m m V ■ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. ©|ap, ....Llopgrig^ Iftu sheif .... .A^ Ck UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. SELECTIONS FROM THE LATIN POETS, CATULLUS, LUCRETIUS, TIBULLUS, PROPERTIUS, OVID, AND LUCAN. EDITED BY / E. P. CROWELL, MOORE PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN AMHERST COLLEGE. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY GINN, HEATH, & CO. 1882. ^ <$& Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880, by E. P. Crowell, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. /*--V^ Ginn & Heath: J. S. Cushing, Printer, 16 Hawley Street, Boston. PREFACE. THE design of this series of selections from the Ciceronian poets Catullus and Lucretius, the elegiac writers of the Augustan age, and the epic poet Lucan, is to bring together in convenient form such portions of their writings as may be most profitable for study in a college course. These selections are not only free from all impurity of senti- ment, but they are among the choicest and best productions of their respective authors, and may thus be of service also as an introduction to a critical study of the complete works of these poets, and in the study of the history of Roman literature. The text adopted for Catullus is that of R. Ellis (Oxford, 1867); for Lucretius that of H. A. J. Munro (Cambridge, 1873) 1 for Tibullus that of Rossbach, for Propertius that of Keil, and for Ovid that of Merkel (in the Teubner series of Latin texts) ; and for Lucan the text of that author in the Tauchnitz series. In a few instances the reading of some other editor has been substituted, and due mention of the change made in the notes. To these selections have been added a brief notice of the life and writings of each author and such explanatory notes as it was judged might be required for the pupil, without relieving him of the necessity of an independent and thorough study of the text itself. The sources from which these explanations and comments have been chiefly derived are indicated in the notes themselves, iv Preface. and in the list of commentaries and other works given in the Appendix. Occasionally in the case of obscure passages different inter- pretations have been given without deciding between them, partly because there was good ground for a difference of opinion, and partly for the purpose of exercising the pupil's judgment. References in the notes to any of the poems in this edition are made to the number of the " Selection " ; but references to other poems of these authors are made to the Book, poem, and line of their complete works. Amherst College, March, 1882. CATULLI CARMINA SELECTA. QUO I dono lepidum novum libellum arido modo pumice expolitum? Corneli, tibi : namque tu solebas meas esse aliquid putare nugas ; iam turn cum ausus es unus Italorum omne aevum tribus explicare chartis doctis, Iuppiter, et laboriosis. Quare habe tibi quicquid hoc libelli qualecumque ; quod o patrona virgo, plus uno maneat perenne saeclo. «• (3-) Lugete, o Veneres Cupidinesque, et quantum est hominum venustiorum. Passer mortuus est meae puellae, passer, deliciae meae puellae, quern plus ilia oculis suis amabat : nam mellitus erat suamque norat ipsam tarn bene quam puella matrem. Nee sese a gremio illius movebat, sed circumsiliens modo hue modo illuc ad solam dominam usque pipilabat. Qui nunc it per iter tenebricosum illuc, unde negant redire quemquam. At vobis male sit, make tenebrae i Catulli Carmina. [in. Orci, quae omnia bella devoratis : tarn bellum mihi passerem abstulistis. 15 Vae factum male ! vae miselle passer, tua nunc opera meae puellae flendo turgiduli rubent ocelli. in. ( 4 .) Phaselus ille, quern videtis, hospites, ait fuisse n avium celerrimus, neque ullius natantis impetum trabis nequisse praeterire, sive palmulis opus foret volare sive linteo. 5 Et hoc negat minacis Adriatici negare litus insulasve Cycladas Rhodumque nobilem horridamque Thraciam, Propontida trucemve Ponticum sinum, ubi iste post phaselus antea fuit 10 comata silva : nam Cytorio in iugo loquente saepe sibilum edidit coma. Amastri Pontica et Cytore buxifer, tibi haec fuisse et esse cognitissima ait phaselus : ultima ex origine *5 tuo stetisse dicit in cacumine, tuo imbuisse palmulas in aequore, et inde tot per impotentia freta herum tulisse, laeva sive dextera vocaret aura, sive utrumque Iuppiter 20 simul secundus incidisset in pedem ; neque ulla vota litoralibus deis sibi esse facta, cum veniret a mari novissimo hunc ad usque limpidum lacum. Sed haec prius fuere : nunc recondita 2 5 senet quiete seque dedicat tibi, gemelle Castor et gemelle Castoris. iv. v.] Catulli Carmina. 3 IV. (9.) Verani, omnibus e meis amicis antistans mihi milibus trecentis, venistine do mum ad tuos Penates fratresque unanimos anumque matrem? Venisti. O mihi nuntii beati ! 5 Visam te incolumem audiamque Hiberum narrantem loca, facta, nationes, ut mos est tuus, applicansque collum iocundum os oculosque saviabor. O quantum est hominum beatiorum, 10 quid me laetius est beatiusve ? V. (11.) Furi et Aureli, comites Catulli, sive in extremos penetrabit Indos, litus ut longe resonante Eoa tunditur unda, sive in Hyrcanos Arabesque molles, 5 seu Sacas sagittiferosque Parthos, sive quae septemgeminus colorat aequora Nilus, sive trans altas gradietur Alpes, Caesaris visens monimenta magni, IO Gallicum Rhenum horribilem insulam ulti- mosque Britannos, omnia haec, quaecumque feret voluntas caelitum, tentare simul parati, pauca nuntiate meae puellae *5 non bona dicta. ■Jfc % * yfc vk w Nec meum respectet, ut ante, amorem, qui illius culpa cecidit velut prati ultimi flos, praetereunte postquam tactus aratro est. 20 (24) Catulli Carmina. [vi. vn. VI. (22.) Suffenus iste, Vare, quern probe nosti, homo est venustus et dicax et urbanus, idemque longe plurimos facit versus. Puto esse ego illi milia aut decern aut plura perscripta, nee sic ut fit in palimpsesto 5 relata : chartae regiae, novi libri, novi umbilici, lora rubra, membrana derecta plumbo, et pumice omnia aequata. Haec cum legas tu, bellus ille et urbanus Suffenus unus caprimulgus aut fossor 10 rursus videtur : tantum abhorret ac mutat. Hoc quid putemus esse ? qui modo scurra aut siquid hac re tritius videbatur, idem infaceto est infacetior rure, simul poemata attigit, neque idem umquam *5 aeque est beatus ac poema cum scribit : tarn gaudet in se tamque se ipse miratur. Nimirum idem omnis fallimur, neque est quisquam, quern non in aliqua re videre Suffenum possis. Suus cuique attributus est error : 20 sed non videmus manticae quod in tergo est. VII. (31.) Paene insularum, Sirmio, insularumque ocelle, quascumque in liquentibus stagnis marique vasto fert uterque Neptunus ; quam te libenter quamque laetus inviso, vix mi ipse credens Thuniam atque Bithunos 5 liquisse campos et videre te in tuto. O quid solutis est beatius curis? cum mens onus reponit, ac peregrino viii.] Catulli Carmina. labore fessi venimus larem ad nostrum, desideratoque acquiescimus lecto. Hoc est quod unum est pro laboribus tantis. Salve o venusta Sirmio atque hero gaude ; gaudete vosque o Lydiae lacus undae ; ridete quicquid est domi cachinnorum. VIII. (34-) Dianae sumus in fide puellae et pueri integri : Dianam pueri integri puellaeque canamus. O Latonia, maximi magna progenies Iovis, quam mater prope Deliam deposivit olivam, montium domina ut fores silvarumque virentium saltuumque reconditorum amniumque sonantum. Tu Lucina dolentibus Iuno dicta puerperis, tu potens trivia et notho es x 5 dicta lumine Luna. Tu cursu, dea, menstruo metiens iter annuum, rustica agricolae bonis tecta frugibus exples. 2 ° Sis quocumque tibi placet sancta nomine, Romulique antique ut solita es bona sospites ope gentem. / Catulli Carmina. [ix. x. IX. (44.) O funde noster seu Sabine seu Tiburs, (nam te esse Tiburtem autumant, quibus non est cordi Catullum laedere : at quibus cordi est, quovis Sabinum pignore esse contendunt) sed seu Sabine sive verius Tiburs, 5 fui libenter in tua suburbana villa, malamque pectore expui tussim, non inmerenti quam mihi meus venter, dum sumptuosas appeto, dedit, cenas. Nam, Sestianus dum volo esse conviva, IO orationem in Antium petitorem plenam veneni et pestilentiae legi. Hie me gravido frigida et frequens tussis quassavit usque dum in tuum sinum fugi, et me recuravi otioque et urtica. X S Quare refectus maximas tibi grates ago, meum quod non es ulta peccatum. Nee deprecor iam, si nefaria scripta Sesti recepso, quin gravedinem et tussim non mihi, sed ipsi Sestio ferat frigus, 2° qui tunc vocat me, cum malum librum legi. X. (46.) Iam ver egelidos refert tepores, iam caeli furor aequinoctialis iocundis Zephyri silescit aureis. Linquantur Phrygii, Catulle, campi Nicaeaeque ager uber aestuosae : 5 ad claras Asiae volemus urbes. Iam mens praetrepidans avet vagari, iam laeti studio pedes vigescunt. xi. xii.] Catulli Carmina. O dulces comitum valete coetus, longe quos simul a domo profectos diversae variae viae reportant. XL (49.) Disertissime Romuli nepotum, quot sunt quotque fuere, Marce Tulli, quotque post aliis erunt in annis, gratias tibi maximas Catullus agit pessimus omnium poeta, 5 tanto pessimus omnium poeta, quanto tu optimus omnium patronus. XII. (50.) Hesterno, Lucini, die otiosi multum lusimus in meis tabellis, ut convenerat esse delicatos. Scribens versiculos uterque nostrum ludebat numero modo hoc modo illoc, 5 reddens mutua per iocum atque vinum. Atque illinc abii tuo lepore incensus, Lucini, facetiisque, ut nee me miserum cibus iuvaret, nee somnus tegeret quiete ocellos, IO sed toto indomitus furore lecto versarer, cupiens videre lucem, ut tecum loquerer, simulque ut essem. At defessa labore membra postquam semimortua lectulo iacebant, J S hoc, iocunde, tibi poema feci, ex quo perspiceres meum dolorem. Nunc audax cave sis, precesque nostras, Catulli Carmina. [xin. oramus, cave despuas, ocelle, ne poenas Nemesis reposcat a te. 20 Est vehemens dea : laedere hanc caveto. XIII. (64.) Peliaco quondam prognatae vertice pinus dicuntur liquidas Neptuni nasse per undas Phasidos ad fluctus et fines Aeetaeos, cum lecti iuvenes, Argivae robora pubis, auratam optantes Colchis avertere pellem 5 ausi sunt vada salsa cita decurrere puppi, caerula verrentes abiegnis aequora palmis. Diva quibus retinens in summis urbibus arces ipsa levi fecit volitantem flamine currum, pinea coniungens inflexae texta carinae. I0 Ilia rudem cursu prima imbuit Amphitriten ; quae simul ac rostro ventosum proscidit aequor, tortaque remigio spumis incanduit unda, emersere feri candenti e gurgite vultus aequoreae monstrum Nereides admirantes. *5 Ilia, atque haud alia, viderunt luce marinas mortales oculis nudato corpore Nymphas nutricum tenus extantes e gurgite cano. Turn Thetidis Peleus incensus fertur amore, turn Thetis humanos non despexit hymenaeos, 2 ° turn Thetidi pater ipse iugandum Pelea sensit. O nimis optato saeclorum tempore nati heroes, salvete, deum genus ! o bona mater ! vos ego saepe meo vos carmine compellabo. Teque adeo eximie taedis felicibus aucte 2 5 Thessaliae columen Peleu, cui Iuppiter ipse, ipse suos divum genitor concessit amores. Tene Thetis tenuit pulcherrima Neptunine ? xiii.] Catulli Carmina. 9 Tene suam Tethys concessit ducere neptem, Oceanusque, mari totum qui amplectitur orbem ? 3° Quae simul optato finitae tempore luces advenere, domum conventu tota frequentat Thessalia, oppletur laetanti regia coetu : dona ferunt prae se, declarant gaudia vultu. Deseritur Scyros, linquunt Phthiotica Tempe, 35 Crannonisque domos ac moenia Larisaea, Pharsaliam coeunt, Pharsalia tecta frequentant. • Rura colit nemo, mollescunt colla iuvencis, non humilis curvis purgatur vinea rastris, non glebam prono convellit vomere taurus, 4° non falx attenuat frondatorum arboris umbram, squalida desertis rubigo infertur aratris. Ipsius at sedes, quacumque opulenta recessit regia, fulgenti splendent auro atque argento. Candet ebur soliis, collucent pocula mensae, 45 tota domus gaudet regali splendida gaza. Pulvinar vero divae geniale locatur sedibus in mediis, Indo quod dente politum tincta tegit roseo conchyli purpura fuco. Haec vestis priscis hominum variatur jiguris 5° heroum mira virtutes indicat arte. Namque fluentisono prospectans litore Diae, Thesea cedentem celeri cum classe tuetur indomitos in corde gerens Ariadna furores, necdum etiam sese quae visit visere credit, 55 ut pote fallaci quae turn primum excita somno desertam in sola miseram se cernat harena. Inmemor at iuvenis fugiens pellit vada remis, irrita ventosae linquens promissa procellae. Quern procul ex alga maestis Minois ocellis, 6o saxea ut effigies bacchantis, prospicit, eheu, prospicit et magnis curarum fluctuat undis, non flavo retinens subtilem vertice mitram, 10 Catulli Carmina. [xin. non contecta levi velatum pectus amictu, non tereti strophio lactentis vincta papillas, 6 5 omnia quae toto delapsa e corpore passim ipsius ante pedes fluctus salis alludebant. Sed neque turn mitrae neque turn fluitantis amictus ilia vicem curans,toto ex te pectore, Theseu, toto animo, tota pendebat perdita mente. 7° Ah mis era, assiduis quam luctibus externavit • spinosas Erycina serens in pectore curas, ilia tempestate, ferox quo ex tempore Theseus egressus curvis e litoribus Piraei attigit iniusti regis Cortynia templa. 75 Nam perhibent olim crudeli peste coactam Androgeoneae poenas exolvere caedis electos iuvenes simul et decus innuptarum Cecropiam solitam esse dapem dare Minotauro. Quis angusta malis cum moenia vexarentur, 8o ipse suum Theseus pro caris corpus Athenis proicere optavit potius quam talia Cretam funera Cecropiae nee funera portarentur, atque ita nave levi nitens ac lenibus auris magnanimum ad Minoa venit sedesque superbas. 8 5 Hunc simul ac cupido conspexit Jumine virgo regia, quam suavis expirans castus odores lectulus in molli complexu matris alebat, quales Eurotae progignunt flumina myrtus, aurave distinctos educit verna colores, 9° non prius ex illo flagrantia declinavit lumina, quam cuncto concepit corpore flammam funditus atque imis exarsit tota medullis. Heu misere exagitans inmiti corde furores sancte puer, curis hominum qui gaudia misces, 95 quaeque regis Golgos quaeque Idalium frondosum, qualibus incensam iactastis mente puellam fluctibus, in flavo saepe hospite suspirantem ! xiii.] Catitlli Carmina. II quantos ilia tulit languenti corde timores ! quanto saepe magis fulgore expalluit auri ! 100 cum saevum cupiens contra contendere monstrum aut mortem oppeteret Theseus aut praemia laudis. Non ingrata tamen frustra munuscula divis promittens tacito succendit vota labello. Nam velut in summo quatientem brachia Tauro io 5 quercum, aut conigeram sudanti cortice pinum, indomitus turbo contorquens flamine robur eruit (ilia procul radicitus exturbata prona cadit, lateque et cominus obvia frangens), sic domito saevum prostravit corpore Theseus IIQ nequicquam vanis iactantem cornua ventis. Inde pedem sospes multa cum laude reflexit errabunda regens tenui vestigia filo, ne labyrintheis e flexibus egredientem tecti frustraretur inobservabilis error. IJ S Sed quid ego a primo digressus carmine plura commemorem, ut linquens genitoris filia vultum, ut consanguineae complexum, ut denique matris, quae misera in gnata deperdita lamentata est, omnibus his Thesei dulcem praeoptarit amorem, I20 aut ut vecta ratis spumosa ad litora Diae, aut ut earn devinctam lumina somno liquerit inmemori discedens pectore coniunx? Saepe illam perhibent ardenti corde furentem clarisonas imo fudisse e pectore voces, I2 5 ac turn praeruptos tristem conscendere montes, unde aciem in pelagi vastos protenderet aestus, turn tremuli salis adversas procurrere in undas mollia nudatae tollentem tegmina surae, atque haec extremis maestam dixisse querellis, J 3° frigidulos udo singultus ore cientem. ' Siccine me patriis avectam, perfide, ab aris, perfide, deserto liquisti in litore, Theseu? 12 Catulli Carrnina. [xin. Siccine discedens neglecto numine divum, inmemor ah devota domum periuria portas? J 35 Nullane res potuit crudelis flectere mentis consilium ? tibi nulla fuit dementia praesto, inmite ut nostri vellet miserescere pectus ? At non haec quondam nobis promissa dedisti voce : mihi non haec miserae sperare iubebas, x 4° sed connubia laeta, sed optatos hymenaeos, quae cuncta aerei discerpunt irrita venti. Turn iam nulla viro iuranti femina credat, nulla viri speret sermones esse fideles ; quis dum aliquid cupiens animus praegestit apisci, *45 nil metuunt iurare, nihil promittere parcunt : sed simul ac cupidae mentis satiata libido est, dicta nihil metuere, nihil periuria curant. Certe ego te in medio versantem turbine leti eripui, et potius germanum amittere crevi, *5<> quam tibi fallaci supremo in tempore deessem. Pro quo dilaceranda feris dabor alitibusque praeda, neque iniacta tumulabor mortua terra. Quaenam te genuit sola sub rupe leaena, quod mare conceptum spumantibus expuit undis, *55 quae Syrtis, quae Scylla rapax, quae vasta Carybdis, talia qui reddis pro dulci praemia vita? Si tibi non cordi fuerant connubia nostra, saeva quod horrebas prisci praecepta parentis, at tamen in vestras potuisti ducere sedes, 160 quae tibi iocundo famularer serva labore, Candida permulcens liquidis vestigia lymphis, purpureave tuum consternens veste cubile. Sed quid ego ignaris nequicquam conquerar auris, externata malo, quae nullis sensibus auctae l6 5 nee missas audire queunt nee reddere voces? Ille autem prope iam mediis versatur in undis, nee quisquam apparet vacua mortalis in alga. xiil] Catulli Carmina, 13 Sic nimis insultans extreme- tempore saeva fors etiam nostris invidit questibus auris. J 7° Iuppiter omnipotens, utinam ne tempore primo Gnosia Cecropiae tetigissent litora puppes, indomito nee dira ferens stipendia tauro, perfidus in Creta religasset navita funem, nee malus hie celans dulci crudelia forma x 75 concilia in nostris requiesset sedibus hospes ! Nam quo me referam? quali spe perdita nitor? Idomeneosne petam montes ? a gurgite lato discernens ponti truculentum dividit aequor. An patris auxilium sperem ? quemne ipsa reliqui 180 respersum iuvenem fraterna caede secuta? coniugis an fido consoler memet amore ? quine fugit lentos incurvans gurgite remos ? praeterea nullo litus, sola insula, tecto, nee patet egressus pelagi cingentibus undis : l8 5 nulla fugae ratio, nulla spes : omnia muta, omnia sunt deserta, ostentant omnia letum. Non tamen ante mihi languescent lumina morte, nee prius a fesso secedent corpore sensus, quam iustam a divis exposcam prodita mulctam, I9Q caelestumque fidem postrema comprecer hora. Quare facta virum mulctantes vindice poena, Eumenides, quibus anguino redimita capillo frons expirantis praeportat pectoris iras, hue hue adventate, meas audite querellas, *95 quas ego, vae miserae, extremis proferre medullis cogor inops, ardens, amenti caeca furore. Quae quoniam verae nascuntur pectore ab imo, vos nolite pati nostrum vanescere luctum, sed quali solam Theseus me mente reliquit, 200 tali mente, deae, funestet seque suosque.' Has postquam maesto profudit pectore voces, supplicium saevis exposcens anxia factis, 14 Catulli Carmina. [xni. annuit invicto caelestum numine rector, quo mctu tellus atque horrida contremuere 2 °5 aequora concussitque micantia sidera mundus. Ipse autem caeca mentem caligine Theseus consitus oblito dimisit pectore cuncta, quae mandata prius constanti mente tenebat, dulcia nee maesto sustollens signa parenti 2 io sospitem Erechtheum se ostendit visere portum. Namque ferunt olim, classi cum moenia divae linquentem gnatum ventis concrederet Aegeus, talia complexum iuveni mandata dedisse. * Gnate mihi lo'nga iocundior unice vita, 2I 5 gnate, ego quern in dubios cogor dimittere casus, reddite in extrema nuper mihi fine senectae, quandoquidem fortuna mea ac tua fervida virtus eripit invito mihi te, cui languida nondum lumina sunt gnati cara saturata figura, 220 non ego te gaudens laetanti pectore mittam, nee te ferre sinam fortunae signa secundae, sed primum multas expromam mente querellas, canitiem terra atque infuso pulvere foedans, inde infecta vago suspendam lintea malo, 22 5 nostros ut luctus nostraeque incendia mentis carbasus obscurata dicet ferrugine Hibera. Quod tibi si sancti concesserit incola Itoni, quae nostrum genus ac sedes defendere Erechthi annuit, ut tauri respergas sanguine dextram, 2 3° turn vero facito ut memori tibi condita corde haec vigeant mandata, nee ulla oblitteret aetas ; ut simul ac nostros invisent lumina collis, funestam antennae deponant undique vestem, candidaque intorti sustollant vela rudentes, 2 35 quam primum cernens ut laeta gaudia mente agnoscam, cum te reducem aetas prospera sistet.' Haec mandata prius constanti mente tenentem xni.] Catiilli Carmina. 15 Thesea ceu pulsae ventorum flamine nubes aereum nivei montis liquere cacumen. 2 4° At pater, ut summa prospectum ex arce petebat, anxia in assiduos absumens lumina fletus, cum primum inflati conspexit lintea veli, praecipitem sese scopulorum e vertice iecit, amissum credens inmiti Thesea fato. 245 Sic funesta domus ingressus tecta paterna morte ferox Theseus qualem Minoidi luctum obtulerat mente inmemori talem ipse recepit. Quae tamen aspectans cedentem maesta carinam multiplices animo volvebat saucia curas. 2 5° At parte ex alia florens volitabat Iacchus cum thiaso Satyrorum et Nysigenis Silenis, te quaerens, Ariadna, tuoque incensus amore". Qui turn alacres passim lymphata mente furebant evohe bacchantes, evohe capita infiectentes. 2 55 Harum pars tecta quatiebant cuspide thyrsos, pars e divulso iactabant membra iuvenco, pars sese tortis serpentibus incingebant, pars obscura cavis celebrabant orgia cistis, orgia, quae frustra cupiunt audire profani, 26 ° plangebant aliae proceris tympana palmis, aut tereti tenuis tinnitus aere ciebant, multis raucisonos efflabant cornua bombos barbaraque horribili stridebat tibia cantu. Talibus amplifice vestis decorata figuris 26 5 pulvinar complexa suo velabat amictu. Quae postquam cupide spectando Thessala pubes expleta est, Sanctis coepit decedere divis. Hie, qualis rlatu placidum mare matutino horrificans Zeph)Tus proclivas incitat undas, 2 7<> Aurora exoriente vagi sub limina Solis, quare tarde primum dementi flamine pulsae procedunt, leviter resonant plangore cachinni, 1 6 Catulli Carmina. [xm. post vento crescente magis magis increbescunt, purpureaque procul nantes ab luce refulgent ; 2 75 sic turn vestibuli linquentis regia tecta at se quisque vago passim pede discedebant. Quorum post abitum princeps e vertice Pelei advenit Chiron portans silvestria dona : nam quodcumque ferunt campi, quos Thessala magnis 280 montibus ora creat, quos propter fluminis undas aura parit flores tepidi fecunda Favoni, hos indistinctis plexos tulit ipse corollis, quo permulsa domus iocundo risit odore. Confestim Penios adest, viridantia Tempe, 28 5 Tempe, quae silvae cingunt super impendentes, Magnessum linquens Doris celebranda choreis, non vacuos : namque ille tulit radicitus altas fagos ac recto proceras stipite laurus, non sine nutanti platano lentaque sorore 2 9° flammati Phaethontis et aerea cupressu. Haec circum sedes late contexta locavit, vestibulum ut molli velatum fronde vireret. Post hunc consequitur sollerti corde Prometheus, extenuata gerens veteris vestigia poenae, 2 9S quam quondam silici restrictus membra catena persolvit pendens e verticibus praeruptis. Inde pater divum sancta cum coniuge natisque advenit caelo, te solum, Phoebe, relinquens, unigenamque simul cultricem montibus Idri : 3°o Pelea nam tecum pariter soror aspernata est, nee Thetidis taedas voluit celebrare iugalis. Qui postquam niveis flexerunt sedibus artus, large multiplici constructae sunt dape mensae, cum interea infirmo quatientes corpora motu 3°5 veridicos Parcae coeperunt edere cantus. His corpus tremulum complectens undique vestis Candida purpurea talos incinxerat ora, xiii.] Catulli Carmina. ly at roseo niveae residebant vertice vittae, aeternumque manus carpebant rite laborem. 3 IQ Laeva colum molli lana retinebat amictum, dextera turn leviter deducens fila supinis formabat digitis, turn prono in pollice torquens libratum tereti versabat turbine fusum, atque ita decerpens aequabat semper opus dens, 3 X 5 laneaque aridulis haerebant morsa labellis, quae prius in levi fuerant extantia filo : ante pedes autem candentis mollia lanae vellera virgati custodibant calathisci. Haec turn clarisona pellentes vellera voce 3 2 ° talia divino fuderunt carmine fata, carmine, perfidiae quod post nulla arguet aetas. O decus eximium magnis virtutibus augens, Emathiae tutamen opis, clarissime nato, accipe, quod laeta tibi pandunt luce sorores, 3 2 5 veridicum oraclum : sed vos, quae fata sequuntur, currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi. Adveniet tibi iam portans optata maritis Hesperus, adveniet fausto cum sidere coniunx quae tibi flexanimo mentis perfundat amorem, 33° languidulosque paret tecum coniungere somnos, levia substernens robusto brachia collo. Currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi. Nulla domus tales umquam contexit amores, nullus amor tali coniunxit foedere amantes, 335 qualis adest Thetidi, qualis concordia Peleo. Currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi. Nascetur vobis expers terroris Achilles, hostibus haud tergo, sed forti pectore notus, 1 8 Catulli Carmina. [xin. qui persaepe vago victor certamine cursus 34° fiammea praevertet celeris vestigia cervae. Currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi. Non illi quisquam bello se conferet heros, cum Phrygii Teucro manabunt sanguine campi Troicaque obsidens longinquo moenia bello 345 periuri Pelopis vastabit tertius heres. Currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi. Illius egregias virtutes claraque facta saepe fatebuntur gnatorum in funere matres, cum incurvo canos solvent a vertice crines, 35° putridaque infirmis variabunt pectora palmis. Currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi. Namque velut densas praecerpens cultor aristas sole sub ardenti flaventia demetit arva, Troiugenum infesto prosternens corpora ferro 355 Currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi. Testis erit magnis virtutibus unda Scamandri, quae passim rapido diffunditur Hellespbnto, cuius iter caesis angustans corporum acervis alta tepefaciet permixta flumina caede. 3 60 Currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi. Denique testis erit morti quoque reddita praeda, cum teres excelso coacervatum aggere bustum excipiet niveos perculsae virginis artus. Currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi. 3 6 5 Nam simul ac fessis dederit fors copiam Achivis urbis Dardaniae Neptunia solvere vincla, alta Polyxenia madefient caede sepulcra, xiii.] Catulli Carmina, 19 quae, velut ancipiti succumbens victima ferro, proiciet truncum summisso poplite corpus. 37° Currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi. Quare agite optatos animi coniungite amores. Accipiat coniunx felici foedere divam, dedatur cupido iam dudum nupta marito. Currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi. 375 Non illam nutrix orienti luce re.visens hesterno collum poterit circumdare filo. Currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi. Anxia nee mater discordis maesta puellae secubitu caros mittet sperare nepotes. 3 8 ° Currite ducentes subtegmina, currite, fusi. Talia praefantes quondam felicia Pelei carmina divino cecinerunt pectore Parcae. Praesentes namque ante domos invisere castas heroum, et sese mortali ostendere coetu, 3 8 5 caelicolae nondum spreta pietate solebant. Saepe pater divum templo in fulgente revisens, annua cum festis venissent sacra diebus, conspexit terra centum procumbere tauros. Saepe vagus Liber Parnasi vertice summo 39° Thyadas effusis evantis crinibus egit, cum Delphi tota certatim ex urbe ruentes acciperent laeti divum fumantibus aris. Saepe in letifero belli certamine Mavors aut rapidi Tritonis hera aut Ramnusia virgo 395 armatas hominum est praesens hortata catervas. Sed postquam tellus scelere est imbuta nefando, iustitiamque omnes cupida de mente fugarunt, perfudere manus fraterno sanguine fratres, destitit extinctos natus lugere parentes, 4°° 20 Catulli Carmina. [xrv. optavit genitor primaevi funera nati, liber ut innuptae poteretur flore novercae, ignaro mater substernens se impia nato impia non verita est divos scelerare parentes, omnia fanda nefanda malo permixta furore 4°5 iustificam nobis mentem avertere deorum. Quare nee talis dignantur visere coetus, nee se contingi patiuntur lumine claro. XIV. (65.) Etsi me assiduo confectum cura dolore sevocat a doctis, Ortale, virginibus, nee potis est dulcis Musarum expromere fetus mens animi, tantis fluctuat ipsa malis : namque mei nuper Lethaeo in gurgite fratris 5 pallidulum manans alluit unda pedem, Troia Rhoeteo quern subter litore tellus ereptum nostris obterit ex oculis. Alloquar, audiero numquam tua loquentem, numquam ego te, vita frater amabilior, IO aspiciam posthac ? at certe semper amabo, semper maesta tua carmina morte tegam, qualia sub densis ramorum concinit umbris Daulias, absumpti fata gemens Itylei. Sed tamen in tantis maeroribus, Ortale, mitto J 5 haec expressa tibi carmina Battiadae, ne tua dicta vagis nequicquam credita ventis effluxisse meo forte putes animo. Ut missum sponsi furtivo munere malum procurrit casto virginis e gremio, 20 quod miserae oblitae molli sub veste locatum, dum adventu matris prosilit, excutitur : atque illud prono praeceps agitur decursu, huic manat tristi conscius ore rubor. xv. xvi.] Catulli Carmina. 21 XV. (96.) Si quicquam mutis gratum acceptumve sepulcris accidere a nostro, Calve, dolore potest, quo desiderio veteres renovamus amores atque olim missas flemus amicitias, certe non tanto mors immatura dolori est 5 Quintiliae, quantum gaudet amore tuo. XVI. (101.) Multas per gentes et multa per aequora vectus advenio has miseras, frater, ad inferias, ut te postremo donarem munere mortis et mutam nequicquam alloquerer cinerem. Quandoquidem fortuna mihi tete abstulit ipsum, 5 heu miser indigne frater adempte mihi, nunc tamen interea haec prisco quae more parentum tradita sunt tristi munere ad inferias, accipe fraterno multum manantia fletu, atque in perpetuum, frater, ave atque vale. IO T. LUCRETI CARI DE RERUM NATURA. LIBER PRIMUS. AENEADUM genetrix, hominum divomque voluptas, alma Venus, caeli subter labentia signa quae mare navigerum, quae terras frugiferentis concelebras, per te quoniam genus omne animantum concipitur visitque exortum, lumina solis : 5 te, dea, te fugiunt venti, te nubila caeli adventumque tuum, tibi suavis daedala tellus summittit flores, tibi rident aequora ponti placatumque nitet diffuso lumine caelum. Quae quoniam rerum naturam sola gubernas IO nee sine te quicquam dias in luminis oras exoritur neque fit laetum neque amabile quicquam, te sociam studeo scribendis versibus esse quos ego de rerum natura pangere conor ( 2 5) Memmiadae nostro, quern tu, dea, tempore in omni 15 omnibus ornatum voluisti excellere rebus. Quo magis aeternum da dictis, diva, leporem. Quod superest, vacuas auris animumque sagacem (50) semotum a curis adhibe veram ad rationem, ne mea dona tibi studio disposta fideli, 20 intellecta prius quam sint, contempta relinquas. Nam tibi de summa caeli ratione deumque disserere incipiam et rerum primordia pandam, (55) 23 24 De Rerum Natura. unde omnis natura creet res auctet alatque quove eadem rursum natura perempta resolvat, 2 5 quae nos materiem et genitalia corpora rebus reddunda in ratione vocare et semina rerum appellare suemus et haec eadem usurpare (6°) corpora prima, quod ex illis sunt omnia primis. Humana ante oculos foede cum vita iaceret 3° in terris oppressa gravi sub religion e quae caput a caeli regionibus ostendebat horribili super aspectu mortalibus instans, ( 6 5) primum Graius homo mortalis tollere contra est oculos ausus primusque obsistere contra, 35 quern neque fama deum nee fulmina nee minitanti murmure compressit caelum, sed eo magis acrem inritat animi virtutem, effringere ut arta (7°) naturae primus portarum claustra cupiret. Ergo vivida vis animi pervicit, et extra 4° processit longe flamman.tia moenia mundi atque omne immensum peragravit mente animoque, unde refert nobis victor quid possit oriri, (75) quid nequeat, fmita potestas denique cuique quanam sit ratione atque alte terminus haerens. 45 Quare religio pedibus subiecta vicissim opteritur, nos exaequat victoria caelo. Illud in his rebus vereor, ne forte rearis ( 8o ) inpia te rationis inire elementa viamque indugredi sceleris, quod contra saepius ilia 5° religio peperit scelerosa atque impia facta. Aulide quo pacto Triviai virginis aram Iphianassai turparunt sanguine foede ( 8 5) ductores Danaum delecti, prima virorum. Cui simul infula virgineos circumdata comptus 55 ex utraque pari malarum parte profusast, et maestum simul ante aras adstare parentem sensit et nunc propter ferrum celare ministros (9°) Liber Primus, 25 aspectuque suo lacrimas effundere civis, muta metu terram genibus summissa petebat. 6° Nee miserae prodesse in tali tempore quibat quod patrio princeps donarat nomine regem ; nam sublata virum manibus tremibundaque ad aras (95) deductast, non ut sollemni more sacrorum perfecto posset claro comitari Hymenaeo, 6 S sed casta inceste nubendi tempore in ipso hostia concideret mactatu maesta parentis, exitus ut classi felix faustusque daretur. ( J oo) Tantum religio potuit suadere malorum. Hunc igitur terrorem animi tenebrasque necessest non radii solis neque lucida tela diei 7 1 discutiant, sed naturae species ratioque. Principium cuius hinc nobis exordia sumet, nullam rem e nilo gigni divinitus umquam. (150) Quippe ita formido mortalis continet omnis, 75 quod multa in terris fieri caeloque tuentur quorum operum causas nulla ratione videre possunt ac fieri divino numine rentur. Quas ob res ubi viderimus nil posse creari (155) de nilo, turn quod sequimur iam rectius inde 8 ° perspiciemus, et unde queat res quaeque creari et quo quaeque modo riant opera sine divom. LIBER SECUNDUS. Suave, mari magno turbantibus aequora ventis, e terra magnum alterius spectare laborem • non quia vexari quemquamst iucunda voluptas, sed quibus ipse malis careas quia cernere suave est. Suave etiam belli certamina magna tueri 5 26 De Rerum Natura. per campos instructa tua sine parte pericli. Sed nil dulcius est, bene quam munita tenere edita, doctrina sapientum, templa serena, despicere unde queas alios passimque videre errare atque viam palantis quaerere vitae, IO certare ingenio, contendere nobilitate, noctes atque dies niti praestante labore ad summas emergere opes rerumque potiri. O miseras hominum mentes, o pectora caeca ! qualibus in tenebris vitae quantisque periclis *5 degitur hoc aevi quodcumquest ! nonne videre nil aliud sibi naturam latrare, nisi utqui corpore seiunctus dolor absit, mente fruatur iucundo sensu cura semota metuque ? Ergo corpoream ad naturam pauca videmus 2 ° esse opus omnino, quae demant cumque dolorem. Delicias quoque uti multas substernere possint gratius interdum neque natura ipsa requirit ; si non aurea sunt iuvenum simulacra per aedes lampadas igniferas manibus retinentia dextris, 2 5 lumina nocturnis epulis ut suppeditentur, nee domus argento fulget auroque renidet nee citharae reboant laqueata aurataque tecta, cum tamen inter se prostrati in gramine molli propter aquae rivum sub ramis arboris altae 3° non magnis opibus, iucunde corpora curant, praesertim cum tempestas adridet et anni tempora conspergunt viridantis floribus herbas. Nee calidae citius decedunt corpore febres, textilibus si in picturis ostroque rubenti 35 iacteris, quam si in plebeia veste cubandum est. Quapropter quoniam nil nostro in corpore gazae proficiunt neque nobilitas nee gloria regni, quod superest, animo quoque nil prodesse putandum ; si non, forte tuas legiones per loca campi 4° Liber Tertius. 27 fervere cum videas belli simulacra cientis, subsidiis magnis et ecum vi constabilitas, ornatas^z^? armis statuas pariterque animatas, his tibi turn rebus timefactae religiones effugiunt animo pavide ; mortisque timores 45 turn vacuum pectus lincunt curaque solutum, fervere cum videas classem lateque vagari. Quod si ridicula haec ludibriaque esse videmus, re veraque metus hominum curaeque sequaces nee metuunt sonitus armorum nee fera tela 5° audacterque inter reges rerumque potentis versantur neque fulgorem reverentur ab auro nee clarum vestis splendorem purpureai, quid dubitas quin onmi* sit haec rationi' potestas ? omnis cum in tenebris praesertim vita laboret. 55 Nam veluti pueri trepidant atque omnia caecis in tenebris metuunt, sic nos in luce timemus interdum, nilo quae sunt metuenda magis quam quae pueri in tenebris pavitant finguntque futura. Hunc igitur terrorem animi tenebrasque necessest 6° non radii solis neque lucida tela diei discutiant, sed naturae species ratioque. LIBER TERTIUS. E tenebris tantis tarn clarum extollere lumen qui primus potuisti inlustrans commoda vitae, te sequor, o Graiae gentis decus, inque tuis nunc ficta pedum pono pressis vestigia signis, non ita certandi cupidus quam propter amorem quod te imitari aveo ; quid enim contendat hirundo eyenis, aut quidnam tremulis facere artubus haedi consimile in cursu possint et fortis equi vis ? 28 De Rerum Natura. Tu, pater, es rerum inventor, tu patria nobis suppeditas praecepta, tuisque ex, inclute, chartis, 10 floriferis ut apes in saltibus omnia libant, omnia nos itidem depascimur aurea dicta, aurea, perpetua semper dignissima vita. Nam simul ac ratio tua coepit vociferari naturam rerum, divina mente coorta, J S diffugiunt animi terrores, moenia mundi discedunt, totum video per inane geri res. Apparet divum nuraen sedesque quietae quas neque concutiunt venti nee nubila nimbis aspergunt neque nix acri concreta pruina 2 ° cana cadens violat semperque innubilus aether integit, et large diffuso lumine rident. Omnia suppeditat porro natura neque ulla res animi pacem delibat tempore in ullo. At contra nusquam apparent Acherusia templa 2 S nee tellus obstat quin omnia dispiciantur, sub pedibus quaecumque infra per inane geruntur. His ibi me rebus quaedam divina voluptas percipit adque horror, quod sic natura tua vi tarn manifesta patens ex omni parte retecta est. 3° Nil igitur mors est ad nos neque pertinet hilum, (830) quandoquidem natura animi mortalis habetur, et velut anteacto nil tempore sensimus aegri, ad confligendum venientibus undique Poenis, omnia cum belli trepido concussa tumultu 35 horrida contremuere sub altis aetheris oris, ( 8 35) in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum omnibus humanis esset terraque marique, sic, ubi non erimus, cum corporis atque animai discidium fuerit quibus e sumus uniter apti, 4° scilicet haud nobis quicquam, qui non erimus turn, (840) accidere omnino poterit sensumque movere, Liber Tertius. 29 non si terra mari miscebitur et mare caelo. Et si iam nostro sentit de corpore postquam distractast animi natura animaeque potestas, 45 nil tamen est ad nos, qui comptu coniugioque ( 8 45) corporis at que animae consistimus uniter apti. Nee, si materiem nostram collegerit aetas post obitum rursumque redegerit ut sita nunc est atque iterum nobis fuerint data lumina vitae, 5° pertineat quicquam tamen ad nos id quoque factum, (850) interrupta semel cum sit repetentia nostri. Et nunc nil ad nos de nobis attinet, ante qui fuimus, tie que iam de illis nos adficit angor. Nam cum respicias inmensi temporis omne 55 praeteritum spatium, turn motus material ( 8 55) multimodis quam sint, facile hoc adcredere possis, semina saepe in eodem, ut nunc sunt, ordine posta haec eadem, quibus e nunc nos sumus, ante fuisse. Nee memori tamen id quimus repraehendere mente ; 6o inter enim iectast vitai pausa vageque ( 86 °) deerrarunt passim motus ab sensibus omnes. Debet enim, misere si forte aegreque futurumst, ipse quoque esse in eo turn tempore, cui male possit accidere. Id quoniam mors eximit, esseque probet 65 ilium cui possint incommoda conciliari, ( 86 5) scire licet nobis nil esse in morte timendum nee miserum fieri, qui non est posse, neque hilum differre anne ullo fuerit iam tempore natus, mortalem vitam mors cum inmortalis ademit. 7° t Iam iam non domus accipiet te laeta, neque uxor optima nee dulces occurrent oscula nati ( 8 95) praeripere et tacita pectus dulcedine tangent. Non poteris factis florentibus esse, tuisque praesidium. Misero misere ' aiunt ' omnia ademit 75 una dies infesta tibi tot praemia vitae.' 30 De Rerum Natura. Mud in his rebus non addunt ' nee tibi earum (9) iam desiderium rerum super insidet una/ Quod bene si videant animo dictisque sequantur, dissoluant animi magno se angore metuque. 8o ' Tu quidem ut es leto sopitus, sic eris aevi quod superest cunctis privatu' doloribus aegris : (9°5) at nos horrifico cinefactum te prope busto insatiabiliter deflevimus, aeternumque nulla dies nobis maerorem e pectore demet.' 8 S Illud ab hoc igitur quaerendum est, quid sit amari tanto opere, ad somnum si res redit at que quietem, (910) cur quisquam aeterno possit tabescere luctu. Hoc etiam faciunt, ubi discubuere tenentque pocula saepe homines et inumbrant ora coronis, 9° ex animo ut dicant ' brevis hie est fructus homullis ; iam fuerit neque post umquam revocare licebit.' (9*5) Tamquam in morte mali cum primis hoc sit eorum, quod sitis exurat miseros atque arida torres, aut aliae cuius desiderium insideat rei. 95 Nee sibi enim quisquam turn se vitamque requirit, cum pariter mens et corpus sopita quiescunt ; (9 20 ) nam licet aeternum per nos sic esse soporem, nee desiderium nostri nos adficit ullum. Et tamen haudquaquam nostros tunc ilia per artus 100 longe ab sensiferis primordia motibus errant, cum correptus homo ex somno se colligit ipse. (9 2 5) Multo igitur mortem minus ad nos esse putandumst, si minus esse potest quam quod nil esse videmus ; maior enim turbae disiectus materiai I0 5 consequitur leto nee quisquam expergitus exstat, frigida quern semel est vitai pausa secuta. (93°) Denique si vocem rerum natura repente mittat et hoc alicui nostrum sic increpet ipsa, ' quid tibi tanto operest, mortalis, quod nimis aegris no luctibus indulges ? quid mortem congemis ac fles ? Liber Tertius. 31 Nam gratis anteacta fuit tibi vita priorque (935) et non omnia pertusum congesta quasi in vas commoda perfluxere atque ingrata interiere : cur non ut plenus vitae conviva recedis IT S aequo animoque capis securam, stulte, quietem? Sin ea, quae fructus cumque es, periere profusa (94°) vitaque in offensust, cur amplius addere quaeris, rursum quod pereat male et ingratum occidat omne, non potius vitae finem facis atque laboris ? I2 ° Nam tibi praeterea quod machiner inveniamque, quod placeat, nil est : eadem sunt omnia semper. (945) Si tibi non annis corpus iam marcet et artus confecti languent, eadem tamen omnia restant, omnia si pergas vivendo vincere saecla, 125 atque etiam potius, si numquam sis moriturus, , quid respondemus, nisi iustam intendere litem (95°) naturam et veram verbis exponere causam ? Grandior hie vero si iam seniorque queratur atque obitum lamentetur miser amplius aequo, ^o non merito inclamet magis et voce increpet acri ? ' aufer abhinc lacrimas, balatro, et compesce querellas. (955) Omnia perfunctus vital praemia marces. Sed quia semper aves quod abest, praesentia temnis, inperfecta tibi elapsast ingrataque vita J 35 et nee opinanti mors ad caput adstitit ante quam satur ac plenus possis discedere rerum. (960) Nunc aliena tua tamen aetate omnia mitte aequo animoque agedum humanis concede : necessest.' lure, ut opinor, agat, iure increpet inciletque ; J 4° cedit enim rerum novitate extrusa vetustas semper, et ex aliis aliud reparare necessest ; (9 6 5) nee quisquam in barathrum nee Tartara deditur atra. Materies opus est ut crescant postera saecla ; quae tamen omnia te vita perfuncta sequentur ; J 45 nee minus ergo ante haec quam tu cecidere, cadentque. 32 De Rerum Natura. Sic alid ex alio numquam desistet oriri (97°) vitaque mancipio nulli datur, omnibus usu. Respice item quam nil ad nos anteacta vetustas temporis aeterni merit, quam nascimur ante. J S° Hoc igitur speculum nobis natura futuri temporis exponit post mortem denique nostram. (975) Numquid ibi horribile apparet, num triste videtur quicquam, non omni somno securius exstat? Atque ea nimirum quaecumque Acherunte profundo prodita sunt esse, in vita sunt omnia nobis. *5 6 Nee miser inpendens magnum timet aere saxum (980) Tantalus, ut famast, cassa formidine torpens ; sed magis in vita divom metus urget inanis mortalis casumque timent quern cuique ferat fors. 160 Nee Tityon volucres ineunt Acherunte iacentem nee quod sub magno scrutentur pectore quicquam (9 8 5) perpetuam aetatem possunt reperire profecto. Quamlibet immani proiectu corporis exstet, qui non sola novem dispessis iugera membris l6 S optineat, sed qui terrai totius orbem, non tamen aeternum poterit perferre dolorem (990) nee praebere cibum proprio de corpore semper. Sed Tityos nobis hie est, in amore iacentem quern volucres lacerant atque exest anxius angor 170 aut alia quavis scindunt cuppedine curae. Sisyphus in vita quoque nobis ante oculos est (995) qui petere a populo fasces saevasque secures imbibit et semper victus tristisque recedit. Nam petere imperium quod inanest nee datur, umquam atque in eo semper durum sufferre laborem, 176 hoc est adverso nixantem trudere monte (1000) saxum quod tamen e summo iam vertice rusum volvitur et plani raptim petit aequora campi. Deinde animi ingratam naturam pascere semper 180 atque explere bonis rebus satiareque numquam, Liber Tertius. 33 quod faciunt nobis annorum tempora, circum (i°°5) cum redeunt fetusque ferunt variosque lepores, nee tamen explemur vitai fructibus umquam, hoc, ut opinor, id est, aevo florente puellas l8 5 quod memorant laticem pertusum congerere in vas, quod tamen expleri nulla ratione potestur. (1010) Cerberus et furiae iam vero et lucis egestas Tartarus horriferos eructans faucibus aestus, qui neque sunt usquam nee possunt esse profecto. 190 Sed metus in vita poenarum pro male factis est insignibus insignis, scelerisque luella, ( IOI 5) career et horribilis de saxo iactu' deorsum, verbera carnifices robur pix lammina taedae ; quae tamen etsi absunt, at mens sibi conscia factis 195 praemetuens adhibet stimulos terretque flagellis nee videt interea qui terminus esse malorum (1020) possit nee quae sit poenarum denique finis atque eadem metuit magis haec ne in morte gravescant. Hie Acherusia fit stultorum denique vita. 2 °° Hoc etiam tibi tute inter dum dicere possis 'lumina sis oculis etiam bonus Ancu' reliquit C 1 ^) qui melior multis quam tu fuit, improbe, rebus. Inde alii multi reges rerumque potentes occiderunt, magnis qui gentibus imperitarunt. 2 °S Ille quoque ipse, viam qui quondam per mare magnum stravit iterque dedit legionibus ire per altum ( I0 3°) ac pedibus salsas docuit superare lucunas et contemsit quis insultans murmura ponti, lumine adempto animam moribundo corpore fudit. 210 Scipiadas, belli fulmen, Carthaginis horror, ossa dedit terrae proinde ac famul infimus esset. ( I0 35) Adde repertores doctrinarum atque leporum, adde Heliconiadum comites ; quorum unus Homerus sceptra potitus eadem aliis sopitu' quietest. 2I 5 Denique Democritum postquam matura vetustas 34 De Rerum Natura. admonuit memores motus languescere mentis, ( x Tandem bruma nives adfert pigrumque rigorem, prodit hiemps, sequitur crepitans hanc dentibus algor. Quod superest, quoniam magni per caerula mundi qua fieri quicquid posset ratione resolvi, l6 5 solis uti varios cursus lunaeque meatus noscere possemus quae vis et causa cieret, (775) quodve modo possent offecto lumine obire et neque opinantis tenebris obducere terras, cum quasi conivent et aperto lumine rursum x 7° omnia convisunt clara loca Candida luce, nunc redeo ad mundi novitatem et mollia terrae (780) arva, novo fetu quid primum in luminis oras tollere et incertis crerint committere ventis. Principio genus herbarum viridemque nitorem 175 terra dedit circum collis camposque per omnis, florida fulserunt viridanti prata colore, (785) arboribusque datumst variis exinde per auras crescendi magnum inmissis certamen habenis. Ut pluma atque pili primum saetaeque creantur 180 Liber Qiiintus. 41 quadripedum membris et corpore pennipotentum, sic nova turn tellus herbas virgultaque primum (790) sustulit, inde loci mortalia saeola creavit multa modis multis varia ratione coorta. At genus humanum multo fuit illud in arvis 185 (925) durius, ut decuit, tellus quod dura creasset, et maioribus et solidis magis ossibus intus fundatum, validis aptum per viscera nervis, nee facile ex aestu nee frigore quod caperetur nee novitate cibi nee labi corporis ulla. *9° (93°) Multaque per caelum solis volventia lustra volgivago vitam tractabant more ferarum. Nee robustus erat curvi moderator aratri quisquam, nee scibat ferro molirier arva nee nova defodere in terrain virgulta neque altis 195 (935) arboribus veteres decidere falcibu' ramos. Quod sol atque imbres dederant, quod terra crearat sponte sua, satis id placabat pectora donum. Glandiferas inter curabant corpora quercus plerumque ; et quae nunc hiberno tempore cernis 200 (940) arbita puniceo fieri matura colore, plurima turn tellus etiam maiora ferebat. Multaque praeterea novitas turn florida mundi pabula dura tulit, miseris mortalibus ampla. At sedare sitim fluvii fontesque vocabant, ^5 (945) ut nunc montibus e magnis decursus aquai claru' citat late sitientia saecla ferarum. Denique nota vagi silvestria templa tenebant nympharum, quibus e scibant umori' fluenta lubrica proluvie larga lavere umida saxa, 2I0 (95°) umida saxa, super viridi stillantia musco, et partim piano scatere atque erumpere campo. Necdum res igni scibant tractare neque uti pellibus et spoliis corpus vestire ferarum, 42 De Rerum Natura. sed nemora atque cavos montis silvasque colebant 215 (955) et frutices inter condebant squalida membra verbera ventorum vitare imbrisque coacti. Nee commune bonum poterant spectare neque ullis moribus inter se scibant nee legibus uti. Quod cuique obtulerat praedae fortuna, ferebat 220 (960) sponte sua sibi quisque valere et vivere doctus. At non multa virum sub signis milia ducta una dies dabat exitio nee turbida ponti (1000) aequora fiigebant navis ad saxa virosque. Hie temere incassum frustra mare saepe coortum 225 saevibat leviterque minas ponebat inanis, nee poterat quemquam placidi pellacia ponti subdola pellicere in fraudem ridentibus undis, ( IOO S) improba naucleri ratio cum caeca iacebat. Turn penuria deinde cibi languentia leto 2 3° membra dabat, contra nunc rerum copia mersat. UK imprudentes ipsi sibi saepe venenum vergebant, nyxrui nunc dant sollertius ipsi. (1010) Inde casas postquam ac pellis ignemque pararunt, et mulier coniuncta viro concessit in unum 2 3S conubium, prolemque ex se videre creatam, turn genus humanum primum mollescere coepit. Ignis enim curavit ut alsia corpora frigus ( IOI 5) non ita iam possent caeli sub tegmine ferre, et Venus inminuit viris puerique parentum 24° blanditiis facile ingenium fregere superbum. Tunc et amicitiem coeperunt iungere aventes finitimi inter se nee laedere nee violari, (1020) et pueros commendarunt muliebreque saeclum, vocibus et gestu cum balbe significarent 245 imbecillorum esse aecum misererier omnis. Nee tamen omnimodis poterat concordia gigni, sed bona magnaque pars servabat foedera caste ; (1025) Liber Quintus. 43 aut genus humanum iam turn foret omne peremptum nee potuisset adhuc perducere saecla propago. 2 5° At varios linguae sonitus natura subegit mittere et utilitas expressit nomina rerum, non alia longe ratione atque ipsa videtur ( io 3°) protrahere ad gestum pueros infantia linguae, cum facit ut digito quae sint praesentia monstrent. 255 Sentit enim vim quisque suam quoad possit abuti. Cornua nata prius vitulo quam frontibus extent, illis iratus petit atque infestus inurget. ( io 35) At catuli pantherarum scymnique leonum unguibus ac pedibus iam turn morsuque repugnant, 260 vix etiam cum sunt dentes unguesque creati. Alituum porro genus alis omne videmus fidere et a pinnis tremulum petere auxiliatum. ( io 4°) Proinde putare aliquem turn nomina distribuisse rebus et inde homines didicisse vocabula prima, 265 desiperest. Nam cur hie posset cuncta notare vocibus et varios sonitus emittere linguae, tempore eodem alii facere id non quisse putentur? (1045) praeterea si non alii quoque vocibus usi inter se fuerant, unde insita notities est 2 7° utilitatis et unde data est huic prima potestas, quid vellet facere ut sciret animoque videret ? Inque dies magis hi victum vitamque priorem (1105) commutare novis monstrabant rebu' benigni, ingenio qui praestabant et corde vigebant. ^5 Condere coeperunt urbis arcemque locare praesidium reges ipsi sibi perfugiumque, et pecus atque agros divisere atque dedere (i"o) pro facie cuiusque et viribus ingenioque ; nam facies multum valuit viresque vigentes. 28 ° Posterius res inventast aurumque repertum, quod facile et validis et pulchris dempsit honorem ; 44 De Renim Natura. divitioris enim sectam plerumque secuntur ( XII 5) quamlubet et fortes et pulchro corpore creti. Quod siquis vera vitam ratione gubernet, 28 5 divitiae grandes homini sunt vivere parce aequo animo ; neque enim est umquam penuria parvi. At claros homines voluerunt se atque potentes, (1120) ut fundamento stabili fortuna maneret et placidam possent opulenti degere vitam, 2 9° nequiquam, quoniam ad summum succedere honorem certantes iter infestum fecere viai, et tamen e summo, quasi fulmen, deicit ictos ( II2 5) invidia interdum contemptim in Tartara taetra ; invidia quoniam, ceu fulmine, summa vaporant 295 plerumque et quae sunt aliis magis edita cumque ; ut satius multo iam sit parere quietum quam regere imperio res velle et regna tenere. C 1 ^ ) Proinde sine incassum defessi sanguine sudent, angustum per iter luctantes ambitionis ; 3°° quandoquidem sapiunt alieno ex ore petuntque res ex auditis potius quam sensibus ipsis, nee magis id nunc est neque erit mox quam fuit ante. (1135) Ergo regibus occisis subversa iacebat pristina maiestas soliorum et sceptra superba, 3°5 et capitis summi praeclarum insigne cruentum sub pedibus vulgi magnum lugebat honorem ; nam cupide conculcatur nimis ante metutum. ( I3: 4 ) Res itaque ad summam faecem turbasque redibat, imperium sibi cum ac summatum quisque petebat. 310 Inde magistratum partim docuere creare iuraque constituere, ut vellent legibus uti. Nam genus humanum, defessum vi colere aevom, (1145) ex inimicitiis languebat ; quo magis ipsum sponte sua cecidit sub leges artaque iura. 3*5 Acrius ex ira quod enim se quisque parabat ulcisci quam nunc concessumst legibus aequis, Liber Quintus. 45 hanc ob rem est homines pertaesum vi colere aevom. (1150) Inde metus maculat poenarum praemia vitae. Circumretit enim vis atque iniuria quemque 3 2 ° atque, unde exortast, ad eum plerumque revertit, nee facilest placidam ac pacatam degere vitam qui violat factis communia foedera pacis. ( II S5) Etsi fallit enim divom genus humanumque, perpetuo tamen id fore clam difiidere debet ; 3 2 5 quippe ubi se multi per somnia saepe loquentes aut morbo delirantes protraxe ferantur et celata mala in medium et peccata dedisse. (1160) Nunc quae causa deum per magnas numina gentis pervulgarit et ararum compleverit urbis 33° suscipiendaque curarit sollemnia sacra, quae nunc in magnis florent sacra rebu' locisque, unde etiam nunc est mortalibus insitus horror ( Il6 S) qui delubra deum nova toto suscitat orbi terrarum et festis cogit celebrare diebus, 335 non ita difficilest rationem reddere verbis. Quippe etenim iam turn divom mortalia saecla egregias animo facies vigilante videbant ("70) et magis in somnis mirando corporis auctu. His igitur sensum tribuebant propterea quod 34° membra movere videbantur vocesque superbas mittere pro facie praeclara et viribus amplis. Aeternamque dabant vitam, quia semper eorum ( JI 75) subpeditabatur facies et forma manebat, et tamen omnino quod tantis viribus auctos 345 non temere ulla vi convinci posse putabant. Fortunisque ideo longe praestare putabant, quod mortis timor haut quemquam vexaret eorum, (1180) et simul in somnis quia multa et mira videbant efficere et nullum capere ipsos inde laborem. 35° Praeterea caeli rationes ordine certo et varia annorum cernebant tempora verti 46 De Rerum Natnra. nee poterant quibus id fieret cognoscere causis. ( Il8 S) Ergo perfugium sibi habebant omnia divis tradere et illorum nutu facere omnia flecti. 355 In caeloque deum sedes et templa locarunt, per caelum volvi quia nox et luna videtur, luna dies et nox et noctis signa severa ("9°) noctivagaeque faces caeli flammaeque volantes, nubila sol imbres nix venti fulmina grando 36° et rapidi fremitus et murmura magna minarum. O genus infelix humanum, talia divis cum tribuit facta atque iras adiunxit acerbas ! ("95) quantos turn gemitus ipsi sibi, quantaque nobis volnera, quas lacrimas peperere minoribu , nostris ! 3 6 S Nee pietas ullast velatum saepe videri vertier ad lapidem atque omnis accedere ad aras nee procumbere humi prostratum et pandere palmas (1200) ante deum delubra nee aras sanguine multo spargere quadrupedum nee votis nectere vota, 37° sed mage pacata posse omnia mente tueri. Nam cum suspicimus magni caelestia mundi templa, super stellisque micantibus aethera fixum, (1205) et venit in mentem solis lunaeque viarum, tunc aliis oppressa malis in pectora cura 375 ilia quoque expergefactum caput erigere infit, nequae forte deum nobis inmensa potestas sit, vario motu quae Candida sidera verset. (1210) Temptat enim dubiam mentem rationis egestas, ecquaenam fuerit mundi genitalis origo, 380 et simul ecquae sit finis, quoad moenia mundi solliciti motus hunc possint ferre laborem, an divinitus aeterna donata salute ( I2I 5) perpetuo possint aevi labentia tractu inmensi validas aevi contemnere viris. 3 8 5 Praeterea cui non animus formidine divum contrahitur, cui non correpunt membra pavore, / Liber Quintus. 47 fulminis horribili cum plaga torrida tellus (1220) contremit et magnum percurrunt murmura caelum? Non populi gentesque tremunt, regesque superbi 390 corripiunt divum percussi membra timore, nequid ob admissum foede dictumve superbe poenarum grave sit solvendi tempus adultum? (*225) Summa etiam cum vis violenti per mare venti induperatorem classis super aequora verrit 395 cum validis pariter legionibus atque elephantis, non divom pacem votis adit ac prece quaesit ventorum pavidus paces animasque secundas, (1230) nequiquam, quoniam violento turbine saepe correptus nilo fertur minus ad vada leti ? 400 Usque adeo res humanas vis abdita quaedam opterit et pulchros fascis saevasque secures proculcare ac ludibrio sibi habere videtur. (1235) Denique sub pedibus tellus cum tota vacillat concussaeque cadunt urbes dubiaeque minantur, 405 quid mirum si se temnunt mortalia saecla atque potestatis magnas mirasque relinqunt in rebus viris divum, quae cuncta gubernent? ( I2 4°) At specimen sationis et insitionis origo ipsa fuit rerum primum natura creatrix, 4 IQ arboribus quoniam bacae glandesque caducae tempestiva dabant pullorum examina supter ; unde etiam libitumst stirpis committere ramis ( X 3 6 S) et nova defodere in terram virgulta per agros. Inde aliam atque aliam culturam dulcis agelli 4*5 temptabant fructusque feros mansuescere terram cernebant indulgendo blandeque colendo. Inque dies magis in montem succedere silvas (J37°) cogebant infraque locum concedere cultis, prata lacus rivos segetes vinetaque laeta 4 20 collibus et campis ut haberent, atque olearum 48 De Rerum Natura. caerula distinguens inter plaga currere posset per tumulos et convallis camposque profusa ; (*375) ut nunc esse vides vario distincta lepore omnia, quae pomis intersita dulcibus ornant 4 2 5 arbustisque tenent felicibus opsita circum. At liquidas avium voces imitarier ore ante fuit multo quam levia carmina cantu to 80 ) concelebrare homines possent aurisque iuvare. Et zephyri, cava per calamorum, sibila primum 430 agrestis docuere cavas inflare cicutas. Inde minutatim dulcis didicere querellas, tibia quas fundit digitis pulsata canentum, (!3 8 5) avia per nemora ac silvas saltusque reperta, per loca pastorum deserta atque otia dia. 435 Haec animos ollis mulcebant atque iuvabant ( J 39o) cum satiate cibi ; nam turn haec sunt omnia cordi. Saepe itaque inter se prostrati in gramine molli propter aquae rivom sub ramis arboris altae non magnis opibus iucunde corpora habebant, 440 praesertim cum tempestas ridebat et anni (1395) tempora pingebant viridantis floribus herbas. Turn ioca, turn sermo, turn dulces esse cachinni consuerant. Agrestis enim turn musa vigebat ; turn caput atque umeros plexis redimire coronis 445 floribus et foliis las ci via laeta monebat, (1400) atque extra numerum procedere membra moventes duriter et duro terram pede pellere matrem ; unde oriebantur risus dulcesque cachinni, omnia quod nova turn magis haec et mira vigebant. 450 Et vigilantibus hinc aderant solacia somni, (*4 5) ducere multimodis voces et flectere cantus et supera calamos unco percurrere labro ; unde etiam vigiles nunc haec accepta tuentur et numerum servare greens didicere, neque hilo 455 maiorem interea capiunt du^edim* fructum (14*0) Liber Quintus. 49 quam silvestre genus capiebat terrigenarum. Nam quod adest praesto, nisi quid cognovimus ante suavius, in primis placet et pollere videtur, posteriorque fere melior res ilia reperta 4 6 ° perdit et immutat sensus ad pristina quaeque. (^is) Ergo hominum genus incassum frustraque laborat (1430) semper et in curis consumit inanibus aevom, nimirum quia non cognovit quae sit habendi finis et omnino quoad crescat vera voluptas. 4 6 5 Idque minutatim vitam provexit in altum et belli magnos commovit funditus aestus. (*435) At vigiles mundi magnum ac versatile templum sol et luna suo lustrantes lumine circum perdocuere homines annorum tempora verti 470 et certa ratione geri rem atque ordine certo. lam validis saepti degebant turribus aevom (1440) et divisa colebatur discretaque tellus, iam mare velivolis florebat puppibus ; urbes auxilia ac socios iam pacto foedere habebant, 475 carminibus cum res gestas coepere poetae tradere ; nee multo priu' sunt elementa reperta. (*445) Propterea quid sit prius actum respicere aetas nostra nequit, nisi qua ratio vestigia monstrat. Navigia atque agri culturas moenia leges $° arma vias vestes et cetera de genere horum, praemia, delicias quoque vitae funditus omnis, ( I 45°) carmina picturas, et daedala signa polire, usus et impigrae simul experientia mentis paulatim docuit pedetemtim progredientis. 4^5 Sic unumquicquid paulatim protrahit aetas in medium ratioque in luminis erigit oras. (!455) Namque alid ex alio clarescere et ordine debet artibus, ad summum donee venere cacumen. ALBII TIBULLI ELEGIAE. I. (i. i.) DIVITIi\S alius fulvo sibi congerat auro et teneat culti iugera multa soli, quern labor assiduus vicino terreat hoste, Martia cui somnos classica pulsa fugent : me mea paupertas vitae traducat inerti, 5 dum meus assiduo luceat igne focus. Ipse seram teneras maturo tempore vites rusticus et facili grandia poma manu : nee spes destituat, sed frugum semper acervos praebeat et pleno pinguia musta lacu. IO Nam veneror, seu stipes habet desertus in agris seu vetus in trivio florea serta lapis : et quodcumque mihi pomum novus educat annus, libatum agricolae ponitur ante deum. Flava Ceres, tibi sit nostro de rure corona *5 spicea, quae templi pendeat ante fores : pomosisque ruber custos ponatur in hortis, terreat ut saeva falce Priapus aves. Vos quoque, felicis quondam nunc pauperis agri custodes, fertis munera vestra, Lares. 2° Tunc vitula innumeros lustrabat caesa iuvencos : nunc agna exigui est hostia parva soli. Agna cadet vobis, qua'm circum rustica pubes clamet ' io messes et bona vina date.' lam modo non possum contentus vivere parvo 2 S Si 52 Tibiilli Elegiae. [i. nee semper longae deditus esse viae, sed Canis aestivos ortus vitare sub umbra arboris ad rivos praetereuntis aquae. Nee tamen interdum pudeat tenuisse bidentes aut stimulo tardos increpuisse boves, 3° non agnamve sinu pigeat fetumve capellae desertum oblita matre referre domum. At vos exiguo pecori, furesque lupique, parcite : de magno praeda petenda grege. Hie ego pastoremque raeum lustrare quot annis 35 et placidam soleo spargere lacte Palem. Adsitis, divi, nee vos de paupere mensa dona nee e puris spernite fictilibus. Fictilia antiquus primum sibi fecit agrestis pocula, de facili composuitque luto. 4° Non ego divitias patrum fructusque requiro, quos tulit antiquo condita messis avo : parva seges satis est, satis est, requiescere lecto sei licet et solito membra levare toro. Quam iuvat immites ventos audire cubantem 45 et dominam tenero detinuisse sinu aut, gelidas hibernus aquas cum fuderit Auster, securum somnos imbre iuvante sequi ! Hoc mihi contingat : sit dives iure, furorem qui maris et tristes ferre potest pluvias. 5° O quantum est auri pereat potiusque smaragdi, quam fleat ob nostras ulla puella vias. Te bellare decet terra, Messala, marique, ut domus hostiles praeferat exuvias. Non ego laudari euro, mea Delia : tecum 55 dum modo sim, quaeso segnis inersque vocer. Te spectem, suprema mihi cum venerit hora, te teneam moriens deficiente manu. (6°) Flebis et arsuro positum me, Delia, lecto, tristibus et lacrimis oscula mixta dabis. 6° n.] Tibulli Elegiac 53 Flebis : non tua sunt duro praecordia ferro vincta, nee in tenero stat tibi corde silex. Illo non iuvenis poterit de funere quisquam ( 6 5) lumina, non virgo, sicca referre domum. Tu Manes ne laede meos, sed parce solutis 6 5 crinibus et teneris, Delia, parce genis. Interea, dum fata sinunt, iungamus amores : iam veniet tenebris Mors adoperta caput, (7°) iam subrepet iners aetas, neque amare decebit, dicere nee cano blanditias capiti. 7° Hie ego dux milesque bonus : vos, signa tubaeque, (75) ite procul, cupidis vulnera ferte viris, ferte et opes : ego composito securus acervo despiciam dites despiciamque famem. 11. 0.3.) Ibitis Aegaeas sine me, Messala, per undas, O utinam memores ipse cohorsque mei : me tenet ignotis aegrum Phaeacia terras : abstineas avidas, Mors precor atra, manus. Abstineas, Mors atra, precor : non hie mihi mater 5 quae legat in maestos ossa perusta sinus, non soror, Assyrios cineri quae dedat odores et fleat effusis ante sepulcra comis, Delia non usquam ; quae me cum mitteret urbe, dicitur ante omnes consuluisse deos. I0 Ilia sacras pueri sortes ter sustulit : illi rettulit e triviis omina certa puer. Cuncta dabant reditus : tamen est deterrita numquam, quin fleret nostras prospiceretque vias. Ipse ego solator, cum iam mandata dedissem, J S quaerebam tardas anxius usque moras. Aut ego sum causatus aves aut omina dira, 54 Tibulli Elegiae. [n. Satumive sacram me tenuisse diem. O quotiens ingressus iter mihi tristia dixi offensum in porta signa dedisse pedem ! 2 o Audeat invito ne quis discedere Amore, aut sciat egressum se prohibente deo. Quid tua nunc Isis mihi, Delia, quid mihi prosunt ilia tua totiens aera repulsa manu ? Nunc, dea, nunc succurre mihi (nam posse mederi 2 S picta docet templis multa tabella tuis), ut mea votivas persolvens Delia voces ante sacras lino tecta fores sedeat (3°) bisque die resoluta comas tibi dicere laudes insignis turba debeat in Pharia. 3° At mihi contingat patrios celebrare Penates reddereque antiquo menstrua tura Lari. Quam bene Saturno vivebant rege prius quam (35) tellus in longas est patefacta vias ! Nondum caeruleas pinus contempserat undas, 35 effusum ventis praebueratque sinum, nee vagus ignotis repetens compendia terris presserat externa navita merce ratem. (4°) Illo non validus subiit iuga tempore taurus, non domito fraenos ore momordit equus, 4° non domus ulla fores habuit, non fixus in agris, qui regeret certis finibus arva, lapis. Ipsae mella dabant quercus, ultroque ferebant (45) obvia securis ubera lactis oves. Non acies, non ira fuit, non bella, nee ensem 45 inmiti saevus duxerat arte faber. At love sub domino caedes et vulnera semper, nunc mare, nunc leti mille repente viae. (5°) Parce, pater : timidum non me periuria terrent, non dicta in sanctos impia verba deos. 5° Quod si fatales iam nunc explevimus annos, Fac lapis inscriptis stet super ossa notis, il] Tibulli Elegiac 55 ' hie iacet inmiti consumptus morte Tibullus, (55) Messalam terra dum sequiturque mari.' Sed me, quod facilis tenero sum semper Amori, 55 ipsa Venus campos ducet in Elysios. Hie choreae cantusque vigent, passimque vagantes dulce sonant tenui gutture carmen aves, (60) fert casiam non culta seges, totosque per agros floret odoratis terra benigna rosis : 60 ac iuvenum series teneris inmixta puellis ludit, et assidue praelia miscet Amor. Illic est, cuicumque rapax mors venit amanti, ( 6 5) et gerit insigni myrtea serta coma. At scelerata iacet sedes in nocte profunda 6 5 abdita, quam circum flumina nigra sonant : Tisiphoneque impexa feros pro crinibus angues saevit, et hue illuc impia turba fugit : (70) tunc niger in porta serpentum Cerberus ore stridet et aeratas excubat ante fores. 1° Illic Iunonem temptare Ixionis ausi versantur celeri noxia membra rota, porrectusque novem Tityos per iugera terrae (75) assiduas atro viscere pascit aves. Tantalus est illic, et circum stagna : sed acrem 75 iam iam poturi deserit unda sitim : et Danai proles, Veneris quod numina laesit, in cava Lethaeas dolia portat aquas. ( 8o ) Illic sit, quicumque meos violavit amores, optavit lentas et mihi militias. 80 At tu casta precor maneas, sanctique pudoris assideat custos sedula semper anus. Haec tibi fabellas referat positaque lucerna ( 8 5) deducat plena stamina longa colo, ac circa gravibus pensis affixa puella 8 5 paulatim somno fessa remittat opus. Turn veniam subito, nee quisquam nuntiet ante, 56 Tibulli Elegiac [in. sed videar caelo missus adesse tibi. (90) Tunc mihi, qualis eris, longos turbata capillos, obvia nudato, Delia, curre pede. 9° Hoc precor, hunc ilium nobis Aurora nitentem Luciferum roseis Candida portet equis. in. 0.7.) Hunc cecinere diem Parcae fatalia nentes stamina non ulli dissoluenda deo ; hunc fore, Aquitanas posset qui fundere gentes, quern tremeret forti milite victus Atax. Evenere : novos pubes Romana triumphos 5 vidit et evinctos brachia capta duces : at te victrices lauros, Messala, gerentem portabat niveis currus eburnus equis. Non sine me est tibi partus honos : Tarbella Pyrene testis et Oceani litora Santonici, IO testis Arar Rhodanusque celer magnusque Garumna, Carnoti et flavi caerula lympha Liger. An te, Cydne, canam, tacitis qui leniter undis caeruleus placidis per vada serpis aquis, quantus et aetherio contingens vertice nubes *5 frigidus intonsos Taurus alat Cilicas ? Quid referam, ut volitet crebras intacta per urbes alba Palaestino sancta columba Syro, utque maris vastum prospectet turribus aequor prima ratem ventis credere docta Tyros, 2 o qualis et, arentes cum findit Sirius agros, fertilis aestiva Nilus abundet aqua? Nile pater, quanam possim te dicere causa aut quibus in terris occuluisse caput? Te propter nullos tellus tua postulat imbres, 25 arida nee Pluvio supplicat herba Iovi. Te canit atque suum pubes miratur Osirim in.] Tibulli Elegiac 57 barbara, Memphiten plangere docta bovem. Primus aratra manu sollerti fecit Osiris et teneram ferro sollicitavit humum, 3° primus inexpertae commisit semina terrae pomaque non notis legit ab arboribus. Hie docuit teneram palis adiungere vitem, hie viridem dura caedere falce comam : - illi iucundos primum matura sapores 35 expressa incultis uva dedit pedibus. Ille liquor docuit voces inflectere cantu, movit et ad certos nescia membra modos, Bacchus et agricolae magno confecta labore pectora tristitiae dissoluenda dedit. 4° Bacchus et afflictis requiem mortalibus affert, crura licet dura compede pulsa sonent. Non tibi sunt tristes curae nee luctus, Osiri, sed chorus et cantus et levis aptus amor, sed varii flores et frons redimita corymbis, 45 fusa sed ad teneros lutea palla pedes et Tyriae vestes et dulcis tibia cantu et levis occultis conscia cista sacris. Hue ades ad centum ludos Geniumque choreis concelebra et multo tempora funde mero : 5° illius et nitido stillent unguenta capillo, et capite et collo mollia serta gerat. Sic venias hodierne : tibi dem turis honores, liba et Mopsopio dulcia melle feram. At tibi succrescat proles, quae facta parentis 55 augeat et circa stet veneranda senem. Nee taceat monumenta viae, quern Tuscula tellus candidaque antiquo detinet Alba Lare. Namque opibus congesta tuis hie glarea dura sternitur, hie apta iungitur arte silex. 60 Te canit agricola, e magna cum venerit urbe sereus inoffensum rettuleritque pedem. 58 Tibulli Elegiae. [iv. At tu, Natalis multos celebrande per annos, candidior semper candidiorque veni. IV. (i. 10.) Quis fuit, horrendos primus qui protulit enses ? Quam ferus et vere ferreus ille fuit ! Turn caedes hominum generi, turn praelia nata, turn brevior dirae mortis aperta via est. An nihil ille miser meruit ? nos ad mala nostra 5 vertimus, in saevas quod dedit ille feras. Divitis hoc vitium est auri. Nee bella fuerunt, faginus astabat cum scyphus ante dapes, non arces, non vallus erat, somnumque petebat securus varias dux gregis inter oves. IO Tunc mihi vita foret, vulgi nee tristia nossem arma nee audissem corde micante tubam : nunc ad bella trahor, et iam quis forsitan hostis haesura in nostro tela gerit latere. Sed patrii servate Lares : aluistis et idem, *5 cursarem vestros cum tener ante pedes. Neu pudeat prisco vos esse e stipite factos : sic veteris sedes incoluistis avi. Tunc melius tenuere fidem, cum paupere cultu stabat in exigua ligneus aede deus. 2° Hie placatus erat, seu quis libaverat uvam, seu dederat sanctae spicea serta comae : atque aliquis voti compos liba ipse ferebat postque comes purum filia parva favum. At nobis aerata, Lares, depellite tela, 2 S hostiaque e plena rustica porcus hara. Hanc pura cum veste sequar myrtoque canistra vincta geram, myrto vinctus et ipse caput. Sic placeam vobis : alius sit fortis in armis, sternat et adversos Marte favente duces, 3° v.] Tibulli Elegiae. 59 ut mihi potanti possit sua dicere facta miles et in mensa pingere castra mero. Quis furor est atram bellis accersere mortem? Imminet et tacito clam venit ilia pede. Non seges est infra, non vinea culta, sed audax 35 Cerberus et Stygiae navita turpis aquae : illic percussisque genis ustoque capillo errat ad obscuros pallida turba lacus. Quam potius laudandus hie est, quern prole parata occupat in parva pigra senecta casa ! 40 Ipse suas sectatur oves, at nlius agnos, et calidam fesso comparat uxor aquam. Sic ego sim, liceatque caput candescere canis, temporis et prisci facta referre senem. Interea Pax arva colat. Pax Candida primum 45 duxit araturos sub iuga panda boves, Pax aluit vites et sue cos condidit uvae, funderet ut nato testa paterna merum : Pace bidens vomerque vigent, at tristia duri militis in tenebris occupat arma situs, 5° rusticus e lucoque vehit, male sobrius ipse, uxorem plaustro progeniemque domum. At nobis, Pax alma, veni spicamque teneto, (67) perfluat et pomis candidus ante sinus. V. (hi.) Quisquis adest, valeat : fruges lustramus et agros, ritus ut a prisco traditus extat avo. Bacche, veni, dulcisque tuis e cornibus uva pendeat, et spicis tempora cinge, Ceres. Luce sacra requiescat humus, requiescat arator, 5 et grave suspenso vomere cesset opus. Solvite vincla iugis : nunc ad praesepia debent plena coronato stare boves capite. 6o Tibulli Elegiae. [v. IO Omnia sint operata deo : non audeat ulla lanificam pensis imposuisse manum. Casta placent superis : pura cum veste venite et manibus puris sumite fontis aquam. Cernite, fulgentes ut eat sacer agnus ad aras ( J 5) vinctaque post olea Candida turba comas. Dii patrii, purgamus agros, purgamus agrestes : J 5 vos mala de nostris pellite limitibus, neu seges eludat messem fallacibus herbis, neu timeat celeres tardior agna lupos. i 20 ) Tunc nitidus plenis confisus rusticus agris ingeret ardenti grandia ligna foco, 2 ° turbaque vernarum, saturi bona signa coloni, ludet et ex virgis extruet ante casas. Eventura precor : viden ut felicibus extis ( 2 5) significet placidos nuntia fibra deos ? Nunc mihi fumosos veteris proferte Falernos 2 5 consulis et Chio solvite vincla cado. Vina diem celebrent : non festa luce madere est rubor, errantes et male ferre pedes. (3°) Sed ' bene Messalarn' sua quisque ad pocula dicat nomen et absentis singula verba sonent. 3° Gentis Aquitanae celeber Messala triumphis et magna intonsis gloria victor avis, hue ades aspiraque mihi, dum carmine nostro (35) redditur agricolis gratia caelitibus. Rura cano rurisque deos. His vita magistris 35 desuevit querna pellere glande famem : illi compositis primum docuere tigillis exiguam viridi fronde operire domum, (4°) illi etiam tauros primi docuisse feruntur servitium et plaustro supposuisse rotam. 4° Tunc victus abiere feri, tunc consita pomus, tunc bibit irriguas fertilis hortus aquas, aurea tunc pressos pedibus dedit uva liquores (45) v.] Tibulli Elegiae. 6l mixtaque securo est sobria lympha mero. Rura ferunt messes, calidi cum sideris aestu 45 deponit flavas annua terra comas. Rure levis verno flores apis ingerit alveo, compieat ut dulci sedula melle favos. (5°) Agricola assiduo primum satiatus aratro cantavit certo rustica verba pede 5° et satur arenti primum est modulatus avena carmen, ut ornatos diceret ante deos, agricola et minio suffusus, Bacche, rubenti (55) primus inexperta duxit ab arte choros. Huic datus a pleno, memorabile munus, ovili 55 dux pecoris hircus ; auxerat hircus oves. Rure puer verno primum de flore coronam fecit et antiquis imposuit Laribus. (6°) Rure etiam teneris curam exhibitura puellis molle gerit tergo lucida vellus ovis. 6° Hinc et femineus labor est, hinc pensa colusque, fusus et apposito pollice versat opus : atque aliqua assiduae textrix operata Minervae ( 6 5) cantat, et appulso tela sonat latere. Ipse quoque inter agros interque armenta Cupido 6 5 natus et indomitas dicitur inter equas. Illic indocto primum se exercuit arcu : hei mihi, quam doctas nunc habet ille manus ! (7°) Ah miseri, quos hie graviter deus urget ! at ille felix, cui placidus leniter afnat Amor. 70(80) Sancte, veni dapibus festis, sed pone sagittas et procul ardentes hinc precor abde faces. Ludite : iam Nox iungit equos, currumque sequuntur matris lascivo sidera fulva choro, postque venit tacitus furvis circumdatus alis 75 somnus et incerto Somnia nigra pede. (9°) 62 Tibulli Elegiac [vi. vii. VI. (II. 2.) Dicamus bona verba : venit Natalis ad aras : quisquis ades, lingua, vir mulierque, fave. Urantur pia tura focis, urantur odores, quos tener e terra divite mittit Arabs. Ipse suos Genius adsit visurus honores, 5 cui decorent sanctas mollia serta comas. Illius puro destillent tempora nardo, atque satur libo sit madeatque mero, annuat et, Cornute, tibi, quodcumque rogabis. En age, quid cessas ? annuit ille : roga. *° Auguror, uxoris fidos optabis amores : iam reor hoc ipsos edidicisse deos. Nee tibi malueris, totum quaecumque per orbem fortis arat valido rusticus arva bove, nee tibi, gemmarum quicquid felicibus Indis X S nascitur, Eoi qua maris unda rubet. Vota cadunt. Utinam strepitantibus advolet alis flavaque coniugio vincula portet Amor, vincula, quae maneant semper, dum tarde senectus inducat rugas inficiatque comas. 20 Hie veniat Natalis avis prolemque ministret, ludat et ante tuos turba novella pedes. VII. (n. S .) Phoebe, fave : novus ingreditur tua templa sacerdos : hue age cum cithara carminibusque veni. Nunc te vocales impellere pollice chordas, nunc precor ad laudes flectere verba mea. Ipse triumphali devinctus tempora lauro, 5 dum cumulant aras, ad tua sacra veni. Sed nitidus pulcherque veni : nunc indue vestem sepositam, longas nunc bene pecte comas, vii.] Tibulli Elegiac 63 qualem te memorant Saturno rege fugato victori laudes concinuisse Iovi. 10 Tu procul eventura vides, tibi deditus augur scit bene quid fati provida cantet avis, tuque regis sortes, per te praesentit aruspex, lubrica signavit cum deus exta notis : te duce Romanos numquam frustrata Sibylla X S abdita quae senis fata canit pedibus ! Phoebe, sacras Messalinum sine tangere chartas vatis, et ipse precor quod canat ilia doce. Haec dedit Aeneae sortes, postquam ille parentem dicitur et raptos sustinuisse Lares, 20 nee fore credebat Romam, eum maestus ab alto Ilion ardentes respiceretque deos. (Romulus aeternae nondum firmaverat urbis moenia, consorti non habitanda Remo, sed tunc pascebant herbosa Palatia vaccae 2 5 et stabant humiles in Iovis arce casae. Lacte madens illic suberat Pan ilicis umbrae et facta agresti lignea fake Pales, pendebatque vagi pastoris in arbore votum, garrula silvestri fistula sacra deo, 3° fistula, cui semper decrescit arundinis ordo : nam calamus cera iungitur usque minor. At qua Velabri regio patet, ire solebat exiguus pulla per vada linter aqua.) 1 Impiger Aenea, volitantis frater Amoris, 35 Troica qui profugis sacra vehis ratibus, (40) iam tibi Laurentes assignat Iuppiter agros, iam vocat errantes hospita terra Lares. Illic sanctus eris, cum te veneranda Numici unda deum caelo miserit Indigetem. 4° Ecce super fessas volitat Victoria puppes, (45) tandem ad Troianos diva superba venit. Ecce mihi lucent Rutulis incendia castris : 64 Tibulli Elegiae. [vn. iam tibi praedico, barbare Turne, necem. Ante oculos Laurens castrum murusque Lavini est 45 Albaque ab Ascanio condita longa duce. (5°) Te quoque iam video, Marti placitura sacerdos Ilia, Vestales deseruisse focos. Carpite nunc, tauri, de septem montibus herbas, (55) dum licet : hie magnae iam locus urbis erit. 5° Roma, tuum nomen terris fatale regendis, qua sua de caelo prospicit arva Ceres, quaque patent ortus et qua fluitantibus undis solis anhelantes abluit amnis equos. (60) Troia quidem tunc se mirabitur et sibi dicet 55 vos bene tarn longa consuluisse via. Vera cano : sic usque sacras innoxia laurus vescar, et aeternum sit mihi virginitas.' Haec cecinit vates et te sibi, Phoebe, vocavit, ( 6 5) iactavit fusas et caput ante comas. 6° Quicquid Amalthea, quicquid Marpessia dixit, Herophile Phoebo grata quod admonuit, quasque Albana sacras Tiberis per flumina sortes portarit sicco pertuleritque sinu : (70) (hae fore dixerunt belli mala signa, cometen, 6 5 multus ut in terras deplueretque lapis : atque tubas atque arma ferunt strepitantia caelo audita et lucos praecinuisse fugam ; et simulacra deum lacrimas fudisse tepentes (75) fataque vocales praemonuisse boves, 70 ipsum etiam Solem defectum lumine vidit iungere pallentes nubilus annus equos) haec fuerant olim : sed tu iam mitis, Apollo, prodigia indomitis merge sub aequoribus, ( 8o ) et succensa sacris crepitet bene laurea flammis, 75 omine quo felix et sacer annus erit. Laurus ubi bona signa dedit, gaudete coloni : distendet spicis horrea plena Ceres, viii.] Tibulli Elegiac 65 oblitus et musto feriet pede rusticus uvas, ( 8 5) dolia dum magni deficiantque lacus. 8o Ac madidus Baccho sua festa Palilia pastor concinet : a stabulis tunc procul este lupi. Ille levis stipulae solemnis potus acervos accendet, flammas transilietque sacras, (9°) et fetus matrona dabit, natusque parenti 8 S oscula comprensis auribus eripiet, nee taedebit avum parvo advigilare nepoti balbaque cum puero dicere verba senem. Tunc operata deo pubes discumbet in herba, (95) arboris antiquae qua levis umbra cadit, 90 aut e veste sua tendent umbrae ula sertis vincta, coronatus stabit et ante calix. At sibi quisque dapes et festas extruet alte cespitibus mensas cespitibusque torum. ( I0 °) Pace tua pereant arcus pereantque sagittae, 95 ( IQ 5) Phoebe, modo in terris erret inermis Amor. Ars bona : sed postquam sumpsit sibi tela Cupido, heu heu quam multis ars dedit ilia malum ! At tu (nam divum servat tutela poetas), praemoneo, vati parce, puella, sacro, I0 ° ut Messalinum celebrem, cum praemia belli ("5) ante suos curros oppida victa feret, ipse gerens lauros : lauro devinctus agresti miles i io ' magna voce ' triumphe ' canet. Turn Messala meus pia det spectacula turbae io 5 et plaudat curru praetereunte pater. ( I2 °) Annue : sic tibi sint intonsi, Phoebe, capilli, sic tua perpetuo sit tibi casta soror. VIII. (in. 3.) Quid prodest caelum votis implesse, Neaera, multaque cum blanda tura dedisse prece, 66 Tibulli Elegiae. [vin. non ut marmorei prodirem e limine tecti, insignis clara conspicuusque domo, aut ut multa mei renovarent iugera tauri 5 et magnas messes terra benigna daret, sed tecum ut longe sociarem gaudia vitae inque tuo caderet nostra senecta sinu tunc cum permenso defunctus tempore lucis nudus Lethaea cogerer ire rate ? IO Nam grave quid prodest pondus mihi divitis auri, arvaque si findant pinguia mille boves ? Quidve domus prodest Phrygiis innixa columnis, Taenare sive tuis, sive Caryste tuis, et nemora in domibus sacros imitantia lucos *S aurataeque trabes marmoreumque solum? Quidve in Erythraeo legitur quae litore concha tinctaque Sidonio murice lana iuvat, et quae praeterea populus miratur? in illis invidia est : falso plurima vulgus amat. 20 Non opibus mentes hominum curaeque levantur : nam Fortuna sua tempora lege regit. Sit mihi paupertas tecum iucunda, Neaera : at sine te regum munera nulla volo. O niveam, quae te poterit mihi reddere, lucem ! 2 S o mihi felicem terque quarterque diem ! At si, pro dulci reditu quaecumque voventur, audiat aversa non meus aure deus, nee me regna iuvant nee Lydius aurifer amnis nee quas terrarum sustinet orbis opes. 3° Haec alii cupiant, liceat mihi paupere cultu securo cara coniuge posse frui. Adsis et timidis faveas, Saturnia, votis, et faveas concha, Cypria, vecta tua. Aut si fata negant reditum tristesque sorores, 35 stamina quae ducunt quaeque futura neunt, me vocet in vastos amnes nigramque paludem dives in ignava luridus Orcus aqua. ix.] Tibulli Elegiae. 67 IX. (in. 5.) Vos tenet, Etruscis manat quae fontibus unda, unda sub aestivum non adeunda Canem, nunc autem sacris Baiarum proxima lymphis, cum se purpureo vere remittit humus : at mihi Persephone nigram denuntiat horam : 5 inmerito iuveni parce nocere, dea. Non ego tentavi nulli temeranda virorum audax laudandae sacra docere deae, nee mea mortiferis infecit pocula succis dextera nee cuiquam trita venena dedit, IO nee nos sacrilegi templis admovimus ignes, nee cor sollicitant facta nefanda meum, nee nos insanae meditantes iurgia mentis impia in adversos solvimus ora deos : et nondum cani nigros laesere capillos, *5 nee venit tardo curva senecta pede. Natalem primo nostrum videre parentes, cum cecidit fato consul uterque pari. Quid fraudare iuvat vitem crescentibus uvis et modo nata mala vellere poma manu ? 20 Parcite, pallentes undas quicumque tenetis duraque sortiti tertia regna dei. Elysios olim liceat cognoscere campos Lethaeamque ratem Cimmeriosque lacus, cum mea rugosa pallebunt ora senecta 2 S et referam pueris tempora prisca senex. Atque utinam vano nequicquam terrear aestu ! languent ter quinos sed mea membra dies. At vobis Tuscae celebrantur numina lymphae et facilis lenta pellitur unda manu. 3° Vivite felices, memores et vivite nostri, sive erimus seu nos fata fuisse velint. Interea nigras pecudes promittite Diti et nivei lactis pocula mixta mero. 68 Tibulli Elegiae. [x. X. (IV. 2.) Sulpicia est tibi culta tuis, Mars magne, kalendis : spectatum e caelo, si sapis, ipse veni. Hoc Venus ignoscet : at tu, violente, caveto ne tibi miranti turpiter arma cadant. Illius ex oculis, cum vult exurere divos, 5 accendit geminas lampadas acer Amor. Illam, quicquid agit, quoquo vestigia movit, componit furtim subsequiturque Decor. Seu solvit crines, fusis decet esse capillis : seu compsit, comptis est veneranda comis. I0 Urit, seu Tyria voluit procedere palla : urit, seu nivea Candida veste venit. Talis in aeterno felix Vertumnus Olympo mille habet ornatus, mille decenter habet. Sola puellarum digna est, cui mollia caris *5 vellera det succis bis madefacta Tyros, possideatque, metit quicquid bene olentibus arvis cultor odoratae dives Arabs segetis et quascumque niger rubro de litore gemmas proximus Eois colligit Indus aquis. 20 Hanc vos, Pierides, festis cantate kalendis, et testudinea Phoebe superbe lyra. Hoc solemne sacrum : multos hoc sumet in annos : dignior est vestro nulla puella choro. SEX. PROPERTII ELEGIAE. I. (I. 2.) QUID iuvat ornato procedere, vita, capillo et tenues Coa veste movere sinus ? aut quid Orontea crines perfundere murra, teque peregrinis vendere muneribus, naturaeque decus mercato perdere cultu 5 nee sinere in propriis membra nitere bonis ? Crede mihi, non ulla tuae est medicina figurae : nudus Amor formae non amat artincem. Aspice quos summittit humus formosa coleres, ut veniant hederae sponte sua melius, I0 surgat et in solis formosius arbutus antris, et sciat indociles currere lympha vias. Litora nativis collucent picta lapillis et volucres nulla dulcius arte canunt. Non sic Leucippis succendit Castora Phoebe, *5 Pollucem cultu non Hilaira soror, non, Idae et cupido quondam discordia Phoebo, Eueni patriis filia litoribus, nee Phrygium falso traxit candore maritum avecta externis Hippodamia rotis ; 2° sed fades aderat nullis obnoxia gemmis, qualis Apelleis est color in tabulis. Non illis studium vulgo conquirere amantes : illis ampla satis forma pudicitia. Non ego nunc vereor, ne sim tibi vilior istis : 2 5 uni si qua placet, culta puella sat est, 69 70 Propertii Elegiae. [n. cum tibi praesertim Phoebus sua carmina donet Aoniamque libens Calliopea lyram, unica nee desit iocundis gratia verbis, omnia quaeque Venus quaeque Minerva probat. 30 His tu semper eris nostrae gratissima vitae, Taedia dum miserae sint tibi luxuriae. 11. (1. i 9 .) Non ego nunc tristes vereor, mea Cynthia, Manes, nee moror extremo debita fata rogo ; sed ne forte tuo careat mihi funus amore, hie timor est ipsis durior exequiis. Non adeo leviter nostris puer haesit ocellis, 5 ut meus oblito pulvis amore vacet. Illic Phylacides iocundae coniugis heros non potuit caecis inmemor esse locis, sed cupidus falsis attingere gaudia palmis Thessalis antiquam venerat umbra domum. IO Illic quicquid ero, semper tua dicar imago : traicit et fati litora magnus Amor. Illic formosae veniant chorus heroinae, quas dedit Argivis Dardana praeda viris ; quarum nulla tua fuerit mihi, Cynthia, forma X S gratior ; et Tellus hoc ita iusta sinat. Quamvis te longae remorentur fata senectae, cara tamen lacrimis ossa futura meis : quae tu viva mea possis sentire favilla ! Turn mihi non ullo mors sit amara loco. 20 Quam vereor, ne te contempto, Cynthia, busto abstrahat a nostro pulvere iniquus Amor, cogat et invitam lacrimas siccare cadentes ! Flectitur assiduis certa puella minis. Quare, dum licet, inter nos laetemur amantes : 2 S non satis est ullo tempore longus amor. in. iv.] Propertii Elegiae. 7 1 III. (m. i.) Sed tempus lustrare aliis Helicona choreis, et campum Haemonio iam dare tempus equo. lam libet et fortes memorare ad proelia turmas et Romana mei dicere castra ducis. Quod si deficiant vires, audacia certe 5 laus erit : in magnis et voluisse sat est. Aetas prima canat Veneres, extrema tumultus. Bella canam, quando scripta puella mea est. Nunc volo subducto gravior procedere vultu, nunc aliam citharam me mea Musa docet. IO Surge, anima, ex humili iam carmine, sumite vires, Pierides : magni nunc erit oris opus. Iam negat Euphrates equitem post terga tueri Parthorum et Crassos se tenuisse dolet : India quin, Auguste, tuo dat colla triumpho, *5 et domus intactae te tremit Arabiae : et si qua extremis tellus se subtrahit oris, sentiet ilia tuas postmodo capta manus. Haec ego castra sequar : vates tua castra canendo magnus ero : servent hunc mihi fata diem ! 20 Ut caput in magnis ubi non est tangere signis, ponitur hie imos ante corona pedes, sic nos nunc, inopes laudis conscendere carmen, pauperibus sacris vilia tura damus. Nondum etiam Ascraeos norunt mea carmina fontes, 25 sed modo Permesi flumine lavit Amor. IV. (in. 23.) Quaeris, cur veniam tibi tardior. Aurea Phoebi porticus a magno Caesare aperta fuit. Tota erat in speciem Poenis digesta columnis, inter quas Danai femina turba senis. 72 Propertii Elegiae. v.] Hie equidem Phoebo visus mihi pulchrior ipso 5 marmoreus tacita carmen hiare lyra : atque aram circum steterant armenta Myronis, quattuor artifices, vivida signa, boves. Turn medium claro surgebat marmore templum et patria Phoebo carius Ortygia. I0 In quo Solis erat supra fastigia currus, et valvae, Libyci nobile dentis opus, altera deiectos Parnasi vertice Gallos, altera maerebat funera Tantalidos. Deinde inter matrem deus ipse interque sororem *5 Pythius in longa carmina veste sonat. V. (iv. i.) Callimachi Manes et Coi sacra Philetae, in vestrum, quaeso, me sinite ire nemus. Primus ego ingredior puro de fonte sacerdos Itala per Graios orgia ferre choros. Dicite, quo pariter carmen tenuastis in antro ? 5 quove pede ingressi? quamve bibistis aquam? Ah valeat, Phoebum quicumque moratur in armis ! exactus tenui pumice versus eat, quo me Fama levat terra sublimis, et a me nata coronatis Musa triumphat equis, IO et mecum in curru parvi vectantur Amores, scriptorumque meas turba secuta rotas. Quid frustra missis in me certatis habenis ? Non datur ad Musas currere lata via. Multi, Roma, tuas laudes annalibus addent, *5 qui finem imperii Bactra futura canent. Sed, quod pace legas, opus hoc de monte sororum detulit intacta pagina nostra via. Mollia, Pegasides, date vestro serta poetae : non faciet capiti dura corona meo. 2° vi.] Propertii Elegiae. 73 At mihi quod vivo detraxerit invida turba, post obitum duplici fenore reddet Honos. Omnia post obitum fingit maiora vetustas, maius ab exequiis nomen in ora venit. Nam quis equo pulsas abiegno nosceret arces, 2 5 fluminaque Haemonio cominus isse viro, Idaeum Simoenta Iovis cunabula parvi, Hectora per campos ter maculasse rotas ? Deiphobumque Helenumque et Polydamanta et in armis quaiemcumque Parin vix sua nosset humus. 3° Exiguo sermone fores nunc, Ilion et tu Troia bis Oetaei numine capta dei. Nee non ille tui casus memorator Homerus posteritate suum crescere sensit opus. Meque inter seros laudabit Roma nepotes : 35 ilium post cineres auguror ipse diem. Ne mea contempto lapis indicet ossa sepulcro, provisum est Lycio vota probante deo. Carminis interea nostri redeamus in orbem, gaudeat ut solito tacta puella sono. 40 VI. (rv. 2.) Orphea detinuisse feras et concita dicunt flumina Threicia sustinuisse lyra : saxa Cithaeronis Thebas agitata per artem sponte sua in muri membra coisse ferunt : quin etiam, Polypheme, fera Galatea sub Aetna 5 ad tua rorantes carmina flexit equos : miremur, nobis et Baccho et Apolline dextro turba puellarum si mea verba colit ? Quod non Taenariis domus est mihi fulta columnis, nee camera auratas inter eburna trabes, 10 nee mea Phaeacas aequant pomaria silvas, non operosa rigat Marcius antra liquor ; 74 Propertii Elegiac. [vii. at Musae comites et carmina cara legenti, et defessa choris Calliopea meis. Fortunata, meo si qua est celebrata libello ! J S carmina erunt formae tot monimenta tuae. Nam neque Pyramidum sumptus ad sidera ducti, nee Iovis Elei caelum imitata domus, nee Mausolei dives fortuna sepulcri mortis ab extrema condicione vacant. 20 Aut illis flamma aut imber subducet honores, annorum aut ictu pondera victa ruent. At non ingenio quaesitum nomen ab aevo excidet : ingenio stat sine morte decus. VII. (iv. 4.) Arma deus Caesar dites meditatur ad Indos, et freta gemmiferi fmdere classe maris. Magna, viri, merces : parat ultima terra triumphos : Tigris et Euphrates sub tua iura fluent : sera, sed Ausoniis veniet provincia virgis : 5 adsuescent Latio Partha tropaea Iovi. Ite agite, expertae bello date lintea prorae et solitum armigeri ducite munus equi. Omina fausta cano : Crassos clademque piate : ite et Romanae consulite historiae. 1° Mars pater et sacrae fatalia lumina Vestae, ante meos obitus sit, precor, ilia dies, qua videam spoliis oneratos Caesaris axes, ad vulgi plausus saepe resistere equos, tela fugacis equi et braccati militis arcus x 5 et subter captos arma sedere duces. Ipsa tuam serva prolem, Venus : hoc sit in aevum, cernis ab Aenea quod superesse caput. (20) Praeda sit haec illis, quorum meruere labores : me sat erit Sacra plaudere posse Via. 20 vnij Propertii Elegiac 75 VIII. (iv. 5 .) Pacis Amor deus est, pacem veneramur amantes. Stant mihi cum domina proelia dura mea : nee tamen inviso pectus mihi carpitur auro, nee bibit e gemma divite nostra sitis, nee mihi mille iugis Campania pinguis aratur, 5 nee miser aera paro clade, Corinthe, tua. O prima infelix fmgenti terra Prometheo ! Ille parum cauti pectoris egit opus : corpora disponens mentem non vidit in arte. Recta animi primum debuit esse via. I0 Nunc maris in tantum vento iactamur, et hostem quaerimus, atque armis nectimus arma nova. Haud ullas portabis opes Acherontis ad undas : nudus ad infernas, stulte, vehere rates. Victor cum victis pariter miscebitur umbris : *5 consule cum Mario, capte Iugurtha, sedes. Lydus Dulichio non distat Croesus ab Iro : optima mors, Parcae quae venit acta die. Me iuvat in prima coluisse Helicona iuventa Musarumque choris inplicuisse manus : 2° me iuvat et multo mentem vincire Lyaeo et caput in verna semper habere rosa. Atque ubi iam Venerem gravis interceperit aetas, sparserit et nigras alba senecta comas, turn mihi Naturae libeat perdiscere mores, 25 quis deus hanc mundi temperet arte domum, qua venit exoriens, qua deficit, unde coactis cornibus in plenum menstrua luna redit, unde salo superant venti, quid flamine captet Eurus, et in nubes unde perennis aqua, 3° sit ventura dies, mundi quae subruat arces, purpureus pluvias cur bibit arcus aquas, aut cur Perrhaebi tremuere cacumina Pindi, 76 Propertii Elegiae. [ix. solis et atratis luxerit orbis equis, cur serus versare boves et plaustra Bootes, 35 Pleiadum spisso cur coit igne chorus, curve suos fines altum non exeat aequor, plenus et in partes quattuor annus eat, sub terris sint iura deum et tormenta Gigantum, Tisiphones atro si furit angue caput, 4° aut Alcmaeoniae furiae aut ieiunia Phinei, num rota, num scopuli, num sitis inter aquas, num tribus infernum custodit faucibus antrum Cerberus, et Tityo iugera pauca novem, an flcta in miseras descendit fabula gentes, 45 et timor haud ultra quam rogus esse potest. Exitus hie vitae superet mihi : vos, quibus arma grata magis, Crassi signa referte domum. IX. (iv. 7 .) Ergo sollicitae tu causa, Pecunia, vitae es : per te inmaturum mortis adimus iter. Tu vitiis hominum crudelia pabula praebes : semina curarum de capite orta tuo. Tu Paetum ad Pharios tendentem lintea portus 5 obruis insano terque quaterque mari. Nam dum te sequitur, primo miser excidit aevo et nova longinquis piscibus esca natat, et mater non iusta piae dare debita terrae nee pote cognatos inter humare rogos, IO sed tua nunc volucres astant super ossa marinae, nunc tibi pro tumulo Carpathium omne mare est. Infelix Aquilo, raptae timor Orithyiae, quae spolia ex illo tanta fuere tibi ? aut quidnam fracta gaudes, Neptune, carina? *5 Portabat sanctos alveus ille viros. ix.] Propertii Elegiac JJ Paete, quid aetatem numeras ? quid cara natanti mater in ore tibi est ? non habet unda deos. Nam tibi nocturnis ad saxa ligata procellis omnia detrito vincula fune cadunt. 2 ° Sunt Agamemnonias testantia litora curas, quae notat Argynni poena Athamantiadae. Hoc iuvene amisso classem non solvit Atrides, pro qua mactata est Iphigenia mora. Reddite corpus humo, positaque in gurgite vita 2 5 Paetum sponte tua, vilis harena, tegas, et quotiens Paeti transibit nauta sepulcrum, dicat ' et audaci tu timor esse potes.' Ite, rates curvas et leti texite causas : ista per humanas mors venit acta manus. 3° Terra parum fuerat fatis, adiccimus undas : fortunae miseras auximus arte vias. Ancora te teneat, quern non tenuere Penates ? quid meritum dicas, cui sua terra parum est? ventorum est, quodcumque paras : haud ulla carina 35 consenuit, fallit portus et ipse fidem. Natura insidians pontum substravit avaris : ut tibi succedat, vix semel esse potest. Saxa triumphales fregere Capharea puppes, naufraga cum vasto Graecia tracta salo est. 4° Paullatim socium iacturam flevit Ulixes, in mare cui soliti non valuere doli. Quod si contentus patrio bove verteret agros, verbaque duxisset pondus habere mea, viveret ante suos dulcis conviva Penates, 45 pauper, at in terra, nil ubi flare potest. Non tulit hie Paetus stridorem audire procellae et duro teneras laedere fune manus, sed Chio thalamo aut Oricia terebintho et fultum pluma versicolore caput. 5° Huic fluctus vivo radicitus abstulit ungues, ?8 Propertii Elegiae. [x. et miser invisam traxit hiatus aquam : hunc parvo ferri vidit nox improba ligno. Paetus ut occideret, tot coiere mala. Flens tamen extremis dedit haec mandata querellis, 55 cum moribunda niger clauderet ora liquor : ' di maris Aegaei quos sunt penes aequora, Venti, et quaecumque meum degravat unda caput, quo rapitis miseros tenerae lanuginis annos ? Attulimus longas in freta vestra manus. 6° Ah miser alcyonum scopulis adfligar acutis : in me caeruleo fuscina sumpta deo est. At saltern Italiae regionibus advehat aestus ; hoc de me sat erit si modo matris erik' Subtrahit haec fantem torta vertigine fluctus ; 6 5 ultima quae Paeto voxque diesque fuit. O centum aequoreae Nereo genitore puellae, et tu materno tacta dolore Theti, vos decuit lasso supponere brachia mento : non poterat vestras ille gravare manus. 7° X. (iv. 9 .) Maecenas, eques Etrusco de sanguine regum, intra fortunam qui cupis esse tuam, quid me scribendi tarn vastum mittis in aequor? Non sunt apta meae grandia vela rati. Turpe est, quod nequeas, capiti committere pondus 5 et pressum inflexo mox dare terga genu. Omnia non pariter rerum sunt omnibus apta, fama nee ex aequo ducitur ulla iugo. Gloria Lysippo est animosa effingere signa, exactis Calamis se mihi iactat equis, IO in Veneris tabula summam sibi ponit Apelles, Parrhasius parva vindicat arte locum, argumenta magis sunt Mentoris addita formae, x.] Profiertii Elegiae. 79 at My os exiguum flectit acanthus iter, Phidiacus signo se Iuppiter ornat eburno, X S Praxitelen propria vindicat urbe lapis. Est quibus Eleae concurrit palma quadrigae, est quibus in celeres gloria nata pedes ; hie satus ad pacem, hie castrensibus utilis armis : naturae sequitur semina quisque suae. 2 ° At tua, Maecenas, vitae praecepta recepi, cogor et exemplis te superare tuis. Cum tibi Romano dominas in honore secures et liceat medio ponere iura foro, vel tibi Medorum pugnaces ire per hostes 2 5 atque onerare tuam fixa per arma domum, et tibi ad effectum vires det Caesar et omni tempore tarn faciles insinuentur opes, parcis et in tenues humilem te colligis umbras : velorum plenos subtrahis ipse sinus. 3° Crede mihi, magnos aequabunt ista Camillos iudicia et venies tu quoque in ora virum, Caesaris et famae vestigia iuncta tenebis : Maecenatis erunt vera tropaea fides. Non ego velifera tumidum mare findo carina : 35 tota sub exiguo flumine nostra mora est. Non flebo in cineres arcem sedisse paternos Cadmi nee septem proelia clade pari, nee referam Scaeas et Pergama Apollinis arces, et Danaum decimo vere redisse rates, 40 moenia cum Graio Neptunia pressit aratro victor Palladiae ligneus artis equus. Inter Callimachi sat erit placuisse libellos et cecinisse modis, Coe poeta, tuis. Te duce vel Iovis arma canam caeloque minantem 45 Coeum et Phlegraeis Oromedonta iugis, celsaque Romanis decerpta palatia tauris ordiar et caeso moenia firma Remo, (5°) 80 Propei'tii Elegiae. [xi. eductos pares silvestri ex ubere reges, crescet et ingenium sub tua iussa meum, 5° prosequar et currus utroque ab litore ovantes, Parthorum astutae tela remissa fugae, castraque Pelusi Romano subruta ferro, (55) Antonique graves in sua fata manus. Mollis tu coeptae fautor cape lora iuventae, 55 dexteraque inmissis da mihi signa rotis. Hoc mihi, Maecenas, laudis concedis, et a te est, quod ferar in partes ipse fuisse tuas. ( 6o ) XL (iv. 12.) Postume, plorantem potuisti linquere Gallam, miles et Augusti fortia signa sequi? Tantine ulla fuit spoliati gloria Parthi, ne faceres Galla multa rogante tua ? Si fas est, omnes pariter pereatis avari, 5 et quisquis fido praetulit arma toro ! Tu tamen iniecta tectus, vesane, lacerna potabis galea fessus Araxis aquam. Ilia quidem interea fama tabescet inani, haec tua ne virtus fiat amara tibi, IO neve tua Medae laetentur caede sagittae, ferreus aurato neu cataphractus equo, neve aliquid de te flendum referatur in urna : sic redeunt, illis qui cecidere locis. Ter quater in casta felix o Postume Galla, *5 moribus his alia coniuge dignus eras. Quid faciet nullo munita puella timore, cum sit luxuriae Roma magistra suae ? Sed securus eas : Gallam non munera vincent, duritiaeque tuae non erit ilia memor. 2 ° Nam quocumque die salvum te fata remittent, pendebit collo Galla pudica tuo. xil] Propertii Elegiac 8 1 Postumus alter erit miranda coniuge Ulixes. Non illi longae tot nocuere morae, castra decern annorum, et Ciconum mons Ismara, Calpe, exustaeque tuae mox, Polypheme, genae, 26 et Circes fraudes, lotosque herbaeque tenaces, Scyllaque et alternas scissa Charybdis aquas, Lampeties Ithacis verubus mugisse iuvencos (paverat hos Phoebo filia Lampetie), 3° et thalamum Aeaeae flentis fugisse puellae, totque hiemis noctes totque natasse dies, nigrantisque domos animarum intrasse silentum, Sirenum surdo remige adisse lacus, et veteres arcus leto renovasse procorum, 35 errorisque sui sic statuisse modum. Nee frustra, quia casta domi persederat uxor. Vincit Penelopes Aelia Galla fidem. XII. (iv. 18.) Clausus ab umbroso qua ludit pontus Averno, fumida Baiarum stagna tepentis aquae, qua iacet et Troiae tubicen Misenus harena, et sonat Herculeo structa labore via, hie, ubi, mortalis dextra cum quaereret urbes, 5 cymbala Thebano concrepuere deo, at nunc invisae magno cum crimine Baiae, quis deus in vestra constitit hostis aqua? his pressus Stygias vultum demisit in undas, errat et in vestro spiritus ille lacu. I0 Quid genus aut virtus aut optima profuit illi mater, et amplexum Caesaris esse focos ? aut modo tarn pleno fluitantia vela theatro et per maternas omnia gesta manus ? Occidit, et misero steterat vigesimus annus : J S tot bona tarn parvo clausit in orbe dies. 82 Propertii Elegiae. [xin. I nunc, tolle animos et tecum finge triumphos, stantiaque in plausum tota theatra iuvent, Attalicas supera vestes, atque omnia magnis gemmea sint ludis : ignibus ista dabis. 20 Sed tamen hue omnes, hue primus et ultimus ordo : est mala, sed cunctis ista terenda via est. Exoranda canis tria sunt latrantia colla, scandenda est torvi publica cymba senis. Ille licet ferro cautus se condat et aere, 2 5 mors tamen inclusum protrahit inde caput. Nirea non facies, non vis exemit Achillem, Croesum aut, Pactoli quas parit humor, opes. Hie olim ignaros luctus populavit Achivos, Atridae magno cum stetit alter amor. 3° At tibi, nauta, pias hominum qui traicit umbras, hue animae portet corpus inane tuae, qua Siculae victor telluris Claudius et qua Caesar ab humana cessit in astra via. XIII. (iv. 22.) Frigida tam multos placuit tibi Cyzicus annos, Tulle, Propontiaca qua fluit Isthmos aqua, Dindymus, et sacrae fabricata iuvenca Cybebae, raptorisque tulit qua via Ditis equos. Si te forte iuvant Helles Athamantidos urbes, 5 nee desiderio, Tulle, movere meo : tu licet aspicias caelum omne Atlanta gerentem, sectaque Persea Phorcidos ora manu, Geryonae stabula et luctantum in pulvere signa Herculis Antaeique Hesperidumque choros, » tuque tuo Colchum propellas remige Phasin, Peliacaeque trabis totum iter ipse legas, qua rudis Argoa natat inter saxa columba in faciem prorae pinus adacta novae, xiv.] Proper Hi Elegiae. 83 et sis, qua Ortygia et visenda est ora Caystri, *S et qua septenas temperat unda vias ; omnia Romanae cedent miracula terrae : natura hie posuit, quicquid ubique fuit. Armis apta magis tellus, quam commoda noxae : famam, Roma, tuae non pudet historiae. 2° Nam quantum ferro, tantum pietate potentes stamus : victrices temperat ira manus. Hie Anio Tiburne fluis, Clitumnus ab Umbro tramite, et aeternum Marcius humor opus, Albanus lacus et socia Nemorensis ab unda, 2 5 potaque Pollucis lympha salubris equo. At non squamoso labuntur ventre cerastae, Itala portentis nee fruit unda no vis, non hie Andromedae resonant pro matre catenae, nee tremis Ausonias, Phoebe fugate, dapes, 3° nee cuiquam absentes arserunt in caput ignes exitium nato matre movente suo, Penthea non saevae venantur in arbore Bacchae, nee solvit Danaas subdita cerva rates, cornua nee valuit curvare in pellice Iuno 35 aut faciem turpi dedecorare bove, arboreasque cruces Sinis, et non hospita Graiis saxa, et curvatas in sua fata trabes. Haec tibi, Tulle, parens, haec est pulcherrima sedes, hie tibi pro digna gente petendus honos, 4° hie tibi ad eloquium cives, hie ampla nepotum spes et venturae coniugis aptus amor. XIV. (v. 3.) Haec Arethusa suo mittit mandata Lycotae, cum totiens absis, si potes esse meus. Si qua tamen tibi lecturo pars oblita deerit, haec erit e lacrimis facta litura meis : 84 Propertii Elegiae. [xiv. aut si qua incerto fallet te littera tractu, 5 signa meae dextrae iam morientis erunt. Te modo viderunt iteratos Bactra per ortus, te modo munito Noricus hostis equo, Hibernique Getae, pictoque Britannia curru, ustus et Eoa discolor Indus aqua. 10 Quae mihi deductae fax omen praetulit, ilia traxit ab everso lumina nigra rogo, et Stygio sum sparsa lacu, nee recta capillis (15) vitta data est : nupsi non comitante deo. Omnibus heu portis pendent mea noxia vota : *5 texitur haec castris quarta lacerna tuis. Occidat, inmerita qui carpsit ab arbore vallum et struxit querulas rauca per ossa tubas, ( 20 ) dignior obliquo funem qui torqueat Ocno, aeternusque tuam pascat, aselle, famem. 2 ° Die mihi, num teneros urit lorica lacertos ? num gravis inbelles atterit hasta manus ? Diceris et macie vultum tenuasse : sed opto, e desiderio sit color iste meo. At mihi cum noctes induxit vesper amaras, 2 5 si qua relicta iacent, osculor arma tua. (3°) Turn queror in toto non sidere pallia lecto, lucis et auctores non dare carmen aves. Noctibus hibernis castrensia pensa laboro et Tyria in radios vellera secta suos, 3° et disco, qua parte fluat vincendus Araxes, (35) quot sine aqua Parthus milia currat equus, cogor et e tabula pictos ediscere mundos, qualis et haec docti sit positura dei, quae tellus sit lenta gelu, quae putris ab aestu, 35 ventus in Italiam qui bene vela ferat. (40) Adsidet una soror, curis et pallida nutrix peierat hiberni temporis esse moras. Felix Hippolyte nuda tulit arma papilla xv.] Propertii Elegiac 85 et texit galea barbara molle caput. 4° Romanis utinam patuissent castra puellis ! (45) essem militiae sarcina fida tuae, nee me tardarent Scythiae iuga, cum pater altas Africus in glaciem frigore nectit aquas. Omnis amor magnus, sed aperto in coniuge maior : 45 hanc Venus, ut vivat, ventilat ipsa facem. (5°) Nam mihi quo ? Poenis tibi purpura fulgeat ostris crystallusque meas ornet aquosa manus. Omnia surda tacent, rarisque adsueta kalendis vix aperit clausos una puella lares, 5° Glaucidos et catulae vox est mihi grata querentis : (55) ilia tui partem vindicat una toro. Flore sacella tego, verbenis compita velo, et crepat ad veteres herba Sabina focos. Sive in finitimo gemuit stans noctua tigno, 55 seu voluit tangi parca lucerna mero, (6°) ilia dies hornis caedem denuntiat agnis, succinctique calent ad nova lucra popae. Ne, precor, ascensis tanti sit gloria Bactris, raptave odorato carbasa Una duci, 6° plumbea cum tortae sparguntur pondera fundae, ( 6 5) subdolus et versis increpat arcus equis. Sed, tua sic domitis Parthae telluris alumnis pura triumphantis hasta sequatur equos, incorrupta mei conserva foedera lecti. 6 5 Hac ego te solo lege redisse velim, C7°) armaque cum tulero portae votiva Capenae, subscribam ' salvo grata puella viro.* XV. (v. 6.) Sacra facit vates : sint ora faventia sacris, et cadat ante meos icta iuvenca focos. Cera Philetaeis certet Romana corymbis, 86 Propertii Elegiac [xv. et Cyrenaeas urna ministret aquas. Costum molle date et blandi mihi turis honores, 5 terque focum circa laneus orbis eat. Spargite me lymphis, carmenque recentibus aris tibia Mygdoniis libet eburna cadis. Ite procul fraudes, alio sint aere noxae : pura novum vati laurea mollit iter. IO Musa, Palatini referemus Apollinis aedem : res est, Calliope, digna favore tuo. Caesaris in nomen ducuntur carmina : Caesar dum canitur, quaeso, Iuppiter ipse vaces. Est Phoebi fugiens Athamana ad litora portus, *5 qua sinus Ioniae murmura condit aquae, Actia Iuleae pelagus monimenta carinae, nautarum votis non operosa via. Hue mundi coiere manus : stetit aequore moles pinea, nee remis aequa favebat avis. 2° Altera classis erat Teucro damnata Quirino, pilaque feminea turpiter acta manu : hinc Augusta ratis plenis Iovis omine velis signaque iam patriae vincere docta suae. Tandem acies geminos Nereus lunarat in arcus, 2 5 armorum radiis picta tremebat aqua, cum Phoebus linquens stantem se vindice Delon (nam tulit iratos mobilis una Notos) astitit Augusti puppim super, et nova flamma luxit in obliquam ter sinuata facem. 3° Non ille attulerat crines in colla solutos aut testudineae carmen inerme lyrae, sed quali aspexit Pelopeum Agamemnona vultu, egessitque avidis Dorica castra rogis, aut qualis flexos solvit Pythona per orbes 35 serpentem, inbelles quern timuere lyrae. Mox ait ' o longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, Hectoreis cognite maior avis, xv.] Propertii Elegiae. 87 vince mari : iam terra tua est : tibi militat arcus, et favet ex humeris hoc onus omne meis. 40 Solve metu patriam, quae nunc te vindice freta inposuit prorae publica vota tuae. Quam nisi defendes, murorum Romulus augur ire Palatinas non bene vidit aves. Et nimium remis audent ; proh turpe Latinis . 45 principe te fluctus regia vela pati. Nee te, quod classis centenis remiget alis, terreat : invito labitur ilia mari : quodque vehunt prorae Centaurica saxa minantis, tigna cava et pictos experiere metus. 5° Frangit et attollit vires in milite causa ; quae nisi iusta subest, excutit arma pudor. Tempus adest, committe rates : ego temporis auctor ducam laurigera Iulia rostra manu.' Dixerat, et pharetrae pondus consumit in arcus : 55 proxima post arcus Caesaris hasta fuit. Vincit Roma fide Phoebi : dat femina poenas : sceptra per Ionias fracta vehuntur aquas. At pater Idalio miratur Caesar ab astro : 1 sum deus, et nostri sanguinis ista fides.' 6° Prosequitur cantu Triton, omnesque marinae plauserunt circa libera signa deae. Ilia petit Nilum cymba male nixa fugaci, hoc unum, iusso non moritura die. Di melius ! quantus mulier foret una triumphus, 6 5 ductus erat per quas ante Iugurtha vias. Actius hinc traxit Phoebus monimenta, quod eius una decern vicit missa sagitta rates. Bella satis cecini : citharam iam poscit Apollo victor et ad placidos exuit arma choros. 7° Candida nunc molli subeant convivia luco, blanditiaeque fluant per mea colla rosae, vinaque fundantur praelis elisa Falernis, 88 Propertii Elegiae. [xvi. terque lavet nostras spica Cilissa comas. Ille paludosos memoret servire Sicambros, 75 Cepheam hie Meroen fuscaque regna canat, hie referat sero confessum foedere Parthum : ' reddat signa Remi, mox dabit ipse sua : ( 8o ) sive aliquid pharetris Augustus parcet Eois, differat in pueros ista tropaea suos. 8o Gaude, Crasse, nigras si quid sapis inter harenas : ire per Euphraten ad tua busta licet. ' Sic noctem patera, sic ducam carmine, donee ( 8 5) iniciat radios in mea vina dies. XVI. (v. ii.) Desine, Paulle, meum lacrimis urgere sepulcrum : panditur ad nullas ianua nigra preces. Cum semel infernas intrarunt funera leges, non exorato stant adamante viae. Te licet orantem fuscae deus audiat aulae : 5 nempe tuas lacrimas litora surda bibent. Vota movent superos : ubi portitor aera recepit, obserat herbosos lurida porta rogos. Sic maestae cecinere tubae, cum subdita nostrum detraheret lecto fax inimica caput. IO Quid mihi coniugium Paulli, quid currus avorum profuit aut famae pignora tanta meae ? Num minus inmites habui Cornelia Parcas ? en sum, quod digitis quinque levatur, onus. Damnatae noctes et vos vada lenta paludes, *5 et quaecumque meos inplicat unda pedes, inmatura licet, tamen hue non noxia veni : det pater hie umbrae mollia iura meae. Aut si quis posita iudex sedet Aeacus urna, in mea sortita vindicet ossa pila : 2° adsideant fratres, iuxta Minoida sellam xvl] Propertii Elegiae. 89 Eumenidum intento turba severa foro : Sisyphe, mole vaces, taceant Ixionis orbes, fallax Tantaleo corripiare liquor, Cerberus et nullas hodie petat improbus umbras, 2 5 et iaceat tacita lapsa catena sera. Ipsa loquar pro me : si fallo, poena sororum infelix humeros urgeat urna meos. Si cui fama fuit per avita tropaea decori, Afra Numantinos regna loquuntur avos, 3° altera maternos exaequat turba Libones, et domus est titulis utraque fulta suis. Mox, ubi iam facibus cessit praetexta maritis, vinxit et acceptas altera vitta comas, iungor, Paulle, tuo sic discessura cubili : 35 in lapide hoc uni nupta fuisse legar. Testor maiorum cineres tibi, Roma, verendos, sub quorum titulis, Africa, tonsa iaces, et Persen proavi simulantem pectus Achillis quique tuas proavo fregit Achille domos, 40 me neque censurae legem mollisse nee ulla labe mea vestros erubuisse focos. Non fuit exuviis tantis Cornelia damnum : quin erat et magnae pars imitanda domus. Nee mea mutata est aetas, sine crimine tota est : 45 viximus insignes inter utramque facem. Mi natura dedit leges a sanguine ductas, ne possem melior iudicis esse metu. Quaelibet austeras de me ferat urna tabellas : turpior assessu non erit ulla meo, 50 vel tu, quae tardam movisti fune Cybeben, Claudia, turritae rara ministra deae, vel cui, commissos cum Vesta reposceret ignes, exhibuit vivos carbasus alba focos. Nee te, dulce caput, mater Scribonia, laesi : 55 in me mutatum quid nisi fata velis ? \ 90 Propertii Elegiac [xvi. Maternis laudor lacrimis urbisque querellis, defensa et gemitu Caesaris ossa mea. Ille sua nata dignam vixisse sororem increpat, et lacrimas vidimus ire deo. 6° Et tamen emerui generosos vestis honores, nee mea de sterili facta rapina domo. Tu, Lepide, et tu, Paulle, meum post fata levamen, condita sunt vestro lumina nostra sinu. Vidimus et fratrem sellam geminasse curulem, 6 S consule quo facto tempore rapta soror. Filia, tu specimen censurae nata paternae, fac teneas unum nos imitata virum, et serie fulcite genus : mihi cymba volenti solvitur aucturis tot mea fata meis. 7° Haec est feminei merces extrema triumphi, laudat ubi emeritum libera fama rogum. Nunc tibi commendo communia pignora natos : haec cura et cineri spirat inusta meo. Fungere maternis vicibus, pater : ilia meorum 75 omnis erit collo turba ferenda tuo. Oscula cum dederis tua flentibus, adice matris : tota domus coepit nunc onus esse tuum. Et si quid doliturus eris, sine testibus illis : cum venient, siccis oscula falle genis. 8o Sat tibi sint noctes, quas de me, Paulle, fatiges, somniaque in faciem credita saepe meam : atque ubi secreto nostra ad simulacra loqueris, ut responsurae singula verba iace. Seu tamen adversum mutarit ianua lectum, 8 5 sederit et nostro cauta noverca toro, coniugium, pueri, laudate et ferte paternum : capta dabit vestris moribus ilia manus. Nee matrem laudate nimis : collata priori vertet in offensas libera verba suas. 9° Seu memor ille mea contentus manserit umbra xvi.] Propertii Elegiae. 91 et tanti cineres duxerit esse meos, discite venturam iam nunc sentire senectam, caelibis ad curas nee vacet ulla via. Quod mihi detractum est, vestros accedat ad annos : 95 prole mea Paullum sic iuvet esse senem. Et bene habet : numquam mater lugubria sumpsi : venit in exequias tota caterva meas. Causa perorata est. Flentes me surgite, testes, dum pretium vitae grata rependit humus. I0 ° Moribus et caelum patuit : sim digna merendo, cuius honoratis ossa vehantur equis. P. OVIDIUS NASO. HEROIDES. EPISTULA XIII. MITTIT, et optat amans, quo mittitur, ire salutem, Haemonis Haemonio Laodamia viro. Aulide te fama est vento retinente morari : a ! me cum fugeres, hie ubi ventus erat ? Turn freta debuerant vestns obsistere remis. 5 Illud erat saevis utile tempus aquis. Oscula plura viro mandataque plura dedissem : et sunt quae volui dicere multa tibi. Raptus es hinc praeceps, et qui tua vela vocaret, quern cuperent nautae, non ego, ventus erat. IO Ventus erat nautis aptus, non aptus amanti : solvor ab amplexu, Protesilae, tuo, linguaque mandantis verba inperfecta reliquit : vix illud potui dicere triste vale. Incubuit Boreas, abreptaque vela tetendit : *5 iamque meus longe Protesilaus erat. Dum potui spectare virum, spectare iuvabat : sumque tuos oculos usque secuta meis. Ut te non poteram, poteram tua vela videre, vela diu vultus detinuere meos. 2° At postquam nee te, nee vela fugacia vidi, et quod spectarem, nil nisi pontus erat, lux quoque tecum abiit, tenebrisque exanguis obortis succiduo dicor procubuisse genu. 94 P> Ovidius Naso. [i. Vix socer Iphiclus, vix me grandaevus Acastus, 2 5 vix mater gelida maesta refecit aqua. Officium fecere pium, sed inutile nobis. Indignor miserae non licuisse mori. Ut rediit animus, pariter rediere dolores. Pectora legitimus casta momordit amor. 3° Nee mihi pectendos cura est praebere capillos, nee libet aurata corpora veste tegi. Ut quas pampinea tetigisse Bicorniger hasta creditur, hue illuc, qua furor egit, eo. Conveniunt matres Phylaceides, et mihi clamant 35 ' indue regales, Laodamia, sinus ! ' Scilicet ipsa geram saturatas murice lanas, bella sub Iliads moenibus ille gerat? Ipsa comas pectar, galea caput ille prematur : ipsa novas vestes, dura vir arma ferat? 4° Qua possum, squalore tuos imitata labores dicar, et haec belli tempora tristis agam. Dyspari Priamide, damno formose tuorum, tarn sis hostis iners, quam malus hospes eras. Aut te Taenariae faciem culpasse maritae, 45 aut illi vellem displicuisse tuam. Tu, qui pro rapta nimium, Menelae, laboras, ei mihi, quam multis flebilis ultor eris ! Di, precor, a nobis omen removete sinistrum, et sua det reduci vir meus arma Iovi. 5° Sed timeo, quotiens subiit miserabile bellum : more nivis lacrimae sole madentis eunt. Ilion et Tenedos Simoisque et Xanthus et Ide nomina sunt ipso paene timenda sono. Nee rapere ausurus, nisi se defendere posset, 55 hospes erat. Vires noverat ille suas. Venerat, ut fama est, multo spectabilis auro, quique suo Phrygias corpore ferret opes, classe virisque potens, per quae fera bella geruntur. i.] Heroides. Ep. XIII. 95 Et sequitur regni pars quota quemque sui ? 6° His ego te victam, consors Ledaea gemellis, suspicor. Haec Danais posse nocere puto. Hectora nescio quern timeo : Paris Hectora dixit ferrea sanguinea bella movere manu. Hectora, quisquis is est, si sum tibi cara, caveto : 6 5 signatum memori pectore nomen habe. Hunc ubi vitaris, alios vitare memento, et multos illic Hectoras esse puta : et facito ut dicas, quotiens pugnare parabis, 'parcere me iussit Laodamia sibi.' 7° Si cadere Argolico fas est sub milite Troiam, te quoque non ullum vulnus habente cadat. Pugnet et adversos tendat Menelaus in hostis : (73) hostibus e mediis nupta petenda viro est. (76) Causa tua est dispar. Tu tantum vivere pugna, 75 inque pios dominae posse redire sinus. Parcite, Dardanidae, de tot, precor, hostibus uni, ne meus ex illo corpore sanguis eat. (80) Non est, quern deceat nudo concurrere ferro, saevaque in obpositos pectora ferre viros. 8o Fortius ille potest multo, quam pugnat, amare. Bella gerant alii : Protesilaus amet. Nunc fateor. Volui revocare, animusque ferebat. ( 8 5) Substitit auspicii lingua timore mali. Cum foribus velles ad Troiam exire paternis, 8 5 pes tuus offenso limine signa dedit. Ut vidi, ingemui tacitoque in pectore dixi ' signa reversuri sint, precor, ista viri ! ' (90) Haec tibi nunc refero, ne sis animosus in armis. Fac meus in ventos hie timor omnis eat. 90 Sors quoque nescio quern fato designat iniquo, qui primus Danaum Troada tangat humum. Infelix, quae prima virum lugebit ademptum ! (95) Di faciant, ne tu strenuus esse velis ! 96 P. Ovidius JVaso. [i. Inter mille rates tua sit millensima puppis, 95 iamque fatigatas ultima verse t aquas. Hoc quoque praemoneo. De nave novissimus exi : non est, quo properes, terra paterna tibi. ( I0 °) Cum venies, remoque move veloque carinam, inque tuo celerem litore siste gradum ! I0 ° Sive latet Phoebus, seu terris altior exstat, tu mihi luce dolor, tu mihi nocte venis. Sed tua cur nobis pallens occurrit imago ? Cur venit a verbis multa querella tuis ? ( II0 ) Excutior somno, simulacraque noctis adoro : IO S nulla caret fumo Thessalis ara meo : tura damus, lacrimamque super, qua sparsa relucet, ut solet adfuso surgere flamma mero. Quando ego, te reducem cupidis amplexa lacertis, ( IX 5) languida laetitia solvar ab ipsa mea? IIQ Quando erit, ut lecto mecum bene iunctus in uno militiae referas splendida facta tuae ? Quae mihi dum referes, quamvis audire iuvabit, multa tamen rapies oscula, multa dabis. ( I2 °) Semper in his apte narrantia verba resistunt : IX 5 promptior est dulci lingua referre mora. Sed cum Troia subit, subeunt ventique fretumque, spes bona sollicito victa timore cadit. Hoc quoque, quod venti prohibent exire carinas, ( I2 5) me movet. Invitis ire paratis aquis. I2 ° Quis velit in patriam vento prohibente reverti? A patria pelago vela vetante datis ! Ipse suam non praebet iter Neptunus ad urbem. Quo ruitis ? Vestras quisque redite domos ! ( x 3°) Quo ruitis, Danai? Ventos audite vetantis ! I3 5 Non subiti casus, numinis ista mora est. Quid petitur tanto nisi turpis adultera bello ? Dum licet, Inachiae vertite vela rates ! Sed quid ago ? revoco ? revocaminis omen abesto, ( X 3S) i.] Heroides. Ep. XIIL 97 blandaque compositas aura secundet aquas. x 3o Troasin invideo, quae sic lacrimosa suorum funera conspicient, nee procul hostis erit. Ipsa suis manibus forti nova nupta marito inponet galeam barbaraque arma dabit. (14°) Arma dabit, dumque arma dabit, simul oscula sumet : — hoc genus officii dulce duobus erit — *3 6 producetque virum, dabit et mandata reverti, et dicet * referas ista fac arma Iovi ! ' Hie, ferens dominae mandata recentia secum ( J 45) pugnabit caute, respicietque domum. 14° Exuet haec reduci clipeum, galeamque resolvet, excipietque suo corpora lassa sinu. Nos sumus incertae. Nos anxius omnia cogit, quae possunt fieri, facta putare timor. fe ) Dum tamen arma geres di verso miles in orbe, *45 quae referat vultus est mihi cera tuos. Mi blanditias, illi tibi debita verba dicimus, amplexus accipit ilia meos. Crede mihi, plus est, quam quod videatur, imago ( J 55) adde sonum cerae, Protesilaus erit. zS Hanc specto, teneoque sinu pro coniuge vero, et, tamquam possit verba referre, queror. Per reditus corpusque tuum, mea numina, iuro, perque pares animi coniugiique faces, ( l6 °) perque, quod ut videam canis albere capillis, *55 quod tecum possis ipse referre, caput, me tibi venturam comitem, quocumque vocaris, sive — quod heu timeo, sive superstes eris. Ultima mandato claudetur epistula parvo : ( l6 5) sit tibi cura mei, sit tibi cura tui ! *&> 98 P. Ovidius Naso. [11. II. AMORES. III. 9. Memnona si mater, mater ploravit Achillen, et tangunt magnas tristia fata deas, flebilis indignos, Elegeia, solve capillos. A ! nimis ex vero nunc tibi nomen erit ! Ille tui vates operis, tua fama, Tibullus 5 ardet in extructo, corpus inane, rogo. Ecce, puer Veneris fert eversamque pharetram et fractos arcus et sine luce facem. Aspice, demissis ut eat miserabilis alis, pectoraque infesta tundat aperta manu. 1° Excipiunt lacrimas sparsi per colla capilli, oraque singultu concutiente sonant. Fratris in Aeneae sic ilium funere dicunt egressum tectis, pulcher Iule, tuis. Nee minus est confusa Venus moriente Tibullo, J S quam iuveni rupit cum ferus inguen aper. At sacri vates et divum cura vocamur ! sunt etiam, qui nos numen habere putent ! Scilicet omne sacrum mors inportuna profanat. Omnibus obscuras inicit ilia manus. 20 Quid pater Ismario, quid mater profuit Orpheo ? Carmine quid victas obstipuisse feras ? Aelinon in silvis idem pater, aelinon, altis dicitur invita concinuisse lyra. Adice Maeoniden, a quo, ceu fonte perenni, 2 S vatum Pieriis ora rigantur aquis. Hunc quoque summa dies nigro submersit Averno : defugiunt avidos carmina sola rogos. Durat opus vatum : Troiani fama laboris, tardaque nocturno tela retexta dolo : 3° ii.] Amores. 99 sic Nemesis longum, sic Delia nomen habebunt, Altera cura recens, altera primus amor. Quid vos sacra iuvant ? quid nunc Aegyptia prosunt sistra ? quid in vacuo secubuisse toro ? Cum rapiant mala fata bonos, — ignoscite fasso, — 35 sollicitor nullos esse putare deos. Vive pius, moriere pius, cole sacra ; colentem mors gravis a templis in cava busta trahet. Carminibus confide bonis. Iacet, ecce, Tibullus : vix manet e toto parva quod urna capit. 4° Tene, sacer vates, flammae rapuere rogales, pectoribus pasci nee timuere tuis? Aurea sanctorum potuissent templa deorum urere, quae tantum sustinuere nefas. Avertit vultus Erycis quae possidet arces. 45 Sunt quoque, qui lacrimas continuisse negant. Sed tamen hoc melius, quam si Phaeacia tellus ignotum vili supposuisset humo. Hinc certe madidos fugientis pressit ocellos mater, et in cineres ultima dona tulit : 5° hinc soror in partem misera cum matre doloris venit, inornatas dilaniata comas : cumque tuis sua iunxerunt Nemesisque priorque oscula, nee solos destituere rogos. Delia descendens ' felicius ' inquit l amata 55 sum tibi. Vixisti, dum tuus ignis eram.' Cui Nemesis i quid ' ait i tibi sunt mea damna dolori ? me tenuit moriens deficiente manu.' Si tamen e nobis aliquid nisi nomen et umbra restat, in Elysia valle Tibullus erit. 6o Obvius huic venias, hedera iuvenalia cinctus tempora, cum Calvo, docte Catulle, tuo. Tu quoque, si falsum est temerati crimen amici, sanguinis atque animae prodige Galle tuae. 100 P. Ovidius Naso. [m. His comes umbra tua est. Siqua est modo corporis umbra, auxisti numeros, culte Tibulle, pios. 66 Ossa quieta, precor, tuta requiescite in urna, et sit humus cineri non onerosa tuo ! III. FASTI I. 1-140. Tempora cum causis Latium digesta per annum lapsaque sub terras ortaque signa canam. Excipe pacato, Caesar Germanice, voltu hoc opus et timidae dirige navis iter : officioque, levem non aversatus honorem, 5 huic tibi devoto numine dexter ades. Sacra recognosces annalibus eruta priscis, et quo sit merito quaeque notata dies. Invenies illic et festa domestica vobis : saepe tibi pater est, saepe legendus avus. *° Quaeque ferunt ill! pictos signantia fastos, tu quoque cum Druso praemia fratre feres. Caesaris arma canant alii. Nos Caesaris aras, et quoscumque sacris addidit ille dies. Annue conanti per laudes ire tuorum, *5 deque meo pavidos excute corde metus. Da mihi te placidum, dederis in carmina viris. Ingenium voltu statque caditque tuo. Pagina iudicium docti subitura movetur principis, ut Clario missa legenda deo. 2 ° Quae sit enim culti facundia sensimus oris, civica pro trepidis cum tulit arma reis. Scimus et, ad nostras cum se tulit impetus artes ingenii currant flumina quanta tui. in.] Fasti I. 101 Si licet et fas est, vates rege vatis habenas, 2 5 auspicio felix totus ut annus eat. Tempora digereret cum conditor urbis, in anno constituit menses quinque bis esse suo. Scilicet arma magis quam sidera, Romule, noras, curaque finitimos vincere maior erat. 30 Est tamen et ratio, Caesar, quae moverit ilium : erroremque suum quo tueatur, habet. Quod satis est, utero matris dum prodeat infans, hoc anno statuit temporis esse satis. Per totidem menses a funere coniugis uxor 35 sustinet in vidua tristia signa domo. Haec igitur vidit trabeati cura Quirini cum rudibus populis annua iura daret. Martis erat primus mensis, Venerisque secundus : haec generis princeps, ipsius ille pater : 40 tertius a senibus, iuvenum de nomine quartus, quae sequitur, numero turba notata fuit. At Numa nee Ianum nee avitas praeterit umbras, mensibus antiquis praeposuitque duos. Ne tamen ignores variorum iura dierum, 45 non habet officii lucifer omnis idem. Ille nefastus erit, per quern tria verba silentur : fastus erit, per quern lege licebit agi. Nee toto perstare die sua iura putaris : qui iam fastus erit, mane nefastus erat. 5° Nam simul exta deo data sunt, licet omnia fari, verbaque honoratus libera praetor habet. Est quoque, quo populum ius est includere saeptis : est quoque, qui nono semper ab orbe redit. Vindicat Ausonias Iunonis cura Kalendas. 55 Idibus alba Iovi grandior agna cadit. Nonarum tutela deo caret. Omnibus istis — ne fallare cave — proximus ater erit. 102 P. Ovidius Naso. [in. Omen ab eventu est. Illis nam Roma diebus damn a sub averso tristia Marte tulit. 6° Haec mihi dicta semel, totis haerentia fastis, ne seriem rerum scindere cogar, erunt. Ecce tibi faustum, Germanice, nuntiat annum inque meo primus carmine Ianus adest. lane biceps, anni tacite labentis origo, 6 5 solus de superis qui tua terga vides, dexter ades ducibus, quorum secura labore otia terra ferax, otia pontus habet : dexter ades patribusque tuis populoque Quirini, et resera nutu Candida templa tuo. 7° Prospera lux oritur. Linguis animisque favete ! nunc dicenda bona sunt bona verba die. Lite vacent aures, insanaque protinus absint iurgia. Differ opus, livida turba, tuum. Cernis, odoratis ut luceat ignibus aether, 75 et sonet accensis spica Cilissa focis ? Flamma nitore suo templorum verberat aurum, et tremulum summa spargit in aede iubar. Vestibus intactis Tarpeias itur in arces, et populus festo concolor ipse suo est. 8o Iamque novi praeeunt fasces, nova purpura fulget, et nova conspicuum pondera sentit ebur. Colla rudes operum praebent ferienda iuvenci, quos aluit campis herba Falisca suis. Iuppiter arce sua totum cum spectet in orbem, 8 5 nil nisi Romanum, quod tueatur, habet. Salve, laeta dies, meliorque revertere semper, a populo rerum digna potente coli. Quern tamen esse deum te dicam, lane biformis? nam tibi par nullum Graecia numen habet. 9° Ede simul causam, cur de caelestibus unus sitque quod a tergo, sitque quod ante, vides ? in.] Fasti L 103 Haec ego cum sumptis agitarem mente tabellis, lucidior visa est, quam fuit ante, domus. Tunc sacer ancipiti mirandus imagine Ianus 95 bina repens oculis obtulit ora meis. Obstipui, sensique metu riguisse capillos, et gelidum subito frigore pectus erat. Ille ten ens baculum dextra clavemque sinistra edidit hos nobis ore priore sonos : I0 ° e disce metu posito, vates operose dierum, quod petis, et voces percipe mente meas. Me Chaos antiqui — nam sum res prisca — vocabant. Aspice, quam longi temporis acta canam. Lucidus hie aer, et quae tria corpora restant, I0 5 ignis, aquae, tellus, unus acervus erat. Ut semel haec rerum secessit lite suarum, inque novas abiit massa soluta domos, flamma petit altum, propior locus aera cepit : sederunt medio terra fretumque solo. IIQ Tunc ego, qui fueram globus et sine imagine moles, in faciem redii dignaque membra deo. Nunc quoque, confusae quondam nota parva figurae, ante quod est in me postque, videtur idem. Accipe, quaesitae quae causa sit altera formae, JI 5 hanc simul ut noris officiumque meum. Quicquid ubique vides, caelum, mare, nubila, terras omnia, sunt nostra clausa patentque manu. Me penes est unum vasti custodia mundi, et ius vertendi cardinis omne meum est. I2 ° Cum libuit Pacem placidis emittere tectis, libera perpetuas ambulat ilia vias. Sanguine letifero totus miscebitur orbis, ni teneant rigidae condita bella serae. Praesideo foribus caeli cum mitibus Horis : I2 5 it, redit officio Iuppiter ipse meo. Inde vocor Ianus. Cui cum Cereale sacerdos 104 P* Ovidius Naso. pv. inponit libum farraque mixta sale, nomina ridebis. Modo namque Patulcius idem et modo sacrifico Clusius ore vocor. *3° Scilicet alterno voluit rudis ilia vetustas nomine diversas significare vices. Vis mea narrata est. Causam nunc disce figurae : iam tamen hanc aliqua tu quoque parte vides. Omnis habet geminas, hinc atque hinc, ianua frontis, 135 e quibus haec populum spectat, at ilia larem. Utque sedens primi vester prope limina tecti ianitor egressus introitusque videt, sic ego perspicio caelestis ianitor aulae Eoas partes Hesperiasque simul. *4° IV. FASTI II. 19-54. Februa Romani dixere piamina patres. Nunc quoque dant verbo plurima signa fidem. Pontifices ab rege petunt et flamine lanas, quis veterum lingua februa nomen erat. Quaeque capit lictor domibus purgamina certis, torrida cum mica farra, vocantur idem. Nomen idem ramo, qui caesus ab arbore pura casta sacerdotum tempora fronde tegit. Ipse ego flaminicam poscentem februa vidi : februa poscenti pinea virga data est. x Denique quodcumque est, quo corpora nostra piantur hoc apud intonsos nomen habebat avos. Mensis ab his dictus, secta quia pelle luperci omne solum lustrant, idque piamen habent : v.] Fasti II. 105 aut quia placatis sunt tempora pura sepulcris, J 5 tunc cum ferales praeteriere dies. Omne nefas omnemque mali purgamina causam credebant nostri tollere posse senes. Graecia principium moris fuit. Ilia nocentis inpia lustratos ponere facta putat. 2° Actoriden Peleus, ipsum quoque Pelea Phoci caede per Haemonias solvit Acastus aquas. Vectam frenatis per inane draconibus Aegeus credulus inmerita Phasida iuvit ope. Amphiareiades Naupactoo Acheloo 2 5 1 solve nefas ' dixit. Solvit et ille nefas. A ! nimium faciles, qui tristia crimina caedis fluminea tolli posse putetis aqua ! Sed tamen — antiqui ne nescius ordinis erres — primus, ut est, Iani mensis et ante fuit. 3° Qui sequitur Ianum, veteris fuit ultimus anni : tu quoque sacrorum, Termine, finis eras. Primus enim Iani mensis, quia ianua prima est. Qui sacer est imis manibus, imus erat. Postmodo creduntur spatio distantia longo 35 tempora bis quini continuasse viri. V. FASTI II. 193-242. Idibus agrestis fumant altaria Fauni, hie ubi discretas insula rumpit aquas. Haec fuit ilia dies, in qua Veientibus arvis ter centum Fabii ter cecidere duo. Una domus vires et onus susceperat urbis : 106 P. Ovidius Naso. [v. sumunt gentiles arma professa manus : egreditur castris miles generosus ab isdem, e quis dux fieri quilibet aptus erat. Carmentis portae dextra est via proxima Iano : ire per hanc noli, quisquis es. Omen habet. 10 Ut celeri passu Cremeram tetigere rapacem, — turbidus hibernis ille fluebat aquis — castra loco ponunt, destrictis ensibus ipsi Tyrrhenum valido Marte per agmen eunt. Non aliter, quam cum Libyca de rupe leones J 5 invadunt sparsos lata per arva greges. Diffugiunt hostes inhonestaque volnera tergo accipiunt : Tusco sanguine terra rubet. Sic iterum, sic saepe cadunt. Ubi vincere aperte non datur, insidias armaque tecta parant. 2 ° Campus erat. Campi claudebant ultima colles silvaque montanas occulere apta feras. In medio paucos armentaque rara relinquunt, cetera virgultis abdita turba latet. Ecce velut torrens undis pluvialibus auctus, 2 5 aut nive, quae Zephyro victa tepente fluit, per sata perque vias fertur, nee, ut ante solebat, riparum clausas margine finit aquas : sic Fabii vallem latis discursibus inplent, quodque vident, sternunt. Nee metus alter inest. 3° Quo ruitis, generosa domus ? male creditis hosti. Simplex nobilitas, perfida tela cave ! Fraude perit virtus. In apertos undique campos prosiliunt hostes, et latus omne tenent. Quid faciant pauci contra tot milia fortes ? 35 Quidve, quod in misero tempore restet, habent? Sicut aper longe silvis Laurentibus actus fulmineo celeres dissipat ore canes, mox tamen ipse perit, sic non moriuntur inulti, Volneraque alterna dantque feruntque manu. 4° vi.] Fasti II. 107 Una dies Fabios ad bellum miserat omnes : ad bellum missos perdidit una dies. Ut tamen Herculeae superessent semina gentis, credibile est ipsos consuluisse deos. Nam puer inpubes et adhuc non utilis armis 45 unus de Fabia gente relictus erat : scilicet ut posses olim tu, Maxime, nasci, cui res cunctando restituenda foret. VI. FASTI II. 533-570. Est honor et tumulis, animas placare paternas, parvaque in extructas munera ferre pyras. Parva petunt Manes. Pietas pro divite grata est munere. Non avidos Styx habet ima deos. Tegula porrectis satis est velata coronis, 5 et sparsae fruges, parcaque mica salis, inque mero mollita Ceres, violaeque solutae : haec habeat media testa relicta via. Nee maiora veto. Sed et his placabilis umbra est. Adde preces positis et sua verba focis. IO Hunc morem Aeneas, pietatis idoneus auctor, attulit in terras, iuste Latine, tuas. Ille patris Genio sollemnia dona ferebat. Hinc populi ritus edidicere pios. At quondam, dum longa gerunt pugnacibus armis *5 bella, parentales deseruere dies. Non impune fuit. Nam dicitur omine ab isto Roma suburbanis incaluisse rogis. Vix equidem credo, bustis exisse feruntur 108 P. Ovidius Naso. [vn. et tacitae questi tempore noctis avi, 20 perque vias urbis Latiosque ululasse per agros deformes animas, volgus inane, ferunt. Post ea praeteriti tumulis redduntur honores, prodigiisque venit funeribusque modus. Dum tamen haec fiunt, viduae cessate puellae : 2 5 expectet puros pinea taeda dies. Nee tibi, quae cupidae matura videbere matri, comat virgineas hasta recurva comas. Conde tuas, Hymenaee, facis, et ab ignibus atris aufer ! habent alias maesta sepulcra faces. 3° Di quoque templorum foribus celentur opertis, ture vacent arae, stentque sine igne foci. Nunc animae tenues et corpora functa sepulcris errant, nunc posito pascitur umbra cibo. Nee tamen haec ultra, quam tot de mense supersint 35 luciferi, quot habent carmina nostra pedes. Hanc, quia iusta ferunt, dixere Feralia lucem. Ultima placandis manibus ilia dies. VII. FASTI II. 617-684. Proxima cognati dixere Caristia cari, et venit ad socios turba propinqua deos. Scilicet a tumulis et qui periere, propinquis protinus ad vivos ora referre iuvat, postque tot amissos quicquid de sanguine restat, aspicere, et generis dinumerare gradus. Innocui veniant ; procul hinc, procul inpius esto frater, et in partus mater acerba suos, cui pater est vivax, qui matris digerit annos, vil] Fasti II. 109 quae premit invisam socrus iniqua nurum. I0 Tantalidae fratres absint, et Iasonis uxor, et quae ruricolis semina tosta dedit, et soror et Procne, Tereusque duabus iniquus, et quicumque suas per scelus auget opes. Dis generis date tura bonis. Concordia fertur x 5 ilia praecipue mitis adesse die. Et libate dapes, ut, grati pignus honoris, nutriat incinctos missa patella Lares. Iamque ubi suadebit placidos nox humida somnos, larga precaturi sumite vina manu, 2 ° et ' bene vos, bene te, patriae pater, optime Caesar ! ' dicite suffuso ter bona verba mero. Nox ubi transierit, solito celebretur honore separat indicio qui deus arva suo. Termine, sive lapis, sive es defossus in agro 2 5 stipes, ab antiquis tu quoque numen habes. Te duo diversa domini pro parte coronant, binaque serta tibi binaque liba ferunt. Ara fit. Hue ignem curto fert rustica testu sumptum de tepidis ipsa colona focis. 3° Ligna senex minuit, concisaque construit arte, et solida ramos figere pugnat humo. Turn sicco primas inritat cortice flammas : stat puer et manibus lata canistra tenet. Inde ubi ter fruges medios inmisit in ignis, 35 porrigit incisos filia parva favos. Vina tenent alii. Libantur singula flammis. Spectant, et Unguis Candida turba favet. Spargitur et caeso communis Terminus agno, nee queritur, lactens cum sibi porca datur. 4° Conveniunt, celebrantque dapes vicinia simplex, et cantant laudes, Termine sancte, tuas : 1 Tu populos urbesque et regna ingentia finis : HO P. Ovidius Naso. [vm. omnis erit sine te litigiosus ager. Nulla tibi ambitio est, nullo corrumperis auro. 45 Legitima servas credita rura fide. Si tu signasses olim Thyreatida terram, corpora non leto missa trecenta forent, nee foret Othryades congestis lectus in armis. O quantum patriae sanguinis ille dedit ! 5° Quid, nova cum fierent Capitolia? nempe deorum cuncta Iovi cessit turba, locumque dedit. Terminus, ut veteres memorant, inventus in aede restitit et magno cum love templa tenet. Nunc quoque, se supra ne quid nisi sidera cernat, 55 exiguum templi tecta foramen habent. Termine, post illud le vitas tibi libera non est : qua positus fueris in statione, mane, nee tu vicino quicquam concede roganti, ne videare hominem praeposuisse Iovi : 6o et seu vomeribus, seu tu pulsabere rastris, clamato ' tuus est hie ager, ille suus ! ' ' Est via, quae populum Laurentes ducit in agros, quondam Dardanio regna petita duci. Ilia lanigeri pecoris tibi, Termine, fibris 6 5 sacra videt fieri sextus ab urbe lapis. Gentibus est aliis tellus data limite certo : Romanae spatium est urbis et orbis idem. VIII. FASTI V. 183-228. ' Mater, ades, riorum, ludis celebranda iocosis ! Distuleram partes mense priore tuas. Incipis Aprili, transis in tempora Mai. Alter te fugiens, cum venit, alter habet. viii.] Fasti V. in Cum tua sint cedantque tibi confinia mensum, 5 convenit in laudes ille vel ille tuas. Circus in hunc exit clamataque pal ma theatris : hoc quoque cum Circi munere carmen eat. Ipsa doce, quae sis. Hominum sententia fallax optima tu proprii nominis auctor ens.' IO Sic ego. Sic nostris respondit diva rogatis : dum loquitur, vernas efflat ab ore rosas. 6 Chloris eram, quae Flora vocor. Corrupta Latino nominis est nostri littera Graeca sono. Chloris eram, nymphe campi felicis, ubi audis *5 rem fortunatis ante fuisse viris. Quae fuerit mihi forma, grave est narrare modestae sed generum matri repperit ilia deum. Ver erat, errabam : Zephyrus conspexit, abibam. Insequitur, fugio. Fortior ille fait. 20 Et dederat fratri Boreas ius omne rapinae, ausus Erechthea praemia ferre domo. Vim tamen emendat dando mihi nomina nuptae, inque meo non est ulla querella toro. Vere fruor semper. Semper nitidissimus annus, 2 5 arbor habet frondes, pabula semper humus. Est mihi fecundus dotalibus hortus in agris : aura fovet, liquidae fonte rigatur aquae. Hunc meus implevit generoso flore maritus, atque ait, ' arbitrium tu, dea, floris habe.' 3° Saepe ego digestos volui numerare colores, nee potui. Numero copia maior erat. Roscida cum primum foliis excussa pruina est, et variae radiis intepuere comae, conveniunt pictis incinctae vestibus Horae, 35 inque leves calathos munera nostra legunt. Protinus accedunt Charites, nectuntque coronas, sertaque caelestes implicitura comas. Prima per inmensas sparsi nova semina gentes. 112 P. Ovidius JVaso. [rx. Unius tellus ante coloris erat. 40 Prima Therapnaeo feci de sanguine florem, et manet in folio scripta querella suo. Tu quoque nomen habes cultos, Narcisse, per hortos, infelix, quod non alter et alter eras. Quid Crocon, aut Attin referam, Cinyraque creatum, 45 de quorum per me volnere surgit honor ? 261-274. Forsitan in teneris tantum mea regna coronis esse putes. Tangit numen et arva meum. Si bene fioruerint segetes, erit area dives : si bene floruerit vinea, Bacchus erit, 50 si bene fioruerint oleae, nitidissimus annus : pomaque proventum temporis huius habent. Flore semel laeso pereunt viciaeque fabaeque, et pereunt lentes, advena Nile, tuae. Vina quoque in magnis operose condita cellis 55 florent, et nebulae dolia summa tegunt. Mella meum munus. Volucres ego mella daturas ad violam et cytisos et thyma cana voco. Nos quoque idem facimus tunc, cum iuvenalibus annis luxuriant animi, corporaque ipsa vigent.' 6° IX. TRISTIA. I. 6. Nec tantum Clario Lyde dilecta poetae, nee tantum Coo Bittis amata suo est, pectoribus quantum tu nostris, uxor, inhaeres, digna minus misero, non meliore viro. 2x.] Tristia. 113 Te mea supposita veluti trabe fulta ruina est : 5 siquid adhuc ego sum, muneris omne tui est. Tu facis, ut spolium non sim, nee nuder ab illis, naufragii tabulas qui petiere mei. Utque rap ax stimulante fame cupidusque cruoris incustoditum captat ovile lupus, 10 aut ut edax vultur corpus circumspicit ecquod sub nulla positum cernere possit humo, sic mea nescio quis, rebus male fidus acerbis, in bona venturus, si paterere, fuit. Hunc tua per fortes virtus summovit amicos, *S nulla quibus reddi gratia digna potest. Ergo quam misero, tarn vero teste probaris, hie aliquod pondus si modo testis habet. Nee probitate tua prior est aut Hectoris uxor, aut comes extincto Laodamia viro. 20 Tu si Maeonium vatem sortita fuisses, Penelopes esset fama secunda tuae : sive tibi hoc debes, nulla pia facta magistra, cumque nova mores sunt tibi luce dati, femina seu princeps omnes tibi culta per annos 2 5 te docet exemplum coniugis esse bonae, assimilemque sui longa assuetudine fecit, grandia si parvis assimilare licet. Ei mihi, non magnas quod habent mea carmina vires, nostraque sunt meritis ora minora tuis, 30 siquid et in nobis vivi fuit ante vigoris, extinctum longis occidit omne malis. Prima locum sanctas heroidas inter haberes, prima bonis animi conspicerere tui. Quantumcumque tamen praeconia nostra valebunt, 35 carminibus vives tempus in omne meis. M. ANNAEI LUCANI PHARSALIA. LIBER PRIMUS. BELLA per Emathios plus quam civilia campos iusque datum sceleri canimus, populumque potentem in sua victrici conversum viscera dextra, cognatasque acies, et rupto foedere regni certatum totis concussi viribus orbis 5 in commune nefas, infestisque obvia signis signa, pares aquilas, et pila minantia pilis. Quis furor, o cives, quae tanta licentia ferri, gentibus invisis Latium praebere cruorem? Quumque superba foret Babylon spolianda trophaeis 10 Ausoniis, umbraque erraret Crassus inulta, bella geri placuit nullos habitura triumphos ? Heu quantum terrae potuit pelagique parari hoc, quern civiles hauserunt, sanguine, dextrae, unde venit Titan, et nox ubi sidera condit, *5 quaque dies medius flagrantibus aestuat horis, et qua bruma, rigens ac nescia vere remitti, adstringit Scythico glacialem frigore pontum ! Sub iuga iam Seres, iam barbarus isset Araxes, et gens si qua iacet nascenti conscia Nilo. 2° Tunc, si tantus amor belli tibi, Roma, nefandi, totum sub Latias leges quum miseris orbem, in te verte manus : nondum tibi defuit hostis. At nunc semirutis pendent quod moenia tectis urbibus Italiae, lapsisque ingentia muris 2 5 saxa iacent, nulloque domus custode tenentur, "5 n6 Lucani Pharsalia. rarus et antiquis habitator in urbibus errat, horrida quod dumis, multosque inarata per annos Hesperia est, desuntque manus poscentibus arvis, non tu, Pyrrhe ferox, nee tantis cladibus auctor 3° Poenus erit : nulli penitus discindere ferro contigit : alta sedent civilis vulnera dextrae. Quod si non aliam venturo fata Neroni invenere viam, magnoque aeterna parantur regna deis, coelumque suo servire tonanti 35 non nisi saevorum potuit post bella gigantum, iam nihil, o superi, querimur : scelera ipsa nefasque hac mercede placent : diros Pharsalia campos impleat, et Poeni saturentur sanguine manes ; ultima funesta concurrant proelia Munda. 4° His, Caesar, Perusina fames, Mutinaeque labores accedant fatis ; et, quas premit aspera, classes, Leucas ; et ardenti servilia bella sub Aetna : multum Roma tamen debet civilibus armis, quod tibi res acta est. 45 67-227. Fert animus causas tantarum expromere rerum, immensumque aperitur opus, quid in arma furentem impulerit populum, quid pacem excusserit orbi. Invida fatorum series, summisque negatum stare diu ; nimioque graves sub pondere lapsus ; 50 nee se Roma ferens. Sic, quum, compage soluta, saecula tot mundi suprema coegerit hora, antiquum repetent iterum chaos omnia ; mixtis sidera sideribus concurrent : ignea pontum astra petent : tellus extendere litora nolet, 55 excutietque fretum : fratri contraria Phoebe ibit, et, obliquum bigas agitare per orbem indignata, diem poscet sibi : totaque discors machina divulsi turbabit foedera mundi. Liber Primus. 117 In se magna ruunt : laetis hunc numina rebus 60 crescendi posuere modum ; nee gentibus ullis commodat in populum, terrae pelagique potentem, invidiam Fortuna suam. Tu caussa malorum, facta tribus dominis communis, Roma, nee umquam in tur.bam missi feralia foedera regni. 65 O male Concordes nimiaque cupidine caeci, quid miscere iuvat vires, orbemque tenere in medio ? Dum terra fretum, terramque levabit aer, et longi volvent Titana labores, noxque diem coelo totidem per signa sequetur, 7° nulla fides regni sociis, omnisque potestas impatiens consortis erit. Nee gentibus ullis credite, nee longe fatorum exempla petantur. Fraterno primi maduerunt sanguine muri. Nee pretium tanti tellus pontusque furoris 75 tunc erat : exiguum dominos commisit asylum. Temporis angusti mansit concordia discors ; paxque fuit non sponte ducum. Nam sola futuri Crassus erat belli medius mora. Qualiter, undas qui secat et geminum gracilis mare separat Isthmos 80 nee patitur conferre fretum, si terra recedat, Ionium Aegaeo franget mare : sic, ubi, saeva arma ducum dirimens, miserando funere Crassus Assyrias Latio maculavit sanguine Carras, Parthica Romanos solverunt damna furores. 8 5 Plus ilia vobis acie, quam creditis, actum est, Arsacidae : bellum victis civile dedistis. Dividitur ferro regnum : populique potentis, quae mare, quae terras, quae totum continet orbem, non cepit fortuna duos. Nam pignora iuncti 90 sanguinis et diro ferales omine tedas abstulit ad manes, Parcarum, Iulia, saeva intercepta manu. Quodsi tibi fata dedissent maiores in luce moras, tu sola furentes Ii8 Lticani Pharsalia. inde virum poteras atque hinc retinere parenteral, 95 armatasque manus excusso iimgere ferro, ut generos mediae soceris iunxere Sabinae. Morte tua discussa fides, bellumque movere permissum ducibus. Stimulos dedit aemula virtus. Tu nova ne veteres obscurent facta triumphos, I0 ° et victis cedat piratica laurea Gallis, Magne, times : te iam series ususque laborum, erigit, impatiensque loci fortuna secundi. Nee quemquam iam ferre potest Caesarve priorem Pompeiusve parem. Quis iustius induit arma, I0 5 scire nefas : magno se iudice quisque tuetur : victrix causa deis placuit, sed victa Catoni. Nee coiere pares : alter, vergentibus annis in senium longoque togae tranquillior usu, dedidicit iam pace ducem ; famaeque petitor, IIQ multa dare in vulgus ; totus popularibus auris impelli, plausuque sui gaudere theatri : nee reparare novas vires, multumque priori credere fortunae. Stat magni nominis umbra : qualis frugifero quercus sublimis in agro 1Z 5 exuvias veteres populi sacrataque gestans dona ducum : nee iam validis radicibus haerens, pondere fixa suo est : nudosque per aera ramos effundens, trunco, non frondibus, efficit umbram ; et quamvis primo nutet casura sub Euro, I2 ° tot circum silvae firmo se robore tollant, sola tamen colitur. Sed non in Caesare tantum nomen erat, nee fama ducis : sed nescia virtus stare loco : solusque pudor, non vincere bello. Acer et indomitus ; quo spes, quoque ira vocasset, I2 5 ferre manum, et numquam temerando parcere ferro : successus urgere suos, instare favori numinis : impellens quidquid sibi, summa petenti, obstaret, gaudensque viam fecisse ruina. Liber Primus. 119 Qualiter expressum ventis per nubila fulmen 130 aetheris impulsi sonitu, mundique fragore emicuit, rupitque diem, populosque paventis terruit, obliqua praestringens lumina flamma, in sua templa furit : nullaque exire vetante materia, magnamque cadens, magnamque revertens 135 dat stragem late, sparsosque recolligit ignes. Hae ducibus caussae suberant : sed publica belli semina, quae populos semper mersere potentes. Namque ut opes mundo nimias fortuna subacto intulit et rebus mores cessere secundis, x 4° praedaque et hostiles luxum suasere rapinae : non auro, tectisque modus : mensasque priores aspernata fames : cultus, gestare decoros vix nuribus, rapuere mares : fecunda virorum paupertas fugitur ; totoque accersitur orbe, *45 quo gens quaeque perit. Turn longos iungere fines agrorum, et quondam duro sulcata Camilli vomere, et antiquos Curiorum passa.ligones . longa sub ignotis extender e rura colonis. Non erat is populus, quern pax tranquilla iuvaret, *5° quern sua libertas immotis pasceret armis. Inde irae faciles ; et, quod suasisset egestas, vile nefas ; magnumque decus, ferroque petendum, plus patria potuisse sua ; mensuraque iuris vis erat : hinc leges et plebiscita coactae, *55 et cum consulibus turbantes iura tribuni : hinc rapti fasces pretio, sectorque favoris ipse sui populus ; letalisque ambitus urbi, annua venali referens certamina Campo : hinc usura vorax, avidumque in tempora faenus, l6 ° et concussa fides, et multis utile bellum. lam gelidas Caesar cursu superaverat Alpes, ingentesque animo motus, bellumque futurum ceperat. Ut ventum est parvi Rubiconis ad undas, 120 Lucani Pharsalia. ingens visa duci Patriae trepidantis imago * 6 S clara per obscuram voltu moestissima noctem, turrigero canos effundens vertice crines, caesarie lacera, nudisque adstare lacertis, et gemitu permixta loqui : ' Quo tenditis ultra ? Quo fertis mea signa, viri? Si iure venitis, *7° si cives, hue usque licet.' Turn perculit horror membra ducis ; riguere comae, gressusque coercens languor in extrema tenuit vestigia ripa. Mox ait : ' O magnae qui moenia prospicis urbis Tarpeia de rupe, Tonans, Phrygiique penates *75 gentis Iuleae, et rapti secreta Quirini, et residens celsa Latialis Iuppiter Alba, vestalesque foci, summique o numinis instar Roma, fave coeptis. Non te furialibus armis persequor. En, adsum, victor terraque marique l8 ° Caesar, ubique tuus, liceat modo, nunc quoque, miles. Ille erit, ille nocens, qui me tibi fecerit hostem.' Inde moras solvit belli, tumidumque per amnem signa tulit propere. Sicut squalentibus arvis aestiferae Libyes viso leo comminus hoste l8 5 subsedit dubius, totam dum colligit iram ; mox ubi se saevae stimulavit verbere caudae erexitque iubas, vasto et grave murmur hiatu infremuit : turn torta levis si lancea Mauri haereat, aut latum subeant venabula pectus, 19° per ferrum, tanti securus vulneris, exit. Fonte cadit modico, parvisque impellitur undis puniceus Rubicon, cum fervida canduit aestas : perque imas serpit valles, et Gallica certus limes ab Ausoniis disterminat arva colonis. *95 Turn vires praebebat hiems, atque auxerat undas tertia iam gravido pluvialis Cynthia cornu, et madidis Euri resolutae flatibus Alpes. Primus in obliquum sonipes opponitur amnem, Liber Tertius. 121 excepturus aquas : molli turn cetera rumpit 20 ° turba vado faciles iam fracti fluminis undas. Caesar ut adversam, superato gurgite, ripam attigit, Hesperiae vetitis et constitit arvis : 1 Hie/ ait, ' hie pacem temerataque iura relinquo ; te, Fortuna, sequor. Procul hinc iam foedera sunto. 20 S Credidimus fatis. Utendum est iudice bello.' LIBER TERTIUS. 388-452. Iam satis hoc Graiae memorandum contigit urbi, aeternumque decus, quod non impulsa, nee ipso strata metu, tenuit flagrantis in omnia belli praecipitem cursum : raptisque a Caesare cunctis, vincitur una mora. Quantum est, quod fata tenentur, 5 quodque virum toti properans imponere mundo hos perdit Fortuna dies ! Tunc omnia late procumbunt nemora, et spoliantur robore silvae : ut, cum terra levis mediam virgultaque molem suspendant, structa laterum compage ligatam IO arctet humum, pressus ne cedat turribus agger. Lucus erat longo numquam violatus ab aevo, obscurum cingens connexis aera ramis, et gelidas alte submotis solibus umbras. Hunc non ruricolae Panes, nemorumque potentes X S Silvani Nymphaeque tenent, sed barbara ritu sacra deum, structae diris altaribus arae ; omnisque humanis lustrata cruoribus arbos. Si qua fidem meruit superos mirata vetustas, illis et volucres metuunt insistere ramis, 20 et lustris recubare ferae : nee ventus in illas 122 Lucani Pharsalia. incubuit silvas, excussaque nubibus atris fulgura : non ullis frondem praebentibus auris, arboribus suus horror inest. Turn plurima nigris fontibus unda cadit, simulacraque moesta deorum 25 arte carent, caesisque extant informia truncis. Ipse situs, putrique facit iam robore pallor attonitos : non vulgatis sacrata figuris numina sic metuunt : tantum terroribus addit, quos timeant non nosse deos. Iam fama ferebat 3° saepe cavas motu terrae mugire cavernas, et procumbentes iterum consurgere taxos, et non ardentis fulgere incendia silvae, roboraque amplexos circumfluxisse dracones. Non ilium cultu populi propiore frequentant, 35 sed cessere deis. Medio cum Phoebus in axe est, aut coelum nox atra tenet, pavet ipse sacerdos accessus, dominumque timet deprendere luci. Hanc iubet immisso silvam procumbere ferro : nam vicina open, belloque intacta priore 40 inter nudatos stabat densissima montes. Sed fortes tremuere manus, motique verenda maiestate loci, si robora sacra ferirent, in sua credebant redituras membra secures. Implicitas magno Caesar torpore cohortes 45 ut vidit, primus raptam vibrare bipennem ausus, et aeriam ferro proscindere quercum, effatur, merso violata in robora ferro : ' Iam ne quis vestrum dubitet subvertere silvam, credite me fecisse nefas.' Tunc paruit omnis 5° imperiis non sublato secura pavore turba, sed expensa superorum et Caesaris ira. Procumbunt orni, nodosa impellitur ilex, silvaque Dodones, et fluctibus aptior alnus, et non plebeios luctus testata cupressus, 55 turn primum posuere comas, et fronde carentes Liber Quartus. 123 admisere diem : propulsaque robore denso sustinuit se silva cadens. Gemuere videntes Gallorum populi : muris sed clausa iuventus exsultat. Quis enim laesos impune putaret 60 esse deos ? Servat multos fortuna nocentes : et tantum miseris irasci numina possunt. Utque satis caesi nemoris, quaesita per agros plaustra ferunt : curvoque soli cessantis aratro agricolae raptis annum flevere iuvencis. 6 S LIBER QUARTUS. 167-205. Dixit, et ad montes tendentem praevenit hostem. Illic exiguo paullum distantia vallo castra locant. Postquam spatio languentia nullo mutua conspicuos habuerunt lumina vultus, et fratres natosque suos videre, patresque ; 5 deprensum est civile nefas : tenuere parumper ora metu : tantum nutu motoque salutant ense suos. Mox ut stimulis maioribus ardens rupit amor leges, audet transcendere vallum miles, in amplexus effusas tendere palmas. IO Hospitis ille ciet noraen ; vocat ille propinquum : admonet hunc studiis consors puerilibus aetas : nee Romanus erat, qui non agnoverat hostem. Arma rigant lacrimis, singultibus oscula rumpunt : et, quamvis nullo maculatus sanguine, miles, J 5 quae potuit fecisse, timet. Quid pectora pulsas ? Quid, vesane, gemis ? fletus quid fundis inanes, nee te sponte tua sceleri parere fateris ? Usque adeone times, quern tu facis ipse timendum ? 124 Lucani Pharsalia. Classica dent bellum ; saevos tu neglige cantus : 2° signa ferant ; cessa : iamiam civilis Erinnys concidet, et Caesar generum privatus amabit. Nunc ades, aeterno complectens omnia nexu, O rerum mixtique salus, Concordia, mundi, et sacer orbis amor : magnum nunc saecula nostra 25 venturi discrimen habent. Periere latebrae tot scelerum : populo venia est erepta nocenti : agnovere suos. Pro numine fata sinistro, exigua requie tantas augentia clades ! pax erat, et miles, castris permixtus utrisque, 3° errabat : duro Concordes cespite mensas instituunt, et permixto libamina Baccho gramineis fluxere focis : iunctoque cubili extrahit insomnes bellorum fabula noctes : quo primum steterint campo, qua lancea dextra 35 exierit. Dum, quae gesserunt fortia, iactant, et dum multa negant, quod solum fata petebant, est miseris renovata fides, atque orane futurum crevit amore nefas. LIBER QUINTUS. 497-604. His terque quaterque vocibus excitum postquam cessare videbat, dum se deesse deis, ac non sibi numina, credit, sponte per incautas audet tentare tenebras, quod iussi timuere, fretum : temeraria prono expertus cessisse deo : fluctusque, verendos classibus, exigua sperat superare carina. Solverat armorum fessas nox languida curas : parta quies miseris, in quorum pectora somno Liber Quintus. 125 dat vires fortuna minor. lam castra silebant, IO tertia iam vigiles commoverat hora secundos : Caesar sollicito per vasta silentia gressu vix famulis audenda parat : cunctisque relictis, sola placet Fortuna comes. Tentoria postquam egressus, vigilum somno cedentia membra X S transiluit, questus tacite quod fallere posset. Litora curva legit, primisque invenit in undis, rupibus exesis haerentem fune, carinam. Rectorem dominumque ratis secura tenebat haud procul inde domus, non ullo robore fulta, 2 ° sed sterili iunco, cannaque intexta palustri, et latus inversa nudum munita phaselo. Haec Caesar bis terque manu quassantia tectum limina commovit. Molli consurgit Amyclas, quern dabat alga, toro. ' Quisnam mea naufragus/ inquit, ' tecta petit ? aut quern nostrae Fortuna coegit 2 5 auxilium sperare casae ? ' Sic fatus, ab alto aggere iam tepidae sublato fune favillae, scintillam tenuem commotos pavit in ignes : securus belli : praedam civilibus armis 3° scit non esse casas. O vitae tuta facultas pauperis, angustique lares ! o munera nondum intellecta deum ! Quibus hoc contingere templis, aut potuit muris, nullo trepidare tumultu, Caesarea pulsante manu ? Turn poste recluso, 35 dux ait : ' Exspecta votis maiora modestis, spesque tuas laxa, iuvenis. Si, iussa secutus, me vehis Hesperiam, non ultra cuncta carinae debebis, manibusve inopem duxisse senectam. Ne cessa praebere deo tua fata, volenti 40 angustos opibus subitis implere Penates.' Sic fatur : quamquam plebeio tectus amictu, indocilis privata loqui. Turn pauper Amyclas : 1 Multa quidem prohibent nocturno credere ponto. 126 Lucani Pharsalia. Nam sol non rutilas deduxit in aequora nubes, 45 concordesque tulit radios. Noton altera Phoebi altera pars Borean diducta luce vocabat. Orbe quoque exhaustus medio, languensque recessit, spectantes oculos infirmo lumine passus : lunaque non gracili surrexit lucida cornu, 5° aut orbis medii puros exesa recessus : nee duxit recto tenuata cacumina cornu, ventorumque nota rubuit : turn lurida pallens ora tulit, vultu sub nubem tristis ituro. Sed mihi nee motus nemorum, nee litoris ictus, 55 nee placet incertus, qui provocat aequora, Delphin : aut siccum quod mergus amat, quodque ausa volare ardea sublimis, pennae conflsa natanti ; quodque caput spargens undis, velut occupet imbrem, instabili gressu metitur litora cornix. 6o Sed si magnarum poscunt discrimina rerum, haud dubitem praebere manus : vel litora tangam iussa, vel hoc potius pelagus flatusque negabunt.' Haec fatus, solvensque ratem, dat carbasa ventis : ad quorum motus non solum lapsa per altum 6 5 aera dispersos traxere cadentia sulcos sidera : sed summis etiam quae fixa tenentur astra polis, sunt visa quati. Niger inficit horror terga maris : longo per multa volumina tractu aestuat unda minax, flatusque incerta futuri : 70 turbida testantur conceptos aequora ventos. Tunc rector trepidae fatur ratis : ' Adspice, saevum quanta paret pelagus. Zephyros intendat, an Euros, incertum est. Puppim dubius ferit undique pontus. Nubibus et coelo Notus est : si murmura ponti 75 consulimus, Cori verrunt mare. Gurgite tanto, nee ratis Hesperias tanget, nee naufragus, oras. Desperare viam et vetitos convertere cursus, sola salus. Liceat vexata litora puppe Liber Quintus. 127 prendere, ne longe nimium sit proxima tellus.' 8o Fisus cuncta sibi cessura pericula Caesar, 'sperne minas,' inquit, 'pelagi, ventoque furenti trade sinum. Italiam si coelo auctore recusas, me pete. Sola tibi caussa haec est iusta timoris, vectorem non nosse tuum, quern numina numquam 85 destituunt, de quo male tunc Fortuna meretur, cum post vota venit. Medias perrumpe procellas, tutela secure mea. Coeli iste fretique, non puppis nostrae, labor est : hanc Caesare pressam a fluctu defendet onus. Nee longa furori 9° ventorum saevo dabitur mora : proderit undis ista ratis. Ne flecte manus : fuge proxima velis litora : turn Calabro portu te crede potitum, cum iam non poterit puppi nostraeque saluti altera terra dari. Quid tanta strage paretur, 95 ignoras ? Quaerit pelagi coelique tumultu quid praestet Fortuna mini. 7 Non plura locuto avulsit laceros, percussa puppe, rudentes turbo rapax, fragilemque super volitantia malum vela tulit : sonuit victis compagibus alnus. i°o Inde ruunt toto congesta pericula mundo. Primus ab Oceano caput exeris Atlanteo, Core, movens aestus : iam te tollente furebat pontus, et in scopulos totas erexerat undas. Occurrit gelidus Boreas, pelagusque retundit : *°5 et dubium pendet, vento cui pareat, aequor. Sed Scythici vicit rabies Aquilonis, et undas torsit ; et abstrusas penitus vada fecit arenas. 653-677. Credit iam digna pericula Caesar fatis esse suis. 'Tantusne evertere/ dixit, ' me superis labor est : parva quern puppe sedentem tarn magno petiere mari? Si gloria leti no 128 Lucani Pharsalia. est pelago donata mei, bellisque negamur ; intrepidus, quamcumque datis mihi, numina, mortem accipiam. Licet ingentes abruperit actus XI 5 festinata dies fatis ; sat magna peregi. Arctoas domui gentes : inimica subegi arma metu : vidit Magnum mihi Roma secundum : iussa plebe tuli fasces per bella negatos. Nulla meis aberit titulis Romana potestas. I2 ° Nesciet hoc quisquam, nisi tu, quae sola meorum conscia votorum es, me, quamvis plenus honorum et dictator earn Stygias et consul ad umbras, privatum, Fortuna, mori. Mihi funere nullo est opus, o superi : lacerum retinete cadaver I2 5 fiuctibus in mediis : desint mihi busta rogusque, dum metuar semper, terraque exspecter ab omni.' Haec fatum decimus, dictu mirabile, fluctus invalida cum puppe levat ; nee rursus ab alto aggere deiecit pelagi, sed pertulit unda, *3o scruposisque angusta vacant ubi litora saxis, imposuit terrae. Pariter tot regna, tot urbes fortunamque suam, tacta tellure, recepit. LIBER SEXTUS. 775-821. Addidit et carmen, quo, quidquid consulit, umbram scire dedit. Moestum, fletu manante, cadaver, ' trista non equidem Parcarum stamina/ dixit, ' respexi, tacitae revocatus ab aggere ripae : quod tamen e cunctis mihi noscere contigit umbris, 5 effera Romanos agitat discordia manes, impiaque infernam ruperunt arma quietem. Liber Sextus. 129 Elysias alii sedes, ac Tartara moesta diversi liquere duces : quid fata pararent, hi fecere palam. Tristis felicibus umbris IO vultus erat. Vidi Decios, natumque, patremque, lustrales bellis animas, flentemque Camillum, et Curios ; Sullam de te, Fortuna, querentem. Deplorat Libycis perituram Scipio terris infaustam sobolem. Maior Carthaginis hostis, Z S non servituri moeret Cato fata nepotis. Solum te, consul depulsis prime tyrannis Brute, pias inter gaudentem vidimus umbras. Abruptis Catilina minax, fractisque catenis exsultat, Mariique truces, nudique Cethegi. 20 Vidi ego laetantes, popularia nomina, Drusos ; legibus immodicos, ausosque ingentia Gracchos. Aeternis chalybum nodis, et carcere Ditis constrictae plausere manus, camposque piorum poscit turba nocens. Regni possessor inertis 2 S pallentes aperit sedes, abruptaque saxa asperat, et durum vinclis adamanta, paratque poenam victori. Refer haec solatia tecum, o iuvenis, placido manes patremque domumque exspectare sinu, regnique in parte serena 30 Pompeio servare locum. Nee gloria parvae sollicitet vitae : veniet, quae misceat omnes hora duces. Properate mori, magnoque superbi quamvis e parvis animo descendite bustis, et Romanorum manes calcate deorum. 35 Quern tumulum Nili, quern Tybridis abluat unda, quaeritur, et ducibus tantum de funere pugna est. Tu fatum ne quaere tuum cognoscere : Parcae, me reticente, dabunt : tibi certior omnia vates ipse canet Siculis genitor Pompeius in arvis : 4° ille quoque incertus, quo te vocet, unde repellat, quas iubeat vitare plagas, quae sidera mundi. 130 Lticani Pharsalia. Europam miseri, Libyamque, Asiamque timete : distribuit tumulos vestris Fortuna triumphis. O miseranda domus, toto nihil orbe videbis 45 tutius Emathia.' Sic postquam fata peregit, stat vultu moestus tacito, mortemque reposcit. LIBER NONUS. I-35- At non in Pharia manes iacuere favilla, nee cinis exiguus tantam compescuit umbram. Prosiluit busto, semiustaque membra relinquens, degeneremque rogum, sequitur convexa Tonantis, qua niger astriferis connectitur axibus aer, 5 quaque patet terras inter lunaeque meatus ; (semidei manes habitant, quos ignea virtus innocuos vita patientes aetheris imi fecit) et aeternos animam collegit in orbes. Non illuc auro positi, nee ture sepulti I0 perveniunt. Illic postquam se lumine vero implevit, stellasque vagas miratur, et astra fixa polis, vidit quanta sub nocte iaceret nostra dies, risitque sui ludibria trunci. Hinc super Emathiae campos, et signa cruenti l S Caesaris, ac sparsas volitavit in aequore classes, et scelerum vindex in sancto pectore Bruti sedit, et invicti posuit se mente Catonis. Ille, ubi pendebant casus, dubiumque manebat, quern mundi dominum facerent civilia bella, 20 oderat et Magnum, quamvis comes isset in arma auspiciis raptus patriae, ductuque senatus : at post Thessalicas clades iam pectore toto Liber Nonus. 131 Pompeianus erat. Patriam tutore carentem excepit, populi trepidantia membra refovit, 2 5 ignavis manibus proiectos reddidit enses : nee regnum cupiens gessit civilia bella, nee servire timens. Nil causa fecit in armis ipse sua : totae post Magni funera partes libertatis erant : quas ne per litora fusas 3° colligeret rapido victoria Caesaris actu, Corcyrae secreta petit, ac mille carinis abstulit Emathiae secum fragmenta ruinae. Quis ratibus tantis fugientia crederet ire agmina ? quis pelagus victas arctasse carinas ? 35 109-140. 167-217. Sic ubi fata, caput ferali obduxit amictu, decrevitque pati tenebras, puppisque cavernis delituit : saevumque arete complexa dolorem perfruitur lacrimis, et amat pro coniuge luctum. Mam non fluctus stridensque rudentibus Eurus 5 movit, et exsurgens ad summa pericula clamor : votaque sollicitis faciens contraria nautis, composita in mortem iacuit, favitque procellis. Prima ratem Cypros spumantibus accipit undis : inde tenens pelagus, sed iam moderatior, Eurus I0 in Libycas egit sedes, et castra Catonis. Tristis, ut in multo mens est praesaga timore, adspexit patrios comites e litore Magnus, et fratrem : medias praeceps tunc fertur ad undas : 1 Die ubi sit, germane, parens : stat summa caputque 15 orbis, an occidimus ? Romanaque Magnus ad umbras abstulit ? ' Haec fatur : quern contra talia frater : ' O felix, quern Fors alias dispersit in oras, quique nefas audis : oculos, germane, nocentes spectato genitore fero. Non Caesaris armis 2° 132 Lucani Pharsalia. occubuit, dignoque perit auctore ruinae : rege sub impuro, Nilotica rura tenente, hospitii fretus superis, et munere tanto in proavos, cecidit, donati victima regni. Vidi ego magnanimi lacerantes pectora patris : 2 5 nee credens Pharium tantum potuisse tyrannum, litore Niliaco socerum iam stare putavi. Sed me nee sanguis, nee tantum vulnera nostri adfecere senis, quantum gestata per urbem ora ducis, quae transfixo sublimia pilo 30 vidimus : haec, fama est, oculis victoris iniqui servari ; scelerisque fldem quaesisse tyrannum.' Interea totis, audito funere Magni, litoribus sonuit percussus planctibus aether : exemploque carens, et nulli cognitus aevo 35 luctus erat, mortem populos deflere potentis. Sed magis, ut visa est lacrimis exhausta, solutas in vultus effusa comas, Cornelia puppi egrediens, rursus geminato verbere plangunt. Ut primum in sociae pervenit litora terrae, 40 collegit vestes, miserique insignia Magni, armaque, et impressas auro, quas gesserat olim, exuvias, pictasque togas, velamina sum mo ter conspecta Iovi, funestoque intulit igni. Me fuit miserae Magni cinis. Accipit omnis 45 exemplum pietas, et toto litore busta surgunt, Thessalicis reddentia manibus ignem. Sic, ubi depastis submittere gramina campis, et renovare parans hibernas Apulus herbas, igne fovet terras, simul et Garganus, et arva 5° Vulturis, et calidi lucent buceta Matini. Non tamen ad Magni pervenit gratius umbras, omne quod in superos audet convicia vulgus, Pompeiumque deis obicit, quam pauca Catonis verba, sed a pleno venientia pectore veri. 55 Liber Nonus. 133 ,'Civis obit/ inquit, 'multo maioribus impar nosse modum iuris, sed in hoc tamen utilis aevo, cui non ulla fuit iusti reverentia : salva libertate potens, et solus plebe parata 6o privatus servire sibi, rectorque senatus, sed regnantis, erat. Nil belli hire poposcit : quaeque dari voluit, voluit sibi posse negari. Immodicas possedit opes : sed plura retentis intulit : invasit ferrum, sed ponere norat. 6 5 Praetulit arma togae : sed pacem armatus amavit. Iuvit sumpta ducem, iuvit dimissa potestas. Casta domus, luxuque carens, corruptaque numquam fortuna domini. Clarum et venerabile nomen gentibus, et multum nostrae quod proderat urbi. i Q Olim vera fides, Sulla Marioque receptis, libertatis obit : Pompeio rebus adempto, nunc et ficta perit. Non iam regnare pudebit : nee color imperii, nee frons erit ulla senatus. felix, cui summa dies fuit obvia victo, 75 et cui quaerendos Pharium scelus obtulit enses ! Eorsitan in soceri potuisset vivere regno. Scire mori, sors prima viris, sed proxima cogi. Et mihi, si fatis aliena in iura venimus, da talem, Fortuna, Iubam. Non deprecor hosti 8o servari, dum me servet cervice recisa.' Vocibus his maior, quam si Romana sonarent rostra ducis laudes, generosam venit ad umbram mortis honos. 255- 2 93- Erupere ducis sacro de pectore voces : 1 Ergo pari voto gessisti bella, iuventus, tu quoque pro dominis, et Pompeiana fuisti, non Romana manus ? Quod non in regna laboras, quod tibi, non ducibus, vivis morerisque, quod orbem 5 134 Lucani Pkarsalia. adquiris nulli, quod iam tibi vincere tutum est, bella fugis, quaerisque iugum cervice vacante, et nescis sine rege pati ? Nunc caussa pericli digna viris. Vestro potuit Pompeius abuti sanguine : nunc patriae iugulos ensesque negatis, 10 cum prope libertas ? Unum Fortuna reliquit iam tribus e dominis. Pudeat : plus regia Nili contulit in leges, et Parthi militis arcus. Ite, o degeneres, Ptolemaei munus et arma spernite. Quis vestras ulla putet esse nocentes *5 caede manus ? Credet faciles sibi terga dedisse, credet ab Emathiis primos fugisse Philippis. Vadite securi : meruistis iudice vitam Caesare, non armis, non obsidione subacti. O famuli turpes, domini post fata prions 2° itis ad heredem. Cur non maiora mereri, quarn vitam veniamque libet ? Rapiatur in undas infelix Magni coniux, prolesque Metelli : ducite Pompeios : Ptolemaei vincite munus. Nostra quoque inviso quisquis feret ora tyranno, 2 S non parva mercede dabit. Sciet ista iuventus cervicis precio bene se mea signa secutam. Quin agite, et magna meritum cum caede parate : ignavum scelus est tantum fuga.' Dixit : et omnes haud aliter medio revocavit ab aequore puppes, 3° quam simul effetas linquunt examina ceras, atque oblita favi non miscent nexibus alas, sed sibi quaeque volat, nee iam degustat amarum desidiosa thymum : Phrygii sonus increpat aeris, attonitae posuere fugam, studiumque laboris 35 floriferi repetunt, et sparsi mellis amorem : gaudet in Hyblaeo securus gramine pastor divitias servasse casae : sic voce Catonis inculcata viris iusti patientia Martis. Liber Nonus. 135 511-523. Ventum erat ad templum, Libycis quod gentibus unum inculti Garamantes habent : stat sortifer istic Iuppiter, ut memorant, sed non aut fulmina vibrans, aut similis nostro, sed tortis cornibus Hammon. Non illic Libycae posuerunt ditia gentes 5 templa : nee Eois splendent donaria gemmis : quamvis Aethiopum populis, Arabumque beatis gentibus, atque Indis unus sit Iuppiter Hammon, pauper adhuc deus est, nullis violata per aevum divitiis delubra tenens : morumque priorum IO numen Romano templum defendit ab auro. Esse locis superos, testatur silva, per omnem sola virens Libyen. 544-604. Stabant ante fores populi, quos miserat Eos, cornigerique Iovis monitu nova fata petebant *5 sed Latio cessere duci : comitesque Catonem orant, exploret Libycum memorata per orbem Numina, de fama tarn longi iudicet aevi. Maximus hortator scrutandi voce deorum eventus Labienus erat. 'Sors obtulit,' inquit, 20 ( et Fortuna viae tarn magni numinis ora consiliumque dei : tanto duce possumus uti per Syrtes, bellique datos cognoscere casus. Nam cui crediderim superos arcana daturos dicturosque magis, quam sancto vera Catoni? 2 5 Certe vita tibi semper directa supernas ad leges, sequerisque deum. Datur, ecce, loquendi cum love libertas : inquire in fata nefandi Caesaris, et patriae venturos excute mores : iure suo populis uti, legumque licebit, 3° an bellum civile perit. Tua pectora sacra voce reple : durae semper virtutis amator 136 Lucani Pharsalia. quaere quid est virtus, et posce exemplar honesti.' Ille deo plenus, tacita quern mente gerebat, effudit dignas adytis e pectore voces : 35 i Quid quaeri, Labiene, iubes ? An liber in armis occubuisse velim potius, quam regna videre ? an sit vita nihil, et longa ? an differat aetas ? an noceat vis ulla bono ? Fortunaque perdat opposita virtute minas ? laudandaque velle • 40 sit satis, et numquam successu crescat honestum ? Scimus, et haec nobis non altius inseret Hammon. Haeremus cuncti superis, temploque tacente, nil agimus nisi sponte dei : nee vocibus ullis numen eget : dixitque semel nascentibus auctor 45 quidquid scire licet : steriles nee legit arenas, ut caneret paucis, mersitque hoc pulvere verum : estque dei sedes, ubi terra, et pontus, et aer, et coelum, et virtus. Superos quid quaerimus ultra? Iuppiter est, quodcumque vides, quodcumque moveris. Sortilegis egeant dubii, semperque futuris 5* casibus ancipites : me non oracula certum, sed mors certa facit : pavido fortique cadendum est. Hoc satis est dixisse Iovem.' Sic ille profatur : servataque fide templi discedit ab aris, 55 non exploratum populis Hammona relinquens. Ipse manu sua pila gerens, praecedit anheli militis ora pedes : monstrat tolerare labores, non iubet : et nulla vehitur cervice supinus, carpentoque sedens. Somni parcissimus ipse est, 6° ultimus haustor aquae. Cum tandem fonte reperto indiga conatur laticis potare iuventus, stat, dum lixa bibat. Si veris magna paratur fama bonis, et si successu nuda remoto inspicitur virtus, quidquid laudamus in ullo 6 5 maiorum, Fortuna fuit. Quis Marte secundo, quis tantum meruit populorum sanguine nomen ? Liber No mis. 137 Hunc ego per Syrtes, Libyaeque extrema triumphum ducere maluerim, quam ter Capitolia curru scandere Pompeii, quam frangere colla Iugurthae. 7° Ecce parens verus patriae, dignissimus aris, Roma, tiiis ; per quern numquam iurare pudebit, et quern, si steteris umquam cervice soluta, tunc olim factura deum. NOTES TO CATULLUS. INTRODUCTION. GAIUS VALERIUS CATULLUS was born in Verona, in the year 84 B.C., probably of a wealthy senatorian or equestrian family. His father was one of the principal men of the province, and an intimate friend of Julius Caesar. His native district, Gallia Cisalpina, was even at that time one of "the chief literary centres of Italy"; not a few of the Latin authors of this Golden Age of Roman literature were natives of it, among them Cornelius Nepos, the biographer, Bibaculus, a writer of satiric iambics, and later, Virgil, Livy, Cornelius Gallus, one of the eminent elegiac writers, Aemilius Macer, and other poets ; and there, so far as is known, Catullus was educated. With the exception of occasional visits to his villas — one at Sirmio on Lake Benacus, the other on the border of the Tiburtine and Sabine territory — and to Verona, his residence from about the year 61 B.C. was at Rome. In this period of the ascendancy of the so-called first triumvirate the sympathies of Catullus, though he took no part in politics, were entirely and strongly with the party of the Republic, as not only his bold attacks upon Caesar, Mamurra, Piso, and others, but also his personal friendships (for the most part) bear witness. In the circle of his associates or acquaintances were the orator Hortensius, Cicero, the consulars Manlius Torquatus and Metellus Celer, Caelius Rufus, an orator and in public life, the poets Licinius Cal- vus, Helvius Cinna, and Asinius Pollio (who was however an adhe- rent of Caesar) , afterward very eminent also as an orator, historian, and patron of learning. In the society of such friends as these, men of intellectual ability and culture, and of social and political prominence, Catullus devoted himself to poetic composition, and all or nearly all his extant poems were written after his removal to Rome. 140 Notes. Early in the year* 57 B.C., prompted by a desire for foreign travel in congenial society, and perhaps to better his fortunes, he went to Bithynia on the staff of the Propraetor Memmius, remained there until the next spring, then made a tour through some of the famous cities of Asia, visited his brother's grave in the Troad, and returned to Italy. His death is believed to have occurred in the year 54 B.C., the year of Caesars second invasion of Britain and of Crassus 1 expedi- tion against the Parthians, about a year later than the death of the poet Lucretius, and near the time of the publication of Cicero's De Orator e and De Legibus. Catullus was the earliest Latin writer of lyric and elegiac poetry and epigram. The extant collection of his poems contains a hun- dred and sixteen pieces in various metres and of varying length from two to four hundred and eight lines, not arranged however in the order of composition or by subjects. The first sixty are short lyrical or satiric pieces in phalaecian, glyconic, or satiric verse. Among the lyrics, which are the finest of all his productions, some of the most beautiful are the dedication of his yacht, the verses upon Sirmio and upon his departure from Bithynia, the festival hymn to Diana, his welcome to Veranius, the Acme and Septimius, and those upon the sparrow of " Lesbia," whose real name was Clodia (a sister of the notorious tribune Clodius). Several of his other poems also are addressed to her, and record his ardent passion, estrangement, partial reconciliation, and final renunciation. The next eight poems (LXI-LXVIII) are longer productions of a more purely artistic character, in hexameter, glyconic, and elegiac verse ; of which the most noted are the two epithalamia or marriage songs, the epyllion or heroic idyl, describing the mythical wedding of Peleus and Thetis, and those which give expression to his grief at the death of his brother. The remainder are epigrams and other short pieces in elegiac metre. Two of the latter, one addressed to Calvus on the loss of Quintilia and the other on visiting his brother's grave, are especially remarkable for their pathos and beauty. More than half of the epigrams, as well as many in the first group (poems I-LX), are satiric in character, and among these are the pieces which have been so justly censured for their indecencies and their coarse, scur- rilous personalities. Catullus. 141 One of the most elaborate and appreciative critiques upon Catul- lus is that of Sellar, in his Roman Poets of the Republic. Momm- sen's brief characterization of his poems (IV, 702-704) is in part as follows : — " In this collection we meet with the melodious lament of the genuine elegy, the festal poem in the full pomp of individual and almost dramatic execution, above all, the freshest miniature-painting of cultivated social life, the pleasant and very unreserved amatory adventures of which half the charm consists in prattling and poetizing about the mysteries of love, the delightful life of youth, with full cups and empty purses, the pleasures of travel and of poetry, the Roman, and still more frequently, the Veronese anecdote of the town, and the humorous jest amidst the familiar circle of friends. But not only does Apollo touch the lyre of the poet, he wields also the bow; the winged dart of sarcasm spares neither the tedious verse-maker nor the provincial who corrupts the lan- guage, but it hits none more frequently and more sharply than the potentates by whom the liberty of the people is endangered. The short-lined and merry metres, often enlivened by a graceful refrain, are of finished art and yet free from the repulsive smoothness of the manufactory. The Latin nation has pro- duced no second poet in whom the artistic substance and the artistic form appear in so symmetrical perfection as in Catullus ; and in this sense the collec- tion of the poems of Catullus is certainly the most perfect which Latin poetry as a whole can show." A dedication to Cornelius Nepos, the biographer, of this col- lection of his poems, made not long before his death, according to the commonly-received opinion ; of either the shorter poems col- lectively or a part of them, in the judgment of Bruner, adopted by Ellis and others, on the ground that libellum is hardly applicable to so many poems, in such various metres, and is actually used of short single pieces. I. Quoi. For the form see * A. 104, b ; M. 86, Obs. 1; H. 187, foot- note 5. dono, am I to give, lepidum and novum are to be taken in a double sense, of the book itself and of the character of its contents. — 2. pu- * Abbreviations. — Latin Grammars : A. Allen and Greenough's. — G. Gilder- sleeve's. — H. Harkness's. — M. Madvig's. D. Doederlein's Latin Synonymes. — RIi. Rich's Greek and Roman Antiquities. — Xfcy. Ramsay's Roman Antiquities. — Lex. Harper's Latin Dictionary. For others, see the list of editions and other works given in the Appendix. 142 Notes. [11. mice expolitum. After the volumen was completed and rolled up, both ends of the closed roll were smoothed and polished with pumice. See Becker's Gallus, p. 329 ; Ry., p. 461 ; and cf. VI, 6-8 and notes. The author represents himself as examining a copy of his book just finished and ready for sale, and considering the question of its dedication. — 4. ali- quid, antithetic to nugas, which is often used of short epigrammatic pieces. Cf. Hor. Sat. I, 9, 2 ; Mart. II, 86, 9 ; IX, 1, 5. Sn. translates : would set upon my trifles no trifling value. For Nepos' opinion of Catul- lus as a poet, see his life of Atticus, chap. XIII : . . . Z. Julium Calidum, quern post Lucretii Catullique morte?7i multo elegantissimum poetam nos- tram tulisse aetatem vere videor posse coiitendere. — 5. unus Italorum. There were several epitomes of history in Greek. — 6. omne aevum, i.e. the history of all time, chartis, books. The allusion is to the Chronica of Nepos, an epitome of universal history ; or, as some suppose, a com- parative chronology of Greek and Roman history. — 9. qualec unique, whatever its worth, patrona virgo, sc. the muse. II. On the death of a pet sparrow of Lesbia. "This elegy has all the charm of a fine entaglio, 'infinite riches in a little room.' The imitations and translations of later writers are innumerable. It is needless to say that the best of them only serve to make the unapproachable conciseness, delicacy, and finish of the original peculiarly conspicuous. It is not only individual words, but a pervading tenderness, couched in the endearing diminutives, and in the musical softness of the syllables, for which our language has no counterpart, that, even if it were possible to rekindle the feeling in which they were originally used, must always make this poem the despair of transla- tors." — Martin. 2. quantum est, as many as there are. Cf. Plaut. Pseud. I, 3, 117; Ter. Haut. IV, 6, 6. For the usage see A. 216, 3; G. 371 ; H. 397, 3, N. 5. — 6. suam is regarded as virtually a substantive, his lady, by Ellis, who cites Cic. Scaur. II, 9: cum audisset Arinem cum ilia sua; Tib. I, 4, 75 : pareat ille suae {his lady, i.e. wife) ; II, 5, 103 : Ferus ille suae plorabit, and who takes ipsain with matrem, her very mother. Simpson objects that this leaves suam incomplete, that it is awkward and un-Catullian to say ipsam tarn "bene quam, for tarn bene quam ipsam ; and following Doering takes ipsam with suam, his own mistress. Ellis, in turn, doubts whether Catullus would have combined suam ipsam = suam era?n, or would have allowed ipsam to stand so barely by itself at the beginning of the line. — 8. sese, emphatic. — 13. At, is here used, as in.] Catullus. 143 often in prayers and imprecations that break out suddenly. M. 437, c, in fin. — 16. Vae . . . Vae. So Ellis. Other editors prefer . . . lo, or . . . O, ox proh. — 17. tua opera, through your doing. — 18. turgi- duli. A prominent characteristic of Catullus' diction is his frequent use of diminutives of almost all parts of speech. III. The yacht which had brought Catullus from Bithynia to Italy, in 56 B.C., is shown by him to some guests at his villa in Sirmio, on Lake Benacus, and is represented as describing the course of its voyage, traced backward from the Adriatic to Amastris in Paphla- gonia, on the coast of the Euxine, where it was built. Starting from this place with its owner (or taking him on board at some port on the Propontis) it coasted along the Euxine and Propontis into the Hellespont ; thence along the east coast of Asia Minor to Rhodes, across the Aegaean, was transported over the Isthmus of Corinth, sailed through the Corinthian gulf, across the Adriatic, up the River Po into the Mincius, and so to the Lake Benacus. I. Phaselus, a light craft invented by the Egyptians, and supposed to have received its name from its resemblance to the pod of a kidney bean. It was rather long and narrow, built for speed, and of different sizes, from a mere row-boat to a vessel fitted with sails and adapted to long voyages. Rh. — celerrimus. For the case see A. 272, b; G. 535, Rem. 2; H. 536, 2; for the gender, M. 310, Obs. I: If the partitive genitive is of a different gender from the subject, the gender of the superlative should properly be always regulated by that of the genitive because it denotes a single object of that class ; but it is, notwithstanding, often regulated by that of the subject. — 3. ullius natantis trabis, of any craft afloat. — 6. In vs. 6-9 the description of the voyage is divided into three main sections by the particle ve. Mo. minacis, boisterous. — 8. nobilem, famous, horridam refers both to the physical features of Thrace and the uncivilized character of the people in contrast with the commerce and works of art of Rhodes. Thraciam, the Chersonesus Thracica, the shore north-west of the Hellespont. Es. Munro adopts the other interpretation, which •makes Thraciam an epithet of PropOntida, as symmetrical with trucem . . . sinum, and as required by his explanation of vs. 6-9. — 11. comata silva, a leafy 144 Notes. [iv. wood. Cytorio iugo. Cytorus was a mountain, noted for its box-wood trees, on the coast, in that part of Paphlagonia which now belonged to the province of Bithynia. Near the foot of it was the city Amastris. — 13. Amastri. For the form see A. 64; G. 72; H. 68, 3. Notice the sudden change to direct address. — 15. ultima ex origine, of remotest ancestry. Dg.; from the farthest point to which she can trace her origin. Es. Cf. Nepos, Atticus I ; Atticus ab origine ultima stir pis Romanae generatus. — 18. impotentia, raging. See Lex., s. v. — 19. laeva . . . aura, i.e.. whether sailing on the left or the right tack with the same wind, — a cross wind. Mo. — 20. Iuppiter secundus, a fair wind. — 21. simul, emphatic, pedem, sc. veil, the rope attached to the lower corner of a square-sail for the purpose of setting it to the wind, the sheet. Rh. The wind, to strike both sheets, must be right astern and the sail set square to it. — 22. neque ulla vota, etc., i.e. had not been exposed to shipwreck. — 23. sibi, perhaps = a se, though this usage was very rare in the time of Catullus. — 24. novissimo, preferred by many editors to the reading of most Mss., novissime ; the most distant, i.e. the Pontus Euxinus. limpidum. The transparent and exquisite blue of the Lago di Gar da must have struck every one who has visited Sirmio on a bright day. Es. — 25. fuere. For the significance of the tense see A. 279, a ; G. 228, 1 ; H. 471, 1, 2). recondita agrees with quiete, the rest of retire?nent. — 26. dedicat tibi, etc. Castor and Pollux were especially worshipped as the protectors of travellers by sea. IV. A hearty welcome to Veranius, a friend of Catullus, on his return from Spain, where he had been serving on the staff of Cn. Piso, B.C. 65. ''The language of affection could not be uttered with more cordiality, sim- plicity, and grace than in this short poem of welcome. There is not a word wasted ; not one that does not come straight and strong from the heart." — Sellar. 2. mihi, A. 236; G. 351; H. 389. milibus trecentis, i.e. any large number (of other friends).-— 6. incolumem, sc. after all the perils of your journey. — 7. nationes, tribes of the Iberian race. — 8. appli- cansque collum, drawing your neck towards me. — 10. Cf. II, v. 2. vi.] Catullus, 145 V. A farewell message to Lesbia. One of Catullus' latest poems, written after Caesar's invasion of Britain, B.C. 55-54, as lines 10-12 show. I. comites, sc. futuri, pledged to be companions. — 3. ut, where, used of local relations very rarely, litus . . . unda, " Where breaks on Ind's remotest shore The sea with far resounding roar." — MARTIN. — 7. colorat, covers with his dark slime. Sn. — 8. aequora, the plains. — 10. monimenta, great Caesar's trophies. Martin. — 11. Gallicum Rhenum, which Caesar w T as the first Roman to cross, horribilem in- sulam, the emendation of Ellis, who regards the epithet as referring to the barbarous character of the natives, which was exhibited in their cruelty to strangers, human sacrifices, and barbaric tattooing, and insulam as defined by Brittannos. The reading of the Mss. is horribiles. — 13. omnia haec, includes the particulars mentioned in the preceding verses. — 16. non bona dicta, a brief, ungracious message. Martin; no happy greeting. Es. — 17. meum . . . amorem, look back to find my love as once she might. Sn. — 18. prati ultimi, on the border of the meadow. VI. Nothing is known respecting the Suffenus who is satirize^ .n this poem, or with certainty respecting the Varus who is addressed in it ; though it has been conjectured that it was Ouintilius Varus, the eminent critic whom Horace quotes in the Ars Poetica. I. probe, thoroughly. — 3. longe plurimos, an ijicr edible number. — 5. ut fit, as is com?nonly the case. See Lex., s. Facio. in palimp- sesto relata, i.e. as a rough first draft, to be revised. Munro thinks this phrase can scarcely be Latin, and some editors read palimpseston. Ellis cites Cicero's use of the phrase in codice referre and in deorum numero referre. — 6. chartae regiae, i.e. sheets of royal papyrus, several of which were united to form a long narrow liber, volume, which was rolled round a wooden cylinder called umbilicus, with projecting ends, — ivory, golden, or painted knobs, — also called umbilici, bosses. — 7. The lora were strings for tying up the roll or its parchment case, which was called 146 Notes. [vii. membrana, and was generally purple or saffron-colored. — 8. derecta plunibo, ruled with a small round plate of lead, for writing the title. pumice . . . aequata. Pumice stone was used to remove the roughnesses of the surface, all blots and errors and irregularities in the writing, as well as to smooth the edges of the roll and of the parchment covering. See I, 2, note. The Ms. reading mei?ibranae is retained by Mo., who begins a sentence with derecta, and connects v. 8 with what follows. — 9. cum, whenever. A. 309, a; 322; G. 585, Rem.; H. 486, III. — 10. unus, used here with the force of indefinite generality, any ordinary. Cf. Cic. ad. Attic. IX, 10, 2; De Or at. I, 29, 132. — 1 1. rursus, Just the reverse. Pr. abhorret, used absolutely, alters. See Lex., s. v. II, B. 3. — 12. scurra, a town-bred gentleman and wit, a synonym of the expressions used in vs. 2 and 9, and contrasted with infacetior. Es. renders it a pro- fessed wit. — 13. tritius (the conjecture adopted by nearly all editors for the Ms. reading tristius), 7?iore practised, expert in the ways of the world. Pr.; more practised in joking. Es.; of filter grain, or ?nore dexterous, — a rare and doubtful use. Sn. Munro proposes the reading tersius. — 14. rure, the cowitry in opposition to the city. D., s.v. — 15. idem, yet, often used to denote contrast (as well as similarity), when something new is said of a person or thing already mentioned. M. 488. — 18. idem, cognate accus. A. 238 ; G. 331, Rem. I; H. 371,11. — 21. manticae was a double wallet, consisting of two bags joined together and slung over the shoulder so that one hung in front and the other behind. The allusion is to Aesop's fable, which is given in Phaedrus, Fabulae IV, 10 : " Peras imposuit Jupiter nobis duas : Propriis repletam vitiis post tergum dedit, Alienis ante pectus suspendit gravem, Hac re videre nostra mala non possumus; Alii simul delinquunt, censores sumus." VII. Written about the same time as Carm. III. " Perhaps the most perfect of Catullus' smaller pieces is that in which the love of home and of Nature, the sense of rest and security after toil and dan- ger, the glee of a boy and the strong happiness of a man unite to form the charm of the lines on Sirmio, of which it is as impossible to analyze the secret as it is to reproduce in another tongue the language in which it is expressed." — Sellar. I. Faene . . . ocelle, " Sweet Sirmio, thou the very eye Of all peninsulas and isles." — MOORE. viii.] Catullus. 147 Sirmio, a promontory projecting into Lake Benacus from its southern shore, and united to the mainland by a low and narrow neck, which is covered at times with water, so that the peninsula becomes an island. " The promontory spreads behind the town and rises into a hill. Catullus could not have chosen a more delightful spot — the centre of a magnificent lake, surrounded with scenery of the greatest variety and majesty. The surface is varied ; sometimes shelving in gentle declivities, at other times breaking into craggy magnificence ; while the views vary at every turn, presenting rich coasts or barren mountains, sometimes confined to the cultivated scenes of the neigh- boring shore, and at other times bewildered and lost in the windings of the lake and the recesses of the Alps." — EUSTACE : Classical Tour, I, ch. 5. — 2. ocelle, gem. See Lex., s. v. and cf. Cic. ad Atlic. XVI, 6, 2; ocellos Italiae, villulas meas. liquentibus stagnis, clear floiving lakes. — 3. uterque Neptunus, i.e. as god of lakes or seas; twin-re 'aimed Nep- tune. Cn. — 5. Thuniam, sc. the seat of the Thyni in Bithynia. Bitliu- nos campos means the level tract west of the Sangarius, which included the Lake Ascania with its city, Nicaea. Es. — 7. solutis curis, release from the load of care. A. 292, a; G. 667, Rem. 2; H. 549, 5, note 2; M. 426. — 8. peregrino lafaore, i.e. travel and toil in foreign lands. — 9. nostrum, our own, emphatic. — 11. unum . . . tantis, alone repays such toils as these. Mo. See Lex., s. Unus, I, B. 3. — 12. venusta means beauty, as far as by its charms it captivates. D., s. Formosus. It is rarely used of places, hero gaude, i.e. welcome thy master with rejoicing, expresses the joy of the house and household to see their master again. Es. — 13. vosque, ye also. Ljydiae, adjective, attracted into the gender of undae ; by hypallage, for Lydii lacus ttndae, many instances similar to which are cited by Sn. A., p. 298 ; H. 636, IV. The epithet refers to the fact that the Etruscans, who in early times occupied the plains of the Po, were supposed to have migrated from Lydia. Mo. suggests the reading uiuidae. — 14. laugh out all hearty laughter at my home. Es. caehiii- norum, an unrestrained and resounding fit of laughter. D., s. Rider e. VIII. Hymn to Diana. The occasion of the writing of this poem is not known. It has been conjectured that it was composed for some public festival, such as the ides of August, or the last day of March, — days sacred to Diana, or when the Sibylline books were consulted. " It must have been written for some public occasion ; and the selection of Catullus to compose it would imply that he was recognized as the greatest lyrical 148 Notes. [ix. poet in his lifetime, and that it was written after his reputation was established. It is a poem, not only of pure artistic excellence, but of imaginative conception, like that exemplified in the Peleus and Thetis. In this poem he shows too that he could identify himself in sympathy with the national feeling and religion of Rome. The goddess addressed is a living power, blending in her countenance the human and picturesque aspects of the Greek Artemis with the more spiritual and beneficent attributes of the Roman Diana. " It occupies an intermediate place between the poems founded on personal 1 feelings and the longer and more purely artistic pieces. Like the first, it seems unconsciously to have conformed to the conditions of the purest art. It is like them a perfect whole, one of those " cunningest patterns " of excellence, such as Latium never saw before or after. It resembles some of the longer poems in being a creation of sympathetic imagination, not an immediate expression of personal feeling." — Sellar. The hymn is supposed to have been sung by a mixed chorus of boys and girls ; stanzas two and four by girls, three and five by boys, and one and six by both together. 1. in fide, tinder the guardian care. — 2. integri, chaste. — 5. La- tonia, daughter of Latona. — 8. deposivit, bore ; an archaic form. Roby I, p. 255. — 12. sonantum, loud-resounding. — 13. dolentibus puerperis, matrons in travail. — 15. trivia, sc. virgo or dea. The same deity was Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate in Hades ; and her statue with three heads and three bodies was often placed at points where three ways met, which were supposed to be places of resort for demons and phantoms ; and she was worshipped there. Hence the goddess was called trivia, potens. All the secret powers of nature were at the command of Hecate, whose chief function was that of goddess of the nether world of night and darkness, mistress of witchcraft and sor- cery, who at night sent from the lower world all kinds of demons and terrible phantoms. Murray : Manual of Myth. Sn. renders possessed of mysterious influence. — 17. cursu menstruo, by monthly progress. — 18. annuum, yearly. — 22. sancta, hallowed, worshipped. — 23. anti- que, in the good old style. IX. A humorous description of the bad effect upon the poet's health of reading a speech of an inferior orator ; in the form of an address of gratitude to his Tiburtine villa, to which he had resorted for recovery. I. Sabine, a rare attraction — a predicate adjective attracted into the vocative. M. 299, b, Obs. 2 ; A. 241, b ; H. 369, 3. Catullus' estate was x.] Catullus. 149 at a point where the boundary between the Sabine and the Tiburtine ter- ritories was uncertain. The latter was the more fashionable and aristocratic situation, as well as more fertile and healthful, famous for its orchards, figs, grapes, roses, and its productive soil, and abounded in villas of the nobility and the wealthy. — 2. autumant, used mostly of questionable assertions. See D., s. Censere. — 3. cordi is given by Roby in his list of predicate datives ; by Es. and Sn. it is considered a locative. See A. 233 ; G. 350 ; H. 390, I ; Roby II, xxxix. — 4. quovis pignore, i.e. lay any wager. — 6. suburbana. Tibur, though twenty Roman miles from Rome, can be seen from it. — 9. dum appeto, for coveting. Es. — 10. Sestianus. Probably the allusion is to P. Sestius, in whose behalf the Pro Sestio of Cicero was delivered. Es. thinks v. 11 the actual title of the speech. — 11. petitor, generally understood to mean here plaintiff in a civil suit ; but perhaps in its other and rare meaning of candidate for office. Cf. Horace, O. Ill, 1, 11. — 13. gravido is the form in most Mss. — 15. urtica, often used as a remedy for a cough. — 17. ulta, sc. villa. — 18. deprecor, very rarely followed as here by quiu. — 19. recepso. For the form see A. 128, *, 3 ; G. 191, 5 ; H. 240, 4; give admission to, with the idea of cotmtenancing implied in that. Es. — 20. frigus characterizes the style of Sestius' productions; an unusual meaning, though the adjective frigi- dus is often used in this sense. See Lex., s. v. II, B. — 21. qui vocat, a causal clause, A, p, 227 j G, 627, Rem.; H. 517, 2, tunc is only then. X. Farewell to Bithynia and his comrades on the staff of Mem- mius, b.c. 56. ■ This poem is inspired by the new sense of life which comes to early youth with the first approach of Spring, and by the eager flutter of anticipation with which a cultivated mind forecasts the pleasure of travelling among famous and beautiful scenes." — Sellar. I. egelidos, fro m which the chill has passed away. Es. — 4. Phrygii campi, probably = B ithwios campos in VII, 5, the table land west of the river Sangarius. — 5. Nicaeae, one of the most important towns of Bithy- nia, on the eastern shore of Lake Ascania. Ager uber : " There (in the vicinity of Nicaea) were the common and dwarf daphnes, the blossom of the latter scenting the air; many varieties also of the laurestinus, and among them the strawberry-tree, whose luxuriant foliage and beautifully clean and oriental stem distinguished it above its rivals. Amidst this perfect 150 Notes. [xii. garden — for beneath our feet were violet, hyacinth, and anemone in great variety — the most perfect view opened before us, not grand but of perfectly lovely beauty. In the extreme distance was the snowy range of Olympus, and before it a series of fine mountains, with their feet bathed in the most placid of lakes, the ancient Ascania, which is about ten miles long and four in breadth. At the southern end of the lake, beautifully situated, stood the ruined towers of the many times famous Nicaea. Beneath us, sloping from our feet to the edge of the lake, was a highly cultivated and rich valley." — Sir C. FELLOWS : Asia Minor. aestuosae, sultry. — 6. claras Asiae urbes. The Roman province of Asia included Mysia, Lydia, Caria, and Phrygia, and contained in the time of Catullus a large number of rich, splendid, and interesting towns, such as Ephesus, Smyrna, Lampsacus, Cyzicus, &c. — 7. praetrepidans, i.e. eager in advance, at the thought of the approaching pleasure. Es. — 8. laeti studio, sc. eundi, joyful from eager desire for the journey. — 9. comitum, sc. associates forming the coJiors or staff of Memmius. coetus, assemblages, probably social gatherings. — 11. diversae, i.e. routes far apart from each other ; variae, i.e. passing through various countries. XL The occasion of this poem is unknown, but it seems to be a note of thanks for some professional service which Cicero had rendered. Sellar thinks it was probably written on Catullus' hearing of Cicero's speech in defence of M. Caelius Rufus, who was accused by Clodia of an attempt to poison her, B.C. 56. I. Disertissime strictly denotes a natural talent for speaking with clearness and precision, inferior to the acquired art of eloquence denoted by eloquens. Cf. Cic. Orator V, 18 ; De Oratore I, 21, 94. Yet it was also used by Cicero as = eloquentissimus. Cf. Phil. II, 43, Hi; pro Sest. LVII, 122. — 2. Marce Tulli, the name by which Cicero seems to have been most familiarly known, and by which he would be addressed officially. Es. — 7. patronus, advocate. XII. Addressed to C. Licinius Macer Calvus, the orator and poet, with whom Catullus had had a match-game of writing verses, prob- ably of an epigrammatic sort and in different kinds of metre. Pass- xiii.] Catullus. 151 ing a restless night through the excitement this contest had occa- sioned, he wrote this poem for the relief of his feelings and as a sort of return invitation. 2. lusimus, practised as a pastime, sc. extemporaneous verse-writing. — 3. ut convenerat delicatos, as we had agreed to be frivolous, to play the idler. Es.; to frolic. Sn. — 5. numero, metre. — 6. reddens mu- tua, excha7tging replies. 11 The wit, the repartee that flew From you to me, from me to you." — MARTIN. 11. — indomitus furore, restless through excitement. — 12. versarer, I tossed uneasily. — 13. An instance of hysteron proteron. — 14. labore, discomfort occasioned by the mental excitement. — 15. semimortua, exhausted, iacebant, lay cornposed. — 18. For the construction of sis see A. 269, a ; G. 548,2 ; H. 499, 2. — 21. vehemens, impetuous, lae- dere. Sometimes caveo, to avoid, takes the infinitive. M. 375, a 9 Obs. 1. XIII. The marriage of Peleus and Thetis. The longest and most elaborate of the productions of Catullus ; an heroic idyl, or Epyllion. Respecting the ti?ne when this poem was written, various opinions have been held. TeufFel believes it to have been one of Catullus' earliest productions. Ellis thinks that there is nothing to determine the date, yet that probably the subject was suggested to Catullus, when he was at Sigaeum, the burial place of Achilles. Others assign it to the last years of the poet's life. Sellar remarks : "The length as well as the diction, rhythm, and structure of this poem show that it was a work of much greater labor and thought than any of those which sprang spontaneously out of the passion or sentiment of the moment. Probably in the composition of this, which he must have regarded as the most serious and ambitious effort of his muse, Catullus must have kept it by him for years, elaborating the unfamiliar poetic diction in which it is expressed, and enlarging its original plan by the insertion of the long Ariadne episode. " It is the only poem of Catullus which produces the impression of the slow and reflective processes of art, as distinct from the rapidly-shaping power of immediate inspiration. From this circumstance alone we should regard it as a work on which his maturest faculty was employed. It is executed with such power and originality as declare it to be a product of the most vigorous stage of development of the author's genius. The concluding lines are written in a I5 2 Notes. [xiir. more serious spirit, and with a graver judgment on human life than anything else he has left. " But it has been shown (Munro's Lucretius, p. 468) that throughout the poem, and more especially in the episode of Ariadne, there are clear indications in similarities of expression which cannot be mere casual coincidences between the two, that Catullus had read and imitated the poem of Lucretius, which appeared about the end of 55 or the beginning of 54 B.C. We may therefore conclude that in 54 B.C. — the last year of his life — Catullus was still engaged in the original composition of his longest poem, or in giving to it the finishing touches." Respecting the purpose of the poem also, widely differing opinions have been advanced. « That of Hodgson is : " The theme of the so-called Marriage of Peleus and Thetis is the glory of marriage idealized by means of an instance in which all the circumstances of happiness are united, and which is invested with all the imagined glories of the heroic age. This theme is exhibited by the two contrasted stories which thus properly assume almost equal importance. Thus it is the very marriage-bed of Peleus and Thetis which is covered with the tapestry exhibiting the story of Ariadne. Thetis is given in marriage by Jupiter himself: Ariadne deserts her father's home for Theseus. The first union receives its crown in the birth of an heroic son, Achilles ; the inconstancy of mind which leads Theseus to desert Ariadne, in the second, is the cause of his own father's death. Again, the cir- cumstance that the union of Peleus and Thetis was a union between a mortal and an immortal finds its counterpart in the advent of Bacchus. But though old wounds may be healed, there is no future in the picture ; while for Peleus and Thetis the song of the Parcae weaves into the fruition of the present the anticipated fame of their son." The substance of Sellar's discussion of this point is as follows : "It is difficult to find any single motive which combines into unity the original nucleus of the epithalamium of Peleus and Thetis with the long episode of the desertion of Ariadne which interrupts the continuity of this poem. The form of art to which it belongs was due to the invention of the Alexandrians. But there is no reason to suppose that Catullus is reproducing, still less translating, any particular work of these poets. A comparison of the imagery of this poem with that of the earlier Epithalamia, and a consideration of the passionate beauty with which the subject of love and marriage is treated, favor the conclusion that the style and substance of the poem are the workman- ship of Catullus. It may be doubted whether any Alexandrine poet, except perhaps Apollonius, whom Catullus in this poem often imitates, but does not translate, had sufficient imagination to produce the original which he is sup- posed to have copied. Indeed, Catullus exercises in this poem a power of creative pictorial imagination far transcending that displayed in any of the extant poetry of Alexandria. But the plan of the poem may have been sug- gested by some Alexandrine model. The Alexandrians studied pictorial repre- sentation of outward scenes and of passionate situations, and works of tapestry on which such representations were wrought were common among their deliciae vitae. "Thus Catullus may have intended to paint two pictures of the love of an immortal for a mortal, — the love of Thetis for Peleus, and of Bacchus for Ariadne, — and to heighten the effect of each by the contrast presented in the pendent picture. The original good fortune and the unbroken happiness of Peleus are more vividly realized by the contrast presented to the imagination in the betrayal and passionate agitation of Ariadne. The thought of the crowds of mortals and immortals who come together to celebrate the marriage of the xiii.] Catullus. 153 Thessalian prince brings into greater relief the utter loneliness of Ariadne, when first discovered by Bacchus and his crew. " Or the original motive of both pictures might be sought in the concluding lines, written in a graver tone than anything else in Catullus ; and it might be supposed that he intended, by the two pictures of divine favor granted to mor- tals, to enforce the lesson that it is owing to the sins of the latter time that the gods have withdrawn their gracious presence from the earth. These lines reveal a genuine and unexpected vein of reverence in the nature of Catullus. The sins which he specifies as alienating the gods from men are those most rife in his own time, with which he has dealt in a more realistic fashion in his satiric epigrams. " But, on the other hand, Catullus is the least didactic of poets. He is also the least abstract and reflective. We cannot suppose (in the case of such a writer) all the concrete passionate life of the poem taking shape in his imagina- tion in order to embody any idea however noble. The idea was the after- thought, not the creative germ. Nor can we think that the conception of the whole poem existed in his mind before, or independently of, the separate con- ception of its parts. " Neither can the poem be called a successful specimen of narrative. There is scarcely any story to tell in connection with the marriage of Peleus. It is a succession of pictures, not a tale of passion or adventure. The imaginative excellence of the poem is idyllic rather than epic or dramatic. It abounds in pictures or suggestions of pictures taken from the world of divine and human life and of outward nature. Such are those of the Nereids gazing on the Argo, of Ariadne watching with pale and anxious face the perilous encounter of Theseus with the Minotaur, and again, looking on the distant fleet, of the advent of Bacchus, a passage which has inspired one of the masterpieces of modern art, of Prometheus, of the aged Parcae spinning the thread of human destiny, as with clear-ringing voice they poured forth their truthful prophecy. " The diction and rhythm of the poem are characterized by excellences of quite a different sort from those of Catullus' other pieces. In no previous work of Latin genius was so much use made of an artificial poetic diction, while it is very effective in its own way. It reveals new and unexpected wealth in the ore of the Latin language. The rhythm is much more carefully and correctly fin- ished than the rhythm of Lucretius. Each separate line has a smoother cadence. And the poem, as a whole, has a noble, calm, and stately movement, in unison with the noble and stately pictures of an ideal fore-time which it brings before the imagination." Outline of the Poem. Introduction : 1-15. The building of the Argo for its famous expedition ; its first appearance on the sea, with Pelops on board ; the thronging of the sea- nymphs around it in wonder. Part I : i, 16-30. The love of Peleus for Thetis, and their betrothal. 2, 31-51. The gathering of the Thessalians at the palace of Peleus in Thes- salia. on the wedding-day, with their gifts. The magnificence of the royal abode, and its adornments, particularly a beautifully embroidered piece of tapestry or coverlet upon the bridal couch. Part II : 1, 52-131. The picture upon a part of this tapestry of Ariadne on the shore of Naxos, on discovering her desertion by Theseus. Recital of pre- vious incidents in their history. 2, 132-201. Ariadne's utterance of her despair and her reproaches against Theseus; her invocation of the vengeance of the gods upon him. 3, 202-250. The parting of Aegeus and Theseus on the departure of the latter from Athens; and the fulfilment of the curse of Ariadne in the death of the former, just at the return of his son. 4, 251-266. The picture on another part of the tapestry, of Bacchus and his votaries engaged in the celebration of the mysteries. 154 Notes. [xiii. Part III : I, 267-302. The departure of the'Thessalians from the palace, and the arrival of the demi-gods and gods, with their gifts to the feast. 2 » 3°3 _ 3 8 3- T ne Parcae spinning the threads of fate ; and their song of the destinies of Peleus and Thetis, and of the prowess, achievements, and doom of Achilles their son. Conclusion : 384-408. The contrast between the presence of the gods upon the earth in the golden age of purity and virtue, and their withdrawal in the degenerate age of the poet, in consequence of the wickedness of mankind. " With the exception of one or two short passages, where the movement of the narrative drags, or the imagery is over-elaborated, the poem is masterly in design and treatment. The opening is brilliant and picturesque ; the episode of Ariadne grandly passionate; the introduction of the celestial guests towards the close sustains the interest, which after the strain of high passion with which that episode is wrought, would have been apt to flag ; the description of the Parcae and their chant, with the solemn monotony of its refrain, is almost Homeric in force and picturesqueness ; and the concluding lament for the with- drawal of the gods from earth is, in truth, what Gifford has termed it, a 'grand burst of poetry.' Surely the criticism is of a shallow kind which complains that the episode of Ariadne occupies a disproportionate space. In the number of lines it may be long relatively to the rest of the poem, but this is compensated by the fire and rapidity of the movement." — Martin. 1. Peliaco. Pelion was the mountain in Thessaly overhanging Iolcos, which furnished the timber of the Argo. — 5. avertere, to carry off by force or fraud. — 7. palmis, oar-blades. — 8. Diva, sc. Pallas, qui- bus, refers to lecti iuvenes, v. 4. — 10. inflexae carinae, to the well- curved keel. — 11. Ilia, the ship Argo. cursu prima inibuit, was the first to navigate. See Lex., s. Imbuo, II, B. 2. Some interpreters take Amphitriten in its personal meaning : initiated unschooled Amphitrite in voyaging. Sn. and Pr.; it was then that Amphitrite gave to the untaught prow the first lesson in voyaging. Es. The inconsistency of this line with the descriptions of Theseus as a voyager (v. 53 and 212) is one of the few anachronisms occurring in Catullus, compared with similar errors in other Roman poets. — 12. proscidit, used in agriculture of the first plowing. See Lex., s. v. I, B. and cf. Virg. Georg. I, 97 ; hence here, of the first ship that plowed the sea. — 14. feri, the Ms. reading, wild with amazement. Pr.; or, because they belong to the children of the wild sea. Es. vultus with which it agrees is best taken as an appositive with Nereides. " Out of the creaming surges in amaze Wild faces rose on that strange sight to gaze — The Nereids of the deep/' — Martin. Weber refers vultus to the Tritons and other sea deities, but in that case the asyndeton in the next line is objectionable. Mo., on the ground that feri cannot stand, and that vultus must be an accusative, follows Haupt in substituting freti and makes vultus the object of emersere, on the analogy of emergere se, though he admits that this construction is not so xiji.] Catullus. 155 certainly admissible. " There is no more beautiful imaginative picture than this, with which the poem opens, of the first voyage of the first ship pass- ing o'er yet untravelled seas in quest of the golden fleece." 16. Ilia, atque haud alia, on that only eKdarrjv, dvyarepas rrjs 'AvayKrjs, Motpa.?, Xevxeipoi/oiKras, crrifxfxaTa eVl rcou K€(pa\a>u exovaas, Kax^^iv re kclI K\co6oj Kal ^Arpoirov, vfivelu irphs t)]v tqov ^ciprjuccp apfxoviav, Aaxecm/ fxev ra yeyo- v6ra ' KXcoOco 5e, Ta ovra • "Arpo-rroj/ 5e, ra jxiKKovra. Kal riju /aev KXcodcc tt) 5e|ia X €L P^ ^cpairrojuev^u (TvveiriaTpecpeiv rod arpaKrov ttjv e|co irepicpopav, diaXe'nrovaav XP 0V0V ' T ^ v ^ "Arpoiroj', rr\ apKTT€pa tcls ivrbs av wcravrcas ■ r-r\v 5e Aax^o-iv *v juepei cfcarepas e/carepedoclea legeris hominem non putabo. ad Quint. II, 11. Nearly all editors insert non before multis. Instead of this, Munro suggests the change of sed cum veneris to esse cum inveneris ; or, if non should be inserted at all, he (and Sellar also) would place it before multae, or would insert etiam before artis. Munro and Sellar are also of the opinion that the Ms. reading may be correct, and that the passage may be a short summing up of some criticism of Quintus, thus: I agree with you that there is much genius in the poem of Lucretius, and {though this is less apparent) much art. Lucretius. * 171 brother Quintus, of February, 54 B.C., shows that he had read the poem, and (if the letter is correctly interpreted by Munro and Sellar) that he had a high appreciation of the genius of its author. But respecting the question of Cicero's editorship there has been a good deal of discussion and doubt. Munro (Lucretius, p. 298-300) maintains the affirmative of the question. Cruttwell {Hist, of Rom. Lit., p. 221) holds to the negative. Sellar (p. 278-281) argues both sides of the case, and " suspends judgment." The object of this poem of Lucretius was to interpret the meaning and explain the operations of the power underlying and producing all natural phenomena in those spheres of action that most directly affect human welfare. In particular : It aims to free men from a superstitious fear of the gods and from the passions and weaknesses to which they become subject, particularly the fear of death, by means of certain philosophical truths and the moral precepts con- nected with them, exhibited in poetic form. The first two Books set forth in systematic form certain funda- mental principles of the atomic philosophy as set forth by Democritus and adopted and developed by Epicurus. The remaining four apply these philosophical principles to the true explanation of nature, in order to overthrow the false notions which are the chief source of the evils of mankind. The third Book discusses the nature of the human soul. The fourth (which is in part supplementary to the third, and is in an incomplete condition) treats of the nature of the senses, the passion of love, and the images thrown off from all bodies. The fifth explains the origin of the heavens, of the earth, of vegetable and animal life upon it, and the origin and the progress of mankind from the primitive savage state to the arts and usages of civilization. The sixth (which is also unfinished) describes and accounts for certain natural phenomena — earthquakes, volcanoes, tempests, thunder-storms, etc., and ends with an account of the memorable plague at Athens. The substance of Sellar's presentation of Lucretius' philosophical doctrines, and of his ethical teachings, is as follows : "While Lucretius teaches that the gods and goddesses of the popular mythology were creations of the imagination out of physical phenomena, or moral ideas, or ancient events, or were human beings deified at death ; and while he even denies the doctrine of a divine providence and of future retribu- tion (because he identifies all religion with the cruel or childish fables of the 172 Notes. popular faith in a capricious tyranny of the gods over the world), and that there is any virtue in outward worship, rites, and offerings ; yet many passages show or imply that he believes in the existence of superhuman intelligences, the embodiment of what is right and pure and noble in man, composed of the finest and purest essence, exempt from death, superior to passions and desires, and dwelling forever in untroubled serenity and in unclouded light. Their abode he beautifully describes in Book III. The universe, however, has not been created and is not regulated by them. "But all things have their origin in and are composed of certain minute solid atoms, always existing, indestructible, infinite in number, various in form, imperceptible to the senses, capable of certain combinations with each other brought about by their perpetual motion in space, and causing the growth and change of all things. Into these, all things now existing are ultimately resolved, and out of them new forms continually arise. These original particles he calls primordia t mater ies, corpora genitalia, semina rerum, corpora prima* " This theory of atoms is really deduced from and has involved in it and underlying it the idea of universal order or law and causation in nature. This idea is prior to and the condition of the principles enunciated in the first and second Books, although the fact of universal order is supposed to result from these properties of atoms. Thus the real subject of the poem is maiestas cognita rerum — the discovered majesty or order of the universe. And the corner- stone of the argument is, that no existing thing was formed out of nothing, nor any change or event brought about arbitrarily by divinities with the passions or caprices of men ; and that all existing things and changes are not the result of chance, but of certain regular and orderly processes, dependent upon certain primal conditions. " But Lucretius's idea of law in nature also implies, at least, the further idea of power. A secret force, analogous to volition in man, is conceived to be inherent in these primal atoms. With unconscious inconsistency with the blind and dead materialism on which his philosophy professes to be based, he tacitly assumes the presence of a secret faculty in the atoms distinct from their other properties. And thus he is led up (whether or not this is consciously realized by him) to the broader and higher idea of will. " In his idea of nature there is implied the idea of a concealed omnipotence pervading the world ; and to this nature he attributes not only life but creative * The germ of the atomic theory is attributed to Leucippus, was next taught by Democritus, and fully developed by Epicurus. But his works are lost to us; so that this most astonishing fruit of ancient thought, which has been adopted and substantiated by modern experimental science, is to be found fully described only in Lucretius's poem. The propositions in which he has stated this theory anticipate some recent scientific discoveries in a most marvellous way. His doctrines of the existence of atoms and their indestructi- bility, and of their incessant motion, is now accepted by science as certainly true. His proposition, that matter was never more or less dense than it is now, and that the atoms always move with the same velocity, foreshadows the modern doctrine of the conservation of energy. And Lucretius must be allowed great merit in having taught that the motion of matter was as indestructible as its material existence. — North British Review. Lucretius. 173 power and a governing power, in many passages. In many places, too, the imagination, which recognizes the presence of infinite life and harmony in the world, endows the great forces of this mysterious power with personal and human qualities — consciousness and will. This is done with the license indeed of poetry, but yet with an unconscious acknowledgment of some attribute analo- gous to will, in a power independent of and superior to man ; as in the invoca- tion, where it is identified with the goddess of love. The expressions rerum natura, summa rerum, etc., are often used to denote this power — the all-per- vading source of life, the creator and sustainer of all order and beauty. " This doctrine of Lucretius, though antagonistic to the popular religion, is not atheistic nor pantheistic ; it is not definite enough to be theistic. It is rather the twilight between an old and a new faith. The new attributes he attaches to nature, as an organic whole, are independent of and ultimately inconsistent with the principles of the atomic philosophy. The higher conception of God was neither consciously accepted nor consciously denied by him. So, there is in his denial of the popular faith the latent germ of a higher and more rational belief. The sense of will, active force and individual life, ever present in the poem, comes nearer to an unconscious, half-realized theism than to the panthe- istic conception of nature and of human life. " The human soul or vital principle, Lucretius teaches, is material ; com- posed of the finest atoms, but born and growing with the body, united with it as perfume with incense, and perishing with it. It is made up of two parts — the animus situated in the breast, the anima united with it, but diffused through the whole body. The animus is like the pupil of the eye, the least hurt to which destroys the sight ; the anima is like the rest of the eyeball, much of which may be cut away and the sight continue. " The ethical teachings of Lucretius are moulded by this idea of law in nature. Though the fortunes of life and individual characteristics are the effects of the varied combinations of atoms, yet when once reason and knowledge have resulted they make man capable of freedom and virtue ; which he actually attains by conformity to the order and law of the universe, and has thus the power to live a life worthy of the gods. " He therefore insists on this obedience as the one good which man needs, and as producing the real pleasure which Epicurus taught was the true end of life. ' Life may go on without corn or wine, but not without a pure heart.' He describes how the worst evils of life spring out of the corruption of the heart ; and aims ' to cleanse men's breasts with truth-telling precepts and fix a limit to passion and fear, and to point out the chief good and the path leading to it.' He therefore delineates and illustrates the evils of the passions to which men were most subject in his age — ambition, greed of wealth, and sensual pleasure. No sentiment is more powerfully enforced than the happiness and dignity of plain living, the inability of riches and luxury to give real enjoyment, and the terrible evils they had often brought upon men's characters ; and he expresses bitter hostility towards love degraded and sensualized, and empha- sizes its unmanliness and the ultimate wreck of character which it causes. " Even out of his doctrine that the soul perishes at death he draws lessons 174 Notes. of morality, in the last part of Book III. One of these is the necessity of virtue for man's welfare; for the fear of death and what lies beyond is the inevitable effect of an evil course of life and a guilty conscience, and cannot be thrown off except by virtuous living. Another is fortitude, and resignation to that which is the common lot of all. A third is the importance of making the most of life in the best sense, since this life is all we have. Still another is the certainty that wrong-doing is overtaken by retribution in this life, in the necessary misery of a character morally diseased and discordant with itself. The scorpion stings of conscience he vividly depicts, ending with the declaration that ' the life of the wicked is the woe of Acheron.' " The chief poetic excellences of this work are to be found in the introductions to the several Books, particularly the first and second ; in the impassioned and lofty tone of earnestness with which at in- tervals he applies and enforces the practical teachings of his philoso- phy ; in his eloquent appeals for the reception of truth and virtue ; and in those not infrequent digressions — " rich and quiet resting- places in the toilsome march of argument " — which consist of descriptions of natural scenery and phenomena and interpretations of them, and sketches of various experiences in human life, with comments upon them. The fifth Book not only furnishes some of the finest illustrations of his poetic abilities, but, from its unity of design, the nature of its special theme, the completeness with which that is treated, the lofty imaginative power and luxuriance of imagery displayed in it, may properly claim for itself the rank and title of an Epic. Opening with a laudation of Epicurus for the great value of his philosophy, a statement of the connection between the particular subject of this Book and the general principles already established, and the infer- ence from them that the earth is not eternal nor fashioned by the gods, but the product of nature built up by certain laws from the ultimate atoms and therefore having a beginning and destined to have an end, he proceeds to sketch its " wondrous past" from the dawn of creation, with its most striking phenomena, beautiful, awful, or grand, and the history of man, — a broader and loftier theme for a true Epic than the career of any one race of men, short lived and limited within narrow geographical bounds in its career. The picture he draws of chaos and of the transition to the order and beauty of creation which succeeded, has been compared to the opening symphony of Haydn's* oratorio, where the same thing is represented to the ear by the harshest discord of which the orches- Lucretius. 175 tra is capable, subsiding and melting into the most melodious music; and it has been styled "the most magnificent that ever flowed from human pen." The description of the seasons far sur- passes Thomson's finest lines upon them, of which it may have been the model. After sketching the primitive life and manners of mankind, he traces the progress of civilization, of religion, and of the various forms of government from their rudest beginnings ; in the spirit of a true Roman who had inherited the ancestral virtues, setting forth the family as the beginning and the grand means of human enlightenment, and associating with it music, as a powerful auxiliary in elevating the race from barbarism to civilized life. It is with reference to such portions of the poem as these that Niebuhr declares that " Lucretius holds the first place among Roman poets in sublimity" ; that Sellar calls him " the great contemplative poet of antiquity " ; and that Schlegel remarks that "Lucretius has shown himself a glorious painter of- nature, and as nature's own minstrel surpasses all the bards of antiquity"; adding that "in didactic poetry the Romans surpassed their predecessors the Greeks." " The poetical style of Lucretius," Sellar remarks, " is chiefly marked by freshness and fulness of meaning, and by a daring energy in the use of meta- phorical expressions. Few poets convey so much meaning by the use of simple words expressive of the full and literal truth of things. " There is much roughness and inequality in the artistic execution of the poem. A few passages indeed show the finest sense of harmony, i- e - as we ^ as n ^ s heroes. casus, fall. — 34. posteritate, apparently an ablat. of means : through posthtunous lapse of time, opposed to vetustate. Pe. — 36. ilium diem, i.e. when I shall be thus praised. Pr. — 37. The emphasis is on con- tempto sepulcro. Pr. — ^- provisum est, sc. a me. IJycio . . . deo, i.e. Apollo sanctioning niy prayer. Pr.; an allusion, as some have supposed, to the admission of his poems into the Palatine library. — 39. nostri, emphatic, = such as befits me, i.e. songs of love which he had spoken of in the earlier part of the elegy as his particular province. Pr. orbem, the ordinary course ; the round, a metaphor from the circus ring. Pe. — 40. tacta, impressed. 224 Notes. [vi. VI. The immortality of genius. In the judgment of many editors this is a continuation of the preceding elegy. I. detinuisse, arrested. — 2. sustinuisse, kept back. — 3. Thebas • . . artem, drawn by his mtisic to Thebes. — 6. rorantes equos, sea- horses, attendant on the ocean nymphs. — 9. Quod, As to the fact that. See A. 333, a; G. 525; H. 516, 2, note. Py. supplies an ellipsis: hoc qiridem nihil est. Taenariis. The Taenarian marble was verde antico or green porphyry. Becker's G alius, p. 16. — 10. camera . . . eburna trabes, an ivory (or ivory-white) ceiling intersected with gilded beams. Cf. Hor. O. II, 18, 1. — 11. nee mea . . . silvas, and that I have no orchards to vie with the Phaeacian plantations. Py. — 12. operosa rigat antra, represents artificial grottos of mine. Marcius liquor, the aque- duct of Q. Marcius Rex, the purest water in Rome ; built B.C. 144. Some arches of it are still standing. — 14. defessa choris, wearying herself to take part, etc. Propertius represents himself as tiring out the Muses in the dance. Pr. Calliopea, often taken by the poets as the representative of the Nine. — 15. The Mss. and editors vary between est and es. — 17. sumptus, the lavish pile. — 18. lovis Elei domus, the famous temple of Jupiter Olympus at Pisa, in Elis, in which was the magnificent colossal statue of the god by Phidias, caelum imitata, star-spangled. — 19. dives fortuna, the gorgeoics state, a poetic paraphrase for the tomb itself. Pr. The tomb of Mausolus, King of Caria, erected by his queen Artemisia in B.C. 353, was celebrated as one of the seven wonders of the world. It was destroyed, but has been partly recovered by modern research. Py. — 23. ab, is expressed, because excidet is equivalent to extinguetnr, and aevo is regarded as agent rather than instrument. Py. " Devouring fire and rains will mar their splendour — The weight of years will drag the marble down : Genius alone a name can deathless render, And round the forehead wreathe the unfading crown." — Cranstoun. vn., viii.] Propertius. 225 VII. The poet predicts success to the expedition of Augustus against the Parthians, B.C. 20, and pictures the triumph of the emperor. 1. ad Indos, i.e. usque ad. — 2. gemmiferi maris, i.e. the Indian ocean. — 3. viri, sc. who take part in the expedition. — 5. sera, sed, i.e. ultima terra sera fiet provincia, sedfiet ta?nen, etc. Lachm. — 7. ex- pertae bello, tried in war, alludes to the victory at Actium. — 8. niu- nus equi, probably refers to the horses provided at the public expense for the Equites. Hertzberg. — 9. Crassos clademque, hendiadys; the defeat of the Crassi, father and son, B.C. 53. — 11. sacrae . . . Vestae, i.e. Vesta, goddess of the sacred fire, which contains the destinies of Rome. Py. — 13. oneratos axes. So the Mss. and most editors. Py. with others adopts the emendation of Muretus, onerato axe, on the ground of the omission of et in the next line. — 15. braccati miiitis, i.e. the Par- thians who wore the wide Persian trousers. — 16. et . . . duces. Effigies are meant, placed beneath lofty trophies. Py. — 17. hoc caput, i.e. Augustus, sit in aevum = vivat. VIII. The folly of encountering the perils of war for glory or riches. The poefs preference in youth for love-poetry, and in maturer years for the study of philosophy and the problems of the future life. 2. stant — durant, non facile dirimuntur. — 3. nee tamen, etc., i.e. yet though I am compelled to wage war, it is not from avarice. — 3. carpitur = vexatur, sollicitatur. — 4. gemma, either for pocuhun gemmatum, or a goblet worked out of a single piece of opal, jasper, or chalcedony. Py. nostra sitis, for sitiens ego, a metonymy frequent in Propertius. Pr. — 6. clade tua, obtaiiied by your destruction. The allu- sion is to the pillage of the works of art in Corinth by the consul Mummius, B.C. 146. — 7. prima terra, pri?nal clay. Cf. Ilor. O. I, xvi, 13: principi limo. — 8. parum cauti pectoris, is used in allusion to the derivation of the name from irpou-qBia. Prometheus executed the work without the care and forethought implied by his name. Py. — 9. mentem . • . arte, did not, while engaged in his work, take thought for the mind. Pr. — 10. Recta *. .via, The mind's course should first have been made 226 Notes. [vin. straight. — II. Nunc, i.e. Since we were originally fashioned thus ill, no wonder we novo are driven over the wide ocean in search of foes , not con- tent with repelling attacks at home. Pr. — 14. ad, the Ms. reading, retained by many editors, rates. Lachm. defends the plural, from the mention of two ferry-boats for the dead in V, vii, 55 : " Nam gemina est sedes turpem sortita per amnem, Turbaque diversa remigat omnis aqua. Una Clytaemnestrae stuprum vehit, altera Cressae Portat mentitae lignea monstra bovis. Ecce coronato pars altera vecta phaselo, Mulcet ubi Elysias aura beata rosas, Qua numerosa fides, quaque aera rotunda Cybebes Mitratisque sonant Lydia plectra choris." Py.'s explanation of the meaning is : " Whereas we now look for fleets and voyages for making our fortunes, hereafter we shall be stripped of everything, and see only the ships on the infernal river. Thus vehi ad rates is simply to be ferried over to the fleet." Pr., following Hertzberg, reads at inferna rate, and remarks : " vehere is the natural word for being carried in but not carried to the boat. Besides, the preceding line places the dead soul at the waters ; the following one must apply to its crossing." Py. considers this a very incorrect use of at. Another conjecture is ab in- ferna rate. — 1 7. Lydus Dulicliio. Rich and famous Lydia is contrasted with the poor little island of Dulichium. — 18. Parcae acta, the emen- dation of Lachm., adopted by Jacob, Keil, and Muller ; death brought on by the ordinary course of nature in the day of destiny, not by rash enter- prises of war in quest of spoil, etc. Cf. IX. 30 : Ista per humanas mors venit acta mantis ; Virg. Aen.Xl, 150: Par caru?nqtie dies. Py. considers Parcae die "scarcely good Latin for fatali die, much, of the difficulty lying in the use of the singular," and reads parca die, in the day of poverty, and apta, i.e. appropriate and wished for, to relieve you from your poverty. Most Mss. read parta, some of them parca. — 21. mentem vincire, to enchain (not captives with fetters, but) my own senses. Pr. — 22. caput in habere rosa, i.e. to be crowned with roses. — 25. turn, emphatic, then and not till then. — 26. Notice the singular alternation of the sub- junctive with the indicative in this and the following lines, as in Persius, Sat. Ill, 66 et seqq. mundi domum, used for the heavens, as often in Lucretius and Ovid. — 27. qua, sc. ratione, or, by what course or direction. venit, sc. tuna, deficit, sets. — 29. salo, a local ablative ; '• how rising winds the face of ocean sweep." Gray, quid captet, what it aims at. Py. — 30. in nubes . . . aqua, supplies of water to the clouds from year to year. Pr. — 31. sit, sc. utrum. — 32. It was the belief that the rainbow drew up water from the lakes, rivers, and sea to return it in the Shape of rain. ix.] Propertius. 227 Cf. Tibull. I, 4, 44; Virg. 6W£\ I, 380. — 33. The Perrhaebi occupied the mountainous district between Pindus and the lower course of the Peneos. — 34. luxerit, from lugeo. — 35. serus versare, late in turn- ing. Cf. Catull. LXVI, 67; tardiwi Booten. For the construction see A. 273, d\ G. 424, 4; H. 533, II, 3, note 2. — 36. spisso coit igne, " blend in mazy light." — 41. aut . . . furiae, sc. utrum sint. Alcmaeon was said to be haunted by the Furies for having murdered his mother Eriphyle. Phinei, a king of Arcadia punished for cruelty to his sons, by the Harpies taking away or spoiling every meal. His punishment extended to the world below. — 44. et . . . novem, sc. nwn sint. pauca, too few. IX. An elegy on the death of a young friend, Paetus, drowned on a voyage to Alexandria, undertaken for some mercantile purpose ; which gives the poet an opportunity to inveigh against the avarice of man. " One of the most beautiful poems of Propertius. The pathos is only equalled by the elegance of the versification." — PALEY. I. Ergo, is frequently used in outbursts of indignation and complaint. Pr. — 3. crudelia, i.e. because it causes their destruction. — 4. de capite tuo 9 from thee. A part is put for the whole. — 5. tendentem lintea, with canvas spread, suggests a smooth course and a favoring wind. Pe. — 7. primo excidit aevo, lost his young life. Cf. VI, 23. — ■ 8. nova, i.e. an unexpected banquet. Pe. natat, used of floating corpses and wrecks. — 9. iusta, a substantive. See Lex., s. v. II, B, 2. piao terrae, is taken by some as a genitive, referring to the sprinkling of earth over the corpse, the well-known mark of pietas ; with iusta debita, the right tribute of respectful dust. By others it is regarded as a dative, = her soil's dead body. Properly speaking, the mother would pay iusta debita piis manibus. Here the dead are associated with the earth in which they are buried. — 10. pote, is used as a direct predicate without the verb. Roby, I, 725. Here it is not neuter, but stands for poti. cognatos ro- gos, a hypallage of the adjective, very common in P. — 13. Infelix. Cf. VIII, 7, and see Lex., s. v. II, B, for the meaning, timor, cause of fear. — 14. illo, sc. Paetus. tanta, i.e. to excuse such cruelty. — 15. quid- nam, why, pray, more emphatic and colloquial than quid. Pe. — 16. sanctos, i.e. not deserving shipwreck for any wickedness. — 17. quid • . . numeras, i.e. why complain of premature death. — 18. non . . . 228 Notes, [ix. deos, sc. to hear your prayers. — 19. Nam introduces the proof of the preceding statement : For, if there had been gods of the sea, the vessel would not have been wrecked, ad saxa ligata vincula. The vessels had been moored 'for the night, by cables, to rocks on the shore. — 20. detrito, worn away with the chafing. — 21. Sunt, There are ; absolute. Pe. — 22. quae . . . Atliamantiadae, a conjecture of Hertzberg, and adopted by Keil, Haupt, and Miiller. Other editors retain the Ms. reading, quae . . . mi- nantis aquae, or change to natantis aqtca or aquas. Some also read natat = natavit, for notat. Ellis proposes Mimantis aquas, " which would fix the scene of Paetus' shipwreck at that part of the coast of Lydia where the land, which contracts into a narrow neck between Clazomenae on the north and Teos on the south, again broadens out into a rocky peninsula with three bold promontories, Corycium south, Argennum southwest, and Malaena north. All these are projections of Mount Mimas." "This con- jecture seems worthy of careful consideration, both from the number of the places on the Asiatic coast in which the name Argvnnzts, Arginntis, Argennos is traceable, and because Propertius is given to following obscure and out-of-the-way versions of the old legends." Cranstoun. notat = infamat. — 23, 24. These lines seem to point to the other legend of the death of Argynnus, which represented him as lost while swimming in the Cephissus in Boeotia. Ellis thinks that the original legend was connected with the Boeotian coast ; that it subsequently extended to the opposite side of the Aegean, and that Propertius, who had heard the story connected with both localities, indicates in these two lines, somewhat awkwardly, the connection. He paraphrases the four lines thus : " Paetus was wrecked on the coast, which retains the name of the lost Argynnus, that youth whom Agamemnon vainly sought to discover, and kept the fleet at Aulis waiting in the hope of doing so — a delay which caused the death of Iphigenia." — 25. Reddite, sc. Aquilo and Neptune. Cf. vs. 13, 15. corpus, the body despoiled of life. Pe. — 26. sponte tua, i.e. as there are no friends at hand to do it. — 28. timor. See v. 13, note. — 29. texite, fabricate, appropriately used of ships, causas, i.e. things that cause death. — 30. ista mors, i.e. that death which you provoke, acta, used of impel- ling ships. — 32. fortunae, sc. in addition to those already prepared for us by Chance, miseras, leading to misery. — ^. A play upon words : teneat, literally, keep its hold on you, i.e. on your ship ; tenuere, meta- phorically, kept you fro?n wandering. Pe. — 34. sua, i.e. his proper element. — 37. insidians, emphatic, for the very purpose of ensnaring. — 39. triunipnales, a proleptic use, going to a triumph; i.e. when almost home and on the eve of success. Nauplius, king of Euboea, in revenge for his son Palamedes, lighted false fires on the Greeks' return from Troy ix.] Properties. 229 and so decoyed them on to the rocks of Caphareus. — 40. tracta, either for distracta, scattered, or drawn, sucked in by the vasty deep. Pr. salo, probably an ablat. of place, possibly one of means. Pe. — 41. Paullatim, to be taken with iacturam. — 42. soliti, i.e. usually successful. — 43. pa- trio = pater no. verteret, had conthiued to plow. See A. 308, a ; G. 599, Rem. 1 ; H. 510, note 2. — 44. verba mea, i.e. those which I now titter. — 45. viveret, he would be now living to feast. — 46. flare, a cor- rection adopted by Jacob, JHIertzberg, and others : where wind has no power. Py. regards this emendation as ingenious and probable, yet calls it a strange expression, and retains the Ms. reading, ftere, where he can have nought to weep, as giving a simple and satisfactory sense. Pe. thinks potest is corrupt, posset being required, and thinks the original reading was sat est. — 47. Xon tulit, could not bear. Pe. ; had not to endure. Py. hie, pointing him out as a warning. Pe. ; here, i.e. while on land. Py. — 49. sed, etc. From the negative 11011 tuiit must be supplied some phrase of an opposite meaning, such as frui licebat. Hertzb. Chio, with Chian furniture. So the Mss., and Keil retains it. Many editors have adopted the reading Thyio, a Latinized adjective from 6va or Ovia.; with thalamo, 071 a bed made of wood fro7ii the citrtis tree. For thalamo in this sense cf. Ill, 7, (6), 14. Pe. This wood was chiefly used for tables and couches. Others read Thyiae, the supposed name of Paetus' wife ; with thalamo, in Thyia's chamber. Oricia terebinth.©, i.e. a couch of it, the substance being put for the object made of it, as often. Pe. Cf. Virg. Ae7t. X, 136: quale per arte77i inclusum buxo aut Oricia terebi7itho lucet ebur. — 50. fultum, sc. erat ; with pluma, propped up with cushions of feather tapestry, Pe. See Becker's Gallus, p. 289. versieolore, changing color like shot silk; the literal meaning. Pe. — 51-54: a mention of several causes which conspired to drown Paetus. Huie, i.e. Such was he from whose fi7igers, etc. Pr. vivo, i.e. adhuc spiranti. — 52. hiatus, the ope7i mouth. — 53. vidit, looked 071 at, a very vivid use. Pe. improba, piti- less. — 55. tamen, sc. in spite of the distress painted in the preceding lines. Pe. — 56. clauderet ora, i.e. was choking him. — 58. quae- cumque, perhaps, every passi7zg wave, degravat, causes to si7ik, -weighs heavy 071. Pe. — 59. tenerae, though in most of the editions, is thought by Pe. and Palmer to be without authority fox primae. lanuginis, geni- tive of description, years whose mark is, etc. Pe. — 60. longas manus. Long tapering hands were a sign of youth and beauty. So Hertzberg un- derstands longas as = pidcras, which Py. calls a very weak meaning for this peculiar and (to him) obscure expression, and inclines to Barth's view that it == t7itegras a7itea, in allusion to v. 51. — 61. alcyonum, i.e. -where the kingfishers build. — 62. in me, agai7ist 7ne. — 63. Italiae regioni- 230 Notes. [x. bus, indefinite plural, some district of Italy ; with advehat, cast me ashore at, etc. Pe. — 64. Py. paraphrases as follows : sat miki erit, si hoc, quod de me restat, matris erit ; i.e. si corpus in matris manus veniet. — 65. " Sucked down by eddying waves he spake no more — These his last words, and that his latest day. Ye hundred Nereid-nymphs who scour the main, And, Thetis, thou who'st felt a mother's woe! Ye should have raised his drooping chin again, So light a load your hands had failed to know." — CRANSTOUN. A reply to the request of Maecenas that he would write on his- torical subjects and in heroic verse. With many graceful compli- ments he declines to attempt such themes unless his patron will accept the high offices of State, which have been offered to him. I. Etrusco . . . regum. Cf. Hor. O, I, i, I : atavis edite regibus. — 2. intra, i.e. who take less than your fortune entitles you to. Pe. — 3. scribendi aequor, a sea of writing. This use of a word denoting space with a verbal noun is perhaps unparalleled in Latin. Pe. — 5. quod nequeas, sc. ferre. — 6. dare terga, to give in, yield to the burden. See Lex., s. tergum II, A, 2. — 7. omnia rerum, sc. genera. — 8. The reading of the text is the one preferred by some of the highest authorities. Other readings are numerous. Py., after Kuinoel, explains aequo by pari and renders : you must have no rival, no yoke fellow attached to the sa7?ie car, and adds : "The metaphor of the yoke seems so appropriate in itself and so naturally suggested by the epithet, that it certainly would have suggested itself to the mind of a reader." Pe. takes ex aequo iugo in the sense of from level yokes, like those of two charioteers ; i.e. you cannot get any glory out of a race in which you do not distance your competitor. Lachm. takes these words to mean a gentle hill, and cites v. 10, 4 ; and Hertzb., the same hill as any other. 9-16. Illustrations of what he has just said from the most famous artists of antiquity, animosa, spirited, life-like. Lysippo, of Sicyon, the cele- brated worker in bronze. — 10. Calamis, a contemporary of Phidias, was chiefly renowned for the finish of his equestrian statuary, mini, ethical dative; with se iactat, commends hi?nself to my taste. — 11. Veneris tabula, the celebrated picture of Venus rising from the sea. summam • . • ponit, lit. places . his highest effort, i.e. regards as his masterpiece. Py. x.] Properties. 231 — 12. Parrhasius, a younger contemporary of Zeuxis. parva arte, i.e. a skill exercised on small subjects. Pe. Cf. Pliny, Nat. Hist. XXXV, 10, 36. Py. thinks it may also include a careful attention to minute details, for which he was noted. His miniatures, however, were not his most characteristic works, locum, sc. inter summos pictores. — 13. argu- menta, subjects involving groups. See Lex., s. v. II, B. magis, more than others, especially. Mentoris, the most famous silver-chaser among the Greeks. He wrought entire histories of events or persons, in a series of groups, round gold and silver cups or bowls, forniae, mould or shape. Moulds were used in the processes of caelatura, the object being roughly cast and then finished with the caelum or graver. These caelator^s smaller moulds (as well as those of the statuary) were called for ma e. Pe. sunt addita, i.e. are ' an adjunct ' of the forma, they naturally go with it; a curious use. Pe. — 14. Mys was also a toreutic artist, a contemporary of Parrhasius. exiguum flectit iter, curves in short and delicately crisp foliage, sc. round the handles of vases and goblets. Py. — 15. Phidiacus, an emphatic predicate, at the bidding, for the art of Phidias. Propertius often throws the stress of the sentence upon a single word. Pe. se ornat, equips, arrays magnificently \ a Propertian idiom = omatur. Pe. calls it a new passive-middle, and adds : " there is an idea of spontaneity about this, == naturally clothes himself" luppiter, i.e. Phidias' conception of Zeus. Cf. Cic. Oral. 2, 9. " But the expression also carries something of the meaning of the real Zeus, the original. He is not loth to be thus exhibited ; he is himself a consenting party. The fundamental idea which runs through the line is that it is hard to tell whether the god is there in person or in representation, the ideal is so fully realized." Pe. — 16. Praxi- telen, the distinguished Athenian sculptor, who flourished about 350 B.C. propria urbe, ablat. of origin, with lapis, seems to refer to the Pentelic marble, of which his most famous works were made ; the stone of his native city maintains the clai?n of Praxiteles to renown. — 17. Est quibus, a bold and perhaps unique Grecism. Py. concurrit, accompanies. See Lex., s. v. I, A, 2, b. But it gives also the idea of racing. Pe. — 18. in celeres pedes, lit. for their swiftness of foot ; i.e. whom glory was destined to await in the foot-race. — 20. semina, i.e. the tendencies implanted in his nature. Cf. Cic. Lael. 5, 19. — 21. tua vitae praecepta, your rule ox plan of life. — 22. exemplis tuis, argtunents (as to my choice of sub- jects for poetry) drawn from your own conduct. Pe. superare, to refute, — 23. The force of Cum, although, extends to v. 29, where the principal clause of the sentence begins. Romano in honore, in a Roman curule magistracy. With dominas secures, i?nperial axes, ' sumere should probably be supplied, though the phrase may be connected with ponere 232 Notes. [x. (used in a literal sense, to plant), by zeugma. Py. — 24. ponere iura, to lay down the law, used here of those who have supreme authority to legislate for others. Py. — 25. Medorum hostes, i.e. probably the Parthians, who conquered them. Py. This, the Ms. reading, is considered by some editors corrupt, and various emendations have been suggested, to all of which serious objections have been raised. — 26. fixa per arma — fixis armis. — 27. ad effectum, to work your will, i.e. for the accomplishment of your aims. Pe. — 28. tarn faciles, easily flowing, coming at your call. Pe. insinuentur, in sinum tuum fundantur. See Lex., s. v. I, B, 1. — 29. parcis, your refrain, tenues in umbras, into a humble retire- ment. — 31. ista iudicia, this resolve of yours. — t>Z- famae, path of fa??ie. tenebis, hold firmly, keep firm footing. Pe. — 34. erunt, plural by attraction, vera tropaea, used with an allusion to v. 26. Pe. fides, loyalty to Augustus. — 36. tota. So Jacob and others after most Mss. Many editors read tuta. sub . . . flumine. A metaphor taken from anchoring near the mouth of a river, into which one may run for shelter in a storm. Py. — yj. sedisse, sank, paternos — patrios. Hertzb. Cf. Hor. O. I, xx, 5. Pe. thinks this is "unintelligibly harsh if it is under- stood metaphorically, and absurd if construed literally," and by the aid of a passage in Statius' Thebaid (3, 184) explains paternos cineres as " the ashes resulting from Zeus' fatherhood or caused by Zeus, then a father, and as referring to the birth of Dionysus, which Propertius elsewhere calls mater?ios Aetnaeo fulmine partus." — 38. septem. So Hertzb., Keil, Miiller, and Jacob ; i.e. at the seven gates of Thebes, in which the six leaders on each side were slain (clade pari). Pe. objects to this reading as a statement contrary to fact, with Py., retains sei?iper, and takes proelia as the indefinite plural, referring to the single combat of Eteocles and Polynices. — 39. Scaeas, sc. portas. Apollinis, i.e. built by him and Neptune for Laomedon. — 41. pressit aratro, i.e. brought it about that, etc. — 44. Coe, i.e. Philetas of Cos. Cf. V, I ; the reading of Lachmann, Palmer, and others. Py., Pe. and some others have Dore, from the dure of the Mss. — 45. Te duce, i.e. praeewite, when you set me the example. Wr. — 46. Oroniedonta, the king of the giants ; corrected by Hertzb. to Eurymedonta. — 48. ordiar, set about describmg. firma — firmata. — 49. silvestri ex ubere, i.e. suckled by the she-wolf. — 50. crescet, etc., i.e. altius ascendet, donee sub tua iussa venerit ut Caesaris res gestas canat. Pr. • — 51. prosequar, sc. carmine, utroque ab litore, i.e. from the extreme East to the extreme West, the whole Roman empire. Cf. Virg. Georg. Ill, 33. — 52. remissa, backward shot or showered, fugae, a genitive, and == subdole fiigientiu?7i. Pe. thinks the meaning of the phrase may be, the arrows cease to be strained on the bow. — 53. castra, fortress xi.] Propertius. 233 ox garrison. — 55. Mollis, kind, iuventae, my youthful career. Pe. — 56. inmissis rotis, when ??iy car is in full career. A metaphor from the Circus, where the drivers received signs of encouragement (signa) from the spectators and partizans of the factions. See Ry., p. 349. — 57. Hoc laudis concedis, i.e. So much reputation your example allows me. Pe. a te est, it is owing to your example. — 58. quod ferar, etc., that I shall be said to have joined your side, i.e. to have taken the part of humility like yourself. Py., who thus interprets these concluding verses : " Though disinclined to write historical poems, still if you my patron insist upon it, and will engage to regard them favorably, if unequal to your expectations, I will consent." XL To Postumus, a friend, engaged in an expedition to the East, who had left a faithful wife at home to mourn his absence. 3. spoliati, used aoristically, the action being contemplated as prospec- tively accomplished. Hertzb. — 4. ne faceres depends on rogante; i.e. that you should fail to heed the entreaties of your Galla, begging that you would not leave her. — 5. Si fas est, sc. to use this expression. — 8. The mention of the Araxes, of the Parthians, in v. 3, and of the Medians in v. 1 1, seems to indicate that the expedition referred to in this elegy was against the Parthians. Those who believe it to have been against the Arabians explain Araxis by assuming that it was a kind of typical river with Pro- pertius, or that he knew but little of the geography of Asia; but there is no evidence that either of these assumptions is true. — 10. ne fiat, sc. metuens. — 12. cataphractus, sc. laetetur, on which the ablative equo depends. aurato, i.e. the gilded trappings of his more luxurious but less hardy opponent. Py. — 16. moribus his, i.e. a character so lacking in affection. alia . . . eras, you did not deserve such a wife. — 17. timore, sc. of a husband. — 18. luxuriae . . . suae, the instructress of others in its own profligacy. — 25-37 : The journeyings and adventures of Ulysses from the siege of Troy till his return to Ithaca, mons, Calpe, the reading of the best Mss. adopted by Jacob, and by Hertzb., who thinks Propertius did not follow Homer (or other accounts now lost) but Philetas, and that the latter may have included Gibraltar in the wanderings of Ulysses. Py. follows other editors in reading manus capta, on the ground that the following incidents are wholly from the Odyssey, that the fight with the Cicones and the capture of their city Ismara are actually recorded (Od. IX, 38), and 234 Notes. [xn. that Calpe seems utterly out of place in speaking of the Thracians and the Cyclops — both among the subjects of the ninth Book. — 27. tenaces, i.e. keeping them away from their homes. Py. — 2S. alternas . . . aquas, "where lashed and lashing waves alternate split." Cranstoun. — 31, Aeaeae puellae probably refers to Calypso. See Lex., s. Aeaeus, II. — 35. renovasse, to have used again. See Lex., s. v.I y I. The infinitives in this sentence all depend on non ille nocuit, to be supplied from v. 24. — 37. Nee frustra, sc. non nocuere or haec omnia perpessus est. Py. XII. On the death of Marcellus, the son of C. Ckudius Marcellus and Octavia (the sister of Augustus) at Baiae, B.C. 23 ; to whose mem- ory also are the well-known lines in Virgil's Aeneid (VI, 860, seqq.). I. Clausus, divided by a strip of land about a mile in width, from Avernus, a deep fresh-water lake, (the crater of an extinct volcano) whose steep sides were once covered with dark woods (umbroso), giving a gloomy and dismal aspect to it. ludit, chafes and ripples, aptly said of the quiet sportive motion of waters protected from winds. Pr. pontus, here the Liurine lake, a shallow salt-water lagoon, (situated at the inmost point of the deep bay between Puteoli and Baiae) which extended nearly to Baiae and so identified here, in a manner, with the hot sulphur-springs of that watering place. — 2. stagna is in apposition with it. So Py. Pe. and others take pontus in its usual sense, the outer sea, and stagna, as — the Lucrine lake, in loose apposition to the previous line. — 3. qua, to be taken with harena. The famous Julian harbor was constructed by Agrippa in B.C. 37, by cutting a canal across the Via Herculis into the Lucrine lake and uniting that lake with the Avernian, by cutting another canal through the inter- vening ridge. See Merivale, Hist, of Rom. E?npire, ch. XXVII ; Diet. Geog. II. 212. 4. Herculeo . . . via, a low and narrow sand-bank or ridge, a mile long and wide enough for a carriage to pass over, separating the bay of Naples from the Lucrine lake, according to tradition, made by Hercules. Agrippa widened and strengthened it against the sea, apparently by facing it with masonry, sonat, resounds, sc. with the rippling or dashing of the sea. — 5. mortalis, taken by Hertzb., Py., and Pe. as an accusative; with urbes == urbes mortaliam, and with quaereret antithetic to caelum adire xii.] Propertius. 235 implied in deo. Keil, Mtiller, and Wr. regard it as a nominative : while yet a mortal, winning cities, etc. To this Hertzb. objects on the ground that the very next line speaks of Hercules as deus, not homo, and that he was at all events not mortalis, even in the condition of homo on earth. dextra, with the might of his arm. — 6. Thebano deo, Hercules, (not Bacchus) as born and worshipped at Thebes. There was a close connec- tion between the worship of these two deities. But the legendary exploits of Hercules were much more associated with this part of Italy (than those of Dionysus), and from them Herculaneum derived its name. He was also the patron of hot-springs and hence was additionally honored at Baiae. concrepuere, clashed together. The meaning of the line is that here Hercules was met by the emblems of peace and festivity. The legend is otherwise unknown. Pe. Vs. 7 and 8 are parenthetical, — an apostrophe to Baiae which is a vocative, — and the apodosis of vs. 1-6 begins with v. 9. — 7. cum, em- phatic, not without a grave charge, crimine, sc. of causing Marceilus' death. — 8. constitit, as an archer in ambush. Pe. hostis, predicate, sc. as if the patron god had abandoned the springs and some noxious deity had occupied his place. Py. 9. his, i.e. stagnis. Py.; these malific influences. Pe. Others refer it to Baiae. pressus = oppressus. demisit, agrees with iile which is con- trasted all the more strongly with spiritus by its position. Py. Stygias . . . undas, he stooped his face i?ito the Stygian wave. Pe. — 10. errat spiritus, flits a spirit. Ry. and Py. Pr. renders : breath (parted from the body) wanders o'er your lake, on the ground that spiritus in the sense of ghost is post-classical. Pe. translates spiritus ille, that ?ioble soul. The death of Marceilus was believed to have been caused by the incautious or excessive use of the bath, added perhaps to the general effect of the climate of Baiae, which was very unwholesome. See Merivale's Hist. ch. XXXV. 11. optima mater, his noble mother, i.e. the nobleness of his mother. Xo Roman lady ever deserved this title better than Octavia. Pe. — 12. am- plexum . . . focos, refers to the adoption of Marceilus into the Julian family, perhaps also to his marriage with Julia the daughter of Augustus. Both ceremonies would be performed before the gods of the hearth. — 13. modo, to be taken with the whole sentence. Pe. vela, the awnings over the theatre. The reference is to the magnificent games Marceilus exhibited in his curule aedileship, B.C. 23, during which it was said that the whole forum was covered with an awning. — 14. per maternas . . . manus. Octavia had superintended many of the arrangements on account of the illness of her son. — 15. steterat, a bold and very vivid expression, 22)6 Notes. [xin. but in keeping with the general meaning of stare ; time suddenly stopped for Mar cell us in his twentieth year. Pe. — 1 6. bona, accomplishments, noble qualities, tain • • . orbe, confined to such a narrow field, dies, i.e. the brief life of Marcellus. Pr.; time. Pe. "So many virtues his! his years so few ! " 17. I nunc, addressed ironically to any ambitious man or believer in human glory. Py. — iS. invent, delight you. — 19. Attalicas vestes, with reference to the awnings mentioned in v. 13. — 21. Sed tamen, i.e. Death does not single out the illustrious but takes all. Pe. hue, sc. fendi- mus. ordo, an allusion to the different ranks as arranged in the theatre. — 23. exoranda, to be appeased. — 24. torvi, glowering, publica cymba, the skiff that takes all. Pe. — 25. Ille, this (i.e. any) man. Py. The reference is vaguely to the context, ' the typical human being.' Pe. — 26. caput, sc. as representing the body, his life. Pe. — 27. exemit, exempted. — 29. Hie luctus, This source of grief i.e. death by pestilence. Pe. Py. understands it of the grief of Achilles for the loss of Briseis ; which caused the death by war and plague of so many of the Greeks. ignaros, i.e. causam mali nescientes, until enlightened by Calchas. — 30. Atridae, dative. Py.; genitive. Pe. inagno. For the case see A. 252; G. 404; H. 422. stetit, sc. Achivis. alter amor, i.e. Aga- memnon's passion for Chriseis, preferred, as she was, to his first and law- ful love Clytaemnestra. — 31. tibi, sc. Marcellus. nauta, i.e. Charon. — 32. animae, genitive, with corpus inane, thy body void of breath ; really his manes. Pe. The confusion of the soul and the body is very common in the Latin poets. — 2>3- sc - a g*t or wwV, i.e. in Elysium. Claudius Marcellus, the conqueror of Syracuse B.C. 212, and the ancestor of the hero of this poem. — 34. ab humana via, by the way common to man, i.e. through death. Hertzb.; from the paths or haunts of men. Pe. All agree that the precise meaning of this unusual expression is doubtful. Pe. thinks it very possible that there may be an allusion to the tombs that lined the Via Appia and other roads leading out of Rome, in astra, to be under- stood of Julius Caesar alone. XIII. To Tullus, a friend, who after a year's service as legatus in Asia Minor continued to reside there for a considerable time, partly in order to visit various places and objects of interest. The poet urges him to return to Italy, as containing more beauty and interest than all the rest of the world, as the country of his ancestors, and as the true field for the display of his abilities. xiii.] Propertins. 237 1. Cyzicus, on the Propontis, famous for the temple of Cybele, built by the Argonauts. — 2. qua Unit Isthmos, where the isthmus floats. The isthmus was a bridge which joined the island on which the city stood with the mainland. — 3. Dindymus, the name of a mountain close to the city, famous for the worship of Cybele. fabricata, constructed in honor of. Cyt>ebae, a dative, iuvenca. Probably a famous statue of Cybele of marble, under this form, at Cyzicus or in a chapel of the temple on Mt. Dindymus. — 5. si te forte, etc. The apodosis begins with v. 17. Helles, the daughter of Athamas and Nephele, who, riding through the air on the ram with a golden fleece, fell into the sea, which took her name. — 6. meo. See A. 197, a; G. 363, Rem.; H. 396, III, note 2. — 7. At- lanta, i.e. the statue of Atlas. — 8. Persea, Herculis, etc., are to be understood in the same way. Pr. supposes that actual travels are referred to throughout this passage. But wherever that is his meaning he con- fines himself to reasonable distances from Cyzicus. Ph.orcid.os, i.e. Me- dusa, the daughter of Phorcus. ora, the head. See Lex., s. v. II, B. — 9. signa, not statues, but vestigia, the marks fancifully supposed to be left by the wrestling heroes. Py. — 10. clioros, is here taken by Pr. in the sense of the Greek x°P°^i the place for dancing. — II. propellas, cleave. — 12. Peliacae traMs. Cf. Catull. XIII, 1. ipse, sc. quod olim heroes legebant. legas, you traverse ; with iter, track the course. — 13. rudis, sc. antea ; with pinus, " the erst untravelled pine." Cranstoun. Argoa columba, through the aid of the Ai'goan dove, regarded as the instrument by which the vessel floated safely among the rocks. Pr. natat, for natavit, a use of the present not uncommon in Propertius. Cf. IV, 6, 22; V, I, 77, and 121. Pr. But see A. 128, a-, G. 151, I; H. 235. saxa, the Symplegades, two rocky islands in the Euxine, floating about, dashing together and rebounding. The Argonauts, following the example of a dove which they had sent out, for the purpose of determining their course by its fate, sailed quickly between these rocky islands, with scarcely any injury; and after that the Symplegades were immovable. — 15. sis Ortygia. So Haupt, Miiller, and Keil. The reading is doubtful, and other editors have si (sc. legas) Ortygiae (a locative), or Orlygii. Orty- gia, the ancient name of a grove near Ephesus, connected with the wor- ship of Diana and Latona. Py. — 16. qua . . . vias, probably refers to the Nile. Py. interprets : " reduces his speed and volume by dividing his waters into seven channels." — 19. coimmoda noxae, disposed to harm ; explained by v. 21. — 21. pietate, patriotism. — 22. victrices . . . manus = ira facile remissa tern per at victoriam. — 23. Hie, sc. in Italia. — 24. 3Iarcius humor. See VI, 12, note. — 25. Neniorensis, a lake in a dense forest on the lower slope of Mt. Albanus, so called 238 Notes, [xiv. because on its margin was a temple of Diana, the name of which was Nemus Dianae. It was near Aricia. socia unda. The two lakes were near together, and might, poetically speaking, be said to Row from kindred waters. Pr. — 26. lympha, sc, the lacus lutemae, in the Roman forum, from which Castor and Pollux were said to have watered their horses after the battle of lake Regillus. — 29. pro inatre, i.e. through her mother's fault. Andromeda was chained to the rock to be devoured by the sea- monster, as a punishment due to her mother, Cassiopeia, for boasting of her beauty in comparison with the Nereids. — 30. nor hast thou to fear an Italian banquet like that of Thyestes. The sun (Phoebe) was said to have averted his face from that banquet. — 31. nor have distant torches blazed against the life of any. Pr. The reference is to the story of Althaea, who threw on the fire the fatal stick of wood by which the death of her son, Meleager, was caused. — ^Z- * n arbore, sc - sedentem. — 34. subdita, substituted (by Artemis) for Iphigenia, when laid on the altar at Aulis. — 35. cornua curvare in pellice, " ne'er with crooked horns hath marred a rival's draw" — 36. dedecorare, disfigure, bove for bovis figura ; "or, torn by fearful jealousy, transformed her to a cow'' Cranstoun. The allusion is to the story of Io. — 37. With cruces must be supplied non valuit habere, or adhibere. Lachm. non . . . saxa, the Scironian rocks from which the robber Sciron threw travellers into the sea; awkwardly inserted, since in sua fata must refer to Sinis, who was killed in the same way as he had killed others. Py. supposes the poet may have con- founded the two stories, since both robbers were killed by Theseus. — 40. pro digna gente, i.e. prout nobilitas gentis tuae postulat. Earth. — 41. tibi ad eloquium, i.e. "to whom you may exhibit your eloquence, and for whom you may profitably employ it." Py. — 42. aptus, worthy, i.e. suited to your condition. XIV. An imaginary love-letter written by Arethusa to her husband Lycotas, absent in the Eastern wars. Under these names it is gen- erally thought that Aelia Galla and her husband Postumus (to whom elegy XI is addressed) are meant. The similarity of circumstances mentioned in the two elegies strongly favors this supposition. The correctness of it, however, is doubted by Hertzberg because of the improbability that feigned names should be used after the real ones had been given, and because when the Roman writers employed xiv.] Propertius. 239 feigned names they selected such as were of the same rhythm as the real ones. This is the earliest specimen of a species of poetry which was afterwards extensively cultivated by Ovid ; and the resemblance of his Heroides to this elegy is so striking that they seem to have been modelled upon it. Arethusa complains of her husband's continued absence, her own desolation and vain attempts to relieve it ; she denounces war, yet wishes she could follow him, and implores him to return speedily, continuing faithful to her alone. She will be as grateful to the gods for his return, as she has been devoted to them in his absence. 5. incerto tractu, from its unsteady stroke. — 6. " tis but the token of my dying hand." Cranstoun. — 7. iterates per ortus, in Easter 71 climes more than once visited. Cf. V, I, 82 : signa iterata ; Hor. O. I, vii, 32 : eras ingens iterabimtis aeqnor. Bactra stands here for Parthia ; and the allusion is, perhaps, to the sending of troops and supplies for the second Parthian expedition to revenge the death of Crassus. — 8. munito equo, with mail-clad steed. Noricus. So Keil. For the reading of most Mss., Hericus, many editors read Neuricus, from Neuri, a Sarmatian tribe. — 9. picto . . . curru. Cf. II, i, 76 : esseda caelatis siste Brita?i7ia iugis. — 10. the sun-burnt swarthy Indian by the eastern sea. Py. aqua, locative-ablative. — 11. Quae praetulit, The torch which preceded me 1 as an omen of my marriage, deductae, co7iducted \.o my husband's house. — 12. nigra = fuliginosa, i.e. not burning bright and clear, ever so rogo, some burnt-out pyre. The Romans had a great dread of connecting in any way the rites of* marriage and burial. — 13. Stygio lacu. The water used for sprinkling (when the bride reached the bridegroom's house), by way of symbolizing her purity, was not fresh from the stream, but came from the Avernian lake, recta, rightly fitting ; or it maybe used for the adverb. — 14. non . . . deo, without the attendance of the god Hymen, who did not not come when invoked in the marriage song. — 15. portis, probably the city -gates, at which altars and shrines cf the Lares viales were placed, and before which written vows for the safety of the absent were suspended, noxia vota. Arethusa's promises of offer - ings were harmful, not favorably received by the gods, and so hindered rather than hastened her husband's return. — 16. texitur . . . lacerna, refers to the custom of Roman wives weaving a military cloak for their husbands, when in camp, every year. That her vows had not been heard was shown by Lycotas' being now absent the fourth year. Py. 17. inmerita, sc. such a fate, or use for such a purpose, vallum, 240 Notes. [xiv. the stake carried by each soldier for constructing the rampart of a camp. — 19. obliquo, i.e. standing (or walking) sideways, in the position of rope- making. Ocno, i.e. tha?i Ocnus in the painting. See Lex., s. v. II. The inventor of war, before all others, deserved to have endless toil in vain. — 21. urit, chafes. — 24. color, i.e. paleness, meo, for me, emphatic. — 26. osculor tua, / kiss them as yours. — 28. auctores, harbingers ; " and wakeful bird of morn forget to crow." Cranstoun. — 29. castrensia, i.e. for military garments. See Lex., s. pensum, B, I. — 30. in radios . . . suos, cut in lengths to suit their shuttles. Py. — 31. disco, sc. as one of the employments of the long winter nights. Py. qua parte, sc. of the East. — 32. sine aqua, i.e. in order to find water. — ^- pictos mundos, i.e. pictas orbis partes. — 34. docti positura dei, the forma- Hon or arrangement of the world by a wise deity, positura is a Lucretian word. — 38. peierat, falsely swears, sc. in order to console me. hiberni • . . moras, that the delay is caused by the wintry season. 40. barbara, contrasted with Romanis puellis ; happy in the free- dom of her wild state. Pr. — 42. a faithful companion to your train. Pe. — 44. Africus, the reading of the Mss., considered doubtful and difficult of explanation, yet retained by most editors, may be here used indefinitely for any wind. Pr. remarks that generally, in the Latin poets, Africus is marked by epithets denoting roughness and storminess rather than warmth. — 45. aperto in coniuge, in the case of an ackfiozvledged and lawful husband. Pr. — 47. Nam mihi quo, sc. ornatus, understood from the following words. So Hertzb., Keil, and others. Poenis ostris, "the costly Tyrian hues.''' tibi,for you alone. Py. prefers to place the inter- rogation after manus. — 49. raris kalendis, only now and then on the first of the month, adsueta, i.e. who had been accustomed to do this oftener. Offerings were usually made to the Lares on the kalends, nones, and ides of each month. — 50. clausos lares, i.e. the lararium, the shrine or small chapel where the statues of the Lares were placed and wor- shipped. The meaning is that Arethusa has not even the heart to perform her ordinary religious duties. Pr. — 51. et vox = et sola vox. — 52. tui partem vindicat, claims your place. Cf. Martial's pretty epigram (I, no) on a lapdog which slept on its master's bed. — 53. compita, sc. at the shrines of the Lares viales. — 54. herba Sabina, a kind of juniper, from the crackling sound of which when burning on the hearth an omen was derived. — 55. gemuit, has hooted ; a bad omen. — 56. tangi mero. If a wick sputtered, it was a good omen ; an arrival was expected, and it was touched with wine, as an acknowledgment of the omen and as a libation. Py. parca, waning. — 57. The omens are fol- lowed by a sacrifice, either to avert the evil or ensure the good they xv.] Proper tins. 241 portend. Py. — 58. calent . . . lucra, are eager after fresh perquisites, a portion of the meat being sent to them after duly performing the sacri- fice. Py. 59. ascensis Bactris, won by scaling the walls of Bactria ; as if it was an acropolis, tanti, sc. ut vitam per das. — 60. carbasa, here an adjective. See Lex., s. v. II, A ; with Una, the standard, of embroidered linen cloth. — 62. versis equis. The Parthians when fleeing or pre- tending flight would suddenly turn on their enemy and discharge arrows at him. Cf. Ill, 13. — 63. tua = presented to you. — 64. pura hasta, i.e. without a head, given as a badge of honor to a soldier who had distin- guished himself in battle. See Rh., s. v. — 65. incorrupta conserva, i.e. as I hope for your triumphant return, so preserve your honor chaste. Pr. "O keep thy bridal troth without a stain." Cranstoun. — 67. portae Capenae, i.e. to the temple of Mars, which was close to that gate; accord- ing to the custom for wives to offer up arms in this way on the safe return of their husbands. — 68. puella, a young wife. See Lex., s. v. II. salvo . . . vira. The verb omitted, as usually in this formula. " The four simple words that end this beautiful elegy form a most effective conclusion." — Paley. XV. This elegy was written probably for the Ludi Quinqucnnales, which were instituted to commemorate the battle of Actium (b.c. 31), and first celebrated B.C. 16. It contains the earliest and most authentic record of that battle, with a eulogy on Augustus for his decisive victory over Antony and Cleopatra. " The poem consists of three scenes : the exordium, the poet's sacrifice, i.e. the description of the battle of Actium, and the sacrificial banquet." — POST- GATE. 1. Sacra facit vates. The poet represents himself as a priest about to perform a sacrifice ; and hence the metaphors in the first ten verses are all from sacrificial and sacerdotal usages, sint . . . faventia = favete Unguis. — 2. meos focos, the altar-fires, before which I officiate. — 3. Cera, the reading of most Mss., retained by Lachm., Keil, and Palmer; = tabula, i.e. let the page of the Romaji bard vie with the elegy of the ivy-crowned Philetas. So Pr., who admits that cera with corymbis involves a strange confusion of metaphors, but considers it similar to those found in other passages of Propertius. Cf. V, 1 and* - ! 8. Pe. insists that 242 Notes. [xv. neither of the two senses which cera could have here, writing tablet and wax i??iage, is satisfactory, and with Barth and Kuinoel prefers serta, the con- jecture of Scaliger. Other readings are Hedra (Py.) ; Ara (Haupt) ; Tura (Reid). corymbis. The dative after certet is poetical. — 4. Cyre- naeas. Callimachus was a native of Cyrene. aquas, the libation at the poet's sacrifice. Pe. — 5. blandi, pleasant-smelling, with the secondary sense of propitiating. Pe. honores, offering. — 6. laneus orbis, the circling wool of the fillet which was wound round the altar. Pe. See Rh., s. Villa. — 7. spargite . . . lympfais, sc. using a branch of bay. This was also a Greek custom at a sacrifice, recentibus aris, at the newly- bnilt altars. Py. — 8. tibia, played to drown all ill-omened sounds. Mygdoniis libet cadis, pour from Phrygian stores, the notes of, the tibia being compared with the libation of wine from a jar at a sacrifice. Py. — 9. Ite procul, the usual address to those, who were not ceremonially pure, to keep away from the sacrifice, applied here to the taint of crime. alio aere, i.e. anywhere but here. Pe., who also calls attention to "the vivid concreteness of the idea — the noxae are supposed to be floating in the atmosphere, noxa brings out the actual mischief done, fraus, the mali- cious niotive." — 10. pura may mean merely fresh pulled, and therefore ceremonially pure, or may refer to the cleansing qualities ascribed to the laurea, the shrub sacred to Apollo. Pe. paraphrases the verse : " a soft carpet of bay-leaves is strewn on the ground for the poet-priest to tread on as he leads the procession to the altar." Pr. renders it : the inspiration of Apollo (symbolized by the laurel) will enable the poet to master a new and difficult subject, or a new kind of poetry. 11. referemus, i.e. our the?7ie shall be the cause of building the temple, etc. — 13. in nomen, for the honor of. — 14. vaces, deign to listen. — 15. Phoebi, i.e. where the temple of Apollo stood, fnigiens, retreating into the land. Atiiamana litora, i.e. the shores of Ambracia, to the northeast of which the Athamanes were located, in the interior of Epirus. portus, i.e. the Ambracian gulf. — 16. "where the roar of the Ionian billow is hushed within Ambracia's bay." — 17. Actia, transferred from pelagus, an appositive of sinus, to moninienta, which here means recording (sc. by the temple on its shore) the exploits. luleae carinae, i.e. the ship of Octavian, lulus'' descendant. — 18. votis, dative; with nautarum = the pr -ay 'ing sailors, non operosa, i.e. giving no trouble. via, the passage into the Ambracian gulf. The allusion is to the larger harbor of Nicopolis, built by Augustus after his victory. 19. mundi manus : Antony's forces were made up partly of Egyptian auxiliaries and partly of Eastern nations ; and his fleet, from the unwieldy size of its ships (nioles), seemed to stand motionless (stetit) on the xv.] Propertius. 243 water. — 20. nee . . . avis, nor was the omen equally favorable to each Jleet. Py. — 21. Quirino, the new Quirinus, i.e. Octavian. Pe.; with damnata, dative of the person in whose favor the verdict of condemnation is made, — the prosecutor. Pe. See Roby, 1199. Py. makes the verb refer to the custom of solemnly denouncing in the Senate the enemies of the Roman people, " under the ban of the Troy-descended Romulus." — 22. turpiter. " It was degrading to the national Roman weapon that it should be wielded by a woman and an Egyptian, i.e. the alliance of Antony and Cleopatra was a scandal to Rome." Pe. — 23. nine, i.e. on our side. lovis online, i.e. the favorable breeze, regarded as sent by Zeus Ovpios. Py. — 24. patriae, dative = pro patria. docta, sc. by the many victories already gained. — 25. Nereus, the god of the sea, is represented as curv- ing the fleets in two crescent-shaped lines, geminos in arcus. "The front of Augustus' fleet was concave, that of Antony's convex." Cf. Meri- vale's description of the battle, ch. XXVIII. — 26. picta . . . aqua, descriptive of the play of colored light on the waters. Pe. — 27. linquens. Notice the force of the present participle stantem, fixed, stationary. se vindice, through his protection. — 30. in obliquam faceni, like a torch held aslant, by which the flame is curved upwards. Py. ter sinuata, thrice curving. — 33. sed, sc. attuleral talem vultum quali, etc. — 34. egessit, emptied, by removing the dead to the pyres without, rogis, ablative. The allusion is to the pestilence described in the Iliad I, 40-50. — 35. flexos per orbes, through all its coiling rings, solvit, i.e. "uncoiled its folds and stretched it limp in death." — 36. serpentem, participle, inbelles lyrae, the timid Muses, the instrument put for the performer. 37. ab Alba, sprung from Albds kings. — 38. Heetoreis, Trojan ; worthy of Hector. Pe. cognita, i.e. by thy exploits. — 40. onus, sc. pharetrae. — 42. vota, viz., in the form of coronae or tabellae. Py. Pe. makes it mean with publica a nation's prayers, calling that, however, "a very modern expression." — 43. murorum augur, when he took the aus- pices for the walls. — 44. Palatinas, seen on the Palatine, non bene, in an evil hour. Pe. — 45. Et . . . audent, seems to imply that Antony's fleet made the first onset. Py. — 46. regia vela, a tyrant's fleet, contrasted with principe. pati. Cf. v. 48. — 47. centenis, the distributive, because classis = naves. — 49. quod, etc., as to the prows, etc. See A. 333, a ; G. 525, Rem. 2; H. 516, 2, note. Centaurica . . . min&ntis, fgures threatening to hurl such stones as the Lapithae hurled against the Centaurs; referring to the figure-heads. Py. Antony's fleet had engines for hurling real rocks. — 52. subest, used of what is at the bottom of a dispute. — 53. temporis, sc. for beginning the action. — 54. rostra, the beaked 244 Notes. [xv. ships, laurigera manu, sc. as if about to put a wreath of victory upon them. 55. pondus, the conteiits. arcus, the " pluralis magnificentiae." Pe. — 57. fide, fidelity to his promise (v. 39, 40) and to the cause, femina. Cleopatra is never mentioned by name by Virgil, Horace, Propertius, or Ovid. Pe. — 58. sceptra fracta, the shivered sceptre, i.e. victa classis. vehimtur, drifts, or perhaps is conveyed. Pe. — 59. Idalio, in allusion to Venus, the mother of lulus. Cf. Catull. XIII, 96. — 60. nostri . . . fides, i.e. this victory of yours is a guarantee (i.e. proof} that you are bom of my race. Py. — 62. libera signa, the standards of freedom. — 63. Ilia. Cleopatra, who however really escaped with her fleet to Alexan- dria. — 64. hoc unum, accusative in apposition to the rest of the line, ready to do all but die on a bidden day. Cf. Hor. Sat. I, iv, 10 ; Tac. Hist. Ill, 31. — 65. Di melius, sc. nobis consuluerunt. Py. ; not so, but prob- ably a prayer. Pe. quantus = quantulus, how paltry. — 67. hinc, i.e. from this contest. Pe. monimenta, the restoration of Apollo's temple on the promontory of Actium and the quinquennial festival called Ludi Actiaci (which must not be confounded with the Ludi Quinquemtales at Rome), instituted at Nicopolis, the city erected by Augustus to commemorate his victory. — 69. Citharam, sc. which he had laid aside during the fight. Py. 71. The poet who in v. 1 had assumed the character of a priest now speaks of the banquet partaken of by the college of priests in the sacred grove after the sacrifice. Py. Candida convivia, the white-robed ban- queters. Cf. Hor. Sat. II, ii, 61. molli, grateful, soothing, with soft grass and shelter from the heat. Pe. — 72. blanditiae rosae, the soft caresses of the rose, i.e. the caressing roses; rosae, the collective singular: "adown my neck let dainty rose-wreaths flow." Cranstoun. — 74. spica Cilissa, i.e. tuft of saffron, imported from Corycus in Cilicia ; here saffron ointment. — 75. Ille memoret, Let one poet celebrate. Py. servire Sicamforos. This German tribe on the east bank of the Rhine had defeated the Romans under M. Lollius, B.C. 16 ; but on Augustus himself going to Germany they sued for p^.ce. — 76. Cepheam, Cephean, so called from Cepheus, an old king of Aethiopia, the iaJier of Andromeda. Meroen, Candace, queen of Meroe, a district of Aethiopia, the capital of which was also Meroe, in B.C. 22 and 21 invaded Egypt, but was defeated by Petronius, praefect of that province, and submitted to Augustus. — 77. confessum, here used absolutely; with sero foedere, owning Rome's power by a tardy truce. — 79. pharetris Eois = pharetratis Lois gentibus. — 80. differat tro- paea, i.e. leave something for his sons to conquer, pueros suos, Caius and Lucius Caesar, the sons of his daughter Julia by M. Agrippa, adopted by Augustus. — 81. nigras harenas, the alluvial plains watered by the xvi.] Propertius. 245 Euphrates, though strictly speaking these did not extend up to Parthia. si quid sapis, i.e. if there is any consciousness in Hades. Py. — 82. ire . . . licet, i.e. the way to the East is now opened by the Roman arms. — 83. patera, with libations. XVI. An elegy on the death of Cornelia, in the form of an address to her husband, exhorting him to cease his lamentations for her, affirming the blamelessness of her life, pleading her cause before Aeacus and the court of Hades, summoning witnesses to attest her virtues, addressing also her children and commending their father to their care ; and asking for admission to the abode of her distin- guished ancestors in Hades as a recompense due to her merits. " The plan of the poem, which is a sort of funeral oration in verse, is not consistently maintained throughout. Cornelia passes from addressing her hus- band in the upper world to addressing her supposed judges in the lower, and vice versa. This is the more intelligible, if — as Hiibner has conjectured — the elegy was intended to be engraved on her tomb, at once the passage and the barrier between the two worlds." — Postgate. Cornelia was the daughter of Cornelius Scipio, a man of consular rank, and Scribonia, the sister of L. Scribonius Libo, and afterwards the wife of Augustus. P. Cornelius Scipio, consul B.C. 16, was her brother. Her husband Paullus Aemilius Lepidus, a nephew of the triumvir of that name, was an officer in the Republican army, but afterwards joined Octavian, was consul B.C. 34, and censor B.C. 22. Their children were L. Aemilius Paullus, consul a.d. i, M. Aemilius Lepidus, consul a.d. 6, and Aemilia Lepida, of whom nothing is known. As Cornelia died B.C. 16, it has been inferred that this was the latest of Propertius 1 productions, as it is certainly the master- piece of his genius, and (in the estimation of most critics) one of the finest poems in the language. Paley speaks of it as "a splendid composition full of pathos and eloquent appeal, and on the whole worthy of the almost extravagant praises which Barth and Kuinoel have bestowed upon it. 11 1. urgere, to importune, sepulcrum here = Manes, my buried shade. On the sentiment of the line cf. Tibullus, I, 65, 66. Py. remarks : "The confusion of bodily and spiritual ideas, and therefore of terms, so 246 Notes. [xvi. observable in this elegy, and generally in the Latin poets, is a natural con- sequence of the materialism of the ancient mythology. Thus fzmera, v. 3; rogos, v. 8 ; ossa, vs. 20 and 58, are used of the ghost of the deceased, from which the poet cannot detach the notion of a continued bodily existence in the other world ; which is the more perplexing, as he does not forget the annihilation of the earthly corpse on the pyre." — 2. panditur, opens for the passage of the dead back to life. The door of the tomb (or rather sepulchral chamber) is the barrier as it were between life and death. Py. ad, in answer to. Pe. — 3. intrarunt leges, contains the double notion of e7ttering the dominions, and entering the jurisdiction. Pr. fimera, the dead. Cf. Catullus, XIII, 83. — 4. non exorato = inexorabili ; " barred stand the adamantine doors of do >om." Cranstoun. — 6. nempe, assuredly. surda, i.e. that cannot hear you. lacrimas bibent, i.e. your tears will be wasted. Py. explains the two lines : " the god may be willing to hear you, but the laws of fate are superior to his will and inexorable." — 7. supe- ros, emphatic, only the gods of heaven, portitor, sc. Charon, aera, the piece of money put into the hand of the corpse, with which to pay Charon's fare. Whether this Greek custom was generally adopted by the Romans is doubtful. See Becker's Gallus, p. 508. — 8. herbosos, grass-groivn, the Ms. reading, adopted by Lachm., Ilertzb., and Keil. It is used to strengthen the notion of the grave as a closed place, — the earth mounded up and grass growing on it, so that there is no return possible. Pr. Palmer, Py., and Pe., with others, read umbrosos. rogos, used of the grave, by a confusion of imagery. See Lex., s. v. II. — 9. Sic . . . cecinere, i.e. the mournful notes of the tuba in the funeral procession proclaimed this truth. Py. — 10. lecto, an adjunct of detraheret, was withdrawing from the bier. The phrase refers to the gradual sinking down of the body into the burning mass. Pr. — II. eurrus, the triumphal car. — 12. famae = famae pu- dicae. pignora. See Lex., s. v. II, B. 1. tanta — tot. — 13. habui, did I find. Cornelia. The introduction of the proper name has a special emphasis as a self-assertion of conscious pride, " I with all my personal and hereditary claims for consideration." Pe. — 14. levatur. Notice the use of the indicative, onus, the small urn holding her ashes. 15. Damnatae noctes, an instance of hypallage for damnatorum nodes, nights of the condemned. Cf. Tibullus, II, 65, scelerata sedes. lenta, sluggish. — 16. inplicat, entangles my feet. Py.; winds round my path. Pe. — 17. inmatura. Premature death was supposed to be a consequence of the commission of some crime. — 18. pater, sc. Pluto. So Hertzb., Py., and Pr. Pe. thinks it possible that Cornelia's father is meant, hie, in the underworld. Pe., = huiusce regni. Pr. Py. and other editors read huic, for this my innocence, det mollia iura, i??ipose lenient xvi.] Propertius. 247 conditions on my shade, sc. for my residence in Orcus. Py. ius dare = leges constituere, to give a body of rights ; ius dicer e, to administer the law. Hertzb. — 19-20. Py. calls these verses exceedingly difficult, and con- denses from Hertzberg's commentary the following interpretation : " ' Or, if I am to undergo a trial (my asserted innocence not being taken for granted), and if there be indeed an Aeacus to judge the dead, let him punish my shade according to its deserts by the appointment of a jury (by drawing from an urn the names of the judices) ; and let Minos and Rha- damanthus act as assessors.' In this complicated allusion to the judicial forms of the praetor's court, the reader will observe that Aeacus is the quaesitor who appoints the jury by putting the names to be drawn, written on a ballot (j>ila) 9 into an urn; that the jury are supposed to be taken from the shades of the dead ; that vindicare in aliquem can only mean to punish; and that this sense in fact suits the context best, aut (v. 19) im- plying ' or if I am guilty,' etc.; that sortita pi la is the same as sortie ndis iudicibus, the participle being used in a passive signification." Pe. ex- plains qnis as = any such person as, takes index in its proper sense of juror or acting judge, urna as either the voting urn (as in v. 49) or the one containing the names of the accused, which decided the order in which the trial came on, and which was placed near Aeacus, and sortita pila, as the drawiitg by lot the ball inscribed with my name. See Ry., pp. 291- 294. — 21. adsideant, i.e. act as assessores, jurists who sat by the side of the magistrate on the tribunal to advise him on points of law. Minoida, here, but nowhere else, an adjective. — 22. Eumenidum, sc. as execu- tioners of the sentence, intento foro, in the listening cow't. Py. — 23. orbes, the revolutions of the wheel. Pe. — 24. Tantaleo. So the Mss., Hertzb., Lach., and Py. It must be a substantive form representing the Greek TavraXtQ) from a supposed Greek original TauraXeccs; with corripiare, may you be caught by Tantalus. Py. On the ground that this supposition respecting Tantaleo is without authority, Kuinoel and Muller emend the text, reading corripere ore. — 25. petat, attack, improfons, relentless. — 26. iaceat, lie loose on the ground, tacita sera, the pad- lock of the door, to which it is attached, ceases to rattle. Pe. See Rh., s. Sera. — 27. sororum, here the Danaides. 29. Cornelia's plea before the court. " But the poet has not maintained the persona loquens with perfect consistency, as the appeal to her children, and still more, her advice respecting their conduct toward their stepmother and to her husband have nothing to do with a defence." Py. Instead of per tropaea, the genitive or ex with fama would be the regular con- struction, decori fuit, adorned ; less common than decus for the beauti- fying thing. Pe. — 30. Afra Numantinos avos, is an allusion to the 248 Notes. [xvi. African and Spanish successes of the two Scipios, Africanus Major and Minor, loquuntur, are eloquent about. — 31. altera turba, i.e. the ancestry on the mother's side. The Libones were members of the Scribo- nian gens, exaequat, i.e. pares facit pater nis avis. Py. ; used absolutely, which is very rare. — 32. titulis, literally, commemorative inscriptions. Pe. But see Lex., s. v. II, A. Both families alike rest on their titles, i.e. so as not to come to extinction or obscurity. Py. — ^. praetexta, the dress of childhood, exchanged at marriage for the stola of the matron. — 34. ac- ceptas, caught by, taken tip. altera vitta. The form of the matron's vitta differed from that of the maiden. — 35. sic, only thus to be parted, i.e. by death, cub ill, to be taken with iungor. — 36. boc. So the Mss. Cornelia is supposed to point to her gravestone. Lachm. and others read huic. legar, future here. — 38. titulis. Under the inscription at the base of a statue or trophy commemorating the exploits of Scipio Africanus, we must suppose a symbolical sculpture of Africa to have been placed, represented as a woman (a female slave or captive), prostrate, with hair shorn in token of grief. Py. Cf. v. 32. — 39. The construction is : et (eum testor qui f regit) Persen tuasque, O Persa, domos Acbille pro- avo ortas. Hertzb. The allusion is to L. Aem. Paullus, the conqueror of Perses and ancestor of Cornelia's husband. Instead of simulantem Acliillis, the reading of Keil, Palmer, and Py., Pe. reads stimulantem Achilli, and instead of tuas proavo (v. 40), the Ms. reading, accepted by Keil and Palmer, Py. reads tuas proavtis, and takes Acbille as a voca- tive, which the quantity of the final e seems to forbid. Pe. reads tume7ts proavo ; while he argues against the reading of Aveme for Acbille in Munro's discussion of the passage in the Journal of Philol. (VI, pp. 53-62). — 41. mollisse, weakened, i.e. have not been the cause of my husband's relaxing the severity of the censorship through any fault of mine which he ought to have punished. Py. — 42. labe, stain. — 43. damnum, i.e. she did not impair the lustre of these honors. Pe. The dative would be regu- larly used in prose. — 44. i.e. great as was the family, she was herself even a pattern of virtue in it. Py. " Ne'er censor bent the law to screen my shame ; Your hearth was aye the shrine of honor fair; No slur I brought upon your stainless name; Your house was noble — I the pattern there." — CRANSTOUN. — 45. Mea aetas = I throughout my life. Pe. mutata, sc. for the worse. — 46. inter utramque facem, from the bridal to the fu7ierql torch. — 47. Mi natura . . . ductas, i.e. my virtue is natural and inherited, not assumed through fear of punishment. Pe. xvi.] Propertins. 249 " Nature my blood with inborn virtue blent — No fears couid make my guiieiess heart more pure." — CRANSTOUN. — 49. Quaelibet urna, i.e. any panel or decuria of jurors, whose votes of acquittal or condemnation were dropped into the urn. ferat taoellas, the proper phrase for the juror's taking his tablet to the urn. Pe.; with aus- teras, pass their severest sentence. — 50. No woman, however virtuous, will be disgraced through sitting at my side. The friends of a defendant sat by his side during a trial. Some translate assessu nieo, contact with me, or being classed with me. — 51. tardam, delaying , stranded. — 52. Clau- dia Quinta, a Roman matron, suspected of unchastity, established her inno- cence by drawing off from a shoal in the Tiber the boat conveying the image of Cybele (which was brought from Pessinus by P. Cornelius Scipio, B.C. 204) when the soothsayers had announced that only a chaste matron could move it. turritae, tower-crowned. She w r as represented with a crown of turrets (personifying the earth and its cities). See Lex., s. v., and Rh., s. corona, rara, seldom found, hard to ??iatch. Pe. — 53. corarais- sos, i.e. as a deposit committed to her care. — 54. focos, the altar-fire. Aemilia, a vestal virgin, who was accused of letting the sacred fire go out, tore off a strip of her garment and cast it on the altar, when the embers, which had long been cold, suddenly shot out through the linen into a bright flame. — 55. caput, brings out the personality, dear life. Pe. Cf. v. 10. — 58. defensa, sc. from aspersions which seem to have been cast upon her. — 59. sua nata, sc. Julia, the daughter of Augustus and Scri- bonia, and half-sister of Cornelia, vixisse, has ceased to live. A. 279, a ; H. 471, 1, 2). — 60. increpat, complains ; with an infinitive, only in Pro- pertius. ire, falling, deo, i.e. Caesari. 61. Et tamen, i.e. though I died so young, generosus, ennobling. Pe. vestis. Augustus conferred certain privileges on matrons who had had three children. The reference here seems to be to the presentation of an embroidered vestment. But nothing is definitely known about it. Py. — 62. sterili, emphatic. — 63. 11 My boys ! my solace when I live no more, Ye held me in your hands and closed my eyes." — CRANSTOUN. — 65. sellam . . . curulem, obtain a second curule office, i.e. the con- sulship. What his first was is not known. Pe. — 66. Py. calls this line a brief and rather confused way of expressing qui cum consul factus esset, eo tempore rapta est soror eius. Hertzb. understands tempore as the ablative of instrument. — 67. specimen . . . paternae, born to illustrate the censorship of thy sire. Pr. ; in whose birth is reflected your father's censor- ship. Pe. — 69. serie, i.e. an unbroken line of descendants, cymba, sc. of Charon, volenti . . . meis, Py. renders : / die resigned now that 250 Notes. [xvi. so many of my children survive me to perpetuate my memory, — 70. fata = sortem. Pe. reads facta. 72. emeritum rogum, in its simplest sense means defunctam vita mtilierem, according to the familiar use of emeritus, applied to things done with, past and gone. Py. Hertzb. interprets emeritum as = plane meritum, i.e. laudari ??ieritum. Both Py. and Pe. think it doubtful which of these two interpretations is the correct one, and leave the question unde- cided, libera, unrestrained by her presence, free to speak as they think. " A wife's last triumph, and of fairest note, Is fame's sweet incense rising o'er her tomb." — CRANSTOUN. — 73. Her plea is here interrupted by her parting injunctions to her hus- band and children. — 74. " burnt in my bones still breathes a mother's care." Cf. Gray's line : " Even in our ashes live their wonted fires." — 75. maternis vicibus, a mother 's part ; the plural very rare in this sense. Pe. — 76. omnis turba, cf. vs. 78, 98. — 77. tua, emphatic. — 79. sine . . . illis, sc. doleto. — 80. oscula may refer to the kisses of the father or the children; so that the clause siccis . . . genis may mean either falle eos osculando siccis genis. Py.; counterfeit kisses with dry eyes. Pe., i.e. dis- guise your real feelings by a cheerful kiss ; or, decipe osculantes ptieros, i.e. deceive your children when they kiss you, by hiding the traces of your tears. So Hertzb. and Pr. — 81. Sat . . . noctes . . . fatiges, a period of time represented as being affected by what takes place in it : Be content to weary the nights for me, i.e. to pass weary nights in mourning for me. Pe. — 82. in faciem credita meam, believed to be visions of me ; ita credita, tit fades mea tibi apparere videatur. Hertzb. — 83. secreto, i.e. in the cubiculum, where the simulacra, images in marble or wax, would be placed. Pe. — 84. ut responsurae, " as if the lips could answer thee again." — 85. The marriage couch (lectum) stood in the atrium, opposite to the door (ianua). See Becker's Gallus, p. 166. mutarit, has seen the couch cha7iged. Pe.; i.e. if a new bride is intro- duced. — &6. cauta, circumspect, careful to avoid offence. Pe. Py. in- terprets it suspicious, reserved, "implying the proverbial attributes of a noverca, severity and jealousy " ; and Pr. thinks it " includes also the idea of shy, uncertain of her ground, and hence needing kindness from the step-children." — 87. coniugium, the abstract for the concrete, lau- date, speak kindly of ferte, i.e. let not your conduct be at variance with your words. Pe. — 88. capta, won. dabit manus, will surrender. — ■ 89. priori, her predecessor. — 90. libera, unrestrained, outspoken praise. Pe. suas, used objectively. A. 197, a; G. 363, Rem.; H. 396, III, note 2. — 92. " and dower my dust with love so rare." — 93. iam nunc sentire = praesentire ; i.e. to mark the least symptoms of his approaching xvi.] Propertius. 251 age, and so to anticipate his wants and weaknesses. Py. — 94. caelibis . . . vacet, be left open for a widower 's cares to approach him. Pr. — 96. prole, probably, by the conduct of i?iy offspring. Pe., who considers it one of the most difficult ablatives in this author. Py. understands the force of sic to be, by your being all spared till his old age. May the happiness he feels in you cause him to enjoy his old age. 97. bene habet, are words of resignation. Pe. — 98. tota caterva = omnis turba meoruni. — 99. surgite, sc. to testify, testes, her hus- band and children, probably; though Py. thinks it uncertain who are meant. — 100. dum, until the judges are satisfied and give judgment in her favor and the reward her life has earned. So Pe., who interprets humus, the earth, as including the under world. Py. explains the line, " while my memory is even now cherished on earth. She regards the reward bestowed upon her by the grateful earth as conferred at once, even while the witnesses are lamenting her loss to those above." — 101. mori- bus . . . patuit, so?ne have even ascended to the gods by their virtue : all that I aspire to is, that my shade may have a triumphal entry into rest. Py. merendo, by my deserts. — 102. equis. So Hertzb. and Py. after the Mss., and the verb vehantur is very strongly in favor of this. " The idea of a triumphal procession and a car of honor, so familiar to the Roman mind, is borrowed to express Cornelia's joyful conveyance to the regions of Elysium." Lachm., Muller, Kuinoel, and Pe. accept the emendation avis, a dative of the motion towards, to the abode of 7ny distinguished a?icestors i and take vehantur as used of the boat which conveys the good. "No one can read this last elegy — the sweet swan-song of the bard — or listen to the solemn grandeur of its transmundane music, without acknowledging his lively sympathy with human suffering and human sorrow; his lofty appre- ciation of stainless purity; his almost Christian tenderness; and that deep wis- dom that is born of a realization of the worthlessness of transient pleasures and the vanity of voluptuous dreams." — CRANSTOUN. NOTES TO OVID. INTRODUCTION. EOVIDIUS NASO, of a wealthy equestrian family, was born in Sulmo, a city of the Peligni, in 43 B.C., the year of the death of Cicero. After a course of study in rhetoric, in preparation for practice at the bar, a tour to Athens and Asia Minor, and the holding of several unimportant judicial offices, he devoted himself exclusively to poetry, residing a portion of the time on his Pelignian estate, about ninety miles from Rome, but chiefly at the capital itself. As a member of the literary circle of Messala, who had directed his early studies, he was on intimate terms with the poets and schol- ars of his time, particularly Horace, Propertius, Aem. Macer, and Bassus, and was held in high esteem in the court of Augustus, one of whose personal friends, O. Fabius Maximus, was a generous patron of the poet. But for some unknown cause, respecting which there has been much speculation, he was, by a sentence oirelegatio, in a.d. 8, compelled to remove to Tomi in lower Moesia on the Euxine, and to spend the rest of his life there in exile. His death occurred in a.d. 18, the same year as that of Livy. The poems of Ovid, who was the fourth in the series of elegiac writers, and the most voluminous of Roman poets, may be arranged in three classes: 1st, those of his early life, which include the Heroides and his other amatory poems, in elegiac verse ; 2d, those of his middle life, in which period he wrote on subjects of Greek mythology and Italian legends — the Meta?7iorphoses and the Fasti] 3d, those written at Tomi, the most important of which are the five books of Tristia and the four books of Epistles from Pontics — ninety-six poems in elegiac verse. These last are chiefly occupied with descriptions of his experiences in exile, lamentations over the hardships of his lot, entreaties for a remission of his sentence, and appeals to influential persons in Rome to aid in securing this ; and Ovid. 253 though less perfect in diction and metre than his other writings, they are entirely free from impurity, and contain many passages of great poetic beauty. The Heroides are imaginary letters from women of the heroic or legendary age to various heroes — their husbands or lovers. Of the twenty-one epistles making up this collection, only the first fourteen are now considered certainly genuine, and the authorship of two or three of these is still a matter of dispute. These productions are ingenious in their structure, and are remarkable for their smooth- ness of versification. " In the ' Arethusa ' of Propertius (XIV) the scenes and incidents are laid in real life. Hence Ovid claims for himself the invention of this species of com- position, though it is in fact merely a new form of the elegy. But the epistolary form bestows on it a propriety, interest, and animation, of which the elegy or even a well-conducted soliloquy in Tragedy is scarcely susceptible. The art of the poet is chiefly exhibited by opening the complaint at a period of time which affords scope for a display of the most tender sentiments as well as the most sudden and violent changes of passion." — DUNLOP. " It was doubtless to his training in the schools of the rhetoricians that Ovid owed the wonderful variety he has been able to. introduce into a set of subjects so similar in character, in which the universal passion is made to breathe from the mouths of Sappho or Oenone, Ariadne or Medea. If the poet has failed to catch the simplicity of the best heroic models, he has at least imbibed a portion of their purity and depth of feeling. The Loves of the Heroines is the most elevated and refined in sentiment of all elegiac compositions of the Romans." — Merivale. The Fasti, written in elegiac metre, is a poetical year-book or companion to and commentary upon the almanac, on the plan of one book for each month (cf. Fast. Ill, 57), though only six books (January to June) were finished at the time of Ovid's banishment. This portion of the work he revised at Tomi, but there is no reason to believe that he ever completed his original design. But cf. Trist. II, 549, et seqq. In correspondence with the contents of the Calendar, this work of Ovid consists of (a) a mention of the annual religious festivals (to the number of about forty), on the day of the month of the occurrence of each, with an account of their origin, their nature, significance, rites and ceremonies ; (b) a mention of the time of the rising and setting of about thirty-five of the most im- portant constellations, and of the passage of the sun through the signs of the zodiac, with an account of the myths explaining the 254 Notes. names and forms of these constellations and of the signs of the zo- diac, also the legends accounting for the name of each of the months ; (c) a mention of noted anniversaries on the day of their occurrence, such as, those of the dedication of many of the most celebrated temples and altars, with descriptions of their divinities, and those of memorable historical events, among them the banishment of the kings, the slaughter of the Fabii, the defeat at Trasymenus by Han- nibal, the defeat and death of Hasdrubal, of Crassus by the Parthians, Caesars victory over Juba, Caesar's death, Augustus' victory at Mutina, etc. Thus the subject-matter, though it includes some of the Grecian myths, is chiefly a collection of legends relating to the primitive, religious, social, and civil institutions and customs of Rome, and of occurrences belonging to the period of its authentic history. And on all these subjects this work of Ovid is a storehouse of information respecting the early Roman character and the religious and civil polity of Rome which could be obtained from no other source. The successive pieces are richly-colored pictures of the primitive life of the Italian race, of religious observances, social customs, and historic occurrences in the day of austere homely virtues and heroic lives, arranged, however, in an order determined by the successive days of the calendar, and therefore distinct from each other, and having only an artificial bond of union. 11 For example : The sixth Book opens with the scene of the three goddesses, Juno, Juventas, and Concordia {jungens dea), presenting in turn their claims to give a name to the month, thus ingeniously bringing out the three theories of the etymology of Ju?ie. Among the rest of its contents are accounts of the dedication of the temple of Juno Moneta and the career of Marcus Manlius (the first to drive the Gauls from the citadel), near whose house it stood, on the calends ; the rising of the Hyades on the 2nd ; the dedication of a temple to Fidiiis on the nones, and one to Mens (after the early defeats in the second Punic war) on the 8th ; on the 9th the observance of the Vestalia with an ac- count of Vesta and her worship, associated by the poet with tellus y and suggest- ing a description of the celebrated sphaera of Archimedes ; the victory of Brutus in Spain and the destruction of Crassus by the Parthians on the same day. Later on — a festival of Minerva on the ides ; the rising of Orion on the 16th, the defeat of the Roman army at lake Trasymenus on the 23d ; the gloomy picture relieved by the account of the defeat and death of Hasdrubal on the 24th ; the occurrence of the Summer solstice on the 26th ; and a concluding address to the Muses, whose statues were in a temple of Hercules dedicated on the 30th. Ovid. 255 " By the dignity and beauty with which the time-honored and sacred festivals were described in this poem, a new charm was thrown around them. And its exhibition of the childlike faith, reverence, and sincerity of worship of the olden time, in so attractive a form, the greater impressiveness given to the religious rites by the historical setting in which they were placed and the information imparted about them, the portraits of patriotism and of private virtue, embodied in real life, drawn from the national history, combined to make the Fasti a didactic poem, of a very profitable kind. Never rising to the heights of heroic strains, this poem is ' the perfection of story-telling ' in verse. Many parts of it are among the finest specimens of Ovid's composition." Quintilian's comments upon this poet are as follows : Lascivus quidem in herois quoque Ovidius et nimium a?nator higenii sui, lau- dandus tauten in partibus. Ovidii Medea videtur mihi ostettdere, quantum ille vir praestare potuerit, si ingenio suo wtperare quam indulgere maluisset. X, i, 88, 98. See also p. 196. By modern scholars also, Ovid has been censured for failing to "prune the growths of his too luxuriant fancy," and criticised as too prolix, repetitious, and redundant, as deficient in masculine vigor and as aiming too much at mere rhetorical effect. These criticisms, however, apply chiefly to his earlier and his latest pieces. Such departures from the requirements of a pure and correct taste are found in a less degree in the Fasti than in his other works, partly because of the nature of its plan, partly because his judgment and taste, when he wrote it, were mature and at their best. Notwithstanding his defects, all concede to him an unlabored gracefulness of style, a wealth of choice diction, a harmony and ease of versification, unequalled by any other Roman poet. Niebuhr considers him a master of language and rhythm, and the only Roman poet who attained complete facility of versification; and asserts that in Ovid^ hands the elegiac metre reached its highest point of excellence. " In point of originality, variety, and ease, he may be called the greatest of the Roman poets. His characteristics as a poet are exuberance of imagina- tion, an overfondness for description, gracefulness, and taste rather than natural warmth and sensibility, a luxuriant fulness and freedom of clear picturesque diction, often marred by the excess of contrast, antithesis, and point, a perfect smoothness and simplicity of construction, and a faultless flow of easy, har- monious versification, especially in the elegiac metre, which in his hands reached its highest point of perfection." — PiNDER. 256 Notes. This Epistle is supposed to be addressed by Laodamia, the daughter of Acastus, to her husband Protesilaus, the son of Iphiclus of Phylace in Thessaly, the chief who led against Troy the men of several Thessalian towns. {Iliad, II, 698-702.) While the host was still at Aulis, Laodamia heard of an oracle to the effect that the first man of the Greeks who should touch Trojan soil would be immediately killed, and she writes to warn her husband of it, and to dissuade him from exposing himself to this fate. Notwithstanding the oracle, Protesilaus on reaching the shore of Troy leaped from his bark, far the foremost of all the Achaeans, and was slain by a Dardanian warrior, — according to one tradition, by Hector. Cf. Wordsworth's Poems of the hnagination, XXXI, " Laodamia," of which this legend furnished the subject. Respecting the authorship of this Epistle the opinions of critics are divided. L. Muller and Ry. accept it as a production of Ovid. Lachm. thinks there is great reason for doubting this, but does not regard the arguments against it as absolutely decisive. Palmer maintains that it was composed by the same author as Epist. xvi and xvii, while he admits that it is a composition of consid- erable merit. Dunlop considers it one of the best written and most interesting epistles in the collection. I. salutem, used in a double sense ; with mittit, sends greeting, with quo . . . ire, that health may go where she sends it. — 2. Haemonis. Cf. Propertius, III, 2 ; v, 26. — 4. hie ventus, such a wind as this, i.e. a head- wind. — 6. Illud . . . aquis. That was the right time for the waters to rage. Sh. — 9. hinc, sc. from Thessaly. — 13. mandantis, i.e. of me as I gave you my last injunctions. — 15. Incubuit, blew violently. — 21. fugacia, swift. — 23. tenebris obortis, with a film of darkness upon my eyes, ob conveys the idea of covering and ob- struction. Sh. — 24. succiduo, sinking beneath me. As to the per- sonal form of dicor, see A. 330, b; G. 528, Rem.; H. 534, 1, note I. — 26. refecit, restored me to my senses. — 29. rediit. In Ovid the last syllable of the third person perfect of the compounds of eo> and sometimes of the simple verb, is very often lengthened by the caesural pause. This perfect ending was originally long, and is often so used by Plautus; in Virgil it is usually short. Pr. — 2>Z- Quas, the Bacchanals whom, pam- pinea hasta, i.e. the thyrsus of Bacchus. Cf. Catull. XIII, 256. tetigisse, i.] Ovid. 257 expresses both the actual touch of the thyrsus and the frenzy communicated by it. — 34. qua . . . egit, wheresoever the frenzy has driven me. — 36. sinus, here, robes. — 41. Qua possum, As far as I can. squalore. See Lex., s. v. II, A. 3. — 42. tristis agam, I will spend in mourning. 43. Dyspari, ill-fated. — 44. iners, cowardly. — 47. pro rapta, i.e. to recover your wife who had eloped. — 48. flebilis, i.e. as the exciter of a war which will cause weeping to many wives and mothers. See Lex., s. v. II, A. — 50. det, may offer up, in the temple of Jove, sc. as a thank-offering for safe return. — 51. subiit, has come into my mind. — 56. hospes, sc. Paris. — 58. suo . . . opes, was displaying on his person the wealth of Troy. — 60. quota, here, how large, quemque refers to the various chieftains we may suppose to have been in the train of Paris. Sh. — 61. gemellis, sc. Castor and Pollux. — 62. Haec, i.e. wealth and splendor, which are able to damage the Greeks by ultimately leading to war. Sh. — 68. multos Hectoras, i.e. many men as brave or dan- gerous as Hector. — 71. Si fas est, If it be the will of fate. — 74. viro, by her husband, dative of the agent. — 75. dispar, sc. that of Paris. vivere pugna, struggle to keep alive ; pugna being used here in a kind of double meaning, join in battle, and struggle to do so and so, in which latter sense it is often followed by an infinitive in Ovid. Sh. S^- revocare, sc. from going to the war. ferebat, led me to do so. — 84. Substitit . . . mali, My tongue stopped for fear of the bad omen. To call one back when starting on a journey was considered a very bad omen. — 86. offenso limine, stumbling on the threshold was also a bad omen (signa), which Laodamia in v. 90 tries to avert by accepting it as a good one. Cf. Tibullus, II, 20. — %%. viri, of my husband. — 89. ani- mosus, i.e. too brave for safety. Cf. v. 94. — 90. in ventos eat, prove vain, be grou?idless, or needless. — 91. Sors, The oracle. — 95. mille, often used for an indefinitely large number. — 96. fatigatas, sc. by the oars of others' vessels. — 97. novissimus, the last. — 98. terra . . . tibi, your native land. — 99. remoque veloque, a proverbial phrase for doing anything with all one's might]; generally, rowing being resorted to only when sailing was impossible : speed o?i your ship with oar and sail together. Sh. — 102. dolor, a source of sorrowful anxiety. — 104. Why in your words is there 7nany a mournful sound? venit, sometimes little more than equivalent to fit or est, in Ovid. Sh. a, the interjection. Instead of multa tuis, P. reads muta latens. — 105. simulacra . . . adoro, / propitiate the phantojfis of the night. Sh.; i.e. the nocturnal deities by whom these ill-omened dreams (described in the preceding lines) were sent, and so avert the evil they threaten. — 106. fumo meo, the smoke of my sacrifice. — 107. relucet, blazes up again. — 1 10. languida ab 25 8 Notes. [ii. laetitia mea, faint from sheer joy. solvar, relax my embrace. As to the position of ipsa, cf. IX, 96; XII, 18. — 115. his, sc. osciilis. nar- rantia verba = verba narrantis. — 116. promptior, more fluent. Instead of referre, P. and Sh. read refecta. 117. subit, subeunt. See v. 51 and note. — 120. Invitis aquis, though the sea forbids, referring to the detention of the fleet at Aulis. In vs. 121 and 122 the emphasis is on in patriam and A patria. — 123. suam urbem. The walls of Troy were said to have been built by Neptune and Apollo. — 126. casus and numinis, subjective genitives limiting mora. — 131. Troasin, dative plural of Troas. sic, as they will, refers to the whole situation. Sh. — 134. barbara, i.e. Trojan. — 137. producet, will escort on his way to the field. P. — 138. Iovi. See v. 50, note. — 141. haec, sc. nova mipta (v. 133). — 143. Nos, we, Grecian wives. 145. diverso in orbe, in a different part of the world. — 146. cera, a waxen mask or likeness. Such images were often colored and made with considerable art ; and were successful as likenesses. Sh. Cf. Trist. 2, 521 ; Martial, 7, 44. See Rh., s. Cera. — 149. plus est, etc. She imagines some mysterious connection or sympathy to exist between Pro- tesilaus and his imago. — 152. tamquam . . . queror, / make my plaint to it, as though it could reply. Ry. — 154.' per faces, P. para- phrases as follows : by the marriage-torch, whose fires are ever felt by my constant soul. — 155. ut = titinam, the only instance in Ovid of ut in this sense. P. — 156. quod . . . referre, i.e. may you return alive. — 158. sive . . . timeo, i.e. sive mortuus eris, an intentional aposiopesis, in order to prevent the unlucky omen, which speaking of .death would involve. P. II. Ovid's Lament over the death of his friend Tibullus. I. Memnona, the son of Tithonus, brother of Priam, and Eos {Au- rora). Memnon went to the assistance of his kindred when Troy was besieged, and according to the later writers fell by the hand of Achilles. — 3. indignos, i.e. in undeserved mourning, implying that the death of Tibullus was premature, solve capillos, " U7tbind thy tresses fair in loose attire P — 4. ex vero, according to truth, for elegiac verse was originally applied to mournful themes. — 5. vates operis, priest of thy worship or service. Pr.; "thy bard 7 the herald of thy fame" — 13. Fra- ii.] Ovid. 259 tris. Aeneas was the son of Venus. — 15. confusa, overwhelmed with grief. — 16. iuveni, sc. Adonis, the boy beloved by Venus, cut off in the bloom of youth by a wound from the tusks of a wild boar. — 17. At introduces an objection, to which silicet = True, but know that, etc., replies in v. 19. Pr. — 20. illicit manus, a legal phrase = takes forcible possession of, seizes man as his property. Pr. — 21. pater, sc. Apollo. mater, sc. Calliope. Orpheo, a more common form of the dative than that in ei. — 23. Aelinon (a? Aivos, woe is me for Linos), originally the lamentation of Apollo for the death of his son Linos, killed by Hercules in a moment of passion. — 24. invita lyra, with sad reluctant lyre. Pr. — 30. tela, sc. of Penelope. — 32. cura, amor, sc. of Tibullus. — 33. nunc, sc. whatever may have been the case once ; emphatic. — 34. sistra. See Tibullus, II, 24, note. — 36. sollicitor putare, poetical construc- tion for ut putem or ad putandum, which would be required in prose. — 3j. moriere pius, i.e. yet piety will not keep you from death. Pr., who also calls confide (as well as vive and cole) a hypothetical imperative = trust if you like. — 40. Instead of toto, Pr., following two Mss., reads tanto as contrasting better with parvo. — 43. potuissent, sc.fla7?i?nae. — 44. sustinuere, dared to perpetrate. — 46. negant. Notice the mood, and cf. putent, v. 18. See A. 320, a; G. 634, Rem. I; H. 503, I, note 3. — 47. Phaeacia tellus. Cf. Tibullus, II, 3. — 48. vili humo, common earth, unhallowed by the offerings of relatives, without urn, tomb, or inscription. Pr. — 49. Hinc, i.e. hi consequence of your return. madidos, wet with tears, or dewy with the damp of death. Pr. — 53. cumque tuis, — and together with thy kindred, priorque. Cf. v. 32. — 55. felicius, explained by Vixisti . . . eram. — 57. quid tibi sunt, etc., what right hast thou to grieve for a loss not thine but mine. Pr. — 58. me, emphatic. — 60. Cf. Tibullus, II, 56. — 62. Calvo, C. Li- cinius Calvus, the poet and orator, a contemporary and friend of Catullus. docte refers to his familiarity with Greek literature, and the Grecian tone and spirit which pervade his poems. — ■ 63. si falsum . . . amici, " if false the charge of amity betrayed" seems to refer to some ill-feeling between Tibullus and Gallus, the cause of which has been variously con- jectured. — 64. Galle, the elegiac poet, and celebrated as the friend of Virgil's youth. — 65. His . . . est. Respecting the series of elegiac poets see p. 196. Instead of Si qua Pr. reads Siquid : If only the shade of what was once a living form be something real. — 66. numeros pios, i.e. numeros piorum. — 68. "may earth lie lightly where thy ashes rest" 260 Notes. [in. III. THE FASTI.* I. 1-140. 1-26. A formal dedication of the poem to Caesar Germanicus (b. 15 B.C., d. 19 A.D.), the son of Drusus, nephew and adopted son of the emperor Tiberius, and heir to the throne; composed (with the exception of vs. 1, 2, 7, 8, 13, and 14, which perhaps formed the original commence- ment) soon after the death of Augustus, A.D. 14, probably for the purpose of inducing Tiberius, through the intercession of Germanicus, to recall the poet from exile. Germanicus' father, Drusus Claudius Nero, and the emperor Tiberius Claudius Nero were the sons of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla, afterwards the third wife of Augustus. The emperor Claudius was a brother of Germanicus ; and the latter by his wife Agrippina I (daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the daughter of Augustus) was the father of the emperor Caligula and of Agrippina II, the mother of the emperor Nero (by her first husband Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus), who was afterwards the wife of her uncle the emperor Claudius. * Uses of the Word Fasti. 1. The Roman calendar or almanac (sometimes called Fasti Caleiidares) ; which con- tained an enumeration of the months and days of the year in regular order, with a letter attached to each indicating whether it was Fastus, Nefastiis, Intercisus, Comitialis, or Aier, the position of the Nones, Ides, Nundinae, and different Festivals; frequently, also, astronomical observations on the risings and settings of the fixed stars, the time of the equinoxes and solstices, and the commencement of the seasons; and sometimes brief notices of important events. Several specimens of such Fasti on stone, more or less perfect, have been discovered, but none of them older than the Augustan Age. One of them, the Tabula M off e ana, which dates from a.d. 3 or 5, contains the twelve months complete. 2. Fasti Annates or Historici. — The most important of these were the Annates Maximi, chronicles in which were recorded the names of the chief magistrates for each year, together with a short account of remarkable events and the days on which they occurred. And in prose-writers fasti is commonly employed as the technical term for such registers of magistrates, which formed part of the public archives. Fasti Cafiitolini is the name given to a number of fragments of marble tablets dis- covered in excavating the Roman forum and deposited in the Capitol, which contain a list of consuls, dictators, censors, triumphs, etc., from the establishment of the Republic to the death of Augustus, though defective in many places. It was executed probably at the beginning of Tiberius' reign. Similar collections, derived from different sources, have received the names of Fasti Consulares, Fasti Tritimphales , etc. in.] Fasti I. 261 1. Tempora, includes both the months and their divisions, and the different kinds of days — festivals, half-holidays, and days for ordinary business, causis, their origin, i.e. the reasons or grounds on which the distinctions were established. Py. Probably the word has reference to the AiVict of Callimachus, an epic poem now lost, but of which there was in Ovid's time a Latin translation, describing the origin of various customs and legends of the Greeks, digesta, properly an agricultural term, mean- ing planted out i7i rows ; arranged in order. — 2. lapsa, which set. Cf. Lucretius I, 2 and note, signa, constellations. This part of the material for his work Ovid obtained from his friend Clodius Tuscus, who wrote a treatise on the risings and settings of the stars, of which there is a Greek translation extant. — 3. pacato, co7ici Hated. — 5. officio, properly the personal service of a client to his patron, as in attending him in public; hence a component of any kind. Py. — 6. numine . . . ades, give a gracious hearing to. — 7. recognosces, you will renew your acquaintance with, also a complimentary expression, implying that Germanicus was a man of learning, annalibus priscis. These were twofold, public and private. The public chronicles were the Annates Jllaximi, the Libri Pon- tificates, and the acta dittma and acta Senatus (from B.C. 59). The most important private sources of information were the works of the " Annal- ists," Cato's Origines, and Varro's Antiquitates rerum divinarum et hu- manartim. — 9. et, also, domestica vobis, i.e. instituted by or in honor of your own gens (the Julian by adoption). Py. — 10. pater, i.e. Ti- berius, his father by adoption, avus, Augustus, whose step-son and adopted son Tiberius was. — 11. Quae, sc. praemia. pictos, illumi- nated, red-lettered. The Festival days in the Fasti were thus distinguished. signantia, refers to the marks made in the Fasti against such days. — 12. Druso, the younger Drusus, son of Tiberius and adopted brother of Germanicus. praemia . . . feres, i.e. will hereafter obtain the same honors (praemia) in the Roman calender which your seniors (illi) have already secured. Py. — 13. Caesaris aras, i.e. temples built or restored by Augustus. — 14. sacris, i.e. diebus. — 15. Annue, Be propitious, sc. mihi. per . . . ire, to recouiit your praiseworthy deeds. — 17. Da, dederis, equivalent to conditional clauses. — 18. voltu tuo, according to the expression of your face. — 19. movetur, = emittitur, is put forth. Py. — 20. Clario, Claros, on the coast between Colophon and Ephesus, was the seat of an ancient and celebrated oracle of Apollo. — 21. sensi- mus, we (the Romans generally) are well azuare. culti . . . oris, Ger- manicus was distinguished for his amiable and virtuous character, his high sense of honor, his literary culture, and his eloquent oratory, as well as for his military genius. — 22. tulit, sc. facundia tua. — 23. nostras artes, 262 Notes. [in. sc. poetry, impetus, inspiration, sc. ingenii tui. — 24. ingenii. The double i of the genitive is rare in the Augustan poets, but sometimes used through the necessity of the metre. See A. 40, l>, foot-note; H. 51, 5; M. 37, Obs. 1. — 25. licet is a word of more general meaning; fas est implies the divinity of Germanicus : If it is otherwise perznissible, and if I have your divine assent. Hra. Py. paraphrases the clause : Si licet me rogare et si fas est tibi concedere roganti. Merkel and Ky. read Scilicet tit. — 26. annus, i.e. the poem on the year. Vs. 27-62 form the introduction to the poem. 27. Tempora . . . suo. In very early times the Roman year consisted of 304 days, divided into ten months, beginning with March. This was succeeded by a pure lunar year of twelve months, according to Ovid (IV, 30, 31), January being added at the beginning of the year, and Febru- ary at the end, and the latter being put into the second place, afterwards, by the Decemviri ; but according to other accounts, both January and February being added at the end of the year. The former month, therefore, may have been originally called after Janus, not because it was the first month in the year, but because it was the month which immediately fol- lowed the winter-solstice, when the sun may be said to resume his career. The epoch, however, at which January and February became the first and second months, there is no satisfactory evidence to determine. After B.C. 154 the consuls always entered upon their office on the 1st of January, and after B.C. 46 that day was assumed as the calendar period for begin- ning the year. At what time any system of intercalation was first brought into use is not known ; but the intercalations were made in the month of February between the 23d and the 24th. The prerogative of adjusting them was in the hands of the Pontifices, who lengthened or shortened the year, at pleasure, until the whole calen- dar was involved in the greatest uncertainty and confusion, and the civil year was about two months in advance of the seasons. Caesar, in the year 46 B.C., by the insertion of two intercalary months between November and December, besides the ordinary intercalation in February, rectified the error and established the solar year and the Julian calendar. See Ry., pp. 362-376; Diet, of Antiqq., pp. 226-233; Momm. I, 275-278; IV, 661. 31. quae moverit, such as influenced him. Hm. ; wJiich may have moved him, potential subjunctive. Ky. — 32. habet, historical present. — 33. "As long a period as suffices for the birth of an infant." Hm. — 34. temporis, partitive gen., dependent on hoc. — 36. tristia signa, the signs of mourning. — 37. vidit = respexit. trabeati. The trabea, a purple robe with white stripes, was one of the insignia of royalty, and was in.] Fasti I. 263 afterwards worn by the principal magistrates. — t$. annua iura, regu- lations concerning the year. — 40. generis princeps, sc. because Aeneas, the founder of the Latin race, was her son. ipsius, sc. Romulus. — 41. senibus. Mains was said to be derived a maioribus, and Junius, a iunioribus. — 42. numero, sc. as September from septem, etc. turba, i.e. the rest of the months. — 43. nee lanuni praeterit, i.e. added Jan- tcary. avitas umbras, the shades of his ancestors, which were pacified by februa, offerings made at a festival in Febi-uary. See VI and notes. — 44. praeposuitque. Ry. has apposuitque ; others postposuitque or addi- dit ille. Cf. IV, 31. Notice the position of que, so near the end of its clause, a license Ovid takes only in the pentameter, the que being almost always attached to a word of four syllables, and that generally a verb. It occurs at least twenty times in the Fasti, Hm. 45. Ne ignores, That you (the reader) may not be ignorant of iura, the regulations. — 46. officii idem, the same kind of duty. Cf. soporis idem, II, 334; twbae idem, V, no; idem virium, Tac. A. 216, a-, G. 371 ; H. 397, 3. lucifer,* day. See Lex., s. v. II, C. * Classification of Days and Marks by which They were Distinguished in the Calendar. 1. Dies Fasti, F. : Days on which courts of justice were held and legal business tiansacted. Dies Nefasti, N. : Days on which the courts were closed. These days, however, admitted other business, both public and private. Dies Intercisi, N. P. (Xefastus priore), or Endotercisi, En.: Days which were Fasti during one part and Nefasti during another. Dies Comitiales, C. : Days on which assemblies of the people were held, for the most part such as were neither Fasti, Nefasti, nor Intercisi. Dies Atri: Days which were considered unlucky, and on which no public or state business was allowed; such as the day after the calends, nones, and ides of each month. 2. Nundinae were market-days, so called because of their occurrence on every ninth day (according to the Roman method of reckoning, which included the day reckonedy>w/z and the day reckoned to) . They marked the limit of the Roman week of eight days. In the Tabuta Maffeana, the days of each week are indicated by the letters A to H, inclusive, placed on the left side of each column containing the days of the month. 3. Festi were all days consecrated to the worship of the gods by sacrifices, feasts, or games. They were divided into Feriae Privatae and Feriae Ptcbticae, and the latter into Feriae Stativae, observed every year on a fixed day; Feriae Conceptivae, observed every year on days fixed by the priests or magistrates, for the time being; Feriae Im- perativae, far the most part days of supplication or thanksgiving, appointed by the magistrates on occasions cf national distress or triumph. 4. The chief classes cf festivals were: (1.) Those sacred to Jupiter, as the Ides; to Mars, as the Calends of March, Mamuralia, Quinquatrus, Tubilustrium, and Armilustrium in October; to Quirinus (the Sabine Mars), as Quirinalia in February; and to Janus, as New Year's day, and Agonalia in January. (2.) Those relating to corn, wine, and flocks : The Spring festivals, — Cerialia, Palilia, etc., in April; The A ututn7t festivals, — 264 Notes. [in. 47. tria verba, the technical terms used by the Praetor and expressing his jurisdiction; viz., Do, sc. actione??i et indices: I give permission to bring the suit into court and appoint wnpires ; DlCO, sc. ius, i.e. I state the law for the guidance of the indices ; Addico, sc. bona vel damna, i.e. I make over the property in dispute to the lawful owner, or award damages for injuries received. Ry., p. 276. — 49. Nee putaris, And you must not suppose, perstare, i.e. necessarily cotitinue. — 50. qui . . . erat, i.e. there are ha If -holidays, the morning being the holiday time. — 51. si- mul = simul ac. licet . . . fari, i.e. business may proceed as usual. — 52. honoratus, the epithet applied especially to the praetor urbanus 9 whose edicts were termed ius honorariiwi. See Lex., s. v. B. — 53. quo • . . saeptis, i.e. the dies co?nitiales. The saeptis were inclosures in the Campus Martius for the voting of the Centuries. Each one was called an Ovile. See Rh., s. Septum. — 54. nono orbe, the ninth revolution of the earth, i.e. day. The reference is to the Nundinae. — 55. The first day of the month is sacred to Juno ; the ides to Jupiter. — 57. No- tice the inverted construction, instead of Nonae tutela dei carent. istis, sc. the kalends, nones, and ides. — 58. ater, i.e. more than nefastus. It was religiosus or unlucky. Hence Ovid adds : ne fallare cave, see that you do not forget the precept or miss the count. Py. — 59. Illis die- bus. The defeats at the Allia and the Cremera were on the day after the ides, but it is not known that there were any on the day after the kalends or nones, and — according to Ky. — they were made ater only by analogy. — 61. semel, once for all. totis . . . fastis, though they apply to the whole calendar. Hm. 63-88. Description of various ceremonies performed on New Year's day. 63. Ecce, implies a sort of joyful surprise : " Why here is Janus himself, and he wishes you a happy new year, Germanicus." Hm. — ■ 64. Ianus, "was a deity unknown to the Greeks, but from the earliest times held in high estimation by the Romans, who placed him on almost an equal footing with Jupiter. To him they ascribed the origin of all things, the introduction of the system of the year, the change of seasons, and the civilization of the human race by means of agriculture, industry, arts, and religion. Janus opened and closed all things. Air, sea, and land were in the hollow of his hands. The world moved on its hinges at his command. In accordance with this belief he was represented with two Consualia and Opiconsiva in August; Opalia and Saturnalia in December; also, Luper- calia and Terminalia in February. (3.) Those of family '-life and civil-relations : as Vestalia and Matralia in June; Feralia in February; Regifugium in February, Poplifugia in July. (4.) Those of mariners, and of handicraft and art: as Neptunalia in July; Por- tunalia and Volcanalia in August; Carmentalia in January. hi.] Fasti L 265 heads, one being that of a youth to indicate the ' beginning,' the other that of an old man to indicate the * end.' In his left hand is a key to show that he opens at the beginning and shuts at the end; the sceptre in his right hand is a sign that he controls the progress of every undertaking." Murray : Manual of Mythol. It has also been conjectured that his double face arose from the notion that as the sun passed from east to west he showed his disc both behind and before at the same time. 67. ducibus, sc. Tiberius and Germanicus, with a reference especially to the victory gained by the latter over the Germans, A.D. 16. — 70. re- sera, an allusion to the key which Janus bore as a symbol, nutu tuo, i.e. thy favor and good will. Candida refers, probably, to the newly- whitened togas of the people keeping holiday. — 74. livida, slanderous. Instead of turba some editors read lingua. — 76. spica Cilissa. See Propertius, XV, 74 and note ; Tibullus, VII, 75 and note. If it crackled when thrown on the fire it was considered a good omen. — 77. aurum, the gilded ceiling. — 79. intactis, clean, unstained by use since they left the hands of the fuller ; perhaps also new togas. Py. Tarpeias arces, here, the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. After B.C. 154, the consuls en- tered on their office on the first of January. Attended by the Senate, the priests, and a numerous throng of all classes of citizens, they marched in solemn procession to the Capital and offered sacrifices and prayers for the prosperity of the nation. See Ry., p. 137. — 80. The day was a dies candidus, and the people were clad in white holiday attire, and thus festo concolor. Ry. — 81. Iamque fasces, And now the procession is i?i sight, attending the new consuls. Py. nova purpura, the toga praetexta, a toga with a purple border, worn by the higher magistrates. See Ry., p. 455. — 82. ebur, the sella curulis, the ivory chair of state. — 83. rudes operum. Oxen intended for sacrifice were set apart from the first and never put to work, praebent. The restiveness of a victim was a bad omen. — 84. herba Falisca. The district of Falerii near the river Cli- tumnus in Etruria was noted for its white oxen. — 85. arce sua, heaven's high citadel. Ry. — %%. coli, poetic construction, for a relative subjunctive clause. See A. 273, d; G. 556, 2; H. 533, II, 3, note 2. 89. tamen, But, to return. It implies an ellipsis, such as : Though I might pursue this subject further, yet, etc. Hm. — 92. sit quod, what- ever is. — 94. lucidior. A supernatural light was believed to attest the presence of a deity. Py. — 100. ore priore, with his front mouth. — 101. dierum, depends on operose, busy with, engaged upon. Hm. — 105. restant, sc. to complete the number of the four elements. — 106. ignis, the upper ether, the fiery celestial atmosphere, in distinction from aer, the lower atmosphere. — 107. rerum suarum, its component 266 Notes. [iv. parts. — 108. massa, i.e. Chaos. — 109. flamma denotes the same element as ignis, v. 106. petit for petiit. — 112. redii, means to go back t then to go i?ito one's right place ; here, = the passive of reddo ; zvas duly moulded. Hm. — 113. nota parva, a slight mark or proof; in ap- position to the clause in the next line. — 114. ante, in front; post, behind, idem, sc. as all had been, when he was Chaos. 115. quaesitae formae, of my acquired shape. Hm. altera, # sec- ond. This is given in v. 135 ; meanwhile he explains his office of Janitor in heaven and earth. Py. — 116. banc, sc. causam. — 120. cardinis, the hinge or axis of the sphere of the universe. Hm. — 121. libuit, sc. mihi. — 122. perpetuas, uninterrupted. — 124. condita, imprisoned. — 125. Horis. They were named Eunomia, Dike, and Eirene. — 126. it, redit, co?nes and goes. — 127. Inde . . . lanus, i.e. from ire and ianua, implied in the preceding cardinis, foribus, etc. Hm. Cicero, De Nat. Deor. II, 27, supposes it to be from eo, as if Ea 1111s. Cui = Cuius altari. Cereale libum, a wheaten cake called ianual. — 128. farra . . . sale, i.e. the mola salsa. — 129. nomina, sc. given to me. From this it is in- ferred that the terms used by the rex sacrificus were almost obsolete, and sounded barbarous to Roman ears. Py. — 131. alterno nomine, by the alternate use of the two names ; diversas vices, the alternate exercise of opposite duties. Hm. — 133. Vis, i.e. Officium. — 134. iam tamen, etc., you must, however, have seen that already in some degree. Ky. — 135. liinc atque hinc, on this side and on that. — 136. larem, i.e. the atrium of the house in which stood the image of the family Lar. — 137. vester, i.e. of you Romans, primi tecti, i.e. the first part or en- trance of the house, the vestibule. Ky. IV. The origin of the name of the second month, Februarius, and the nature and use of purifications and expurgations. 1. Februa, etc. Februa was the term used by the old Romans for what were afterwards called piamina. Romani patres, the patrician populus. — 2. verbo fidem, proof that such was the original meaning of the zuord. — 3. rege, the rex sacrorum, a priest, first appointed after the expulsion of the kings to perform those sacred duties and rites which had devolved upon the kings, nominated by the College of Pontifices and sub- ject to them, holding his office for life and taking formal precedence of all other priests, but discharging duties of a trivial character and not per- iv.] Fasti II 267 mitted to hold any other office. See Ry., p. 331. flamine, sc. Diali, the peculiar priest of Jupiter, lanas. The reference is to some custom not elsewhere described; but fleeces of wool were employed for fillets for the heads of priests and of victims for sacrifice, for wreathing the olive branches of suppliants, and for use in certain expiatory rites. — 5. lictor, the at- tendant of the Flamen. domibus . . . certis, for the purification of particular houses, as opposed to the public purifications alluded to in vs. 21 and 22. It was necessary that after a birth or a death the house should be swept out and purified. Hm. Merkel also supposes the allusion to be to this custom. Ky. explains : The parched far and salt (i.e. the mola salsa) which the Flamen's lictor takes in the flameri 's house for purposes of purification are called februa (idem, v. 6). Py. leaves it with the remark that the true meaning is uncertain, certis is the reading adopted by Ky., Py., Ry., and Hm. Merkel has temus. Another editor has lersis. The Mss. vary between cernis, ter?iis, and acernis. — 6. mica, sc. salis. — 7. arbore, i.e. the pine. Cf. v. 10. pura, purificatory. Hm. — 9. po- scentem, sc. a ministris, when she was officiating. Ky. — 12. intonsos, bearded. See Lex., s. v. I, B. — 13. Mensis . . . dictus. The month derived its name from these februa (his), because at that time of the year especially, certain prescribed, expiatory rites took place. Py. Luperci. The Lupercalia occurred on the 15th of the month. — 15. placatis sepulcris, when the tombs are appeased, pura, i.e. facta pura. — 16. ferales dies, the days of the festival for the dead. See Lex., s. Feralis. The allusion is to the Parentalia, the last day of which was properly called the Feralia. Hm. Cf. VI, 37, note. — 17. mali causam, i.e. any unexpiated guilt. Py. — 18. senes, ancestors. — 20. ponere, lay aside. Vs. 19-28 refer to the position and treatment of a homicide in the heroic ages. He was obliged to flee from his country as an outlaw, to shun the altars of the gods and all religious assemblies, to wander an out- cast and as one under the ban of heaven until he found some friend willing to perform the ceremonies of expiation and restore him, pure and holy, to his former station in society. These rites were designed to appease the spirit of the slain and the deities of the nether wor}d, and also to remove the stain or pollution contracted by the murderer. Ry. — 21. Actoriden, Patroclus, the grandson of Actor, was purified 'by Peleus of the accidental slaying of Clysonymus. — .24. credulus, too ready to believe her story, inmerita, i.e. which she did not deserve. Phasida, i.e. Medea, daughter of Aectes, king of Colchis on the Phasis. When deserted by Jason she slew their children to avenge herself for her husband's perfidy in abandoning her, and escaped in a chariot drawn by winged dragons, the gift of Helios, to Athens, where she married Aegeus. — 268 Notes, [v. 25. Naupactoo Acheloo. The Achelous flows into the sea about thirty miles from Naupactus, a town on the Corinthian gulf in the district of the Locri Ozolae. — 27. faciles, sc. credere. 29. See III, 27 and 64, notes, tamen, sc. observandum est. — 31. ultimus. Cf. Ill, 44. — 32. sacrorum finis. The Terminalia, celebrated February 23d, was the last of all the festivals of the year. — 35. spatio . . . longo, the months which had previously been separated by a long interval, i.e. by the ten other months. Hm. — 36. bis quini viri, the Decemviri, who drew up the twelve tables. Continuasse, to have placed next each other, i.e. made February follow January. Hm. This last statement is made nowhere else. The legend of the destruction of the Fabii. Cf. Livy, II, 48, 49. I. Idibus, sc. of February. — 2. insula, Tiberina. ubi rumpit aquas, i.e. the upper end of the island. — 3. Haec . . . dies. Ovid has mistaken the day on which the Fabii left Rome for that of their defeat, which was the 18th of July. Cf. Livy, VI, 1. Veientibus arvis. Veii was a populous and wealthy city, which was situated about ten miles north of Rome on a plateau surrounded on every side by deep ravines, and nearly encompassed by two streams which united below the citadel and formed the Cremera, a tributary of the Tiber. — 5. Vires et onus, i.e. the burden of the Veintine war. See the account in the Class. Diet. — 6. gentiles, i.e. of the Fabian gens, professa, volunteered by them. — 7. castris isdem, probably their meeting-place in front of the consul's house, miles generosus, the noble soldiery. — 9. Carmentis portae. The Carmental gate, which was at the southern end of the Capitoline hill, had two arch- ways. Just outside the gate and to the right of it was an ancient temple of Janus, dextra. So the Mss., Merkel, Hm., and Py., who paraphrases as follows : There is a passage throtigh the Carmental gate, next to the temple of y anus : that passage is unlucky; take the other on the left, dextro, the conjecture of Heinsius, is preferred by Gierig, Ky., and Ry., who interprets : " The nearest way is through the right yanus of the Car- mental gate, i.e. the right one of the three archways, of which many of the ancient gates consisted, the middle one for the sake of security being ordinarily kept closed. Those who went out would naturally take the Janus on their right; the contrary must have been the practice at the Carmental gate, and Ovid here explains the anomaly." vi.] Fasti II. 269 After v. 10, Merkel and Hm., after the oldest and best Mss., omit two lines, which Ry. inserts, as follows : " Ilia fama refert Fabios exisse trecentos, Porta vacat culpa ; sed tamen omen habet." Ky. and Py. with other editors bracket them, though Py. thinks the inter- nal evidence is rather in favor of their genuineness. — 13. loco, sc. opportune), i.e. on the banks of the stream. Ky. 23. rara, scattered up and down. — 30. quodque, sc pecoris. metus alter, i.e. of a second enemy (in ambush). — 31. male, to your cost. — 32. Simplex, guileless, unsuspicious. — 37. longe actus, driven far out of. — 43. Herculeae gentis. The Fabii claimed descent from Hercules and a daughter of Evander. — 47. Maxime, Q. Fabius Maxi- mus, the dictator in 227 B.C., in the Second Punic War. — 48. res, sc. publica. cunctando, in allusion to his surname of Cunctator. restitu- enda foret, were to be restored, the past tense in reference to the coun- sels of the gods formerly entertained and since realized. Py. Cf. Ennius, VIII, 27 : Unus hovio nobis cunctando restituit rem, which Ovid here makes use of. VI. The festival commemorative of the dead, occurring in February. I. Est honor, etc., i.e. Besides the festivals already mentioned there is one in honor of the dead. — 2. extructas pyras, i.e. tumulos, the places of burial. — 3. Manes, i.e. animae pater nae. — 4. Styx ima, i.e. the abode of the Manes. — 5. Tegula, a tile or an earthen platter, the same as testa, v. 8. porrectis, offered in sacrifice. — 6. fruges, meal, i.e. the viola salsa. — 7. Ceres, gra in. solutae, i.e. not made into gar- lands. — 8. via, alludes to the roadside graves. — 10. sua, suitable, appropriate, focis, altars. — 11. pietatis, sc. in parentes. — 13. patris Genio, to the spirit of his father, sollemnia dona, the funeral games celebrated in Sicily by Aeneas in honor of his father, described in the Aeneid, Book V. — 16. parentales dies, i.e. the days of this festival. See Lex., s. v. deseruere, neglected. — 17. online ab isto, from that ill-omened neglect ; the wrong-doing represented as itself the augury of the calamities that followed. — 18. suburbanis, because, by the laws of the Twelve Tables, the dead were buried or burnt outside of the city-walls. — 20. avi, the departed spirits of ancestors. — 21. ululasse, gibbered. — 22. deformes, shapeless, inane, unsubstantial, — 24. modus, an end. 270 Notes, [vii. — 25. viduae puellae, widows, cessate, refrain, sc. a matrimonio. As a rule widows might marry on feriae publicae, though maidens might not; but the days of this festival were religiosi, unlucky for any mar- riages. Py. See Propertius, XIV, 12, note. — 26. puros, unpolluted. pinea taeda, the nuptial torch. — 27. cupidae, i.e. cupienti accelerare jiliae nuptias. — 28. comat. On her marriage-day the bride's hair was parted with a spear-point, a custom which has been variously explained. recurva, obscure and explained by various conjectures; bent or curved back, or perhaps old and blunted. — 29. atris, ill-omened, i.e. of burial. Hm. — 30. alias, different. — 31. Di . . . celentur, sc. ne dii adspeclu triste polluerentur. Gierig. — ^. f uncta sepulcris, duly buried. — ■ 35. haec, these rites, ultra, sc. fiunt ; with quam, = beyond the ti7?ie when, etc. — 36. quot pedes. Each couplet of elegiac verse has eleven feet ; therefore the Feralia, the last day of the festival, must have occurred on the eleventh day from the end of the month, i.e. February 18; and this corresponds exactly with one at least of the ancient calendars, in which the festival is set down for XII KaL Mart. Ry. pedes, the reading of some of the Mss., adopted by Py., Ky., Hm., Ry., instead of dies, the reading of the best Mss., which makes no sense, vices is a conjecture of Merkel, who refers it to the number of places in an elegiac distich in which the feet are variable ; but Ky. and Py. object to this as forced and artificial. And as the Tabula Maffcana gives IX Kal. Mart, as the Feralia, Py. thinks the easiest way of reconciling the contradictory accounts is to sup- pose that the first day remained fixed, but that the last varied at different times, according to the number of days which could be conveniently devoted to the ceremonies. — 37. Hanc lucem, i.e. This last day of the festival, the whole of which was sometimes called Parentalia, with reference to de- ceased relatives; though this term also denoted the offerings made at this festival. See IV, 16, note; Becker's Gallus, p. 521. iusta ferunt, they render to the dead their lawful dues. Ky. iusta, i.e. epulas. See Catul- lus, XVI, 2, note. VII. The Caristia, a family festival, devoted to thanksgiving for sur- viving relatives, social gatherings, and reconciliations. 1. Proxima, sc.festa. — 2. socios deos, i.e. the gods of the family, the Pejiates ; here, the family meeting. Py. turfoa propinqna = pro- pinqui. — 4. ora referre, to turn the face, i.e. to return. — 7. Innocui, emphatic, The innocent only, inpius, without natural affection. The vii.] Fasti IT. 271 form of expression in this line is that of the invitation to attend sacrifices. — 9. vivax, sc. niminm. digerit, counts up; referred by Gierig to the consultations with astrologers to ascertain the hour of her death. — 10. premit, oppresses. — II. Tantalidae fratres, i.e. Atreus and Thyes- tes. uxor, Medea. — 12. quae . . . dedit, Ino. — 13. soror, Philomela. — 15. Dis generis, the Manes. Ky.; the Lares. Py., who admits that there was no clear distinction between the two. — 17. libate, offer a first por- tion of. — 18. incinctos, i.e. succinctos, refers to the peculiar dress of the Lares, called cinctus Gabi?ttis i which was a peculiar way of wearing the toga. Py. patella, the technical name of the dish on which offerings of food were made to the gods. — 21. vos, you Lares, sc. valere precor, or volumus : This to your health. Caesar, i.e. Augustus. Tiberius refused the title of patriae pater. Hm. — 22. ter, the conjecture of Heinsius, adopted by Merkel and Ky. bona verba, sc. haec. The readings of the Mss. are per ox. post or sint, the first of which has been generally adopted: per bona verba, amid silence. 23-68. The Terminalia, Feb. 23d. The maintenance of this, one of the primitive Italian festivals, was probably found expedient as one of the principal safeguards of landed property. Py. — 25. Cf. Tibullus, I, 11, 12. — 26. quoque, i.e. even though represented by an emblem so humble. numen habes, i.e. coleris. — 27. doniini, the owners of adjoining lands. — 28. bina, here = duo. A. 95, d; G. 95, Rem. 3; H. 174, 2, 4. — 31. minuit, chops up. — 32. ramos, stakes to serve as a support for the pile, which he is building up. Ry. — 33. inritat, excites, coaxes. — 34. canistra, large, flat, open baskets of wicker-work without handles, carried on the head, used to hold the articles employed in sacrificing. See Rh. s. v. — 36. incisos favos, the honey-combs already cut across. Py. — 37. libantur . . . flammis, a portion of each is thrown upon the fia?nes. Py. — 38. Candida, dressed in white, linguis favet, observe a soleum silence. 43-62. The song of the people in honor of Terminus. — 44. litigi- osus, the subject of lazvsuits. See Lex., s. v. II, B. — 45. ambitio, partiality. See Lex., s. v. II, A. — 47. Thyreatida terrain. Thyrea was a territory common to the Argives and Spartans, and the subject of the well-known contest between three hundred champions on each side, de- scribed in Herodotus, I, 82. — 49. Othryades was the Spartan champion, who alone survived on his side and raised a trophy on the spot from the spoils of the enemy, on which he wrote his name in blood as conqueror, and was therefore read on the piled arms. The two surviving Argives ran off to announce the supposed victory of their countrymen, while Othryades afterwards killed himself on the spot. — 50. quantum sanguinis, sc. 272 Notes. [vin. because the battle was renewed between the two nations, in consequence of his claiming the victory. — 51. nova . . . dedit. When the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus was to be built, the older shrines and altars on the site were cleared away. — 53. An old stone, a long forgotten Ter??iinus, was dug up (inventus) and allowed to remain in the new temple. Py. Ky. takes in aede as an adjunct of inventus, found in the place selected for its site. — 57. post illud, i.e. after resisting Jupiter so effectually, there is no reason why you should give way to the encroachments of men and allow yourself to be moved for the gratification of unjust cupidity. Ky. levitas, movableness. See Lex., s. v. I, B. — 62. tuus suus, the read- ing of most Mss., and retained by Merkel. Py. and Ky. reverse this order, Hm. reads tuus tuus, and Ry. Metis tuus. Py. doubts the Latinity of suus, unless it signify its own property. — 64. Dardanio duci, i.e. Aeneas, regna, in apposition with Laurentes agros. — 65. Ilia, sc. via. — 66. sextus . . . lapis, the traditional boundary of the ancient Ager Romanus. — 68. orbis, the earth, est idem, sc. now. VIII. The Floralia, the festival in honor of Flora, an Italian deity, the goddess of gardens, blossoms, and flowers ; which extended from April 28th to May 1st inclusive. j 1. ludis iocosis. Originally a festival of the country-people, the Floralia was afterwards introduced into Rome (B.C. 238) and other cities, where, besides the feasting and merriment, there were theatrical and mimic representations, which gradually assumed a more dissolute character; while the country-people continued to celebrate it in the old and merry but inno- cent manner. See Diet. Antiqq., s. v. — 2. partes tuas, the portion of my work which belongs to you. Ry. mense priore. Cf. Bk. IV, 943 : " Cum Phrygis Assaraci Tithonia fratre relicto Sustulit immenso ter iubar orbe suum, Mille venit variis florum dea nexa coronis, Scena ioci morem liberioris habet, Exit et in Maias sacrum Florale kalendas. Tunc repetam : nunc me grandius urget opus." — 5. mensum. For the form see A. 59 ; H. 62, V, footnote 3. — 6. ille vel ille. So Ky., Py., and Hm. ille vel iste is preferred by Pr. and Ry. Both readings are found in the Mss. — 7. Circus, sc. Maxi- mus, i.e. the Ludi Cir censes, which were exhibited during the Floralia. Ky. viii.] Fasti V. 273 hunc, sc. mensem, exit, extends, clamata palma, the meed of praise, proclai??ied with shouts ; palma being used here in a figurative sense, probably. — 8. cum . . . munere, with the exhibition in the Circus. Hm. eat, pass on, sc. in hunc mensem. So Pr. and Hm. — 10. auctor, interpreter. — 13. Chloris . . . sono, a false etymology, of course. See^ Lex., s. Chloris. — 15. campi felicis, the isles of the blest, described by Hesiod as the happy abode of the champions of the heroic age. Ry. Py. remarks : " These (isles of the blest) were not wholly imaginary, but they so called the beautiful group of the Canary islands, which had early become known to the Greeks by hearsay from Phenician navigators." — 16. rem • . . viris, the lot of the blessed heroes once was cast. — 17. forma, beauty, as often. — 19. abibam, tried to escape. A. 277, c; G. 224; H. 469, 1. — 21. ius omne, full precedent and authority. Pr. — 22. praemia = praedam, i.e. Orithyia, the daughter of Erectheus. — 23. nomina. Ovid often uses the plural of nouns for the singular. — 24. in toro, i.e. in the matter of my marriage. See Lex., s. Torus, IV, B. — 25. Vere semper, Cf. Lucretius, V, 153, et seqq. Semper . . . annus, "For me each season blooms with beauty" — 26. arbor, used collectively, as is flore, v. 29. Various horticultural productions — as fruit and flowers ■ — as well as the different species of grain, are, in Latin, named in the singular, when it is intended to designate the whole kind, or an indefinite quantity. M. 50, Obs. 2. — 27. dotalibus, the epithet applied to anything a wife brings to her husband as a marriage portion. — 31. digestos, sc. in horto. See III, I, note. — 35. Horae, the goddesses of the seasons. See Lex., s. v. III. — 41. Therapnaeo. Therapne, a town on the Eurotas, in Laconia, was the birthplace of Hyacinthus, from whose blood sprung a flower having words of lamentation inscribed on its petals. For the story see Metamorph., X, 162, el seqq. florem, the hyacinthus of the ancients, not our hyacinth, but the "Martagon" or "Turks-cap" lily, the petals of which are pencilled (scripta) with small black strokes. Py. — 44. alter et alter, i.e. because you and your shadow were not different persons. See Metamorph., Ill, 407, el seqq. — 45. Attin, changed into a pine. Meta- morph., X, 103 ; according to another legend, into a violet. Cinyra cre- atum, sc. Adonis, changed into an anemone. Met., X, 734. — 46. de quorum, etc. Respecting the order of the words see M. 474. 47. in . . . tantum coronis esse, is concerned with fragile garlands only. Hm. coronis, i.e. the flowers of which garlands were made. — 48. arva, i.e. the produce of the fields. — 51. floruerint, the emphatic word, nitidissimus, shining with oil. — 52. proventum, so several of the best Mss., followed by Ry., Pr., and Merkel. poma quoque even- turn {the outcome), is preferred by Py. and Hm. temporis hiuius, i.e. 274 Notes. [ix. derived from the flowering season or dependent on it. Pr. — 54. advena, foreign. — 55. Vina florent. Flos vini was a technical term for the light scum or " crust" (nebulae) which collected on the surface of new wine. — 59. idem facimus, bloom in like manner. Hm. But Gierig, Py., and Pr. explain : Meum quoque munus est. Flora claims the vigor of mind and body in youth as the result of her beneficence and power. Pr. IX. To his wife Marcia. Written at Tomi, in exile. 1. Clario poetae, sc. Antimachus of Claros (a small town in Ionia, near Colophon), the husband of Lyde. He sought consolation for her death in the composition of an elegy called Lyde, which was very cele- brated in antiquity. See Diet. Biog. — 2. Coo suo, i.e. Philetas of Cos, her lover. — 4. meliore, more affectionate. — 7. His wife, though not permitted to accompany him, continued faithful to her husband during his long exile, and protected his property from the rapacity of his enemies. — 12. sub nulla positum humo, i.e. unburied. — 13. rebus acerbis, my grievous calamity. — 14. in bona venturus fuit, would have seized my estate. See A. 308, b ; G. 599, Rem. 3; H. 5— II, 2. — 20. Ijaoda- mia. See I, Introduction to the notes. — 21. Maeonium vatem, i.e. Homer, sortita f uisses, sc. to celebrate your worth in song. — 24. cum nova luce, sc. of life, i.e. you were born virtuous and noble. — 25. feniina princeps, sc. Livia, the wife of Augustus, a personal friend of Marcia. — 27. assuetudine, intimate association* p> NOTES TO LUCAN. INTRODUCTION. MANNAEUS LUCANUS was born in the reign of Caligula, • in a.d. 39, at Corduba, one of the oldest Roman colonies in Hispania Baetica, surnamed Patricia on account of the large num- ber of patricians among the original colonists, from the advantages of its location a flourishing commercial city, and generally regarded as the capital of the province. " The great Iberian peninsula," is the assertion of Merivale in his History of the Empire, "was more thoroughly Romanized than any other part of the dominions of the republic " ; and for a long period in the first century of our era most of the eminent men in literature were natives of that country, so that the epoch has been called that of the " Spanish latinity." To this distinction the family of which Lucan was a member in no small degree contributed. He was the son of a wealthy knight, L. Annaeus Mela, and Acilia, a Spanish lady of high birth, and thus a grandson of M. Annaeus Seneca, the noted rhetorician and a nephew of L. Annaeus Seneca, the philosopher. Taken to Rome at an early age, in the reign of Claudius, and placed under the care of his uncle, he became an intimate friend of Persius the satirist, and with him attended the lectures of the Stoic Cornutus ; but was especially devoted to the study of rhetoric, and with such success as to be entitled ultimately to a place among the foremost of his countrymen in the exercise of that art. De Quincey remarks : " In the literature of Rome it is that we find the true El Dorado of rhetoric, as we might expect from the sinewy compact- ness of the language. The two Plinys, Lucan, Petronius Arbiter, Ouintilian, but above all the Senecas have left a body of rhetorical composition such as no modern nation has rivalled. " By his uncle, Lucan was introduced to the acquaintance of Nero, a youth of about the same age with himself, and they were com- 276 Notes. panions and fellow-students during the years of Seneca's tutorship of the young prince, and on familiar terms for a considerable part of Nero's own reign. Whether the stories which have been handed down of their rivalry in poetic exercises are true or not, it was a fact that Nero after a time became jealous of Lucan's brilliant talents and popularity as a writer and declaimer of verse, and forbade his continuing to give public recitations of his poetry, thus forcing him to a retirement favorable to the further cultivation of his poetic genius. Influenced, perhaps, partly by a feeling of personal resentment, and partly by a love of the old republican liberty which the teach- ings of Cornutus had nurtured within him, Lucan became a party to the plot of Calpurnius Piso against the emperor's life, was be- trayed with his fellow-conspirators, and was compelled to die, in a.d. 65, at the age of twenty-six. He has been charged with the unnatural and atrocious meanness of falsely accusing his mother (with others) of participating in the conspiracy, in the hope of thereby saving his own life ; and this charge has been accepted as true by many modern writers. But Merivale remarks respecting it : " Such charges, it must be remem- bered, are commonly made by unscrupulous governments to dis- grace a commiserated victim. " And another writer {London Quart. Rev., 1869) observes : " Contemporary history is generally little bet- ter than a compilation of anecdotes. Such a story may easily have been invented by a party whose conscience was haunted with the charge of matricide against its patron Nero. Nor is it unlikely that it was suggested by the real fact of the mother's influence over her son ; by the conviction that it was through his connection by her with the ancient aristocracy that he was seduced from the views which properly belonged to his position and his paternal ancestors." Upon the purity of Lucan's private life no imputation has ever been cast. Respecting this Merivale's words are: " By literature and possibly by domestic interests Lucan seems to have been saved from the contagion around him. No Roman poet dwells with such warmth as he on the sentiment of conjugal affection ; which may be taken as a tribute perhaps to the merits of a consort worthy of his genius. 1 ' The Pharsalia (entitled in the Mss., De Bello Civili), Lucan's only extant production, is an epic poem of about 8000 lines, in ten Luc an, 277 Books, on the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, which follows in the main the historical order of events. Only the first three Books were published by the author himself, and the tenth was left incomplete at his death. The first four Books extend from the opening of the war to the decisive campaign in Greece, and, after specifying the causes of the war, contain in the first two books an account of Caesar's passage of the Rubicon, and pursuit of Pompey and his partisans through Italy to Brundusium, and in the third and fourth the story of the siege of "Uassilia and the campaign in Spain. Of the next four Books, the fifth and sixth are chiefly occupied with the siege of Dyrrhachium, the manoeuvres of the two hostile armies in Epirus and Thessaly, the battle of Pharsalus, and the flight and death of Pompey. In the last two books are narrated the movements of the rem- nants of Pompey's forces under Scipio and Cato to Africa and in that country, and the voyage of Caesar to Egypt, his experience of siege in Alexandria, his capture of Pharos, and the continuance of the war. The character of this poem is fairly discussed and its chief defects pointed out and commented upon by Merivale and Cruttwell. The former (Chap. LIV) touches upon Lucan's partisanship of the Senate rather than of the people, his affectation of encyclopaedic knowledge, his ever-recurring pictures of physical suffering, and his vague and uncertain views of philosophy ; yet adds: " The reality of the future life as a state of retribution is strongly set forth in many passages. The poem, considering the atmosphere of volup- tuousness in which he moved, is singularly free from all indelicacy of thought and language, and its purity is equal to that of the Aeneid. Lucan's moral perceptions are a very fair reflection of the teaching of his masters the Stoics.'" Cruttwell specifies among the worst faults of the Pharsalia, the unfitness of the theme for epic treatment, its lack of unity, the author's tirades on commonplace themes, his skeptical tone, his love for the ghastly and the revolting, his habitual exaggeration, and the total deficiency of his poetical art in variety. This critic, however, also remarks : " Poetry of the first order the Pharsalia certainly is not, but those who will forgive artistic defects for energy of thought and strength of feeling must always 278 Notes. retain a strong admiration for its noble imperfections. In description Lucan is excellent both in action and still life, but more in brilliancy of detail than in broad effects. He has a true opinion of the importance of the Civil War, which he judges to be the final crisis of Rome's history and its issues fraught with superhuman grandeur. In splendid extravagance of expression no Latin author comes near him. Some of his lines embody a condensed trenchant vigor which has made them proverbs. Phrases like Trahimur sub ?iomine pacts, — Momentumque fuit mutatus Curio rerum, recall the pen of Tacitus. Others are finer still. Caesar's energy is rivalled by the line — Nil actum ere- dens du7n quid superesset agendum. The duty of securing liberty, even at the cost of blood, was never more finely expressed than by the noble words : Ignoratque datos ne quisquam serviat emes. Curio's treachery is pilloried in the epigram, E?nere omnes, hie vendidit (Jrbem. The mingled cowardice and folly of servile obedience is nobly expressed by his reproach to the people : Usque adeone times, quern tu facis ipse timendum. 11 Instead of the inextricable harmonies of Virgil's cadence, we have a suc- cession of rich, forcible, and polished monotonous lines, rushing on without a thought of change until the period closes. The same caesuras recur again and again, and the only merit of his rhythm is its undeniable originality." " The Pharsalia is defaced with great faults and blemishes. It is disfigured by commonplace maxims, pompous diction, an affectation of learning, and a rhetorical exuberance, which outstripped its subjects. But at the same time it possesses peculiar beauties. Its subject is a noble one and full of historic interest, and is treated with spirit, brilliance, and animation. Its arrangement is that of annals, and therefore it wants the unity of an epic poem ; it has not the connectedness of history, because the poet naturally selected only the most striking and romantic incidents, and yet notwithstanding these defects in the plan, the historical pictures themselves are beautifully drawn. The characters of Caesar and Pompey, for example, are masterpieces. Our admiration of Lucan is called forth, not by considering his poem as an epic, but for the sake of isolated scenes, such as the naval victory off Marseilles ; splendid descrip- tions, such as that of the cruelties of Marius and Sulla ; felicitous comparisons, that for example of Pompey to an aged oak, and the epigrammatic terseness which gives force as well as beauty to his sayings." — BROWNE. "The brief and pregnant criticism of Quintilian — Lucanus ardens et con- citatus et sententiis clarissimus et magis orator id us quam poet is imitandus (10, I, 90) — suggests at once the chief merits and defects of Lucan as a poet. The latter may be said to belong as much to the age as to the author. The same predominance of declamation, the same over-fondness for minute and often painful description, the same want of real, with exuberance of spas- modic, feeling, the same parade of erudition and moralizing sententiousness, that were noticed in the plays of Seneca, pervade the Epic of Lucan. On the other hand, the vigor and originality, the boldness and fertility of his genius, stamp him as a man of great powers and claim for him a very high rank among the poets of the Silver Age. Fine delineation of character, noble sentiments Lucan. 279 happily expressed, speeches full of passion and thought, are scattered through- out the Pharsalia. Nor was his influence unfelt upon the literature of his country. His elaborate descriptions added to the vocabulary of Latin poetry. His intellectual self-confidence and independence of the traditional language of verse afforded him no scruples in the creation of novel constructions, and in the adoption of prosaic though significant phrases, occasionally reminding us of the manner of Tacitus. His versification resembles that of Ovid rather than Virgil, though vastly inferior to either." — PlNDER. BOOK I. Vs. I-182. The Introduction: 1-7. The announcement of the subject; 8-32. The character of the war; 3-45. The address to Nero. I. per canipos, i.e. in campis. Cf. II, 90. Emathios, Thessalian. Though a part of Macedonia, the name was loosely applied by the poets to Thessaly. They also often confounded the battle-fields of Pharsalus and Philippi. plus quam civilia, because it was not only between citizens but relatives, and because Caesar seemed to be making war against the Roman empire and people ; perhaps also because foreign nations were involved in it. — 2. ius, frequently used by Lucan and others for su?n?7ia potestas, imperium. sceleri, audacity in undertaking the civil war, then the war itself, finally Caesar who waged the war. We. — 3. viscera, vitals. — 4. regni, tyranny, i.e. the so-called triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. — 5. certatum, a co?iflict, here a substantive for quod certatum est. Cf. v. 70, negatum ; 462, ignarum. See M. 424, c. — 6. in . . . nefas, doomed to end in general guilt. H. — 7. pares, matched in fight. The standards and weapons peculiar to a Roman army were found on both sides. 9. invisis, i.e. infestis, as in v. 488 ; II, 227 ; IV, 788. — 10. Babylon, used loosely for the Parthians. trophaeis, i.e. the standards of Crassus, slain by the Parthians, B.C. 51. — 11. erraret, sc. because unburied. — 12. nullos . . . triumphos, because no triumph was allowed for a vic- tory in civil war. — 15. unde, etc., periphrasis for the four quarters of the heavens and the earth. Titan, the sun-god. nox . . . condit, i.e. the west, because the stars disappear in the west last. — 16. flagrantibus horis = aestate. — 19. barbarus Araxes, i.e. the savage tribes on the river Araxes in Armenia. — 20. iacet . . . Nilo, " lies privy to the sources of the Nile." — 23. nondum liostis, " never yet hast thou felt the want 280 Notes. [book i. of a foeP — 24. The force of quod, which here announces the subject of remark, extends to the end of v. 29. See A. 333, a ; G. 525, Rem. 2 ; H. 516, 2, note. — 29. poscentibus, that call for them. — 31. erit, i.e. will be found to have been, by one hereafter inquiring, nulli ferro, sc. of a foreign enemy, penitus, i.e. so as to destroy the life and liberty of the republic, discindere, sc. co?'pus Romani imperii. — 34. magno, ablative of price. — 37. iam querinmr, we co?nplain no more. H. — 38. hac mercede, sc. the elevation of Nero to the throne. — 39. satu- rentur sanguine, sc. at the battle of Thapsus in Africa, between Caesar and the partisans of Pompey. — 40. ultima. The battle of Munda in Spain (B.C. 45) was the last one of the civil war. — 41. Perusina fames, refers to the siege of L. Antonius in Perusia, by Octavian, B.C. 41. Mutinae, the city in which Decimus Brutus was besieged by Antony, B.C. 43, and in the battles near which the consuls Hirtius and Pansa were killed. — 42. fatis, destined events. — 43. Leucas, an island off Acarnania, loosely put for Actium. servilia bella, the war with Sextus Pompey in Sicily (B.C. 42-36), who filled up his army with slaves. — 45. tibi, emphatic. Vs. 46-76. General causes of the civil war ; 77-107. Particular causes; 108-136. Comparison between Caesar and Pompey; 137-161. Corruption of the times; 162-206. Caesar's passage of the Rubicon. 46. rerum, events. — 49. Invida . . . series specifies the first cause. summis . . . stare diu, the doom of all that is highest to speedy fall. H. Cf. v. 5. — 51. nee . . . ferens = et . . . non ferens. Cf. Hor. Epod. XVI, 2 : suis et ipsa Roma viribus ruit ; Livy, Pref. 4 : ut iam magnitudine labor et sua. — 52. saecula . . . mundi, i.e. the universe which has lasted so many ages, coegerit, brought to an end. — 53. mixtis, hypallage for mixta. Cf. Virg. Ed. X, 55 : i7iterea mixtis lustrabo Maenala nymphis. — 56. excutietque, and will not repel. The force of the negative particle in nolet is carried on to the second clause. Cf. Bk. IX, v. 59. contraria, i.e. will not follow the sun in the appointed and usual course through the Zodiac. Var. — 57. obliquum orbem, sc. the Zodiac. — 59. divulsi, proleptic. See H. 440, 2. foedera. See Lex., s. v. II, B. — 60. In se ruunt, work their own ruin. H. — 61. gentibus ullis, i.e. any foreign nations. So also in v. 72. — 62. commodat invidiam suam, lend the weapons of her envy. H. — 63. Tu caussa, etc., specifies the second cause. — 65. turbam, sc. the members of the first Triumvirate. Cf. Ovid, Fasti, II, 716: credula turba, i.e. Titus and Aruns ; V, 108: turbae idem, i.e. two of the Muses, missi, i.e. safely ejitrusted. — 66. male, i.e. for evil. — 67. miscere, to combine, orbem, sc. terrarum. — 68. in medio, in common tenure. Wr. ; as a prize to be fought for. We. levabit, shall uphold. — 69. volvent, i.e. keep the sun rolling in his course. — 70. to- book i.] Lucan. 281 tidem, as many, i.e. six signs of the Zodiac. — 73. credite, i.e. It is not necessary to rely upon the experience of. fatorum, ruin. — 76. com- misit. See Lex., s. v. II, B; and cf. Juv. I, 162 : securus licet Aenean Rutulumque ferocem committas. 77. The third cause — the death of Crassus. Temporis, either a rare use of the genitive to denote duration of time : The jarring concord en- dured for a short space ; or the short-lived concord endured, but 'twas a jarring concord ; discors being taken as part of the predicate. H. — 80. Isthmos, sc. of Corinth. — 81. conferre, sc. mare; with fretum, to join its waters ; i.e. the Corinthian and Saronic gulfs. Cf. II, 578. — 82. Ionium . • . mare, will dash the Ionian Sea against the Aegean. — 83. dirimens, concisely, for a relative clause. — 85. Parthica damna, the disasters in Parthia. H. solverunt, let loose. — Sj. Arsacidae, vocative case. — 90. cepit, could not contain. The fourth cause, the death of Julia the daughter of Caesar and wife of Pompey, who died B.C. 54. pignora may refer to her child who died a few days before its mother, but more probably to the marriage connection itself. We. — 91. tedas, the marriage torches. Cf. Ovid, VI, 25-30. ferales, perhaps because she died so soon. — 93. Notice the mixed condition, Quodsi dedissent followed by poteras. See A. 308, b; G. 599, 3; H. 511, 1. — 98. fides, mutual confidence, one of Lucan's favorite abstract terms used in various senses. Pr. 99. Stimulos . . . virtus, the. fifth cause — the rival genius and temper of the leaders. Pr. — 100. nova facta, i.e. Caesar's recent victories. triumphos, sc. yours. — 101. piratica laurea, alludes to the subjugation of the Cilician pirates by Pompey, B.C. 67. — 102. te, sc. O Caesar, iam, here, perhaps, not with the temporal force of long since, but used to mark the transition to a different subject ; but in v. 104, e= any longer. Pr. — 105. Quis = Uter, a use very rare until after the Augustan age. But cf. Virg. Aen., XII, 719 and 727. induit, the indicative in an indirect question, also rare in the classic poets. See M. 556, Obs. 3. — 106. scire nefas, i.e. " It is not permitted for man to know or to decide a case, when such judges as the gods and Cato took opposite sides." Pr. quisque = titer que. — 107. sed victa Catoni, sc. as adhering to Pompey after his defeat. — 108. pares, equally matched. — in. multa, i.e. public spectacles, games, and largesses, dare, historical infinitive. A. 275 ; G. 650; H. 536, 1. — 112. sui theatri, the first stone theatre in Rome, which Pompey had built B.C. 55. — 113. novas, i.e. regain his strength afresh, que = but. See M. 433, Obs. 2 : If a negative proposition is followed by an affirmative, in which the same thought is expressed or continued, que, et, or ac is employed in Latin, when in English we use but. — 1 14. Stat, sc. Pompey. magni 282 Notes. [book i. nominis, sc. his title Magnus, umbra, sc. quod iam desiit esse, ut liber- tatis umbra. We. — 117. radicibus, ablative. — 118. nudos, leafless. — 121. robore, trunk. — 122. tantum, Pr. takes as an adverb : only ; We. and H. as = so great, sc. as that of Pompey. — 124. stare loco, to remain idle. For the construction see A. 273, d. ; G. 429, 4 ; H. 533, II, 3, note 2; and for that of vincere, Roby, 1360; G. 429, 3; H. 533, II, 3, note 3. — 126. ferre and parcere, historical infinitives, temerando . . . ferro, shrunk fro??i dyeing the sword i?t blood. Pr. — 127. urgere, followed up. See Lex., s.v. II, B. — 128. impellens, overthrozving and removing. — 130. Qualiter, i.e. ita viam ruina faciebat qualiter, a form first used by Ovid. Pr. expressum ventis, forced out by the winds. The Stoics thought the lightning was caused by the winds driving the clouds against each other. Pr. — 132. rupit diem, has riven the sky ; dies in Lucan being often put for the air. Pr. — 133. obliqua . . . llamma, blinding their eyes with its forked flame. — 134. sua templa, i.e. the clouds. On the meaning of templa see Lucretius, II, 8, note. — 135, cadens, sc. in terra?n et inde revertens. 137. caussae suberant, were the hidden motives, sed publica . . . semina, etc., the sixth cause, the demoralization of Roman society through avarice and luxury, promoted by foreign conquest, publica, emphatic, in the state, and contrasted with both ducibus and suberant. Pr. — 143. cultus, rich and splendid garments of silk and other costly material, worn by women, gestare nuribus, for gestari a nuribus ; nuribus is a dative depending on decoros, and the infinitive is used epexegetically. See Lex., s. Nurus. — 144. fecunda, i.e. quae viros fortes procrea- vit. We. — 146. quo perit, i.e. luxus, vitiorum materia, longos . . • fines, i.e. unite wide farms that hitherto had been separate, longos may be proleptic = so as to make extensive farms. Pr. iungere, historical in- finitive. — 149. ignotis, sc. to the owners, because their estates were so large. So We. But Pr. takes it with colonis to mean foreign peasants, imported slaves. — 151. quern . . . armis, for wht>m its own freedom would suffice. H. — 153. vile, predicate, sc. putabatur ; the crime to which poverty had incited, was held as nothing. — 154. plus . . . sua, to have proved more powerful than one's own country. — 155. coactae, carried through by force. PI. — 156. cum consulibus . . . tribuni, tribunes, the champions of the people, now conspiring with the consuls to overthrew the rights of the people. — 157. rapti fasces, i.e. consulatus acquisitus. We. sector ipse, itself the seller, i.e. without employing any agent or broker. See Lex., s. Sector, II, B. — 158. ambitus, the solicit- ing of office by unlawful means, especially by bribery, while ambitio meant a canvassing by just and lawful means. — 159. annua certamina book in.] Lucan. 283 Campo, i.e. the yearly elections in the Campus Martius. — 160. in tem- pora, either greedily looking for the tii?ies of 'payment, i.e. the Kalends, etc. (Cf. Hor. Ep. II, 69, Sat. I, hi, 87); or money lent at usurious interest for stated periods ; or possibly as times went on. — 161. fides, credit. 162. lam, Already. — 167. turrigero, i.e. representing the towers of the city walls. — 171. hue usque = hactenus, i.e. you 771 ay go no further. — 173. languor, faintheartedness, irresolutio7i. H. — 176. secreta, the 77iysteries or festival of the Quiri7ialia on the 17th of February, in honor of Romulus, rapti, sc. 171 coelum. — 178. summi . . . instar. The Be a Roma was the personification or genius of the city of Rome, represented as clad in a long robe, and with a helmet, in a sitting posture, worshipped from early times, but without any temple dedicated to her until the reign of Augustus. — 182. hostem, antithetic to cives, v. 171. — 184. squalen tibus, untilled. — 189. levis, agile, or light ar77ied. — 191. per ferrum, i.e. through the opposing spears. H. exit, sc. 171 ve7ia- tore?7i. — 193. puniceus. The Rubicon was supposed to have derived its name from the red7iess of the gravel in its bed. — 196. Turn . . . hiems, Caesar crossed the Rubicon near the end of January. — 197. tertia Cyn- thia, is the third night from the new moon, which very generally brings rain. Hence the moon portending rain is called gravida. The sense is : it had now rained three nights. We. — 198. Alpes, i.e. the snow on the 77iountai7is. See Lex., s. v. IV. — 200. excepturas aquas, to break the force of the waters, molli vado, with easy passage. — 204. temerata iura, 77iy rights violated, etc., by Pompey and the Senatorial party. — 206. iudice, as our U77ipire. BOOK III. Vs. 1— II: The stege of Massilia. 12-65: Description of a sacred grove near the city, and its destruction. 1. satis, i.e. valde et appri7ne, an adjunct of memorandum. — 2. non impulsa, i.e. 7ion prior lacessita stati7n bello a Caesare, sc. before they had received ambassadors and decided not to admit Caesar's forces within their walls. We. — 3. flagrantis in omnia, i.e. as if threatening the whole world. We. — 4. raptis, sc. with the greatest celerity. — 5. mora, i.e. longa obsidio7ie. Quantum, Of how great i77iporta7ice. — 7. hos dies, sc. of the siege. — 10. suspendant, i.e. fulcia7it. — 11. The subject of arctet is robur, i.e. the material, cedat turribus, i.e. be broken down by the towers brought up to the walls upon it. 284 Notes. [book hi. 12. violatus, profaned by axe. — 13. obscurum . . . ramis, within its interlacing boughs enclosing a darkened atmosphere. Pr. ramis an adjunct of cingens. — 14. alte . • . solibus, lit. the rays of the sun re- pelled high up, i.e. by the height and thickness of the foliage. Pr. — 16. barbara ritu, sc. because of their human sacrifices. — 17. arae, the base or pedestal of the altar. — 19. superos . . . vetustas, an age rever- encing the gods, i.e. religious antiquity. — 22. On the force of que see Book I, v. 56. — 23. fulgura, sc. incubuere. praebentibus, equivalent to a concessive clause. — 24. suus, peculiar to itself not disturbed by the winds. We. horror, stiffness, inflexibility, as of hair or bristles. We.; shivering. Pr. — 27. situs, mould. See Lex., s.v. Ill, 1. putri robore, of the crumbling images. Pr. — 28. attonitos, sc. accolas. We. takes non as an adjunct of metuunt and vulgatis as = vulgo consuetis ; Pr. takes non vulgatis together, tmusual. — 30. nosse used substantively and the subject of the sentence. lam fama, etc. Another cause for their fears was the tales told of the place. — 32. procumbentes . . . consur- gere, when cut down grew up a second time. We. Pr. understands pro- cumbentes, falling of themselves. — ^. non ardentis, i.e. not consuffied. We. — 35. ilium, sc. luctim. Non cultu propiore frequentant, i.e. non intrant, non accedant propius ad deos illos venerandos. We. — 36. cessere, sc. lucum. 39. iubet, sc. Caesar. — 40. operi, the siege-works. — 44. redituras, i.e. recisuras. — 45. torpore, sc. caused by fear. — 50. me, emphatic. — 52. expensa, weighing Caesar's anger against that of the gods. Pr. — 54. Dodones, the Greek genitive. We. Pr. following some of the Mss. has the adjective Dodonis, i.e. the oaks consecrated to Dodonean Jupiter. Cf. VI, 427. fluctibus . . . alnus, It was much used in shipbuilding. — 55. cupressus, on account of its rareness and costliness only planted at the graves of the wealthy. Cf. Hor. O. II, xiv, 23. — 56. comas. Cf. Catull. Ill, 11. — 57. robore denso, ablative absolute, so thick were the trees. Pr. ^-58. cadens, i.e. quominus caderet. Pr. — 61. fortuna, here success ; because they are successful, many wicked are preserved. — 64. fe- runt, sc. ligna ad agger em. soli . . . aratro, of the field unturned by the plough. We. — 65. annum, the produce of the year. See Lex., s. v. II, B. books iv, v.] Lucan. 285 BOOK IV. The friendly feeling between the soldiers of the camps of Caesar and Pompey in the campaign in Spain, Cf. Caesar, De Bello Civill, 1,74- I. Dixit, sc. Caesar. — 3. spatio, sc. interposito, languentia, i.e. quod fallebantur. — 6. deprensum, i.e. they suddenly discerned how wicked the civil war was, which they were waging, tenuere ora, re- frained from crying out to one another. We. — 12. adnionet . . . pue- rilibus, i.e. reducit ad memoriam, qualiter fuerunt similes in puerilibus studiis. Wr. — 13. nee Roinanus, etc., i.e. all in each camp recognized in the other some relative or friend. — 14. runipunt, for intcrrwnpunt. — 16. pulsas, sc. for grief because of the civil war. — 19. quern, sc. Caesar. — 21. ferant, sc. the standard-bearers, iamiam, very soon, the force of the particle strengthened by repetition. — 25. orbis, i.e. who dost embrace all the world and reign in it. We. Cf. Lucretius, I, 1, et seqq. saecula nostra, i.e. this very moment of truce between the Caesarians and Pompeians, which the poet conceives of as present. — 26. venturi discrimen, i.e. periculum instantium malorum. latebrae, i.e. igno- rance that those against whom they were fighting were their relatives and friends. — 28. numine sinistro, ablative of characteristic, = valde ad- versa. — 31. mensas, the feast. See Lex., s. v. II, A. — 34. fabula = confabulatio. — 35. qua, i.e. quam forti. We. — 37. negant, disagree. quod petebant, to be taken with the following clause. — 39. crevit, was aggravated, amore, sc. just now exhibited to one another. BOOK V. Caesar's passage of the Adriatic from the coast of Epirus to Brundusium. The storm. His arrival in Italy. Cf. Mommsen, IV, 486. 1. His vocibus, i.e. the messages which the poet has just represented Caesar as sending to Antony who was at this time at Brundusium with a part of the army. — 2. cessare, sc. Antonium. — 5. iussi, sc. to cross, has a concessive force. — 6. cessisse, have turned out well. — 9. in quorum . . . minor, i.e. who on account of their humble condition sleep more soundly than great leaders. We. — II. tertia . . . secundos, i.e. it 286 Notes. [book v. was the third hour of the second watch. The time from sunset to sunrise was divided into four vigiliae, each containing three horae noctis. — 16. fallere posset, sc. ipse eos. — 22. phaselo. See Catullus III, 1, note. — 23. liniina commovit, knocked at the door. — 27. aggere, foco quasi e cespite facto. We. — 29. pavit, mctrivit. — 37. laxa, enlarge. — 39. manibus, sc. opere faciendo. 44. Multa, sc. prognostica. nocturno, i.e. this night. — 46. Noton altera, etc. The sun sent forth rays in different directions, so that on the one side it portended the South wind and on the other the North wind. For thus the scattered rays signify rains and wind according to Pliny. We. — 47. diducta, divided. — 48. Orbe . . . medio. The orb of the sun itself had a feeble light. — 50. non gracili, sc. but as it were blunted. Cf. Virg. Georg., I, 433. — 51. aut exesa, i.e. nee exesa, hollowed out. puros, i.e. non nube maculata. — 52. tenuata, the opposite of obtusa. — 55. ictus, the beating of the waves. — 56. incertus, restless. — 57. sic- cum, sc. litus. Cf. Virg. Georg., I, 361. — 58. natanti, flying. See Lex., s. v. I, B. 5. — 59. spargens, eager to sprinkle, occupet, would anticipate. 65. quorum, sc. ventorum. lapsa sidera, meteors. — 66. dispersos traxere sulcos, i.e. left traces of themselves in the air. We. — 68. horror, roughness, when the waves rise. — 69. volumina, whirls, eddies. — 71 . tur- bida . . . ventos, the sea agitated by diverse blasts testifies that different winds threaten. Var. — 72. rector trepidae ratis, hypallage for rector trepidus ratis. — 78. convertere, to reverse. — 79. litora, sc. of Epirus. — 80. ne sit . . . tellus, let not, etc. — 8^. Italiam, sc. petere. coelo auctore = vento prohibente. — 84. me, sc. auctore. pete, sc. illam. — 86. de quo, etc., sc. because Fortune generally anticipates his wishes. We. — 90. Nee longa . . . mora, i.e. the winds will not rage a long ti7?ie. We. — 92. ista ratis, i.e. quod nostra navis nunc iis vehitur. We. proxima litora, sc. of Epirus. — 93. Calabro portu, i.e. Brundusium. — 94. cum . . . dari, i.e. as soon as you have entrusted the ship to the winds so that we cannot return. We. — 95. tanta strage, in so furious a storm. — 97. quid praestet mini, i.e. how much she favors me. We. — 99. super malum tulit, i.e. wrapped around the mast. We. — 101. ruunt = im*- unt. — 105. Occurrit, rushes to meet it, sc. from another quarter. — 108. vada fecit, almost laid bare the bottom of the sea. We. 113. bellis, i.e. to complete the war. — 117. inimica arma, sc. of Pompeius, who retreated, through fear of me. — 119. iussa plebe, i.e. compelled to elect me. Var. — 124. privatum, i.e. not yet a king (Grotius) ; after the manner of a private man, with a silent death. Var. — 128. decimus = decimanus, i?nmense. — 129. levat, raises up aloft. book vi.] Lucan. 287 — 130. aggere, the wave, pertulit, sc. in terrain. — 132. Pariter, At the same ti?ne. — 133. recepit, regained. " One of the most effective scenes in the poem is Caesar's night voyage in a skiff over a stormy sea. The fisherman to whom he applies is unwilling to set sail. The night, he says, shows many threatening signs, and by way of deter- ring Caesar, he enumerates the entire list of prognostics to be found in Aratus, Hesiod, and Virgil, with great piquancy of touch, though without the least refer- ence to the propriety of the situation." — Cruttwell. BOOK VI. Ox the eve of the battle of Pharsalus, Sextus Pompey seeks an interview with a Thessalian enchantress Erichtho, and asks her to reveal to him the issue of the battle (vs. 423; 592). Complying with his request, she conveys to her cave the body of a soldier re- cently slain, by her incantations restores it to life, and commands that the soldier foretell the destinies of Pompey (oniina Pomfieiana canat, v. 716). His disclosure in obedience to her mandate. I. Addidit, sc. Erichtho. carmen, a magic formula , or incantation. umbrani, i.e. the soldier whose spirit now reanimated his body, and who is referred to in the next line under the term cadaver. — 3. Parcarum. Cf. Catull. XIII, 305-319; Tibull. Ill, 1, 2. — 4. tacitae . . . ripae, i.e. having but just entered the borders of the realms of the dead, ripae, sc. of the river Acheron. — 7. impia arma, sc. of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey. — 8. Cf. Tibull. II, 57-78. — 9. diversi, i.e. coming from a different region. We. — 12. lustrales, making expiation, devoting themselves to the gods of the dead as a sacrifice for the nation. — 13. de te . . . querentem, sc. because Caesar was crushing the patrician party. — 14. Scipio, sc. Africanus Minor. — 15. sobolem, L. Scipio, the father-in-law of Pompey. — 16. non servituri nepotis, Cato Uticensis, who committed suicide rather than surrender to Caesar. — 18. gauden- tem, sc. because he foresees that his descendant Brutus is to slay Caesar. — 20. nudi. The family of Cethegi seem to have kept up an old fashion of wearing their arms bare. Cf. II, 543 : exsertiqne manus vesana Cethegi, where the reference is (as here) to the associate of Catiline; Hor. A. P. 50 : cinctntis Cethegis. — 21. Drusos. The reference is to M. Livius Drusus, a tribune of the people in the time of the Gracchi. — 22. legi- bus, sc. ferendis. — 25. poseit, i.e. wish to take possession of. posses- sor, Pluto. — 26. saxa asperat, sc. to use as instruments of torture. — 288 Notes. [book ix. 28. victori, sc. Caesar. — 29. invenis, Sextus Pompey. — 30. in parte serena, i.e. the Elysian fields. — 32. vitae, sc. of Caesar. — 34. parvis bustis, i.e. a burial without imposing funeral rites. — 35. Romanorum deoruni, i.e. victorious generals, who shall attain supreme power after you, but after death shall be placed under your feet, when you shall be in Elysium and they in Tartarus. We. — 36. Nili unda, not far from which the body of Pompey was buried. Tybridis unda, near which in the Campus Martius the body of Caesar was burnt. — 38. Tu, i.e. Sextus. — 40. genitor, thy father. Siculis in arvis. We. thinks there is a refer- ence here to a part of the poem which Lucan did not live to write, in which, in imitation of the shade of Anchises predicting to Aeneas his destiny, Pompey was to appear to his son in his Sicilian campaign and reveal to him his destiny. — 43. Europam . . .timete, i.e. no part of the world will be safe for you. — 44. vestris triumphis, according to your triiwiphs. Pompey had triumphed for his victory over the remnant of the Marian faction and its allies in Africa, over Sertorius in Spain, over Mithridates in Asia. He himself was to fall in a part of Africa, his son Cneius in Spain after the battle of Munda, and Sextus while a captive at Miletus in Asia. — 46. tutius Emathia, i.e. Though defeated at the battle of Pharsalus yom will escape from Thessaly alive, peregit, sc. the soldier recalled to life. fata, the result of the war and the fate of Pompey. BOOK IX. 1-35. The soul of Pompey ascends to the celestial regions, and looking down thence upon the earth imparts to Brutus and Cato a spirit of devotion to his cause. Cato conducts the remnant of Pompey's army to Corcyra. 1. Pharia favilla, the ashes of Pompey's body burned on the shore of Egypt, manes, his spirit. — 5. niger aer, the at?nosphere black in comparison with the brightness of the ether and the stars. — 7. ignea. See Lex., s. v. II ; and cf. Virg. Aen. 9 VI, 730 : Igneus est illis vigor. — 8. innocnos vita, for a causal clause. We. patientes, capable of existing in the heat of the lowest part of the ether. — 9. collegit in orbes, united with the eternal spheres. We. Merivale refers to this " sublime canonization of Pompey," together with VI, 782, seqq. and VII, 816, seqq. as chief among the many passages in which Lucan "strongly sets forth the reality of the future life as a state of retribution." — 10. Non illuc, sc. semper, auro positi, buried in gilded coffins, i.e. great generals. — 14. sui trunci, of his headless body. — 17. vindex, the avenger. — book ix.] Lucan. 289 19. Ille, sc. Cato. pendebant casus, i.e. while the issue of the war was uncertain. — 21. et, also, sc. as well as Caesar. — 25. excepit, sc. in tutelam suam, to be supplied from tutore. — 29. totae partes, sc. of Pompey. — 32. inille, used indefinitely for a large number. The number of vessels was said to have been about three hundred. — 33. fragmenta ruinae, the remains of the ar?jiy. — 35. arctasse, covered, sc. by their number. 109-140; 167-217. Cornelia, the wife of Pompey, after witnessing the burning of his body, sails to Cyprus, and thence to Africa to join Cato and Cneius Pompey. The announcement to them of Pompey 's death. Cornelia performs funeral rites in his honor, and Cato pronounces a eulogy upon him. I. Sic ubi fata, sc. Cornelia, whose words on beholding the funeral pile of her husband are contained in vs. 55-108. — 2. puppis delituit, sc. on the voyage from Egypt to Africa. — 6. clamor, sc. of the sailors in a storm. — 7. contraria, i.e. praying that the ship might sink. — 13. Magnus, i.e. Cneius Pompey, the eldest son. — 14. fratrem, i.e. Sextus Pompey, who was with their mother Cornelia. — 16. Romana, i.e. res Romanas. — 19. audis, i.e. only hear. — 20. spectato geni- tore, sc.when murdered. — 21. dignoque, i.e. nee digno ; after the usage of Lucan. We. — 22. rege impuro, sc. Ptolemy, licentious and treacher- ous in his conduct. — 23. hospitii superis, the gods who preside over hospitality. — 24. proavos, sc. of Ptolemy, to whom Pompey had restored their kingdom (donati regni). — 26. tantum, i.e. to perpetrate so base a deed. — 27. socerum, i.e. Caesar. — 32. sceleris . . . fidem, a proof that Pompey had been killed. 35. exemplo carens, beyond precedent. — 38. Cornelia, "the only female character [in the Pharsalia] that calls for notice. She is drawn with breadth and sympathy, and bears all the traits of a great Roman matron." Cruttwell. — 40. sociae terrae, i.e. Africa, where Cato and Cn. Pompey were. — 42. impressas auro, i.e. which were ornamented with gold. We. — 43. pictas, sc. with palms; togas, worn by victorious generals in the triumphal processions which marched to the temple of Jupiter. See Book VI, 44, note. — 45. Accipit . . . pietas, All the rest of the Romans {through their affection for their leader) follozv her exa?nple. — 48. submittere, lit. to cause to spring up, to grow. Cf. Lucretius, I, 8. — 49. hibernas, i.e. withered and worthless and hindering the germina- tion of a new crop. — 53. omne quod, etc., i.e. omne Mud quod vul- 290 Notes. [book ix. gus audet conferre convicia in deos et per quod obicit Pompeium diis, noil pervenit, etc. Wr. — 55. veri, an adjunct of pleno. — 56. multo . . . iuris, i.e. who, in comparison with the statesmen of the republic in its best days, exhibited less moderation in the exercise of the highest power. We. — 58. cui, sc. Cato. — 59. solus privatus, i.e. alone of the chiefs conducted himself as a private man, although the common people were ready to become subject to him. We. — 64. intulit, sc. into the state treasury. — 70. Olim, Long ago. — 72. ncta, sc. fides. — 73. frons, sc. fortitudinis et audaciae virilitalisque. We. — 74. summa dies, i.e. death ; non enirn passus depositionem, sed si/uui imperium et vitam ami- sit. Wr. — 75. quaerendos, i.e. which now that he was conquered ought to be welcomed by him. Wr. — 76. regno, emphatic, implying the humili- ation of living in private life at the pleasure of his rival now a sovereign. W T e. however takes the verse as ironically said. — 77. scire mori, = quae- rere mortem. Wr.; mortem sibi consciscere. Var. sors prima, the best lot, the highest happiness. — 79. talem lubam, sc. as Ptolemy was to Pompey. hosti, sc. Caesar. " There are two passages in Lucan which surpass in eloquence anything that I know in the Latin language. One is the character which Cato gives of Pompey : Civis obit, etc., — a pure gem of rhetoric without one flaw, and in my opinion not very far from historical truth. The other is the enumeration of Pompey's exploits, in the eighth Book (806-8) : " ' Quod si tarn sacro dignaris nomine saxum, Adde actus tantos, monimentaque maxima rerum: Adde truces Lepidi motus, Alpinaque bella, Armaque Sertori, revocato consule, victa, Et currus, quos egit eques: commercia tuta Gentibus, et pavidos Cilicas maris. Adde subactam Barbarium, gentesque vagas, et quidquid in Euro Regnorum Boreaque iacet. Die semper ab armis Civilem repetisse togam: ter curribus actis Contentum patriae multos donasse triumphos. Quis capit haec tumulus ? ' "The dream of Pompey in the seventh Book (vs. 7-44) is also a very noble piece of writing. I hardly know an instance in poetry of so great an effect pro- duced by means so simple. There is something irresistibly pathetic in the lines : " * Qualis erat populi facies clamorque faventis, Olim quum iuvenis primique aetate triumphi Post domitas gentes, quas torrens ambit Iberus, Et quaecumque fugax Sertorius impulit arma, Vespere pacato, pura venerabilis aeque Quam currus ornante toga, plaudente senatu, Sedit adhuc Romanus eques ; ' and something unspeakably solemn in the sudden turn which follows : " ' Ne rumpite somnos, Castrorum vigiles; nullas tuba verberet aures. Crastina dira quies, et imagine moesta diurna Undique funestas acies feret, undique bellum.' "When I consider that Lucan died at twenty-six, I cannot help ranking him among the most extraordinary men that ever lived." — Macaulay. book ix.] Lucan. 291 255-293. Cato's speech to his soldiers, eager to give up the contest and return home. Its effect upon them. 1. ducis, sc. Cato. — 2. pari voto, sc. to that of the Caesarians. Have you then been fighting not for liberty, but for Pompey, just as the Caesarians for Caesar? — 6. iam . . . tutum est, sc. since you will con- quer for yourselves and not for another. We. — 8. sine rege, sc. esse. pericli, sc. subeundi. — 12. regia Nili, i.e. Ptolemy. — 13. contulit, sc. in slaying Pompey ; Parthi . . . arcus, sc. in slaying Crassus. — 14. munus, i.e. liberty, which he sarcastically calls the gift of Ptolemy. We. — 15. Quis, etc. No one of the enemy will believe that you fought bravely in the civil war; rather will he believe that you were the first to flee. We. — 18. meruistis, sc. because you did not fight against him. We. — 21. maiora, i.e. liberty. — 22. Rapiatur, sc. to Caesar. — 24. Ptolemaei . . . munus, Bestow upon Caesar a greater gift than Ptolemy did. We. — 26. mercede, ablative of price. Sciet, etc., i.e. Slay me in order that these soldiers may know. We. — 27. cervicis, sc. meae. — 28. meritum parate, acquire merit for yourselves. — 31. si- mul, = simulae. efYetas ceras, the honeycombs with no young in them. — 32. miscent alas,y?y in swarms. — 34. Phrygii aeris, the cymbals, which were used in the worship of Cybele, a Phrygian goddess, increpat, sc. ubi or si. — ^8. divitias casae, i.e. his bees. 511-523; 544-604. Arrival of Cato and his army at the temple of Jupiter Ammon. Description of its situation. Labienus urges Cato to consult the oracle respecting the issue of the war. Cato's speech in reply. The nobleness of his character. 1. unum, i.e. which the Libyan tribes had in common, and near which dwell (habent) the Garamantes, a Libyan race. We. In the widest sense the name is applied to all the Libyan tribes inhabiting the oases in the Eastern part of the great desert, but in the stricter sense denotes the people of Phazania, a region South of the great Syrtis and forming by far the largest oasis in the great desert. Diet. Geog. — 4. Hammon, origi- nally an Ethiopian or Libyan divinity, whose worship spread over Egypt, a part of the Northern coast of Africa, and many parts of Greece. The most ancient seat of his worship was Meroe; and another and more famous one with a celebrated oracle was in the oasis of Ammonium in the Libyan 292 Notes. [book ix. desert, where the ruins of the temple, whose walls were of hewn stone and covered with hieroglyphics, are still to be seen. The god was represented either in the form of a ram or as a human being with the head (or the horns only) of a ram. Diet. Geog. — 8. Indis, not Asiatics probably, but Ethiopians, who are called by Latin writers Indi because they were believed to have migrated from India, unus, the 07ily deity. — 9. violata, dese- cr cited. — 10. morum priorum, i.e. of the ancient simplicity and un- corrupt faith. Var. — II. Romano . . . auro, i.e. protects it from being profaned with gold after the manner of the Romans. Var. Cf. Persius, Sat. II. 14. fores, sc. of the temple. — 15. nova fata, i.e. responses of the ora- cle. — 17. explorat, make trial of, test. — 18. de fama, i.e. the renown which the oracle had had from the most ancient times — whether true responses were given there. We. — 20. eventus, the issue of the war. T. "Lafoienus, a partisan of Caesar and a legatus under him in the Gallic campaigns in B.C. 58 and in 54-50 ; the last two years before the civil war next in command to Caesar, and in B.C. 50 in command of Cisalpine Gaul in Caesar's absence. On the breaking out of civil war he went over to the other party. After the battle of Pharsalus he went to Africa, and was an officer under Scipio. After that of Thapsus he fled to Spain and fell in the battle Munda, B.C. 46. — 21. ora = or acuta. — 23. datos, sc. by fate. — 24. arcana, /^fr secret decrees. — 29. patriae • . . mores, explained by the next two lines. See Lex. s. Mos., Ill, B. — 31. perit, for periit, i.e. has been fought by us in vain, and tyrants are to hold sway. — 33. exem- plar, sc. which we ought to imitate. Wr.; with honesti — quid nobis sit agendimi. We. — 35. dignas adytis, i.e. worthy to be uttered by the oracle. — 37. regna, i.e. the tyranny of one man. — 38. an . . . longa, etc. The correct text of this verse is doubtful. The Ms. reading is : ait sit vita nihil, sed longa m differ at aetas. Cf. I, 457. an . . . aetas, i.e. tttrum differ at, longa an brevis sit aetas. We. — 41. crescat, is made greater; i.e. zvhether right be never made more right, by success. Pr. — 43. Haeremus, depe?id upon, are most closely joined to. We. templo tacente, equivalent to a concessive clause. — 44. sponte, often used with a genitive by Lucan and the later poets. — 45. semel, once for all. nascentibns, at our birth. — 46. qnidquid . . . licet, sc. that we must die. We. Cf. v. 54. arenas, sc. of Libya. — 47. mersitque, nor hidden. hoc pnlvere, i.e. the sand of this desert. " Nothing in all Latin poetry reaches a higher pitch of ethical sublimity than the reply of Cato to Labienus, when entreated to consult the oracle of Jupiter Ammon. Its sentiments and others similar scattered throughout the* poem redeem it from the charge of wanton disbelief and show a largeness of soul that only needed experience to make it truly great." CRUTTWELL. book ix.] Lucan. 293 55. servata fide, sc. by not making inquiry of it. — 56. populis, sc. Orientalibus ; a dative. — 57. anlieli . . . ora, i.e. anhelum os gerentem. — 59. cervice, i.e. lectica. — 60. que for neque, after the usage of Lucan. — 62. indiga laticis, thirsting for water. — 65. quidquid . . . fuit, i.e. the virtue of Cato surpassed that of all our ancestors, who were in- debted greatly for their renown to fortune. We. — 70. frangere . . . Iugurthae, an allusion to Marius' triumph over Jugurtha. — 73. cervice soluta, sc. from the yoke of tyranny, i.e. with freedom recovered. — 74. factura deum, Cf. the noble and beautiful delineation of Cato's character in Book II, 380-391 : " Hi mores, haec duri immota Catonis Secta fuit : servare modum, finemque tenere, Naturamque sequi, patriaeque impendere vitam; Nee sibi, sed toti genitum se credere mundo. Huic epulae, vicisse famem : magnique penates, Submovisse hiemem tecto : pretiosaque vestis, Hirtam membra super Romani more Quiritis Induxisse togam : Venerisque huic maximus usus, Progenies ; Urbi pater est, Urbique maritus : Iustitiae cultor, rigidi servator honesti : In commune bonus : nullosque Catonis in actus Subrepsit partemque tulit sibi nata voluptas." APPENDIX. I. The Metres of Catullus. I. Elegiac Distich. A. 363; G. 762; H. 615. In fifty-two poems : Carm. 65-116. " Ovid's rules, such as the close of a thought with a couplet, the avoidance of elision, especially in the latter half both of the hexameter and the pentameter, the preponderance of dactyls, the ending of the couplet with a dissyllable, which must be either noun or verb, or the like, were not observed by Catullus." Sn. II. Phalaecian Hendecasyllable. A. 371, 11; G. 765 ; H. 629, I. The first foot is usually a spondee, sometimes a trochee or iambus. The tribrach occurs once (C. 55, 10). In the second foot a spondee is allowed to alternate more or less regularly with the usual dactyl. In forty poems : Carm. 1-3, 5-7, 9, 10, 12-16, 21, 23, 24, 26-28, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 40-43, 45-5°> 53-53. The Phalaecian has no fixed caesura. The most common is that after the arsis of the second foot, or after the arsis of the third foot. " Four lyrical metres were elaborated by Catullus and thus made popular, — the hendecasyllabic, the pure iambic, the scazon, and the glyconic, — and in them he was not surpassed by any later poet. The greater part of his lyrics were written in the hendecasyllable. The freedom of cadence in this measure, the varied caesura and the licenses in the first foot give the charm of irregular beauty, so sweet in itself and so rare in Latin poetry; and the rhythm lends itself with equal ease to playful humor, fierce satire, and tender affection. In the management of the scazon he was also very skilful." Es. III. Iambic Verse. In twelve poems. 1. Iambic Trimeter or Senarins. A. 365; G. 754; H. 622. In Carm. 4, 29, 52. In these the pure iambic foot alone is used, with the exception of C. 52, vs. 2, 3, both of which begin with a spondee. In C. 4 and 29 the coincidence of verbal and metrical accent is remarkable. 2. Choliambus or Scazon. A. 365, c; G. 755; H. 622, 4. It differs from the ordinary trimeter by having always a spondee or a trochee in the sixth foot, and an iambus in the fifth. In eight poems: Carm. 8, 22, 31, 37, 39, 44, 59, 60. The pure scheme occurs only thirteen times. In seventy-four verses a spondee occurs in both the first and third places, in 296 Appendix. twenty-nine in the first place, and in thirteen in the third place. A tribrach is found once in the second place, and once the third foot is a dactyl. 3. Iambic Tetrameter Catalectic. A. 366, a; G. 757; H. 625, note. In Carm. 25. Of the thirteen verses the iambus is preserved pure through- out in six. The other seven have a spondee in the first place, and two of them a spondee in the fifth place. IV. Glyconeo-Pherecratean. A. 371, 1,4, 12; 373; G. 764, 765; H. 627; 629, II. In Carm. 17, 34, 61. In Carm. 34, a stanza of four verses: the first three Glyconic; the fourth Pherecratean. In Carm. 61, a stanza of five verses: the first four Glyconic; the fifth Pherecratean. In Carm. 17, a stanza of two verses: the first Glyconic; the second Pherecratean — though generally printed as one long line. The Glyconic : a trochee or spondee followed by a dactyl and a cretic. The Pherecratean : a dactyl between two dissyllabic feet — either trochees or spondees — with an iambus once in the first foot, and a spondee once in the second foot. In Carm. 34 and 61 the Glyconic is sometimes hyper- metrical. V. Sapphic and Adonic. A. 371, 3 and 7; G. 778, VI; H. 628,1 and VI. In Carm. n and 51. Catullus allows the trochee in the second foot, the elision of the last syllable before the beginning of the following verse, the breaking up of a word at the end of the third verse, so as to extend into the Adonic, the second foot to end a word, a monosyllable at the end of the verse, and the caesura after the fifth or sixth syllable indifferently. VI. Greater Asclepiadean. A. 371, 6; G. 770; H. 628, V. In Carm. 30. The verse consists of a dissyllabic base (a spondee, except in v. 9, where it is a trochee) followed by three choriambi, and ending with two short syllables. " The sapphic and the choriambic metres were introduced from the Greek by Catullus, but in the use of them he closely followed throughout the Greek models (e.g. in admitting the trochee into the second place, and th@ frequent hypermeter as well as the lax caesura), and did not attain the excellence to which they were afterwards brought by Horace. With Catullus a modified synapheia runs through- out the stanza, such that the last syllable of the line may be indifferently long or short before a consonant, but a vowel with or without m is invariably elided before another vowel at the beginning of the next line." VII. Dactylic Hexameter. In Carm. 62 and 64. The use of the spondee in the fifth place is frequent. " The hexameters of Catullus display a marvellous improvement on those of Ennius and Lucretius, and have a peculiar sweetness and charm, but are Appendix, 297 inferior to those of Virgil in correctness and flow. Their beauty is rather that of single lines than of a complex system. In Carm. 64, and especially in Carm. 62, he shows himself as great a master of the full-toned and stately hex- ameter as in his smaller poems he had proved his command of the lighter forms of verse ; and he paved the way for the smoother cadences and statelier measures of Virgil. Vet the recurrence, occasionally, of one monotonous ca- dence, line after line, gives an air of sameness, which might almost be called inartistic. Sometimes it is relieved by the spondaic endings, which he and other poets of his school for a time made popular, and sometimes by verses of a freer and more luxuriant rhythm. Apparently to avoid the irregularities of older poets, he made the accent (as a rule) agree with the ictus in the last three feet of the line, thus giving his verses greater uniformity but producing a monotonous effect. Alliteration is also quite frequent.' VIII. Metre of the Attis. In Car 711. 63 ; the only specimen of this metre in the Latin language. It consists in theory of two iambic or ana- creontic dimeters, of which the first is catalectic, and the second brachycata- lectic. There are thus six feet, which are usually anapaest, iambic, bacchic, anapaest, tribrach, iambic, but with some variations. Roby, School Latin Gram. 934 ; G. 774. See also Ellis' Commentary on Catullus : Prolego- mena, p. xxxvii; Simpson's Catullus: Appendix, p. 175. " In poetry, the Ciceronian period was distinguished from the Ante-classical Age, not so much by the mere imitation of Greek models as by the minute care with which the rules and niceties of Greek diction, grammar, and metre were studied and applied, and by a growing perception of the predominant import- ance of form in art. Catullus was moulded by this spirit and tendency, and was its best representative, as the finish of all his finest poems testify. His metres convey the idea of a wild freedom under a careful and masked regularity ; and while he is less artificial he is more artistic than any of his successors. He exhibits a sense of freedom working by rule, but not dominated by it, not attained by any other poet." Es. Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid in all his poems except the Metamor- phoses, use the elegiac distich. II. Editions, Commentaries, and other Works cited or con- sulted in the Preparation of the Notes. CATULLUS. Catvlli Veronensis Liber Recognovit apparatvm criticvm prolegomena appendices addidit R. Ellis Oxonii MDCCCLXVii. A Commentary on Catullus by Robinson Ellis, Oxford MDCCCLXXVI. Catvlli Veronensis Liber Lvdovicvs Schwabivs Recognovit Gissae MDCCC- LXVI. Catulli Veronensis Liber. Recensuit Aemilius Baehrens. Lipsiae MDCCC- LXXVI. 298 Appendix. Criticisms and Elucidations of Catullus by H. A. J. Munro Cambridge and London, 1878. C. Valerius Catullus ex editione F. G. Doeringii cui suas et aliorum adno- tationes adiecit J. Naudet, Parisiis MDCCCXXVI. Select Poems of Catullus Edited, with Introductions, Notes, and Appen- dices, by F. P. Simpson, London, 1879. The Poems of Valerius Catullus, translated into English verse. With Life of the Poet, Excursus, and Illustrative Notes. By James Cranstoun, Edinburgh, 1867. The Poems of Catullus, translated into English verse. With an Introduc- tion and Notes. By Theodore Martin. Edinburgh and London. MDCCCLXin. LUCRETIUS. T. Lucreti Cari De Rerum Natura Libri Sex With Notes by H. A. J. Munro Third Edition Cambridge England 1873 T. Lucretii Cari De Rerum Natura Libri Sex Ex editione Gilberti Wake- fieldi cum notis et interpretatione in usum Delphini variis lectionibus notis Variorum recensu editionum et codicum et indice locupletissimo accurate recensiti. Londini, 1823. T. Lucreti Cari De Rerum Natura Libri Sex. C. Lachmannus Recensuit et Emendavit. Editio altera Berolini, MDCCCLIII. C. Lachmanni in T. Lucretii Cari De Rerum Natura Libros Commentarius tertium editus, Berolini, MDCCCLXXI. Syntaxis Lucretianae Lineamenta Scripsit T. G. Holtze, Lipsiae, 1868. TIBULLUS. Albii Tibulli Libri Quattuor. Recognovit A. Rossbach. Lipsiae, MDCCCLXVI. Albii Tibulli Opera Omnia ex editione I. G. Huschkii cum notis et inter- pretatione in usum Delphini variis lectionibus notis Variorum recensu edi- tionum et codicum et indice locupletissimo accurate recensita. Londini, 1822. Elegiac Extracts from Tibullus and Ovid, With English Introductions and Notes. By W. Ramsay, London, MDCCCXL. Albii Tibvlli Carmina Libri Tres Cvm Libro Qvarto Svlpiciae et aliorvm Chr. G. Heynii nvnc avcta notis et observationibvs Ern. Car. Frid. Wvnder- lichii. Lipsiae, MDCCCXVTI. Albii Tibulli Carmina Ex Recensione Car. Lachmanni Passim Mutata Ex- plicuit L. Dissenius Gottingae, MDCCCXXXV. The Elegies of Albius Tibullus translated into English verse, With Life of the Poet and Illustrative Notes By James Cranstoun, Edinburgh and London, MDCCCLXXII. PROPERTIUS. Sex. Propertii Elegiae. Edidit Henricus Keil. Lipsiae, MDCCCLXVii. Sex. Propertii Elegiarum Libri IV. Recensuit A. Palmer. Londinii, Dub- lfni: 1S80. Appendix. 299 The Elegies of Propertius, With English Notes, By F. A. Paley. Second Edition. London and Cambridge, MDCCCLXXII. Sex. Aurelii Propertii Elegiarum Libri Quattuor. Codicibus partim denuo collatis, partim nunc primum excussis recensuit, etc., Quaestionum Proper- tianarum libris tribus et commentariis illustravit G. Ad. B. Hertzberg. Halis, MDCCCXLIII. Select Elegies of Propertius Edited with Introduction, Notes, and Appen- dices By J. P. Postgate. London, 1881. The Elegies of Sextus Propertius translated into English verse, With Life of the Poet and Illustrative Notes By James Cranstoun, Edinburgh and Lon- don, MDCCCLXXV. Verse Translations from Propertius, Book V. With a revised Latin Text, and Brief English Notes. By F. A. Paley. Cambridge and London, 1866. OVID. P. Ovidius Naso Ex Recognitione Rudolphi Merkelii. Lipsiae, MDCCCLX. P. Ovidii Nasonis Heroides XIV. Edited by A. Palmer. London, Cam- bridge, and Dublin, 1874. P. Ovidii Nasonis Heroidum Epistulae XIII Edited with Notes and In- dices by E. S. Shuckburgh. . London, 1879. Ovid's Fasti ; With Introduction, Notes, and Excursus, by Thomas Keight- ley. London, 1848. P. Ovidii Nasonis Fastorum Libri Sex. With English Notes, By F. A. Paley. London, 1869. P. Ovidii Nasonis Fastorum Libri Sex. Zum Schul — und Privatgebrauch herausgegeben und mit erklarenden anmerkungen und einem namenregister versehen von M. Julius Conrad. Leipzig, 1831. The Fasti of Ovid Edited with Notes and Indices by G. H. Hallam. Lon- don, 1881. Ovid : Selections for the Use of Schools With Introductions and Notes and an Appendix on the Roman Calendar by W. Ramsay. Edited by G. G. Ramsay. Oxford, MDCCCLXX. LUCAN. M. Annaei Lucani Pharsalia cum indice rerum. Ad optimorum librorum fidem accurate edita. Editio C. Tauchnitii stereotypa novis chartis impressa. Lipsiae, 1878. Marci Annaei Lucani Pharsalia cum notis selectis quibus varias lectiones Mss. nunc primum collatorum, dissertationem de spuriis et male suspectis Lucani versibus, Scholiastas ineditos, adnotationem suam, nee non indices locupletissimos addidit C. F. Weber. Lipsiae, MDCCCXXI. M. Annaei Lucani Pharsaliae Libri X. Ad meliorum librorum fidem re- censuit scholiisque interpretatus est et indicem adiecit C. H. Weise. Quedlin- burgi et Lipsiae, 1835. 300 Appendix. M. Annaeus Lucanus De Bello Civili, cum Hug : Grotii, Farnabii notis in- tegris et Variorum Selectis. Accurante Corn : Schrevelio. Lugd. Batav. 1669. M. Annaei Lucani Pharsalia Libri Decern. Cum Scholiaste, hucusque in- edito, et notis integris H. Grotii, etc. Et excerptis O. Vincentini, aliorumque. Nee non T. Maji supplements aliorumque observationibus. Curante F. Ouden- dorpio. Lugd. Batav. 1728. M. Annaei Lucani Pharsaliae Liber Primus Edited with English Introduc- tion and Notes by W. E. Heitland and C. E. Haskins. London and Cambridge, 1875. Selections from the less known Latin Poets by North Pinder. Oxford, MDCCCLXIX. [Includes Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, Ovid, and Lucan, with many others.] Selections from Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius. With English Notes. By A. H. Wratislaw and F. N. Sutton. London, 1869. The Roman Poets of the Republic By W. Y. Sellar. New edition, revised and enlarged. Oxford, MDCCCLXXXI. A History of Roman Literature By W. S. Teuffel. Translated by W. Wagner. London and Cambridge, 1873. A History of Roman Literature : From the earliest period to the death of Marcus Aurelius. By C. T. Cruttwell. London, 1877. Miscellaneous Writings of John Conington, late Corpus Professor of Latin in the University of Oxford. Vol. 1. London, 1872. Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process, Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: July 2006 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 111 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 16066 (724)779-2111 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 003 094 461 6 #. JKBBSBBf ■ jH ■■P SflBHS MBBL IIMi