CCCC 
 
 
 
 
 fC4L^:^<^< 
 
 
 
 
 ; iBRARY OF CONGRESS, i 
 
 !| UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 
 
OUTLINES 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 FROM THE FIRST DISCOVERY TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 FAMILIES AND SCHOOLS. 
 
 3i®iti) Numerous Hnarabfiifis, 
 
 aUESTIO.\S FOR THE EXAMINATION OF PUPILS. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 THOMAS, COWPERTHWAIT & CO 
 
 AND 
 
 CAREY & HART^ 
 1845. 
 
n 5 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The design of giving an Outline of the History of 
 the United States, in which the principal facts should 
 be succinctly and clearly set forth, was suggested by 
 the successful manner in which the same thing had been 
 already done in reference to the History of Rome, and 
 of England, which form a part of this series. The writer 
 has adopted these able outline histories by way of model, 
 using the best authorities attainable for his facts. The 
 style is necessarily condensed ; but it is believed to be 
 sufficiently clear for the comprehension even of the 
 younger students of history. Questions are appended 
 at the end of the work for the convenience of instructors 
 and pupils in our common schools, and embellishments 
 suited to the character of the work. 
 
 It is submitted, with all deference, to the judgment of 
 a candid public. 
 
 Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by Carey 
 & Hart, in the office of tlie clerk of the District Court of the United 
 States in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 6 z ^^ 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Chap. I. The Discovery. — The Northmen. — Columbus. 
 — Vespucci. — The Cabots. — Ponce de Leon. — Ver- 
 razani. — Gomez, — Cartier. -- De Soto. — Ribault. — 
 Frobisher.— Drake.— Gilbert Page 7 
 
 II. Settlement of America. — Raleigh. — Gosnold. — Gil- 
 
 bert. — Weymouth. — Settlement of Virginia. — Smith. 
 — Harvey. — Berkeley. — Bacon's Rebellion. — Cul- 
 peper. — Old French War. — Washington 15 
 
 III. Settlement of Quebec. — Hudson. — Settlement of New- 
 York. — Argall. — Van Twiller. — Kiefl. — Stuyvesant. 
 — Nicholls. — Lovelace. — Andros. — Leisler, — Slough- 
 ter. — Massacre at Sclienectady. — French War 23 
 
 IV. Settlement of Massachusetts. — The Pilgrims. — Car- 
 ver. — Charles II. — James II. — Andros. — William 
 and Mary.— Old French War.— The Stamp Act.. . . 29 
 
 V. Settlement of Delaioare. — Printz. — Risingh. — Stuyve- 
 
 sant. — Carr. — Penn. — French War 37 
 
 VI. Settlement of Connecticut. — Andros 43 
 
 VII. Settlement of Maryland. — Baltimore. — Clayborne, 
 — Settlement of Rhode Island. — Roger Williams. 
 — Andros 47 
 
 VIII. Settlement of New Hampshire and Maine. — Mason 
 and Gorges. — Cranfield. — Andros ', 56 
 
 IX. Settlement of North Cfarolina. — Raleigh. — Lane. — 
 Berkeley. — Locke's Constitution. — Indian Massacre. 
 — The Regulators. — Settlement of South Carolina. 
 — Sayle. — Moore. — War with the French and Spa- 
 niards. — Indian Wars 64 
 
 X. Settlement of Neio Jersey. — Berkeley and Carteret. — 
 
 Andros. — Penn. — Barclay. — Cornbury. — French 
 War. — Morris. — Franklin 73 
 
 XI. Settlement of Pennsylvania. — William Penn. — De- 
 claration of Independence 78 
 
 1* (V) 
 
Vi CONTENTS. 
 
 XII. Settlement of Georgia. — Oglethorpe. — War with 
 Spain. — Wright. — Kevolution 84 
 
 XIII. Summary of Events before the Revolution. — 
 Frencli War. — Braddock's Defeat. — Stamp Act. 
 
 — Convention of Delegates 89 
 
 XIV. The Revolution. — Buttle of Lexington. — Retreat 
 from Concord. — Bunker Hill. — Siege of Boston. — 
 Fort Moultrie. — Long Island. — Trenton. — Prince- 
 ton. — Brandywine. — Retreat to Philadelphia. — 
 Battle of Germantown. — Surrender of Burgoyne. 
 Baron Steuben. — Retreat of the British from 
 Philadelphia. — Storming of Stony Point. — Capture 
 of the Serapis. — Countess of Scarborough. — Battle 
 of Camden. — Revolt among the troops.— Retreat 
 of La Fayette. — Washington moves South. — Siege 
 of Yorktown. — Surrender of Lord Corhwallis. — 
 General Greene 96 
 
 XV. The United States. — Washington. — Adams. — 
 Wayne. — French W ar. — Jefferson. — Aggressions on 
 American Commerce. — The Non-Intercourse Act. 
 — Madison. — The Little Belt.— Battle of Tippe- 
 canoe 1 22 
 
 XVI. The War of 1812.— Surrender of Hull.— Consti- 
 tution and Guerriere. — United States and Ma- 
 cedonian. — Wasp and Frolic. — Constitution and 
 Java. — Hornet and Peacock. — Operations on the 
 Lakes. — Frenchtovvn. — Fort Meigs. — Battle of 
 Lake Firie. — Outrages on the Atlantic frontier. — 
 Battle of Tohopeka. — Capture of Fort Erie. — 
 Battle of Phittsburg.— Battle of Lake ChampLiin. 
 Burning of Washington. Negotiations of Peace. 
 Battle of New Orleans. Treaty of Ghent 128 
 
 XVII. 77'e United Slates since the War of 1812.— 
 Algiers. — Monroe. — Florida War. — La Fayette's 
 Visit. — Adams. — Black Hawk War. — Jackson. — 
 Florida War. — Van Bnrcn. — The Canadian Rebel- 
 lion. — Harrison. — Tyler. — North-Eastern Bound- 
 ary. — Annexation of Texas. — James K. Polk 154 
 
Sailing of Columbus. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE DISCOVERY. 
 
 The Northmen. — Columbus. — Vespucci. — The Cabots. 
 — Ponce de Leon. — Verrazani. — Gomez. — Cartier. 
 — De Soto. — Ribault. — Frobisher. — Drake. — Gil- 
 bert. 
 
 It has been believed by many that America was not 
 unknown to the ancients ; and from certain passages in 
 the works of some of the writers of antiquity, as well as 
 from the coincidences in the lang-uag-es and customs of 
 the nations of the old and new continent, plausibliJ 
 reasons have been advanced in favour of this theory. 
 Whatever knowledge, however, the inhabitants of 
 Europe possessed of America, no traces of it existed at 
 the period of the revival of letters ; and it was geneially 
 
 (7) 
 
e 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 supposed that the Canaries, or Fortunate Islands, formed 
 the western boundary of their world. 
 
 Towards the end of the tenth or the beginning of the 
 eleventh century, the northern coast of America was 
 discovered by the Northmen, who attempted to colonize 
 it; but the colonists, being neglected by the mother 
 country, were soon either exterminated by the hostilities 
 of the savages by whom they were surrounded, or driven 
 to preserve their lives by amalgamating with them. 
 
 For the knowledge of this great continent now pos- 
 sessed by the civilized world, we are, however, in- 
 debted to the genius and enterprise of Christoval Colon, 
 a native of Genoa, better known to us by the name of 
 Christopher Columbus*. From a long and close appli- 
 cation to the study of Geography, this great man had 
 obtained a knowledge of the true figure of the earth, far 
 beyond what was common to the age in which he lived. 
 Another continent, he believed, necessarily, existed to 
 complete the balance of the terraqueous globe; but he 
 erroneously conceived it to be connected with that of 
 India, or a continuation of the same continent. This 
 error arose from the construction of the maps of that 
 period, which represented the oriental countries of 
 Asia as stretching vastly farther to the east than actual 
 observation has proved them to extend. Having fully 
 satisfied himself of the theoretical truth of his system, 
 his adventurous spirit made him eager to verify it by 
 experiment. For this purpose he applied to the senate 
 of Genoa, developing his views, and representing the 
 advantages which would accrue to the republic from the 
 possession of a new route to the great source of opulence. 
 The Genoese, however, treated the idea as absurd and 
 chimerical, and rejected the proposal with contempt. 
 Although disappointed in this first attempt, Columbus 
 was not discouraged. He made application to the court 
 iif Portugal, which had, in that age, greatly distinguished 
 
 * His real name was Colomb, buf he latinized it into Columbus, 
 and after his adoption by Spain, changed it according to the lan- 
 guase of that country to Colon, 
 
COLUMBUS. 9 
 
 itself by favouring the spirit of discovery along the 
 African coast. Here he met with an additional mortifi- 
 cation, from an attempt to anticipate him in the enter- 
 prise, which, however, proved abortive at an early period. 
 Disgusted with the treachery designed against him, he 
 would not listen to the entreaties of the kmg of Portu- 
 gal ; but through his brother Bartholomew, he applied 
 to Henry VII., of England, for support in his project. 
 The voyage of Bartholomew was long, and the cautious 
 prudence of the king great, so that he could not make 
 known his favourable disposition to Columbus until the 
 discovery was effected, and another snatched the wreath 
 of glory which might have immortalized him. 
 
 As a last resource, Columbus now presented his 
 scheme to the court of Spain. After eight years of 
 anxious solicitation and contemptuous neglect, he at last 
 obtained a gleam of royal favour on his bold and original 
 project. The interest of Queen Isabella, vv^ho gene- 
 rously pledged her own jewels, that she might aid him, 
 procured him three small vessels, witn which he set sail 
 from the port of Palos, in Andalusia, on the 3d of 
 August, 1492. He steered directly for the Canaries, 
 whence, after having refitted as well as he could, his 
 crazy and ill-appointed flotilla, he again sailed on the 
 6th of September, keeping a due westerly course over 
 an unknown ocean. Several days passed without a 
 sight of land, and the anxieties of the sailors arising from 
 this circumstance, were heightened by the variations of 
 the compass, then first perceived. An open mutiny took 
 place, which required alt the courage and address of the 
 great navigator to quell it. They pursued their course ; 
 but when thirty days had elapsed, without any indication 
 of an approach to land, both officers and men joined in a 
 second revolt. 
 
 Columbus was forced partially to give w^ay to their 
 remonstrances. He consented to return, if, after pro- 
 ceeding three days longer, nothing appeared to confirm 
 his expectations. With these assurances they again 
 proceeded, and, about midnight, on the 11th of October, 
 Columbus, who was standing on the poop, discovered a 
 
10 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 Landing of Columbus. 
 
 light ahead. Morning displayed the joyful sight of land ; 
 and the sailors were now as ardent in their expressions 
 of repentance and admiration, as they had before been 
 insolent and ungovernable. The Island of St. Salvador, 
 one of the Bahamas, was the first part of America 
 where they had landed. From the rude poverty of 
 the inhabitants, Columbus soon perceived that he was 
 still at a distance from the shores of India. The island 
 of Cuba was next discovered, and although no gold waa 
 found, the natives pointed to the east, where, in an island 
 which they called Hayti, this metal was sai 1 to abound. 
 Columbus proceeded in that direction, and dit^covered 
 Hayti on the 6th of December. Here he found some 
 specimens of gold; and leaving some men to form a 
 colony, he returned to Spain. 
 
 On his arrival, he immediately proceeded to court, 
 where he was received with admiration and respect. 
 The glory and benefit which promised to result from tho 
 discovery, rendered the government eager to forward hia 
 
CABOT. 11 
 
 design. A fleet of seventeen sail was prepared ; and 
 Columbus, who was now appointed viceroy of all the 
 countries he should discover, departed on his second 
 voyage, accompanied by many persons of rank and dis- 
 tinction. During the progress of this voyage, he dis- 
 covered the islands of Dominica, I\]ariegalante, Guada- 
 loupe, Montserrat, Antigua, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. 
 
 The success of this great man, did not fail to excite 
 envy and intrigue against him, at the court of Spain. 
 An officer was sent to act as a spy over his actions ; and 
 Columbus soon found it necessary to return to Europe, 
 for the purpose of defeating the machinations of his ene- 
 mies. He afterwards made several voyages to the New 
 World, and touched at the continent at the mouth of the 
 river Orinoco, in South America ; not, however, before 
 the continent had been discovered by an English navi- 
 gator. 
 
 Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, a man of science and 
 genius, who had sailed with Columbus, visited the con- 
 tinent m 1499, but made very little addition to the former 
 discoveries. He, however, published on his return, the 
 first description of the new countries that had appeared, 
 and the injustice of mankind has given his name to the 
 whole continent, an honour to v/hich Columbus was so 
 much more justly entitled. 
 
 The fame which Columbus had gained by his dis- 
 coveries, spread through Europe, and inspired many with 
 a similar spirit of enterprise. As early as the year 
 1495, John Cabot, a Venetian, obtained from Henry VII., 
 of England, a commission for himself and his three sons, 
 " to navigate all parts of the ocean, for the purpose of 
 discovering islands, countries, regions, or provinces, 
 either of Gentiles or Infidels which have been hitherto 
 unknown to all Christian people ; with power to set up 
 his standard and to take possession of the same as vassals 
 of the crown of England." Such were the terms of 
 this grant, which rivalled the bulls of the papal see, in 
 tlie extent of the power and authority it professed to 
 confer. In pursuance of this commission, John Cabot 
 sailed from England in 1496, carrying with him his three 
 
12 CAEOT. 
 
 sons. His voyage was intended for liie discovery of a 
 north-west passage to China, but terminated by -his fall- 
 ing in with the north side of the coast of Labrador, which 
 he traced northerly as far as the 67th degree of latitude. 
 In the succeeding year, he made a second voyage, on 
 board a ship furnished by Henry VII., and accompanied 
 by four small barks provided by the merchants of Bristol. 
 Of this voyage, Sebastian, his second son, had the 
 direction. 
 
 Cabot discovering the Continent. 
 
 On the 24th of June, 1497, he discovered a large 
 island, to which he gave the name of Prima Vista, or 
 the First Seen. It is now called Newfoundland. He 
 then changed his course, steering to the north ; but 
 meeting with land in that direction, and finding no ap- 
 pearance of a passage to India, of which he was in 
 search, he tacked about, and stood to the south, following 
 the coast as far as Florida. In 1502, he again visited 
 Newfoundland, and on his return carried several of the 
 natives of the island home to England, where they were 
 exhibited to Henry. 
 
PONCE DE LEON — FERDINAND DE SOTO. 13 
 
 Eleven years afterwards, Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, 
 sailed from Puerto Rico northwardly, and discovered the 
 continent in 30'^ 8' north latitude. He landed on Eas- 
 ter day, whence, according to some, Florida derives its 
 name ; hut, according to others, it was so called from 
 the verdure and bloom, with which, at that season the 
 country was covered. For many years, the name was 
 applied to the whole of the continent. 
 
 Several years now elapsed without any further pro- 
 gress being made in the discovery of North America. 
 The French, who had not displayed the same spirit of 
 enterprise as their neiglibours, entered the lists in 1524. 
 In that year Francis I., sent John Verrazani, a Floren- 
 tine, to America, for the purpose of making discoveries. 
 He traversed and explored the coast from latitude 28 
 degrees to 50 degrees north ; but in a second voyage, 
 some time after, was unfortunately lost. In 1525, 
 Stephen Gomez, the first Spaniard who came upon the 
 North American coast, with a view to discovery, sailed 
 from Groyn, in Spain, to Cuba and Florida, thence north- 
 ward to Cape Razo, in 46 degrees north latitude, in 
 search of a northern passage to the East Indies. 
 
 In the spring of 1534, a fleet was fitted out at St. Ma- 
 loes, in France, by direction of Francis I., with the de- 
 sign of attempting discoveries. The command of the 
 fleet was given to James Cartier. He arrived at New- 
 foundland, in May of the same year. Thence he sailed 
 northwardly, and on the day of the festival of St. Law- 
 rence, he found himself in the midst of a wide gulf, 
 which he named the St. Lawrence. He gave the same 
 name to the river which empties into it. In this voyage 
 he sailed as far north as latitude 51 degrees, expecting 
 in vain to find a passage to China. In the following 
 year he sailed up the river St. Lawrence as far as the 
 falls. He called the country New France ; built a fort, 
 in which he spent the winter, and returned the following 
 spring to France. 
 
 On the 12th day of May, 1539, Ferdinand de Soto, 
 with nine hundred men, besides sailors, sailed from 
 Cuba, having for his object, the conquest of Florida. 
 2 
 
14 CARTIER — RIBAULT GILBERT. 
 
 On the 30th of May, he arrived at Spirito Santo, from 
 whence he travelled into the interior, and died on the 
 banks of the Mississippi. Cartier, in the next year, made 
 a third voyage to Canada, built a fort, and began a settle- 
 ment in 1541 or lb^2, which he called Charlebourg. 
 tw^elve miles above Port vSt. Croix. He soon afterwards 
 broke up the settlement and sailed for Newfoundlami. 
 In 1542, Francis La Roche was sent to Canada, by the 
 French king", with two hundred men, women, and chil- 
 dren, but returned with his colony the next spring. In 
 1550, a number of adventurers sailed for Canada, but 
 were not afterwards heard of No other attempt ap- 
 pears to have been made to settle Canada during this 
 century. 
 
 In 1562, a French squadron, under the command of 
 John Ribault, arrived on the coast of Florida, and dis- 
 covered a river, which is supposed to be the St. Mary's. 
 As he coasted northward, he discovered several other 
 rivers, one of which he named Port Royal. The attempts 
 to find a north-eastern passage to India having failed, the 
 English sent out, in 1576, Captain Frobisher, to find a 
 north-western passage. The first land which he made 
 was a cape, which he named Queen Elizabeth's Foreland. 
 In coasting northerly, he discovered the straits which 
 bear his name. The two following years, he made a 
 second and third voyage, which produced no material dis- 
 covery. In the same year. Sir Francis Drake, being on 
 a cruise against the Spaniards in the Pacific ocean, 
 landed on the continent of North America, northward 
 of California, took possession of a harbour, and called the 
 surrounding country New Albion. Three years after- 
 wards. Sir Humphrey Gilbert obtained a patent from 
 Queen Elizabeth for lands not yet possessed by any 
 Christian prince, provided he would take possession 
 within &ix years. In 1583, he sailed to Newfoundland, 
 and took formal possession of the continent of North 
 America, in the name of the crown of I]ngland. In 
 pursuing his discoveries, he lost one of his ships on the 
 fchoals of Sable, and on his return home, a storm overtook 
 him, in which he was unfortunately lost. 
 
Settlement at Roanoke. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Raleigh. — Gosnold. — Gilbert. — Weymouth. — Settle- 
 ment of Virginia. — Smith. — Harvey. — Berkely. — 
 Bacon's Rebellion. — Culpeper. — Old French War. 
 — Washington. 
 
 In 1584, a patent was granted by Queen Elizabeth 
 to Sir Walter Ralei^^h, by the authority of which, he 
 sent out a colony the next year. They arrived on the 
 coast, and anchored a few leag-ues from Roanoke Island. 
 Here they landed, and took posssession of the country 
 on behalf of Queen Elizabeth, calling- it, in honour of 
 her, Virginia. This colony returned to England in 
 1586, with Sir Francis Drake. Another attempt was 
 
 (15) 
 
16 GOSNOLD — GILBERT — WEYMOUTH. 
 
 made in the year last mentioned, to establish a colony 
 in Virginia, but with similar ill success. A third at- 
 tempt, made in 1587, also failed : the colonists perished 
 miserably ; having either died of famine, or been mas- 
 sacred by the Indians. 
 
 In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold, with thirty-two per- 
 sons, made a voyage to North Virginia, as it was then 
 called, and discovered and named Cape Cod, Martha's 
 Vineyard and Elizabeth Islands. Attempts were made 
 to form a settlement in the vicinity, but without suc- 
 cess ; and it is believed that, at the beginning of the 
 sevente<Mith century, there was not one European family 
 settled on all the vast extent of coast, from Greenland to 
 Florida. 
 
 In 1608, Bartholomew Gilbert, in a voyage to south 
 Virginia, in search of the colony, which was left there 
 in 1587, landed near Chesapeake Bay, where, in a 
 skirmish with the Indians, he was slain. In the same 
 year, the king of France granted by patent to M. de 
 Mons, all the country from the 40th to the 46th degree 
 of north latitude, under the name of Acadia. 
 
 In 1605, George's Islands and Pentecost harbour, were 
 discovered by Captain Weymouth, who soon afterwards 
 entered a large river, now supposed to be the Kennebeck 
 or Penobscot. In 1606, James 1. divided Virginia into two 
 colonies, the northern and southern, which were granted 
 to different companies. One of these companies was 
 called the Plymouth Company, and to them was en- 
 trusted the settlement of New England. The other was 
 called the London Company. This latter company, in 
 December, 1606, sent out three ships from London, 
 with one hundred and five persons, to effect a settlement 
 in the country, granted to them by a patent by James I. 
 After a tedious and circuitous passage, they entered 
 Chesapeake Bay, in April, 1607. 
 
 On a peninsula, a little distance up James River, thej' 
 began their settlement, calling the place Jamestown ; 
 both the river and town being named after James I. 
 The colony soon began to experience some of the hard- 
 ships incidental to new settlers. Their provisions be- 
 
17 
 
 Smith showing the Compass. 
 
 gan to fail ; and mismanagement, added to famine, 
 brought the colony to the brink of ruin. To the great 
 exertions and talents of Captain John Smith, one of the 
 most distinguished persons connected with the early 
 history of this country, the colony is indebted for its pre- 
 servation. His resolute and persevering spirit pre- 
 vailed on the adventurers not to abandon the settle- 
 ment, while his activity and courage provided the means 
 of continuance. An incident, which occurred durinir 
 this period, has lent to his history the attractions of 
 romance. While on an exploring journey in search of 
 provisions, he was taken prisoner by a large party of 
 Indians, who determined to put him to death. His c in- 
 ters, however, were diverted from their purpose by his 
 showing them a pocket conipass, and explaining its pro- 
 perties. He was conducted to the king Powhatan, who 
 after a short detention condemned him to death. His 
 head was placed upon a stone, and the savages were 
 2* 
 
IS LORD DELAWARE. 
 
 about to beat out his brains witli clubs, wlien Pocahon- 
 tas, the daughter of the principal chief, Powhatan, after 
 in vain implorin<^ mercy for him, rushed forward, and 
 resting her head upon that of the captive, and clasping 
 his body with her arms, appeared determined to share 
 his fate. Powhatan relented, and soon afterwards per- 
 mitted Smith to return home. Two years afterwards, 
 when the Indians had plotted the destruction of the 
 whole colony, Pocahontas, faithful to the attachments 
 she had formed, disclosed the plan to the English ; and 
 the Indians, finding them on their guard, abandoned the 
 project. 
 
 Such was the distress of the colony, in 1610, that the 
 survivors had actually embarked on their return to Eng- 
 land, when Lord Delaware, who had been appointed 
 governor the preceding year, under a new charter, ar- 
 rived with a supply of provisions, and one hundred and 
 fifty men. Under this governor and his successor, the 
 affairs of the infant settlement were administered with 
 so rnucli prudence and vigor, that it soon began to ac- 
 quire solidity and strength. Useful industry succeeded 
 to their previous habits of indolence ; and, aided by a 
 fertile soil, they were enabled to raise large stocks of 
 provisions. In 1619, the first legislature was convened, 
 eleven townships or boroughs, sending representatives, 
 counties not then being laid off*; from which circum- 
 stance the lower house was first called the house of 
 burgesses, which name it retained until the revolution. 
 About this period upwards of twelve hundred additional 
 emigrants arrived, among whom were one hundred and 
 fifty young women, who were sold to the planters for 
 wives, at one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco each. 
 In 1620, were introduced the first negro slaves. They 
 were imported in a Dutch vessel, and were soon followed 
 by many others. 
 
 In 1622, a dreadful massacre of the settlers took place. 
 They were surprised by the Indians, who destroyed three 
 hundred and forty-seven persons. Fortunately, a friend- 
 ly Indian gave previous notice to the inhabitants of 
 Jamestown, in time to put them on their guard, other- 
 
HARVEY BERKELEY. 19 
 
 wise the whole settlement, probably, would have been 
 destroyed. To the distress occasioned by this horri- 
 ble act, succeeded a famine, which was, however, alle- 
 viated by the arrival of provisions from England. A 
 reinforcement of settlers, arriving- at the same time, a 
 g-eneral war was levied against the savages ; and, in a 
 short time, most of the neighbouring tribes were exter- 
 minated. 
 
 On the 15th of July, 1624, James I. suspended the 
 powers of the London company by proclamation, re- 
 sumed the charter, and issued a special commission for 
 the government of the colony. All legislative and ex- 
 ecutive powers were vested in these commissioners, 
 from whose arbitrary regulations, the colony suffered se- 
 verely. So oppressive was the government of Sir John 
 Harvey, appointed in 1629, that the people seized and 
 sent him to England, a prisoner. He was succeeded by 
 Sir William Berkeley, who called an assembly of the 
 burgesses, and governed the province with mildness 
 and prudence. 
 
 At the commencement of the civil war in England, 
 when the contest was so violent between the king and 
 the parliament, as to bring Charles I. to the scaffold, 
 the Virginians adhered to the cause of the monarch ; and, 
 refusing to acknowledge the authority of the common- 
 wealth, a formidable armament was sent over by the par- 
 liament, in 1651, to reduce them to subjection. Unable 
 to offer any effectual resistance, the Virginians were 
 compelled to submit, but did not lay down their arms, 
 until they had secured their most essential rights, by a 
 solemn convention, entered into between the commission- 
 ers of the parliament, and the governor, council, and 
 burgesses of Virginia. The principal stipulations were, 
 for the enjoyment of the ancient limits of the colony, as 
 granted by the charters of the former kings ; for a free 
 trade ; an exemption from taxation ; the exclusion of 
 military force without the consent of the Grand Assem- 
 bly ; and the privilege of using the book of common 
 prayer for one year, omitting those parts which relate to 
 kingship. During the existence of the conunonwealth 
 
20 BERKELEY. 
 
 of England, the governors of Virginia were all elected 
 by the assembly. In 1658, a severe conflict arose be- 
 tween the governor and council and the house of bur- 
 gesses. The former liaving ordered a dissolution of the 
 assembly, they peremptorily refused to be dissolved, and 
 displaced the governor and all the council, but afterwards 
 elected the same governor. On the death of Cromwell 
 in 165S, his son Richard was acknowledged as his suc- 
 cessor. But, he resigning in 1658, and it being uncer- 
 tain what kind of government might be adopted in lilng- 
 land, the assembly of Virginia, in March, 1660, declared, 
 that, " there being in England no resident, absolute, and 
 general confessed power," did expressly take the pov/ers 
 of government into their own hands, " until such a com- 
 mand and commission came out of England, as shall by 
 the assembly be adjudged lawful." They then elected 
 Sir William Berkeley, governor, with injunctions that he 
 should govern according to the ancient laws of England 
 and the established laws of the colony; directed that all 
 writs be issued in the name of the Grand Assembly ; 
 and made it the duty of the governor to call an assembly 
 once in two years, or oftener, if necessary ; gave him 
 the liberty of making choice of a secretary, and council 
 of state, with the approbation of the assembly ; restrained 
 him from dissolving the assembly, without the consent 
 of the majority of the house ; all laws, inconsistent with 
 the government then established, were repealed ; and 
 penalties imposed for speaking or acting in derogation 
 of it. The religion of the Church of England was also 
 declared to be the established religion of the colony ; all 
 ministers were ordered to conform, or were not permit- 
 ted to " teach or preach publicly or privately ;" and the 
 governor and council were authorized to compel nan 
 conformists to leave the colony with all conveni^t 
 speed. 
 
 The effects of the navigation act, and other measures 
 of a similar nature, adopted about this time, were severely 
 felt by the trade of Virginia. In addition to this cause 
 of discontent, the landed proprietors were alarmed by 
 the conduct of the kin"- in grantino- to his courtiers larsfo 
 
BACON — BERKELEY LORD CULPEPER. 21 
 
 tracts of land, the titles to which had been regularly 
 vested in others. From these causes rose an insurrec- 
 tion memorable in the history of Virginia, and known 
 by the name of Bacon's Rebellion. 
 
 Colonel Nathaniel Bacon, an eloquent and ambitious 
 man, put himself at the head of the people who had assem- 
 bled, with the ostensible object of engaging in hostilities 
 against the Indians. An injudicious step on the part of 
 the assembly, then sitting, in advising the governor to 
 issue a proclamation of rebellion against him, deter- 
 mined their purpose. They marched to Jamestown, 
 and, after dispersing the assembly, Bacon called a con- 
 vention, and assumed the reigns of government. A 
 civil war now ensued with all its horrors. Jamestown 
 was burnt by Bacon's followers, and many parts of the 
 colony were given up to pillage. At length, after 
 several months of bloodshed and confusion, Bacon sud- 
 denly died. The loss of this man proved the ruin of 
 his party. The people returned to their homes, and the 
 authority of Berkeley was re-established. It was long, 
 however, before the prosperity of Virginia was restored. 
 Husbandry had been neglected, and licentious habits 
 introduced, which many years of order did not eradi- 
 cate. Soon after these events, Berkeley returned to Eng- 
 land, and w^as succeeded by Lord Culpeper, who brought 
 with him several bills, drawn up by the ministry in Eng- 
 land, to which he required the assent of the legislature, 
 on pain of being treated as rebels. The object of these 
 acts, which were ratified, was the increase of his official 
 emoluments; and the effect was the oppression and im- 
 poverishment of the people. During the reign of 
 Charles II., and his successor James, Virginia suffer- 
 ed in common with her sister colonies, from the en- 
 deavours of the Stuarts, to extend their despotic sys- 
 tem across the Atlantic, and rejoiced in the change of 
 government which drove them from the throne. In 
 1683, during the administration of Lord Culpeper, print- 
 ing was prohibited in Virginia. 
 
 For a considerable period after the revolution of 1688, 
 Virginia enjoyed great internal tranquillity, and experi- 
 
22 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 enced nothing to interrupt her growth. In the year 
 1732, she g-ave birth to the most illustrious of her sons, 
 the great statesman and patriot, who was destined after- 
 wards to achieve the independence of all the colonies. 
 During- the wars between France and England, prior to 
 1754, her local situation exempted her from hostilities. 
 From 1754 to 1758, when the French began to put into 
 operation their schemes for uniting Canada and Louis- 
 iana, the frontiers of Virginia were harassed by incur- 
 sions of French and Indian parties, to repel u hich, a 
 regiment was raised, in which Washington first distin- 
 guished himself. On the conclusion of peace, when the 
 British attempted to raise a revenue within the colonies, 
 the statesmen of Virginia were among the first to raise 
 the voice of opposition. The eloquence and talents of 
 her orators contributed greatly to excite public feeling 
 on this occasion. The services and sufferings of Vir- 
 ginia, in the war of the revolution, were probably as 
 great as those of any other state ; and in Virginia, the 
 last important measure of the war took place, in the sur- 
 render of Cornwall is. 
 
 John Smith. 
 
Settlement of Q,aebec. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Hettlement of Quebec. — Hudson. — Settlement of New 
 York. — Argall. — Van T wilier. — Kieft. — Stuyve- 
 ■sant. — Nicholls. — Lovelace. — Andros. — Leisler. — 
 Slaughter. — Massacre at Schenectady. — French 
 War. 
 
 In 1608, M. de Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence, 
 and settled Quebec. In 1608 or 1609, Henry Hudson, 
 a native of Eng-land, but at that time in the service of 
 the Dutch East India Company, discovered and sailed up 
 the noble river which still bears his name. The earliest 
 effectual settlement in this s-tate was made by the Dutch, 
 in 1613, on the island of Manhattan, now called, New 
 York. Their jurisdiction, however, was soon interrupt- 
 ed ; for, in 1614, Captain Artjall, returning- to Virginia 
 from Nova Scotia, visited the Hudson, when the 
 Dutch, beingr unable to offer resistance, submitted to the 
 
 (23) 
 
24 KIEFT — STUYVESANT— "MCKOLLS. 
 
 English government. The next year, a nnmber of ships 
 arrived from Holland, and restored the Dutch authority. 
 The settlers began to fortify themselves on the island, 
 which is now covered by the city of New York, and 
 extended their possessions in a few years to the Delaw are 
 and Connecticut rivers. In 1621, the States General 
 made a grant of the country, by the name of New 
 Netherlands, to the West India Company. The first 
 governor under the company, was Wouter Van Twiller, 
 who arrived at Fort Amsterdam, as New York was then 
 called, in 1629. William Kieft, the second governor, 
 was engaged in frequent disputes with the neighbouring 
 colonies. He protested, without success, against what 
 he considered the encroachments of the English in Con- 
 necticut, and on Long Island ; and, in 1640, broke up 
 their settlements at Oyster Bay by force. 
 
 Peter Stuyvesant was the third and last governor of the 
 New Netherlands. His administration was, like that of 
 his predecessor, a period of contest, both of words and 
 weapons. The people of New England on the east, and 
 the Marylanders and Swedes to the south and west, kept 
 him constantly employed either in negotiation or warlike 
 enterprises. An agreement was, however, made re- 
 specting boundaries, with the people of Connecticut ; 
 and the Swedes on the Delaware were compelled to 
 submit to his authority ; but the entire Dutch govern- 
 ment in North America, soon afterwards passed away. 
 
 In 1664, Charles II., of England, urged by the repre- 
 sentations of the neighbouring English colonies, granted 
 to his brother, the duke of York, a patent for a large tract 
 of country, including New York and New Jersey, and 
 provided him with the means of obtaining possession of 
 it. A considerable force, under the command of Colonel 
 Nicholls, arrived in the harbour of New York, in August, 
 1664, and summoned the province to surrender to the 
 British crown, offering the inhabitants protection in their 
 persons and estates. Governor Stuyvesant, an old and 
 brave soldier, determined to make all the defence of 
 which the place was capable, and, aware of the pacific 
 disposition of the inhabitants, refused them a sight of the 
 
NICHOLLS — ANDROS. 25 
 
 summons, lest the easy terms offered should induce them 
 to capitulate. Nicholls, however, published a proclama- 
 tion, which wrought so much upon the people, that the 
 governor, finding himself unsupported, was reluctantly- 
 obliged to yield. The English forces took possession, 
 first of the town of New York, and afterwards of Fort 
 Orange, on the Hudson, which last received the name 
 of Albany, after one of the titles of the duke of York. 
 An expedition was immediately sent to theDelaware ; 
 and, taking possession of the forts and places in that 
 quarter, the English jurisdiction was extended and con- 
 nected over Nevv^ York and New Jersey. 
 
 The authority of Nicholls over New York was 
 supreme ; but it appears to have been exercised with 
 justice and moderation. He was succeeded by Colonel 
 Lovelace, under whose administration the Dutch again 
 obtained a short-lived ascendency. In 1673, some Dutch 
 ships arrived at Staten Island; the commander, finding 
 the forts not in a state of defence, landed a body of men, 
 who entered the town without resistance. The whole 
 province renewed the oath of allegiance to the states 
 general, only to be absolved from it again in a short 
 time ; for, on the conclusion of the treaty of peace, in 
 1674, between Holland and England, a formal cession 
 of the whole territory was made to the latter. The 
 Duke of York, on this event obtained from the king a 
 new patent for the same tract of country, which had 
 been granted, in 1664, and constituted Sir Edmund An- 
 dros governor-general. Under the administration of 
 this tyrannical deputy. New York was governed for 
 several years as a conquered country, without any other 
 laws than such as were ordained by his sole authority. 
 At length, in 1683, permission was given to elect re- 
 presentatives ; and the people, for the first time, took 
 a part in the government. The oppressive measures 
 of James II. and his representative Andros, predis- 
 posed the inhabitants of New York, in favour of the 
 change, which was then taking place in England. On 
 the news of the imprisonment of Andros, by the people 
 of Boston, Leisler, a captain of militia, collected a body 
 3 
 
26 LEISLER SLOUGHTER. 
 
 of men, and seized the port of New York, in the name 
 of the Prince of Orange. The Lieutenant-governor, 
 Nicholson, absconded, and Leisler, who had been joined 
 by several officers of militia, assumed the chief com- 
 mand of the province. The people of the southern part 
 of the colony submitted readily to his authority; but 
 those of Albany and its neighbourhood, though profes.s- 
 ing to adhere to William and Mary, refused to acknow- 
 ledge the government of Leisler. A force was therelbr^ 
 sent against Albany, which compelled the opposition in 
 submit. In this state of things, Colonel Sloughter ar- 
 rived from England, with a commission from King Wil- 
 liam, as governor of the province. Leisler, who had 
 become intoxicated by success, refused to surrender hi:> 
 authority, and attempted to hold out the fort against the 
 English commissioner. He was, however, deserted by 
 his party; apprehended with some of his adherents; 
 and, together with his son, was condemned to death and 
 executed. 
 
 The English revolution was productive of great ad- 
 vantages to New York. An assembly was called by 
 the governor ; and a bill of rights formed, by which the 
 trial by jury, and an exemption from all taxes, not im- 
 posed by the representatives of the people, were estab- 
 lished. For many years the province enjoyed repose, 
 and made rapid advances in prosperity and population. 
 In the wars which arose with the French of Canada, 
 and the frontier Indians, at the conclusion of the seven- 
 teenth century, the province embarked with no less zeal 
 than the other colonies, and suffered severely in the 
 conflict. Repeated incursions by the savages, in the pay 
 of the French, rendered the frontier settlements a scene 
 of desolation and bloodshed. In 1690, in the dead of 
 night and winter, a sudden attack was made on the town 
 of Schenectady, near Albany, and an indiscriminate mas- 
 sacre of the inhabitants took place. Sixty-seven per- 
 sons were put to death, and many lost their lives or their 
 limbs, in their flight to Albany. Harassed by these in- 
 cursions, the people of New York, joined readily in the 
 attempts to effect the reduction of Canada. la 1709, 
 
DEFEAT OF DIESKAU. 
 
 27 
 
 and again in 1711, they contributed largely in men 
 and money, to aid the British expedition, which failed 
 through the incapacity of the British commanders. 
 
 Defeat of Dieskau. 
 
 The frontiers of New York were again the theatre of 
 hostilities, in the war which ended in 1763. In 1755, a 
 French army, under Dieskau, invaded the province from 
 Montreal, and was met by a body of New England and 
 New York troops, under Sir William Johnson, one of 
 the council of New York. A warm engagement (^n- 
 siied, which ended in the repulse of the French, with 
 great loss on both sides. In 1757, Fort William Henry, 
 on Lake George, was taken by Montcalm. In the suc- 
 ceeding year, an unsuccessful attack was mane on the 
 French at Fort Ticonderoga, by General Abercrombie. 
 In 1759, however. General Amherst captured Ticon- 
 deroga and Crown Point; and General Johnson, after 
 
28 NEW YORK. 
 
 defeating a French army, took Fort Niagara. The 
 surrender of Canada, in 1760, relieved the province from 
 the chief impediment in the way of its advancing im- 
 portance. 
 
 Between this period and the memorahle era of inde- 
 pendence, we meet with few important events to narrate 
 in the history of New York. The people of this colony 
 opposed as strenuous a resistance to the stamp act, of 
 1765, and to the subsequent measures of the British 
 government, as their sister provinces. In 1767, the 
 assembly refusing to provide quarters for the British 
 troops, according to an act of parliament, a bill was 
 passed for restraining the assembly from proceeding in 
 business, 'until they had complied with the act. This 
 severe and oppressive measure, naturally excited indig- 
 nation throughout the continent. In 1769, resolutions 
 were passed by the assembly, similar to those of the 
 other assemblies, upon the subject of the attempt of the 
 British government to impose taxes on the colonies. 
 The Declaration of Independence was assented to by 
 the New York delegates in Congress ; but many of the 
 principal inhabitants were inclined to favour the royal 
 cause. The city of New York was taken possession of 
 by the British army, early in the contest, and remained 
 in their possession until the treaty of peace. The state, 
 generally, was the theatre of hostilities, daring the 
 greater part of the war. 
 
Arms of Massachusetts. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Settlement of Massachusetts. — The Pilgrims — Carver. 
 — Charles 11. — James 11. — Andros. — Willitm and 
 Mary.— Old French War.— The Stamp Act. 
 
 To the Plymouth company was entrusted the coloni- 
 zation of the country lying between the 38th and 45th 
 degrees of north latitude. This company was unfortu- 
 nate in its early attempts. Its first ship was captured 
 by the Spaniards. A party of about one hundred per- 
 sons landed safely in 1607, but were so much reduced 
 in number by the severity of the winter, and the diseases 
 of new settlements, that in the succeeding' spring they 
 abandoned the country, and several years elapsed before 
 the company renewed the undertaking. Religious fer- 
 vour, however, effected what commercial enterprise had 
 failed to accomplish. In 1620, a congregation of 
 English puritans, whom oppression had driven to Holland. 
 3 * (29) 
 
30 
 
 THE PILGRIMS. 
 
 obtained from the London Company, a grant of lands 
 within their charter, and, to the number of one hundred 
 and one, sailed from Plymouth for the river Hudson, on 
 vhose banks they intended to settle. They Vv'ere 
 carried farther north, however, and landed near Cape 
 Cod, at a place, to which they gave the name of New 
 Plymouth. Their first care was to form a system of 
 civil g-overnment. They chose John Carver for their 
 governor, and, to aid him in the discharge of his duties, 
 appointed an assistant. The number of assistants was 
 increased some years afterwards to seven. The supreme 
 power resided in the whole body of the inhabitants, and 
 
 Landing of the Pilgrinis. 
 
 it was not until 1639, that they established a house of 
 representatives. In imitation of the primitive Christians, 
 they threw all their property into a common stock; but 
 the experience of the mischiefs arising from this politi- 
 cal copartnership, soon induced them to relinquish it. 
 In 1630, they obtained from the Plymouth Company, a 
 grant of the land on which they had settled. 
 
THE PILGRIMS. 
 
 31 
 
 The settlement of Massachusetts did not advance with 
 much rapidity for some years, although detached parties, 
 driven over by the persecutions of the high church, es- 
 tablished themselves in ditferent places. Salem was the 
 first permanent town erected, and shortly afterwards 
 Charlestown was built. A fresh spring was given to 
 the exertions of the Plymouth Company, by the grant 
 of a new royal charter in 1628, and the removal of the 
 powers of government to New England, which had been 
 previously exercised in the mother country. The num- 
 ber of emigrants now began to be considerable. In 
 July, 1630, seventeen ships arrived at Salem with fifteen 
 
 Settlement of Boston. 
 
32 THE PILGRIMS. 
 
 hundred persons, by some of whom, the foundation of 
 Boston was laid. The early years of the new colony 
 were passed in a complication of troubles. The suffer- 
 ings which they experienced from the severity of the 
 chuiate, and the difficulties of the soil, were aggravated 
 by the hostility of the natives, and the equally hostile 
 attempts of the British government upon their civil and 
 religious freedom, by contests with their French neigh- 
 bours in the north, and by tiieir own mistaken policy and 
 lamentable dissensions. The civil policy of the settle- 
 ment was not at all to the taste of the English monarchs 
 of the kStuart line. In 1635, Charles I. appointed com- 
 missioners, with absolute power, " to make laws and con- 
 stitutions, concerning either the state, public, or the utili- 
 ty of individuals." Two years after this, he forbade emi- 
 gration to the plantations, to all who should not conform to 
 the discipline of the church of England; and in 1638, a 
 quo warranto was issued against iVlassachusetts, upon 
 which judgment was given against the colonies, without 
 affording them a hearing. The state of affairs at home, 
 however, prevented any further prosecution of these de- 
 signs, on the part of the British government. 
 
 The experience of their own sufferings in England, 
 from religious persecution, unfortunately taught the colo- 
 nists no lesson of toleration. Scarcely had they organized 
 themselves, when they began to put in practice a similar 
 mode of compelling religious uniformity. One of the 
 first ordinances of the general court, excluded from po- 
 litical suffrage, all who did not profess the strictest doc- 
 trines of their creed. In 1635, the famous dispute arose 
 respecting the covenant of grace^ and the covenant of 
 loorks, and those who espoused the side of the latter, 
 being the most numerous, resorted to the ancient mode 
 of glorifying God, by persecuting their opponents. The 
 leaders of the antinomian party were banished, and thus 
 contributed to the settlement of Rhode Island, which 
 had been begun the preceding year, by Roger Williams, 
 and a party exiled for a similar cause. 
 
 In 1636, the Pequods sought to destroy the colony, by 
 forming an alliance with the Narragansetts. This mea- 
 
MASSACRE OF THE PEQUODS. 
 
 Massacre of the Pequods. 
 
 sure was defeated by the courage and address of Roger 
 Williams, who succeeded in detaching the Narragan- 
 setts from the confederacy. The Pequods were then 
 attacked by some troops from Connecticut, who sur- 
 prised and burnt their settlement, and put nearly the 
 whole tribe to death. 
 
 The downfall of monarchy in England, checked the 
 progress of emigration, by securing protection to the 
 puritan religion at home, but was in some other respects 
 advantageous to the colonies of New England. Their 
 civil liberties were more safe, and some extraordinary 
 privileges were granted to their commerce. Under the 
 protection of the republican administration in the mother 
 country, their wealth and population increased with ac- 
 celerated rapidity. The prospect of hostilities with the 
 Indians, Iiovvever, compelled Massachusetts, Plymouth, 
 Connecticut, and ^l^w Haven, to form an offensive 
 
34 ANDROS. 
 
 union. The confederacy seems to have had reference 
 to no other object, and each colony retained its separate 
 jurisdiction. On the restoration of Charles II., the 
 colony of Massachusetts was found to increase in num- 
 bers and importance to such a degree, that the anxiety 
 of the monarch was naturally av\akened lest an impres- 
 sion should be made in favour of the efficacy of a Ueiuo- 
 cratic administration. Accordingly, commissioners were 
 appointed to superintend atfairs, with great powers of 
 control, to which the assembly of Massachusetts were 
 ill disposed to submit. Altercations ensued ; the navi- 
 gation act vias enforced against the colony, and the 
 destruction of its charter was resolved upon; but death 
 marred the execution of this project by Charles IL 
 
 His successor, James II., was equally hostile to the 
 principles of freedom, and prosecuted the designs of his 
 brother with greater obstinacy. He determined to unite 
 all the provinces of New England into one government, 
 nder a president and council, and found a fit agent 
 for his purpose in Sir Edmund Andros. After dissolv- 
 ing the governments of Connecticut and Rhode Island, 
 the new president proceeded to Massachusetts, where 
 he compelled a temporary submission. Remonstrances 
 were, in vain, made to Jaujes II. The infatuated mon- 
 arch was determined to crush the spirit of freedom in 
 both hemispheres, and, in furtherance of his designs, an- 
 nexed New York and New Jersey to the union already 
 formed. The government of Andros expired with that 
 of his royal master. A vague report having reached 
 Boston of the proceedings in England on the landing 
 of the Prince of Orange, the people rose without any 
 previous concert, seized and imprisoned Andros and hiy 
 adherents, and restored the former order of tilings. 
 The intelligence of the abdication of James being re- 
 ceived, William and Mary were proclaimed at Boston, 
 with great rejoicings. 
 
 The people of Massachusetts, however, derived no 
 great advantages from the change of government. They 
 petitioned for the restoration of their charter, which the 
 judges of Charles II. had declared to be forfeited ; but 
 
FRENCH WAR. 35 
 
 they found, to their dissatisfaction, that they were not 
 to expect the same liberal provisions as before. The 
 king was to appoint the governor, by whom the assem- 
 bly was to be called, prorogued, or dissolved, and most 
 olticers appointed. By the new charter, the colony of 
 Plymouth was now finally united to Massachusetts. 
 The war which broke out in Europe soon afterwards, 
 extended its ravages to New England.. The Indian? 
 were incited by the French of Canada to make inroads 
 upon the settlements, and the colonists, in return, wasted , 
 their wealth and strength in ill managed expedition? 
 against the French provinces. We find that Massachu 
 setts coninbuted, in 1690, an armament of seven ves- 
 sels and eight hundred men, for an expedition against 
 Port Royal, which miscarried, through the blunders of 
 the royal governor; and, in the same year, united with 
 Connecticut in raising a body of troops, amounting to 
 two tliousand men, tor an attack on Quebec, which 
 tailed from the same cause. Similar exertions were 
 made, and attended with similar results, until the ter- 
 mination of the war by the treaty of Ryswick. When 
 the war again broke out in Europe, Massachusetts was 
 not less prominent in her contributions to the common 
 cause. 
 
 In 1708, twelve hundred men were raised for another 
 abortive attempt upon Canada; and in 1711, besides 
 sending a considerable armament to assist in a formidable 
 expedition against Quebec, this province issued 40,000^ 
 in bills of credit. While contributing thus strenuously 
 to the support of the wars undertaken by England, the 
 assembly of Massachusetts was warmly engaged in 
 contests with the royal governor. Every session pre- 
 sented the same scene of altercation, and public business 
 was with difficulty transacted, through the determina- 
 tion of the representatives not to give a fixed salary to 
 their governors, which the latter were resolved to 
 obtain. 
 
 In 1745, France and England being again involved in 
 hostilities, an expedition against the strong fortification 
 of Louisbourg was projected in Massachusetts. A power- 
 
36 
 
 FRENCH WAR. 
 
 ful armament was prepared, principally by this province, 
 and the command of the land forces given to Colonel 
 Pepperel, a rich merchant. After an extraordinary dis 
 play of bravery and skill, on the part of the assailants, 
 the place was surrendered. The British officers present 
 claimed all the merit of the affair, and Loiiisbourg was 
 restored to France at the conclusion of the war, to the 
 no small mortification of the New Englanders. In the 
 war which ended in the conquest of Canada, Massachu- 
 setts surpassed her former exertions. In the year 1757, 
 she had 7000 men in the field, and maintained this num- 
 ber until the peace of 1763. 
 
 Massachusetts was, in the early part of the Revolu- 
 tion, the theatre of hostilities, by which she suffered 
 much, while she contributed greatly, by her exertions, to 
 the successful issue of the conflict. 
 
 In all periods of the history of Massachusetts, one of 
 the great sources of wealth has been the fisheries on her 
 coast. 
 
\ 
 
 GustavuB Adolphus. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Settlement of Delaware. — Printz. — Risingh. — Stuy- 
 vesant. — Carr. — Penn. — French War. 
 
 The first European settlers in the territory which 
 now composes the state of Delaware, were the Swedes 
 and Fins. The rej^ion from which they emigrated, after 
 having, in the early ages of the Christian era, covered 
 Europe with its superabundant population, has contri- 
 buted remarkably little to the settlement of America. 
 Originally few in number, and successively reduced 
 by the Dutch and English, the adventurers from the 
 4 (37) 
 
38 SWEDISH SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 northern hive have left scanty memorials of their ex- 
 istence as a distinct colony. 
 
 The year 1627, was the epoch of the earliest perma- 
 nent settlement in this province. Delaware Bay had 
 been previously visited by trading vessels from the 
 north of Europe, whose reports of the fertility and beauty 
 of the country excited, in the breast of Gustavus Adol- 
 phus, a desire to form a colony of his subjects there. 
 Accordingly, in 1626, an association, composed of many 
 of the nobility, and the principal officers of government, 
 together with persons of all classes, was formed for this 
 purpose, and denominated the West India Company. In 
 the succeeding year they despatched a body of settlers 
 to the scene of the intended colony. The emigrants 
 landed at the southern Cape of the Delaware, now called 
 Cape Henlopen, but which received from them the name 
 of Point Paradise. To the country on both sides of the 
 Delaware, they gave the appellation of Nova Suecia. An 
 amicable intercourse was opened with the Indians; and, 
 by voluntary cession from the people, the new comers 
 extended their acquisitions to a considerable distance 
 up the river. 
 
 In 1630, a fort was built by the Swedes at Hoarkill, 
 now called Lewistown ; and, in the succeeding year, 
 they erected another near the present site of Wilming- 
 ton, on a creek, to .which they gave the name of their 
 celebrated queen, Christina. Settlements were also 
 formed as high up as Chester and Tinicum, in the pre- 
 sent state of Pennsylvania. The occupation of these 
 settlements, however, by this little colony, was not 
 destined to be a tranquil one. 
 
 The bay and river on which the Swedes had planted 
 themselves, were discovered by Hudson, then sailing in 
 the Dutch service, a year previous to the visit of Lord 
 Delaware, from whom they have derived their present 
 name. The Dutch, consequently, laid claim to the 
 country, and included in their pretensions all the terri- 
 tory between the North and South Rivers, the latter be- 
 ing the name they bestowed on the Delaware. They 
 contented themselves, however, with establishing a 
 
PRINTZ — RISINGH. 39 
 
 colony on the North River, and with a few trading set- 
 tlements on the east bank of the Delaware, until the 
 progress of the Swedes, on the western bank, alarmed 
 them for the validity of their title. A controversy then 
 arose on the subject of right. The Swedes, who had ob- 
 tained from Charles IT. a cession of the British claim, 
 were not disposed to yield their settlements. Their 
 governor, Printz, however, suifered the Dutch to erect 
 a fort, in 1651, on the spot where Newcastle now stands, 
 by which means they obtained the command of the navi- 
 gation of the river. Three years afterwards Governor 
 Risingh, who succeeded Printz, attacked this fort by 
 surprfse, and carried it. Tiiis produced open hostilities ; 
 and in 1655, the Dutch, under the command of Peter 
 Stuyvesant, governor of New Amsterdam, arrived in 
 the Delaware, to the number of seven hundred. Fort 
 Casimir, at Newcastle, was retaken, and shortly after- 
 wards, the whole territory submitted. Here ended the 
 Swedish power, on the continent of America. The 
 Swedish officers, and most of the principal inhabitants, 
 were taken prisoners and sent to Holland ; but the com- 
 mon people were suffered to remain in their possessions, 
 on their submission to the conquerors. The colony was 
 incorporated with that of New Amsterdam, under the 
 general title of the New Netherlands ; and the seat of 
 the petty government of the time, was fixed at New 
 Amstel, or Newcastle. 
 
 The Dutch had hardly established their power over 
 the Swedes, when they found their title questioned by 
 the English, of Maryland. Lord Baltimore, the proprie- 
 tary of that province, conceiving that his boundary was 
 the' 40th degree of north latitude, sent a commission to 
 Newcastle, ordering the Dutch governor to remove be- 
 yond that limit. This command was not obeyed, and a 
 war of manifestoes and proclamations broke out, and 
 was continued without effect for some time. The Dutch 
 power on the Delaw^are, however, was not of long con- 
 tinuance. 
 
 In March, 1664, Charles IT. granted, by patent, to his 
 brother the duke of York, all that part of the continent 
 
40 CARR — COLOR. 
 
 of North America, lying between the west side of the 
 Connecticut river, and the east side of the Delaware ; 
 and prepared an armament to take possession of the 
 country. In September, of the same year, the whole of 
 the Dutch possessions on the Hudson were surrendered 
 to the English, under Colonel Nicholls ; and in the suc- 
 ceeding niontli, an expedition, under Sir Robert Carr, 
 compelled the settlements on the Delaware to submit to 
 the British arms. Thus, after a short dominion of nine 
 years, was suspended the Dutch authority on the western 
 bank of the Delaware. 
 
 The administration of affairs was now committed to 
 the hands of Captain Carr, with whom Colonel Nicholls 
 associated a council of six of the principal persons. 
 Five years afterwards, a commission of justice was ap- 
 pointed, with power to try all matters in differences under 
 the sum of ten pounds; but, for all controversies above 
 that sum, and all criminal proceedings, the jurisdiction 
 was reserved to the government at New York. The 
 capture of New York, by the Dutch, in 1673, revived 
 their authority for a brief period on the Delaware. Dep- 
 uties were sent to New York, declaring the adhesion of 
 the settlements at New Amstel, and other places ; in 
 return for which, Anthony Color was appointed gover- 
 nor, by the " honourable and awful council of war of the 
 New Netherlands."^ The treaty of peace of 1674, how- 
 ever, by which tiie whole country was restored to the 
 English, put a final period to the Dutch government. 
 In the same year, Charles II., by a new patent, granted 
 to the duke of York all the country called by the Dutcii 
 New Netherlands, of which the settlements on the 
 western bank of the Delaware formed a part ; and from 
 this period, to the year 1682, the territory of the present 
 state was under the jurisdiction of the government of 
 New York. 
 
 The original grant to William Penn, made in the yea" 
 1680, did not comprehend any territory, south of a circle 
 drawn at twelve miles distance from Newcastle, north- 
 ward ; but, in 1632, the whole country to Cape Henlopen 
 was conveyed to him by the duke of York. The present 
 
DELA.WARE. 41 
 
 state of Delaware was then, as now, divided into three 
 counties, Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex ; and from this 
 period to the American Revolution, was g-enerally called 
 " the three lower counties upon Delaware." The 24th 
 of October, 1682, will be memorable for the landing- of 
 William Penn, at Newcastle, when he proceeded to 
 take possession of the country. Four months afterwards, 
 at an assembly convened at Upland, an act of union was 
 passed, by which the three lower counties were annexed 
 to the province of Pennsylvania. The Dutch and Swedes 
 residing within the limits of the new proprietor's domin- 
 ions, were naturalized, and appear to have yielded a 
 clieerful obedience to his government. We find them, 
 more especially the latter, occupying public offices in the 
 province, as well as the territories. 
 
 From 1682 to 1703, the representatives of Delaware 
 and Pennsylvania met in one legislature. The union, 
 however, w-hich subjected both to the same charges, had 
 never been satisfactory to the former. In 1701, a dis- 
 agreement took place, which required all the autliority 
 and influence of the proprietary to subdue. The recon- 
 ciliation was only a temporary one ; and two years af- 
 terwards a separation into distinct assemblies took 
 place by mutual consent, and has remained permanent. 
 The same governor, however, presided over both pre- 
 vinces. In 1704, the first local assembly met at New- 
 castle, and shortly afterwards passed an act for build- 
 ing a fort at that place, and imposing duties on vessels 
 passing it, which was considered an infraction of the 
 charter of Pennsylvania. Serious consequences seemed 
 likely to ensue ; but the resolute conduct of some of the 
 merchants of Philadelphia, rendered the act nugatory, 
 and after some ineffectual attempts to enforce it, the 
 project was abandoned. Nothing important is recorded 
 of the history of the three lower counties, between the 
 beginning and middle of the eighteenth century. In 
 1760, the long-contested dispute between the proprieta- 
 ries of Pennsylvania and Maryland, respecting the 
 boundaries of the counties upon Delaware, was finally 
 .settled, and the line which was then agreed upon, has 
 4* 
 
42 DELAWARE. 
 
 since remained undisturbed. In the war which ended 
 with the surrender of Canada, in 1768, Delaware con- 
 tributed her full proportion of exertions to co-operate 
 with the parent country ; and, as a reimbursement for 
 her extraordmary expenses, the parliament granted her 
 4000/. sterling, a sum quite insufficient for the purpose. 
 Delaware remained under the government of the pro- 
 prietary of Pennsylvania, though with a separate legis- 
 lature, until the year 1775. The dependence was, how- 
 ever, merely nominal ; for we find the territory repre- 
 sented as a distinct province in the congress which con- 
 vened at Philadelphia in 1765, on occasion of the stamp 
 act. Its delegates were then Thomas McKean and 
 Caesar Rodney. At length, in April, 1775, Richard 
 Penn, then proprietary of Pennsylvania, resigned his 
 jurisdiction over the lower counties; and in the Sep- 
 tember of the following year, 1776, the dominion of 
 Great Britain having been thrown off, a convention of 
 representatives, chosen for the purpose, formed a consti- 
 tution, and the territory, taking the name of Delaware, 
 became a free and independent state. In the revolution- 
 ary war, Delaware laboured and suffered greatly. No 
 part of the continent contributed better troops, or was 
 more steadfast in the common cause, than this little 
 state. The Delaware regiment was distinguished for its 
 bravery and etficiency among the regular forces. 
 
King Philip. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Settlement of Connecticut. 
 
 Connecticut was first settled by emigrants from Mas- 
 sachusetts. So early as the year 1634, the inhabitants of 
 that colony began to feel straitened by its boundaries, 
 and having obtained the permission of the general court, 
 a number of families established themselves on the 
 banks of the Connecticut River. They vi^ere followed 
 some time afterwards by emigrants from England, who 
 settled on a different spot; and thus two colonies arose, 
 which were called Connecticut and New Haven. They 
 continued under distinct governments, until the year 
 
 (43) 
 
44 SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 1662, when the royal charter consolidated them under 
 the general nanne of Connecticut. A constitution was 
 formed for themselves, by the people of the original pro- 
 vince of Connecticut, in 1639. In the same year the 
 people of New Haven met in convention, and resolved 
 that the Scriptures afforded a perfect and tufficient rule 
 for civil government. 
 
 In the incidents of their early annals, these settle- 
 ments are closely similar. The people of both were 
 exposed to the same rigorous climate, suffered alike 
 from want of food and shelter, laboured with the 
 same difficulties, in the clearing of the soil, and main- 
 tained the same harassing contest with the neigii- 
 bouring savages. In 1673, the first confederation was 
 formed in this country, by the league of the two 
 colonies of Connecticut with those of Massachusetts and 
 Plymouth, under the name of the United Colonies of 
 New England. 
 
 On the restorati(?n of Charles II. to the English 
 throne, a charter, rem.arkable for its republican fea- 
 tures, was granted to Connecticut, and included under 
 the same government the colony of New Haven. So 
 favourable was this instrument to civil liberty, that the 
 people were content to be governed by it during all the 
 Revolution; and, notwiths^andinof the agitations of sub- 
 sequent years, until a very recent period. Shortly after 
 the establishment of this government, the colony was 
 relieved from two great ' sources of anxiety and evil. 
 The Dutch at New York, who had laid claim to a great 
 part of Connecticut, and with whom an irritating con- 
 test, more however of words than weapons, had been 
 maintained, were conquered by an English expedition. 
 A fierce and bloody war with the Indians was ter- 
 minated by their entire subjugation, and the death of 
 their leader, Philip, the most skilful and persevering 
 enemy the settlers of New England ever encountered. 
 Scarcely, however, did the colony begin to taste the 
 sweets of peace, when new troubles arose. The ar- 
 rogant and avaricious disposition of the English govern- 
 
ANDROS. 
 
 raent, which in the end produced a separation of thv 
 colonies, displayed itself thus early in their annals. 
 
 In 1685, a quo ivarranto was issued against Con- 
 necticut, and in the succeedinor year similar process was 
 airain issued, with the hope of compelling a surrender 
 of the charter. The assembly was, however, not disposed 
 to yield privileges bought with so much hardship and , 
 blood. Sir Edmund Aridros, who had been appointed go- j 
 vernor of New England, finding that the charter could not f 
 be obtained, declared that the government was taken into 
 the hands of the king, and proceeded to administer it in 
 his name. Without an assembly, he taxed the people at 
 his pleasure; compelled them to take out patents for their 
 lands at a great expense ; and, in short, grievously op- 
 pressed them in every mode, and enriched himself and 
 his followers. His reign v.'as fortunately not destined 
 to continue long. The Revolution w'hich gave constitu- 
 tional freedom to England in 1688, Vv'as equally happy 
 for the liberties of America. The colonies were too 
 feeble to contend with the crown of England at that time, 
 and the ruin of their free institutions would probably 
 have been completed, had the Stuarts continued to reign. 
 Before official intelligence of the event reached Connec- 
 ticut, the people had resumed the government into their 
 hands, and deposed Andros, who was imprisoned in 
 Boston. 
 
 The ancient charter of Connecticut was re-established 
 on the accession of William and Mary. It had never 
 been surrendered ; and considerable address was dis- 
 played, during the oppressive government of Andros, to 
 conceal it. But the satisfaction of the people was soon 
 lessened by a new attack on one of their most essential 
 rights. The government of New York was given to 
 a Colonel Fletcher, with authority to command the 
 militia of Connecticut and the neighbouring provinces. 
 The legislature of Connecticut refused to acknowledge 
 his right, as, by the charter, the command of their militia 
 was given to the colony. A warm verbal dispute en- 
 sued. Fletcher visited Hartford, where he attempted 
 to enforce his authority, but was so manfully resisted 
 
CONNECTICUT. 
 
 . he was glad to abandon his design and return to 
 <ew York ; and shortly afterwards the king in council 
 determined in favour of the province, upon a petition, 
 praying that their right to tiie command might be con- 
 firmed. Six years after this event another attempt was 
 made upon the chartered rights of the province, with 
 similar ill-success. While thus harassed by repeated 
 attempts upon her civil rights, Connecticut, like the 
 other provinces, was compelled to engage in the un- 
 necessary contests which the mother country maintained 
 with France, and to contribute her blood and treasure in 
 support of the weak and ill-contrived expeditions that 
 were sent forth by the English against Canada. In 
 1709, great exertions were made to assist an enterprise 
 undertaken for this purpose. The armament expected 
 from England, however, did not arrive, and the expedi- 
 tion was thus defeated in the outset. In the succeeding 
 year, another levy of men and money was made ; troops 
 were sent out from England, but the attempt failed 
 through the blunders of the English commanders. In 
 1745, Connecticut contributed liberally in men and mo- 
 ney to the campaign which produced the capture of 
 Louisbourg; and in the succeeding war which termi- 
 nated in the conquest of Canada, iier exertions were out 
 of proportion to her population and strength. In 1758, 
 no fewer than five thousand men were voted by the 
 legislature, who were equipped and ready for the field 
 in a short time ; and at one period six thousand troops 
 from Connecticut were in actual service. The expenses 
 incurred in the war from 1755 to 1762, by this province, 
 amounted to the great sum of four hundred thousand 
 pounds sterling beyond what was allowed her by the 
 British parliament. 
 
 A short period of repose succeeding, Connecticut par- 
 ticipated in the prosperity enjoyed by the provinces in 
 general, and made rapid advances in population and 
 wealth. When the Britisli government, however, at- 
 tempted to put in execution its design of collecting a 
 revenue from its colonies, this province was one of the 
 most zealous in opposition. The continuance of the tax 
 
SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. 47 
 
 upon tea, and some other articles of consumption, pro- 
 duced a deep feeling of hostility towards towards Britain. 
 Committees of correspondence acted in concert with 
 those of Massachusetts ; and the militia of the province 
 furnished a considerable force for the relief of Boston. 
 During- the Revolutionary war, Connecticut suffered 
 little from the actual presence of the enemy, though she 
 contributed her due proportion to the successful issue of 
 the conflict 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Settlement of Maryland. — Settlement of Rhode Island. 
 
 Maryland w^as the first province and the third Eng- 
 lish colony planted in North America. In 1631, Wil- 
 liam Clayborne obtained from Charles I. a license to 
 trade with those parts of America, for which a patent 
 had not been already granted. Availing himself of this 
 permission, he planted a small colony on Kent Island, 
 nearly opposite to the present town of Annapolis. About 
 the same time, George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, an 
 eminent statesman, who had been secretary to James I., 
 and a professor of the Roman Catholic religion, made 
 a voyage to Virginia, with a view to form a settlement of 
 persons of the same religious persuasion, whom the intol- 
 erant policy of the prevailing party in England forbade to 
 enjoy tranquillity at home. His views were however 
 counteracted in Virginia, and he was destined to be the 
 founder of an independent colony. Meeting with an 
 unwelcome reception in Virginia, ho fixed his attention 
 on the territory north of the Potomac, and as soon as he 
 returned to England, obtained a grant of it from Charles 
 I. Before a patent could be made out, however, he died, 
 leaving his son, Cecil Calvert, to complete the design. 
 
 To this second Lord Baltimore the patent was granted, 
 on the 20th of June, 1632. The territory conveyed, 
 
48 
 
 LORD BALTIMORE. 
 
 Cecil Calvert. 
 
 was from the Potomac to the 40th de^ee of north 
 latitude, being- part of what had been previously con- 
 veyed to the Virginia company. But subsequently to 
 granting the charter of Pennsylvania, the address of 
 William Penn, and the despotic injustice of James IT. 
 and his council, stripped Lord Baltimore of what now 
 forms the state of Delaware, and similar address of Penn 
 obtained a contract from the proprietary of Maryland, un- 
 der which the Court of Chancery in England curtailed the 
 limits of Maryland on the north, about half a degree of 
 latitude, and fixed them at the place where they are 
 I established. The country granted to Lord Baltimore was 
 icalled Maryland, in honour of Henrietta Maria, then 
 queen of England, wife of Charles L The principles 
 upon which the settlement of this colony was begun 
 were alike honourable to the humanity and wisdom of the 
 
i9 MARYLAND. 
 
 founder. They were similar to those cotemporaneously 
 adopted by Roger Williams in the colony, of Rhode 
 Island, and subsequently by William Penn, on a greater 
 scale, in the settlement of Pennsylvania. They ad- 
 vanced the prosperity and population of Maryland at a 
 rapid pace, and have left an imperishable brilliancy on 
 the character of Lord Baltimore. The chief features 
 by which the policy of this settlement was honourably 
 distinguished above others of that period, were universal 
 toleration of religious opinions and practices, and a sys- 
 tem of humanity towards the Indian nations, whom the 
 proprietary conceived it was more in the spirit of Chris- 
 tianity to civilize than to exterminate, and more pru- 
 dent to make friends than enemies. 
 
 Acting on these principles, the first emigration to 
 Maryland, consisting of about two hundred persons, 
 chiefly Roman Catholics, persons of property, landed in 
 1634, on the north side of the Potomac, at an Indian 
 town called Piscataway. Leonard Calvert was appoint- 
 ed, by Lord Baltimore, the first governor. The free 
 toleration of religious sentiments, the fertility of the 
 soil, and other natural advantages, soon drew numbers 
 to Maryland, whom the harsh policy of Virginia and 
 New England deterred from those settlements. The 
 Indians perceiving that the new comers were dis- 
 posed to treat them with humanity, freely ceded half 
 their town, and united with them in planting corn. The 
 town received the name of St. Mary's. The first legis- 
 lative assembly was held at this place, in 1635, and was 
 attended by the whole body of the freemen. They drew 
 up a system of laws, which they sent over to Lord Balti- 
 more for his approbation. The proprietary, however, 
 rejected them, and sent for their consideration, a code of 
 laws drawn up by himself The assembly, in their turn, 
 rejected this code, and prepared a system of regulations 
 for themselves. In 1639, an act was passed, establishing 
 a representative government of two branches. One 
 body was elected by the people, and styled burgesses ; 
 the other was called by special writ, and included the 
 governor, counsellors, and secretary. Both branchee, 
 5 
 
MARYLAND. 50 
 
 however, sat in the same chamber. In 1650, a change 
 took place in this system, by dividing the legislature into 
 distinct houses. The governor and council composed 
 the upper, and the representatives of the people the 
 lower house. The assent of each branch, and of the go- 
 vernor, was necessary to all laws, which were afterwards 
 submitted to the proprietary for his approbation or re- 
 jection. 
 
 The first trouble experienced by the people of Mary- 
 land, arose from Clayborne, whom they had found settled 
 on Kent Island. He appears to have possessed a vindic- 
 tive and restless disposition, and contrived, for a long 
 time, to harass the colony. On the arrival of the first 
 settlers, he applied to the crown for a confirmation of 
 his former license. This was refused ; and, notwith- 
 standing the king's grant, the Lord's commissioners de- 
 termined that Kent Island belonged to Lord Baltimore — 
 and that neither a settlement, nor a trade with the In- 
 dians was allowable without his consent. Clayborne, 
 disgusted with this decision, and unable to contend with 
 the power of the proprietary, intrigued with the Indians 
 until he excited them to hostilities. A war commenced 
 with them in 1642, w'hich lasted several years, and ended 
 with the submission of the natives. In 1645, he was 
 more successful. By his address he raised an insurrec- 
 tion among the colonists, and compelled Governor Cal- 
 vert to fly to Virginia, w^hile he and his associates ob- 
 tained the helm of government. In the succeeding year, 
 however, the insurgents were overthrown, and quiet was 
 restored. 
 
 During the civil wars of England, the peace of the 
 province was again disturbed. The majority of the 
 landed proprietors were favourable to the cause of roy- 
 alty, or the proprietary government; but the opposition 
 was powerful, and a civil war ensued. After the death 
 of Charles I., the parliament appointed commissioners 
 " for reducing and governing" the colony. Clayborne 
 was one of the commissioners, and it may be supposed 
 he entered upon his duties with no very good wall to the 
 proprietary government. After several skirmishes, 
 
51 MARYLAND. 
 
 foug-ht with various success, the republican party, or 
 thofe opposed to the proprietary, prevailed. Stone, the 
 f^overnor of the province, was taken prisoner, and suf- 
 fered a long- confinement. An assembly was called by 
 iiie triumphant party, when the intolerant code of the 
 Engdish laws, to prevent the growth of popery, was 
 enacted. Such were the severities inflicted upon those 
 who had planted the colony, and displayed the most lib- 
 eral sentiments towards Christians of other persuasions. 
 
 In 1656, the province was again disturbed by an in- 
 surrection, which was headed by Josias Fendall. Two 
 years atlerwards, the commissioners appointed by Crom- 
 well, surrendered the government into the hands of 
 Fendall, who had received the nomination of governor 
 from the proprietary. The affairs of the province re- 
 mained, however, in an unsettled state, until the restora- 
 tion of Charles II. gave confidence to the friends of 
 monarchy. Philip Calvert was now appointed -g-overnor 
 by Lord Baltimore, and the former order of things re- 
 stored. In the same year, hostilities broke out with the 
 Shenandoah Indians. The war was not of long dura- 
 tion, the colonists being aided by the Susquehannah 
 Indians. About this time the number of white inhabi- 
 tants had increased to upwards of 12,000. 
 
 Maryland, like the other English colonies in North 
 America, was attacked in her charter by the last 
 Stuart kings. In the general system of government, 
 projected by James II., this province was included ; but, 
 probably throufjh the address of the proprietary, Charles, 
 the third Lord Baltimore, the usual steps to obtain a re- 
 vocation of the charter, were delayed until a little time 
 previous to the abdication. A quo warranto w^as sent 
 out ; but, before judgment could be obtained upon it, the 
 Revolution took place in England. In 1692, protestant 
 doctrines being those of the predominant party, the 
 assembly divided the colony into parishes for the dif- 
 fusion of the Episcopal faith. Two years afterwards, the 
 town of Severn, on the western shore of the Chesa- 
 peake, received the name of Annapolis. In 1699, the 
 assembly removed thence from St. Mary's, and it has since 
 
52 SETTLEMENT OF RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 been the seat of government. From the restoration of 
 Charles II. until the Revolution in England, the govern- 
 ment continued in the proprietary: but, when the Revo- 
 lution in England took place, the government of Mary- 
 land was usurped from the proprietary, by what was 
 termed the Protestant Association in arms, and tendered 
 to William and Mary, who accepted it, and it continued 
 a royal province until 1716. The descendants of the 
 proprietary renounced the Catholic religion, when the 
 government was restored to him, and it continued a 
 proprietary government until the Revolution which 
 established the independence of the United States. 
 
 Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode Island, illus- 
 trious for the wisdom and benevolence of his political 
 system, was born in Wales, in the last year of the six- 
 teenth centur}?-. Having embraced the opinions of the 
 Puritans, and, being of a spn-it not to brook control in 
 matters of conscience, he sought religions liberty in 
 America. On his arrival in Boston, in 1631, he promul- 
 gated sentiments respecting freedom of conscience, for 
 which the m.inds of men were not yet prepared. He 
 maintained, to the astonished and indignant clergy of 
 Massachusetts, that all men were entitled of right to the 
 secure exercise of their opinions on religious subjects ; 
 and that, provided the peace of society was not disturbed, 
 the civil magistrate had no warrant to interfere with 
 modes of w^ors^hip. Having tried the effect of argument 
 and remonstrance upon him, and finding them ineffectual 
 to cure him of this " damnable heresy," the church 
 leaders represented his case to the General Court, who 
 condemned him and his disciples to banishment out of 
 their jurisdiction, and thus unintentionally laid the foun- 
 dation of a new colony in the neighbourhood. Roger 
 Williams was hospitably received by Canonicus, the In- 
 dian chief, and after various wanderings, he fixed upon 
 a place, to which he gave the name of Providence, in 
 acknowledgment of God's goodness to liim ; and, having 
 purchased a tract of land of the Narragansetts, began the 
 settlement of Rhode Island, in the year 1686. 
 
 The new colonists here entered into a voluntary asso 
 
RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 53 
 
 Canonicus receiving Roger Williams. 
 
 ciation, and framed a government, composed of the 
 whole body of freemen, for the preservation of peace, 
 and the making- of such laws as their situation mig^ht 
 require. To their perpetual honour, they did not for- 
 g^et to impose upon themselves the restrictions they had 
 inculcated upon others, in respect to religious toleration. 
 " All men," they declared, " may vi^alk as their con- 
 sciences persuade them, every one in the name of his 
 God." Relig-ious controversy in other parts of the 
 colonies, soon led to the increase of the settlements, and 
 the wise principles of its founder rendered it an asylum 
 to which the persecuted of all denominations fled. 
 Shortly after the exile of Roger Williams, a contro- 
 versy arose in Massachusetts between those who main- 
 5* 
 
'^l RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 tained tlie " Covenant of Works," and those who espoused 
 the " Covenant of Grace ;" and the latter party, being- the 
 least numerous, the usual course was adopted, of banish- 
 ment. Accordingly, Mrs. Hutchinson, the leader of the 
 Antinomians, with a band of chosen disciples, followed 
 the steps of Williams ; and, arriving in his neig-hbour- 
 hood, purchased a tract of land, and made a settlement. 
 The latter colony was, at first, distinctively called by 
 the name of Rhode Island, as that of Williams's was 
 called Providence Plantations, and each formed an asso- 
 ciation, governed by its own laws; but, in 1644, they 
 were incorporated into one government, and have since 
 received the general appellation of Rhode Island. 
 
 The treatment of the Indians, by the first settlers of 
 Rhode Island, corresponded with the liberal and Catholic 
 principles they professed. The land which they required 
 for their colony was fairly purchased. Endeavours were 
 made to improve the moral condition of the savages, and 
 to impart to them the blessings of the Gospel ; and hos- 
 tilities with tliis people, which interfered so much with 
 he prosperity of some other colonies, seems to have been 
 almost unknown in the history of Rhode Island. In 1644 
 a charter was obtained from the government of England, 
 which gave the people of this colony abundant privileges 
 to form such a constitution and adopt such laws as they 
 thought proper. By the frame of government which the 
 people adopted on this occasion, the executive power 
 was placed in the hands of a governor and four assist- 
 ants. The legislative power remained in the people at 
 large. In May, 1647, the first General Assembly, con- 
 sisting of the collective freemen, was convened. The 
 governor and assistants constituted the supreme court 
 for the administration of justice. Every township formed 
 a corporation witbin itself, and elected a council of six, 
 for the management of its peculiar affairs and the settle- 
 ment of its disputes. 
 
 The settlement of Rhode Island was, for a long time, 
 regarded witli a jealous eye by its powerful neighbour, 
 Massachusetts, and the colony, deprived of any assist- 
 ance, was forced to depend upon its own growmg 
 
 1 
 
RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 55 
 
 resources. When the confederacy of Plymouth, Mas- 
 sachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven, was formed, 
 under the name of the United Colonies of New England, 
 in 1643, Rhode Island, at the instance of Massachusetts, 
 was excluded from, it, and her commissioners were not 
 admitted into the Congress of deputies which formed it. 
 On her petitioning afterwards in 1648, to he received as 
 a member, her request was refused, unless she would 
 consent to be incorporated with Plymouth, and thereby 
 surrender her separate existence. The condition was 
 rejected without hesitation, and she was never admitted 
 into the confederacy. In 1663, a new charter was 
 granted to Rhode Island by Charles II., under which the 
 state was governed until a recent period. The pre- 
 amble to this instrument displays the continuance of those 
 sagacious and benevolent views of public policy wiiich do 
 so much honour to the first settlers of this state. After 
 reciting that the colonists have declared their desire " to 
 hold forth a lively experiment, that a most flourishing 
 civil state may stand and best be maintained with a full 
 liberty in religious concernments," it proceeded with a 
 liberality far from universal, even in this age, " that no 
 person within the said colony, at any time hereafter, shall 
 be in any wise molested, punished, disquieted or called in 
 question, for any difference of opinion in matters of re- 
 ligion, who do not actually disturb the civil peace ; but 
 that all and every person and persons, may from time to 
 time and at all times hereafter, freely and fully enjoy hia 
 and their own judgments and consciences in matters of 
 religious concernment, they behaving themselves peace- 
 ably and quietly, and not using this liberty to licentious- 
 ness and profaneness, nor to the civil injury or outward 
 disturbance of others." Thus an unlimited toleration 
 of all religions, whether founded on the Christian reve- 
 lation or otherwise, seems to have been adopted ; and 
 the consequences were Foon visible in the rapid growth 
 and harmonious prosperity of this little commonwealth. 
 The only source of disquiet arose from the oppressive 
 measures of the parent country, which were exercised 
 upon all the colonies alike. The charters were too 
 
56 NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. 
 
 liberal for the taste of the English court, and it was de- 
 termined to destroy them. In 1685, a quo warranto 
 was issued against Rhode Island, and in the succeeding 
 year, the celebrated Sir Edmund Andros adopted the 
 same measures towards this colony, that had been pur- 
 sued with the others of New England. The seal of the 
 province was broken, the government was dissolved, and 
 the administration taken into his own hands. On his 
 imprisonment in 1689, the people resumed their charter, 
 and the mode of government it had guaranteed. 
 
 From this period to the commencement of the Ameri- 
 can Revolution, the history of Rhode Island is barren of 
 incidents. Fortunate in living under a well-regulated 
 democracy, enjoying a salubrious climate, and possessing 
 great advantages for commerce, the inhabitants of this 
 province, if they played no distinguished part in the 
 drama of life, were prosperous and happy. We find it 
 recorded that, in 1730, the population was about eighteen 
 thousand persons, and that in 1746 it was estimated at 
 thirty-five thousand. In the last-mentioned year, three 
 hundred men were voted for an expedition into Canada, 
 projected by the British government. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Settlement of New Hampshire and Maine. — Mason 
 and Gorges. — Cranjield. 
 
 The first discovery made by the English of any part 
 of New Hampshire, was in 1614, by Captain John 
 Smith, who navigated the coast from Penobscot to Cape 
 Cod, and, on his return liome to Great Britain, gave so 
 favourable an account of the country to Prince Charles, 
 that he bestowed on it the name of New England. In 
 1621, Captain John Mason, a member of the Plymouth 
 Company, whose name is inseparably connected with 
 
NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. 
 
 57 
 
 
 |!L 
 
 Mason and Gorges naming their provinces. 
 
 the history of this state, procured a grant from the 
 company of all the land from the river Salem to the 
 Merrimack ; and in the next year another grant was 
 made to Mason and Sir Ferdinand Gorges of all the 
 lands between the Merrimack and the Sagadahock. To 
 this last tract was given the name of Laconia. It in- 
 cluded a part of Maine. Under the authority of their 
 grant, Mason and Gorges attempted, in 1623, the estab- 
 lishment of a colony, at the Piscataquo ; and other set- 
 tlements were made on the coast, both by grantees un- 
 der Mason, and by emigrants from Plymouth and 
 Massachusetts, who purcbased from the natives. When 
 Mason and Gorges divided tlieir provinces, they gave to 
 them the names respectively of their native counties; 
 the former calling his New Hampshire, and the latter 
 
98 NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. 
 
 giving the name of New Somersetshire to his, which 
 was subsequently called Maine. The settlements, 
 however, were slow in their progress for many years. 
 The boundaries were in dispute, a considerable portion 
 of the territory being claimed by Massachusetts. The 
 settlers generally occupied themselves in hunting, fish- 
 ing, cutting timber, and trading with the Indians, in- 
 stead of pursuing a regular busmessof agriculture. 
 
 In 1629, a large tract was granted by the Indians to 
 John Wheelwright, and others. In the same year, 
 Mason applied for, and obtained, from the Plymouth 
 Company, a new grant, of all the lands from the middle 
 of the Piscataqua to its head, " thence north-westward, 
 until sixty miles from the mouth of the harbour were 
 finished ; also, through Merrimack river, to the furthest 
 head thereof, and so forward up into the land westward, 
 until sixty miles were finished ; and thence to cross 
 over land, to the end of the sixty miles accounted from 
 the Piscataqua." This is the tract of country now 
 called New Hampshire, 
 
 The conflicting titles derived from the Indians, and 
 under the grant of Mason, were fruitful sources of dis- 
 quiet to the province for many years. The settlements 
 which had been formed on the coast, were detached, and 
 without any general government that could protect 
 them from foreign incursions, or the consequences of 
 disagreement among themselves. 
 
 About 1640, the inhabitants negotiated with Massa- 
 chusetts to take them under her protection. The pro- 
 posal was agreed to on the part of the province, of which 
 they were admitted freemen on equal terms ; and the 
 union lasted nearly forty years, both parties deriving 
 advantages from it. About this time Mason died, and 
 the confusion occasioned by the civil wars in England, 
 prevented his heirs from obtaining a legal recognition 
 of their claim. 
 
 As soon as Charles II. was restored to the throne, 
 Robert Mason, grandson of the original patentee, pre- 
 ferred a complaint against Massachusetts for usurping 
 
NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. 59 
 
 jurisdiction over his property. The king- sent out com- 
 missioners, with general powers to hear and determine 
 complaints, and to settle the peace and security of the 
 country. The Assembly of Massachusetts declined 
 submitting to their jurisdiction, and denied their autho- 
 rity to interfere. The matter was brought before the 
 king, in council, who decided, in 1679, in favour of 
 Mason's claim. In consequence thereof, New Hamp- 
 shire was separated from Massachusetts, and subjected 
 to a new government, consisting of a governor and coun- 
 cil, of royal appointment; and an assembly of represen- 
 tatives, chosen by the people. 
 
 The first acts of the assembly were expressive of their 
 attachment to freedom. They declared that no law or 
 ordinance should be imposed upon them, but such as 
 should be made by the assembly; and, foreseeing, per- 
 haps, the troubles in which they were about to be in- 
 volved from the claims of Mason, they enacted that all 
 grants should remain as they were before, and that all 
 controversies about the titles to land should be tried by 
 juries. 
 
 In 1680, Mason arrived from England, and imme- 
 diately began to assert his right to the entire soil, in a 
 manner the most vexatious to the people. The council 
 interfered, and forbade his collecting rents, which he 
 claimed to be due to him, by summary process. Find- 
 ing that he was not able to bend them to his views, he 
 returned to England, and procured a change to be made 
 in the government. 
 
 Edward Cranfield was appointed governor, with large 
 powers. His commission authorized him to call and 
 dissolve the assembly, to impose a negative upon their 
 acts, to suspend any of the council, and to appoint judges 
 and other officers by his sole authority. Soon after his 
 arrival, he called upon the inhabitants to take out leases 
 from Mason, within the short period of a month, under 
 penalty of confiscation of their estates, and imprison- 
 ment of their persons. A considerable proportion of the 
 lands within the province was held by fair purchasers, 
 
60 NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. 
 
 under titles derived from the Indians, and the holders 
 made common cause with each other against the arbi- 
 trary demands of JMason. 
 
 A few only of the inhabitants took leases ; but the 
 great body was determined in their refusal to submit. 
 The first suit instituted by Mason was against Major 
 Waldron, who had distinguished himself by his opposi- 
 tion to the proprietary claims. Judgment was given 
 against him, and in all the succeeding suits a similar re- 
 sult was obtained. Cranfield now assumed the whole 
 legislative power, and, to further his schemes of con- 
 firming the power of Mason, and enriching himself, he 
 scrupled not to resort to the most cruel and dishonest 
 modes of oppression. The assembly, having refused to 
 pass a bill for raising money, which he had caused to be 
 laid before them, he dissolved the session, and, descend- 
 ing to a pitiful revenge, caused many of them to be 
 appointed constables, by which means he hoped to ob- 
 tain the fine which was levied on such as refused to 
 fill the office, 
 
 A dissenting minister, named Moody, had rendered 
 himself obnoxious by his expressions in favour of free- 
 dom, and Cranfield determined to put in force against 
 him, the laws of England, punishing non-conformity. 
 He, accordingly, gave Moody notice that he intended 
 to partake of tlie Lord's supper on the next Sunday, 
 and required him to administer it according to the 
 liturgy. It was in vain that Moody represented that 
 he was notEpiscopally ordained according to the statute. 
 He was put in confinement, his benefice forfeited, and, 
 after the expiration of his imprisonment, he was glad to 
 escape to Boston. 
 
 The complaints of the people, at length reached the 
 ears of the English government. The proceedings of 
 Cranfield were declared illegal, and he obtained per- 
 mission to resign. The attempts of Mason, to enforce 
 executions upon the judgments he had obtained, were 
 warmly resisted. On one occasion warrants were 
 issued against a party of rioters, some of whom the 
 
NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAi^E, 61 
 
 sheriff was endeavouring to arrest in church. He was 
 stoutly resisted by the congreg-ation, and a female patriot 
 distinguished herself by knocking down one of the 
 officers with her Bible. 
 
 After the accession of James IL, new schemes for the 
 North x\merican provinces were meditated. In 1686, 
 Sir Edmund Andros arrived at Boston, with a com- 
 mission, appointing him governor-in-chief over all New 
 England, and authorizing him with his council, to make 
 such laws and im.pose such taxes as they thought proper- 
 New Hampshire, like the other provinces, fell under the 
 vindictive tyranny of the English viceroys. The press 
 was shackled, liberty of conscience invaded, and op- 
 pressive taxes imposed ; and, to prevent complaints be- 
 ing heard, no person was allowed to leave the country 
 without an express license. This state of things con- 
 tinued until the Revolution in England, when Andros 
 was seized by the people of Boston and sent home a 
 prisoner. 
 
 New Hampshire being now left without a govern- 
 ment, the people determined to return to their former 
 connexion with Massachusetts. A petition being pre- 
 sented to the court, they were readily admitted. This 
 union, however, lasted only three years. The English 
 government determined that New Hampshire should 
 form a distinct province, notwithstanding that a conven- 
 tion of the people had petitioned that they might be an- 
 nexed to Massachusetts. During these changes of go- 
 vernment, Mason had not slept on his claims. Previous 
 to the abdication of James U., he had vainly endeavoured 
 to enforce the suits he had brought. The judges were 
 averse to issuing executions, and after some ti*me he ob- 
 tained an order removing his causes to Boston. Death, 
 however, put a stop to his proceedings. His heirs sold 
 the claim to Allen, a merchant of London, who obtained 
 from the crown a commission as governor of the province. 
 He prepared to enforce his title to the land ; but on ex- 
 amining the record of the court, it was found that ail that 
 6 
 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 part wliich contained the judgement against Waldron 
 and others, was missing-. Suits were therefore brought 
 anew, and eventuated in favour of the defendants. 
 Allen appealed to the king in council. The death of 
 William delayed proceedings, and soon afterwards, Allen 
 himself died. His son renewed the ejectment against 
 Waldron, in whose favour another decision was made. 
 Allen applied to the queen, but died before judgment 
 was given. His heirs, being minors, did not renew the 
 claim. Many years afterwards, the heirs of Mason re- 
 vived the controversy, but their interest was purchased 
 by the assembly, and the long protracted contest ended 
 in 1747. 
 
 New Hampshire was, perhaps, of all the colonies, the 
 one that suffered most from Indian hostilities. It is 
 impossible in this sketch to give even an outline of the 
 harassing conflicts she was compelled to maintain with 
 these savages. From the earliest settlement of the pro- 
 vince, her progress was retarded by their inroads. Hus- 
 bandmen were slaughtered in their fields, women and 
 children were carried away, and the most distressing 
 scenes of individual misery occurred almost daily. 
 These outrages were probably often provoked by the 
 settlers ; and the savages w'ere frequently excited by 
 the neighbouring French, as, in later years, they have 
 been stirred up by the English against this country. 
 As the population of New Hampshire increased, and the 
 frontiers extended, Indian incursions became less fre- 
 quent ; and after the surrender of Canada to the British 
 arms, the province was entirely exempted from their 
 ravages. In the twelve years of peace which followed, 
 New Hampshire increased wonderfully in population and 
 wealth. Her settlements extended farther west than 
 the original limits prescribed by the patent. Until 
 1764, it was supposed that the territory which now 
 ferms the state of Vermont, was part of the province, 
 and grants were accordingly made by the government 
 of New Hampshire. The district was, however, allotted 
 to New York, by the English government, and a contro- 
 
 ,1 
 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. 63 
 
 versy ensued, which continued until the independence 
 of Vermont was acknowledged, in 1790. During- the 
 contest many of the towns of New Hampshire, lying- 
 near the Connecticut river, attached themselves to the 
 Vermontesc; but m the end returned to their former 
 submission. 
 
Southern Scenery. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Settlement of North Carolina. — Settlement of South 
 Carolina. 
 
 North Carolina, originally formed part of that ex- 
 tensive region, which by the French was named 
 Florida, and by the English, Virginia ; and was in- 
 cluded in tha patent granted in 1584, to Sir Walter 
 Raleigh. Amidas and Barlow, who had been sent out 
 under his direction, discovered Pamlico Sound, and took 
 possession of the country in the name of Queen Eliza- 
 beth on the Fourth of July, a memorable day in the 
 history of the United States. After exploring the coun- 
 try, where they were hospitably received, they returned 
 to England, carrying with them two of the Indians. A 
 second expedition, commanded by Ralph Lane, and Sir 
 Richard Granville, arrived on the coast of North Caro- 
 
 (64) 
 
NORTH CAROLINA. 65 
 
 lina, in July of the following year. They landed a party, 
 who engaged in a dispute with the Indians, and wan- 
 tonly burnt their town and destroyed their corn. In 
 August, the vessels returned to England, leaving a 
 colony of about one hundred persons on the Island of 
 Roanoke. Soon after their departure, the Indians en- 
 tered into a plot to destroy the colony. The scheme 
 was ripe for execution, when the secret was discovered 
 to Lane, who took effectual measures to counteract it. 
 The colony escaped destruction, but their sufferings had 
 been great, and when, in the spring of 1586, Sir Francis 
 Drake visited the coast, they took advantage of the op- 
 portunity and returned to England. 
 
 A few days after their departure several vessels ar- 
 rived with stores and colonists, but, finding no remains 
 of the colony, they left the coast. Raleigh, not discour- 
 aged by these disappointments, fitted out three vessels 
 the next spring, and stocking them with colonists, ob- 
 tained a charter for the company, under the name of 
 "The Governor and Assistants of the City of Ralaigh, in 
 Virginia." Misfortunes still attended the attempt. A 
 colony was left on Roanoke, consisting of upwards of one 
 hundred persons; but when, three years afterwards, 
 some vessels touched at the island, they found a deserted 
 and ruined town, without seeing a human being, and 
 from that period no knowledge has been gained of the 
 missing colony. Many years passed away before the 
 attempt to settle North Carolina was renewed. 
 
 About the middle of the seventeenth century, some 
 planters emigrated from Virginia, and with others began 
 a settlement in the county of Albemarle. They found 
 the climate mild and the soil fertile. From the flatter- 
 ing description which they gave of the country, a con- 
 siderable number of families were induced to join them, 
 and thus began the first permanent settlement of North 
 Carolina. In 1661, another settlement was made near 
 Cape Fear, by a number of adventurers from Massachu- 
 setts, who obtained a grant of their lands from the native 
 proprietors of the soil. They suffered severely, how- 
 ever, from the Indians, who at last broke up the settle- 
 6* 
 
66 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ment on the pretence that some of their cliildren, whom 
 the settlers had obtained for the ostensible purpose of 
 sending- them to Massachusetts for education, had been 
 sold into slavery. In 1665 a colony arrived from Bar- 
 badoes, and purchased a considerable tract of land from 
 Sir William Berkely, who allowed three years for the 
 payment of quit rents, and held out encouraging offers 
 to settlers. To each person who should make an actual 
 settlement he offered one hundred acres in fee ; tlie same 
 quantity for each child and man servant, and for woman 
 servants and slaves the portion was fifty acres. This 
 colony, which consisted of eight hundred persons, car- 
 ried on a commerce with Barbadoes, exchanging slaves 
 for dry goods and the produce of the island. 
 
 While these settlements were struggling with the 
 difficulties incidental to tlieir situation, the whole coun- 
 try between the 31st and 36th degrees of north latitude, 
 was granted by Charles II. to Lord Clarendon and 
 others. Under this patent, the proprietors claimed Caro- 
 lina, jffid also jurisdiction over all who had settled 
 within it, and placed them under the general super- 
 intendence of Sir William Berkely, the governor of 
 Virginia. The inhabitants of Albemarle, who had 
 purchased their lands of the Indians, and supported 
 themselves v/ithcut the aid of the patentees, were natu- 
 rally dissatisfied with the prospects of being compelled 
 to pay quit rents. They petitioned that they might be 
 allowed to hold their lands on the same terms as lands 
 were held in Virginia. This reasonable request was 
 not immediately granted, and the settlers revolted from 
 the government of the proprietors for nearly two years ; 
 but, on receiving assurances that their petition was 
 granted, they submitted to the new order of things. In 
 1667, a constitution was framed for the government of 
 the infant colony. A General Assembly was to be 
 instituted, consisting of the governor, who was to be 
 chosen by the proprietors ; twelve counsellors, and 
 twelve delegates, annually chosen by the freeholders. 
 No taxes were to be laid except by the consent of the 
 Assembly. Two years afterwards, a constitution, re- 
 
NORTH CAROLINA. 67 
 
 markable for the novelty and extravagance of its fea- 
 tures, and equally remarkable as having been the 
 production of the famous John Locke, was attempted tc 
 be put in force. By the provisions of this single instru- 
 ment, a palatine or president was to be chosen for life ; 
 a hereditary nobility was to be created, consisting of 
 landgraves and caciques ; the former to possess six- 
 teen, the latter four thousand acres of land ; the estates 
 and titles to descend concurrently for ever. -The parlia- 
 ment was to consist of the proprietors, the nobility, and 
 the representatives of the freeholders. They were all 
 to assemble in one apartment : they had no power of 
 originating laws, but could only decide on such as should 
 be prepared in the grand council of governor, nobility, 
 and proprietary deputies. The whole number of regu- 
 lations in this constitution amounted to one hundred and 
 twenty. Unfortunately, there were no nobility in the 
 settlement, and the titles sat awkwardly on the rude 
 planters. The commonalty were dissatisfied with the 
 proposition, and their discontent, aggravated by other 
 causes, at last found vent in an open insurrection. The 
 palatine, and some of the new-fledged nobles, were 
 overpowered and put in prison, and the insurgents exer- 
 cised authority during the space of two years. For 
 many years after this period, a state of things prevailed 
 in North Carolina not very favourable to the improve- 
 ment of the colony. Government was feebly adminis- 
 tered ; the presiding officers were frequently changed 
 or deposed, and morals were greatly relaxed. The pro- 
 gress of the settlements was slow. In 1702, the whole 
 province is said to have contained only six thousand 
 persons. 
 
 In 1710, a considerable number of Palatines arrived, 
 and settled near the Roanoke, in Albemarle and Bath 
 counties. 
 
 For many years, the settlers of North Carolina had 
 lived in good harmony with the Indians ; and it does not 
 appear that any provocation w^as given to the latter, 
 other than that which arose from the increasing num- 
 bers and gradual encroachments of the whites. In 
 
68 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 1712, however, a horrible outrage was committed. The 
 Corees and Tuscaroras conceived the design of destroy- 
 ing, in cold blood, all the whites in Carolina. Accord- 
 ingly, on a night mutually fixed for the purpose, when 
 the planters were unsuspicious of evil, the savages en- 
 tered their houses and commenced an indiscrnninate 
 slaughter. Of the Roanoke settlers, one hundred and 
 seven were butchered in one night. The alarm being 
 given, many "escaped the meditated destruction. Infor- 
 mation was sent immediately to Charleston, whence tlie 
 assembly sent a body of six hundred militia, under 
 Colonel Barnwell, who were joined by a number of 
 friendly Indians. With much difficulty tlie commander 
 explored his way through the wilderness which sepa- 
 rates the two Carolinas. Having overcome these diffi- 
 culties, he surprised the Tuscaroras, killed about three 
 hundred, and made one hundred prisoners. Those who 
 survived, sought refuge in their fortified town, but they 
 were pursued by Barnwell and attacked. A great 
 number were killed, and the survivors, to whom a 
 treaty of peace had been granted, soon afterwards left 
 the country and united themselves with the Five Na- 
 tions. 
 
 In 1717, the proprietors sold the province to the crown 
 for the sum of 17,500?. sterling ; and from this period to 
 the epoch of independence, the government was admin- 
 istered by officers appointed by the king. The colony 
 soon afterwards received an accession of members by 
 the arrival of some Moravians, who settled between the 
 rivers Yadkin and Dan ; and of Irish and Scotch Presby- 
 terians, who established themselves in the north-western 
 parts. Its prosperity, however, was again retarded by 
 an insurrection, in 1771, of the inhabitants of the west- 
 ern counties, who styled themselves " Regulators ;'" and, 
 complaining of oppressions practised in the athriinistra- 
 tion of justice, professed a desire to regulate these 
 matters, by destroying the lawyers. With this view, 
 they organized themselves into a formidable body 
 of fifteen hundred men ; but Governor Tryon marched 
 against them with about one thousand militia, and 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Treaty with the Indians. 
 
 totally defeated them. Three hundred were killed, and 
 the remainder sued for mercy. Soon after this period, 
 the contest with Great Britain commenced, and although 
 this colony had suffered, perhaps, less than any other 
 from British misgovernment, the majority of the inhabi- 
 tants joined heartily with their brethren of the other 
 colonies in opposition to the schemes of the British min- 
 istry, and afterwards in the declaration of independence. 
 South, as well as North Carolina, was in 1662, granted 
 to the Earl of Clarendon and seven others, who were 
 constituted absolute lords and proprietors of the province. 
 The germ of the population of South Carolina was first 
 planted at or near Port Royal, in 1670, by a few emi- 
 grants from England, under the direction of William 
 Sayle, the first governor of the province. Dissatisfied 
 with the situation, they removed in 1G71 to the western 
 bank of Ashley River, and there laid the foundation of old 
 Charleston. The site was injudiciously chosen, for it 
 could not be approached by vessels of large burden, and 
 
70 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 it was in consequence abandoned. A second removal 
 took place in 1680, to Oyster Point, a spot at the con- 
 fluence of the rivers Ashley and Cooper, when the foun- 
 dation of the present city of Charleston was laid, and in 
 one year thirty houses were built. 
 
 The settlement at Port Royal received the name of 
 South Carolina, soon after its commencement; but it, 
 together with North Carolina, continued the joint pro- 
 perty of the same persons for many years. They bad, 
 however, separate governors and assemblies. Locke's 
 constitution was as obnoxious to the people of this pro- 
 vince as it was to their neighbours ; and here, as there, 
 produced nothing but anarchy arid discord. The people 
 soon grew tired of the oppression of the proprietors, 
 and petitioned for a change of government. They pre- 
 ferred the control of a monarch to the tyranny of an 
 oligarchy, and in 1719 effected a change in the system, 
 by which the government was vested in the crown. 
 
 In 1729, the proprietors gave up their rights to the 
 government upon receiving an indemnity, except Lord 
 Carteret, who never formally ceded his share. From 
 this period, the colony was governed on the same plan 
 as the others, and its growth became more rapid. 
 Population began to pour in when discord subsided. 
 After the final conquest of New York by the English, 
 many Dutch emigrants settled in the province. The 
 revocation of the edict of Nantes, contributed greatly to 
 its prosperity, more by the respectability and useful char- 
 acter of the French protestants, who established them- 
 selves in Carolina, than by their numbers. They gene- 
 rally settled themselves on the Santee River. The 
 insurrections in England in 1715 and 1745, in favour of 
 the Stuarts, sent a number of exiles to South Carolina : 
 many arrived from Germany and Switzerland, and the 
 British government transported fifteen hundred French 
 colonists from Nova Scotia. Besides these, the bounty 
 of fourteen pounds which had been allowed in 1712, for 
 the importation of every healthy male person, between 
 twelve and thirty years of age, was the means of procur- 
 ing great numbers of settlers. The prosperity of Caro- 
 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 71 
 
 lina had also been promoted by another cause. About 
 the end of the seventeenth century, a vessel from Mad- 
 agascar touched at Charleston. Governor Smith visited 
 the captain, who presented him with a bag- of seed rice, 
 informing him of the manner of cultivating it, of its nu- 
 tritiousness and great increase. The seed was divided 
 among several planters, and was found to answer fully 
 the expectations of the governor. From this accidental 
 circumstance was introduced what soon became one of 
 the staple commodities of South Carolina. 
 
 The progress of this state in population and prosperity 
 was, however, impeded in the early part of the eigh- 
 teenth century, by the hostility of the Indians and of the 
 Spaniards of Florida. In 1702, an expedition was fitted 
 out at the suggestion of Governor Moore, for an attack 
 on St. Augustine, although war had not been formally 
 declared by Britain against Spain. The governor was 
 in person at the head of the expedition, and was unfortu- 
 nate in its management and conclusion. The troops 
 were landed, and the siege commenced; but, on the 
 arrival of two Spanish vessels, the governor hastily re- 
 treated by land, with his men, abandoning his ships to 
 the Spaniards. 
 
 The next year, the Apalachian Indians having been 
 the cause of a great annoyance to the settlers. Governor 
 Moore marched into their country, destroyed their towns 
 between the Alatamalia and the Savannah, and, after kill- 
 ing a large number, compelled the tribe to submit to the 
 British government. In 1706, the Spaniards and French, 
 as a retaliation for the attempt upon St. Augustine, 
 prepared an expedition against Charleston. It consisted 
 of a French frigate under Captain Le Feboure, and four 
 armed sloops, having on board about eight hundred men. 
 The province was then under the direction of Governor 
 Johnson, a man of courage and abilities. By his stren- 
 uous exertions, the town was placed in a state of defence, 
 which deterred the Spaniards from prosecuting their at- 
 tempt farther than to land a small body of troops. These 
 were attacked by Johnson, and most of them killed or 
 taken prisoners. The squadron and the remainder of 
 
72 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 the troops returned to Florida, without having effected 
 any of the purposes for which they were sent out. 
 
 From 1712 to 1718, the inhabitants of South Carolina 
 were engaged in an unvarying round of hostilities witli 
 the Tuscaroras of North Carolina, and with the Yomas- 
 sees of their own province. These wars were under- 
 taken by the Indians, with the declared object of exter- 
 minating the whites. From 1755 to 1759, the province 
 was harassed by the encroachments of the Cherokees, 
 who made incursions into the frontier settlements, and 
 broke them up. Quiet was restored for a short time, by 
 a treaty of peace; but, in 1760, hostilities again broke 
 out with these savages. The unfortunate settlers were 
 exposed to every variety of hardship and suffering ; and, 
 to add to their calamities, the small-pox raged with de- 
 structive violence among them. This state of things 
 continued until 1763, when a general peace was con- 
 cluded. 
 
 From this period until the Revolution of 1776, the 
 province of South Carolina enjoyed great prosperity, and 
 the population nearly doubled itself. At the commence- 
 ment of the revolutionary contest, the Carolinians, who 
 had experienced little of the oppressive system which 
 the British government had exercised towards the more 
 northern colonies, were somewhat undecided as to the 
 part they ought to take. At this period, a mail, brought 
 by the English packet, was seized by the patriotic com- 
 mittee, and was found to contain instructions to the 
 governors of Virginia and the Carolinas, to make an im- 
 mediate and effectual use of military force. This cir- 
 cumstance seems to have determined the conduct of the 
 colonists of South Carolina. During the long struggle 
 which followed, this state suffered much, both from the 
 British and Indians, and the disaffected within. The 
 war in South Carolina and its vicinity was remarkable 
 both for general actions of great importance to the pub- 
 lic cause, and for the display which it afforded of indi- 
 vidual bravery and patriotism. 
 
Arms of New Jersey. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Settlement of Neiv Jersey. 
 
 The period at which the first European settlements 
 were made in tlie territory now composing- the state of 
 New Jersey, is not clearly ascertained. Detached 
 bodies of the Dutch from New York planted themselves 
 in the eastern part, while, in the western portion of the 
 state, bordering- on the Delaware, small bodies of 
 Swedes were settled. The Dutch claimed the whole 
 country, from the Connecticut to the Delaware, and 
 protested against the occupation of any part of it by the 
 Swedes, Without regard to the validity of their title, 
 Charles II., in 1664, granted to his brother, the duke of 
 York, a patent for the precise country claimed by the 
 Dutch, including the territory between the Hudson and 
 the Delaware. In the same year, the duke of York- 
 sold this district, which then, for the first time, received 
 the name of New Jersey, to Lord Berkely and Sir 
 George Carteret. To encourage emigration, the new 
 proprietors offered liberal privileges to settlers ; and it 
 7 (73) 
 
ii NEW JERSEY. 
 
 ouprht to be recorded to their honour, that they estal> 
 lishcd it as a t'nndainental rule, that all vacant hint! 
 should be purchased tVoui the natives. Ei^^hty acret- 
 were oflered to each settler, under a quit rent of one 
 penny per acre, to conuiience at a future period. The 
 important priviles^e of self-government was acconled to 
 the inhabitants; the proprietors declarinnf that all lawt^ 
 should be made by the representatives of the people, but 
 reserviuij to themselves tiie executive power. 
 
 Thus wisely constituted, the settlement of Jersey 
 soon advanced with rapidity. I'hilip Carteret was the 
 tirst governor, ami under his administration the system 
 of the proprietors was strictly pursued with respect to 
 the Indians. The consequences were highly favourable 
 to the prosperity of the colony. Hostilities with this 
 people, from wdiich many of the other provinces suffered 
 so severely, were scarcely known. New Jersey con- 
 tinued to thrive under the prudent management of the 
 proprietors until lt>78, when tiie Dutch, having recon- 
 quered New York, extended tiieir power again over this 
 province. Their government, however, was brief; for 
 on the conclusion of peace between England and Hol- 
 land, two years atlerwards, the whole country was 
 restored to the former |X)wer. The duke of York now 
 obtained from Charles II. a confirmation of his for- 
 mer patent ; and considering his former grant of New 
 Jersey annulled, he claimed jurisdiction over all the 
 country cou)prised in the patent ; appointed Sir Edmund 
 Andros governor of his territories, from the Connecticut 
 to the Delaware, and, uniting with him a council, gave 
 them the whole powers of government, legislative and 
 executive. This tit agent of tyrannical measures ar- 
 rived in America in November, 1674, and proceeded to 
 the exercise of his functions. In the same year, Lord 
 Berkely assigned his undivided half of New Jersey to 
 the celebrated William Penn and three others. Per- 
 ceiving the disadvantages of joint ownership, they came 
 to an agreement with Carteret, by which the province 
 was divided into two parts. Carteret received East Jer- 
 sey, and gave in return to William Penn and his aseo- 
 
NEW JERSEY. 75 
 
 ciatcn, a rclcane of the wostern [Kirt of the province. 
 The (Juke of York harl {/iven up his claim a.s far as re- 
 bpected Kast Jersey Uj Carteret, but retJiined West Jer- 
 sey an a part of hiH (government, and an appenda^re of 
 yiaw York. lience aro.se coiintant corifiict.s of jurisdic- 
 tion, and an uncertainty respectinf^ titlew, which hara.ssed 
 the inhabitants:, and finally ended in the destruction of 
 tlie proprieUiry ((overument. On the one hand, Carteret 
 endeavoured to participate in commercial advanUj^en, by 
 establishing^ a port at Aruboy ; but Audros, who teared 
 that the commerce of \ew York miffht be injured, 
 seized and condemned all veH-:el.s trading/- thither, and 
 was supported by the duke of York. The mjvernor 
 and council of New York claimed also the rif,Wit of im- 
 fKjsin^ taxes on i\ew Jersey, and extended their juris- 
 diction on all occasions. The proprietors of West Jer- 
 sey had, in the meantime, been earnest in their remon- 
 .strances and petitions to the duke of York; and the 
 question was at lenj^th referred to Sir William Jones, 
 an eminent lawyer, who decided in favour of the propri- 
 etary rif.'hts, and aw-ainst the le^-ality of tJixes. Thus 
 havinj^high lej^al opinion ar^ainst him, the duke could no 
 Ioniser avoid doiny" justice ; and accord in f^ly, in l^JSO, he 
 conveyed West Jersey to the proprietors. About this 
 time the province received a considerable accession of 
 inhabitants by the arrival of a number of Quakers, who 
 principally settled in the neiffhlxjurhfxjd of the pres^'ut 
 towns of iiurlin^ton and Salem, which they built. 
 
 In 16^"2, Carteret, who had involved himself in an un- 
 pleasant dispute with the assembly, transferred his in- 
 terest in the province to William Pen n, and eleven other 
 persr>n3 of the sect of Quakers. These immediately 
 conveyed one-half of the province to a company of Scots- 
 men, at the head of whom was the earl of Perth. In 
 16S3, the Scotch proprietrjrs obtained a ]:)atent of con- 
 firmation from the duke of York. After this event many 
 emii^rants arrived from Scotland. The first rrovernor 
 of I^ast Jersey, under the proprietors, was Pi/jbert Bar- 
 clay, the celebrated author of the Apoloo-y for the Qua- 
 ker belief, who was appointed to the office for life. 
 
76 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Notwithstanding- the grantof the duke of York, and the 
 decision of Sir William Jones, the g-overnment of New 
 York still claimed a jurisdiction over East Jersey, and 
 attempted to levy the same taxes upon it as in its own 
 province. Complaint was made in England, but no re- 
 dress was obtained. After the accession of the duke of 
 York to the English throne, a writ of quo warranto 
 was issued against the proprietors, who, finding there 
 was no other resource, endeavoured to save what they 
 could by voluntary submission, and made a formal 
 surrender of their patent, praying only for a grant 
 of the soil. It was intended by James IT. that the 
 whole province, together with that of New York, should 
 be united with New England in an arbitrary govern- 
 ment; and arrangements were making to carry the 
 design into execution when the revolution of 1688 for- 
 tunately put an end to his power. For several years 
 after this period, the province suffered greatly from the 
 want of an efficient government ; each division having 
 different proprietors, whose view^s were opposite. Con- 
 fusion arose in titles and jurisdiction, and discord pre- 
 vailed between the governors and the assemblies. In 
 this state of things the proprietors of both parts sur- 
 rendered, in 1702, their rights of government to Queen 
 Anne. 
 
 Nev/ Jersey was now again united into one province, 
 and a more regular and harmonious system of adminis- 
 tration prevailed. Lord Cornbury, cousin to the queen, 
 was the first royal governor. He was also governor of 
 New York, and abused his functions in both provinces. 
 On the complaint of the New York assembly, the queen 
 removed him from office. From this period to the epoch 
 of the American Revolution, New Jersey was not the 
 scene of any memorable event. Its population and pros- 
 perity rapidly augmented under an orderly and prudent 
 administration of affairs. From its connexion with 
 England, however, the province became involved in the 
 wars of that country ; and, though remote from the scene 
 of action, we find her contributing, on several occasions, 
 to the expeditions undertaken for tlie conquest of the 
 
NEW JERSEY. ^ 
 
 French possessions. In 1709, the Assembly passed laws 
 for remitting 3000Z., in bills of credit, for the aid of the 
 government, and for the encouragement of volunteers to 
 join the forces destined for Canada. This was the first 
 paper money emitted in New Jersey, and its credit was 
 bO well supported by the government, that no deprecia- 
 tion took place. In 1738, on the petition of the colony 
 for a separate governor, Lev.'is Morris was appointed to 
 the office by ttie crown. Previously to this, the affairs 
 of the province had been administered by tlie governor 
 of New York. The last royal governor of New Jersey 
 Vv'as William Temple Franklin, a son of the celebrated 
 Benjamin Franklin. 
 
 The attempts of the British government to impose an 
 arbitrary authority over her colonies, met with as warm 
 opposition in New Jersey, as in any other province. 
 Deputies were sent to the Congress, which convened at 
 Philadelphia, on the occasion of the stamp act, and to all 
 the subsequent assemblies. During the contest Vvhich 
 ensued, New Jersey was the seat of hostilities for a great 
 length of time. Her losses in men and property are said 
 to have been greater in proportion than any other state. 
 Trenton, her capital, is rendered memorable by the sur- 
 prise of the Hessian troops stationed there, and their 
 surrender to General Washington, an event of signal 
 importance to the common cause of the republic. At 
 Princeton the enemy received another check, which, 
 united with their defeat at Trenton, obliged them to retire 
 into winter quarters ; and Monmouth, together with 
 many other places in this state, have become classic 
 ground from similar causes. The cruelties perpetrated 
 by the British army, during its different campaigns and 
 incursions, were of the most savage character, and justly 
 excited a warm feeling of indignation in the inhabitants, 
 which prompted them to repair to the standard of Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 7* 
 
William Penn. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Settlement of Pennsylvania. 
 
 William Penn, the illustrious founder of Pennsyl- 
 vania, was the son of Sir William Penn, a British ad- 
 miral, who, in the year 1655, rendered very important 
 services to the nation hy the conquest of Jamaica from 
 the Spaniards, and by a naval victory over the Dutch. 
 At an early period of his life, the son, to the gfreat mor- 
 tification of the admiral, joined the sect of Quakers or 
 Friends, to whom persecution had about that period 
 
 (78) 
 
PENNSYLVAniA, 79 
 
 begun to attract the public attention. For this he under- 
 went a portion of their sufferings, having been repeatedly- 
 imprisoned for preaching to the people. The intolerance 
 manifested by the magistrates, and the majority of the 
 people (for the king appears to have been disposed to 
 lenity), induced William Penn to turn his attention to 
 America. He and some others purchased a largo 
 quantity of land in New Jersey ; but, being dissatisfied 
 with his partners in the concern, he formed the design 
 of acquiring a separate estate. The crown was indebted 
 to his father's executors in the sum of about 16,000/., and, 
 as an acquittance for this, a large tract was granted to him 
 in severalty. His charter conveyed to him, under the 
 name of Pennsylvania, all that tract of country bounded 
 on the east by the river Delaware ; extending westward 
 five degrees of longitude ; stretching to the north, from 
 twelve miles northward of Newcastle, to the forty-third* 
 degree of latitude, and limited on the south by a circle 
 of twelve miles drawn round Newcastle to the beginning 
 of the fortieth degree of latitude. From the want of 
 sufficient attention to former charters, this orant inter- 
 fered, both with that of Maryland on the south, and with 
 the claims of Connecticut on the east ; and hence arose 
 contentions with regard to boundaries, which were not 
 settled for a century afterwards. 
 
 In May, 1631, the proprietary sent over Markham 
 with a few others to take possession of the territory, and 
 prepare for the settlement. In July, he sold twenty 
 thousand acres to a company formed of merchants, and 
 other persons, at the rate of twenty pounds for every 
 thousand acres; and entered into articles of agreement 
 with them, entitled " Conditions and Concessions." In 
 the following year, Penn published his frame of govern- 
 ment, by which the supreme power was to be vested in 
 the governor and a general assembly, consisting, at 
 first, of the whole body of the people, and afterwards 
 of a house of delegates. A provincial council was 
 
 *The forty-third degree of latitude mentioned in the charter, 
 means the commencement of the forty-third degree, or the forty- 
 second parallel, which is now the northern boundary. 
 
80 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 established, consisting of seventy-two persons, to be 
 chosen by the freemen. The g-overnor, possessed of 
 three votes, presided in this council, which prepared and 
 dig-ested all laws, leaving to the people the mere right 
 of confirming or rejecting. This frame of government 
 was, after a short time, laid aside, and another, re- 
 sembling those established in the other provinces, was 
 adopted. 
 
 In October, 1682, Penn, accompanied by about two 
 thousand settlers, mostly Friends, arrived at Newcastle, 
 on the Delaware. He had previously obtained from the 
 duke of York a conveyance of the land at present in- 
 cluded in the state of Delaware. His first step was to 
 convoke an assembly, which was held at Upland (now 
 called Chester), in December, 1682. In a short session 
 of three days, a period in which their descendants would 
 hardly have agreed upon the choice of a speaker, they 
 adopted a constitution, modifying that drawn up by 
 Penn, in England ; and passed several very important 
 laws. Among other provisions, that great and admira- 
 ble principle, to an adherence to wdiich the province 
 owed much of its prosperity, was adopted : " That none, 
 acknowledging one God, and living- peaceably in so- 
 ciety, should be molested for his opinions or practice, or 
 compelled to frequent or maintain any ministry what- 
 ever." Another principle of Penn's system, equally 
 novel and praiseworthy, regarded the treatment of the 
 Indians. Soon after his arrival, he summoned them to 
 a council, and, treating with them on an amicable and 
 equal footing, as men and brethren, obtained from them, 
 in return for valuable presents, a cession of as much land 
 as his exigencies required. The same course was pur- 
 sued in his subsequent intercourse with them ; the 
 treaties were kept inviolate by both parties; and it was 
 seen with surprise by mankind, that kindness and good 
 faith were as useful assistants as the sword in the affairs 
 of a colony. No one of the colonies made such rapid 
 advances in prosperity as Pennsylvania. The salubrity 
 of the climate, and the general fruitfulness of the soil, 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 81 
 
 had some influeiivce, but the moral attractions predomi- 
 nated. The persecutions of the Quakers and other 
 sects, in Eno-land,. drove thousands to a place where 
 worship was as free as air ; and the prospect of enjoy- 
 ing- equal rights in civil matters, drew over from the 
 continent of Europe a vast number of industrious and 
 moral emi(»'rants. 
 
 The city of Philadelphia was laid out at an early pe- ! 
 riod alter the arrival of the first settlers, according to a > 
 desig-n which had been prepared by William Penn, in ' 
 England. The second assembly of Pennsylvania was • 
 hold at this place, in April, 1683. Among other impor- 
 tant laws adopted, was one which abrogated the com- 
 mon law of England respecting descents, and distributed 
 the estates of persons dying intestate among the children, 
 giving the eldest ton, however, a double share. The revo- 
 lution in England, which took place in 1688, produced 
 some change in the government of Pennsylvania. Wil- 
 liam Penn was suspected of entertaining unflivourable 
 sentiments towards the house of Orange. He was, 
 therefore, suspended from the privilege of appointing a 
 deputy for his province; and, in 1692, Pennsylvania, 
 without any regard to its charter, was annexed to New 
 York, and subjected to the administration of Fletcher, 
 governor of that province. Penn, however, two years 
 after, reinstated himself in the good opinion of the court. 
 He regained his province, and appointed Markham lieu- 
 tenant-fTovernor. Notwithstanding the pacific disposi- 
 tion of both the governor and the people, and the general 
 concordance of their opinions, Pennsylvania proved to 
 be no Utopia for the worthy proprietary. Bickerings 
 about the constitution, or the laws, or the manner of dis- 
 posing of the lands, almost constantly existed. The 
 charter had twice been altered, but the colonists were 
 still discontented, ^^.t length, in 1701, Penn gave them 
 a third charter. It provided that the assembly should 
 consist of deputies from each county, and should have 
 the right to originate, amend, or Reject, all bills ; that 
 the governor should nominate his own council, exercise 
 
82 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the whole executive power, and have a negative on the 
 proceedings of the assembly. The delegates from Penn- 
 sylvania assented to this instrument ; but those from the 
 the " three lower counties on the Delaware," as they 
 were called, refused to adopt it, and seceded from the 
 assembly. No adjustment could be made ; and from 
 this period, the three counties had a distinct assembly, 
 though they were subject to the same governor as Penn- 
 sylvania. The constitution thus adopted in Pennsylva- 
 nia, continued in force until the Revolution. 
 
 In 1718, William Penn died, at the age of seventy- 
 four. From the period of his undertaking the settlement 
 of Pennsylvania, his life had been a uniform scene of 
 vexation and disquiet. His private fortune had been 
 materially injured by his advances to promote the infant 
 colony, and at one time he was compelled to submit to a 
 temporary deprivation of liberty. He left, however, to 
 his descendants an inheritance of great value; which 
 they enjoyed until the Revolution, when the common- 
 wealth became the possessor; and, as an indemnifica- 
 tion, granted them an ample sum of money. From the 
 death of Penn to the Revolution, the history of Pennsyl- 
 vania is little more than a narrative of petty quarrels be- 
 tween the proprietaries, governors, and the assembly. 
 The chief subject of the dispute arose from the lands of 
 the proprietaries, which they wished to exempt from the 
 taxation to which other lands were liable. The assem- 
 bly resisted the exemption stoutly, and this disagree- 
 ment frequently prevented the passage of necessary 
 laws. In 1749, an important treaty was concluded with 
 the Indians of the Six Nations, at Philadelphia, in 
 which, for goods of considerable value, they granted 
 to the proprietary all the lands on the Susquehanna, 
 south as far as the boundary of Pennsylvania, and north 
 to the Endless Mountains, or Kittatinny Hills, now 
 called the Blue Mountains ; and, since that time, the 
 Indian title to the residue of the state has been extin- 
 guished. 
 
 Notwithstanding that a large portion of her popula- 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 83 
 
 tion consisted of Quakers, whose tenets inclined them 
 to submission to existing governments, Pennsylvania 
 opposed the arbitrary measures of the British govern- 
 ment, which led to the Revolution, with as much zeal 
 and ardour as her sister states. The first congress of 
 deputies from the states, and most of the subsequent 
 meetings of the same assembly, were held at Philadel- 
 phia; and it was at the same place that the Declaration 
 of Independence was adopted and proclaimed. 
 
 The Treaty Monument. 
 
Oglethorpe. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Settlement of Georgia. 
 
 Of the thirteen provinces which declared themselves 
 independent states in 1776, Georgia was the last set- 
 tled. The country lying within its present boundaries, 
 was, previous to the year 1733, a wilderness; and, 
 though comprehended within the charter of Carolina, 
 had been claimed by Spain as well as England. The 
 
 (84) 
 
GEORGIA. ' 85 
 
 sufferings of the English poor from the existing- state of 
 trade and industry, led to the first attempt at settlement 
 in Georgia. A company was formed for the purpose of 
 assisting such as miglit be disposed to emigrate in search 
 of the means of subsistence. To this company, George 
 II., hy patent dated in 1732, granted the territory, 
 which, in compliment to him, was called Georgia, and a 
 corporation of twenty-one persons was created, under 
 the title of " the Trustees for settling the colony of 
 Georgia." In November of that year, a large sum of 
 money having been subscribed, one hundred and sixty 
 persons embarked at Gravesend, under the direction 
 of General James Oglethorpe, and arrived at Charles- 
 ton, in January, 1733. From this place Oglethorpe 
 proceeded to explore the country destined for their 
 place of settlement. A treaty was held with the Creek 
 Indians, and a large tract of land obtained by cession. 
 On a high bluff, overlooking a river, the foundation of a 
 town was laid, which received the name of Savannah, 
 after the Indian name of the river. Here the settle- 
 ment was commenced in the spring of 1733 ; but the 
 injudicious system of the trustees, and, perhaps, the cha- 
 racter of the settlers th.emselves, impeded a rapid ad- 
 vance. Taking as their model, the feudal tenures, the 
 trustees granted their lands in tail-male ; which, on the 
 termination of the male descendants of the grantee, 
 were to avert to the donors, to be again granted to such 
 persons as would be most likely to render personal ser- 
 vices. The condition upon which the lands were par- 
 celled out was military duty. Each possessor was to 
 appear in arms, and take the field when called upon for 
 the public defence. Any part of the land which was not 
 enclosed, cleared, and cultivated, within eighteen years, 
 was to revert to the trustees. By another regulation, 
 more reconcilable w'ith good policy, the importation of 
 ne?roes, and the use of rum, were absolutely prohibited. 
 These restrictions drove many settlers into Carolina, 
 where lands were held in fee simple. The number of 
 inhabitants in the colony continued nevertheless to in- 
 crease. In 1734, about six hundred emigrants arrived ; 
 8 
 
but, being principally idle and disfolute characters, the 
 "cankers of a calm world," they were little fitted for the 
 toil of clearing a wilderness of wood. For the purpose 
 of obtaining settlers more suitable to the business of 
 colonizing, the trustees divided the country on the 
 Savannah and other rivers, into lots of fifty acres, and 
 offered a lot to each person who would make a settle- 
 ment. In consequence of these regulations, a large num- 
 ber of hardy emigrants arrived soon afterwards from 
 Scotland and Germany. In addition to a previous grant, 
 the parliament now gave 25,000/. for the benefit of the 
 colony. In this state of things war took place between 
 Spain and England, an event calculated to retard the 
 prosperity of Georgia, from her liability to invasion on 
 the side of Florida and Havanna. Oglethorpe was ap- 
 pointed commander-in-chief of the king's forces in South 
 Carolina and Georgia, and immediately applied himself 
 assiduously to the task of defence. He brought with 
 him six hundred soldiers into Georgia; and having 
 erected forts for the defence of the province, and secured 
 the friendship of the Creeks, whom the Spaniards had 
 endeavoured to excite to hostilities, he found himself 
 strong enough to attempt an attack upon a Spanish 
 settlement. South Carolina granted a large sum of 
 money for the purpose, and troops were raised in the 
 Carol'inas and Virginia. With these troops, four hun- 
 dred regulars and some Indians, Oglethorpe invaded 
 Florida." St. Augustine was the object of his enterprise, 
 which proved unsuccessful, and was abandoned, greatly 
 to his mortification. In 1742, this invasion was re- 
 taliated by a large Spanish force. An expedition of 
 thirty-two sail, with three thousand men, arrived in the 
 river Alatamaha, and took possession of Fort St. Simon, 
 which had been previously abandoned by Oglethorpe. 
 The Spanish commander next attempted to proceed 
 through the woods to the attack of Fort Frederica, on the 
 Island of St. Simon ; but findino- unlooked-for obstacles 
 in his way, and being deceived by a stratagem of Ogle- 
 thorpe, he re-embarked his troops in haste, leaving 
 behind him many pieces of artillery, provisions, and 
 
GEORGIA. 87 
 
 military stores, and returned to Florida. Georgia was 
 preserved on this occasion principally by the address 
 and skill of General Oglethorpe. 
 
 The restoration of peace which took place soon after- 
 wards, freed Georgia from one source of disquiet; but 
 the condition of the colony was materially different from 
 that of the others settled by the English in North Ame- 
 rica. Notwithstanding upwards of 100,001'/. sterling 
 had been granted by parliament and individuals, and 
 that emigration had been encouraged by premiums, the 
 state of things at the middle of the eighteenth century 
 was very unpromising. Many of the emigrants had 
 abandoned their settlements ; and those who remained, 
 with difficulty obtained a scanty subsistence. The reg- 
 ulations respecting the tenure of land above mentioned, 
 and the prohibition of the importation of negroes and 
 rum, operated to produce this effect. By prohibiting the 
 importation of rum, the trustees had deprived the colo- 
 nists of an excellent market in the West Indies for the 
 sale of their lumber. So trifling was the produce of 
 this now productive soil, that, about the year 1750, the 
 whole annual exports of Georgia did not exceed 10,000/. 
 sterling. In the year 1820, her exports exceeded 
 $6,500,000. The complaints arising from their mis- 
 management, at last induced the trustees to surrender 
 the charter to the crown. In 1752, the government was 
 taken into the hands of the king, and the same privi- 
 leges and regulations, as to land and trade, that pre- 
 vailed in the other colonies, were extended to Georgia. 
 The first good effect of the change of government was 
 felt in the establishment of a General Assembly of repre- 
 sentatives in 1755. In 1763, all the lands lying between 
 the rivers Alatamaha and St, Mary's, were annexed to 
 Georgia by a royal proclamation. From tliis period the 
 colony began to make rapid progress in prosperity and 
 population ; the rich swamps and lowlands on the 
 rivers began to be brought into cultivation, and the 
 effects of judicious government were soon visible in the 
 increased amount of exports. In 1703, the value of 
 exports was no more than 27,000/, sterling ; but in 1773, 
 
88 GEORGIA. 
 
 the value had arisen to upwards of 121,000Z. Much of 
 this increase of prosperity is attributed to the influence 
 of Governor Wright, who first set the example of cul- 
 tivating the lowlands and river swamps, thereby acquir- 
 ing for himself an ample fortune, and directing the 
 industry of the people into a proper channel. 
 
 Georgia, at the commencement of the American Re- 
 volution, was only in the infancy of her strength, and 
 had just begun to enjoy some of the blessings of peace 
 and the advantages of a better system of government. 
 Her inhabitants had never experienced the evils which 
 the tyrannical administration of the Stuarts had inflicted 
 on the older provinces, and knew the operations of the 
 royal government only by its favourable contrast with 
 that of the trustees. Notwithstanding these motives 
 for continuing in connexion with England, the people 
 of this province did not hesitate to take part with their 
 northern brethren. In March, 1775, they appointed a 
 delegate to Congress ; and in July of the same year, a 
 convention of delegates assembled, by whom the sanction 
 of the province was given to the measures of Congress. 
 During the war which ensued, Georgia was overrun by 
 the British troops, and the principal inhabitants were 
 conipelled to abandon their possessions and fly into the 
 neighbouring states. In proportion to their numbers, 
 the exertions and losses of her citizens were as great as 
 in any of the states. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Summary of Events before the Revolution. 
 
 We have seen that, from the year 1497, when the 
 continent of North America was first discovered hy 
 Sebastian Cabot, more than a century elapsed before 
 any permanent settlement was effected on its shores. 
 The g-reater part of the territory of the United States, 
 east of Florida, was orio-inally called Virginia, in honour 
 of Elizabeth of Enq-land, the virg-in queen, as poets and 
 courtiers styled her; who, following the practice of 
 other European monarchs, granted larg-e tracts of coun- 
 try, without respect to the rights of the aboriginal pos- 
 sessors. The earliest settlement, in pursuance of these 
 g-rants, we have seen, was made within the limits of the 
 present state of Virginia, in 1607, under the authority 
 of James I. Seven years afterwards, a colony of Dutc'i 
 commenced a settlement upon the present Island of New 
 York, and retained possession until 1664, when it was 
 8* (89] 
 
90 SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 
 
 surrendered to an armament fitted out by Charles II. 
 Massachusetts was settled in 1620, by a body of Puritans 
 from Eng-land. The next settlement, in order of time, 
 was that of Delaware by the Swedes. Connecticut and 
 Maryland were colonized contemporaneously ; tlie for- 
 mer by emigrants from Massachusetts, in 1663 ; the 
 latter by a party of Roman Catholics from Ensfland, 
 under Lord Baltimore. Religious persecutions drove a 
 number of persons from Massachusetts, and led to the 
 founding of Rhode Island, in 1635 ; New Hampshire 
 was settled in 1637, principally from the same cause. 
 In 1663, some of the Virginia settlers laid the foundation 
 of North Carolina, which was followed by the settlement 
 of South Carolina in 1670. New Jersey, on which the 
 Dutch and Swedes had made partial settlements early 
 in the seventeenth century, was not effectually colonized 
 till after the year 1670. In Pennsylvania also, a small 
 body of Swedes had planted themselves at an early 
 period. The settlement increased slowly, until the ar- 
 rival, in 1681, of William Penn, with a numerous com- 
 pany of Quakers, whom the prospect of relief from 
 persecution induced to emigrate. The last settled of 
 the original thirteen states was Georgia, founded in 
 1732, by General Oglethorpe. 
 
 The history of all new colonies, is necessarily one of 
 hardships and suffering. In the case of most of the 
 American settlements, however, the ordinary evils were 
 augmented by the vindictive hostility of the natives, 
 who saw with indignation the tide of Christian domin- 
 ion gradually overflowing their land, and who used 
 every means that nature had supplied them with, to stay 
 the progress of the wave. Their most sagacious chiefs, 
 from Philip of Pokanoket, to Tecumseh, have endea- 
 voured to unite the different tribes in a common purpose 
 of opposition, but without success. The superior arts 
 of the Europeans generally triumphed in the engage- 
 ments of bodies of men ; but it was in the surprisal and 
 assault upon individuals or families, that Indian hos- 
 tility was most effective. The settlements of Massa- 
 chusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and Virginia, espe- 
 
SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 91 
 
 cially, were, for a great number of years, the theatres 
 of sang-uinary conflicts. In Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, 
 and Maryland, a system of policy more humane and 
 prudent conciliated tlie savages, and advanced the pros- 
 perity of the settlements. Another fruitful source of 
 disquiet to the colonies, Vv'as the adjoining- settlements 
 in Canada. The British and French provinces, whicJi! 
 would otherwise, it is probable, have remained in peace! 
 with each other, were compelled to take part in the un-l 
 ceasing wars of the mother countries, and wasted their 
 young" strength in supporting projects of European 
 aggrandizement, in which they themselves, were but 
 remotely interested. This grievance fell with the 
 greatest weight upon the colonies of New York and 
 New England. The influence which the governors of 
 Canada have alvvays possessed over the Indians, enabled 
 the French to direct the full force of savage hostility 
 against the English colonists (as the British, since their 
 possession of Canada, have done against the United 
 States). The frontiers were, durinsf every war, a scene 
 of desolation and bloodshe.l. The colonists saw, that 
 nothing short of the expulsion of the French from 
 Canada would be sufficient to secure their repose. 
 They devised frequent plans for the conquest of that 
 province, and urgently called on the Britisli govern- 
 ment for assistance. The aid they received was feebly 
 and reluctantly given. In iC90, commissioners from 
 the eastern and middle colonies met at New York, to 
 concert measures for an expedition against the French 
 colonies. The enterprise failed, 'Jiroug-h the tardiness 
 of the British admiral. Similar attempts were made in 
 1692, and 1696; but from similar causes, they also were 
 unsuccessful. 
 
 At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the colo- 
 nies enjoyed a short period of repose. The renewal of 
 the war in Europe, however, brought upon them again all 
 the horrors of Indian and French hostility. New York 
 and New England had previously been the chief theatre 
 of Indian incursions ; but the extension of their settle- 
 ments on *he Ohio, gave the French an opportunity of 
 
92 SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 
 
 leading- the savages against the frontier inhabitants of 
 Pennsylvania and Virginia. The colonies of South 
 Carolina and Georgia were equally harassed, during the 
 first lialf of the eighteenth century, by the Spaniards 
 and southern Indians. In the year 1745, a resolute 
 and successful attack was made upon the strong fort of 
 Louisbourg, in the island of Cape Breton, by a small 
 body of New Englanders, headed by William Pepperell, 
 a merchant of Boston. 
 
 After the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, the colonies were, 
 for a short period, unmolested, until the conflicting pre- 
 tensions of the two nations to hinds on the Ohio, pro- 
 duced another contest. To enable themselves the more 
 effectually to resist their enemies, some oi:* the colonies 
 proposed, about this time, the formation of a federal 
 government, to be administered by a grand council, 
 chosen by the provincial assemblies. The British 
 ministry, however, refused to accede to the project, 
 without such modifications as would have given them 
 the absolute control over the general congress ; and 
 the colonies being equally averse to this alteration, the 
 plan was abandoned. 
 
 The year 1755 was rendered memorable by the defeat 
 of the British general, Braddock, whose army was saved 
 from entire ruin, by the skill of Washington, then a 
 colonel of provincial militia, and by the courage of the 
 colonial troops. In 1758, Fort Du Quesne, now Pitts- 
 burg, was taken by the British and provincial troops. 
 Louisbourg, which had been restored to France, was 
 also taken; and the tide of success set so strongly in 
 favour of the British, that in the succeeding years Que- 
 bec and the whole of Canada were conquered. The 
 American colonies, now relieved in a great measure 
 from a state of harassing warfare, began to acquire, with 
 great rapidity, wealth and population. Their improved 
 condition attracted the notice of the mother country; 
 who, forgetting that the colonics had struggled almost 
 unaided through their difficulties, many of which ditti- 
 culties had arisen from her absurd and oppressive regu- 
 lations, assumed the credit of their thriving appearance, 
 
SUMMARY OP EVENTS. 
 
 Stamp Act Riot. 
 
 and resolved to provide some remuneration for her fan- 
 cied exertions in their behalf. The inhabitants of 
 Great Britain laboured at this time under a load of taxa- 
 tion, part of which burden they determined to transfer 
 to the Americans. The first step taken in pursuance 
 of this resolution, was to impose a stamp duty on instru- 
 ments of writing- executed in the provinces. An act 
 was accordingly passed to this effect by the British 
 parliament, in 1765. It was resisted fi-om the first mo- 
 ment by the colonic.-, and serious riots immediately 
 ensued. Deleiiates from the several provinces assem- 
 bled at Philadelphia, who, with great unanimity, agreed 
 upon a declaration of rights, and a statement of their 
 
94 SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 
 
 grievances. The people at ]arge entered into associa- 
 tions against the importations of British manufactures, 
 which, notwithstanding their previous dependence foi 
 clothing upon England, were adhered to almost univer- 
 sally. This determined resolution compelled the British 
 ministry to repeal the obnoxious act. The concession 
 was received with gratitude, and tor a short period 
 tranquillity and prosperity prevailed. The intention of 
 subjecting the colonies to the payment of taxes was not, 
 however, abandoned. 
 
 In 1767, an act was passed, laying duties on certain 
 articles imported into the colonies. The latter, equally 
 determined in their resolution not to submit to what 
 they rightly deemed an oppressive and unlawful mea- 
 sure, refused to recognize the right. The British go- 
 vernment at length repealed all the duties, except those 
 upon tea. To counteract the design of collecting this 
 duty, the inhabitants of the provinces entered into an 
 agreement, not to import or consume the article. For 
 some time, matters remained in suspense, without any 
 direct opposition to the laws. At length a large quantity 
 of tea being sent to Boston, it was seized by the people 
 and thrown into the sea. When intelligence of this 
 proceeding reached England, measures of the most vin- 
 dictive character were resolved upon. An act was 
 passed for closing the port of Boston, and other acts 
 directed against the charter of Massachusetts, evincing 
 a resolution on the part of Great Britain, which, if 
 submitted to, would have proved fatal to the liberties of 
 America. The flame of indignation broke forth in all 
 parts of the continent. Even those provinces the most 
 remote from Massachusetts, and which had experienced, 
 practically, none of the evils of which that province 
 complained, were zealous and ardent in the common 
 cause. 
 
 Massachusetts assembled a provincial congress, voted 
 to raise men and money, and recommended a general 
 assembly of the provinces to be held at Philadelphia. 
 According to this recommendation, a congress of dele- 
 gates convened in September, 1774, and after approving 
 
SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 
 
 95 
 
 of the proceeding's in Massachusetts, and pledging them- 
 selves not to import fi'om, nor export to Great Britain, 
 concluded their session by addressing an earnest ami 
 firm but respectful remonstrance to the British govern- 
 ment. The latter, still resolved to force her colonics to 
 submission, sent over a large additional military force, 
 and passed laws restraining the trade of all the colonies, 
 except North Carolina, Delaware, and New York. By 
 this exception, they hoped to produce disunion among- 
 the provinces ; but the expectation was vain. These 
 colonies spurned an advantage oftered to them at the 
 expense of their sisters. In the meantime, warlike 
 preparations were making in Massachusetts, as well as 
 on the British side, and it was soon perceived that a 
 contest was unavoidable. 
 
Battle of Lexington. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 The Revolution, 
 
 Lexington, in Massachusetts, was the scene of the 
 first conflict between the Americans and English. 
 Some military stores havino- been deposited at Concord, 
 about eighteen miles Ironi Boston, General Gaye, the 
 British commander, sent a body of eight hundred regu- 
 lars, on the 18th of April, 1775, to obtain possession of 
 them. Intelligence of their intentions had previously 
 
 (9C) 
 
RETREAT FROM CONCORD. 
 
 91 
 
 reached the country, and the alarm was given by the 
 ringing- of bells and the firing of guns. At Lexington, 
 the British fell in with a small party of seventy militia- 
 men, upon whom they fired, and killed eight, wounding 
 many more. The fire was returned by the militia, who 
 then retreated. At Concord, the British found another 
 party of militia, upon whom they again fired. Having 
 succeeded in destroying the stores, they commenced tiieir 
 
 Retreat from Concord. 
 
 retreat, in the progress of which they were reinforced by 
 Lord Percy with nine hundred men. During this re- 
 treat the Americans kept up a constant fire ; and, thougli 
 the British party effected their return to Boston, it was 
 9 
 
98 BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. 
 
 with a loss of two hundred and seventy-three, in killed, 
 wounded and prisoners. A strong reinforcement arrived 
 soon afterwards from England, and was principally 
 stationed in the town of Boston, while the New England 
 troops occupied different posts in the vicinity. An im- 
 portant eminence called Bunker Hill, near Boston, was 
 taken possession of, and partial entrenchments were 
 thrown up by the provincials on the night of the 16th of 
 June. The number of militia and others, by whom the 
 post was occupied, was about fifteen hundred. At noon 
 of the next day a body of 3,000 British regulars ad- 
 vanced to dislodge them. The provincials reserved 
 their fire until the British had approached to within one 
 hundred yards of the works, when they discharged it 
 with such destructive eflTect, that the whole column re- 
 treated in the utmost confusion. Twice did these un- 
 disciplined patriots put to flight a body of veteran troops 
 double their own number. At the third onset, the pow- 
 der of the Americans began to fail ; their position was 
 raked by the ships and the British field-pieces ; their 
 redoubt was assailed on three sides at once, and, having 
 in vain endeavoured to oppose the bayonets of the British 
 with the butts of discharged guns, they were compelled 
 to abandon their post. Their retreat was effected in 
 good order over Charlestown neck. In this glorious 
 action the Americans killed or wounded upwards of one 
 thousand of tiie enemy. Their own loss did not exceed 
 four hundred ; but among the killed was General War- 
 ren, whose death was greatly and universally lamented. 
 The Continental Congress, which convened again at 
 Philadelphia, on the 10th of May, now determined to 
 raise forces in the name of the United Colonies. On 
 the 15th of June, they unanimously elected George 
 Washington, then a member from Virginia, commander- 
 in-chief of the troops. On the 2d of July, he arrived at 
 Cambridge, and took command of the forces stationed 
 there. With these undisciplined troops, ill supplied 
 with munitions of war, Washington undertook the siege, 
 or rather the blockade of Boston. Towards the close 
 of this year, a gallant but rash attempt was made upon 
 
SIEGE OF BOSTON. 
 
 Siege of Boston 
 
 Canada, by a body of provincials, under Generals Mont- 
 gomery and Arnold. The former invaded Canada by 
 the lakes, while the latter ascended the Kennebeck, 
 and after a march through the wilderness, during which 
 the men underwent excessive toils and privations, they 
 succeeded in reaching Quebec. Here they found them- 
 selves v^ithout the means of carrying on a regular siege, 
 and, after a month's delay, they attempted to carry the 
 place by escalade. Two attacks were made at once, 
 by Montgomery and Arnold. The former was killed, 
 while gallantly leading his men. The latter was 
 wounded. Many of the Americans were killed or cap- 
 tured, after a great display of valor, and the remainder 
 were driven from the walls. The attempt was then 
 abandoned, and the survivors with difficulty reached the 
 United States. The British remained in possession of 
 Boston until March, 1776, when they embarked on 
 board of the fleet, and sailed for Halifax. General 
 Washington then moved his army southward, and 
 established his head-quarters at New York. 
 
100 ATTACK ON FORT MOULTRIE. 
 
 On the 28th of June, an attack was made upon 
 Fort Moultrie, which was situated on Sullivan's Island, 
 and protected the entrance to Charleston, in South 
 Carolina. The British land forces were led by Sir 
 Henry Clinton, and Admiral Sir Peter Parker com- 
 manded the naval force. The fort w'as defended by 
 Colonel Moultrie. The battle commenced about eleven 
 o'clock in the morning, and continued with but little 
 intermission until seven in the evening, when the fire 
 slackened, and soon ceased on both sides. The land 
 forces had landed on Long Island, which was separated 
 from Sullivan's Island only by a narrow channel, forda- 
 ble at low tide; but the channel had been deepened 
 recently by the prevalence of easterly winds, and Clin- 
 ton found it impossible to bring his troops into action. 
 During the engagement one of the ships grounded, and 
 on the garrison firing a few shots at her on the next 
 morning, her crew set her on fire and deserted her. 
 She was then boarded by a party of Americans, who 
 seized her colors, fired some of her guns at Admiral 
 Parker, filled their boats with her stores, and then 
 quitted her. She soon blew up. The fleet and troops 
 soon after departed for New York. 
 
 While these affairs were in progress. Congress had 
 vainly attempted to obtain a repeal of those edicts 
 which the British government had directed against the 
 freedom of America. They addressed themselves to the 
 King, to the Parliament, and to the people. Finding 
 their remonstrances fruitless, these illustrious republi- 
 cans, than whom none of loftier spirit or more steadfast 
 virtue ever upheld the liberties of a country, declared 
 the colonies free and independent, and established a 
 general government. This solemn act took place on 
 the 4th of July, 1776, in the building now called Inde- 
 pendence Hall, in Philadelphia. 
 
 On the 23d of August, British troops to the number 
 of twenty-four thousand, commanded by Sir William 
 Howe, landed on Long Island, about nine miles from 
 New York. The American forces at this time amounted 
 in number to about twenty-seven thousand, but one- 
 
BRITISH LAND ON LONG ISLAND. 101 
 
 Independence Hall. 
 
 fourth were sick, and the remainder consisted princi- 
 pally of raw and undisciplined troops. The main body 
 lay on York Island, but a strong- detachment, under 
 Generals Sullivan and Putnam, was posted on Long 
 Island, near the village of Brooklyn, Orders had been 
 given that all the passes in the range of hills which 
 separated the two armies should be strictly guarded. 
 9* 
 
102 BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 
 
 One, however, escaped tlie notice of the Americans, or 
 was but slightly guarded ; and by this pass the British, 
 under Howe and Clinton, made their way on the night 
 of the 20th of August. By this means Sullivan's lluik 
 was gained, while his attention was occupied by a brisk 
 cannonade kept up on his front by (Generals Grant aud 
 De Heister. The consequences were extremely dis- 
 astrous, for when the real attack was made early on the 
 morning of the 27th, overcome by the superiority of 
 numbers, and attackeii on two sides at once, tiie Ameri- 
 cans were compelled to take refuge in their intrenchei 
 camp, after sutlering severely in killed, wounded, and 
 prisoners. 
 
 As soon as the commencement of the engagement was 
 announced, Washington had crossed over from New 
 York to Brooklyn, seeing immediately the mipossibility 
 of making a successful stand against a force so much 
 his superior in numbers and discipline; he confined his 
 exertions to the safe withdrawal of the troops from the 
 island. Sir William Howe elated with his success, was 
 only deterred from an immediate attack on the American 
 position by the firm front presented by Washington, and 
 his ignorance of the small number opposed to him. 
 
 On the night of the 28th, that celebrated retreat was 
 efi^ected, which gained for the American leader so dis- 
 tinguished a name among the w^arriors of the earth. 
 With the triumphant array of the British army in front, 
 and a powerful fleet prepared to intercept him in the 
 rear, Washington withdrew across a broad river, his de- 
 feated forces, and all his military stores and artillery, 
 except a small quantity of provisions and some heavy 
 guns. In the morning the rising sun displayed to the 
 astonished Britons, the last American divisions crossing* 
 the waters, and already far beyond the reach of annoy- 
 ance or pursuit. 
 
 Deeming it inexpedient to risk a general battle, 
 Washington also retired from New York Island, which 
 was entered by the British on the 14th of Septembei. 
 The retreat of the Americans was continued through 
 New Jersey and across the Delaware into Pennsylvania. 
 
BATTLE OF TRENTON. 103 
 
 Fort Washington, the only post left on New York 
 Island, \^ as attacked on the 12th of November, and sur- 
 rendereJ, after an obstinate resistance. The garrison 
 consisting of 2700 men, fell into the hands of the enemy 
 Fort Lee, on the Jersey shore, opposite, was also taken, 
 but the garrison effected their escape. In addition t( 
 these mislcrlunes, great numbers of the militia, whose 
 term of service had expired, returned to their homes, 
 aiid the remainder were dispirited by the success of th* 
 enemy, and destitute of every article of comfort. 
 
 The British pursued with rapidity, but were unable to 
 reach the Delaware before the retreating army had 
 crossed. The pursuit was then given up, and the main 
 body of the enemy cantoned in the vicinity of the river. 
 
 During the autumn and part of the winter of 1776, the 
 prospects of the United States wore a most gloomy 
 aspect. The once formidable army of Washington, was 
 reduced by desertion, disease, and the expiration of the 
 term of service, to a handful of half-naked and dis- 
 heartened men ; while the invaders were numerous, 
 well organized, and flushed with success. 
 
 The idea of submission was, however, spurned both 
 by Congress and the army ; and the enterprise of 
 VV'ashino ton soon gave a brighter aspect to affairs. De- 
 tachments of Hessian troops had been stationed at 
 Trenton, Bordentown, and Princeton. Upon one or 
 more of tiiese points he resolved to make an attack. 
 Accordingly, on the evening of Christmas day, he, with 
 the main body of the American army, twenty-four 
 hundred strong, crossed the Delaware about nine miles 
 above Trenton. The night was tempestuous, with rain 
 and !>lept, and the river encumbered with floating ice, 
 so that the passage, although begun soon after midnight, 
 was not fully effected until three o'clock, and one hour 
 more elapsed before the march could be commenced. 
 The Americans moved in two divisions along the road-! 
 leading to the town, and their operations were so well 
 combined, and executed with such precision, that the 
 two attacks on the British outposts were made within 
 tlir»e minutes of each other. The pickets attempted 
 
104 
 
 BATTLE OF TEEXTOX. 
 
 Battle of Trenton. 
 
 resistance, but were almost immediately driven in upon 
 the main body, wliicli was forming liurriedly in line. 
 Colonel Raiil, their commander, soon after tell, mor- 
 tally wounded ; the confusion of the soldiery became 
 irremediable, and after a loss of about twenty killed, 
 one thousand men laid down tlieir arms and surrendered 
 their munitions and artillery. On the American side, 
 the loss in battle amounted to only two killed and four 
 wounded, tlie latter includino- James Monroe, a/terwards 
 President of the United States. 
 
 Two other divisions of the Atnerican army, com- 
 manded respectively by Generals Irvine and Cadwala- 
 der, were instructed to cross at the same time with 
 Washington's division ; but meeting with unexpected 
 impediments in the floating ice, tliey were compelled to 
 return without effecting their object. 
 
 Washington recrossed the Delaware the same day 
 with tiie speils and trophies of his foes, and from that 
 
BATTLE OF PRINCETON. 105 
 
 moment, — though reverses frequently dimmed the bril- 
 liancy of the prospect — hope never again deserted the 
 cause of American independence. 
 
 Washington again crossed the Delaware and marched 
 to Trenton, where, on the 1st of January, 1777, he 
 found himself at the head of five thousand men. Lord 
 Cornwallis, however, advanced with a superior force. 
 A little creek, called the Assumpinck, was all that divi- 
 ded the two armies. On the •2d of January the British 
 made several attempts to cross this creek, but were 
 foiled until night separated the combatants, and both 
 parties kindled their canip-fires. 
 
 It was evident to Washington that the conflict to 
 which he was exposed presented no hope of a favourable 
 result, and that a retreat across the river before his 
 present enemy, appeared likely to prove a still more 
 diastrous alternative. Amid these critical difficulties 
 the daring resolution was taken to decamp from his 
 present position, gain the rear of the enemy at Prince- 
 ton, overthrow the division posted in that town, and then 
 move upon New Brunswick, where a weak force 
 guarded the principal depots of the British army. 
 
 Accordingly, at one on the morning of the 3d of Jan- 
 uary, the camp-fires were renewed and the* guard 
 paraded as usual, but the army had silently begun its 
 movement upon Princeton, which was known to be 
 occupied by three British regiments under Colonel 
 Mawhood. At a short distance from the town, they 
 encountered two of these regiments, marching forward 
 in order to co-operate in the expected battle, and a warm 
 engagement immediately commenced. The American 
 general was well aware that the existence of the republic 
 hung suspended in the scale of victory, and he exerted 
 himself as one who knew the importance of the object, and 
 felt that success depended upon his efforts. Wherever 
 the fire was hottest, or the press of battle most fearful, 
 Washington was sure to be found guiding the thunders 
 of war, and animating all by his language and example. 
 At length the British line was broken and the two regi- 
 ments separated. Colonel jNIawhood, with the division. 
 
106 BATTLE OF BRANDYWINE. 
 
 in the van, pushed rapidly forward for the main army, 
 while the other regiment, cut off from this point of 
 support, fled in confusion across the fields to New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 The Americans now pressed the remaining- regi- 
 ment, which, at first, attempted a defence in the college ; 
 but this was soon abandoned, and those who were not 
 captured, escaped only by a precipitate flight. The 
 British loss amounted to one hundred killed and three 
 hundred prisoners ; the conquerors had to lament the 
 death of General Mercer, an experienced officer, much 
 respected by the commander-in-chief 
 
 The distant roar of the American artillery at Prince- 
 ton, first announced to Corn wal lis the escape of his active 
 adversary. Alarmed for the safety of his magazines, he 
 instantly broke up from the Assumpinck, and commenced 
 a forced march upon New Brunswick ; moving with 
 such celerity, as nearly to overtake the American rear 
 at Princeton. Washington, finding it impossible to take 
 the stores by surprise, retired with his army to winter 
 quarters at Morristown ; while the British concentrated 
 their forces at Amboy and New Brunswick. 
 
 During the spring of 1777, Washington's masterly 
 manoeuvres prevented the enemy, though possessing a 
 vastly superior force, from advancing to Philadelphia by 
 land. General Howe, therefore, changed his plan of 
 operations, and determined to attack the city from the 
 south. He sailed for the Chesapeake, and landed at the 
 head of Elk River. Washington, as soon as the arrival 
 of the fleet in the Chesapeake was known, pushed for- 
 ward with his army, and opposed the enemy at Chad's 
 Ford, on the Brandywine. 
 
 On the 11th of September, Howe divided his troops 
 into two divisions, and gave the command of one to 
 Cornwallis, and of the other to Knyphausen. Knyp- 
 hausen with his column, advanced to Chad's Ford, as if 
 to force his passage across the stream. The other 
 division, under Cornwallis, crossed the Brandywine at 
 the forks, and advanced with the intention of turning the 
 American right. General Sullivan, who commanded 
 
RETREAT TO PHILADELPHIA. 107 
 
 Battle of Brandywine. 
 
 that wing of the army marched up the bank of the creek 
 to meet the enemy. About half-past four, before he had 
 sufficient time to form his line, he was attacked by 
 Cornwallis. The attack was severe, and the line not 
 being entirely formed, those on the right broke and fled, 
 while the remainder were exposed on the flank as well 
 as the front. General Greene now advanced with the 
 reserve, and covering Sullivan's retreat, checked the 
 pursuit. Knyphausen now made a real attack on Chad's 
 Ford ; but General Wayne who was left by Washington 
 to defend the pass, hearing of the ill-success of the first 
 conflict, effected an orderly retreat. That night Wash- 
 ington retired with his whole force to Chester, and, the 
 next morning continued his retreat to Philadelphia. 
 
 In the battle of Brandywine, the continental army lost 
 three hundred killed, and six hundred wounded, of whom 
 between three and four hundred were taken prisoners. 
 The British loss was stated by Howe at one hundred 
 killed and four hundred wounded. In this battle General 
 La Fayette first served in the American cause. In the. 
 
108 
 
 BATTLE OF GERMANTOVVN. 
 
 early part of the action he received a wound in the leg-, 
 but he continued in the field cheering his men till the 
 battle was decided. 
 
 Washington, convinced by the result of this engage- 
 ment that general battles were to be avoided in the un- 
 disciplined state of his army, now left Philadelphia to its 
 late. On the 26th of September, Sir William Howe 
 entered the city. His army vvas principally stationed at 
 Germantown, about six miles from Philadelphia. 
 
 Washington, whose lofty spirit was never discouraged 
 by adverse fortune, determined to make an attack upon 
 this post. The plan vvas well conceived, but accidental 
 causes rendered it unsuccessful. A severe action took 
 place, in which the loss of the Americans was double 
 that of the British, 
 
 On the 22d of October, the British made a combined 
 attack, by land and water upon Forts Mifflin and Red 
 Bank, which commanded the passage of the river below 
 Philadelphia. The attack was made and sustained with 
 great gallantry, until night separated the combatants, 
 when the enemy retired with great loss. The next 
 morning the action re-commenced; but at length the 
 British withdrew, after setting fire to two of their ships 
 which had grounded the previous evening. 
 
 On the 10th of November, the attack was renewed on 
 Fort Mifflin by the whole disposable force of the British ; 
 but, the Americans within it, under the command of 
 Colonel Samuel Smith, though their guns were nearly all 
 dismounted, their block-houses and palisades beaten 
 down, and themselves wearied out by the necessity for 
 unremitting exertion, held the post until it was no longer 
 tenable; and on the 16th, after a protracted contest of 
 six days, the garrison was withdrawn undercover of the 
 night. 
 
 An overvvhelmning force was sent under Lord Corn- 
 wallis to attack Fort Mercer on Red Bank. On the ap- 
 proach of this great force the fort was evacuated by the 
 garrison ; and the British army was put into full com- 
 munication with their fleet, and secured in their posses- 
 sion of Philadelphia. 
 
SURREKDER OF BURGOYNE. 109 
 
 During" the progress of these operations, events had 
 occurred in the northern part of the United States, emi- 
 nently beneficial to the American cause. For the pur- 
 pose of openinoc a communication between New York 
 and Canada, and cutting off the intercourse between the 
 eastern and southern states, a force of upwards of ten 
 thousand men, under General Burgoyne, advanced by 
 way of Lake Champlain, tovvards Alhany, in June, 1777. 
 Their f.rst operations were higlily successful. Ticonde- 
 YOga, garrisoned by above three thousand men, surren- 
 dered after a short siege ; and, notwithstanding the 
 obstacles thrown in his way by the provmcials, Burgoyne 
 reached the Hudson, within thirty-six miles of Albany. 
 The aspect of affairs, however, soon changed. The 
 American army, under General Gates, was stationed in 
 his front, and the patriotism of the people rendered sup- 
 plies of provisions very precarious. A body of Hessians, 
 in number about five hundred, which had been des- 
 patched by Burgoyne to seize some stores of provisions 
 at Bennington, was attacked by General Starke, with 
 about an equal number of the neighbouring militia. 
 The greater part of the Hessian detachments was cap- 
 tured, and many were killed or wounded. A reinforce- 
 ment, which was sent by Burgoyne, met with the same 
 fate from the hands of these gallant yeomanry. Afler 
 vainly endeavouring to retreat, and after two actions, 
 in which his best troops were defeated by the Americans, 
 General Burgoyne surrendered his whole army at Sara- 
 toga, on the 17th of October. This memorable event 
 proved of the utmost importance to the cause of inde- 
 pendence. It gave confidence to the people, afforded a 
 supply of the munitions of war, and produced a powerful 
 effect upon the dispositions of foreign governments. 
 Soon after the intelligence reached Europe, a treaty of 
 alliance was concluded between the United States and 
 France, in pursuance of which a fleet and army were 
 despatched to the assistance of the Americans. Fortu- 
 nately for the British, the French fleet had an unusually 
 long" passage to the Delaware ; otherwise, it is probable 
 that Sir William Howe's armv, which continued in the 
 
no 
 
 BAROr* STEUBE.V. 
 
 Burgoyne's Encampment on the Hudson. 
 
 vicinity of Philadelphia until June, 1777, would have 
 shared the fate of Burgoyne's. The preceding winter 
 had been spent by Washington and his army in a hutted 
 encampment at Valley Forge, Here they endured, 
 with the most heroic fortitude, sufferings and privations, 
 under a small part of which mere mercenaries would 
 have sunk. While they occupied this encampment, 
 the Baron Steuben, formerly an aid-de-camp to Frede- 
 rick the Great, arrived and offered his services to Con- 
 gress. They were most thankfully received, and, on 
 the recommendation of Washington, he was appointed 
 Inspector-General of the army, with the rank of Major- 
 General. His long military practice in the Prussian 
 
BBTREAT OF THE BRITISH. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Baron Steuben Drilling the American Army. 
 
 service, eminently qualified him for this office, and he 
 proceeded at once to commence his duties. After ex- 
 pending great toil and patience in the training of the 
 troops, he at length brought them to such a state of 
 discipline as would not suffer in comparison with that 
 of the best troops of Europe. 
 
 The stubborn resolution of the AniPricans bore them 
 out in the great privations at Valley Forge, and on the 
 retreat of the British, they advanced with alacrity in 
 pursuit. Their numbers and state of discipline, were 
 not yet, however, such as to authorize Washinjrton to 
 lead them into a general engaoement; and, except at 
 Monmouth, where a partial action tonk place, to the 
 advantage of ihe Americans, the British reached New 
 York without much loss. 
 
 Durintj the remainder of the year 1778, no other 
 pvent of importance occurred, than an attempt on Rhode 
 Island, by the Americans under Gcner;il Sullivan ; 
 which failed, owing to the want of tlie promised co-ope- 
 ration on the part of the French admin 1. 
 
 The year 1779 was chiefly passed by the British in 
 
112 STORMING OF STONY POINT. 
 
 marauding excursions. Plunder and revenge appeared 
 to be their object ; and havoc, and misery, and desolation, 
 marked their footsteps. Their excesses awakened a 
 tierce spirit of resentment in the American people, and 
 added to the number of the republican army. The prin- 
 cipal operations of the hostile armies were in the 
 Southern States. Owing to the total want of prepara- 
 tion, Savannah, and the whole state of Georgia, fell an 
 easy conquest to the British troops under Colonel Camp- 
 ])ell. General Lincoln defended South Carolina with 
 great obstinacy, and various success, until the middle of 
 September 1779, when the arrival of the French fleet 
 under Count D'Estaing, encouraged the Americans to 
 drive back their assailants, and with the help of the 
 French to undertake the siege of Savannah. The enter- 
 prise failed, owing to a hurried and premature attempt 
 to carry the place by storm ; but it was conducted with 
 extreme gallantry, and only abandoned after heavy 
 losses. 
 
 The only event of importance in the north during this 
 year, was the surprisal of the strong post at Stony Point, 
 which was carried by assault by a small body of Ameri- 
 cans headed by the gallant General Wayne. He entered 
 the place at night, with fixed bayonets, and captured the 
 whole British garrison without discharging a single 
 musket. 
 
 It was about this time that General Putnam, being 
 reconnoitering with a party of one hundred and fifty 
 men, at a place called Horse Neck, was surprised by 
 the approach of General Tryon with fifteen hundred men. 
 After vainly attempting to retard the enemy's advance, 
 he ordered his men to retire into a neighbouring swamp, 
 and then, putting spurs to his horse, he dashed fear- 
 lessly down the stone stairs, at that place. These stairs 
 consisted of nearly one hundred steps, cut out of the 
 solid rock, for the accommodation of foot-passengers 
 who should wish to take a siiort way to a church, or 
 the top of the hill. The British dragoons were afraid 
 to follow him. A volley of musketry was poured after 
 him witliout effect, one ball only passing through his 
 
CAFrUliE OF THE SERAPIS. 
 
 113 
 
 '-f-^' 
 
 Capture of Stony Point. 
 
 hat. He rode to Stamford, from which he soon re- 
 turned with reinforcements, and harassed Try on on his 
 retreat. 
 
 In the summer of 1780, four vessels were fitted out by 
 the American commissioners at Paris, and the command 
 ^iven to John Paul Jones. With two of these vessels, 
 the Bon Homme Richard of forty gfuns, and the Pallas 
 of thirty-two, he encountered on the evening of the 23d 
 of September, off Flamboroug-h Head, the British fri- 
 gates Serapis of forty, and the Countess of Scarborough 
 of twenty guns. The action commenced about seven 
 o'clock, and continued with unremitting fury till half- 
 past ten, when the Serapis surrendered to Jones, whc 
 10* 
 
114 CAPTURE OF THE COUNTESS OF SCARBOROUGH. 
 
 Action of Bon Homme Richard and Serapis. 
 
 immediately took possession of her, his own ship being 
 in a sinking condition. In the meantime the Pallas had 
 captured the Countess of Scarborough. This double en- 
 gagement took place on a moonlight night, very near 
 Flamborough Head, and was witnessed by thousands of 
 spectators who had been drawn together by the noise of 
 the cannonading. The Bon Homme Richard went down 
 on the 25th, when Jones sailed for Holland with his 
 prizes. Besides these two vessels, in this short cruise, 
 this gallant sailor took prizes estimated to be worth 
 more than 40,000?. He was honoured with the thanks of 
 Congress, and a gold medal was struck to commemorate 
 his victory. 
 
BATTLE OF CAMDEN. 115 
 
 Commodore Paul Jones. 
 
 In 1780, the war was continued with vig'our, in the 
 South. A large force was despatched by the British to 
 Carolina. Charleston was compelled to surrender, and 
 a great part of the country overrun by the invaders. 
 To relieve the inhabitants, Congress despatched General 
 Gates with a respectable force. He unfortunately re- 
 solved to fight a general battle, and was totally defeated 
 by Cornwallis, at Camden, when many gallant and 
 faithful soldiers perished, among whom was the deeply- 
 lamented and brave old soldier. Baron de Kalb. 
 
 Cornwallis then directed his views to the conquest of 
 North Carolina; but his plans were frequently retarded 
 and frustrated by the successes of Sumpter, Marion, and 
 other distinguished partizans, and the indomitable courage 
 of the inhabitants. Gates was succeeded in this com- 
 mand by General Greene, whose talents soon restored 
 hope to the Americans. By dint of great exertions, he 
 collected together the appearance of an army, with 
 which he was enabled to make head against the British. 
 
 In September of this year, a traitorous attempt, on the 
 
116 REVOLT AMONG THE TROOPS. 
 
 part of General Arnold, to deliver up the important post 
 of West Point to the British, was fortunately counter- 
 acted. Arnold escaped to the enemy; but Major Andre, 
 a British officer, the accomplice of his treason, was taken 
 and deservedly hanged. 
 
 In January, 1781, a brilliant victory was gained by 
 General Morgan, at the Covvpens, with an army inferior 
 in force to the British, and composed, in a great measure 
 of militia. The efforts of Cornwall is to recover the 
 prisoners and to attack the American army in detail, 
 were foiled by Greene's celebrated retreat into Virginia, 
 when, being joined by reinforcements, he found himself 
 strong enough to re-enter North Carolina, and engage in 
 a pitched battle with Cornwallis at Guilford court-house. 
 The heavy loss sustained in this action, and the scanti- 
 ness of supplies, compelled Cornwallis to abandon the 
 upper country, and finally to retreat to Wilmington, on 
 the coast. 
 
 General Greene, who had hitherto preserved Virginia 
 as the basis of his operations, then formed the daring re- 
 solution of carrying the war into South Carolina ; upon 
 which, after some hesitation, Cornwallis marched upon 
 Virginia, where the traitor Arnold had already landed, 
 and commenced his work of invasion and desolation. 
 
 During the winter of 1780-81, Washington obtained 
 from Congress permission to enlist soldiers for the whole 
 war, with the important encouragement of a half-pay 
 provision for the officers during life. 
 
 Washington's army retired into winter quarters in the 
 early part of December. The Pennsylvania line oc- 
 cupied a station near Morristown ; the Jersey troops lay 
 around Pompton ; those from New England were sta- 
 tioned on both sides of the Hudson, at and near West 
 Point; and the New York line continued at Albany, for 
 the purpose of resisting any movement from the side of 
 Canada. 
 
 In January, 1781, the most disastrous consequences 
 were apprehended from a general revolt of the Pennsyl- 
 vania line, and another among the troops of New Jersey. 
 The first was appeased by concessions imprudently made 
 
RETREAT OF LA FAYETTE. 117 
 
 by Congress to armed mutineers; the second, produced 
 by the impunity of the former, was quelled by the 
 decision and vigorous severity of the commander-in- 
 chief. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton endeavoured to turn these dis- 
 contents to the advantage of the royal cause. It v.'as 
 creditable to tiie soldiers that they iuimediately arrested 
 tlie British emissc^ries, and scornfully rejected all prof- , 
 fers of assistance. ' The creat distress of the army, and > 
 the growing discontent of the people, sprang from the 
 same cause; it was the system of forced requisitions, 
 vv'itiiout which no supplies could be obtained for die 
 American forces. 
 
 Washington saw that tlie two armies were so strongly 
 posted, and so nearly equal in point of strength, that no 
 important movements could be effected on either side. 
 He accordingly directed his plans to the south, where he 
 saw the possibility of striking a decisive blow against 
 the British army in Virginia. La Fayette marched 
 with twelve hundred men to the head of the Chesapeake, 
 and, though disappointed in the expected co-operation of 
 the French fleet, he proceeded southward, with the ut- 
 most celerity, to the seat of war. The royal troops, 
 gfreatly increased by the arrival of reinforcements, were 
 engaged in overrunning the whole state, committing 
 everywhere the most wanton devastation of private pro- 
 perty. The immediate junction of Cornwallis and 
 Arnold formed an army not to be resisted by the power 
 of the Americans ; and La Fa.yette, after a bold advance, 
 was obliged to fall back. This able retreat was con- 
 ducted with judgment, and happily effected with a large 
 proportion of his military stores, notwithstanding the 
 exulting boast of the British general that " the boy could 
 not escape him." 
 
 General Wayne advanced with fresh troops from the 
 north ; and afler some sharp conflicts, Cornwallis sus- 
 pended active operations by retreating to Portsmouth. 
 
 When an official communication was received, prom- 
 ising the early arrival of the Count De Grasse with a 
 large naval armament, Washington and Rochambeau 
 
118 
 
 WASHINGTON MOVES SOUTH. 
 
 La Fayette's Retreat. 
 
 resolved to effect a junction and to operate against New 
 York. That city was protected by a force of 11,000 
 men, under Sir Henry Clinton. On the 6th of July, the 
 allied armies rnet at Dobb's Ferry on the North River. 
 Large reinforcements, however, arriving to the British 
 at New York, and the fact that the arrangements of the 
 Count De Grasse would allow but a short time for co- 
 operation on the coast of America, determined Wash- 
 ington to turn his whole attention to the soutli. 
 
 La Fayette was ordered to assume such a position as 
 would prevent Cornwallis from rctreatinsr to Charleston. 
 He accordingly took post on James River, while the 
 British general fortified himself at Yorktown, and 
 Gloucester Point, with all his disposable forces. Towards 
 the end of August, the Count De Grasse entered the 
 Chesapeake and landed the JSIarquis St. Simon, with a 
 strong body of French soldiers. The arrival of the 
 
SIEGE OF YORKTOWN. 119 
 
 British admiral Graves brouglit on an indecisive naval 
 battle, which was followed by some movements ending 
 in the return of the British fleet to New York. 
 
 Washington's movement to the south was managed 
 with such caution, that his design was not suspected 
 until he had almost reached the Delaware, and was far 
 beyond tiie reach of interruption. He had with him the 
 whole French force, with more than two thousand of 
 the continentals, leaving the defence of the Hudson to 
 General Heath. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton then used his utmost exertions to 
 support Cornwallis, both by direct assistance and diver- 
 sions to the north. One of these latter operations pro- 
 duced the capture and destruction of New London, by 
 the traitor Arnold. 
 
 The allies proceeded down the Chesapeake, and on 
 the 25th of September the last division of the army 
 landed on the shores of James River, soon after which 
 the siege of the British position was commenced in 
 form. The Chesapeake was blockaded by the French 
 fleet under the Count De Grasse. Including militia, 
 the besiegers numbered about sixteen thousand men. 
 
 Yorktown is situated on the southern side of York 
 River, a broad river in which a ship of the line can lie 
 in safety. On the north bank, opposite to the town, is 
 Gloucester Point, a long neck of land running far into 
 the river, and approaching within a mile of Yorktown. 
 These positions were both fortified by the British, the 
 communications being preserved by batteries and several 
 vessels of war. The works at Gloucester Point were 
 occupied by about six hundred men, under Lieutenant 
 Colonel Dundas, who was afterwards reinforced by Tarle- 
 ton. The main British army lay encamped around 
 York, under cover of outer redoubts and field-works. 
 
 The French general, De Choisy, was detached to 
 blockade Gloucester. At his first approach, a brisk ac- 
 tion was commenced, in which the British were worsted 
 and compelled to retire within their fortifications. 
 
 On the 28th, the allies advanced by different roads 
 10 occupy the ground fixed upon. The British picquete 
 and cavalry were driven in, and a further movement, on 
 
120 
 
 BIEOE OF YORKTOWN. 
 
 Siege of Yorktown. 
 
 the next day, induced Cornwallis to abandon his outer 
 lines. On the night of the 6th of October, the trenches 
 of the first parallel were commenced, within six hun- 
 dred yards of the works ; and several redoubts and bat- 
 teries were completed by the 9th and 10th. The fire 
 of the besiegers then became so heavy that scarcely a 
 shot was returned, and the Charon, of forty-four guns, 
 with three large transports, was destroyed by shells and 
 red-hot balls. 
 
 The high spirit of emulation and esteem that ex- 
 isted between the allies, produced the most beneficial 
 effects upon the activity of all operations. On the night 
 of the eleventh, the distance of the belligerents was re- 
 duced one-half by the commencement of the second 
 parallel ; but the fire of the besieged then became de- 
 structive, from several newly opened embrasures, and 
 particularly from two advanced redoubts. The 14th 
 was marked by the simultaneous storm of these two 
 
SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS. 121 
 
 outworks, — the one by the Americans, under La Fay- 
 ette, — the other by the French troops under the BMrori 
 De Vionienil. Not a single shot was returned by thf 
 assailants: they advanced intrepidly under the ene- 
 my's fire, and took possession of the works at the point 
 of the bayonet. The redoubts were immediately in- 
 cluded in the parallel, and the cannon turned on ihesr 
 former masters. 
 
 Cornwallis now plainly saw that the fire of the new 
 works would render hio position untenable. A sally 
 was attempted for the purpose of destroy in"- the two 
 batteries, but the troops were compelled to return with- 
 out effectinfT their object. The enterprising' commander 
 then formed the daring- resolution of crossing the river 
 at night, with effectives only — routing- De Choisy at 
 Gloucester Point — and then pushing, by forced marches, 
 for New York. This movement was in full progresSj 
 when a storm dispersed the boats and returned the 
 British general to his former desperate situation. 
 
 On the morning of the 17th, Cornwallis asked for a 
 cessation of hostilities, and negotiations commenced for 
 a capitulation. On the 19th, the posts of Yorktown 
 and Gloucester Point surrendered to General Wash- 
 ington, with the garrisons, exceeding 7,000 men, and 
 all the military stores. The shipping and seamen were 
 yielded to the Count De Grasse. The loss of the 
 British, during the siege, was above five hundred ; that 
 of the allies was about three hundred, in killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 General Greene was in the midst of a skilful and 
 active campaign, marked by the sanguinary battles of 
 Hobkirk's Hill, and the Eutaws, in which the fortune of 
 America was gradually advancing to the ascendant. 
 The conquest of York and the surrender of Corn- 
 wallis, however, was the crowning glory of the war, 
 and was decisive of the contest. The British govern- 
 ment, finding that all its efforts to reduce its former 
 colonies to submission were ineffectual, reluctantly 
 acknowledged their independence by a treaty signed 
 on the 23d of September, 178.3. 
 11 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 The United States. 
 
 The successful issue of a conflict with so powerful a 
 nation as Great Britain, was highly flattering to the 
 national pride of the people of the United States, and 
 gave them an elevated rank in the eyes of foreign na- 
 tions. The mere estahlishment of their independence^ 
 however, they soon found was far from being sufficient 
 to ensure their prosperity. The expenses of the war 
 had created a debt of many millions, which remained 
 to be paid. An excessive is^ue of paper currency had 
 taken place, and produced the necessary consequence 
 upon the public wealth and morals ; and the system of 
 confederation, which, even with the enthusiasm with 
 which it was upheld, during the war, had been found 
 inefficient now, when the impulse arising from a com- 
 mon danger no longer operated, became merely a nomi- 
 nal bond. The recommendations of Congress, though 
 supported by the most urgent reasons, were generally 
 disregarded ; the country was drained of its specie to 
 pay for foreign goods ; the value of the public stock 
 sunk to two shillings in the pound, in consequence of 
 the want of funds to pay the interest, and everything 
 indicated a dissolution of the confederacy, and approach- 
 ing anarchy. This alarming state of things excited in 
 the friends of order an earnest desire for a change in 
 the confederation. At the instance of the legislature 
 of Virginia, commissioners from five of the states as- 
 sembled at Annapolis in 1786, who, having taken the 
 subject of the commercial difficulties into consideration, 
 proposed a meeting of delegates from each state for the 
 purpose of revising the confedrration. On the 19th of 
 May, 17S7, they convened at Philadelphia, and, on the 
 17th of September, laid before Congress the result of 
 their labours. Thev declared that, in all their delibera- 
 
 (122) 
 
WASHINGTON — ADAMS. 123 
 
 tions, they had kept steadily in view the consolidation 
 of the Union, in which is involved the public prosperity 
 and safety, and they expressed an ardent wish that the 
 constitution they iiad formed might promote the last- 
 ing welfare, and secure the freedom and happiness of 
 the country, so dear to all. These views and desires 
 were happily accomplished. By that admirable con- 
 stitution the ties of union between the states were 
 drawn closer, the republic was rendered more Ibrmida- 
 hle to other nations, and the general government gained 
 the requisite power and authority in its internal con- 
 cerns, without drawing too largely upon the liberties of 
 the people. Public opinion, however, was divided on 
 the question of its adoption or rejection. The subject 
 was discussed with great warmth and ability on either 
 side ; conventions were called in each state. In some, 
 the ratification of the constitution was obtained with 
 difficulty; and it was not finally adopted by the little 
 state of Rhode Island until after the lapse of two years. 
 Eleven states having ratified it, the government went 
 into operation in 1789. 
 
 However discordant the opinions of the American 
 public in relation to the constitution, there was but one 
 sentiment with regard to the individual by whom the 
 office of president should be first filled. All eyes were 
 turned upon Him by whom the liberties of the country 
 had been vindicated in the field, and who, at the close 
 of the contest, had retired to private life, without a 
 stain upon the purity of his character. Washington 
 was unanimously chosen President, and accepted the 
 office with unfeigned reluctance. John Adams was 
 chosen Vice President. The beneficial effects of the 
 new system of government, administered, as it was, b}^ 
 such men, were soon perceived. Trade revived, confi- 
 dence was restored, and the condition of the people sen- 
 sibly improved. During the war that arose out of the 
 French revolution, the United States remained neutral. 
 The wise policy of Washington discouraged all pro- 
 ceedings tending to involve the country in a contest 
 with either party. 
 
1^ 
 
 WAYNikS VICTORY. 
 
 General Wayne, 
 
 The feelings of a large portion of the community were 
 warmly enlisted on the side of France, and would have 
 urged the nation into hostilities with England. The 
 neutral course pursued by the government met with op- 
 position, and increased the hostility of the two parties, 
 which, under the names of republicans and federalists, 
 have so long divided the nation. In consequence of the 
 hostility of the Indians, who, after defeating General 
 St. Clair, were finally routed and dispersed by General 
 Wayne, some additional regiments were raised, to sup- 
 port which an excise was laid on whiskey. An insur- 
 rection broke out in some of the western counties of Penn- 
 sylvania, which, however, the energy and prudence of the 
 <:overnment soon suppressed. Washington was unani- 
 
CAPTURE OF l'iNSUROENTE. 12t) 
 
 inously re-elected to the presidency in 1793; and on the 
 approach of the period at which this second term ex- 
 pired, declined a re-election, in a farewell letter vvhioii 
 breathes the purest patriotism and the warmest affection 
 for his beloved country. 
 
 He was succeeded in office by John Adams, a dietin- 
 guished actor in the Revolution. During' his presuleticy, 
 the French revolutionary crovernment, disappointed m 
 the object of engag-ing- the United States in the war with 
 England, pursued a course of insult and aggression 
 towards them, which ended in hostilities. The Ameri- 
 can administration had forborne for a long time, but at 
 length adopted measures of retaliation and defence. A 
 provisional army of regular troops was established, and 
 the navy was increased by several frigates. Washing- 
 ton was appointed by the unanimous consent of the 
 Senate, lieutenant-general, and commander-in-chief of 
 the armies of the United States. This illustrious citizen 
 died shortly afterwards, leaving behind the character of 
 tlie most pure and faultless of patriots. When informa- 
 tion of his death reached Congress, resolutions expres- 
 sive of the national grief fur a public loss were passed ; 
 and it was recommended to the people of the United 
 States to wear crape for thirty days, a measure which 
 was universally adopted. Hostilities between the United 
 States and France continued only a few months, and 
 were altogether confined to the ocean. Two severe 
 and well-fought actions took place between frigates, in 
 both of which the Americans were victorious. The first, 
 between the frigate Constellation of thirty-eight guns, 
 and the French frigate L'lnsurofente of about equal force, 
 in which the latter was captured; the second was be- 
 tween the same American frigate, and La Vengeance 
 of superior force, which made her escape in the night, 
 after having, it was believed, struck her colours. 
 
 In 1801, a revolution took place in the administration 
 of public affairs. The Republican party having be- 
 come the majority, succeeded in electing their candi- 
 date, Mr. Jefferson, to the presidency, in opposition to 
 Mr. Adams. During the first term of his official ca- 
 11* 
 
£20 AG(JRESSIONS ON AMERICAN COMMERCE. 
 
 reer, the United States enjoyed a sin^jfular degree of 
 coinniercial prosperity, while the benefits of free insti- 
 tutions were visible in the elevated character and happy 
 condition of the people. The European war, a cessa- 
 tion of which had taken i)lace, was renewed, after a 
 short broathiny- time, in 1803. The principal bellige- 
 rents, whose wide-spread schemes of hostility towards 
 each other had, during the administrations of preceding 
 presidents, occasionally depredated on neutrals, began 
 about 1800, to display a more otfensive demeanor. By 
 their neutral position, the United States had gained a 
 great accession of wealth, and excited the jealousies of 
 the English, who saw them becoming the carriers of 
 pr(xluce between France and her colonies. To coun- 
 teract this commerce, the law of nations was disregard- 
 ed, and neutral rights violated by the British govern- 
 ment. For the purpose of cutting otf the entire trade 
 with France, they declared t!ie greater part of the 
 Frencii coa.-t in a state of blockade, without pursuing 
 the ancient mode of stationing a naval armament to 
 enforce iL The emperor Napoleon retaliated by an 
 edict of a similar nature, the execution of which was 
 evidently impracticable in the state of tlie French ma- 
 rine, 'l^he English then issued their memorable orders, 
 in council, by which they presumed to forbid any trade 
 whatever with France or her dependencies; and in a 
 subsequent decree, Napoleon declared all neutral ves- 
 sels denationalized which should sutfer themselves to 
 be visited by a vessel of war. In these hostile proceed- 
 ings, the English were plainly the aggressors. They 
 had, besides, outraged the national dignity of the United 
 States, by an unprovoked attack upon the frigate Chesa- 
 peake ; by the tVequent impressment of American sea- 
 men, and by the hostile and insulting demeanor of their 
 vessels of war, stationed at the mouths of American 
 harbours, to enforce their orders in council. Remon- 
 strances were tried in vain; and Congress resolved that 
 the nation could not submit without a surrender of in- 
 dependence. The country was not, however, prepared 
 for war ; and although the aggressions of the English 
 
THE NON-INTERCOURSE ACT. 127 
 
 far surpassed those of France in violence and magni- 
 tude, yet the wrono-s inflicted by the latter could not be 
 passed over without notice. A system of restrictions 
 upon commerce, which should operate towards both 
 belligerents, was therefore attempted. In December, 
 1807, an embargo was laid on all American vessels, the 
 restrictions of which were enforced by several subse- 
 quent acts. After the experience of upwards of a year,i 
 and when it was supposed by many that this measure' 
 was producing the desired etfect in Europe, Congress, 
 yielding to the earnest petitions of the commercial in- 
 terest, re[)eale(i the embargo law, and substituted an act 
 interdictmg the conunercial intercourse with both Great 
 Britain and France ; but giving to the President au- 
 thority to remove the restriction in case of an amicable 
 arrangement. 
 
 In the year 1809, Mr. Jefferson having declined a re- 
 election, James Madison was chosen President, and, at 
 the same time George Clinton was re-chosen Vice Pre- 
 sident. In April an arrangement was made with Mr. 
 Erskine, the British minister, by which the latter engaged 
 on the part of his government, for the repeal of the ob- 
 noxious orders, and the President consented, on the 
 other hand, to the renewal of the commercial intercourse 
 between tlie two countries. The British government, 
 however, did not think proper to ratify this act of their 
 minister, on the ground of its having been concluded 
 witiiout sufficient authority. The non-intercourse with 
 Great Britain was consequently renewed. Mr. Erskine 
 was succeeded in iiis ftmctions of ambassador by Mr. 
 Jackson, memorable for having been the diplomatist at 
 the attack upon Copenhagen. This person having, soon 
 after the commencement of his correspondence with the 
 secretary of state, ofiered a gross insult to the govern- 
 ment, the President declined any further correspondence 
 with him, and desired his recall. His government sub- 
 sequently recalled him, but only to promote him to 
 another station. In August, 1810, the French govern- 
 ment officially announced to the American minister at 
 Paris, that the Berlin and Milan decrees would cease to 
 
128 BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE. 
 
 Operate on the 1st of November ensuing. The President 
 accordino-ly issued a proclamation on the 2d of Novem- 
 ber, declaring- that the intercourse between the United 
 States and France might be lawfully renewed. In 
 May, 1811, the British sloop of war Little Belt, one 
 of the many armed vessels which that government 
 had stationed on the American coast to harass the 
 American commerce, had the audacity to fire upon the 
 United States frigate President. A few shots from the 
 latter were sufficient to cripple her. Indian hostilities, 
 stimulated by the British, were added to this source 
 of provocation. In November of the same year, an 
 action was fought at Tippecanoe, between an army of 
 regulars and militia, commanded by Governor Harrison, 
 and a large body of Indians, in which the latter were 
 defeated, with the loss of upwards of one hundred and 
 seventy, killed and wounded. 
 
 The European belligerents still persisted in their 
 system of spoliation. After the revocation of the Berlin 
 and Milan decrees, the French captured forty-five of 
 our vessels. From 1807, till 1812, the British took three 
 hundred and eighty-nine of our vessels, which, with five 
 hundred and twenty-eight taken between 1803 and 1807, 
 made a total of nine hundred and seventeen captured by 
 them in ten years. In the opinion of a majority of ths 
 nation, war was necessary to redress these wrongs. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 The War of 1812. 
 
 The system of restrictions upon commerce was con- 
 tinued until 1812, when the increasing outrages of Great 
 Britain called for more decided and effective measures. 
 With a view to hostilities, the President was authorized 
 to augment tlie number of the regular army. Volunteers 
 
SURRENDER OF HULL. 121) 
 
 were accepted, and the few frigates belonging" to the navy 
 were ordered to be fitted out. War was declared on the 
 18th of June, 1812, having been recommended by the 
 President, in a message to both houses. Notwitiistand- 
 ing the length of time in which hostilities had been 
 meditated, they were conunenced with a very imperfect 
 state of preparation on the part of the Americans. An 
 addition to the regular army, of 25,0()() men, had been 
 authorized; but few of them had been enlisted; and 
 few persons were found sufficiently acquainted with mili- 
 tary science to act as officers. The volunteers and 
 militia were undisciplined, however zealous and patri- 
 otic. In consequence of these imperfect preparations, 
 and the want of sufficient foresight in other respects on 
 ilie part of the government, the first operations of the 
 war were marked by singular ill-success. 
 
 An army, composed principally of volunteers and 
 militia, under the command of General Hull, invaded 
 Canada from the Michigan territory, in July ; and, after 
 a brief possession of a portion of the enemy's country, 
 fell back to Detroit. The British, having the command 
 of the lake, immediately cut off his communication with 
 the state of Ohio, from which he had derived his sup- 
 plies. Two attempts made to open the route failed of 
 success. In this situation, a British force, under Gene- 
 ral Brock, advanced against the American troops; and, 
 without waiting an attack. General Hull surrendered his 
 army prisoners of war. He was afterwards tried by a 
 court martial and condemned to be shot. The President 
 approved the sentence, but remitted the punishment in 
 consequence of the age and revolutionary services of the 
 general. 
 
 On the Niagara frontier, the operations of the Ame- 
 ricans were almost equally unfortunate. About one 
 thousand troops, commanded by General Van Rensse- 
 laer, crossed the river in November, and attacked the 
 British at Queenstown. They were at first successful, 
 having beaten the enemy with the bayonet; but not re- 
 ceiving the expected reinforcements, and their retreat 
 
130 
 
 CONSTITUTION AND GUERRIKRE. 
 
 Constitution and Guerriere. 
 
 to the opposite shore heing cut off, they were, after a 
 long- and obstinate engagement, compelled to surrender. 
 The disappointment arising from the failure of these 
 military enterprises, was amply counterbalanced by the 
 glorious success of the American flag on the ocean, the 
 previous, and, as it had seemed, the peculiar theatre of 
 British triumph. On the 2Ulh of August, 1812, the 
 United States frigate Constitution, under the command 
 of Captain Hull, a nephew of the general who had in- 
 flicted so deep a disgrace upon his country's flag, fell in 
 with the British frigate Guerriere, of about equal force. 
 The latter advanced to the conflict, confident in the re- 
 putation of the British arms, and anticipating an easy 
 triumph over her opponent ; but in the space of thirty 
 minutes, the well-directed fire of the Constitution 
 placed her in a sinking state, and she was forced to 
 
Commodore Jones 
 
 surrender, with the loss of one hundred men, killed, 
 wounded, and missinor. On board the Constitution seven 
 only were killed, and seven wounded. 
 
 This brilliant exploit was followed by another of a 
 similar nature. On the 25th of October, the frigate 
 United States, commanded by Captain Decatur, en- 
 gaged the British frigate Macedonian, and, after an ac- 
 tion of an hour and a half, the duration of which was 
 prolonged by the manoeuvres of the enemy, compelled 
 her to surrender, with the loss of upwards of a hundred 
 killed and wounded. The Macedonian was sent into 
 the United States, and added to the navy. 
 
 In November, the British sloop of war Frolic was 
 captured, after a severe engagement with the American 
 sloop of war Wasp, of inferior force, commanded by 
 Captain (now Commodore) Jones. About thirty were 
 killed and fifty wounded, on board the Frolic. The 
 American loss was four killed and five wounded. 
 
 Before the close of this year, another brilliant victory 
 added lustre to the American arms. The frigate Con- 
 
132 
 
 CA.PTURE OF THE x; ACOCK. 
 
 Captain James Lawrence. 
 
 stitution, commanded by Commodore Bainbridge, being' 
 off the coast of Brazil, encountered the British frigate 
 Java, carrying an equal number of guns, but having a 
 larger number of men, there being on board, besides 
 her original crew of four hundred men, one hundred 
 supernumeraries, and several military passengers. A 
 warm action ensued, which continued about an hour, 
 when the fire of the Constitution reduced her oppo- 
 nent to an unmanageable wreck, and she struck her 
 colours. Her loss was very great, sixty having been 
 killed, and one hundred and twenty wounded. Of the 
 crew of the Constitution, nine were killed and twenty- 
 five wounded. It being found impossible to bring the 
 prize into port, she was destroyed by the captors. 
 
 Not long afterwards, the sloop of war Hornet, com- 
 manded by Captain James Lawrence, fell in with and 
 captured ';he British sloop of war Peacock, of superior 
 force, after an action of only fifteen minutes. 
 
 Feats of naval prowess were not confined to the pub- 
 lic ships of the United States. Privateers sailed from 
 
OPERATItuNS* ON 'i '^ LAKES. 133 
 
 every polt, and exhibited the c • ■ periority that was 
 displayed by the regular nav3% ., '-e the meeting of 
 Congress, in I\CYeml|l|t?^i(|^'^' and fifty vessels 
 
 had been captM-ed fiOfO^^tne ^.. ,j v^ore than three 
 
 thousand priso. -taken; up j.- .iity of those ves- 
 
 sels being armed, - 'ing neai 'x hundred '^ans. 
 
 The good effect ■; '-ese sp^^ id triumphs in pro- 
 moting confidence, sl ended beyond the ement 
 on which they had leei ained, A spirit was thereby 
 roused on land, vdifbh pioducii^pft^'^appy contrast to the 
 previous languor of desponderic^ In the western and 
 in the southern states, volunteer corps were everywhere 
 forming, and tendering their services to march to any 
 quarter of the Union. Great alacrity was shown in the 
 western section of Pennsylvania and Virginia; but this 
 patriotic zeal was the most conspicuously observable in 
 Kentucky, Ohio, and Tennessee. It was expected that, 
 before October, everything would be ready for a formida- 
 ble invasion of Canada; but, from an extraordinary 
 cause, there was experienced considerable disappoint- 
 ment. 
 
 Unfriendly to the war, particularly to its being made 
 offensive, the governors of Massachusetts, New Hamp- 
 shire, and Connecticut, refused to allow the militia of 
 those states to march under the requisition of the Presi- 
 dent. They declared that they were themselves the 
 proper judges, in accordance with the federal constitution, 
 of the necessity which might require them in the field. 
 Their refusal delayed for a short time the intended move- 
 ments, but did not depress the spirits of the troops 
 collected. 
 
 Nearly 10,000 men were at length embodied on the 
 northern lines ; and skilful sea-officers were employed 
 in forming a navy on Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Cham- 
 plain. The indefatigable exertions of Commodore 
 Chauncey in creating a fleet upon those inland seas, pro- 
 duced most beneficial results. During the revolutionary 
 war, tlie operations on the northern lakes extended not 
 beyond the contests of a few temporary gun-boats, or 
 inconsiderable schooners; but preparations were now 
 12 
 
134 
 
 making", from ■ 
 interesting ihi 
 ocean. 
 
 When Cong 
 of the seamen 
 army, as a fre 
 
 existing government. Party spirit rose to an alarming" 
 height; and, as usual, the members of the state legisla- 
 tures were not less under its influence in their public 
 than in their private relations. Mutual charges were 
 made, of French control, and improper submission to the 
 outrages of Britain. Some degree of justice was appa- 
 rent on the pacific side ; yet the advocates of war were 
 able to produce arguments equally meriting attention. 
 
 A proposal for an armistice, made by the governor of 
 Canada, had been thought inadmissible ; and a similar 
 offer, by a British admiral, was on the same principle 
 rejected : but, on the other hand, the American minister 
 at London had made a pacific overture, which proved 
 abortive ; and a mediation offered to the British govern- 
 ment, by the emperor of Russia, was equally ineffectual. 
 
 The military operations of the year 18]3 were pro- 
 ductive of alternate successes and reverses. After the 
 capture of Hull's army, the government immediately 
 called out detachments of the militia and volunteers from 
 Kentucky, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, and placed the whole 
 under the command of General William Henry Harrison. 
 The arrangements of this officer were well concerted to 
 obtain the object proposed in the first instance, the re- 
 covery of Detroit. 
 
 In pursuance of his plans, General Winchester was- 
 sent forward to the rapids of Miami, with about eight 
 hundred men, with directions to commence the building" 
 of huts. Early in January, he arrived at this post, and 
 formed a fortified camp ; but, hearing of an intended at- 
 tack upon Frenchtown, at the River Raisin, by the In- 
 dians, he moved forward to that place. 
 
 Here, on the morning of the 22d of January, he was 
 suddenly attacked by a large force of British and Indians, 
 commanded by Colonel Proctor. The Americans were 
 
MASSACRE OF THE AMERICANS. 135 
 
 Battle of Frenchtown. 
 
 surprised and surrounded ; and, though they fought with 
 coolness and courage, it was soon perceived to be in 
 vain to contend with the enemy's superior numbers. To 
 ^preserve those who had not already fallen, their general 
 eurrendered them prisoners of war, to the number of 
 about five hundred. After the battle, the British com- 
 menced their march to Maiden, leaving the unfortunate 
 prisoners in charge of the Indians, with wliose ferocious 
 disposition they were well acquainted. A most barba- 
 jous massacre ensued, and of those who escaped the 
 tomahawk or the flames, many were sold into captivity. 
 No effort was made by the British to save these unfor- 
 tunate soldiers, although Colonel Proctor had expressly 
 engaged that they should be protected. 
 
 On the Ontario frontiers, the American arms enjoyed 
 a brief advantage. York, the seat of government of 
 Upper Canada, being abandoned by the enemy, was 
 taken possession of by troops under the command of 
 General Dearborn, on the 27th of April. When the 
 
136 SIEGE OF FORT MEIGS. 
 
 Americans were within a short distance of the British 
 works, after they had driven before them the best of the 
 enemy's troops with the bayonet, an explosion took place, 
 from a magazine previously prepared for the purpose, by 
 which about one hmidred were killed, among whom 
 was the commander of the detachment, General Pike, 
 an officer of distinguished military talents and bravery, 
 whose loss was deeply lamented. His troops, undis- 
 mayed by the fall of their leader, or the new species of 
 enemy they had to contend with, gave loud cheers, and 
 pushed forward to avenge his death. Having destroyed 
 or removed most of the public stores, the army evacuated 
 York. 
 
 On the 2Tth of May, a detachment proceeded to at- 
 tack Fort George, which surrendered, after a sharp 
 contest, in which a superior force of British regulars 
 were beaten by the American advance. During the 
 absence of General Dearborn, with the troops from 
 Sackett's Harbour, an attempt was made upon that post 
 by a formidable force under Sir George Prevost. They 
 were received, however, with so much coolness and 
 good conduct, by General Brown, with a small body of 
 militia, volunteers, seamen, and regulars, hastily col- 
 lected, that they betook themselves to flight, leaving be- 
 hind them their wounded and prisoners. 
 
 At the Beaver Dams, near Fort George, a detach- 
 ment of Americans, under the command of Generals 
 Chandler and Winder, were surprised at night by a 
 British party, and both the generals ingloriously cap- 
 tured. 
 
 On the borders of Lake Erie, the campaign opened 
 with an attack, by the British, upon Fort Sandusky, in 
 which they were repulsed with loss, by the gallant com- 
 mander. Major Croghan. 
 
 After the defeat and capture of General Winchester, 
 General Harrison concentrated his forces at the Rapids, 
 where he erected a fort; which, in honour of the gover- 
 nor of Ohio, received the name of Fort Meigs. The allied 
 forces advanced to this place, and commenced a siege, 
 in May, 1813. They were unsuccessful. Notwith- 
 
BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE. 
 
 137 
 
 Commodore Perry. 
 
 standing- the repulse of a body of Kentuckian?, who, 
 descending the river to the relief of the fort, were de- 
 feated by tlie enemy, the siege was raised without any 
 great loss having been incurred by either party. 
 
 In the mean time, great exertions had been making 
 to gain the command on Lake Erie. The American 
 squadron, commanded by Commodore Perry, consisted 
 of nine vessels, carrying fifty-six guns; the British of 
 six vessels, with sixty-nine guns. On the morning of 
 the 10th of September, the two squadrons encountered 
 each other. The action was long and well contested, 
 and, at one period, the principal American vessel had 
 struck her colours. A bold and unusual manoeuvre of 
 the American commander, however, decided the fortune 
 of the day. After an action of three hours, the whole 
 British squadron surrendered, not a single vessel es- 
 caping. This glorious victory relieved the entire north- 
 western frontier from the presence of the enemy. 
 
 General Harrison hastened to take advantage of the 
 facilities it afforded. He embarked his main army on 
 12* 
 
138 OUTRAGES ON THE ATLANTIC FRONTIER. 
 
 board of the American squadron, and, landing on the 
 Canadian shore, immediately marched in pursuit of the 
 enemy. Near the river Thames, an action was fought, 
 on the 5th of October, which terminated in the total 
 defeat and dispersion of the British army. Six hundred 
 prisoners, principally regular troops, and several pieces 
 of cannon, were taken. With this action ended the im- 
 portant occurrences of the war on the north-western 
 frontier 
 
 During the early part of the war, the Atlantic fron- 
 tier enjoyed comparative peace. In the spring of 1813, 
 a series of devastating hostilities began on the shores 
 of the Chesapeake, which reflected no honour on the 
 British arms. The chief actor in these scenes was Ad- 
 miral Cockburn, whose exploits will long be remem- 
 bered in that quarter. 
 
 After plundering farm-houses and rifling churches, 
 the enemy's troops were employed on a bolder scale. 
 With the hope of obtaining possession of Norfolk, an 
 attack was made on Craney Island, which, fortunately, 
 ended in the total defeat of the invaders. The small 
 town of Hampton was, however, taken and given up 
 to violation and plunder. During the remainder of 
 this year, the British in the Chesapeake were chiefly 
 employed in threatening Washington and Baltimore. 
 Admiral Cockburn pursued, on the shores of the Caro- 
 linas, the same system of pillage and devastation that 
 he had previously practised in the Chesapeake. 
 
 On the ocean, the American frigate Chesapeake was, 
 in consequence of the unfortunate death of her comman- 
 der, and the disabled state of most of the officers, 
 captured by the British frigate Shannon, of somewhat 
 superior force and equipment; and the sloop of war Ar- 
 gus was taken by the British ship Pelican, of superior 
 force : but, on the other hand, the British sloop of war 
 Peacock, of twenty guns, was taken by the Hornet, of 
 eighteen; and the Boxer, of sixteen guns, was taken by 
 the American brig Enterprise, of similar force. 
 
 In the latter part of this year, a formidable expedition 
 was fitted out for an attempt on Montreal, which, after 
 
BATTLE OF TOHOPEKA. 139 
 
 proceeding a short distance down the river St. Law- 
 rence, and having encountered without much success s 
 body of the enemy, found the obstacles greater tha • 
 were anticipated, and abandoned the attempt Tb 
 army then went into winter quarters. 
 
 On the 30th of August, 1813, the Indians of Florid* 
 attacked Fort Mimms, and, after a desperate coniiic 
 with the garrison, succeeded in setting the place on fire 
 A dreadful carnage ensued ; and only seventeen, out oi 
 the whole number of three hundred men, women, and 
 children, escaped to carry the dreadful intelligence to 
 the neighbouring settlements. In order to chastise these 
 Indians for this and other unprovoked attacks on the 
 white settlers, General Jackson was despatched with an 
 army of 3,500 men. 
 
 A detachment of this arm.y, on the 2d of November, 
 fell in with a large body of Indians at Tallushatchee, 
 which, after a desperate and obstinate resistance, was 
 at length overcome, with the loss of one hundred and 
 eighty-six men. Of the detachment only five were 
 killed and forty wounded. 
 
 On the 9th of December, General Jackson succeeded 
 in relieving the fortress of Talladega, which was then 
 closely besieged by the Indians. The enemy were to- 
 tally defeated. From this time Jackson gained victory 
 after victory over the Indians; until at last, on the 27th 
 of March, 1814, the spirit of the Creeks was entirely bro- 
 ken, and that unfortunate nation was totally overthrown 
 and subjected to the whites, by the battle of Tohopeka. 
 Tohopeka was a strongly fortified Indian fortress at the 
 Horse-shoe Bend, on ttie Tallapoosa River, and at the 
 time of attack was garrisoned by one thousand men, who 
 were aware of the approaching danger, and made every 
 preparation in their power to meet it. 
 
 When General Jackson arrived in front of theii 
 breastwork, his troops advanced wdth unexampled gal- 
 lantry, and were received with the greatest coolness. A 
 most destructive contest was maintained at the port 
 holes, until Major Montgomery, springing to the wall, 
 called to his company to follow him. He was immedi- 
 
140 CAPTURE OF FORT ERIE. 
 
 ately killed, but his followers unrestrained by his fall, 
 scaled the ramparts, and the remainder of the army 
 following^ their example, soon succeeded in driving the 
 enemy into the brush. The Indians refusing- to surren- 
 der, the brush was set on fire, and soon being exposed to 
 the view of their enemies, their numbers were materially 
 thinned. Darkness put a stop to the slaughter. Soon 
 after this a treaty of peace was concluded with tlie In- 
 dians at the Hickory Ground. 
 
 PJarly in the spring of 1814, General Wilkinson made 
 another incursion into Canada, which ended unsuccess- 
 fully. He was soon afterwards superseded in the com- 
 mand, which was given to General Izard. 
 
 On the Niagara frontier, events occurred which re- 
 trieved the character of the American arms. Great 
 pains had been taken to improve the discipline of the 
 troops, and prepare them to encounter the veteran sol- 
 diers of the enemy. The command was assigned to 
 General Brown, who had distinguislied himself at Sack- 
 ett's Harbour, On the 2d of July, the troops crossed, 
 and having captured Fort Erie, with its garrison, pro- 
 ceeded to attack the British position at Cliippewa. The 
 respective forces were about equal in numbers. On the 
 5th of July, a very obstinate and well-fought battle took 
 place, which terminated in favour of the Americans, 
 who carried all the British works by the bayonet, and 
 finally converted their retreat into a disorderly flight. 
 
 Another still more warmly contested battle occurred 
 on the 25th of the same month. The enemy, having- 
 been reinforced, advanced towards the American posi- 
 tion, and was attacked by General Scott, near the Falls 
 of Niagara. After a great display of valour, the enemy, 
 beaten by the bayonet, was forced to retreat with great 
 loss. The American force, however, was so much 
 weakened, that it fell back to Fort Erie, The British 
 advanced to lay siege to the fort, but their operations 
 proved unsuccessful. An attempt to carry it by assault 
 was defeated with great slaughter, and in a sally upon 
 the besieger's lines, the Americans gained great ad-. 
 vantages. 
 
BATTLE OP PLATTSBURG. 
 
 141 
 
 Capture of Fort Erie. 
 
 On the northern frontier, the arms of the republic 
 obtained a glorious triumph. On the 1st of September, 
 the British general, Prevost, with 14,000 men, advanced 
 to the attack of Plattsburg, which was the principal 
 depot for the northern army and the flotilla on Lake 
 Champlain. The American militia in the town were 
 commanded by General Macomb. Thpy made every 
 exertion in their power to retard the approach of the 
 enemy, but the great inferiority of their numbers pre- 
 vented them from holding the British long in check. 
 The enemy entered the town on the 6th, and the Ameri- 
 cans retired across the Saranac, tearing up the bridges 
 in their rear. 
 
 The American squadron, under Commodore McDo- 
 nough, was attacked, on the 11th, by the British fleet, 
 and a hard fought action immediately commenced. It 
 was continued for upwards of two hours, when the Bri- 
 tish flag-ship struck her colours. Many of the British 
 ships were sunk, the remainder surrendered, and at the 
 
142 BATTLE OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 Commodore McDonough. 
 
 close of the action there was not a mast standing in 
 either squadron fit to carry a sail. 
 
 This action was witnessed by both armies on the 
 shore, as well as by the people of Plattsburg, and when 
 the colours were struck, the shores resounded with the 
 cheers of the Americans. When the naval engagement 
 commenced, the British, from their works on shore, 
 opened a heavy fire of shot, shells, and rockets, upon 
 the American lines on the other side of the little river 
 Saranac. They made three several attempts to cross 
 the river, but were as often repulsed, with great 
 slaughter. During the night, the whole army fled with 
 precipitation, before 4,000 Americans, leaving their sick 
 and wounded, entrenching tools, and provisions, behind 
 them. 
 
 During this year the British government availed itself 
 of its powerful force to pillage and lay waste the At- 
 lantic frontier. In the month of August, a body of 
 about four thousand five hundred men was landed near 
 Washinofton, and, on the 24th, an ensraD-ement took 
 
BURNING OF WASHINGTON. 143 
 
 place at Bladensburg-, which ended in the retreat of the 
 AmericaniL. In this engagement, General Winder, the 
 American commander, displayed a signal deficiency of 
 military foresight and resource. 
 
 The British, under General Ross, advanced to Wash- 
 ington, and took possession of that place. After de- 
 stroying the capitol, and other public buildings, they re- 
 tired without molestation. 
 
 The disgrace arising from this event, was, in some 
 measure, retrieved soon after by the able defence of 
 Baltimore. When the British troops landed in Sep- 
 tember, to attack that city, they were met by the inhabi- 
 tants at the water's edge, at North Point, and an en- 
 gagement ensued, in which General Ross was mortally 
 wounded. This reception, together with the firmness 
 displayed by the defenders of Fort McHenry, under 
 Major Armistead, who successfully withstood a furious 
 bombardment, by the British fleet, for twenty-five hours, 
 finally compelled the assailants to withdraw. 
 
 On the ocean, the reputation of the American flag 
 still continued to be maintained. The frigate Presi- 
 dent, was, however, captured by a squadron of the ene- 
 my ; and the Essex, by two vessels of superior force, 
 after a most desperate engagement, and great slaughter; 
 but the capture of the Epervier, the Avon, the Rein- 
 deer, the Cyane, the Levant, and the Penguin, proved 
 that, in actions between vessels of equal force, the Ame- 
 ricans were uniformly successful. 
 
 In the beginning of the year, a British flag of truce 
 had arrived at Annapolis, with despatches for the Ame- 
 rican government, announcing the expulsion of Napo- 
 leon's armies from Spain, his signal defeat about the 
 same period at Leipsic, and that, notwithstanding the 
 rejection of the Russian mediation, the Prince-Regent 
 of England was willing to enter upon direct negotia-. 
 tions of peace. The President having frankly acceded 
 to the proposal, it was agreed that commissioners should 
 assemble at Ghent. 
 
 Henry Clay and Jonathan Russel were appointed, on 
 the part of the United States, to proceed to Europe, and 
 
144 NEGOTIATIONS OF PEACE. 
 
 with John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, and Albert 
 Gallatin — diplomatists already there — to commence the 
 pleasing business of conciliation. 
 
 It required the brilliant victory on Lake Champlain, 
 and the equally splendid defence of Plattsburg-, on the 
 11th of September, to remove the unfavorable impres- 
 sion made on these negotiations by the unfortunate sur- 
 render of the capital to the British army. But it mighi; 
 reasonably have been supposed that the war w^ould, be- 
 fore this period, have ceased. Sufficient evidence had 
 been offered to the enemy that no serious impression 
 could be made upon the United States. The pacifica- 
 tion of Europe had withdrawn the immediate causes of 
 dispute, and the American commissioners had been in- 
 structed to allow the subject of impressment to remani 
 unsettled. But the English government, not equally 
 desirous of peace, proposed, most insultingly, a formal 
 relinquishment of this ground of controversy by the 
 United States, a surrender of a large portion of American 
 territory, and the total abandonment of the coast along 
 the lakes. 
 
 Early in September it became known that the enemy 
 were preparing to make a formidable invasion upon 
 Louisiana. The majority of the planters there, at least, 
 of French extraction, had felt little interest in the war ; 
 the militia, therefore, were scarcely organized, instead 
 of being disciplined and armed. But the chief safety of 
 the inhabitants was in the nature of their country. It 
 was exceedingly difficult of access by sea. In front was 
 a shallow coast, and the principal entrance was a river; 
 which, after crossing the bar, is narrow, deep, and rapid, 
 and of a course so winding as to render it easily suscep- 
 tible of being fortified. On the west are impassable 
 swamps ; and on the east the low, marshy coast can be 
 approached only through a shallow lake. 
 
 Gun-boats, the most appropriate means of annoyance, 
 had, notwithstanding, been neglected. As regarded 
 men, arms, and military works, Louisiana was in a most 
 defenceless situation. Happily for New Orleans, the 
 commander of the district, General Jackson, arrived 
 there on the 2d of December, from Mobile ; to which 
 
ATTACK ON NEW ORLEANS. 145 
 
 place he had returned after his capture of Pensacola, and 
 his war with the Creek Indians. His presence was in- 
 stantly felt in the confidence which it inspired, and in 
 the unanimity with which the people seconded his 
 prompt arrangements. 
 
 Three days had not elapsed after the arrival of Gene- 
 ral Jackson, when intelligence was received that the 
 British fleet, consisting of at least sixty sail, was oif the 
 coast. 
 
 Guided by some traitors, the van of the invading army, 
 on the 22d of December, was enabled to penetrate the 
 country through a secret passage, called the Bayou 
 Bienvenn, and tor a moment to surprise the American 
 guard; but the assailants were quickly repulsed, and 
 Jackson lost no time in fortifying his post tor the protec- 
 tion of tlie city This was effected by a simple breast- 
 work, from the Mississippi to the swamp, with a wet 
 ditch in front; cotton bales of a square tbrm being used 
 as the cheeks of the embrasures. Meanwhile the British 
 commander-in-chief, having landed the main body of his 
 army, on the 28th of December, made an unsuccessful 
 attempt to drive the American general from his en- 
 trenchments. 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1815, another unsuccessful at- 
 tempt was made upon the American lines. On the 4th, 
 General Jackson received an increase of 2,500 militia 
 from Kentucky, under Generals Thomas and Adair; 
 and on the 6th, the British were reinforced by the arri- 
 val of General Lambert. Their whole number was now^ 
 14,000. General Jackson commanded about 6,000. 
 
 The lines on the right bank of the river were en- 
 trusted to General Morgan, with the Louisiana, and de- 
 tachments of New Orleans and Kentucky militia. The 
 works on the left bank, covering the main body, were oc- 
 cupied by General Jackson himself, with the Tennessee 
 forces, under Generals Coffee and Carrol ; also a part 
 of the Kentucky and New Orleans militia ; the 7th and 
 44th regiments of United States infantry, with a corps 
 of active sailors and marines. 
 
 Early on the morning of the 8th of January, the Bri- 
 13 
 
146 TREATY OF GHENT. 
 
 tish columns moved forward simultaneously against the 
 right and left of the American batteries. The American 
 artillery opened a tremendous fire at the distance of 900 
 yards, and mowed them down with terrible slaughter : 
 at length they came within reach of the American small 
 arms, when there was exhibited on the side of the as- 
 sailants, rather an extensive scene of carnage, than a 
 battle in which one party was enabled to return with 
 something like an equivalent effect, the shot poured 
 against them by the other. The columns broke and re- 
 treated in some confusion. Twice were they rallied by 
 their officers, and they returned the third time to the 
 charge. The efforts of the British officers succeeded 
 only in leading their veteran soldiers to destruction. 
 The men shrunk from a contest in which they saw no- 
 thing but immediate slaughter. The columns finally 
 broke and retreated in confusion. The loss of the Bri- 
 tish on this memorable day was seven hundred killed, 
 fourteen hundred wounded, and five hundred captured. 
 That of the Americans on the left bank of the Mississppi, 
 was no more than six killed and nine wounded ; on both 
 banks it was thirteen killed, thirty-nine wounded, and 
 nineteen missing. The invaders had to regret the 
 death of many experienced and gallant officers. Gene- 
 ral Packenham, their commander-in-chief, was killed 
 while rallying his troops to the second charge, and 
 General Gibbs, his successor in the command, fell mor- 
 tally wounded in the third charge. 
 
 The defeat of the British before Plattsburg having 
 given a new turn to the negotiation then pending at 
 Ghent, a treaty of peace was signed at that place, on the 
 24th of December, 1814, ratified by the Prince Regent of 
 England on the 28th, and by the President of the Uni- 
 ted States, with the approbation of the Senate, on the 
 17th of February, 1815. 
 
 Both governments agreed to restore their respective 
 conquests, to appoint commissioners for settling disputed 
 boundaries, and pledged themselves to use their utmost 
 endeavours towards accomplishing the entire abolition of 
 the slave trade ; but no allusion was made to the cause 
 of the war. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 The United States since the War of 1812. 
 
 Immediately after the ratification of peace with Eng'- 
 land, the government resolved to chastise the insolence 
 of Algiers, which had taken advantage of the English 
 war to prey on American commerce. A squadron was 
 accordingly despatched, under Commodore Decatur ; 
 who, after capturing a frigate and a sloop of war, com- 
 pelled the Dey to sign a treaty, renouncing, for ever, the 
 practice of holding American prisoners in slavery. 
 
 In 1816, the term of office, to which Mr. Madison was 
 elected, being about to expire, James Monroe was elect- 
 ed to succeed him, and entered on the duties of his 
 office on the 4th day of March, 1817. 
 
 During his administration, the Seminoles, and other 
 Florida Indians, again commenced hostilities. Insti- 
 gated by the English, and unrestrained by the Spanish 
 authorities of Florida, they murdered the unprotected, 
 not even sparing the women or children. Generals 
 Gaines and Jackson were sent against them, who soon 
 succeeded in capturing two chiefs, the principal insti- 
 gators of the war, and two British emissaries. The In- 
 dians and one of the Englishmen, after a trial by a court 
 martial, were hung; the other Englishman was shot. 
 This put a stop to any further aggressions on the part 
 of the Indians. The Spanish authorities of Pensacola 
 having aided the Indians in their hostilities, Jackson 
 entered the town, took Fort Barrancas, near it, shipped 
 the Spaniards to Havanna, and took formal possession 
 of West Florida. In February 1819, a treaty was made 
 with Spain, and ratified by the king in 1821, by which 
 the Floridas, both East and West, were ceded to the 
 United States. 
 
 In 1824, a treaty was made with Russia, fixing the 
 north-v\est boundary of the territories of the two coun- 
 tries at the line of fifty-four degrees and forty minutes 
 
 (147) 
 
148 LA Fayette's visit. 
 
 of north latitude ; and another with England for the sup- 
 pression of the African slave trade. This year was 
 further distinguished by the visit of La Fayette to Ame- 
 rica. He arrived at New York on the i:3th of x-^ugust, 
 and visited, during the ensuing twelve months, all the 
 states of the Union. In t!iis journey of upwards of five 
 thousand miles, he was everywhere received with ex- 
 traordinary marks of respect and attention, such as it 
 became a great nation to show to one who was, in a 
 great measure, instrumental in raising it to a high rank 
 among the nations of the earth. Congress being in ses- 
 sion when he arrived at Washington, voted him the sum 
 of two hundred thousand dollars, and a township of land, 
 six miles square. He left this country on the 7th of 
 September, 1825, in a new American frigate, the Bran- 
 dywine, fitted out for his accommodation, in which he 
 sailed to France. 
 
 In 1824, in consequence of four candidates being pro- 
 posed for the office of president, no one of them received 
 a majority of the whole number of electoral votes, and 
 the choice devolved on the House of Representatives. 
 They chose John Quincy Adams, who entered on the 
 discharge of the duties af his office on the 4th of March, 
 1825. 
 
 In the first two years of his administration, treaties 
 were concluded with the Creeks, the Kansas, and the 
 Osages, by which these tribes ceded all their lands, 
 within the boundaries of Georgia, Missouri, and Arkan- 
 sas, to the United States, receiving in exchange for them 
 the same quantity of land west of the Mississippi, or 
 their full value in money. 
 
 On the 4th of .Tuly, 1826, just half a century after the 
 Declaration of Independence, two of the ex-presidents 
 of the United States, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, 
 died at their residences, the one at Quincy, and the 
 other at Monticello. 
 
 In 1828, a Tariff Bill was enacted by Congress, which 
 produced the most violent commotion in the Southern 
 states, and threatened, for a time, the dissolution of the 
 Union. 
 
BLACK HAWK WAR. 149 
 
 At the election, in the autumn of 1828, General 
 Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, was chosen to succeed 
 Mr. Adams. He was inaugurated in the following 
 spring ; John C. Calhoun at the same time taking his 
 seat as Vice President. 
 
 In 1832, the Tariff of 1828 was modified somewhat, 
 by lowering the duties on some articles; but this was far 
 from meeting the wishes of the South. A convention 
 in the state of South Carolina, even went so far as to 
 declare both these acts null and void, and not binding on 
 citizens of that state ; and to threaten that if the United 
 States should attempt to enforce them, the Union should 
 be dissolved, and a convention called to adopt a form of 
 government for South Carolina, as an independent nation. 
 The legislature of that state, soon after passed acts autho- 
 rizing the governor to provide the means to repel force by- 
 force. Jackson met this warlike disposition of the 
 South bravely, and in a proclamation, issued in Decem- 
 ber, argued the matter with them, and declared that he 
 should not hesitate to bring them back to their duty, by 
 force, if force was necessary. These difficulties were 
 finally overcome, by the introduction and passage of the 
 Compromise Bill in 1833. 
 
 In 1832, a war broke out with the savages on the 
 north-western frontier of the United States, and General 
 Atkinson was despatched by the United States govern- 
 ment to compel them to submission. On the 1st of 
 August, 1833, an action took place at the Bad Axe River, 
 in which the Indians were defeated. Another action 
 soon after took place, in which the Indians fought with 
 desperation, maintaining a very unequal contest for 
 three hours, when half of their number being killed, the 
 remainder saved themselves by flight; Black Hawk, their 
 chief, flying with them. He was, however, soon after 
 taken, and kept as a hostage until treaties were made 
 with the Sacs, the Foxes, and the Winnebagoes, when 
 he was liberated, and retired to his own town on the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 A bill having passed both houses of Congress for the 
 re-chartering of the United States Bank, was vetoed by 
 13* 
 
150 
 
 FI.ORIDA WAR. 
 
 Black Hawk. 
 
 the President, and in 1833, the government depositee 
 were withdrawn from that institution, and placed in 
 local banks. 
 
 In 1834, the French Chamber of Deputies refused to 
 indemnify the United States for losses sustained by 
 them, in consequence of the Berlin and Milan decrees; 
 but the President taking a warlike attitude, the money 
 was ordered to be paid. During the year 1835, the 
 whole debt of the United States was paid off. 
 
 In 1835, a war broke out between the United States 
 and the Seminole Indians of Florida ; and in December. 
 Major Dade was sent against the Indians with two com- 
 panies of the United States army. On the 23d of that 
 month, he was suddenly attacked by a large body of Tn- 
 
THE CANADIAN REBELLION. 151 
 
 dians, and himself, with his whole command, were killed, 
 with the exception of three men, who escaped by feign- 
 ing death until the enemy retired, when they made the 
 best of their way to the nearest settlement. This war 
 was continued by skirmishes during the year 1836. In 
 March, Osceola, the war-chief, demanded a parley, but 
 it was broken up without concluding- anything to the 
 satisfaction of either party. During the winter of 1836, 
 Congress recognised the independence of Texas. 
 
 In 1836, Martin Van Buren of New York, was elected 
 to succeed General Jackson; he was inaugurated on 
 the 4tli of March, 1837. 
 
 During his administration the effects resulting from 
 Jackson's veto of the Bank Bill were felt throughout 
 the country. The other banks, in consequence of the 
 run that was made upon them, found it necessary to stop 
 specie payments. Distress spread like a pestilence 
 through every portion of society ; all business was at a 
 stand, ai'wi nothing but ruin was anticipated. This evil 
 was mitigated in some measure, by the passage of a bill 
 by Congress authorizing the issue of treasury notes. 
 
 In December, 1836, the Canadian rebellion broke out, 
 and an American steamboat was taken, by order of the 
 commander of the Canadian militia, set on fire, and 
 then suffered to drift, in flames, down the Falls of Ni- 
 agara. Notwithstanding the excitement produced by 
 this affair, the President and Congress succeeded in 
 their endeavors to preserve the neutrality of the United 
 States. The affair of the steamboat was soon after 
 settled between the secretary of state and Mr. Fox, the 
 British minister, at Washington. 
 
 In 1838, the banks generally, throughout the United 
 States, resumed specie payments, credit revived, and 
 the prospects of trade, towards the end of the year, 
 were encouraging. On the 25th of April a convention 
 was concluded at Washington, for fixing the bounda- 
 ries of the United States and Texas. Treaties were 
 also, during this year, concluded with the Peru Bolivian 
 confederation, and with the king of Greece. 
 
 The boundary between the state of Maine and Lower 
 
152 HARRISON — TYLER. 
 
 Canada being undefined, led to frequent collisions be- 
 tween the governments of the two countries. The dis- 
 pute was taken up by the secretary of state and the 
 British minister, and finally, commissioners were ap- 
 pointed, in 1839, by both governments, to explore and 
 survey the debated territory, in anticipation of the final 
 settlement of the north-eastern boundary. During this 
 year, treaties of commerce were made with the king of 
 Sardinia, and the king of the Netherlands. The census 
 of 1840, showed the population to be seventeen millions, 
 having doubled in twenty-three years. 
 
 In the fall of 1840, the election for president again 
 took place, Martin Van Buren and General Wilfiam 
 Henry Harrison being the candidates. General Harri- 
 son, of Ohio, was chosen by a very large majority. At 
 the same time, John Tyler, of Virginia, was elected to 
 the vice presidency. They were inaugurated on the 4th 
 of March, 1841. 
 
 The official acts of Harrison were very few. In his 
 inaugural address, he explained to Congress his views 
 of the principles of American government, and expressed 
 to them his determination to carry his just views into 
 effect. This, however, he was destined never to have 
 the opportunity to put into practice; for, on the morning 
 of the 4th of April, just one month after his inauguration, 
 and before he had sent a single message to Congress, he 
 paid the debt of nature, and expired at Washington, in 
 the sixty-ninth year of his age. He was buried on the 
 7th, with all the ceremony and honours due to his high 
 rank and exalted character. His death spread the 
 greatest grief throughout every part of the Union ; a 
 national fast was proclaimed, and the attachment, con- 
 fidence, and respect of the people, were testified by 
 every appearance of public and heartfelt grief 
 
 According to the constitution, John Tyler now be- 
 came President of the United States, and Mr. Southard, 
 who had been elected President of the Senate, pro tem- 
 pore, became Vice President. The cabinet, chosen by 
 General Harrison, was continued in ofiice until the pre- 
 sident twice laid his veto upon bills for the establish- 
 
NORTH-EASTERN BOUNDARY. 153 
 
 ment of a National Bank, when they all resigned, with 
 the exception of Mr. Webster, the Secretary of State. 
 
 During; the year 1841, Congress passed a law for the 
 distribution of the proceeds of the public lands. The 
 old question, respecting the " right of search," claimed 
 by Great Britain, was again brought up in Congress. 
 The United States protested against the practice, and it 
 soon became, again, a subject of complaint and negotia- I 
 tion between the two governments. A bill for the ex- y 
 tension of the compromise act, and a new tariff bill, ' 
 were both defeated by the veto of the president. In 
 September, however, a modified tariff bill was passed, 
 to which he consented. 
 
 In April, 1842, Lord Ashburton arrived in the United 
 States, with full powers, as a special ambassador, from 
 Great Britain, to effect a pacific adjustment of all diffe- 
 rences between the two governments. He w^as met by 
 Mr. Webster, on the part of the United States, and a 
 treaty was concluded between them, fixing the north- 
 eastern boundary line by a minute geographical descrip- 
 tion of the country through which it passes. It also 
 stipulated that both powers should use their utmost en- 
 deavors to put an end to the African slave trade. This 
 treaty was signed by the plenipotentiaries on the 9th, 
 and ratified by the Senate on the 20th of August. 
 
 In 1844, a treaty, annexing Texas to the United 
 States, was negotiated by the secretary of state and 
 commissioners appointed by the government of Texas, 
 and signed by the President, but was rejected by the 
 Senate. 
 
 At the next session of Congress, February, 1845, a 
 law for the annexation of Texas to the United States 
 was passed by both branches of the national legislature. 
 
 At the election, in the autumn of 1844, three candi- 
 dates, James K. Polk, Henry Clay, and Mr. Birney, pre- 
 sented themselves for the office of president ; of these, 
 James K. Polk, of Tennessee, received a majority of 
 the electoral votes, and on the 4th of March, 1845, was 
 inaugurated President of the United States. At the 
 same time, George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, took his 
 seat as Vice President. 
 
n 
 
QUESTIONS 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 EXAMINATION OF PUPILS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 {Page 7.) From what has it been inferred that America was 
 not unknown to the ancients ? 
 
 Did any trace of this knowledge exist at the period of the re- 
 vival of letters ? 
 
 (P. 8.) What was then supposed to form the western boundary 
 of the world ? 
 
 When was America discovered by the Northmen ? What 
 prevented the colonization of America by the Northmen ? 
 
 To whom are we indebted for the knowledge of this conti- 
 nent ? What led Columbus to suppose its existence ? What 
 error did he fall into ? What was the caUse of this error? To 
 whom did Columbus first apply for aid in his undertaking ? How 
 did the Genoese treat his proposal ? To what government did 
 he next apply ? 
 
 (P. 9.) How had the court of Portugal already distinguished 
 itself? Of what treacherous act were the Portuguese guilty ? 
 What was its effect upon Columbus ? To whom did he then 
 apply for support in his project ? What prevented the King of 
 England from accepting the offers of Columbus ? 
 
 To what government did he, as a last resource, present his 
 scheme ? For how many years did Columbus solicit aid? How 
 did Queen Isabella aid him ? When did he at last set sail ? From 
 what port? What course did he take? What raised the feara 
 
156 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 of the sailors? What was the consequence? What led to a 
 second revolt? 
 
 What induced them to continue their voyage ? What was dis- 
 covered on the night of the 11th of October ? 
 
 (P. 10.) When was land discovered ? What was then the con- 
 duct of the sailors ? Where did they first land ? What island 
 was next discovered ? Where was gold said to abound ? When 
 was the island of Hayti discovered ? Where did Columbus leave 
 a colony ? 
 
 (P. 11.) How was Columbus received on his return to Spain ? 
 What made the government eager to forward his design ? How 
 many vessels were prepared for the second voyage ? To what 
 office was Columbus now appointed ? What islands did he dis- 
 cover in his second voyage ? 
 
 What was the effect of the success of Columbus, at the court 
 of Spain ? How did the court show its distrust ? What did Co- 
 lumbus effect in his subsequent voyages? Was he the first to 
 discover the continent ? 
 
 Who was Amerigo Vespucci? When did he visit the conti- 
 nent? What did he do on his return ? What honour did he 
 receive in consequen<;e of that publication? Who was belter 
 entitled to that honour? 
 
 Who was John Cabot ? When did he receive a commission 
 from Henry VII. of England? What were the terms of that 
 grant ? When did Cabot sail from England ? 
 
 (P. 12.) For what was his first voyage intended ? How did 
 it terminate ? Who had the direction of the second English ex- 
 pedition? What did he discover on the 24th of June? What 
 is that island now called ? What course did he then take ? How 
 far did he follow the coast? What was done by him in 1502 ? 
 
 (P. 13.) What part of the continent was visited by Ponce de 
 Leon ? From what is Florida said to have derived its name ? 
 
 When did the French commence their discoveries ? What 
 was done by Verrazani ? When did Gomez visit the coast ? 
 iWhat was the extent of his discoveries ? 
 
 Describe Cartier's voyage. What river did he discover ? 
 What did he do the following year? What did he call the 
 country ? 
 
 (P. 14.) When did De Solo sail from Cuba ^ What object 
 
qUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 157 
 
 had he in view ? When did he arrive at Spirito S:into ? Where 
 did he die ? What was done by Cartier in 1541 and 1542 ? What 
 was done by La Roche in 1542 ? What was done in 1550 ? 
 
 What was discovered by Ribault in 1562 ? Describe Frobish- 
 er's voyages. Where did Sir Francis Drake land on the Coxr- 
 tinent of North America? What name did he give to the sur- 
 rounding country ? For what lands did Sir Humphrey Gilbert 
 obtain a patent ? With what provision ? When did he sail ? 
 Describe his voyage. 
 
 CHAPTER H. 
 
 (P. 15.) To whom did Queen Elizabeth grant a patent in 1584 ? 
 When did he send out a colony ? Where did they land ? What 
 did they call the country ? What became of this colony ? 
 
 (P. 16.) When were two other attempts made to establish a 
 colony in Virginia ? With what success? 
 
 What place did Gosnold visit in 1G02 ? Were any settlements 
 made there ? What was the extent of colonization in North 
 America at the commencement of the 17th century ? 
 
 When did Bartholomew Gilbert die? What country was 
 granted to De Mons in 1608? By whom? What name was 
 given to that country ? 
 
 What was discovered by Weymouth in 1605 ? How did James 
 I. divide Virginia ? To what companies were the two territories 
 granted ? What was done by the London company in December, 
 1606 ? When did the ships enter the Chesapeake Bay ? 
 
 Where did they commence their settlement ? W^hat name did 
 they give the place ? What hardships were experienced by the 
 colony ? 
 
 (P. 17.) To whom was the colony indebted for its preservation ? 
 How did he preserve the colony ? What happened to him while 
 in quest of provisions? How did he at that time save his own 
 life ? To whom was he then conducted ? 
 
 (P. 18.) How was his life again preserved ? How did Poca- 
 hontas afterward save the colony ? 
 
 What was the state of the colony in 1610 ? What prevented 
 
 their return to England? What was the state of the colony 
 
 under Lord Delaware and his successor ? Wlien was the first 
 
 legislature convened ? Why was the lower house then called the 
 
 14 
 
158 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 house of burgesses ? What addition was made to the number of 
 emigrants in 1619? How were the young women distributed 
 among the planters? When were negro slaves first introduced? 
 
 What look place in 1622? How many of the settlers were 
 destroyed ? What prevented the destruction of the whole settle- 
 ment? 
 
 (P. 19.) What added to the distress occasioned by this ? What 
 was done on the arrival of a reinforcement of settlers? i 
 
 What was done by James 1. on the 15th of July. 1624 ? In 
 whom were the legislative and executive powers vested ? What 
 was the character of the government under these regulations ? 
 How was Harvey treated on account of his oppressive measures? 
 Who succeeded him ? How did he govern the province ? 
 
 What side did the Virginians take on the commencement of the 
 civil war in England? What was the consequence? Did the 
 Virginians submit? What rights did they secure to themselves 
 before submitting ? 
 
 (P. 20.) How were the governors appointed during the e-xistence 
 of the commonwealth of England ? What dispute arose in 1658 ? 
 When did Cromwell die? Who succeeded him? When did he 
 resign ? What was consequently done by the assembly of Vir- 
 ginia ? Whom did they elect governor? What powers and 
 injunctions were given him ? What restraint was put upon him ? 
 What was ordered with respect to the laws? What was declared 
 to be the established religion of the colony ? How was the 
 governor authorized to punish non-cov for mists? 
 
 (P. 21.) What now injured the trade of Virginia ? What made 
 the landed proprietors discontented? What was the result? By 
 what name is that rebellion known ? 
 
 Who put hinjself at the head of the people ? What was Bacon's 
 character? What determined his purpose? AVhat was done by 
 Bacon's party ? Wliat put an end to the rebellion ? What were the 
 effects of this rebellion? Who succeeded Berkeley ? What did 
 he bring with him ? Were they satisfied ? What was their ob- 
 ject? What their effect ? From what did Virginia suffer during 
 the reigns of Charles II. and James ? 
 
 (P. 22.) When was printing prohibited in Virginia? f 
 
 During what time did Virginia enjoy great tranquillity? What; 
 happened in 1732 ? What exempted Virginia from hostilities 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EKAMINATIOS. 159 
 
 during ihe wars between France and England, prior to 1754? 
 What happened between 1754 and 1758? Who first distinguished 
 himself in this war ? What was done by Virginia when the 
 British attempted to raise a revenue in the colonies? What is 
 said of her services and sufferings in the war of the Revolution? 
 What important measure of that war happened in Virginia ? 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 (P. 23.) When was Quebec senled? When was the Hudson 
 river discovered ? By whom ? When was the earliest effectual 
 settlement made in New York ? Where ? What happened ia 
 1614, to interrupt the jurisdiction of the Dutch ? 
 
 (P. 24.) When was it restored ? How did the Dutch extend 
 their possessions ? To whom was the country granted, in 1621 * 
 By what name? Who was the first governor under the com- 
 pany ? Who the second ? What were the acts of Kiefi ? 
 
 Who was the third and last governor of the New Netherlands? 
 What was the character of his administration ? How was he 
 constantly employed ? How did he settle these disputes ? 
 
 To whom was a patent granted by Charles II. in 1064 ? What 
 was included in that grant ? Who commanded the forces sent 
 against New York ? When did they arrive ? What did he offer 
 to the inhabitants on condition that they would surrender? What 
 did Stuyvesant do to prevent the people from capitulating? 
 What obliged the old governor to yield ? 
 
 (P. 25.) Of what did the English then take possession ? What 
 name did they give to Fort Orange ? What expedition was 
 then undertaken? What success attended it? 
 
 What was the character of Nicholls' authority? How was it 
 exercised ? Who succeeded Nicholls in the government ? What 
 happened in New York in 1673 ? When was it again ceded to 
 England ? What was now obtained by the duke of York? Who 
 was made governor-general ? What was the character of his 
 administration ? What permission was given in 1683 ? What 
 was done in New York on receiving the news of the imprison- 
 ment of Andros ? 
 
 (P. 26.) What part of the colony refused to acknowledge the 
 authority of Leisler? What was done in consequence of the re- 
 
160 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 sistance of Albany ? Who was sent out as governor from Eng- 
 land ? What was attempted by Leisler ? What was his fate ? 
 
 What was the effect of the English revolution upon New 
 York? What was done by the assembly? What was the state 
 of the province for many years afterwards ? What was the con- 
 duct of the province in the wars which arose with the French 
 of Canada and the frontier Indians ? What happened at 
 Schenectady in 1690? How many were destroyed in that mas- 
 sacre ? What was done by the people of New York in 1709 
 and 1711 ? 
 
 (P. 27.) What was the cause of the failure of these expe- 
 ditions ? 
 
 By whom was New York invaded in 1715 ? By whom was 
 Dieskau opposed ? What was the result of the engagement ? 
 When was Fort William Henry taken ? By whom ? What hap- 
 pened in 1758 ? When was Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken 
 from the French ? What was done by General Johnson ? 
 
 (P. 28.) When was Canada surrendered to the British ? 
 
 What was the conduct of New York on the imposition of the 
 Stamp Act in 1765? What did the assembly refuse to do in 
 1767 ? W^hat bill was passed in consequence of that ? What 
 was the effect of that upon the people ? What was done by the 
 assembly in 1769 ? What was the condition of New York dur- 
 ing the war of the Revolution? 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 (P. 29.) What company was entrusted with the colonization of 
 the country lying between the 38th and 45th degrees of north 
 latitude ? What success attended the first attempts of this com- 
 pany? What prevented a settlement being made, in 1607? 
 From whom did the puritans obtain a charter ? When ? 
 
 (P. 30.) How many of them sailed for America ? Where did 
 they land? What name did they give to the place ? What wa3 
 their first care ? Who was chosen as their first governor ? How 
 was he aided in the discharge of his duties ? How was the 
 number of assistants afterwards increased ? In what did the 
 supreme power reside ? When did they establish a house of 
 representatives ? What did they do in imitation of the primitive 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 161 
 
 Christians? What induced them to relinquish it? What did 
 they obtain from the Plymouth Company in 1630 ? 
 
 (P. 31.) Did the settlement of Massachusetts advance rapidly? 
 What was the name of the first permanent town which they 
 erected ? What was the next ? What gave a fresh spring to the 
 exertions of the Plymouth Company? How many emigrants 
 arrived in July 1630 ? 
 
 (P. 32.) Of what town did some of them lay the foundation ? 
 What sufferings were experienced by the new colony, during the 
 first years of its existence? What is said of the civil policy of the 
 settlement? With what powers were commissioners appointed in 
 1635? What was forbidden by Charles I. two years afterwards ? 
 When was a quo warranto issued against Massachusetts? In 
 whose favour was judgment given? 
 
 Did the colonists learn toleration from their own sufferings 
 in England ? How did they show that ? What dispute arose in 
 1635 ? What argument was resorted to by the most numerous 
 party ? To what did the banishment of the leaders of one of the 
 parties contribute ? 
 
 (P. 33.) What was done by the Pequods in 1636? How were 
 their designs defeated ? How were the Pequods punished? What 
 effect had the downfall of monarchy in England upon emigra- 
 tion? How did that event benefit New England? Between 
 what colonies was an alliance formed ? What of this union ? 
 
 (P. 34.) What was the condition of Massachusetts on the re- 
 storation of Charles II. ? What did he consequently fear? What 
 measures did he take to prevent that evil? What ensued? 
 What prevented Charles from destroying the charter of the 
 colony? 
 
 Who succeeded Charles II. on the tlirone of England? What 
 did he determine to do ? Who did he employ to execute that 
 task? How did Andros proceed ? Did James pay any attention 
 to the remonstrances made against these proceedings? What 
 other colonies did he add to the union ? How did the people put 
 an end to the government of Andros? What was done by the 
 people of Boston when they heard of the abdication of James? 
 
 Did the people of Massachusetts derive any great advantage 
 from this change of government ? 
 
 ( P. 35.) How were they disappointed on petitioning for the 
 14 « 
 
162 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 restoration of their charter? What power did the king retain to 
 himself by the new charter? What power was given to the 
 governor by it ? What colony was united to Massachusetts? 
 By whom were the Indians incited to make inroads upon the 
 settlements ? How did the colonists waste their wealth and 
 strength ? When did the expedition against Port Royal take 
 place? What was contributed by Massachusetts for that expedi- 
 tion? In what other expedition did she engage during the same 
 year ? What caused the failure of both these expeditions ? How 
 long did Massachusetts continue to make these exertions ? 
 
 What was done in 1708 ? What in 1711 ? How was the assem- 
 bly engaged at the same time? What was the subject of conten- 
 tion between the governor and assembly ? 
 
 What expedition was projected in Massachusetts in 1745 ? 
 
 (P. 36.) To whom was the command of the land forces given ? 
 What was the result of the expedition ? Did England retain 
 the possession of Louisbourg ? W^hat exertions were made by 
 Massachusetts in the war which ended in the conquest of 
 Canada? What pait did Massachusetts take in the war of the 
 Revolution ? What has always been a great source of wealth to 
 Massachusetts? 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 (P. 37.) Who were the first European setth 3 in the state of 
 Delaware ? What is said of the region from which they emi- 
 grated ? 
 
 (P. 38.) In what year was the first permanent settlement made 
 in Delaware ? What led Gustavus Adolphus to wish to form a 
 colony of his subjects there ? What association was accordingly 
 formed? What name was given to it? Where did the first emi- 
 grants land ? What name did they give to the country on both 
 sides of the Delaware ? 
 
 Where did the Swedes build a fort in 1630 ? Where in 1631 ? 
 What settlements did they make within the present state of Penn- 
 sylvania ? 
 
 On what did the Dutch found their claim to the country on 
 the Delaware ? With what did they, however, content them- 
 selves ? 
 
 (P. 39.) What alarmed them for the validity of their title ? To 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 163 
 
 whom had Charles II. ceded the British claim to the disputed ter- 
 ritory ? Where were the Dutch permitted to erect a fort ? What 
 did that obtain for them ? Who succeeded Printz in the govern- 
 ment of the Swedish settlement? What produced open hostili- 
 ties? Give an account of the conquest of Nova Suecia by the 
 Dutch? What was done with the prisoners? With what was 
 the colony then incorporated ? Where was the seat of govern- 
 ment fixed ? 
 
 By whom was the title of the Dutch again questioned ? What 
 gave rise to that dispute ? How did it terminate? 
 
 (P. 40.) What part of North America had been granted to the 
 duke of York in 1664 ? When were the Dutch settlements on 
 the Hudson surrendered to the English ? Who was sent against 
 their settlements on the Delaware ? With what success ? How 
 long did the Dutch authority on the western bank of the Dela- 
 ware exist ? 
 
 To whom was the administration of affairs now committed ? 
 When was a commission of justices appointed ? With what 
 power ? What was reserved to the government at New York ? 
 What again revived the authority of the Dutch on the Delaware ? 
 For what were deputies sent to New York ? Who was appointed 
 governor ? What put a final period to the Dutch government ? 
 When was a new patent given to the duke of York ? What was 
 granted by it? Hrw long did Delaware remain under the juris- 
 diction of New York ? 
 
 When was Delaware conveyed to William Penn ? 
 
 (P. 41.) By whom? Into how many counties \vas it then divided ? 
 
 What was the country called until the Revolution ? When did 
 
 Villiam Penn land at Newcastle ? When where the three lower 
 
 counties annexed to Pennsylvania? How were the Dutch and 
 
 Swedes residing within Penn's dominions, treated ? 
 
 How long did the representatives of Delaware and Pennsyl- 
 vania meet in one legislature ? When did a disagreement take 
 place ? When a separation into distinct assemblies? When did 
 the first local assembly meet at Newcastle? What were their 
 first acts ? What prevented serious consequences from following 
 these acts? What dispute was finally settled in 1760 ? 
 
 (P. 42.) What was the conduct of Delaware in the old French 
 war ? How was she repaid ? 
 
164 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 How long did Delaware remain under the government of the 
 proprietary of Pennsylvania? What is said of the dependence 
 of Delaware upon Pennsylvania? When did the proprietary of 
 Pennsylvania resign his jurisdiction over the lower counties ? 
 What was done in September 1776 ? What is said of the con- 
 duct of Delaware in the Revolutionary war ? For what was the 
 Delaware regiment distinguished among the regular forces ? 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 (P. 43.) By whom was Connecticut first settled ? Who soon 
 followed them? What were these two colonies called? 
 
 (P. 44.) How long did they continue under distinct govern- 
 ments? What name was given to them on their consolidation? 
 When had the people of Connecticut formed a CMistitution ? 
 What resolution was adopted in the same year by the people of 
 New Haven ? 
 
 In what circumstances did these two settlements closely resem- 
 ble each other ? When was the first confederation formed in 
 this country ? Between what colonies ? What name was given 
 to the confederation ? 
 
 When was a charter granted to Connecticut ? For what was 
 that charter remarkable ? Did the Dutch at New York claim 
 any part of Connecticut ? How was the dispute settled ? How 
 was the Indian war terminated ? What was the character of 
 Philip ? 
 
 (P. 45.) When was a quo warranto issued against Connecticut? 
 For what purpose ? Were the assembly disposed to yield their 
 privileges ? How did Andros proceed ? What would have 
 been the probable consequence in America, if the Stuarts had 
 continued to reign in England ? What had been done by the 
 people of Connecticut before official intelligence of the Revolu- 
 tion of 1688 reached them ? 
 
 When was the ancient charter of Connecticut re-established ? 
 Had it ever been surrendered ? What lessened the satisfaction 
 of the people ? In what did this dispute origninate ? How was 
 the authority of Fletcher resisted ? 
 
 (P. 46.) How did the king afterwards determine their right to 
 the command of the militia? When was another unsuccessful 
 attempt made upon the rights of the province ? In what did 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 165 
 
 Connecticut aid the mother country, while thus harassed ? What 
 caused the failure of the expeditions undertaken in 1709 and 
 1710? How did Connecticut contribute to the capture of Louis- 
 bourg? What is said of her exertions in the war which termi- 
 nated in the conquest of Canada ? What expenses were incurred 
 by her in that war ? 
 
 How did Connecticut improve the short period of repose which 
 followed the conquest of Canada ? How did she act when Britain 
 attempted to collect a revenue from the colonies ? 
 
 (P. 47.) What induced a feeling of hostility irf her towards 
 Britain ? Of what use were her militia ? How did she bear her 
 part in the Revolutionary war ? 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 How does Maryland rank with the otljer colonies, with regard 
 to its date of settlement ? What license did William Clayborno 
 obtain from Charles I. ? When? Where did he plant a colony? 
 Who was George Calvert ? When did he make a voyage to Vir- 
 ginia ? . With what view ? Why did he not settle there ? To what 
 territory did he then direct his attention ? What prevented him 
 from completing his design? 
 
 Who obtained the patent to the country north of the Potomac ? 
 When? 
 
 (P. 48.) What part of the country was included in that char- 
 ter ? How was that grant curtailed ? What was the country 
 granted to Lord Baltimore called ? In honour of whom ? What 
 is said of the principles upon which the settlement of this colony 
 was begun ? 
 
 (P. 49.) To what were they similar? What was their effect 
 upon the prosperity and population of Maryland ? By what was 
 the policy of this settlement chiefly distinguished above others of 
 that period ? 
 
 Of what did the first emigration to Maryland consist? When 
 did they land? At what place ? Who was appointed first gover- 
 nor? What drew settlers to Maryland in preference to the 
 other colonies? How did the Indians act towards the new 
 comers? What name was given to the town? When was the 
 first legislative assembly held ? What was done by them ? By 
 
166 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 the proprietary ? By the assembly again in their turn ? Whai 
 act was passed in 1639? Of what did the two branches consist! 
 
 (P. 50.) What change in this system took place in 1650?— 
 What was necessary to all laws ? Who was the cause of the 
 first trouble to Maryland? What was Clayborne's ciiaracterl 
 What did he do when the first settlers arrived? Was it granted? 
 What decision was made by Lord Baltimore's commis&ioners with 
 respect to Kent Island? How did Clayborne revenge himself? 
 What was the result of the war which commenced in 1642? In 
 what did Clayborne, however, succeed in 1645? When, and in 
 what way was quiet again restored ? 
 
 When was the peace of the province again disturV,ed? How 
 were the colonists divided ? What commissioners were appoint- 
 ed after the death of Charles I. ? Who was made one of these 
 commissioners ? 
 
 (P. 51.) Which party finally prevailed ? How was the govern- 
 ment treated ? What was then done by the triumphant party? 
 
 How was the province disturbed in 1656? What was Fendall's 
 success? How long did the affairs of the province remain in an 
 unsettled state? Who was then appointed governor by the pro- 
 prietary ? What Indian war now broke out ? By whom were 
 the colonists aided ? What was the number of white inhabitants 
 at this time? 
 
 Was the charter of Maryland also attacked by James II. ? — 
 What probably caused unusual delay in its revocation ? What 
 was at last done? What prevented the obtaining of judgment 
 upon it? How was the colony divided by the assembly, in 1692? 
 How was the name of the town of Severn changed? When did 
 the assembly remove to Annapolis ? What has since been the 
 seal of government? 
 
 (P. 52.) In whom was the government of Maryland vested from 
 the restoration of Charles II. until 1716 ? From 1716 until the 
 Revolution ? 
 
 Where was Roger Williams born ? When ? What was the 
 character of his political system? Why did he come to Ameri- 
 ca? When did he arrive in Boston? What did he there main- 
 tain ? How was he consequently treated ? By whom was he 
 hospitably received? What name did he give the place chosen 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 167 
 
 for his future residence? From whom did he buy the land? — 
 When was the settlement of Rhode Island commenced ? 
 
 (P. 53.) What kind of government was formed by the followers 
 of Williams ? What restrictions did they impose upon them 
 ■selves? What led to the rapid increase of their settlements? 
 What controversy arose in Massachusetts soon after the exile of 
 Williams ? What course was adopted towards the least numer- 
 ous party ? 
 
 (P. 54.) Where did the exiles settle ? By what names were the 
 two colonies known ? When were they united ? 
 
 How were the Indians treated by the first settlers of Rhode Isl- 
 and ? What was the consequence? When was a charter obtain- 
 ed? What privileges did it confer? To whom was the execu- 
 tive and legislative powers given ? When was the first general 
 assembly convened ? What constituted the supreme court ? How 
 were the affairs of each township managed? 
 
 How was the "settlement of Rhode Island regarded by Massa- 
 chusetts? What was the consequence of that upon the colony? 
 
 (P. 55.) Was Rhode Island admitted into the confederacy of 
 the United Colonies of New England? When did she petition to 
 be received as a member ? On what condition did they offer to 
 admit her? Did she agree to the condition ? When was a new 
 charter granted to Rhode Island? How long did she continue to 
 be governed by that charter? (1842?) What is stated in the 
 Preamble to that instrument? What seems by this to have been 
 adopted ? What was the consequence ? What was the only 
 source of disquiet to Rhode Island ? 
 
 (P. 56.) When was a quo warranto issued against her ? What 
 measures were adopted by Andros ? What was done on his ira^ 
 prisonment, in 1689? 
 
 What is said of the history of Rhode Island, from this period 
 to the commencement of the Revolution ? What is said of the 
 inhabitants ? What was the population in 1730 ? What in 1746? 
 What was done towards the expedition into Canada? 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 When and by whom was the first discovery of any part of 
 New Hampshire made? What was granted by the Plymouth 
 Company lo John Mason in 1621 ? 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 168 
 
 (P. 57.) To whom was another grant made the next year ? 
 What was included in that grant? What name was given to this 
 last tract ? When did Mason and Gorges attempt to establish a 
 colony ? Where ? By whom were other settlements made on 
 the coast ? How did Mason and Gorges name their respective 
 
 provmces 
 
 (P. 58.) What is New Somersetshire now called ? What ren- 
 dered the settlement slow in their progress ? How did the people 
 occupy themselves? 
 
 To whom did the Indians grant a large tract of country ? When 
 did Mason obtain a new grant from th« Plymouth Company ? 
 What did it include ? What is that tract of country now called ? 
 
 What evils resulted from the conflicting titles derived from 
 the Indians and under the grant of Mason? What was the 
 condition of the settlements which had been formed along the 
 coast ? 
 
 To whom did they apply for protection ? How long did that 
 union last ? What prevented the heirs of Mason from obtaining 
 a legal recognition of their claim ? 
 
 Who was Robert Mason ? What was done by him when 
 Charles II. was restored to the throne ? 
 
 (P. 59.) With what powers were commissioners sent out ? 
 What was done by the assembly of Massachusetts ? How did 
 the king decide when the matter was brought before him ? What 
 was the consequence of that decision ? Of what did the new 
 government consist? 
 
 What were the first acts of the assembly? 
 
 What was done by Mason in 1680 ? How did the council act? 
 What did he do when he found that he was unable to bend them 
 to his views ? 
 
 Who was appointed governor? What did his commission 
 authorize him to do ? What did he order the inhabitants to do ? 
 Why was this unfair ? 
 
 (P. 60.) Did many of the inhabitants take leases ? Against whom 
 was the first suit instituted by Mason? What was the result in 
 that and the succeeding suits ? What did Cranfield then do ? Why 
 did he adjourn the assembly ? How did he revenge himself on 
 them ? 
 
 Give an account of hia affair with Moody ? 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 169 
 
 What was permitted when the complaints of the people reach- 
 ed the ears of the English government ? What happened when 
 Mason attempted to enforce executions on the judgments he 
 had obtained ? What particular instance of resistance is men- 
 tioned ? 
 
 (P. 61.) With what commission did Andros arrive in 168f> ' 
 How was his tyranny felt in New Hampshire? How long did 
 jhis state of things continue? 
 
 With whom did New Hampshire then connect herself'? How 
 long did that union last ? Why was the union dissolved ? What 
 had Mason done, in the meantime, with respect to his claims ? 
 What put a stop to his proceedings? To whom did his heirs sell 
 the claim ? What did he obtain from the crown ? 
 
 (P. 62.) What rendered his title imperfect ? What was the re- 
 sult of the suits again brought against Waldron and others ? To 
 whom did Allen appeal ? What delayed the proceedings ? What 
 was done by his son ? When was this long protracted contest 
 ended ? How ? 
 
 What is said of the contests of New Hampshire with the In- 
 dians ? When was the province finally exempted from their 
 ravages ? What is said of the prosperity of New Hampshire 
 during the peace ? What territory was supposed to form a part 
 of her prpvince ? To whom was this district, however, allotted ? 
 
 (P. 63.) How long did the controversy which ensued continue ? 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 (P. 64.) Of what did North Carolina originally form a part ? In 
 what patent was it included? What was done by Amidas and 
 Barlow ? On what day did they take possession of the country ? 
 How were they received by the inhabitants ? Who commanded 
 the second expedition? 
 
 (P. 65.) When did it arrive on the coast ? How did they treat 
 the Indians? Where did they leave a colony ? What plot was 
 formed by the Indians ? How was its execution prevented ? When 
 and why did they return to England ? 
 
 What happened a few days after their departure ? Was Raleigh 
 discouraged by these failures ? What did he do the next spring ? 
 What was the result of that attempt ? 
 
 15 
 
170 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 How did the first permanent settlement of North Carolina 
 commence? Where was a settlement made in 1661 ? By whom f 
 
 (P. 66.) On what pretence did the Indians brealt up their settle- 
 ment? When did a colony arrive from Barbadoes ? What was 
 its number? What commerce did they carry on? What offers 
 did Berkeley make to settlers? 
 
 What country did Charles II. grant to Lord Clarendon and 
 others ? What did the proprietors claim under that patent ? What 
 made the inhabitants of Albemarle dissatisfied? For what did 
 they petition ? Why did they revolt from the proprietary govern- 
 ment ? When did they submit? When was a constitution 
 framed for the government of the colony ? What were the prin- 
 cipal provisions of that constitution ? When did the proprietors 
 attempt to put a new constitution in force ? 
 
 (P. 67.) For what was that constitution remarkable? What 
 were the provisions of this instrument with respect to the pala- 
 tine and nobility ? Of what was the parliament to consist ? What 
 power was given to the parliament ? What was the whole num- 
 ber of regulations in that constitution ? Why was the operation 
 of this constitution opposed ? What was done by the insurgents? 
 What was the state of affairs in North Carolina for many years 
 afterwards? What was its population in 1702 ? 
 
 Who arrived in 1710? Where did they settle? 
 
 Did the settlers of North Carolina give any provocation to the 
 Indians ? 
 
 (P. 68.) What design was, notwithstanding, conceived by the 
 Corees and Tuscaroras ? How did they proceed to put their plot 
 in execution ? How many of the Roanoke settlers were killed in 
 one night ? To what place was information sent ? What aid did 
 the assembly send to Roanoke ? How did Barnwell proceed ? 
 What was the result of Barnwell's attack ? To whom did the 
 Tuscaroras unite themselves ? 
 
 To whom did the proprietors sell the province in 1717? For 
 what sum? By whom was the government administered from 
 that time until 1776 ? How was the colony soon afterwards 
 reinforced? By what was the prosperity of the colony again 
 retarded ? Give an account of the proceedings of the " regula- 
 tors." 
 
 (P. 69.) By whom were they opposed ? With what wiccesa f 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 171 
 
 What was the conduct of North Carolina in the war with Great 
 Britain ? 
 
 To whom was South Carolina granted in 1662 ? Where was 
 the germ of her population planted ? When ? By whom ? To 
 what pl.ice did they remove in 1671 ? Of what town did they 
 ^hen lay the foundation ? Why was that site abandoned ? 
 
 (P. 70.) When did a second removal take place? To what 
 place? What town was there founded? When was the settle- 
 ment called South Carolina? Had the two Carolinas separate 
 governments? What was the effect of the introduction of 
 Locke's constitution in South Carolina? For whnt did the 
 people petition ? What change in the goverment was effected 
 in 1719? 
 
 What was done by the proprietors in 1729? How was the 
 colony governed from that time ? What was the effect upon it, 
 of the revocation of the edict of Nantes ? Where did ^he French 
 protestants generally settle? What other circumstances pro- 
 cured many settlers tor South Carolina? 
 
 (P. 71.) How was rice introduced into Carolina? How did it 
 promote the prosperity of the colony ? 
 
 What impeded the prosperity and population of this state in 
 the early part of the eighteenth century? What expedition was 
 undertaken in 1702 ? By whom wag it suggested ? What was 
 its success ? 
 
 What did Governor Moore do the next year ? What was done 
 by the Spaniards and French in 1706? Of what did that expedi- 
 tion consist? Who was then governor of the province? How 
 did he receive the Spaniards? What was the result of their 
 expedition ? 
 
 (P. 72.) In what wars were the South Carolinians engaged from 
 1712 to 1718 ? What was the object of the Indians in undertak- 
 ing those wars ? By what was the province harassed from 1755 
 to 1759? When did hostilities again break out? What added to 
 the calamities of the settlers ? How long did this state of things 
 continue ? 
 
 What was the state of the province from that period until 1776? 
 Why were the Carolinians somewhat undecided at the com- 
 mencement of the contest ? What circumstance seems to have 
 determined their conduct? From what did this state suffer dur- 
 
172 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 ing the ensuing struggle ? For what was the war in South Caro- 
 lina and its vicinity lemarkable ? 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 (P. 73.) Who claimed the whole of New Jersey f Against 
 what did thev protest ? To whom was it granted in 1664? When 
 did the duke of York sell it ? To whom ? When did it first re- 
 ceive the name of IVew Jersey ? How did the new proprietors 
 encourage emigration ? 
 
 (P. 74.) What honourable rule did they establish ? How much 
 land was offered to each settler ? On what condition ? What 
 importara privilege was given to the inhabitants ? 
 
 Who was the first governor of Xew Jersey ? What system did 
 he pursue towards the Indians ? What was the consequence ? 
 During what period was New Jersey under the government of 
 the Dutch? What was then obtained by the duke of York? 
 What authority did he give to Sir Edmund Andros ? When did 
 Andros arrive in America ? To whom did Berkeley assign his 
 part of New Jersey ? How was the province then divided ? 
 
 (P. 75.) Did the duke of York give up his claims to West Jer- 
 sey ? What disputes arose between the duke of York and the 
 proprietors of Xew Jersey ? To w hom was the question at 
 length referred ? How did he decide ? What was the duke ac- 
 cordingly compelled to do ? What accession was received by 
 the province about the year 1680 ? What towns did they build ? 
 
 To whom did Carteret transfer his interest in the province ? 
 When ? To whom did they convey part of it ? When did the 
 Scotch proprietors obtain a patent ? Who was the first governor 
 of East Jersey, under the proprietors ? 
 
 (P. 76.) What was still attempted by the government of Xew 
 York? When was a quo uxirranto issued against the proprie- 
 tors ? What did they do ? What was the intention of James II. 
 with respect to the colony of New Jersey ? What prevented 
 his carrying this design into effect ? What was the state of the 
 province for several years after the English revolution ? What 
 was done in 1702 ? " 
 
 Who was the first royal governor ? Of what other province 
 was CornDury governor? Why was he removed from ofSce ? 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EX A:\irNATION. 173 
 
 What tended to augment the population and prosperity of New- 
 Jersey? What involved her in war ? 
 
 (P. 77.) To what did she contribute ? For what were laws 
 passed in 1709 ? How was the credit of this money sustained ? 
 When was a separate governor appointed ? Who was the last 
 royal governor of New Jersey ? 
 
 How did New Jersey act when the British government at- 
 tempted to impose an arbitrary authority over the colonies ? 
 Did she send deputies to Congress ? What is said of her losses 
 in the contest which ensued ? By what was Trenton ren- 
 dered memorable? What happened at Princeton? What is 
 said of the cruelties perpetrated by the British army ? What was 
 their effect on the people ? 
 
 CHAPTER Xr. 
 
 (P. 78.) Who was William Penn ? To what sect did he at- 
 tach himself? 
 
 (P. 79.) What sufferings did he undergo ? What induced Penn 
 to turn his attention to America ? Where did he purchase land ? 
 Why did he form the design of acquiring a separate estate ? How 
 did he acquire it? What was included in his charter? Under 
 •what name ? With what did this interfere ? What was the con- 
 sequence of that ? 
 
 Whom did he send over in 1681? For what purpose? To 
 whom did he sell 20,000 acres ? At what rate ? When did 
 Penn publish his frame of government? In whom was the 
 supreme power vested ? 
 
 (P. 80.) Of how many members did the provincial council con- 
 sist ? How were they chosen ? Who presided in that council ? 
 What was the office of the council ? Was this frame of govern- 
 ment continued ? 
 
 When did Penn arrive ? Where ? What had he previously 
 obtained ? What was his first step ? Where was the first assem- 
 bly held ? When ? What was done by that assembly ? What 
 admirable principle did they adopt ? How did Penn treat the In- 
 dians ? What did he obtain from them ? How were the treaties 
 thus formed, kept ? What tended to promote the prosperity of 
 Pennsylvania ? 
 
 (P. 81.) What to increase her population? 
 15* 
 
174 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 Who prepared the design for the laying out of Philadelphia ? 
 Where was the second assembly of Pennsylvania held? When? 
 What important law did they adopt? What was the effect of the 
 revolution in England on the government of Pennsylvania? When 
 was Pennsylvania annexed to New York? How long did it con- 
 tinue so ? Who was appointed lieutenant-governor by Penn ? 
 What disputes existed in Pennsylvania? How often had the 
 charter been altered ? When did Penn give them a third char- 
 ter ? What was provided in that charter ? 
 
 (P. 82.) Was that charter adopted by Pennsylvania ? By the 
 "three lower counties on the Delaware?" How was the mat- 
 ter settled ? How long did this constitution continue in force? 
 
 When did William Penn die? At what age? What is said of 
 him and liis successors ? What is said of the history of Penn- 
 sylvania from the death of Penn to the Revolution? What was 
 the chief subject of dispute ? When was a treaty concluded with 
 the Six Nations ? What was granted by that treaty ? 
 
 (P. 83.) Did Pennsylvania oppose the arbitrary measures of 
 British government which led to the Revolution ? For what is 
 Philadelphia distinguished ? 
 
 CHAPTER Xn. 
 
 (P. 84.) Which of the thirteen states was the last settled ? By 
 whom had the country lying within the present boundaries been 
 claimed ? 
 
 (P. 85.) What led to the first attempt at settlement in Georgia ? 
 For what was a company formed ? What territory was granted 
 to them in 1732? What was the title of the corporation? 
 When did the first emigrants arrive? Who was their leader? 
 From whom did they obtain land by cession ? Of what town did 
 they lay the foundation ? When? What impeded the progress of 
 the settlement? How were the lands granted? On what condi- 
 tion were they parcelled out? In what case was the land to re- 
 vert to the trustees? What regulation, more reconcilable with 
 good policy, was made ? 
 
 What was the effect of these restrictions ? How many emigrants 
 arrived in 1734 ? 
 
 (P. 86.) What was tlieir character? What did the trustees do 
 in order to obtain more suitable settlers? With what effect? 
 
QUESTIONS FOR nXA-MINATION. 175 
 
 How did the parliament aid the colony ? What was the effect of 
 the war between Spain and England, on the prosperity of 
 Georgia? Who was appointed commander-in-chief? How did 
 he secure the safety of Georgia? What did he then propose to 
 do? With what force did he invade Florida'? What was the 
 result of the expedition? Ho\f did the Spaniards retaliate? 
 When ? What hastened the return of the Spanish commander 
 to Florida? 
 
 (P. 87.) By what was Georgia preserved on this occasion ? 
 
 What freed Georgia from one source of disquiet ? What was 
 the state of the colony at the middle of the eighteenth century ? 
 What had produced that effect? Of what had the trustees thus 
 deprived the colonists ? What was the amount of the exports of 
 Georgia in 1750 ? What in 1820 ? When was the government 
 taken into the hands of the king ? What privileges were ex- 
 tended to Georgia ? When was a general assembly of represen- 
 tatives established ? W^hat lands were annexed to Georgia in 
 1763? What was the effect of the change in the government? 
 How did the value of her exports increase in the next ten years ? 
 
 (P. 88.) To what is much of this increase of prosperity to be 
 attributed ? 
 
 What was the condition of Georgia at the commencement of 
 the American Revolution? What is said of her inhabitants? 
 Did they take part in the Revolution ? What did they in 1755? 
 What was suffered by Georgia during the ensuing war ? 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 (P. 89.) When was the continent of America discovered by 
 Cabot ? What length of time elapsed before any permanent set- 
 tlement was effected on its shores ? What was the greater part 
 of the United States, east of Florida, called ? In honour of 
 whom ? What practice was followed by Elizabeth of England ? 
 When was the earliest settlement in pursuance of these grants, 
 made ? Where? When did the Dutch commence a settlement? 
 When ? How long did they retain possession of New York ? 
 
 (P. 90.) When was Massachusetts settled ? By whom ? What 
 was the next settlement in order of time ? The two next ? By 
 whom was Connecticut colonized ? By whom was Maryland 
 colonized ? What led to the founding of Rhode Island ? In 
 
176 QUESTIONS FOtt EXAMINATION. 
 
 what year was it settled ? When was New Hampshire settled ? 
 When was North Carolina settled ( By whom ? When was 
 South Carolina settled ? Who had early made partial settle- 
 ments in New Jersey? When was it effectually colonized? — 
 Who had planted themselves at an early period in Pennsylvania ? 
 When did William Penn arrive? Which was the last settled of 
 the original thirteen states'? When was it founded? By whom ? 
 
 What is said of the history of all new colonies? By what 
 were the ordinary evils augmented in the case of the American 
 settlements ? What has been the aim of the most sagacious In- 
 dian chiefs? What success attended their efforts? In what was 
 the Indian hostility most effective? What settlements suffered 
 most from the Indian warfare ? 
 
 (P. 91.) What was the effect of the system pursued in Rhode 
 Island, Pennsylvania, and Maryland? What evil arose from the 
 proximity of the French settlements in Canada ? What is said 
 of the influence of the governors of Canada over the Indians ? 
 What was seen by the colonists to be necessary to their repose ? 
 What plans were consequently devised by them ? For what did 
 commissioners meet in 1690? What caused the failure of the 
 enterprise ? When were similar attempts made ? With what 
 success ? 
 
 When did the colonists enjoy a short period of repose ? What 
 again renewed the war with the French and Indians ? What 
 colonies had previously been the chief theatres of Indian in- 
 cursions ? 
 
 (P. 92.) What opportunity did the extension of the French set- 
 tlements on the Ohio give them ? What colonies were harassed 
 by the Spaniards and the Southern Indians? By whom was 
 an attack made upon Louisbourg ? When ? With what success ? 
 
 When did the colonies again enjoy a short period of repose ? 
 What proposal was made by some of the colonies at the time ? 
 Why was the plan abandoned ? 
 
 By what was the year 1755 rendered memorable ? What saved 
 Braddock's army from entire ruin ? When was Fort Du Quesne 
 taken by the British and provincials ? What other places were 
 finally taken from the French ? What was the effect of the con- 
 quest of Canada upon the colonies ? How was their improved 
 condition regarded by the mother country ? 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 177 
 
 (P. 93.) What did the people of Great Britain determine to do ? 
 What was their first step in that resolution ? When was an act 
 of Parliament passed to that effect ? What ensued in the colo- 
 nies ? Where did delegates assemble ? 
 
 (P. 94.) Upon what did they agree ? What associations were 
 entered into by the people ? What was the effect of this upon 
 the British ministry ? Did they give up the right of taxing the 
 colonies ? 
 
 What act was passed in 1767 ? What did the colonies refuse 
 to do ? What was then done by the British government ? What 
 was done by the colonists to counteract the design of collecting 
 this duty ? What was done with the tea sent to Boston ? What 
 act was passed when intelligence of that proceeding reached 
 England ? What was the effect of that act upon the American 
 provinces ? 
 
 What was done by Massachusetts after the passage of the 
 Boston Port Bill ? What did she recommend ? 
 
 (P. 95.) When did a congress of delegates convene ? What 
 was done by them ? How did England still attempt to force her 
 colonies to submission ? Why did she in these measures except 
 North Carolina, Delaware, and New York ? What effect was 
 produced upon those three colonies by that exception ? What 
 was going on in the meantime ? 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 (P. 96.) When did the first conflict between the Americans and 
 the English take place ? Who commanded the British troops ii 
 Boston ? What was done by him on the 18th of April, 1775 ? 
 
 (P. 97.) How was the alarm given ? What happened at Lex- 
 ington ? What at Concord ? Did they succeed in destroying the 
 stores? How were they reinforced in their retreat? What was 
 the conduct of the Americans during the retreat of the British ? 
 
 (P. 98 ) How many men did they lose? What position did the 
 two armies then take ? What was done by the provincials on the 
 night of the 16th of June ? How many men occupied the post ? 
 Give an account of the three attempts made by the British to 
 dislodge them. What was the result ? What was the loss on each 
 side? What American general was killed in this engagement? 
 
 When did the second Continental Congress meet? Where? 
 On what did they determine? Who was elected commander-in- 
 
178 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 chief of the troops? When did he take command of the forces f 
 What was the slate of the troops? What did he undertake with 
 them? 
 
 (P. 99.) By whom was an attempt made upon Canada? How 
 did they reach Quebec? Give an account of their attempt to 
 carry the place? Which of the commanders was killed ? Was 
 the attempt abandoned ? How long did the British remain in 
 possession of Boston ? Where did they go on leaving Boston? 
 Where did Washington then establish his head quarters ? 
 
 (P. 100.) When did the British attack Fort Moultrie? By whom 
 were the British forces led ? Who defended the fort ? How 
 long did the battle continue ? Why were the land forces not 
 brought into action ? What happened during the naval engage- 
 ment ? For what place did the fleet and troops depart ? 
 
 What was attempted by Congress while these affairs were in 
 progress? What did they do when they found their remon- 
 strances fruitless ? When were the united colonies declared free 
 and independent ? Where was that done ? 
 
 When did Sir William Howe land on Long Island ? With how 
 many men ? What was the number of the American forces at 
 that time? 
 
 (P. 101.) Who commanded the American detachment on Long 
 Island ? Where were they stationed ? What orders had been 
 given with respect to the passes in the hills? 
 
 (P. 102.) How and where did the British make their way 
 through the hills ? What was thus gained by the British ? What 
 was the consequence ? 
 
 What was done by Washington as soon as he heard of the 
 commencement of the action ? To what did he confine his exer- 
 tions? What prevented Sir William Howe from immediately 
 attaking the American position ? 
 
 Give an account of the celebrated retreat that was accom- 
 plished on the night of the 28th. What was seen by the British 
 in the morning? 
 
 Why did Washington retire from New York Island ? When 
 was it entered by the British ? How far was the retreat of the 
 Americans continued ? 
 
 (P. 103.) When was Fort Washington taken by the British ? 
 How many prisoners did they take ? What other fort was taken ? 
 What added to the misfortunes of the army ? 
 
QtJESTlONS FOtt EXAMINATION. 179 
 
 When did the British give up the pursuit of the Americans? 
 Where was their main body cantoned ? 
 
 Did Congress think of submission ? Where were detachments 
 of the Hessian troops stationed ? What did Washington deter- 
 mine to do ? With how many men did he cross the Delaware? 
 When did he cross? How was he retarded in his passage? How 
 did the Americans move to the attack ? 
 
 (P. 104.) Give an account of the battle? How many of tho 
 enemy were killed? How many surrendered themselves prison- 
 ers? What was the loss on the American side? What distin 
 guished man was among the wounded ? 
 
 What other part of the army had been ordered to cross the 
 river and co-operate with Washington ? What compelled their 
 return ? 
 
 When did Washington recross the Delaware? What was the 
 effect of the victory at Trenton? 
 
 (P. 105.) When and where did the two armies again meet ? By 
 what were they separated ? What separated the combatants ? 
 
 To what difficulties was Washington now exposed ? What did 
 he resolve to do ? 
 
 How did he draw off his army without exciting the suspicions 
 t)f the enemy ? By whom were they encountered near Princeton? 
 Of what was Washington well aware ? How did he consequently 
 exert himself ? What was his conduct in the battle? In what 
 manner did two of the British regiments retreat? 
 
 (P. 106 ) What was the result of the engagement with the 3d 
 regiment ? What was the British loss in the battle of Princeton? 
 What distinguished American officer was killed in that battle? 
 
 What first announced Washington's escape to Cornwallis ? 
 What did he immediately do ? To what place did Washington 
 retire to winter quarters ? Where did the British concentrate 
 their forces ? 
 
 What was effected by Washington during the spring of 1777? 
 What change did Howe consequently make in his plan ? Where 
 did he land? Where did Washington oppose him? How did 
 Howe divide his troops on the 11th of September? To whom 
 di<3 he give the command? How did Knyphausen proceed ? How 
 did Cornwallis proceed ? Who commanded the right wing of the 
 American army ? 
 
 (P. 107.) How did he proceed ? When was he attacked by 
 
180 QUESTIONS FOa EXAMINATION. 
 
 Cornwallis? What was the result of that attack? What was 
 effected by General Greene? By General Wayne ? Whither did 
 Washington then retire ? 
 
 What was the American loss in the battle of Brandywine? — 
 What the British? What distinguished officer first served in the 
 American cause in this battle ? What was his conduct in the 
 action ? 
 
 (P. 108.) Of what was Washington convinced by the result of 
 this battle? When did Howe enter Philadelphia? Where was 
 his army principally stationed ? 
 
 What was the result of Washington's attack upon the British 
 at Germantown ? 
 
 What was done by the British on the 22d of October ? With 
 what success ? 
 
 When was the attack on Fort Mifflin renewed ? Who com- 
 manded the Americans in the fort? How did the garrison be- 
 have? When did they evacuate the post ? 
 
 How did the British obtain possession of Fort Mercer ? Of 
 what importance was the possession of those forts to the British 
 arms? 
 
 (P, 109.) What was done by Burgoyne in June 1777 ? What 
 was the character of his first operations? How far did his suc- 
 cess continue? How was he there opposed? In what way, and 
 for what purpose did he divide his forces ? By whom was the 
 detachment attacked ? With what success ? What happened to 
 the reinforcement sent by Burgoyne ? What was he then com- 
 pelled to do ? When did Burgoyne surrender? What effects were 
 produced by this event in the United States ? What in France ? 
 
 (P. 110.) What circumstance prevented Howe's army from 
 sharing the fate of Burgoyne's ? Where had Washington spent 
 the preceding winter ? What is said of the suffering and priva* 
 tions which they then endured ? What foreign officer arrived 
 while they occupied that encampment ? To whom did Steuben 
 offer his services ? To what office was he appointed ? How had 
 he been qualified for the duties of that office ? 
 (P. 111.) What reform did he effect in the army? 
 What was done by the Americans on the retreat of the Bri- 
 tish ? Why did not Washington lead them to a general engage- 
 ment ? When did a partial action lake place ? 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 181 
 
 By whom was an attempt made on Rhode Island ? What caused 
 its failure ? 
 
 (P. 112.) How was the year 1779 chiefly passed by the Bri- 
 tisli ? What appeared to be their object ? How were their 
 footsteps marked ? What was the effect of these excesses upon 
 the American people? By whom was Savannah and the 
 whole state of Georgia conquered ? By whom was South Ca- 
 rolina defended ? With what success ? What was the success 
 of the attempt of the Americans upon Savannah? What caused 
 its failure ? 
 
 By whom was Stony Point taken ? Give an account of its cap- 
 ture. 
 
 Give an account of Putnam's escape at Horse Neck. Why did 
 not the British follow him ? 
 
 (P. lis.) What command was given to Paul Jones? When? 
 When and where did he encounter an enemy ? What was the 
 force on each side ? When did the action commence ? How 
 long did it continue ? What was the result of the action between 
 the Serapis and the Bon Homme Richard? 
 
 (P. 114.) What had been done by the Pallas in the meantime ? 
 By whom was this engagement witnessed ? How were the 
 prizes taken by Jones estimated ? How was he honoured by 
 Congress ? 
 
 (P. 115.) To what place was a large force despatched by the 
 British in 1780 ? What did they accomplish ? Who was sent to 
 the relief of the inhabitants? What mistake did Gates make? 
 What was the result of the battle ? What distinguished foreigner 
 fell in the battle of Camden ? 
 
 To what did Cornwallis then direct his views? By what were 
 his plans retarded ? Who succeeded Gates in the command of 
 the Southern army ? What did he effect ? 
 
 What happened in September, 1780 ? 
 
 (P. 116.) By whom was the victory at the Cowpens gained? 
 When ? How were the efforts of Cornwallis to recover the pri- 
 soners foiled ? When did Greene re-enter North Carolina ? 
 Where did he fight a pitched battle with Cornwallis? What 
 compelled Cornwallis to retreat to Wilmington ? 
 
 What resolution was then formed by Greene ? To what place 
 did Cornwallis march ? 
 
 16 
 
182 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 What permission did Washington obtain from Congress during 
 the winter of 1780-81 ? 
 
 When did Washington's army retire to winter quarters ? 
 Where were the several divisions stationed ? 
 
 What revolts happened in January, 1781 ? How was the first 
 appeased ? 
 
 (P. 117.) By what was the second produced? How was it 
 quelled ? 
 
 How did the mutineers treat the overtures of Sir Henry Clinton ? 
 From what did the great distress of the army and the growing 
 discontent of the people spring ? 
 
 Why did Washington now direct his plans to the south ? What 
 was done by La Fayette ? Hov/ were the royal troops engaged t 
 What compelled La Fayette to fall back? How did he conduct 
 his retreat? 
 
 Who advanced with fresh troops from the north ? To what 
 place did Cornwallis retreat? 
 
 (P. 118.) What did Washington and Rochambeau resolve to 
 do ? By what force was New York protected ? When and where 
 did the allied armies meet? Why did Washington determine to 
 turn his whole attention to the south ? 
 
 What orders did La Fayette receive ? Where did he accord- 
 ingly take post ? Where did the British general fortify himself ? 
 When did the Count de Grasse enter the Chesapeake ? 
 
 (P. 119.) What was brought on by the arrival of the British 
 fleet ? What followed ? 
 
 What is said of the caution with which Washington managed 
 his movement to the south ? What force had he with him ? To 
 whom was the defence of the Hudson left? 
 
 How did Clinton endeavour to support Cornwallis ? What was 
 produced by one of the latter operations ? When did the siege of 
 Yorktown commence? What was the number of the besiegers ? 
 
 Where is Yorktown situated ? What and where is Gloucester 
 Point? How did the British preserve the communications be- 
 tween these positions ? By whom were the works at Glouceste: 
 Point occupied? Where was the main British army encamped? 
 
 Who was entrusted with the blockade of Gloucester ? How 
 did he succeed ? 
 
 What was done by the allies on the 28th ? 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 183 
 
 (P. 120.) What on the next day? What was done on the 6th 
 of October ? What on the 9th and lOlh ? What was the effect of 
 the fire of the besiegers ? 
 
 What is said of the spirit of emulation and esteem that existed 
 among the allies? What was done on the night o»[Mhe 11th? 
 From what did the besiegers most severely suffer ? When, and 
 by whom, were these two outworks stormed ? 
 
 (P. 121.) How were they gained ? 
 
 What did Cornwailis now plainly see ? What was the result 
 of his attempt to destroy the two batteries ? What did he then 
 attempt ? What compelled him to return to his former position ? 
 
 What took place on the 17th ? When was Yorktown surren- 
 dered to Washington ? How many men were surrendered ? To 
 whom were the shipping and seamen yielded ? What was the 
 loss of *he British during the siege ? What of the allies ? 
 
 How was General Greene engaged in the meantime? What 
 decided the contest ? When and how was the independence of 
 the United States acknowledged by Great Britain ? 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 (P. 122.) What was the effect of the successful issue of the war 
 of the Revolution? What had been created by the expenses of 
 the war ? What other sources of evil existed ? What did this 
 state of affairs indicate ? What desire did this excite in the 
 friends of order ? What was done at the instance of the Legisla- 
 ture of Virginia? What was done by these commissioners? 
 When and where did the meeting of delegates convene ? When 
 did they lay the result of their labours before Congress ? What 
 did they declare ? 
 
 (P. 123.) What wish did they express ? Were these vieavs and 
 desires accomplished? How did that constitution operate? In 
 what was public opinion divided ? How was its ratification ob- 
 tained ? When did the new government go into operation ? 
 
 Who was chosen first President of the United States? Who 
 was the first Vice President ? What were the effects of the new 
 system of government ? What was the conduct of the United 
 States during the war arising out of the French revolution ? 
 
184 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 (P. 124.) What opposition was made to the neutral course ? 
 What two parties existed at that time ? What was the result of 
 the Indian war ? Why was an excise laid on whiskey ? To what 
 did this excise lead? How was it suppressed? 
 
 (P. 125.) Who was chosen president in 1793 ? What is said of 
 liis farewell letter ? 
 
 Who succeeded Washington ? What course was pursued by 
 the French government during his administration ? What mea- 
 sures of defence were adopted by the American government? 
 Who was appointed commander-in-chief? What great loss was 
 soon after suffered by the nation ? How was the national grief 
 expressed? Give an account of the war between the United 
 States and France. 
 
 What revolution in the administration of public affairs took 
 place in 1801 ? Who was elected president ? What was the 
 condition of the United States during his first term of office ? 
 
 (P. 126.) When was the European war renewed? What had 
 the United States gained by their neutral position ? What was 
 done by the British to counteract that advantage ? How did Na- 
 poleon retaliate ? What orders were then issued by the English ? 
 What did Napoleon subsequently decree ? Which of these na- 
 tions were the aggressors ? How did they farther outrage the na- 
 tional dignity ? Was the country at that time prepared for war? 
 
 (P. 127.) What was attempted by Congress ? What act was 
 passed in December, 1807 ? What was afterwards substituted for 
 this embargo law ? 
 
 Who was elected to the office of president in 1809 ? Who was 
 chosen vice president? What engagement was entered into with 
 Mr. Erskine, the British minister ? Was it ratified ? Why not ? 
 Who succeeded Erskine as ambassador ? Why was his recall de- 
 sired by the president ? What was commenced by the French 
 government in August 1810? What was accordingly done by 
 the president? 
 
 (P. 128.) What happened in May 1811? What other provoca- 
 tion was given by the British ? What was the result of the bat- 
 tle of Tippecanoe ? 
 
 How many American vessels were taken by the French after 
 the revocation of the Berlin and Milan decrees? How many 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 185 
 
 were captured by the British in the ten years preceding 1812 ? — 
 What seemed to be necessary to redress these wrongs ? 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 How long was this system of restrictions upon commerce con- 
 tinued ? What was done with a view to hostilities ? 
 
 (P. 129.) When was war declared? What preparations had 
 been made by the American government ? What was the conse- 
 quence ? 
 
 Give an account of General Hull's operations. What sentence 
 did the court martial pass upon him ? Why did the president re- 
 mit the punishment? 
 
 What expedition was undertaken by General Van Rensselaer? 
 What was his success ? 
 
 (P. 130.) How was the disappointment arising from these 
 failures counterbalanced ? When was the action between the 
 Constitution and the Guerriere fought? Who commanded the Con- 
 stitution ? Give an account of the action. What was the loss on 
 each side? 
 
 (P. 131.) What encounter took place on the 25th of October ? 
 Give an account of the action. What was the loss of the Mace- 
 donian ? What was done with the ship ? 
 
 What was done in November ? Who commanded the Wasp ? 
 What was the loss on each side ? 
 
 What other victory was gained before the close of the year ? 
 
 (P. 132.) Who commanded the Constitution ? What advantage 
 Avas possessed by the British in the action ? What was the result 
 of the engagement? What was the loss on each side ? What 
 was done with the Java ? 
 
 How did Captain Lawrence add to the glory of the American 
 navy? 
 
 Were these victories confined to the public ships of the United 
 Stales ? 
 
 (P. 133.) How many vessels and prisoners had been taken, be- 
 fore the meeting of Congress in November ? 
 
 What were the effects of these triumphs on the military spirit ? 
 ! 16* 
 
186 QUESTIONS FOR EXA.MIKATION. 
 
 How were their effects evinced in the Western and Southern 
 States? How in Pennsylvania and Virginia? Where was this 
 patriotic zeal more particularly observable ? 
 
 What prevented, for a time, the invasion of Canada ? What 
 did these governors declare ? What was the effect of their re- 
 fusal ? 
 
 What preparations were at length made on the northern lines ? 
 Who used every exertion to create a fleet on the lakes ? To what 
 did the operations on these lakes extend during the revolution ? 
 What is said of the preparations that were now making. 
 
 (P. 134.) What was done by Congress in November? 
 
 What unsuccessful pacific proposals had been made ? What 
 was done by the government after the capture of Hull's army ? 
 To whom was the command of these detachments given ? What 
 is said of Harrison's arrangements for the recovery of Detroit ? 
 
 In pursuance of these arrangements to what place did he send 
 General Winchester ? When did he arrive at that post ? Why 
 did he move forward to the river Raisin ? 
 
 When, and by whom, was he attacked at Frenchtown ? 
 
 (P. 135.) What was the result of the battle ? What happened 
 after the battle ? What part had the British in that massacre ? 
 
 What was done by General Dearborn, on the 27th of April ? 
 
 (P. 136.) Of what barbarous act were the British guilty ? 
 What distinguished commander was killed by that explosion ? 
 How did his troops behave after his death ? 
 
 When did the Americans make an attack on Fort George ? 
 With what success ? By whom v/as an attempt made upon 
 Sackett's Harbour ? How were they received ? 
 
 What happened at the Beaver Dams ? 
 
 How did the campaign open on the borders of Lake Erie? 
 
 What was done by Harrison after Winchester's defeat ? What 
 name was given to the fort? When did the enemy commence 
 the siege of Fort Meigs ? 
 
 (P. 137.) What was the result of the siege? 
 
 What was the American force on Lake Erie ? By whom was 
 it commanded ? What was the British force ? When did the 
 two fleets come to an engagement ? What was the character of 
 the action ? By what was it decided ? How long did it last ? In 
 what did it result ? What was the effect of the victory ? 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 187 
 
 (P. 138.) How did Harrison hasten to take advantage of this 
 victory ? When and where did he overtake the British army ? In 
 what did the battle of the Thames terminate ? What was taken 
 from the British.? What ended with this action? 
 
 What happened in the spring of 1813, on the Atlantic frontier? 
 Who was the chief actor in these scenes ? In what bolder at- 
 tempt were the British troops employed ? With what success ? 
 What town did they give up to plunder ? How did they employ 
 themselves during the remainder of the year ? 
 
 What American ships were taken by the British in 1813 ? What 
 British ships were taken by the Americans ? 
 
 (P. 139.) What was the result of an attempt made upon Mon- 
 treal in the latter part of the year? 
 
 When did the Indians of Florida attack Fort Mimms ? Give 
 an account of the attack and subsequent massacre ? Who was 
 sent to chastise these Indians ? 
 
 What was done by a detachment of Jackson's army on the 2d 
 of November ? What further successes were gained by Jackson 
 in this war ? When was the battle of Tohopeka fought ? Where 
 was Tohopeka situated ? What was the strength of the garrison ? 
 
 How was the attack commenced ? Relate the heroism of Ma- 
 jor Montgomery. How did the battle end ? 
 
 (P. 140.) At what place was a treaty of peace concluded with 
 the Indians ? 
 
 What was the success of General Wilkinson's incursion into 
 Canada in the spring of 1814 ? By whom was he superseded ? 
 
 To whom was the command of the troops on the Niagara fron- 
 tiers given ? What fort did he take on the 2d of July ? When 
 did he attack the British position at Chippewa ? How did the 
 battle terminate ? 
 
 When did another battle occur ? Where was it fought ? By 
 whom were the Americans commanded? What was the result 
 of the battle? To what place did the Americans retire ? What 
 was the success of the British in the siege of Fort Erie ? 
 
 (P. 141.) Against what town did the British general, Prevost, 
 advance ? With how many men ? Who commanded the militia 
 in Plattsburg ? What did they do to retard the approach of the 
 enemy ? When did the British enter the town ? To what place 
 did the Americans retire ? 
 
188 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 Who commanded the American squadron on Lake Champlain? 
 When was he attacked by the British fleet ? What was the re- 
 sult of the action ? What was the condition of both fleets at the 
 close of the action ? 
 
 (P. 142.) By whom was the battle of Lake Champlain wit- 
 nessed ? What was done by the British in Plattsburg during the 
 naval engagement? What on the succeeding night? What did 
 they leave behind them ? 
 
 Where did the British land in August 1814 ? 
 
 (P. 143.) Where was a battle fought on the 24th ? What is said 
 of the behaviour of General Winder in that battle ? 
 
 Who commanded the British ? Of what city did they take pos- 
 session ? What did they do in Washington ? 
 
 How was the disgrace, arising from this event, in some mea- 
 sure retrieved ? How were the British received in their attempt 
 upon Baltimore ? What finally compelled them to withdraw ? , 
 
 What American vessels were captured by the British in 1814? 
 What British vessels were taken ? What was proved by these 
 captures ? 
 
 When had a British flag of truce arrived? What was announced 
 in the despatches brought ? Where was it agreed that the com- 
 missioners should assemble ? 
 
 What commissioners were appointed on the part of the United 
 States to commence the business of conciliation? 
 
 (P. 144.) What was the effect of the victories of Lake Cham- 
 plain and Plattsburg on these negotiations ? Why was it sup- 
 posed that the war should before this period have ceased ? What 
 insulting proposals were made by the British government as the 
 price of peace ? 
 
 What state were the enemy preparing to invade in September ? 
 Why were the militia unprepared to defend their country ? What 
 was there in the nature of the country which made it easy to be 
 defended ? 
 
 Who was the commander of the district? 
 
 (P. 145.) When did he arrive in New Orleans? What effect 
 was produced by his presence ? 
 
 How soon did the British fleet appear on the coast ? What 
 did the invaders succeed in doing on the 22d of December ? Did 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 189 
 
 they follow up their advantage? How did Jackson fortify his 
 post ? When did the British general make an unsuccessful at- 
 tempt to drive Jackson from his post ? When did he make ano- 
 ther unsuccessful attempt upon the American lines ? How were 
 the Americans reinforced ? How the British ? What was now 
 the whole number of each army? 
 
 To whom was the defence of the lines on the right bank of the 
 river intrusted ? By whom were the works on the left bank oc- 
 cupied ? 
 
 When was the final attempt made ? 
 
 (P. 146.) How did the British columns move forward to the at- 
 tack? How were they received by the Americans ? W»hat was 
 the effect of the warm reception which they received ? How 
 many times did they return to the charge? With what success ? 
 What was the result of the battle ? What was the loss of the 
 British ? What that of the Americans ? What distinguished 
 British generals were killed in the battle of New Orleans ? 
 
 When was a treaty of peace signed by the commissioners at 
 Ghent ? When was it ratified by the Prince Regent of England ? 
 When by the President of the United States ? 
 
 What was provided for in the treaty of peace? 
 
 CHAPTER XVn. 
 
 (P. 147.) What advantage had Algiers taken of the English 
 war ? How was their insolence chastised ? 
 
 Who was elected to succeed Mr. Madison in the office of 
 president ? When did he enter on the duties of his office ? 
 
 What atrocities were committed by the Florida Indians during 
 Monroe's administration ? Who were sent against them ? What 
 put a stop to any further aggressions on the part of the Indians ? 
 How were the Spanish authorities in Pensacola punished? For 
 what ? What treaty was made with Spain in 1819 — 21 ? 
 
 (P. 148.) What was provided for in a treaty with Russia in 
 1824? What in a treaty with England ? How was this year fur- 
 ther distinguished ? When did he arrive? How did he spend 
 the ensuing twelve months ? How was he received by the peo- 
 
190 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 
 
 pie ? What did Congress do for him ? When did he sail lor 
 France ? 
 
 Why did the choice of president devolve upon the House of 
 Representatives in 1824 ? Who was chosen by them ? When 
 did he enter on the duties of his office? 
 
 With whom were treaties concluded during the first two years 
 of his administration ? What was provided for in those treaties ? 
 What did the Indians receive for their land ? 
 
 W^hat happened on the 4th of July, 1826? 
 
 When was a tariff bill enacted by Congress ? W'hat effect did 
 it produce in the Southern states ? 
 
 (P. 149.) Who was chosen to succeed Mr. Adams in the presi- 
 dency? Who was chosen vice president? When were they 
 inaugurated ? 
 
 How was the tariff of 1828 modified in 1832? What effect 
 did that modification produce in the state of South Carolina ? 
 How did Jackson meet this warlike disposition of the South ? 
 How were these difficulties finally overcome ? 
 
 What war broke out in 1832? Who was sent against them? 
 When and where was an action fought ? What was the result 
 of that and the succeeding action ? Who was the chief of the 
 hostile Indians ? How long was he kept as a hostage? To what 
 place did he retire? 
 
 What was the fate of the bill for rechartering the United 
 States Bank ? 
 
 (P. 150.) When were the government deposites withdrawn from - 
 that institution? 
 
 What happened in 1834 ? When was the whole debt of 'the 
 United States paid off? 
 
 What war broke out in 1835 ? Who was sent against him ? 
 
 (P. 151.) When was he attacked ? What was the fate of him- 
 self and his command? What was the name of the Seminole 
 war chief? Was this war continued through 1836 ? When did 
 Congress recognise the independence of Texas ? 
 
 Who was elected in 1836 to succeed General Jackson ? When 
 was he inaugurated ? 
 
 What evil was felt during his administration ? How was it in 
 some measure mitigated ? 
 
 When did the Canadian rebellion break out ? What caused an 
 
QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 191 
 
 excitement among the people of the United States ? Was the 
 neutrality of the United States preserved ? 
 
 When did the banks generally resume specie payments ? What 
 effects did that produce? When were the boundaries of the 
 United States and Texas fixed ? What treaties were concluded 
 in 1838 ? 
 
 (P. 152.) What led to frequent collisions between the govern- 
 ments of Maine and Lower Canada? What was done to settle 
 the dispute? What treaties of commerce were made in 1839? 
 What was the population of the United States in 1840 ? 
 
 Who were the candidates for the presidency in 1840? Who 
 was chosen to that office ? Who was elected to the vice presi- 
 dency ? When were they inaugurated ? 
 
 What was said by Harrison in his inaugural address ? When 
 did he die? At what age ? How wag the grief of the people ex- 
 pressed ? 
 
 Who now became president ? Who vice president ? How 
 long did Harrison's cabinet continue in office ? 
 
 (P. 153.) What law was passed by Congress in 1841 ? What 
 was done in reference to the " right of search" claimed by Great 
 Britain? What bills were vetoed by the president ? When was 
 a modified tariff bill passed ? 
 
 What special ambassador arrived in the United States in April 
 1842 ? With what powers ? What was provided for in the treaty 
 which he concluded with the secretary of state ? When was the 
 Ashburton treaty ratified by the Senate ? 
 
 What treaty was rejected by the Senate in 1844 ? When was a 
 resolution for the annexation of Texas to the United States passed 
 by both houses of Congress ? 
 
 What candidates presented themselves for the office of presi- 
 dent in the autumn of 1844 ? 
 
 (P. 154.) Who was elected ? When was he inaugurated ? 
 Who was chosen vice president ? 
 
 THE END. 
 
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