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 THE 
 
 ANNUAL REPORT 
 
 OF TB£ 
 
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 ^usaMiiiair ^©©ais^p^ 
 
 FREDERICK COUNTY, Vx. 
 
 FOR COLONIZINO THE 
 
 FJEIJEIE PEOFJLE OF COLO UK, 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 WITH AN APPENDIX, 
 WIJVCHESTER, 
 
 ^CBLISHEB BY THE AUXILIARY SOeiETT 
 
 1820. 
 
 ,^ 
 

 
On Saturday the 4th day of November, 1820, the An- 
 nual Meeting of the Auxiliary Colonization Society of 
 Frederick County, Va. was held in the town of Winches- 
 ter, when, agreeably to a request of a committee of ar- 
 rangement, William L. Clark Esq. delivered a very ap- 
 propriate and impressive address. After the address the 
 following report was read. As soon as the ordinary bu- 
 siness of the society was dispatched, it was moved, se- 
 conded and carried, that the thanks of the society be 
 presented to Col. Augustine C. Smith, who had drawn 
 lip the report, for the service he had rendered, with a re- 
 quest that he would be good enough to furnish a copy of 
 it for publication. It was also moved, seconded and car- 
 ried that the thanks of the society he returned to William 
 L. Clark, Esq. for his very suitable address, with a re- 
 quest that a copy of it be furnished, to be printed with 
 the report — from a compliance with which request Mr. 
 Clark begged to be excused, stating as a reason, that 
 he thought the report comprized within itself every tbingi*^ 
 of sufficient importance to claim the attention of the pub- \j\ 
 lie at present. 
 
REPORT. 
 
 The board of managers of the Auxiliary Society of 
 Frederick County, for colonizing the free people of co- 
 lour of the United States, now submit their annual report 
 to the Society. This Society has been in operation for 
 three years, during which time it has met with much en- 
 couragement. The encouragement has indeed transcen- 
 ded its utmost exportation ; and as this is the first writ- 
 ten report of the pnueedings of the board of managers, 
 it is deemed necessary, for the purpose of diffusing infor- 
 mation, to give both a particular narration of the exer- 
 tions made by the Frederick Auxiliary Society, and also 
 a general view of the objects and progress of the Ame- 
 rican Colonization Socio!}. This course is rendered 
 more requisite by the misrepresentations of some who 
 are either ignoran^ of, or hostile to, the objects of the 
 Society. 
 
 Africa, the pride of antiquity, and the original scat of 
 the arts and sciences, has for three hundred years been 
 visited with every act of oppression which could be devi- 
 sed by the tyranny or injustice of mankind. After im- 
 proving the condition of the ancient nations of Europe 
 and Asia, by instructing them in the principles of civil 
 government and tlie maxi.-.s of ph;l.>sophy, she has, in 
 modern ages, been rewarded for her services by a system 
 of cruel, inhuman persecuticjn, unparalled in the annals 
 of the world. By means of the slave trade, that scourge 
 
5 
 
 of Africa, the countries bordering on her sea coast have 
 been desolated, her virtues blasted, her peace destroyed, 
 her civilization retarded or converted to barbarism, and 
 ier intercourse with foreign nations annihilated, except 
 in the diabolical traffic of human flesh ! Our own coun- 
 try is blackened with the victims of slavery, already a- 
 mounting to nearly two millions of souls ; and to con- 
 template their increase through the vista of futurity is 
 alarming to the patriot and the philanthropist. 
 
 While we deprecate the horrors of slavery, it is conso- 
 ling to reflect that our country, is originally guiltless of 
 the crime, which was legalized by G. Britain under our 
 colonial government, and consummated by commercial 
 avarice, at a time when our powerless legislatures vain- 
 ly implored the mother country to abolish a trade so im- 
 pious in its character and dreadful in its consequences. 
 In the year 1772, Virginia discouraged the importation 
 of slaves by the imposition of duties, and supplicated the 
 throne to remove the evil ; and in 1778, having broken 
 the fetters of British tyranny, she passed a law prohibit- 
 ing the further importation of slaves.* Tlie attcistion 
 of the continental Congress was called to this interest- 
 ing subject as early as the year 1774, and the opposition 
 then expressed to the slave trade was aitervvards efiectu* 
 ated by a law enacted by the constitutional Congress as 
 
 '-r.- soon as its delegated powers would permit. In an ad- 
 
 dress which was carried iinaoimoiisly in both houses of 
 
 >24 the British parliament, it is said '- titat the United 
 
 States of America were honourably distinguished as the 
 
 * It will be reGpUected tliat Virginia did not at all avail herself of 
 tliat humiliating concession made by the f 'ramers of tlie Federal Con- 
 stitution of importing- slaves till thoyear 1808, 
 
iirst which pronounced the condemnation of this guilty 
 traffic." In pursuance of our example, enforced by the 
 eloquence of Clarkson, Wilberforce, and their coadju- 
 tors, the Biitish government, and subsequently the other 
 nations of Europe (with the exception of P<irtugal) have 
 fully united in this work of humanity ; whilst Portugal 
 has also renounced the slave trade to the north of the 
 equator. 
 
 About the era of the French revolution, the colony of 
 Sierra Leone was firmly established, as an asylum for 
 captured Alricans, on the very spot where modern sla- 
 very commenced. This coincidence is truly remarka- 
 ble, and connected with the progress of the principles of 
 civil liberty, and the many laudable institutions of the 
 present revolutionary period, for the propagation of 
 Christianity, and the gradual ext<^nsion of human hap- 
 piness, may serve to convince us that the omnipotent 
 being " who seeth not as man seeth,'' can direct these 
 astonishing events to work together for the good of his 
 creatures, even amidst the wreck of nations, the crush of 
 empires, and the desolation of the world. 
 
 From the successful establishment of the colony of 
 Sioij a Leone, the idea was probably first suggested in 
 l!iis country ol colonizing the free people of colour. In 
 the year 1802, Mr. Jefferson, then president of the U. 
 States, in compliance with the request of the Virginia 
 legislature, communicated by Governor Monroe, endea- 
 \o'.:rcd to accomplish the important object of our Society 
 by a negotiation with the Sierra Leone company, and 
 sil'terwards with Portugal : but the attempt at that time 
 iiisavoidably failed, and was perhaps prematurely madc^ 
 
Not discouraged, however, with the faihire, we fiini the 
 venerable patriot, in 1811, again approbating tin- piopo- 
 situ n ot Ann Mifflin, of the societ} ot Friends, to ])ro- 
 cure a colonizing establishment on the coast of Atrica. 
 In short, the advocates of the plan of colonization in- 
 creased, until on the 21st of December, 18 16, tlie first 
 meeting to form a colonizing Society was held at Wash- 
 ington, and shortly afterwards the American Society was 
 established by the particular exertions of Doctor Finley, 
 of New Jersey, and under the patronage of individuals 
 who are-considered ornaments to their country ; many 
 of whom occupy a seat in the highest councils of the na- 
 tion, and some in every department of the government. 
 Auxiliary associations followed in rapid succession, and 
 on the 20th of September, 1817, was formed the auxiliary jA 
 society of Frederick County, Va. fr 
 
 Encouraged by the approbation of a committee of 
 Congress, of the legislatures of Maryland, Virginia, 
 Georgia and Tennessee, of various ecclesiastical synods 
 and conventions, and of a host of friends not less dis- 
 tinguished for their wisdom than their virtue, of every 
 profession, and from every section of the United States, 
 the American Society, with a degree of prudence only 
 equalled by its unshaken resolution, proceeded to adopt 
 such incipient measures as were necessary to lay the 
 foundation of the splendid edifice which it proposed to 
 erect as a refuge for suffering humanity. /TTs first act' 
 was to appoint Samuel J. Mills and Ebenezer Burgess, 
 " gentlemen possessing all tho; qualifications requisite 
 for the important trust confided to them, as agents to ex- 
 plore the western coast of Africa, and to collect such in- 
 
6 
 
 fbrmation as might assist the government of the United 
 States in selecting a suitable district on that continent for 
 the proposed settlement."* These agents discharged 
 their duty with the strictest fidelity, and after collecting 
 the most ample and accurate information on the subjects 
 committed to their charge, the result of the mission to 
 Africa " leaves no further room to doubt that a suitable 
 territory, on the coast of that continent, may be obtain- 
 ed for the contemplated colony, at less expense than had 
 been anticipated."! 
 
 After the favorable report of the agents was generally 
 known. Congress passed an act on the 3d of March 1819, 
 authorizing the president to employ, whenever he shall 
 deem it expedient, any of the armed vessels of the U. 
 ^ States, on the coast of Africa, or elsewjiere, to cuptui-e 
 »all American vessels engaged in carrying on the slave 
 trade, in contravention of the acts of Congress prohi- 
 biting the same, and to bring into the United States all 
 fiegroes found on board such captured vessels ; which 
 negroes he is furtlier empowered to remove beyond the 
 limits of the U. States, and to appoint agents, residing 
 on the coast of Africa, to receive them. One hundred 
 thousand dollars were appropriated to carry this act in- 
 to execution. The act just referred to w as evidently in- 
 tended to co-operate with the humane exertions of the 
 i^nericai^ociety ; and in conformity witli this construc- 
 tion the presitiint has appointed two agents, with com- 
 petent salaries, to select a proper situation '>n the Afri- 
 can coast (in conjunction with the agents of the coloniz- 
 
 * 1st Annual Rep. 6. 
 f 2d Annual Kep. 5 
 
iiig society) as an asylum for the captured negroes ,^ 
 and this situation will be that adopted lor our colony, 
 which will thereby enjoy the protection and support of 
 the government, while it will assist the latter in enlorc- 
 ing the act of March 1819. 
 
 The American Society, in the course of the present 
 year, chartered a vessel at JNew York, for the purpose 
 of transporting to Africa a stli ct nuniber of free persons 
 of colour from the numerous applicants solicitous of em- 
 barking as first settlers of the colony. Those selected 
 consisted of industrious tradesmen, and othei persons of 
 intelligence, sobriety, and moral deportment, u hose qual- 
 ifications were peculiarly adapted to the exigency. Ma- 
 ny were necessarily rejected, on account of the limited 
 funds of the society, and it was truly aflSic ting to behold 
 their disappointment and chagrin. At the request of the 
 President of the U. States, the vessel was subsequently 
 re-chartered by government, and the free persons of co- 
 lour who embarked have been transported at the public 
 expense to the African coast, to found a settlement which 
 may serve as well for the colony^ as for a receptacle to 
 the captured negroes under the act to which we have al- 
 ready referred. This band of colonists was hospitably 
 received by John Kizel, a coloured man and g chieftain 
 of the Island of Sherbro; and after a ten^porary resi- 
 dence in that Island, which is situated hvt a short dis- 
 tance from the continent, the colonists are to proceed to 
 the place of their permanent abode on the Bagroo river, 
 about twenty miles from its month, where the adjacent 
 territory promises all the advantages which commerce, 
 
 B 
 
10 
 
 aj^riculture, manufactures, and a salubrious climate, can 
 bestow. On this brtinch of tlie subject we shall enlarge 
 in a subsequent part of our report. 
 
 We have been informed, though not officially, that our 
 colonists suffered mucli from sickness while in the Island 
 of Sherbro. Three white persons attached to the colony, 
 and fifteen of the coloured people, are probably dead. 
 This eventj however distressing, affords no ground for 
 despondency. From the actual circumstances in which 
 they were placed, it could not have happened otherwise. 
 Destitute of the ways and means of selecting our own 
 time for embarking the expedition, it was delayed week 
 after week and month after month, until the government 
 was ready to unite in our object; and when the settlers 
 arrived on the coast of Africa, the rainy season was just 
 commencing and it was too late for them to prepare a 
 shelter from the inclemency of the w;eather in the healthy 
 country to which they were destined. In this dilemma, 
 they were forced to occupy the habitations provided for 
 them by the humane John Kizel, on Sherbro Island, the 
 situation of which is remarkably low, humid, and fata! 
 to titrangers. ISot being enured to the climate, many 
 were assaulted with disease and death. Precisely the 
 same effect, resulting too from the same cause, was wit- 
 nessed in Virginia during the late war, as will be 
 recollected by those defenders of their country who 
 were marched to Norfolk in the sickly season, or before 
 they could prepare to encounter it. From this cause 
 alone, two companies of regular soldiers lost by disease 
 upwards of forty men in the course of a few months. In 
 some of the militia regiments the mortality was muc!> 
 
11 
 
 greater. Ten or twelve military funerals, in one day, 
 was not an uncommon sight at Norfolk. And yet there 
 are as few deaths reported from Fort Nelson and Fort 
 Norfolk, as from any military posts in the U. StateSS^ 
 And the obvious reason is, because the troops are gra- N 
 dually enured to ttie climate, and are not sent to those 
 posts just at the commencement of the sickly season, 
 and before they have acquired a knowledge of police 
 duties. 
 
 We know that the first settlers of the United States 
 were severely scourged with disease. Such indeed is 
 the fate of all new colonies. Wc are confident, however, 
 that no pestilence, beyond the ordinary lot of the most 
 favoured climate, will assail our colonists after they shall 
 occupy the beautiful and elevated country intended for 
 their reception. If, however, actual experiment should 
 convict us of error, we shall be the first to acknowledge 
 it and we shall then look elsewhere for the accom- 
 plishment of our views. While so large a portion of 
 the world is within the reach of our benevolence, the 
 insalubrity of a small territory shall never frustrate the 
 important objects of the colonizing society. Some of 
 our agents are no more. Others have already offered 
 to supply their place. Some of the coloured people have 
 found a grave in their own country. Their brethren in 
 America, so far from being discouraged at the event, are 
 importuning our society to transport them to the colony. 
 There is, in reality, no cause of discouragement, as we 
 have attempted to prove, and shall demonstrate more 
 fully hereafter when wc come to speak of the Bagroo 
 country.* 
 
 'See Appendix A. 
 
in 
 
 12 
 
 It is now time to return from «)ur digression, and re- 
 late the exertions of the citizens of Frederick County 
 in this work of justire and humanity. 
 
 Ours was the first Auxiliary society formed in Virgi- 
 nia. On the 20th of September, 1817, its operations 
 commenced, and in a short time about six thousand dol- 
 lars were subscribed, payable in five annual instal- 
 ments, besides permanent subscribers. The individuals 
 who contributed so liberally on this occasion, enjoy 
 the smiles of an ap])roving conscience, the gratitude of 
 their country, and the admiration of the world. May 
 they live to behold their effoits crowned with success — 
 to see the midnight gloom which envelopes benighted 
 Africa, dissipated h} the sun of righteousness, and " Ethi- 
 opia stretch out her bands unto God !" 
 
 Nor can we omit to mention that the additional sum 
 of S146.13 was lately collected in Frederick County, by 
 female exertions, for the purchase of clothes to be distri- *^^. 
 buted by the agents of the Society among the unlettered 
 sons and daughters of Africa, who maj' resort to them 
 for instruction. On this occasion, the ladies, with a ten- 
 der sensibility peculiar to their sex, in a very short time 
 corpli-ted three Inmdred and sixty four garments, for no 
 other reward than the pleasure of doing good : and to 
 this N\tll be added the blessing of that God who delights 
 in universal benevolence; who created bond and free, 
 Africans and Europeans, of the same kindred, and equal- 
 ly heirs of immorlality. 
 
 Our Society pursues its career with unabated vigour ; 
 but while we continue to gain many new proselytes, and 
 to receive the sanction of the public from all parts of the 
 
15 
 
 Union,* we have to regret that many, wtiose virtues we 
 respect, whose talents we ailmire, and whose motives must 
 be pure, are still indifferent or hostile to tlie objects of 
 the Society. Have they, we would ask, sufficiently exa- . 
 minedour principles and our progress ? Or have they 
 been precluded by professional avocations from bestow- 
 ing due consideration on a Society unquestionably char- 
 itable in its design and wide as the world in its opera- 
 tion ? If the latter be the fact, we must entreat their at- 
 tention to tiie remainder of this report, while we shall 
 endeavor to refute some of their most material objec- 
 tions ; as we cannot forego the hope of being able to 
 convince some of our respectable opponents, that their 
 opposition arises from an inattention to the facts and /) 
 principles by vvliich we are governed, m/^^^" %^ ^ ^y y 
 
 We contend that the design of the Society is both ex- 
 pedient and practicable. 
 
 Jj The bare mention of the high objects of our pursuit, 
 ought to convince every reflecting mind of their expedi- 
 ency. What are those objects ? 
 
 1st. To colonize the free people of colour of the Unit- 
 ed States. 
 
 2d. To prepare the way for the gradual emancipation 
 and colonization of our slaves. 
 
 3d. To contribute to the abolition of the slave trade. 
 
 4th. To perform an act of justice to Africa and Iscr 
 descendants, by restoring her unfortunate cliildren, and 
 by disseminating through that continent the princij)les of 
 Christianity and civilization. 
 
 5th. As a consequence of the preceding propositions, 
 
 *See appendix B and C. 
 
14 
 
 to promote the prosperity of our own country and save 
 it from impending ruin. 
 
 It was indispensably necessary to avow our real ob- 
 jects, since sone have falsely charged us with wishing to 
 rivet more strongly the fetters of slavery by removing the 
 free persons of colour ; whilst others, with no less ab- 
 surdity, have accused us of an intention to emancipate 
 all the slaves by a compulsory process equally repugnant 
 to our wishes and transcending our authority. 
 
 1st. We say it is expedient to colonize the free people 
 of colour. In Greece and Rome, emancipated slaves 
 became useful citizens, because nature had branded them 
 with no characteristic difference of complexion. But 
 \\ " can the Ethiopian change his skin?" A manumitted 
 v^l^^^:J I^''"^"^*^"^g''^ still, and must ever continue in a 
 state of political bondage ; and it is obvious that he who 
 is deprived of the inherent rights of a citizen can never 
 become a loyal subject. Who would submit to a negro, 
 president or a negro chief justice? The very idea in- 
 spires indignation and contempt. Thus degraded in the 
 scale of existence, the emancipated negro must be habit 
 tually prone to infamy and rebellion. 
 
 Again. The free negroes corrupt our slaves by urg- 
 ing them to plunder the community and affording a re- 
 ceptacle to the fruits of their depredations ; by also in- 
 culcating ideas of freedom and independence, which must 
 terminate in insurrection. Some individuals of this 
 class, we readily admit, by their honesty and industry 
 have surrounded themselves with many of the comforts 
 of life; but, unfortunately, their example is not less 
 dangerous than 'hat of an emancipated vagabond. By 
 
18 
 
 witnessing the situation of his affluent brother, the slave 
 contrasts it with his own, pants for libert)', becomes 
 discontented and disobedient, and in order to move in 
 the same sphere with the fraternity of freed-men, at the 
 expence ot his integrity mimics the dress and manners 
 of fashionable life. From what has been urged, the ex- 
 pediency of removing this nuisance from the community 
 is clearly inferable, both in relation to their interest and 
 ours ; and this end can only be attained by means of the 
 colonizing Society. 
 
 £d. It is expedient to establish a colony as a deposito- 
 ry of manumitted slaves, and for the encouragement of 
 emancipation. That slavery is an evil no one can de- 
 ny. All must desire to cure the disease or mitigate its 
 ravages. If the evil be of fearful magnitude noxv, what 
 will it be fifty years hence ? And how much would the 
 danger be aggravated by letting loose a horde of eman- 
 cipated outlaws in the heart of our country ! Such a 
 procedure would be repugnant to the laws of Virginia, 
 and to the best dictates of reason and patriotism. The 
 mischief, then, can only be averted by providing a colo- 
 nial settlement; for in that case, as soon as slaves shall be 
 emancipatedj they will become proper subjects of coloni- 
 zation, and under the existing law will be compelled to 
 resort to our Society for liberty and liappiness. 
 
 By thus gradually removing this class of our popula- 
 tion, we should not only be liberated from the appre^ 
 hension of a servile war, at which humanity shudders, 
 but vxould moreover gi-eatly i^oprove the .oral wortii of 
 thecomtj.unity. " Ihe whole commerce between master 
 and slave," says Mr. Jeflerson, " is a perpetual exer- 
 
16 
 
 cise of the most boisterous passions; tliemost unremit- 
 ting despotism on the one part, antJ degrading submis- 
 sions on tlie other. Our children see this, and learn to 
 imitate it : for man is an imitative animai. The parent 
 storms, the cliild looks on, catches the lineaments oC 
 wrath, puts on the same airs in the circleof smallerslaves; 
 gives loose to the worst of passions ; and thus nursed, 
 educated, and dailj exercised in tyranny, cannot but 
 be stamped by it with odious peculiarities. " Who then 
 would aid in realizing this dark picture of human de- 
 pravity, by opposing the benevolent intentions of our 
 society ? 
 
 This gradual abolition of slavery is also essential to 
 the improvement of agriculture and the increase of na- 
 tional wealth. That agricultural improvement would 
 result from the proposition here advocated, is evidenced 
 by the example of our sister states, whose soil is cultiva- 
 ted by freemen. ''It appears," says Adam Smith, 
 " from the experience of all ages and nations, I believe 
 that the work done by freemen comes cheaper in the 
 end than that pcrfornsed by slaves. It is found to (lo so 
 even at Boston, JSevv York, and Philadelphia, where the 
 wages of common labour are so very high. "* The supe- 
 rior advantages of the labour of freemen over that of 
 slaves, is also strikingly illustrated in a letter of Robert 
 G. Harper, Esq. published in the first annual report of 
 the American Colonizaion Scociety. " What the slave 
 consumes is for himself : what he produces is for his 
 master." Nor can we doubt the truth of the proposition 
 when we survey the large estates of Virginia reduced 
 
 * Wealth ofNations. Vol. 1. Page 70, 
 
17 
 
 to a wretched cultivation by the labour of a host o| 
 slaves, who consume the scanty products of their toil 
 for tlieir own miserable subsistence, only leaving to their 
 indigent master the unreal consolation of swaying his 
 sceptre over hundreds of human beings. 
 
 Srd. The establishment of a colony will contribute to 
 the abolition of the slave trade ; and it it will produce this 
 result, who can doubt its expediency. To dwell on the 
 horrors of this inhuman traffic would fill a volume and 
 exhaust your patience. SufB e it to say that all civilized 
 nations abhurthe crime and are striving to arrest its 
 detestable career. But all the navies of Europe and A- 
 merica have accomplished less in this charitable work 
 than the small colony of Sierra Leone, containing only 
 twelve thousand souls. The slave trade is cherished and 
 supported by the barbarism and intestine commotions of 
 the African tribes, whom the dealers in human flesh have 
 excluded from the light of kn-Avlcdge to be deriveii from 
 an amicable intercourse with foreign nations, and cor- 
 rupted by introducing among them the imn^oderate use 
 of ardent spirits, and exciting; them to sell and destroy 
 each other. By means of roligious instruction and a 
 well digested system of education, the colony of Sierra 
 Leone has struck at the root of the malady and effectually 
 checked the slave trade among the adjacent nations. 
 At the different schools in tha colony are now educa- 
 ting no less than two thousand African children. And 
 if so slender a population, originally formed of a hetero- 
 genious mass of unletterd captives, has effected so much, 
 what may not be expected from our colony, composed of 
 skilful artists andenliglitened christians? 
 
18 
 
 In their report of the 18th of April 1818, the commit- 
 tee (if t.'ie House of Representatives consider the pros- 
 pect of civilizing Africa and thereby terminating the 
 odious traffic in slaves, through the intervention of the 
 colonizing society, as "calculated to elfvate the hopes of 
 the piiilanthropist." It is evident that the slave trade 
 itiust cease when civilization shall commence. InTuck- 
 ey's expedition it is remarked, that " if we mean to ac- 
 celerate the progress of civilization, it can only be done 
 by colonization." In Beaver's African Memoranda, co- 
 lonization is said to be " the safest and surest way of 
 abolishing the slavery of the Africans, nf usefully explo- 
 ritii? the interior of their country, and of introducing 
 among the people, religion, letters, and civilization.'' 
 These authorities and arguments are sufficient, we trust,^ 
 to establish our position. 
 
 4tlj. It is expedient to found a colony as an act of 
 retributive justice to Africa and her descendants. Al- 
 though we were i.riginally guiltless of her wrongs, yet by 
 refusing to redress them, when we have the power, we 
 become accomplices in the crime. 
 
 The illustrious patriots who signed our declaration Of 
 independence, were well acquainted with the principles 
 of natural and revealed law, when they declared before 
 an admiring world — '' We hold these truths to be seVC- 
 evident, that all men are created equal— that they are 
 endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights 
 —that among them are life, liberty, and the pursuit of 
 happiness." Even the Heatliens, aided only by the light 
 of nature, knew how to appreciate the dignity of their 
 species — - 
 
19 
 
 JProna que cum spectent animalia ccetera terram, 
 Os honiir.i sublinn: dedit, ccelum que tueii 
 Jusfeir et erector ad sidera toileie vultus. 
 
 It is said by a Roman pliilosopliei- that man has a me- 
 ral resemblance and relationship to the Deity. And we 
 are told in the book ot Genesis that ' God created man 
 in his own image and gave him dominion ovei at! other 
 animals. " And in the New Testament we are iiilorm- 
 ed, that " God hath made of one blood all nations of men 
 to dwell npon the face of the earth. " Accordi!)gl\ we 
 find that Africa was peopled by the sons of Ha»n, and 
 the Ethiopians, or negroes, are descended froai Cash, 
 and in scripture are often called Cushites. It is gene- 
 rally agreed that Ham was worshipped as the principal 
 Deity of the Egyptians, under the title of Jupiter Am,- 
 1110 n. 
 
 Yet it is impiously maintained by some, that the poor, 
 imfortunate negroes, are lower than ourselves in the 
 scale of being, and nearly allied to the apes and mon- 
 kies ! Jacob Oson, a negro of New York, in defending 
 liis countrymen from this charge of inferiority, sagaci- 
 ously remarks : " It is no place to judge of the strength 
 or agility of the tiger in his cage. Furthermore, the 
 majestic state of the lion may be debased by bonflage. 
 Let his majesty the lion be unbound, and ho will resume 
 his former prerogative. So let us be emancipated from 
 our incumbrances, and then, where igjiorancc and dark- 
 ness reign, religion and true science would abound. As 
 a garden uncultivated soon grows to weds, so is ^^);e 
 state of our n ttion, being enslaved in America foj.* a- 
 hout tl'.ree hundred yeais, li'odden under foot, and con- 
 ipidered as tlie offscouriiig of (lie earth." Thesf are 
 
20 
 
 the words of a negro, and they have been cited to 
 prove that negroes can teel and tliink like human be- 
 ings, though deprived of the power of action. 
 
 But it is said the degraded negroes will not consent to 
 be colonized, for to them slavery is a blessing. "A\ 1mm 
 do they hope to persuade," says the Haytian Baron 
 De Vastey, "that slavery is a blessing ? Is it us who 
 have experienced all its horrors ? If their declarations 
 be sincere, why not put themselves in our place ? Their 
 example will iiave a far more powerful effect than all the 
 absurd reasoning they can employ." These are also 
 the words of a descendant of Africa. Rely upon it, the 
 Africans are not brutes, and therefore will return with 
 joy to the land of their ancestors. This disposition has 
 in fact been already evinced from one end of the U. 
 States to the other, and the Society, from the scantiness 
 of its funds, is forced to reject thousands : and let it be 
 remembered that of the thirty eight whom the lamented 
 Paul Cuffce transported from Boston to Sierra Leone, 
 at iiis own expense, there was not one disposed to re- 
 turn with him to America. Of nearly twelve hundred 
 free bracks in Nova Scotia, only four or five refused to 
 embark for Sserra Leone. 
 
 In addition to our obligation to repair the injuries in- 
 flicted on Africa, we, in common with the rest of the 
 Tvorld, owe her a debt of gratitude and veneration, as 
 the original nursery of the arts and sciences from whence 
 ancient Europe and Asia derived all that was valuable 
 in architecture, poetry, painting, statuary, philosophy 
 and government. The Egyptians (who were negroes 
 according to Herodotus) were the instructors of Abra- 
 
21 
 
 Iiam and Moses. They were the astronomers and lite- 
 rati of Clialdea. Their pyramids, obelisks, mausolt-um, 
 and temple of Jupiter, have from the early periods of 
 antiquiiy, and the two former to the present day, been 
 considered the most stupendous monuments of human 
 grandeur. 
 
 Africa, too, was once distinguished for her great men, 
 religious, military, and civil. 15er ancient worthies 
 need no eulogium from us, for the historic page is bla- 
 zoned with their fame. Even in . modern times the 
 sparks of her genius flash through the gloom of perse- 
 cution, demonstrating her capacity to recover her prime- 
 val glory. Hannibal, an African negro, rose to the rank 
 of lieutenat general and director of artillery under Peter 
 the great of Russia ; and his son was also a lieutenant 
 general of artillery. Don Juan Latino, a negro, was in 
 1717 a teacher oithe Latin language at Seville in Spain. 
 Higiemondo, a negro, was a distinguished painter.^j^ 
 Francis ^ illiams, also a negro, in the eighteenth cen- ^' 
 tury taught Latin and the mathematics, and was a Latin '\^ 
 poet of some celebrity. We could enumerate many in- 
 stances of negroes in the U. States celebrated for their 
 talents and moral excellence. These few examples have 
 been selected out of a variety of others, to prove that 
 the general debasement of the decendants of Africa a- 
 rises not from a natural inferiority, but a want of op- 
 portunity to expand their faculties. If this be the fact ; 
 if Atrica has such powerful claims to our gratitude and 
 justice, and her emancipated children are anxions to re- 
 turn to her bosom, shall we raise the standard of oppo- 
 sition ? Shall we not rather assist in so benevolent a 
 
 \: 
 
/■ 
 
 22 
 
 cause ? Sliall their dark complexion, produced entire- 
 ly by climate and habit, exclude tht-ni from the ri!i,iils of 
 humanity ? If so, well may they retort in the language 
 of Cowper j 
 
 Slaves of gold ! whose sordid dealings 
 Tarnish all vour boasted powers. 
 Prove that you have human feelings, 
 Ere you proudly question ours. 
 
 6th. The proposed ndony will certainly advance the 
 prosperity of our country, and probably save it from de- 
 struction. The truth of this proposition is deducible 
 from the foregoing facts and pbservations. Who does 
 not dread the horrors of a servile war ? Jefferson has 
 said, "1 tremble for my country when I reflect that God 
 is just, and that his justice cannot sleep forever. The 
 Deity knows no attribute that can take s:des with us in 
 such a contest." I et us then improve the auspicious 
 moment and forward the plan of colonization. 
 
 ilaving thus attempted to prove the expediency of our 
 design, we proceed to consider its practicability : 
 
 1st. A fertile and salubrious territory can be procu- 
 red, at a moderate expense, on the western coast of Afri- 
 ca, uniting every possible advantage. This proposition 
 can be fully demonstrated by extracts from the most au- 
 thentic writers. For the sake of brevity, we shall 
 content ourselves, Avith giving the result of their enqui- 
 ries, and for further information on this subject we refer 
 to the several annual reports of the American Coloniza- 
 tion Society. 
 
 On the Bagroo river, opposite the Island of Sherbro, 
 it is contemplated to locate the colony. This country is 
 jiealthy, fertile, well vvatered, and agreeably interspers- 
 
93 
 
 M with hills and vallies, luxuriant meadows covered witli 
 perjjetual verdure, productive uplands, and lofty moun- 
 tains. 
 
 The Bagroo has four fathoms water, which is am- 
 ply sufficient for the purposes of foreign commerce ; and 
 the country adjacent will admit of a pn fitable inland 
 navigation. Its productions consist cheifly of rice, 
 eorn, cassada, yams, sweet potatoes, bananas, plan- 
 tains, cocoa nuts, limes and oranges, coffee, indigo and 
 Gotton ; besides a variety of medicinal roots, and plants, 
 and woods, barks, and leaves for colouring. Domestic 
 fowls are quite numerous. Fish, also, are said to be nu- 
 merous and of a good quality. 'J he animals used for 
 food consist of deer, buffal<;es, sheep, goats, oxen, wild 
 hogs and fowls. The soil is admirably adapted to the 
 cultivation of sugar, and every species of tropical pro- 
 duce. Some estimate may be formed of the fertility and 
 productions of the Bagroo country by adverting to those 
 of Sierra Leone, which is but a small colony, and inferior 
 to our proposed settlement in every respect: }et Go- 
 vernor M'Carthy thinks it might in a few years produce 
 a sufficiency of rice for the supply of all the British 
 Islands in the West Indies. A statement published in 
 the 2d annual report of the American Colonization So- 
 ciety, of the exports for one year from Sierra Leone, 
 will throw additional light on the subject now under con- 
 sideration. 
 
 This delightful region, so favourable to agriculture, 
 commerce and manufactures, like the rest of tropical 
 Afri<'>\, is nearly depopulated by the slave trade, which 
 lias desolated the coast, and driven the persecuted na- 
 
24 
 
 tives to the interior. Hence millions of acres are iin= 
 cultivated, and may be purchased almost on our own 
 terms. The agents of tlie parent Society, when in Afri- 
 ca, thought that the same goods which would purchase 
 a full cargo of slaves, would exchange for lands suflBi- 
 cient to accommodate five or ten thousand ptople. 
 
 All accounts concur in assuring us of the salubrity of 
 the climate on the Bagroo ; nor could it be otherwise thaav 
 salubrious, considering its elevated situation, refre^hed^ 
 by a pleasant si a breeze on the one hand, and tlie moun- 
 tain air on the otlier. Its temperature is much more uni- 
 form than that of our climate, and by no means so high 
 as might be sup-joscd. "At Cape Coast Castle," says 
 Mereihth on the Gold Coast, " wliich is situ, ted in about 
 5 d. grees ot north latitude, the thermometer has been 
 known, at one period, as high as 93 degrees ; but the 
 usual degrees of heat observed in the hnttest months, were 
 from 85 to 90 degrees ; and Cape Coast Castle is con* 
 sidered the hottest situation on the Gold Coast." At 
 Winnebah, east of Cai)e Coast, in the months of June, 
 .Tuly, August, a. id the greater part of September, Fah- 
 renheit's tuermometer has been known to vary only from 
 74 to 78 degrees. Compare this temperature with that 
 of our own country. At the town of Windsor in Vermont, 
 in September of the present year 18-0, from the 6th to 
 the 10th of the month, inclusive, the range of the mer- 
 cury was from 88 to 98 degrees. At Washington City, 
 in July last, the mercury was as l.igh as 96 degrees, and 
 the mean temperature of that month was nearly 79 de- 
 grees. Our climate is rendered unhealthy by its sudden 
 and great fluctuations j from which defect the Bagroo 
 climate is exempt. 
 
$5 
 
 2d. The friendly disposition of the natives, enhattCe«l 
 by a national sympathy for the colonists, will greatly 
 facilitate the establishment of our colony. Aided by 
 this liiendsliip, " the colony of Sierra Leone boasts, at 
 this moment, a greater degree o prosperity, than distin- 
 guished any one of the Britisii colonies, now the U* 
 States, at the same period after its foundation." True it 
 is, the colonists once suffered from an incursion oi Their 
 neighbors : but this calamity originated, in the early 
 period of the colony, from their own imi)rudence and mis- 
 conduct, and was so easily and effectually repelled, that 
 it has never since been repeated. Our colonists, com- 
 posed of better materials, need not dread a similar inva- 
 sion, particularly as their objects are now understood and 
 approbated by the natives. Instead of the war-whoop 
 of the savage, armed with the implements ot death and 
 torture, they go to meet their friends and brothers, a 
 generous, humane, hospitable race, who already welcome 
 their approach, as the harbinger of civilization and so- 
 cial happiness. We say the Africans are kind and 
 amiable; and who, that is acquainted with their history, 
 can doubt it? On the coast, they arc measurably cor- 
 rupted by the slave trade : but what white man ever vi- 
 sited the interior without bring treated hospitably, and 
 at his departure receiving the negro's benediction ? 
 
 Go, white man go, but with thee bear 
 The negro's wish, the negro's praj'r, 
 Remembrance of the negro's care. 
 
 Srd. Ways and means can be supplied to effectuate the 
 objects of our society. And why not ? Has not the co- 
 lony of Sierra Leone been successfully established ? 
 
 Were not the colonies, of our own country established 
 
 D 
 
under more unfavourable auspices ? Could Xerxes trans- 
 port live aiiilions of souls, with a hostil'' design, to an 
 imiuense distance, by an expensive land transportation ; 
 ami cannot we transport a much smaller number, under 
 the banners of philanthropy, by water, a method of 
 transportation far more cheap and expeditious? In 
 the course of twenty five years 1,500,000 slaves have 
 been exported from Africa. And cannot we restore an 
 equal number in the same time ? Can avarice and in- 
 iquity effect more than humanity and justice ? 
 
 It is undoubtedly desireable gradually to emancipate 
 and colonize the whole coloured population of the U. 
 States. If it be expedient to colonize the tvhole^ it is 
 also expedient to colonize a part ; therefore in effecting 
 only the latter, we deserve the patronage of the public. 
 We shall attempt, however, to demonstrate the practica- 
 bility of accomplishing the whole object, with the co-ope- 
 ration of government ; while we shall claim the victory 
 if we prove it practicable to colonize only one thou- 
 sand, or even a smaller number, of these unfortunate be- 
 
 ings. 
 
 Captain Paul Cuffee, from actual experiment, esti- 
 mated the expense of transporting free person of colour 
 to Africa, at 60 dollars each. The whole number of 
 blacks, bond and free, may be estimated at 1,900,00©, 
 and the annual increase at 58,000. An annual appro- 
 priation of 5 millions of dollars would be adequate to 
 transport every year at 60 dollars each, 83,333, which 
 is 25,000 more than the increase. Thus by sending 
 out every year 25,000 more than the increase, we would 
 in 40 years export the whole number. This calculatioif 
 
is strickTy accurate, making due allowance for the annii- 
 al diminution of the increase. 
 
 According to Seyhert's statistics, the whole numher of 
 free persons of colour in the U. States amounted in 
 1810, to 186,446. Admitting 23,000 of this number to h& 
 ahle to transport themselves, tlje residue, agreably to the 
 foregoing procees, might all he transported in two 
 years ! And we take it for granted that money will al- 
 ways command any number of vessels, even if it should 
 be necessary to build them. 
 
 It is obvious that the estimate of the expense of trans- 
 porting the whole black population, would be lessened 
 at least one third, were we to make a fair deduction for 
 all those who would be able, from the ordinary canses 
 applicable to emigration, to defray their own expenses. 
 But we are willing to concede every thing to our ad- 
 versaries, confident of our ability to defeat them upon 
 their own data. 
 
 But it is said tlie appropriation of five millions per 
 annum is too enormous. T© this we reply that the evil 
 to be remedied is still more enormous, and the vast re- 
 sources of our country, continually augmenting, would 
 fully justify an expense essential to her own safety and 
 welfare. Tosomepersons 15 millions appeared a great price 
 for the purchase of Louisiana ; and yet^ by giving that 
 price, we probably escaped a war which would have cost 
 us 100 millions, besides the loss of valuable lives. Thus 
 a liberal expenditure may eventually become a national 
 saving. 
 
 But although the nominal expense would be consider- 
 ble, our country would in reality lose nothing : on the 
 contrary, the national wealth would be greatly increa- 
 
■ / 
 
 as 
 
 s^. The sale, or value, of the lands necessary to the 
 ftupjiort of our black population, would more than defray 
 tht expense of their transportation ; and by substituting 
 in tieir place the labour of freemen, the saving would 
 be astonishing. 
 
 This idea maybe illustrated by referring to the siate 
 of agriculture and domestic ectnomy in the slave holding 
 states. A larmer cultivates a farm of 10,000 acres 
 witli )00 slaves. Of these at least 150 may be deducted 
 38 supernuuieraries, and fifty more as old and infirm, 
 children and sick, domestics, and such as are required 
 to administer to the daily wants of their fellows. But 
 deduct only fifty in all, angiitis evident that they, as 
 well as their master and overseers, must be supported by 
 the labour of the residue. Owing to this wretched sys- 
 tem connected with the bad cultivation, the indolent and 
 destructive habits, generated by slavery, the master 
 amasses nothing, but barely supports his family, while 
 liis property is daily depreciating'. It may be assum- 
 ed that the labour of 40 fr<'emen judiciously bestowed on 
 these 10,000 acres would be as productive as that of 500 
 slaves. But thelabc ur of sao slaves may, under our as- 
 sumption, be considerd about equal to their support, and 
 at 100 dollars each will amount to 30,000 doll. ; which 
 sum will be necessary for the preservation of the estate, 
 or principal. The support of 40 free labourers, at 150 
 dollars each, will be 6000 dollars. Consequently, the 
 gross produce of the labour of the slaves and freemen 
 being the same, while the profits of the former are en- 
 tirely absorbed for the support of the farm, there v. ill be 
 fin actual, clear profit in favour of the latter, of 5524,000 
 
over and above their support. And thus there will be an 
 addition to the national wealth ofS 24,000, resulting from 
 the substitution of 40 freemen in the room of 300 slaves. 
 
 Some of the slaves, chiefly on small estates are doubt- 
 less employed more profitably : but admit that our argu- 
 ment applies to 100,000 of them, whirh is little more 
 than one twentietli of t!.'*-. whole, and by extending the 
 computation to this nuuiber there will rc-g'ult an annual 
 addition to individual and national wealth of 8 miiiions 
 of dollars ! But 5 millions of dollars annually, for a 
 limited period, would be an abundance to colonize the 
 whole black ])opulation. Therefore by appropriating 
 this sum, the annual saving to the nation would in a few 
 years be immense. 
 
 This gain would in process of time be greatly enhan- 
 ced, «;w'ing to the improved cultivation of freemen : and 
 the lands wouW be more equally distributed among the 
 citizens, who would labour for their own emolument, and 
 thereby augment still more the national wealth. Let 
 us, for example, divide the farm of 10,000 acres into 40 
 fairns of 250 acres each, which would be considered 
 large in Pennsylvania and other states exempt from the 
 curse of slavery. The clear annual profit of these farms, 
 at UtOO dollars each, would at no distant period be 
 40,000 dollars : and this sum would be saved by trans- 
 porting the 300 slaves now employed on the same land. 
 
 By parity of reasoning, the removal of 100,000 slaves, 
 similarly employed, would save annually to the nation 
 13,333,333 dollars. 
 
 We must now draw to a conclusion, with an humble. 
 hope that the common Father of all mankind v.i.'l excite a 
 
sympliathy in behalf of faia children ; antl we are confi- 
 dent that when our objects shall be fully understood, 
 and impartially considered, they will be generally em- 
 braced by statesmen and politicians, moralists, philan» 
 thropists, and Christians. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 [A] 
 CIRCULAR. 
 Washington, October 27, 1820. 
 The Board of Mariagt-rs of the American Coloiiiza= 
 tion Society have to discharge the painful duty of laying 
 before the Auxiliary Societiesand the public the distress- 
 ing intelligence received from the coast of Africa. Th& 
 following extract of a letter, from a correspondent in 
 London, is the latest information obtained. Mr. Doug- 
 hen's arrival (which may be daily expected) will give a 
 more particular account of the nature and cause of the 
 calamity : 
 
 Extract of a letter from a respectable gentleman in London 
 dated August 2.Sth, 18^-0. 
 
 " You will probably have heard, before the receipt of 
 the present, of the fatal calamity which has been permit- 
 ted to befall Mr. Bacon and most of his white compa- 
 nions on the coast of Africa, in their benevolent under- 
 taking for the welfare of their fellow creatures. It is 
 another of that class of Providential dispensations which 
 repeats, with a loud voice, " Be still : and know that I 
 am God ;" but which should never be permitted to dis- 
 courage human efforts. Mr. James Doughen, the only 
 survivor of the four, arrived here a few days since, from 
 whom I learn that he addressed letters, about tlie six- 
 teenth of May, to the Secretary of the Navy and to Mr. 
 
Caldwell,* (tlii'ough i..' Govcriior of Sierra Leone,) re- 
 lating the melancholy particuiars. Having arrived on 
 the coast of Africa, in the ship Slizabeth, on the 9th of 
 March, Mr. Bacon purchased a schooner at Sierra Leone 
 in order to land the people and disembark the stores, 
 &c. at Canipelar, about 23 miles up the river Shirbro, 
 with tlie design of it maining there till the rainy season 
 was over, and then to proceed to the place which might be 
 selected for the reception of recaptured negroes, &c. 
 About the 20tli of March they arrived at Campelar, and 
 were engaged till the 5th of Aju'il in landing their arti- 
 cles ; on that day Mr. Bankson and Mr. Crozier 
 were taken ill on board the Elizabeth, and went in the 
 scliooner, on her last trip, to Campelar, where Mr^ Cro- 
 zier died on the 15th of April. Mr. Townsend, who was 
 an officer of tlie ship of war, and corumanded the schoo- 
 ner, died on the 16th. Mr. Bankson recovered at that 
 time, but was afterwards carried off. Mr. Doughen was 
 taken ill about the 16th, and Mr. Bacon the irth ; after 
 remaining at Campelar nine days, in that state, he was 
 prevailed on to go to Sierra Leone, with Mr. Lcfevre 
 and Dr. Stormont, (two gentlemen from thence,) for 
 medical aid, but died on the passage, the 3d May, at 
 Cape Shilling, an English settlement. Mr. Doughen 
 left Campelar on the 9th June, at which time 15 out of 92 
 people of color had also died ; the remainder were gen- 
 erally in health, though a part had been ill and recover- 
 ed. Before Mr. Crozier's death, he appointed Mr. Co- 
 ker, a mulatto, and one ot the emigrants, as his deputy 
 agent rase of in his death; and, before Mr. Doughen 
 
 * These letters have not yet arrived. 
 
^ 
 
 \ 
 
 'S3 
 
 left the coast, a palaver had been held with the chiefs, 
 from whom a grant of land had been obtained, and Mr. 
 Coker's intention was to proi eed with the people to a 
 town called Mano, (which esupties into the Bagro,) 
 which had been offered them '/r shelter till their own 
 buildings were erected. Ah Mr. Bacon's books and 
 papers were left with Mr. C«jker. Mr. Dougiieu's de- 
 sire is to return, as speedily as possible, to llie United 
 States, and, as there are two ships to sail shortly for 
 New York, (the Cincinuatus and Criterion,) it is proba- 
 ble he will embark in one of them, Mr. D. being ap- 
 pointed by Mr. Bacon as architect undi-r him as gov- 
 ernment agent, it appeared proper that he should see 
 Mr. Rush, the American ambassador, and acquaint him 
 with all the circumstances^; he has addressed a note 
 to Mr. Rush, on the subject, and I presume will be able 
 to see him to mori-ow." 
 
 At present we would request our friends not to be dis- 
 couraged. The board lament the unfortunate issue of 
 their first efforts ; but they had no right to calculate up- 
 on the absence of those disasters and disappointments 
 which attend all human afF it's, and which are ordered or 
 permitted to attend them for purposes, the wisdom and 
 goodness of which, though we may not see, we cannot 
 doubt. We lament, also, the loss sustained by the Soci- 
 ety and our country, and the cause of humanity, in the 
 deaths of those who so freely offered themselves in the 
 service of God, and for the good of man, to toil and suf. 
 fering and death. They have " entered into their rest, 
 and their works do follow them ;" and we trust they have 
 
 obtained " the prize of their high calling ;" and their 
 
 R 
 
34' 
 
 example and theii* fate, wc<ntsjo!ce to knaw, instead of 
 deternng, has encourageU otlicrs to assume their posts. 
 To these dispensations of the Almighty we bow in sub- 
 mission, and, at the same tinie, resolve to go on in the 
 path of duty. Were we to stop now, we lose all tliathas 
 becii done; and much, notwithstanding this disaster, has 
 been done. We arc not without a proper degree of con- 
 sideration for the lives and comforts of those who are 
 now again ready to adventnre in our service ; and, could 
 \\c believe that the climate of the coast of Africa waS 
 such as to forbid all hope of settlement, wesliould be rea- 
 dy to abandon our purpose, and look elsewhere for a more 
 safe asylum : but the circumstances that have occurred 
 there, do not, in our judgment, any further prove such a 
 fact than similar instances during the late season in our 
 own country. 
 
 We think proper, also, to remark that, from the un- 
 foreseen detention of the Elizabeth, her arrival upon the 
 coast was unseasonable. The rains were at hand, and 
 no adequate provision, we think it probable, was made 
 for the shelter and comfort ol the people. The zeal and 
 activity of the agents, in providing lor this state of 
 things, we have no douht, increased their exposure and 
 danger, xigalnst all these disadvantages, we hope to be 
 better able to guard for the future. It is also worthy of 
 particular remark, that the mortality amongst our people 
 should by no means be imputed to the situation selected 
 for our first settlement. On the contrary, we have eve- 
 ry reason to presume that the fatal diseases were con- 
 tracted by them either onboard the vessels, to which they 
 appear to have been a good deal confined on a sickly 
 
coast ; or at such temporary abodes on sliore as were 
 resorted to for shelter, until the necessary arrangements 
 could be completed for obtaining- a grant of tlie lands con- 
 templated as the site of our intended settlement, and un- 
 til fixed habitations could be there constructed, and they 
 could draw around them the ordinary comforts of do- 
 mestic life. All thi§ is the work of time, and our peo- 
 ple appear, in this encounter, to Iiavc met with unexpec- 
 ted delays. It must be obvious to the least reflection, 
 what labors, what privations, and what exposure to all 
 the worst influences of tiic climate, in its worst unfa- 
 vorable situation, the ^rst adventurers nmst encounter 
 who arrive, in the sickly season, with all this work be- 
 fore them ; and how different must be the situation of 
 their successors, who upon their arrival, will find all 
 the first difticulties conquered ; and, immediately quit- 
 ting the coast, may resort, at once, to the hospitable a- 
 bodesof iriends prepared to receive them into the bosom 
 of an organized society. "We do, therefore, expect a 
 more full dcvelopement of the intelligence received from 
 Africa, with the well assured hope that it will not be 
 found to fortify any radical objection against our scheme 
 of colonization ; nor even to require any change in the 
 site proposed for it : but, if further experience and obser- 
 vation shall have shown any necessity for a change, 
 it can be elfcrtcd \yithoiit difficulty; and, if we may trust 
 to any conclusions from human testimony at all, it 
 would seem to be proved, beyond any rational doubt, 
 that numerous situations, in extensive tracts of the most 
 salubrious and fertile country, may be obtained near the 
 western coast of Africa. We arc pleased to discover 
 
36 
 
 that the free colored people of this country are not in- 
 timidatcd ; numbers of the most respectable and intelli- 
 gent of that ,M>pulation are renewing their entreaties 
 to be sent out this fall ; and agents well qualified hav^ 
 already offered themselves to lead them. With these 
 views and encouragements, the Board of Managers 
 propose to send out one or two vessels in the course of 
 next month, and solicit the co-operation and assistance 
 of their auxiliaries and friends. 
 
 Whatever funds may now be in their hands, and such 
 as may be collected in the course of a few weeks, they 
 will please forvvaid, without delay, to Mr. Richard 
 Smith, 'J reasurer of the Society. 
 
 By order of the Board : 
 
 E. B. CALD>VELL, Secretart. 
 
 [B.] 
 
 l.ist of Subscribers to the Auxiliary Society of Frederick 
 
 county, Virginia. 
 
 Nathaniel Burwell, President. 
 
 Augustine C. Smith, Secretary. 
 
 Obed Waite, Treasurer. 
 
 Rev. Alexander Balmain, ^ 
 
 Rev. William Hill, I 
 
 Rev. William Meade, ! ^t 
 
 T» /» n • 1 r- Managers. 
 
 Rev. (icorge Rcid, j ° 
 
 Hon. Robert White, | 
 
 Wm. L. Clark, Esq. J 
 
 List of Donations^ payable in five annual instalments, 
 Dolls. Dolls. 
 
 Nathaniel BurwclJ, 500 James M. Hitc, 100 
 
 Philip Burwell, 500 John Kcrfoot, 1 00 
 
\ 
 
 Eev. William Meade, 
 
 Richard K. Meade, 
 
 David Meade, 
 
 John Milton, 
 
 "William Carnegy, 
 
 Oliver Funston, 
 
 James Ship, 
 
 Susan Meade, 
 
 Mary Meade, 
 
 Lucy Meade, 
 
 Rev. Alex. Balmain, 
 
 Baniel Lee, 
 
 Mrs. Page, of Fairfield, 
 
 Mrs. N orris, 
 
 William Hay, sen. 
 
 Z7 . 
 
 Doil'i- Dolls. 
 
 500 James Sowers, 100 
 
 500 William Mitchell 100 
 
 500 Robert Berkeley, IOq 
 
 500 James Davis, lOO 
 
 500 Stephen Davis, 100 
 
 200 Judith Blackburn, 100 
 
 200 Rev. William Hill, 50 
 
 100 Hon. Robert White, 50 
 
 100 Obed Waite, 50 
 
 100 James Baker, 50 
 
 100 Edward Smith, 50 
 
 100 Joseph Fauntleroy, 100 
 
 100 Fielding Towers, 50 
 
 1 00 Phil. Nelson, donation 100 
 
 100 Adam Boyston, do. 10 
 
 [C] 
 
 List of Sulscribers and Members of the Society, at Wash 
 
 ington. 
 
 MEMBERS FOR LIFE. 
 
 Dolls, 
 
 John Marshall, Chief Justice, U. S. 30 
 
 Bushrod Vvashington, Mount Vernon, Ya. 100 
 
 Charles Marsh, Woodstock, Vermont, 30 
 
 Elias B. Caldwell, Washington, 30 
 
 George Peter, Maryland, SO 
 
 John Laird, Georgetown, D. C. SO 
 
 F. S. Key, do. 30 
 
 Edward Colston, Berkly county, Virginia. SO 
 
Bous- 
 es F. Mercer, Loudon countv , do. 3.0 
 
 Wm. H. Fitzhiigli, Fairfax county, do. 50 
 
 H. Clay, Lexington, Kentucky, SO 
 
 J. C. Herbert, Maryland, 30 
 
 William Thornton, Washington, SO 
 
 .Robert Ralston, Philadelphia, Pa. 100 
 
 Samuel Archer, do. 50 
 
 J. Mason, Georgetown, D. C SO 
 
 Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia, SO 
 
 J. T. Shaaf, Georgetown, D. C. (deceased), SO 
 
 H. H. Chapman, Annapolis, SO 
 
 John Hartwell Cocke, New Canton, Va. 50 
 
 William Garnett, Essex county, Va. 50 
 
 Henry Foxall, Georgetown, D. C. 50 
 
 ANNUAL SUBSCRIBERS, 
 
 Dolls. 
 
 Th. Henderson, 5 
 
 John Lockerman, 5 
 
 James Laurie, 5 
 
 H. Carrol, 5 
 David Walker, of Ky. 5 
 
 Robert Mnnro, 5 
 
 Thos. Dougherty^ 5 
 
 W.G.Blount, 5 
 
 Robert Dick, 1 
 
 Henry Asliton, 1 
 
 William Yeates, 1 
 
 E. Riggs, 5 
 
 R. Thomas, 1 
 
 Alex. M'Williams, 1 
 
 Dolls. 
 
 John Yerby, 5 
 
 William Morton 5 
 
 James Melvin,jr. 5 
 
 Dr. George Clarke^ 5 
 
 Wm. Hawley, 5 
 
 Dan. Bussar^l, 5 
 
 Dr. N. Magruder, 5 
 
 W. S. Lipscomb, 5 
 
 Tiiomas L. M'Kcnny, 5 
 
 Walter Smith, , 5 
 
 Robert Ould, 5 
 
 John Kurtz, 5 
 
 John Peter, 5 
 
 h. Mack all, 5 
 
s^ 
 
 Dolls. 
 Samuel W'hitcomb, jr. 1 T. T. Gantt, 
 
 Jaiiies Riley, 5 
 
 Aiexaiider M'Donald, 
 
 G.Duvall,As.J.S.C.U.S. 5 
 
 Dolls. 
 Id 
 
 VVm. Maybury, 10 
 
 Darius Clagett, 10 
 
 Mrs. Custis, Arlington, 10 
 
 iPeter H. Wendover, 
 
 10 
 
 T. Corcoran, 
 
 10 
 
 — Condit, of N. Jersey, 
 
 1 
 
 Wm. Ryland, 
 
 10 
 
 Carr Bowers, Va. 
 
 5 
 
 Isaac Owens, 
 
 icr 
 
 John Woodside, 
 
 3 
 
 Daniel Renner, 
 
 10 
 
 David English, 
 
 5 
 
 John Barnes, 
 
 10 
 
 J. Leander Cathcart, 
 
 5 
 
 Robert Monroe, 
 
 10 
 
 James Dunlop, 
 
 5 
 
 Washington Bowie, 
 
 10 
 
 Wm. B. Randolph, 
 
 5 
 
 Samuel L. M'Kenny, 
 
 10 
 
 Richard Thomson, 
 
 10 
 
 James Carnahan, 
 
 2 
 
 William Lang 
 
 2 
 
 John Underwood, 
 
 1 
 
 John Lutz, 
 
 2 
 
 James Laurie, 
 
 S 
 
 Wm. Clagett, 
 
 £ 
 
 Dan. H. Haskill, 
 
 I 
 
 James J. Johnson, 
 
 2 
 
 W. D. Addison, 
 
 3 
 
 John D. Scott, 
 
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 Richard Davis, 
 
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 Horton Howard, 
 
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 N. R. Fitzhugb, 
 
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 0. B. Brown, 
 
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 William Good, 
 
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 R. Potts, Fredericktow 
 
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 John Clark, York Co. Pa. 
 
 1 
 
 Andrew Coyle, 
 
 i 
 
 T. G. Addison, jun. 
 
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 Jonathan Elliott, 
 
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 Burrell Basset 
 
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 William Havvlcy, 
 
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 Samuel Moore, 
 
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 Augustus L. Chapin, 
 William Mmon, sen. 
 
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 George Clark, 
 
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 1 
 
 E. H. Lee, 
 
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 Williani Morton, jun. 
 
 1 
 
 Robert Dick, 
 
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 Isabella Morton, 
 
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 Miss Ann Lingan, 
 
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 Marian Morton, 
 
 1 
 
 Joseph Thaw, 
 
 I 
 
 Laurence W. Morton, 
 
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"yhomas Thorpe, 
 Mathew Hiues, 
 "WilJiam Whann, 
 William Yates, 
 John McClelland, 
 James M'Clea,ry, 
 
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 W John Morton, I 
 
 2 Rev. Dr. Stephen Balch, 1 
 
 5 Walter Jones, 1 
 
 1 
 
 
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