparison, that ihe Paris exposition proper cost $9,500 000, and that were it re- produced in this country it would, with our higher prices for labor and materia], and for other reasons, cost 40 per cent, more, making •f 13,000,000, a relative idea of expense can be obtained when it is understood that the outlay for the Chicago Exposition, including administration and all other expenses, will probably be from $17, 000,000 to $18,000,000. In addition to this there will be perhaps from $3,000,000 to $4,000,000 expended by the General Govern- ment and by the various States for their buildings and the exhibits that will be contained therein. To this should be again added the expenditures by private individuals who will purchase concessions for buildings to be used for various purposes. A reasonable estimate of the amount of money that will be spent fur all purposes of con- struction, administration, entertainment and amusement by those who are constructing and administering the affairs of the Exposition may be fairly stated to be $22,000 000 to $23,000,000. The material used in the construction of the Exposition buildings was iron, wood, glass and what is called "staff." Thirty thousand tons or two thousand carloads of the latter material were consumed. Staff was invented in France about 1876, and first used in the build- ings of the Paris exposition in 1878. It is composed chiefly of pow- dered gypsum, the other constituents being alumnia, glycerine and dextrine. These are mixed with water without heat, and cast in molds in any desired shape and allowed to harden. The natural color is a murky white, but other colors are produced by external washes rather than by additional ingredients. To prevent brittle- 130 HAND-BOOK OP ness the material is cast around a coarse cloth, bagging, or oatum. The casts are shallow -like, and about half an inch thick. They may be in any form — in imitation of cut stone, rock, faced stone, mold- ings or the most delicate designs. For the lower portions of the walls the material is mixed with cement, which makes it hard. Staff is impervious to water, and is a permanent building material, although its cost is less than one-tenth of that of marble or granite. One hundred and twenty car loads of glass, enough to cover twenty- nine acres, were used in the roofs of the various Exposition struct- ures. More than forty-one car loads, or eleven acres, were required by the great Manufactures building alone. Facts concerning the material used, etc., are given in connection with the descriptions of the great buildings. These buildings are as follows: Administration Building. — Dimensions in feet, 263 by 262; area in acres 305, cost, $435,000. This structure comes first in alphabetical order, but that is its proper place. It has been justly pronounced the gem of all the architectural jewels of the AVorld's Columbian Exposition. As one gazes on the superb creation the knowledge that it is constructed of material which is intended to last but two years produces a feeling of sadness. Although itcovers a space but 250 feet square, yet it is one of the noblest achievements of modern architecture. It occupies the mo&t commanding position on the Exposition grounds. The building is in the form of four pavilions, 84 feet square, one at each of the four angles of the square of the plane, and connected by a great central dome, 120 feet in diameter, and 250 feet high. In the centre of each facade is a re- cess, 32 feet wide, within which is a grand entrance to the building. It is a beautiful and dignified specimen of architecture, befitting its position among the many fine structures over which it presides. Its general design is in the style of the French renaissance, carried out in the academic manner of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. The first great story is in the Doric order, and of heroic proportions, sur- mounted by a lofty balustrade. At the angles of each pavilion the piers are crowned with sculpture. Ex em ally, the design maybe divided, in its height, with three principal stag( s. The first stage THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 131 corresponds in height with the buildings grouped about it, which are about 65 f eeL high. The second stage of the same height is a continuation of the central rotunda, 175 feet square, surrounded on all sides by an open colonnade, 20 feet wide and 40 feet high, with columns four feet in diameter. This colonnade is reached by ele- vators. The third stage consists of the base of the great dome, 30 feet in height, and the dome itself, rising in graceful lines, richly ornamented with moulded ribs and sculptured panels. This dome is coated with aluminum bronze, the cost of which was $54,000, and asserts itself grandly at the end of the long vista which opens up in every direction. The four great entrances, one on each side of the building, are 50 feet wide and 50 feet high, deeply recessed. On each side of these entrances are placed groups of sculptures, of em- blematic character. The interior features rival in beauty the exter- ior. Between every one of the grand entrances is a hall, 30 feet square, provided with broad circular stairways and swift running elevators. The interior of the dome is octagonal in form, the first story being composed of eight enormous arched openings. Above the arches is a frieze, 27 feet in width, the panels filled with tablets, borne by figures carved in relief. The interior of the dome rises 200 feet from the floor, and an opening 50 feet square admits a flow of light. The under side of the dome is enriched with panels filled with sculpture and immense paintings, representing the arts and sciences. In size this rotunda rivals if not surpasses the mo&t cele- brated domes of like character in the world. In the four corner pavilions, which are four stories high, are the oifices of the adminis- tration, the fire and police departments, board and committee rooms, postoffice, bank, restaurant, etc. A heroic statue of Columbus, by Louis St. Gaudens, stands before the main entrance of the Admin- istration building. Agricultdral Building. — Dimensions in feet, 500x800; area in acres, 9.2; cost with annex (300x500), $618,000. This is one of the most magnificent and striking structures of the Exposition. Itstands very near the shore of Lake Michigan. Its longest dimensions are ea&t and west. For a single story building the design is bold and 132 HAND-BOOK OF heroic. The general cornice line is 65 feet above grade. On either side of the main entrance are mammoth Corinthian pillars, 50 feet high and 5 feet in diameter. On each corner and from the center of the building pavilions are reared, the center one being 144 feet square. The corner pavilions are connected by- curtains, forming a continuous arcade around the top of the build- ing. The main entrance leads through an opening 64 feet wide into a vestibule, from which entrance is had to the rotunda, 100 feet in diameter. This is surmounted by a mammoth glass dome 130 feet high. All through the main vestibule statuary has been designed illustrative of the agricultural industry. Similar designs are grouped about all of the grand entrances in the most elaborate manner. The corner pavilions are surmounted by domes 96 feet high, and above these tower groups of statuary. The design of these domes is that of three female figures, of herculean proportions, supporting a mammoth globe. To the southward of the Agricult- ural building is a spacious structure devoted chiefly to a Live Stock and Agriculture Assembly Hall. This building is conveniently near one of the stations of the elevated railway. On the first floor, near the main entrance of the building, is located a bureau of information. This floor also contains suitable committee and other rooms for the different live stock associations. On this floor there are also large and handsomely equipped waiting-rooms. Broad stair- ways lead from the first floor into the Assembly-room, which has a seating capacity of about 1,500. Farmers, Farmers' Alliances and other rural organizations are provided for in this building. It was intended that the farmers shall have nothing of which to complain in regard to their reception and treatment by the World's Fair management. The entire structure has been so planned as to give the farmers and live-stock men generally all they could ask in the way of accommodations at the World's Fair. The building in form, resembles the letter T, one portion being 500 feet long, and the other 200 feet. The Assembly-room furnishes facilities for lectures, delivered by gentlemen eminent in their special fields of work, embracing every interest connected with live stock, agriculture and allied industries. fleadquarlers tor World's Fair Lltiioaraphs. LITHOGRAPHING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. CoMPr LITHOGRAPHERS. N. W. COR. DEARBORN & HARRISON ST8. W. B. ORCUTT, Gen L Mgr. CHICAGO. FIRST-CLASS WORK. NO FANCY PRICES. GIVE US A TRIAL. fllflli Grade Color Work our SpeGlaltu. 2.X! s w •g S •h3 rt O c ^ i5 CO o > ■a '. pa H <; DALE&SEMPILL Successors TO WM. M. DALE. COR. CLARK AND MADISON STS , CHICAGO. JlXAiVUi?^ CTLTR JJVG CHEMISTS and rHflRMflGISTS. Wholesale and retail dealers in FINE CHEMICALS, PURE DRUGS, PERFUMERY, TOILET REQUISITES, ETC. Manufacturers of O'Hara's Asthma Remedy, Jeffers' Bronchial Cigarettes, Jeffers' French Catarrh Cure, Stevens' All-Right Corn Salve Christison's Diarrhoea Remedy. Dale's Chlorodyne Cough Mixture, "Edina" Cologne, Kirkwood's No. 1 Cologne, etc. Wholesale Agents for Coutts' Acetic Acid, Foreign Proprietary Medicines, Casta- lian and Massanetta Waters. ALL NOTED MINERAL SPRING WATERS ON DRAUGHT. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 133 There were consumed in the construction of the Agricultural building over 7,000,000 feet of lumber. Art BuiLDmo. — Dimensions in feet 320 by 500; annexes (2 ) di- mensions, 120 by 200; area of all in acres, 4.8; cost, $670,000. No design among the many artistic plans for all the magnificent Expo- sition buildings has been more cordially praised than the one accepted for the Alt Palace in Jackson Park. The building is oblong, 500 by 320 feet, intersected north, south, east and west by a great nave and transept 100 feet wide and 70 feet high, at the intersection of which is a great dome, 60 feet in diameter. The building is 125 feet to the top of the dome, which is surmounted by a colossal winged fi.ure of Victory. The transept, lighted entirely from above, has a clear space of 60 feet. On either side are galleries 20 feet wide, 24 feet above the floor. Sculpture is displayed upon the main floors of the naves and transept, and on the walls of the ground floors of both the galleries is ample space for the display of painting and panels in bas relief. The corners made by the crossing of the Lave and transept are used for small picture galleries. Outside galleries 40 feet wide form a continuous promenade around the entire building. Between the promenade and the nave are small rooms devoted to private col- lections of paintings and various art displays. On either side are one-storied annexes, 120 by 200 feet to be extended, as additional space may be needed. Grandflights of steps lead up to the richly sculp- tured great portals, and the walls of the loggia of the colonnades are gorgeously adorned with mural paintings illustrating the history and progress of art. The exterior frieze and the pediments of the principal entrances are embellished by reproductioLsin statuary of the gems of ancient art. The construction of the entire building is necessarily fire-proof and the general tone is light gray stone. No wood is used, the materials being brick, staff, iron and glass. The very panes in the windows are set in iron frames. This structure of wondrous beauty and attraction is located at the south side of the most highly improved portion of the park, with the south front di- rectly on the north lagoon. It is separated from the lagoon by beau- tiful terraces ornamented with balustrades, with an immense flight 134 HAND-BOOK OF of Steps. From the main portal there is a landing for boats. The north front faces the wide open lawn and the group of state baild- ings. The immediate neighborhood of the building is ornamented with groups of statues, replicas and ornaments of classic art, such as choragic monuments, the " Cave of the Winds," and other beau- tiful examples of Grecian art. The ornamentation also includes statues of heroic and life-size proportions. Battle Ship for Naval Exhibit — Dimensions in feet, 69.25 by 348; area in acres, 33; cost, $100,000. Unique among the other exhibits is that made by the United States Naval Department. It is in a structure which, to all outward appearance, is a faithful full- sized model of one of the new coast-line battleships. This imita- tion battleship of 1893 is erected on piling on Ihe Lake front in the northeast portion of Jackson Park. It is surrounded by water and has the appearance of being moored to a wharf. The struct- ure has all the fittings that belong to the actual ship, such as guns, turrets, torpedo tubes, torpedo nets and booms, with boats, anchors, chain cables, davits, awnings, deck fittings, etc., etc., together with all appliances for working the same. Officers, seamen, mechanics and mariners are detailed by the Navy Department during the Ex- position, and the discipline and mode of life on our naval vessels are completely shown. The detail of men is not, however, as great as the complement of the actual ship. Tiae crew gives certain drills, especially boat, torpedo, and gun drills, as in a vessel of war. The dimensions of the structure are those of the actual battleship, to wit: length, 348 feet; width amidships, 69 feet 3 inches; and from the water line to the top of the main deck, 12 feet. Centrally placed on this deckis a superstructure 8 feet high with a hammock berthing on the same 7 feet high, and above these are the bridge, chart house, and the boats. At the forward end of the superstructure there is a cone-shaped tower, called the "military mast," near the top of which are placed two circular "tops" as receptacles for sharpshoot- ers. Rapid-firing guns are mounted in each of these tops. The height from the water line to the summit of this military mast is 76 feet, and above is placed a flagstaff for signaling. The battery mounted THE WOKLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 135 comprises four 13-iQch breech-loading rifle cannon; eight 8-inch breech-loading rifle cannon; four 6-inch breech-loading rifllecannon; twenty 6-pounder rapid-firing guns; six 1 pound rapid-firing guns; two Gatling guns, and six torpedo tubes or torpedo guns. All of these are placed and mounted respectively as in the genuine battle- ship. On the starboard side of the ship is shown the torpedo protection net, stretching the entire length of the vessel. Steam launches and cutters ride at the booms, and all the outward appear- ance of a real ship of war is imitated. Dairy Building. — Dimensions in feet, 100x200; area in acres, 5; cost, 130,000. The Dairy Building, by reason of the exception- ally novel and interesting exhibits it contains, is quite sure to be regarded with great favor by World's Fair visitors in general, while by agriculturists it will be considered one of the most useful and attractive features of the whole Exposition. It was designed to contain not only a complete exhibit of dairy products but also a Dairy School, in connection with which will be conducted a series of tests for determining the relative merits of different breeds of dairy cattle as milk and butter producers. The building stands near the lake shore in the southeastern part of Ihe park, and close by the general live stock exhibit. On the first floor, besides office headquarters, there is in front a large open space devoted to exhibitg of butter, and farther back an operating room 25x100 feet, in which the Model Dairy is conducted. On two sides of this room are amphi- theatre seats capable of accommodating 400 spectators. Under these seats are refrigerators and cold storage rooms for the care of the dairy products. The operating-room, which extends to the roof, has on three sides a gallery where the cheese exhibits are placed. The rest of the second story is devoted to a cafe, which opens on a balcony overlooking the lake. The Dairy School, it is believed, will be most instructive and valuable to agriculturists. Electricity Building. — Dimensions in feet, 345 by 690; area in acres, 5. 5; cost, $401,000. Here are collected the most novel and brilliant exhibits of the World's Fair. The south front is on the great Quadrangle, or Court; the noith front faces the lagoon; the east 136 HAND-BOOK OF front is opposite the Manufactures building, and the west faces the Mines building. The general scheme of the plan is based upon a lon- gitudinal nave 115 feet wide and 114 feet high, crossed in the middle by a transept of the same width and height. The nave and the tran- sept have a pitched roof, with a range of skylights at the bottom of the pitch, and clerastory windows. The rest of the building is cov- ered with a flat roof, averaging 62 feet in height, and provided with skylights. The second story is composed of a series of galleries con- nected across the nave by two bridges, with access by four grand staircases. The area of the galleries in the second story is 118,546 square feet, or 3.7 acres. The exterior walls of this building are composed of a continuous Corinthian order of pilasters, 3 feet 6 inches wide and 42 feet high, supporting a full entablature, and rest- ing upon a stylobate 8 feet 6 inches. The total height of the walls from the grade outside is 68 feet 6 inches. At each of the four cor- ners of the building there is a pavilion, above which rises a light open spire or tower 169 feet high. Intermediate between these cor- ner pavilions and the central pavilions on the east and west sides, there is a subordinate pavilion bearing a low square dome upon an open lantern. The Electricity building has an open portico ex- tending along the whole of the south facade, the lower or Ionic order forming an open screen in front of it. The various subordinate pavilions are treated with windows and balconies. The details of the exterior orders are richly decorated, and the pediments, friezes, panels and spandrils have received a decoration of figures in relief, with architectural motifs, the general tendency of which is to illus- trate the purposes of the building. The appearance of the exterior is that of marble, but the wails of the hemicj'cle and of the various porticos and loggia are highly enriched with color, the pilasters in these places being decorated with Scagliola, and the capitals with metalic effects in bronze. A great statue of Benjamin Franklin stands in front of the entrance to this building. It is described elsewhere. There are 40,000 panes of glass in this structure, or more than in any of the other buildings. The following names appear over the different entrances: Franklin, Galvani, Ampere, THE WOKLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 137 Faraday, Sturgeon, Ohm, Morse, Siemens, Davy, Volta, Henry, O rsted. Coulomb, Ronald, Page, Weber, Gilbert, Davenport, Soemmering, Don Silva, Arago, Daniell, Jacobi, Wheatstone, Gauss, Vail, Bain, De la Rive, Joule, Saussure, Cooke, Varley, Steinheil, Guericke, La Place, Channing, Priestly, Maxwell, Coxe, Theles, Cavendish. It was concluded best not to honor thus any electricians who are now living. Fisheries Building. — Dimensions in feet, 165x365; area in acres, 1.4: annexes (2) dimensions 135 (diameter); cost, |224,000. The graceful beauty of the Fisheries building has gained for it from the severest of critics, architects, the title of "an architectural poem." It is situated on the eastern side of the large island north of the wooded island in the Lagoon, and its mnin facade faces to the south- east, being directly opposite the Government building, from which, it is separated by a broad arm of the Lagoon. While thus forming one extremity of the great group of buildings which front on Lake Michigan, it is directly north of the Admistration building, far to the south. This situation rrakes it a component of all the splendid pictures presented by the varying points of view from which the Exposition as a whole is seen. While the extreme dimensions of the building are very large, yet the structure is so laid out that the gen- eral effect is rathei* of delicacy than of the grandeur to be expected from the merestatement of dimensions. It is composed of three parts, a main building 365 feet long and 165 feet wide, and two polygonal buildings each 133 feet 6 inches in diameter, connected with the main structure by two curved arcades. The main building is pro- vided with two great entrances in the centres of the long sides. These entrances are by pavilions 103 feet long, projecting 41 feet beyond the line of the main building, and flanked at each corner with circular towers. The great pediment over the south or chief entrance is filled with sculpture, the subject being a scene of whale fishing. The angles are surmounted by statues representing fishers casting the spear, throwing the handlineand holding the finny prey. The quadrangular first story is surmounted by a great circular story capped with a conical roof. A graceful open turret crowns 138 HAND-BOOK OF this roof and four smaller towers spring from and surround the base. The general design of the whole structure is Roman in masses with all the details worked out in a realistic manner after various fish and marine forms. Thus the double row of engaged columns which form the exterior face of the building have capitals which are formed of a thousand varied groupings of marine forms, while the delicate open work of the gallery railings display as many different fishes. The circular story is surrounded by a broad ex- terior gallery, and the four flanking towers of the entrances and the four smaller towers of the central roof terminate in open turrets, from all of which views of every part of the grounds can be obtain- ed. The materials of construction are wood, iron and steel, "staff" and glass. The roofs are covered with glazed Spanish tiles, and the general coloring of the building is at once soft and brilliant as befits the grace of the architectural lines. Forestry Building, — Dimensions in feet, 208x528; area in acres, 25; cost, 100,000. The Forestry building is, perhaps, themostunique of all the Exposition structures. To a remarkable degree its architect- ure is of the rustic order. On all four sides of the building is a veran- da, supporting the roof of which is a colonnade consisting of a series of columns composed of three trunks each 25 feet in length, one of them from 16 to 20 inches in diameter and the others smaller. All of these trunks are left in their natural state 'with bark undisturbed. They are contributed by the different states and territories of the Union and by foreign countries, each furnishing specimens of its most characteristic trees. The sides of the building are constructed of slabs with the bark removed . The window frames are treated in the same rustic manner as is the rest of the building. The main en- trance is elaborately finished in different kinds of wood, the material and workmanship being contributed by the wood workers of the world. The other entrances are finished artistically to represent the woods of the different countries and regions. The roof is thatched with tanbark and other barks. The interior of the build- ing is finished in various woods in a way to show their beautiful graining and susceptibility to polish. The Forestry Building THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 139 contains a most varied exhibition of fortst products in general — the most complete which could be gathered together. It contains logs and sections of trees, worked lumber in the form of shingles, flooring, casing, etc. There are shown here dye woods and barks, mosses, galls, abnormal woody products, lichens, vegetable sub- stances used for bedding and upholstery, gums, resins, vegetable, ivory, cocoanut shells, gourds, wood pulp, rattan, willowware and woodenware generally, such as pails, tubs, brooms, etc. There is also an exceedingly interesting monographic display by the diff- erent states, in which their characteristic woods are most effectively and beautifully shown. In itself and in the exhibits it contains it illustrates the foresty wealth of the world, and particularly of the United States. No forestry display was ever made before which approaches this in extent or completeness. Foreign Buildings. — Among them those devoted to the dis- plays of Japan, Mexico, England, Germany, France and Turkey will perhaps attract the most attention. These and other foreign buildings are referred to in connection with the exhibits of foreign nations. Ground Adornment, Etc. — A |50,000 fountain plays at the foot of the main basin near the Administration building. This is only one of the costly ornaments to be seen. Aside from the cost of the great buildings the following are among the sums which have been spent in preparation of the Exposition grounds: Grading and filling, $450,000; landscape gardening, $323,500; viaduct and bridges, $125,000, piers, $70,000; waterway improvements, $225,- 000; railways, $500,000; steam plant, $800,000; elictiic lighting, $1,500,000; statuary, $1,000,000; vases, lamps, etc., $50,000; lake front adornment, $200,000; water supply and sewerage, $600,000; other expenses $1,000,000; total $5,943,500. The total expense of organization, administration and operation of the Exposition is estimated at nearly $5,000,000. This takes nj account of the sums spent by the government, the states or foreign nations. 140 HAND-BOOK OF Horticultural Building. — Dimen&ioiis in feet, 250x 998; area in acres, 5.7; green houses (8), dimensions in feet, 24 x 100; area in acres, 5. Cost of all, $325,000. This building is situated immedi- ately south of the entrance to Jackson Park from the Midway Plaisance, and faces east on the lagoon. In front is a flower terrace for outside exhibits, including tanks for nympheas and the victoria- regia. The front of the terrace, with its low parapet between large vases, borders the water, and at its centre forms a boat landing. The plan is a central pavilion with two end pavilions, each connected to the center pavilion by front and rear curtains, forming two interior courts, each 88 by 270 feet. These courts are beautifully decorated in color and planted with ornamental shrubs and flowers. The cen- ter pavilion is roofed by a crystal dome 187 feet in diameter and 113 feet high, under which are exhibited the tallest palms, bamboos and tree ferns that could be procured. There is a gallery in each of the pavilions. The galleries of the end pavilions are designed for cafes, the situation and the surroundings being particularly well adapted to recreation and refreshment. These cafes are surrounded by an ar- cade on three sides, from which charming views of the grounds may be obtained. In this building are varieties of flowers, plants, vines, seeds, horticultural implements, etc. Those exhibits requiring sun- shine and light are shown in the rear curtains, where the roof is en- tirely of glass and not too far removed from the plants. The front curtains and under the galleries are designed for exhibits that re quire only the ordinary amount of light. Provision is made to heat such parts as require it. The exterior of the building is in staff or stucco, tinted a soft warm buff, color being reserved for the interior and the courts. One of the beautiful effects produced in this build- ing comes from the miniature mountain, seventy feet high in the centre, upon w^hich giant tree ferns, palms and other vegetation grow. A mountain stream dashes down from one declivity to an- other and plays hide and seek amidst the foliage. Beneath this mountain is a cave eighty feet in diameter and sixty feet high, brill- iantly lighted by electricity, where, during the whole six months of .. 'CHICAGO* V^toLL5/lLL-.plCTl/fLL!), F'R/M^ELS .^ fiRT NOVLLTIE^X o CL X w c < as Eg ■33 1 8 ■a Q S3 ^ I— I as H H O . ^a ^9 fi^ BREWERS AND BOTTLERS OF pOI(TEI(. -^ (P H X O O G > H :a r > -< TJ m C a ]D m • 136 N. JEFFERSON STREET. CHICAGO OFFICB Ask for BESLEY'S ALE and PORTER BOTTLED BY THEMSELVES. Equal to imported, at one-half the price. THE WORLDS COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 141 the Exposition, the expeiiment will be tried whether plants will grow under electric light as well as under sunlight. On the roof of the building, around the central dome, an elabor- ate display of roof-gardening is made. It is expected that this will not only be pleasurable to visitors, but will afford valuable sug- gestions that will be utilized by persons who live in large cities and are deprived of door-yards and lawns. Machinery Hall. — Dimensions in feet, 492 x 846 ; area in acres, 9.6 ; annex, dimensions in feet, 490 x 550; area in acres, 6.3; power house, dimensions in feet, 100 by 461; pumping works, dimensions in feet, 77 by 84; machine shop, dimensions in feet, 146x 250; area of three last named in acres, 2.4. Total cost, $1,285,000. The main Machinery building is spanned by three arched-trusses, and the interior presents the appearance of three railroad train houses side by side, surrounded on all sides by a 50-foot gallery. The trusses are all built separately, in order that they may be taken down and sold for use as railroad train houses. In each of ihese three long naves there is an elevated traveling crane running from end to end of the building. This was useful in moving machinery during construction, and whenthe Exposition opened platforms were placed on them, and visitors can view from these the entire exhibition. Shafting for power is carried on the same posts which support this traveling bridge. Steam power is used throughout the main build- ing, and this steam is supplied from a main power house adjoining the south side of the building. The exterior towards the stock ex- hibit and the railroad is of the plainest description; on the two sides adjoining the grand court the exterior, however, is rich and palatial. All the buildings on this grgnd piazza were designed with a view of making an effective background for displays of every kind, and in order to conform to the general richness of the court and add to the festal appearance, the two facades on the court are enriched with colonnades and other architectural features. The design follows classical models throughout, the detail being borrowed from the renaissance of Seville and other Spanish towns as being appropri- ate to a Columbian celebration. As in all other buildings on the 142 HAND-BOOK OF court, an arcade on the first story permits passage around the build- ing under cover; and as in all the other buildings, the fronts are formed of "staff," colored to an ivory tone. The ceilings of the porticoes are emphasized with strong color. A colonnade with a cafe at either end forms the connecting links between Machinery and Agricultural halls, and in the centre of this colonnade is an arch-way leading to the cattle exhibits. From this portico there is a view nearly a mile in length down the lagoon, and an obelisk and fountain, placed in the lagoon between the two build- ings, agriculture and machinery, forms a fitting southern point to this vista. The machinery annex is placed in the rear of the Administration building and in the loop formed by the railroad tracks. It is en- tered by tunnels or subways, as well as by bridges, from Machinery Hall, and the buildings for Administration, Mines and Transporta- tion. It is a very large but very simple building. While in the main Machinery building a railroad train house is the type, in the annex a mill or foundry was considered the model for construction. It is all built of wood in the most simple and economical manner. It is annular in form, the diimeter of the outer radius being 800 feet, and of the inner radius 600 feet. The building has a nave 100 feet wide with a 50-foot wide lean-to in one story on the inside and a fifty-foot wide lean-to on the outside. Within the inner circle is a park in which visitors, fatigued by the hum of ma- chinery, may rest. The annular form chiefly commends itself because a circuit electric elevated railway runs continuously around the entire main nave, and passengers in it can thus see the entire ex- hibit without leaving the cars; and the machinery is easily moved by this means. The power is transmitted by shafting crossing the building at each bay; with a motor at each shaft. The electrical power is used in the Annex, and steam in the main Machinery building. Attached to this great Annex is the power house, convenient to the tracks for coal supply, etc., containing an immense display of boilers, while in the adjoining portion of the Annex Building is THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 143 established the enormous plant of engines and dynamos. This is the largest and most interesting display of electrical power ever made. jVIanufactures and Liberal Arts Building: — Dimensions in feet, 787 by 1G87; area in acres, 30.5; cost, |1, 500, 000. Thisis the Levi- athan of the Exposition. It is as notable for the symmetry of its pro- portions, however,as for its immense size. It is the largest Exposition building ever constructed. The floor alone consumed over 3,000,000 feet of lumber and five carloads of nails. To say that this giant structure contains thirty and one-half acres of floor space gives but a faint idea of its immense size. A clearer impression may be gained by the statement that 1,000 cottages, 25x50 feet, could find room within its walls, and that 5,000 people could live without crowding in these cottages. Within the building a gallery fifty feet wide extends around all four sides, and projecting f r( m this are eighty-six smaller galleries, twelve feet wide, from which visitors may survey the vast array of exhibits and busy scenes below. The galleries are approached upon the main floor by thirty great s aircases, the flights of which are twelve feet wide each. "Columbia Avenue," fifty feet wide, ex- tends through the mammoth building loogitudinally, and an avenue of like width crosses it at right angles at the center. The main roof is of iron and glass and arches an area 385 by 1,400 feet, and has its ridge 150 feet from the ground. The building, including its galleries, has about forty acres of floor space. The Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building is in the Corinthian style of architecture, and in point of being severely classic excels nearly all of the other edifices. The long array of columns and arches which its facades present is relieved from monotony by very elaborate ornamentation. In this ornamentation female figures, symbolical of the various arts and sciences, play a conspicuous and very attractive part. The exterior of the building is covered with "staff," which is treated to represent marble. The huge fluted columns and the im- mense arches are apparently of this beautiful material. There are four great entrances, one in the center of each facade. 144 HAND-BOOK OP These are designed in the maQner of triumphant arches, the central archway of each being forty feet wide and eighty feet high. Surmount- ing these portals is the great attic story, ornamented with sculpturt:;d eagles eighteen feet high, and on each sid§ above the side archts are great panels with inscriptions, and the spandrils aie filltd with sculptured figures in bas-relief. At each corner of the main building are pavilions forming great arched entrances, which are designed in harmony with the great portals. The building occupies a most conspicuous place in the grounds. It faces the lake, with only lawns and promenades between. North of it is the United States Government building; south, the harbor and in-jutting lagoon, and west the Electrical building and the la- goon separating it from the great island, which in part is wooded and in part resplendent with acres of bright flowers of varied hues. In the construction of this building the contractors put in some of the heaviest timber ever used in this or any other country. There are twenty-seven main trusses, with a span of 380 feet and a height of 211 feet. They are fourteen feet wide at the floor and ten at the apex. These trusses with the eight smaller gable trusses weigh 10,800,- 000 pounds. The main trusses weigh about 350,000 pounds each, and they were raised in position from the floor. To handle these great iron structures a "traveler" was constructtd on the floor of the buil- ding, 50 feet by 260 feet 120 feet high. On top of this "traveler" was raised a central tower 135 feet high, so that the total height of this great lifting arrangement was 255 feet. It weighed 20,000 pounds, and over half a million feet of lumber were used in its construction. The floor of the building would not, of course, bear this great weight, and the "traveler" moved on a track specially prepared for it. As much as was necessary of the floor was torn up and three rows of piles were driven to support the "traveler." When the work of rais- ing the trusses was finished, this piling was sawed off and the floor relaid. Another big " traveler " was rigged on the floor of the Machinery Hall to erect the iron work in that structure — a task scarcely less difficult. It cost the Exposition management $198,000 for the carpentry THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 145 work necessary to make some changes in the Manufactures and Lib- eral Arts building from the first designs. As originally designed the building had at either end an open court of four acres each. It was found advisable, in order to furnish more room, to roof over these courts. Agnew & Co., the contractors fortheccirpentry work, took ihe entire building at $450,000. To make the changes proposed they were granted in the way of extras |99,200 for flooring the courts and §98,800 for roofing them. About ten million pounds of iron were used in the construction of this gigantic building. The Edgmore Bridge Company, of Wil- mington, Del., was awarded the contract at a price which brought the aggregate amount up to $460,000. There were over 15,000,0(0 feet of lumber used in its construction. The decoration ( f the grand entrance alone cost $12,000. Fifty tons of paint and 30,000 panesof glass were consumed in this structure. Mines AND Miking Building. — Dimensions in feet, 350x700; area in acres, 5.6; cost, $265,^00. Located at the southern extremity of the western lagoon or lake, and between the Electricity and Transportation building. Its architecture has its inspiration in early Italian renaissance, with which sufiicitnt libeity is taken to invest the building with the animation that should chaiacterize a great general exposition. There is a decided French spirit pervad- ing the exterior design, but it is kept well subordinated. In plan it is simple and straightforward, embracing on the ground floor spacious vestibules, restaurants, toiltt-rooms, etc. On each of the four sides of the building are placed the entrances, those of the north and south fronts being the most spacious and prominent. To the right and left of e ich entrance, inside, start broad flights of easy stairs leading to the galleries. The galleries are 60 feet wide and 25 feet high from the ground floor, and are lighted on the sides by large windows, and from above by a high cle^ei^torv extending around the building. The allegorical figure over the main door- way is eminently fitting as a classical repiesentation of the great industry to which the edifice is dedicated. Mining is rep- resented as a colossal, half-reclining female figure, in Greek dra- 146 HAND-BOOK OF pery, holding aloft, in one hand, a lamp to guide the miner and in the other a pick. The figure was designed by Richard W. Bock. More than one and one-half million pounds of steel and iron entered into the CO Qstruction of this building. State Buildings. — Illinois naturally takes the lead, followed closely by Pennsylvania and New York. Nearly every state and territory in the Union is represented by a building, or in one of the buildings erected for the accommodation of exhibits from states by groups. The state buildings are described in connection with state exhibits. Transportation Building. — Dimensions in feet, 256x960; area in acres, 5.6; annex, dimensions in feet, 425x900; area in acres, 8.8; cost, $370,000. The leading architectural characteristics of this building disclose simplicity of design, harmooious structural effects and dignity of massive proportion relieved by richly ornate details. At the centre it is surmounted by a cupola 165 feet high that affords an extensive view of grounds, lake and surrounding country. This point of observation is reached by eight elevators (the only department building thus provided), which of themselves properly form a part of the transportation exhibits, and run for pub- lic use. With these the gallery (72 feet wide) also connects at an intermediate station by means of a bridge. The central court is abundantly lighted from th e clerestory above. The oflBces of the department are located in the gallery, or entre-sol, where the restau- rant is also located. The grand portal on the east front facing the lagoon consists of a series of receding arches entirely overlaid with gold leaf. The term " Golden Door" hardly conveys an adequate idea of the impressive splendor of this approach. The exteriorarch overhead is ornamented with striking allegorical figures and groups in bas-relief. On one side appears in panel an original studyin an- cient transportation, and on the opposite side the palatial accessories of modern railway travel. The corners above the arch are decorated with mural paintings of marine and railway themes. Four minoren- trances on this front and other elaborate portals at either end of the main building are adorned with fountains and some twenty life-size THE 8CDLLY-I!II8TLE CO. deperal l^ailu/ay 3iippli^s. STEEL AND IRON PLATES, SHEETS, BOILER TUBES, RIVETS, ANGLES, TEES, ETC. WAREHOUSES: 62, 64 and 66 SO. CANAL STREET, 61, 63 and 65 WEST WATER STREET, one, U somo Catal street, - CHIOHBO. Q G 5 ^ c/2 <; The Instantaneous Water Heating Co., 141 and 143 Ontario Street, CHICAGO. MANUFACTURERS OF T5e Dongla^ and ileme In^feanteiiEon^ Watep Heater^ For Baths and Do- m e s t i c Purposes. Used with gas and gasoline. The most perfect appliances for the purpose yet in- vented. Thousands in daily use. Every Heater guaranteed to give satisfaction. Write for Catalogue ¥0. 9. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 147 Statues of inventors whose history is identified with that of the science of transportation. U. S. Government Building. — Dimensions in feet, 345 x 415; area in acres, 33; cost, $400,000. Delightfully located near the lake shore, south of the main lagoon, and of the area reserved for the for- eign nations and the several States, and east of the Woman's Build- ing and of Midway Plaisance, is the Government Exhibit Building. The buildings of England, Germany and Mexico are near by to the northward. The Government Building was designed by Architect Windrim, now succeeded by W. J. Edbrooke. It is clajsic in style, and bears a strong resemblance to the National Museum and other Government buildings at Washington, It is constructed of iron and glass. Its leading architectural feature is an imposing central dome, 120 feet in diameter and 150 feet high, the floor of which will be kept free from exhibits. The building fronts to the west and connects on the north by a bridge over the lagoon, with the building of the Fish- eries exhibit. The south half of the Government Building is devoted to the exhibits of the Postoffice Department, Treasury Department, War Department, and Department of Agriculture. The north half is devoted to the exhibits of the Fisheries Commission, Smithsonian Institute and Interior Department. The State Department exhibit extends from the rotunda to the east end, and that of the Depart- ment of Justice from the rotunda to the west end of the building. The allotment of space for the several department exhibits is: War Department, 23,000 square feet; Treasury, 10,500 square feet; Agri- culture, 23,250 square feet; Interior, 24,000 square feet; Postoffice, 9,000 square feet; Fishery, 20 000 square feet, and Smithsonian In- stitute balance of space. The Government also has an Army Hos- pital and Weather Bureau Building on the grounds, both of which are interesting. The cost of these was included in the above, and was about $20,000. Woman's Building. — Dimensions in feet, 199x388; area in acres, 1.8; cost, $138,000, Among a great number of sketches sub- mitted in competition for this building by women from all over the land the president of the Board of Lady Managers quickly discovered in 148 HAND-BOOK OF the sketch submitted by Miss Sophia G. Hay den that harmony of grouping and gracefulness of details which indicated the architect- ural scholar, and to her was awarded the first prize of a thousand dollars, and also the execution of the design. Directly in front of the building the lagoon takes the form of a bay, about 400 feet in width. From the center of this bay a grand landing and staircase leads to a terrace six feet above the water. Crossing this terrace other staircases give access to the ground four feet above on which, about 100 feet back, the building is situated. The first terrace is designed in artistic flower beds and low shrubs. The principal facade has an extreme length of 400 feet, the depth of the building beiog half this distance. Italian renaissance is the style selected. The first story is raised about ten feet from the ground line, and a wide staircase leads to the center pavilion. This pavilion, forming the main triple-arched entrance, with an open colonnade in the sec- ond story, is finished with a low pediment enriched with a highly elaborate bas-relief. The corner pavilions have each an open colon- nade added above the main cornice. Here are located the Hanging Gardens. A lobby 40 feet wide leads into the open rotunda, 70x65 feet, reaching through the height of the building, and protected by a richly ornamented sky-light. This rotunda is surrounded by a two-story open arcade, as delicate and chaste in design as the exter- ior, the whole having a thoroughly Italian court-yard effect, admit- ting abundance of light to all rooms facing this interior space. On the first floor are located, on the left hand, a model hospital; on the right, a model kindergarten; each occupying 80x60 feet. The whole floor of the south pavilion is devoted to the retrospective exhibit; the one on the north to reform work and charity organization. Each of these floors is 80x200 feet. The curtain opposite the main front contains the library, bureau of information, records, etc. In the second story are located ladies' parlors, committee rooms and dress- ing rooms, all leading to the open balcony in front. The whole second floor of the north pavilion incloses the great assembly-room and club-room. The first of these is provided with an elevated stage for the accommodation of speakers. The south pavilion con- THE world's COLUiVLBIAN EXPOSITION, 149 tains the model kitchen, refreshment rooms, reception roomi and other home-like arrangements. The building is encased with "staff," the same material used on the rest of the buildings, and as it stands with its mellow, decorated walls bathed in the bright sunshine, the women of the country are justly proud of the result. Miss Alice M. Rideout, of San Francisco, was awarded the prize for the sculpture work of this building. There were more than a dozen competitors, but Miss Rideout is credited with beiDg far in advance of the remainder of those who submitted models. There are three divisions of the work; one a group of figures in high relief which fills the pediment over the main entrance to the Woman's building. This pediment is forty-five feet long at the base line and seven feet high at the center. In addition to the pediment there are two groups of statuary standing free above the attic cornice resting upon bases which are five fett long, three feet deep, three feet high and sixty feet from the ground. These groups, one on either side of the pediment, consist of central winged figures ten feet high and sup- ported by smaller sitting figures. They are typical of woman and woman's work in history. The group illustrative of "Woman's Vir- tues" is represented by a slender figure with innocence depicted in the outlines of her features, the virgin veil at the head being sur- rounded by a wreath of roses. The spiritual nature is expressed by the figure looking upward, and a pelican, the symbol of love and sacrifice, is at her feet. "Sacrifice" is represented by a nun in the act of laying her jewels upon the altar. "Charity," "Maternity" and "Love" are depicted in a sub-group. ' 'Woman as the Spirit of Civilization" is an angelic being looking downward. She comes from above to bring better things to human- ity. Her pose is both heroic and commanding. In her hand she bears the torch of "Wisdom." There are two figures at her feet representing woman as she existed through the darker ages and the modern woman. "Woman's Place in History" was designed for a pediment. The central figure of this group lepresents a woman as foremost in the 150 HAND-BOOK OP scientific and religious work. In her right hand she offers a myrtle wreath as the reward for virtuous endeavor; and in her left she holds the scale demanding equal rights. In this group woman is seen as the "Good Samaritan," the "Teacher, "and the "Mistress of Music." The conception of the three groups has been designed to illustrate all that woman has, is aod will be to hnmaoity. An invitation extended by the Board of Lady Managers for con- tributions in tlie foroa of materials for tlie Woman's building was responded to very generously by wom( n in all parts of this and for- eign countries. In fact the offers were more numerous than could be accepted. These took various forms. Fine woods, stone, mar- bles, materials for columns, panels, statuary, etc. The ladies of several states asked the privilege of finishing entire rooms in native woods, etc. Marble columns came all the way from North Dakota and Washington. The result is that the Woman's buildingin nearly every detail represents some work performed by the women of the country, or gives evidence of the energy and intelligence with which they have handled their special department. The last nail for the Woman's building, which was. driven by Mrs. Potter Palmer, was presented by the women of Montana. It was so made as to form the back or cross bar of a brooch, which is a shield bearing the coat of arms of Montana reproduced in native gold without a trace of alloy in its composition. The shield is of gold, and the symbolical figures are made of the same metal but of different colors. The waterfall in the foreground is of light colored gold sunk into the shield, and the plow and pick standing at the foot of the falls are of a darker shade, as is also the background or relief. Toe wre?ith surrounding the escutcheon is of native gold, and the figures of the two men supporting the whole on either side are also of t e same rich, yellow gold. Underneath is the scroll, bear- ing the motto of the state, " Oro y Plata." In the two upper por- tions of the wreath two Montana sapphires are inserted. Instead of merely engraving the figures, each was wrought separately and then fastened together, making the task of shaping the brooch not only a delicate, but exceedingly difficult one, and one that required much THE WOBLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 151 skill and patience. To Mrs. J. E. Rickards, of Butte, belongs the credit of the happy idea of making the last nail one of such interest^ la design the nail, which was made by a Butte jeweler, is the coun- terpart of an ordinary twelve-penny nail and is composed of three strips with silver in the centre and the gold and copper on either side. The nail aad brooch are distinct articles and after the former was driven it was drawn from the wood, fastened to the brooch and the whole presented to Mrs. Palmer. The women of Nebraska fur- nished the hammer with which this "last nail" was driven. Other Buildings. — Notwithstanding the generous provision made for space by tbe management, the great size of the buildings fs originally planned, and the number of ihem, exceedingthat of aiy previous exposition, it was found in the spiing of 1892 that otheis must b 3 erected to meet the demands of exhibitors and the public. S )LQe changes were also made in the original designs, more especially with relation to Ihe Casino. No casino is to be seen as originally designed, at the end of the pier l,OtO feet from shore, and there is no curved mole beariug columns emblematical of ihe thirteen States. In place of the latter there is a peristyle, 60 feet wide and 5(0 feet long, extending north and south and spanning the lagoon entrance by a grand arch. Ranged along this peristyle are emblematic col- umcs representing all of the states and territories. At the north end of the peristyle is The Music Hall which for a time it was thought would have to be put on the wooded island. It measures MO by 200 feet, and has an auditorium large enough to seat 2,000 people with an orchestra of 75 pieces and a chorus of 300 persons. It also has a rehearsal hall 50 by 80 feet, capable of seating 600 people. This Mas^'c H ill is designed to be used by musical talent and connoisseurs of the art rather than by the mass of people who will visit Jackson Park. It is intended that here shall gather the fine singers and instrumentalists who may wish to be heard and criticised by the best representatives of their art or profession. The grand choruses and band concerts — the proper musical enter- tainments — will be held in an aniphitheatre accommodating 15,000 people or more. This is located in the extreme Southern part of the 152 HAND-BOOK OF park and after the close of the projected musical programme will be transformed into a live-stock show ring. At the South end of the peristyle there is a resturant and cafe, of the same size and style as Music Hall. This is constructed to supply the main features of the abandoned Casino. The cost was $206,000. The pier, extending 1,000 feet into the lake, is one of the greatest features. At its extremity, in place of the Casino, is erected a Tower 250 feet high. This is of iron, covered with staff, and resembles a lighthouse in appearance. From its summit electrical displays of exceeding brilliancy are made, and by means of electric '"search-lights," the grounds, or any particular portion of them, can be flooded with light on fete nights. Department Building. — The building, which is two stories high, cost $58,000. Its dimensions in feet are 165 by 310. In the center is an open court and about this court are located four important departments of the Exposition management. The north- east section is devoted to general offices for the Chief of Construc- tion and his assistants. The southeast quarter furEishes room for a hospital. In this hospital are three wards, 39x19 feet each. Two wards are for male patients and one for female patients. The hos- pital is complete in all appointments. The South end of the build- ing, running West from the hospital, is devoted to the fire depart- ment. Here are located steam and chemical engines, police patrol- wagons, ambulances, fire and police alarm offices, stalls for horses, etc. Running East and West through the center of the building is a driveway eighteen feet wide. On the West side of the structure, between the driveway and the fire department, is stable room for twenty horses and a number of carriage and other vehicles. Across the driveway, just North, are police headquarters. Here Col. Wright will assemble his Columbian Guards. Cells for lawbreakers are also provided. The northwest section of the building is devoted to a large restaurant. The upper story is largely used for dormi- tories. Convent of La Bahida. — It may be remembered that early in 1492 Columbus, while traveling on foot and in a destitute condition applied for food at the Franciscan convent of La Rabida in Spain, and was kindly and hospitably received. The prior of the institu- THE WOKLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 153 tion, Father De Marchena, was a man not only of education and culture, but of large influence with Queen Isabella. Columbus explained his plans for the discovery of the new continent to the prior, who became interested, and secured for him a reception at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella, who were then in camp with the besieging army in front of Grenada. There is little doubt but that for the timely assistance of the good Abbot Colum- bus would have completely failed in his efforts to secure assistance to discover the new world, as he had previously failed in his endeavors to obtain aid from the governments of Spain and Portu- gal. A fac simile of the convent, costing $50,000 is among the structures on the grounds. It is alluded to elsewhere. Shoe and Leather Building and Mineral Display Building. — These are located in the grand central court of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building. Their dimensions in feet are 325x425 each, and their cost $100,000. It was the original intention to leave two great open courts in the center of the Manufactures building, each about 400 by 500 feet. After the shoe and leather industries of the country made such a determined fight for the building and agreed to raise all the money necessary to put it up, it was decided that the two buildings named could be erected in the court which it was orig- inally intended to decorate with flowers and fountains. The build- ings are one-story high and are separated from the walls of the main building by streets about fifty feet wide. Bridges. — The bridges over the lagoon and canals are all worthy of attention, and have been constructed at a great expenditure of time, labor and money. The cost of the viaducts and bridges was $125,000. Lavatories, Closets, Etc.— The lavatories, closets, etc., at the World's Fair required the expenditure of between $450,000 and $500,000. There are 3,000 closets, 2,000 urinals and 1,500 lavatories. The contract for the construction and care of all these was said to be the largest con- tract of the plumbing description ever let. At the Centennial and the Paris Expositions the plumbing and sanitary precautions were very unsatisfactory. It was the determination that they should be as per- fect as possible at the Chicago Exposition. Streets in Reproduction, 154 HAND-BOOK OF Etc. — Many streets, villages, etc.. in imitation of streets and villages in foreign towns and countries, are reproduced. These will represent portions of North, South and Central America, streets in Cairo, Egypt, etc., all of which are referred to elsewhere. Towers. — The decoration of the towers involves a great deal of attention and a great outlay. The towers, it is seen, are not bare skeleton shafts of iron, but their exterior framework is sur rounded with an additional structure which makes them appear like columns of masonry. At the first landing of the tower on the pier, 200 feet high, will be a big clock with bells and chimes. At the second landing, 250 feet high, is an electric plant and an immense searchlight for giving panoramic views of the Exposition grounds and buildings. Religious Exhibits Building. — The Evangelical Alliance (at this writing) proposes the erection of a great building for religious exhibits. Band Stands. — Visitors to the World's Fair will find on every hand bands of music for their entertainment. Fifteen music-stands are provided for the accommodation of the dif- ferent bands anxious to visit the Exposition and make music for the visitors, Natatorium.—k. natatorium, or swimming school, will be found directly west of the location assigned to the Dutch Settlement on Midway Plaisance. Its dimensions are 200 1 y 250, and cost $60,000. Bank. — The Chemical National Bank has established a branch in the Administration building for the accommodation of visitors. Additional Buildings. — As up to the very last moment changes were made in the general arrangements for special build- ings, it is impossible to enumerate them all in this connection. Two handsome structures, however, in addition to those already named will be found by the visitor in all probability — one for the accom- moiation of the brick tile and terra cotta manufacturers, the other for exhibits of heavy m ichinery, such as drop hammers, forges, etc. [Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.] THE PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING.— WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. A. H. Andrews & Co., 215 Wabash five., Chicago. Owners and Manufacturers of Andrews' Nleial Gnair. Attractive, Light, Comfortable and Indestructible. Composed of Stell which is Twisted together, making a spring back. Plated Brass, Nickel, or Copper Finish. Highly Polished and are very beautiful, and the Cheapest Chair Ever made, quality and durability considered. Price, $2.50 up. Bed closed. Andrews' "Gem" Folding Beds. Elegant Designs. Perfect Ventilation. Can be taken apart for moving. For Ventilation. Opera and Churcli Chairs. Each furnished with our Adjustable Cable Supporting Mattress. Best in existence. Send for Illustrated Cata- logue. Bank and Office Fittings. For Cleaning. Office Desks Nn II "^6 tio-w famish medium If ? I and low priced OFFICE ■ lil I I DESKS, the CHEAP- Globes EST made and Bestfor the Money. A.H.ANDREW8&C0.rcrcA'Gli: THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 155 PAET YI. THE STATE BUILDINGS AND EXHIBITS — RULES GOVERNING THEM-WHAT THE GREAT COMMONWEALTHS OF THE UNION HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSI- TION—RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS ILLUSTRATED — A GEN- ERAL REVIEW— THE TERRITORIES. Sites for buildings or space for special exhibits were allotted by the Exposition management to every State and Territory of the American Union. Every one of them is represented in some manner on the Exposition grounds ; most of them creditably, some of them magnificently. The foreign visitor must understand that each of the States and Territories is perfectly independent in all such mat- ters, and that it is only by a vote of the respective State or Terri- torial Legislatures, involving the appropriation of funds to meet the expenses of the exhibit, that action could be taken. It is a matter in which neither the Federal government nor a neighboring state or territory can interfere. Some of the State legislatures were gen- erous in their appropriations ; some delayed action until the last moment. As a rule, when the legislatures failed to act, or when their action was considered inadequate to the importance of the event, private citizens contributed, in order that their States should not be left out in the cold or misrepresented by a poor display. Chicago being the chief city of the State of Illinois, the latter commonwealth very naturally takes the lead among her sisters. The Illinois build- ing is one of the grandest on the grounds, and the Illinois exhibit ranks among the first. For convenience sake the State buildings and State exhibits are arranged alphabetically rather than with regard to their prominence, politically or otherwise. The following is a summary of the rules governing the erection of State buildings and the display of State exhibits : 156 iETAND-BOOK OP All exhibits intended to be competitive, and within the jurisdiction of juries or committees authorized to award prizes, must be located in some one of the general exposition building's, and be grouped according- to the official classification, except such exhibits as can only be properly and advantageously displayed in the grounds; provided, however, that this exception shall only operate in those cases where, in the judgment llection of historical relics, the property of Meade Post, G. A.. R., George W. Childs and the Drexel Institute; representations of Benjamin Franklin, Stephen Girard and other old-time celebrated citizens; the famous "liberty bell, "and other exceedingly interest- ing objects. A.pplications for spice for exhibits were very numer- ous from Pennsylvania. Two hundred and three applications for space at the Columbian Exposition were made by Philadelphians desirous of making exhibitions. This state is represented in the Art, Agricultural, H )rticultural. Electricity, Manufacturers and Mechanical dep irtmeiits very largely and conspicuously. It is one of the mostadvauced, as well as one of the most prosperous; states of the Union. Rhode Island. — The building of the little State of Rhode Island is a two-story structure, modeled after the Doric style of architect- ure, with towering pillars resting on porches at either end. The entrance at the front is through three circular arches into a circular porch twenty fe ;t in diameter, which opens into a miin hall 20x42 feet. The secretiry's room is on the first floor, near the front, and just beyond this is the winding staircise to the ground floor, On the 178 HAND-BOOK OF right of the entrance, and opening from the centre of the main hall through the wide archway, is the women's room, which is 12x24 feet. In the front of the building, directly over the main entrance below, is a room set apart for the Governor of the State, which is twenty feet in diameter. On the right and left of the Governor's room are two rooms set apart for the Commissioners. Spacious porches are arranged at the ends of the building, and four large pil- lars reach to the story above. Immediately over the entrance, sup- ported by the architrave, is a cornice bearing the shield of the State. The roof is encircled in a balustrade. The first cost was estimated to be |8, 000. Rhode Island contributes largely to the Manufactures and Liberal Arts department, as well as to every one of the great sections of the Exposition. South Carolina.— South Carolina, owing to the defeat of an appropriation bill in the legislature, was late in securing a place among her sister states; but the exhibit made, though small, com- paratively, is creditable. South Dakota. — The State building of South Dakota Is m the style of an old French farmhouse. The walls are of bricks. In dimensions are 60x72 feet. On the first floor is an assembly hall with towering mantels and house fire-places at each end. The Sta'e raised between $80,000 and $100,000. The legislature was lale in acting, but the energetic and enterprising people of the young State made full amends for its neglect. South Dakota is well rep- resented in the Agricultural, Horticultural, Mineral and Forestry departments. Tennessee. — The private citizens and counties of the State of Tennessee subscribed liberally toward securing an adequate exhibit at the World's Fair, the legislature having failed to pass an appro- priation bill. The fun(3s raised were ample to provide for a very creditable display, and the State is represented in nearly every department. Texas. — This great State has one of the most notable buildings of the group. The structure is 85x250 feet. The main height is 70 feet. Constructed entirely after the style of the old Spanish missions, >> Oi § ^ u < V 1-5 .'2 I &g H Pi <5 6QRN EXCHANGE BflM " The Rookery," Cor. La Salle and Quincy Sts., ^HICAGO. CHARLES L HUTCHINSON, President. ERNEST A. HAMILL, Vice-President. FRANK W. SMITH, Cashier. CAPITAL, - $1,000,000 SURPLUS, - - - - $1,000,000 DIRECTORS: S. A. KENT, J. H. DWIGHT, BYRON L.SMITH, CHAS. H. WACKER, CrfAS. COUNSELMAN, EDWIN G. FOREMAN, B. M. FREES, UHAS. H. SCHWAB, EDWARD B. BUTLER, CHAS. L. HUTCHINSON ERNEST A. HAMILL. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 179 it is a good example of Sp inish renaissance architecture. The front part of the building forms a square eighty-five feet wide inclosing a large assembly hall. The general grouping of the building shows that it is flanked on each corner by a square tower, the intervening cur- taias consisting of two stories of open arcaded loggias. The towers have also loggias in their top stories. Both the main building and the towers are covered with a low-pitched roof of brown-red Span- ish tile. Broad surfaces of masonr}' are enlivened by highly ornate carvings around the windows and in the spandriels of the arches. Extending from the main building toward the east is a wing nearly 150 feet long. It is more subdued in ornamentation, but is designed to be in thorough harmony with the rest of the building. In the center of the wing is a richly-carved doorway leading into the dif- ferent offices, the big assembly room, and the committee rooms. The structure is built of Texas materials. Texas took unbounded inter- est in the Exposition from the very first. The city of Galveston alone raised over $150,000. There were over $300,000 raised by contributions throughout the State. Texas is represented and repre- sented well, in every department. Vermont. — One hundred of the substantial citizens of Vermont subscribed $100 each, and the building, costing $10,000, was erected without drawing upon the state treasury. Vermont is represented in the Geological, Agricultural, Horticultural, Mechanical and Art departments, and quite fully tin he Mineral and Forestry depart- ments. A $6,000 monument of Barre granite is one of the exhibits from Vermont. Virginia. — The best exhibits of the Virginia State Fair of 1892 are offered the visitor at the Exposition of 1893. The state appro- priated about $80,000, which was increased by private subscriptions. Virginia makes a good showing, but one hardly commensurate with her age or high position among the states of the Union. Washington. — Washington's is a unique state building. It is constructed almost entirely of material brought from the state, and forms an illustration of the building materials and industries pecu- Tar to that young but vigorous commonwealth. The building is 190 HAMVBOOK OF 2?0xl40feet The eiterior is of '.irabor from Puget Sound region and all thclumlx'T entering into ii was donated by the State Luna- bexmen'ss Assodalion. The main entrance is made one of the fea- tures of tbe building, and is of granite, marble, and ore quanied in the state. In additloii to what was contributed, the state expMided $50, (XK) In constmrtinfr and elaborating the details of the building. It is surmounted bj a flagstaff 175 feiet high, and there are four towers of unique design. A peculiar incident in connection with the acceptance of the design for thit building was that the onewhidi at first was considered third in merit was adopted, and the architect who received the first priae in the cotnpe'ition was relegated to tbe rear. The state spent fslOO.OOO on the conecTion of an exhibit. Washington contributes largely to the departments of Agriculture. Forestrv. Mines. Fisheries, Education, Eleciricitv, Live Stock, Fine Arts, Woman's Work, and Transportation. Her display's are very creditable. WEer ViRoiNia. — West Virginia has a beautiful little building which cost about $30,000. Tbe stste coniributes verj extensively to the departments of Mines and Mining. Forestrv. Agriculture, Flor- iculture. Horticulture, Manufactures and Liberal Arts, and Ma- chinery WrsooNsiN.— The Wisconsin state building is a handsome stmc- ture. It is commodious, and the Interior is arranged with s^iecial reference to tbe products of this wealthy statt . which in variety and character make the exhibit one of the most attractive and interesting to be seen at the Fair. It is two stories hifh. wiih not less than 10,000 feet of floor space exclusive of porches. Tbe whole structure inbuilt of Wisconsin material. The exterior walls are of stone, brick, and terra cotia. and the roof of slate, tile or iron made in Wisconsin The interior is ornamented and furnished with plate. beveled, and mirror glass. Wisconsin pine and hardwood, and encaustic tile. The cost of the building was $iW.O00, Douglas county appropriated $2,000 to pay for a stained glaps window at the head of the main staircase. Wis«^onsin is represented in every department of tiie Exposition. Herschool exhibit ranks THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 181 first. She contributes extensively to the Art, Agriculture, Forestry, Miaesaad Mining, Minufactures and Fine Arts, Machinery, Electric- ity, Transportation and other departmenls. She sends an interest- ing exhibit, in the form of native pearls. These pearls, found in the clams indigenous to several rivers of the vicinity, have been pronounced by Tiffany as the finest in the world, and are exhibited by the owner at the World's Fair as a product of the state. A solid granite monolith, larger than Cleopatra's needle, is exhibited by the owner of a Wisconsin quarry. It weighs 400 tons. All cereals and farm products which took first prizes in the county fairs of 1892 were sent to the Agricultural department of the Exposition. Wyoming. — The Wyoming building is in stjle a model club house. The dimensions are 70 feet in length by 50 feet in width. The first story contains a large hall extending to the roof with a gallery at the second floor. The offices are arranged on the stairway leading to the second floor. A veranda 12 feet wide is upon the east and west sides. The second story contains toilet and retiring rooms for both ladies and gentlemen. The gallery around the hall and doors leads out upon the balconies on each of the four sides. The building is in the French chateau style, ana the panels of the main frieze exterior contain elaborately wrought hunting and pas- toral scenes. The cost of the building was $20,000. Wyoming contributes to the Agricultural, Mines and Mining and other depart- ments of the Exposition displays, which show her to have made wonderful advancement. The Territories. — The Territories of the Union are well rep- resented. Beginning with far-away Alaska, each and every one of them makes a creditable exhibit. The government takes care of the Alaskan display, which is a novel and interesting one in many particulars. The seal industry is represented among others. Arizona contributes largely to the Mines and Mining departments and to the Indian exhibit. New Mexico rai-sed over $75,000 and in consequence the visitor sees a great many attractions from this wealthy territory, notably in the Mines and Mining department and Indian exhibit. Oklahoma, youngest of the Territories, has 182 HA.ND-BOOK OF made a splendid effort to bring herself properly before the world, and her efforts have been crowned with success. She contributes to the Agricultural, Horticultural, Mines and Mining departments, displays which will surprise the visitor. The possibilities in the way of raising fruit, as shown by the product of last year, are great. One strawberry raised in Guthrie measured 73^ inches in circumference and twenty weighed one pound. For a number of years the Benedictine order in Pottawattamie county has given special attention to viticulture, and their wines have quite a reputation. The cereals are well represented here, as is cotton. The mineral deposits are as yet undeveloped. Utah ought not properly to be classed among the other Territories, so much is she in advance of them. Her building is a "Salt Palace," and her exhibits are really deserving of a first place among those of the great agricultural and mining States. District of Columbia. — The display made by the District in which is located the seat of government includes pictures of the school buildings, views of the streets and avenues, and probably a fac-simile in miniature of the city and its public buildings. There is to be also a collection of historical relics. A Group of State Buildtngs— The four States of Wisconsin, Indiania, Michigan and Ohio, are grouped together on a triangular plat of ground near the western limit of Jackson Park, just north of Fifty-ninth street. How to arrange these four state buildings so that each would have a commanding view of the fine art galleries and the pretty little lake near by has been one of the problems for the construction deparment. The buildings are so placed that each commands a fine view of the art galleries, the picturesque lake and the buildings of a number of foreign nations. The Indiana build- ing cost about $100,000, of which amount $70,000 was to be donated by lumber associations. The Michigan building represents an outlay of $40,000, most of which was donated from private sources The Wisconsin and Ohio buildings cost about $50,000 each, and a in the case of Michigan and Indiana, most of the building material was donated. jm PLflNKINTON MILWf\UKEE, WIS. The Largest and most complete Hotel in the Northwest. 450 ROOMS, FROM ^2.50 TO ^5.00 PER DAY. Tourists and Commercial Travelers will find the Plankinton one of the most elegant and com- fortable Hotels in the United States, A. L. CHASE, THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 183 PART YII. FOREIGN REPRESENTATIONS AND EXHIBITS— THE CIVILIZED WORLD DISPLAYS ITS PROGRESS AT THE CHICAGO EXPOSI- TION-SOME OF THE LEADING ATTRACTIONS-RULES GOV- ERNI-iG FOREIGN EXHIBITS-LOCATION OF FOREIGN BUILD- INGS, ETC. The civilized world, sections of the semi-civilized and many poitionsof the uncivilized, are represented at the World's Colum- bian Exposition. The Chicago World's Fair of 1893 has a stronger cl im upon the term Universal than any of its predecessors. For the first time in history the great nations of Europe are able to exhibit their progress in science, art, and industry, on what may be justly termed neutral ground. The political and social rivalry which has ever been a menace to the different nations in interna- tional expositions heretofore, finds no place here. While the United States comes into competition with all nations, in every department of human activity, the narrow environments and prejudices which exist abroad are unknown here, and every nation is certain to be treated f urly, impartially and justly, not only in the allotment of position and space, but in the distribution of honors. The foreign department of the Exposition, from the beginning, has been intelligently and wisely managed. The sending of a commission into all the coun- tries of Europe in 1891 was the most politic and judicious step that could have been taken. This commission consisted of Ferdinand Peck, Esq. ; Hon. Benjamin Butterworth, Judge William Lindsay, Hon. A. Gr. Bullock and Major Moses P. Handy, representatives of the Local Directory, the National Commission and the official staff of the Exposition. The effect of their mission was felt almost immediately. Europe was awakened to a sense of the importance 184 HAND-BOOK OF and magnitude of the World's Fair, and upon the return of the commission two of the greatest empires on earth — England and Germany — sent representatives to enquire further into the status of the enterprise and to report to their respective governments the result. The reports of Sir Henry Wood and James Dredge, on the part of England, and of Herr Wermuth, on the part of Germany, as well as the active interest these envoys have since taken in the success of the Exposition, are fresh in the minds of the public. Not only has their friendship and enthusiasm interested the exhib- itors of the two empires named, but they have stimulated every European nation, many of which, for a time, at least, were inclined to be apathetic. The visit of the ambassadors of foreign nations accred- ited to Washington in 1891 also served to enlighten the Old World as to the magnitude of the preparations being made here. Later on, the sending of additional commissioners— notably the departure of Mr. H. N. Higginbotham and T. B. Bryan for southern Europe. — served to renew the interest of foreign nations in the World's Fair, The organization of a Latin-American Commission likewise has resulted in bringing the Spanish-American republics into line, and the exhibits made by our neighbors on this continent demonstrate how well the bureau having this department in charge has been conducted by Mr. W. E. Curtis. Finally the appointment of Walker Fearn as chief of the foreign exhibits department gave an impulse to this branch of the executive service of the Exposition, the favorable effects of which have continued to be felt up to the present time. The passage of the McKinley bill by Congress for a time had a depressing effect upon the prospects of the Exposition. Foreign manufacturers were inclined to hold aloof, in the hope, perhaps, that by so doing the government might be influenced in the direction of more liberal customs laws; but as our system of government can not be thus influenced, and as foreign governments and foreign manufacturers began to realize that outside pressure of this kind would probably have an effect quite contrary to that which was desired, they gradually accepted the situation and set about making the best of it. THE world's (JOLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 185 As an evidence of friendship for the Exposition, Belgium, China, Denmark and the Netherlands gave official notification through the American ministers to their respective countries that Exposition publications, printed matter and pictures would be admitted free of duty. Japan not only admitted such publications free of duty, but assisted in circulating them. The Standard Guide to Chicago and Tre Hand Book op The World's Columbian Exposition are admitted into all countries. The former was warmly received every- where during the progress of the Columbian Exposition commission throughout Enrope. Ferdinand Peck, Esq., and Major Moses P. Handy, reported that it was the most sought of any publication car- ried with them, and that it had a very favorable effect upon all classes of people. Whole sections of J'he Standard Guide have been translated and printed in the newspapers and magazines of the dif- ferent European countries. Even the advertising was reproduced to illustrate the business customs and the commercial energy of Chicago. Foreign visitors and exhibitors will be looked after carefully by various societies organized in Chicago for the purpose. The St. George Society will entertain and protect English visitors; the St. Andrews and Highland societies will care for the Scotch; the Sheridan Club, Idsh-Americau Club and other Irish Societies will look after distinguished Irishmen and women, and see that the less distinguished are not neglected. German citizens have a suit- able headquarters and bureau of information where strangers from the Empire of Germany will be received and attended to; the Aus- trians are similarly organized, and besides the great German societies and clubs of Chicago will assist. French, Swedish, Norwegian, Bohemian, Polish, Jewish, Swiss, Danish, Welsh and other socieiies of foreign born, or foreign descent citizens of Chicago will care for visitors of their respective nationalities. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago for a list of foreign societies.] The decision of the United States Attorney-General that foreign exhibit- ors can bring with them enough employes to show the process of manufacturing the goods they display, without being held for violation of the contract law, will bring, it is thought, many thou- 186 HAND-BOOK OF sands of skilled mechanics and artisans from foreign countries into Chicago. These will be entertained suitably by the various indus- trial and trades societies. The government in 1891 decided that the transportation of articles intended for tlie Exposition must be facilitated in preference to all other importations Upon entry of merchandize intended for the Exposition an entry must be made providing for iis immediate trans- portation with apprisement, ns has already been inserted in the cus- t>ms regulations on this su)ject. Restrictions as to date of sli p- ment are not t ) be appatd to shipment of merchandize of this kind, but in the language of the Secretary of the Treasury: " It is in- tended by this department to give precedence as far as reasonable to entries of this kind, and you are hereby instructed to afford every practicable facility for speedy transmission to Chicago." All in- voices and other papers accompanying such intended exhibits are to be stamped plainly "Exhibits for the World's Columbian Exposi- tion." and blank forms will be furnished upon application by ship- pers or importers. The information contained in this paragraph is of special importance to foreign exhibitors. Another item of great importance is this, a bill passed by Congress for the protection of foreign exhibitors: "That no citizen of any country shall be held liable for the infringement of any patent granted by the United States or any trade mark registered in the United States where the act complained of is pei formed in connection with the exhibition of any article ( r thing at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago." Hon. Benj. Butterworth, Solicitor-Geneial of the Exposition, is of the opinion that intending foreign ex- hibitors may operate and use on the Exposition grounds machinery which may be patented in the United Slates and the foreign countries. The following, containing answers to questions put to the Director- General by the French Commission, will be of interest to the exhibitors of all nations, as it contains in substance the regulations governing the Exposition and the rules governing Foreign exhibits. TIE RELIC HOISE 900 flortl^ <5IarK Str<^(^t. BUILT OK IV|ATEI(IAL TAl^EM F{(OM THE dHIdA^Q n\l. The only interesting Relic Remaining Of the Fatal October Sth, 1871. I(EFRE^HW[EMT^ OF ALL I^ID^ SERVED BY POLITE WAITERS, ETC., ETC. WM. LINDEMANN, - PROPRIETOR. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 187 The inquiries were answered by the former Solicitor-General of the Exposition, Hon. Benj. Batter worth: Sir-: In answering the several interrog-atories propou nded by the Honor- pble Commis ioner of France, in reference to French exhibits, etc., I beg to submit the following: The tirst interrogatory is as follows: "What accommodations would the Exposition be willing to furnish in view of providing the French section with a service of firemen of the city of Paris?" Tne question does not indicate whether the French Commission would send Avith the proposed service of firemen, engines, hose ree's and otber apparatus used by afire department, or whether they would expe t to usr the appliances furnished by the fire department of Chicago. In either case,however,suitable accommodati ns would he provided for the rnposed service of firemen— the cost of subsisting the force WoUld of course devolve upon the French Commission. The ne t interrogatory is as follows: "The French Comtiission would like to know at what condition', clauses, a'^d rate it would be possible for French exhibitors to insure their o jects with perfect secur ty in C icago?" Your corrts^OLdent W'll observ that t will be impossible to fix with exactness the rate of insurance until the character of buildings and the nature of the exhibits, manner ' f installation, etc., is known. But his can be said definitely, that there will be no difficulty in making- satisfac- tory arrangements for the most rpasonable rates in Fre 'ch, English, or American companies. The management has laken special care to make ad quate prov sion for space, and to have everv thing as nearly fire-proof as may be, so it is reasonably ctrtain that rates of ins ranee willn'^tbe e cessive, but, on the contrary, very reasonable. The representatives of the various insur'nce companies wiilgive this matter a^tentio i attheearliest practicable moment, and your correspondent will be advised of the rates agreed upon as fast as they are fixed by the insurance companies. The next interrogatory is as follows: "About any other losses to be incurred otherwise than by fire, under what jurisdiction and police regula- tions is the International Exhibit going to be placeo? Are the grounds and buildings going to be treated for public protection like United States Ware- houses, subject to the Federal laws and courts, or under State and Munic- ipal laws of police? "' Foreign e vhibits will be un 3er the immediate charge of officeis of the United States Government. The entire Exposi ion grounds and buildings will be under the immediate jurisdiction of the Municipality of the city of Chicago, and mediately the State of Illinois. A police force and guard equal to any possible contingency will be provided. Under our system of government, the authority of the Municipality is uphpld by the State, and the State by the General Government, so that no apprehension need arise as to losses resulting from acts of lawlessness, such an occurrence, at most, being a very remote possibility. The next interrogatory is as follows : " Article 24 says that sales of spf^- cial articles Avill be subject to further regulations. The French Commis- sion trusts, in the interest of French exhibitors, that such sales are going to be allowed, and would like that a pledge should be given that it will be so." Referring to the above article with relation to French exhibits the rule adopted in regard to sale of articles on exhibition upon the grounds is, that the exhibit shall not be impaired by reason of such sales. This is obviously indispensable to the proper conduct of the Exposition. If sales are made and deliveries had it would have to be under a regulation which would pro- 188 HAND-BOOK OF vide that the articles would be immediately replaced, so that the exhibit as a whole would not deteriorate. The next interrogatory is as follows : " The French Commission needs also to be informed about the amount collected so far, or to be collected on the World's Fair subscription, and now and when the bonds of the city of Chicago S^,000,000 loan have been issued and lent over to the World's i- air Directors." In answer it is submitted: That about six millions of dollars have been raised by subscriptions to the capital stock of the Company. Of this sum Sl,500,000 has been paid in, and th^; balance is paid as installments are called for by the Directors of the Company. The city of Chicago has authorized the issuance of bonds of the cits'- to the amount, of five million dollars. This insures to the enterprise at this date eleven millions of dollars. Additional subscrip ions are being taken, and the committee on finance has stated that not less than seventeen millions of dollars will be realized from first to last by the corporation for use of the Exposition. To defray the expense of the participation of the Federal Governmentin the Exposition, the Congress of the United States, at the first session of the fifty-first Congress, appropriated fifteen hundred thousand dollars. The several States are making appropriations ranging from twenty-five thousand to three hundred thousand dollars each. The appropriation up to ttiis time by states that have taken action in the matter reaches about two million dollars. The total amount appropriat*^d by States will und ubtedly exceed four millions, to which must be added the sums provided by the manufac- turing cities. The fund already provided and available for use by the management is larger than has been provided for any previous exposition. That funds ample in amount, and available when and as needed in the pro- gress of the work of preparation, have been provided, is beyond question. The next mterrogatory is as follows: " By a proclamation of June 11, 1887, the President of the United States has agreed to the following Artic'e 11, of the International Convention for the protection of industrial prop- erty, viz.: 'The high contracting parties engage between themselves to accord a temporary protection to patentable inventions, to industrial designs or models, as well as to trade or commerciaJ marks, for the pro- ductions which may figureat official or officially recognized iaternational exhibitions.' May the French Commission be assured that the guarantee promised by said proclamation will te fully extended to the industrial or commercial marks, designs and patents of French products? Which juris- diction and courts would have to prevent or repress any attempt in violation of gaid convention?" To answer the question here p- opounded, required an examination of Treaty of Paris with reference to industrial prorerty, and the action of a subsequent conference held in pursuance of that Treaty, and t*^ e legislation by the United States since. To make the necessary examina- tion required time. The Hth Article of the Convention of 1883, to which reference is made in the mterrogatory of your correspondent, is as follow-: " The high contracting parties engage between themselves to accord tem- porary protection to patentable inventions, to industrial designs or models, as well as to trade or commercial marks for the productions which may figure at official or officially recognized international exhibitions." The necessity for such a requirement as this exists by virtue of the provision in the law !j of many European nations that a patent is void, oris voidable, if the invention has been made public in the country prior to the issue of the patent therefor. In countries where the law above mentioned was in force, inventors necessarily refrained from displaying unpatented inventions. To provide for such contingencies, the 11 th Article of the Treaty of Paris above quoted was adopted. That article did not, however, increase the security of inventors in the United States, as alarger measure of protection is guaranteed to all inventors, whether citizens or foreigners, by the exist- ing law, since our statute explicitly admits of two years of public use of an THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 189 invention during which an application for patent may be filed. It results' therefore, that the exhibition of an unpatented invention at the World's Columbian Exposition will not impair the right of the inventor to get a patent, unless the invention was made and disclosed or publicly used more than two years before patent is applied for The statute on that subject is clear and explicit. It reads as follows: (Sec. 4886, Revised Statutes. Patent Laws.) "Any person who has invented or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or composi- tion of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, not known or used by others in this country, and not patented or described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country, before his invention or discovery thereof, and not in public use or on sale for more than two years prior to his application, unless the same is proved to have abandoned, may, upon payment of the fees required by law, and other due proceed- ings had, obtain a patent therefor." Concerning trade marks, I call the attention of your correspondent to the fact that, by virtue of the Treaty of 1869 between the French govern- ment and the government ot the United States, citizens of the French Republic are, equally with citizens of the United States, entitled to register their trade marks in the United States. This privilege is also secured to them by the virtue of the Convention of 1883 (Treaty of Paris), and although the Treaty agreed upon by that convention stipulates a period of time within which the application must be deposited in this country, that stipulation is practically unimportant; since our law does not make pro- tection to trade marks here contingent upon prior registration in the country of which the applicant is a citizen. It is obvious from what has been said that no legislation is required in this country to carry into effect the nth Article of the Convention of Paris, and hence no such legislation has been recommended, and none enacted. The 11th Article of the Treaty made by the Convention of Paris, has been construed by Article 6 of the 4th Protocol, adopted at the Madrid Conference of April, 1890, held in pur- suance of the said treaty of Paris. Article 6 of the 4th Protocol reads as follows: ^'First. The temporary protection provided by Article 11 of the Convention consists in a period of priority of at least six months from the admission of the product to the exposition; and the application or employment without proper authority, during the exhibition, of the invention, design, model or trade mark so protected, shall not prevent the person who has obtained the tempory protection from legally making, during the said period, application for patent, or from making the deposit necessary to insure himself of the said protection in all the territory of the Union. Each State shall have power to extend the said period. ''''Sexond. The above mentioned temporary protection shall have no effect unless, pending its duration, an application for a patent or a deposit be made in view of securing to the object to which it is applied definite protection in one of the contracting States. "■"Third. The periods of priority mentioned in Arti le 4 of the Conven- tion are additional to the temporary protection contemplated by Article 11. ^''Fourth. Patentable inventions to which provisional protection shall have been granted, by virtue of Article 11 of the Convention, can be notified to the International Bureau by the government of the country in which the exposition takes place, for the purpose of publication in the oflBcial organ of said bureau." It appears from this explanatory Article, that the Convention contem- plates an application for patent or for the registration of a trade mark to be filed within the period therein set forth, in order that the author of the invention, or owner of the trade mark, could avail himself of the privilege It offers. This article is not yet accepted by the different nations or the Inter- 190 HAND-BOOK OF national Union, but will be by many of them, and, perhaps, by all, includ- ing- the United States. A conference was to have been held at M uring articles f rthe Exposition. It is quite probable th^t my country will make not only a profuse exhibit of s'aple articles of export, like coffee, rubber, hides, furs, sugar, and construction woods, but also an exhibit of certain manu- factured articles, like furniture, fine saddlery, shoes, and preserved fruits. I expect that we will be even better lepresenled in- the Art department, showing fine books, paintings, by our artists, sculpture, and musical compositions. The Brazilian composer, Calls Gomez, cabled me last week from Milan, Italy, asking the program of the Musical Department, with the intention to ^ rite an anthem especially for the occasion. In the Exposition of 1876 the same composer, at the request of ex-Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro, wrote a special composition, which was executed for the first time on the Fourth of July in the course of the ceremonies at Independence Hall by Gil- more's Band. It is not unlikely that the last grand opera by the same composer, "Condor," will be performed in part, if not entirely. I have already communicated with the Musical department about the intentions of my countryman, and I expect that he will be cordially welcomed. Theodore Thomas expressed his satisfaction at the news I received from Gomez." British Columbia. — British Columbia is represented by a build- ing which is a novelty in architecture, composed of every variety of wood known to the British Columbia forests. The building was first built in sections of contrasting woods neatly mortised together. t— • > X H o < I i§ IE ^>< •3 W ^^ ^ CQ 1^ (u O H^ u 'P be I So S hj B pa 1/5 &; <1 o THE WORLDS COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 195 The roof is of native slate and a variety of cedar shingles, making in all a pleasing effect. The display made by British Columbia is a unique and handsome one. Every cily in the province contributed toward it. British Columbia is represented in nearly all of the principal departments. British Goiana.— British Guiana appropriated $20,000 for an exhibit and appointed a commission to collect and display the same. A space of 60x30 feet is allotted to the exhibit from this colony, close to the exhibit and building of the Dominion of Canada. The location was chosen by British Guiana so as to afford an opportunity for contrasting its exhibits with those of other British American colonies. A local exhibition of the resources of British Guiana was held previous to the shipment of the exhibits to this country, so that the choicest might be selected. British Hoxduras. — This colony makes an excellent exhibit, consisting principally of woods, plants, fruits, tropical flowers, native minerals, etc. British West India. — Thedispl ly made by British India in vari- ous departments and sections is an interesting one. Exhibits from Burmahare particularly attractive. Under this heading are included British Honduras, British, Guiana, Jamaica, Trinidad, the Barbados and other islands. Some of these are mentioned in proper order separately. The proposition to erect a "West Indian Court'' on the grounds in which all of the colonies might be represented was under discussion when this book went to press. The commissioner for British West Indies was granted 25,000 square feet of space. Much of the exhibit from these colonies consist of tropical plants, etc., which are to be seen in the horticultural department, Bulgaria. — Bulgaria has asurprisingly fine art and industrial dis- play. The kingdom is represented worthily for the first time at an International Exposition. Canada. — Canada early in 1892 asked for 96,000 square feet of space, but this did not represent the total space desired. In the fine arts and fisheries annexes additional room was necessary. Canada was granted in all about ICO, 000 square feet Among the exhibits 196 HAND-BOOK OF of the Dominion those in the Agricultural department, where 18.000 square feet are covered, 3,000 of which is allotted to the dairy pro- duct and the remainder to agricultural products, are among the most prominent. Canada occupies 10,000 feet of space in the Pomological department. Nearly all Canadians who exhibited at the Centennial, Colonial, Paris and Jamacia exhibitions, with several hundred new exhibitors are represented in the different departments. Canada is represented well in the Live Stock department. Montreal sends a model of the statue to be erected in honor of M. Maisonneuve, the founder of Montreal, on the opening day of the World's Fair at Chicago, the 250th anniversary of the founding of that city. The model represents Maisonneuve in the attitude of a conqueror taking possession of the land. The Province of Ontario makes an extensive mineral exhibit. No description of the Canadian building can be given at this time. Ceylon. — Ceylon has a special building on the grounds. Among the attractions of its display is a large tea house. Chile. — The position of Chile as to its participation in the World's Columbian Exposition long remained in doubt. The im- poverished condition of the country, and the stagnation of its trade due to the recent revolution, compelled the government to abandon its original design of appropriating $100,000 to defray the expenses of an exhibit. At this writing it is impossible to state what the final action of Chile will be, but it is believed she will be creditably rep- resented. China. — Owing to certain diplomatic troubles between the United States and China, caused by the exclusion of Chinese immi- grants, it was doubted for some time whether China would partici- pate in any way in the Exposition. But the government of the Empire, while giving no oflScial countenance to the Exposition, it was understood, would assist private exhibitors substantially. Later on it was announced that China would subscribe $200,000 and $50,000 to defray the expenses of a private exhibit. The Chinese government authorized Tao Tai, the representative of the custom service at Shanghai, to remove all export duties on exhibits intended THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 197 for the World's Fair. Later still the Chinese government announced through its minister at Washington that its Embassy to this country would eventually be made a commission to represent China at the World's Fair and see that the rights of its citizens were thoroughly protected. Notwithstanding the ill-feeling prevailing throughout China in regard to certain legislation in this country, the great mer- chants of the Empire it seems have all along been desirous of mak- ing a creditable showing at the World's Fair. Chew Yu Ling, a Chinese gentleman representing one of the most important mercan- tile houses in China, visited Chicago in 1893 and conferred with the Exposition authorities relative to an exhibit. The general indi- cations are that China will be represented in many of the important departments of the Exposition and will probably erect a building on the grounds. Colombia. — Colombia's display is particularly attractive. Its building is modeled after the capitol at Bogota. The exterior is in imitation of the sandstone of which the capitol is built, while the interior is finished in the valuable hardwoods of the country, com- prising more than a hundred varieties. Within the building are the products of the country — coffee, cocoa, rubber, ivory, nuts, wax, gums, etc., and the richest mineral exhibit ever seen in the United States. " Indian women of the country will be seen wearing Panama hats from fibre prepared on the spot, which are as fine as a cobweb." There are in addition private exhibits of the recently discovered antiquities in solid gold, consisting of idols, birds, animals and orna- ments of great value and interest. These antiquities were discovered in vaults supposed to have been the burial places of prehistoric kings. A typical orchestra from Colombia, consisting of ten musi- cians playing their native instruments, which are unlike those of any other people, is one of the attractions of the exhibit. Among other exhibits of interest is a valuable collection from the National museum at Bogota. This includes relics of the Inquisition and the Conquest. A curious assortment of vegetable fibers, many of which equal silk in fineness and texture, is also to be seen here. Colombia celebrated the anniversary of its independence by opening an Exposition on 198 HAND-BOOK OF July 20, 1892. This Exposition closed in October of the same year. It embraced an extensive showing of the resources and products of the country, and also a historical, arch geological and ethnological exhibit. At the close of this Exposition the entire collection, or the best part of it at lea^t, was sent to the World's Fair at Chicago. In 1892 Leland Stanford, of California, contributed $10,000 toward the expenses of an expediiion to the republic of Colombia to get a num- ber of ethnologic d exhi )its for the Pdir. C iptaia Gerard Fowlk was in ch irge of the expedition. The first place visited was the ancient burial places of the Miscas, which are supposed to be the recep'acles of many gold and silver images and richly embellished burial caskets. After the Fair s}\ the relics secured by this expedi- tion will be contiibuted to the Leland Stanford University of Cali- fornia. Most of the relics of the ethnological exhibit, however, will be presented to the Ciiicago Museum of Natural Sciences, to be erected after the Fair. Costa Rica. — Among the first exhibis received in Chicago for the World's Fair of 1893 were ten cases of curios and antiques col- lected in Costa Rica by Ihe Latin-America bureau. Lieut. Scriven was specially detailed to make the collection. It was valued at $500. This little Republic appropriated $50,000 to defray the expenses of her display. Her exhibits are to be found in nearly every one of the principal departments. Cuba. — The exhibit fiom Cuba is principally remarkable for Ihe wonderful floral and horticultural specimens which it includes. These are to be found in the proper departments. Cuba also con- tributes to other departments of the Exposition, particularly to the manufactures, where her display of tobaccos and cigars will attract general attention. Denmakk. — The Danish exhibit comprises contributions to nearly all departments, and particularly to those of fine arts, agriculture and manufactures. The artists of Denmark have been particularly active in preparing for the Exposition, and it is said the result is a larger and a better display of paintings than they contributed to any previous international Exposition. The sum of $55,000,was set apart THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 199 by Denmark in order to show as a leading feature of its exhibit a Danish dairy complete and in full operation. The dairy interest is one of the most important in Denmark, and the most modern appli- ances are utilized in the dairies of that country. Dutch West Indies. — The Dutch colonies of the West Indies, composed of the Islands of Curacoa, St. Martins, Bonaire, Aruba, St. Eastache and Saba, are represented by special exhibits in several departments. Ecuador. — The President of Ecuador early in '92 decreed that the Governor of each State of the Republic should collect and for- ward to Quito exhibits of all kinds illustrating the riches and the productions of the country. The Consul-General of the United States in Quito directed the Consuls and Vice-Consuls and Consular Agents at different points in Ecuador to assist the Governors of States in every way possible in the collection of articles relating to commerce with exterior countries. The best of these exhibits so collected and exhibited in Quito during the National Exposition held there in 1892 were forwarded to Chicago. The President of Ecuador also named Commissioners to Chicago and a sufficient sum was appropriated to meet the expenses. The State of Esmeralda makes a special exhibit of gold and gold ores from the mines of Ibarra, rubber, and other lowland products. The department of Guayaquil also has a special exhibit. Ecuador has her own building on the grounds. Ecuador is represented in many of the leading depart- ments. England. — England made application for 200,000 square feet of floor space for exhibits, or nearly five sqaare miles. This was equal to the space asked for by Germany, and indicated at an early day the international character of the Exposition. The exhibits from England are on a greater and grander scale than were ever seen before outside of London Expositions. England contributes to every department of the Fair. Some of the greatest treasures of her art galleries and private picture collections are to be seen. A special section is set aside for British minerals, to which the owners and managers of collieries throughout England were requested to 200 HAND-BOOK OF contribute. Prof. Brough, mining instructer in the Royal College of Science, classified and arranged this collection, which will be of a permanent nature and, after the Chicago Fair shall have closed, will probably be presented to our museum. Another special section is devoted to an exhibit of the rifle calibre guns manufactured by the Maxim-Nordenfeldt Gun Company of England. The Company asked permission to erect a building 30x15 feet to exhibit its guns in practice. This request was granted, and the exhibit may be seen in the naval and marine display of the Transportation department. One end of the building is filled with sand bags into which the pro- jectiles of the guns are fired. The arrangements are such as to insure perfect safety, and are reproductions of a similar exhibit given at the Royal Naval Exposition in London. It would be impossible to enumerate the thousands of interesting and valuable exhibits which come under this head. These represent every depart- ment of science, art and industry. The exhibits, too, are of a most valuable character, some of them being priceless. The English building, so far as known at this writing, will represent an old English manor or hall. Among the curiosities of England's contri- bution is an exhibit made by the Bristol Chamber of Commerce, which is an illustration of the lives and discoveries of John and Sebastian Cdbot, upon whose early American explorations is based England's claims to its past and present possessions in this country. The Merchant Venturer's Guild contributed many Cabot relics, of which it has a large collection. A model of Nelson's ship, the Victory, was transferred from the Naval Exhibition at Chelsea to the Columbian Exposition, It is unsettled, at this date, whether the Irish exhibit shall be included in England's. The Scotch exhibit certainly will. Both of these kingdoms contribute very creditable displays. FRA.NCE. — France asked for 25,000 square feet of space for its picture exhibits alone. It was thought for some time that the weak- est feature of the Exposition would be its fine art exhibit. It soon became apparent, however, that it would be one of its strongest_ The French contributors to this departments will of themselves THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 201 constitute a magnificent attraction. But France did not stop here. Although behind England and Germany in seeking space, the French government, spurred on by popular opinion in that country, very soon became active, until at the opening of the Exposition the display made by the French republic equaled that of any nation and was superior to many. The leading men of France became interested in the Columbian Exposition early in 1892, and from that time on the collections made in France and forwarded to this country gave every assurance that France would maintain her pre-eminent position among the industrial nations of the world. Among the novelties exhibited is a complete exemplification of the Bertillon system of identification of criminals, in charge of M. Bertillon. This exhibit includes duplicates of the pictures, measurements and descriptions of the 200,000 criminals measured in Paris since the system was introduced. France occupies 100,000 square feet in the manu- factures, 10,000 in the machinery and 10,000 in the live stock depart- ments. In the latter will be found a magnificent exhibit of Norman cattle, horses, etc. The French pavillion is a beautiful structure. Maurice L. Yilmorin,of Paris, the most famous and scientific horticul- turist of France, superintended the decoration of the groundsaround the pavillion. Vilmorin has made fine floral displays at all the great expositions held during the past twenty-five years, and he undertook to outdo himself in the present instance. The first appropriation made by France for the expenses of the exhibit amounted to 3,250,- 000 francs, or about $650,000. Germany. — The demand of Germany for 200,000 square feet of floor space early in 1892 indicated pretty clearly the intentions of that empire with regard to the Columbian Exposition. Upon the return of Herr Warmuth, the imperial commissioner, the govern- ment and the leading manufacturers and merchants of the empire united in making preparations for a display at Chicago such as Ger- many had never before contributed to an international exposition. The interest of the people of Berlin, Dresden, Leipsig, Stuttgart, Nuremburg, Hamburg, and, in fact, of all the leading commercial, manufacturing, art and educational centers of Germany, has been 202 HAND-BOOK OP centered in the Columbian Exposition lor over two years. The Emperor gave counteDance to the work of preparation acd his gov- ernment exliibited the friendliest interest in the success of the enter- prise. The result is that Germany contributes to the ai t , agricultural , horticultural, floricultural, ethnological, pomological, forestry, man. ufactures and liberal arts, machinery, electricity, transpoitation and other departments and sections, displays of which she may well feel proud. The German building is perhaps the handsomest foreign headquarters on the ground. As in the case of England and France it is impossible to enumerate in detail the German exhibits. To describe the electrical exhibit alone would require more space than is at our disposal. The imperial band of Emperor Wiiliam is pres- ent. The leading grape-growers and wine-makers of Germany are represented by a magnificent exhibit illustrating their industries. In addition to the wine display is a fine showing of fruits and the beverages made from th"m. The skilled craftsmen of Munich con- tribute a curious and interesting display of handiwork. Thirty-four firms of the city of Leipsig and a large number from Cologne par- ticipate. The Associated Chemical Works of the German Empire makes a fall and comprehensive exhibit. The great electric appa- ratus firm of Siemans & H ilske, of Berlin, sends displays — among other things a one-thousand horse-power dynamo and a generator of equal capacity, besides an immense display of electrical machinery, exhibiting the latest developments in this branch of invention. Upon the special request of the Emperor, the silk manufacturers of Crefeld make a display of their fabrics. A majority of the silk and velvet manufacturing firms in the Rhenish provinces also complied with the wishes 'of the Emperor. The iron industry of Germany isadequately represented, and Masseneg, the inventor of a process for the desulphurization of pig iron by treatment with manganese, makes a full exhibit of the process and the products. This is an important feature of the department of metallurgy, for the process is one in which every furnaceman in the world is interested. The works are very extensive, and are located at Hoerde, in Westphalia. The first appropriation made by the German government to defray O a < o o « 9 u I ^^ O O NEW YORK OF^KICE, 35 >?VARREN STREET. WE HAVE SOLD MORE THAN FIVE MILLION FEET OF OUR Under a three years' guarantee, and have had to replace but one-quarter of one per cent of it. RUBBER LINED, COTTON, FIRE AND MILL HOSE ....CALL OR SEND FOR OUR CATALOGUE . . TI16 Gutta Perclia and Rubber Mfa. 60., 170 Lake Street, gHICAGO. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 203 the expenses of its exhibit amounted to 900,000 marks. This, how- ever was quickly swallowed up, and large additional appropriations became necessary. It is stated above that Germany originally applied for 200,000 square feet of space. Herr Wermuth, however, informed the Exposition authorities, in the spring of 1892, that the 100,000 square feet reserved for Germany in the Manufactures building had been consumed and that as much more space could be utilized by German manufacturers, if it could be secured. He also wrote later that the 20,000 square feet allotted Germany in the Elec- tricity building was entirely insufficient, aad that as much more space must be given, or the manufacturers of electrial apparatus in Germany would be greatly disappointed. These facts are sufficient to indicate that the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 is the greatest that has ever been held. Greece. — The financial situation in Greece prevented that king- dom from doing what it would have liked to do in the way of send- ing an art exhibit to the Columbian Exposition. It proposed a display of casts and models of the Greek art schools, the value of which, it is said, can scarcely be overestimated, and asked that the Columbian Exposition Company pay a sum ranging between $20,- 000 and $200,000 for this proposed exhibit. This proposition is referred to under the head of Art department. Guatemala.— Guatemala started out by appropriating $100,000 in gold to defray the expenses of its exhibit at Chicago. Later on an appropriation of $20,000 was added to pay for the erection of a suit- able building to be used as headquarters for this republic. The greatest interest in the Exposition was manifested in Guatemala from the first. The president and his cabinet, together with a num- ber of the leading men of the republic, took an active part in the preparation of the exhibit, and the result is one of the most creditable displays sent up by the Latin-American republics. This country contributes its national band to the Exposition, It will perform daily. This band is the third largest in the world, that of Austria being first and the Mexican National Band being second. It is com- posed of 200 performers. A group of natives who live on the Expo- 204 HAND-BOOK OF sition grounds as they live at liome, carry on their industries, bringing their materials from Guatemala, and giving exhibitions of their music, games, etc., is one of the features this republic has to offer visitors. Hayti. — The congress of Hayti appropriated $25,000 for its exhibits. Fredrick Douglas, the celebrated American negro, is in charge of the Haytian display, which is a very creditable one. Holland. — The Netherlands not only contribute one of the finest collections of paintings from the Dutch masters, but are represented in the Liberal Arts and Mechmical departments quite fully. Some of the most unique and interesting exhibits displayed at the Exposi- tion came from Holland. Honduras. — The exhibits of Honduras are very attractive and interesting. One of the measures adopted in that country for raising the necessary funds was the establishment of a national lottery. The exhibits forwarded are classified under the heads Minerals, Wood, Ag- riculture, Drugs, Animal Kingdom, Ethnology, Industries and Gen- eral Information, and includes a geological collection showing ihe mineral wealth of Honduras in building stone as well as in such semi- precious stones as opals, etc. The working model, life size, of an opal drift with native workmen cutting and polishing stones, is shown. Thirty mining companies are represented in the display. Sugar making machinery is shown in operation and also peculiar handi- crafts, as the making under running water of the so-called panama straw hats. A house built of the various fibrous plants of the country, an elaborate cafe in which young native women serve in costume the native dishes of the country, all sorts of birds and quadrupeds, a collection of paintings by modern Honduras artists, a collection of Honduras coins, etc., are among the many attrac- tions of this exhibit. An extraordinary collection of butterflies and insects will be particularly noteworthy. A fine assortment of native orchids were forwarded to Chicago long before the Expo- sition opened, in order that they might be growing and blooming in time for the display. The orchids of Honduras have a world- wide fame. These are to be seen in the floricultural section, and an exhibit of native fish is to be found in the Fisheries building. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 205 India. — No money was appropriated by the Indian government, but ttie viceroy declared he would encourage private exhibitors in every way possible. Indian exhibits began to arrive early in 1892. The first was an ancient belt made of pure silver, valued at 400 rupees or $168. This was sent by Henry Ballantyne, the English Con- sul at Bombay. Similar contributions came from all parts of India, until at the opening the display was a large one. Several Indian princes will attend the Exposition. Ireland. — An effort was made by the Irish members of Parlia- ment to separate the Irish from the British exhibit, acd to secure an in lependent subsidy from the crown. Before this question was determined the Countess of Aberdeen, a patriotic Irish laJy, took the matter of collecting an exhibit of Irish industries in hand, and raised between $15,000 and $23,030 in this country, her object being to have an independent room in the Women's building. It is likely that the Irish exhibits will appear alongside of the British in the different departments of the Exposition. The Royal nurseries of Ireland contribute very largely to the Floral department. The mer- chants of Dublin, Belfast, Cork and Waterford are represented in the Manufacture's department. An Irish village will probably be among the reproductions to be seen along the Midway Plaisance. Italy. — The United States was not on amicable diplomatic terms with Italy in 1891, and there was no resumption of relations until late in 1892, This was the result of the Italian massacre in New Orleans. Accordingly it was feared that Italy would take no part in the Exposition. Commissioners Higginbotham and Bryan visited southern Europe in 1892 and paid particular attention to Italy, Before they returned an entente cordiale was established, and they brought back assurances that Italy would do her part toward giving an international complexion to the World's Fair. The kingaccorded an audience to the commissioners, and stated that he would appoint a royal commission to look after Italian interests at the Exposition. From an interview with Mr. Higginbotham, published after his return, the following information was obtained: "Italy," he said, ' ' will not have a government display, but there will be a fine exhibit 206 HAND-BOOK OF by private citizens, which the government will encourage. The king has officially recognized the Exposition by the appointment of a World's Fair Commission. Although no appropriation will be made, we were assured by Minister ot State Rudini that the govern- ment would in all probability transport Italian exhibits without cost to exhibitors. Painters, sculptors, glass-makers, marble men, wood-carvers, etc., were extremely anxious to be represented at the Fair. We are no more desirous of having them make an exhibit here than they are to comply with our desires. In fact the leading sculptors and painters are already at work on pictures and statuary which they expect to send to Chicago. While we shall not be able to invade, to any great extent, the art galleries under the direction of the government, we shall nevertheless secure a good many copies of the works of the old masters. From one end of Italy to the other, there is nothing but good feeling towards this country. In official and private circles the United States is regarded with a most friendly spirit. We visited every town of importance in the coun- try, and also the island of Sicily. We were granted an audience with the king, and he was certainly most gracious: He left no doubt as to his kindly feelings." Up to the time this book went to press, no further particulars regarding Italy's participation had been received at headquarters. Japan. — Japan leads all foreign countries in the amount of its appropriation for the World's Fair. The empire of the Mikado was willing to spend more money in making an exhibit in 1893 than many of the countries of Europe, so far as their appropriations were first reported. Exposition officials were both surprised and pleased to receive authoritative information that the Japanese Parliament had set aside $630,765 for a display at the Fair. It is thorough and shows everything of interest which the ingenious people of Japan manufacture or otherwise produce. According to Gustavus Goward, the Exposition Commissioner, great enthusiasm prevailed in Japan, and the appropriation bill was passed almost unanimously. Then the merchants took hold of the work with zeal and made prepara- tions for an elaborate exhibit, which shows the customs, habits, THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 207 shops, bazaars, and all the quaint, curious, and costly manufactures of the nation The Japanese newspapers, public officials, and the art and industrial societies were said to be well pleased, and the calamity occasioned by the earthquake did not serve to dampen the enthusiasm in regard to the Exposition. In appropriating the money the Parliament took occasion to authorize its expenditure as follows: During the year 1891, $51,495; 1893, $313,098; 1893, $241, 536; 1894, $24,636. The exhibit is made under the direction of a Minister of Agriculture, and, according to the terms of the law, he was authorized to Cill on every official of the government to aid in securing a proper display. Scarcely any restriction was placed upon him, and the subjects of the Mikado were obliged, in a meas- ure, to exhibit whether they wished to or not. Shortly after the appropriation was made, Masataro Mutso, Commissioner-General of the World's Columbian Exposition in Japan, appointed a council to act with and advise him in the preparation for the Japanese exhibit. The government was represented in the council by the following officers: Shochi Omori, Departmeot of the Interior; Riko Suguki, D apartment of the Treasury; Tokugoro Nakabashi, Department of Postal Conveyance; Masataro Yanagizano, Department of Educa- tion; Terzane Tanabe and lohiro Wada, Department of Commerce and Agriculture; Gishu Aso, Imperial Household; Genkichi Waka- yama. Department of the Navy; Masayoshi Murakami, Department of War; Taro Ando, Department of Foreign Affairs; Rintaro No- mura, Bureau of Railroads; D.iiroku Kikuchi, Kio Furichi, Kakichi Mitsukuri and Kenzi Osawa, University of Tokio; Hideo Takamine^ Imperial Museum; Kakugo Okakura, Tokio College of Fine Arts; Jiro Yano, Tokio High Business School. The business interests were represented by Ko Masuda, Heigoro Thoda, Kihachiro Okura, Kosuke Abe, Ichitaro Morimura of Tokio; Saihei Hirose, Yasunobu Hoshioka of Osaka; Uhei Saito, Shiashichi Eida, Keisuke Niwa, Teishichi Kojima of Kyoto; Hide- haru Kawase, Chodiro Mida, Kahei Otani, Shobei Shiino of Kana- gana; T )ku3iro Hamada of Hiogo; and Chuichiro Ozato of Nagano. Japan made a novel proposiiion for the consideration of the 208 HAND-BOOK OP World's Fair management. It offered, if a suitable location should be granted, to reproduce a building of the most ancient style of archi- tecture of Japan, and make to the city of Chicago a gift of the structure at the close of the "World's Fair. The offer to do this came from the Japanese Government. Two acres of space for the purpose were desired on the northern portion of the wooded island. The structure would be copied from one of the finest specimens of ancient Japanese architecture extant, and would represent a build- ing which existed in the time of Columbus, The estimated cost, including the elaboration of the gardens about it, was figured at $100,000. This edifice, with all its surroundings, would be tender- ed to the city of Chicago as a permanent monument of Japanese architecture and landscape gardening. The gardening, which was to result in the complete specimen of Japanese landscape architect- ure, was to cost $20,000. Mr. Mutsu, the Japanese Commissioner of Agriculture, thought that, owing to the crowded condition which would prevail in the improved portion of Jackson Park, where all the State and foreign World's Fair buildings were to be located, the Japanese exhibit should be given a different location. He hit upon the northern portion of the wooded island, and here he was desirous that the Japanese building should be located. The Mikado pro- posed to erect not only one but several structures. One of these was to be a reproduction of Kin-kakuji, situated in Kioto, a monastery of the Zen sect. Its name indicates the golden pavilion, and its date of construction runs back to 1397, It is surrounded by a garden, with ornamental and small islands, designed in the form of tortoises. The pavilion on the water's edge is three stories high, and the interior decorations are said to be brilliant with gilt and coloring. The second building, a fac-simile of which the Japanese Government proposed to erect, is called the Ho-o-do, or Phoenix Hall, a structure that dates back to 1052, It is shaped in a manner desired to represent the fabulous bird which could not be destroyed by fire. The cost of the building and gardening was finally stated at $60,000 and $10,000 respectively, and the proposition was accepted by the Park Commissioners. There were two conditions THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 209 attached to the presentation of the temple and landscape work, both of which were accepted. One was that the buildiog and garden shall remain permanently at the place of erection and be kept in good repair by the South Park Commission. The second condi- tion was that at least one room be reserved for a display of Japanese works of arts, the same to be open to the public. It is the inten- tion of the Japanese Government to make frequent changes in the works of art placed in the room indicated. These changes are to be made through all time, so that a permanent exhibit is assured. The visitor will find the Japanese building and exhibits among the most interesting features of this great Exposition. Japan was given 40,000 square feet for the purpose indicated in the north end of the wooded island. In addition to this Japan consumes over 90,000 square feet; in the Manufactures building, 35,000; Agricultural building, 4,000; Fine Arts, 2,000; Mines and Mining, 750; Forestry, 350; Bazaars, 42,000, Ko Japanese goods or exhibitions are permitted at the Exposition unless they have first received the approval of the Japanese officials in charge of their government exhibit. The Exposition Directory rendered this decision at the request of the Japanese Minister Mutsu, who is the Japanese imperial commissioner to the Fair. A similar rule is enforced in the case of other foreign nations. The first assignment of exhibits received from a foreign country arrived from Japan January 26, 1892. Japan makes a magnificent display in all of the principal build- ings, and in addition has a Japanese tea house on the Lake Front and a bazaar on the Midway Plaisance. Madeira. — The Governor of Madeira accepted the invitation to participate in the Exposition early in 1892, and the work of collect- ing an exhibit began at once. The display made by this province is worthy of attention. One of the interesting objects exhibited is a table, made from the timber of the house in Funchal, Madeira, in which Columbus lived for a time before he began his voyages of discovery. There are numerous Columbus relics in the exhibit. Mexico. — The nearest Republican neighbor of the United States 210 HAND-BOOK OF makes one of the most prominent as well as one of the handsomest displays in each of ihe great departments of the Exposition. It was announced quite early that $2,000,000 would be expended upon the exhibit of this Republic, and the fact that the first appropiiaiion amounted to |750, 000, which was intended merely to be prelimi- nary, justified this prediction. The greatest interest and enthusi- asm respecting the Expo&iticn prevailed IhrougLout Mexico from the date of the President's proclamaticn announcing ir, to tbeopen- ing. Perhaps for the first time in the history of Mexico the people were aroused to take an interest in a foreign and particularly in an American enterprise. Clubs were organized throughout the coun- try t^ enable the people to visit the Exposition, and arrangements were made so that the entire expenses of each person was brought within $269. The Mexican government appointed a commission to assist in the work of preparing its extensive exhibit. The membership rep- resented the most advanced class of Mexican citizens, and each individual was se'ected with special regard to his fitness for the posi- tion assigned him. The following was the commission : Pedro J. Senties, eagineer. Director of the National School of Agriculture, in charge of the agricultural section, forest products and industries, agricultural machinery and its applications. Mariano Barcena, C. E., Direct )r of the Central Meteorological Observatory, in charge of the section of viticulture, horticulture, and floriculture. Jose Ramirez, Professor of the National Medical Institute, in charge of the section of living, domestic, and savage animals. Esteben Chaseari, Professor of Chemistry, Deputy Inspector-General of Fish Culture and Fish, in charge of the section of fish, fisheries, and their pro- ducts and apparatus for filling. Gilberto Crespon y Martinez, C. E., Deputy Professor of the National School of Engravers, in charge of the section of mines, mineral'^, metallurgy. Austin M. Chaves, M E , in charge of the section of machinery. Manuel Couiy Souto, C. E., Inspector of District Railways, in charge of the section of transportation, railways, and boats and vehicles. Eduardo Zareto, attorney. Magistrate of the Supreme Court of Military Justice, in u^. .j^L o o Oh X w c <: acq -g u "H Q I O ^ L pti Q lU H-t > D 2m G a < Q MASON & DAVIS CO. WROUGHT STEEL RANGES FOR COAL, WOOD OR GAS And Combination Ranges for Both Coal and Gas. SEND FOR CATALOGUE. OFFICE, 72 Lake St., - CHICAGO, ILL. Factory, GRAND CROSSING, ILL. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 211 charge of the section of manufactures. Alberto Bast, electrical engineer, Professor of the National School of Engineers, in charge of the section of electricity, Romans D. Lazarain, Director of the National School of fiae Fine Arts, in charge of the section of fine aris. Fernando Ferraii Recz, C. E., Chief of the natural history section of the Geographical Exploring Commission, in charge of the section of liberal arts, education, literature, engineering, public works, music and the drama. Dr. AntonioPenafiel, Director-General of Statistics of the Republic, in charge of the section of ethnology, arch£eology, progress in labor and invention. Dr. Fernando Altami- rano, Director of the National M-edical Institute, in charge of the section of medical plants. Richard de Maria Campos, employe of the Secretary of Hacienda, in charge of the section of commerce. In order to facilitate the transportation from Mexico of articles intended for exhibition at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago Art. 11 of the regulations was amended by the addition of the following: Articles destined for the Exposition ai' iving from Mexico via railroad at El Paso or at Eagle Pass, Tex., may be s railarly transported in cars under consular seal I'y any bonded transportation line Avhich now connects or which shall hereafter connect at the border with railroads in Mexico. It being understood that no such connection is possible at Laredo, Tex., on account of difference in gauye between the r< ilroads converging at that pomt, entry can be made thereat for warehouse and transportation by a bonded line to Chicago without appraisement. This action was taken by the Treasury Department at the sug- gestion of Special Agent West, who in scanning Art. 11 of the regu- lations governing the free importation of articles for tht- Exposition discovered that while Canada was specified for the shipment of through cars Mexico had been omitted. He called the attention of the treasury ofScials to this omission, and the amendment was made in accordance with his suggestion. Instead of a reproduction of an Az'ec temple Mexico decided to construct a typical hacienda, or residence of a wealthy landed pro- prietor. This is decorated in lavish manner with Mexican fruits and fl )wers, and archaeological and ethnological specimens. The Mexi- can exhibit illustrates the present condition and resources and pro- ducts of the country rather than its past history. 213 HAND-BOOK OF One of the unique features of the Mexican exhibit at the Fair is the celebrated Pandure family, consisting of five persons, who are probably the most expert workers in clay and modelers of figures in the world. The family is sent to Chicago by the State of Guadala- jara. The Association of Civil Engineers of the City of Mexico voted unanimously to attend the Exposition in a body. The Mexican exhibits are to be seen in nearly every department of the Exposition. The floral display of the Republic is one of the handsomest to be seen in the Horticultural building. Morocco. — The Moorish minister of foreign affairs communi- cated with the United States Consul at Tangier immediately on re- ceipt of the invitation to participate in the Exposition and asked that space be reserved for Morocco. Hassan Ben Ali took charge of the exhibit. Morocco makes a very interesting showing in the transportation department, where some horses, saddles, and other equestrian equipments from that country are displayed. Newfoundland. — The colony of Newfoundland participates in the Exposition and makes an independent display close to that of the Dominion and other English colonies. It is also represented largely in the fisheries department. Nicaragua. — Nicaragua set aside $30,000 for her display at the Exposition. It is the best exhibit the country has ever made. Among the attractions are Indian antiquities and Nicaraguan works of art. A native has carved on the shell of a cocoanut the portrait of Mr. Blaine between the flags of the United States and Nicaragua and with a f ac-simile of the Nicaraguan Interoceanic Canal at the foot of the engraving. A rich collection of mineral resources is exhibited. The Canal Company greatly aided the government in making the display. Dr. Guzman, minister from Nicaragua to the United States, is Com- missioner General of that country to the Exposition. Senior Don Sallaverri, who had charge of Nicaragua's exhibit at Paris, arranged the country's display here. NoRVT^AY AND SwEDEN, — The amouut raised in Norway and Sweden, including government and private subscriptions toward de- THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 213 fraying the expenses of the exhibit, was about $150,000. Among the attractions sent over by Norway and Sweden is a counterpart of the Viking ship which was exhumed near Sandef ord a few years ago. A royal commission was appointed in Norway to take charge of the exhibits from that country. Similar action was taken in Sweden. The united kingdoms are represented especially well in the fine arts and fisheries buildings. At the present writing it is understood that Norway and Sweden will each have a building on the grounds. Panama. — The little government of Panama is well represented in the different departments, especially in that of horticulture. The marole slab presented by the empress Josephine to Panama, and many other novel and curious articles are exhibited. Paraguay. — The government of Paraguay very speedily accepted the invitation to participate, and the president of the republic was authorized to use whatever public funds he deemed necessary to enable Paraguay to make a proper exhibit. The republic makes an excellent display. Persia. — The government of Persia as a first evidence of friend- ship toward the Exposition lifted the export duty on all goods sent to the World's Fair and all goods which might be purchased and re turned to that country by visitors to the Exposition. This was looked upon at the time as a most liberal concession. The most im- portant portion of the Persian exhibit is to be seen in the Manufact- ures building where there is a magnificent display of carpets, rugs, shawls and fabrics from that country. Ivories, curios and con- tributions to the art and other departments are also numerous. The representative of the Shah of Persia is M. E. Spencer Pratt, for- merly United States Minister to Persia. Peru. — The exhibit made by Peru is certainly equal to that made by any of the Latin- American republics, with the exception, perhaps, of Mexico and Brazil. A national exposition was held at Lima in May, 1893. This was known as a "Congress of Producers." The exhibition continued several months, and when it closed the entire exhibits were shipped to Chicago. These include all manner 214 HAND-BOOK OP of mechanical, iadustrial, artistic and antique specimens. After the Exposition shall have closed the extiibits from Peru of the antique order will be housed in the National Museum to be established here. Among the articles exhibited are 200 mummies and a great quantity of pottery, earthenware and silverware, excavated near Lake Titi- caca in Bolivia and other districts which were occupied by the most enlightened Indians on the South American continent 400 years ago. There is perhaps no greater collection of curiosities to be seen at the Exposition than those which are found in the Peruvian section. The Exposition Commissioners to Pera secured the entire triado col- lection of the ceremonial garments of the Jairaroand Zaparo Indians, interesting portraits of Incas, one of them bearing the date of 1664, are to be seen. The first appropriation made by Peru amounted to $25,000. Russia. — Although one of the most dreadful famines of recent years prevailed throughout the Empire during the greater part of 1892, the interest of the Russian Government and people in the Columbian Exposition was not permitted to languish. The Im- perial Government appointed a c< mmission of which the famous Count Tolstoi, the novelist and statesman, was a member, and the work of preparation, though hindered by the depressed financial condition of the Empire, went steadily on. The Russian Govern- ment undertook to bear all expenses for transportation and insur- ance of private exhibits. Every exhibitor, whether from European or Asiatic Russia, who had goods or articles of historic, artistic or economic value to offer worthy of a place in the Exposition was encouraged to send them. Early in 1892 fourteen firms of St. Petersburg announced their intention of sending exhibits. All the Government railroads consented to haul exhibits at half rates. A feature of the exhibit is a vast habitation devoted to the display from Russia's Asiatic possessions. Each chamber in this structure is fitted in the various orders of architecture prevailing among the different Russian Mohammedan races and is furnished in the style prevalent among those people. This collection was exhibited on the Champs Elysee in Paris and was in charge of General Annen- THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 215 koflf. The collection comprises natural products of Central Asia and arms, clothing, jewels and household articles of the various provinces, as well as a panorama of a battle in Turkestan, with scenic illustrations of the snow-capped mountains. Among the Russian attractions on the grounds is a street scene from Niji Novgorod, the celebrated place where expositions have been held for eight hundred years. The Imperial porcelain factory of Russia sends a magnificent display. Russia is represented in every one of the leading departments in a manner befitting the greatness of the Empire. RouM-VNiA. — tloumania contributes exhibits to the Art and sev- eral other departments. Her display is in every way more promi- nent than at the last Paris Exposition. San Domingo. — Many interesting relics from this island are on exhibition. The most valuable and the most intere ting perhaps is the first church bell that ever rang out in the New World. It was pre- sented to the colonists of the first settlement of San Domingo by Qaeen Isabella in appreciation of the fact that the first setilement bore here mm}. Taere is also an exact reproduction of the cross which Columbus raiseil immediately upon landif g, The material of the cr.)ss is the same exactly as that which Columbus nailed up, having been taken from the wood of a building erected in 1509. Taere areaho io ihis collection fac-similes of the doors which close the cells in which the hones of Columbus repose. The carving on these d )ors is exquisite and they themselves are beautiful as a whole. There is also an anchor, supposed to have been lost by Columbus when his ship went to pieces at San Domingo on a subsequent voyage. Photographs of the bones alleged to be those of Christopher Columbus are also exhibited, together with a fac-simile of the his- toric cross of one of the cathedrals of San Domigo that was put in the building in 1)14. The Sifters of a religious orphan asylum exhibit some magnificently embroidered vestments. The collection of relics are very extensive and are contained in a building erected for this special purpose. 216 HAND-BOOK OF Sandwich Islands. — A separate building is devoted to exhibits of the government of Hawaii. The collection in the department of agriculture, from these islands, include rice, arrowroot, sugar cane, sugar models and machinery for making sugar, photographs of mills, coffee in the berry, in the shell, cleaned and growing. In the fores- try department are shown trees of every description and in the horticultural department a great variety of fruit. In the floricul- tural department many beautiful palms are exhibited and in the department of viticulture will be found a display of grapes, pre- served fruits of every description, dried or in alcohol or in syrups. The Islands are also represented by fish, fish products and manu- factures, including gold ornaments, palm leaf, bamboo, feather work, artificial flowers, seed work, etc. Servia. — The kingdom of Servia sends a large and interesting display, a great portion of which was taken from the government museums and stores, and of articles such as ancient armor, tapestries. SiAM .— The kingdom of Siam charged the commissioner of agri- culture to charter one or more vessels and load them with the pro- ducts of the farms, mines, forests and manufactories of that country and ship them to Chicago. The exhibit which is made here eclipses that made at the Paris Exposition where it carried off the honors of the Oriental section. South Africa. — The exhibits from South Africa include those of the Britsh colonies, Orange Free States and other settlements. These are scattered through the various departments of the Exposi- tion. One of the English South African steamship lines will run steamers to New York during the Exposition, and it is understood that large numbers of South Africans will visit Chicago. The ex- hibits from the British South African Company, which holds all the country to the north of the Transvaal, is very creditable. Cape Colony also makes a praiseworthy showing. Among the attractions in this display is a diamond exhibit forwarded by the De Beers Con- solidated Mines Company. This exhibit will give visitors to the Exposition an idea of the various processes through which the gems pass from the time they leave the mouth of the mining shaft till they THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 217 reach the hands of the jeweler- -crushing the blue, diamondiferous clay, washing the earth by means of the rotary washing machine, cradling the pebbles, obtained from the last process, through a pul- sator, hand sorting for the small stones, and cutting and polishing the stones. In the Cape Colony exhibit is also shown a mass of crys- tal elevated on a pedestal; equal in weight to all the diamonds found intheKimberly Mines since 1870. Cape Colony alone appropriated $25,000, and the De Beers Company a like amount. Zanibar exhibits Skininy other thing a score of pigmiesfrom the east coast of Africa. South America.. — The exhibits from South America include those from all of the so-called Latin-American republics, and are referred to here under the headings of the different countries repre- sented. It was promised at the outset that South American coun- tries would be liberally dealt with by steamship lines in the trans- portation of visitors and exhibits. The Panama Railroad Company and practically all of the steamship companies doing business between the United States and South American ports agreed to carry free of cost the commissioners of the Latin-American depart- ment of the Exposition and their families; to carry free of cost all collections furnished by foreign governments for exhibition, pro- vided the expenses of handling were paid; to carry for one-half the ordinary rates all articles sent by private parties for exhibition — that is, one full rate having been paid to the United States, the same articles would be carried back, without further charge, to the ports from which they were originally shipped; and to reduce passenger rates during the Exposition to cover simply the cost of bearding the passengers. Mr. William E. Curtis, of tha State department, who had charge of the Bureau of Latin-American Republics, reported in the spring of 1892 that commissioners had been appointed and appropriations made to pay the expenses of representation of the South American republics which exceeded in the aggregate the sum of $2,000,000 more than had been provided up to that time by the states of the United States, with Illinois excepted. Among the at- tractive exhibits from South America is a caravel which is an exact fac-simile of that in which Columbus made his first voyage of dis- 218 HAND-BOOK OF covery. It was constructed in Spain and equipped in the same way and manner by Spanish sailors as the Columbus vessel of four hun- dred years ago. This vessel was brought here in time to participate in the naval review at New York in 1893 and was then towed through the lakes to Chicago. From here, after the Exposition, it will be taken to Washington and permanently moored in the Poto- mac south of the Executive mansion. Another permanent exhibit connected with the South American Republics, Mexico and Central America, is one illustrating the various classes of merchandise best adapted to the wants and most acceptable to the tasts of consumers in those countries. This exhibit, it is proposed, at the close of the Exposition, shall be permanently establiirhed either in Chicago or New York. South Sea Islands. — The South Sea Islands are represented at Ihe Exposition. The nature of their display was not known to the Exposition management when this book went to press. Spain. — It is but natural that Spain should have taken more than an ordinary interest in the World's Columbian Exposition, designed as it is to celebrate the most glorious achievement in the history of that nation — the discovery of America. For many reasons, however, but principally because the financial situation in Spain is depressed, the display made by that country does not compare favorably with that made by other European nations. A Columbian Exposition wa3 held at Madrid during the summer of 1892. Thisservedrather to divert the attention of the Spaniards from the Chicago World's Fair. How- ever, many of the most important exhibits shown at Madrid were transferred to Chicago. A number of historical woiks of art and litera ure are to be found in the Spanish collection. Spain is repre- sented in nearly all of the principal departments. The proposition of a citizen of Madrid to pay for the right of conducting bull fights during the Exposition was rejected immediately. The Queen Regent of Spain sends a portrait of the youthful king. Many of the jewels and other possessions of Ferdinand and Isabella are exhibited in the Spanish collection. INCORPORATED 1871. Wrouoni) Iron Brlfloe 60. IRON AND STEEL BRIDGES GIRDERS, TURN TABLES, BUILDINGS AND ROOFS. A. B. Abbott^ Pres. E.J. LANDOR, V. Pres. and Engr IF. P. HALL.Supt. F. I\I. IFVANT, Sec' J' and Treas. CANTON, OHIO. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 219 'Switzerland. — There was considerable feeling manifested in Switzerland against the United States and the World's Fair, owing to the passage of the McKinley bill which it was claimed would have the effect of depressing the trade of that country. Besides it was held that to exhibit the expensive and complicated pattern of embroideries would result in having the trade of Swiss manufacturers injured by cheap imitations, as had been the case at Paris. The senti- ment in Switzerland, however, underwent a very decided change upon the arrival of the Columbian Commission. The importance of the World's Fair, and the gigantic nature of the enterprise having been laid before them, the manufacturers quickly decided to make an exhibit and the government was called upon make a suitable grant. Among the attractions of the Swiss exhibit is a magnificent display made by the watchmakers of that country, Switzerland is represented in nearly every one of the important departments of the Exposition. Trinidad. — Trinidad was the thirty-first nation to accept an invi- tation to participate in the Columbian Exposition. The display made by this little country is very interesting and creditable. Turkey. — Enthusiasm for the World's Columbian Exposition and material assistance in making it an international affair, strangely enough came at the beginning from nations that were not expected to participate to any great extent. This fact was particularly exemplified in the cases of Japan and Turkey. The Turkish flag was the first foreign flag hoisted at the World's Fair grounds. This event occurred on September 20. 1891, with appropriate ceremonies. The flag was raised on the site which Robert Levy, of Constantinople, secured for his Turkish specialties. These include a reproduction of a Constantinople street, show most of the striking features of Turkish life and an interesting collection of Turkish goods and curios. The Turkish government building represents an Ottoman pavilion, an exact reproduction of the structure known as the Bagdad Kiosk. This is the most beautiful specimen of ancient Turkish architecture in Constantinople, and is one of the most attract- ive displays on the Exposition grounds. The Sultan took a great per- 220 HAND-BOOK OF sonal interest in the Exposition, and gave orders concerning certain exhibits which make a showing of Turkish progress in science and education. He officially sigoified his consent to the erection of a mosque, to be used by Musselmans for religious services during the Exposition. The supervision of the construction of the mosque was committed to the imperial Turkish commissioner and cost $3,000. The merchants of Smyrna occupy about 1,000 square feet of space in an exhibit of the finest Turkish rugs and carpets. Turkey is repre- sented in nearly every one of the leading departments. The Turkish commissioner is Hakki Bey, translator at the Imperial palace, and Fahni Bey, of the general postoffice, is sub-commissioner. In addi- tion to these other representatives of the Turkish government and Imperial palace are daily on the grounds. Uruguay. — The display of the Government of Uruguay is in charge of the rural association and is one of the most interesting to be seen. The Rural Association of Paraguay is an important national organization and has spared no pains or expense in making the ex hibit creditable. This association managed the Uruguay display at Paris. The Republic is well represented in the agriculture, live- stock and educational departments. The above completes the list of countries and colonies represented at the Exposition, Their exhibits are noticed more fully in that portion of the Hand Book devoted to the different departments. Most of the countries have bu Idings of their own, which are some- times used merely as headquarters and sometimes for the display of some special exhibits which it was desirable should not be placed in the department buildings. Of course the list of exhibits as given above is incomplete. Attractions were added to the collection of every country represented not only up to the opening day of the Exposition, but even while the Fair was in progress. [Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.] MAP OF JACKSON PARK SHOWING WORLD'S FAIR BUILDING SITES. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 221 PAET YIII. DEPARTMENTS AND DEPARTMENTAL EXHIBITS.- WHAT THE VIS- ITOR WILL BEHOLD IN THE GREAT BUILDINGS AND ON THE GROUNDS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. — A WON- DERFUL DISPLAY MADE BY THE NATIONS OF THE GLOBE.— ART, AGRICULTURE, ELECT RiriT 7, FISH, ETC. The exhibits of the Columbian exposition are classified under fifteen general Departments, each department being divided into Sections. The departments are as follows: Department A — Agri- culture, food and food products, farming machinery and appliances; Department B — Horticulture; Department C — Lim Stock, d.omG&i\Q, and wild animals; Department D — Fish, fish products and appara- tus for fishing; Department E — Mines, mining and metallurgy; De- partment F — Machinery; Department G — Transportation Exhibits, railways, vessels and vehicles; Department H — Ma,nufactures\ De- partment J — Electricity and electrical appliances; Department K — Fine Arts, pictorial, plastic and decorative; Departments L — Liberal Arts, education, engineering, public works, architecture, music and the drama; Department M — Ethnology, archeology, progress of labor and invention, isolated and collective exhibits; Department N — Forestry and forest products; Department O — Publicity and Promotion, Department P — Foreign Affairs. All of these, with the exception of the Department of Publicity and Promotion, which is purely executive, are represented in the buildings of the Exposition. Each Department is under the control of a chief [see appendix] who in turn is subject to one of the committees of the Local Directory. The chief officer of the Exposition is the Director General. The committees of the Local Board are: Finance, Grounds and Build- ings, Legislation, Agriculture, Mines, Mining, Forestry and Fish, Press and Printing, Transportation, Fine Arts, Liberal Arts, Elec- 222 HAND-BOOK OF tricity, Electrical andPneumatical Appliances, Manufactures and Ma- chinery, Ways and Means, Foreign Exhibits. In addition there exists a special committee having charge of Ceremonies. [For general Organization, Columbian Commission, Boards, Bureaus, etc., see Appendix ] For the convenience of the visitor the depart- mental exhibits are taken up in alphabetical order: Art. — It was the general impression for sometime after the hold- ing of the Columbian Exposition at Chicago had been decided upon that the department of Fine Arts would be the weakest: The point was raised that Europe would not contribute its art collections or any considerable portion of ihem for the reason that Chicago^was gener- ally believed abroad to be a city far removed from the center of educa- tion and culture in the United States. This point was raised, how- ever, by persons who under-rated European knowledge with regard to Chicago. It very soon became evident that the choice of Chi- cago as the location of the World's Fair was not only received favor- ably abroad, but with more satisfaction than if New York had been selected, and by no class was the selection of Chicago received with more satisfaction than by that interested in the development of art. Scarcely had the invitations to foreiga governments been sent out by the State department before applications for space began to pour in. The amount of wall space asked by England, France, Germany, Austria, Italy. Belgium, Switzerland, Russia, and other European States was greater than they had consumed at the last Paris Exposi- tion, and was a pleasant surprise to the Exposition management. In 1892 Halsey C. Ives, chief of department made a six months tour through Europe. He visited every important art center on the Con- tinent, and returned convinced that England, France, Germany, Belgium, Holland and Italy would make magnificent displays. Countries, he said, which were poorly represented at previous inter- national exhibitions would have large collections of such works as illustrated their highest artistic achievements. He found that the spirit of the artists and their feelings were almost invariably in the highest degree encouraging. Everywhere marked interest was mani- fested and cordial co-operation secured. Mr. Ives first visited France, and M. Antonin Proust, formerly French Minister of Fine Arts, now the head of the French Art Commission for the World's Fair, was greatly interested. He said it was his ambition to exhibit at Chi- cago a finer exhibition of French artworks than had been shown at the Paris Exposition of 1889. He proposed also to have a retrospec- tive exhibit of French art formed from the choicest obtainable works. From Paris Mr. Ives went to the Hague, where conferences THE world's COLUJVIBIAN EXPOSITION. 223 were had with Mesdag, Israels, abd other leading artists of Holland. Mesdag is President of the Society of Artists of Holland and was appointed World's Fair Commissioner of Fine Aits to represent that country. He promised the best display available and manifested deep interest. In Belgium ErnestSlingeneyer, the historical painter, was found to have been appointed Commissioner of Fine Arts for the Exposition. He promised co-operation in every sense of the word. In the leading cities of Norway and Sweden Mr. Ives spent several days in consultation with the authorities of museums and schools and leading artists and collectors. Danish artists v^ ere found to be enthusiastic. In Berlin, Germany, which was next visited, the greatest interest was displayed, not only among artists, but govem- meiit officials also. He proceeded to Austria and spent sevieral days in Vienna with government officials interested in the fine arts. There he had several satisfactory interviews with the Society of Artists of Vienna. At Munich he found the most cordial feeling, and as an evidence of the interest taken by Austrians and Hungarians in the Exposition it may be said that an international jubilee exhibition of ait, which was to have been held in 1893 was postponed until the following year so as not to confiict with the World's Fair. Mr. Ives fcAmd in the large cities of Russia all the interest that could be expected, and he believed we would have a fine display, not only of fine arts, but of industries and manufactures generally. From Italy there was, he thought, a prospect of a splendid art exhibit. In Rome the various art societies accorded an interview to Commissioners Bryan, Higinbotham, and Mr. Ives. The meeting was exceedingly cordial in character and brought about excellent results, having the effect of bringing their work directly in the inner art circle of theking- dom. At Naples, Palermo, and Florence the three gentlemen named found a similar state of feeling. In the latter city the work was already formulated. On the whcle the chief had reason to feel abundantly satisfied with the general prospects of the Fine Arts department. Later developments prove that Mr. Ives had not been over sanguine, and the wonderful and magnificent exhibit presented inttie Art building must convince the visitors that the actual results are beyond the anticipation of the chief of the department. The Art building, as planned, had approximately 125,000 square feet of space for pictures. This was exclusive of the space allotted to Sculptures and Statuary. Mr. Ives found that 200,000 square feet would be necessary for pictures. He based his opinion upon the fact that early in 1892 all the available space had been practically consigned, while a dozen foreign countries at least were still to be heard from. France alone had asked for 82,000 square feet. Eighty-two thousand square feet for an art exhibit 224 HAND-BOOK OF was more than twice the combined amount asked for by England and Germany. The former secured 20,000 square feet and the latter a like amount. Belgium asked for 8,000 square feet; Holland, 3,0C0; Denmark, 3,000; and Japan, 2,000, making a total of 56,000 square feet. It became necessary therefore that the two annexes to the building should be considerably enlarged. Even with the addi- tional space the visitor will find that the walls and floors of the magnificent building are crowded. The proposition made by Greece to furnish a display of casts and models at the expense of the Exposition management is referred to in connection with foreign exhibits. There was for a time some doubt as to what course would be pursued. Everybody interested was desirous of securing the casts and models, but it was thought that the Greek Government was inclined to be exacting in its demands. Dr. Waldstein, Director of the American School of Class- ical Studies at Athens, wrote that the reason the Greek Govern- ment could not oflScially participate in the World's Fair was because it could not undertake the responsibility entailed, but would unques- tionably favor an exhibit illustraticg the great past of Greece. Dr. Waldstein said he was instantly appreciative of the value that an exhibition from the classical art colJections of Greece would be to the World's Fair at this particular time, especially because he was sensible of the interest this city had in starting a permanent museum. This exhibit, which Chicago would acquire after the Fair, he said would form a splendid nucleus for an exhibit which would ulti- mately prove of the greatest benefit not only to the art students of Chicago but to all classical students of the United States. In bring- ing about the probability of such a display United States Minister Snowden and Dr. Waldstein at last succeeded in inducing the rep- resentatives of the government to present a bill in the National Legislature of Greece, favoring starting at once the manufacturing of casts of these famous art studies, the first works from which were to be sent to the Fair. Dr. Waldstein was asked to accept an appoint- ment as the Commissioner at Athens to select and promote such a collection. He was of the opinion that in order to make this Greek art exhibit worthy of a distinctive place in the Exposition it should include casts of the chief work of Greek art from the other museums of Europe. Finally Dr. Waldstein wrote: "The Greek Govern- ment has now agreed to send to Chicago a representative exhibit of the great part of its classic life, and will do so in organizing spe- cially for this purpose the government manufacture of casts, in which they will at once take casts of the principal works of ancient art now to be found in Greece, and will send to Chicago first-class specimens from these originals, as well THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 325 as maps, diagrams, and large photographs. In urging upon the Greek authorities here the desirability of at least this form of par- ticipation. I have been actuated not only by a desire to see this country worthily represented, but chiefly by the wish that we may have at home before the eyes of our people these specimens of the best works the ancient Greeks could do; at the same time I also remembered that Chicago was about to acquire a fine museum, and I thought, perhaps, that by some understanding between the Expo- sition Commission and the committee of the museum, the best first casts, the pick of all made, might be secured to the Chicago museum afcer the exhibition is over. Greece is a poor country, and it will be impossible for the government to spend large sums. Its offer under the circumstances is a liberal one. We shall be the first in the world to have compiled a set of the most interesting monu- ments of many of which casts have never been made." No one thing exhibited at the Centennial attracted more gen- eral attention, or was more distinctly remembered than the "Sleep- ing lolanthe," in butter, by Mrs. Caroline S. Brooks. Since that wonderful success, the artist has done several notable bits in a charac- teristic vein, the best known being "Lady Godiva," a bas relief which was also in butter. The World's Columbian Exposition, how- ever, has another, and a fall length "Sleeping lolanthe" in marble. Mrs. Brooks worked upon the exquisite creation for several years, and found diflQculty in securing a block of marble, flawless in quality, which should also be large enough. The statue of Shakespeare, by AVilliam Ordway Partridge, intended for Lincoln Park, and the statue of Alexander Hamilton, intended for Boston, by the same sculptor; a life-size portrait of Columbus, by Sallus, the celebrated painter of Ecuador; two ancient Greek vases made of baked clay and which are twenty-two centuries old; a marble tablet representing thelanding of Columbus, from Colon, United States of Columbia; the Spitzar art collection; the most comprehensive collection of European art in the world and valued above $4,000,000; an immense display of ceramics from many nations; the $10,000 portrait of Columbus, executed by the famous Moro in 1540; the display of the American Society of Wood Engravers which attracted so much attention at the last Paris Exposition; displays by the etchers of the United States and foreign countries; thedisplay of the N'ational Lithographers Association; an immense exhibit by the photographers of this and other countries; the paintings of G. A. P. Healy, the famous America artist; the large and valuable collection of Rudolph Crenan, of Leipsic, representing scenes and incidents in the life of Columbus; the greatest paintings of France, Germany, England, Belgium Holland, 226 HAND-BOOK OF Italy, Spain, Switzerland and other European nations; the choicest specimens of art from Asiatic, Australian, African and South Ameri- can centers; the rarest and most costly sculptures, staiues, arts, etc., from the greatest galleries in the old world and the most impressive collection of the works of America artists, will be among the attractions of the Art building. To name the different pictures and sculptures would fill a volume larger than this. Let it suffice to say that it is the greatest art exhibition ever held, without any exception. The U. S. Government exhibits some 2,000 prints on bromide paper, which for the most part are enlarged copies of all obtainable engravings, paintings, photographs, &c., of subjects connected direcily or indirectly with the discovery of America. Enlarged copies of every known portrait of Columbus and of all of tiie many historic paintings in which he is a figure are included in the collection. Arcliiie ;ture is represented strongly in the Art building. The American Institute of Architects took a decided stand in favor of making the exhibit a prominent and a worthy one. This Institute includes in its membership all the well-known names, in different parts of the country, of men to whom the growth of American architecture, as distinguished from mere building and construction, is due, and of which they are to day the honored representatives. It is through these men that the growth of fine architecture and of the professional and social status of its practi- tioners in this couutry during the last thirty yeirs has been devel- oped; and the influence of the work of the Institute on public- spirited laymen of artistic cultivation has been marked. The rules governing the Art exhibit may be briefly stated as fol- lows: "All works to be admitted must be originals, with the excep- tion that casts from original works by modern artists are placed in the same class with original figures and groups in marble. There will be three sections in the department— an American section; a section for foreign countries that are represented by a commission; a section comprising private collections and the works of artists from countries not represented by a commission. All works must be examined by an official jury before they can be admitted. Progress in American art and architecture is to be a special feature of the exhibit." Agriculture. — The building and annexes devoted to the agricul- tural exhibit, which includes the products of the soil, agricultural implements, machinery, etc., will attract great attention from those visitors who are interested in this branch of industry. The history of no previous Exposition attested such general interest among all classes of people as to the general character, extent, the benefit that THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 227 it is believed will follow, and the possibilities for good awaiting agriculturists from the exhibit in the Agiicullural Depart- ment of the Exposition. A great advancement has been made since the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in all branches of farm work. Since that time the Department of Agricul- ture has been given a position in the Cabinet ; has attained a firm foothold in the estimation of the people, and has not only become one of the most prominent of the governmental departments, but has been productive of most beneficial results to the commerce of our country, and every one engaged in farm work. Another advance in agricultural work is the Experiment Stations that are now con- nected with tne Agricultural Colleges of the country, supported by the Government, with trained scientists and educators at their head, their work reaching out into all the fields of scientific research, seeking to assist in a practical way those engaged in farm-work and to advance the standard of excellence in this great industry to a foremost place in the estimation of mankind. The subject of irriga- tion and its possibilities has, within a few years, become one of intense interest, and this Exposition presents the subject in such a way that it will attract very great attention, and within the next ten years be the means of reclaiming vast regions supposed heretofore to have no value for farming purposes. The great advance made in the study of dairying and the successful breeding of live stock has been one of the marvels of the past decade, and with the impetus that will be given the-e industries by the Dairy School and the immense Live Stock exhibit at the Exposition, the good result likely to follow cannot be estimated. The interest throughout the country in beautifying road-ways by tree planting, the setting aside by several of the stale legislatures of one day in the year to be devoted to this purpose, known as Arbor Day, and the encouragement given this excellent practice in the common schools ; the popularity of and interest taken in Farmers' Institutes throughout the country by the farming community, are all indicativeof the rapidadvancementthat has been made in agricultural pursuits since the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. Tie present Exposition is the focusing point at which all the best results, the thought, intelligence, and energy of those interested in the great problems connected with the agricultural life is centered. As an instance: the question of the production of sugar from sorghum and the sugar beet is one that is attracting great interest in many sections of the country, notably in the west. The Experiment Stations in connection with the Agricultural Department at Washington are devoting time and attention to this work and the results that are shown in the Exposition, as to what can be done with an acre of 228 HAND-BOOK OF grouad devoted to prodiiciag sugar from these products is a eouroe of wonder and amazement to the visitor. It attracts attention to the localities adapted to this industry, and is the means of building fac- tories and their industries connected with the production of sugar in this manner. The South, until recently supposed to be devoted entirely to the production of certain crops, is represented at the Exposition by so great a variety of products that one ceases to wonder at the great material advancement made by that part of the agricultural area of the couotry. One purpose of the Exposition of 1898 was to show to the assembled world such a magnificent result of the energy, advancement and culture of our agricultural population, such an overwhelming illus- tration of the unending variety, and the untold wealth of our natural resources, that it might be one of the most lasting monuments to the success of the Exposition. For the first time in the history of Expositions, a magnificent building is devoted entirely to the use of agricultural organizations, with a splendid auditorium or lecture-room in which to meet and deliberate, where all of the great topics connected with the work engaged in by agriculturists can be discussed, and from which will go out results that will be far reaching, and of inestimable value and benefit to our country. The products of every state in the American Union and of nearly every colony and country on earth are collected here. The arrange- ment of the exhibits will excite the wonder and compel the admiration of the visitor. Taste of the highest order has been displayed in every section, and the interior of the great agricultural building is a scene of enchanting beauty. Illinois makes a magnificent display in this department. In the Agricultural implement and machinery sec- tion Chicago takes first place. Here are produced the greatest harvesters known. The McCormick Harvester Company has made the leading exhibit at many international expositions, and has eclipsed itself at this one. The State Board of Agriculture of Illinois has offered the prizes to exhibitors in this form: All samples shown in this class are to become the property of the Board of Agricnltnre, from which selections will be made for the purpose of ex- hibition at the World s Fair. For the t est and larg'est display ^rom any country in each of the grand divisions of the State of Illinois, $3 0; second prize, S150; third prize, $100. All counties competing-, but failing to receive one of the foreg'oing- prizes, will each be paid $50 by an award of that amount to the best and largest display sent from them respectively. There were expended on the display of farm products of the State of Illinois the sum of $30,000. > H O I ^' o «g rt O ix Cj W ^^ ■3 ;< OS -g § 4^ ^ c ^ rt O 1! C ^ DQ hJ <1 Oi H y 2 STYLE 130. STYLE gs. NEWMAN BROTHERS, CHICAGO. MANUFACTFRERS OF THE CELEBRATED NEWIVEAN BROTHERS' parioii and Ghapel Ofgan^ The ONLY Organ having- the ''Patent Air Circulating Reed Cells." The Nearest approach to that of the Pipe Organ. OFFICE AWD FACTORY, Corner West Chicago Avenue and Dix Street. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 229 The exhibit of the agricultural experiment stations of the United Stales is not one of the least interesting features of the Chicago Exposition. One portion of the proposed exhibit, which is to attract general attention, is an experiiuent station in oper^ation, with its office, laboratories, etc., illustrating how the indoor work of a station is actually carried on. In another portion of the exhibit each station presents, by means of maps, diagrams, pictures, sets of publications, etc., a full statement of its location, equipment, lines of work, etc., so that tlie visitor can, if he desires, follow out in detail the history and the work of any particular station. The main feature, however, is a topical exhibit of the work of the stations as a whole. In this is made not the fall showing of the work of any single station, but a unified exhibit showing tlie kind of work done by the stations, the way in which they do it, and some of the more important results which they have reached. The preparation of the exhibit was in the hands of a Committee of the Association of American Agricul- tural Colleges and Experiment Stations co-operating with the United States Department of Agdculture. Assistant Secretary Willits of the Department took a deep interest in the matter and promised sub- stantial aid on the part of the Department to the Stations in making the exhibit. Dairy. — This department belongs properly to the Agricultural exhibit, but it has been deemed advisable to separate them. No feature of the Exposition, probably, possesses greater interest or value to the agriculturist than the Dairy school. The school includes a contest between both herds and individuals of the chief breeds of dairy cattle with a view of ascertaining the respective merits of each in milk giving and butter and cheese producing Each herd IS charged each day with the food consumed accurately weighed, and is credited with the milk, butter and cheese produced. Manu- facturers of dairy utensils and appliances gladly furnish all that is required in their line. Accommodations are provided so that spectators may view the processes of butter and cheese making. The tests and all details of management are under rules pre- pared by a committee composed of one member from each of the dairy cattle associations in the United States, three from the Colum- bian Dairy Association, three from the Agricultural Colleges and U. S. Experimental Stations, and one from the manufacturers of dairy utensils. The manufacture of the product takes place in the Dairy build- ing, in an operating space 25 by 100 feet, above which on either side is a gallery which accommodates fully 500 spectators. The school in all probability will continue through four months, and each participating herd is represented by a given number of cows. SBO HAND-BOOK OP The results of this test and of the exhibition which will be made of thelatest and most advanced scientific methods known in connection with the feeding and care of cattle, the treatment of milk and the production of butter and cheese, can not fail to be of very great value to the dairy interests of this country. These interests, it is scarcely necessary to state, are of enormous importance and extent and, indeed, are scarcely surpassed by any other branch of industry in respect of the amount of money invested. It can not be doubted that the Exposition Dairy School will cause a more economic and scientific management of the dairy interests of the entire country and consequently a greater return from the capital and labor invested. Representatives of seven breeds of dairy cattle have furnished herds for the test which will be the longest in duration, and the most thorough and exhaustive so far as cows are concerned that has ever been held. From twenty-five to fifty gilt-edge cows of each of the d liry breeds of Devons, Brown-swiss, Short-horn, Guernseys, Red- pnlled and Jerseys will contest with each other for the prizes which will be awarded both to herds and individual cows. Electricity. — The Electrical Department of the Columbian Exposition will be a revelation to even those who attribute almost miraculous powers to the great force. A hundred thousand incan- descent lamps placed harmoniously about the grounds and build- ings, and 10,000 arc limps distributed advantageously to light up the beautiful architecture and pleasing landscape, would alone fur- nish almost a fairy spectacle; but combine with these, electric fountains pointing rainbow sprays toward the sky, glittering lamps of many colors sparkling; under the clear waters of the lagoons and at night setting out in all their dainty colorings the floral beauties andthemostbrilliant kaleidoscope will fade in anevery-daydull con- trast. Then add to such a scene panoramic glimpses of the tout ensemble made by those great electric reflectors as their almost demoniac eyes wander about the earth and shoot their rays into the heavens, and the result can be better imagined than described. The Electrical building itself is beautiful beyond descripti )n. Beside general ornamentation made under the direction of the chief of that department each exhibitor has been on his mettle to outdue his neighbor in uniqueness of design and grandeur in result. The laying out of arbitrary aisles in the building resulted in leaving a circular space thirty feet in diameter in precisely the center of the building. This space was the most desirable of course, and upon designs for it nearly twenty firms set at work. One firm, engaged in the business of artistic *lio:hting, undertook to construct a great tower reaching to the dome of the building, 160 feet in height, the THE WOKLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 231 whole to be made of Bohemian crystal, vari-colored and in hundreds of dainty designs, all liirhted from within by opalescent and tinted incandescent globes wrought into figures, designed to contiast pleabiugly Miili tlie sli mmeiing exterior. Other exhibitors designed evanescent arches of incandescent lamps to span the main aisles of the building, tlie designs being so con- structed that the figures could be changed instantaneously from a switch board hidden from view at the exhibitor's space. The best talent was secured by the larger electrical companies for the work of preparation of the department exhibit, and |2,000,000 were appropri- ated for the purpose. Every conceivable variety of electi ic lighting is shown, both arc and incandescent. The long-distance transmission of power is shown in its highest developed state. Electric railways, all systems, overhead, underground and storage battery find tracks provided upon which to exploit. The World's Fair will probably occasion the settlement of the great problem of the muni- cipal transportation of people, if indeed it does not go much farther and settle the question of long-distance transportation in favor of electricity. A model house has been built to demonstrate in actual operation eveiy economic application of electricity for use in the home. Be- ginning at the door electric bellsanuounce the visitor. Tht strvant ushers him into the parlor and touches a button which closes the electrical circuit connecting a loud-speaking phonograph that rests upon the table. While waiting for the host the visitor enjoys a selection from " Faust "by Strauss' orchestra, or sratchesof a sacred melody by Gilmore's Oc( an Grove orchestra. The hostess arrives and is kept in touch with her servants by electric calls daintily fash- ioned. Adjournment is taken to dinner, unannoyed by smells from the ki'chcn, for that necessary adjunct to the home is at the top of the houiie and is connected with the dining-rocm by electric dumb waiters. Dishes aie kept hot on the table by dainty, polished electric warming furnaces connected by wires under the table. About the lime thedinner is over the servant gets angry at some- thing and picks up her ' ' duds " and goes off in a huff. My mistress of the house stands prepared to out-Czar the Czar, however, for she bows her company into the parlor, excuses herself for a moment, darts out into the dining-room, slips the dishes into the waiter and with the touch of the button they are up stairs, where she presently joins them. A large electric dishwasher is at hand and in five min- utes the dishes are washed automatically. An electric dishdrier completes the toilet of the tableware. Washday comes round, and if the servant has not been replaced by a more reliable femme du cuisine, the mistress of the house need have no fear of breaking her 232 HAND-BOOK OP aristocratic back leaning over tubs or ruining her pretty hands by- constant soaking in hot suds. IShe throws the dry soiled clothes into a big vat of cold water with a piece of soap; she pushes the contact button and that is all. The water heats, and by an automatic pro- cess the clothes are thoroughly rubbed and cleaned, and now a filling of water rinses them; they are "blued " by the same automatic pro- cess, and upon a stick she hands them into the electric wringer. If the weather is bad, or the mistress of the house does not care to be seen as the " maid in the garden, hanging out the clothes," she may dry them in the garret, which is heated, liKe the rest of the house, by electric radiators. Electric ironing machines finish the day's work, and the mistress of the house is none tootir^dtogo to the opera in the evening, although she has done the week's washing and ironing, besides getting lunch for thechildren on her electric kitchen range. Tuesday, which would otherwise be ironing day, the house- wife could turn the switch into her sewing machine, and without ruflfling a feather or moving a muscle, she could sew the blessed day. If it were summer time an electric fan keeps her cool, and if it be winter a system of theimostats will keep the whole house regulated in the matter of warmth, and she has neither cold feet from the cold nor a headache from the beat. A carpet-sweeper run from a little motor allows no blistered hands, no back-aches from sweeping, and health, wealth and happiness is the result. And all this " plant " will be shown in the model house. Thomas A. Edison, the greatest of living electrical inventors, has been deeply interested in this department. His company it is believed has invested half a million dollais in its display. Speaking of the Exposition long before its opening, he said: "I shall have two or three things to show, which I think will both surprise and please the visitors to the electrical depart- ment of the Exposition, which, by the way, I am fully con- vinced, will be a great success. Two of these inventions are not yet ready to be described, or even characterized. The third, how- ever, is so nearly perfected, that I do not hesitate to say something about it. I hope to be able by the invention to throw upon a canvas a perfect picture of anybody, and reproduce his words. Thus, should Patti be singing somewhere, this invention will put her full length picture upon the canvas so perfectly as to enable one to distinguish every feature and expression of her face, see all her actions and listen to the entrancing melody of her peerless voice. The invention will do for the eye what the phonograph has done for the voice, and reproduce the voice as well, in fact, more clearly. I have already perfected the invention so far as to be able to picture a prize-fight — the two men, the ring, the intensely interested faces THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 233 of those surrounding it — and you can hear the sound of the blows the cheers of encouragement and the yells of disappointment. And when this invention shall have been perfected," said Mr. Edison, with the trace of enthusiasum's glow in his face. ' a man will be able to sit in his library at home, and, having electrical connection with the theatre, see reproduced on his wall or a piece of canvas, the actors, and hear anything they say. I can place one so it will command a street corner, and after letting it register the passing sights for a time, I can have it cast them on a canvas so that every feature and motion of the passers, even to the twitching of the face, can be seen, and if a friend passed during the time, you may know it. This invention will be called the 'Kinetograph.' The first half of the word signifies 'motion,' and the last 'write,' and both to- gether mean the portrayal of motion. The invention combines photography and phonography." All of the great electrical com- panies, Telegraph and Telephone companies. Street Railway and Lighting and Machinery companies of the United States and the world at large are represented in the Electrical build- ing. An especially good display of engines and dynamos comes from England, and in fact the leading features of the elec- trical exhibition held in London in 1892 are all here. Eugene and Paul Champion, of Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, have a series of electrical fireworks for the Exposition. Neither gunpowder, dynamite, nor oiher explosive material is used in producing the dazzling effects. An operator sits at an instrument something like a piano, and by manipulation of the keys produces designs of the most gorgeous fashion. The whole machine is run by electricity. One of the pieces is a representation of Chicago as a statue of fire. This is surrounded by other figures of flame, each representing a State of the Union. Chicago is represented as receiving the homage of all the great powers of the world, each filing past the statue and, assembled States. As the figures pass before Chicago each halls, bows, and then lays down a flag or shield of fire at Chicago's feet, receiving in return the palm branch of peace. The display lasts forty minutes, and during that time no less than. 40,000 distinct effects are produced. Among the novelties is a model light house prepared for the World's Fair by Sauter, Harle & Co. of Paris. The German electrical firm of Shuckertt & Co. , of Nuremberg, makes a general exhibit in the electrical department, and, at the same lime, gave one of the Shuckertt ground glass reflectors for the services of the Exposition, and asked that it be given a prominent location in a convenient point to light the lake shore and the harbor of the Exposition. The light is somewhat similar to the one which created so much favorable comment at the Frankfort Exposition, 284 HAND-BOOK OF only the one for the World's Fair is several sizes larger. The Frack- fort light was a ground glass parabolic mirror, six feet in diameter. The mirror was placed upon a revolving pedestal, the lamp being fixed in the center of the circle made by the mirror in its revolu- tions. The lamp which was used at Frankfort was a double carbon arc-lamp, requiring ten horse power to operate, aud supposed to be of 25,000 candle-power capacity. A complete system, demon- strating the European idea of long-distance transmission is exhib- ited. A large multiphase dynamo of the five-wire system is also among the European exhibits. A 1,500 hoise-power direct current dynamo, a 500 horse-power alternating currcDt dynamo, and a 1,000 horse-power motor are features of the exhibition of the Siemens & Halske company. Anew street-car motor for conduit operation, developed by Htrr Hasselwander, of Germany, the Buda- Pesth conduit railway of Siemens & Halske, and a number of storage battery systems of different European firms are likewise exhibited. The electrical display made by Siemens & Hahke, of Germany, is probably the most extensive and costly ever witnessed. In this connection it might be well to say that the following is the arrangementof electric lights Arc lights — Machinery Hall, 600; Agricultural, 600; Electricity Building, 4U0; Mines and MiningBuild- ing, 400; Transportation Building, 450; Hoi ticuliural Hall, 400; For- estry Building, 150; Manufa( tuies Building, 2,( 00. The Fine Arts Building is completely lined with incandescent lamps, and one mile of wall space, on which pictures are hung, is lighted. The num- ber of lamps is 12,000. Tliere are no arc lights in tbis building. The Woman's Building is lighted by both systems. It was decided to place in it 180 arc lights and 2,700 incandescent lamps. The reception and dressing-rooms are furnished with the incandescent lamps. The Administration Building is supplied with 1,000 incan- descent lamps. The Machinery and Agricultural Annexes are sup- plied with arc lights. Each building is furnished with wires for incandescent lighting in order to accommodate the exhibitors. In case any one wishes to fix up his exhibit with ornamental lights, he will have the plant at hand for doing so. The whole portion of the northern part of Jackson Park, where are located the various State and foreign buildings is supplied with both arc and incandescent lights, which are utilized both night and day. Some of the foreign countries and also domestic States were contemplating the use of gas, as they did not know whether continuous electric light service would be available. It was decided, however, that electricity should be used instead. Tue saw mills are run by electricity. The Manufactures Build- ing is supplied with electric power, and the saw mill employed there THE WOKLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 235 is worked by that force. At the Paris Exposition but three build- ings were furnished with electric light. Each structure at the World's Columbian Exposition has a plant which may be used night and day. In all there are used, approximately, 127,000 electric lamps, of which 7,000 are arc, of 2,000 candle power each, and 120,000 incandescent sixteen candle power lamps. To run the plant 22,000 horse-power is required. By the awarding of separate contracts for the lighting of each of the buildings and of different sections of the grounds all electric firms, whether large or small, had an opportunity to participate and to show what they could do, and at the same time a variety in illumination is effected. One of the distinctive features of the electrical display is that made in the main basin which runs from the lake westward towards the Admin- istration Building, a distance of 1,500 feet. Special attention is given to the illumination of this basin, and it is encircled by 1,650 incandescent lamps. The lamps are two feet apart and three feet above the surface of the water of the basin. In the great Manufactures building alone there are 33,000 lights. The plans prepared by the electrical experts called for ten times the capacity of all the plants used at the Paris Exposition. The World's Fair directors spent $1,000,000 for these electric plants. Exhibitors are not required to pay anything for light, except in cases where they call for more lamps than are furnished by the construction depart- ment. In that event they will be furnished additional lamps at actual cost. Electric power is conveyed over the grounds in a system of tunnels. Some of the wires are, however, hung from the structure of the elevated railroad. It was the aim of the management to make the World's Fair site and the buildings one grand exemplification of the progress that has been made in electricity. The electrical exhibits are confined to a few of the buildings, but on every hand there is a display of electricity. The grounds, including the water-ways, the wooded island, the streets and avenues, and boulevards approaching the World's Fair site, are all lighted by electricity, and in harmony with the general effect which it is desired to produce. The great struct- ures of the Exposition are turned into a panoramic view at night by the aid of powerful electric search lights. On the guilded dome of the Administration building, on the centre pavilion of the Casino, and at other suitable points these search lights are placed. During the evenings on which tlie Exposition is open, the lights are turned on the several main buildings and water-ways so as to flood them with a sudden burst of electric splendor. Glimpses of the outlines 236 HAND-BOOK OF of woods, water, and buildings suddenly flash before the eye. And this panoramic view may be had from different points of observation. From 33,000 to 24,500 horse-power is required forthe operation of the machinery of exhibitors. This is transmitted by electricity from the central power station. In relation to this central station the chief of the Department in his prospectus said: "To furnish and transmit this 24,000 horse -power the Exposition Company will construct a plant, which, though a complete station in itself, will be composed of a number of smaller complete plants installed by those who contract to furnish certain parts of the service. These plants will be primarily for the service of the Exposition, but are not for that purpose prohibited from becoming competitive exhibits as well, provided the usual course is taken by their owners of making the proper application of exhibitors through the office of the director-general." Electric power is used for the intramural rail- way that constitutes a part of the service of the Exposition. Arrange- ments for the exhibition of electric-cars in operation arealsomade. Displays of electrical mining machinery and electrical metal-working machinery constitute an important portion of the exhibits in the department. Every possible. field of electrical work was liberally con- sidered, and all systems of all countries are placed as favorably as . possible to the end that the best results may accrue to the electrical people and the public. Fisheries. — One of the most interesting exhibits at the World's Columbian Exposition is that of Fish and Fisheries. Therein not only will visitors of piscatorial inclinations find much to engage their attention, but others who have been wont to regard "fishy" and "incredible" as synonymous and equally inconsequential terms, will undoubtedly have reason to change their minds as to the inter- esting features of a fish display after visiting this department of the Exposition. The fisheries building is a corner where the public will wish to linger, a spot where it will be possible to realize the words of John Bunyan when he wrote: You see the way the fisherman doth take To catch the fish, what engines doth he make! Behold how he engageth all his wits, Also his snares, lines, angles, hooks and nets. Much has been said and written of the magnificence of the World's Columbian Exposition, byway of comparison with previous expositions, which it is proposed to eclipse. The immense strides made in every department of art, science and industry during the second half of the present century have been fittingly illustrated at the various international expositions held since the late Prince Con- sort of England inaugurated the Great London Exposition of 1851 ' iJ4 Anson S. Hopkins, B. E, Sunny, J. G. Sanborn. Pres't & Gea'l Manag'er. Vice-Presideat. Sej'y & Treas. THeHeiifyDiiee.Goiiiiiaiiy, ENGLISH CERAMIC MOSAICS, MANTELS. GRATES and TILES, FINE SPECIAL FURNITURE! MANUFACTORY AND SALESROOMS, 140 and 150 Michigan Avenue, - CHICAGO. INSPECTION INVITED. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED, THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 237 Human ingenuity and the ioventive genius of the age have well- nigh blotted out the word 'impossible'' from the vocabulary of material science. Steam and electricity have been harnessed to the will of man until it has become a question how far will human science travel, not h )W far can it reacn. But while the seciets of earth and air have been explored and their forces bent to do man's bidding, the mysteries of the great deep have not been neglected. Bat inasmuch as the tieldof exploration, if such a term may be used in speaking of the ocean, is three times larger than that wherein researches by land are practicable, it follows that the result of sub- aqueous research still leaves almost immeasurable possibilities to be explored. Everything that science has rescued from the depths of ocean, sea, lake or river, is displayed at the fisheries exhibit. Inhabitants of deep sea grottoes; the coral animal — builder of islands and con- tinents; sea anemones, that blossom miles below the surface of the ocean ; monstrous devil-fish, sharks, and other terrors of the deep, a'^e seen, beside the speckled beauties of stream or lake, the plebian catfish, perch and sucker, suggestive of the boyish angler and the shallow stream. From ocean depths are brought specimens of sub- aqueous life so marvelously delicate and so richly beautiful that the microscope will only reveal in part their wondrous beauty and film- like tracery. The methods, too, by which the mysteries of the deep are penetrated, the paraphernalia of the United States Fish Commission, the inventions by which the finny tribe is cultured, the wonderful progress made in the art of fish farming, in addition to the implements of commercial fishing and the latest tackle for angling — all these are displayed to their fullest extent. Not the least interesting portion of the exhibit is the Aquarial or Live Fish Display. This is contained in a circular building, 135 feet in diameter, standing near one extremity of the main Fisheries building, and in a great curved corridor connecting the two in the center of the circular building is a rotunda sixty feet in diameter, in the middle of which is a basin or pool about twenty-six feet wide from which arises a towering mass of rocks covered with moss and lichens. From clefts and crevices in the rocks crystal streams of water gush and drop to the masses of reeds, rushes, and ornamental semi-aquatic plants in the basin below. In this pool gorgeous gold fishes, golden ides, golden tench, and other fishes disport. From the rotunda one side of the larger series of aquaria may be viewed. These are ten in number and have a capacity of seven thousand to twenty-seven thousand gallons of water. Passing out of the rotunda by the entrances a great corridor or gallery is reached where on one hand may be viewed the opp site side of the series of great tanks 238 HAND-BOOK OF and on the other a line of tanks somewhat smaller, ranging from 750 to 1,500 gallons each in capacity. The corridor or gallery is about fifteen teet wide. The eutire length of the glass fronts of the aquaria is about 575 feet or over 3,000 square feet of surface. They make a pauorania never before seen in any exhibition, and rival the great permanent aquariums of the world not only in size but in all other respects. The total water capacity of the aquaria, exclusive of reservoirs, is 18,725 cubic feet, or 140,000gallons. This weighs 1,192,425 pounds, or almost 600 tons. Of this amount about 40,000 gaJlons are de- voted to the marine exhibit. In the entire salt water circulation, including reservoirs, there are about 80,000 gallons. The pumping and distributing plant f(>r the marine aquaria is constructed of vulcanite. The pumps are in duplicate and each have a capaciiy of 3,000 gallons per hour. The supply of sea water is secuied by evaporating the necessary quantity at the Woods Hall station of the United States Fish Commission to about one-fifth its bulk, thus reduc- ing both quantity and weight for transportation about 80 per cent. The fresh water required to restore it to its proper density is sup- plied from Lake Michigan. In transporting the marine fishes to Chicago from the coast there was an addition of probably 3,000 gallons of pure sea water to the supply on each trip. It is a matter of importance that provision was made in the upper part of the building for an eating saloon in which a specialty is made of supplying food composed of fish and other animals taken from the water. This is a practicable and most excellent illustra- tion of our fisheries, and this special work is so conducted as to give those who patronize fish dinners at the Exposition abetter conception than the majority of them now have of the value of fish as food. Under the direction of Henry Elliott, the only artist who has ever drawn and painted the seal and walrus in their native haunts, an interesting exhibit for the World's Fair was prepared by the Smithsonian Institution. This exhibit consits of models in papier mache representing the fur seal and walrus fisheries on the Alaskan coast. The animals represented, as well as the men who catch them, are modeled in clay. One of the models shows a seal "drive." This model includes hundreds of mimic seals which Aleuts are driving along to the killing grounds by waving cl'>ths and shouting. Another illustrates a " rookery " on which the full grown seals, bellowing and pugnacious, have "hauled up" out of the surf upon the islands to breed. Another model shows a hauling ground of bachelor seals. The killing of seals is also shown, a group of Aleuts being represented in the act of smashing their heads with clubs. There is also represented a number of hair seals, which are not useful for THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 239 their fur, but merely for food supply to the natives of that region. The walruses, now rapidly becoming extinct, are also reproduced in material that gives them a remarkably life like appearance. Hun- dreds of models in clay are made of these animals, in order to repre- sent the different species and sizes of each. They were cast in papier mache and painted. Floriculture. — The floral exhibit is to be found in the Horti- cultural building also and it passes description. Not only the repub- lics and colonies of the American continents, but the nations and colonies of the earth, have contributed toward making this the most gorgeous display ever beheld by man. All of the State horticultural societies, the ro} al and imperial horticultural societies of European nations, the associations of nurserymen everywhere, and the owners of private conservatories and hot-houses in every part of the world, have taken an active interest in this beautiful display. Some of the exhibits maybe mentioned: A loan exhibit of 2,000 varieties of orchids from Cosf^a Rica, of immense value and wondrous beauty, is to be seen. J. H. Lung & Sons, the celebrated London florists, are represented by a magnificent display, and have furnished 1,000 begonias, with men to care for them during the Exposition. Two bales and one case of rose plants were sent from Aix la Chapelle, Germany. Some magnificent palms and ferns were sent by Cuba; a magnificent exhibit from Buda Pesth, Hungary, including a rare collection of the finest roses, with 200 standard and 200 half -standard roses, were among the early contributions The value of tbe orchids exhibited is estimated at $500,000. The Royal Botanical Society of Ireland se I. ds the largest and rarest collection of flowers and plants that has ever been gathered in that country. Some of the rarest specimens from the gardens of plants of Brussels and Paris are here; tropical flowers from the valleys of Mexico and from every one of the South American republics. A large and beautiful display from Japan, comprising some of the celebrated " dwarf" trees, that have been created by the extraordinary process pursued in that country, and a great variety of evergreens, subjected to the same training; rose collections from Belfast, I- eland, and Luxemburg, Germany ; a grand collection of the native flora of Colorado, consisting of about 120,000 selections; the native flora of each State and Terri- tory; contributions from the great private conservatories of New York and Pennsylvania; a beautiful exhibit by the American Pomo- logical Society; and a splendid assortment of Australia n flowers from New South Wales— these, and thousands of other exhibits equally as enchanting, are to be seen. It required five acres in addition to the original allotment of space to arcoramodate the floral exhibits. The space at first intended for the Indianexhibit on the Wooded Island was 240 HAND-BOOK OP 1 l-^7■'^-l■l^^^^■ '-^ giveo over to a rose garden ; 20,000 feet of space are given to an exhibit of flower seeds alone; five acres are given over to a nursery exhibit; tv^^o beautiful greenhouses, one of them 1,000 feet long and 24 wide and the other 500 by 600 were added to the space in the summer of 1892. Half a million pansies, one hundred thousand roses, and mil- lions of other flowers, including every known variety and species, are seen at the Exposition. The horticultural exhibit is on a scale never before attempted in the history of the world. Mr. Thorp, of the floricultural division, estimated that the equipment of the horticul- tural building, including the purchase price of plants, would be $350,0(0, and the total expense of the display $750,000. The flori- culturists of the country donated a large share of the plants. Ten of the sixteen acres of ground on the wooded island are planted in flowers. The shores of the island are left wild for scenic effect, and the waters around the margin of the island are bright with water lilies and other aquatic vegetation, while the interior of the island is planted with roses, rhododendrons, and lilies, besides a vast variety of wild flowers, which are at present preserved in a nursery on the island. In addition to all this the roof of the Woman's building, the inter- ior of nearly all the department, state and foreign buildings, the grounds surrounding them, the beautiful terraces along the lagoon, etc., are all decorated with flowers. Forestry.— The forestry display, like the forestry building, is one of the most unique of the Exposition. It is likewise compre- hensive and instructive. Forestry is rapidly becoming a vital sub- ject of study, both for the states of the Union and the nation at large. As a science it is perhaps more feebly developed in the Uni- ted States than in any other civilized nation. The depletion of our natural forests is alarming to those who have made this subject a study, and a rational forest management is becoming a necessity in our civil governments. The forestry exhibit at the Fair will proba- bly give more instruction and arouse more interest in this vital question than anything else possibly could. The plan followed out in this department is simple. The government makes the exhibit which treats of forestry as a science, while the states make exhibits which have for their object the illustration of existing forestry con- ditions. The plan of the exhibit is the work of Dr. B. E. Fernow. Chief of the Forestry Division of the government Department of Agriculture, and one of the highest authorities on the question. By his plan the states make an exhibit showing the forestry resources of the country, the methods of forestry development, wood-work- ing, and all industries relying on forest products and the work necessary to forest management. The government exhibit is calcu- THE world's COLtTNIBIAN EXPOSITION. 241 lated to give the student of forestry a comprehensive view of the subject. The government shows all the trees native to the United States — about four hundred and twenty-five species — and the most important of these trees — about one hundred species — are elab- orately exhibited. This exhibit also shows the nature of raw wood materials, the difference of structure and quality of woods grown in different sections. There is shown a collection of fruits and seeds, planting tools, illustrations of planting methods, and statistics of forest management. In the construction of the Forestry building, the idea of exhibit ing the woods of the different states was beautifully carried out The Southern Lumbermen's Manufacturers' Association put in one of the grand vestibules of the building, and constructed it entirely of yellow pine in a way to show its beauty and susceptibility to polish. The National Association of Hard Wood Lumber Manu- facturers put in another of these vestibules, constructed of hard wood. Tne vestibules are constructed in a most artistic manner, and furnish very interesting exhibits of the woods named. About twenty-five of the States furnished columns for the Forestry building, composed of their most characteristic woods. Arkansas furnished trees of pine, white oak, red oak, red gum, black walnut, and sassa- fras; California — sugar pine, red wood, and trunks of the young sequoia; Delaware — red cedar, white oak, and white ash; Kansas — burr oak, hickory, hackberry, sycamore, and walnut; Minnesota — white pine, sugar maple, ash, oak, cottonwood, spruce, box elder, tamarack, elm; North Dakota — cotton-wood, bass-wood, oak, ash, elm, and birch; Tennessee — cotton-wood, hickory, cedar, poplar, red oak, white gum, bass-wood, and beech; Wisconsin — pine, white oak, bass-wood, elm, spruce, and birch. The columns of the Forestry building show specimens of every wood of any commercial im- portance in the United States, as well as woods from several foreign countries. The States also furnish sticks for the woven rustic work between the columns. Many foreign nations have contributed to this picturesque exhibit. There are trees from Asia, Australia and all parts of SouthAmerica, among these specimens of growth of which people read but never see. The orange, lemon, banana, fig, rubber, palm, cork, fig, date, calisaya, tar, and every species known is represented here. As in the Agricultural and Horticultural departments, the exhibits, of the different states and countries are grouped. Horticulture. — The Horticultural display is greater and grander than any thing ever attempted before. The description already given of the magnificent Horticultural building indicates in itself the great attention which the management has given to this branch of the 242 HAND-BOOK OF Fair. While only portions of buildings or small structures, compar- atively, have been devoted to horticultural displays heretofore, the World's Columbian Exposition has erected an immense, beautiful and costly structure, and dedicated it to this purpose. A fair idea of the extent of the exhibit may be obtained from the following, which shows the allotment of space to the different States and for- eign countries: Alabama, 2,000 feet; Alaska, 400; Arizona, 2,000; Arkansas, 4,000; California, 6 000, with space in the open court; Colorado, 4,000; Connecticut 2,000; Delaware, 4,000; Florida, 3,000, with space in the open court; Georgia, 2,000; Idaho, 2,000; Illinois, 6,000; Indiana, (5,000; Iowa, 5,000; Kansas, 5,000; Kentucky, 5,000; Louisiana, 2,000; Maine, 2,000; Maryland 4,000; Massachusetts, 4,C00; Michigau,6,000; Minnesota, 4,000; Mississippi, 2,000; Missouri, 6,000; Montana, 2,000; Nebraska, 4,000; Nevada, 2,000; New Hamp- shire, 2,000; New Jersey, 6,000; New Mexico, 2,000; New York, 8,000; North Carolina, 2,000; North Dakota, 1,000; Ohio, 6,000; Oklahoma, 1 000; Oregon, 4,000; Pennsylvania, 8,000; Rhode Island, 2,000; South Carolina, 1,000; South Dakota, 1,000; Tennessee, 3,000; Texas, 3,000; Utah, 1,000; Vermont, 1,000; Virginia, 3,000; Washington, 3,000; West Virginia, 2,000; Wisconsin, 5,000; Wy- oming,l,000. Foreign countries — Algeria, 200; Argentine Republic, 200; Austria, 500; Bahama Islands, ^500; Belgium, 3,000; Bolivia, 200; Brazil, 500, British Guiana, 200; British Honduras. 2,000; Cape Colony, 200; Ceylon, 200; Chili, 200; China, 300; Colombia, 200; Costa Rica, 500; Cuba, 500; Denmark, 500; Dutch Guiana, 200; Dutch West Indies, 200; Ecuador, 200; France, 4,000; French Guiana, 200; Germany, 4,000; Great Britain and Ireland, 6,000; Guatemala, 500; Hawaiian Island, 200; Hayti, 200; Holland, 200; Honduras, 200; Japan, 500, Jamaica, 500; Corea, 200; Madagascar, 200; Mexico, 2,000; New South Wales, 200; Nicaragua, 200; Orange Free State, 200; Paraguay, 200, Persia, 200; Peru, 200: Porto Rica, 200; Russia, 200; San Salvador,200; San Domingo, 200; Siam, 200; Spain, 200; Switzerland, 200; Trinidad, 500; Turkey, 200; Uru- guay, 200; Venezuela, 200; Zanzibar, 200; Miscellaneous, 5,000; Space outside the Horticultural building: For Great Britain and Ire- land, 40,000 feet; Holland, 35,000; France, 30,000; Germany, 25,- 000; Belgium, 30,000; Japan, 25,000; Denmark, 15,000; Spain, 15,- 000; West Indies, 15,000; Italy, 10,000; Russia, 10,000; other for- eign countries, 25,000. To the Horticultural department belongs the distinction of the first installed exhibit of the Exposition. This consisted of three very large trees, an elm, an ash, and a sugar maple, which were planted near the Horticultural Hall. The elm is seventy-five feet high, two feet in diameter, and weighs ten tons. Mi „ P. S. Peterson, THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 243 the Rose Hill nurseryman, planted these trees as a permanent exhibit, the planting and transferring requiring 22 men, 12 horses, and the expenditure of |;600; all of which was at Mr. Peterson's individual expense. The (States of the Union have contributed some wondrous exhib- its to the Horticultural display, such a collection of fruit as perhaps has never been seen before. The great fruit-bearing states from New York to California and from Michigan to Louisiana have rivaled each other in the extent and costliness of their exhibits. California as was to be expected takes the lead. This great fruit- producing commonwealth has never before been able to show the world what it is capable of doing, and it has taken advantage of the present opportunity toils fullest extent. Missouri, New York, Dela- ware, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Virginia, Florida, in fact every state of the Union, has exhibited its specialties in fruit growing magnificently. The immense oranges of Louisiana, Florida and southern California are brought into contrast with the beautiful grapes of Missouri, the big red apples of Michigan, the mammoth watermelons of Mississippi and Georgia, and the luscious strawberries of southern Illinois. The Citizens' Association of California alone occupies two and a half acres and makes a wonderful exhibit. The Southern California World's Fair Association has a space 88 by 270 feet in which an exhibition of orange trees in full bloom is to be seen. Five acres out doors for oranges, lemons, limes, etc. , and 3,000 square feet of table space for an exhibition of fruits were also granted this association, England, France, G-ermany, Switzerland, Austria, Russia, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and in fact every country in Europe, as well as portions of Asia, Africa, Australia and all the Latin-x^merican Republics and the numerous colonies are repre- sented here. The Michigan peach orchard in full bearing is not the least attractive feature. The exhibits are changed frequently, and the odor of the tropics mingles with that of the temperate zones. Live Stock. — The Live Stock exhibit will open upon June 1?, 1893, with tlie kennel show, which will undoubtedly comprise the largest and finest collection of dogs ever seen. The rules adopted by the Live Stock Department provide only for dogs of unquestioned pedigree, and even in such cases applications will be considered f>tricTly upon their own merits, by a committee of three experts. The kennel clubs and dog fanciers of both Europe and America are deeply interested in the exhibition, and those best informed say that not less than 3,000 dogs will be exhibited. The various kennel c^ubs propose to supplement the already satisfactory premium list by a number of very handsome medals. Lord Bute, reputed to be the biggest dog in the world and the winner of twenty-six first 244 HAND-BOOK OP prizes in cups at various bench shows, will be placed on exhibition. Lord Bute is a pure-blooded St. Bernard and is owned by Knowles Croskey, proprietor of the Menthon kennels, Phenixville, Pa. He is a noble dog, bred in England, and cost the present owner |3,750. He is thirty -six inches high and weighs 247 pounds. Members of the Mascoutah Kennel club of Chicago expect to play the part of host to the various kennel clubs of the country which may visit the Exposition in 1893. The club passed a resolu- tion calling upon similar clubs in all parts of the world to make a special effort to create an interest in the World's Fair. The period devoted to the exhibition of animals for awards is as follows: Cattle, Sept. 11 to 27th; horses, jacks and jennets, Aug. 24 to Sept. 27; sheep and swine, Oct. 2d to Oct. 14th; kennel show or dogs, June 12th to 17th; poultry, pigeons, pet stock, etc., Oct. 18th to 30. Exhibitors of horses and cattle must accompany their application with pedigree of the animal offered for entry. This written evidence implies a description or pedigree in the standard live stock records. Animals unregistered, but which have some peculiar value, historical or otherwise, may be exhibited, but may not compete for prizes. The exhibit of blooded and fat cattle, sheep, swine, horses, etc., it is expected, will be the greatest ever held in this country. Cattle and horses will be here from England, France and Germany, at least. Some magnificent Normans are expected. Every state in the Union will send contributions. Prizes will be given, sometimes by the state boards and sometimes by private persons for best exhi- bits. The great stables of trotting horses in France and many famous English racers will be here. England, Ireland and Scotland will send over larger exhibits than they have ever made at a foreign exposition before. Machinery.— The display of machinery is large and more in- teresting than any ever made before in an International Exposition. The electrical machines are confined, of course, to the electricity department, and some of the mining machinery to the mines and mining department, but nevertheless every inch of space is taken up in the machinery building and the scene is one of the greatest animation from one end of the great hall to the other. Every- thing from the smallest to themost ponderousmachines of the age is to be seen in the building and its annexes, and everything is in motion. The visitor will be struck at once with the great diversity shown in the construction of engines, some of which exhibit move- ments that he little dreamed of. The nations of the earth are in competition here. England, Germany, France, Holland, Belgium and other European countries have sent the best examples of their [Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.] KANSAS AND NORTH DAKOTA STATE BUILDINGS,— WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. WESTERN FENCE CO. ^ailwa^ Fence dontractor'^. The construction includes CROSS and WING FENCES and GATES. We have large outfits of Experienced Men, Tools and Cars. Managers will save money and much of detail by contracting with us. Contracts made for loo to i,ooo miles. Best of references given. Address WESTERN FENCE CO., 441 Rookery Building, CHICAGO. BENTLEY5GERWIG (LIMITED) I^ope, Ju/ii^e ar>d Qordai^e, TENTS, AWNINGS AND FLAGS, Waterproof Horse and Wagon Covers, No. 69 MARKET STREET, CHICAGO, ILL, THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 245 machinery, and the United States makes an exhibit which, along- side of the best any of the other nations has to offer, is creditable. This is the land of invention, and the application of steam to all sorts of purposes was never beloie so fully illustrated. Machinery is doing everything and more than everything that the hands of man were employed in doing a century ago. Some of the ingenious contrivances one would imagine almost thinK,so thoroughly do they perform the tasks assigned them. Here the machinery used in every branch of manufacture is in operation. The arrange- ment is perfect, and from the trains which move around the building above, the visitor can take a splendid observation of the eniire exhibit. The enormous extent of the space under roof in the buildings devoted to the display of Machinery, in round fig- ures nearly eighteen acres, is a proof of the appreciation of the im- portance of this branch of the Exposition entertained by the Man- agement. Manufactures and Liberal Arts. — It is no exaggeration to say that one might spend an entire month in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building, giving ten hours a day to the inspection of exhibits without seeing all that is displayed here. The term "World's Fair" may be appropriately applied to this depa^^ment alone, for here are the evidences of the progress of mankind in every section of the habitable globe. Whatever machinery or inven- tions may have accomplished ; whatever the soil may have produced or the produce of the soil nourished, the results are here. Science, art and industry have their special departments, steam and elec- tricity are represented fully; but these may be denominated causes; the effects of all our knowledge in science, art and industry, of the inventions in electrical and steam force, in navigation, in transpor- tation, in culture, are made manifest in the Manufactures and Lib- eral Arts building. Here are the higher products of the age, the necessaries and luxuries of the civilized world. If the visitor, after passing through the Art, Agricultural, Machinery, Forestry, Horti- cultural and all the other departments and sections, is desirous of obtaining an insight into the results of man's achievements in all these branches of intellectual development and refinement, he will find it in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building. Here mind and muscle are united, the forces of the intellect are combined, the tangible evidences of progress are made manifest. Every country on earth is represented, almost every community. The linens and friezes of Ireland, the cottons and cutlery of England; the plaids and paisleys of Scotland; the silks and velvets of France; the hosiery and gloves of Germany, the watches and clocks of Switzer- land; the laces and muslins of Belgium; the shawls of Persia, the 246 HAND-BOOK OF damasks of Turkey, the rugs of Sroyrna, the tapestries of Italy, the embroideries of Spain — the fabrics of the continents — from the china and glassware of Bavaria to the potteiy of Japan; from the musical boxes of Geneva to the panama hats of South America — are collected under this the greatest roof evtr raised above an Expo- sition buildiDg. Here one finds everything that the fingers ot man and woman have been able to fabricate in this and preceding cen- turies. It would be impossible to name, much more so to describe, the exhibits within this structure. Some general notes only as suf- ficient to give the visitor an idea of what may be found here are appended: One of the most interesting exhibits is that of the rifle manufacturers of Ltege, Belgium; another is the exhibit of the tobacco manufacturers of Kentucky; others are exhibits of the schools, school books, map charts, furniture, etc. ; exhibits of public iibraiies; pianos, orgaLs and small musical instruments; the cocoa exhibit of the manufacturers of Weesp, Holland; the process of mak- ing quinine ; a great display of Atlantic cable instruments ; the process of making 50-ton cannon; exhibit of lumber and wood manufactuies; a practical working business college; exhibit of the famous Krupp guns; domestic silk exhibit of the Silk Association of America; exhibit of the National Association of Wool Manufacturers; exhibit of the Potters' Association, covering 32,000 square feet of space; exhibits of Chinese manufactureis and merchants; exhibit of the Maxim Undenfeldt guns; Maryland oyster exhibit; exhibit of gas, gas illumination and machinery; newspaper exhibits, showing how daily newspapers are edited and printed; display of the wholesale saddlery and harness men; display of watches and clocks from American and foreign factories; exhibit of the National Association of Furniture Manufacturers; display of the Chicago furniture manu- facturers; display of the Grand Rapids furniluie manufacturers; exhibit of the New York Jewelers' Association, and of jewelry and jewels from every country on earth, including ancient and modern designs; United American jewelers' exhibit, great special exhibit of the German jewelers; display of the National Association of Canned Food Packers; exhibits of canned fruit, fish, etc., from all parts of the world; magnificent exhibit of the paper trade of the United States; exhibits of over 200 firms engaged in the manufact- ure of books; display of foreign books, rarebooks, etc.; great special display of the watchmakers of Switzerland; special diamond ex- hibit; a colony of lace makers and gold and silver workers, perform- ing their labor, from Paraguay, exhibit of the c()ffee industry of Bra- zil; great exhibits of stationery, sanitary appliances, postage stamps, coins, paper money, etc., of all countries; an immense exhibit of THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 247 confectionery, fancy wool work, fancy glass work, lace making, button making, cloth weaving, glass making, chain making, wire weaving, etc., all illustrated. The arts of paper making, book binding, printing, etc., are shown. The pottery manufacturers, dealers and connnisstuis of every country in the world are well rep- resented. Gas fittings and plumbers' work are given considerable space. In this building are seen the exhibits of the manufacturers of every country, some of them making wonderful and surprisingly beautiful displays, Japan, China, Siberia, Turkey, Greece, the republics of iSouth America; the Sandwich and South Sea Islands — hundreds of sections and communities of the globe that have never exhibited their manufactures before, are represented here. The process of manufacturing all the quaint, beautiful and useful things is shown, the manufacturers of the different countries sending their native mechanics, artisans and operatives to give practical illustra- tions of each particular process. The Liberal Arts department alone covers an immense space, and here the educational institutions and all that enters into educational systems of the various countries are fully represented. Mines and Mining. — In no other department of the World's Col- umbian Exposition, perhaps, is seen a greaier diversity of exhibits than in that of Mines ar.d Mining. Not only is there a dazzling array of diamonds, opals, emeraldsand other gems, and of the precious metals, but a most extensive collection of iron, copper, lead, and other ores, and of their product; of coal, granite, marble, sandstone and other building stone; of soils, salt, petroleum, and, indeed, of almost everything useful or beautiful, belonging to the mineral kingdom. The mineral resources and products, not only of this country as a whole, but of each State and section as well as of foreign countries is of the most complete and representative description. Owing to the fact that what was published early, relating to the exhibit in this department, was almost exclusively concerning gold, silver and the various precious stones and rare collections of minerals, many inferred that the baser metals and minerals were to receive scant attention. This was far from being the case. In fact, so im-- portant did Chief Skiff consider it that the representation of the latter should be fully commensurate with their surpassing industrial importance that he determined to organize a sub-department to take special charge of the coal and iron exhibit and later of that of copper and lead. The exhibit of coal at the Exposition, of course, is quali- tative rather than qaantitive. Not only are the different varieties of coal, which the different localities produce, shown, but chemical analyses of each and the results of tests determining economic value and adaptability to various uses. The coal resources of the different 248 HAND-BOOK OF States and sections are shown by geological maps and drawings giving configuration, stratification, etc., which render apparent the extent and accessibility of the coal beds and veins. For example, it is shown that coal measures of varying thickness underlie a great por- tion of the State of Texas — some 40 or 50 counties — and that, although the coal production of Texas has thus far been comparatively small, the supply is practically inexhaustible, and that much of the coal is of excellent quality. So, too, as regards iron. The most strenuous efforts were made to have an exhibit worthy of that great branch of industry. This country is now the first nation in the world in iron production, having recently forged ahead of Great Britain, its only real compet- itor. Our production of pig iron now exceeds 10,000,000 tons anually, or nearly f our times what it was ten years ago, and the production of steel now aggregates about 5,000,000 tons a year, a growth of nearly 300 per cent, in the decade. The development of the iron resources of the Southern States has be n especially great and rapid. The display at the Exposition was prepared and collected under the fullest appreciation of the magnitude and importance of the iron industry. There are shown all the many varieties of ores, with full data as to the location and extent of their beds, the analysis of each ore, and, so far as possible, the different processes of treatment in the manufacture of iron and steel. Another exhibit which is very extensive and varied is that of building stone. Granite, limestone, marble, sandstone and blue- stone, in scores of varieties and scores of colors, are shown by the finest specimens procurable. Nearly every State has quarries of native material of excellent quality. " From one to half a dozen of the twenty or more recognized varieties of granite, for example, are quarried in twenty-eight states, Massachusetts, Maine, California and Connecticut being the largest producers. The value of the granite output in 1889 was $14,464,095, an increase of more than $9,000,000 over that of 1880. Limestone is quarried in almost every State, Pennsylvania and Illinois taking the lead. The value of the output in 1889 was $19,095,179. This is exclusive of the output of marble, which, as is well known, is a species of limestone, the quarrying of which in a number of the States is an important and extensive industry. Sandstone, including bluestone, was quarried in 1889, to the value of $11,758,081, nearly every State being a producer. The exhibit of building stone is given the importance it justly demands. Thousands of specimens, many of them highly polished and very beautiful, are shown, and accompanying each are the results of tests made to determine strength, durability and other merits as construction material. The exhibit, made in the THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 249 Mines and Mining department, mean very much in the matter of rapid developmeut of newly discovered mines and quarries, and the attraction of capital to many which, through lack of it, have been but little worked. One of the greatest attractions of the mines department of the Exposition is the remarkable collection of minerals owned by Pro- fessor A. E. Foote, of Philadelphia. It is the finest private collection in the world, a complete history of mineralogy, and is so arranged that the mineralogy of the States is shown. This collection was shown at the Centennial, at London, and at Paris, and in each in- stance received the highest award. It comprises about one hundred and fifty tons of rare minerals, and the exhibit occupies 6,000 square feet of space. At the Chicago Exposition one of the pavilions for this exhibit is made of glittering mica, procured in South Dakota. Among the additions to the collection is a mass of meteoric iron, weighing 230 pounds, which the professor found in Arizona recently. He sent a specimen of this to Professor George A. Koenig, of the University of Pennsylvania, who discovered in it black diamonds visible to the naked eye. This dis30very i?? new to mineralogists and of great interest. In 1888 a meteor fell in Russia, in which the scien- tists discovered microscopic evidence of diamonds, but this Arizona meteor is the first to show the diamond formation to the eye. Pro- fessor Foote will also show some entirely new copper specimens from Arizona, and a stalagmite tree formed by limestone drippings from a mine in New Mexico; the big garnets which he collected in Colorado, some of which are perfect specimens, aad above six pounds in weight, and the finest specimens of celemanite ever found. In the professor's collection are all of the gems — rough and cut diamonds, rubies, topazes, opals, etc. His collection from the Pacific coast of America shows the wulfenite, a lare species of orange-red crystals; the brilliantly red vanadinites, and bright crystal of azurite, associ- ated with velvet tufts of malachite. Alaska shows the deep-red garnets, in their dull coats of mica schist. There is silver ore from the faaaous Bridal Chamber in New Mexico. It is said that a space the size of a bed room, in this mine, produced $500,000 worth of sil- ver. There is a precious turquoise from Los Cerrillez, New Mexico, where Montezuma got his precious chalchuhutils, which he valued above gold. _ There are blendes and galenas from the zinc region of Lake Superior. From the North Atlantic coast region is shown rhodonite, in fine crystals which is much used by the Russians in ornamental work. From the New Jersey mines come minerals found nowhere else in the world — f ranklinite— named after the philosopher — anomolite, trooslite. blood red zincite, etc. The South Atlantic coast region shows amethysts, sapphires, aquamarines, 250 HAND-BOOK O^ uranolite, etc. The Canadian Copper Company, of Sudbury, Canada, makes a mineral exhibit which includes the Canadian Company's exhibit. In its exhibit the government geological survey places on view a sort of synoptic picture of the mineral resources of this country. Big chunks of native gold and silver are shown just as they were dugout of the earth, together with remarkable ores of all sorts, particularly those of what are called "economic minerals," such as iron, copper and tin. Accompanying these are maps drawn for the purpose of assisting the illustration. Professor Clarke, the distinguished chemist and mineralogist, was given charge of the whole matter, and he collected a wonderfully fine assemblage of precious and semi-precious stones also, which form part of the dis- play. This collection, although it is largely composed of gems found in the United States, is not limited to those. Dozens of big boxes and trays full of such jewels of all sorts were sent from the national museum. There are topazes, emeralds, rubies, diamonds, opals and every other kind of beautiful sparkler. Also there are ever so many curiosities, such as metals compounded in rare fash- ions in nature's laboratory — for example, bromide of silver and crystallized carbonate of copper. Examples are shown illustrating the strange rules by which crystallization takes place, one metal or mineral assuming a certain geometrical shape, another some dif- ferent one, and so on. In addition to all this there are relief maps, transparencies and photographs of American scenery. These in- clude most important views in mountainous regions, great deserts and other remarkable localities of interest from a geological point of view. Photography in this line has been made a specialty by the survey, which possesses a great collection of such works of art. Henry A. Ward, of Rochester, N. Y., whose display of minerals was one of the features of the Louisville exposition, consumes 5,000 square feet of space for his mineral cases, and sends enough to fill 10,000 feet in a geological display. The exhibit of coal, iron ore, building stone and clays from Indiana is very extensive. There is also a special cabinet exhibit of what may be called commercial minerals. Gov. J. V. Aycardi, of Panama, tendered for exhibition at the World's Fair a beautiful piece of carved marble, a bas relief representing the landing of Columbus, which was presented to the state of Panama, nearly ninety years ago, by the Empress Josephine, who, at the same time, gave the colossal bronze statue of Columbus which now stands in Aspinwall. Pueblo, Col., makes a special exhibit. The celebrated Westerman and Briggle collection of gold specimens is seen, among other things. The Spaniards, under Columbus, setting sail from the Port of [Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.] WYOMING AND NEBRASKA STATE BUILDINGS.— WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. I. A. HARTMAN & CO. Real Estate and Loans, lEooms SIT a*n.d. BIS (opera house building.) Harvey, Thornton and. Bloom Aore« WE HAVE TWO SUB-DIVISIONS: One at) Harm . . Ottier ai) SoutH Harveu. SELUINO LOTS FROiW $150.00 TO $400.00. $25 Cash. Balance $5 Monthly. Also, Large List of Improved and Unimproved City Property. Free Tickets to parties desiring to visit property. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 251 Pales, started on a prospecting tour to tbe mineral regions on the other shore of a vast ocean. Like the lone miner who mounts his borro and crosses tlie waste plains to explore for hidden wealth in the distant and mountainous "new" country the expedition of these hardy voyagers was for the gold, the silver, aad the precious gems of the fabulously rich lands of the mythical Cathy. When America crossed their track its possibiliti^s for future greatness excited them less than the prospect for an immediate realization of its wealth — for filling their returning galleons with the abundant precious stones. Considering this fact the Columbian Exposition appropriately and properly yields a conspicuous place to the mining display. Interest centers in the Mining building as a museum of those metals and minerals that were such an incentive to the enterprise of the great Spanish voyager. More especially because here is placed an historical exhibit, illustrating by means of models, drawings, or original tools and appliances themselves, the successive advances made in the metallurgical art from the primitive methods in vogue among the natives of the new world at the time Columbus landed. The Incas of South America are among the most ancient of gold miners. The amount of gold and silver produced by them is amaz- ing. Atahnalpa, the last of their Chiefs, bribed Pizarro for release from prison by offering to till with gold, as high as he could reach, a room 22x17 feet. These Indians were very successful mining engineers. Many of the canals and sluices constructed by them for use in hydraulic mining still exist in Peru and show surprising in- genuity. Many of their copper mining tools have also been dis- covered. For washing the metalliferous dirt they employed a so- called "Batea," or wooden pan, differing from the miner's "pan" of California only in having a conical bottom, at the apex of which the gold was collected by dexterous handling. These Indians were also acquainted with the process of collecting gold by quicksilver riffles. The Amazon Indians used a dugout canoe, its bottom fluted with transverse grooves. This they tipped on end, turned on some water, and then rocked it to and fro, gathering the gold in the grooves and the bow of the boat. These antique tools and mining works will be presented in the South American sections or in the archseological division of the main mining display. The rich veins of gold and silver of the mountains of Mexico have been worked since prehistoric times by the ancient Montezu- mas. Their processes of treating the ores survive to the present day. The ore is packed to the reducing establishment, called "hacienda," is assorted, and then pulverized in the "arrastra." This consists of a large round vat, like a mortar, with a peculiar grind- 252 HAND-BOOK OF ing arrao^ement consisting of three granite stones of an oblong shape. These are tied to a long pole, connected with an axle, and turned by a mule walking around in a circle blindfolded. An "arrastra" will be on exhibition in the Mining department. The somewhat famous "patio process" for the reduction of silver ores is another historical attraction. This was invented by Bar- tholome de Medina, a Mexican miner, about 1551. Within two centuries it was generally used throughout Mexico and was then adopted in Europe only to be replaced by more modern methods. The process derives its name from the patio, ox yard, at the mouth of the mine where the operation is usually conducted. The pasty mud taken from the arrastra mills is here thrown upon a hard stone floor, and, after being fixed with liquid silver and salt, is called "soup," After undergoing evaporation for several days the mass is stirred up by the feet of horses or men until the mass is well mixed, when it is called "cake of mud." The amalgamated silver is washed and then placed in canvas bags. The mercury is squeezed out by pressure and the residual silver is purified in a furnace and then run off into molds. The evolution of the metallurgical industry is illustrated by other relics of early days. Mexico furnishes some of the old- fashioned Catalan forges for ironmaking with their crude hammers and water blasts. Catalonia was a province in Spain where this antique implement was first employed and from which skilled iron- mongers were exported to the new world. This primitive affair will make a strong contrast with the modern improved forging press of 4,000 tons worked by 2,000 horse-power engines and com- manded by traveling cranes capable of lifting 150 tons. The iron industry of the United Stales has much to show for its development since the days of Columbus. It was as early as 1619 that a London Company sent over to Virginia 100 persons skilled in the manufacture of iron. On the banks of the jaraes River they established the first works for the smelting of ores in America, and erected one of the Catalan forges. Unfortunately the coloi y was, within a few years, annihilated by Indians and the works de- molished. The first blast furnace in Maryland dates back to 1724 and was christened the "Principio." Some years ago two pigs of iron bearing the lettering "Principio, 1751," were raised by fisher- men from the Patapsco river. One of the pigs is exhibited at the Fair. The growth of Bessemer steel operations is the most stupendous fact in the development of the metallurgical industries. In 1865 two Bessemer converters combined gave a total annual product of 500 tons. In 1890 there were eighty-two and the product over THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 253 4,000,000 tons. This great expansion is to be accounted for largely through the perfection of the machinery used in these processes. The most striking illustration of this is seen in the iron and steel sec- tion of the Mining building. In a conspicuous place is exhibited the original steel converter, upon which in 1857 Mr. Kelly of Kentucky obtained his patent. In comparison with this relic is placed the pon- derous equipment of a steel plant, presented either by a model or by a working apparatus. There are blast and puddling furnaces, open- hearth furnaces, rolls, steel trains, and every conceivable process of manufacture together, flanked by artistically arranged stacks of the product in its various forms of bars, rods, sheets, wire, etc The development of the American metallurgical industries typified in all its rapidity and magnitude by the iron and steel industry seems about to take a start In a new direction. Electricity is standing on the threshold ready to inaugurate a revolution in this as it has in almost all other industrial provinces. It has already taken great strides in its application to mining machinery, and has more lately been employed in the extraction on a large scale of the commercial metals. The "electrolytic process," as it is called, as applied to the pro- duction of commercial copper is demonstrated by a large American copper firm which signified its desire to make such an installation. From hand-washing to electrical reduction constitutes the evolu- tion consummated in the Ia8t4()0 years and the successive stages are illustrated so completely as to make the exhibit in the Mining build- ing an instructive compendium of m'ning archaeology and a concrete demonstration of progress in metallurgical science. The gasoline assaying outfit, a process for determining the char- acter and value of ores, is here in operation. While not requiring much space nor being a very conspicuous exhibit, it is an attraction of great interest, and a valuable instruction to all visitors of the Exposition who are concerned in mining affairs. The mineral exhibit from Michigan is sure to attract much atten- tion. This includes, besides extensive collections from museums, etc., granites, marble, and other building material of rare and beau- tiful qualities, but which have not yet been marketed to any great extent ; raw material from the iron mines, in plates 69 to 70 per cent, pure, as taken from the mines ; and especially, speci- mens of copper, which, in its pure state, is found only in the Michi- gan mines. A copper exhibit, the " largest and most extensive ever attempted," is made by the Calumet and Hecla mines. It includes "obelisks of pure copper ranging in weight from fifty to five hun- dred pounds, also quantities of wire and sheet copper that has been drawn and rolled from the native metal just as it was taken fr^m 254 HAND-BOOK OF the mines ; rods of copper, bent into different shapes and even tied into knots, as one would tie a cravat, without breaKlng or splinter- iug, as would be the result of such an operation on the copper pro- duced by other mines and containing an alloy which renders it less ductile. A curious fact concerning the silver deposits some- times found in the copper, is, tbat nature has welded the silver and copper together without mixing them, whereas no process has ever been discovered by mineralogists by which the same thing can be done artificially. Examples of this phenomena are included in the exhibit." Nearly all the mineral-producing states of the Union make large exhibits. Geological societies at home and abroad are well repre- sented. Transportation. — For the first time in the history of world's fairs it was decided to give ^he science of transportation, in its broad- est meaning, that attention to which its importance entitles it. Every method of transportation, except the back of the mule and the foot of man, is shown. The development of modern transpor- tation has been so recent and so rapid that its significance has hardly been understood. Already its early history is, in many instances, fading away or utterly lost. Judged by their relations to the every- day life of the world, no other industry surpasses it in utility or equals it as a power in the progress of civilization. Considered from the standpoint of the amount of capital invested, it overshad- ows every other industry. Prof. Arthur T. Hadley, of Yale Col- lege, says: The railroads of to-day are wortti from $25,0C0,n0(),000 to S30,C00,000,000. This probably represents one-tenth of the total wealth of civlJized nations, and one-quarter, if not one-thiid, of their invtsted capital. It is doubtful whether the aggregate plant used in all manufacturing- industries can equal it in value. The capital engaged in baniiing is a trifle beside it. The world's whole stock of money of every kind— gold, silver and paper— would pur- chase only a third of its railroads. If to the railroads be added the shipping of the world and all means of conveyance on common roads, the magnitude of the inter- ests represented in this department of the World's Columbian Expo- sition may be fairly estimated. It was the intent of this department that it should fully and fairly present the origin, growth, and development of the various methods of transportation used in all ages and in all parts of the world. As far as possible the means and appliances of barbarous and semi-civil- ized tribes are shown by specimen vehicles, trappings, and craft. Past history is illustrated by relics of the earlier da}s. The develop- ment of water craft, from the crudest forms of the modern ocean steamship; of wheeled vehicles fiom. the first inception of the idea THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 255 of the wheel to their present seemiag perfection; and of that greatest of all means of transportation— the railway — is also further illus- trated by accurats models, drawings, plans, and designs, in cases where the actual apparatus, appliance or machine itself could not be exhibited. It was tlie aim of tais department to keep the historical feature clearly in view, and even to magnify it. By so doing the greatest exhibition of the actual means of transportation employed throughout the world to-day stands out in high relief by contrast, and the wonderful achievements of recent years bear more weighty testimony to the genius of the age in which we live. The classification may seem to include some things which it is difficult to show in an exhibition of this kind, but the object kept in view is to make so complete an exposition of the method and means employed in every branch of the business of transportation that the earnest student of science may here find everything at his hand without encountering the difficulties which now beset and environ such study and investigation, A grand object-lesson is presented so clearly and impressively that a child may learn in hours and days what would otherwise require months and years. But in addition to the object-lesson there is a gathering of plans, designs, blanks, reports, monograms, literature, and everything appertainiQg in any way to methods of abridging distance, such as has never been made before, and which must have an appreciable effect upon future growth and development. The tendency of such collections, and the inevitable comparisons resulting, is to bring the lowest up to the level of the best, and to stimulate to an extraor- diniry degree both the adoption of the most approved methods and the invention of new means. Exhibits in this department are divided into six general classes — railways, intramural transit, carriages and other vehicles for common roads, bicycles, aerial and pneumatic machines, and marine transportation. Of these the railways, as most important, demand most space. A space of over eight acres is devoted to this interest. The plan adopted provides for the best possible utiliza- tion of space. Exhibitors have every opportunity for showing their appliances and devices to the best advantage. As far ns possible, arrangements were made by joint agreement for showing everything in its proper place and relations. Locomotive applianrcs are best shown on locomotives and the appurtenances and furnish- ings of cars on cars. Specimens of standard permanent way affords opportunity for showing track materials, tools, and all that appertains thereto in the best possible manner. It is believed that nearly all of the es^afi- lishments engaged in locomotive, car and bridge building are 256 HAND BOOK OP represented. A large number of the leading railways of the world also make exhibits of their standard roadbed, track, and equipment. The opportunity thus offered for joint action is almost unlimited, and by proper placarding where necessary every exhibit is given proper prominence. European railway appliances and machinery have never been exhibited on any large scale alongside those used in America. It is hoped that the undoubted influence of this Exposition upon railway development in the future great markets of the world for railway material will be sufHciently appreciated to bring out the desired comparison on a large scale. Abundant and choice space was desig- nated and reserved for foreign countries, and every possible facility has been afforded foreign exhibitors. Street railways — surface, underground, and elevated — are shown very completely in this department. Everything relating to their permanent way and equipment is here included, with the single ex- ception that electric motors must be shown in the department of electricity. Cars and other supplies for electric roads belong in this department, a division which, while seeming to be arbitrary, is evidently necessary. That question of so much moment in all great cities, how best the public can be transferred to and from distant sections, is here pretty thoroughly and practically answered. The whole public has an opportunity to judge for itself of the relative merits of the several systems which are being offered forits use. A large portion of the floor space of the Transportation building proper is devoted to the display of carriages and vehicles for com- mon roads. Included in it are all of the characteristic forms and types of wheeled vehicles, except those used on railways. The classification is closely maintained, and exhibits of this nature from all countries are shown together, so that the most interesting and in- structive comparisons may be made. Harness, saddlery and horse trappings of all kinds are here exhibited. Other vehicles and con- veyances, such as those used on snow and those employing human muscle as the motive power, are also included in this classifica- tion. Bicycles, the most recent of all road vehicles, receive the atten- tion to which their popularity and rapidly increasing use entitle them. No maker of cycles of any importance in the world has missed the greatest opportunity ever offered to place his wares advan- tageously before millions of possible purchasers. The earliest form of machine, whereon the rider maintained his position by keeping both feet in touch with the ground, is shown alongside of the latest cycle, which is provided with everything from a cafe attachment to seats for the entire family. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 257 Transportation through the air and by means of air is yet in a conaparatively undeveloped condifoD. Whatever is worthy in past achievements is seen here, and whatever there is of present success or future promise. Whether or not this realm is ever conquered by human ingenuity the subject will ever be a fascinating one. Mont- golfier's early attempts in this field are exemplified, acd the modern schools for the training of aeronauts have space allotted to them. Every known method of transportation on water is shown in this division. Small craft of all kinds are exhibited in full size; vessels, from the nature of the case, must be shown by models. For fuller illustration drawings, plans and paintings are shown. Much attention is given to the merchant marine. The navigation of the ioland waters of the world, especially the great lakes aLd rivers, is illustrated more fully than in any previous exposition. The classification provided also for everything of interest coEnectfd in any way with the subject of navigation. The government of the United States makes its naval display in connection with its own building. Foreign governments, builders of vessels of war and defense throughout the world, and manufacturers of naval supplies were invited to exhibit in this department. The separate exl.ibit of the United States government does not prevent a representation of its naval history and its present plans by means of models, etc., in this department. Among the attractions of special interest are models of the rig of the old frigate Constitution, the flagship of Nelson, a caravel from Spain, the exact copy of the Santa Maria, in which Columbus made his first voyage, canoes of the native traders of the West Indies, hewn from a single tre3 and propelled by twenty-five paddles. There are models of such modern racing schooners as the Ameiica, May- flower, Puritan, and Volunteer. All sorts of stern-wheel passenger and freight steamers for river navigation, steel-screw ferryboats, electric pinnances, naphtha launches, etc., are shown. Then there appears in their natural order ketches and brigantines, sloops and barques of the Atlantic coast in 1714, rafts, arks, barges, keel- boats, and other craft. On one side of the wide transept in the annex continued from the main building is shown an entire ' 'limited" train of Pullman cars of the latest design, and in close proximity, a model in miniature of the town of Pullman (where these cars are turned out) perfect in every part of the smallest detail. On the opposite side of the transept, the London & Northwestern and other English railways show superb specimens of their equipment. The Baltimore & Ohio tells by a series of object lessons the story of that road from the date of the first stage coach drawn by horses oyer strap rails to its present management, perfeciion of track, rolling 258 HAND-BOOK OP slock and motive power. Bulk the Philadelphia & Reading and Pennsylvania railroad companies have made elabora-te exhibits. The coal display is presented on a magnificent scale, giving representations of the manner of handling the productions of Pennsylvania's vast coal fields from the mine to ihe market. Kealisiic scenes are set, displaying models of mines, the breakers, coal-yards, and shipping wharves. Port Richmond, the largest cnal- shipping plant in tiie counlry, is vividly depicted in miniature. The display includes the rolling stock and reproductions of some of the finist stretches of roadbed. The auihoiititsat Altoona have charge of the principal features representing the mechanical part. This includes exhibitions of speed appliances, the block system, air brakes, safety platforms, etc. An interesting exhibit is that of a vestibule train, containing all the modern conveniences of the Chicago limited. The Pennsylvania's exhibit also c impriscs rolling stock in thestiapg of the newest locomotives, models of some of the hand- somer stations, bridges, and roadway. Here are seen stately rows of powerful locf motives with their ap- pliances from the establishments of the leading builders of the world, and all devices pertaining to practical railroad operation. The carefully preserved relics of early railroading, such as the " Rachfct " of Stephenson, the "Pete Cooper" engine, sections of the tramway on which Truitheck's first locomotive made its trial trip, specimens of the old ' ' grasshopper " and ' ' camelback " engines n nv out of use — contrast strangely with the 'huge leviathan" products of modern ingenuiiy and skill. The arrangement of these and similar relics in historical sequence, ap ly demonstrates the wonderful development of the railway and its kindred industries, T?*ithin t lie nineteenth century. Space was early engaged for over six'y l)c.)motives of various types, some of which are jacked up, and the wheels kept in mot'on by means of compressed air. The aggregate display is the largest ever brought together. Very elaborate and costly models of the best transatlantic steamers are here shown. Some in half model indicate their exterior build Ojly; others reproduce the interior arrangements of staterooms, dining saloons and other apartments. The ship-builders and owners of the great lakes of the Northwest have made an important display. The classification of "vessels" not only includes the merchant marine and all means of water conveyance of every description, but in general, everything appertaining to the great navies of the world, ard past and present forn s of construction. In addition, it com- prises whatever relates to the science ( f navigation, and to docks, harbor works, wrecking and life-saving apparatus, etc. An enter- taining and instructive histoiical series consists, of course, of boat? !' ^^j'.^vf^r''^\.-r^T [Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.] As a Matter of Busioess and Pleasure Visit The Chicago Herald Btailding. It is the palatial home of the greatest newspaper of the great West, and without an equal in the world. You can- not afford to decline TThis I nvitation. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSlTIOK. 259 and sailing craft grouped in chronological order, which illustrates the course of evoluiion in the design and construction of vessels through centuries of progress. The quaint and curious water craft still in use among many civilized nations and barbarian tribes imparts, by contrast, additional zest to the main exhibit. The process of boat-building is shown with skilled hand labor, no machinery at all being used, and full sized boats are turned out for the edification of visitors. One large model occupies a case 10x20 feet put up by one of the big carriage-making concerns in the United State s. The model shows carriage-making in all its branches. The G-reat Western railway of England exhibits among other things the famous locomotive, "The Lord of the Isles," which wasbuiltat the company's works at Swindon in 1851 from the designs of the late Sir Daniel Gooch. It was one of the most important exhibits at the first World's Fair, which was held in London in 1851. One of the exhibits at the Fair is a full sized model of a 125-ton steam hammer. It is, to allappeirances, a perfect duplicate of an original turned out by the Bethlehem Iron Company, of Pennsylvania. In addition the same firm exhibits a battleship shafting 135 feet in length and speci- mens of armor-plate, guns, projectiles, and various naval appliances. Horses and saddles from Morocco are shown here. Harper Bros., Scribner & Sons and the Century Company exhibit illustrations showing the history of tran'sportalicn of all countries. Similar exhibits from foreign countries and from other publishers in this country are also shown. The exhibit includes reproductions of lithographs, original drawings and photographs. Viticulture. — The wine growers of the world are represented- The California wine growers in particular have made a splendid di'?- play. Many of the states of the Union and several foreign coun tries have attractive exhibits. 260 HAND-BOOK OF PAKT IX. WOMEN AND THE FAIR-THE SCOPE GIVEN TO THEIR WORK- EXHIBIT IN THE WOMAN'S BUILDING— MARVELLOUS INTEREST CREATED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD IN THIS DEPARTMENT- THE CURIOUS THINGS OF THE EXPOSITION-SPECIAL EXHIBITS —MIDWAY PLAISANCE, ETC. For the first time iu history woman is recognized in a great Inter- national Exposition, except in a passing or perfunctory way. She has been given free scope in the Columbian Exposition of 1893, and the manner in which her department has been handled from the beginning shows that the sex so long neglected or relegated to a minor or obscure position in the affairs of mankind is fully capable cf maintaining the position attained. The Board of Lady Managers was not created without some misgivings, nor encouraged ■\Aithout some fears. Established prejudices had to be overcome, numerous barriers removed and countless obstructions swept away before the necessary recognition was secured. The election of Mrs. Potter Palmer, of Chicago, a beautiful, an intellectual and, above all, an energetic woman, has contributed from the outset to establish the character of the undertaking and to insure its success. Mrs. Palmer infused life into the movement, inspired the women of the world with her own enthusiasm, planned a systematic campaign, and con- ducted the executive department of the board with a degree of judg- ment that marked her as a person of wonderful administrative ability. The woman of fashion, the leader of society, the devoted wife of one of the most prominent and wealthiest citizens of Chicago, her conduct of the great responsibility which was placed upon her shoulders not only surprised but amazed those who were actively employed in other departments of the Exposition, and who for that reason could understand and appreciate the magnitude of the task which she was called upon to perform. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 261 The women of every country on earth were invited to take part in this exhibit; Mrs. Palmer communicated with the female sover- eigns and with the consorts of sovereigns in foreign countries, ask- ing for their assistance; the women of every state and territory in the North American republic were organized into Boards; the women of Canada, of Mexico, and of the South American Republics were brought into correspondence; not a moment nor an opportunity was lost in creating an interest in the Woman's department everywhere, and the result is before us now. The Woman's building, described elsewhere, is one of the noblest buildings of the Exposition, and pronounced one of the finest specimens of modern architecture. Its architect and superintendent of construction was a Boston woman. The sculpture of the building ranks with any on the ground. The sculptor was a California girl. The interior is decorated beautifully, even magnificently. The decorators were women of the different states of the Union and of foreign countries, who not only furnished suggestions and plans, but even the material. Finally the exhibits were confined to woman's brain and handiwork, in every branch of intellectual and physical activity, and they rank among the most beautiful, the most interesting, the most useful, instructive and creditable in the Exposition buildings. Some gen- eral rules were followed, and these rules, of themselves, exhibited the good sense, the good judgment and good taste of the Woman's Board. All applications for space in the Woman's building had to be made through the Board of Lady Managers, which was declared by the national commission, "the official channel of communica- tion through which all women or organizations of women may be brought into relation with the Exposition. " It was therefore nec- essary for all women to make application through the Woman's Department in order that their names might be entered upon the official records of the board. In the cases of industrial A^omen, those desiring to exhibit for competition with the idea of selling their wares, the applications, of course, had to come under the general classification for competitive exhibits, and were referred by the Board of Lady Managers to the Director-General. The board of Lady 262 HAND- BOOK OF Managers had no control of the assignment of space in the main buildings, no power of this sort, indeed, beyond the Woman's building, and could only refer applications for space for competitive exhibits to those having authority. But the Board had representa- tives upon all juries of awards for exhibits, produced in whole or in part by female labor, this privilege a far greater one than appears on the surface, being conferred by act of Congress, and it therefore became necessary that the Board should know who the Women requesting space were and what they proposed to exhibit. In rec- ognition of this, and at the request of the President of the Board of Lady Managers, the installation blanks asked that the exhibitors state in filling out the application what proportion of female labor entered into the production of the exhibit. Regarding application for space in the Woman's building, exhibits could only be entered there by invitation from the Board of Lady Managers. The space at its disposal was comparatively small and the Board wished to reserve it for the most select and distinguished things. The general design of the Women's exhibit, as outlined by Mrs, Palmer, was as follows: The Board wished to mark the first participation of women in an important national enterprise by pre- paring an object lesson to show their progress made in every country of the world during the century in which educational and other privileges have been granted them and to show the increased useful, ness that has resulted from the enlargement of their opportunities. It was of the first importance that such a representative collec- tion be secured from every country as would give an adequate idea of the extent and value of what was being done by women in the arts, sciences, and industries. They should thus aim to show to the breadwinners, who are fighting unaided the battle of life, the new avenues of employment that are constantly being opened to women, and in which of these their work would be of the most distinct value by reason of their natural adaptability, sensitive and artistic temperaments, and individual tastes; what education would best en- able them to enjoy the wider opportunities awaiting them and make THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 263 their work of the greatest worth, not only to themselves, but to the world. The Board of Lady Managers, therefore, invited the women of all countries to participate in this great exhibit of woman's work to the end that it might be made not only national, but universal, and that all might profit by a free comparison of methods, agencies, and results. The Board decided that in the general Exposition buildings, where the competitive exhibits were placed, it would not separate the exhibit of women's work from that of men, for the reason that as women are working side by side with men io all the factories of the world it would be practically impossible, in most cases, to divide the finished result of their combined work; nor would women be satisfied with prizes unless they were awarded without distinction as to sex and as the result of fair competition with the best work shown. They are striving for excellence, and desire recognition only for demonstrated merit. In order, however, that the enormous amount of work being done by women might be appreciated, a tabulated statement was procured and shown with every exhibit, stating the proportion of woman'g work that enters into it. The application blanks sent out to manufacturers contained this inquiry. Besides the foregoing extensive exhibit women had another op- portunity of displaying work of superior excellence in an advan- tageous way in the Woman's building, over which the Board of Lidy Managers exercised complete control. In its central gallery is grouped the most brilliant achievements of women from every country and in every line of work. Exhibits here were admitted only by iavitation, which was considered the equivalent of a prize. No sentimental sympathy for women caused the admission of second-rate objects, for the highest standard of excellence was here strictly maintained. Commissions of women organized in all countries as auxiliaries to the Board of Lady Managers were asked to recommend objects of special excellence produced by women, and producers of such successful work were invited to place speci- mens in the gallery of the Woman's Building. 264 HAND-BOOK OF The Woman's Building contains ample social headquarters, parlors, balconies, roof-gardens; reading, writing, and committee rooms; a great Congress Hall in which great organizations and clubs of women meet for the interchange of ideas and to hear addresses by distinguished visitors. These, with many other features of in- terest, are offered free to all women. There is a library of books by women, and a model hospital with women physicians and trained nurses. Kindergarten associations are assigned a particular room in which to show their work. In the model kitchen in the building the hills of fare are put in the hands of scientists, and their cost, nutriment, etc., fairly discussed. The platform for the guidance of commissions and organizations throughout the world who desired to co-operate with the Board of Lady Managers was laid down as follows: 1. To procure, for competition in the main buildings, a representative exhibit showing- the work of women in all the varied occupations in which they engage. 3. To procure as far as possible statistics as to the amount of woman's work that enters into every exhibit, and interesting data connected with the same. 3. To recommend to the Board work of such supreme excellence as to be worthy of admission to the gallery of the Woman's Buildicg. 4. To recommend to the Board such women as have the requisite ex- pert knowledge to serve on various juries of award. 5. To see that the educational work being carried on by women, from the primary to the highest branches of education, is exhibitea when pos- * sible, and when not possible that it be illustrated by means of maps, charts, photographs, monographs, relief models, etc. 6. To see that the charitable and philanthropic work, as well as that to promote recreation, healthfulne s, reform, etc., inaugurated by women, is either exhibited or made matter of record as above. 7. To aid in giving suitable publicity to the plans of the Board of Lady Managers in all the leading papers, through the agency of press women when possible. 8. To aid in the collection of a loan exhibit of old lace, embroideries, fans, etc. 9. To secure books written by women for the woman's library, especi- ally such as relate to the exact sciences, philosophy, art, etc. 10. To secure from every country a chronological exhibit, showing the evolution and progress of woman's industries from the earliest time to the present. Every plank in the above platform was carried out. The women of this country and of foreign nations went to work with a will. No department of the Exposition was advertised more fully. The Board of Lady Managers adopted a badge. Distinctive badges were also adopted by the boards of the different States and Territories. Interest centered for some time in the inte- rior decorations of the building, and the ladies of the different states vied With each other in making suggestions and forwarding contributions of material. This took the form of woods, marbles, rare stones, panel work, THE WOKLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 285 inlaid flooring, pillars, busts, casts, stained glass and everything of a conceiv- able nature that could add to the beauty of the structure. Entire rooms were decorated at the expense of individual women or of the State Boards. The visitor will And the interior work of the building as charm ngly interesting as the exhibits themselves. As an instance of the work dona Miss Frances Wait, of San Francisco, undertook the furnishing of the south roum adjoia- ing the main reception room, on the east side ot the second floor. The entire room is furnished in the Jamous redwood of California, which is found nowhere else, and Avhich Avas so beautiful when polished, that no carving was deemed necessary, except on the mantel. This was incorporated in the architecture <^f the room, risiag to the ceiling. The red-wood lumbermen of San Francisco contributed the finishing of the room, which comprised the imposing mantel, wainscoting, doors anl window casings. Miss Wait also sent columns of pure fine white marble, and a single column, gracefully carved, of California's tran-lucent onyx . West Virginia lumber dealers, through Miss Lily Jackson, Lady Manager, finished the opposite room— the one facing California's, on the north side of the great reception room, throughout, in the finest native woods of the State. The doners pre- fered to combine all their native woods, in the furnishings rf the room, rather than only one variety. This ■ nly serves to illustrate what was done by the women of«the several Stat s and Territories. They offered more than the Board of Ladj^ Managers could accept. Every one of the states and Ter- ritories is represented by an exhibit in th ^ Women's building. Illinois, as was to be expected, takes the most prominent part, but she is closely fol- lowed by her sisters. All of the great States East, West and South have beautiful exhibits of women's ingenuity, women's skill and women's handi- work . Foreign countries are represented to an extent little to be expected. England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Italy, Spain, Portug.i, Kussia, Turkey, Greece, Japan, China, the Lat n American Republics, Canada— in fact the women of all parts of t le world are represented here. Queen Victoria, the Empress of Russia, the Empress of Germany, the Empress of Austria-Hungary, the Queen Regent of c*pain, the Queen of Italj , Madame Carnot, wife of the Piesident of Franc , and i ther distinguished women of Europe all took a lively interest in the Women's department, and all assi ted in bringing about the magnificent exhiDition of women's work we now behold. The exhibits show women's work in every branch of science, art and industry, in painting, sculpture, architecture, invention, mechanics, dis- covery, physics, lithography, photogra jhy, wood-work, music, musical composition, literature— in factiu every department where man has hereto- fore been cj; sidered alone. The women in charge of the Women's exhioits of Great Britain a e all distinguished ladies. They are Prncess Christian, of Schleswig-Hol tein,thiid daughter of Queen Victoria, president of the commission; the Marchioness of Salisbury, Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Coun- tess of Aberdeen, LaJy Alfred Churchil', Lady Agnes Buren, Lady Brassy, Lady Jeune Mr.^. Faw.-ett, Mrs. Priestly, Lady Knutsf rd, Lady Galton, Lady Roberst, Mrs. Carraichael, Mrs. Redford FeuAvick, Mrs. Forcyth, Mrs. Roberts Austen and Mrs. Tyson Amherst. The Countess of Aberdeen took a special interest in the exhibits of Irish women. She succeeded in enlisting the sympathy cf friends in America, and th^ result is a splendid shoAving from the Emerald Isle. Many distinguished ladies of F' ance and Germany have taken a very active part in the Women's exhir it. The visitor, male or female, will find the Women's building one of the most interesting of the gi'oup. Some of the attractive and striking exhibits are : A portrait of Poca- hontas, taken from life, when she was ni England ; a complete showing of the process of china making, from a kiln of a woman's invention ; exhibit 366 HAND-BOOK OP of chinaware made by women ; a complete collection of Indian relics, showing the work of Indian women; an exhibit, under the auspices of the Emma Willard Memorial Association, which includes a bust of Emma Wil- lard by Palmer, portraits of Alexander and others, and many interesting documents; an immense exhibit from the women ceramic painters and clu -s of this and other countries; exhibits showing that women were the originators of the industrial arts ; books illustrated by women ; books writ- ten by women; engravings, etchings, etc., by women; a co-operative exhibit of all the women's exchanges of the country ; a colonial exhibit ; the exhibit of the Ladies Fine Art Association of New York; exhibit of the Woman's Chri-tian Temperance Union and Young Woman's Cbristian Asso- ciation ; exhioits from charities, kindergartens, etc., conducted by women ; exhibits of women's work in convents; exhibit of the New York City Sch /ol of Industrial Art and Technical D -sign for women; exhibits from ail the female schools and academies of note in this country and Europe ; exhibits of fine lace work and other results of skilled female labor in all countiies. It would be impossible to enumerate the exhibits, but their exteiit will be understood whtnit is stated that all the available space in the magolficent building was consumed long before the opening. ARCH^OLOGy AND ETHNOLOGY.— All possiblc phascs of pre-historic man in America and the life of the aborigines at the time of the landing of Columbus are illustrated at the World's Columbian Exposition by the department of Archaeology and Ethnology. Prof. F. W. Putnam, of Har- vard University, is the chief of this department and is pronounced the most competent man in America for the position. He arranged with the Perry expedition to Greenland to get models of Eskimos and their huts and equip- ments. A similar collection is made Irom atribe of Aleuts. He reproduces portions of the celebrated stone ruins in Yucatan. For several weeks, under Prof. Putnam's direction, excavations were carried on in the vicinity of Fort Ancient, Ohio, the greatest known earth-works of the mound-builders. A large number of SKeletons, some of them in a good state of preservation, were exhumed, and numerous stone utensils and various ornaments found. The graves and skeletons within themareshownatthe Exposition in exactly the same state, except for the earth covering them, in which they have eAlsted for thousands of years. The conditions under which man was living when his existence in America is first traced, are shown in diagramatic paintings representing the terminal portions of the ice-sheet, with the clay and gravel deposits and boulders at the edge, the flora and fauna of the time, and man associated with animals since extinct. This series contains the skeletons of the mam- moth and the mastodon, with mounted specimens of Northern animals living at that early period far South of their present abode . With portions of skehtons of man are objects of handiwork and other representations pertaining to the. life of that time. In connection with the habitations of the Eskimo, models of men, women and children are shown, made from casts taken and colored from life and dressed in native costumes. These figures are made in extended number to illustrate all types of mankind. The work in part is in papier mache, with the figures draped in actual gar- ments. One of the most interesting and striking representations illustrates the architecture of Yucatan in casts taJsen from some of the ruins. To make the moulds for a complete cast of any single building was not only a gigantic * peration, but co t several thousand dollars. The great portal from the court at Labna is one of thesubjects of the series. Others are the Temple of the Sun at Chichen-Itza, the House of the Nuns at Uxmal, and an old house at Merida (1549), with richly carved ornamentation. The entire col- lection of casts received at the Peabody Museum from Paris, which were made from moulds taken by M. Desire Chamay during the Lorillard expedi- A GOOD CREED. "Do not keep the alabaster boxes of your love and tenderness sealed up until your friends are dead. Fill their lives with sweet- ness. Speak approving, cheering words while their ears can hear them, and while their hearts can be thrilled and made happier by them. The kind things you mean to say when they are gone, say before they go; the flowers you mean to send for their coffins, send to brighten and sweeten their homes before they leave them, "If my friends have alabaster boxes laid away, full of fragrant perfumes of sympathy and affection, which they intend to break over my dead body, I would rather they would bring them out in my weary and troubled hours and open them, that I may be refreshed and cheered by them while I need them. " I would rather have a plain coffin without a flower, a funeral without a eulogy, than a life without the sweetness of love and sympathy. Let us learn to anoint our friends beforehand for their burial. Post-mortem kindness does not cheer the burdened spirit. Flowers on the coffin cast no fragrance backward over the weary way." Invest in apparel as furnished by The Edward Ely Co., and your life will be brighter, happier and more comfortable. GOOD BUSINESS RULES. " Attend only to business matters in business hours. Social calls are best adapted to the social circle. Make your business known in few words, without loss of time. Let your dealings with a stranger be most carefully considered, and tried friendship duly appreciated. A mean act will soon recoil, and a man of honor will be esteemed. Leave ' tricks of trade' to those whose education was never com- pleted. Be never afraid to say no, and always prompt to acknowl- edge and rectify a wrong. Leave nothing for to-morrow that should be done to-day. Because a friend is polite, do not think that his time is valueless. To preserve long friendship, keep a short credit; the way to get credit is to be punctual; the way to preserve it is not to use it much. Settle often; have short accounts. Be well satisfied before you give a credit that those to whom you give it are safe men to be trusted," THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 267 tion to Yucatan and other Southwestern parts of the continent, are also exhibited. In another group is shown the origin and development of the primitive arts, and the progress of nations during the historic arch{3eological period. This representation contains such important objects as m idels of ancient vessels and models to illustrate ancient buildings, particularly the various habitations in the form of huts, etc., built in this country. A third group is in illustration of navigation and cartography. A complete series of maps of the world is collected, both of those anterior to Columbus and of others illustrating discoveries down to the present time. In the case of the most rare maps only reproductions are presented, although the loan of many originals was made. A fourth group exhibits inventions, arranged to illus- trate progress, with amelioration of life and labor. In this are shown originals, copies and models of notable inventions, supplemented by a collection of portraits of distinguished inventors. Other collections of similar completeness represent all the principal tribes of the N rthern part of the contineat, the Indian races of the interior, the inhabitants of the West Indies and the Eastern tribes of North America at the time of Columbus, the native tribes of the Southwest, those of Mexico, Central America, and South America, in all cases with their habitations and costumes and arts and industries extensively shown with the addition of the previously mentioned models of the varied types made from life. The various material required for these exhibits was largely secured by new explorations, though much was secuT-ed from private collections; and much furnished from the Peabody Museum. Government Exhibit.— The Government Exhibit has been treated in this volume in connection with the several departments, under the head of "Fi h and Fisheries," "Battle Ship," "Naval Exhibit," "Post OflBce," "Indian Exhibit," (tc. The main exnibit will consist of the treasures which for years have ben accumulating in the Smithsonian Institute and National Museum at Washington, an exh bit practically compr si g every- thing representative of the history, customs, manners, progre s, art, science and industry of the nation. Amonar the mo^t interesting of the Govern- ment's Exhibits are : The Battl i Ship ; Exhibit of the Fish Commision ; the Marine Hospital Exhibit; the Signal Service Exhibit; the Life-Saving Exhibit ; The Indian Exhibit; th >, Model Post Office ; the Exhibit of Or- dinance and Arms ; the Patent Office Exhibit, and the Historical Exhibit. Many of these exhibit i are to be seen ia the Government Building ; others have independent lo ations. The Ma-ineHos ital is particularly interesting. So is the Life Saving Station. This is a cottage of a rus? t hue with a hipped roof Mud gables, surmounted by a look-out tower and deck stucture cover- in? a site 60x35 feet, and being one an i a half stries high. Inside the building there are accommolations for a crew of e'ght i ersons in the living rooms, and in the boat room adjacent there are stowed three life boats, which can be readily launched at a moment's notice. Outside there is addi- tional apparatus, including a beach w agon a d additional boats, the object being to make this statio \ a thoroughly equipped one in every respect. Two projecting gables and dormer windows are attractive features of the cottage, the style of architect ire being of the eclectic order and a gabled entrance marks the piazza which faces the lagoon near which the station is located. Indian Exhibit.— This exhibit is partly under the direction of the United States' government, and partly under th<3 direction of Prof. Put- nam, chief of the Archeological and Ethnological department. At the north end of the lagoon the visitor will find the Esquimaux and Canadian Indians, with their houses and tents pitched amid pines and firs. Going fur- ther south there are hardy plants of the temperate zone, and still further the palms of the tropics, amidst which the American and South Americaij 268 HAND-BOOK OF Indians may be seen. The Indians are placed in tlie order of sequence from the south. A space 1,000 feet long- and averaging 175 feet in width long the border of the lagoon is occupied by representatives of the existing tribes of Indians, living- in villages and following their nat ve customs. The encamp- ment is quite an extensive one and will be very interesting to foreigners The American Indians insisted upon representation, and petitioned the gov ernment to this effect. In quite pathetic language they set forth the despairing condition of the Indians, and protested against the celtbra- tion of the discovery of America— an event so momentous and d'?astrous to them— without being accorded proper recognition and a chance to malie an exhibit Avhich would not only serve as a most appropriate background upon which to illustrate the progress of 400yeais, but would show that the Indians themsehes have made greater advancement than is generally supposed. Si ux and Pueblosareonthegroundsintheir peculiar wigwams, making all the articles of merchandise that they now make. The Zun s, who are classed with the Pueblos, make blankets, stone bottles and a peculiar kind of pottery, while the Navajoes weave blankets so tlrm that they will hold water. '» he peculiar huts of the Peublos, Avhich are entered from the roof, are also shown. To make the display natural Chief Putnam arranged with the Chief of Construction and the Landscape Department to have planted on the side of the exhibit representative trees from the various sections of the Western world. An Indian school is one of the features of this exhibit. Another is a group of the Carib Indians, descendents of the natives discovered by Colum- bus. In the Women's building is a complete collection of the work of Indian women. Novel, Quaint and Curious Things. — There are many novel, quaint and curious things exhibited. These include exhibits — sometimes in the department buildings, sometimes in the state and foreign buildings, and sometimes in tbe special exhibits made by private individuals, firms and corporations. The following com- prise the most conspicuous of these exhibits, and include sucli fea- tures as "A Street in Cairo," " Baz-dar of All Nations," " Esqui- maux Village," strange things from foreign lands, antiquities, etc. ^Jicicjit ^/ic^ors.— Two anchors that Columbus carried in his ships are exhib ted. The anchors were found by Columbian Commissioner Obev near two old Aveils at San Salvador. He had photographs and accurate modelf. made. These reproductions were sent to Paris, where expert antiquarians pronounced them to be fifteenth cCiitury anchors and undoubtedly thos ; lost \ y Colum ms in his wre-^k off San Salvador. One of these has been pre- sented to the United States and the other is loaned to the Fair. Ancient Bell.— A be 1 790 years old, from Carthagena, Colombia, Souih America, is on exhibition. The bell has no particular value, oeyond its antiquity. It bears around its rim the inscription, " Mary Conceived With- out Sin." Andrews, the Lone Voyager.— Capt. William A. Andrews, known as "the Lone Voyager." from his tripsin his Avonderful little boats. Nautilus, keel fifteen feet, and Dark Secret, keel twelve feet, makes an exhibit in the Marine department of the World's Fair. He occupies space of about twenty feet long by fifteen feet, and exhibits one of what he calls his " ocean THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 269 cockle shells." He has made three voyages in small boats— one In the Nau- tilus, nineteen feet Jong-, to the Paris Exposition in 1878. American Antiquities . — The Very Rev. Doctor Peralta, Bishop of Pan- ama, tendered for exhibition at the World's Fair his very remarlvable his- torical and ethnological collection, which has been for some years in a museum connected with the bishop's palace. It is one of the most superb private collections of antiquities in the world, including ancient gold and silver ornaments, vess Is and objects of worship exhumed from the tombs of the extinct race that once inhabited Colombia; rare vases, pottei-y and earthenware ; rare ornaments, vessels and missals that date back to the time of the conqu st ; papers and manuscripts, and various other articles of his- torical interest. This collection is on exhibition. Astronomical Cioc?c.— Australia contributes the most wonderful astro- nomical Clock that has ever been exhibited. It was constructed in New South Wales. This clock is in many respects similar to the celebrated time piece at Strassburg, showing numerous figures during the hour and performing many marvelous mechanical feats. The case is forty feet high, by twenty- five feet square and is made of colonial cedar. The following description sent on in advance will give the visitor an idea of the wonderful contriv- ance: The leading feature in the first alcove in the mechanical portion is the Federation convention. Ea h figure is to be faithfully modeled, being twenty inches high. Each one is to rise from hi:? seat and deliver his speech on federation. The Council chamber will be shown with each figure as nearly in its proper place as possible. In the opposite alcove will be all the leading members of the New South Wales Assembly who delivered s eeches of importance on federation. In the astronomical portion will be a come- tariam never shown in clockwork before, showing the motion of some of the well-known comets, how they disappear and reappear in a number of years. An orrery will show the motions of the sun. Mercury, Venus, and the earth, with the moo t revolving in its proper period. The sun will be r presented by an 'electric light, which will light up at a given hour and throw its rays of light out on the plains as th 3 sun does. A planetorium will show the sun, with Mercury, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranu-?, and Neptune revolving in their proper periods from eighty-seven days twenty- two hours to 164 years. The sun in this dial will also be represented by an electric light to light at night. Two satellite dials will show Saturn and Jupiter with their satellites revolvinyr around them in their proper periods. A tidal dial with a water scene will illustriite the rise and fall of tides, and also the state of the tides throughout the day and night. A dial will show the solar time, so as to tell in how many minutes the sun passes the merid ian before noon or after. A large dial will show the month of the year. Eight panels with fifteen dials in each (120 in all) will show the time in all the principal cities of the world. An astronomical dial ab'tut six feet in diam- eter will show a'l the fixed stars in the heavens from the first to the fiftieth magnitude and their apparent motions around the earth. Every hour a powerful organ will play a popular tune inside the clock. Provision will be made so that visitors can go inside the clock and hear the organ play, and also ascend the tower. In two alcoves on either side of the clock will be shown two large globes ; one a terres'^rial (revolving in twenty-four hours and showing the motion of the earth), and the celestial globe (to revolve in asideral day). Bronze statues will represent spring, summer, autumn, and winter, and also science, astronomy, architecture, etc., and some of Austra- lia's leading statesmen. Balloon Ascensions. -^Ci'ptive Balloon Ascensions may be made from the grounds or from grounds in the vicinity daily. Bazaar of Nations.— The " Bazaar of all Nations" is established near Midway Plaisance. Persons having a concession to sell goods in the bazaar 270 HAND-BOOK OF were allotted space in which to erect buildings suitable for the purpose. These buildings were expected to be erected in the style of architecture that prevails in the country in which the articles are produced. All nlans for buildings were submitted to the management for approval. A limited amount of space was furnish^^d to small dealers in a building erected by the Exposition management on the grounds of the bazaar. No articles placed in any of the huildings of the bazaar are considered as an exhibit. Parties who secured permission to sell goods in the bazaar are governed by the rules and regulations applying to other concessions, f nd such other rules as cir- cumstances might develop for their proper protection. Bible of 1615.— H. W. Young, of Augusta, 111., sends a Bible printed in 1615, the ownership of which in this country he has traced back to 1660. Big and Rare Trees.— Some novelties in forestry may be seen around the California and other buildings. The Monterey Cypress, a yellow fir tr.^e 111 feet high, a California "Big Tree" and others, are visible outside of the for- estry exhibit. Clam Bake.— A continuous clam-bake is one of the attractions which epicurean visitor -t will find at the Exposition. Lake George Wreck.— One of the two old sunken vessels in Lake George is on exhibition as a relic. Cocoa Exhibit.— Van Houten & Zoon, the manufacturers of cocoa at Weesp, Holland, set apart $100,000 with which to ma e an exhibit. They have erected a large building in the style of old Holland architecture of the fifteenth century, and have placed in it, besides an exhibit in their own 1 ne of business, paintings, views, bric-a-br'C, etc., illustrative of the Nether- lands and tlie life and characteristics of the Dutch people. They have there a " cocoa school," where Dutch maidens, clad in picturesque nafive attire, make delicious cocoa beverages according to the most approved methods, and serve it to visitors. Cold Storage Warehouse.— The Hercules Iron Company was granted the privilege of constructing and operating a cold storage warehouse on the Exposition grounds. It has a capacity of 600,000 cubic feet, and cost $150,00 ». Columbus Bell. — The congregation of the little colored church at Haley ville, in Cumberland county, N. J., contributes an iiit cresting histor- ical relic. It is the bell that has for years called them to church. In the year 144 i the bell, it is said, hung in one of the towers of the famous mosque at the Alhambra. After the siege of Granada the bell was taken away by the Spanish so diers and presented to Queen Isabella, who in turn presented it to Columbus, who brought it to America on his fourth voyage and p"e- sented it to a community of Spanish monks who placed it in the Cathedral of Carthagena, on the island of New Granada. In 1697 buccaneers looted Carthagena and carried the bell on board the French pirate ship. La Rochelle, but the ship was wrecked on the island of St. Andreas shortly afterward and the wreckers secured the bell as part of their salvage. Cap- tain Newell, of Bridgeton, purchased it, brought it to this country, and presented it the colered congregation of the Haleyvil e church. The bell weighs sixty-four pounds and is of fine metal. Columbus OoJlectton.— Rudolph Cronau, the eminent author and scientist of Leipsic, Germany, has contributed his extensive collection of paintings, sketches, and photographs, representing scenes in the life of Columbus, and places visited by Columbus during his voyages to the new world. Doctor Cronau has spent a good part of his life in the study of early American his- tory, and has published a work on the subject, based entirely upon his per- sonal investigations. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 271 Cut Glass Factory.— W. L. Libby & Son CompT;.ny, of Toledo, Ohio, were granted a concession for the operation of a big cut-glass factory. The Company invested between $50,0 and $75,' 00 on its plant, which is located at 59th street, in the Midway Piaisance, on a plat of land 150 by 250 feet. Cyclists'' Parade.— Ouo of the events of the Exposition will be a Cyclist's parade, in which many of the 24,010 members of the League of American Wheelman will take part. The date will be announced in due season. Diamond Exhibits.— A very complete, and an eye-opening diamond exhibit, is made by C ipe Colony, South Africa. The exhibit includes 10,000 carats of uncut stones, a large quantity of very tine cut and polished ones, together with all that is necessary to show the process of mining and wash- ing. For this it has been necessary to transport to Chicago 100 tons of pul- veriz^'d blue earth, 50 tons of unpulverized earth and a complete washing machine, which is operated by natives, i he exhibit also incluc'es a unique collection of crocidolite, special diamondiferous products, ostrich feathers, fleeces, etc. A Bushman and Hottentot in native dress accompany the exhibit. Early Railroad Architecture.— Among the transportation exhibits a e coaches used in the early days of railroading, formed after the style of stage coaches, and many other curiosities, sent by the Old Colony railroad company. East Indian Village.— An East I idian Village and Exhibit occupies 300,f 00 square feet of space on midway PlaisaLce. It is conducted by the East Indian Exhibit Co. Eddystone Lighthouse.— A reproduction of the famous Eddystone Light- house may be found by the visitor on the lake shore, used as an exhibit and a beacon light. Esquimaux Village.— John W. Stiles & Co., of Spokane, Wash., was granted a concession for the reproduction of an Esquimaux Village on the Exposition grounds. Exhibit of Fire Arms.—M. O. Jaensch, of Wahoo, Neb., sends a valuable collection of arms. The collection includes 100 pieces, including svvords, pistols, guns, etc., being a complete showing of all the different swords and firearms made from the time of the invention of gunpowder down to the Franco-Prussian war. The collection was left him by will. Fast Flight of Carrier Pigeons.— T^iot tne least interesting feature of the government exhibit at the Fair is the fast flight of carrier pigeons . Captain R. E. Thompson, of the signal service, has this feature of the display in charge, and at frequent intervals he will liberate birds for flights to within 200 miles of Chicago. Geor e W. Childs, the Philadelphia philanthropist, has taken a great interest in this feature of the government display, and offers a prize valued at $100, which will be on exhibition at ti.e Fair, to the owner of the bird making the greatest distance in one day. First Cotton Gin.— The first cotton gin made by Eli Whitney is exhibited by the New Orleans Machinery Company, which also makes an extensive exhibit of cotton gins, sugar mills and other machinery. First Foreign Exhibit.— Dr. West, a collector of curios at Antigonish, Nova Scotia, is entitled to the credit of having shipped to the Columbian Exposition the first exhibit from a foreign country. It consists of useful and ornamental articles purchased from the Antigonish Mountain Indians. There is a stone hatchet, a stone pipe, two wig- warns, a porcupine quill box, an iron spear, an Indian game plate, two pairs of moccasins, an Indian jacket and head-dress, several knives, a moss book and a wooden fan. 272 HAND-BOOK OF First Locomotive.— The first locomotive ever used is exhibited in the Transportation Department. Other curiosities connected with the early days of steam transportation are also to be found there. First Map of the Wo7id.~The first map of the world ever made is exhibited. Pope Leo consented to its loan from the Vatican library. It is known as the Diege Ribere map and was begun in 1494 and finished in lo29. It is accompanied by a contemporary copy of the same map containing the famous bisecting line which Pope Alexander VI. drew across it to settle the cla'ms of Spain and Poitugal to American territory. It was bequeathed by Cardinal Borgia to the Vatican Library, and is the same which Pope Pius IX refused to allow the American Government to have even a copy of. It is threefeetby seven, and is in an excellent state of preservation. It begins with the Molucca gronp and ends with the other half. The Nile is traced to three lakes. Russia and Siberia are put down as barren and unknown coiintries, America makes a showy appearance with Yucatan, Brazil el: d New Spain distinctly indicated, the north tet minaling with Labrador. Fire Proof Construction.— -W . A . Alexander and Louis Gelder, represent- ing the insurance associations of Chicago, were granted space, 50 by 100 feet to construct a building to constitute an exhibit of the most improved methods of fireproof construction and the appliances used in saving goods from burning buildings. The building may be occupied by a salvage corps during the Fair. First TelegraphMe'iSioe. —Th-". Western Union Telegraph Company exhibit handsomely framed, the first telegraph message ever sent, which was in May, 1844. The message was received by Prof. Morse at t le Capitol in Washington, from an assistant in Annapolis. It is seen ia the Electricity Department. First Telegraph Wire.— One of the Exhibits that the Baltimore & Ohio road makes in the Electricity Building is a model of the first telegraph wire strung along that line by Morse. The line was nine miles long and Citended from Baltimore to Relay Station. The line was laid in a lead pipe. Great Eagle —An eagle measuring almost 20 feet between wing tips perches above the main entrance of the Manufacturer's Building. Gunboat Niagai^a.-The old gunboat " Niagara ■' which was sunk in Mas- sasauga Bay, Erie Harbor, in '813, is exhibited. The Niagara and Lawrence were sunk soon after the eagagement on Lake Erie, eighty years ago ; the Lawrence was raised and taken to Philadelphia in 1876, but was burned there. The guns with which the Nias-ara was originally manned w ere se- cured, and are upon the decks at the Fair. Headquarters For Manufacturers.— The Manufacturer's Club of Phila- delphia, has a building constructed entirely of material made by members of the club, as headquarters for manufacturers. Iceberg- Shaped Buildina:—A building in the form of an iceberg in which to make a polar exhibit is projected. A group of Esquimaux with reindeer8,furs and all the paraphernUia of inhabitants of tae polar regions, will be installed in the building if the concession is granted. Ice Skatmg Rink.— One of the novelties of the fair is a building 200 feet square used as a skating rink. This rink is to be supplied with a 16-inch layer of ice summer and winter by artificaial means. Life Saving Station.— This belongs to th3 government exhibit. The building is 84 by 45 feet in dimensions, three stories high, has wide vera'^das on three sides. The fir t floor is arranged for offices and the upper portion for the living apartments of the keeper and crew. At the rear is the boat house for the life-boats. A pavilion 50 by 100 feet is provided for life-saving apparatus. It is thought probable that the government will allow the station THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 273 to remain pe manently at Jackson Park. Here there are daily exhibitions by the life-saving crew. Mag)iiticent Microscope.—A magnificent microscope was made by the Munich Poeller Physical and Optical Institute for the Chicago Exposition, at a cost of S^,750. It possesses a magnifying power of 11,000 diameters. As might be expected, electricity plays an important part In the working of this gig ntic instrument, which, after inspection by American citizens, is expected to give impetus to the Munich mart for scientific apparatus. Marine Device.— John McAdsims & Co., of Brooklyn, exhibits on Lake Michigan a device to prevent boats from coming in collision. It is a marine brake, powerful enough to stop boats running at a high rate of speed. Marvelous Clock.— A genius at Muhlenberg, Pa., completed a marvelous clock for exhibition at the Fair. Around the dial is a railway track, on which a miniature locomotive makes the round ev ry five minutes. It requires a magnifying glass to see the delicate machinery. The oil cups at the journals are so small that nothing larger than a hair can be Inserted. There is a headlight and bell, flag-holders on the pilot, whistle, and every- thing connected with a locomotive. It has a link motion under the engine to reverse it. The weight of the locomotive is 1^4 pounds, and it has been named the " Gem." Maori Curiosities. — Sir Walker Bullard, contributes the finest col- leclionof native Maori curiosities and paintings in the world. Maj. Jjohn Wilson of Auckland, has brought a colony of Mao is to the Exposition. Maya House.— The United States Consul to Merida, Yucatan, sent to the Exposition a Maya house, with its native inmates and their belongings, and a Maya potter who makes native vessels in public. Meteoric Stones. —Meteoric Stones of various sizes are exhibited. One of the finest specimens was sent from Marengo, 111. Model Home.— Charles P. Southard, < f New Jersey, has erected a model home, valued at $2,000, built through the medium of a co-operative builuing loan association. The grounds surrounding the home constitute an exhibit of model house-gardening. The whole exhibit practically illustrates an American home that may be owned by a wage-earner capitalizing $10 a month, with interest. Models of TFars/iips.— Models of all the warships of the United States Navy are shown in the battleship Illinois, in which is made the naval exhibit of the government at the World's Fair. These models are housed In glass cases, and are an exact reproduction on a small scale, with all the ship fittings and armament made in metal. The Illinois is furnished with a gi-and electrical display, including dynamos, search-lights, motors for work- ing the guns and turrets, running lights as well as lights for the Illumination of the ship. There are 160 marines and seamen in the exhibit, and a small government vessel is provided for the purpose of berthing and messing the officers and sailors during the Fair. Moorish Palace.— A concession was granted to M. Stepanni to erect the Moorish Palace. One of the many attractions which are exhibited in this palace is $1,000,000 in gold coin Ir. one pile. Of course great precautions are taken for the safety of such great treasure. It is in a strong cage; just under the gold is constructed a fire and burglar proof vault. To the doors of this vault are connected electric wires. In the event of an attempt to rob the palace the guards would press an electric button, the entire pile would fall into the vaults and the doors would spring shut. A space 200 by 250 is used for the Moorish palace, which cost $400,000. 274 HAND-BOOK OF Natatorium.— There is a $60,000 natatorium in operation on the Exposi- tion grounds. It includes batli-rooms, a swimming pool, a cafe, and a stand for the sale of cigars and flowers. This concession was granted to L. J. Kadish of Chicago. National Prison Association Exhibit.— The most gruesome exhibit at the Exposition is that made by the National Association. The exhibit is a com" prehensive expose of the devices and methods employed for inflicting pun- ishment from the beginning of history to the present time, and shows the progress which humanity has made in the quality of mercy. A special building is used for the exhibit, and in it is arranged cells of every descrip- tion, many of them reproductions of places which have detained persons famous in history. The cells of the Mamertine prison, where St. Paul was confined ; the dungecns of the Inquisition ; the tomb of the Bastile, and the torture chambers of Oriental barbarism, are all pictured with an unpleasant reality. The Nuremburg collection embraces a wonderful ai ray of old-time Instruments of torture. The revolving prison is a wooden device, and it is claimed for it that it absolutely protects prison ofiicers from dHnger of assault by the inmates while as surely preveniingthe remotest possibility of escape. Ten cells are formed in a circular prison, somewhat as if they were slices cut symmetrically from a cheese. The dividing walls and the floors are of iron. The outside wall is built around the whole affair. Within it the cir- cular, cellular contrivance revolves slowly, the idea being that no convict can work for a^y length of time on any one part of the wall which divides him from liberty. The revolution goes on only at night, and is so slow as to cause no discomfort, it is claimed. There is a mechanism by which the jailer can t"Yn the cell-! around Avhen he washes to release or incarcerate a prisoner. There is a very interesting collection of pictures, dealing with methods of punishment in Chinese prisons. They show some methods of tying up the offe ders which are original and remarkable. The milder pun- ishments used in modern prisons are shown with perfect fidelity to the facts. The appliances of capital punishment— the rope, the axe and the electric chair— are there for the contemplation of the visitor. There are also shown in wax the effigies of some of the men who ai'e famous in the history of prison work. The exhibit i-5 very complete and interesting. Newspaper Exhibit. —Mv. Sell, the London advertising agent, exhibits specimens of all the leading newspapers of the world which have been printed during the last two centviries. Ocean Currents.— The Clayden model of the ocean currents is exhibited by the Navy department. This is a kind of huge scientific tank show. The sui'face of the earth is spread out on an area about thirty feet squai^e, the oceans and seas being shown by actual water. Pipes under the model keep pumping in little streams of water so that the whole body of Avater moves exactly as the ocean currents move. A white powder on the surface of the water shows distinctly the directions of the currents. The flow is so nicely graduated that a geographer cannot discover a deviation from the actual flow of the ocean currents. Ol(% Cotton Exhibits.— Mrs. Lou Barnes, of Vicksbiirg, grand-daughter of the late Col. J. W. Nailor, sends the samples of cotton which her grand- father exhibited at the World's Fair in London in 18.51, and at the New York Crystal Palace in 1853, Avith the medals awarded him at each. The cotton is still well preserved. Panorama of a Volcano —A panorama of the Volcano Killean,of Hawaii, is exhibited on the ground. The original volcano has a crater one-half mile in diameter, in which there is constant volcanic action. The exhibit is under the auspices of the Hawaiian Gov^ernment. u < (/3 I li go fl STRIGTUy FIRST-CLflSS EUROPEAN HOTEL. At the head of the Grand Boulevard system, and still within six blocks of the Custom House, Post Office, Board of Trade, Wholesale and Retail Centers. Opened to the Public in September, 1890. Electric Light and every Mod- ern Improvement throughout the House. GAGE HOTEL COMPANY PROPRIETORS. ALBERT S. GAGE, Pres. Wabash ftvenue, Corner Jackson Street, CHICAGO. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 275 Parthenon of Athens.— A full-sized model of the Parthenon of Athens is one of the most interesting- of the Exposition buildings. It contains the World's Fair in miniature. The exterior covering- of the structure is of staff, and in the plastic material are faithfully reproduced all the known figures and drawings of the Parthenon, the greater portion of which are now in the British Museum. Permanent Circus.— A company embracing- several very wealthy men will operate a permanent circus after the stjle of the Hippodrome in Paris. A building, with seating capacity of 5,000, and having a garden on the roof, has been erected, and the attraction will be in operation to entertain World's Fair crowds. Petrified Log.— Among the wonderful things to be seen is a petrified log from Oregon. This is probably the largest petrification ever exhibited. Physicians^ Bureau of Service.— A business house in Chicago has estab- -lished a phj^sicians' bureau of sei'vice and information, which it proposes to make of'great value to all members of the medical profession who may visit the Exposition. The firm has fitted up spacious rooms at which visiting physicians may make their headquarters, and where they are provided with the facilities for reading, writing and sending and receiving mail and tele- grams ; can avail themselves of telephone, messenger, livery and express service; can purchase Exposition, theater and raihvay tickets; can have banking conveniences and the service of German, French or Spanish inter- preters, and can receive information generally about the sights of the city, as well as the location and rates of desirable hotels and boarding houses. All of these accommodations the firm provides free. Pigmies From Africa.— A tribe o£ African Pigmies may be seen by the ATisitor at the midway plaisance. Pizarru's Chronometer.— A chronometer, supposed to have been the property of one of Pizarro's men, recently found in Ecuador, is exhibited. Pompeii Reproiuced.— A perfect reproduction of a street in Pompeii, the pavement of which is made of lava from A^esuvius, showing several houses as they appeared before the eruption which destroyed the place,tog-ether with relics, etc., is among the attractions. Post-Q/^ce.— The visitor to the Exposition will have an opportunity of learning among other things, just how a first rate post-office is managed. A working model of such an office is a part of the U. S . Government exhibit . It is a branch of the central Chicago Post-office so far as mails are concerned, but entirely independent in its exhibition features. It handles all mails of oflBcials, exhibitors and others to and from the Exposition grounds, and has a special delivery service of its own. The clerks and other employes are taken from the Chicago office, and are experts in their respective duties. Gen. A. D. Hazen, second assistant Postmaster-General, has charge of this model office during the Exposition. The distribution of mail under the present perfected system and under the primitive system of long ago are shown in contrast. In an exhibit hall adjoining this Ex^. ^sition postal station are shown many historic relics of the post-office and railway mail service. Postal Museum.— In the model post-office building heretofore referred to is located the Government postal museum. Among the most interesting foreign exhibits are models of German mail wagons, showing the arrange- ments for carrying mail and passengers alike. From Austria came letter boxes of uniqvie patterns, photographs of public buildings, and portfolios showing the blanks, books, and forms of the Austrian postal savings bank system and of the Austrian collection service. There are an Austrian post- horn and Hungarian mail boxes. From Australia is contributed a hand- 276 HAND-BOOK OF somely framed photograph of the public buildiDgs in Victoria, bordered by a complete set of genuine Victoria postag-e stamps uncanceled. FromEng- land there are post-marking instruments, photographs of parcel post wag- ons, wagons used in the Royal mail, and tandem tricycles. Canada con- tributes specimens of its letter boxes; a box for the cunveyance under sea of valentine mail matter; a complete set of letter carrier's uniforms, the carrier's helmet for summer and his cap for winter, his heavy clothing for one season and lighter for another, the Astrakhan cap acd collar, leather legg;ings, chamois vest and storm coat. From India there are models which exhibit in a most lifelike way, even to the reproduction of the features and forms, the Calcutta letter carrier, the stamper in the post-office, the mail- wagon driver, and the native mail runner, who also carries with him a spear as a Aveapon of offense and defense. One of these spears has been sent, con- taining around the shank a string of sleighbells which jingle as the runner goes, the purpose being to frighten off poisonous reptiles. There is also a model of the Camel post and of the native runner crossing a stream with his mail bag, on a raft of earthenware pots, and the model of the tonga, a wagon used on hill roads From our own country have been received scores of relics of the postal service. Hundreds of photographs of post-offices and post- masters, ancient books, a ball of twine made from waste scraps which a postmaster was years in putting together, a specimen of a mail chute for high office buildings in cities, and other curios. "■PucW"' Building.— The building erected on the grounds by the pub- lishers of Puck is one of the most interesting attractions of the Fair. It shows fully every detail of the process of editing and publishing a humor- ous paper. Pullman in Miniature.— A miniature model of the town of Pullman, 30 X 80 feet, is a part of the exhibit made by the Pullman Palace Car Com- pany. Belies nf the Mound Bu'lders.— The State of Ohio sends a number of valuable and interesting relics of the Mound Builders. These are from 100 mounds in Ohio and area >,000 in number. Most of these specimens com- prise human SKeletons, beads, implements of warfare, unique jewelry, and pipes. The skeletons do not materially differ from those of the present race. The only striking variations are small bones called the 'inca ' within the skull and a peculiar perforation in the humerus. The only place where any similar bones in the human family are found is along the skeletons of the primitive inhabitants of Peru, South America. Almost all of the skeletons found were in a horizontal position. Bracelets, anklets, beads and pipes compr.se almost all the relics found with the skeletons. Salt Plant.— Ssiginaw, Mich., has a miniature reproduction of a Salt plant. Soeietii of Friends.— The cottage in which George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends or Quakers, was born, in Leicestershire, England, was brought over and appears on the Fair grounds. Sam Hnuston''s Capture.— A cast-iron slack trough which was captured by General Sam Houston from Santa Anna, at the battle of San Jacinto, has been sent from Texas. . "Sam,so?i" the Locomotive.— The old locomotive "Samson," built in England in ''the thirties" by the celebi-ated Timothy Hackworth and brought to this country in 1838, is shown in the Transportation Building. Accompanying it is a quaint old passenger car built in imitation of a stage coach, both standing on s -me of the old scolloped or fish-belly rails. The engineer who first ran the locomotive may accompany the venerablQ engine. » THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 277 San Domingoan Cannon.— When Columbus was made a prisoner in San Domingo, the governor Avho arrested him feared there might be an attempt at rescue. So he trained a big gun on the entrance of the citadel, or castle, in which Columbus was confined. That cannon laid in the same place until Mr Uuer, a World's Fair representative, recovered it, and with the permis- sion of the Governor of San Domingo, brought it to the United States. It is on exhibition. " Santa Maria.'"— A very novel feature of the Historical Exhibit at the Exposition is a fac-simile reproduction of the little shij>, '■ Santa Maria," in which Columbus sailed. Lieut. McCarty Little, of the United States Navy, was detailed to go to Spain to superintend the construction of the j^hip. It is manned by Spanish ■ ailcjrs in the custume of the time of Columbus, and is rigged as Columbus rigged his ship. There are on board copies of the charts that Colurabusused and fac-similes of his nautical instruments. The crew are of the same number, and included in it are an Englishman and an Irishman, for it is a we 1-founded historical fact that William Harris, an Englishman, and Arthur L^ke, an Irishman, were i oth members of Colum- bus' crew. In fa t, the repi'ociuction is as exact as possible in every detail. The littl i ship made its first appearance at thenavai review in New York, where it was saluted by the great cruisers and Avar ships of modern inven- tion from all of the navies of the world. It was then presented by the gov- ernment <'f Soain to the President of the United Stat s, and was towed through the Lakes to Chicago. It is proposed that the vessel Avill betaken t-) Washington after the Exposition and there anchored in the park south of the White Houte. Shaks]jearc''s Jfo?nc.— Shakspeare's historic home a!t Stratford-on-Avon as reproduced at the World's Fair and is located on the space set ai*ait for the British Government exhibit. The proposition to reproduce the building came frora the Illustrated London NewA, and the project was indorsed by the British commission. The newspaper company thought it would be doing something uniq .e and offered to bear the whole expense. It also put in a complete newspaper plant and publishes its jo una! there during the time of the Fair. Side Shows . —No side shows are permitted within the Exposition grounds. The Directory decided th it the entrance fee shall entitle the visitor to see everythin^i Avithin the inclosure. There are, hoAvever, scA'eral theatres built and kept running, at Avhich the finest talent in the Avorld appears, and visitors who choose to attend the performances have to pay an admission fee. S ich sigh s as " A Street in Cairo " is free, but natives of oriental countries in a few cases are allowed to charge a small fee to special per- formances of a theatrical nature. Silver BuihUnu-—A. silversmith of Monterey, Mexico, sends a piece of sih^er Avhich is an exact reproduction of the Agricultural building. It is eight feet Avide, contains a quantity of silver A^alued as bullion at $10,000, and is valued at §20,000. Stamp Mill— A $10,0^0 model of a stamp mill for reducing copper, the property of the State Museum of Michigan, is shown at the Fair. This model Avas made and presented by the Calumet and Hecla Copper Company. Statuary.— Some magnificent statues adorn the grounds. Notable among the.se is the statue of Franklin, at the main entrance to the Elec- tricity building: the statue of Columbus, belonging to the city of Balti- more ; and the statue of Columbus, by St. Gaudens, at the entrance to the Administration building. A colossal statue of the Republic rises from the basin in front of the Administration building. This is by Daniel C. French, of New York. 278 HAND-BOOK OF Steam Engine Centuries Old.— An immense wooden box, bound in iron was recently found at Helsinfors, in Finland, by workmen engageuin exca- vating in the cellar of an old house. Upon opening the box the men found that it contained a large parchment and a quantity of pieces of iron of odd shapes. Being unable to make out the contents of the parchment, they car- ried it to Mr. Rizetf , the nearest magistrate, Avho found that it was written by Father Suger, one time minister to Louis the Seventh, of France. It was an elaborately written treatise upon the use of steam as a motive power, and further i xamination revealed that the bits of iron were numbered parts of a rudimental but complete steam engine. The pioneer steam engine, has been put together, and is exhibited. Street in Cairo— The concession for the reproduction of "A Street in Cairo," was granted to George Panyolo, of Egypt. The space occupied is 600 by 3G0 feet. The location is the Midway Plaisance. The exhibition is open to visitors, free of cost, except upon occasions of a special street spec- tacle, as, for example, du iug the passing of the wedding procession, which will form one of the features of the display. The buildings of the street are faithful reproductions of the structures found in the most picturesque quar- ter of the ancient city In every other respect the s.reet is actually trans- planted. Natives, of all classes and avocations, in native dress, have been brought from Cairo, to live, move and have their being just as at homt,. The street includes a museum, a mosque— with people to pray in it ; a theatre, private residences, hotels, shops— with native wares and Egyptian vendors- just as in Cairo. Tea Hnuse.— One of the most novel buildings at the Paris Exposition was the tea house erected by the Palais Indian Tea House Company of London. This same concei-n has constructed on the Exposition grounds a series of tea houses which are finer than anything seen at Paris. The exhibit com- prises a building occupying space 100 feet long on the lake shore, in front of the Manufactures building, a kiosk on the pier, a booth in the British sec- tion of the Manufactures building, in which afternoon teas are served, and two other pavilions. The cost of the undertaking was S30,C00. Uieatrical Exhibit.— The leading theatrical managers of the country will probably erect a building in which theatrical and musical entertainments may be given during the progress of the Fair. Tower of London.— An exact reproduction of the Tower of London, costing $250,0 lO, will probably be one of the attractions. An English com- pany has asked for space, and has the matter in hand. Thousands of antiquities, relics, historical scenes, etc., will be comprised in the Exhibit. Turner''s Gymnastic Exhibition.— The North American Turner Bund dis- plays gymnastic apparatus, literature on the subject of physical exercises and development, and representations of gymnastic organizations. Eight days during each month of the Exposition the Turners give gj^mnastic exhibitions. Washington Park Races.— The Washington Park Club perfected arrange- ments for a most i otable race meeting during the Fair. The stakes in the American Derby are $50,00"; in the "Queen Isabella" one mile for three- year-old fillies, $25,000; in the "Columbus Handicap" for three-year-olds upwards, $25,000; in a ra^e for two-year-olds, $25,000; and large stakes are provided for a number of other races. The racing track is close by the World's Fair grounds. WauUesha IFater.— Waukesha mineral water is furnished to consumers on the Exposition grounds at 1 cent per glass. White Star Steamshiji iJir^iMt.— Space of 8,000 square feet was granted the White Star Steamship Co., for an exhibition of models of the "Grey- THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 279 hounds" of its line. Similar exhibits are made by other ocean steamship lines. Wild WestShoiv.—A Wild West Show will be given near the Exposition grounds dailj', but it will have no connection with the Exposition. The location of the show is south of the Exposition grounds. WdHcVs Fair Autograph Alhun}.— One million signatures of people directly or indirectly connected with the Exposition are being collected by the World's Fair Mammoth Autograph Album Co. Copies of these collections of autograph? will be bound in three volumes of 2,.'i00 pages each, to be presented, respectively, to the President of the United States for the Smithsonian Instiiution, to the Governor of Illinois for the State Library, and to the Mayor of Chicago for the City Public Library. The names Avill be collected from all parts of the world. Woods and Petrifactions.— Mr. S. J. Hunter, of Nevada, Mo., sends a collection of over 11,000 varieties of woods, petrifications, etc. 280 HAND-BOOK OF PAET X. THE EDUCATIONAL EXHTBIT-HOW THE SCHOOLS OF THE COUNTRY ARE REPRESENTED-ARRANGEMENTS FOR MUSIC- BAND STANDS AND CHORAL HALLS-WORLD'S CONGRESSES- MILITARY DISPLAY ELECTRIC EFFECTS- THE MEDUSALINE WALKS-GENERAL NOTES AND INFORMATION. Mention has been made of the educational exhibit in connection with the Department of Manufactures and Liberal Arts. The edu- cational exhibit, however, is so great and so important, that it de- serves to be treated in relief. The educational exhibit is installed chiefly upon the ground floorof the Main Building, assigned to man- ufactures aad Liberal Arts. It occupies the entire south end of the building and may be approached through the lofty entrances open- ing upon the grand avenue that connects the principal marine and railway entrances to Jackson Park. The space given to the educa- tional exhibit is between lour and five acres. Adjacent to this are arranged the exhibits of music, literature, physical apparatus, hy- giene and sanitation, medicine and surgery, etc. The educational exhibit has been organized both by States and by grades. Each State occupies a definite area, which is assigned with reference to the elements which the several States represent as nearly as that could be ascertained. These areas are side by side in parallel subdi- visions extending north and south. The parochial schools have a definite place in the scheme, conformably to the same system. Each State exhibit includes: A presentation of its school system; in academies, normal schools, colleges and universities; its special technical, and professional schools, except in cases where a specialty in education can be better illustrated by a collective exhibit, inde- pendent of State lines. Thus there is a single collective exhibit, showing library organization and management; one of commercial schools; of manual training schools; of trade schools, etc. This [Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.] SEE NEXT PAGE. TO MANUFACTURERS. The Standard Oil Company's Town OK WHITINB. INDIANA Two Miles from the Eastern Limits of the City of Chicago. The undersigned will make unusually liberal terms with manu- facturers at this remarkably favored place. Splendid sites for manfacturing purposes on the banks of Lake Michigan. Three of the leading Eastern lines of railroads from Chicago pass through it; and the Chicago and Calu- met Terminal Railway connects there with them. For cheap fuel and railway connection it stands unrivaled. Commands a never- failing supply of water from Lake Michigan. Fine sites on the lines of the four leading railroads for manufacturing pur- poses at and near the rapidly grow- ing town of Whiting. TWO SUBDIVISIONS LAID OUT IN LOTS. -A-I=I=Xj"2- to JacOD ForsutH, ^osRookero GHIGftGO. THE WOKLD^S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 281 method was adopted with exhibits of schools for the blind, the deaf, etc. In the presentation of public school systems, the several States and Territories are the smallest units for which separate provision could be made by the chief of the department; cities, villages and rural schools find such recognition and representation as could be allowed within the limits assigned to the States which include them. The educational exhibit from each State is under the im mediate supervision of a duly authorized executive oflQcer or com- mittee who have been selected by the State Commission for the World's Columbian Exposition, or the State Superintendent of pub- lic instruction, or a committee representing the State Association of Teachers. In every case the exhibit is subject to the ultimate super- vision of the chief of the department, acting under the Director-Gen- eral of the Exposition. The State Executive officer naturally extends to each collegiate inscitution the largest liberty in arranging its own affairs. The as- signment of space to the several States and Territories was deter- mined by the information secured as to the character of the respec- tive State exhibits. The several State exhibits show some or all of the elements enumerated in the following order of arrangements: 1. Organization and Administration —A me.p of the State upon a grener- ous scale, readable at a distance of fifteen or twenty feet, showing- by suit- able conventions of color the location of every educational institution, from the common school up, proving- in many instances that the school house crowns every hill top and nestles in every valley. That the colors mig-htbe uniform, special directions and scale were furnished by the chief of the department. Diagrams show, by the graphic methods so well under- stood, the progress of education, by years or by decades, in the history of the Stat ; as to the kinds and values of school buildings; the numbers of pupils by ages, sexes, colors, and grades; the numbers of teachers, actual and related to number of pupils, and their ratios by sexes; the cost of schools, actual, and in ratio to other taxes and to the wealth of the State; illiteracy; statistics of public and of school libraries, etc. The authorized or approved courses of study for rural, citj', and village schools. Qualifi- cations for admission to various grades and for graduation. Qualifications of teachers; length of service; opportunities for improvement by institutes and normal schools. The school law; division of territory into districts. County, township, or district organization. Manner of election, term of office, and duties of school oflicers, trustees, Boards of Education, city and county superintendents, etc. 2. Selected Specimens of the Actual Work of Pupils -Concrete results, drawings, maps, essays, examinations, apparatus, shop products, etc. The evident danger here was that there might be gathered a wilderness of ma- 282 HAND-BOOK OP terial which would appal the visitor by the magnitude of the exhibit and the endless repetition of similar things. It was not necessary, when show- ing the splendid agricultural resources of the State of Illinois, that a sheaf of wheat and a shock of corn should be offered from every farm or every township or even from every county. The teacher as well as the farmer must content himself by showing in a limited way that which is character- istic and that which is best. For this reason it is evident that complete exhibits from organic units less than the State, as cities, counties, etc , such as might be appropriate in an exposition representing a territory of smaller extent, could not be provided for in this. It was not possible to assume that every city or county could have a distinct representation. But whatever is shown is carefully credited to its source. The method of obtaining pupiis' work was intrusted largely to the discretion of the State executive authorities. Each State exhibit includes: 1. A presentation of its public school system. 3. Its academies, normal schools, colleges and univerfities. 3. Its special, technical, and professional schools, except in cases where a specialty in education can be better illustrated by a collective exhibit, independent of State lines. Thus there will be a single collective exhibit showing library organization and management, one of commercial schools, of manual training schools, of trade schools, etc. This method should probably be adopted, with exhibits of schools for the blind, the deaf, etc. Music— Great attention has been paid to Music and the Musical feat- ures of the Exposition by the management. All tastes have been provided for, from the severely critical to the passive J overs of the divine art. Theo- dore Thomas, the celebrated leader, is Mu'^ical Director of the Exposition. There are no less than fifteen band pavilions on the grounds, and these will be occupied during the Fair by the great band organizations, military and civic, of the United States and foreign countries. There are besides frequent great popular concerts and choral exhibits and classical reherasals. Two Music halls are provided, one on the Avooded islai d with a S' ating capacity of from 5 000 to 7,000 people, and another in the south end of Jackson Park for popular band and choral entertainments. The first is intended for hiahly artistic music and musical entertainments. The small music hall is intended for the highest representations of art. Such per- formances would fail of the r object if thrown open to general and indis- criminate audiences. Instead of select and appreciative listeners, so neces- sary in an artistic performance, the seats would be filled early with curiosity- seekers with lunch bags, etc., free to come in and go out regardless of proprieties. The \^ocal forces organized and trained in Chicago for the Exposition are as follows : The Apollo club, 500 voices ; Festival Chorus, 700 ; Columbian club ( male voices, ) 150 voices; Children's Choir, 1,500 voices; German Chorus ( children and adults,) 3,000 voices ; Swedish Chorus, 1,000 voices, and We'sh, 500 voices. Forces ready for organization : Primary schools, 5,L00 children; grammar schools, 5,000 children; high schools, 3,000 children. Total, 13,000 children. Associate choruses and choirs within a radius of 100 miles estimate 500 voices. It should be remembered that these forces may be utilized from time to time. They are all amateurs, enthusiastic to render service, and quite effective if guided with skill and tactfully treated. A great feature is made of the evening promenade concerts. A music barge is anchored in the center of the central basin 300 feet east of the fountain below the Grand Plaza. In this barge place may be heard on one night a large orchestra and an American mannerchor; another night the orchestra with a German mannerchor, or with Swedish voices, or with mixed voices, or a military band in place of the orchestra, or the latter with a ball-room program in place of the vocal music ; any or all of these in alternation or rotation, and on a gala night all of them together or THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 283 stationed apart, singing in generous rivalry. "With the water and the soft light reflected in the water and nearly a mile of promenades around the basin— in front of the Administration Building- beneath the shades of the Manufa tures Building and Agricultural Hall, and around the columns of the thirteen States— there is an almost unlimited capacity for listeners and spectators. The Government Military band of Chili, many German military bands, including the Imperial of Berlin; the Scot's Fusiher Guards band; the Cold- strean Guards band; the Mexican band; the Austrian Imperial band; several bands from France; a Spanish band, and bands from many European and South American countries will visit the Fair during its progress and give performances. At the Eisteddfod, which "Welsh societies will hold at the Exposition, the finest choruses of Wales will be present and prizes amounting to $30,000 have been offered in connection with the contest. For the finest "Welsh chorus a prize of $5,000 is to be given. Another of $4,00J is offered, and so on in smaller amounts until the limit of $30,000 shall have been reached. The famous Dowlais Harmonic Society, 250 voices strong, will be among the contestants. It has won many prizes in Europe. Its trip to the Exposition will cost about $25,000, which sum it hopes to regain by giving a series of concerts in the United States. The festival is to last five days and be held la the Music Hall of the Exposition. One concert is to be given free of charge to the general public. The Scandinavian Musical Society of Chicago will have a chorus of per- haps 1,000 voices for participat on in the musical festivals at the Exposition. The entire organization of the Imperial Opera Company of Berlin, German5% will come to Chicago in 1893, to give operatic performances in the Music Hall at the Exposition grounds. George "W. Chadwick of Boston wrote the music for the dedicatory ode written by Harriet Monroe. Mr. Chadwick is one of the foremost of native composers. He has written choral and orchestra work, and is the conductor of the Hampden County Musical Association of Springfield, Mass. He received a fine musical education in this country, and subsequently spent a number of years at Munich. "World's Congresses.— "Cnder the auspices of the World's Congress Auxiliary of The World's Fair numerous and important conventions will be held during the progress of the Exposition. These conventions or conferences will discuss almost every question of interest to mankind. Chris- tian Missions.— There will be a great gathering of persons interested in Chris- tian Missions from all parts of the world. Religious Congresses.— One of the remarkable features of the Columbian Exposition will be a series of relig- ious congresses from Aug. ^5 through the month of September, 1893. The chairman of the general committee. Rev. John Henry Barrows, of Chicago, has associated with him members of sixteen different religious organiza- tions. They have invited the representatives of all the great hi-toric relig- ions to confer together and to show what light religion has to throw on the great problems of the age. Their plan has met the approval of Mr. Glad- stone, Cardinal Gibbons, the poets Holmes and Whittier, Archbishops Ire- land and Ryan, Professor Drummond, Professor Godet, of Switzerland ; Rabbi Maybaum, of Berlin; Justice Ameer Ali, of Calcutta; President "Washburn, of Robert College, Constantinople; Bunyia Nanjie, a learned Buddhist of Japan, and scores of the leading scholars of America and Great Britain. Comrnerical Travelers.~The "World's Fair Association of Commercial Travelers will hold a two weeks' congress at the World's Fair. All organized bodies of traveling men in the United States, and foreign drummers as well, are invited to participate. It was decided that a Com- mittee of Control composed of one member from each association be selected to govern the affairs of the body and that $50,0C0 be raised to defray the ^84 SAl^D-SOOK Of expenses of the congress. Congress of Architects.— A Coneress of Archi- tects will be held during the Fair. Lawyers, Judges, Statesmen, etc.— Conventions of Lawyers, Judges, Statesmen, etc., Avill be held for the consideration of the living questions of law and govern- ment and to provide for public congresses in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition. Among the sul jectsto be considered are law reform, international law, political and economic reform, executive administra- tion, arbitration, and peace, and the reforms required to meet new conditions and needs. Columbian Catholic Congr ess.— The "Columl ian Catholic Congress" will begin on September 5th, and continue five days. It is expected that fully 5,000 delegates from dioceses in the United States alone will be present, and that the number from European countries will be very large and will include many noted dignit iries of the Church. It is hoped that Pope Leo XIII himself will accept the invitation to be present, and to open the Congress. It is believed that the gathering will be the greatest and most representative in the history of the Church. The progress and standing of the Catholic Church in America and throughout the world, and the social and economic questions embraced in the ■^ope's recent encyclical will be presented and discussed. Labor Congress.— A general labor congress has been arranged with the co- operation of the most distinguished students of labor problems, and the recognized leaders of the industrial world. Particular attention will be given to women's labor. Liternational Congress of Engineers.— Atthe Inter- national Congress of Engineers, papers will be read on the chief questions involved in civil, mining, mechanical, marine, military and electrical engineering by the ablest representatives of those several branches, and the papers will be collected and bound afterward. At a meeting in Chicago of representatives of all the engineering societies in the United States and Canada a general committee was a' pointed to arrange the programme and take charge of the enterprise, and to provide commodious headquarters for all members of engineering societies who may visit Chicago during the Exposition. Med icai Congress.— It is expected that the great physicians of the world will attend the Medical Congress. The following themes will be discussed: The leading characteristics of the successive eras of medical and surgical development; The living questions of the time in the depart- ment of health and medicine; Standards of excellence in medical education and practice; Medical statistics— their application and value; The history and utility of public health authorities, and what improvements should be recommended in the administration of their powers, or in the legislation relating thereto; Sanitary science as applied to the prev^ention and the removal of disease, and herein of food, clothing, drainage, ventilation, exercise, rest, and the like; The relations of morals, education, culture, literature, music, and socral life to health and disease; The prevention and control of epidemics and contagions, and herein of the necessity for gov- ernmental authority to insure decisive and speedy action; Medical bacteriol- ogy—its origin, wonders, condition, and pr spects; The education of the people in the rudiments of anatomy, physiology, hygiene, and simple reme- dies, and herein of the value of intelligent co-operation on the part of the patient. Congress of Trained Nurses.— A Congress of Trained Nurses, one of the most interesting and important of all, w^ill be held during the Expo- sition. Sanitary Congress.— There will be a great conference of sanitarians, health oflBcers, physicians, plumbers, etc. during the Fair to discus's sani- tary questions. Ministers'' Conference.— The ministers of the different Protestant denominations will meet in conference. Arbitration Congress.— The following resolution was adopted by Congress: "Resolved, That the Committee on Foreign Relations be and is hereby instructed to inquire into the advisability of appropriate action looking to the invitation of the governments of the world to a conference to be held in connection with THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 285 the "World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago Tor the purpose of discussing- and recommending- measures by which the principles of arbitration may- be mcorporated )n treaties, contlicting- internationaJ laws harmonized, and an international court establishtd, having^ jurisdiction incases which gov- ernments shall fail to seLtle by negotiation, and to report by bill or other- wise." Agricultural C'»j)/y/css.— This congress includes representatives of farmers, organization s, agricultural colleges and State buards of agricul- ture. The subjects to be considered embrace every branch of farm life. The local committee will be assisted in its work by a large advisory board to be select -d from various countries. Methodist Camp Meetings.— The Methodists have decided to hold an international camp meeting- of a month's duration at the time of the Exposition. It will be held half the time at Desplaines and the other half at Lake Bluff. Both places are afew miles out from Chicago. Spelling Schonl.—A bill has been Introduced in Congress providing- ten- a reform or phonetic spelling school at the Fair. Place of Meeting.— All ot the great congresses, only a few of which are menti med here, will assemMe in the permanent Art Palace on the Lake Front. Aote.— See Appendix for general plan of the World's Fair Congress Auxiliary. Columbian Museum.— The project of establishing- a Columbian Memorial Museum, which shbll be a permanent attraction and which, it is e.\pected will be givtn many thousands of curios and other objects exhibited a*^^ the Expositi(m, Is being- AvarmJy supported by a numberof ExpositionoflSciais a d others. The maseum is certain to be established. In brief the plan is to bui d a museum building an grounds secured for the purpose, one that woutf be lire-proof and best adapted for the purposeit is designed to fill, and to have it complete before the close of the World's Fair. Into this could be gathered, and it is claimed without expense, such a collectinn of antiquities and articles of historical and scientific interest as could not be secured in anj^ other waj' or at any other time. Electric Ejects.— Electricity is given full swing at the Columbian Exposi- tion. Its various ramifications, so far as encouragement and space are con- cerned, are tre-ated liberally. Electricity and its manitestationsare not con- fined to one or more buildings, but the 60U or 700 acres of Jackson Park, the Midway plaisance, and a portion of Washington Park are one grand display at night. One of the novel effects is secured by the use of pow erful search lights which are so employed as to light up certain portions of the grounds, for specified periods, and give panoramic glimpses of the buildings, grounds, and lagoons. The Administration Buildmg, with its gilded dome rising nearly 3u0 feet high in the center of a spacious plaza 70U feet square, is one of the central points for tlie radiation of powerful electric light. From the lofty dome of the Administration Building will be shot a constantly broidening band of liiihtnurthwestover the lagoon and striking the Horticultural and Woman's Buildings. This is to be a view of several minutes' duration, dur- ing which the "golden door" of the Transportation Building, the water lilies and marble corridors of Horticulturdl Hall, and the aerial gardens of the Woman's Building will be flooded with light. On the right of the Land of light will be seen glimpses of the wooded island and aquatic plants. Another and pei-haps more beautiful view will be along the line of light extending from the Tower l,500feet out in the lake to the Administration Building. In this str am of illumination will appear all the novel craft sail- ing about in the outer harbor. Along the broad basin, 800 feet wide, the light will speed to the east front rf the Administration Building and illumi- nate the outline of its Grecian architecture. These are but bits of the general effect. The waters of the outer ha bor, the basin.the canal,the lagoons, are all lighted by the sof t,incandescent glow of electric lamps. Along the borders of the Avaterways, amid the foliage, are concealed electric lights. Grand and Drexel, Stony Island and other streets, 286 HAND-BOOK OF avenues and boulevards on the South Side, and more particularly in the vicinity of Jackson Park will be illuminated every night by electricity dur- ing the progress of the Exposition. Jackson Park and Midway PZaisa/ice.— Jackson Park and Midway Plaisance— the Exposition site— are in the southeastern part of Ch.cago. Forty-flve miles of boulevai'd connect the site with the general park system of Chicago, which embraces fifteen or more parl\s, aggregating 3,000 acres. Midway Plaisance, connecting Jackson Park with Washington Park, is occupied throughout its entire length by special Exposition features largely of a foreign charactersuch asthe"13azaar of All Nations," '"Street in Cairo," Street in Constantmopie," ''Moorish Palace," "Maori Village," etc., which, in their production, represent the expenditu' e of hundreds of thou- ands of dollars. Panoramas, cyloramas, the sliding railway, etc., are also located there. Medusaline Walks, etc.— One of the grandest features of the Exposition is the broad terraces, Medusaline walks and miles of tlowers and shrubbery which rise on both sides of the system of canals. The canals run from one end of the park to the other. The main basin, extending from the lake to the Administration Building, is 3^0 feet wide. The others are 150 feet wide. About these ply launches. Rising six feet from either side from the water's edge is a retaining wa'l. At the summit of this wall is the fu^st terrace. It is sixty feet wide. Occupy- ing a space twenty feet wide in the middle are beautiful flowering plants and shrubs. On either side of this stretch of green are medusaline walks, each twenty feet wide. Medusaline is a nf wly invented building material which is harder than stone, can be molded into any shape, and is susceptible of polish as smooth and brilliant as jiranite. Rising another six feet is a second wall. This is covered with staff, giving it the appearance of solid masonry. From its top, extending outward, is another walk, also of medusaline, sixty feet wide. Along the inner edge a highly ornamental balusti'ade two feet high with staff-covered posts, extends the entii-e length of the terrace. There are sixteen boat landings along the canals, and broad stairways from twenty-four to sixty feet wide lead from the water's edge to the second terrace. The steps are of medusaline. At intervals of twenty or thirty feet along the balustrade are arc and incandescent elec- tric lamps. Aquatic fowls of all climes swim about in the lagoons. These include widgeons, sea gulls, swans, brown pelicans, storks, sand-hill crane, wood ducks of rare plumage, American wild geese, blue geese, ibises, etc. Military Displays.— One hundred thousand armed and uniformed American soldiers will be massed in Chicago during the World's Fair. Thi-i military gathering will occur in August, 1S93. Militia organizations from every State in the Union will be present, besides a large representation of troops from the regular army. To these must be added military companies and perhaps regiments from foreign countries. The military display in August, 1893, will probably bethe grandest overseen inthis country. The Director-General will have a magnificent body guard during the Exposi- tion. Two companies, of forty cavalrymen each, are to be formed into organizations known as the Chicago Columbian Hussars. They will act as a special military escort upon the Director-General whenever such services may be required, The "Independent New York Scheutzen," considered the elite corps of German- American sharpshooters, will attend the Exposi- tion in a body. The organization has in its membership many prominent businessmen. It has made two or more shooting tours in Europe, on one of which it was entertained by Prince Bismarck. Restaurants.— The World's Columbian Exposition is far better provided with restaurants than was the last Paris Exposition. Besides the cafes in all of the great buildings there are numerous pavilions throughout the THE WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 287 grounds where refreshments may be had. There will be found no lack of accommodations of this kind. Immediately outside the grounds are im- mense "World's Fair Hotels." Here refreshments may also be procured or visitors may obtain rooms in which to rest, by the hour, or by the day. Scope of the Exioosition.— The exhibits at the Exposition cover a wider range and "are far more numerous than were ever before gathered together They present a picture of the condition and industrial progress of mankind in every quarter of the world, and of its achievements in every branch of the sciences and arts. The Exposition classification embraces V-i depart- ments, 176 groups, and 967 classes. The application for space by intending exhibitors in the United States alone, numbered J^,083 on January 1, 1893. The number at the Philadelphia Centennial on corresponding date was 864. Applications from foreign exhibitors were very numerous and raoidly increasing. It seemed assured iong before the opening that the exhibitors would outnumber those at any previous World's Fair. The reception of exhibits began November 1, 1892, and continued until sipril 10, 1893. No charges was made for space exhibits. r7-a».spo?'faf'o??. -The methods of access are ample in every way, and far more comfortable than is usual in such cases. At the southern end of the site is a pier 1.^00 feet in length into Lake Michigan, at which passenger steamers can land, and at a point directly back of this, on the inland side of the site, railway tracks terminate, bringing visitors over all the great rail- way lines of the country. An elevated, railroa-i, electric railroad, cable lines and other means of communication, land passengers directly at the gates of the Exposition from all points to the South, West and North. Transportation inside the park include every known device from electric railways and moving side- walks to the vehicles of foreign countries. In fact the transit arrangements are part of the general exhibit, and are in themselves among the most interesting things to the visitor. HAND-BOOK OP PAET XL WHAT CHICAGO HAS TO OFFER FOR THE ENTERTAINMENT OR INSTRUCTION OF HER VISITORS BESIDES THE EXPOSITION- WHERE ONE MAY SPEND AN HOUR OR DAY COMFORTABLY OR PROFITABLY-INFORMATION OF ALL KINDS ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. Part III. of this Hand Book contains information concerning Chicago, its public and private institutions, and specific facts under such heads as: Amusements, Area, Architecture, Art Interests, Banks, Banking business. Board of Trade, Breweries, Bridges and Viaducts, Buildings, Cemeteries, Charities, Christian Organizations, City Railway Service, Climate, Clubs, Commercial Exchanges, County Institutions, Courts, Court Hou^e, Educational Institu- tions, Fire Department, the Fire of 1871, the Fiie of 1874, Foreign born residents, Grain Elevators, Great Industries, Hay- market Massacre, Historical facts. Hotels, Inebriate Asylums, Iron and Steel Manufacture, Jobbing and Wholesale business. Lake and River Frontage, Lakes and Rivers in Chicago, Length and Width of Chicago, Libraries, Life Saving Stations, Lighthouses, L'lmber trade, Manufactures, Marriages, Meat Packing, Military Organizations, Monuments, Municipal Government, Newspapers, Park and Boulevard System, Police Department, Postal information. Post Office Building, Public Library, Railroads and Depots, Ship- ping, Suburbs, Taxation, Tributary Cities and Towns, Waterworks, Yerkes' Electric Fountain, etc., etc. This part of the Hand Book is practically a condensed Guide to the city. Bat it is necessary, in order that the visitor shall miss nothing of interest, to give the fol- lowing information of a miscellaneous character. It is arranged alphabetically with a view to convenience, THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 289 A. H. Andrews & Company.— Located at 215-aCl Wabash avenue, in the heart of the business center. One of the largest commercial outfitting establishments in the world. Also the leading school furnishing house of Chicago. Here may be seen every possible design in commercial office fix- tures of the better class in desks and in furnishings. The sales rooms of the house are elegantly arranged. The designs in desks are in many cases novel as well as beautiful. This firm has furnished the fittings for some ol the leading banking rooms of the city. The beautiful interior of the Union National Bank Avas designed and executed by A. H. Andrews & Co. They will furnish the bank fittings of the Chemical Bank of Chicago on the World's Fairgrounds, which is to be locatedin the Administration building. It is to be the most elegantly furnished bank in America. Aside from desk and outfitting departments of this establishment, here are also to be found Andrews' celebrated folding-beds, the most p >pular In America. Among some of the more recent contracts carried out successfully and sat- isfactorily by this house was the furnishing of $50,000 worth of chairs for the great Auditorium, the largest single order, perhaps, of this character ever given. The company also furnished and finished during 1892 the beau- tiful interiors of the Bank (;f Montreal and the American Exchange National Bank, which cost about $10,0CO each. A. H. Andrews & Co. are owners of the patents of the Andrews' metal chairs, that are bound to revolutionize chair manufacture, because they are comfortable, elegant and indestruct- ible. These chairs are particularly adapted to Chicago use during 18^3. Visitors should not fail totakj the salesrooms of this establishment in. Academy of iWt/ .sic— West Side, Halsted, near Madison street. Sensa- tional, drama and Variety. Performances nightly, Wednesday, Saturday and Sunday afternoons. u.^tna Chemical Fire Engine Co. — The factory and main offices, Colum- bus, Ohio, with branch offices at 265 Dearborn street, Chicago; Endicott Arcade St. I'aul, Minn ; New York and St. Louis and Boston. Too much can not be said for the ^Etna Chemical Fire Extinguisher. It is without doubt the most effective and durable apparatus on the market. Its prin- ciple is foreign to other makes of machines, overcoming all objections here- tofore found in other chemical fire extinguishers. Its elements are effect- iveness, simplicity and durability. It is absolutely impossible for the ^tna to get out of order by long standing. Alhamhra Theatix.— State st. and Archer ave. First-class attractions. Peformances nightly and Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. Armour & Company. -This firm does a business amounting to }66,COO,000 during an average ye^r. The hogs killed bj' the house in one year num- bered 1,714.000; cattle, 7I2,GOO; sheep, 413,(00. Armour & Co.'s employes number 7.9 0, and the aggregate wages paid is $3,8 0,000. The firm has 2.25" ref rifierator cars. The total area covered by the buildings of the firm is fifty acres; total floor area of buildings, 140 acres; chill room and cold storage area, forty acres; storage capacity of buildings, 130,0.. tons. The Armour Glue Works made 7,000,000 pounds of glue within the same period, 9,600 tons of fertilizers, grease, etc. The ground covered by the buildmgs of this department cover fifteen acres, and the number of employes is 600. Architecturcd Iron Works.— See " Vierling, McDowell & Co." Art Institttte.— Old building, Michigan ave. and Van Burenst., new build- ing, "Art Palace, " Lake front, sight of old Exposition building ; cost $600,- 000. Art Institute art galleries and schools should be vieited. Athenoeum.—'PoTyuVeivly known as "Thfi People's College," one of the most pro . inent, useful and liberal e'uca ional establishments in Chicago. Open daily throughout the year and five evenings each week. Instruction 290 HAND-BOOK OF to all classes of education seekers at moderate cost. Ferd W. Peck, presi- dent; W. R. Page, l8t vice-president; Harry G. Self ridge, M vice-president; John Wilkinson, secretary and treasurer; Edward I. Galvin, superinten- dent in charge.— [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago for full particulars.] Auditorium Building.— Michigan avenue. Congress street and Wabash avenue. Greatest building in Chicago; hotel, oflBce building and theatre combined. [See page 73.] Auditorium Hotel. —One of the leading hotels of the country. Magnifi- cently arranged and furnished ; views of lake ; fashionable resort. Auditorium Theatre. — Italian opera ; great concerts, instrumental and vocal; productions of spectacular attractions. See amusement advertise- ments. Auditorium Tower. — Entrance Congress street, near Wabash. Take ele- vator to top, eighteen stories high. Magnificent view of city at lake. Three States visible on clear days. Fare, 25 cents. Belden F. CwZt;er.— Located 59 Dearborn street. Real Estate Board Build- ing. An old established real estate agency. General real estate trans- actions ; choice North Shore res'dence property a particular specialty. Mr. Culver's personal attention is given to the best interests of his clients. Strangers and residents seeking investments in Chicago or Chicago suburban realty will find it to their interest to confer with him. As to the reliability, conscientious devotion of his time and efforts to the interest of those Avho see fit to employ his services, one has only to refer to the leading bankers of Chicago, or to those who have done or are doing business with him. See Mr. Culver's ad-vertisement in this volume, page 124. Berivyn.—lt is perhaps safe to say that no suburb of equal age is attract- ingso much attention as Berwyn (28 minutes ride on the C. B. & Q. R. R.) It was platted less than two years ago . Over ten miles of street frontage are controlled by the promoters of the place whose conservative management has placed uniform building restrictions on the whole property. This policy has resulted in the erection of good improvements only, the cost of res- idences (exclusive of the land) being from $2,500 to $10,000. Sewers, water works and electric light plant are now in process of construction. Berwyn has two churches, an Epworth League Chapter, a Chautauquan circle; bicycle, tennis and whist clubs and other social organizations. It is essenti- ally a home suburb, the surroundings being all clean and healthful, posses- sing the advantages afforded by the city, without being subject to its disad- vantages. B. F. CZarfee.— The advertisement of Mr. B. F. Clarke appears in this issue. He is one of the oldest and best known real estate dealers in the city, who is handling exclusively Morgan Park property . Any one desiring a suburban home Avill find it to his advantage to consult him in regard to this property. [See the Standard Guide to Chicago for description of Morgan Park . Also notice of the subur . in this Hand Book . ] Boating.— Boa.ts maybe hired at any of the great parks by the hour. Boats for lake sailing may be hired along the lake front. Small yachts and sail boats carry passengers to the government pier and other points from the foot of Van Buren street. These are manned by skilled sailors. Sailing by inexpei'ienced persons on the lake is full of risk. Steamboat excursions to the crib, government piers. South Chicago, the Exposition grounds, etc., are made continuallv through summer days ; fare low. Bunco Steerc/'s.— Accidental acquaintances who can tell you where there is a "quiet little game going on," or who know of "a party of gentlemen who Avould like to have one more person join them in a game of cards ; " or who are full of suggestions as to where you " might spend a pleasant even- ing," etc., are to be avoided. They may not be " bunco steerers," but it is safe to assume that they are until you are satisfied that they are not. o C ^ as o oS U O "5 id 0> •p <1 u o ^ IS o CQ EGGLESTON, MALLETTE X BROWNELL, REftL ESTftTE AND MORTGftGE 5flNKERS. OWNERS OF EGGLESTON AND AUBURN PARK REALTY. CHOICE SUBURBAN PROPERTY A SPECIALTY. ALSO STREET CONTRACTORS, MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN CRUSHED STONE, CONCRETE STONE, ETC, Particular attention given to building Macadam Roads, Drives and Boulevards. Will take the entire contract for Platting and putting in all Improvements in New Subdivision. OFFICES: Room 207 Tacoma Building, Telephone Main 44. Rpom 600 Royal Insurance Building. Telephone Main 1602. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 291 Calumet Iron and Steel Company. -~^VorKs located at Cummings near South Chicago, about twelve miles from the Court House. Take train at Van Buren Street dep .t, Van Buren and therman streets, or at Dearborn Station, Fourth avenue and Polk streets, or at Union Depot, Canal and Adams streets. The blast furnace is eighty feet high, with a 17}4 foot bosh; It is equipped with oneMassick & Crookes and three Siemens Cowper-Coch- rane stoves, and two blowing engines. These works have about five miles of railroad track with ro.ling st ck for carrying raw materials; also have a good slip with facilities for loading and unloading vessels on the Calumet river, emptying into Lake Michigan. They employ outside of nail factory, about 1,200 men. Casino.— Wax works exhibition and theatre or minstrel show com- bined. A place to spend an hour or so with children. Ceyneteries.— The leading cemeteries are pointed out in Part Til. These are worthy of a visit. Central Music Hall.— Stette and Randolph streets; lectures, high class concerts, etc. See amusement advertisements in daily papers. Chamhers, J. B. & Co.— The firm of J. B. Chambers & Co. was established in 1857 by Mr. Jerome Bonaparte Chambers, a native of Connecticut; coming to Chicago, however, from Ithaca, N. Y., where, and in Elmira, N. Y., he had resided for several years with his f amilj'. Mr. Chambers was possessed of great versatilitj' of talent, having a fine and imposing figure, an unusually musical voice, which he could use to good effect either in "'talking " on the stump or in singing popular and, especially, patriotic songs, in both of which capacities he was much sought for during his res dence in New York State. A man " whose word was is good as his bond," he became very successful as an auctioneer, in which business he embarked in Chicago, and laid the foundation for the fortune which he subsequently acquired. Abandon- ing the auction business, however, some twelve yeai's ago, the regular retail business of their house having reached such a volume as to occupy all their time and space. As an auctioneer he was unrivaled. Mr. Chambers, motto was "Pay as you go," and that is stJll followed by the firm, who buj' all goods for spot cash, and consequemly offer to their patrons such bargains as cash purchases always afford. Mr. John A. Farwell, now manager of the house, is a son-in-law ofMr. Chambers, and was at one time comptroller of the city of Chicago. Mr. Charles E. Graves, who has grown up from boyhood with this house, aud is an excellent judge of all goods in the jewelry line, does mostof the buying, and is considered a "diamond expei-t." Col. Wm. B. Keeler has been withthe firm for some eisrhteen years as salesman, coming to Chicago from Iowa, an old friend of Mr. Chambers, and a salesman with whom it is a pleasure to deal, as his large list of customers proves. His army record presents no flaw and his patriotism has no bounds. Purchasers from this firm can always rely upon statements made as to quality of goods, as satisfaction is guai anteed. Chamber of Commerce Bu'7fli7ig.— Southeast corner of La Salle and Washington streets. Visitors can spend a half hour on the galleries of the rotunda very pleasantlj% [See page 73.] Chai'les Currjy.— Strangers should visit the news stands conducted by Charles Curry. One may find everything in the nature of first-class current literature, works of fiction, guide books, the illustrated weeklies, etc., that he may want. Mr. Curry's place on Jladison street, near Fifth avenue, as well as his magnificent store in the Central Music Hall building, are well patronized. The Standakd Guide to Chicago and Hand Book of the World's Columbia.n Exposition are always to be found here. Chirles Kcestner dl- Co.— Established 1863; general machinists, founders, mill furnishers. Office of works 3U3 and 311 South Canal street, West Side. Department A— the manufaccurint' of special machinery for brewtries,malt 292 HAND-BOOK OP houses, elevators, distilleries, starch and glucose works. Department B— the building" of general and special machinery for arranging designs. De- partment C— grinding mills and pulverizers, for wet and dry grinding and pulv- rizing of any mater als. Department D— painting, grinding and mix- ing of colors, makers of machinery and equipments. Department E— desgning of and erecting manufacturing buildings. Their new works are located at2tl to 349 South Jefferson street and 3 to 50 Law Avenue. This building is six stories and a basement and has a floor area of thirty-six thousa Lid square feet. The works contain freight fcnd passeng r elevators and are heated by steam and lighted by electricity. The power plant is the mo^t mod rn. These new works of Charles Kaestner & Co. are deserving of a visit from the stranger.. Charles McDonald's News Store . —Located at 55 Washington street . This is one of the most popular resorts for lovers of current literature and books of the latest issue. Mr. McDonald's establishment is familiar to nearly every Chicagoan. Latest publications of every description may be found here. These include foreign as well as home publications . The stranger is partic- ularly directed to tnis establishment. Chicaqo Copper R''Jimng C'^mpany —The Chicago Copper Refining Co., whose offices are at 188 Jackson St., a. e one of the largest smelt ng and )e- fining concerns in the Uni ed States, and one of the pioneers in the treat- ment of copper ote carrying- pi ecio us metals, by the elecrolytic process; they are large purchasers of both argentiferous and non-argenti erous oies and mattes in the cjpper district from Montana to Arizona. During the list ten years their electrolytic copper and " C. C. R." brand of casting cop- per have become recognized as standard brands, and we understand that they enjoy a large export trade. The electrolytic copper, whichis practically chemically pure, is pu*: into wire bars for the wire mills, and int • cakes lor the rolling mills. Many of the leading railroads and bronze manufacturers are now using this grade of cot)per for their journal oeari gs and tine bronze castings instead of Lake Superior copper, on account of its purity and other excellent qualities. Last year this company shipped nearly five thousand tonsof copper, and over S800,00J in gold and silver bullion, and they now have under consideration plans for extensive improvements and additional capacity. Chicago Opera House.— One of the lai-gest and handsomest theatres in the country. First-class attractions. Performances nightly, Sundays in- cluded. Matinees Wednesdays and Saturdays. Chicago Rawhide Manufacturing Compa?iy.— Established in 1878, an 1 was incorporated in March following. Its business is the manufacture of rawhide belting, lace-leather, rope and other rawhide goods of all kinds. The pro- cess by which it manufactures its leather is known as the Kruger patent, of which the company is the sole owner. They also control a large num- ber of other patents, necessary to the business. The company first com- menced the manufacture of its goods at 38 and 40 West Monroe street. Their goods immediately found favor in the market, and in a short time the business outgrew the space occupied at the above location. In Novem- ber, 1883, it removed to its present location, 75 and 77 East Ohio street, into into a building 50x1(0 feet, five stories, prepared especially for their use. Two years ago an addition of two stories was made to the building. They now employ a large number of workmen, and business is constantly on the increase. All goods manufactu'-ed are of the best quality, and their reputa- tion is known all over the world. The present officers of the company are W. H. Emery, president. W. H. Preble, secretary and treasurer, and A B. Spurling, vice-president These gentlemen are all well known of business ability, and thoroughly understand their business. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 293 ClarTi Street T/ieat^'c— North Side, near Clark st. bridge. Sensational and variet}'. Performances nightly, Y^ednesday, Saturday and Sunday afternoons . Clay, Robinson & Co.— Located in the new bank building at the Union Stock Yards, and also have well equipped offices at the stock yards, South Omaha. They are also represented by agents in Kansas City, where, with a full and able equipment of capable men, they can make the best pos- sible sales for their patrons. They are prepared to handle all classes of live stock at any of the above points. During the past year they have sold up- wards of 35U,000 het.d of cattle, in addition to a very large number of hogs and sheep. This firm, realizing the necessity of some specially pre- pared report on the live stock markets, commenced a )Out one year ago the issuing weekly of The Live Stock Report, which they send to their patrons and customers free of co t— a paper which every feeder, breeder and shipper should not be without, its columns being devo ed entirely to. the live sock industry and containing much valuable information not otherwise obtaina- ble. This enables them to keep a complete run of the market, and to know when to ship to be t advantage and get the best prices. To others they will send their paper for the small charge of 50 cents per annum, w*"ich can be remitted in postage stamps or money order. In addition to The Report, they will also send to each subscriber one of two beautifully colored lithographs of English hunting scenes, espec ally prep-red for the holidays. Address Clay, Robinson & Co., Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 111. C7U&S.— There a-e hundreds of clubs, social, literary, sporting, gentle- men''s,family, professional, etc. See Part III. \_]^ov full descriptions see Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Many of these will entertain visitors during the Fair, Columfna Steel Car Co mprtny.— Organized tor the purpose of building steel railroad cars; shops located In the township of Maine, on a tract of 601) acres, recently pu' chased. It lies on both sides of the Desplaines river, be- tween Despla nes and Park Riuge. The company manufactures railroad cars of all descriptions— postal, baggage, passenger coaches and freight- entirely out of steel, and is already doing a large b siness. Its postal cars have been running for over a year on different railroads. The offices of the comp ny are at room 14 Rialto building. Columhia Theatre.—Monroe street, near Dearborn. First-class attrac- tions always. Performances nightly and Wednesday and Saturday after- noons. Concert Salooji^.— Concert saloons and dancehallsare numerous. Strangers must be guided by their own taste aud assnme responsibihty in visiting these places. As a rule, they should be avoided. Confidence Men.— The city will swarm with confidence men doring the Exposition. These it would be diflBcult to describe. The weil-worn advi.e, "Lend no money to strangers," should be followed by visitors. "'Ci'oum'''' Pianos and Organs.— The "Crown" pianos and organs manu- factured by George P. Bent, 323 to a33 South Canal Street, Chicago, have won their way into popularity rapidly and are regarded among the higher class of performers and experts as being superior instruments in tone, touch and general high quality of woi'kmanship throughout. The factory is one of the largest among the great industries of Chicago, employing over 25 ) skilled mechanics and artisans. The annual production amounts to 7,000 organs and upwards of l,iJ0O pianos, which find a ready market throughout the Avhole country, many of the goods going into the extreme East. Mr. Bent produces sixty-four distinct stj^les cf the "• Crown " organs and thirty- two distinct stjles of pianos. Three new styles of ortran cases have just been put on the market and four new styles and scales of pianos. In the pianos the verj' heaviest full iron plates are used in all the various styles. 294 HAND-BOOK OF The new scales are of recent design, and embody all recent improvements. In the manufacture of these organs and pianos the tiist object sought to be attained is the very best quality of tone and touch possible to produce. The second object is to provide (nmamental and tasteful cases which will please the eye and which will find a ready sale to a discriminating puDlic. The very best materials, as well as the most handsome that money Avill buv^, ai-e used in their construction throughout. They are built with the Idea that " the best is the cheapest, " and i hat "the best is none too good ! " Mr. Bent's business was established in 1870, and its steady and constant growth is a substantial evidence that his goods meet with the approval of trade and public. CycloTam.as . -The permanent cycloramas are: "The Battle of Gettys- burg," "calls of Niagara,'' Michigan avenue and Panorama Place; "Burning of Chicago," Michigan avenue, opposite Art Palace. They are all worthy of a visit. Dale & SempilVs Corner— Drug Store, Clark and Madison st., waiting and meeting place. One of the most popular establishments in the city. Demiey Tag Co., T/ie.— Located at 125 and 127 E. Indiana St.; manufac- turers of shipping tags, printed envelopes, packers' tag, fasteners and bag- gage checks. [See Index to advertisers ] Dime Museums.— There are a number of these places in the city, Some of them offer theatrical and variety attractions in addition for one price of admission— 10 cents. Dodge Manufacturing Co., TJie.—The Dodge Manufacturing Company, properly is a Cnicago concern, with factory situated at Mishawaka, Indiana. Their ground plant covers a space of eighty acres and a floorage capacity of twenty acres. This concern is the largest manufacturer of pulleys in the world, the r daily output being about •; 50 pul eys. This factory was entirely destroyed by fire and rebuilt in a modest way the same year. Success crowned their efforts, and now the plant is one of the representative estab- lishments of the country. Over seven million bricks have been used in the construction of this plant, and of these over five million have been laid during the past four years. About 500 men are employed in the lai'ge works of this company. Their works are equipped throughout with new and special machinery fur the manufacture of pulleys. Their product is popu- larly known as the Dodge Patent Independence Wood Split Pu ley, and the increasing demand f< r this pulley is considered ample evidence as to their merit over any other pulley ii the market. By their patent bushing every pulley is capable of being adjusted to from twenty-five to forty different sizesof shaft, making their daily output equal to 30,000 iron pulleys. This company is als ) originatorof the Dodge patent system of power transmission by m inila rope. This system has been copied by numerous manufacturers throughout the country, but the honor of oinsination belongs only to the Dodge pe iple. They have built and erected rope drives rangingin capacity from 2,000 horse-power down, and covering distances as far as 4,000 feet. A fully-equipped foundry with a melting capacity of eighty tons per day, also an extensive machine shop, represents part of this company's plant. A new line of power-transmitting appliances, including bangers, pillow blocks, couplings, friction clutches, etc , has been added to their list of products. They also enjoy the reputation of having the finest engine-room in this country. The Chicago office of this concern is located at 63 and 65 South Canal street, where a large stock of their several specialties is carried for imm diate delivery. Douglas Instantaneous Water Heater.— A most convenient and essential device for the household manufactured by the Instantaneous Water Heat- ing Company, 141 and J43 Ontario street. The value of an apparatus that Avill heat water instantly any minute of the day or night, and in unlimited quantities, cannot be overestimated when the convenience, and so often THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 295 the necessity, of getting- hot water instantly is considered. The Douglas Water Heater has t)eenin use in other countries for a number of years, while its introduction in the United States was in 1886, since which time the Heater has met with a good and increasing demand. The Douglas Heater can be used any place where gas and water can be obtained, and can be set at the foot of bath tub, or on a shelf in the most convenient place for it. Parties building Avill find it to their advantage to specif y for this Heater. It is a convenience that should not be overlooked, and one that tenants highly appreciate . Dunning, Andreu;.— Location, 93 La Salle street, makes acre and income properties specialties in his real estate business. Mr. Dunning has lived in Chicago since his childhood days, and few, if any, men are better or more favorably known than he. His judgment as to values is based upon a personal knowledge of the events, past and present, which govern ttiose values, and his opinions are con- servative. Mr. Dunning has recommended investments in property in what is known as the northwest portion of Chicago, and the great improvements and rapid enhancement of values in that section, during the past year, gn e proof of his good judgment. He believes now that the north- west sections offer far greater inducements to the investor in acres than any other in or around Chicago, and he will give reasons for so thinking to any one who writes him. Economist, T/ie.— Location of publication office, 59 Dearborn street. Clin- ton B. Evans, editor. A weekly financial, commercial and real estate news- paper, with intermediate issues whenever any great event in its field demands. It is the only newspaper in Cnicago making a specialty of the mo ey and security markets, grain and provisions and real estate, and has had an exceptionally successful career. It is the authority on the subjects of which it treats, and has a large circulation in Chicago and elsewhere. The bankers, brokers, capitalists, real estate owners and dealers, intelligent merchants and students of fin mce in Chicago are, almost without excep- tion, among its readeis, and it has a good and rapidly growing circulation at other points in this country, as well as in London, England, whose finan- cier s look to it for a considerable part of their information on such Ameri- can business affairs as they are interested in. The Economist, employing recognized experts for its various classes of wor<^, and spending money freely, is pretty sure to get the best there is in the line of news and com- ment. The financial and commercial interests of Chicago are growing so rapidly that an abundance of capital and enterprise are required to keep a newspaper a' reast of the times. The Economist Publishing Company, which owns the Economist, seems to possess both of these requisites. EggJeston, Mallette & Bi ownelL— It is exceedingly gratifying to the pub- lishers to point to a real estate firm that has won its way to the front ranks by the most honorable methods. Possessed of large means they started into the real estate business in a practical way, creating the confidence of the public in their ability and judgment by the investment of their own money on their judgment. Recognizing the value of the location, they bought the ground upon which Eggleston now stands, and began to improve it. Soon afterward Mr. George M. Pullman and Mr. C. M. Henderson, at their suggestion, laid out Auburn Park, and well understanding that no locality can be uniformly improved except und-r one control, Eggleston, Mallette & BroAvnel', bought Auburn Park. This gave them control of property one mile long by three quarters of a mile wide, extending from 71st to 79th streets, and between State street on the east and Wallace street on the webt. They then expended over one-half million dollars in the im- provement of this property alone, making their investment in this locality upward of one million of dollars before a house was built, and making of 296 HAND-BOOK OF Eggleston and Auburn Park what is now an ideal aristocratic residence place, and the visitor is led to wonder why capitalists do not lay out other subdivisions in iilse manner. The masterly manner in which they took hold of and handled this property drew the attention of real estate men and capital- ists to them, and they have handled successfully millions of dollars of Eastern and Southern capital, and number among their clients some of the wealth- iest of our citizens, as well as investors residing in other parts of the United States. We certainly commend them to our readers. Their offices are at No. Ji07 Tacoma Sldg., ana No, 600 Koyal Insurance Bldg. [See the Standard Guide to Chicago for description's of Auburn Park aud Eggleston.] Ely, The Edward E. Company.— Few establishments in mercantile life occupy more general attention in these days of tasteful attire than those devoted to the manufacture and sale of male garments, for at no period during its entire history has the tailor's art been so highly appreciated or better understood than at the present day. Among the many popular and prosperous houses devoted to this important branch of industry in Chicago, and well worthy of more than passing notice, is the concern of the Edward Ely Company, whose well-ordered establishment is most centrally located in the Ely Building, at the corner of Wabash avenue and Monroe srreet, and which has for many years enjoyed a wide-spread reputation lor the super- ior quality of its productions, and fair, square and liberal business methods. Mr. Ely, the founder of this enterprise, was born in Huntington, Conn., and settled in Chicago in 1852. Being a thorough master of the merchant tailoring trade, he embarked in business on his own account in 1853, and, after amassing a competence in a comparatively brief period, lost almost his all, in common with so many of his brother business men, during the con- flagration in 1871. With characteristic energy, he at once began the attempt to rebuild his fallen fortunes, and with such success that in 1886 he inaugu- rated the present company under the laws of the state of Illinois, with a paid- up capital of $100,000. His present quarters constitute one of the finest ap- pointed merchant tailoring emporiums in Chicago, and are fully equipped with every convenience for the comfort of patrons, and the advamageous display of the fine stock of French, English and German broadcloths, cassi- meres,woolens,worsteds, tweeds, meltons, cheviots, diagonals, etc., in all the latest and most fashion ible styles. Some idea may be formed of the extent of the operations of this company when it is stated that five cutters andseventy- flve journeymen are provided with constant employment. Mr. Ely, in point of fact, ranks as the leading merchant tailor of the Metropolis of the West, his trading connection being broadly distributed over the entire Union. He is a prominent member of both social and commercial circles, actively identified with the Merchant Tailors' Association, and a heavy holder of Chicago realty. E. S. &W. S. Fowler— liocated at 38 Madison street. Familiarly known as Power's. The leading manufacturing opticians of Chicago. This house makes a suecialty of scientific testing of the eye and grinding glasses to cor- rect any defect < f visi. W. Irwin in 1854. Later it became D. W. Irwin & Co., ana continued so for some years. Mr. Green has been with 300 HAND-BOOK OF the house over twenty years. C. D. Irwin is a son of the senior member. The Arm has ridden out all panics, has never failed, has always enjoyed the highest credit among- bankers and the trade in general, and does a large receiving- and shipping- business, besides dealing- extensively in grain and provisions and buying and selling for future delivery all commodities dealt in OQ the Board of Trade. The firm's offices in the Rial to Building comprise a fine suite of rooms, are convenient to the Board and worthy of a visit from the stranger. JenMns, Kreer & Company.— One of the most widely and favorably known houses among the dry-goods, commission merchants and manu- facturer's agents in this market. From the formation of the house in 1880 its standing has been that of one of the most successful of its kind in the West. Originally the house was established as Clapp, Jenkins & Co., which continued as the firm tit!e until 1885, when Mr. Kreer entered the firm and the n-ame was changed to Jenkins, Kreer & Co. Four years later Mr. Downs was admitted as partner, Kimhall HaZ?— Handsome Concert Hall, managed by the W. W. Kimbal Co., 243 to 253 Wabash ave. Kimhall, The W. W. Co —Piano and organ wareroom, 243 to 253 Wabash ave. Largest concern of the kind in Chicago. Worthy of a visit. Klinck Catarrh Remedy.— The Klinck Catarrh and Bronchial Remedy Company, located at 87 Jackson street, is perfectly trustworthy in every par- ticular. Their remedy for catarrh is one that the public should inquire into. Catarrh is the most prevalent affliction of Chicago people. Residents of one or two years standing in this city seldom escape it; the great majority of Chicago people suffer from it in various degrees. The Klinck Catarrh Remedy is cheerfully recommended for catarrh, hay fever, cold in the head, canker and bronchitis. The remedy is giving universal satisfaction and should be thoroughly tested by all sufferers from this Chicago disease. It is sold by all druggists. Krimhill & Fuchs.— Among the real estate dealers of Chicago is the firm of Krimbill & Fuchs, at Room 23 Reaper Block, 95 Clark street, who are in a position to oflfer as good inducements as any other firm in Chicago, in South Side property, and the locating of manufacturing industries in the Calumet region, from the harbor at South Chicago to Hammond, which is the acknowledged manufacturing center for Chicago in the future. This firm has for sale and exchange a large list of valuable improved property on the best bu iness streets and boulevards and fine resident riroperty in most sections of the city and especially South, in the vicinity of the World's Fair grounds, Englewood, Auburn Park, Park Manor, Eggleston, Washington Heights, Eng-lewood on the Hill and South Chicago. This firm also does a large bus- iness in the sale and exchange of farm Western lands, Southern timber lands and cattle and sheep ranches. Mr. Krimbill, the senior member of the firm, has been located in South Chicago for nearly twenty years and is well qualified to assist in choosing suitable locations for manufacturing sites and bargains in real estate in the Calumet region. The South Chicago office is in Room 485 Winnipeg Block, South Chicago, 111. Kumyss—Arend's drug store, Madison st. and Fifth Ave. A refreshing and healthful drink. Kurtz Bros. & Biihrer. —Jjocated at 832, 834, 836, 838 and 840 Austin avenue. Manufacturers of light gray iron castings. The buildings cover 130 by 300 feet; capacity, 15 tons per day. There are 120 men employed. All kinds of agricviltural, architectural and hardware castings are turned out here, and, besides, a large business is done in japanning and galvanizing. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 301 Lemont Stone Quarries.— Located at Lemont, a suburb of Chicago, on the C. & A. R. R.. and in the vicinity. The source of the building stone supply of the city. These extensive quaries are controlled by the Western Stone Co. Lihby Prison Museum —Wahash avenue betvveen Fourteenth and Sixteenth streets; contained in the original Libby Prison, moved here from Richmond, Va. This is one of the finest and largest collections of Civil War and historical relics in the country, and one that all visitors should see. Lihraries.—See "Public Library" and "Libraries," Part IIL of this book. The Public library is open to visitors daily. M. A. Richaixlson, Jr.,& Co.— This firm was founded by M. A. Richardson* Sr., who has been engaged in the manufacturing and jobbing business in Chicago since 1870. They were located on East Lake street for a number of years, but finding it diflBc'ult to obtain room for their rapidly growing busi- ness o I the overcrowded South Side, and recognizing the fact that the busi- ness center of Chicago must move westward, they went over to the West Side in 1890 and purchased the corner on West Washington boulevard and Curtis street, where they erected a large six-story building adapted to the manufacture of tinware and other goods in their line, and where they also do a large jobbing business in japanned, silver-plated ware, clocks, cutlery, and all kinds of kitchen utensils,novelties, etc., etc. This location is conve- ni- nt to all freight depots and is easily reached by business men visiting the city, as the Madison street cable cars run one block to the south and the Ran- dofph street horse cars one block to the north, while the Lake street eleva- ted road, when completed, will run within two blocks on the north. Visitors should get off the cars at Curtis street, when they wiU have no trouble to find the place. Marine Engine TTorTrs.- Robert Tarrant, proprietor. This is one of the pioneer industries in its line iu this city, having been started in 1857 t j^ Mr. John Murphy, who with various partners was connected with it up to 1866, at which time Mr. Tarrant entered into partnership with him under the firm name of Murphy & Tarrant, their connection continuing until the great fire of 1871, at which time Mr. Murphy retired. Mr. Tarrant, Avith the energy characteristic of him, at once began to enlarge the business, and as a result has to-day a shop whose equipment of tools and appliances is second to none in the country. Marshall Field & Co.— This great retail dry goods house. State and Wash- ington streets and Wabash avenue should be visited by all strangers This is the greatest first-class dry-goods house in America, perhaps in the world. " Field's" is the popular rendezvous of fashionable ladies. Connected with the establishment is an elegant cafe. Marshall Field & Co.'s wholesale horse, the first strictly commercial structure in the country, is located on Fifth avenue, Adams, Franklin and Quincy streets. Visitors admitted. Mason & Davis Co.— Foundry Grand Crossing, 111.; salesroom 72, 74 and 76 Lake street; A. C.Mason, president; F. B. Davis, vice-president; F. M. Blair, secretary and treasurer. Persons desiring the best range in the mar- ket, whether for coal, wood or gas, or for both coal and gas, are referred to this establishment as i>er advertisement. See index to advertisers. McVicT the corporate limits, about five and one-half miks southwest of the City Hall. Take South Halsted street horse car for yards direct, or State street cable lihe with ti'ansfer at Thirty-fifth or Forty-third 310 HAND-BOOK OF st''eet. Or take the trnn at Van Buren street depot, via Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway; at Union Depot via Pittsburgh & Fort Wayne railroad, or at Central Depot via Illinois Central railroad. The visitor will enjoy a drive to the yards by way of Bridgeport, a great manufacturing center, or by way of Michigan blvd. to Thirty-ninth street and thence west. The Union Stock Yards were organized and opened in 1865. Variety Theatres.- -There are a number of variety or vaudeville theatres in the city, the location of which it is not necessary to point out. Victoria Hotel.— Michigan ave. and Van Buren st. High class semi- private hotel . Vierling, McDowell & Co.— Iron Works located at Twenty-third street and Stewart avenue on the lines of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago and Western Indiana Railroads. Works cover about two acres of ground. Have substantial buildings for foundry, pattern, erecting shops and officp. Over 200 hands employed, and handle annually over 2i',000 tons of pig iron, rolled beams, etc. Take State street or Archer avenue car, or Fort Wayne train at Union depot, or Western Indiana Railroad at Dearborn station. Robert vierling, president; Louis Vierling, secretary and treasurer, and Alfred Grossmith, superintendent. Virginia Hotel.— 78 Rushst., North side; high class family hotel. Warner Brothers, Corset Manufacturers.— Located at 203 and 205 Jackson street; J. A. Miner, manager. Factory located at Bridgeport, Conn. The largest corset manufactory in the world; a frontage of 850 feet; height, four stories; capacity, 850 dozen corsets a day. The celebrated Coraline Corsat made in twenty-four styles to fit any form— short, medium or long waist- ranging in price from $1 to $5 each. They manufacture corsets ranging in price from $3.50 to $36 per dozen. Western Wheel Works.— Factory, Wells, Schiller and Sigel streets. North Side; main office, 501 Wells street. The largest bicycle manufacturing estab- lishment in America. The factories of this company contain 25,000 square feet of floor space, and employ one thousand men. No less than 25,000 safety bicyles were made and sold in 1891. The facilities of the establish- ment have been doubled. Among the most popular bicycles manufactured here are the Blackhawk, Crescent No. 3, Escort,Crescent]S'o.l, Juno, Rob Roy No.3, Rob Roy No. 2, Rob Roy No. 1. Here are also manufactured the Cinch, Combination Junior, Boy's Junior and Pet. These machines have a raai-ket in every part of the world, and owing to their popularity the export trade is constantly increasing. They are everywhere considered among the most reliable and popular. Some of the makes mentioned have been ridden by champions in prize contests throughout the country. Eastern agents, R. L. Coleman & Co., o5 Barclay street. New York. Windsor Theatre.— 'North. Side, North Clark and Division sts.; sensa- tional. Performances nightly, Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. Wood Bros.— Live stock commission Merchants, Union Stock Yards; established 1867 when the live stock business of this city was comparatively small. There has been a rapid and enormous growth of the live stock trade since that time which they have endeavored to fully keep pace with, by in- creasing their facilities and in every possible way improving their methods of keeping in close touch with the feeding and shipping industries, and by sound advice and expert handling of consignments have built up probably the largest live stock commission business done by any firm in the United States. The firm's business is systematically organized into different departments, so that every class of stock has a special expert salesman to give it attention, and whether stock arrives during the day or night is met at the chutes where they are unloaded and promptly taken in charge. ^o' \ V.2-. vv4 %^'^^^\ ^'i^' W. C. RITCHIE. P. C. SWETT. W. E. RITCHIE. T L. SMEDES. W. G. RITCHIE & GOMfflNY, MANUFACTURERS OF IPaper Boxes ass Paper Cans ESTABLISHED isea. IFactoru: &. W. 6or. Green and Van Buren Sts., CHICAQO. In our factory recently built at the corner of Green iand Van Buren Streets we have greatly increased our facilities for the manufacture of everything in our line. We make a specialty of High Grades of Small Boxes Used by the Jewelry and Drug Trade, and of Fine Finished and Attractive Boxes for the Bet- ter Class of Confectionery Trade. We have added to our capacities for turning out our Specialties in Round Work, such as Paper Cans, Axle Grease Boxes, Mailing Cylinders, etc. In the general line of paper boxes, such as Shoe Boxes, Candy Boxes, Neckwear Boxes, Shirt Boxes, Soap Boxes, Millinery Boxes, Suit and Cloak Boxes, etc., we are ready, as we have always been, for all comers. We will gladly furnish estimates at lowest prices in any line of paper boxes. By our increased room and enlarged capacities we can hold out Special Inducements to Large Con- sumers, and can guarantee that all orders will be exe- cuted with promptness. TELEPHONE: "WEST '' 661 THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 311 Wood Bros, handle stock from every section of the country that forwards to this market and are thoroug-hly posteo on the supply and demand for every particular grade and class. The position they hold in the trade has been slowly gained by many years of hard work and close attention to details, and their experience should certainly be of value to parties having live stock to sell. Wrought Iron Bridge Co.— Works at Canton Ohio ; A. B . Abbott, presi- dent; E. J. Landor, vice-president and engineer; F. M. Wyant, secretary ad treasurer; W. P. Hall, superintendent. One of the leading' manufac- turing concerns of the country. Metallic structures and High Way bridges are made a specialty. This company has from time to time undertaken and carried through some of the greatest public works of the country. Zoological Gardens.— The great Zoological gardens of Chicago are located in Lincoln Park, just north of the main pond. These gardens have grown in importance and popularity wounderfuUy of late years. Wild animals, birds, reptiles, rare animals, etc., may be seen here, free of cost. It requires about two hours to walk through the gardens and examine the various attractions carefully. There are Zoological gardens also at Washington park, but on a smaller scale. 812 HAND-BOOK OF PART XII. DEDICATION OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION OCTOBER 13, 1892-TURx\ING THE BUILDINGS OVER TO THE PRESIDENT —THE "PROCESSION OP CENTURIES " — FIREWORKS-GREAT CHORUS-MILITARY DISPLAY-PRICES OF ADMISSION, ETC. The Exposition buildings, as required by Act of Congress, will be dedi- cated "with appropriate ceieraonies," on October 12, 1892, the 400th anni- versary of the discovery of America by Columbus. The exercises will occupy three days, beginning on the 11th and closing on the 13th with a grand dedication ball. The Committee having the matter in charge planned to make the ceremonies most impressive in character. Something like $300,000 was appx'opriated to secure this end. The President of the United States and his Cabinet, the Senate and House of Representatives, the Governors of the several States with their staffs, and representatives of i 11 foreign nations were invited to be present. The mobilization of 10,000 militia and several thousand regulars was planned, as is also an imposing civic and industrial display. In the evenings there will be a magnificent display of fireworks, and in the Park waterways a pageant of symbohcal floats, representing the "Procession of the Centuries." There Avill be heard then the magnificent chorus of 30,000 voices, which will probably never afterward be gotten together. There will be read at that time the Colum- bian ode, written by Chicago's young poet, Miss HaiTiet Monroe. Oratious specially prepared by President Harrison, the director-general, and the presiding officers of the fair directory and the national commission, by Congressman Breckinridge, of Kentucky, and others will be heard for the first and last time. Naturally, a great number of persons will come from adjoining states to witness all this magnificence. Estimates by various AVorld's Fair officials on the total number of persons who will be attracted to Chicago by the dedicatory ceremonies range from 300,000 to 500,000. Admission Price.— No admission fee will be charged for entrance to the park to witness the dedicatory ceremonies proper. After their conclu- sion however, the gi'ounds will be cleared and the gates clo.-ed at 5 o'clock P.M. For the night pi-ogram, including the procession of floats and flre- works, an admission fee will be charged. A fee wi 1 also be charged for admission on the llth and 13th of October. The amount has not been fixed. The committee is hesitating between twenty-five and fifty cents. Dedication Bali..— The Joint Committee on ceremonies has decided that if any ball were given it should be under the direction of citizens of THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 313 Chicago, and not the representatives of either the National Commission or the Board of Directors. In pursuance of this idea, and after a full discus- sion of the whole subject, the following resolution was unanimously adopted : Resolved, That we place in the hands of the following named residents of Chicago— Maj. -Gen. Nelson A. Miles, the Hon. Hempstead Washburne, Mayor, Marshall Field, George M. Pullman, and N. K. Fairbank— the matter of giving su^h ball or entertainment,tobe wholly upon behalf of the citizens of Chicago, without regard to the National Commission or local directory, and Avithout expense to either body. The ball will probably be the grandest ever given in this country. It will occur at the Auditorium, or In one of the Exposition buildings. Dedication Day Programme.— Following is the i)rogramme agreed upon for Dedication Day. The first of the three days to be devoted to the festivities: 1. March for orchesti-a. "Written for the occasion by John K. Payne. 2. Prayer by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Brooks, of Massachusetts. 3. Report to the World's Columbian Commission by the Direct r-General. 4. Presentation of the buildings, for dedication, by the President of the World's Fair Columbian Exposition to the President of the World's Colum- bian Commission. 5. Chorus, "The Heavens Are Telling"— Haydn. 6. Presentation of the bu Idings. for dedication, by the President of World's Columbian Commission to the President of the United States. 7. Mai'ch and chorus from "The Ruins of Athens"— Beethoven. 8. Dedicat on of the bu.ldmgs by the President of the United States. 9. Hallelujah chorus from the Messiah— Handel. 10. Dedicatory Oration by the Hon. William C. P. Breckinridge, of Ken- tucky. 11. Dedicatory Ode. Words by Miss Harriet Monroe; music by E. A. McDowell. 12. "Star-Spangled-Banner" and "America,'' with full chorus and orches- tral accompaniment. 13. National salute. Dedication of the Buildings, Etc.— In the dedicatory exercises on the 12th, the completed buildings will be tendered by the President of the Ex- pos tion to the National Commission. President T W. Palmer will accept them on behalf of that body and will at once present them to the President of the United States, who will fittingly respond. The dedicatory oration will follow. Much attention was given to the musical portion of the pro- gramme. This Avill include the dedicatory ode and orchestra marches writ- ten for the occasion. These and other numbers, including "America" and "Star-Spangled Banner," will be rendered with full choral and orchestral accompaniment. In April, 1893, a grand international naval review, prel mina^y to the opening of the Exposition, as provided for by Act of Congress, will be held in New York tiarbor. Fire-Works.— For a consideration of $25,000 Mr. James Payn, of London, will give a display of fire-works at the dedicatory ceremonies, that will excel in magnificence anything of the kind ever attempted. There will be three displays on as many nights. The first night's progTamme includes a salute of 100 aerial maroons, four and one-half inches in diameter, fired from iron mortars. Following this will be a grand device, representing Chicago's welcome to all the nations of the earth. Then will come Colum- bus and his departure from Spain, and a floating star-spangled banner, which will remain in the air for hours. 314 HAND-BOOK OF On the second night a grand device in honor of the army and navy will be given. A scene from the battle of Lake Erie has been selected. Aftei this will be shown a prismatic fountain, a reproduction of the Capitol at Washington and many other equally striking and beautiful pictures. On the third night will be shown a reproduction of the facade of the Administration building and devices showing the portraits of the Exposi- tion officials. The grand display will close with an illumination of the entire Lake Front from Van Buren street to Jackson Park, together with the lagoons and the canal with a crowning device representing the Goddess of Peace surrounded by Science, Art and Litei^ature, with glimpses of the Brooklyn bridge, the Eiffel Tower and other famous structures. Military Display.— Fifteen thousand troops at least, with all the crack artillery companies in the country, will be present for the week of the World's Fair dedicatory ceremonies. The display of troops is to be par- ticularly im pressive, and there will be the greatest display of artillery here at that time ever brought together in one place in the United States since the close of the Civil War. Ohio will send 1,000 men, Indiana 500, Illinois 3,000, Missouri 500, Iowa 500, Minnesota 500, Wisconsla 1,000, Michigan 1,000. This makes a total of 8,5i'0 troops specially invited. In addition there will be 5,000 regulars of the United States army. The encampment will last from Oc^ 11 to Oct. 14 inclusive. The Exposi- tion management will furnish quarters and subsistence during the encamp- ment. Beyond the number of men of the National Guard of ihe United States army indicated, it is expected that the Governors of many of the States will be accompanied by their guards. Artillery companies and regiments are ex- pected from Colorado, Louisiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and other States where prominence has been given to artillery companies. The entire cost of the encampment is estima ed at $30,000. The reasons for inviting the Governors of the States adjoining or near to Illinois to send the specified allotment ot" troops was because of their proximity. In the summer of 1893 there will be another encampment, when it is expected that troops from a distance will be present. Gen. Nelson A. Miles will have charge of the military display. Procession op Centuries —After months of deliberation the joint com- mittee representing the National Commission and Board of Directors adopted twenty-four floats, which will form the procession of centuries. These floats will be drawn around through the canals and lagoons of Jack- son Park on dedication night. They are to be built at an average expense of $3,800 each, or a total cost of $91,200, Following is the list of floats: 1. The Stone Age : representing the cliff-dweliers and the Toltecs. 3. The Bronze Age; representing the Az:ecs and the mound-builders. 3. The Aboriginal Age; representing the American Indians. 4. Columbus at the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella. 5. Departure of Columbus from Palos. 6. The discovery of America. 7. Columbus before the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella presenting na- tives and the strange products of the new country. 8. English Cavaliers and the Settlement of Jamestown. 9. Hendrick Hudson; Discovery of the Hudson River; Dutch Settlement at New Amsterdam. 10. Landingof the Pilgrims. IL. Illustration of early Puritan Life. 13. Ferdinand de Soto; Discovery of the Mississippi 13. Pere Marquette, Chevalier La Salle, and the Northwest. 11:. Washington and his Generals. 15. Signing the Declaration of Independence. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 315 16. Union of the Colonies; the thirteen original States; the sisterhood of the great Republic; welcoming the Territories t ) the constellation of States. 17. "Westward the course of empire lakesits way.'' 18. The genius of invention: application of steam, etc. 19. Electricity and electric appliances. 20. War; representing valor, sacrifice, power, death, devastation. 21. Peace; representing tranquility, securitj^ prosperity, h ppiness. 23. Agriculture. 23. Science, art and literature. 24. Universal freedom of man; equal rights; law and justice; liberty en- lightening the world. Special, Trains From New York,— It is proposed to run from iVew York to Chicago, at th^ time of the dedication of the Exposition buildings, ten special trains, ten minutes apart, each train to have elaborate decorations an I music. It is believed that fulb'^ 5,000 people will want to make the trip. It is the intention to have in New York, both preceding and succeedmg this triumphal procession, imposing ceremonies of a commemo ative character. These include a civic and industrial pageant rep esent ng modern progress, a street pageant representing the landing of Columbus and historic scenes from his life, unveiling of a Columt.us statue in Central Park, a grand ban- quet and choral festival. Prominent citizens of New York, mcluding mem- bers of Spanish and Italian societies, are perfecting the plans. 316 HAND-BOOK OP PAET XIII. APPENDIX. Rules and Regulations, World's Columbian Exposition. Rule 1. Exhibitors will not be charged tor space A limited amount of power will be supplied g-ratuitously. This amount will be settled definitely at the timj space is allitted. Power in excess of that allotted gratuitously will be furnished by the Exposnion at a fixed pi'ice. Demands for such caccss must be made before the allotment of spece. Rule 3. Any sing-le piece or section of any exhibit of greater weight than 3.)/ 00 pounds will not be accepted if machinery is required for its in^tidlation. Rule 3. Exhibitors must provide at their own expense, all show-cases, cabinets, shelving, counters, fittings, etc., which thej^ may require, and all counter-shafts, pulleys, belting, etc., for the transmission of power from tlie main shafts. Rule 4. Exhibitors will be confined to such exhibits as are specified in their applications. When the allotment of space is definitely made, exhib- itors wi 1 be notified of their allotment of space and its location, and will be furnished with a permit to occupy the same, subject to the general rules and regulations adopted for the government of the Expos tion and the special rules governing the Department m which their exhibits will be made. Permits for space will not be tr .nsf erable. Rule 5. Speci il rules will be issued governing each Department and the sale of articles within the buildings or on the grounds, but no articles shall be sold for removal previous to the close of the Exposition, unless a con- cession or privilege for the same has been grante 1 by the Committee on Ways and Means. "Privileges" refer to the sale of such goods as are manufactured in order to illustrate a machine or process exhibited. " Con- cessions refer to the sale of all goods and operation of attractions f i om Avhich the securing of revenue is the s">le object of the lessees. The removal of exhibits will not be permitted prior to the close of the Exposition Rule 6. Decorations, signs, dimensions of cabinets, shelving, counters, etc., and the arrangement of exhibits must conform to the general plan adopted by the Director-General. Rule 7. Reasonable precautions will be taken for the preservation of exhibits, but the World's Columbian Exposition will not be responsible for any damage to, or for the loss or destruction of an exhibit resulting from any cause. Rule 8. All packages containing exhibits intended for the several Departments must be addressed to the " Director-General, World's Colum- bian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A." In addition, the following infor- mation must be written on the outside of each package : (a) Department in which exhibit is to be installed, (h) The State or Territory from which the package comes, 'c) The name and address of the exhibitor, (d) The number of the permit for space, (e) Total number of packages sent by the same exhibitor. The serial number must be marked on each package and a list of the contents enclosed in each package. Freight must be prepaid Rule 9. Favorable terms will be arranged by which exhibitors may I THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 317 insure their own goods. Exhibitors raaA'^ employ watchmen of their own choice to guard their goods during- the hours the Exposition is open to the public. Such watchmen will be subject to the rules and regulations gov- erning the employes of the Exposition ; but no exhibitor will be permitted to employ attendants or assistants for service in any building, except upon the written consent of the ( hief of the Department. Rule 10. The expense of transporting,receiving, unpacking and arrang- ing exhibits, as well as their removal at the close of the Exposition, shall be paid by the exhibitor. Rule 11. If no authorized person is at hand to take charge of exhibits within a reasonable time after ari-ival at the Exposition buildings, they will be removed and stored at the cost and risk of whomsoever it may con- cern. Rule 13. The installation of heavy ' articles requiring foundations should, by special arrangement with the Chief of Construction, begin as soon as the vrogress of the work on the buildings will permit. The general reception of articles at the Exposition buildings will commence November 1st, 1892, and no article will be admitted after April 10th, 1893. Space not taken possession of April 1st, 1893, will revert to the Director-General for re-assignment. Rule 13. If exhibits are intended for competition it must be so stated by the exhibitor, or they will be excluded from examination for award. Rule 14. The Chief of each Department will provide cards of vinif orra size rid character, which may be affixed to exhibits, and on which will be stated only the exhibitor's name and address, the name of the objector article exhibited, and its catalogue number. Rule 15. Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also patent medicines, nostrums and empirical preparations whose ingredients are concealed, will not be admitted to the Exposition. Rule 16. Exhibitors' business cards and brief descriptive circulars, only, may be placed within such exhibitor's sp ce for distribution. The right is reserved to restrict or discontinue this privilege whenever it is car- ried to excess, or becomes an annoyance to visitors. Rule 17. The chief of each Department, with the approval of the Director-General, has the power to order the removal of any article he may consider dangerou-, detrimental to, or incompatible with the object or decorum of the Exposition, or the comfort and safety of the public. Rule 18. Exh bitors will be held responsible for the cleanliness of their exhibits and the spate surroundi' g the same. All exhibits must be in com- plete order each day, .• t least thirty minutes before the hour of opening. No work of this character will be permitted during the hours the build'ng is open to the public. In case of failure on the part of any exhibitor to observe this rule, the chief of the Department may adopt such means to enforce the same as circumstances may suggest. Rule 19 Sketches, Drawings, Photographs or other reproductions of articles exhibited will only be allowed on the joint assent of the exhibitor and the Di ector-General ; but general views of portions of the interiors of the buildings may be made on the approval of the Committee on Ways and Means. Rule 20. Immediately after the close of the Exposition exhibitors must remove their effects, and complete such removal before January 1, 1894. Goods then remaining will r.e removed and disposed of under the direction of the World's Columbian Exposition. Rule 21. An official catalogue will be published in English, French, German and Spanish. The sale of catalogues is reserved exclusivelj^ by the Exposition Company Rule 22. Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby agrees to con- 318 HAND-BOOK OF form strictly to the rules and regulations established for the government of the Exposition. Rule 23. Communications concerning applications for space, and nego- tiations relative thereto, should be addressed to the "Director-General, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A." Rule 24. The management reserves the right to construe, amend or add to all rules and regulations whenever it maybe deemed necessary for the interests of the Exposition. (Signed) GEORGE R. DAVIS, Director-General. World''s Columbian Exposition Management. The World's Columbian Exposition is conducted undej' a joint adminis- tration consisting of what is known as "The National Commission" and "The Local Board." From these two organizations is also chosen, aside from the executive officers, what is known as "The Board of Reference and Control," to which is submitted questions arising in either of the governing Boards, for adjustment or final settlement. The affairs of the Local Board are conducted by committees. The affairs of the Exposition management, proper, are conducted by Bureaus, each Bureau having a chief. Hei-ewith is presented a full directory of the Exposition organiza- tion, National, Local, Executive, etc. Local Board. Headquarters, Rand-McNally Building, Adams, near LaSalle St. Directory.— Wm. T. Baker, C. K. G.Billings, Thos. B. Bryan,Edward B. Butler, Benjamin Butterworth, Isaac N. Camp, William J. Chalmex^s, Robert C. Clowry, Charles H. Chappeil, George R. Davis, Arthur Dixon, James W. Ellsworth, George P. Engelhard, Lyman J. Gage, Charles Henrotin, H. N. Higinbotham, Charles L. Hutchinson, Elbridge G. Keith, William D. Kerfoot, William P. Ketchem, Milton W. Kirk, Edward F. Lawrence, Thies J. Lefens, Andrew McNally, Adolph Nathan, Robert Nelson, John J. P. Odell, Ferd W. Peck, Eugene S. Pike, Washington Porter, Alexander H. Revell, Edward P. Ripley, A. M. Rothschild, George Schneider, Charles H. Schwab, Paul O. Stensland, Henry B. Stone, Chas. H. Wacker, Edwin Walker, Robert A. Waller, Hempstead Washburne, John C. Welling, Frederick S. Winston, G. H, Wheeler, Charles T. Yerkes. Officers.— President, W. T. Baker; First Vice-president, Harlow N. Higinbotham; Secretary, H . O . Edmunds; Solicitor, W. K, Carlyle; Treas- urer, A. F. Seeberger; Auditor, W. K. Ackerman; Commissoner-at-Large, Thomas B. Bryan. Executive Committee.— William T. Baker, Thomas B. Bryan, Pof^er Palmer, Ferdinand W. Peck, W. D. Kerfoot, Edwin Walker, A. H. Revell, Chas. H. Schwab, Charles, L. Hutchinson, Robert C. Clowry, Robert A. Waller, Lyman J. Gage, Harlow N. Higinbotham, John J. P. Odell, Martin A. Ryerson. Finance.- Ferd. W. Peck, chairman; E. G. Keith, Lyman J. Gage, John J. P. Odell, Harlow N. Higinbotham. Grounds and Buildings.— Henry B. Stone, chairman; Lyman J. Gage, William P. Ketcham, Charles H. Schwab, Robert C. Clowry, Edward F. Lawrence, Eugene S. Pike. Legislation.— Edwin Walker, chairman; Frederick S. Winston, Benjamin Butterworth, Ferd. W. Peck, Arthur Dixon. Agriculture.— WiUiamD. Kerfoot, chairman; Thies J. Lefens, George Schneider, Isaac N . Camp, Washington Porter. Mines, Mining and Forestry.— Charles H. Schwab, chairman; Wm. J. Chalmers, John C. Welling, Robert Nelson, Arthur Dixon. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 319 Press and Printixg. — A. H. Revell, chairman; Benjamin Butterworth, Milton W. Kirk, Edward B. Butler, George Schneider. Transportation.— E. P. Ripley, chairman; H. B. Stone, John C. Wel- ling, Charles H. Chappell, G. H. Wheeler. Fine Arts.— Charles L. Hutchinson, chairman; James W. Ellswoi'th, Charles T. Yerkes, E. G. Keith, Eugene S. Pike. Liberal Arts.— James W. Ellsworth, chairman; Isaac N. Camp, Alexander H. Revell, Robert A. Waller, George P. Engelhard. Electricity, Electrical and Pneumatical Appliances.— Robei-t. C. Clowry, chairman; Charles H. Wacker, Robert Nelson, C. K. G. Billings, Charh s L. Hutchinson. Manufactures and Machinery.— John J. P. Odell, chairman; Andrew McNally, Adolph Nathan, A. M. Rotbschild, Paul O. Stensland. Ways and Means.— Harlow N. Higinbotham, chairman; Edward B. Butler, Adolph Nathan, Edward F. Lawrence, Charles H. Wacker, W. J. Chalmers, Robert A. Waller. W. D. Kerfoot, George Schneider, Edward P. Ripley, Milton W. Kirk, Andrew McNally, Washington Porter. Foreign Exhibits.— T. J. Lef ens, chairman; James W. Ellsworth, Har- low N. Higinbotham, CharlesH. Wacker, Charles Henrotin. Special Committee on Ceremonies.— Edward F. Lawrence, chairman; James W. Ellsworth, Charles T. Yerkes, CharlesH. Schwab, Alexander H. Revell, Charles H. Wackei-, William D. Kerfoot, Charles Henrotin. WoyicVs Columhian Commission. Headquarters, Rand & McNally Building. Officers : Presideat, Thomas W. Palmer, Detroit, Mich., Room 417, Raiid & McNally Building, Chicago; secretary, John T. Dickinson, Austin, Texas, Room 415, Rand & McNally Building, Chicago ; president of the board of lady managers, Mi's. Potter Palmer, Room 409, Rand & McNally Building, Chicago ; secretary of the board of lady managers, INfrs. Su^an G. Cooke, Room 409, Rand & McNally Buiding, Chicago ; director-general, George R. Davis, Room 404, Rand & McNally Building, Chicago. Board of Reference and Control —Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan, president; James A. McKenzie, of Kentucky, vice-chairman Excutive Committee; George V. IMassey, of Delawai^e; William Lindsay, of Kentucky; M . H de Young, of California ; Thomas M. Waller, of Connecticut ; Elijah B. Martindale, of Indiana ; J. W. St. Clair, of West Virginia. Commissioners.— The World's Columbian Commission consists of "eight commissioners at large" ana eight alternates appointed by the president of the L^nited States, and two Commissioners and two alternates trom each of the States and Territories, appointed by the governors of States, and two commissioners and two alternates from the District of Columbia, appointed by the President of the United States. These commissionei's are selected equally from each of the two great political parties of the country. Boards, Bureaus, Departments, Etc. Executive Department. —Headquarters Rand & McNally building. George R. Davis, director-general. Office No. 404. Department A.— Agriculture, food and food products, farming, machinery and appliances, W. I. Buchanan, chief. Department B.— Horticulture, J. M. Samuels, chief; floricultural divi- sion, John Thorp, chief. Department C— Live Stock, domestic and wild animals, E. W. Cotterell, chief. Department D.— Fish, fisheries, fish products and apparatus for fishing, J. W. Collins, chief. Department E.— Mines, mining and metallurgy, Frederick J. V. Skiff, chief. 320 HAND-BOOK OF Department F. — Machinery, L. W. Robinson, chief. Department G.— Transportation exhibits, railways, vessels and vehicles, Willard A. Smith, chief. Department H.— Manufactures, J. M. Allison, chief. Department J.— Electricity and electrical appliances, J. P. Barrett, chief. Department K.— Fine arts, pictorial, plastic and decorative. Hi ^'sey C. Ives, chief. Department L.— Liberal arts, education, engineering, public works architecture, music and the drama, S. H. Peabody, chief. Department M.— Ethnology, archgeology, progress of labor and inven- tion, isolated and collective exhioits, F. W. Putman, chief. Department N.— Forestry and forest products, Thomas B. Keogh, act- ing chief. Department O.— Publicity and promotion, Moses P. Handy, chief. Department P.— Foreign affairs, Walker Fearn, chief; secretary of installation, Joseph Hirst. Bureau op Construction.— D. H. Burnham, chief; A. Gotlieb, chiff engineer; F. L. Olmsted & Co., land:5cape architects. Ofllces, No. 1143 Rookery building. Board of Architects.— By recommendation of the committee on grounds and buildings, approved by the Board of Directors at its meeting of Jan- uary 9, 1891, the following architects were constituted a board to decide, m conference with the chief of construction, upon the preliminary problems in arrangement and grouping of buildings and their architecture submitted to them: Robert M. Hunt, of New York; W. L. Jenny, of Chicago; McKim, Mead & White, cf New York; Adler & Sullivan, of Chicago; George B. Post, of New York; Henry Ives Cobb, of Chicago; Peabody & Stearns, of Boston; S. S. Beman, of Chicago, and Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City. The general arrangement and harmony of the buildings which promise to be among the most attractive features of the Exposition were decided upon by the chief and staff and the board, and the designs of the proposed buildings of the Exposition were allotted among the architects by the chief of construction as follows: Robert M. Hun^", Administration huilding; W. L. B. Jenny, Horticulture huilding; McKim, Mead & White, Agricvltural huilding; Adler & Sullivan, Transportation huilding; George B. Post, Manu- factures huilding; Henry Ives Cobb, Fisheries huilding; Burlmg & White- house, Casino and Entrances; Peabody & Stearns, Machinery huilding; S. S. Beman, Mines and Mining huilding; Van Brunt & Howe, Electricity huild- ing. Medical Bureau.— The Medical Bureau of the World's Columbian Expo- sition is constituted as follows : John E. Owens, M. D., medical director; W. H. Allport, M. D., assistant surgeon; Morton R. Yeager, M. D., assistant surgeon. Board of Control and Management of the United States Government Exhihit.— Hon. 'Edwin Will ts, chairman ; Sevellon A. Brown, chief clerk of the department of State, to represent that department; Allured B. Nettleton, assistant secretary of the treasury, to represent the treasury de- partment; Major Clifton Comly, U. S. A., to represent the war department. Captain R. W. Meade, U. S. N.,to represent the navy department; A. D. Hazen, third assistant postmaster general, to represent the post office depart- ment ; Horace A. Taylor, commissioner of railroads, to represent the department of the interior; Elijah C. Foster, general agent of the depart- ment of justice, to represent that department ; Edwin Willits, assistant secretary of agriculture, to represent the department of agriculture; Dr. G. Brown Goode, assistant secretary Smithsonian Institution, to re- present that institution and the national museum ; J. W. Collins, assistant- TllR world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 321 in-charge division of fisheries, to represent the United States fish commis- sion. BoardofLady Managers —Headquarters, Rand-McNally building-, Adams St., near La Salle. President, Mrs. ± otter Palmer, of Chicago; first vice- president, Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, of New York; second vice-president, Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh, of Maine ; third vice-president, Mrs. Charles Pi ice, of North Carolina ; fourth vice-president, Miss Katherine L. Minor,of Louisi- ana ; fifth vice-president, Mrs. Beri.h Wilkins, of the District of Columbia; sixth vice-president, Mrs. Susan R. Ashley, of Colorado ; seventh vice-presi- dent, Mrs. Flora Beall Gintj% of Wisconsin; eighth vice-president, Mrs. Margaret Blaine Salisbury, of Utah; vice-president-at-large, Mr^". Russell B. Harrison, of Montana; vice-chairman executive committee, Mrs. Vir- ginia C. Meredith, of Indiana ; secretary, Mrs. Susan G. Cooke, of Tennessee. There are eight lady managers and eight alternate Indy managers ap- pointed by the commissioners at large, two lady managers and two alternate lady managers appointed by the governors of each of the States and Terri- tories ; two lady managers and two alternate lady managers appointed by the President of the United States from the District of Columbia, and nine lady managers and nine alternate lady managers appointed by the hresi- dent of the United States from Chicago, the names and addresses of whom areas follows: Lady managers, Mrs. Bertha M. Honore Palmer, Lake Shore Drive; Mrs. Solomon Thatcher, Jr., River Fore t ; Mrs. Jennie San- ford Lewis, 1450 Michigan ave.; Mrs. James A. Mulligan, 3,0liU Praiiie ave. ; Francis Dickinson, M. D . , 70 State st . ; Mrs. M. R . M. Wallace, 38 7 Michigan ave. ; Mrs. Myra Bradwell, 1428 Michigan ave. ; Mrs. James R. Doolittle, Jr., 24 Groveland Park ; Mrs. Matilda B. Carse, 145 Ashland boul. Lady al- terna es: Miss Sara T. Hallowed, Palmer House ; Mrs. George L. Dunlap, 3:^8 Dearborn ave ; Mrs. L Brace Shattuck, 5300 Woodiawn ave.; Mrs. Annie C. Meyers, f 56 Monroe St. ; Martha H. Ten Ej'ck, 5704 Madison ave. Mrs. Margaret Isabelle Sandes, Ravenswood, 111. ; Mrs. Leander Stone, SS52 Indiana ave. ; Mrs. Gen. A. L. Chetlain 543 N. State St. ; Frances E. Willard, Evanston.Ill. Wo7-ld's Congress Auxiliary.— The World's Congress Auxiliary is an authorized adjunct of the World's Fair, and aims to supplement the Exposi- tion which that will make of the material progress of the world by a por- trayal of the " wonderful achievements of the new age in science, literature, education, government, jurisprudence, morals, charity, religion and other departments of human activity, as the most effective means of increasing the fraternity, progress, prosperity and peace of mankind." Virtually it will be a series of congresses at which the greatest thinkers of the world will discuss questions of universal impojtance. The officers are: President, Charles C. Bonney; vice-president, Thomas B. Bryan; treasurer, Lyman J. Gage; secrets rj', Benjamin Butterworth. Headquarters, Rand-McNally building, Adams street, near La Salle. Division of Work.— The work of the World's Congress is divided as follows : 1. General Departments . 2. Divisions of such Departments. 3. Chapters of such Divisions . 4. Sections of such Chapters . I. Department of Agriculture.— Benjamin Butterworth, general chairman. General Divisions: 1. General Farm Culture— Mr. Samuel Alierton. chairman. 2. Cereal Industry— Chairman not yet announced. 3. Animal Industry— Ex-Gov. W. D. Hoard, chairman. 4. Horticulture- Mr. J. C. Vaughn, chairman. 5. Agricultural Organizations— Mr. Milton George, chairman. 6. Agricultural Education and Experiment— Prof. 322 HAND-BOOK OF Geo. E. Morrow, chairman. 7. Governmental Departments of Agriculture- Chairman not yet announced II. Department of Art.— Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson, g-eneral chair- man. General Divisions : 1 Architecture— Mr. Daniel H. Burnham, chair- man. 2. Painting— Mr, O. D. Grover, chairman. 3. Sculpture— Mr. Lorado Taft, chairman . 4. Decorative Art— Mr. L. J. Millet, chairman. 5. Photo- graphic Art— Hon. James B. Bradwell, chairman. 6. Illustrative Art— Not yet organized. III. Department of Commerce and Finance.— Pres. Lyman J. Gage, general chairman. General Divisions: 1. Banking and Finance— Pres Lyman J. Gage, chairman. 2. Boards of Trade— Pres. William T. Baker, chairman. 3. Stocks and Bonds— Mr. Charles Henrotin, chairman. 4. Water Commerce— Hon. John C. Dore, chairman. 5. Railway Commerce —Mr. George R. Blanchard, chairman. 6. Insurance— Gen. Robe t J. Smith, chairman. The Division of Insuarnce is divided into the follow ng chapters: 1. Fire Insurance— Gen. Robert J.Smith, chairman. 2. Marine Insurance— Capt. Wiley M. Egan, chairman. 3. Life and Accident Insur- ance, with Sections for Mutual Benefit Associations and Kindred Organiza- tions — Mr. John H. Nolan, chairman. 4. Insurance Specialties— Not yet organized. 1 V. Department of Education.— Hon. and Rt. Rev. Samuel Fallows, general chairman. General divisions : 1. Higher education, including uni- versity extension; Pres. William R. Harper, chairman. 2. Public instruction. Dr. Samuel Fallows, chairman. 3. Music in public schools ; Dr. George F. Root, chairman. 4. Instruction of the deaf and dumb ; Dr. Philip G. Gillett, chairman, b. Instruction of the blind ; Dr. Frank Hall, chairman. 6. Instruction of the feeble minded; Dr. W. 1?. Fish, chairman. 7. Manual and art training schools; Dr. Henry H. Belfleld, chairman. «. Commercial and business colleges, etc.; Principal Henry B. Bryant, chairman. 9. Kindergarten education (see woman's branch committees) . 10. Domestic and Economic Education (see woman's branch committees), il. Agricultural education; Prof. G. E. Morrow, chairman. V4. Educational authors and publishers; not yet appointed. 13. Youth's school delegate congress; Sup't Leslie Lewis, chairman. V. Department of Engineering —Mr. E. L. Corthell, general chair- man. General divisions : 1. Civil engineering 2. Mech nical engineering. 3 Mining engineering. 4. Metallurgical engineering. 5. Electrical engi- neering. 6. Milita y engineering. 7. Marine and naval engineering. Note. —The division committees of this department have not yet been appointed. All are at present represen ed by the general committee. VI. Department of Government.- (Under the general direction of the President.) General Divisions : 1. Law reform, includingin-ernational law and the administration of justice— Pres. Henry Wade Rogei's, chair- man. 2. Political and economic reform— Hon. Thos. W. Palmer, chairman. 3. City government— Hon. Walter Q . Gresham, chairman. 4. Executive administration— Gov. Joseph W. Fifer, chairman. 5. Intellectual property — Hon. John M. Thacher, chairman. 6 Arbitration and peace— Hon. Thos. B. Bryan, chairman. VII. Department of Literature.— Dr. William F. Poole, general chairman. General divisions: 1. Libraries— Librarian, F. H. Hild, cha rman. 2. History and historical societies— Dr. Wm. F. Poole, chairman, 3. Philol- ogy and literary archfeology —Mr. Wm. Morton Payne, chairman. 4. Authors and imaginative literature— Mr. Fi-ancis F. Browne, chairman. VIII. Department op Labor.— Mr. Walter Thnmas Mills, M, A., gen- eral chairman. General divi'^ions: 1. Historic development of labor, 2. Labor organizations. 3. Coniiicts of la^or and capital. 4. Labor econom- ics and legislation. 5. AVoman : her industrial condition and economic CI, I < ^° aC a o O ' O •a w u "So o U ^ Q r?C5 4) CU c w ■n A * Tames B. Goodman, Secretary. Phiietls Sawvek, President. jamus jj. vj , Eocr. P S.WV.; V,ce-Preside«. W.,. O. Goon.,.., Treasurer. SAWYER-GOODMAN GO. Lumber Manufacturers and Dealers Lumber and Shingle Mills at Menekaune, Wis. MOUTH OF THE MENOMINEE RIVER, Wholesale Yards, 500 Lumber Street, Chicago. The situation of our Chicago Yards enables us to make very PROMPT SHIPMENTS over any road connected with rail- road system of Chicago. We desire to call special attention to SHINGLES of our own manufacture. The grades are uni- formely good, and deservedly enjoy a high reputation. A large proportion of our stock is always in excellent shape for pound shipments. We now have in pile a large and finely assorted stock of DRY LUMBER, which we offer the trade at market rates We have NO SPECIALTIES, and aim to furnish any- , thing and everything usually handled by Lumber Dealers. General Office, 107 Dearborn Street, Chicago. Menominee River Pme Lands and Stumpage for Sale. THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 3'23 dependence; social theories and experiments ; child labor, etc. 6. Educa- tion, public opinion and progress. IX Department of Medicine . — (Under the general direction of the president ) General Divisions: 1. General medicine and surg-ery. Dr. Nathan Smith Davis, chairman. 2. Homeopathy, Dr. J. S. Mitchell, chair- man. 3. Public health, Dr. John H. Rauch, chairman. 4. Dentistry, Dr. J. S Marshall, chairman. 5. Pharmacy, Prof. Oscar Oldberg, chairman. 6. Medical jurisprudence, Dr. Marshall D. Ewell, chairman. X. Department of Moral, and Social Reform— Pres. John G. Shortall, general chairman. General divisions: 1. Philanthrophy. 2. Pre- vention. 'S. Charity. 4. Reform. XI. Department of Music— Director Theodore Thomas, general chairman. General divisions: 1. Orchestral art, Mr. Theodore Thomas, chairman. 2. Choral music and training, Mr. William L. Tomlins, chairman. 3. Songs of the people. Dr. George F. Root, chairman. 4. Organ and church music, Mr. Clarence Eddy, chairman. 5. Musical art and literature, Mr.W S. B. Mathews. 6. Musical criticism and history, Mr George P. Upton, chairman. 7. Opera houses and music hails, Mr. Ferd W. Peck, chairman. XII. Department of the Public Press.— Mr. WiLiam Penn Nixon, general chairman. General divisions: 1. The daily press. 2 . Weeklies and magazines. 3. The religious press Dr. Simeon Gi bert, chairman. XIII. Department of Religion.— Rev. Dr. John Henry Barrows, gen- eral chairman. General divisions (deoominational): 1. Bapii>t, Rev. Dr. P. S. Henson, chairman. 2. Catholic, His Grace Archbishop P.A.Feehan, chairman. 3. Congregational, Rev. Dr. F. A. Noble, chairman. 4. Christian, Rev. John W. Alien, chairman. 5. Evange.ical Association < f North America, Bishop J. J. Esher, chairman. 6. Evangelical Church of North America, not ready for announcement. 7. Friends. Mr. J. W. Plummer, chairman. 8. Jews, Rabbi E. G. Hii-sch, chairman. 9. Lu'heran Geceral Council, Rev. M. C. Ranseen chairman. 10. Lutheran General Synod, Rev. L. M. Heilman, chairman. 11. Lutheran Synodical Conference, R^v. Louis Hoelter, chair- man. 12. Methodist Episcopal, Rt. Rev. Bishop S. M. Merrill, chairman. 13. New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian), Rev. L. P. Mercer, chairman. 14. Presby- terian, Rev. D . John Henry Barrows, chairman. 15. Protestant Episcopal, Rt. Rev. Bishop Wm. E. McLaren, chairman. 16. Reformed Church of North America, Rev. A. Heinemann, chairman. 17. Reformed Church of America (Dutch), Rev. W. H. Williamson, chairman. 18. Reformed Ep sco- pal, Rt. Rev. Bishop Charles E. Cheney, chairman. 19. Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenant in North America, Rev. Andrew Hallner, chairman. 20. United Bi'ethren, Bishop E. B. Kephart, chairman. 21. Unitarian, Rev. Jenkins Lloyd Jones, chairman. 22. Universalist, Rev. Dr. A. J. Canfield, chairman. 23. Missions. Rev. Walter Manning Barrows, chairman 24. Evangelical Alliance and Kindred Bodies, not ready f r announcement. XIV. Department OF Science and Philosophy.- Dr. R. N.Foster, general chairman. Genei^al divisions: 1. General physics— Dr. Selim H. Peabody, chairman. 2. Mathematics and astronomy— Prof. George W. Hough, chairman. 3. Meteorologj', including terrestn<'l magnetism. Prof. Mark W. Harrington, chairman. 4. Geology— Dr. Joshua Lindahl, chairman. 5. Geography— not yet appointed; 6. chemistry— Prof . John H. Long, chair- man. 7. Electricitj'— Prof . Elisha Gray, chairman. 8. Botany— Prof. Edson S. Bastin, chairman. 9. Zoology -Prof. Stephen A. Forbes, chairman. 10. Microscopy— Regent Thomas J. BurriU, chairman. 11. Anthropology, including ethnology and archaeology— Prof. P. W. Putnam, chairman. 12. Indian ethnology— Col. P. H. Davidson, chairman. 13. African ethnolos-y- Rev. J. E. Roy, chairman. 14. Physical science— Col. JohnC. Bundy, chair- man. 15. Philosophy— Dr. R. N. Foster, chairman. XV. Department of Temperance.— The Most Rev. Archbishop John Ireland, general chairmad. General divisions; 1. Woman's Christian Tem- 324 HAND-BOOK OF perance Union (See Woman's Branch); 2 Catholic Temperance Societies; 3. national Temperance So iety and allied organizations, including the Sous of Temperance, the Good Templars, the Templars of Honor and Temper- ance, the Royal Templars of Temperance, the Non- Partisan W. C. T. U. and other affiliated bodies ; 4. Law and Order Leagues and other law-enforcing organizati ns. XVI. Gfe.NERAi, Department.— (Embracing congresses not otherwise assigned). Sunday Rest Congress. Genet al divisions: 1. Physiological rela- tions of the weekly Rest Day; 2. Economic and business relations of the weekly Rest Day; 3. Governmental and political relations of tne weekly Rest Day; 4. Social and moral relations of the weekly Rest Day; 5, Religious rela- tions (f the weekly Rest Day. The Sunday Rest Congress will be held in the latter part of September, 1893, at thPi close of the religious congresses, and will probably be followed by the congresses of the department of labor. The observance of Sunday for religious reasons may be separately assigned to the department of religion. Advisory Council of the World's Columbian Commission on World's Congresses.— Hon. John W. Woodside, Pennsylvania; Hon. Charles H.Jones, Missouri; Hon. Albert A. Wilson, District of Columbia; Hon. John Boyd Thatcher, Ncav York; Hon. John Bennett, Kentucky; Hon. Frederick G. Bromberg, Alabama; Hon. Orson V. Tousley, Minnesota; Hon. Bradley B. Smalley, Vermont. Committe e op the Directory of the World's Columbian Exposition ON World's Congresses.— Hon. Franklm H. Head, chairman; Mr. Elbridge G. Keith, Mr. James W. Ellsworth. Advisory members of this committee: Dr. Henry Wade Rogers, president Northwestern University; Dr. William R. Harper, president University of Chicago. Board of Lady Managers. Origin.— The Act of Congress creating the World's Columbian Commis- sion, approved by the President of the United States April 25, 1890, author- ized and required the said Commission to appoint "a Board of Lady Man- agers of such number and to perform such duties as may be prescribed by said Commission . " In pursuance of this authority, the World's Columbian Commission directed the appointment, by the president of the Commission, of two lady managers fi'om each State and Territory and the Districtof Columbia, eight managers-at-large, and nine from t;-e city of Chicago, with alternates respectively ; said Board of Lady Managers to be convened at such time and place as the E A ecutive Committee of the World's Columbian Commission should direct, and when so assembled, to organize by the election of a pres- ident and a secretary. Organization.— The Board of Lady Managers, by order of the Executive Committee of ihe National Columbian Commission, approved by the Secre- tary of the Treasury of the United States, met in the city of Chicago, on the 19th of November, 1890, and effected a permanent organization by the election of a president, nine vice-presidents and a secretary. Oncers.— President, Mrs. Potter Palmer, of Chicago ; First Vico-Presi- dent, Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, of New York ; Second Vice-President, Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh, of Maine ; Third Vice-President, Mrs. Charles Price, of North Carolina ; Fourth Vice-President, Miss Katherine L. Minor, of Lou- isiana ; Fifth Vice-President, Mrs. Beriah Wilkins, of the District of Colum- bia ; Sixth Vice-President, Mrs. Susan R. Ashley, of Colorado ; Seventh Vice-President, Mrs. Flora Beal Ginty, of Wisconsin; Eighth Vice-Presi- dent, Mrs. Margaret Blaine Salisbury, of Utah ; Vice-President-at-Large, Mrs. Russell B. Harrison, of Montana: Vice-Chairman Executive Commit- tee, Mrs. Virginia C, Meredith, of Indiana ; fceci-etary, Mrs, Susan G. Cooke, 9f Tennessee THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 325 Powers and Duties.— The Board of Reference and Control of the World's Columbian Commission further defined and fixed the powers and duties of the Board of Lady Managers, and their action was ratified by the Commis- sion at its regular meeting- in April, 1891, by the adoption of resolutions giving to the Woman's Board powers as follows : Authority to appoint a number of the members of all committees to award prizes or premiums for exhit its produced in part or in whole by female labor, in proportion to the amount or percentage of women's work employed in such production. Entire management and control of the Woman's Building. General charge and management of fill the interests of women in con- nection with the Exposition ; the Board of Lady Managers being the recog- nized official "channel of communication through which all womtn or organizations of women may be brought into i elation with the Exposition and through which all applications for space for the use of women or their exhibits in the buildinas shall be made, or for the construction of buildings intended exclusively for women's use ]n the Exposition. And in respect to thessand all similar matters connected with the preparation for and the management of the Exposition, in so far as the same relate to women's work, women's exhibits and women's interests in general, the direction and approval of the Board of Lady Managers, through its President, shall be necessary before final and conclusive action is taken." Thus it will be seen that by the liberal and considerate action of the National Commission, authority necessary to meet any possible contingen- cies in regard to the exhibition of women's work is vested in the Board of Lady Managers. Aims and Objects of Board.— The Board of Lady Managers aims to present a full, complete and exhaustive exhibit of the work of women in domestic 'economies, agriculture, invention, education, manufactures, lit- erature, art and science; to show forth women's attainments in all the in- dustrial, intellectual and moral lines of human endeavor, in all the centuries and in t- 11 the nations. Including her best and grandest work, the reforms an philanthropies which illustrate her ideal and spiritual nature; to set before the people of the earth woman's share in making the history of the world. But their special desire and aim is to set forth a complete and perfect representation of the condition of women in every country of the earth at the present day, and particularly of the women who are wage-earners, whether their work be mental or manual; to portray the legal, political a -^d Industrial status of women the world over. Their purpose is open as the light of day, their scope as wide as the earth. Plans.— At the present stage of the world's existence, when women work with men in so many fields of industry, it is not considered expedient or prac- ticable to have a distinct and separate exhibition of women's work, but the Board of Lady-managers will endeavor by all means possible to it to se- cure full recognition for all female labor, whether it be done by women alone, or done in conjunction with men. In pursuanse of this object the Director-general of the Columbian Exposition has caused to be printed on all entry blanks the question, "Please state what per cent of female labor was employed in the production of this article?" The answer to this question determines whether the Board of Lady- managers is entitled to appoint members on the juries of award for such exhibit and also the number of such members. State Boards.— In many of the states and territories the members of the Woman's Board are officially recognized as members of the State boards or commissions, having thus received both National and State recognition, an adjustment of authority which greatly facilitates their work, An^ 326 HAND-BOOK OF in some of the states other women, fitted by training and capacity for such positions have been added to the State boards whose active co-opera- tion will greatly promote the success of the women's department. And to further expedite the work necessary to make a complete exposi- tion of women's labor the Board of Lady-managers advocates most strongly the appointment of women on all the various boards, associations or com- missions organized or appointed in the several states and territories and the District of Columbia, for the purpose of co-operation with the authorities of the Columbian Exposition. They also urge the importance of such representation of women, by women, in the organizations or societies formed in all foreign countries for similar purposes, and appeal to all women to endeavor to secure such recognition from their governments. Through the personal efforts of the President of the Board, committees of women have been formed to co-operate with the Board of Lady-managers in France, England and Austria. These are presided over by women of the high st rank and of great capability and experience, and are in thorough accord and active sympathy with the objects of the Board. And in the states, territories and count ies where no such boards exist, or where women are not recognized by the government as members of them, the Board recommends the formation of auxiliary associations or societies of women, whose object shall be to devise ways and means to collect, arrange and adequately display all results of women's work in indust- rial, intellectual and moral fields, and to look after the interests of the women of their respective states, territories and countries conjointly with the Board of Lady-managers, in connection with the Columbian Exposition. Classiflcationof ExMlyits.—All applications for space for exhibits by women, or for the construction of buildings for their use must be made through the Board of Lady Managers as before stated, and all exhibits of women's work must be entered under the general c assiflcation of the Co- lumbian Exposition, the twelve departments of which are as follows: A— Agriculture, Forest Products, Forestry, Machinery and appliances. B— Viticulture, Horticulture, Floriculture. C— Live Stock, D'^mestic and Wild Animals. D— Fish, F sheries. Fish Products, and Apparatus for Fish- ing. E— Mines, Mining, and Metallurgy. F— Machinery. G— Transporta- tion: Railways, Vessels, Vehicles. H— Manufactures. J— Electricity. K— Fine Arts: Pictorial, Plastic and Decorative. L— Liberal Arts: Edu- cation, Engineering, Public Works, Architecture, Music and the Drama. M— Ethnology, Archieology, Progress of Labor and Invention, Isolated and Collective Exhibits. These departments are divided into Groups and the Groups sub-divided into Classes. There are 173 Groups and 907 Classes, and while many of the groups and classes are not suited to the requirements of women's work, yet all products of female labor can be properly classified in these departments. All exhibitors are notified that " if products are intended for competition it must be so stated by the exhibitor or they will be excluded from the ex- amination by the international juries of award." The awards, it must be borne in mind, are designed to indicate some in- dependent and essential excellence in the article exhibited and as an evi- dence of advancement in the art represe ted by it. They will be bestowed by iuries or boards of examiners, on the ground of merit only, and the evi- dence of such merit will be parchment (jertificates or bronze medals. These will be enduring, historical records of development and progress and inval u ible mementoes of success, of which women and their descendants for generations to come may well be proud. Women'' s Gonfresses.— A most important and valuable adjunct of the Board of Lady Managers is the Woman's Branch of the World's Congress Auxiliary of the Columbian Exposition. This organization consists of committees of THE WORLD^S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 327 women, who will Avork in conjunction with committees of men to arrange for and carry out a series of U'lion Congresses for the consideration and discussion of the great economic, educational, mdustrial, financial and reli- gious problems of the day, and their relation to the condition of women throughoutthe world. These committees will be divided into sub-commit- tees under various heads, such as Philanthropy, Charity, Prevention, Reform, Music, Art, Domestic Economy, Hygiene, Social Purity, Press- work, Education, etc. Women of ail lands are invited to meet in Chicago in 1893 to consider questions that tend "' to promote justice, virtue, prosperity and domestic peace; to show, in the congresses in which women will partic- ipate, that the elevation of woman is a true measure of the progi-essof the age, and that the improvement of law, government and productive indus- try, the advancement of literature, science and art, and the welfare and peace of nations, aie all dependent m, much upon the influence of women as upon the conduct of men." These Congresses of Women will be held in the great Assembly room of the Woman's Building, or some other appro- priate place, and will undoubtedly be one of the most interesting features of the Exposition. They will provide an oppo'^tunity for women of all diversities of belief, opinion and creed to meet and discuss the needs of their sex, and the result of their deliberations will doubtless be among the most important influences of the gr^at World's Fair. The Auxiliary has headquai'ters in Chicago and the ofiicers are: President, Mrs. Potter Pal- mer, of Chicago; vice-president. Mrs. Chas. N. Henrotin, of Chicago; gen- eral committee, Mrs. Henry M. Wilmarth, Mrs. O. W. Potter, Mrs. K. Hall McCormick, Miss Francis E. Willard, Mrs. John C. Coonley, Mrs. A. L. Chetlain, Miss Nina Gray Lunt, Mrs. J. M. Flower, Mrs. Wirt Dexter, Dr. Sarah HacKett Steverson, Mrs. J. Young Scammon, Mrs. Myra Bradwell, Mrs. Leander Stone. Miss N. Halstead, clerk of committee. HACK AND CAB KATES. The rates of fare for hacks, according to city ordinances, are as follows: For conveying one or two passengers from one railroad depot to another railroad depot, one dollar. For conveying one or two passengers not exceeding one mile, one dollar. For conveying one or two passengers any distance over one mile and less than two miles, one dollar and fifty cents. For each additional two passengers of the same party or family, fifty cents. For conveying one or two passsengers acy distance exceeding two miles, two dollars. For each additional passenger of the same party or family, fifty cents. For conveying children between five and fourteen years of age, half the above price may be charged for like distance; but for children under five years of age no charge shall be made— provided that the distance from any railroad depot, steamboat landing or hotel to any other railroad depot, steamboat landing or hotel shall, in all cases, be estimated as not exceeding one mile. For the use per day of any hackney coach or other vehicle, drawn by two horses or other animals, with one or more passengers, eight dollars. For the use of any su h carriage or vehicle by the hour, with one or mora passengers, with the privilege of going f r m place to place and stop- 3^8 SAND-BOOK. ping- as often as may be requirfd, as follows : For the first hour, two dol- lars : for each j-dditional hour or part of an hour, one dollar. Every passenger shall be allowed to have c nveyed upon each vehicle, without charge, his ordinary traveling baggage, not exceeding, in any case, one trunk and twenty-five pounds of other baggage. For every additional package, where the whole weight of baggage is over one hundred pounds, if conveyed to any place within the old city limits, the owner or driver shall be permitted to charge fifteen cents. Rates of fare for hansom cabs and other one-horse vehicles are regula- ted by city ordinance, as follows : The pr.ces or rates of fare to be asked or demanded. by the owners or dri- vers of cabs or oth r vehicles drawn by one horse ( r other animal, for the conveyance of passengers for hire, shall be not more than as follows : One mile or fraction thereof, for each passenger for the first mile, twenty-five cents. One mile or fraction thereof, for any distance after first mile, for one or more passengers, twenty-five cents. For the first hour, seventy-five cents. For each quarter hour additional after first hour, twenty cents. For service outside of city limits and in the parks, for the first hour, one dollar. For each quarter-hour additional after the first hour, twenty-five cents. The provision regarding amount of baggage allowed free and rates of charge for excess is the same as in the Hack Ordinance. The following rates of fare should be posted conspicuously in every Hansom cab. One mile or less, for each passenger, twenty-five cents. Each additional mile or fraction thereof, one or two passengers, twenty- five cents. For one stop or wait of not over five minutes no charge will be made. For over five minutes, or more than one stop or wait, ten cents will be charged for each ten minutes or part thereof. Packages too large to be carried inside will be charged ten cents For one or two persons, per hour, within four-mile limit, seventy-five cents. For each quarter-hour additional, or fraction thereof, twenty cents. For one or two persons, per hour, outside four-mile limit, also Lincoln Park, one dollar. For each quarter-hour additional, or fraction thereof, twenty-five cents. When continuous stop of one-half or more is made, the charge per hour will be at the rate of seventy cents. When service is desired by the hour, it must be so stated at the time of engaging the cab, otherwise the distance rate will be charged. Hour engagements, when the cab is discharged at a distance of over half a mile from the stand, the time necessary to return to the stand will be charged for. No time engagements will be made for less than the price for one hour. In case of attempted imposition or exorbitant charges on the part of the driver, prv him nothing until you shall have called a noliceman. The city i f Chicago gv ards the interests of stransers closely and jealously, and no im- position will be tolerated, Do not compromise the matter "in order to save trouble." The welfare of strangers generally require that each one shall refuse to accede to unjust demands. A I^BATURB OF CHICAGO DONOHUE & HEINNEBERRYS MflMMOTM Printing Binding ana PubllsninQ Estabilsnment OPERATING THE LATEST IMPROVED PRINTING PRESSES AND HAVING A NEW AND COMPLETE EQUIPMENT All Stules of Tuoe and flpDroDriate Machineru, With a capacity for executing- promptly and perfectly all kinds of.... BOOK, PERIODICAL, CATALOGUE AND JOB PRINTING, TOGETHER WITH Book- Binding o! l>\m DescrlDtlon Printeis and Publishers need no longer send their Avork East, as now has in this Establishment, ample facility for promptly taking- in hnnd and executing- all grades and varieties of Book and Job Printing adequate to the needs of a Great City. Donohue & Henneberry Building, 407-425 Dearborn Street, Chicago. LEngraved For The Standard Guide Company.] DONOHUE & HENNEBERRY BUILDING, 407-425 DEARBORN STREET. CHICAGO STEEET DIRECTOKY. The main stem of the Chicago river, with its two branches. North and South, divide the city of Chicag-o into three " Divisions "or "Sides," viz.: The South Side, or South Division ; West Side, or West Division ; North Side, or North Division. Popularly, the term " Side " is used ; the municipal term is "Division," while legally they are called "Towns;" that is, before annexations were made the South, West and North Divisions were separate townships. New townships, however, have been added to each of these divisions. The abbreviations used in the following Street and Avenue Directory relate to these Divisions or Towns as follows: W. D. (West Division), S. D. (South Division), N. D. (North Division), H. D. (Hyde Park), L. (Lake). L. V. (Lake View), J. (Jefferson). Streets that cross the main river are north and south streets ; if they run in the same direction on the West Side, Randolph street is the dividing line as far as Union Park, and beyond that Lake street marks the center. A (N. D.\ 125 Southport Ave. w. toDomlnick; Ahbott Ct. (L. V.), 1723 Diversey n.one block; Aberdeen (W. D.), 328 Madison s. to 87th; Aberdeen (L. V.), Southport Ave. e. to Sheffield Ave.; Ada N. ( W. D.), 435 Randolph n. to Erie; Ada S. (W. D.), 434 Randolph s. to Madison; Ada (L.), 4Tth to 87th; Adams (S. D.), 157 Michigan Ave. w. to river; Adams (W. D.;, river w. to 48th; Adams Ave. (H. . P.) 75th s. to 77th; Addison Ave. (L. V,) N. Western Ave. e. to the lake; Addison ^4 ue.(H. P.), 69th s. to 71st; Adelaide ih. V.), 124 School n. to Cornelia; Alaska (W. D.),:i85 Larrabee w. to Town; Al- bany Ave. N. (W. D.), 1452 Lake n. to Grand Ave.; Albany Ave. S. (W. D.), 1431 Lake s. to Archer Ave.; Albert (W. D.), 583 18th s. one-half blk.; Aldine (L. V.), 340 Evanston Ave. e. to the lake; Aldine (S. D.), Aldine Sq. s, to Egan Ave.; Aldine Square (S. D.), 3726 Vinoennes Ave. w. one-half blk.; Alexander (S. D.), 2216 Wentworlh Ave. w. to Stewart Ave.:AUcePl. (W. D.),1263N. West- ern Ave. w. to Perry Ave.; Alexan- der Ave. (L. V .), Byron n. to Sulzer; Allport (W. D.), 433 16th s. to22d; Almond (W. D.) 952 Taylor s. to 85 Ashland Ave.; Ambrose (W. D.), 1001 S. Wood w. to S. California Ave.; Ann N. (W. D.), 361 Randolph n. to Kinzie: Ann S. (W. D.), 362 Randolph s. to Madison; Anna ( W. D.), 1405 S. Western Ave. s. to Washtenaw Ave.; Anna Ave. (L. V.), 35 School n. to Cornelia; Arbor PI. {W. D.), 122 N. Ada w. to N. Ashland Ave.; Arch (S. D.),2943 Archer Ave. s. e. to 31st.; Archer Ave. (S. D.), 1906 State, s. w. to city limits; Archibald (W. D.), 1178 Francisco e. three-fourths blk. Ardmore Ave. (L. V.), Evanston Ave. e. to Sheffield Ave.; Argyle (L v.), 3462 N. Clark e. to the lake; Armitaye Ave. {W . D.), Mendell w. to City limits; Armitage Ct. (W. D.), 85 Clarkson Ave. w. to Kedzie Ave ; Armour (W. D.), 505 Kinzie n to Chicago Ave.; Arnold Is. D.),now S. LaSalle; Artesian Ave. (W. D.), 1040 Lake n. to Ohio; Arthington (W. D.), 285 Centre Ave. w. to Loomis; Arthur (W. D.), 35 16th, s. to 18th; Arthur (H. P.), 134 79th s. to 83d PI.; Ash (W. D.), 1803 31st s. to 111. & Mich. Canal; Ashkum Ave. (H. P.), 567 8,th s. to 95th; Ashland (W. D ), 505 S . Robey w. to Olive; Ashland Ave. JV. (W. D.), 578 Lake n. to Cly- bourn PI.; Ashland Ave. S. (W. D.), 578 Lake s. to 87th; Ashland Ave.iN. D. and L. V.), 820 Clybourn Ave. n. to city limits; Ashland Ct. (W. D.), 180 N. Ashland Ave. e. one-half blk,; 329 330 STREET DIRECTORY. Ashley (W. D.), now Emerson Ave.; Astor (N. D.), 583 Division n. to North Ave.; Atlantic (L.), continu- ation of Fifth Ave.; Attica (S. D.), 65 Auburn w. to Laurel; Attrill (W. D.), 119 Stave n. e. to Milwaukee Ave.; Auburn (S. D.), 799 31st s. to 35th; Augusta {W . D), ElstonAve. w to Crawford Ave.; Austin Ave. (W. D.), 153N. Jefferson w. to Sey- mour Ave.; -d.ue?iK6 A (H. P.), llBlh s to Wolf Lake; ^t56»ate B (H. P.), Indiana Bd. s. to Wolf Lake; Avenue C (H. P.), I'Sth s. to Wolf Lake; Avenue D (H. P.), 99th s. to 119th; Avenue E (H. P.), 98th s. to Wolf Lake; Avenue F (H. P.^ 102d s. to \20th;Avemie G (H. P.), 102d s. to nsth; Avenue H (H. P ), 102d s. to Hyde Lake; Avenue J (H. P ), If 2d s. to 110th; Avenue J (H. P.), 102d s. to Hyde Lake; Avenue K{Yl. P.), 102d s. to Hyde Lake; Avenue L (H. P.), 102d s. to Hyde Lake; Avenue M (H. P.), 10 d s. to Hyde Lake; Avers Ave. N. (W. D.), Kinzie n. to North Ave.; Avers Ave. S . {W . D.), 170(3 Ogden Ave. s. to 31st; Avon Ave. (L.), 60th 8. tot7th; Avon PL (W. D.), 2b7 S. Robey w. to Hoyne Ave.; Avondale Ave.(W. D.),N. California Ave. n. w. to Belmont Ave.; 4t/res Ct. (W. D.), 279 Chicago Ave. s. to Huron. B. B (N. D.) 93 Southport Ave. w. to Dominick; Baker iL.), Stewart Ave. w. to Wallace; Baldwin (W. D.), 721 Kinzie n. to Austin Ave.; Ball ni Ave. (W. D.), 1283 North Ave.; n. to Fullerton Ave.; Balmoral Ave. {h. v.), Robey e. to Sheffield Ave.; Baltimore Ave. (H. P.), 410 83d s. to 87th; Banks (N. D.), 473 State e. to Lake Shore Drive; Barber (W. D.), 101 Stewart Ave. w to S. Halsted; Barclay (W. D.), 559 Linwood PI. n. to Division; Barry Ave. (L. V.), 184 EvanstonAve. e. to the lake; Bart- lett Ave. (W. D.), 6^7 N. Ked ie Ave. w. to Homan Ave.; Basil Ave. (W. D.), 1*35 North Ave. n. to Bloom- ingdale Road; Bates (W. D.), Lum- ber w. to Stewart Ave.; Bauwans (W. D.). 587 N.Ashland Ave. nw. to Black hawk; Baxter (L. V.), 1326 Wellington Ave., n. to Roscoe; Beach (W. D.), 38 Harrion s. to 12th; Beach Ave. (W . D.), 753 N. Kedzie Ave. w. to Sheridan; Beethoven PI. (N. D.), 28i Sedgwick e. to Wells. Belden Ave. (N. D.), 24 Perry e. to Lincoln Park; Belden Ave. (W. D.), 1275 Homan Ave. w. to Cental Park Ave; Belden PI. (N. D.), 458 Belden Ave. n. one-half blk; Belknap (W. D.), 4i9 S. Morgan w. one-half blk; B llePlaine Ave. (L. V.), N. West- ern Ave. e. to N. Ashland Ave.; Bellevue PI. (N. D.),3J3 State e. to the lake; Belmont Ave. (L. V.), Western Ave. e. to the lake; Bel- montAve. (W. D.), the river w. to CraAvford Ave.; Benson (^. D.),]08l 3lst s. to3M.; Benton PI. (S. D.),415 State e. one and one-half blk ; Berg PI. (W. D.), 41 Brand PI. w. to N. Robey; Berkeley Ave. (H. P.), 70 Bowen Ave. se. to 45th.; Berlin (W. D.), 1285 N. Leavitt w. to Western Ave.; BerteauAve. (L. V.), Western Ave. e. to Ashland Ave.; Berwijn Ave. (L. V ), 2338 Evanston Ave. e. to Sheffield Ave.; Best Ave. (L. v.), 1436 Wrightwood Ave. n. to Diversey; Bethuel (W. D.), 1975 16th s. to 19th; Better (W. D.), 8 Sholto w. toS May; Bickerdike (W. D.), 411 Ind ana n. to Chicago Ave.; Bickerdike Sq ( W. D.), Bickerdike w. to Armour; Bingham (W. D ), 585 Armitage Ave. n. to Cornelia; Bmao (W. D.), Railroad n. e to Elston Ave.; Birch {WD ), 425 S. Robey w. to Kendall; Bishop Ct. (W. D ), 478 Washington Bd. s. to Madison; Bis- marck ( W. D.), 693 N. Ro- kwell w. to Humboldt Park; Bismarck Ct. (W. D.), Ill Huron w. to Noble; BisseU (W. D.), 137 Dayton n. w. to Belden Ave.; Bissell Ave. (H. P.), 41st s to 43d; Bi:rby PL( W. D.), 459 Kinzie n. to Austin Ave.; Blackhawk (N. D.), the river n. e. and e. to Sedgwick; Black- haxck iW D.), the river w. to N. Paulina; Blackwell (S. D ),231 18th s. to 20th; Blaine (W. D.), 1219 Rock- well w. to Washtenaw Ave.; Blair (W. D.), 31 Canal port Ave..s. to 20th; Blake (S. D.), S62i Archer Aw. s. w. one-half block; Blanchard Ave. (L.), continuation of S. Rockwell; Blanch- ard PI. (S. D.), 189 24th s. to 25th; Blanche (W. D.) the river w. to 718 N. Ashland Ave.; BZ(SS(N.D.), 222 North STREET mRECTORY, 331 Branch n. e. to North Branch Canal; Block (N, D.), 30 North Ave. n. to Eageme; Bioom (S. Dj, 1395 34th s. to 38th; Bioomiiigdale Road (W . D.),661 Elston Ave. to c.ty limits; Blucher (L. v.), 35 Lull PL w. to Wood; Bhw Island Ave, (W. D.), Halsted and Harrison s. w. to Westei-n Ave.; Boardinaii (S. D.), 36th s. e. to Archer Ave.; Boardman PI. (L. V.), aouth- port Ave. w. one-half block; Bona- parte (S. D.), ^924 Arch s. w. to Lock; Bond {L.),C. & G. T. R. R. w. to Reese Ave.; Bond Ave. (H. P.), 78 71st s. to Illinois Ave.; Bonfield (S. D ), 3731 Hickory s. e. to 31st; Bonney Ave. (W. D.), 394 Colorado Ave. s. to 53d; Boomer (L.), 443 39th s. to 40th; Boone (W. D.),121 DeKalb w. to ti. Leavitt; Boston Ave. ( w . D.), 197 S. Desplaines w. to Halsted; Bos- worth Ave. (L. V.), Roscoe n. to Grace Ave.; Boulevard (N. D.), 437 Ohio n. to Ontario; Boiven Ave. (S. D.), 4110 Lake Ave. w. to Grand Bd.; Bowery The (W. D.), 294 VanBuren 8. to Congress; Bowmanville Road (L. v.). Western Ave., n. e. to C. & N.-W. R. H.: Bradley (W. D.), 303 Elston Ave. w. to Holt; Brand PI. (W. D.), 33 Fullerton Ave. n. and n. w. to N. Robey. Breckenridge Ave. (W. D.), 903 N. Hamlin Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; Bremen (W. D.), 69 Myrtle Ave. w. to Cromwell; Bremen PI. (W. D. , 13 9 N. Leavitt w to Western Ave.; Bredau ( W. D.), 163 Hamburg n. to Elms; Brigham (W. D.), 673 N. Ashland Ave. w. to N. Wood; Bristol (L.), 4518 t^tate w. to Stewart Ave.; Broad (S. D.), C. & A. R. R. s. e. to 3 St; Brompton Ave. (L, v.), 18.6 Halsted, e to Evanscon Ave.; Bronso)i{L.), Center Ave. w. to Laflin; Brooks Ave. (H . P.), 73d s. to 86th; Broom (W. D.), ,%1 Indiana n. to Ohio; Bross Ave. (S. D.), 3118 Robey s. w. to Rockwell; Brown (W. D.), 316 Taylor s. to the river; Bryan PI. (W. D.), 485 Ran- dolph n. w. to Lake; Bryant Ave. (S. D.), 3540 Vinceanes Ave. w to Stanton Ave.; Bryn Mawr (L V ), 3860 Cliirk e. to Sheffield Ave.; Buch- anan (W. D.) continuation of Wash- tenaw Ave.; Buckingham PI. (L.V.J, Evanston Ave. one-half block w.; Buena Ave. (L. V ), C. E. & L. S. R. R. e. to Halsted; Buena Vista PI. (S. D.), 3521 Emerald Ave. n. e. one- half block; Buffalo Ave. (H. P.), 83d s. to 93d; Bunker (W. D.), 159 Beach w. toS. Halsted; Burchell Ave. (W. D.), 599 Fullerton Ave. n. to Diver- sey; Burling (N. D.), 183 North Ave. n. to Davey Ct.; Biirlington (W.D.t, 95 16th s. to 18th; Burnett (W. D.), 445 N Robey w. to N. Leavitt; Burn- side Ave, (H. P.), Cottage Grove Ave. n. w. to St. Lawrence Ave.; Burtis (L. ) , 48th s. to 67th; Burton PI . (N. D ), 608 Clark e . to the lake; Butler (S. D.), 3361 Archer Ave s. e. to 53d. Butterneld (S.D.),5(il 16ths. Garfield Bd.; Byford Ave. (W. D.), Douglas Park Bd. s. to 16th; Bryon Ave. (W. D.), 1101 N. California Ave. w. to Humboldt Park; Bryon Ave. (L. V), Robey e. to the lake. C (N. D.),61 Southport Ave. w. to Duminick. Callumn PI. (S. D.), 118 State w. to Market ; California Ave., N (W. D.), 1372 Lake, n. to Bel- mont Ave.; California Ave., S. (W. D.), 1273 Lake s. to 83d; Cal- umet Ave., (S. D.),l 18th s. to city limits; Camdhell (S. D.), 31st se. two blocks; Campnell Ave.,N. (W. D.) 1072 Lake n. to Kinzie; Camphell Ave., S. (W. D.), 1U72 Lafee s. to Illi- nois & Michigan Canal; Camphell Park (W. D.),357S. Leavitt w. to S. Oakley Ave.; Canal N. (W. D.), 29 Randolph n. to Kinzie; Caiial -S. (W. D . ), 29 Kandolph s. to Lumber; Canal PI., (W. D.), N. branch river w. to Elston Ave.; Canalport Ave . (W. D.), 735 S. Canal sw. to 22d; Carl (N. D.), 548 Wells e. to LaSalle Ave.; Carltn Ave. (H. P.), 76th s. to 79th.; Carpen- ter, N. (W. D.), 301 Randolph n. to the river; Carpenter S. (W. D.), 301 Randolph s. to Madison; Carpenter, (L.), 48th s. to 87th; Carroll Ave., (W. D.), 98 N. Canal w. to 48th; Cass (N. D.), 263 Kinzie n. to Rush; Castelln Ave. (W. D.), Springfield Ave., w. to Crawford Ave.; Catherhie (W. D.), 432 N. Homan Ave. e one block; Cedar (N. D.), 347 Rush e. to the lake; Cedar (L.) 347 Rush e. to lake; Cen- tral Ave. (S. D.), 9 Water s. to Randolph; Central Park Ave. 332 STREET DIRECTORY. N. (W. D.), 1766 Lake n. to Fullerton Ave . : Central Park Ave. S. (W. D.), 1736 Madison s. to 71st; Central Park Bd. (W. D.), 165 N. Cen- tral Ave. w. to Central Park Ave.; Centre (N. Dj, 28 Racine Ave. e. to Clark; Centre (L. V.), C. & N.-W. R. R. e. to Evanston Ave.; Centre Ave.., (W . D.), b83 Madison s. to Lum- ber; C ntre /ve.; (L.), 47th s. to 87th; Centre Ave., N. (W. D.), 374 Kinzie n. to Augusta; Centre Ave. ( W. D.), 1801 Elston Ave., sw. to Kedzie Ave.; Chalmers PI. (N. D.), Halsted w to Sheffield Ave.; Champlain(S. D.), Bross Ave. s. to 37th; Chawplain Ave. (H. P.), 353 42d s. to 67th; Channay (W. D.), 87 Point ne. one-ha f block; Chapin (W. D.), 543 Noble e. to Currier; Charles PI. (S. D.), 324 Fifth Ave. w to Frankln; Charles (W. D.), 6Van Buren s. to Harrison; Charlotte (W. D.), '45 S. Central Park Ave. w. to Lawndale Ave.; Charlton (S. D.), 33d s. to 35th; Charlton (L. V.), 1140 Ridge Ave. n. of Francis; Chase (W. D-), 31 J Chi<'ago Ave. n. to Cornell; Chase Ave. (W.I).), 1589 North Ave., n. to Bloomingdale Road; Chase Ct. (W. D.), 230 Coulters, s. to Blue Island Ave.; Chatham Ct. (N.D.), Hobble n. to Division; Chauncey A^e.,(H. P.), 76th s. to 85th; Cheltenham Ave. (H. P.), 2 83d s to 85th; Cheltenham PI. (H. P.), 7838 Lake Ave. s. w. to 79th; Cherry (L.), C. & G. T. R. R. w. to Reese Ave.; Cherry Ave. (N. D.), 224 North Branch n. \v. to North Ave.; Cherry PI. (W. D.), 93 Powell Ave. w. to Perry Ave.; Chester (S . D ), 833 Clyhourn Ave. s. w., w. and n. to Fullerton Ave.; Chestnut (N. D.), 240 Market e. to lake; Chestnut (L.), 6126 Wentworth Ave. w to Halsted; Chestnut PI. i'^. J).), 417 Chestnut n w. to Walton PL; Clncafj'> Ave. (N. D.), the river e. to the lake; Chicago Ave. (W. D.), the river w. to city limits; Chicago Terrace (W. D.), 273 Harding Ave. w. to Crawford Ave. Christiana Ave.(W. D.), 621 Grand Ave. n. to Division; Church Ct. (W. D.), 83 S. Morgan w. to Centre Ave.; Church PI. (S. D.), 59 Fuller s. e. to Archer Ave.; Church Road (L. V.), Western Ave. e. to Clark; Churchill (W.D.), 889N. Robeyw. to Leavitt; Cicero Ct. (W. D.), 1' 78 Jackson s. to Harrison; Clara PI. (W. D.), 1291 N. Western Ave. w. to Perry Ave.; Cliremont Ave., (W. D.) 944 Van Buren s. to Crenshaw; Clarence (L. v.). 1326 Nellie Ave. n. to Byron; Clarinda (W. D.), 34 Holt w. to Wood; Clark S. (S. D.), the river s. to city limits; Clark N. (N. D.), the river n. to North Ave. and n. w. to city limits; Clarkson Ave. (W. D.), 1083 Bloomingdale Road n.to Palmer PI ; Clarkson Ct. (W. D ), 1299 Lake s. to Washington Bd.; Clay (N. D.), 156 Sheffield Ave. e. to Halsted; Clay Ave. (L. v.), Huck Ave. e. to Robey; Clayton (W. D.), 395 Johnson w. to May; Cleaver (W. D.), 761 Milwaukee Ave. n. to Blanche; Clement Ave. (L ), 43d s. to 45th; Cleveland (L.), Wallace w. to Wright; Cleveland Ave. (N. D ), 48 Clybourn Ave n. to Fullerton Ave ; Cleveland Ave. (L. V.), 980 Rac ne Ave. e. to Sheffield Ave.; Clifton Ave. (W. D.), 567 Fullerton Av^*. n. to Diversey; Clifton Ave. vL. v.), 1226 Wellington Ave. n. to Roscoe; Clifton Park Ave. (W. D.), 16th s. toSwitt; Clinton, N. (W. D.), 61 Randolph n. to Kinzie; Clinton S. (W. D.). 61 Randolph s. to Maxwell; Cloud Ct. (L.), State w. to Went- worth Ave ; Clybourn Ave. (N. D. and L. V.), 305 Division n. w. to Belmont Ave ; Clyhourn PI. (N. D.), 549 Clybourn Ave. w. t) riyex; Cly- hourn PI. (W. D ), the river w. to N. Robey; Clyde (N. D.), 481 Clybourn Ave. n. e. to Center; Cohlentz (W. D.), 1013 N. Robey w. to Western Ave.; Coles Ave. (H. P.), 128 71st s. to 79th; Colfax Ave. (H. P.), 65th s. to 67th; College PI. (S. D.), 3326 Cottage Grove Ave. w to Rhodes Ave.; Col- lins (W. D.), 721 S. Albany Ave. w. to Kedzie Ave.; C'HtrjsCt. (W. D.), 92 Laughlin s. to Coulter; Cologne S D.), 2500 Quarry s. w. to Fuller; Col- orado Ave. (W. D.), 1250 Madison s. w. to city limits; Commercial (W. D.), 320 North Ave. n. to Armitage Ave.; Commercial (L. V.), 1259 N. Paulina n. and n. av. to Webster Ave ; Com- mercial Ave. (H. P.) 242 79th s. to 99th; Concord (L.), Stewart Ave. w. to Morgan; Concord PI. (N. D.),34l Clybourn Ave. w. to Sheffield Ave.; Congress (S. D.), Michigan Ave. w. ='2 o > Id ^^ 13 - . . IBE^TX^-S-liT - . - Is situated nine and one-half miles from the City Hall on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The Wisconsin division of the Illinois Central Railroad and the proposed line of the Ogden Avenue Elevated Railroad also run by the property. Half-hourly trains make the run in from 23 TO 29 MINUTES. Although Berwyn was only platted in the summer of 1890, it now boasts of about 100 attractive residences, costing from $1,800 to 88, 000; a handsome stone church, a stone schoolhouse, brick store buildings, a postoffice, an express office, and over seven miles of macadamized streets. Every deed to Berwyn property is made subject to the following conditions: 1. Saloons prohibited. 2. Established building line. 3. Business Buildings not allowed on residence streets, 4. No building costing less than $1,500 to be erected. The^e restrictions give to every resident the assurance that his neighborhood will suffer no detraction from improvements of an inferior character. As we now control about 50,000 FEET OF STREET FRONTAGE we are able to determine the character of the entire suburb. The new main sewer is now well under way and assures to Berwyn a COMPLETE SYSTEM OF SEWERAGE. The Berwyn Water, Fuel & Electric Light Company has been incorporated and the capital all subscribed. Water, Gas and Electricity plants will be established as soon as possible. We always have on hand for sale very desirable modern resi- idences. We also build from purchasers' plans when desired. We also offer choice residence lots at fiS.oo per foot. Terms, one-sixth cash and the balance IN EASY MONTHLY INSTALLMENTS. At present prices Berwyn offers the best and safest investment about Chicago. ANDREWS & PIPER, Owners, 1 85 Dearborn St., rooms 29 to 32 TELEPHONE UTO. STREET DIRECTOIIY. 333 to state, and 5th Ave. w, to the river; Congress (W. D.), 225 S. Clinton w. to 46th; Congress Ph. (W. D.), 1113 Van Buren s. to Hariison; Connor (N. D.), 62 Cleveland Ave. e. to Sedg- wick; Conrad ( \V. D.), 93 Ruble w. to S. Union; Cook (W. D.), the rivers, w to N. Jefferson; Cook (L.) 1323 47th s. to 61st; Cook (L. V.), Hamilton Ave. e. to Ashland Ave.; Cooper (N. D.), 802 Cly bourn Ave. n. to Fuller- toaAve.; Cooper (L.), 63d s. to 67th; C Hamlin Ave; Fifth Ave. (S. D.), the river s. to Taylor; 311 26th s. to 39th; Fiftieth (H. P. and L-.), 5000 Lake Ave, w. to limits; Fiftieth Ct. (H. P. and L.), 5034 Cottage Grove Ave. w. to Oak- ley Ave ; Fifty-first (H. P. and L.). the Lake w. to limits; Fiftn-first Ct. (L.), Halsted w. to Morgan; Fifty- second (H. P. L.), 5200 Lake Ave. -w. to limits; Fifty-third (H. P. and L.), the lake w. to limits; Fifty-fourth (H. P. and L.), the lake w. to limits; Fifty-fourth Ct. (L.), Halsted w. to Morgan; Fifty-fourth PI. (H. P.), Lake Ave. w. to Drexel Ave.; Fifty- fifth (H. P. and L.), the lake w. to Cottage Grove Ave.; Fifty-sixth (H. P. and L.), the lake w. to Ashland Ave ; Fifty-seventh (H. P. andL ), 5700 Stony Island Ave. w. to Ash- land Ave ; Fifty-eighth (H. P. and L.), 5800 Washington Ave. w. to Ashland Ave.; Fifty-eighth Ct. (L.), Stewart Ave. w. to Wallace; Fifty- ninth (H. P. and L.), Stony Island Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; Fifty- ninth Ct. (L. v.), Western Ave. e. to lake; Fifty-ninth Ct. (L.), Went- worth Ave. w. to Stewart Ave.; Fillmore (W. D.), 507 S. Western Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; First Ave. (H. P). ;09 95th s. 1/2 blk.; First Ave. (W. D.), 3:} Schuyler Ave. nw. to Kedzie Ave.; Fisher Ave. (L V.), 3728 Kobey e. to Clark; FiskiW. D.), 351 16th s. to Lumber; Fie twood (W. D ), Elston Ave. n. to Rawson; Fletcher (L. V.), 1646 Oakley Ave. e. to Evanston Ave.: Florence Ave. (L. v.), 156 Wright wood Ave. n. to Di- versey; Morence^i'e. (L.), 4 d to 43d; Florimond (N. D.), 651 Franklin e. to Wells; Flournoy ( W.D.),OgdenAve. w. to Albany Ave.; Follansbee (W. D.), 1946 Milwaukee Ave. w. to Ked- zie Ave.; Fontenoy Ct. (W. D.), 1146 Milwaukee Ave. s.w. one block; Ford Ave. (H. P.), 75th s. to 79th; Forest Ave. (S. D.), 175 31st s. to lim- its; Forest Ave. (W. D.).3r7 Fullerton Ave. n. to Elston Ave.; Forest Ave. (L. V.I, Grand Ave. n. to limits; Forquer (W. D,), Beach w. to Craw- ford A.ye.;Forrestville Ave. (H. P.), 48th s. one blk.; Fortieth (H. P. and L.), the lake w. to Halsted; Fortieth Ct. (S. D.), 4024 Butler w.to Wallace; Forty-first (H. P. and L.), I. C. R. R. w. to Wallace; Forty-first W. (W, D ), Kinzie s. to 12th; Forty-second (H. P. andL.), I. C. R. R. w. to John- son Ave.; Forty-second W . (W. D.), Kinzie s. to 12th; Forty-second Ct. (L.), School w. to Wallace; Forty- Se-ond PI. (H. P.), Drexel Boul. w. to Grand Boul.; Forty-third (H. P. 336 STREET DIRECTORY. and L.), I, C. R. R. w. to Crawford Ave.; Forty-third W. (W. D.), Kinzie s. to 12th: Forty-fourth (H.P.and L.), 44 Greenwood Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; Forty-fourth W. (W D.), Kin- zie s. to IStli; Forty-fifth (H. P. and L.), Woodlawn Ave, w. to Crawford Ave.; Forty-fifth W. (W. D.), Kinzie s. to 13th; Forty-fifth Ct. (L ), State w. to Wentworth Ave.; Forty-sixth (H. P. and L.), Lake Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; Forty-sixth W. (W. D.), Kinzie n. and s. to limits; Forty- sixth Ct. (L ), C. & R. I. w. to Stew- art Ave.; Forty -seventh (H. P. and L.), I. C. R. R w. to limits; Forty- seventh W. (W. D.), Kinzie n. and s. to North Ave. and 12th; Forty-eighth (H. P. and L.), Madison Ave. w. to Western Ave. Boul.; Forty-eighth W. (W. D.), Kinzie n.ands.to North Ave. and lith; Forty-ninth (H. and L.), Lake Ave. w. to city limits; Fourteenth (S. D.), Indiana Ave. w. to Clark; Fourteenth W.(W. D.), the river w. to Ogden Ave.; Fourth Ave. (S. D), see Custom House PI.; Fourth Ave. (H. P.), IIU 95th s. to 103d; Fowler (W.J).), 51 Evergreen Ave. w. to N. Leavitt; Fox (S. D.), 1035 31st s. to 33d; Fox PL (W. D.), 415 Elston Ave. w. to Noble; Francis (L. v.), Clark e. to Ridge Ave.; Francis PL (W. D), 64 Point s. w. to California Ave.; Francisco N. (W. D.), 1333 Lake n. to Elston Ave.; Francisco S. (W. D.), 1333 Lake s. to 83d; Frank (W. D.). 75 Waller w. to Blue Island Ave.; Frankfort (W. D.), 1065 N. Robey w. to Western Ave.; Franklin {S. D.), the rivers, to Harrison; Franklin N. (N. D.), 77 Kinzie n. to Menomonee; Franklin Ave. (W. D.), N. Western Ave. w.to Kedzie Ave ; Frazier (L.), 47th s. to 49th; Frederick (L. V), 546 Orchard e. to Clark; Frederick Ave. (W. D.), 719 Central Park Ave. w. to Harding Ave.; Freeman (S. D.), Western Ave. w.to Bross Ave.; Fremont (N. D.), 36 Bissell n. to Fullerton Ave.; French Ave. (H. P.), 305 75th s. to 81st; Front (W. D.),344N. Halsted w. to Elston Ave.; Front (L. V.), Bryn Mawr n. to Peterson Ave.; Front (L. V.), Kensington Ave. s. w. one block; Fry (W. D.), 218 N.Cen- ter Ave. w. to Ashland Ave.; Ful- ler {S. D.), the river e. to Archer Ave.; Fullerton Ave. (N. D ), the river e. to Lincoln Park; Fullerton Ave. W. (W. D.), the river w. to Crawford Ave.; FwZton (W. D.), the river w. to city limits; Fulton (b. v.), 3652 Robey e. to C & N. W. R. R,; Fuilong (W. T).),48L Kedzie Ave. w. to Grand Ave. Gage S. D. , 941 35th s. to 39th; Gait (L. v.), Sheffield Ave. e. to Halsted; Ga7io (S. D.), see 30th; Gar- den (W. D.), 175 S. Morgan w. to Aberdeen; Garden Ave. (W. D.); 1683 N. California Ave. w. to Ked- zie Ave.; Gardner (N. D.), 49 Vine w. to Halsted; Garfield Ave. (N. D.) 40 Herndon e to Lincoln Park; Garfield Ave. W. (W. D.), 1307 Kim- ■ ball w. to Central Park Ave.; Garfield Boul. (H. P. and L.), 5500 South Park Ave. w. to Western Ave. Boul.; Garland PL (S. D.),30 Randolph s. to Madison; Garrett (S. D.), 31st ne. to Ashland Ave.; Garvin Ave. (H . P.), 87th to 95th; Gault PL (N. D.), 69 Oak n. to Division; Geary (N. D.), 437 Chest- nut nw. to Walton PL; Genesee Ave. (W. D.), 1901 Harrison nw. to Colorado Ave.; Geneva (W. D.) S. Rockwell w, to Cali- fornia Ave.; George (W. D.), 350 N. Sangamon w. to Elston Ave.; George (L. V.), Hoyne Ave. e. to Halsted; George Ave. (L. V.), 323 Evanston Ave. east to Lake View Ave.; George PL(W. D.), 749 Kinzie n . one-half block; Giddings (L. v.), Leavitt e. to Robey; Gilbert PL (L.) Vincennes Ave. nw. one block; Gilpin PL (W. D.) 359 Center Ave . w. to Loomis; Girard (W. D ), 1139 Milwaukee Ave. ne. to Webster Ave.; Glenlake Ave. (L. V.) Evanston Ave. e. to the lake; Glenview Ave. (W. D.), 433 North Central Park Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.iGloy PI. (W. D.), 20 Lister Ave. ne. to Elston Ave.; Goethe (N. D.) 301 Sedgwick e. to the lake; Gold (W.D.), 3J3 Harrisons, to Gurley; Goldsmith Ave. (L.), T5th to 79th; STREET DIRECTORY. 337 Good (W. D.), 71 Sholto w. toMay; Goodspeed (L.), 43d s. to 71st; Good- win (W. D.), 603 S. Homan Ave. w. two blocks; Gordo u (L.), 4230 State w to Halsted; Goshen (Lj, 4626 Wentworth Ave. w. to Stewart Ave . Grace (N. D.), 157 Division n. to Vedder; Grace (L. Y ), Ravens- wood Park e. to the lake; Grace Ave. (H. P.), 62d s. to Jachson Park Terrace; Graceland Ave. (L. V.), Western Ave. e. to the lake; Grand Aue.(W. L).). 177 N. Western Ave. nw. to ^ovth Ave; G^' and Ave. (L. V. i3650 Rot eye. to the lake; Grand Bold (S. D.), 185 3nth s. to blst; Grant (N. D.), 605 La Salle Ave. e. to Clark; Grant PI. (N. D.), 995 Clark w. to Larrabee; GrantPl (L. V.), Huck Ave e. to Robey;Gra3/t PL(L), 69th south to 70th; Graves PI. (S. D.), 3213 Cottage Grove Ave. s. to 33d; Graylock Ave (L ), Wentworth Ave. w. to Stewart Ave.; 6' reeJyPt (W. D.). Georg-e s. one-half block; Green N. (W. D.),217 Randolph n. to Front; Green S. (W. D), 217 Randolph s. to Harrison; Green S. (L.) Garfield Bonl.s. to 86th; Gree?i Bay Ave. (H. P.) 26 83d s. to Harbor Ave.; Grtenuich (W. D.), 915 N. Rjbey w. to Leavitt; Greenwood ^re. (H.P.),4212 Lake Ave. s. to 80th; Greenwood Ave. {W.D.), 1359 N. Oakley Ave. w. to Thomas Ave.; Grenshaw (W. D.), 55 Olive w. to Central Park Ave,; Gross Ave. (W. D.), fc25 North Ave. n. to Cortlandt; •Gross Ave. (L.), 4oth sw. to 47th; Gross Ave. (H P.), 91stto 9oth. Gross Park (L. V.); C & N. W. Rv. 6. to Paulina; G^'oss Park Ave. (L. v.), 548 Belmont Ave. to Addison; Gross Terrace (\V. D.), 1386 Madison s. to Colorado Ave.; Grore (S. D.), 281 15th sw. to Ai-cher Ave.; Grove a. (N. D.), 719 Larrabee w. to Orchard; Grove PL (L.) 64th s. one block; Grovtland Ave (S.D.),28th s. to 33d; Groveland Ct; (L.), Vin- cennes Ave. nw. to C. R. I. & P. R. R.; Grovela.M Park (S. D.), a325 Cottage Grove Ave. e. one block; Gurl^y (W. D.), 41 Blue Island Ave. w. to Centre Ave.; Guttenhiircj Ave. (W. D.), 15'3 Bloomingdale Road n. to Armitage Ave. H Haddock PL (S.D.), Wabash Ave. w. to Franklin; Haines (N. D.),33 Hickory Ave. n. e. to North Branch Canal; Hall (L. V.), 17'j2 Diversey n. one block; Halsted JV. (W. D. andN.D.), 197 Randolph n to Bel- mont Ave.; Halsted S. (W. D. and S. D ), 98 Randolph s. to limits; JJam- burg (W. D.), 1091 N, Robey w. to Western Ave.; Hamiltoiv Ave. (L. v.), Cemetery Drive n. to Peterson Ave.; Hamilton Ave. (W. D.), 834 Monroes, to Pratt PL; Hamlin Ave . N. (W. D . ), l?-54 Lake n. to Diversey; Hamilton Ave. S. (W. D, & L.), 18£4 Lakes, to 61st; Hammond. (N. D.), 99Eugenen. to Wisconsin: Ham- mond Ave. ( W, D . ) , 599 Diversey n. to Avondale Ave ; Hamyjclen Ct. (L. V,), Wrightwood Ave. nw. one-half block; Hancock Ave. (W. D.), 13i7 North Ave. n. to Fullerton Ave.; Hanover (S. D .), 2301 Archer Ave. s. to60.h; Harbor Ave. (H. P.), 9C60 The Strand sw. to S. Chicago Ave.; Harding Ave. N. (W. D.), Kinzie n. to Chicago Ave.; Harding Ave. S. (W. D.), R. R. crossing s. to 31st; Harmon Ct.(S. D.), 314 Michigan Ave. w. to State; Harrison (S. D.), 23>J Michigan Ave. w. to the i-iver; Har- rison W. (AV. D ), the river w. to limits; Hart (W. D.), 701 Kinzie n. to Austin Aye.-,Hait Ave. (S. D.), Bross Ave. s. to Egan Ave.; Hartwell Ave. (H. P.),66ths. to67ih;Harrord (W.D.),441 S. Western Ave. w. to Crawford Ave . ; Harvard (L), 63d8. to 83d; Hastings (W. D.), 335 Blue Island Ave. w. to Leavitt; Haven (S. D.), 3020 Shields Ave. w. to Stew- art Ave.; Hawthorne Ave. (N. D.), 29 Larrabee nw . to Southport Ave. . Haivthorne Ave. (L.), Stewart Ave. sw. to Goldsmith; Haw- thorn PL (L. v.), 412 Evanston Ave. e. to the lake; Haynes Ct. (S. D.), 2923 Archer Ave. se. to Lyman; HazeZ (L. v.), Buena Ave. north to Gait Ave.; Heald (L.), 59th s. one block; Hein (N. D.), 13 Cleveland Ave. e. to Sedgwick; Heine (W. D.), 9.55 North Ave. n. to Armitage Ave.; Hoiiy (W . D.), Margaret w. to S. g^8 STREET Directory. Kobey; Henry Ct. (W. D.\ Point ne. to Stave; Hermitage Ave. (W. D.), Jackson s. to 12th; Herndon (N D.), Hawthorn Ave. ne. to Fullerton Ave.; Hervey(W. D.), 1083 N. Wood w. to Robey; Herves Ave. (H. P.), 99th s. to 114th; Hibbard Ave. (H. P.), 51st s. to 53d; HicMing Ave. (L.), Halsted w. to Morgan; Hick')ry (S. D.) , Colog-ne sw. to the river; Hickory Ave. (N.D.), 140 branch nw. to North Ave.; High (N. D.), 68 Webster Ave. n. to Fullerton Ave.; High Ave. (H. P.), 103d s. to 106th; Hill (N. D.) 209 Sedgwick e. to "Wells; Hinman (W. D.), 753Throop w. to Boul.; Hinsche (N.D.), 192 Clybourn Ave. ne. to Blackhawk; Hirsch, (W. D.) 717 N. Leavitt w. to California Ave. ; Hoh- bie, (N. D .), 138 Hawthorne Ave. e. to Sedgwick; Hoey (S. D.), 2708 Mary sw. one-quarter block; Holden (W. D.I, 44 r^th s. to 14th; Holden PL (S. D.), Randolph s. to 21st; Holland Set- tlement Road (L.\ Vincennes Ave. St!, to 87th; Hollyivood Ave. (L. V.), Evanston Ave. e. to SheflBeld Ave.; Holt ( W. D . ) , 418 Chicago Ave. n. to Wabansia Ave.; f toman Ave. N. (W. D.\ J 638 Lake n. to Diversey; Homan Ave. S. (W. D.), 1638 Lakes, to lim- its; Homer (W. D ), 967 N. Robey w. to Washtenaw Ave.; Honore ("W. D.), 718 Madison s. to 87th; Hood Ave. (L.V.),3606Robpye. to Ridge Ave.; Hooker iN.D.), 396 Halsted nw. to Cherry Ave.; Hope (W. D.), 65 Blue Island Ave. w. to Morgan; Hough PI. (S. D.), ?560 Archer Ave. nw. one block; Houston Ave. (H. P.), 230 81st 8. to 9Bth; Howard Ct. (W. D ), Cen- tral Park Boul. w, to Kedzie Ave.; Howe (N. D ), 22 Willow n. to Gar- field Ave.; HoxieCR. P.), 9oth s. to 120th; Hoyne Ave. N. (W. D. and L. v.), 832 Lake n. to Grace Ave.; Hoyne Ave. S. (W. D,), 832 Lake s. to 67th; Hoyt (L.), 815 63d s to 67th; Hubbard Ct. (S. D.>, 252 Michigan Ave. w. to State; Huber iN. D.), 186 Herndon e. to Racine Ave.; Hick Ave. (L. v.), Lawrence n. two blocks; Hudson (S.D.), Western Ave. w. to Hock well; Hudson Ave. (N. D.),47 Sigel n. to Cent^^r; Hull (N. J).), 51 Eugenie n. to Menomonee; Humboldt (W. D.), 979 North Ave. n. to Palmer Ave.; Humboldt Ave. ( W. D.) , 507 Western Ave. w. to Craw- ford Ave.; Humboldt Ave. (W. D.), 421 Humboldt Boul. n. to Belmont Ave.; Humboldt Park Boul. (W. T>.), 1099 North Ave. n. to Palmer PI.; Huron (N. D.), Roberts e. to the lake; Huron W. (W. D.>, 364 Milwau- kee Ave. w, to limits; Hydraulic PI. (S. D.), 184 State w. to Clark. I Iglehart PI. (S. D.), 27th s. to 28th; lllmois (N. D.), Kingsbury e to the lake; Illinois Ave. (S. D.), 761 32ds. to 33d; Illinois Ave. (H. P.), 266 83d PL s. to Ontario Ave.; Indiana (N. D.), the river e. to the lake; Indiana W. (W. D.), the river w. to 48th; Indiana Ave. (S. D.', 12th s. to city limits; Indiana Boul. (H. P.), 101st s. e. to 106th; Ingraham (W D.), 333 Elston Ave. w. to Noble; Inkerman (L.), 345 45th s. to Goshen; Iowa (W. D.), 357 N. Wood w. to California Ave.; Iron (S. D.), 33d se. to 35th; Irving Ave. iW . D.), 894 Monroes, to 14th; Irving PI. ( W. D.), 848 Fulton n. to Kinzie; Isabella (W. D.), 466 N. Homan Ave. e. one block. Jackson (S. D.^ Michigan Ave. w. to the river; Jackson W. (W. D ),the river w. to 48th; Jackson Ave. (H.P.), 608 54th s. to 59th; Jackson Park Terrace (H. P.), 6500 Stony Island Ave. w.to I. C. R. R.; James (L. V.), Front to Ashland Ave; James Ave. (S. D.), Laurel w. to Pitney Ct.; Jamot (L. v.), Leavitt e. to Robey; Jane (W. D.), 8'2 Milwaukee Ave.w. to California Ave.; Janssen (L. V.), 9i4 Rosooe n. to Nellie; Jasper (S. D.), 34th s. to 35th; Jay (N. D.), 60 Center n. to Fullerton Ave.; Jeffer- son N. (W. D.), 9J Randolph n. to the river; Jefferson S. (W. D.),93 Ran- dolph s. t) 22d; Jefferson Ave. (H. P.), 50th 8. to 57th; Jefferson Ave. (L.), 69th to 71st; Jefferson Ct. (W. D.), 69 Powell Ave. w.to Perry Ave.; Jeffery Ave. (H. P.), 67th s. to 95th: Jessie PI. (W. D.), 769 Kinzie n. one- half block; John PL (W. D.),879S. Halsted w. one block; Johnson (W. STREET r>II:ECTGR\^ a39 D.), 292 Taylor s. to 22d; Johnson Ave. (ri. D.), 27th s. to 28th; Jnhmton. Ave.(W. D.), ^IL N. Calitornia Ave. w. to Humboldt Park; Joseph (<. D.), 2535, Hickory se.to Arch r Ave.; Joseph '(LJ, "Washtenaw Ave. to California Ave. ; JucW (W. D.), Stew- art Ave. w to S. Jefferson; Judson (N. D.), Eastman nw. to Blackhawk; Julia Ct. (W. D.), Stave sw. one- half block; Julian (W. D.),699N. Ashland Ave. w. to Wood; Julius (W. D.), 103 11th s. one block; Justine (L.), 45th s. to 67th. Kedzie Ave. (W. D.), 1512 Lake n. to limits; Kedzie Ave. S. (W. D.), 1512 Lake s. t . limits; Keeley (S. D.), 2823 Archer Ave. se. to 3jst; Keeiion (W. D.), 749 N. Ashland Ave. w. to Wood; i^eif/U W.D.),303 Chi. ag-o Ave. s to Hurou; Kemper PL (N. D.), 462 Orchard e. to Larrabee; Kendall ( W. D.), 84 J Polk sw. to Taylor; Kensing- ton Ave. (H. P ), Lake Calumet w. to Thornton Ave.; Kenwood Ave. (H. P.), 66 47th s. to 4yth; Kimbark Ave. (H. P.)', 106 47th s. to t9th; Kingslmry (N". D.), 27 Kinzie n to Chicago Ave ; Kingston Ave.dl. P.), 83d s. to 87th; Kinzie (N . D ), the river e. to N. Water; Kinzie W. (W. D.), the river w. to limits; Koenig (W. D), .375 Warsaw Ave. ne. to Lee Ave.; Koscmsko (W. D.), 1151 N. Robey w. to Leavitt; Kramer (W. D.),511S. Jefferson w. to Halsted; Kroll (W. D ), 122 Moore s. two- thirf's block; Kruse Ave. (L.), C. & G. T. Ry. s. two blocks; Kiiehl PL (W. D.), 11) Lister Ave. ne. toKlston Ave.; Kuhn's Ct. (W. D.). 1101 N. Western Ave. n. one-half block . Lafayette Ave, (H. P.), 1026 56th F. to 57th; Laflin (W. D.), 536 Maui- son s. to limits; Lake (S. D.), Cen- tral Ave. w. to the river; LakeW. (W. D.), the river west to limits; Lake Ave. (S. D.), 15 3Jth s. to limits; Lake Park Ave. (S. D.),23d s e. to 33i; Lake Park Place (S. D. ), railroiid tracks w. to 336 Michigan Ave.; Lake Shore Drive ( ". D.), foot of Oak n. to Lincoln Park; Lake View Ave (L. V.), FuUerton Ave. n. to Belmonc Ave; Lane PI. (N. D.), 412 Center n. to Garfield Ave.; Lang- don (N. D.), 183 Clybourn Ave. sw. onf^-half block; Langley Ave. (S. D.,\ 1 15 37th s . to 95. h; I^arrabee (N. D . ), 19 Chicago Ave n. toDemingCt.; La Salle (S. D.), the river s. to Van Buren; 237 16ch s. to Garfield Boul.; LiSalle Ave. C^. D.), the river n. to Clark; Laughton (W. D.), 1151 S. Hoyne Ave. w. to California Ave.; Laurel Ave. (W D.), Fullerton Ave. n.to Diversey; La^w Ave. (W. D.), Harrison s. to Polk; Lawndale Ave. N. (W. D.), Kinzie n. to North Ave.' Lawndale Ave. S. (W. D.), 1936 Harrison s. to 31st; Lawrence (N D.), North Branch e. to South- port Ave.; Lawrence Ave. (L. V.), N. Western Ave. e to the lake; Lay (W. D.), 1457 S. Western Ave. w. to California Ave.; Layton (L.) 4430 Wentworth Ave. w. to Halsted; Leavitt N. (W. D.), 8 '2 Lake n.to limits; Leavitt S. (W. D. and S.D.), 89; Lake s. to 39th; Leddy W. D.), 189 McGovern n. to Fullerton Ave.; Lee Ave. (W. D.), 1779 N. California Ave. w. to Avondale Ave.; lyee PL (W. D.), 273 N. Robey w. to N. Hoyn-^ Ave.; Legcate Ave. (S. D.), see Francisco Ave.; Leipzig W. D.), Hamburg n. to Ems; Leland Ave. (L. v.), Leavitt e. to Clark; Le Moyne (W. D.), 695 N. Robey w. to N. Leavitt; Leo (&. D.), 2547 Archer Ave. s. to 27th; ip.ssu)y(W. D.), 124 Chicago Ave n. toDiyi; LevahtAve. ( H . P . ), 75th s. to 87th; Levee ( W . !).), the river sw. three blocks; Letois, (N. D.), 7% Hawthorn Ave. n. to Divevsey; Le.vington Ave. (W. D.), 35 De Kalb w. to Crawford Ave.; Lexington Ave. (H. P.). 370 51st s. to 67th; Liberty (W. D.), 73 Stewart Ave. w. to Halsted; Lill (W. D.), 44 Station w. to N. Western Ave.; Lill Ave. 'N. D.), 184 Perry e. to Halsted; Lime (S. D.), tie river s. to 27th; Lincoln N. (W. D.», 722 Lake n. to Milwaukee Ave.; Lincoln S. (W. D.), 7?3 Lake, s to imits; Li}Lcoln Ave. (N. D.); 639 Well:* n. w. to Belmont Ave. Lincoln PL (N. D.), 500 Garfield 340 STREET DIRECTORY. Ave. north to Webster Ave.; Lin- den Ave. (L. v.), Lawrence Ave n. to Argyle; Linden Ave. {W. D.) FulJerton Ave. north to Diversey; Limvood PL (W. D.), 443 N. Cali- fornia Ave. w, to Humboldt Park; Lisle (W. D.), 755 S. Union w, to Halsted; Lister Ave. (W. D.); 143 Webster Ave. n. w. to Robey; Lock (S. D . ), Fuller s. e. to 31st; LocUs-port (S. D.), railroad s. e. to Archer Ave; Locust (N. D.), Townsend e. to Clark; Logan (S. D.), 2651 Hickory se. to ruilroad; Logan (L.), Stewart Ave. w. to Halsted; Logan Square (W. D.), Kedzie Ave. and Humboldt Boul.; Lonergan (N. D.), 44 Wisconsin n. to Lincoln Ave.; Loomis (W. D.), 486 Madison s. to limits; Lowe Ave. (S. D.), 515 ^6th s. to 39th; Lubeck (W. D.), 1039 N. Kobey w. to Western Ave.; Luce (W. D.), 6l Blackhawk n. w. one- half block; LuellaAve. (A. Pj,83d s. to 95Th; Lull PI. (W. D.). Ellen sw. to N. Wood; Lumber (W. D.), 18 12th s. w. to Halsted; iit7ic?i/'s La?? e (S. D.), 1489 32d s. to 37th; Lunn Ct. (W. D.), 605 S. Western Ave. w one block; LutheriW. D.).li71 S. Eock- well w. to Washtenaw; LutzCN. D.), 254 North Ave. w. one-third block; Lydia (W. D.), 54 N. Desplaines w. to Halsted; Lyman (L.V.),Suizer n. to Lawrence; Lvman (S. D.), 2878 Main s. w. to 31st: Lynch PL (S. D.), 32d s. to 33d; Lyons ^ve. (H. P.), Cottage Grove Ave. n. w. to 93d; Lylle ( W . . D), 474 Harrison s . to 12th. M MacAlUster PI. (W. D.), 229 Center Ave. w. to Loomis; Macedonia (W. D.), 316 Division n. to Ellen; Mack- nawAve. (H. P.), 59 8]d south to 136th; Madison (S. D.), Michigan Ave. w. to the river; Madixon W. (W. '^.), the river w. to city limits; Madison Ave. (H.P.), 47th s. to 87th; Madison Ct. (H. P.), 66th to 67th; D. and L.), 34 L Randolph s to limits; McAlpineiS. B.), Bross Ave. s. to Doug'as Ave ; McChesney Ave. (H. P.>, 63d s. to %n\\\McDermoit (S. D ), C. & A. R. R. se. to Archer Ave.; McDowell (W. D.), 1235 S. Wash- tenaw Ave. w. one-half block; Mo- Madison Park (H. P.), 5030 Madison Ave. w. to Woodlawn Ave.; Main (6. D.), the river se. to 31st; Manis- tee Ave. in P.), 452 87th s. to 99th; Maple {N. D.), 366 La Salle Ave. e.to State; Maple (L.), C. & G. T. R. R. w. to Reese Ave.; Maple PI. (W. D.) 1137 N. Western Ave. w. to Powell Ave.; Maplewood Ave. (W. D ), 1104 Lake n. to Elston Ave.; Maplewood S.{W. r».),1855 W. 31sts. to Illinois and Michigan Canal; Maplewood PI. (W. D.). 86t Ogden Ave. s. to 15th; Mara Ave. (L. V.), 224 School n. to Addison Ave ; Marble PL (S. D.), State w. to 5th Ave.; Marble PL (W. D.) 125 S. Desplaines w. to Halsted; Marcy (N.D.), 53 Sheffield Ave. nw. to Clybourn PI.; Margaret (W. D.), 402 14th s. to 15th; Margaret PL (W. D.), 200LJ6ths. to ]9th; Marianna (L. v.), 474 Southport Ave. e. to Florence Ave.; Marion PL (W. D.), 328 Division n. to Ellen; Mark (W. D.),689S. Union w. to S. Hal- sted; Market (S. D.), 253 Lake s. to Congress; Market N. (N. D.), the river n. to North Ave.; Market Square (S. D.), 31st se. to Ashland Ave ; Marquette Ave. (H, P.), 490 87th s. to 105th; MarslijieU Ave. (W. D.), 600 Jackson s. to 12th; 34th s. to 7 St; Martin (W. D.), 1151 S. Rock- well w. to AVashtenaw Ave. ; Marvin (W. D.), 1159 S. Oakley Ave. w. to California Ave.; Mary(S. D.), 2509 Hickory se. to Hoey; Maryland Ave. (H. P.), 65 s. to 67th; Mather (W, D.), Ellsworth w. to Halsted; Mathew (W D.), 2^15 Ogden Ave. w. to W 006 ;Matteson (L.), Stewait Ave. w. to Halsted; Mattison Ave. (11. P.), 200 74th 8. one block; Maud Ave. ( Nf. D.\ 125 Shetfield Ave. nw. to Racine Ave.; Mautene Ct. (W. D.), 91^ Milwaukee Ave. sw. one- half block; Ma.vicell (W. D.), the river west to 3 Blue Island Ave.; May (L. V.); ICOO Wrightwood Ave. n. to George; May, N. (W. D.), 341 Randolph n. to George; May,S. (W. Gloshen (S. D.), 1449 22d s. to Archer Ave.; 31cG<>vern (W. D.), IQzQ Mil- waukee Ave. w. to Kedzie Ave.; McHenry ( . , D.), Blanche to the river; Mcllrc.y (W. D.), 5i r N. Kedzie Ave. w. one b'ock; McKihben Ave. (L.i, 44th s. to 46th; McLean Ave. STREET blRfiCTOR'if. 341 (W. D.), 1147 Homan Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; McMullen Ct. (W. D.), 103 Fisk w. to Cent-.e Ave ; Mc- Reynolds (\V. T).), 727 N. Ashland Ave. w. to Wood; Mead (W. D.), Keazie n. to Fullerton Ave.; Meadow Lane (L. V.). Grand Ave. n. to lim- its; Meaghan (W. D.), 1610 S. Ash- land Ave . e. one-half hlock; Meagher (W. D.), 143 Stewart Ave. w. to Hal- sted; Mec/ia?i'c(W. D.),4 18th s to Lumber; Meddl Ave. (W. D.), 1339 Kimball w. to Central Park Ave.; Melrose (L. V.), Western Ave. e. to the lake; MendelKW. D.), 141 Cly- bournPl. nw. to Canal PL; Menom- onee (N. D.), 769 CI ark w. to Larra- bee; Mentmore Ave. (W. D.), 1259 Kedzie Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; Merian (W. D.), C, B. & Q. R. R. s. to22d; Meridian (Vf-.B.). 51 S. Des- plaines w. to Halsted; Metropolitan Pi. (W. D.), 251 N. Harding' Ave. w. to Crawford Ave ; Michigan (N. D.), Kingsbury e. to Water; Michigan Ave. (S. D.), the river s. to 99th; Mill (S. D.), 3223 Ashland Ave. w. to Paul- ina; Millard Ave. (W. D.), 1292 12th south to Whitehouse; Miller (W. D.), 346 Harrison s. to Taylor; Milton Ave. (N. D.), 57 Chicago Ave. n. to Division; Milwaiihee Aue. (W. D.), 28 Lake nw. to limits; Minne- haha Ave.iK. P.), 91st s. to 94th; Mitchell Ave. (W. D.), 1059 North Ave. n. to Bloomingdale Road; Moffat {W. D.),977 Western Ave. w. to Rockwell; Mohawk (N. D.), 78 Clybourn Ave. n. to Garfield Ave.; Monroe (S. D.), Michigan Ave. w. to the river; Monroe (W. D.), Ill S. Canal w. to Central Park Ave.; Monroe Ave. (H. P.), 2S2 53d s. to 59th; Montana (L. V.), 1:30 Ashland Ave. e. to Lincoln Ave.; Montana (W. D.),130 Station w. to Western Ave.; Montgomery (L.), Blanchard Ave. nw. to Archer Ave.; Moore (N. D.), 366 Divisions, to Elm; Moore, (W.D.),S. Wood w. to California Ave.; Moore PI. (W. D.), ^029 16th s. to 19th; Moorman (W. D.), Ellen se. to N. Paulina; Mor-gan, N. (W, D.), 281 Randolph n. to Chicago Ave.; Morgan, S. (W. D.), 28 ) Ran- dolph s. to limits; Morgan PI. (W. D.), 143 S. Morgan w. to Aberdeen; Mo7Tis (L.), Stewart Ave. to Wal- lace; Mosspratt (S. D.), 923 31st s. to Springer Ave.; Mound Ave. (L.), School w. to Stewart Ave.; Mozart (W. D.), 933 North Ave. n. to Palmer Ave.; Mvskegon Ave. (H. P.), 8318 Baltimore Ave. s. to 106th; MyrtU (L. v.), Bryn Mawr n. to olive; Myr- tle {W.D.);2i Birch s to Ashland; Myrtle Aue. (H. P . ), I. C. R. R. w . to Lake Ave ; Myrtle Ave. (H. P. ), 64th s. to 67th; Myrtle Ave. (W . D.), 1773 Milwaukee Ave. n. to Diversey. Napolean PI. (S. D.), 2744 Went- worth Ave., w. to Wallace.; Nassau (W D.), 1326 Jackson s. one bl>.ck; Nebraska (W. D.), 309 Throop w. to Ashland Ave.; Nebraska Ave. (W. D.), 1051 Bloomingdale Road n. to Palmer PI.; Nellie Ave. (L. V.), 2056 Paulina e. to the Lake; Nelson (L. V.), 1590 Western Ave. e. to Soult; Nevada (L. V.), 386 Evauston Ave. e. to the lake; Newberry Ave. (W. D.), 270 Taylor s. to 18th.; Neivport Ave. (L. Y.), Evanston Ave. e. to the Lake; Newton (W. D.) 14 Iowa n. to Divi- sion; iViJieteentTi (S. D.), 1900 State w. to the river; Nineteenth (W. D.), 669 S. Union w. to Crawford Ave.; Nineteenth PL (W. D.), 359 Johnson w. to Brown; Ninetieth (H. P.), the strand w. to St. Lawrence Ave.; Ninetieth PI. (H. P.), L C. R. R. w. to St. Lawrence Ave.; Ninety- first (H. P.), Green Bay Ave. w. to St. Lawrence Ave.; Ninety-second (H. P.), Harbor Ave. w. to Cottage Grove Ave.; Ninety-second PI. (H.P.) Yates Ave. w.to Luella Ave.; JVineiy- third (H. P.), Harbor Ave. w. to Cottage Grove Ave.; Ninety-fourth (H. P.), Commercial Ave. w. to Stony Island Ave.; Ninety-fifth (H. P.), the Lake w . to Michigan Ave . ; Ninety-sixth (H. P.), 7th Ave. w. to Michigan Ave.; Ninety-seventh (H. P.),bthAve. w. to Michigan Ave.; Ninety-eighth (H. P.), Ave. E w. to Michigan Ave.; Ninety-ninth (H. P. ), the Lake w. to State; Nixon (W. D.), 572 Polk s. to Taylor; Noble (W. D.), 443 Kinzie n. to North Ave.; Noble Ave. (L. Y.), Western Ave. e. to Clark; Normal Parkway (L.),C., R. I. & P. R. R. w. to Wright; Nor- 343 STREET DIRECTOTIY. man Ave. (W. D.), 1083 North Ave. n. to Bloomingdale Road; North (L. v.), C. & N. W. Ry. e. to Clark; North Ave. (N. D.), the river e. to the Lake; North Ave. (W. D.),the river w. to Limits; North Ave. (L. V.) Front e. to Clark; North Branch (N. D.), 45 Hawthorne Ave. n.w. to Blackhawk; iVorth, Grove (N. D.), 711 Larrabee w . to Orchard; North Park Ave. (N. D.),38 Menomonee n. to Fullerton Ave.; North Pier (N. D.), Michigan e. to the Lake; North PI. (W. D.), 65 Armitag-e Ave. n.w. V4 block; North Water (N. D),18 Wells e. to the Lake; Norton (W. D.), 145 Gurley e. to Polk; Norwood Ave. (W D.), N. Kedzie Ave. w. to N. Homan Ave.; Notre Dame (H. P.), 100th s.w. to 104th.; Nursery (N. D.), Lewis n.w. to Ward; Nutt (W.D.), 319 16th s. to 18th; Nutt Ave. (H. P.), 71st s to 87th; Nutt Ct. (W. D.), 137 19th s. to 20th. Oah (N. D.), 88 Hawthorne Ave. e. to the lake; Oah (L.), C. & G. T. R. R. w. to Reese Ave.; Oak (L . ), School w. to Stewart Ave.; Oak Ave. (S. D ), 3613 Vinceanes Ave. w. to Stanton Ave,; Oak PI. (L. V.), ULO Belmont Ave. n. to School; Oak Grove Ave. (L. v.), 1103 R. cine Ave. e. to Clark; Oakdale Ave. (L. V.), 1524 Oakley Ave. e. to the lake; Oakenwald Ave. (H. P.),34 4 ds.andw.toLakeAve.; Oakland PZ. (L. V.), 1499 George n. to WelLngton Ave.: Oakley Ave. N. ( W. D.), 953 Lake n. to B rteau Ave.; Oakl yAve. S. (W. D.),953 Lakes, to limits; Oakwood Ave. (S. D.), the lake w. to Cottage Grove Ave.; Oak- woodBd. (H. P.), 39 3 Cottage Grove Ave. w. to Grand Bd.; 0''Brien (W. D.), 497 Jefferson w. to Hal^ted; Ogden Ave. (W. D.), 486 Randolph s w. to Crawford Ave.; OgdenPl. (W. D.), 125 Ogden Ave. w. to S. Wood; Oglesby Ave. (H. P.), 61st s. to 71s' ; Ohio (N. D.), Kingsbury e. to the lake; Ohio (W. D.), 314 N. Desplaines w. to 48th.; Olga (L. V.), 1240 Nellie Ave. w. to Grace; Olive (W. D.), 9:6 Taylor s. to 12th; Olive (L. V.), 3903 Clark e. to Southport Ave ; Olivet PL (W. D.), U Walker Ct. w. one- half block; 100th (H. P.), the lake w. to Willett Ave.; 101st (H. P.), the lake w. to Willett Ave.; lOM (H. P.), the lake w. to Willett Ave ; 103d (H. P.), Ave. C w- to State; lOUth (H. P.), Ave. C w. to State; 105th (H. P.), Indiana Bd. w. to Indiana Ave.; 106th (H. P ), Tndi na Bd. w. to III. Cent. R. R.; 107th (H. P.', Ave. Gw. to Michigan Ave.; 108th (H. P.), Ave. E w. to 111. Cent. R. R.; 109th (R. P.), Ave. E w. to Willett Ave.; 110th (H. P .) , A ve. E w. to State; 111th (H. P.), First Ave. w. to State; 111th PI. (H. P.), Michigan Ave. w. to State ; 112th (H. P.), First Ave. w, to State; llUh PI. (H. P.), Michigan Ave. w. to State; llSth (H. P.), First Ave. w. to State; 113th PI. (H. V.), Michigan Ave. w. to State; llUth (H. P.), Ave. F w. to III. Cent. R. R.; 115th (H. P.), Ave. F w. to Halsted; 116th (H. P), Ave. F w, to State; 117th (H. P.), 111. & Ind. Line w. to Michigan Ave.; 118th (H. P.), 111. & Ind. Line w. to State; 119th (H. P.), 111. & Ind. Line w, to State; OWeil (W. D.), 911 S. Halsted w. one block; Ontario {N. D.), Kingsbury e. to the lake; Ontario (W. D.), 400 46th w. to 48th; Ontario Ave. (H. P.),1308ists. to Harbor Ave.; Orchard (N. D.), 230 CI y bourn Ave. n. t > Dewey Ct.; Orchard (H. P.), I. C. R. R. w. to Lake Ave ; Osborne (W. D.), 541 Indiana n. to Ohio; Osgood (W. D.), 114 Centre n. to Fullerton Ave.; Oswego (VV. D.), 573 Kinzie n . one- half block; Otis (N. D.),203 Division n. to Vedder; Ofto (L. V.). 1664 Robey e. to Halsted; Owasco (W. D.), 213 S. Western Avp. w. to 46th; Oxford Ct. (S. D.\3838 Stanton Ave. w. to Grand Bd. Pacific Ave. (S . D.) , 148 Jackson s. to Taylor; Packers' Ave. (L.) 426. s. to 47th ; Page, JV^. ( W . D.), 60r Kinxie n. to Ferdinand; Page S. (W. D.),65l i Lakes, to Madison; Palatine (W.D.) 641 S. Homan Ave.w. to Central Park Ave.; Palmer (L. V.), Sulzer n. to Balmoral Ave ; Palmer Ave. (W. D.) 1 1 91 N California Ave. w. to Thomas Ave.; Palmer Square (W. D.), Hum- boldt Loul. w. to Kedzie Ave.; Park STREET DIRECTORY, 343 (W. D.), 631 N. Wood nw. to N. Ro- bey; Park Ave. (W. D.),31S. Ashland w. to city limits ; Park Ave. (L. Y .) , 1890 Diversey Ave. to Surf; Park Front (N. D.), Wells e. to Clark; ParmeleeiW. D.),1119S. HoyneAve. w. to California Ave.; ParnellAve. (S. D.) &39 29th s. to 39th; Paulina N. (W. D. andL. V.), 626 Lake n. to Tat- tle Ave.; Paulina S. ( W. D. and S. D ) 6.6 Lakes, to 39th; Pearce (W. D.), 235 S. Desplaines w. to Halsted; Pearl (N.D.) 378 Garfield Ave. n. to Web- ster Ave.; Pearl (L. V.), Olive s. to Bryn Mawr; Pearl (L.), Belt R. R. s. to 79th ; Pearson ^. (N . D.), 220 State e. t the lake ; Pearson W. (N. D.), 222 Market e. to Wells ; Peck Ct. (S. D.), Michig-an Ave. w. to State; Penn (N. D.), 175 Division n. to Vedder; Peoria JV. (W. D.) 239 Randolph n. to Milwaukee Ave ; Peoria. S. (W. D.) 239 Randolph s.to Harrison; Peoria S. (L.), bOth s.to city limits; Perry (N. D. and L. V), 754 Cl\bourn Ave. n. to Lelatnd Ave.; Perry Ave- (W. D.) 1693 Milwaukee Ave. n. to Fullerton Ave.; Perry Ave. (L.),65ths. to 79th. Peterson (W. D.) 859 N. Robey w. to Hoyne Ave.; Peterson Ave. (L. V. i, N. We tern Ave. e. to N. Clark; Phillips (W. D.), 258 N. Halsted w. to Sangamon ; Phinney Ave. N. (W. D.), Kinzie n. to Chicag-o Ave.; Phinney Ave. S. (W. D.) 1539 Van Burenn. to Colorado Ave.; Pier (S. D.), 3813 Lake Ave. e. to the lake; Pierce (R. P.), 4224 St. Lawrence Ave. w. to Grand Bd ; Pierce Ave. (W. D.), 807 N. Kedzie Ave. w. to Homan Ave.; Pierce (L.), Stewart Ave. w. to Wal- lace; Pine (N. D.), N. Water n. to Oak; Pine (L. V.), N. Robey e to As^iland Ave.; Pine Grove Ave. (L. V.) Cornelia nw. to Graceland Ave.; Pitney Ct. (S. D), C. & A. R. R. se. to 31st; Pittsfield Ave. (L.), 6 Jth s. to 62d; Pleasant (N. D.), 191 Div sion n. to Vedder; Pleasant Ave. (L. V.), Fullerton Ave. n. to Fisher Ave.; Pleasant PI. (W. D.) 1233 N. Western Ave. w, to Perry Ave.; Plum (W. D.), 220 Loomis w. to Laflin; Plymouth PI. (S. D.), 86 Jackson s. to 14th; Poe (N. D.), 26 Maud Ave. nw. to Clyde; Point (W. D.), 663 Arraitage Ave. nw. to Calif ornia Ave.; Polk{S. D.), 426 State w. to the rjver; Polk W. (W, D.), the river w, to S. Albany Ave.; Poplar Ave. (S. D.), 28th to 31st; Portland Ave. (S. D.), 381 22ds. to 43d; Post (S. D.) Ashland Ave. se. to the levee; Potomac Ave. (W. D.). 599 N. Lincoln w. to California Ave.; Powell Ave. (W. I).), 1617 Milwaukee Ave. n. to Fullerton Ave.; Powell Ave. (H. P.), 99th s. to ll4th; PowelVs Park (W. D.), ir87 N. Western Ave. w. to Powell Ave.; Prairie Ave. (S. D.), 9 16th s. to 87th; Pratt (W. D.), 292 S. Halsted w. to Morgan; Pratt PI. (W. D.), 219 S. Hoyne Ave. w. two blocks; Prim- rose (L.V.), Peterson Ave. n. to Fish- er Ave.; Prince Ave. (W. D.), 779 N. Central Park Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; Prindiville (W. D.), 1834 Mil- waukee Ave. sw. to State; Prospect PI. (S. D.), 3570 Cottage Grove Ave. w. to Vincennes Ave.; Pulaski (W. D.), J149N. Hoyne Ave. w. to Leav- itt; Pullman (H. P.), 104th sw. to 115th; Purple (S. D.), 251 19th s. to Archer Ave.; Putnam (W. D.), Erie n. to Chicago Ave. Quarry (S. D.), the river se. to Stearns; Quincy (S. D.), 220 State w. to the river; Quincy W. (W, D.), 167 S. Clinton w. to Halsted; Quinn (S. D,),2733 ArcherAve.se. to 31st. Racine Ave. (N. D.), 550 Clybourn Ave. n. to Belmont Ave; Railroad Ave. (W. D.), 64 12th s. to 14th; Railroad Ave. (L.), railroad crossing w. to Wentworth Ave.; Railroad Ave. (H. P.), 7ist s. to 83d PI.; Raleigh Ct. (W. D.), 675 13th s. one block; Randolph (S. D.), Michigan Ave. w. to the river; i?andolp^ W. ( W. D.), the river w. to Union Park; Ravenswood Park (L. V.), Grace n. to limits; i?awso7J, (W, D), the river w. to Elston Ave.;I2aj/ (S. D.),2.-24 Park Ave. w. to Prairie Ave.; JRay- mond ( W. D.), 787 N. Robey w. one- half block; Rebecca (W. D.), 603 S. Morgan w. to California Ave.: Red- field (W. D.), McHenry w. to Els- ton Ave.; Reese (N. D.), 275Larrabee sw, to Division; Reese Ave. (L.), see 344 STREET DIRECTORY. Crawford Ave.; Reynolds Ave. (H. P.), 78th s. to 82d; Rhine {W.D.), 1257 N. Leavitt w.to Milwaukee Ave.; Rhodes Ave. (S. D.), 53 31st s. to 3 th; Rice ( W. D . ), 353 N . Wood w. to Lin- coln; Rice PI. (W. D.), 1016 22ds. one block; Richmond (W. D.), 1184 Chicago Ave. n. to Division; J?ic?i- mondAve. (L. V.), 2023 Milwaukee Ave. n. to Belmont Ave; Ridge Ave. (H. P.), 83 Robertson Ave. s. to Jackson Park Terrace; Ridge Ave. (L. v.), 2599 Evanston Ave. nw. to limits; Ridgeway Ave. (W. D.), Kin- zie n. to North Ave.; Ridgewood Ct. (H. P.), 263 54th s. one block; Ritchie PI. (N. D.), 331 Goethe n. to Banks; River (S. D.), Rush Street bridge sw. to Water; Roberts (N. D.), 1 Erie n. to Chicago Ave.; Eohertson Ave. (H. P.), 43^4 Grace Avenue to I. C. R. R.; Robey N.(W.I). and L. v.), 773 Lake n. to limits; Robey, S. (W. D. and S. D.), 77;i Lake s. to limits; Robinson (S. D.), 3lst nw. to Illinois & Michigan Canal; Rockwell, N. (W. D.), 1142 Lake n.to Armitage Ave.; Rockwell, S. (W. D. and S.D,), 1143 Lake s.to 51st; Rokeby (L. V.),1500 AddisonAve n. to Grace- land Ave.; i?oot (L.), 4134 State w. to Halsted; Rosalie Ct. (H. P.), 57th s. to 59th; Roscoe (L. V.), N. Wes- tern Ave. e. to Evanston A ve.; Rose (W. D.), 390 Chicago Ave. n. to Cor- nell; iJsebwd (W. D.),6-i5 Blooming- dale Road nw. to N. Western Ave.; Rosemont Ave. (L. V.), Evanston Ave. e. to the lake; Rosenmerkel (L. ), Stewart Ave. w. to Wallace; Rubens Ave. (L v.), Grand Ave. n. to Ernst Ave; Ruble (W. D.), 153 16th s. to 2lst; Rumsey vW. D.),499 Indiana n. to Division; Rundel PI. (W. D.), 73 S. Morgan w. to Centre Ave.; Rupp Ave. (H. P.), 87th s. to 95th; Rush (N. D.), the river n. and nw. to Elm ; Rush (L.), 417 39th s. one block. Sacramento Ave. N. (W. D.), 1392 Lake n. to Central Park Bd.; Sacra- mento Ave. S. (W. D.), 1392 Lake s. to b3d.; Saginaw Ave. (H. P.), 526 87th s.to 95th.; Samuel (W. D.), 540 Chi- cago Ave. n. to Division; Sangamon N. (W. D.),259 Randolph n.to the river; Sangamon, S. (W. D.), 359 Randolph s. to Harrison; Sangamon (L.), 52d s. to limits; Sanger (S. D.), 3447 Archer Ave. se. to 26th; Sawyer Ave. (W. D.), 12th s. to 69th; Sche'l Ave. (H. P.), 71st s. to 84th; Schick Pi. (N. D.), 64 Clybourn Ave. ne. to Cleveland Ave.; Schiller (N. D.), 357 Sedgwick e. to the lake; School (W. D ), 93 S. Canal w. to Desplaines; School (L. v.), Western Ave e. to Evanston Ave ; School (L.), 358 Root s. to 63d.; Schuyler (W. D.), Thomas Ave. w. to 1st Ave.; Schuyler ( W. D.), Milwaukee Ave. w. one block; Scott (N. D.), 407 State e. to the lake; Scovel Ave. (H. P.), 99th s. to 114th; Sebor (W. D.), Ellsworth w. to S. Halsted; Second Ave. (H. P.), 176 95th s. to 101st; Sedgwick (N. D.), 85 Erie n. to limits; Sedgwick Ct. (N. D.), 328 DiviMon s. to Elm; Seeley Ave.iW. D.), 804 Madison s. to Avon PI.; Selden (W. D.), 485 S. Wood w. one block; Seminary Ave. (N: D.), 53 Maud Ave. n. to Eddy; Seminar?/ PI. (L. v.), 436 Racine Ave. to Seminary Ave.; Seneca (N. D.), 361 Illinois n. one block; Seneschalle (L.), 440 Root n. one-half hloc^; Seventetnth (S.D.), irOO State w.to Grove; Seventeenth W. (W. D.), Arthur w. to Washtenaw Ave.; Seventh Ave. (H. P.), 47 96th s. to lOOth.; Seventieth (H. P. and L.), Yates Ave. w. to Centre Ave.; Seventy-first (H. P. and L.), the lake w. to Ashland Ave.; Seventh-first PI. (H. P.), Stony Island Ave. w. to Woodlawn Ave. ; Seventy-second (H. P. and L.),7lstsw. and w.to Ashland Ave.; Seventy -second PI. (H. P.), Storiy Island Ave. w. to Woodlawn Ave.; Seventy-third (H. P. and L.), Lake Ave. w. to Ashland Ave.; Seventy-fourth (H. P. and L.), Lake Ave. w. to Ashland Ave ; Seventy- fourth PI. (H. P.), B. & O. R. R. w. to Jefferson Ave.; Seventy- fifth (H. P. and L.), Lake Ave. w. to Reese Ave.; Seventy-sixth (H. P.), Lake Ave. w. to Halsted; Seventy-sixth Ct (H. P.), 7643 Coles Ave. w. to Railroad; Seventy-seventh (H. P. and L.), Lake Ave. w. to Ashland Ave.; Seventy-seventh Ct. (H. P.), 7743 Coles Ave. sw. to Railroad Ave.; Seventy- eighth (H, P. and L.), Lake Ave. w. li STREET DIRECTORY. 345 to Ashland Ave.; Seventy-eighth PI. (H. P.), 78^6 Coles Ave. sw. to Rail- road Ave.; Seventy-ninth (H. P. and L.), the lake w. to Hyman Ave.; Seward (W. D.), 77 16th s. to Lumber; Seymour Ave. (W. D-), 973 Kinzle n. to Armitage Ave.; Shakespeare Ave. (W. D.), 1161 N. Cahf ornia Ave. w. to Humboldt Park; Shaughnessy (N. D.), 9 Goethe n. one block; Sheffield Ave. (N. D. and L.), 472 Hawthorne Ave. n. to Belmont Ave.; Shelby Ct. (W . D.) , 109 J 9th s. one block; Sheldon (L. v.), Grace n. to Graceland Ave.; Sheldon, N. ( W. D.), 467 Randolph n. to Arbor PI.; SheldonS. (W. D.), 467 Randolph s. to Madison; Sheridan (S. D.), 1^73 33d s to Douglas Ave.; Shendan Ave. iW. D.), Kinzie n. to FuUerton Ave.; Sheridan Ave. S. (W. D.), 1456 Fillmore s. to 12th; Sheridan Ave. (H. P.;,61sts.to 67th; Sheridan PI. (S.D.), 2014 Wentworth Ave. w. one-half block; Sherman (S. D.), 164 Jackson s. to Stowell; Sherman (L.), 39th s. to limits; Sherman Ave. (H. P.), 420 83d s. to 78th; Sherman PI. (L. V.), 674 Or- chard se. to Clark; Sherman PI. (N. D.), 133 Pine w one-half block; Sho- beriW. D.), 562 Division n. to Wau- bansia Ave.; Sholto {W. D.), 36S Harrison s. to 11th.; Short (S. D.), 3731 Cologne se. to Fuller; Sibley (W. D.),523 Harrison s. to Taylor; Sidney Ave. (H. P.), 78 44th s. to 45th ; Sidney Ct. (L.V.), 1934 Wright- wood Ave. nw. to Diversey; Siebens PI. (N. D.), 30) Larrabee nw. to Hinsche; Sujel (N. D.), 46 Cleveland Ave. e. to Wells; Silver ( W. D.i, ■ 80 Harri?on s. to Gurley; Sin7iott PI. (W, D.), 70 N. Centre Ave. w. to Elizabeth; Sixteenth (S. D.),the lake w. to the river; Sixtee?it?i (W.D.),the river w. to limits; Sixth Ave. (H. P.), 94th se. to Indiana Bd.; Sixtieth (H. P. and L.), 600 ) iStony Island Ave. w. to Kincaide Ave. Sixtieth Ct. (L.), Wenthworth Ave. w. to Wallace; Sixty-first (H. P. and L.), 6100 Stony Island Ave.w. to Central Park Ave.; Sixty-first Ct. (L.), Wal'ace w. to Halsted; Sixty-first PI. (H. P.), Mad- ison Ave. e. to I. C. K. R.\ Sixty- second (H. P. and L.\ I. C. R. R. w. to Central Park Ave.; Sixty-second PI. (H. P.), I. C. R. R. w. to Madison Ave.; Sixty-third (H. P. and L.), 6300 Stony Island Ave. w. to limits, S>xty-fourth (H. P. and L.), 6iG0 Stony Island Ave. w.to limits; Sixty- fifth (K. P. and L.), Sheridan Ave. w. to limits; Sixty-fifth Terrace (H. P.), Stony Island Ave. w. to I. C. R. R.; Sixty-sixth (H. P. and L.), Stony Island Ave. w. to 1 mits; Sxty-sixth Ct. (H. P.), Stony Island Ave.w. to Halsted; Sixty-seventh (H. P. and L ), Stony Island Ave. w. to limits; Sixty-eighth (H. P. and L.), the lake w. to Homan Ave.; Sixty-ninth {H. p. and L. 1, the lake w. to Homan Ave.; Slade (S. D ), 132831st nw. one and one-half block; Sloan (W. D.), 273 Elston Ave. w. to Noble; Smart (W. D. ,657Kinzien. to Austin Ave.; Smith Ave. (N. D.), 129 Blackhawk n. to North Ave.; Smith Ave. (S. D.), Rockwell w. to Kedzie Ave.; SnelliW. D.), 341 Chicago Ave. s. to Huron; Snow (W. D.), N. Leavittne. to river; Snyder (L.), 4056 Stewart Ave. w. to Halsted; iSo&ies/ci (W.D.), 257 Webster Av^e. n. to FuUerton Ave.:Soult(Ij. V.), 1493 Wellington Ave. n. to Noble; South Ave. (L.Y .), Front e. to Clark; South Chicago Ave. (H. P.), 67thse. to Qbth; South Park Ave. (S.D.),1 22d s. to 87th.; South Park Ct. (H. P.), 16th s. to 61st.; South Water (S. D.), the Jake w. and sw. to lake; Southport Ave. (N. D.), 95 Clybourn PI. n. to Belmont Ave. Spaulding Ave. (W. D.), 1554 Madison s. to 69th.; Spears Ave. (L.) Archer Ave. se. to 47th.; Spring (S. D.), I»il2 State w. to Went- worth Ave. Springer Ave. (S. D.), .^224 Laurel w. to Waterville. Springfield Ave. N. (W. D.), Kinzie n. to Humboldt Ave.; Springfield Ave. S. (W. D ) 2008 Harrison s. to 61st; Spruce (W. B.),242 Loomis w. to Laflin; Stanton Ave. (S. D.), 137 35th s. to 39th; Starr (N. D.), 481 Sedgwick e. to Franklin; State N. (N. D.) the river n. to North Ave.; State (S. D.) the river s. to 6oth; State Ct. (L. V.) Belmont Ave. s two blocks; Station (W. D.),1319 N. Leavitt nw. to FuUerton Ave.; .Stale (W. D.) , 601 Armitage Ave. n w. to California Ave.; St. Clair (N. D.), 217 Michigan n. to Superior; St. Elmo (L. v.), Wood e. to Lincoln Ave.; 346 STREET DIRECTORY. St. George's Ct. (W. D.); 191 Stave ne. to Milwaukee Ave.; St. Hedwigs (W. D.) 331 Webster Ave. n. to Pu- laski; St. Helen's (W. D.), 112 Stave sw. one-half block; St. James PL (L. D.),1202 Clark ne. to Lake View Ave.; St. John's PI. (W. D.), 546 Lake n. to Arbor PI.; St. Louis Ave. N. (W. D.), 1700 Lake n. to Chiea^o Ave.; St. Louis Ave. S. (W. D.), 1684 Madi- son s. to 68th; 8f. Marij (W.D.)166 Stave sw. one-half block: i^itearns (S. D.) 2860 Halsted sw.to Main; Stein (W. D.), 75 liedfield nw. one block; Stephens ( W. D.), 1260 Jackson s. to Van Buren; Stephenson (W. D.); Lumber s. to W. 14th; Stewart Ave. (W. D. and S. D), 70 2th s. to 87th; Stone (N. D.), 6:3 Division n. to Banks; i^to7ie Ave. (L ), Morgan w. to Centre Ave.; Stony Island Ave. (H. P.), 147 56th s. to Lake Calumet; Storms (H. P.).P., F. W. &C. Rys. to 87th; StoiveU (S. 1) ), 536 Clark w. one and one-half blocks; String (W. D ), 131 16th s. to 22d; Sidlivan(N. D.), 310 Sedffw ck w. to Hurlbut; Sullivan Ct. {S D), 2973 Lyman se. one bloc ; Sidtan (L.), 40i43ds. to Goshen; Sulzer(L. V.) , Western Ave. e. to the lake; Summerd(de Ave.(L. v.), Robey e. to Southport Ave.; Summers Ave. {W . D.), L575 Bloom- ingdale Road n. to Armitage Ave.; Summit (S. D.), R. R. se. to 36 Ar- cher Ave.; Summit Ave. (L), 83d sw. to 87th; Summer (W. D.), 730 15th s. tol6th;SM?mj/stde Ave. (L. V.), West- ern Ave. e. to Clark; Superior (N. D.), Roberts e. to the lake; Superior W. ( W. D.) ^98 N. Halstei w. to 48th; Superior Ave. (H. P.), 83d s. to 93d; S\irf (L. v.), 60 Evanston Ave. e. to the lake: Surrey Ct. (L. V.), 263 Ful- lerton Ave. n. to Dunning Ave.; Swift (W. D ), 1371 S. KedzieAve. w. to Crawford Ave.; Swift (L. V.), 1074 Ridge Ave. n. to Francis; Swift PI. (S. D.), 2844 Wentworth Ave. w. to Stewart Ave. Talman Ave. N. (W. D.), 1'70 Lake n. to North Ave.; Talman Ave. S. (W. D.), 1286 12th s. to 15th; Taylor (S. D.), 504 State w. to the river; Taylor W. (W. D.), the river w. to LawndaJe Ave.; Tell Ct. (N. D.), 541 Sedgwick e. to Wells: Tell H. (W. D.), 748 Milwaukee Ave. w. to Ash- land Ave.; Temple (W. D.), 323 Chi- cago Ave. s. to Huron; Tenth Ave. (H. P.),4>th s. one block; Terrace Ct. (S. D.),3136 Lowe Ave. w. one block; The Strand (H. P.), 85th s. to Harbor Ave.; Third Ave. (H. P.), 142 95th s. to 102d; Thirteenth (S D.), Indiana Ave. w. to State; Thirteenth W. (W. D.), 303 Blue Island Ave w. to Bd ; Thirteenth St. W. (W. D.i, 897 S. R ckwell w. to Cal fornia Ave.; Thirtieth {S. D.), the lake w. to Halsted; Thirtieth W. (W. D.), 1431 S. Western Ave. w. to Kedzie Ave.; Thirty-first (S. D ), the lake w. to Illinois and Michigan Canal; Thirty-first W. (W. D.), Illinois and Michigan Canal w. to Crawford Ave.; ThirUj-second (S. D.), Cottage Grove Ave. w. to Tloyne Ave.; Thirty- second W. (W. D ), 1523 S. Western Ave. w. to KockwoU; Thirtit -second Ct. ^S.D.),3106 Lake Park Ave.w. to Cottage Grove Ave.: Thirty-third (S. D ), the lake w. to Oakley Ave.; Thirty-third Ct. (S. D.), 3:28 Halsted Av. to Archer Ave.; Thirty-fourth (S. D . ), 3400 Cottage Grove Ave w. to Rockwell; Thirty-fourth Ct. (S. D . ), 34 .8 Halsted w. to Robey; Thirty- nfthiS.B.), the lake w. to Illinois and Michigan Canal; Thirty-Hfth Ct. (S. D.), 3528 Halsted w. to Western Ave.; Thirty-sixth (S D.), 8600 Lake Ave. w. to Kedzie Ave.; r7ii?'tTy-sjxt/i PI. (S. D.),3634 VincennesAve. w. one block; Thirty-seventh ( - . D.), the lake w. to Illinois and Michigan Canal; Thirty-seventh Ct. (S. D,),3728 Indiana Ave.w. to Robey; Thirty- eighth (S. D.), 3800 Cottage Grove Ave. w. to Illi ois and Michigan Canal: Thirty-eighth Ct. (S. D ), 3824 Portland Ave. w. to Wood; Thirty- ninth (S. D.), Lake Ave. w. to Illinois and Michigan Canal; Thirty-ninth PL (S. D.), 3930 Wabash Ave. e. one-half block; Thomas (W. D.),4P5 N. Wood w. to Humboldt Pai k; Thomas Ave ,(W.D.) 127 Palmer PL n. to Belmont Ave.; Thome Ave. (L. v.), Clark e. to Southport Ave.; Thompson (W. D.), 777 N. Leavitt w. to California Ave.; Thorndale Ave. (L. Y.), Evanston Ave. . tv STREET DIRECTORY. 347 Sheffield Ave.; Troop (W. D.), 4i8 Madison s. to 87th; Tilden (W. D. ', 207 ti. Morgan w. to Centre Ave. ; TinKham Ave. (W. D ), Kinzie n. to North Ave.; Todd (S. D.), 21U0 Grove nw one block; Torrence Ave. (H.P.), 742 95th s. to 99th.; Tower PL (N. D.), 379 Chicago Ave. n. to Pearson; Town (l^. D.), 249 Blackhawk n. to North Ave.; Townes Ct. (N. D.),194 North Ave. s. one-half block; Toion- se7id (N . D.), 55 Erie n. to Division; Tracy Ave. (L.), 423 43d s. to 57th.; Tremont ( W D.), 265 Spaulding Ave. w. to Homan Ave.; Tremont (L.), Stewart Ave. w. t j Wallace; Tr,)y N. (W. D ), Kinzie n. to Chicago Ave. Troy S. (W. D.), 240 i olorado Ave. s. to 3 st; TrumhuU Ave., S. (W. D.), 426 Colorado Ave. s. to 27th; Trum- huU Ave., N. (W. D.), Kinzie n. to Chicago Ave.; Truro (W. D.), 761 S. A.), 1311 S. Ked- zie Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; Twenty-eighth (S. D.), the lake w. to Halsted; Twenty-eighth (W. D.),1357 Sacramento Ave. w. to WLipple; Twenty-ninth (S. D.), the lake w. to Halsted; Twenty-ninth (W. D.), 1381 S. Western Ave. w. to California Ave.; Twomey (N . D ), 288 Sedgwick nw. one block; Tyson Ave. (L. V.) 3i4 School n. to Cornelia. Upland (N. D.), 151 Clj^bourn Ave. sw. to N. Halsted; Ullman (.s. D.), 971 31st s. to 39th; U7iion N. (W. D.), 155 t andolph n. to Erie; Union S. (W. D.), 155 Randolph s. to Lumber; Union PL (W. D.), 1057 Congress s to Harrison; Union Park PL (W.D.), 5? i Lake n. to Arbor PI ; University PL (S. D.), 3432 Cottage (Jrove Ave. w.to Rhodes Ave.; Upton {W D.), 1486 Milwaukee Ave. sw. to Western Ave.; Utica (W. D.), 1510 Fillmore s. to 12th. Van Buren (S. D.), Michigan Ave. w. to the river; Van Buren AV. (W. D ), the river w. to 46th; Van Buren (L. v.), Bryn Mawr n. to Peterson Ave.; Van Horn (W. D.).577 Laflin w. to Washtenaw Ave.; Vedder (N . D.), 525 Halsted e. to Division; Ver- mont Ave. (S. D.), 31st s. to 33d; Ver- non Ave. (S. D.and H. P.), 68 29th s. to 73d; Vernon Park PI. (W. D.), 201 Center Ave. w. to Loomis; Victor (L. v.), Swift fe. and e. to Evanston Ave.; Vilas Ave (L. V.), N. Leavitt e. to Wright; Vincennes Ave. (S. D. and H. P.), 3500 Cottage Grove Ave. sw. to 51st; Vincennes Ave. (L.), State and 68th sw. to 87th; Vine (N. D.), 315 Division n. toRees; Virginia (W. D.), 181 Rebecca sw. to 16th. - w Wahansia Ave. (W. D.), McHenry w. to limits; Wabansia Ave. E. (N. 348 STREET DIRECTORY. D.), the river ne. to Clybourn Ave. Wabash Ave. (S. D.) S. Water s. to 87th; Wade (W.D.), 123 Elston Ave. nw. to Crittenden; Waldo PL (W. D*), 21 S. Desplaines w. to Halsted; Walker Ct. (W. D.), 508 18th n. one- half block; Wai (S. U.), 947 31st s. to Springer Ave.; Wallace (S. D., 2399 Archer Ave. pe.to 67th; Wallace Ave. (W. D.}, 453 Humboldt Bd. n. lo Avondale Ave.; Walleck H. (W. D.), C, B. & Q. R. R. s. to 18th; Waller {W. D.), 370 12th s. to 14th; Walnut (W. D.), 31 N.Ashland Ave. w. to Western Ave.; Walnut (L. V.) N. Robey e. to N. Clark; Walsh Ct. (W. D.), 727 S.May w. to Centre Ave.; Walter (H. P.) stock yards track s. to 40th; Walton PI. (N. D.) 330 Clark e. to the lake; Ward (N. D.) 666 Cly- bourn Ave. ne. to FuUerton Ave.; Ward (L. Y.), 1036 Dunning n. to Diversey; Ward (S. D.), Bro s Ave. s. to 39th; Ward Ave. (L.), 39th s. to 50th; Ward Ct. (W. B.), 401 Lumber w. to Jefferson; Warren Ave. (W. D.),'.7 Ogden Ave. west to limits; Warsaw Ave. (W. D.), 1707 N. Cali- fornia Av. w.to Thomas Ave. ; Wash- hurne Ave. (W. C), 15 Waller w. to t<. Oakley Ave.; Washington (S. D ), Michigan Ave. w. to the rivei; Washington (W. D.); the river w. to S. Halsted; Washington Bd. (W.D.), S. Halsted w. to city limits; Wash- ington (L. v.), Robey e. to Ravens- wood Park; Washington Ave (H. P.), 4842 Lake Ave. s. to 59th; Wash- ington PI. (N. D.), 292 Clark e. to Dearborn Ave.; Washteraw Ave. S. (W. D.), 1138 Wilcox Ave. s. to Archer Ave.; Washtenaiv Ave. N. (W. D.), 1206 Lake n. to Armitage Ave.; WatervilleiS. D.), 1077 32d se. to F x; Waubxm Ave. (L. V.), 1860 Surf n. to Belmont Ave ; Waver (S. D.), r4.0 Archer Ave. w. one block; Waverly PI. (W. D ) 439 Madison n. to Washington; Wayman (^v. D.), 86 N. Jefferson w. to N. Halsted; Weage Ave. (W. D ), 723N. Kedzie Ave. w. to Homan Ave.; Webb Ave. (L.), see Spaulding Ave.; Webber Ave. (L. v.), 3692 N Robey e. to Clark; Webster Ave. (N. D.), the river e. to Lincoln Park; Webster Ave. (W. D.), 945 Elston Ave. w. to Leavitt; Webster Ave. (L. V.), West- ern Ave. east to Clark; Webster Ave. (L.), 69th s. to 84th; Weed (V. D.), 33 1 Hooker ne. to Hawthorne Ave.; Weed Ct. (N. D.), 256 Clybourn Ave. ne. one- half block; Wellington Ave. (L. v.), C. & N. W. Ry. e. to the lake; Wellington PI. (H. P.), 46th n. on-- half block; Wells N. (N. D.), the river north to Lincoln Park; Wen- dell ( xj . D.), 187 Sedgwick e to Wells; Wentworth Ave. (S. D.),259 16th s. to 85th; Werder (W. D. ), 627 N. Rock- well w. to California Ave.; Westcott Ct. (L.), 80th w. one-h If block; Wesson (N. D.), 89 Chicago Ave n. to Division; West Ct. (L. V.) J833 Belmont Ave. s. one-half block; West Water N. (W. D.), 5 Randolph n. to Indiana; West Water S. (W. D.), 5 Randolph s. to Madison; Western Ave. N. (W. D. and L. V.), 1012 Lake n. to limits; Western Ave. S.(W. D. andL. V.),10l2Lake 8. to 87th; Wharf (W. D.), Lumber se. to the river; Wharton Ave. (H. P.), 498 61st s. to 67th; Wheaton (W. D) 575 N. Kedzie Ave. w. one block; Whcel- ock Ave (L.), 75 s. two blocks; Whip- %)le (W. D.), 170 Colorado Ave. s. to 5i8th; Whitehouse (W. D.), 1431 S. Kedzie Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; Whitehouse PL (S. D.), 3000 Went- worth Ave. w. to StcAvart Ave.; Whiting (N. D.), 276 Market e. to Wells; Wieland (N. D.), 137 Schiller n. to North Ave.; Wilcox Ave. (W. D.), 145 S. Oakley Ave. w. to Sacra- mento Ave.; Will (W. D.), 567 Mil- waukee Ave. n. to Augusta; Willard PL (W. D.), 861 Washington n. to Randolph ; William (S. D.), Rock- well w. to Kedzie Ave.; William Ave. (W. D.), 661 N. Central Park Ave. w. to Hamlin Ave.; Willow (N. D.), 491 Larrabee w. to Clybourn Ave.; Wilmot Ave. (W. D.), 833 N. Robey w. to Hoyne Ave.; Wilson (W. D.), 29 Stewart Ave. w. to S. Jefferson; Wilson Ave. (L. V.), Leavitt e. to Halsted; Wilton Ave. (L. v.), 14 '6 Nellie Ave. n. to Grace; Willis Ct. (W. D.), 651 13th s. to R.R. track; Winchester Ave. (W. D.), 758 Madison s. to 12th; Winchester Ave. (L.), 46th s. 87th; Windsor Ave. (L. v.), Sheffield Ave. e. to Halsted; Winneconna (L.), Stewart Ave. sw. to Goldsmith; Winter (L.), 39th §. to STREET DIRECTORY. 349 79th; Winthrop Ave. (L. V.), Law- reace Ave. n. to Thorndale Ave.; Winthrop PL (W. D.), 523 Pclk s. to Taylor; Wisconsin (N. D.), 819 Clark w. to Larrabee; Wolcott (L. V.), 460 Belmont Ave. n. to Balmoral; Wolf- ram (L. v.), 1500 Ashland Ave. e. to Halsted; WoodN. (W. D.), 674 Lake n. to Webster Ave.; Wood S. ( W.D.), 674 Lake s. to 71st; Woodland Ave. (W. D.), Doug-las Park Bd.s. to 16th; Woodland Park (S. D ), 3411 Cottage Grove Ave. e. one block; Wi)odlawn Ave. (H. P.), 4433 Lake Ave. s. to 81st; Woodside Ave. (L. V.), School n. to Graeeland Ave.; Work (L.), State w. to Railroad; Worttien Ave. (W. D.), 256 Og-den Ave. s. to 21st; WiHght (W. D.), 115 Stewart Ave. w. to Morg-an; Wright (W. D.), 99 North Ave. nw. two blocks; Wright (L.), 39th s. to 87th; Wright (L. V.), Centre n to Balmoral Ave.; Wright Ave. (L. v.), Sulzer n to Lawrence Ave.; Wright PI. (W. D.), 143 Grand Ave. n. to Huron; Wrightwood Ave. (L. V.\ Clybourn Ave. e, to Lake View Ave. Yale (L.), 63d s. to 85th; Yates Ave. (H. P.), 7ist s. to75th; Feat07i(W. D.), 513 S. Wood w. to Lincoln; York (W. D.), 171 Laflin w. to Wood; York PI. (L. v.), 1454 Clark e. to Evanston Ave.; Yorktown (S. D.>, Bross Ave. s. to 35th. Zion PL (W. Loomis. D.), 633 Troop w. to MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. Street Nomenci-ature.— Street nomenclature in Chicag-o is likely to confuse the visitor. It is not clear even to old residents. There is an entire absence of system in the t aming- of streets, and whei e a system has been at- tempted it has only served to increase the confusion. For instance, the streets running east and west, south of the Chicago river, a; e named South Water, Lake, Randolph, Washington, Madison, Monroe, etc. Now, from Washing- ton south it was the evident intention to name the streets after the presi- dents, but those which are so named are not in the proper order, and Jeffer- son and Lincoln sts. are on the West Side, running north and south, while Johnson is a little back street in the southwestern part of the city, streets named after trees, such as Elm, Oak, Pine, etc., are on the North Side, and Walnut is on the West Side. There is a Lake st. and a Lake ave., the latter miles away from the former. There is a Park ave. on the West Side and a South Park ave., miles away, on the South Side. We have a Garfield ave. on the North Side, Garfield Park on the West Side, and a Garfield blvd. on the South Side. We have a Washington st., Washington ave. and Washing- ton blvd., each in a different district of the city. So, also, we have Madison st. and Madison ave. Again, we have Michigan st., INfichigan ave. and Michigan blvd., Indiana st. a' d Indiana ave, etc., etc. There is at present a scheme before the authorities for correcting the nomei)clature of streets, bur it is so radical as to be unpopular. Practically there is no distinction between streets and avenues. Both run north and south, east and west, and diagonal. National Political, Conventions in Chicago.— The geographical position of Chicago, her accessibility by direct i-ail from all parts of the United States; her great newspapers which coll'^ct and disseminate the news ( f the day in a manner that is not approached elsewhere; her wonderful telegraphic facilities; her immense hotels and incomparable accommodation for extraordinary gatherings have contributed toward making her the Convention City of the Nation. Some of the mo»t important conventions 350 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. of the great political parties have been held here. Abraham Lincoln was nominated in Chicago in 1860. The place in which the convention was held was a structure erected for the purpose, called the " Wigwam,'' It was built by voluntary subscriptions, and consisted of an immense audience room, arranged like an amphitheatre, the roof of which was supported by numerous upright posts. The Wigwam stood on Market, near Washington St. Gen. Geo. B. McClellan was nominated here for the presidency in 1864; Gen. U. S. Grant (in Crosby's Opera House) in 1868; Gen. Garfield (in tr^e Ex- position building) in 1880; James G. Blaine and Grover Cleveland (in the Expo- sition building) in 1884, and Benjamin Harrison (in the Auditorium) in 1888. The National Democratic Convention in the Wigwam, June, 1893. Population OF American Cities.— The population of the principa: cities of the United States, according to the census of 1890, was as follows. New York, 1,513,501; Chicago, 1,098,576; Philadelphia, 1,^44,894; Brooklyn, 804,377; St. Louis, 460,357; Boston 446,507; Baltimore, 433,639; San Francisco, 297,99.'; Cincinnati, 396,309; Cleveland, ^61,546; Buffalo, 355,543; New Orleans, 341,995; Pittsburgh. 338,473; Washmgton, 238,160; Detroit, 307,791; Milwaukee, 303,979; Newark, 183,020; Louisville, 185,756; Minneapolis, 164,780; Jersey City, 163,987; Rochester, 135,302; Omaha, 134,742; St. Paul, 133,156; Providence, 132,403; Denver, 126,1>>6; Indianapolis, 125,0C0; Kansas City 105.000; Allegheny City, 104,967; Scranton, 95,000; Albany, 93,523; New Haven, 85,981; Worcester, 8 ',133; Richmond, 80,300; Paterson, 78,300; Memphis, 75,360. [See population statis- tics under heading " Chicago As It Is." ] Population of Foreign Cities.— The population of the great cities of foreign countries is as follows, with the census years: London (1889), 4,351,738; Paris (18;6), 2,344,550; Berlin (1885), 1,315,287 ; Vienna (1889), 1,350,000; Tokio (1887), 1,165,048; St. Petersburg (1888), 978,309; Constantmople (1885), 873,565. Mayors of Chicago.— Following is a list of the mayors of Chicago from the incorporation of the city to the present time : William B. Ogden, Buck- ner S. Morris, Benjamin W. Raymond, Alexander Loyd, Francis C. >'-herman, Augustus Garrett, Alson S. Sherman, John Putnam Chapin, James Curtiss, James H. Wordworth, Walter S. Gurnee, Charles M. Gray, Isaac L. Milliken, Levi D. Boone, Thomas Dyer, John Wentworth, John C. Haines, Julian S. Rumsay, John B. Rice, Roswell B. Mason, Joseph Medill, Harvey D. Colvin, Monroe Heath, Carter H. Harrison, John A. Roche, DeWitt C. Cregier, Hempstead Washburne. I THE ECONOMIST. PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY MORNING. INTERMEDIATE ISSUES FOR IMPORTANT NEWS ANNOUNCEMENTS. 59 DEARBORN STREET, ^HICAGO. Q IS FULL OF INFORMATION IN REGARD TO FINANCIAL, COIMIVIERCIAL -AND- Real Estate Matters. ASK CHICAGO BANKERS WHAT THEY THINK OF IT. $5.00 A YEAR - 10 CENTS A COPY. SOLD BY NEWSDEALERS. ADVERTISING RATES REASONABLE. a o JiJN '0 m? s