LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 Chaiultii. Copyright No. 
 
 Shelf..?ii. 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
^OPV, 
 
IMPORTANT EVENTS 
 
 S[ JSoofe of Bates 
 
 HISTORICAL, BIOGRAPHICAL, POLITICAL, 
 
 RELIGIOUS, LITERARY, SCIENTIFIC, 
 
 AND INDUSTRIAL 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 GEORGE W. POWEKS 
 
 NEW YORK : 46 East 14th Street 
 
 THOMAS Y. CROWELL & COMPAN^^ ^^ ^ 
 
 BOSTON: 100 Purchase STiffExT '" ■ ' <J* -4^ 
 
38449 
 
 Copyright, 1899, 
 By T. Y. Crowell & Company. 
 
 TWOCOPiLci ..cU^lV&O. 
 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 This book is a compilation intended for the use 
 of the general reader. In condensing the recorded 
 history of 6,000 years within the limits deemed de- 
 sirable, many events are necessarily omitted which 
 might be considered of equal importance with 
 those selected. This is unavoidable. No attempt 
 has been made to compete with the many-volumed 
 encyclopedias and works of historical reference 
 from which the materials for this work have been 
 derived. It has been the aim of the compiler 
 rather to present a thread of history running 
 through the careers of the nations which have 
 plaj^ed a more or less important part in human 
 affairs, that may assist the reader of current news 
 and literature in better understanding the present 
 by a glance at the past. More than one-half of 
 the space has been devoted to the continent of 
 America, the larger portion to affairs in the United 
 States. The minor States of America, North and 
 South, have received comparatively more atten- 
 tion than their relative importance in the world's 
 history would suggest ; but the rapidly growing 
 political, commercial, and social intercourse of 
 our own country with these peoples, and our 
 lii 
 
IV 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 recent war with Spain and the resultant close con- 
 nection with Spanish Americans, give an especial 
 interest to their previous history. It has been 
 impossible to reconcile the conflicting dates in 
 what are considered ^' standard " authorities. 
 This would have involved an amount of research 
 entirely outside the scope of this work. The dif- 
 ficulty encountered by every one who has given 
 the least attention to chronological matters is so 
 clearly expressed by Mr. Louis Heilprin, the able 
 editor of the historical and biographical data in 
 the Appleton publications and author of " Histor- 
 ical Reference Book," that a few words from the 
 preface of the latter work will clearly illustrate 
 this feature of chronology. ''It is little under- 
 stood to what extent encyclopedic publications 
 contradict each other in the matter of dates. A 
 vast amount of confusion prevails, even with 
 regard to the events of ordinary history. Uni- 
 form accuracy is seldom achieved, owing to the 
 amount of labor involved. . . . Even able and 
 conscientious historians will often slip into chron- 
 ological errors. The utmost confusion prevails in 
 books respecting dates in the seventeenth century 
 and the first half of the eighteenth century. . . . 
 [This resulted from the changes brought about 
 by the Gregorian Calendar, adopted by the Euro- 
 pean nations at different times. In England the 
 change took place in 1752, when the day follow- 
 ing Sept. 2 was reckoned as the 14th.] The same 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 writer will not unf requently use the old style in 
 one place, and the new in another," etc. Many 
 other causes for the discrepancies of dates in his- 
 torical matters exist, which it would require a treat- 
 ise rather than a preface to explain. Therefore, 
 if any reader of this book should find that the 
 dates do not always correspond with his favorite 
 ** authority," he will readily see the reason. The 
 principal authorities consulted, and to which the 
 compiler is very much indebted, are the " Encyclo- 
 paedia Britannica," Appleton's publications, Heil- 
 priu's ^' Historical Reference Book," Haydn's 
 ''Book of Dates," Harper's "Manual of Facts," 
 Drake's ''American Biography," "Canadian Bi- 
 ography," " Chambers's Encyclopaedia," " Eeview 
 of Reviews," "Current History," Duruy's and 
 Fiske's Histories, " Century Dictionary of 
 Names," Webster's " International Dictionary," 
 and New York World Almanac. Special his- 
 tories of the different countries have also been 
 
 consulted. 
 
 G. W. P. 
 
 Boston, May, 1899. 
 
IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 A BOOK OF DATES. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Semi-Mythical, Traditional, and Conjectural History, 
 50O-I4OO. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 500 Pre-Toltec Period. 
 
 503 Mexican history begins. 
 
 600 Toltecs established throughout Mexico. 
 
 861 The Norseman Nadodd discovers Iceland. 
 
 982 Eric the Red discovers and names Green- 
 land. 
 
 985 Bjarni sights land at Cape Cod or Nantucket. 
 
 1000 Leif Ericsson sails for Western land. 
 
 1002 Thorwald, Leif s brother, visits Vinland. 
 
 1004 Thorwald killed in a skirmish with the 
 
 natives. 
 
 1005 Thornfinn Karlsefne lands in Rhode Island, 
 
 and stays in Vinland three years. 
 1050 End of the Toltec power in Mexico. 
 1090 Aztecs begin their journey towards Mexico. 
 1325 Aztecs found the city of Mexico. 
 1 
 
IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1349 Esquimaux apj^ear in Greenland. 
 1400 Communication with Greenland ceases. 
 
 Period of Authentic Discovery, Exploration, and 
 Conquest, 1492-1616. 
 
 1492 Columbus sails from Palos, Aug. 3 ; lands 
 
 on Guanahani, Oct. 12 ; discovers Cuba, 
 Oct. 28. 
 
 1493 Columbus sails on his second expedition, 
 
 Sept. 25. 
 Cattle first brought to Amer. by Columbus. 
 
 1494 Columbus discovers Jamaica, May 3. 
 
 1497 John Cabot dis. N. Amer. continent, June 24. 
 
 1498 Columbus sails on his third voyage, May 30. 
 
 1499 First voyage of Amerigo Vespucci. 
 
 1500 Gaspar Cortereal discovers Labrador. 
 
 1501 Negro slaves imported into Hispaniola. 
 
 1502 Columbus sails on his fourth voyage. May 9. 
 1504 Columbus finally leaves the Xew World for 
 
 Spain. 
 Cape Breton discovered by French fishermen. 
 1506 Columbus d. at Valladolid, May 20 ; b. 1436 ? 
 
 1511 Velasquez subjugates Cuba. 
 
 1512 Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon. 
 
 1513 Vasco de Balboa discovers Pacific Ocean. 
 1517 Mexico discovered by Fernando de Cordova. 
 1519 Hernando Cortez lands in Mexico. 
 
 1524 Verazzano enters bay of New York, April. 
 1534 Jacques Cartier enters Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 3 
 
 1535 Grijalva's expedition discovers California. 
 
 1540 De Soto conquers Louisiana. 
 
 1562 Jean Ribault explores coast of Florida. 
 
 1565 St. Augustine, Fla., founded by Menendez. 
 
 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert takes possession of 
 
 I^Tewf oundlan d. 
 
 1584 Raleigh's first exp. lands in Virginia, July 13. 
 
 1585 John Davis discovers Davis Straits. [10. 
 
 1586 Sir Francis Drake visits Roanoke Inlet, June 
 
 1587 Virginia Dare, first English child born in 
 
 America, Aug. 18. 
 1602 Bart. Gosnold discovers Cape Cod, May 14. 
 1605 De Monts takes possession of Maine, May. 
 1609 Henry Hudson explores Hudson River, Sept. 
 
 11-22. 
 1614 Capt. John Smith explores Xew Eng. coast. 
 1616 Great mortality among Indians in J^J'ew Eng. 
 
 Colonial Period — British America. 
 
 1603 Simon Bradstreet, col. gov. of Mass., born ; 
 
 d. March 27, 1697. 
 
 1604 John Eliot, Apostle to the Indians, born ; 
 
 d. May 20, 1690. 
 1607 John Harvard, founder of Harvard College, 
 b.; d. Sept. 14, 1638. 
 Jamestown, Va., set. bj the Eng., May 13. 
 Capt. John Smith saved by Pocahontas, Dec. 
 1611 Stephen Daye, first printer in N.E., born ; 
 d. Dec. 22, 1668. 
 
4 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1614 Manhattan (New York) settled by the Dutch. 
 
 Xew Jersey settled by the Dutch. 
 1616 Slaves first brought to Ya. by the Dutch. 
 1618 Powhatan, Indian sachem in Ya., dies. [17. 
 
 1620 Mayflower sails from Plymouth, Eng., Sept. 
 Peregrine White, first white child born in 
 
 New England, Nov. ; d. July 22, 1704. 
 Mayflower reaches Plymouth, Mass., Dec. 16 ; 
 Pilgrims land, Dec. 21. 
 
 1621 John Carver, first gov. of Plym. col., dies. 
 Miles Standish captain of Plymouth colony, 
 
 Feb. 17. 
 
 Samoset, first Indian who vis. the Pilgrims. 
 
 Treaty between Plymouth colony and Mas- 
 sasoit. Mar. 22. 
 
 William Bradford governor of Plymouth. 
 
 First Thanksgiving in Plymouth, Sept. 
 
 Fortune arrives at Plymouth, Nov. 11. 
 
 Cotton-seed planted in Yirginia. 
 1623 New Hampshire settled. 
 
 Lord Baltimore founds a colony at Ferry- 
 land, Newfoundland. 
 
 Ship Anne arrives at Plymouth, Aug. 
 
 [The Mayflower, Fortune, and Anne, are usually 
 spoken of as tlie " Pilgrim " sliii^s.] 
 
 1628 John Endicott governor of Mass., May 30. 
 
 1629 John Winthrop governor of Mass., Aug. 20. 
 Transfer of Mass. govt, to New England. 
 
 1630 First church of Boston gathered at Charles- 
 
 town, July. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 5 
 
 1630 Boston (Indian Shawmut) settled, Sept. 17. 
 Famine in Massachusetts Bay Colony. 
 
 1632 Edward Winslow governor of Plymouth. 
 
 1633 Wouter Van Twiller gov. of New York. 
 Connecticut settled by the English. 
 
 1634 Maryland settled by Lord Baltimore. 
 
 1636 Rhode Island set. by Roger Williams, June. 
 John Mason, capt., founder of N. H., d. Dec. 
 Pequot war begins in Mass. ; ends, 1637. 
 
 1637 John Winthrop gov. of Mass., dies Mar. 26, 
 
 1649. 
 
 1638 William Kieft governor of New York. 
 Delaware settled by the Swedes. 
 
 John Harvard bequeaths his library to found 
 
 a college, Sept. 14. 
 New Haven settled. 
 
 1639 Printing-press estab. at Cambridge, Mass. 
 Cambridge, Mass., selected as site of Harvard 
 
 College, March 13. 
 
 First Baptist church in America, at Provi- 
 dence, RJ. 
 
 First Constitution of Conn, adopted, April. 
 
 Increase Mather, pres. of Harvard College, 
 born June 21 ; dies Aug. 23, 1723. 
 
 1640 Reformed Dutch Church estab. in New York. 
 Manufacture of cloths began in Mass. 
 Thomas Gorges dep. gov. of Maine, Mar. 10. 
 
 1642 First Commencement at Harvard College. 
 Sir William Berkeley gov. of Virginia. 
 
 1643 Anne Hutchinson, religious enthusiast, dies. 
 
b IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1643 Brewster dies at Plymouth, Mass., April 18. 
 Swedes settle in Pennsylvania. 
 
 1644 Anabaptists banished from Massachusetts. 
 
 1645 Free schools established at Eoxbury, Mass. 
 
 1646 John Eliot preaches first sermon to Indians, 
 
 Oct. 28. 
 
 1647 Peter Stuyvesant gov. of Xew York, May 11. 
 Law passed in Mass. estab. grammar schools. 
 
 1648 Margaret Jones, first witch executed in Mass. 
 Elihu Yale, patron of Yale College, born ; 
 
 dies July 22, 1721. 
 1650 Baptists arrested and fined in Mass. 
 
 1652 John Cotton, Puritan minister, d. ; b. 1585. 
 Mint established in Boston, John Hull mint- 
 master. 
 
 Samuel Sewall, jurist, born ; dies 1730. 
 Pres. Dunster of Harvard indicted for reli- 
 gious opinions, and forced to resign. 
 
 1653 North Carolina settled, July. 
 
 1654 Charles Chauncy, pres. of Harvard ; d. 1672. 
 Col. Wood explores Kentucky. 
 
 1655 Edward Winslow, gov. of Plymouth colony. 
 
 dies ; born 1595. 
 Delaware brought under Dutch rule, Sept. 
 
 1656 Anne Hibbins executed as a witch in Boston. 
 Quakers arrive in Boston, July. 
 
 1657 Wm. Bradford, 2d gov. of Plymouth colony, 
 
 dies ; born 1589. 
 
 1658 Sir Richard Saltonstall dies ; born 1586. 
 
 1659 Quakers hung in Boston. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. i 
 
 1660 Whalley and Goffe, regicides, ar. in Boston. 
 
 1661 Eliot translates New Testament into Indian. 
 
 1663 Cotton Mather, b. Feb. 12 ; d. Feb. 13, 1728. 
 
 1664 First Baptist church in Massachusetts. 
 Surrender of Fort Amsterdam to. English, 
 
 Sept. 8. 
 Richard Nicolls gov. of New York. 
 
 1665 John Endicott, gov. of Mass., d. ; born 1588 ? 
 John Winthrop, Jr., gov. of Connecticut. 
 Philip Carteret, first Eng. gov. of N. Jersey. 
 Prov. government estab. in Maine, June 23. 
 
 1668 Francis Lovelace gov. of New York, Aug. 28. 
 
 1670 John Davenport, Puritan divine, d. ; b. 1597. 
 South Carolina settled ; AY. Sayle first gov. 
 
 1671 French settle in Michigan. 
 
 First slaves come to South Carolina. 
 
 1672 George Fox, founder of Quakers, visits R.I. 
 
 1673 New York and New Jersey surrendered to 
 
 the Dutch. 
 
 1674 New Netherlands and New Jersey restored 
 
 to England. 
 Edmund Andros gov. of New York, July 1. 
 
 1675 King Philip's Indian war in Mass. 
 
 1676 Nathaniel Bacon rebellion in Virginia. 
 Philip {King Philip) Pometacom, Indian 
 
 chief, shot. 
 
 1680 Government of Maine organized by Mass. 
 John Buckner brings a printing-press to Va. 
 
 1681 William Penn receives charter of Pennsyl- 
 
 vania, March 4, 
 
8 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1682 Penn lands at Newcastle, Penn., Oct. 27. 
 
 1683 First assembly in New York under Eng. rule. 
 
 1684 Charter of Mass. revoked by England. 
 
 1685 First printing-press in Philadelphia. 
 First Episcopal church in New Jersey. 
 
 1686 First Episcopal church in Boston. 
 City of Albany incorporated, July 22. 
 
 1687 Thomas Prince, divine and hist., b. ; d. 1758. 
 
 1689 Gov. Andros arrested by people of Boston. 
 
 1690 Sir William Phipps (or Phips) captures Port 
 
 Royal, N.S., April-May. 
 Colonial Congress called at New York, Apr. 2. 
 First paper-mill in America, built by Ritten- 
 
 house, in Pennsylvania. 
 Huguenots of France come to Virginia. 
 
 1691 Maine united with Massachusetts, Oct. 7. 
 Second charter granted Mass. by Eng., Oct. 7. 
 
 1692 Witchcraft delusion begins at Salem, Mass., 
 
 March. 
 William and MaryCoU. chartered, Va., Feb. 
 
 1695 First Episcopal church in Philadelphia. 
 
 1696 Sir Wm. Pepperell, general, b. June 29 ; d. 
 
 July 6, 1759. 
 
 1697 Remarkable escape of Mrs. Hannah Dustin 
 
 from Indians, March. 
 
 1699 Capt. Kidd, pirate, arrested in Boston ; hung 
 
 in London, May 24, 1701. 
 
 1700 First quarantine act passed in Penn. 
 Williamstown made capital of Virginia. 
 
 1701 Charter for Yale College granted, Oct. 9. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. y 
 
 1701 Philadelphia incorporated as a city, Oct. 28. 
 
 1702 First issue of paper money in America, in 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 1703 Jonathan Edwards, met., born ; dies 1758. 
 
 1704 Boston News Letter, first paper in Boston, 
 
 April 24. 
 
 1705 First Baptist church in Connecticut. 
 First church in North Carolina built. 
 
 1706 Benjamin Franklin born in Boston, Jan. IT ; 
 
 dies April 17, 1790. 
 
 1707 Stephen Hopkins, signer of Declaration of 
 
 Independence, b. Mar. 7 ; d. July 19, 1785. 
 
 1709 Slave-market estab. in Wall Street, N. York. 
 Thomas Short, first printer in Connecticut. 
 
 1710 3,000 German Lutherans arrive in New 
 
 York, June 14. 
 1714 Schooners first built, at Cape Ann, Mass. 
 1716 First iron-works established in Pennsylvania. 
 Philip Livingston, signer Dec. of Ind., born 
 Jan. 15; d. June 12, 1778. 
 
 1718 Israel Putnam, Rev. gen., b. Jan. 7 ; d. May 
 
 29, 1790. 
 Esek Hopkins, first com. of Am. navy, born ; 
 
 d. Feb. 26, 1802. 
 David Brainerd, missionary to the Indians, 
 
 b. April 20 ; d. Oct. 9, 1747. [1644. 
 
 Wm. Penn dies in Eng., July 30 ; b. Oct. 14, 
 
 1719 Scotch-Irish settle in New Hampshire. 
 1721 Inoculation against small-pox practised in 
 
 Boston. 
 
10 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1721 Roger Sherman, signer of Dec. of Ind., b. 
 
 April 19 ; d. July 23, 1793. 
 Peyton Randolph, pres. of first Am. Con- 
 gress, born ; d. Oct. 22, 1775. 
 
 1722 Samuel Adams, Rev. patriot, b. Sept. 27 ; d. 
 
 Oct. 2, 1803. 
 
 1723 Franklin arrives in Philadelphia, Oct. 
 
 1724 Father Sebastian Rasle, French priest, killed 
 
 at Norridgewock, Me., Aug. 12. 
 
 1725 James Otis, orator and patriot, b. Feb. 5 ; d. 
 
 May 23, 1783. 
 New York Gazette, first paper in N. Y., Oct. 
 
 1726 Wm. Prescott, Rev. col., b. Feb. 20 ; d. Oct. 
 
 13, 1795. 
 
 1727 Artemas Ward, Rev. gen., b. Nov. 27; d. 
 
 Oct. 27, 1800. [d. May 12, 1795. 
 
 Ezria, Stiles, pres. of Yale College, b. Dec. 15 ; 
 Wm. Ellery, signer of Dec. of Ind., b. Dec. 
 
 22; d. Feb. 15, 1820. 
 First newspaper printed in Maryland. 
 
 1728 Horatio Gates, gen., b. ; d. April 10, 1806. 
 John Stark, gen., b. Aug. 28 ; d. May 8, 1822. 
 
 1729 Brit, government formally recognizes New- 
 
 foundland as a colony. 
 
 1730 Baltimore laid out. 
 
 1731 Robert Treat Paine, signer of Dec. of Ind., 
 
 b. March 11 ; d. May 11, 1814. 
 Samuel Huntington, signer of Dec. of Ind., 
 
 b. July 3 ; d. Jan. 5, 1796. 
 Wm. Moultrie, Rev. gen., b.; d. Sept. 27, 1805. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 11 
 
 1731 Franklin founds library of Phil., Nov. 8. 
 
 1732 Richard Henry Lee born Jan. 20 ; d. June 19, 
 
 1794. [1795. 
 
 Francis Marion, Rev. gen., born ; d. Feb. 27, 
 George Washington born Feb. 22 ; d. Dec. 
 
 14, 1799. 
 First stage runs between Boston and N. Y. 
 Poor Richard's Almanac issued. 
 
 1733 Gen. Oglethorpe settles Georgia. 
 Savannah, Georgia, founded. [7, 1806. 
 Robert Morris, financier, b. Jan. 20 ; d. May 
 Trustees prohibit rum in Ga., Aug. 11 ; re- 
 pealed by. order of House of Commons, 
 July 14, 1742. 
 
 First Freemasons' lodge in Amer., in Boston. 
 
 1734 Francis L. Lee, signer of Dec. of Ind., b. 
 
 Oct. 14; d. April, 1797. [1818. 
 
 1735 Paul Revere, patriot, b. Jan. 1 ; d. May 10, 
 John Adams (2d pres.) born Oct. 19 ; dies 
 
 July 4, 1826. 
 
 1736 Ann Lee, founder of the Shakers in Amer- 
 
 ica, b. Feb. 29 ; d. Sept. 8, 1784. 
 John Wesley preaches at Savannah, March 7. 
 Patrick Henry born May 29 ; d. June 6, 1799. 
 Virginia Gazette, first newspaper in Va., Aug. 
 
 1737 John Hancock b. Jan. 12 ; d. Oct. 8, 1793. 
 John S. Copley, historical painter, b. July 3 ; 
 
 d. Sept. 9, 1813. 
 Charles Carroll, last surviving signer of Dec. 
 of Ind., b. Sept. 20 ; dies Nov. 14, 1832. 
 
12 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1738 Francis Hopkinson, signer of Dec. of Ind., 
 
 born ; d. May 9, 1791. 
 Ruius Putnam, gen., and pioneer settler of 
 
 Ohio, b. April 9 ; d. May 4, 1824. 
 Benjamin West, painter, b. Oct. 10 ; d. Mar. 
 
 10, 1820. 
 
 1739 Richmond, Va., settled by Wm. Byrd. 
 Geo. Clinton, vice-pres. U. S., b. July 26 ; d. 
 
 April 20, 1812. 
 
 1740 George Whitefield arrives in Amer. July '2'6. 
 Negro insurrection in South Carolina. 
 Jonathan Trumbull, statesman, b. Aug. 7 ; 
 
 d. 1809. 
 Arthur Lee, diplomatist, b. Dec. 20 ; d. Dec. 
 14, 1792. [b. June 11. 
 
 1741 Joseph Warren, gen., killed at Bunker Hill, 
 John ' Murray, founder of Universalism in 
 
 Amer., b. Dec. 10 ; d. Sept. 3, 1815. 
 
 1742 Faneuil Hall built in Bos., by Peter Faneuil. 
 Joseph Brant, Mohawk chief, born; d. 1807. 
 Nathaniel Greene, Rev. gen., b. May 27 ; d. 
 
 June 19, 1786. 
 
 1743 John Fitch, inventor (steamboat), b. Jan. 
 
 21 ; d. July 2, 1798. 
 Amer. Philos. Soc. estab. in Phil, by Franklin. 
 Thomas Jefferson (3d pres.) b. April 2 ; d. 
 
 July 4, 1826. 
 James Rumsey, inventor (steamboat), born ; 
 
 d. Dec. 23, 1792. 
 
 1744 Hostilities with Six Nations (Indians). 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 13 
 
 1744 Josiah Quincy, Jr., Rev. patriot, b. Feb. 23 ; 
 
 d. April 26, 1775. 
 Elbridge Gerry, signer of Dec. of Ind., born 
 July 17 ; d. Nov. 23, 1814. 
 
 1745 Louisburg captured by N. E. troops, June 17. 
 Francis Asbury, first Meth. bishop in Amer., 
 
 b. Aug. 20; d. March 31, 1816. 
 John Jay, first chief-justice of U. S., b, Dec. 
 
 12; d. May 17, 1829. [16, 1826. 
 
 Lindley Murray, grammarian, born ; d. Feb. 
 
 1746 College of New Jersey (Princeton) incor. 
 
 1747 John Paul Jones, com., b. July 6 ; d. July 
 
 18, 1792. 
 Robert R. Livingston, statesman, b. Nov. 27 ; 
 
 d. Feb. 26, 1813. 
 Scotch Highlanders settle in N. Carolina. 
 
 1748 Harper's Ferry named after Robert Harper. 
 
 1749 North Carolina Gazette, first paper in N. C. 
 
 1750 Christopher Gist explores the Ohio country, 
 Stephen Girard, banker, founder of Girard 
 
 College, b. May 21 ; d. Dec. 26, 1831. 
 Henry Knox, gen., b. July 25 ; d. Oct. 25, 1806. 
 Nicholas Biddle, naval com., b. Sept. 10 ; d. 
 
 March 7, 1778. 
 
 1751 James Madison (4th pres.) born Mar. 16 ; d. 
 
 June 28, 1836. [1816. 
 
 1752 Gouverneur Morris b. Jan. 31 ; d. Nov. 6, 
 Timothy Dwight, pres. of Yale College, born 
 
 May 14; d. Jan. 11, 1817. 
 Franklin experiments on electricity, June 5. 
 
14 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1752 First theatre in the Colonies opened at 
 
 Williamsburg, Va., Sept. 5. 
 
 1753 Benj. T. Rumford, count, b. March 26 ; d. 
 
 Aug. 21, 1814. 
 Wm. Hull, gen., b. June 24 ; d. Nov. 29, 1825. 
 First regular theatre in New York City 
 
 opened in Nassau St., Sept. 17. 
 Phillis AVheatley, negro poetess, b. in Africa ; 
 
 d. Dec. 5, 1784. 
 
 1754 Kentucky settled by Daniel Boone. 
 King's College (now Columbia) founded. 
 Convention at New York to consider Colo- 
 nial Confederacy, June 19. [5, 1822. 
 
 1755 Thomas Truxtun, com., b. Feb. 17 ; d. May 
 Ruf us King, vice-pres., born March 24 ; dies 
 
 April 29, 1827. [June 17. 
 
 French Acadians removed from Grand Pre, 
 Gen. Braddock defeated at Fort Duquesne, 
 
 July 9. 
 Battle of Lake George, Sept. 8. [1835. 
 
 John Marshall, jurist, b. Sej)t. 24 ; d. July 6, 
 
 1756 Henry Lee (" Light-Horse Harry " ) b. Jan. 
 
 29; d. March 25, 1818. 
 Aaron Burr, third vice-pres. U. S., b. Feb. 6 ; 
 
 d. Sept. 14, 1836. 
 New Hampsliire Gazette established, Aug. 
 Fort Oswego sur. to Montcalm, Aug. 14. 
 Richard Dale, com., b. Nov. 6 ; dies Feb. 24, 
 
 1826. 
 First general hospital opened at Phil., Dec. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 15 
 
 1757 Alex. Hamilton b. Jan. 11 ; d. July 12, 1804. 
 Fort William Henry sur. to French, Aug. 9. 
 
 1758 Fisher Ames b. April 9 ; d. July 4, 1808. 
 James Monroe (5th pres.) b. April 28 ; dies 
 
 July 4, 1831. 
 Charles Pinckney born ; d. Oct. 29, 1824. 
 Fort Frontenac sur. to English, Aug. 27. 
 Noah Webster, lexicographer, b. Oct. 16 ; d. 
 
 May 28, 1843. 
 Newport Mercury established. [1818. 
 
 1759 Joshua Barney, com., b. July 6 ; dies Dec. 1, 
 Fort Niagara captured by British, July 25. 
 Battle of Quebec (Plains of Abraham), 
 
 Wolfe and Montcalm killed, Sept. 13. 
 
 1760 Montreal sur. to the British, Sept. 8. 
 Mason and Dixon line surveyed. 
 
 1761 Albert Gallatin b. Jan. 29 ; d. Aug. 12, 1849. 
 Edward Preble, com., b. Aug. 15 ; d. Aug. 
 
 25, 1807. [June 9, 1826. 
 
 Jedidiah Morse, geographer, b. Aug. 23 ; d. 
 Bennington, Vt., settled. 
 
 1762 English settle in New Brunswick. [17. 
 
 1763 First newspaper in Ga., Georgia Gazette, Apr. 
 Pontiac war on frontiers. [1848. 
 John Jacob Astor b. July 17 ; d. March 29, 
 Massacre of Wyoming, Oct. 15. 
 
 Wm. Franklin last royal gov. of New Jersey. 
 
 1764 Hartford Courant established. 
 
 Brown University chartered as College of 
 Rhode Island. 
 
16 TMPOETANT EVENTS. 
 
 1764 Stephen Van Rensselaer (The Patroon) born 
 
 Nov. 1 ; d. Jan. 26, 1839. 
 
 1765 Robert Fulton, engineer and inventor, b. ; d. 
 
 Feb. 24, 1815. [May 30. 
 
 Speech of Patrick Henry on Stamp Act, 
 Delegates from Anglo-American colonies 
 
 meet in New York, Oct. 7. 
 Stamp Act passed by British Parliament, 
 
 March, goes into effect Nov. 1. 
 Eli Whitney (cotton-gin) b. Dec. 8 ; d. Jan. 
 
 8, 1825. 
 
 1766 Robert B. Thomas, founder of Old Farmer's 
 
 Almanack, b. ; d. May 19, 1846. [1813. 
 Alex. Wilson, ornithol., b. July 6 ; d. Aug. 23, 
 First Methodist Society in Amer. organized 
 
 in New York. 
 First Medical Society in American colonies, 
 
 New- Jersey, org. July 23. 
 
 1767 John Quincy Adams (6th pres.) b. July 11 ; 
 
 d. Feb. 23, 1848. 
 Andrew Jackson (7th pres.) b. March 15 ; d. 
 June 8, 1845. 
 
 1768 Pittsburg (Penn.) Gazette established. 
 Tecumseh, Indian chief, b. ; d. Oct. 5, 1813. 
 James Barron, com., born ; d. April 21, 1851. 
 
 1769 De Witt Clinton b. March 2 ; d. Feb. 11, 1828. 
 Term " doctor " first applied to medical prac- 
 titioners in America. 
 
 Jonathan Trumbull gov. of Connecticut 
 (" Brother Jonathan "). 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 17 
 
 1769 Daniel Boone explores Kentucky. 
 Dartmouth College (Hanover, N.H.) char- 
 tered, Dec. 30. 
 
 1770 Boston Massacre, March 5. 
 
 Joseph Hopkinson, author (" Hail Colum- 
 bia"), b. Nov. 12; d. Jan. 15, 1842. 
 Rutgers College, New Jersey, chartered. 
 
 1771 Hosea Ballou, eminent Universalist, b. Apr. 
 
 30 ; d. June 7, 1852. 
 Isaac T. Hopper, Quaker philanthropist, b. 
 
 Dec. 3; d. May 7, 1852. 
 John Rodgers, com., born ; d. Aug. 1, 1838. 
 North American, Philadelphia, established. 
 Wm. Tryon, last royal gov. of New York. 
 " Green Mountain Boys " organized. 
 
 1772 Josiah Quincy, mayor of Boston, b. Feb. 4 ; 
 
 d. July 1, 1864. 
 William Wirt, b. Nov. 8; d. Feb. 18, 1834. 
 
 1773 Wm. H. Harrison (9th pres.) b. Feb. 9 ; dies 
 
 April 4, 1841. [16, 1838. 
 
 Nathaniel Bowditch b. March 26 ; d. March 
 John Randolph of Roanoke, b. June 2 ; dies 
 
 May 24, 1833. 
 Tea thrown overboard in Boston Harbor, 
 
 Dec. 16. [first issued. 
 
 Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser 
 
 1774 Passage of Boston Port Bill by British Par- 
 
 liament, March 7. [1833. 
 
 Wm. Bainbridge, com., b. May 7 ; d. July 28, 
 First Cont. Cong, meets at Phil., Sept. 5. 
 
18 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1774 Congress adopts a declaration of Colonial 
 
 rights, Oct. 14. [Feb. 1. 
 
 1775 Prov. Cong, of Mass. meets at Cambridge, 
 Isaac Hull, com., b. March 9 ; d. Feb. 13, 1843. 
 First Antislavery society formed in Phil., 
 
 April 14. 
 Battles of Lexington and Concord, April 19. 
 Second Cont. Cong, meets in Phil., May 10. 
 Ethan Allen capt. Ft. Ticonderoga, May 10. 
 Crown Point surrenders, May 12. 
 Benedict Arnold captures St. Johns, Can., 
 
 May 16. [May 20. 
 
 Articles of Union and Confederation adopted, 
 Washington appointed commander-in-chief 
 
 of American forces, June 15. 
 Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. 
 Washing;ton takes command of army at 
 
 Cambridge, July 3. 
 Lyman Beecher, preacher, born Oct. 12 ; 
 
 dies Jan. 10, 1863. 
 Gen. Montgomery capt. ]\Iontreal, Nov. 13. 
 Montgomery attacks Quebec, and is killed, 
 
 Dec. 31. 
 
 1776 First Union flag unfurled at Cambridge, 
 
 Mass., Jan. 1. 
 " Common Sense " published by Thomas 
 
 Paine, Jan. 8. 
 British evacuate Boston, IMarcli 17. 
 Congress authorizes privateering, March 23. 
 Declaration of Independence, July 4. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 19 
 
 Events in British American Colonies after formation 
 of the United States. 
 
 1788 King's College, Windsor, N.S., founded. 
 1791 Canada divided into Upper and Lower. 
 1796 Thomas C. Haliburton, judge and humorist 
 (" Sam Slick "), b. Dec. ; d. Aug. 27, 1865. 
 
 1798 Sir Wm. E. Logan, geologist, born April 20 ; 
 
 dies June 22, 1875. [May 8, 1887. 
 
 1799 Sir Wm. Young, chief justice N. S., b. ; dies 
 
 1800 The Sault Ste. Marie, the first canal in Can. 
 1807 Sir Francis Hincks, statesman, born Dec. 11 ; 
 
 dies, Aug. 18, 1885. 
 1809 R. D. Wilmot, statesman, born Oct. IG. 
 
 1814 Sir A. G. Archibald, statesman, born INIay 18. 
 Sir George E. C artier b. Sept. 6 ; d. May 20, 
 
 1873. 
 
 1815 Thomas Gait, judge, born Aug. 12. 
 
 1817 Sir Alex. Gait, statesman, b. Sept. 6 ; d. Sept. 
 
 19, 1893. [June 25, 1896. 
 
 1818 Sir Leonard Tilley, statesman, b. May 8 ; d. 
 1820 Sir J. W. Dawson, geologist, born. 
 
 Elzear A. Taschereau, cardinal, b. Feb. 17 ; 
 dies April 12, 1898. 
 1827 Sir Charles Tupper, statesman, b. July 2. 
 
 1832 Newfoundland obtains a colonial legislature. 
 
 1833 Advertiser, the first daily newspaper in Mon- 
 
 treal. 
 1836 First railway in Canada opened. 
 
20 IMPORTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 1837 Papineau and Mackenzie rebellion in Can- 
 
 ada. 
 
 1838 Canadian rebellion suppressed. 
 
 1840 Upper and Lower Canada reunited. 
 
 1841 Sir Wilfred Laurier, statesman, b. Nov. 24. 
 1844 John Rose, jurist, born Oct. 11. 
 
 1847 George E. Foster, statesman, born Sept. 3. 
 
 1850 Riots in Montreal, Parliament House burned. 
 Canadian clergy reserves abolished. 
 
 1854 First oil-wells dug. [8. 
 
 1855 Niagara Falls suspension bridge opened. Mar. 
 
 1856 Grand Trunk railroad opened. 
 1858 Ottawa made capital of Canada. 
 
 Decimal system of coinage adopted. 
 
 1860 Prince of Wales visits Canada. 
 
 Victoria railroad bridge over St. Lawrence at 
 Montreal opened, Aug. 25. 
 
 1861 Gold found in Nova Scotia. 
 
 1862 J. S. Macdonald premier of Canada. 
 
 1864 Southern U. S. Confederates in Canada plan 
 
 raids. [Mar. 7. 
 
 1865 Confederation rejected hj New Brunswick, 
 
 1866 Invasion of Canada threatened by Fenians. 
 Canadian Parliament first meets at Ottawa. 
 
 1867 Dominion of Canada formed Mar. 29, by 
 
 union of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova 
 
 Scotia, and New Brunswick. 
 Lord Monck sworn as viceroy of Can., July 2. 
 New parliament meets at Ottawa, Nov. 6. 
 
 1868 Agitation against confederation in N.S., Jan. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 21 
 
 1868 Murder of Thomas D'Arcy McGee, cabinet 
 
 minister, April 7. 
 Fenian raid into Canada repelled, May. 
 Sir John Young governor-general, Nov. 27. 
 
 1869 Newfoundland refuses to join the Dom., Mar. 
 Hudson Bay Ter. purchased by Dominion 
 
 of Canada, Nov. [completed, 
 
 Clifton suspension bridge at Niagara Falls 
 
 1870 Rupert's Land made the Province of Mani- 
 
 toba, Aug. 
 
 1871 British Columbia united to the Dominion. 
 Departure of last bat. of royal troops, Nov. 
 Uniformity of currency established through 
 
 the Dominion. 
 
 1872 Lord Dufferin governor-gen., inaug., June 25. 
 
 1873 Sir Joseph Howe, lieut.-gov. of N.S., d. June ; 
 
 born Dec. 1804. [81. 
 
 J. W. Johnston, statesman, d. Nov. 21, aged 
 Prince Edward Island joins the Dominion. 
 
 1875 Icelanders settle in Northwest Territories. 
 
 1876 Intercolonial railroad opened from Quebec 
 
 to Halifax. 
 
 1877 Great fire at St. John, N.B., June 20-22. 
 Canada and U. S. Fishery Com. at Halifax, 
 
 June-Nov. [Canada, Oct. 14. 
 
 1878 Marquis of Lome appointed governor-gen. of 
 Halifax fishery award paid by U. S., Nov. 21. 
 
 1879 Dominion Industrial Exhibition at Ottawa 
 
 opened, Sept. 24. 
 
 1880 Royal Canadian Academy of Arts founded. 
 
22 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1881 Contract for new Pacific railway ratified, 
 
 Feb. 1 ; opened, May 18, 1885. 
 Victoria, steamer, sunk on the Thames, great 
 loss of life. May 24. 
 
 1882 Northwest Ter. beyond Manitoba divided 
 
 into four new ter., — Assiuiboia, Saskat- 
 chewan, Alberta, Athabraska, July. 
 
 Sir Hugh Allan, founder of Allan line of 
 steamers, d. Dec. 7 ; b. Sept. 20, 1810. 
 
 First colony of Russians settle in N. W. Ter. 
 
 1883 Conflicts between Orangemen and Catholics 
 
 in Newfoundland. [20. 
 
 Niagara Falls cantilever bridge opened, Dec. 
 Standard time adopted in Canada. 
 
 1884 Marquis of Lansdowne, governor-general of 
 
 Canada, Oct. 22. 
 
 1885 Insurrection in Northwest Ter., led by Louis 
 
 David Riel, about March 20. 
 Riel surrenders INIay 15; hanged, Nov. 16. 
 
 1886 Fisheries dispute with the United States. 
 Vancouver City founded. 
 
 1887 Great railway bridge over St. Lawrence at 
 
 Lachine completed, July 30. 
 
 Joint committee on fisheries dispute ap- 
 pointed, about Aug. 30. 
 
 Anthracite coal first mined in Canada. 
 
 1888 Lord Stanley app. gov.-gen. of Can., June 11. 
 1890 Dominion Commons unanimously resolve on 
 
 adhesion to Great Britain, Jan. 29. 
 Great storms in Newfoundland. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 23 
 
 1891 Indians of Ontario and Quebec petition for 
 
 leave to elect their own chiefs, Feb. 4. 
 
 Canadian Pacific Railway completed, Mar.28. 
 
 First mail steamer of the Pacific mail ser- 
 vice arrives at Vancouver from Yokohama, 
 April 28. 
 
 Sir John Macdonald, statesman, d. June 6 ; 
 born 1814. 
 
 Hon. Joseph C. Abbott becomes premier, 
 June 14. 
 
 Fishery disputes among English, American, 
 and French fishermen in Newfoundland. 
 
 Motion in favor of unrestricted reciprocity 
 with U. S. rejected, July 29. 
 
 Sir Hector Louis Langevin and other officials 
 charged with corruption ; Langevin exon- 
 erated, July-Sept. 
 
 St. Clair Tunnel, connecting Canadian and 
 U. S. Railways, opened Sept. 19. 
 
 1892 Dominion discriminates against U. S. in use 
 
 of Welland canal, April 4. 
 Alexander Mackenzie, former premier, dies 
 
 April 17, aged 70. 
 Great fire in St. John's, Newfoundland, July 
 
 8-11. [25. 
 
 Sir Wm. Ritchie, chief-justice, d. about Sept. 
 Sir John S. D. Thompson, premier, Nov. 
 
 1893 Canal tolls arranged with the U. S., Jan. 14. 
 Treaty for reciprocal trade between France 
 
 and Canada, Feb. 9. 
 
24 IMPORTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 1893 Destructive fire and hurricane at Halifax, 
 
 N.S., Aug. 12. 
 
 Earl of Aberdeen, gov.-gen., arrives at Ot- 
 tawa, Sept 2.5. [72. 
 
 Sir John Abbott, statesman, d. Oct. 30, aged 
 
 1894 Intercolonial Cong. op. at Ottawa, June 28. 
 Prominent members of Newfoundland As- 
 sembly unseated for bribery. 
 
 1895 First exhibition at Regina, N. W. Canada, 
 
 July 30. 
 
 1896 Prof. Cox of McGill University locates a ball 
 
 by Rontgen rays, Feb. 7. 
 
 AV. C. McDonald gives $500,000 to McGill 
 Univ., bringing his gifts up to $2,000,000, 
 March 25. 
 
 Sir Charles Tupper, premier, May 1. 
 
 T. W. Anglin, ex-speaker H. C, d. May 3. 
 
 A new rail route between Quebec, St. John, 
 and Halifax opened, June 22. 
 
 Wm. D. Balfour, statesman, d. Aug. 19. 
 
 Central Canada Exhibition opened at Ot- 
 tawa, Sept. 21. 
 
 Lieut.-gov. Eraser of N. Brun. d. Nov. 24. 
 
 Behring Sea Claims Commission in session 
 at Victoria, B.C., Nov. 25. 
 
 Newfoundland government purchases rail- 
 way system, Dec. 2. 
 
 1897 School question settled in Manitoba, Mar. 25. 
 Commission for Yukon gold region ap- 
 pointed, Aug. 9. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. JO 
 
 1897 British Science Association in session at 
 
 Toronto, Aug. 18. 
 
 Meeting of the World's W. C. T. U. in To- 
 ronto, Oct. 23. 
 
 Joint commission to settle difficulties with 
 U. S., Nov. 19. 
 
 1898 Sir F. D. Middleton, gen., d. Jan. 24, aged 72. 
 Influx of miners to Yukon gold region. 
 
 Colonial Period. — French America. 
 
 1607 Poutrincourt estab. first permanent French 
 
 settlement in America at Port Royal. 
 
 1608 Champlain settles Quebec, July 3. 
 1611 French Jesuits reach Port Royal. 
 
 1613 Port Royal burned by Gov. Argall of Va. 
 
 1620 Champlain governor of Canada. 
 
 1628 Port Royal taken by English. 
 
 1629 Sir David Kirke captures Quebec. 
 
 1632 Richelieu obtains restoration of territory, 
 
 March 29. 
 1634 Jesuits send missionaries to Indians. 
 
 1639 Ursuline Convent established at Quebec. 
 
 1640 French at Green Bay, Wisconsin. 
 
 1641 Montreal founded. 
 
 1659 Laval, first bishop of Quebec. 
 
 French fur traders explore Lake Superior. 
 
 1668 INIarquette establishes mission at Sault Ste. 
 
 INIarie, April. 
 
 1669 La Salle sails down the Ohio to the Miss. 
 
26 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1670 Maine, east of the Penobscot, occupied by 
 
 the French, 
 
 1671 The French occupy about Lakes Huron and 
 
 Superior. 
 
 1672 Count de Frontenac governor of Canada. 
 
 1673 Fort Frontenac (Kingston, Out.) built. 
 Marquette and Joliet in Iowa. 
 
 1679 French at Niagara Falls. 
 1682 La Salle descends the JNIississippi to the Ar- 
 kansas, and names the valley Louisiana. 
 1685 French in Texas under La Salle. 
 
 1689 French occupy Hudson Bay Territory. 
 Iroquois capt. Montreal and Lachine, Aug. 25. 
 
 1690 Settlements at Salmon Falls, N.H., and Fal- 
 
 mouth, Me. 
 
 1691 Acadia retaken by the French. [Jan. 
 
 1692 York, Me., attacked by French and Indians, 
 1696 Frontenac invades New York. 
 
 1698 Frontenac dies Nov. 28 ; born 1620. 
 
 1699 DTberville enters the Mississippi from the 
 
 Gulf. [troit, July. 
 
 1701 La Motte Cadillac establishes a post at De- 
 Bienville in command in Louisiana. 
 
 1702 French settle in Alabama, on bank of Mobile 
 
 River. 
 
 1703 Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil, 
 
 governor of Canada. 
 1710 Port Royal, Acadia, captured by Eng. fleet. 
 1713 Treaty of Utrecht gives Acadia to the Eng. 
 French establish a trading-post at Natchez. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 27 
 
 1716 French in the Ohio valley, 
 
 1717 Illinois joined to Louisiana. 
 
 1718 New Orleans founded. 
 
 1719 Negroes brought from Africa to Louisiana. 
 
 1720 French fortify Louisburg. 
 
 1722 New Orleans made capital of Louisiana. 
 
 1725 Vaudreail governor of Canada. 
 
 1729 Massacre of French at Natchez by Indians. 
 
 1731 French established at Lake Champlain. 
 
 1733 Baton Rouge, Louisiana, settled. 
 
 1736 Verendrye builds Fort Rouge, near present 
 
 Winnipeg. 
 1745 Marquis Gallissoniere governor of Canada. 
 Louisburg captured by British provincials. 
 1749 Fort Rouille (Toronto) built by the French. 
 
 1751 Sugar-cane introduced into Louisiana. 
 
 1752 English trading-posts destroyed by French. 
 De Menneville, Marquis Duquesne, governor 
 
 of Canada. 
 
 1753 French build forts in the Ohio country. 
 
 1754 Geo. Washington captured by the French. 
 
 1755 Acadian s transported from Grand Pr6. 
 French defeat Braddock at Fort Duquesne. 
 
 1756 Montcalm in Quebec. 
 
 Ac ad i an s arrive at New Orleans. 
 
 1757 Fort William Henry captured by French. 
 
 1758 Louisburg captured by Gen. Amherst, July. 
 Fort Frontenac surrenders to Col. Bradstreet. 
 French abandon Fort Duquesne. 
 
 1759 Quebec surrenders to English, Sept, 18. 
 
28 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1760 Pierre Francois, Marquis de Yaudreuil, last 
 French governor of Canada. 
 Canada surrendered to the British. 
 
 1762 Louisiana ceded to Spain. 
 
 1763 Acadia permanently ceded to the British. 
 1800 Spain cedes Louisiana to France. 
 
 1803 Pres. Jefferson purchases La. from France 
 Apr. 30 ; end of French power in Amer. 
 
 Colonial Period. — Spanish America. 
 
 1511 Havana founded by Velasquez. 
 1519 Panama settled by Pedrarias. 
 Cortez lands in ]Mexico, 
 
 1521 Captures the city of Mexico. 
 
 1522 Mexico constituted a kingdom. 
 1528 Spaniards land in Florida. 
 
 1535 Mendoza establishes mint in New Spain. 
 
 1567 Menendez builds fort at St. Augustine. 
 
 1586 Sir Francis Drake destroys fort at St. Augus- 
 tine. 
 
 1665 St. Augustine pillaged by Eng. buccaneers. 
 
 1719 French capture Pensacola. 
 
 1722 Pensacola restored to Spain. 
 
 1740 Oglethorpe, gov. of Georgia, attacks Florida. 
 
 1762 Louisiana acquired from France, Nov. 3. 
 
 1763 Florida ceded to Great Britain, Feb. 10. 
 
 1764 English troops occupy Baton Rouge, Feb. 
 1766 Large colony of Acadians arrive in La. 
 
 Antonio d'Ulloa takes possession of La. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 29 
 
 1768 Revolt of French against Spanish rule in La. 
 1779 Baton Rouge captured from the British. 
 1789 Settlers from Xo. Carolina arr. in Louisiana. 
 1795 Sugar first produced from cane in Louisiana. 
 United States allowed to deposit inerchan- 
 dise in New Orleans, Oct. 27. 
 1800 Louisiana transferred to France b}^ Spain. 
 1817 Unsuccessful insurrections in Mexico. 
 1821 Mexico becomes independent of Spain. 
 
 1850 Cuba invaded by American filibusters under 
 
 Lopez. 
 
 1851 Second invasion by filibusters ; Lopez shot. 
 
 1868 Insurrection of Creoles in Cuba, under Ces- 
 
 pedes. Sept, 
 
 1869 Filibusters again attack Cuba. 
 
 1870 Continual insurrections in Cuba. 
 
 1873 Slavery abolished in Porto Rico, March 23. 
 American steamer Virginius captured by 
 Spanish gunboat, Oct. 31. 
 1878 Surrender of insurgent gov. in Cuba, Feb. 21, 
 1880 Gradual emancipation of slaves promulgated, 
 
 Feb. 18. 
 1886 Slavery absolutely abolished in Cuba. 
 1888 Destructive cyclone in Cuba, 1,000 lives lost, 
 
 Sept. 4. 
 1895 Insurrections break oiyb afresh in Cuba. 
 ]\[arshal Campos arrives in Cuba, April. 
 Yellow fever epidemic, great mortality, July. 
 Cuba demands autonomy under Spain, J\\\y. 
 Guerrilla warfare continues, August, et cet. 
 
30 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1895 Spanish warship, Christopher Colon, wrecked 
 
 off the coast of Cuba, about 200 lives lost, 
 Sept. 29. 
 
 1896 Weyler issues his famous reconcentrado 
 
 order, Oct. 21. 
 Gen. Maceo, Cuban leader, killed, Dec. 7. 
 
 1897 Weyler recalled, and Blanco apjjointed cap- 
 
 tain-general, Oct. 2. 
 
 1898 Hostile demonstrations at Havana against 
 
 Americans, Jan. 15-20. [15. 
 
 Battleship Maine blown up at Havana, Feb. 
 
 Court of Inquiry begins its sessions at Ha- 
 vana, Feb. 20. 
 
 Armistice offered by Spain to the Cuban 
 insurgents, March 12. [March 19. 
 
 Maine Court of Inquiry completes its labors, 
 
 Consul-general Lee leaves Havana, Apr. 9. 
 
 The -blockade of Cuban ports begun, Apr. 22. 
 
 Nashville captures i^tfena Ve7itura, ^rst prize, 
 April 22. 
 
 Batteries at Matanzas bombarded, April 27. 
 
 Attack on Cienfuegos by torpedo-boat Wins- 
 loiv, Ensign Bagley killed, May 11. 
 
 Sampson bombards San Juan, Porto Rico, 
 May 12. 
 
 Cervera in Santiago harbor, May 19. 
 
 Forts at harbor of Santiago bomb., May 31. 
 
 Sampson joins Schley at Santiago, June 1. 
 
 Lieut. Hobson sinks the Merrimac in Santi- 
 ago harbor, June 3. 
 
NORTH AMERICA. 31 
 
 1898 Marines win vict. at Guantanamo, Jnne 12. 
 Fight at El Caney by Gen. Shafter, July 1,2, 
 Cervera's fleet totally destroyed, July 3. 
 Santiago surrenders, July 17. 
 
 Gen. Miles lands in Porto Rico, July 25. 
 Blockade of Cuba raised, Aug. 12. 
 American army and navy take possession of 
 
 Porto Rico, Oct. 18. 
 Gen. Garcia, Cuban leader, dies in AYashing- 
 
 ton, Dec. 11. 
 Columbus's bones removed to Spain, Dec. 12. 
 Fitzhugh Lee back in Havana, Dec. 14. 
 
 1899 Spanish power ceases in America, Jan. 1. 
 
32 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 1776 United States declares its indepen. July 4. 
 British Gen. Howe lands in N. Y., Aug. 22. 
 Americans evacuate New York, Sept. 14. 
 Battle on Lake Champlain, Oct. 11-13. 
 Fort "Washington capt. by British, Nov. 16. 
 Washington crosses the Delaware, Dec. 8. 
 Third Continental Congress meets at Balti- 
 more, Dec. 20. 
 
 Battle of Trenton, N.J., Dec. 26. 
 
 1777 Battle of Princeton, Jan. 3. [Mar. 4. 
 Fourth Continental Congress meets at Fhil., 
 Roger B. Taney b. Mar. 17 ; d. Oct. 12, 1864. 
 Henry Clay, statesman, born April 12 ; dies 
 
 June 29, 1852. 
 Unioil flag adopted by Congress, June 14. 
 British evacuate New Jersey, June 30. 
 Lafayette commis. major-general, July 31. 
 Battle of Bennington, Yt., Aug. 16. 
 Battle of Brandy wine, Sept. 11. 
 Count Pulaski com. brigadier-gen., Sept. 15. 
 British army occupy Philadelphia, Sept. 27. 
 Fifth Cont. Cong, meets at Lancaster, Penn., 
 
 Sept. 27. [Sept. 30. 
 
 Sixth Cont. Cong, ineets at York, Penn., 
 Battle of Germantown, Oct. 4. 
 Battle of Saratoga, Oct. 7. 
 Surrender of Burgoyne, Oct. 17.. 
 
UNITED STATES. 33 
 
 1777 Articles of Confederation adopted, Nov. 15. 
 American army at Valley Forge, Dec. 18. 
 
 1778 Treaty of alliance with France, Feb. 6. 
 Baron Steuben joins American army, Feb. 
 Rembrandt Peale, painter, b. Feb. 22 ; dies 
 
 Oct. 3, 1860. 
 Treaty with France ratified by Cong., May 4. 
 British evacuate Philadelphia, June 18. 
 Battle of Monmouth, N.J., June 28. 
 Seventh Cont. Cong, meets at Phil., July 2. 
 Massacre of Wyoming by Indians and Tories, 
 
 July 4. [Nov. 7, 1869. 
 
 Charles Stewart, admiral, b. July 18 ; dies 
 French fleet ent. Narragansett Bay, July 29. 
 Battle of Rhode Island, Aug. 29. 
 Franklin app. minister to France, Sept. 14. 
 Massacre at Cherry Valley, Nov. 10. 
 John Jay chosen pres. of Congress, Dec. 10. 
 British capture Savannah, Ga., Dec. 29. 
 
 1779 First Soc. of Universalists in U.S., org. Jan. 1. 
 Stephen Decatur, Jr., com., b. Jan. 5 ; dies 
 
 March 22, 1820. 
 
 British driven from Port Royal, S. C, by 
 Moultrie, Feb. 3. 
 
 Battle of Kettle Creek, Ga., Feb. 14. 
 
 Fort Stony Point capt. by Wayne, July 16. 
 
 Francis S. Key, poet (" Star-spangled Ban- 
 ner"), b. Aug. 1 ; d. Jan. 11, 1843. 
 
 Benj. Silliman, physicist, b. Aug. 8 ; dies 
 Nov. 24, 1864. 
 
34 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1779 James K. Paulding, author, b. Aug. 22 ; dies 
 
 April 5, 1860. 
 
 Joseph Story, jurist, born Sept. 18 ; dies 
 Sept. 10, 1815. [Sept. 23. 
 
 Paul Jones capt. British war-ship Serapis, 
 
 Samuel Huntington of Conn., pres. of Con- 
 gress, Sept. 28. 
 
 Pulaski killed at siege of Savannah, Oct. 9. 
 
 British evacuate Rhode Island, Oct. 11-25. 
 
 Washington Allston, painter, born ISrov. 5 ; 
 dies July 9, 1813. 
 
 Amer. army in winter quarters at Morris- 
 town, Dec. [Jan. 10. 
 
 1780 Gen. Chas. Lee dismissed from Amer. army, 
 David Porter, com., b. Feb. 1 ; d. Mar. 3, 1843. 
 Bank of Penn. (first in U. S.) chart., Mar. 1. 
 Wm. Ellery Channing, b. April 7 ; dies Oct. 
 
 2, 1842. [10. 
 
 Gen. Clinton besieges Charleston, S.C., April 
 John J. Audubon, ornithologist, born INlay 4 ; 
 
 dies Jan. 27, 1851. 
 " Dark Day " in Xew England, May 19. 
 Battle of Ramsour's Mills, N.C., June 20. 
 First Free-will Baptist church in America, 
 
 organized in Durham, N.H., June 30. 
 French army under Rochambeau reaches 
 
 :N'ewport, R.I., July 10. [16. 
 
 Battle of Camden, S.C, Amer. defeated, Aug. 
 Richard Rush b. Aug. 29 ; d. July 30, 1859. 
 Benedict Arnold turns traitor, Sept. 
 
UNITED STATES. SO 
 
 1780 Major Andre capt., Sept. 23 ; hanged, Oct. 2. 
 Battle of Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 26. 
 
 Battle of King's Mountain, S.C, Oct. 7. 
 Gen. Nathaniel Greene supersedes Gates, 
 Oct. 14. 
 
 1781 Phillips Academy, Exeter, N.H., founded. 
 Lemuel Shaw, jurist, b. Jan. 9 ; d. Mar. 30, 
 
 1861. [17. 
 
 Battle of Cowpens, S.C, Amer. vict., Jan. 
 
 Robert Morris app. supt. of finances, Feb. 20. 
 
 Bat. of Guilford Court House, N.C., Mar. 15. 
 
 Augusta, Ga., captured by Amer., June 5. 
 
 Thomas McKean of Del., pres. of Conti- 
 nental Congress, July 10. 
 
 Cornwallis retires to Yorktown, Aug. 4. 
 
 French fleet arr. in the Chesapeake, Aug. 30. 
 
 Benedict Arnold burns New London, Conn., 
 Sept. 6. 
 
 Battle of Eutaw Springs, S.C, Sept. 8. 
 
 James Lawrence (com. of Chesapeake) born 
 Oct. 1 ; dies June 5, 1813. 
 
 Wm. Miller, prophet of the Millerites, born ; 
 dies Dec. 20, 1849. 
 
 Richard M. Johnson, 9th vice-pres. of U. S., 
 born Oct. 17: dies Nov. 19, 1850. 
 
 Cornwallis surr. at Yorktown, Oct. 19. 
 
 John Hanson of Maryland pres. of Continen- 
 tal Congress, Nov. 5. 
 
 Bank of N. America estab. at Phil., Dec. 31. 
 
 1782 First Eng. Bible printed in U. S., at Phil. 
 
36 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1782 Xicholas Longworth b. Jan. 16 ; d. Feb. 10, 
 
 1863. 
 Daniel Webster b. Jan. 18 ; d. Oct. 24, 1852. 
 JohnC. Calhoun b. Mar. 18 ; d.Mar. 31, 1850. 
 Holland recognizes indep. of U. S., April 19. 
 Congress adopts Great Seal of U. S., June 20. 
 Savannah, Ga., evac. by British, July 11. 
 Jesse D. Elliott, com., born July 14 ; dies 
 
 Dec. 10, 1845. 
 Last blood of Revolution shed, in Georgia ; 
 
 Col. John Laurens killed in a skirmish, 
 
 Aug. 27. [at Phil. 
 
 First manuf. of fustians and jeans in U. S., 
 Lewis Cass b. Oct. 9 ; d. June 17, 1866. 
 Elias Boudinot of N. J., pres. of Continental 
 
 Congress, Nov. 4. [Nov. 30. 
 
 Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris, 
 Martin Van Buren (8th pres.) born Dec. 5 ; 
 
 dies Oct. 13, 1862. 
 British evacuate Charleston, S.C, Dec. 14. 
 French army embarks from Boston, Dec. 24. 
 
 1783 Washington College, Chestertown, Md., org. 
 Sweden recognizes indep. of U. S., Feb. 5. 
 Denmark recognizes indep. of U. S., Feb. 25. 
 Spain recognizes indep. of U. S., Mar. 24. 
 Washington Irving, author, b. April 3 ; dies 
 
 Nov. 28,1859. [11. 
 
 Cong, proclaims cessation of hostilities, Apr. 
 Cong, ratifies preliminary treaty with Great 
 
 Britain, April 15. 
 
UNITED STATES. 37 
 
 1783 Order of Cincinnati formed, May 13. 
 Eighth Cont. Cong, meets at Princeton, N.J., 
 
 June 30. [July. 
 
 Independence of U. S. recognized by Russia, 
 Samuel C. Reid, designer of the U. S. flag, 
 
 b. Aug. 25 ; d. Jan 28, 1861. 
 Treaty of peace with Gt. Brit, signed, Sept. 3. 
 Washington's Farewell Address to the army, 
 Nov. 2. [gi'ess, Nov. 3. 
 
 Thomas Mifflin of Penn. pres. of Cont. Con- 
 American army disbanded, Nov. 3. 
 British evacuate Long Island, Dec. 4. 
 Thos. McDonough, com., b. Dec. 23 ; d. Nov. 
 
 16, 1825. 
 Washington resigns commission as comman- 
 der-in-chief, Dec. 23. 
 
 1784 St. John's College, Annapolis, Md., organized. 
 First cotton sent to England. 
 
 Congress adopts decimal currency. 
 
 University of State of New York established. 
 
 American Daily Advertiser^ first daily news- 
 paper in America, issued at Phil. 
 
 Congress ratifies treaty of peace, Jan. 14. 
 
 Charles Morris, com., b. July 26 ; d. Jan. 27, 
 1856. 
 
 Joseph E. Worcester, lexicographer, b. Aug. 
 24; d. Oct. 27, 1865. 
 
 Zachary Taylor (12th pres.) b. Sept. 24 ; dies 
 July 9, 1850. [Nov. 1. 
 
 Tenth Cont. Cong, meets at Trenton, N.J., 
 
38 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1784 Methodist Episc. Ch. organized at Baltimore, 
 
 Dec. 24. 
 
 1785 City Directory of Phil., first pub. in U. S. 
 Eleventh Cont. Cong, meets at N.Y., Jan. 11. 
 Samuel Woodworth, poet ( " Old Oaken 
 
 Bucket " ), b. Jan. 13 ; d. Dec. 9, 1842. 
 John Adams appointed minister to Great 
 . Britain, Feb. 24. 
 Thomas Jefferson appointed minister to Fr., 
 
 March 10. [1866. 
 
 John Pierpont, poet, b. April 6 ; d. Aug. 27, 
 First Episcopal ordination in U. S. at Mid- 
 
 dletown. Conn., Aug. 3. 
 Treaty between Prussia and U. S., Aug. 5. 
 Oliver H. Perry, com., b. Aug. 23 ; d. Aug. 
 
 23, 1819. 
 Twelfth Cont. Cong, meets at N. Y., Nov. 7. 
 John Hancock of Mass., pres. of Coiit. Cong., 
 
 N^ov. 23. [March 11, 1848. 
 
 Henry AVheaton, publicist, b. Nov. 27 ; dies 
 
 1786 James Rumsey propels boat by steam on 
 
 Potomac, March. 
 Wm. R. King, vice-pres. of U. S., b. April 7 ; 
 
 dies April 18, 1853. 
 Amos Lawrence b. Apr. 20 ; d. Dec. 31, 1852. 
 Thomas Nuttall, naturalist, b. ; d. Sept. 10, 
 
 1859. 
 First spinning- jenny in U. S., at Prov., R. I. 
 Nathaniel Gorham pres. of Cont, Cong., 
 
 June 6. 
 
UNITED STATES. 39 
 
 1786 Winfield Scott b. June 13 ; d. May 29, 1866. 
 Ordinance establishing coinage passed, Aug. 
 Daniel Shays' rebellion in Western INIass. 
 David Crockett, backwoodsman, b. Aug. 17 ; 
 
 d. March 6, 1836. [passed, Oct. 16. 
 
 Ordinance to establish United States Mint 
 Thirteenth Cont. Cong, meets at N.Y., Nov. 6. 
 Wm. L. Marcy b. Dec. 12 ; d. July 4, 1857. 
 
 1787 Arthur St. Clair of Penn. pres. of Congress, 
 
 Feb. 2. 
 Geo. W. Rodgers, com., b. ; d. May 21, 1832. 
 Convention to form constitution for U. S. 
 
 meets at Phil,, May 25. 
 Congress enacts ordinance for Northwest 
 
 Territory, July 13. 
 Treaty between U. S. and INIorocco, July 18. 
 First manuf. of cotton in U. S., at Beverly, 
 
 Mass. 
 Manufacture of salt at Syracuse, N.Y., begun. 
 First newspaper published in Kentucky, at 
 
 Lexington, Aug. 
 John J. Crittenden, b. Sept. 10; d. July 26, 
 
 1863. [5. 
 
 Fourteenth Cont. Cong, meets at N.Y., Nov. 
 Richard H. Dana, b. Nov. 15 ; d. Feb. 2, 1879. 
 Thorn. H. Gallaudet, founder of first inst. in 
 
 America for instruction of the deaf and 
 
 dumb, b. Dec. 10; d. Sept. 9, 1851. 
 
 1788 Cyrus Griffin of Virginia pres. of Cont. Con- 
 
 gress, Jan. 22. 
 
40 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1788 First lead-mining in America, near Du- 
 
 buque, la. 
 Joshua Bates born ; dies Sept. 24, 1864. 
 James Gadsden {Gadsden Purchase) b. May 
 
 15; d. Dec. 26, 1858. 
 Adoniram Judson, b. Aug. 9 ; d. Apr. 12, 1850. 
 Alexander Campbell, founder of the Camp- 
 
 bellites, b. Sept. 12; d. March 14, 1866. 
 Last Cont. Congress adjourns, Oct. 21. 
 
 1789 Tammany Society formed. 
 
 Electors vote for first pres. of U. S., Feb. 
 First U. S. Congress meets at N. Y. ; George 
 
 Washington chosen pres, of U. S. and 
 
 John Adams vice-pres., April 6. 
 Washington takes oath of office, April 30. 
 Jared Sparks b. May 10; d. Mar. 14, 1866. 
 First U. S. tariff bill passed, July 4. 
 Dep't of Foreign Affairs organized, July 27. 
 War and Navy Dep'ts organized, Aug. 7. 
 Treasury Department organized, Sept. 2. 
 Supreme Court of U. S. estab., Sept. 
 James Fenimore Cooper b. Sept. 15 ; dies 
 
 Sept. 14, 1851. 
 Washington visits Northern States, Oct. 15. 
 Levi Woodbury b. Dec. 22 ; d. Sept., 1851. 
 Catherine M. Sedgwick b. Dec. 28 ; d. July 
 
 31, 1867. [4. 
 
 1790 Second session of Cong, meets in N. Y., Jan. 
 Sec. Hamilton reports on public debt, Jan. 14. 
 First copyright law passed. 
 
UNITED STATES. 41 
 
 1790 Act passed ordering census, March 1. 
 John Tyler (10th pres.) b. March 29 ; d. Jan. 
 
 18, 1862. 
 Franklin dies at Phil., April 17, aged 84. 
 Fitz-Greene Halleck b. July 8; d. Nov. 19, 
 
 1867. [July 10. 
 
 Act passed for acquisition of Dist. of Col., 
 First mechanical patent issued, July 31. 
 Columbia, Capt. Robert Gray, first American 
 
 ship to make voyage round the world, 
 
 returns to Boston, Aug. 10. 
 Wm. B. Shubrick, adm., b. Oct. 31 ; d. May 
 
 27, 1874. 
 Third session of Cong, opens in Phil., Dec. 6. 
 
 1791 Anthracite coal discovered in Pennsylvania. 
 Vermont (14th State) admitted, Jan. 18. 
 United States bank incorporated, Feb. 8. 
 Peter Cooper, founder of Cooper Institute, 
 
 b. Feb. 12 ; d. April 4, 1883. 
 First Congress adjourns, March 3. 
 James Buchanan (15th pres.) b. April 23*; 
 
 d. June 1, 1868. 
 Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor (telegraph), b. 
 
 April 27 ; d. April 2, 1872. 
 George Ticknor, author, b. Aug. 1 ; d. Jan. 
 
 26, 1871. [Aug. 7. 
 
 Great Britain appoints first minister to U. S., 
 Lydia H. H. Sigourney b. Sept. 1 ; d. June 
 
 10, 1865. 
 Second Congress opens at Phil., Oct. 24. 
 
42 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1791 Charles Sprague, poet, b. Oct. 26 ; d. Jan. 
 
 1875. 
 Amend, to Const., I.-X., ratified, Dec. 15. 
 
 1792 Corner-stone of White House, Wash., laid. 
 Lowell Mason b. Jan. 8; d. Aug. 11, 1872. 
 Congress grants bounty for fishing-vessels, 
 
 Feb. 16. 
 United States Mint established, April 2. 
 Matthew Vassar {Vassar Coll.) b. April 29 ; 
 
 d. June 23, 1868. 
 Laws passed organizing militia, May 8. 
 Capt. Robert Gray discovers mouth of river 
 
 Columbia, May 11. 
 Kentucky (15th State) admitted, June 1. 
 John Howard Payne b. June 9 ; d. April 10, 
 
 1852. 
 Chester Harding, portrait painter, b. Sept. 1 ; 
 
 d. April 1, 1866. 
 Second presidential election, Nov. 6. 
 Abbott Lawrence, founder of Scien. School 
 
 at Harvard, b. Dec. 16 ; d. Aug. 18, 1855. 
 
 1793 Thaddeus Stevens b. April 4; d. Aug. 11, 
 
 1868. 
 First Synod of German Reformed Church, 
 
 at Lancaster, Pa. 
 Sentinel, first newspaper of the Northwest, 
 
 appears at Cincinnati, O. 
 U. S. Mint at Phil, begins to coin money. 
 Washington receives all the electoral votes ; 
 
 John Adams, vice-pres., Feb. 13. 
 
UNITED STATES. 43 
 
 1793 Sam. Houston b. March 2 ; d. July 25, 1863. 
 Henry R. Schoolcraft, ethnologist, b. March 
 
 28 ; d. Dec. 10, 1864. 
 Eli Whitney invents cotton-gin. 
 Pres. issues proc. of neutrality, April 22. 
 Edward Hitchcock, geologist, b. May 24 ; 
 
 dies Feb. 27, 1864. 
 Great Britain and France seize neutral ships 
 
 with war supplies. May -June. 
 S. G. Goodrich (" Peter Parley "), b. Aug. 19 ; 
 d. May 9, 1860. [ington, Sept. 18. 
 
 Corner-stone of U. S. Capitol laid by Wash- 
 Political parties assume names of Republi- 
 can and Federalist. 
 Third Congress opens at Phil., Dec. 2. 
 
 1794 New York Commercial Advertiser appears. 
 Le Moniteur, first newspaper in Louisiana. 
 First regular theatre in Boston opens in 
 
 Federal St., Feb. 4. 
 Amend. XI. to Constitution adopted. Mar. 5. 
 Act authorizing formation of U. S. N., 
 
 March 11. 
 American vessels forbidden to supply slaves 
 
 to another nation, March 22. [26. 
 
 Embargo laid on shipping for 60 days, March 
 Matthew C. Perry, com., b. April 10 ; dies 
 
 March 4, 1858.*^ 
 Edward Everett b. Apr. 11 ; d. Jan. 15, 1865. 
 Cornelius Vanderbilt b. May 27 ; dies Jan. 
 
 4, 1877. 
 
44 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1794 Neutrality act passed, June 5. 
 Post-office department permanently estab. 
 Whiskey insurrection in Pa., July-Nov. 
 Sylvester Graham, vegetarian advocate, b. ; 
 
 d. Sept. 11, 1851. 
 Wm. Cullen Bryant b. Nov. 3 ; d. June 12, 
 
 1878. 
 Ed. T. Taylor (" Father Taylor "), preacher, 
 
 Boston, b. Dec. 25 ; d. April 5, 1871. 
 
 1795 Anti-Rent troubles begin in N. Y., Jan. 7. 
 Stringent naturalization law passed, Jan. 29. 
 Hamilton, secretary of treasury, resigns, Jan. 
 Act passed for redemption of public debt. 
 University of Tenn. at Knoxville opened. 
 University of N. Carolina opened, Feb. 13. 
 Geo. Peabody b. Feb. 18; d. Nov. 4, 1869. 
 James Harper, founder of Harper & Bros., 
 
 publishers, b. April 13 ; d. Mar. 27, 1869. 
 Silas Wright b. May 24 ; d. Aug. 27, 1847. 
 Josh. R. Giddings b. Aug. 6 ; d. May 27, 1864. 
 J. Rodman Drake b. Aug. 7 ; d. Sept. 21, 1820. 
 Washington signs treaty with Eng., Aug. 14. 
 James Gordon Bennett, founder New York 
 
 Herald, b. Sept. 1 ; d. June 1, 1872. 
 Treaty with Algiers, Sept. 5. 
 James G. Percival b. Sept. 15 ; d. May 2, 1856. 
 Robert F. Stockton, com., b. ; d. Oct. 7, 1866. 
 Treaty with Spain opening Miss., Oct. 20. 
 John P. Kennedy, secretary of navy, b. Oct. 
 
 25 ; d. Aug. 18, 1870. 
 
UNITED STATES. 45 
 
 1795 James K. Polk (11th pres.) b. Nov. 2 ; dies 
 
 June 15, 1849. [7. 
 
 Fourth Congress opens at Philadelphia, Dec. 
 
 1796 Congress sustains Jay's treaty with England, 
 
 April 30. 
 Junius Brutus Booth, English tragedian, b. 
 
 May 1 ; d. Nov. 30, 1852. 
 John G. Palfrey, historian, b. May 2 ; dies 
 
 April 26, 1881. [1859. 
 
 Horace Mann, educator, b. May 4 ; d. Aug. 2, 
 William Prescott, historian, b. May 4 ; d. 
 
 Jan. 28, 1859. [1876. 
 
 Reverdy Johnson born May 21 ; d. Feb. 10, 
 Tennessee (16th State) admitted, June 1. 
 John M. Clayton b. July 24 ; d. Nov. 9, 1856. 
 First gaslight in America at Phil., Aug. 
 Washington issues his " Farewell Address," 
 
 Sept. 19. 
 Third presidential election, Nov. 8. [6. 
 
 Second session of Cong, opened at Phil., Dec. 
 
 1797 Electoral votes declare John Adams pres. ; 
 
 Thomas Jefferson vice-pres., Feb. 8. 
 Mary Logan, founder of Mt. Holyoke Sem., 
 
 b. Feb. 28 ; d. Mar. 5, 1849. 
 Gerrit Smith b. Mar. 6 ; d. Dec. 29, 1874. 
 Special session of Cong, to consider relations 
 
 with France, Mar. 25. 
 Theophilus Parsons, jurist and w^riter, born 
 
 May 17 ; d. Jan. 26, 1882. [appears. 
 
 Medical Repository, first med. journal in Am., 
 
46 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1797 Cong, prohibits privateering against friendly 
 
 nations, June 14. 
 Cong, authorizes raising 80,000 militia for 
 
 three months, June 24. [Oct. 4. 
 
 Commissioners app. to treat with France, 
 Thurlow Weed, journalist, b. Nov. 15 ; dies 
 
 Nov. 22, 1882. [1878. 
 
 Hiram Paulding, adm., b. Dec. 11 ; d. Oct. 20, 
 
 1798 R. Dungiison (" Dungiison's Med. Diet."), 
 
 b. Jan. 4 ; d. April 1, 1869. 
 
 Charles Wilkes, adm., b. ; d. Feb. 8, 1877. 
 
 Mississippi Territory organized, April 3. 
 
 " Hail Columbia " written, April 29 ; first 
 sung. May. [May 4. 
 
 Harper's Ferry selected as site for armory, 
 
 Congress auth. provisional army, May 28. 
 
 Congress auth. seizing of hostile French ves- 
 sels, May 28. 
 
 Imprisonment for debt abolished, June 6. 
 
 Commercial intercourse with France sus- 
 pended, June 12. 
 
 Washington com.-in chief of army, June 17. 
 
 Uniform rule of naturalization adopted, 
 June 18. [July 14. 
 
 Alien and sedition laws passed, June 25, 
 
 Marine corps organized, July 11. 
 
 John A. Dix b. July 24 ; d. April 21, 1879. 
 
 Samuel G. Drake b. Oct. 11 ; d. June 14, 1875. 
 
 Silas H. Stringham, adm., b. Nov. 7 ; d. Feb. 
 7, 1876. 
 
UNITED STATES. 47 
 
 1799 General post-office estab., March 2. 
 
 John Lowell, founder of Lowell Institute, 
 Boston, b. May 11 ; d. March 4, 1836. 
 
 Baltimore American begins pub., May 14. 
 
 Rufus Choate b. Oct. 1 ; d. July 13, 1859. 
 
 A. Bronson Alcott b. Nov. 29 ; d. Mar. 4, 
 1888. 
 
 Sixth Cong, assembles at Phil., Dec. 2. 
 
 1800 University of Vermont opened. 
 
 Millard Fillmore (13th pres.) b. Jan. 7 ; dies 
 Mar. 8, 1874. Igeance, Feb. 1. 
 
 Constellation defeats French frigate La Ven- 
 
 Ter. of Indiana organized, IMay 7. 
 
 John Brown " of Ossawattomie " b. May 9 ; 
 executed Dec. 2, 1859. 
 
 Law passed against slave-trade. May 10. 
 
 U. S. gov. removes to Washington, July. 
 
 First vaccination in U. S. performed at Har- 
 vard College, July. 
 
 Treaty with France, spoliation claims adjus. 
 
 Daniel S. Dickinson b. Sept. 11 ; d. April 
 12, 1866. 
 
 Henry S. Foote b. Sept. 20 ; d. May, 1880. 
 
 Spain cedes Louisiana to France, Oct. 1. 
 [See Spanish Colonies.] 
 
 George Bancroft b. Oct. 3 ; d. Jan. 17, 1891. 
 
 Benj. F. Wade b. Oct. 27 ; d. Mar. 2, 1878. 
 
 Fourth presidential election, Nov. 11. 
 
 Chas. Goodyear, inventor (vulcanized rub- 
 ber), b. Dec. 29 ; d. July 21, 1860. 
 
48 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1801 Neiv York Post established. 
 Merino sheep imported from Spain. 
 
 Thos. Jefferson chosen president by electors, 
 
 Feb. 11 ; inaugurated, March 4. 
 Congress assumes jurisdiction over District 
 
 of Columbia, Feb. 27. [July 24, 1882. 
 
 Geo. P. Marsh, philologist, b. March 17 ; d. 
 Wm. H. Seward b. May 16 ; d. Oct. 10, 1872. 
 Brigham Young b. June 1 ; d. Aug. 29, 1877. 
 Tripoli declares war against U. S., June 10. 
 David G. Farragut b. July 5; d. Aug. 14, 
 
 1870. [1869. 
 
 Robert J. Walker b. July 23; d. Nov. 11, 
 Theodore D. Woolsey, pres. of Yale College, 
 
 b. Oct. 31 ; d. July 1, 1889. 
 Sam. G. Howe, philanthropist, b. Nov. 10 ; 
 
 d. Jan. 9, 1876. 
 
 1802 Mark Hopkins, pres. of Williams College, 
 
 born Feb. 4 ; dies June 17, 1887. 
 Congress recognizes war with Tripoli, Feb. 6. 
 • Lydia M. Child b. Feb. 11 ; d. Oct. 20, 1880. 
 Naturalization laws of 1795 restored, Apr. 14. 
 Washington incorporated as a city. May 3. 
 Gideon Welles, sec. of U. S. N., b. July 1 ; 
 
 dies Feb. 11, 1878. 
 John Wilson, Scottish-American printer and 
 
 author, born; dies Aug. 3, 1868. 
 Geo. Ripley, journ., b. Oct. 3 ; d. July 4, 1880. 
 Geo. P. Morris, poet and journ., b. Oct. 10 ; 
 
 dies July 6, 1864. 
 
UXITED STATES. 49 
 
 1803 News and Courier, Charleston, S.C, estab. 
 Albert S. Johnston, Confederate gen., born 
 
 Feb. 3 ; killed at Shiloh, April 6, 1862. 
 
 Ohio (17th State) admitted, Feb. 19. 
 
 Louisiana purchased for $15,000,000, Apr. 30. 
 
 Ralph Waldo Emerson b. May 25 ; d. April 
 27, 1882. 
 
 John Ericsson, builder of Monitor, born July- 
 Si ; dies March 8, 1889. 
 
 Samuel F. Dupont, admiral, b. Sept. 27 ; d. 
 June 23, 1865. 
 
 Eighth Congress opens, Oct. 17. 
 
 Frigate Philadelphia wrecked and captured 
 in Tripoli, Oct. 31. 
 
 New Orleans delivered to the U. S., Dec. 20. 
 
 1804 First experiments in artificial propagation 
 
 of fish in U. S., in South Carolina. 
 Com. Decatur destroys Philadelphia in Trip- 
 oli harbor, Feb. 16. 
 Neal Dow, temperance reformer, b. Mar. 20 ; 
 
 dies Oct. 2, 1897. 
 Severe hurricane in South Carolina. 
 Nathaniel Hawthorne b. July 4; dies May 
 
 19, 1864. 
 Vice-president Burr kills Alex. Hamilton in 
 
 a duel, July 11. 
 Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution 
 
 adopted, Sept. 25. 
 Franklin Pierce (11th pres.) b. Nov. 23 ; d, 
 
 Oct. 8, 1869, 
 
50 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1805 Territory of Michigan formed from Indiana, 
 
 Jan. 11. 
 
 David D. Field, jurist, b. Feb, 13 ; dies Apr. 
 13, 1894. 
 
 Electors choose Jefferson president, Clinton 
 vice-pres., Feb. 13. 
 
 Louis M. Goldsborough, adm., b. Feb. 18 ; 
 dies Feb. 20, 1877. 
 
 Jefferson and Clinton inaugurated, March 4. 
 
 Theodorus Bailey, adm., b. April 12 ; d. Feb. 
 10, 1877. 
 
 Treaty of peace with Tripoli, June 3. 
 
 Robert Anderson, gen., defender of Ft. Sum- 
 ter, b. June 14 ; dies Oct. 27, 1871. 
 
 Chas. T. Jackson, discoverer of etherization, 
 b. June 21 ; dies Aug. 29, 1880. 
 
 Hiram Powers, sculptor, b. July 29 ; d. 1873. 
 
 Horatio Greenough, sculptor, b. Sept. 6 ; dies 
 Dec. 18, 1852. 
 
 Ninth Congress opens, Dec. 2. [1879. 
 
 Wm. Lloyd Garrison, b. Dec. 12 ; d. May 24, 
 
 Joseph Smith, founder of the sect of Mor- 
 mons, b. Dec. 23 ; killed at Carthage, Mo., 
 June 27, 1844. 
 
 University of S. C. opens at Columbia. 
 
 Dorothea L. Dix born ; dies July 19, 1887. 
 
 1806 Matt. F. Maury, b. Jan. 14 ; d. Feb. 1, 1873. 
 Nath'l P. Willis b. Jan. 20 ; d. Jan. 20, 1867. 
 Edwin Forrest, actor, b. March 9 ; d. Dec. 
 
 12, 1872, 
 
UNITED STATES. 51 
 
 1806 Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts incor., 
 
 March 26. [d. Nov. 19, 1869. 
 
 Wm. P. Fessenden, statesman, b. March 31 ; 
 John P. Hale b. March 31 ; d. Nov. 19, 1873. 
 Wm. G. Simms b. April 17 ; d. June 11, 1870. 
 Andrew H. Foote, admiral, b. Sept. 12 ; dies 
 
 June 26, 1863. 
 Treaty with Gr. Brit, signed by com,, Dec. 3. 
 
 1807 Robert E. Lee b. Jan. 19 ; d. Oct. 12, 1870. 
 Joseph E. Johnston, Conf. gen., b. Feb. 3 ; 
 
 d. March 21, 1891. [Feb. 7. 
 
 Act to prohibit importation of slaves passed, 
 Aaron Burr arrested for treason, Feb. 19 ; 
 
 acquitted, Sept. 15. 
 Henry W. Longfellow b. Feb. 27 ; dies Mar. 
 
 21, 1882. 
 Act passed prohib. import, of slaves. Mar. 2. 
 Louis J, 11. Agassiz b. May 28 ; d. Dec. 14, 
 
 1873. 
 British frigate Leopard fires into U. S. frigate 
 
 Chesapeake, June 22. 
 Richard Hildreth, historian, b. June 28 ; d. 
 
 July 11, 1865. 
 American ports closed to British ships, July. 
 Chas. Francis Adams b. Aug. 18 ; d. Nov. 
 
 21, 1886. 
 First steamboat (Fulton's Clermont) sails 
 
 from N. Y. to Albany, Sept. 14. 
 Tenth Congress opens, Oct. 26. [1862. 
 
 Cornelius C. Felton, b. Nov. 6 : d. Feb. 26, 
 
52 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1807 John G. Whittier b. Dec. 17 ; d. Sept. 7, 1892. 
 Embargo Act, prohib. for. commerce, Dec. 22. 
 
 1808 Salmon P. Chase b. Jan. 13 ; d. May 7. 1873. 
 Alvan Clark b. March 4 ; d. Aug. 19, 1887. 
 Embargo act modified, March 12. 
 Jefferson Davis b. June 3 ; d. Dec. 6, 1889. 
 Hamilton Fish b. Aug. 3 ; d. Sept. 7. 1893. 
 Samuel F. Smith, author of " America," b. 
 
 Oct. 21 ; d. iS'ov. 16, 1895. 
 Sixth presidential election, Nov. 8. 
 Stephen C. Rowan, adm., b. Dec. 25 ; d. 
 
 March 31, 1890. [1875. 
 
 Andrew Johnson (17th pres.) b. Dec. 29 ; d. 
 Andover (Mass.) Theological Semin. opened. 
 
 1809 Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, discovered. 
 Territory of Illinois established, Feb. 3. 
 Electors choose Jas. Madison pres., Feb. 8. 
 Abraham Lincoln (16th pres.) b. Feb. 12 ; 
 
 d. April 15, 1865. 
 Embargo Act repealed, March 1. 
 Non-intercourse Act with Great Britain and 
 
 France, March 1 ; terminated, April 19. 
 Benj. Peirce, math., b. Apr. 4 ; d. Oct. 6, 1880. 
 Robert C. Winthrop b. May 12 ; d. Nov. 16, 
 
 1894. 
 Eleventh Congress opens, May 22. 
 Hannibal Hamlin, vice-pres. U. S., b. Aug. 
 
 27 ; d. July 4, 1891. 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes b. Aug. 29 ; d. Oct. 
 
 7, 1894. 
 
UNITED STATES. 53 
 
 1809 John A. Dahlgren, admiral, b. Nov. 13 ; d. 
 
 July 12, 1870. 
 
 1810 General post-office estab. at AVash., Apr. 30. 
 First Agricultural exhibition in U. S. at 
 
 Georgetown, D.C., May 10. 
 Theodore Parker, theoL, b. Aug. 24 ; d. May 
 
 10, 1860. [29, 1873. 
 
 John A. Winslow, adm., b. Nov. 19 ; d. Sept. 
 P. T. Barnum, showman, b. ; d. Apr. 7, 1891. 
 
 1811 Charles Sumner, statesman, b. Jan. 6 ; d. 
 
 March 11, 1874. 
 Edgar Allan Poe b. Jan. 26 ; d. Oct. 7, 1849. 
 Horace Greeley, founder of iV. Y. Tribune^ 
 
 b. Feb. 3 ; d. Nov. 29, 1872. 
 Trading-posts first established among Indi- 
 ans, March 2. 
 Engagement between U. S. frigate President 
 
 and Brit, sloop-of-war Little Belt, May 16. 
 First number of Niles' Register issued in 
 
 Baltimore, Sept. 7. 
 Twelfth Congress convenes, Nov. 4. 
 General W. H. Harrison defeats Indians at 
 
 Tippecanoe, Nov. 7. 
 Wendell Phillips b. Nov. 29 ; d. Feb. 2, 1884. 
 First steamboat on the Ohio, the New Orleans. 
 Elihu Burritt (" The Learned Blacksmith ") 
 
 b. Dec. 8 ; d. March 7, 1879. [4, 1892. 
 
 Noah Porter, pres. of Yale Coll., b. ; d. Mar. 
 Theatre at Kichmond, Ya., burned, gov. and 
 
 many others perish, Dec. 26. 
 
54 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1812 First steam vessel on the Mississippi, Jan. 
 Alex. H. Stephens b. Feb. 11 ; d. Mar. 4, 1883. 
 Embargo on all vessels in U. S. for 90 days, 
 
 April 4. [20. 
 
 Vice-pres. Clinton dies at Washington, Apr. 
 Louisiana (18th State) admitted, April 30. 
 Territory of Missouri established, June 4. 
 Harriet Beecher Stowe b. June 15; d. July 
 
 1, 1896. 
 War declared against Gt. Britain, June 18. 
 Am. Constitution cap. Brit. Guerriere^ Aug. 19. 
 Richard M. Hoe {Hoe's Lightning Press) b. 
 
 Sept. 12; d. June 7, 1886. 
 Am. Antiquarian Soc. incorporated at Wor- 
 cester, Mass., Oct. 12. 
 Battle of Queenstown, Canada, Oct. 13. 
 Am. JVasp capt. British Frolic, Oct. 18. 
 Henry Wilson, vice-pres., b. ; d. Xov. 22, 1875. 
 Fight at St. Regis, N.Y., Oct. 23. 
 Frigate United States capt. Brit. Macedonian, 
 
 Oct. 25. 
 Presidential election, Nov. 10. 
 Wm. Warren, Jr., comedian, b. Nov. 17 ; d. 
 
 Sept. 21, 1888. 
 U. S. Constitution capt. British Java, Dec. 29. 
 Term "gerrymander" originates in Mass. 
 National Academy of Art estab. by Act of 
 
 Cong, in Dist. of Columbia. [Jan. 
 
 1813 Brit. adni. Cockburn blockades Amer. coast, 
 John C. Fremont b. Jan. 21 ; d. July 13, 1890. 
 
UNITED STATES. 55 
 
 1813 Electors choose James Madison pres. ; El- 
 
 bridge Gerry vice-pres., Feb. 10. 
 'Am. Hornet capt. British Peacock, Feb. 24. 
 Christopher P. Cranch, artist and poet, born 
 
 March 8; d. Jan. 20, 1892. [1861. 
 
 Stephen A. Douglas b. April 23 ; d. June 3, 
 York (Toronto) captured, April 27. 
 Thirteenth Congress convenes, May 24. 
 Brit. Shannon capt. Am. Chesapeake, June 1. 
 David D. Porter, adm., b. June ; d. Feb. 12, 
 
 1891. [1887. 
 
 Henry Ward Beecher b. June 21 ; d. Mar. 8. 
 Boston Daily Advertiser established. 
 Am. Enterprise capt. Brit. Boxer, Sept. 5. 
 Victory of Com. Perry on Lake Erie, Sept. 10. 
 John Sedgwick, gen., b. Sept. 13 ; d. May 9. 
 
 1864. [d. Mar. 16, 1868. 
 
 1814 David Wilmot ( Wilmot Proviso) b. Jan. 20 ; 
 • Samuel J. -Tilden b. Feb. 9 ; d. Aug. 4, 1886. 
 
 Thomas Crawford, sculptor, b. Mar. 22 ; dies 
 Oct. 10, 1857. [Mar. 28. 
 
 Brit. Phoebe and Cherub capt. Amer. Essex, 
 
 John L. Motley b. Apr. 15 ; d. May 29, 1877. 
 
 Am. Peacock capt. Brit. Epervier, April 29. 
 
 Am. Wasp capt. British Reindeer, June 28. 
 
 Fort Erie surr. to Gens. Scott and Ripley, 
 July 3. 
 
 Battle of Chippewa, July 5. 
 
 Samuel Colt, inventor (revolver), b. July 19 ; 
 d. Jan 10, 1862. 
 
56 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1814 Battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25. [9-12. 
 Stonington, Conn., bomb, by Brit, fleet, Aug. 
 Capitol at Washington burned, Aug. 24. 
 Amer. Wasp defeats British Avon, Sept. 1. 
 Vict, of Com. McDonough on Lake Cham- 
 plain, Sept. 11. 
 
 " Star-spangled Banner " written by Francis 
 Scott Key, Sept. 13. [genet, Sept. 26. 
 
 Sea-fight of Geti. A rmstro7ig and Brit. Planta- 
 Elbridge Gerry, vice-pres., dies at Washing- 
 ton, Nov. 23. [Dec. 15. 
 Hartford Convention to oppose war meets, 
 Edwin M. Stanton, sec. of war, b. Dec. 19 ; 
 d. Dec. 24, 1869. [Jan. 8. 
 
 1815 Gen, Jackson's vict. at bat. of New Orleans, 
 Amer. President capt. by British Endymion, 
 
 Jan. 15. [Feb. 17. 
 
 Treaty of peace with Great Britain ratified. 
 Constitution captm*es Cyant and Levant, Feb. 
 U. S. declares war against Algiers, Mar. 3. 
 Amer. Hornet capt. Brit. Penguin, Mar. 23. 
 Handel and Haydn Society organized in 
 
 Boston, April 20. 
 Treaty of peace with Morocco, June 30. 
 Richard H. Dana, Jr., b. Aug. 1 ; d. Jan. 7, 
 
 1882. [1879. 
 
 Joseph Hooker, gen., b. Nov. 13 ; d. Oct. 31, 
 Clark Mills, sculptor, b. Dec. 1 ; d. Jan. 12, 
 
 1883. 
 
UNITED STATES. 57 
 
 1816 First savings bank in the U. S., at Phil. 
 Henry W. Halleck, gen., b. Jan. 16 ; d. Jan. 
 
 9, 1872. [1894. 
 
 Nathaniel P. Banks b. Jan. 30; d. Sept. 1, 
 Boston Recorder, first religious newspaper in 
 
 U.S., appears. [31,1895. 
 
 Ebenezer R. Hoar, jurist, b. Feb. 21. d. Jan. 
 U. S. Bank chartered by Congress, April 10. 
 Amer. Bible Society organized. May 8-13. 
 John G. Saxe, poet, b. June 2 ; dies Mar. 31, 
 
 1887. [d. Feb. 8, 1876. 
 
 Charlotte S. Cushman, actress, born July 23 ; 
 Geo. H. Thomas, gen., b. July 31 ; d. Mar. 
 
 28, 1870. 
 First steamboat on the Gt. Lakes, the Ontario. 
 George G. Meade, gen., b. ; d. Nov. 6, 1872. 
 Presidential election, Nov. 12. 
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, reformer, b. Nov. 12. 
 Benj. Silliman, Jr., physicist, b. Dec. 4 ; dies 
 
 June 14, 1885. 
 Indiana (19th State) admitted, Dec. 11. 
 American Colonization Society formed, Dec. 
 
 1817 Presidential electors choose James ^Monroe 
 
 pres. ; Dan'l Tompkins vice-pres., Feb. 12. 
 Mississippi territory divided, March 1. 
 Seth Green, fish culturist, born Mar. 19 ; dies 
 
 Aug. 20, 1888. [Savannah. 
 
 Frederic Tudor of Boston first ships ice to 
 Pierre G. T. Beauregard b. May 23 ; d. Feb. 
 
 20, 1893. 
 
58 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1817 John B. Gough b. Aug. 22 ; d. Feb. 18, 1886. 
 First coast-survey work. 
 
 Frederick Douglass, orator, formerly a slave, 
 
 b. ; d. Feb. 20, 1895. 
 Fifteenth Congress convenes, Dec. 1. 
 Mississippi (20th State) admitted, Dec. 10. 
 First instruction of deaf mutes in Amer., by 
 
 T. H. Gallaudet. 
 James T. Fields b. Dec. 31 ; d. Apr. 26, 1881. 
 
 1818 Geo. S. Boutwell, state^nan, b. Jan. 28. 
 Wm. M. Evarts born Feb. 6. 
 
 American Farmer, first agricul. paper in U. S. 
 Pensions granted to Rev. soldiers in need. 
 
 Mar. 18. [19, 1898. 
 
 Don Carlos Buell, gen., b. Mar. 23 ; d. Nov. 
 Act establishing flag of U. S., April 4. 
 Gen. Jackson takes Pensacola, May 24. 
 John A. Andrew, war gov. of Mass., b. May 
 
 31; d. Oct. 30, 1867. 
 Maria Mitchell, astron., b. Aug. 1 ; d. June 
 
 28, 1889. 
 Irvin McDowell, gen., b. Oct. 15 ; d. May 5, 
 
 1885. 
 Treaty with England, Oct. 20. 
 Benj. F. Butler b. Nov. 5 ; d. Jan. 11, 1893. 
 Illinois (21st State) admitted, Dec. 3. 
 Lucy Stone, advocate of woman's rights, b. ; 
 
 d. Oct. 18, 1893. [1893. 
 
 1819 Philip Schaff, scholar, b. Jan. 1 ; d. Oct. 20, 
 Central Coll. at Danville, Ky., incor., Jan. 19. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 59 
 
 1819 Wra. W. Story, sculptor, b. Feb. 19 ; d. Feb. 
 
 8, 1895. 
 Treaty with Spain concluded, Feb. 22. 
 James Russell Lowell b. Feb. 22 ; d. Aug. 
 
 12, 1891. 
 Richard S. Greenough, sculptor, b. April 27. 
 First transatlantic steamship. Savannah, sails 
 
 from Savannah to Liverpool, JMay 24 
 
 (passage 26 days). 
 Julia Ward Howe born May 27. 
 Walt Whitman b. May 31 ; d. Mar. 26, 1892. 
 Thomas Ball, sculptor, born June 3. 
 Maine separated from Mass., June 19. 
 Nathaniel Lyon, gen., b. July 14; killed 
 
 Aug. 10, 1861. 
 First American lithographic printing, July. 
 Chas. A. Dana, journ., b. Aug. 8 ; d. Oct. 17, 
 
 1897. 
 Wm. T. G. Morton, dis. of the use of ether as 
 
 an anaesthetic, b. Aug. 9 ; d. July 15, 1868. 
 Thomas W. Parsons, poet, b. Aug. 18 ; dies 
 
 Sept. 3, 1892. 
 Cyrus W. Field, organizer of Atlantic Tele- 
 graph Co., b. Nov. 30 ; d. July 12, 1892. 
 Wm. S. Rosecrans, gen., b. Dec. 6 ; d. ]\Iar. 
 
 11, 1898. 
 Sixteenth Congress convenes, Dec, 6. 
 Alabama (22d State) admitted, Dec. 14. 
 Isaac T. Hecker, founder of the Paulists, b. 
 
 Dec. 18 ; d. Dec. 22, 1889. 
 
60 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1819 Oddfellowsliip introduced from Manchester, 
 
 Eng. [d. Nov. 25, 1885. 
 
 Thos. A. Hendricks, vice-pres. of U. S., b. ; 
 
 1820 Waterville College (afterward Colby Univ.) 
 
 established. 
 Henry J. Raymond, founder of N'. Y. Times, 
 
 b. Jan. 24 ; d. June 18, 1869. 
 Wm. T. Sherman, general, b. Feb. 8 ; d. Feb. 
 
 14, 1891. 
 Maine (23d State) admitted, ]\Iar. 15. 
 Duel between Com. Decatur and Com. Bar- 
 ron ; both wounded, Decatur mortally, 
 
 March 22. 
 Chas. Devens, general, jurist, b. April 4 ; d. 
 
 Jan. 7, 1891. 
 Alice Cary b. April 20 ; d. April 12, 1871. 
 First steamship line between New York and 
 
 New Orleans, June. 
 Indiana State Univ. chartered ; opened, 1824. 
 John F. Reynolds, gen., b. Sept. 20 ; killed 
 
 July 1, 1863. 
 
 1821 James Longstreet, Confed. gen., b. Jan. 8. 
 John C. Breckinridge, vice-pres., b. Jan. 21 ; 
 
 d. May 17, 1875. 
 Missouri Compromise Bill passed, Feb. 26, 27. 
 Elizabeth Blackwell, first woman in U. S. 
 
 who received degree of M. D., b. 
 Andrew Jackson appointed gov. of Fla., Apr. 
 Missouri (24th State) admitted, Aug. 10. 
 Amherst College dedicated, Sept. 18. 
 
UNITED STATES. 61 
 
 1821 SeveDteenth Congress convenes, Dec. 3. 
 Mary A. Livermore b. Dec. 19. 
 
 1822 Thos. B. Read, poet, b. Mar. 12 ; d. May 11, 
 
 1872. 
 Independence of Spanish South American 
 
 States recognized, March 28. 
 Donald G. Mitchell {Ik Marvel) b. April. 
 Edward Everett Hale b. April 3. 
 Ulysses S. Grant (18th pres.) b. April 27 ; 
 
 d. July 23, 1885. 
 Rutherford B. Hayes (19th pres.) b. Oct. 4 ; 
 
 d. Jan. 17, 1893. [b. Nov. 10. 
 
 Frederick L. Olmsted, landscape gardener, 
 Anson Burlingame, diplomatist, b. Nov. 11 ; 
 
 d. Feb. 23, 1870. 
 Gaslight introduced into Boston. 
 Richard Grant White, Shakespearean critic, 
 
 b. ; d. April 8, 1885. [20, 1863. 
 
 Geo. W. Rodgers, com. U. S. IST., b. ; d. Aug. 
 
 1823 First American theatre in Ne^ Orleans. 
 John Pope, gen., b. Mar. 16 ; d. Sept. 23, 1892. 
 Schuyler Colfax, vice-pres. U. S., b. March 
 
 23 ; d. Jan. 13, 1885. 
 
 John Sherman b. May 10. [d. May 1, 1895. 
 
 John Newton, military engineer, b. Aug. 24 ; 
 
 Francis Parkman, historian, b. Sept. 16 ; 
 d. Nov. 8, 1893. 
 
 Eighteenth Congress convenes, Dec. 1. 
 
 President Monroe proclaims " Monroe Doc- 
 trine," Dec. 2. 
 
62 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1824 Thomas J. Jacksou {'■'■ Stonewall Jackson ") 
 
 b. Jan. 21 ; d. May 10, 1863. 
 Winfield S. Hancock, gen., b. Feb. 14 ; d. 
 
 Feb. 9, 1886. [1892. 
 
 Geo. Wm. Curtis b. Feb. 24; d. Aug. 31, 
 Ambrose E, Burnside b. May 23 ; d. Sept. 
 
 13, 1881. 
 Alfred Pleasanton, gen., b. June 7 ; d. Feb. 
 
 17, 1897. 
 Lafayette arr. in N. Y., Aug. 15; welcomed 
 
 to House of Representatives, Dec. 10. 
 Phoebe Gary, b. Sept. 4 ; d. July 31, 1871. 
 Benj. A. Gould, Jr., astronomer, b. Sept. 27; 
 
 d. Nov. 26, 1896. 
 Ambrose P. Hill, Confed. gen., b. Nov. 9 ; 
 
 killed April 2, 1865. 
 Thos. Starr King b. Dec. 16 ; d. Mar. 4, 1863. 
 Anier. Sunday-school Union founded at Phil. 
 
 1825 Treaty with Russia ratified, Jan. 11. 
 Bayard»Taylor b. Jan. 11 ; d. Dec. 19, 1878. 
 Quincy A. Gillmore, gen., b. Feb. 28 ; d. 
 
 April 7, 1888. 
 John Quincy Adams inaug. president, Mar. 4. 
 University of Virginia opens March 25. 
 Corner-stone of Bunker-Hill Monument laid, 
 
 June 17. 
 Richard H. Stoddard, poet, b. July. 
 Illuminating-gas comes into use in N. Y. 
 Randolph Rogers, sculptor, b. July 6 ; dies 
 
 Jan. 14, 1892. 
 
 I 
 
UXITED STATES. G3 
 
 1825 Erie Canal finislied, Oct. 2G. 
 Mneteenth Congress convenes, Dec. 5. 
 
 1826 John A. Logan b. Feb. 9 ; d. Dec. 20, 1886. 
 Duel between Clay and Randolph, April 8. 
 George F. Hoar, senator, b. Aug. 29. 
 Anti-masonic excitement on account of Wil- 
 liam Morgan, Sept, 
 
 Joseph R. Hawley, gen., b. Oct. 31. 
 Journal of Education, first of its kind, issued 
 
 in Boston. 
 Lucy Larcom born ; dies April 17, 1893. 
 Geo. B. McClellan b. Dec. 3 ; d. Oct. 29, 1885. 
 
 1827 Youth's Companion, Boston (weekly) appears. 
 Disciples of Christ (Campbellites) founded. 
 Lew. Wallace, author, b. April 10. 
 
 John T. Trowbridge b. Sept. 18. 
 
 Henry W. Slocum, gen., b. Sept. 21 ; dies 
 
 April 14, 1894. 
 Alfred H. Terry b. Nov. 10 ; d. Dec. 16, 1890. 
 First railroad in the U. S., in Quincy, Mass. 
 Twentieth Congress convenes, Dec. 3. 
 
 1828 Second railroad in the U. S., in Penn. 
 Ground broken for Chesapeake and Ohio 
 
 canal, July 4. 
 James B. MacPherson, gen., b. Nov. 14 ; 
 
 killed, July 22, 1864. 
 Webster's Dictionary first published. 
 Oswego canal finished. 
 
 1829 Albert Bierstadt, painter, b. Jan. 7. 
 Joseph Jefferson, actor, b. Feb. 20. 
 
64 IMPORTANT EYEXTS. 
 
 1829 Carl Schurz b. March 2. 
 
 Andrew Jackson inaug. president, March 4. 
 
 James L. M. Smithson, founder of Smithso- 
 nian Institution, dies June 27. 
 
 First locomotive run in the U. S., Aug. 8. 
 
 First pub. school in Baltimore opens Sept. 21. 
 
 Inquirer, Philadelphia, established. 
 
 John Rogers, sculptor, b. Oct. 30. 
 
 Roscoe Conkling b. Oct. 30 ; d. Apr. 18, 1888. 
 
 Charles G. Halpine (''Miles O'Reilly") born 
 Nov.; dies Aug. 3, 1868. 
 
 Twenty-first Congress convenes, Dec. 7. 
 
 Laura Bridgman, blind deaf mute, born Dec. 
 21 ; dies May 24, 1889. 
 
 Patrick S. Gilmore, musician, b. ; d. Sept. 
 24, 1892. 
 
 1830 Gouverneur K. Warren, gen., b. Jan. 8 ; dies 
 
 Aug. 8, 1882. 
 
 Great speeches of Webster and Hayne in 
 U. S. Senate, Jan. 25-27. 
 
 James G. Blaine b. Jan. 31 ; d. Jan. 27, 1893. 
 
 Jared Sparks begins "American Biography." 
 
 First 14 miles of Baltimore and Ohio rail- 
 road opens, INIay 24, 
 
 Chester A. Arthur (21st pres.) born Oct. 5 ; 
 dies Nov. 18, 1886. 
 
 Harriet G. Hosmer, sculptor, born Oct. 9. 
 
 Oliver O. Howard, gen., b. Nov. 8. 
 
 Mount St. Mary's College, Emmittsburgh, 
 Md., incorporated. 
 
UXITED STATES. 65 
 
 1830 Book of Mormon first published. 
 Evening Transcript, Boston, Mass., estab. 
 First gold from Georgia mines received at 
 
 U. S. Mint. 
 Clara Barton, org. Red Cross Society, born. 
 
 1831 First locomotive built in the United States. 
 Copyright law radically amended. 
 
 Paul H. Hayne, b. Jan. 1 ; d. July 9, 1886. 
 
 William Lloyd Garrison first publishes Lib- 
 erator, Jan. 1. 
 
 Philip H. Sheridan b. ]\Iarch 6 ; d. Aug. 5, 
 1888. [Aug. 
 
 Nat Turner's negro insurrection in Virginia, 
 
 Anti-Masonic party hold a National Conven- 
 tion, Sept. 26. 
 
 John M. Schofield, gen., born Sept. 29. 
 
 Boston Daily Post established. 
 
 University of Alabama opens. 
 
 Chloroform discovered by Samuel Guthrie 
 of Sackett's Harbor, N.Y. [12, 1885. 
 
 Helen (Hunt) Jackson, poet, born ; dies Aug. 
 
 James A. Garfield (20th pres.) b. Nov. 19 ; 
 dies Sept. 19, 1881. 
 
 Twenty-second Congress convenes, Dec. 5. 
 
 1832 Red Jacket, chief of the Senecas, d. Jan. 
 
 20, a. 78. 
 ^ James E. B. Stuart, Confed. gen., b. ; killed. 
 
 May 11, 1864. [21. 
 
 First Democratic National Convention, May 
 Black Hawk war. May- Aug. 
 
66 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1832 Cholera first appears iu the U. S., June 27. 
 President vetoes national bank bill, July 10. 
 Source of Mississippi discovered by School- 
 craft, July 13. 
 
 Jackson issues proclamation to South Caro- 
 lina, against nullification, Dec. 10. 
 
 John C. Calhoun, vice-pres., resigns, Dec. 28. 
 
 John H. Vincent, founder of " Chautauqua," 
 born Feb. 23. 
 
 1833 South Carolina railroad from Charleston to 
 
 Hamburg, Ga., 135 miles, then the longest 
 continuous line in the world, completed. 
 
 South Carolina repeals ordinance of nullifi- 
 cation, March 16. 
 
 Benjamin Harrison (23d pres.) b. Aug. 20. 
 
 New York Sun first published, Sept. 3. 
 
 Bank deposits removed from National Bank, 
 Oct. 1. 
 
 Edmund C. Stedman, poet, born Oct. 1. 
 
 Antislavery Society organized in X.Y., Oct. 2. 
 
 Great display of meteors, Nov. 13. 
 
 Edwin T. Booth, actor, born Nov. 13 ; dies 
 June 7, 1893. [1888. 
 
 Louisa May Alcott b. Nov. 29 ; dies Mar. 6, 
 
 Twenty-third Congress convenes, Dec. 2. 
 
 Am. Antislavery Societ}^ org. at Phil., Dec. 6. 
 
 Robert G. Ingersoll born Aug. 11. 
 
 Adelaide Phillips born ; dies Oct. 2, 1882. 
 
 Launt Thompson b. ; d. Sept. 26, 1894. 
 
 Boston Journal established. 
 
UNITED STATES. 67 
 
 1834 Treaty with Spain, indemnity, Feb, 17. 
 Charles W. Eliot, pres. of Harv. Univ., born 
 
 March 20. 
 Chas. F. Browne (" Artemus Ward ") born 
 
 April 26 ; dies March 6, 1867. 
 Lafayette dies in France, May 19. 
 James Gibbons, cardinal, born Jnly 23. 
 Whig party first so-called. 
 St. Ursula convent at Mount Benedict, Mass., 
 
 burned by mob, Aug. 11. 
 McCormick reaping-machine patented. 
 National debt extinguished, Dec. 
 
 1835 Attempted assassination of Pres. Jackson, 
 
 Jan. 30. 
 
 Seminole war begins. 
 
 New York Herald published by James Gor- 
 don Bennett, May 6. 
 
 " Loco-focos " applied to Democratic party. 
 
 Branch mint at New Orleans established. 
 
 Sam. L. Clemens ("Mark Twain") b. Nov. 30. 
 
 Phillips Brooks b. Dec. 13 ; d. Jan. 23, 1893. 
 
 Great fire in New York City, Dec. 16, 17. 
 
 1836 Judson Kilpatrick, gen., born Jan. 14 ; dies 
 
 Dec. 4, 1881. 
 Massacre at Alamo, Texas, March 6. 
 Public Ledger, Philadelphia, established. 
 Arkansas (25th State) admitted, June 15. 
 Treaty wdth Venezuela and Peru-Bolivian 
 
 confederacy. 
 First observatory in U. S., in Massachusetts. 
 
68 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1836 Sam. Houston, first pres. of Texas, Oct. 22. 
 Thomas B. Aldrich, poet, born Nov. 11. 
 Hugh J. Kilpatrick, gen., b. ; d. Dec. 4, 1881. 
 Celia Thaxter born ; dies Aug. 26, 1894. 
 Jay Gould born ; dies Dec. 2, 1892. 
 
 1837 Michigan (26th State) admitted, Jan. 26. 
 Dwight L, Moody born Feb. 5. 
 William D. Howells born March 1. 
 Stephen Grover Cleveland (22d and 24th 
 
 pres.) born March 18. 
 
 Great commercial panic, May. 
 
 Morse system of telegraphy invented. 
 
 Baltimore Sun established. 
 
 Mt. Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass., 
 opens. [21. 
 
 Osceola, Seminole chief, made prisoner, Oct, 
 
 United States citizens join Canadian patriots. 
 
 Wesleyan Female College, in Georgia, oldest 
 for women in U. S., chartered. 
 
 Rev. Elijah P. Love joy murdered by pro- 
 slavery mob at Alton, 111., Nov. 7. 
 
 Whitelaw Reid, journalist, born Oct. 27. 
 
 Wendell Phillips's first abolition speech, 
 Dec. 8. 
 
 American steamer Caroline burned by Cana- 
 dians, Dec. 29. 
 
 1838 Duel between Cxraves and Cilley, Congress- 
 
 men, Feb. 24. 
 Great Western and Sirins cross the Atlantic, 
 April. 
 
UNITED STATES. 69 
 
 1838 U. S. exploring expedition to the Antarctic. 
 John D. Long, secretary of navy, b. Oct. 27. 
 
 1839 Daguerreotypes first taken in U. S. 
 Vulcanized rubber patented by Goodyear. 
 " Aroostook war " between Me. and N. B. 
 First dental school in U. S. at Baltimore. 
 Nelson A. Miles, gen., b. Aug. 8. 
 Francis Bret Harte, born Aug, 25. 
 
 Henry George, political economist, born Sept. 
 
 2; dies Oct. 29, 1897. [18, 1898. 
 
 Frances E. Willard, born Sept. 28 ; dies Feb, 
 Thomas B. Reed born Oct. 18. 
 Liberty Party convene at Warsaw, N.Y., 
 
 Nov. 13. 
 George A. Custer born Dec. 5 ; killed by 
 
 Indians, June 25, 1876. 
 
 1840 Steamer Lexington burned on Long Island 
 
 Sound, 140 lives lost, Jan. 13. 
 
 Lieut. Wilkes discovers Antarctic continent, 
 Jan. 19, 
 
 Washingtonian Temperance Soc. founded, 
 
 Francis A. Walker, educator, born July 2 ; 
 dies Jan, 5, 1897. 
 
 First Cunard steamer, Britannia, leaves Liv- 
 erpool for Boston, July 4; arrives July 19. 
 
 Corner-stone of State University of Missouri 
 laid, July 4. 
 
 Alfred T. Mahan, naval writer, born Sept, 27. 
 
 1841 Steamer President sails from New York for 
 
 Liverpool, and never heard from, Mar. 11. 
 
70 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1841 Mormon Tern, at Nauvoo, 111., begun Apr. 6. 
 Horace Greeley issues N. Y. Daily Tribune, 
 
 April 10. [chines, May. 
 
 Pat. granted to Elias Howe for sewing-ma- 
 Failure of United States Bank, Oct. 11. 
 Brook Farm, socialistic experiment in Mass., 
 
 begins. 
 Times, Hartford, Conn., established. 
 
 1842 Sidney Lanier b. Feb. 3 ; d. Sept. 8, 1881. 
 University of Mich, at Ann Arbor estab., 
 
 March 18. 
 John Fiske, historian, born March 30. 
 Col. J. C. Fremont exp. Rocky Mts., May. 
 Dorr's Rebellion in R. I., INIay-June. 
 Order of Pocahontas introduced into U. S. 
 Statue of AVashington placed in Capitol, 
 Charles Dickens visits United States. 
 Gold found in California. 
 Clara L. Kellogg born July 12. [9. 
 
 " Ashburton treaty " wdth Eng. signed, Aug. 
 Anna E. Dickinson b. Oct, 28. 
 Alleged mutiny on U. S. brig Somers, Dec, 1, 
 
 1843 Wm. McKinley (25th pres,) b. Jan. 29. 
 
 Dr. Marcus Whitman travels from Oregon to 
 Wash,, and saves Oregon to U. S., ]\Iarch. 
 
 Henry James, Jr,, born April 15. 
 
 Fremont's second exploring expedition. May, 
 
 Bunker Hill Monument dedicated, Daniel 
 Webster orator, June 17. 
 
 Convention of Xat'l Liberty Party, Aug. 30. 
 
UNITED STATES. 71 
 
 1843 College of the Holy Cross founded at Worces- 
 
 ter, Mass. 
 
 1844 Maryland Historical Society founded, Jan. 
 Louisville Courier established, Feb. 13. 
 Explosion of large gun on U. S. war steamer 
 
 Princeton; Upshur, sec. of state, Gilmer, 
 sec. of navy, and others, killed, Feb. 28. 
 
 Adolphus W. Greely, arctic exp., b. Mar. 27. 
 
 Treaty of annex, with Texas signed, Apr. 12. 
 
 Riot in Philadelphia, May 6-8. 
 
 Morse magnetic telegraph completed from 
 Baltimore to Washington, May 20. 
 
 First telegraphic com. in U. S., May 27. 
 
 Springfield Republican (Mass.) established. 
 
 Water-cures introduced into United States. 
 
 The term " Barnburners " applied to portion 
 of Democratic party in New York. 
 
 First screw-propeller built in United States. 
 
 Samuel Hoar, Mass. State agent, sent to 
 protest against imprisonment of colored 
 citizens, obliged to leave Charleston, S.C. 
 
 John Boyle O'Reilly b. June 28 ; d. Aug. 10, 
 . 1890. [Aug. 13. 
 
 Elizabeth Stuart Phelps (Mrs. Ward) b. 
 
 1845 Florida (27th State) admitted, March 3. 
 James K. Polk inaug. president, INIarch 4. 
 Methodist Episcopal Church South org. at 
 
 Louisville, Ky., May. 
 United States Xaval Academy established at 
 Annapolis, Md. 
 
72 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1845 Petroleum obtained by boring near Pittsburg, 
 Texas (28th State) admitted, Dec. 29. 
 Will Carleton, poet, born Oct. 21. 
 Francis M. Crawford, novelist, b. 
 
 Martin Milmore, sculptor, b. Sept. 14; d. 1883. 
 
 1846 Hostilities between Mexico and U. S. begin, 
 
 April 25. (See Mexico.) [15. 
 
 Boundary treaty with Gt. Brit, signed, June 
 
 Boston Herald established. 
 
 First application of ether by Drs. Jackson 
 and Morton. 
 
 U. S. National Museum org. at Washington. 
 
 Chicago Tribune established. 
 
 R. H. Hoe invents type-revolving printing- 
 press. 
 
 Smithsonian Institution estab. Aug. 10. 
 
 U. S. brig Somers sunk off Vera Cruz, Dec. 8. 
 
 Iowa (29th State) admitted, Dec. 28. 
 
 1847 Thomas A. Edison born Feb. 11. 
 Alexander G. Bell born Mar. 3. 
 
 Astor Place (N. Y.) Opera House opens, 
 Nov. 22. (Scene of the Macready riot, 
 evening of May 10, 1849.) 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah, founded by Mormons. 
 
 Toledo Blade, Ohio, established. 
 
 State University of Iowa chartered ; op. 1860. 
 
 Oneida Community established. 
 
 1848 Girard College, Philadelphia, opens, Jan. 1. 
 Gold discovered near Colonia, Cal., by Mar- 
 shal, Jan. 19. 
 
UNITED STATES. 73 
 
 1848 Treaty of peace, etc., with Mexico, Feb. 2. 
 Augustus Saint Gaudens born March 1. 
 John Jacob Astor d. Mar. 29 ; b. July 17, 1763. 
 Wisconsin (30th State) admitted, May 29. 
 University of Mississippi opens. 
 Spiritual rappings begin at Rochester, N.Y. 
 Corner-stone of Washington Monument laid, 
 
 July 4 ; completed, 1884. 
 
 1849 Continuous railroad connects Boston and 
 
 New York, Jan. 1. 
 
 Albert Gallatin d. Aug. 12; b. Jan. 29, 1761. 
 
 Department of Interior created, March 3. 
 
 Zachary Taylor inaug. president, March 5. 
 
 Great emigration of gold-hunters to Cali- 
 fornia begins. 
 
 University of Wisconsin opens. 
 
 Collins steamship line formed. [Apr. 19. 
 
 1850 Bulwer-Clayton treaty with Gr. Brit, signed, 
 Henry Cabot Lodge b. May 12. 
 
 •Filibustering expedition of N. Lopez, May 21. 
 Eugene Field b. Sept. 2 ; (»Nov. 4, 1895. 
 California (31st State) admitted, Sept. 9. 
 New Mexico made a Territory, Sept. 9. 
 Jenny Lind gives her first concert in Castle 
 
 Garden, New York, Sept. 12. 
 Fugitive Slave Bill passed, Sept. 18. [20. 
 Slave-trade suppressed in Dist. of Col., Sept. 
 Clay Compromise Bill passed, Sept. 20. 
 Flogging abolished in navy, Sept. 28. 
 Edward Bellamy b. ; d. May 22, 1898. 
 
74 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1850 Tnman steamship line organized. 
 Dispatch, Richmond, Va., established. 
 Second great fire in San Francisco. 
 Steam-ploughs patented. \_Era. 
 « Uncle Tom's Cabin " first pub. in National 
 
 1851 First train on Erie Railway, April 28, 29. 
 Fourth great fire in San Francisco, 1,500 
 
 houses burned, May 4. 
 Vigilance Committee in San Francisco oT- 
 
 ganized, June. [proved, June 2. 
 
 " ]\Iaine Law " to prohibit liquor-selling, ap- 
 Yacht America wins great race, Aug. 22. 
 Hudson River railroad opens, Oct. 8. 
 Grinnell arctic expedition returns, Oct. 
 Excitement in Boston over arrest of Sha- 
 
 drach and Sims, fugitive slaves. 
 New York Times established. 
 Louis Kossuth arrives at New York, Dec. 5. 
 Great fire in library of Congress, Dec. 24. 
 
 1852 U. S. Mint established at San Francisco, 
 
 July 3.« 
 Amer. Society of Civil Engineers organized. 
 Glohe-Democrat, St. Louis, Mo., established. 
 Manufacture of galvanized iron begun in 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1853 Coinage of $3 gold pieces authorized, Feb. 21 . 
 Franklin Pierce inaug. president, March 4. 
 Wm. R. King, vice-pres., d. April 18. 
 
 Dr. Kane sent in search of Sir J. Franklin, 
 May 30. 
 
 J 
 
uxitp:d states. 75 
 
 1853 The Cleveland and Toledo railroad com- 
 
 pleted. 
 Martin Koszta affair at Smyrna, June 21. 
 World's Fair opens in New York, July 14. 
 Walker's filibustering exped. to Sonora, July. 
 University of Louisiana chartered. 
 Allan steamship line organized. 
 Gadsden Purchase, Dec. 20. 
 Steamer Sati Francisco founders; 240 U. S. 
 
 soldiers perish, Dec. 23-31. 
 
 1854 Astor Jvibrary opened in New York, Jan. 9. 
 Chicago and Rock Island railroad, connect- 
 ing Chicago with the ]\Iississippi River, 
 completed, Feb. 
 
 Treaty between U. S. and Japan, March 31. 
 
 U. S. branch mint opened in San Francisco, 
 April 3. [April 20. 
 
 Mass. Emigrant Aid Society org. in Boston, 
 
 Anthony Burns (fugitive slave) excitement 
 in- Boston, May 27, et seq. [30. 
 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill approved by Pres., May 
 
 Reciprocity treaty with Gr. Britain, June 5. 
 
 Steamer yl rcfic struck by Vesta off Newfound- 
 land, over 350 lives lost, Sept. 27. 
 
 Ostend Manifesto issued, Oct. 18. 
 
 R. T. Ely, political economist, b. April 13. 
 
 Sorghum cane introduced from France. 
 
 1855 Panama railroad completed, Jan. 28. 
 Winfield Scott made lieut.-gen., Feb. 15. 
 Troubles in Kansas. 
 
76 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1855 Pioneer Press, St. Paul, Minn., established. 
 First agricultural college in U. S. at Cleve- 
 land, O. [Feb. 2. 
 
 1856 Nathaniel P. Banks elected Speaker of House, 
 Capture of Lawrence, Kan., by pro-slavery 
 
 party, May 21. 
 Charles Sumner assaulted in U. S. Senate 
 
 Chamber, May 22. 
 Civil war rages in Kansas. 
 First Republican National Convention, June 
 
 17 ; John C. Fremont nominated for pres. 
 Steamer Pacific lost, with 240 persons, Sept. 
 
 1857 Harper's Weekly begun, Jan. 13. 
 
 Dr. Kane, Arctic explorer, d. Feb. 16 ; b. 1820. 
 
 Dred Scott *case in U. S. Sup. Court, Mar. 6. 
 
 First attempt to lay transatlantic cable, 
 Aug. 5-11. 
 
 Steamer Central America founders; 400 per- 
 sons drowned, Sept. 12. 
 
 Mountain Meadow massacre by Mormons, 
 Sept. 18. 
 
 Great financial panic in U. S., Oct. [Oct. 
 
 Pres. Buchanan removes Brigham Young, 
 
 Cooper Union founded by Peter Cooper. 
 
 Illinois State Univ. opened at Normal, 111. 
 
 North German Lloyd steamship line estab. 
 
 1858 Thomas H. Benton d. April 10 ; born March 
 
 14, 1782. 
 Minnesota (32d State) admitted. May 11. 
 Wagner's sleepers introduced ; 4 in operation. 
 
UXITED STATES. 77 
 
 1858 Donati's comet appears, June. 
 Theodore Roosevelt (•' Rough Riders ") b. 
 Second treaty with China, June 18, 1st. 1844. 
 First message over Atlantic cable, Aug. 16. 
 Crystal Palace in New York burned, Oct. 5. 
 
 1859 Oregon (33d State) admitted, Feb. 14. 
 Great frost throughout U. S., June 4. 
 Blondin crosses Niagara River on a tight- 
 rope, June 30. 
 
 Senator Broderick of Cal. killed by Judge 
 
 Terry, Sept. 16. [16-18. 
 
 John Brown captures Harper's Ferry, Oct. 
 Adelina Patti makes her debut in New York, 
 
 Nov. 22. 
 Rocky Mountain News, Denver, established. 
 Mary Anderson, actress, born. 
 Railway system reaches the Missouri River 
 
 by completion of the Hannibal and St. 
 
 Joseph railroad. [cars. 
 
 Patent granted Geo. W. Pullman for sleeping- 
 John Brown hanged at Charlestown, W. Va., 
 
 Dec. 2. 
 
 1860 Pemberton Mills, Lawrence, Mass., burnt; 
 
 great loss of life, Jan. 10. 
 Morrill High Tariff Bill approved, March 2, 
 Steamship Great Eastern ar. at N. Y., June 28. 
 Wm. Walker, filibuster, shot, Sept. 12. 
 Prince of Wales visits U. S., Sept. 
 Football revives among University men. 
 Worcester's Dictionary published. 
 
78 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1860 San Francisco connected with New York by 
 
 telegraph. 
 New York World established. [N. Y. 
 
 Clara Louise Kellogg makes her debut in 
 South Carolina passes ordinance of secession, 
 
 Dec. 20. 
 Ralph Farnham, last survivor of Bunker 
 
 Hill, dies Dec. 27. 
 U. S. forts seized by seceders, Dee. 
 
 1861 Secession of Mississippi, Jan. 9 ; Florida, 
 
 Jan. 10 ; Alabama, Jan. 11 ; Georgia, Jan. 
 
 19 ; Louisiana, Jan. 26 ; Texas, Feb. 1 ; 
 
 Virginia, April 17 ; North Carolina, IVEay 
 
 21 ; Arkansas, May 6 ; Tennessee, June 8. 
 Kansas (34th State) admitted, Jan. 29. 
 Jefferson Davis inaug. pres. of Confederacy, 
 
 Feb. 18. 
 Abraham Lincoln inaug. president, March 4. 
 Fort Sumter bomb. April 12 ; sur. April 14. 
 Sanitary commission organ, at Bridgeport, 
 
 Conn., and Charlestown, Mass., April 15. 
 Pres. Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops, April 15. 
 Sixth Mass. Reg. attacked in Baltimore, 
 
 April 19. 
 Fight at Big Bethel, Va., June 10. 
 Sanitary Commission, U. S., estab., June 13. 
 Appleton's Annual Cyclopaedia first pub. 
 Morning Oregonian, Portland, Or., estab. 
 Battle of Bull Run, July 21. [July 22. 
 
 McClellan apj^ointed commander-in-chief. 
 
UNITED STATES. 79 
 
 1861 Battle of Springfield, Mo., Gen. Lyon killed, 
 
 Aug. 10. 
 Gen. Butler captures Fort Hatteras, Aug. 29. 
 Gen. Fremont frees slaves in Mo., Aug. 31. 
 Siege of Lexington, Mo., Sept. 11-20. 
 Battle of Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21. 
 Battle of Belmont, :Mo., Nov. 7. 
 Mason and Slidell taken from British vessel 
 
 by Capt. Wilkes, Nov. 8, 
 
 1862 Ft. Henry capt. by Grant and Foote, Feb. 6. 
 Battle of Roanoke Island, Feb. 8. 
 
 Grant capt. Fort Donelson, Tenn., Feb. 16. 
 Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., March 6-8. 
 Fight between Merrimac and Monitor, Mar. 9, 
 Battle of Pittsburg Landing (or Shiloh), 
 
 April 6-7. 
 Slavery abol. in Dist. of Columbia, April 16. 
 New Orleans captured by Admiral Farragut 
 
 and Gen. Butler, April 25-May 1. 
 Battle of Williamsburg, Va., May 5. 
 Department of Agriculture estab., May 15. 
 Battle of Hanover Court House, May 24. 
 Battle of Fair Oaks, Va., May 31- June 1. 
 Robert E. Lee in command of Confederate 
 
 armies, June 3. 
 Seven Days' battles before Richmond begin, 
 
 June 26-July 2. 
 Treaty with Great Britain for suppression of 
 
 African slave-trade, June 7. 
 Slavery prohib. in the Territories, June 19. 
 
80 IMPORTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 1862 Congress passes act to prevent polygamy in 
 
 Territories, July 1. 
 Call for 300,000 volunteers for 3 years, July 
 
 2 ; for 300,000 9-months' troops, Aug. 4. 
 Major-gen. Halleck com.-in-chief, July 11. 
 Gen. Pope commands Army of Va., July 14. 
 Battle of Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9. 
 Sioux Indians attack frontiers of Minnesota, 
 
 Aug. 19. 
 Confederates invade Kentucky, Aug. 21. 
 Enlistment of negroes as soldiers authorized, 
 
 Aug. 25. [Aug. 30. 
 
 Battle of IManassas (or Second Bull Run), 
 Battle of Chantilly, Va., Sept. 1. [Sept. 15. 
 " Stonewall Jackson " capt. Harper's Ferry, 
 Battle of South :\Iountain, Md., Sept. 15. 
 Battle of Antietam, Md., Sept. 16, 17. 
 Battle of Tuka, I\liss., Sept. 19, 20. 
 Battle of Corinth, Miss., Oct. 3, 4. 
 Battle of Perryville, Ky., Oct. 8. 
 E-osecrans com. Army of the Ohio, Oct. 30. 
 Burnside com. Army of the Potomac, Nov. 5- 
 First Gen. Council of Protestant Episcopal 
 
 Church of Confederate States assembles at 
 
 Augusta, Ga., Nov. 19. 
 Battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13. 
 Banks com, Dep't of the Gulf, Dec. 16. 
 Monitor founders off Cape Hatteras, Dec. 30. 
 Battle of Murfreesborough (or Stone River), 
 
 Dec. 31. 
 
UNITED STATES. 81 
 
 1862 Greenbacks first issued. 
 
 University of Washington at Seattle opened, 
 
 1863 Proclamation of emancipation issued, Jan. 1. 
 Galveston, Tex., captured by Confed., Jan. 1. 
 Gold at New York, 133|. [Jan. 25. 
 General Hooker com. Army of the Potomac, 
 National currency provided by Congress, 
 
 Feb. 25. 
 
 National Academy of Science incor., Mar. 3. 
 
 Battle of Chancellorsville, Va., May 2-4. 
 
 Battle of Champion Hills, Miss., May 16. 
 
 Battle of Big Black River, Miss., May 17. 
 
 Siege of Vicksburg begins, May 18. 
 
 Siege of Port Hudson, La., begins, May 21. 
 
 Fifty-fourth Mass. Inf., first colored regiment 
 in Free States, leaves Boston, May 28. 
 
 Phonograph patented by Fenby, June 13. 
 
 West Virginia (35th State) admitted, June 
 20. [June 24-July 7. 
 
 Rosecrans finishes Tullahoma campaign, 
 
 Gen. Geo. G. Meade com. Army of the Poto- 
 mac, June 27. 
 
 Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3. 
 
 Vicksburg surrenders to Grant, July 4. 
 
 Port Hudson surrenders to Banks, July 8. 
 
 Draft riots in New York City, July 13-16. 
 
 Attack on Fort Wagner, S.C, Col. Robert 
 G. Shaw killed, July 18. 
 
 State Agricultural Coll. in Kansas founded, 
 July 27. 
 
82 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1863 Writ of habeas corpus suspended, Sept. 15. 
 Battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19-20. 
 Lincoln calls for 300,000 men for 3 years, 
 
 Oct. 17. 
 Battle of Wauhatchie, Oct. 27. 
 Battle of Lookout Mountain, Nov. 24. 
 Battle of Chattanooga, Nov. 25. 
 Longstreet raises siege of Knoxville, Dec. 1-4. 
 Activity of iron-clad fleets under Admiral 
 
 Davis and Col. Ellet on Western rivers. 
 
 1864 President calls for 500,000 men for 3 years, 
 
 Feb. 1. 
 First Fed. prisoners received at Anderson- 
 
 ville prison, Feb. 15. 
 National College for Deaf Mutes established 
 
 at Washington. 
 Theodore Thomas begins his symphony con- 
 certs in New York. 
 Battle of Olustee, Florida, Feb. 20. 
 U. S. Grant commis. lieut.-general. Mar. 10. 
 Draft of 200,000 men for navy ordered, 
 
 March 14. [Apr. 4. 
 
 New York Sanitary Commission Fair opens, 
 Battles of Sabine Cross Roads, etc., Apr. 8-9. 
 Slaughter of garrison at Fort Pillow, Tenn., 
 
 Apr. 12. 
 Grant's campaign in Virginia begins. May 4. 
 Battle of the Wilderness, Va., May 5-6. 
 Battle of Spottsylvania Court House, Va., 
 
 May 10. 
 
UNITED STATES. 83 
 
 1864 Act for postal money-order system, May 17. 
 Battles near Dallas, Ga., May 25-28. 
 Battle of Cold Harbor, Va., June 1-3. 
 Currency Bureau of the Treasury established, 
 
 June 3. 
 Philadelphia Sanitary Fair opens, June 7. 
 Fight between Kearsarge and Alabama, 
 
 June 19. 
 Battle of Weldon Railroad, Va., June 21, 22. 
 Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., June 27. 
 Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 repealed, June 28. 
 Bonds and Treasury notes issued, June 30. 
 Coastwise slave-trade prohibited, July 2. 
 Battle of Monocacy, Md., July 9. 
 Highest premium on gold, 285 per cent, 
 
 July 16. 
 Pres. calls for 500,000 volunteers, July 18. 
 Battles in Atlanta campaign, July 20-28. 
 Mine explosion at Petersburg, July 30. 
 Capture of Mobile by Farragut and Granger, 
 
 Aug. 5-22. 
 Battle of Winchester, Va., Sept. 19. 
 Battle of Fisher's Hill, Va., Sept. 22. 
 Price invades Missouri, Sept. 28. 
 Confed. cruiser Florida captured by Wacliu- 
 
 sett, Oct. 7. 
 Battle of Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19. 
 Confederate nxm. Albemarle blown up, Oct. 27. 
 Battle of Hatcher's Run, Va., Oct. 27. 
 Nevada (36th State) admitted, Oct. 31. 
 
84 IMPORTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 1864 Sherman begins his march to the sea, Xov. 14. 
 Many incendiary fires in N.Y., Nov. 25. 
 Battle of Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 30. 
 Thomas defeats Hood at Nashville, Tenn., 
 
 Dec. 15, 16. 
 Pres. calls for 300,000 volunteers, Dec. 19. 
 Grade of vice-admiral established, Dec. 21. 
 Gen. Grierson's great raid, Dec-Jan. 
 
 1865 Fort Fisher captured, Jan. 15. 
 
 Sherman begins march from Savannah, Feb. 1 . 
 
 Peace Conference at Hampton Roads, Feb. 
 2-3. 
 
 Second battle of Hatcher's Run, Va., Feb. 5. 
 
 Freedmen's Bureau established, jNIarch o. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln inaugurated, March 4. 
 
 Confederate Congress adjourns sine die, 
 March 18. 
 
 Battle of Five Forks, Ya., March 31- Apr. 1. 
 
 Richmond evacuated by Confederates, Apr. 2. 
 
 Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox, 
 April 9. 
 
 " Stars and Stripes " raised over Fort Sum- 
 ter, April 14. 
 
 President Lincoln shot by Wilkes Booth at 
 Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C., April 
 14; dies April 15. 
 
 Vice-president Johnson sworn in as presi- 
 dent, April 15. [15. 
 
 Military Order of Loyal Legion formed, Apr. 
 
 J. Wilkes Booth captured, April 26, 
 
UNITED STATES. So 
 
 1865 Johnson surrendered to Sherman, April 26. 
 Confederate Gen. Taylor surrendered, May 4. 
 Jefferson Davis captured. May 10. 
 
 Last fight of the war, in Texas, May 13. 
 
 Grand review of the Union armies at Wash- 
 ington, D.C., May 22, 23. 
 
 President proclaims general amnesty. May 29. 
 
 Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Ani- 
 mals organized in N.Y. by Henry Bergh. 
 
 Chronicle, San Francisco, Cal., established. 
 
 Mass. Inst, of Technology at Boston opens. 
 
 Bessemer steel first manufactui-ed in U. S. 
 
 Execution of conspirators implicated in the 
 assassination of President Lincoln, July 7. 
 
 Severe earthquake in California, Oct. 8. 
 
 Capt. Wirz hung for cruelty to Union pris- 
 oners, IsTov. 10. [Dec. 1. 
 
 Habeas corpus restored in Northern States, 
 
 13th Amendment ratified by 27 States, Dec, 
 
 1866 Grand Army of the Republic formed at 
 
 Decatur, 111., April 6. 
 Civil Rights' Bill passed over veto, April 9. 
 Fenian raid into Canada, May 31-June 9. 
 Great fire in Portland, Me., July 4. 
 Atlantic telegraph completed, July 27. 
 Railroad begun up Mt. Washington, N.H. ; 
 
 completed, 1869. 
 Steamer Evening Star founders at sea, 250 
 
 lives lost, Oct. 3. 
 Peabody Institute, Baltimore, estab., Oct. 24. 
 
86 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1866 Xational Soldiers' Home located at Togiis, 
 
 Me., Nov. 10. [by Mrs. Eddy. 
 
 Doctrine of Christian Science promulgated 
 RejjuhUcan, Denver, Col., established. 
 Slaughter-houses for cattle first erec. in U.S. 
 
 1867 Evangelical Alliance of U. S. org., Jan. 30. 
 Nebraska (37th State) admitted, March 1. 
 National Bankruptcy Bill passed, March 2. 
 Department of Education established, Mar. 2. 
 Peonage in New Mexico abolished. Mar. 2. 
 Jefferson Davis admitted to bail. May 13. 
 West Virginia University, at ISIorgantown, 
 
 opens, June 17. [July 19. 
 
 Supplementary Reconstruction Act passed, 
 Johns Hopkins University incorp., Aug. 24. 
 Gen'l amnesty proclaimed by pres., Sept. 7. 
 ]\Iass. Agricultural College, at Amherst, 
 
 opens, Oct. 
 Elias Howe d. Oct. 3 ; b. July 9, 1819. 
 Organization of Grangers in AVestern States. 
 Harper's Bazar (weekly) appears, 
 risk University, at Nashville, chartered. 
 Alaska transferred by Russia to U. S., Oct. 9. 
 Cincinnati and Covington suspension bridge 
 
 completed. 
 Charles Dickens arrives in Boston, Nov. 19. 
 
 1868 Impeachment, trial, and acquittal of Pres. 
 
 Johnson, Feb. 25-May 26. [May 5. 
 
 Memorial Day (30th May) ins. by G. A. R., 
 Constitution, Atlanta, Ga., established. 
 
UNITED STATES. 87 
 
 1868 Courier- Journal, Louisville, Ky., established. 
 Southern States re-admitted to representation 
 
 in Congress, June 25. 
 " Burlingame treaty " with China signed, 
 
 July 4. 
 XlVth Const. Amendment adopted, July 20. 
 Severest earthquake yet recorded in San 
 
 Francisco, Oct. 21. 
 
 1869 U. S. Grant inaugurated president, March 4. 
 Union Pacific railroad op. for traffic, May 10. 
 Great Peace Jubilee (musical) at Boston, 
 
 Mass., June 15. [July 1. 
 
 Soldiers' Monument at Gettysburg dedicated, 
 Franco-American cable landed at Duxbury, 
 
 July 27. 
 University of California opens, Sept. 23. 
 Financial panic in N. Y. (" Black Friday "), 
 
 Sept. 24. 
 Boston University chartered; opens, 1871. 
 Knights of Labor formed, at Philadelphia. 
 News, Indianapolis, Ind., established. 
 Horace Mann School for Deaf op. at Boston. 
 State University of Minnesota opens. 
 Am. Woman's Suffrage Assoc, org., Nov. 24, 
 Woman suffrage adop. in Wyoming, Dec. 10. 
 
 1870 Steamer CUt/ of Boston leaves Boston, with 
 
 177 persons on board, Jan. 28 ; never heard 
 
 from. 
 Weather Bureau established, Feb. 9. 
 North Pacific railroad begun, Feb. 15. 
 
05 IMPORTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 1870 Hiram R. Revels, first colored U. S. senator, 
 
 Feb. 25. 
 XVth Amendment ratified, March 30. 
 Am. Anti-slavery Society dissolved, April 9. 
 Capitol at Richmond falls, many killed and 
 
 wounded, April 27. 
 Fenian invasion of Canada, May 25-27. 
 Lenox Public Library (N.Y.) incor., June 20. 
 U. S. Department of Justice org., June 22. 
 U. S. Army reduced to peace footing, July 15. 
 Delaware State College at Xewark organized. 
 J. H. Rainey, 1st col. member H. R., Dec. 12. 
 
 1871 Legal Tender Act dec. constitutional,Jan. 16. 
 Dist. of Columbia a territorial gov., Feb. 21. 
 Capt. Hall sails for arctic regions, June 29 ; 
 
 rescued, 1873. 
 " Tweed Ring " frauds in N. Y. exp., July 22. 
 Railroad accident at Revere, Mass., many 
 
 killed, Aug. 26. [2. 
 
 Brigham Young arrested for polygamy, Oct. 
 Great fire in Chicago, Oct. 8. [use. 
 
 Automatic self-binding harvesters come into 
 Amer. Institute of Mining Engineers org. 
 Grand Duke Alexis of Russia in Xew York, 
 
 Xov. 21. [Jan. 6 ; d. Jan. 8. 
 
 1872 James Fisk, Jr., shot by Edward S. Stokes, 
 Martin J. Spalding, primate of R. C. Church 
 
 in America, d. Feb. 7 ; b. 1810. 
 Yellowstone Xat'l Park, Col., estab. Mar. 1. 
 Imp. Japanese Embassy at Wash., ]Mar. 4. 
 
UNITED STATES. 8^ 
 
 1872 Arbor Day originates in Nebraska, April 22. 
 First narrow-gauge railroad in the U. S., the 
 
 Denver and. Rio Grande, opened to Pueblo, 
 
 118 miles, June. 
 World's Peace Jubilee (musical) begins at 
 
 Boston, June 17-July 4. 
 Geneva Tribunal awards U. S. $15,500,000 
 
 indemnity for damages by Confederate 
 
 cruisers fitted out in England, Sept. 14. 
 Epizootic disease of horses in N. Y., Oct. 23. 
 San Juan islands awarded to U. S., Oct. 23. 
 Inter-Ocean, Chicago, 111., established. 
 Am. Public Health Association organized. 
 Glohe, Boston, Mass., established. 
 Great fire in Boston, loss 180,000,000, Nov. 
 
 9-10. 
 Modoc war in California, Nov. 29. [6. 
 
 1873 Credit Mobilier investigation in Cong., Jan. 
 Silver " trade dollar " ordered demonetized, 
 
 Feb. 7. 
 U. S. Grant inaugurated president, March 4. 
 Gen. Canby killed by Modocs, April 11. 
 Polaris' arctic crew rescued, April 30. 
 One-cent postal cards issued. May 1. 
 England pays Alabama award, Sept. 
 Panic in N. Y. Stock Exchange, Sept. 20. 
 Hoosac Tunnel. (Mass.) completed, Nov. 27. 
 Reformed Episcopal Church founded. 
 Remington type-writers constructed. 
 Am. Cyclopaedia by Ripley and Dana begun. 
 
90 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1874 Chang and Eng, Siamese twins, die Jan. 17 ; 
 
 born April 15, 1811. 
 Reservoir at Mill River A^alley, Mass., bursts, 
 
 200 lives lost. May 16. [June 20. 
 
 Territorial gov. of Dist. of Columbia, abol., 
 St. Louis bridge over Miss, completed, July 4. 
 Great grasshopper plague in Western States, 
 
 July-Oct. 
 Memnonites settle in Kansas. 
 State University of Nebraska opens at Elko. 
 Lincoln monument at Springfield, Illinois, 
 
 dedicated, Oct. 15. 
 King Kalakaua of Sandwich Islands visits 
 
 Washington, Dec. 18. 
 
 1875 Specie payment resumed, Jan. 14. 
 Centenary of battle of Lexington celebrated, 
 
 April 19. 
 Whiskey frauds in AVestern States exjDosed, 
 
 May 1. [17. 
 
 Centenary of battle of Bunker Hill eel., June 
 Smith College (for women), at Northampton, 
 
 Mass., opens, Sept. [Nov. 4. 
 
 Steamship Pacific founders, 200 lives lost, 
 Wellesley College, Mass. (for women) opens. 
 
 1876 Emperor Dom Pedro of Brazil arrives in New 
 
 York, May 7. 
 Centennial Exposition in Phil, op., May 10. 
 Massacre of Custer's troops by Sitting Bull, 
 
 June 25. [July 4. 
 
 Centenary of Am. Independence celebrated, 
 
UNITED STATES. 91 
 
 1876 Centennial International Medical Congress 
 
 at Philadelphia. 
 
 Silver " trade dollar " no longer a legal ten- 
 der, July 22. 
 
 Library Association of U. S. organized. 
 
 Colorado (38th State) admitted, Aug. 1. 
 
 Congress appropriates $200,000 to complete 
 Washington Monument, Aug. 2. 
 
 Statue of Lafayette unveiled in N. Y., Sept. 6. 
 
 " Hell Gate," ^N'ew York, blown up, Sept. 24. 
 
 Twelve American whaling-ships lost in arc- 
 tic ice, Oct. 12. [Dec. 5. 
 
 Brooklyn Theatre burned, 295 lives lost. 
 
 First body cremation in U. S., at Washing- 
 ton, D.C., Dec. 
 
 Railroad accident at Ashtabula, O. ; many 
 killed, Dec. 29. [Jan. 29. 
 
 1877 Presidential Electoral Cora. Act approved. 
 Wrought-iron girder bridge over the Ohio 
 
 at Cincinnati built. 
 Prof. A. Graham Bell exhibits his telephone 
 
 at Salem, Mass., Feb. 12. 
 Kentucky River bridge completed, Feb. 20. 
 R. B. Hayes inaug. president, March 5. 
 " Molly Maguires " hanged in Pa., June 21. 
 Civil service order issued by Pres. Hayes, 
 
 June 22. [July 16. 
 
 Great strike on Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 
 Anti-Chinese riot in San Francisco. 
 War with the Nez Perces Indians, Sept. 30. 
 
92 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1877 Xew phonograph announced by Edison ; im- 
 
 proved, XoY., 1888. 
 Fisheries Commission awards $5,500,000 to 
 
 be paid by U. S. to Gt. Britain, Xov. 23. 
 U. S. sloop-of-war Huron wrecked off coast 
 
 of N". Car., about 100 lives lost, Nov. 24. 
 
 1878 Bland silver bill passed over veto, Feb. 28. 
 William M. Tweed (" Tweed Ring ") dies in 
 
 jail, April 12. 
 Trial trip on elevated railroad X. Y. City, 
 
 April 29. 
 Electric lighting introduced by T. A. Edison 
 
 and others. 
 Yellow fever in Southern States, July. 
 First resident embassy of China to the 
 
 United States, Sept. 28. 
 Railroad accident at Wollaston, Mass., many 
 
 lives lost, Oct. 8. 
 Gold at par in Wall Street, X. Y., Dec. 17. 
 
 1879 U. S. gov. resumes specie payment, Jan. 1. 
 Women permitted to practise before U. S. 
 
 courts, Feb. 15. 
 Salvation Army corps established in Phil. 
 Bill to restrict Chinese immigration vetoed, 
 
 March 1. [March 3. 
 
 National Board of Health author, by Cong., 
 Archaeological Institute of Amer. organized 
 
 at Boston, May 17. 
 Jeannette sails for arctic regions, July 8. 
 J. B. Hood, Confed. gen., d. Aug. 30 ; b. 1831. 
 
UNITED STATES. 93 
 
 1879 Henry C. Carey, political economist, dies Oct. 
 
 13 ; b. Dec. 15, 1793. [Mass., Nov. 15. 
 French Atlantic cable landed at N. Eastham, 
 
 1880 Denis Kearney, '' sand-lots " agitator, im- 
 
 prisoned, March 15. 
 
 U. S. steamer Constellation carries food to 
 sufferers in Ireland, JNIarch 30. 
 
 Dr. Tanner fasts for 40 days, June 8-Aug. 7. 
 
 Egyptian obelisk " Cleopatra's Needle " ar- 
 rives in jSTew York, July 20. 
 
 Presidential election, Nov. 2 : James A. Gar- 
 field, Republican ; Winfield S. Hancock, 
 Democrat ; James B. Weaver, Greenback ; 
 Neal Dow, Prohibition. Garfield elected. 
 
 Amer. Society of Mechanical Engineers org. 
 
 Broadway, New York, lighted by electricity, 
 Dec. 20. 
 
 1881 Clan-na-Gael, Irish secret society, formed. 
 Intn'l Sanitary Congress at Wash., Jan. 5. 
 Christian Endeavor Society formed by F. E. 
 
 Clark, Feb. 2. 
 President vetoes " Funding Act," March 3. 
 James A. Garfield inaug. president, Mar. 4. 
 Am. Association of Red Cross org., June 9. 
 Arctic steamer Jeannette crushed in ice, 
 
 June 12. 
 Pres. Garfield shot by C. J. Guiteau, July 2. 
 Lieut. A.W. Greely sails for polar reg., July 7. 
 President Garfield dies, Sept. 19. 
 Vice-pres. Arthur sworn as pres., Sept. 20. 
 
94 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1881 International Cotton Exposition at Atlanta, 
 
 Ga., Oct. 5. [b. 1832. 
 
 Dr. I. I. Hayes, arctic explorer, d. Dec. 17 ; 
 
 1882 Bodies of arctic explorers, De Long and 
 
 eleven of his men, found, March, 23. 
 Jesse James killed by the Ford Bros., Apr. 3. 
 Elephant Jumbo arrives in New York from 
 
 England, April 9. [28. 
 
 Survivors of Jeannette arrive in N. Y., May 
 Star-Route trial begins, June 1. 
 Guiteau hanged at Washington, June 30. 
 
 1883 Lot M. Morrill d. Jan. 10 ; b. May 3, 1813. 
 Great flood in Ohio Rivier, Feb. 15. [24. 
 N. York and Brooklyn bridge opened. May 
 Remains of John Howard Payne brought to 
 
 America, June 9. 
 Great strike of telegraph operators, July 19, 
 Northern Pacific railroad completed, Sept. 9. 
 Corean ambassadors arrive in X. Y., Sept. 18. 
 University of Texas, at Austin, opens. 
 First electric street railw^ay in U. S., at Bait. 
 Florida University, Lake City, incorporated. 
 Dr. J. Marion Sims dies Nov. 13; b. 1813. 
 Standard railroad time in U. S., adopted, 
 
 Nov. 18. 
 
 1884 Steamer City of Columbus wrecked off Gay 
 
 Head, Mass., Jan. 18 ; many lives lost. 
 Unparalleled series of tornadoes over AVest- 
 
 ern and Southern States, Feb. 9. 
 Great floods in the Ohio valley, Feb. 11. 
 
UNITED STATES. 95 
 
 1884 Financial crisis in New York City, May 14. 
 Lieut. A. W. Greely and six others rescued, 
 
 June 22. 
 
 National Bureau of Labor estab., June 27. 
 
 Bureau of Navigation created, July 5. 
 
 Paul Morphy, famous chess-player, d. July 
 10, aged 47. 
 
 North Dakota University opens. [Pa. 
 
 Natural gas as fuel introduced in Pittsburg, 
 
 Amer. Listitute of Electrical Engineers org. 
 
 Marble first quarried at Rutland, Vt. 
 
 Tulane University of Louisiana chartered. 
 
 Presidential election : Cleveland and Hen- 
 dricks, Dem. ; Blaine and Logan, Repub. ; 
 Butler and West, Greenback ; St. John 
 and Daniel, Prohib. Cleveland and Hen- 
 dricks elected. [Dec. 16. 
 
 Industrial Cotton Centennial at New Orleans, 
 
 1885 Dedication of AVashington Monu., Feb. 21. 
 Emigrant alien labor bill passed, Feb. 2G. 
 Stephen Grover Cleveland inaugurated pres., 
 
 March 4. [May 15. 
 
 Revised version of Old Testament published, 
 
 Apache Indian war in New Mexico, May 17. 
 
 Niagara Falls reservation made a New York 
 State Park, July 15 ; Queen Victoria Nia- 
 gara Falls Park on Canadian side opened. 
 May 24, 1888. 
 
 Dakota University at Mitchell opens, Sept. 
 
 Massacre of Chinese in Wyoming, Sept. 2. 
 
96 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1885 Yacht Puritan wins America's cup, Sept. 14. 
 jN^ebraska Central College opens. 
 
 World's Industrial and Cotton Exposition at 
 New Orleans. [1811. 
 
 William Page, artist, d. Oct. 1 ; b. Jan. 23, 
 
 John McClosky, first American cardinal, 
 dies Oct. 10; born March 10, 1810. 
 
 Gen. Newton blows up Flood Rock, Hell 
 Gate, Oct. 10. 
 
 H. W. Shaw ("Josh Billings ") dies Oct. 14 ; 
 born April 21, 1818. [1837. 
 
 John JMcCulloch, actor, d. Nov. 8 ; b. Nov. 2, 
 
 American Exposition opened at New Or- 
 leans, Nov. 10. 
 
 Elizur Wright, abol., d. Nov. 22 ; b. 1804. 
 
 Farmers' Cong. org. at Indianapolis, Dec. 3. 
 
 W. H. Yanderbilt d. Dec. 8 ; b. May 8, 1821. 
 
 Robert Toombs d. Dec. 15; b. July 2, 1810. 
 
 1886 " King's Daughters " organized in New York, 
 
 Jan. 18. 
 Act providing for presidential succession, 
 
 Jan. 19. [Feb. 7-9. 
 
 Anti-Chinese riots in Washington Territory, 
 Horatio Seymour d. Feb. 12 ; b. May 31, 1810. 
 Great Knights of Labor strike on railroads 
 
 begins, March 6 ; ends, May 4. 
 Anarchist riot in Chicago, May 4. 
 Street-car strike in New York, June 5. 
 Judge David Davis d. June 26 ; b. Mar. 9, 
 
 1815. 
 
UNITED STATES. 97 
 
 1886 Incorporation of nat'l trades nnions legalized, 
 
 June 29. 
 Congress authorizes 1, 2, and 5 dollar silver 
 
 certificates, Aug. 4. [20, 
 
 Chicago anarchists convicted of murder, Aug.- 
 Great earthquake at Charleston, S.C., Aug.31. 
 Yacht Mayflower wins America's cup, Sept. 7. 
 Disastrous gale in Gulf of Mexico, 250 lives 
 
 lost, Oct. 12. [28. 
 
 Bartholdi's statue of Liberty unveiled, Oct. 
 American Federation of Labor formed at 
 
 Columbus, 0.,Dec. [completed. 
 
 1887 Kentucky and Indiana bridge over the Ohio 
 John Roach, shipbuilder, d. Jan. 10 ;• b, 1813. 
 Remnant of Table Rock at Niagara falls, 
 
 Jan. 12. [Feb. 23. 
 
 Importation of opium from China prohibited. 
 Agricultural experiment stations established, 
 
 March 2. 
 Tenure of Office Act repealed, March 3. 
 Jno. B. Eads, eng., d. Mar. 8 ; b. May 23, 1820. 
 Railroad accident at Roslindale, Mass., many 
 
 killed, March 14. 
 Improved process reduces aluminum from -11 
 
 per ounce to fT per pound. 
 Ex-vice-pres. Wm. A. Wheeler d. June 4 ; b. 
 
 June 30, 1819. 
 Gold first discovered at Silver Bay, Alaska. 
 Jennie Collins, working-girls* friend, d. July 
 
 20, aged 59. 
 
98 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1887 University of Wyoming opens, September. 
 Yacht Volunteer wins America's cup, Sept. 27. 
 Women vote for school officers in Kansas. 
 Chicago anarchists hanged, Nov. 11. 
 •1888 Asa Gray, bot., dies Jan. 30 ; b. Nov. 18, 1810. 
 D. R. Locke (" Petroleum V. Nasby ") d. 
 
 Feb. 15 ; b. Sept. 20, 1833. 
 Great " blizzard " in Eastern States, many 
 
 lives lost, March 11-14. 
 Chief-justice M. R. W^aite d. Mar. 23; b. 
 
 Nov. 29, 1816. 
 Lick observatory transferred to Laiiversity 
 
 of California, June 1. 
 Linotype type-casting macliine perfected. 
 National Dep't of Labor estab., June 13. 
 Centennial exhibition at Cincinnati, July 4. 
 Gen. J. M, Schofield, com. of army, Aug. 14. 
 Chinese immigration prohibited, Sept. 13. 
 Presidential election : Cleveland and Thur- 
 
 man, Dem. ; Harrison and Morton, Repub. ; 
 
 Fiske, Prohibition ; Streeter, Union Labor ; 
 
 Cowdry, United Labor ; Curtis, American. 
 
 Harrison and jNIorton elected. 
 Highway bridge over Harlem River built at 
 
 New York. 
 Poughkeepsie bridge over the Hudson opens. 
 1889 Department of Agriculture created, Feb. 9. 
 United States steamships Trenton and Van- 
 
 dalia wrecked at Samoa, March 16. 
 Oklahoma opened for settlement, April 22. 
 
UNITED STATES. 99 
 
 1889 Bursting of reservoir causes great flood in 
 
 Johnstown, Penn., May 31 ; about 8,000 
 lives lost. 
 
 Pan-American Congress meets in Washing- 
 ton, D.C., Oct. 2. 
 
 North and South Dakota (39th and 40th 
 States) admitted, Nov. 2. 
 
 Maritime exhibition at Boston, Nov. 4. 
 
 Montana (41st State) admitted, Nov. 8. 
 
 Washington (42d State) admitted, Nov. 11. 
 
 Great fire in Lynn, Mass., Nov. 26. [Dec. 2. 
 
 Thos. B. Reed elected Speaker of H. of R., 
 
 The "grip" appears in U. S., Dec. 21. 
 
 1890 W. D. Kelley, oldest member of U. S. House 
 
 of Representatives in term of service (since 
 
 1860) and in years, dies Jan. 9 ; born April 
 
 12, 1814. [Jan. 23. 
 
 Woman's Christian Temperance League org. 
 Part of Great Sioux reservation opened for 
 
 settlement, Feb. 10. 
 Chicago selected for AVorld's Columbian 
 
 Exposition, Feb. 24. [April 2. 
 
 Australian ballot system introduced in R. L, 
 Pension Bill for disabled Union soldiers and 
 
 sailors passed, June 27. 
 Idaho (4od State) admitted, July 3. 
 Wyoming (44th State) admitted, July 10. 
 Act authorizing purchase of silver, July 14. 
 First execution by electricity at Auburn 
 
 prison (New York), Aug. 6. 
 
100 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1890 People's Party convenes at Topeka, Kan., 
 
 Aug. 13. 
 National Military Park established at Chick- 
 
 amauga, Aug. 19. [1822. 
 
 Dion Boucicault, dramatist, d. Sept. 18 ; b. 
 McKinley Tariff Bill approved, Oct. 1. 
 Polygamy abolished by Mormons in Utah, 
 
 Oct. 6. [Oct. 
 
 " Ghost dance " excitement of Sioux Indians, 
 B. P. Shillaber ("Mrs. Partington") dies 
 
 Nov. 25; born 1814. 
 Sitting Bull, Indian chief, killed, Dec. 15. 
 Gen. F. E. Spinner, U. S. ex-treasurer 1861- 
 
 75, dies Dec. 31 ; born Jan. 21, 1802. 
 Cincinnati iron truss railway bridge across 
 
 the Ohio completed. 
 
 1891 International Monetary Conference at Wash- 
 
 ington, Jan. 7. 
 Free coinage bill adopted, Jan. 14. 
 Sec. of Treas. Windom d. Jan. 29 ; b. 1827. 
 Strike of 10,000 miners in coke regions, 
 
 Penn., Feb. 9. 
 Appropriation by Congress for artificial 
 
 rain-making, March 3. 
 Registry of certain foreign-built vessels 
 
 granted, March 3. 
 International copyright act approved, Mar. 3. 
 Massacre of Italians in the parish prison, 
 
 New Orleans, March 14. 
 Montana University opens at Helena. 
 
UNITED STATES. 101 
 
 1891 Century Dictionary published. 
 
 Eben Tourgee, founder N. E. Conservatory 
 
 of Music, dies April 12 ; b. June-l, 1834. 
 Transniississippi Commercial Congress at 
 
 Denver, May 19. [1892. 
 
 Lieut. Peary's arctic expedition, June-Sept., 
 B. J. Lossing, hist., d. June 3 ; b. Feb. 12,1813. 
 Agreement with Great Britain in regard to 
 
 seal fisheries, June 15. [June 23. 
 
 Rain-making experiments begin in Texas, 
 Weather Bureau transferred to Department 
 
 of Agriculture, June 30. [July 25. 
 
 Smokeless powder used for first time in U.S., 
 Removal of restrictions on importation of 
 
 American pork in Germany, Sept. 3 ; in 
 
 Denmark, Sept. 8 ; in Italy, Oct. 21 ; in 
 
 France, Dec. 6. [ment, Sept. 18. 
 
 Indian lands in Oklahoma opened to settle- 
 Leland Stanford University opens, Oct. 
 Am. sailors mobbed in Valparaiso, Oct. 16. 
 James Parton dies Oct. 17 ; b. Feb. 9, 1822. 
 Southern States exposition opens at Augusta, 
 
 Ga., Nov. 2. 
 First World's Convention of the Woman's 
 
 Christian Temp. Union at Boston, Nov. 10. 
 1892 First Continental Congress of Daughters of 
 
 American Revolution, Feb. 22, 
 Behring-sea dispute referred to arbitration, 
 
 Feb. 29 ; treaty ratified. May 9. [April 2. 
 Treaty for suppressing slave-trade signed. 
 
102 IMPORTANT p:yENTS. 
 
 1892 Indian lantis in Dakota, Oklahoma, etc., op- 
 
 ened to settlement, April 11. [May 5. 
 
 Bill prohibiting coming of Chinese approved, 
 Wm. Bradford, painter, d. Apr. 25 ; b. 1827. 
 400th anniversary of dis. of Am., June 29. 
 Great strike of miners at Coeur d'Alene, Id., 
 
 July 11. 
 Survivors of Indian wars pensioned, July 27. 
 Army nurses of civil war pensioned, Aug. 5. 
 Great railroad strike at Buffalo, N.Y., begins, 
 
 Aug. 14. 
 Continental Congress of Salvation Army in 
 
 New York, Nov. 21. 
 
 1893 Proclamation of amnesty to Mormons, Jan. 4. 
 Great Northern railroad completed, Jan. 6. 
 L. Q. C. Lamar, ex-Confederate, dies Jan. 23 ; 
 
 born Sept. 1, 1825. [Feb. 22. 
 
 Inman steamers transferred to Am. registry, 
 Stephen Grover Cleveland inaug. pres., jMar.4. 
 Temple at Salt Lake City dedicated, April 
 
 6 ; 40 years building. 
 Spanish caravels arrive in N. Y,, April 24. 
 John M. Corse, gen., dies April 27 ; born 
 
 April 27, 1835. [April 27. 
 
 Columbian naval review in N. Y. Harbor, 
 Columbian exposition formally opened at 
 
 Chicago, May 1. [June 5. 
 
 Extradition treaty with Russia promulgated. 
 Floor of Ford's Theatre in Washington falls ; 
 
 many clerks killed and injured, June 9. 
 
UNITED STATES. 103 
 
 1893 Many failures among banks, July-Sept. 
 Severe hurricane in Southern States, Aug. 28. 
 Pan-American Medical Congress opens at 
 
 Washington, D.C., over 1,000 physicians 
 
 present, Sept. 5. [Sept. 11. 
 
 World's Parliament of Religions at Chicago, 
 A daughter born to Lieut, and Mrs. Peary 
 
 in the arctic regions, Sept. 12. 
 Great storm on Gulf of Mexico, 2,000 lives 
 
 lost, Oct. 2. 
 Yacht Vigilant wins America's cup, Oct. 13. 
 World's Colum. Exposition closes, Oct. 30. 
 Wilson Silver Bill approved, Nov. 1. 
 Chinese Exclusion Bill approved, Nov. 3. 
 
 1894 Nicaragua Canal Co. incorporated in Vt. 
 Fire destroys buildings in World's Fair 
 
 grounds, Chicago, Jan. 8. 
 
 Wilson Tariff Bill passes Congress. 
 
 Growth of the American Protective Associa- 
 tion (A. P. A.), organized in Iowa, 1887. 
 
 Reciprocity treaties abrogated. 
 
 Electrical measurement established. 
 
 Dr. C. H. Parkhurst active in reform work 
 in New York. [dor Reef, Feb. 2. 
 
 U. S. corvette Kearsarrje wrecked on Ronca- 
 
 George W. Childs, publisher, dies Feb. 3 ; 
 born May 12, 1829. 
 
 Federal Election Laws repealed, Feb. 8. 
 
 Rioting in South Carolina resulting from 
 Dispensary Law, INIarch. 
 
104 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1894 John Y. iNIcKane sent to Sing Sing for elec- 
 tion frauds, March 1. 
 
 William F. Poole, librarian, dies March 1 ; 
 born Dec. 24, 1821. 
 
 Coxey's " army " starts for AVash., INIarch 25, 
 
 President Cleveland vetoes the Bland Silver 
 Bill, March 29. 
 
 H. W. Slocum, general, dies April 14 ; born 
 Sept. 24, 1827. 
 
 Monument to the mother of Washington 
 unveiled, May 10. 
 
 William D. Whitney, philologist, dies June 
 7 ; born Feb. 9, 1827. 
 
 Pullman Car Co. boycotted, June 26. 
 
 Labor Day made a legal holiday, June 28. 
 
 Great railroad strike from Ohio to the Pacific 
 coast begins, June 29 ; ends, Aug. 5. 
 
 Interstate Irrigation Congress meets at 
 Omaha, Neb. [1808. 
 
 A. Pleasanton, gen., d. July 26; b. Aug. 18, 
 
 Charter of the Louisiana State Lottery ex- 
 pires ; not renewed. 
 
 Joseph Holt, dies Aug. 1 ; born Jan. 1807. 
 
 F. H. Underwood, projector of Atlantic 
 Montlily, dies Aug. 7; born Jan. 12, 1825. 
 
 Republic of Hawaii recognized, Aug. 8. 
 
 Wilson-Gorman Tariff Bill becomes a law, 
 Aug. 31. 
 
 Josiah P. Cooke, chemist, dies Sept. 3 ; born 
 Oct. 12, 1827. 
 
UNITED STATES. 105 
 
 1894 George Stoneman, general, dies Sept. 5 ; born 
 
 Aug. 8, 1822. 
 
 James McCosh, ex-president Princeton Col- 
 lege, dies Nov. 16; born April 1, 1811. 
 
 New treaty with Japan, Nov. 23. 
 
 Eugene V. Debs, labor leader, imprisoned, 
 Dec. 14. 
 
 Philological Cong, at Philadelphia, Dec. 27. 
 
 National Military Park est. at Shiloh, Dec. 28. 
 
 1895 Frederick Douglass, colored orator, dies Feb. 
 
 20, aged 78. 
 Largest refracting telescope in the world 
 
 made by Alvan G. Clark at Cam., Mass. 
 John J. Almy, admiral, dies May 16 ; born 
 
 April 2.5, 1814. 
 Important gold discoveries in Utah. 
 W. Q. Gresham, d. May 28 ; b. Mar. 17, 1832. 
 Monimient to Confederate soldiers dedicated 
 
 in Chicago, May 30. 
 Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe railroad 
 
 sold at auction for $60,000,000. 
 E. W. Bull, originator Concord grape, dies 
 
 Sept. 26 ; born March 4, 1806. 
 First Eucharistic Congress (Catholic) in 
 
 America, in Washington, Oct. 1. 
 Gettysburg National Military Park estab. 
 Wesley Merritt, com. major-gen., born 1836. 
 Miss Helen Culver gives $1,000,000 to the 
 
 biological department of University of 
 
 Chicago, Dec. 14. 
 
106 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1895 Allen G. Thurmaii, statesman of Ohio, dies ; 
 
 born Nov. 13, 1813. 
 
 A lockout of 4,000 tailors begins in New 
 York, Dec. 16. [question, Dec. 17. 
 
 Special message of president on Venezuelan 
 
 Great strike of motormen and conductors on 
 Phil, trolley cars, Dec. 17 ; settled, Dec. 23. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Josiah Tyler, 40 years missionary 
 among the Zulus, dies Dec. 20. 
 
 John De Haven White, " Father of Ameri- 
 can dentistry," dies Dec. 25, aged 80. 
 
 Numerous strikes of labor organizations 
 during the year. 
 
 1896 President Cleveland appoints Venezuelan 
 
 commissioners, Jan. 1. 
 Utah (45th State) admitted, Jan. 4. 
 Cardinal's beretta bestowed on Mgr. Satolli, 
 
 Jan. 5. 
 Francis C. Barlow dies Jan. 11; born Oct. 
 
 19, 1834. [1829. 
 
 Thomas Ewing, gen., d. Jan. 21 ; b. Aug. 7, 
 Meeting of Free Silver advocates in Wash- 
 ington, Jan. 22. 
 Mint directors ordered to prepare to coin 
 
 standard silver dollars, Jan. 24. 
 AVilliam H. Furness, div., d. Jan. 30, a. 94, 
 Protestant Episcopal bishops protest against 
 
 Turkish atrocities, Jan. 31. 
 The name of Columbia College changed to 
 
 Columbia University. 
 
UNITED STATES. 107 
 
 1896 John Gibbons, general, dies Feb. 6, aged 69. 
 Prize-fighting prohibited in the Territories, 
 
 Feb. 7. [Feb. 8. 
 
 Sealing-treaty with Great Britain ratified, 
 George M. Bache, com., dies Feb. 11, a. 5B. 
 System of free lodgings in New York police 
 
 stations abolished, Feb. 15. 
 Edgar W. Nye (" Bill Nye ") dies Feb. 22 ; 
 
 born Aug. 25, 1850. 
 General Garcia and other Cuban leaders 
 
 arrested in New York, Feb. 25. 
 Dense fog in New York causes serious dis- 
 asters to shipping, Feb. 29. 
 Charles C. Coffin (" Carleton ") dies March 
 
 2 ; born July 26, 1823. 
 Ground broken for American University in 
 
 Washington, D.C., March 9^. 
 Fire destroys records in Census Office, 
 
 Washington, D.C., March 22. 
 Mississippi exempts factories from taxation 
 
 for 10 years, March 23. [ates, Mar. 
 
 All disabilities removed from exConfeder- 
 Augustus Hoppin, art., dies April 2, aged 68. 
 The Raines law (liquor) rigorously enforced 
 
 in New York City and Brooklyn, April 5. 
 Double-turreted Monitor launched, April 15. 
 " Greater New York" bill signed. May 11. 
 Lucius Fairchild d. May 23 ; b. Dec. 27, 1831. 
 College of New Jersey changed to Princeton 
 
 Universitv, May 27. 
 
108 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1896 Benj. H. Bristow, d. June 22 ; born June 20, 
 
 1832. [1813. 
 
 Lyman Trumbull, d. June 25 ; born Oct. 12, 
 Sectarian Indian schools to be abolished 
 
 after July 1, 1897. 
 William J. Bryan nominated Democratic 
 
 candidate for president, July 10. 
 William E. Russell, ex-governor of Mass., 
 
 dies July 15 ; born Jan. 6, 1857. 
 President Cleveland issues a M'arning to 
 
 Cuban sympathizers, July 30. 
 Intense heat in N.Y., many deaths, Aug. 8-14. 
 Mary Abigail Dodge ("Gail Hamilton") 
 
 dies Aug. 17; born 1833. 
 " Flag Day " observed in many cities, Oct. 31. 
 Great Britain yields to the demand of the 
 
 U. S. for arbitration in Venezuelan boun- 
 dary dispute, Nov. [ver, Nov. 21. 
 W. J. Bryan begins a campaign for free sil- 
 Retaliatory tonnage tax imposed on German 
 
 vessels ordered, Dec. 5. 
 Daughters of American Revolution incorp. 
 Treaty with Choctaws of Indian Territory, 
 
 Dec. 19. 
 
 1897 Francis A. Walker, pres. Mass. Institute of 
 
 Technology, d. Jan. 5 ; b. July 2, 1840. 
 
 General arbitration treaty with Great Britain 
 signed, Jan. 11. 
 
 Treaties with Orange Free State and Argen- 
 tine Republic ratified, Jan. 28. 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 109 
 
 1897 Alaska boundary line settled, Jan. 30. 
 
 Treaty with Japan ratified, Feb. 1. [2. 
 
 State Capitol of Penn. destroyed by fire, Feb. 
 Darius N. Couch d. Feb. 12 ; b. July 23, 1822. 
 John C. Robinson, gen., d. Feb. 18 ; b. April 
 
 10, 1817. 
 Wm. McKinley inang. president, March 4. 
 A great storm along the Atlantic coast, 
 
 March 7. 
 Wm. T. Adams (- Oliver Optic ") d. March 
 
 27; b. July 30, 1822. [4, 1827. 
 
 John H. Russell, admiral, d. April 1 ; b. July 
 Tomb of Gen. Grant dedicated at Riverside, 
 
 April 27. [1. 
 
 Tennessee Centennial Exposition opens. May 
 Anglo-American arbitration treaty rejected 
 
 by Senate, May 5. 
 Governor Black signs charter of Greater New 
 
 York, May 5. [May 5. 
 
 Universal Postal Congress meets at Wash., 
 Horatio King d. May 20 ; b. June 21, 1811. 
 Congress votes S50,000 to aid suffering Cu- 
 bans, May 20. . [May 26. 
 Bradford's Pilgrim Journal pres. to Mass., 
 Shaw monument unveiled in Boston, May 30. 
 Snow falls in many States, June 1. 
 Alvan G. Clark d. June 9 ; b. July 10, 1832. 
 Treaty for annexation of Hawaii signed by 
 
 president, June 16. [June 16. 
 
 Intense heat in Chicago, many prostrations. 
 
110 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1897 Severe earthquake shocks in Cal., June 20. 
 
 Extensive strikes among coal and iron mi- 
 ners, June-Julj^ ; ends, Sept. 13. 
 
 Christian Endeavor Society in session at 
 San Francisco, July 7. 
 
 Klondike miners arrive in California \vitli 
 gold, July 15. 
 
 Monument to General Logan dedicated in 
 Chicago, July 22. 
 
 Dingiey Tariff Bill goes into effect, July 21. 
 
 Submarine torpedo-boat Plunger launched, 
 Aug. 7. [Aug. 20. 
 
 Cash wheat passes the dollar mark in N. Y., 
 
 Yellow fever appears in Southern States, Sept. 
 
 Many lives lost in Texas hurricanes, Sept. 14. 
 
 Henry George nominated for mayor of New 
 York, Sept. 27. 
 
 John L. Worden, adm., d. Oct. 18, aged 79. 
 
 Geo. M. Pullman d. Oct. 19, aged 66. 
 
 Justin Winsor, librarian of Harvard, d. Oct. 
 22 ; b. Jan. 2, 1831. 
 
 T. L. Clingman d. Nov. 3 ; b. July 27, 1812. 
 
 Sealing treaty with Russia and Japan signed, 
 Nov. 6. 
 
 Dr. Geo. H. Houghton, rector of " Little 
 Church round the Corner,"d. Nov. 17, a. 77. 
 
 Joseph F, Green, admiral, dies Dec. 9 ; born 
 Nov. 24, 1811. 
 
 Appropriation of $175,000 for relief in Klon- 
 dike region, Dec. 16. 
 
UNITED STATES. Ill 
 
 1898 City gov. of Greater New York inaug., Jan. 1. 
 North Atlantic squadron assembles near Tor- 
 
 tugas, Jan. 1-12. 
 Maine sails for Havana, Jan. 24. 
 Pres. Dole of Hawaii arr. in Wash., Jan. 26. 
 Silver defeated in H. R., Jan. 31. 
 Heavy fall of snow in Boston, Feb. 1. 
 Dupuy De Lome, Spanish minister at Wash., 
 
 resigns, Feb. 8 ; Luis Bernabe succeeds, 
 
 Feb. 14. 
 Spanish cruiser Viscaija visits N. Y., Feb. 18. 
 Secretary Long calls for more ships, Feb. 26. 
 Reindeer for Alaska arrive in N. Y., Feb, 27. 
 Wm. A. Rogers, astronomer, d. March 1 ; b. 
 
 Nov. 13, 1832. [11. 
 
 War dep't begins mobilization of army. Mar. 
 Battleship Oregon sails from San Francisco, 
 
 March 12. 
 Seacoast defences manned, IMarch 12. [14. 
 Government decides to arm ocean liners. Mar. 
 Battleships Kearsarge and A^n/wc^?/ launched, 
 
 March 24. 
 Com. Sampson succeeds Sicard, March 24. 
 Com. Schley com. flying squadron, Mar. 24. 
 House of Representatives defeats Cuban rec- 
 ognition, April 18. 
 Geo. P. Lathrop d. April 19 ; b. Aug. 25, 1851. 
 Congress orders intervention in Cuba by 
 
 force, April 19. 
 Pres. signs intervention resolution, Apr. 20. 
 
112 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1898 President sends ultimatum to Spain, Apr. 20. 
 
 Bernabe, Spanish minister, asks for pass- 
 ports, April 20. 
 
 Spanish gov't sends ]\Iinister Woodford his 
 passports at Madrid, April 21. 
 
 Sampson's fleet sails for Cuba, April 22. 
 
 President issues a call for 125,000 volun- 
 teers, April 23. [23. 
 
 Massachusetts naval reserve ordered out, Apr. 
 
 Cong, declares the existence of war, Apr. 25. 
 
 John Sherman resigns from cabinet, Apr. 25. 
 
 Day becomes secretary of state, April 26. 
 
 Com. George Dewey sails from Hong Kong 
 for Manila, Apr. 27. [28. 
 
 New England coast patrolled by a fleet, Apr. 
 
 Dewey wins naval victory at Manila, May 1. 
 
 Fitzhugh Lee and Joseph Wheeler made 
 major-generals, May 4. 
 
 May wheat $1.91 in New York, May 10. 
 
 Dewey made acting rear-admiral. May 11. 
 
 Flying squadron leaves Hampton Roads, 
 May 13. 
 
 Battlesliip Alabama launched. May 18. [25. 
 
 Pres. calls for 75,000 more volunteers, May 
 
 Oregon arrives at Key "West, May 26. 
 
 U. S. flag raised over the Ladrones, June 21. 
 
 Hawaii annexed to the U. S., July 7. [1819. 
 
 Daniel Ammen, adm., d, July 11 ; b. July 7, 
 
 Spain asks for terms of peace, July 26. 
 
 Peace protocol signed at Wash.. Aug. 12. 
 
UNITED STATES. 113 
 
 1898 Pres. McKinley orders cessation of fighting, 
 Aug. 12. ' [Aug. 12. 
 
 Sampson and Schley made rear-admirals, 
 
 Rear-admiral Kirkland d. Aug. 12 ; b. 1828. 
 
 Manila surrenders, Aug. 13. [20. 
 
 Imposing naval parade in N. Y. harbor, Aug. 
 
 American peace commis. named, Aug. 26. 
 
 Boston subway opened entire length, Sept. 3. 
 
 16,000 Odd Fellows par. in Boston, Sept. 21. 
 
 Thomas F. Bayard dies Sept. 28 ; born Oct. 
 29, 1828. 
 
 Peace commissioners meet at Paris, Oct. 1. 
 
 Battleship Illinois launched, Oct. 1, 
 
 Rear-admiral Febiger dies, Oct. 9. 
 
 Yellow fever in Mississippi, Oct, 10. 
 
 Serious labor riots in Illinois, Oct. 12. 
 
 Chicago peace jubilee begins, Oct. 17. 
 
 White Pass and Yukon railway in operation, 
 Oct. [Oct. 
 
 Outbreak of Pillager Indians at Leech Lake, 
 
 South Dakota adopts " initiative and refer- 
 endum " plan, N'ov. [N'ov. 
 
 Maria Teresa, capt. Spanish cruiser, wrecked, 
 
 David A. Wells d. Nov. 5 ; b. June 17, 1828. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt elected governor of New 
 York, Nov. 8. 
 
 Ultimatum to Spaniards at Paris, Nov. 21. 
 
 Battleship Wisconsin launched, Nov. 26. 
 
 Great storm on Atl. coast, vessels wrecked 
 worth $2,500,000, Nov. 27. 
 
114 IMPORTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 1898 Steamship Portland lost, with all on board, 
 Nov. 27. 
 
 Spain ace. terms of peace, at Paris, Xov. 28. 
 
 Peace treaty signed at Paris, Dec. 10. 
 
 [For events of war in Cuba, etc., see Spanish America.] 
 
 Cuban Junta in U. S. dissolves, Dec. 21. 
 
 Justin S. Morrill d. Dec. 28 ; b. Apr. 14, 1810. 
 
 Southern Union Station, Boston, Mass., dedi- 
 cated, Dec. 30. 
 
 Anglo-American commission closes its hear- 
 ings in Behring-sea case, Dec. 
 \yi899 Formal cession of Spanish sovereignty in 
 Cuba to United States, Jan. 1. 
 
 Canadian-American commission in session. 
 
 Nelson Dingley, Congressman, d. Jan. 13, a. 67. 
 
 Disastrous storm on Atlantic coast. 
 
 John R. Young, librarian of Congress, dies 
 Jan. 15, aged 57. [Washington. 
 
 Canadian- Am. comm. resumes its sessions in 
 
 George Dewey made admiral, March 3. 
 
 Joseph Medill, editor Chicago Tribune, dies 
 Mar. 16 ; born in New Brunswick, 1823. 
 
 Hotel Windsor, New York, burned ; many 
 lives lost, March 17. 
 
 MEXICO. 
 1503 Montezuma emperor. 
 
 1521 Cortez captures city of Mexico. 
 
 1522 Mexico constituted a kingdom. 
 
MEXICO. 115 
 
 1535 Mendoza, first viceroy of New Spain, estab- 
 lishes a mint. 
 
 1821 Mexico becomes independent, Aug. 23. 
 
 1822 Mexico becomes an empire, Iturbide emperor. 
 
 1823 Federal Republic proclaimed, Oct. 4. 
 1829 Expulsion of the Spaniards decreed, March. 
 1833 Santa Aiia president, May 11. 
 
 1835 Texas declares her independence, March 2. 
 
 1836 Independence recognized by Spain. 
 
 1838 Declaration of war against France, Nov. 30 ; 
 war terminates, March 9, 1839. 
 
 1846 Gen. j\Iejia issues a proclamation of hostility 
 
 to the United States, March. 
 Battle of Palo Alta, May 8. 
 Battle of Resaca de la Palma, May 9. 
 Gen. Taylor occupies jNlatamoras, jNIay 18. 
 Mex. Cong. dec. war against U. S., May 23. 
 Monterey surr. to Gen. Taylor, Sept. 25. 
 
 1847 Sequestration of church property to raise 
 
 funds, Jan. 7. 
 Battle of Buena Yista, Feb. 22, 23. 
 Siege and bomb, of Vera Cruz, Mar. 22-26. 
 Vera Cruz surrenders to Gen. Scott, Mar. 29. 
 Battle of Cerro Gordo, Gen. Scott defeats 
 
 Santa Ana, April 18. 
 Com. Perry captures Tuspan, May 18. 
 Battle of Contreras, Aug. 19-20. 
 Scott def. Santa Ana at Churubusco, Aug. 20. 
 El Molino del Rey capt. by Amer., Sept. 8. 
 Chapultepec taken by storm, Sept. 13, 
 
116 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1847 Gen. Quitman military governor of city of 
 
 Mexico, Oct. [May 21. 
 
 1848 Treaty of peace ratified by Mexican Senate, 
 U. S. flag on palace at Mexico replaced by 
 
 Mexican, June 12. 
 
 1856 Property of clergy sequestrated, March 31. 
 
 1857 Xew constitution established, Feb. 5. 
 Beginning of Reformed Church. [11. 
 
 1858 Constitution annulled by church party, Jan. 
 Benito Juarez president, Feb. 11. 
 
 Civil war, Aug.-Xov. 
 
 1859 Miramon nominated pres. by Junta, Jan. 6. 
 Juarez confiscates church property, July 13. 
 
 1860 Civil war between Zuloaga and Miramon. 
 
 1861 Juarez made dictator. 
 
 Troubles with England, France, and Spain. 
 
 1862 Mexican monarchy for ]\Iaximilian disap- 
 
 proved by England and Spain, Feb. 
 
 1863 jNlexico occupied by French under Bazaine, 
 
 June 5. 
 
 1864 Maximilian accepts crown from Mexican 
 
 deputation, April 10. 
 
 1865 Emperor Maximilian proclaims war ended, 
 
 Oct. 2. [Oct. 16. 
 
 Juarist generals taken prisoners and shot, 
 U. S. protest against French occupation. 
 
 1866 Napoleon III. agrees to withdraw his troops, 
 
 April. 
 
 1867 ^Maximilian, Miramon, and Mejia tried and 
 
 shot, June 19, 
 
MEXICO. 117 
 
 1867 City of Mexico taken, and republic re-estab- 
 lished, June 21. 
 Juarez inaugurated president about Dec. 25. 
 
 1871 Civil war and insurrections. 
 
 1872 Benito Juarez d. July 18, aged about 68. 
 1874 Religious orders suppressed, Dec. 
 
 1876 Santa Ana, ex-president, d. June 20. 
 
 1880 Gonzalez elected president, July 11. 
 
 1883 Ancient city discovered in Sonora. 
 
 1884 Porfirio Diaz inaugurated president, Dec. 1. 
 
 1892 Diaz re-elected president, July 11. 
 
 1893 Destructive storm in Gulf of Mexico, about 
 
 1,000 lives lost, Oct. 2. 
 
 1896 Porfirio Diaz inaug. pres. for 5tli time, Dec. 1. 
 Law enacted to provide a uniform system 
 
 of education, Dec. 19. 
 
 1897 Attempt to assassinate Pres. Diaz, Sept. 16. 
 
118 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 COSTA RICA. 
 
 1502 Discovered by Columbus. 
 
 1523 Bruselas founded by Hernandez. 
 
 1530 Indian tribes subdued by Alvarado. 
 
 1539 Badajos founded. 
 
 1568 Rivera founded on the west coast. 
 
 1605 Talamanca founded. 
 
 1610 Santiago burned by Indians. [isli. 
 
 1611 The Talamanca Indians massacre the Spau- 
 1630 Alvarado subdues the Indians. 
 
 1665 Great depredations by pirates. 
 
 1709 Indian slaves in the gold-mines rise, and 
 
 massacre Spaniards. 
 
 1797 A period of prosperity begins. 
 
 1812 The Spanish constitution promulgated, 
 
 1821 Declaration of independence, Sept. 15. 
 
 1822 Union with Mexico proclaimed. 
 
 1823 The imperialists revolt, April. 
 
 Joins the federation of Central American 
 States, July 1. 
 
 1824 First congress meets, Sept. 8 ; Juan JMora 
 
 president. 
 1840 Becomes an independent state. 
 1856 Wm. Walker, American filibuster, attempts 
 
 revolution. [president, 1877. 
 
 1876 Revolution. Gen. Thomas Guardia becomes 
 
GUATEMALA. 119 
 
 1882 Constitution adopted, April 26. [15. 
 
 1890 Declares against a Cent. Amer. confed., Feb. 
 Rodriguez president. 
 
 1891 A revolution breaks out, suppressed by gov't ; 
 
 breaks out again ; suppressed in 1893. 
 1894 Another revolution breaks out. 
 
 Rafael Inglesias becomes president. 
 
 1897 Inglesias re-elected, for term of four years, 
 
 1898-1902. 
 
 1898 " Greater Republic " of Central America 
 
 breaks up, Dec. 1. 
 
 GUATEMALA. 
 
 [From its conquest by the Spaniards until the struggle for 
 Independence in 1821, the history of Guatemala is similar to 
 that of the other Central American States, — a succession of 
 conflicts with the natives, and of struggles between rival offi- 
 cials, — and presents no especial events of general interest.] 
 
 1773 Santiago destroyed by an earthquake, June 7. 
 
 1774 Old Guatemala destroyed by the Yolcan de 
 
 Agua. 
 1821 Independence declared. 
 
 1823 Withdravi^s from the Mexican Confederation. 
 
 1824 Joins Confed. of Central American States. 
 Slavery abolished. 
 
 1829 Subjugated by San Salvador. 
 1851 Regains its independence under Carrera. 
 1854 Invaded by American filibusters under Ken- 
 ny and Walker. 
 
120 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1854 Carrera appointed president for life. 
 1863 War with San Salvador. 
 1865 Carrera dies, and is succeeded by Gen. Cerna. 
 Cerna deposed by Granados. 
 
 1871 The Jesuits exiled for political intrigues. 
 
 1872 Alliance with Honduras against San Salvador. 
 Property of the Jesuits confiscated. 
 
 1873 Alliance with San Salvador. 
 Barrios elected president. 
 
 1876 War with Honduras and San Salvador. 
 
 1884 Work begun on the Interoceanic railroad. 
 
 1886 Torture prohibited as punishment. 
 
 1889 Cholera rages ; over 1,000 deaths. 
 
 1890 War with San Salvador. 
 
 Guatemala joins Union of Central Am. States. 
 
 1893 Brit, legation attacked by rioters, Jan. 23. 
 
 1894 Pres. Lainfiesa proclaims himself dictator. 
 
 1897 Prospero Morales incites a revolution ; sub- 
 
 dued, October. 
 
 1898 President Barrios assassinated, Feb. 8. 
 
 HONDURAS. 
 
 1502 Discovered by Columbus. 
 
 1526 Cortez founds Truxillo and Puerto Caballos. 
 
 1540 Comayagua founded by Carceres. 
 
 1821 Honduras declares its independence of Spain. 
 
 1822 Becomes part of the Central Amer. Confed. 
 1839 Withdraws from Cent. Amer. Confederation. 
 
 [Civil wars follow for uearly tweuty years.] 
 
HONDURAS. 121 
 
 1855 President Cabafios defeated and exiled. 
 
 1856 Pres. Giiardiola makes peace with Guatemala. 
 
 1860 Wm. Walker, Am. filibuster, invades Hondu- 
 
 ras ; is captured, and executed at Truxillo, 
 Sept. 12. 
 
 1861 Insurrection instigated by the clergy. 
 
 1862 Guardiola assassinated. 
 
 1863 Montes president. [ernment. 
 Medina deserts Montes, and usurps the gov- 
 
 1872 Don Celeo Arias deposes Medina, and takes 
 the presidency. 
 
 1875 Marco Aurelio Soto ap. provisional governor. 
 A new constitution adopted. 
 
 1876 Soto appointed president for four years. 
 1883 Louis Bogran president, Nov. 27. 
 
 1890 Insurrection, headed by Gen. Sanchez. 
 
 1891 Gen. Pariano Leista elected pres., Nov. 10. 
 Bonilla proclaimed president, Dec. 12. 
 
 1892 Civil w^ar begins in May and continues. 
 
 1893 Insurrection in South Honduras. 
 
 Gen. Vasquez elected president, Sept. 20. 
 Policarpo Bonilla elected president, Dec. 24, 
 for four years. 
 
 1894 War with Nicaragua. 
 
 Bonilla, leader of insurgents, assumes the 
 
 presidency, Jan. 5. 
 President Vasquez repulses the insurgents. 
 
122 IMPOKTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 BRITISH HONDURAS. 
 
 [The Bay of Honduras was a favorite resort for the English 
 buccaneers during the English and Spanish Avars. After the 
 decline of freebooting, the more industrious of the buccaneers 
 turned to the pursuit of cutting mahogany, dyewoods, etc., 
 which brought on conflicts with the Spaniards.] 
 
 1725 Spaniards attempt to expel English wood- 
 cutters ; fail. 
 
 1754 Wood-ciitters defeat Spaniards. 
 
 1763 Treaty between England and Spain relating 
 to wood-cutters. [defined. 
 
 1783 Limits of Belize and rights of wood-cutters 
 
 1796 Spain attempts to expel men of Belize, but 
 fails. 
 
 1840 Alexander McDonald, superintendent, sets 
 aside local laws, and proclaims supremacy 
 of English law. 
 
 1845 Eng. gov't assumes control of the territory. 
 
 1850 Belize excluded from conditions of British- 
 American treaty. 
 
 NICARAGUA. 
 
 1502 Discovered by Columbus. 
 
 1521 Gil Gonzalez Davila explores the country. 
 
 1524 Granada founded by Cordova. 
 
 1550 Unsuccessful revolt against Spain. 
 
 1610 Leon founded. 
 
 1685 Dampier, English buccaneer, sacks Leon. 
 
SAN SALVADOR. 123 
 
 1821 Independence declared. 
 
 1823 Joins Confederation of Central Amer, States. 
 
 1826 First survey for ship-canal route. 
 
 1847 Boundary trouble with Great Britain. 
 
 Great Britain seizes San Juan del Norte, Dec* 
 1850 Independence recognized by Spain. 
 
 Clayton-Bulwer treaty arranged at Greytown. 
 1856 Walker, American filibuster, burns Granada ; 
 he is driven from Central America, 1857. 
 
 President Rivas claims the Mosquito Coast. 
 
 1859 T. Martinez elected president. 
 
 1860 England cedes the protectorate of the Mos- 
 
 quito Coast to Xicaragua. 
 1885 The United States government procures sur- 
 veys of a ship-canal route. 
 Concessions for 100 years granted to the Nic- 
 aragua Canal Company. [fields. 
 1894 Gen. Cabeza hoists Nicaraguan flag at Blue- 
 Mosquito country organized under laws of 
 Nicaragua. 
 1897 Death penalty abolished, May 9. 
 
 Important concessions to syndicate of Amer- 
 ican capitalists. 
 
 SAN SALVADOR. 
 
 1524 Conquered by Alvarado. 
 
 1821 Independence of Spain proclaimed. 
 
 1824 Joins the Central American Union. 
 
124 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1839 Becomes independent. 
 
 1853 A constitution adopted. 
 
 1854 Great earthquake in San Salvador, April 16. 
 1856 Becomes a republic, Castillo president. 
 J.860 Gen. Barrios president, Feb. 1 ; overthrown, 
 
 Oct., 1863. 
 1865 General Duenas president, April. 
 
 Barrios executed, Aug. 
 1872 Gonzalez president, Feb. 1. 
 1876 Zaldivar president, May. 
 1885 Francisco Menendez president, June. 
 1887 Revolution, Menendez deposed, June. 
 1890 Gen. Carlos Ezeta president, Sept. 11. 
 
 War with Guatemala ; peace ratified, Sept. 22. 
 1894 Gen. Gutierrez president, June 5. 
 
 Revolution ; Ezeta defeated ; provisional gov- 
 ernment formed, June 26. 
 
 BERMUDA 
 
 [Discovered at tlie begiuning of tlie 16tli century by Juan 
 Bermudas.] 
 
 1609 Sir George Somers lands in Bermuda. 
 
 1612 Virginia Company sell the islands to mem- 
 bers of their body. 
 Richard Moore, a ship's carpenter, the first 
 governor. 
 
 1620 The first representative assembly meets. 
 
 1725 Bishop Berkeley attempts to found a college 
 in Bermuda ; unsuccessful. 
 
WEST INDIES. 125 
 
 1775 Ships gunpowder to assist Americans. 
 1784 Ships fitted out to follow the whale-fishery. 
 1824 Convicts sent to construct dockyards. 
 1834 Slavery abolished. 
 
 [No important events have transpired in recent years.] 
 
 WEST INDIES. 
 
 1492 Columbus discovers Hayti. 
 
 1623 St. Kitt's receives its first English settlers. 
 
 1624 English settle in Barbados. [Cruz. 
 
 1625 Eng. and Dutch take joint possession of Santa 
 First regular French colony in West Indies, 
 
 at St. Kitt's. 
 1628 Nevis and Barbuda settled by the English. 
 1630 Hayti seized by French buccaneers. 
 1632 St. Eustatius and Tobago set. by the Dutch. 
 
 Antigua and Montserrat settled by English. 
 
 Three hundred French settlers in Dominica. 
 1635 Guadaloupe and Martinique col. by French. 
 1638 English take possession of St. Lucia, driven 
 
 out by Caribs, 1641. 
 1640 Tortuga a buccaneers' station. 
 1648 French set. St. Bartholomew and St. Martin. 
 1650 French colonization spreads to St, Lucia. 
 1650 French settlement established at Santa Cruz. 
 
 Barbados adheres to the Royalists of Eng. 
 1652 Barbados submits to the Commonwealth. 
 1655 Jamaica taken by Cromwell's forces. 
 1660 Dutch introduce slaves into Barbados. 
 
126 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1670 British possession of Jamaica secured. 
 
 1671 The Danes occupy St. Thomas. 
 
 1692 Great earthquake in Jamaica; Port Koyal 
 destroyed. [hamas. 
 
 1718 Capt. Rogers puts down piracy in the Ba- 
 
 1719 Danish colonists occupy St. John. 
 1733 Danes buy Santa Cruz from the French. 
 1738 Settlem't of the Maroon troubles in Jamaica. 
 1755 Kingston made the seat of gov't of Jamaica. 
 1760 Slave insurrection in Jamaica. 
 
 1763 Great Britain secures St. Vincent. 
 
 1784 St. Bartholomew transferred to Sweden. 
 
 1791 Negroes of Hayti revolt against France. 
 
 1795 The last Maroon war in Jamaica occurs. 
 
 1801 Toussaint I'Ouverture founds republic in St. 
 
 Domingo, May 9. [France, 1803. 
 
 1802 Toussaint surrenders to the French ; dies in 
 
 1803 French quit Hayti. 
 
 1804 Dessalines proclaims massacre of all whites 
 
 in Hayti, March 29. 
 1831 Great hurricanes in the West Indies. 
 1838 Slavery abolished in the British West Indies. 
 1844 The " Dominican republic " proclaimed in 
 
 Hayti, Feb. [April 18. 
 
 1852 Hayti proclaimed an empire under Solouque, 
 1858 Republic proclaimed in Hayti, Dec. 22. 
 1861 Reunion of St. Domingo with Spain. 
 1865 Insurrection in Jamaica, sup. by Gov. Eyre. 
 1873 Turk's Island annexed to Jamaica. 
 [See Spanish America, etc.] 
 
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 127 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 
 
 1516 Juan Dias de Solis lands on north coast. 
 
 1527 Sebastian Cabot establishes a settlement 
 named San Espiritu. 
 
 1535 Buenos Ayres founded, Feb. 2. 
 
 1573 City of Santa Fe founded. 
 
 1620 Buenos Ayres separated from Asuncion. 
 
 1776 Buenos Ayres becomes the capital of a vice- 
 royalty. [June 27. 
 
 1806 Gen. Beresford (Brit.) capt. Buenos Ayres, 
 
 1807 Sir Samuel Auchmuty takes Montevideo. 
 
 1809 Argentines refuse to acknowledge Napole- 
 
 onic dynasty in Spain. 
 
 1810 Political independence of the country begins. 
 1814 Montevideo captured by the revolutionary 
 
 army of Buenos Ayres. [clared. 
 
 1816 Separation of the country from Spain de- 
 
 1817 Spaniards defeated at Chacabuco ; at Maypu 
 
 in 1818. 
 
 1824 War of independence ended. 
 
 1825 A national constitution decreed for the fed- 
 
 erated States. [the country. 
 
 Great Britain acknowledges independence of 
 Rivadavia elected president. 
 Political parties take names of Unitarians 
 
 and Federals. 
 
128 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1826 Vicente Lopez, Federalist, president. 
 
 1827 Dorrego, Federalist, president. 
 
 1828 Unitarians rebel, and defeat the Federalists. 
 
 1829 Rosas, chief of the Federal party, rules. 
 1838 Buenos Ayr^s blockaded by a French fleet. 
 1840 Lavalle, Unitarian, invades province of 
 
 Buenos Ayres, but is defeated by Federal- 
 ists under Pacheco. 
 
 1845 England and France intervene in the civil 
 war, and blockade Buenos Ayres. 
 
 1847 Blockade of Buenos Ayres raised. 
 
 1852 Brazilians invade Buenos Ayres and defeat 
 
 Rosas. [director. 
 
 A new constitution proclaimed, with Urquiza 
 
 1853 Civil war rages ; province of Buenos Ayres 
 
 becomes an independent state, with Obli- 
 
 gado governor. 
 Parana becomes capital of the 13 provinces. 
 1859 Buenos Ayres rejoins the confederation. 
 1865 Paraguayans invade Argentine territories. 
 
 1867 A rebellion breaks out in the northwest. 
 
 1868 Rebellion suppressed, Nov. 
 1870 Urquiza murdered. 
 
 1873 Treaty with Brazil. 
 
 1874 Insurrection of Mitre at Buenos Ayres, Sept. ; 
 
 suppressed, Dec. 2. 
 1880 Gen. Roca becomes president, Oct. 
 
 Buenos Ayres to be definitive capital. 
 1890 Insurrections and severe street-fighting. 
 
 Great financial crisis. 
 
BOLIVIA. 129 
 
 1891 Riots at Cordova, Feb. 
 Banks suspend payment. 
 
 Bank of the Argentine Nation opened, Dec. 1. 
 
 1892 Jewish settlements prospering, Jan. 
 
 Dr. Luiz Saens-Pena elected president, June. 
 Insurrections in different provinces. 
 
 1893 Continued insurrections and revolutions. 
 
 1894 General financial embarrassment. 
 Destructive earthquake in San Juan, Oct. 27. 
 
 1895 Pres. Saens-Peiia resigns, Jan. 22. 
 
 Sen. Uriburu becomes president, Jan. 23. 
 1898 Gen. D. Julio A. Roca inaug. pres. Oct. 12. 
 Concession to Herr Schiflner for construction 
 of a complete network of railways. 
 
 BOLIVIA. 
 
 1825 Upper Peru becomes an independent state, 
 
 and takes the name of Bolivia, Aug. 11. 
 
 1826 First Congress meets, May 25 ; Gen. Sucre 
 
 governs. 
 
 1828 Santa Cruz rules until 1839. 
 
 1836 Slavery abolished. 
 
 1839 Velasco president. 
 
 1841 Jose Ballivian president. 
 
 1848 General Belzu president until 1855. 
 
 1853 Free trade proclaimed. 
 
 1855 General Cordova president. 
 
 1859 Jose Maria Linares, dictator, March 31. 
 
 1860 Cordova constitutional president. * 
 
130 IMPORTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 1861 Linares deposed, and Dr. Jose M. de Acha 
 
 chosen president, May. 
 
 1862 Treaty of peace and commerce with U. S. 
 
 1864 Melgarejo defeats troops of De Acha, Dec. 28. 
 
 1865 Melgarejo becomes dictator of republic, Feb. 
 Belzu revolts ; is defeated by Melgarejo, Mar. 
 
 1866 Melgarejo defeats Arguedas at Yiacha, and 
 
 proclaims an amnesty, Jan. 24. 
 
 1869 Melgarejo becomes dictator until 1871. 
 
 1871 Morales president ; said to have been mur- 
 dered, 1873. 
 
 1874 Dr. Tomas Frias president. 
 
 Corral's insurrection suppressed, Sept. 
 
 1876 Gen. Hilarion Daza president, 
 
 1879 Bolivia joins Peru in war against Chile, Apr. 
 
 1880 Daza deposed; Campero becomes president. 
 1883 Peace with Chile ; conditions finally settled, 
 
 Dec. 
 1888 Aniceto Arce, president, suppresses a revolt. 
 1892 Mariano Baptista declared president, Aug. 8. 
 1898 Civil war in progress against Pres. Alonzo. 
 
 BRAZIL. 
 
 1499 Brazil discovered by Vincent Yanes Pingon. 
 
 1500 Cabral erects an altar on Easter Day (April) 
 
 at Port Seguro, and claims the country for 
 Portugal. 
 1504 Brftzil explored by Amerigo Vespucci. 
 
BRAZIL. 131 
 
 1531 De Souza founds first colony at S. Vincente. 
 
 1548 Jews banished from Portugal to Brazil. 
 
 1555 French Protestants occupy Bay of Rio. 
 
 1580 Brazil becomes subject to Spain. 
 
 1594 The French establish a colony at Maranham. 
 
 1615 The French expelled. 
 
 1630 The Dutch seize the coast. 
 
 1661 Dutch give up Brazil. 
 
 1693 Gold-mining begins. 
 
 1710 The French capture Rio Janeiro. 
 
 1758 Jesuits expelled. [neiro. 
 
 1763 Capital transferred from Bahia to Rio Ja- 
 
 1808 Royal family of Portugal arrive, March 7. 
 
 1815 Brazil becomes a kingdom. 
 
 1821 Dom Pedro regent. 
 
 1822 Brazil declares its independence, Sept. 7. 
 Pedro I. crowned emperor, Dec. 1. [29. 
 
 1825 Independence recognized by Portugal, Aug. 
 
 1831 Revolution ; abdication of Dom Pedro, Apr. 7. 
 
 1840 Pedro II. declared of age, July 23. 
 
 1850 Steamship line to Europe commenced. 
 
 1852 Suppression of the slave-trade. 
 
 1861 Difficulties with British government on ac- 
 count of plundering a wrecked British 
 ship, June. 
 
 1863 Dispute settled by arbitration of king of the 
 
 Belgians in favor of Brazil, June 18. 
 
 1864 Confederate steamer Florida seized by U. S. 
 
 Wachusett while under x^rotection of Brazil. 
 Sec. Seward apologizes, Dec. 26. 
 
132 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1865 War with Uruguay. 
 
 Amicable relations with England restored. 
 Treaty betw. Brazil, Uruguay, and the Ar- 
 gentine Republic against Paraguay, May 1. 
 
 1866 War continues with indecisive results for 
 
 four years. 
 
 1870 Paraguay subdued ; treaty of peace, June 20. 
 
 1874 German emigrants called "Muckers" at- 
 tempt to convert their neighbors by force. 
 July 21-26. [Sept. 
 
 1885 Bill for gradual abolition of slavery passed, 
 
 1888 Slavery totally abolished; 700,000 slaves 
 
 freed. 
 
 1889 Revolution at Rio Janeiro ; republic pro- 
 
 claimed, and the emperor forcibly con- 
 veyed to the Alagoas. 
 
 Decree banishing the emperor and his family, 
 Dec. 20. [28. 
 
 Sudden death of the empress at Oporto, Dec. 
 
 1890 The republic recognized by the United 
 
 States, Jan. 29 ; by Great Britain about 
 Oct. 20. 
 First Congress of the republic meets, Nov. 15. 
 
 1891 About 25,000 Polish emigrants said to arrive, 
 
 Jan. [Feb. 5. 
 
 Reciprocal treaty of commerce with the U. S., 
 Deodoro da Fonseca elected pres., Feb. 25. 
 Fonseca assumes the dictatorship, Kov. 4. 
 Insurrection breaks out in Rio Grande, 
 
 Nov. 10. 
 
CHILE. 133 
 
 1891 Ex-emp. Dom Pedro II. dies at Paris, Dec. 5. 
 
 1892 Kevolutions and insurrections continue. 
 Solimoes, armor-clad, founders. May 21. 
 Deodoro da Fonseca dies Aug. 23. 
 
 1893 Naval revolt led by Adm. de Mello, Sept. 7. 
 Rio bombarded, many killed, Sept. 14-25. 
 Nictheroy bombarded, Oct. 27 et seq. 
 Renewed bombardment of Rio, Dec. 28. 
 Adm. da Gama joins the insurgents, Nov. 7. 
 
 1894 Shots fired between Da Gama and American 
 
 Admiral Benham, Jan. 29 ; Benham's con- 
 duct approved by U. S. gov. 
 
 Prudente de Moraes elec. president, Mar. 1. 
 
 Unconditional sur. of Da Gama, Mar. 13. 
 
 De Mello's squadron sur. to Argentine Re- 
 public, April 16. [suppressed. 
 
 1895 Renew^al of war in Rio Grande, Feb. 28 ; 
 Da Gama killed at Santa Ana, June 24. 
 
 1896 Revolt of " Fanatics." 
 
 1898 Campos Salles elected president, March 2. 
 
 CHILE. 
 
 1433 Peruvian Inca Yupanqui conquers Chile. 
 
 1533 Rule of Peruvian Incas cease. 
 
 1535 Spanish invasion, led by Diego Almagro, 
 
 repulsed. 
 1541 Yaldivia enters Chile, and founds Santiago. 
 1563 The Araucanians (Chileans) defeat Valdivia 
 
 about this time. 
 
134 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 [War continues between the Araucanians and Span- 
 iards for 180 years.] 
 
 1722 Treaty betAveen Chileans and Spaniards; 
 
 boundary established. 
 1810 Mateo de Toro the last Spanish governor. 
 
 Chileans depose the Spanish governor, and 
 assert their independence, July. 
 1813 Reconquered by Spain. [buco. 
 
 1817 The Chileans defeat the Spaniards at Chaca- 
 
 Independence of Chile secured. 
 1826 Peace with Spain. 
 1833 Present constitution formed, jNIay 22. 
 
 1864 Trouble with Bolivia over " Guano Islands," 
 
 March 1. 
 
 1865 Religious toleration enacted. 
 
 Chile declares war against Spain, Sept. 29. 
 
 1866 Spaniards bombard Valparaiso. 
 
 1879 AVar with Peru and Bolivia. 
 
 Naval battle ; Chileans defeated. May 21, 23. 
 Peruvian and Bolivian army defeated about 
 Nov. 27. 
 
 1880 War continues with varying results. 
 
 1881 Treaty of peace with Spain confirmed, Sept. 
 Domingo Santa Maria becomes president, 
 
 Sept. 18. 
 
 1882 Treaty of peace with Bolivia, Jan. 25. 
 Peace protocol between Chile and Peru, Mar. 
 War resumed ; Peruvians defeated, July. 
 
 1883 Peruvians def. with great loss, July 10, 19. 
 Treaty of j^eace with Peru signed, Oct. 20. 
 
CHILE. 135 
 
 1886 Seiior don Jose Manuel Balmaceda president^ 
 Sept. 18. 
 
 1891 Congress deposes the pres. for treason, Jan. 1. 
 Civil war with varying results. 
 
 Itata surrenders to American cruisers, June 4. 
 Battle of Placilla, Balmaceda totally defeated, 
 
 Aug. 28. 
 The Great Powers recognize the Congressists, 
 
 Sept. 16. 
 Balmaceda commits suicide, Sept. 19. 
 Egan, IT. S. minister, charged with breach 
 
 of neutrality, Oct. [16. 
 
 Mob at Valparaiso assaults U. S. sailors, Oct. 
 Senhor Jorge Montt elected pres., Xov. 4. 
 
 1892 Rioters punished for assaulting U. S. sailors, 
 
 Jan. [U. S., Aug. 
 
 Egan concludes convention bet. Chile and 
 
 1894 Arbitration com. aw^ards U. S. ^240,564 dam- 
 
 ages for assault against sailors of Baltimore. 
 
 1895 Congress House at Santiago burned, May 18. 
 Gold standard adopted, June 3. 
 
 1896 Treaty of amity with Bolivia, May. 
 Senor Errazuriz elected president, June. 
 Deneira heads a rebellion ; is def., June 1. 
 Chile reasserts ownership of Juan Fernandez, 
 
 Sept. 
 
136 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 COLOMBIA. 
 
 1499 Visited by Alonso de Ojeda. 
 
 1502 Columbus touches at Veragua. 
 
 1508 Territory granted to Ojeda and Nicuessa. 
 
 A presidency erect., and called New Grenada. 
 1718 Raised to the rank of a viceroyalty. 
 1811 Insurrection against the home government. 
 1819 Union of N. Grenada and Veneza., Dec. 17. 
 1821 The Royalists defeated, June 24. 
 
 1824 Bolivar named dictator, Feb. 10. 
 
 1825 Independence recognized, June. 
 
 1826 Bolivar president, Aug. ; dictator, Nov. 23. 
 
 1828 Padilla's insurrection, April 9. . [25. 
 Conspir. of Santander against Bolivar, Sept. 
 
 1829 Venezuela separates from New Grenada, Nov. 
 
 1830 Bolivar resigns, April 4 ; dies Dec. 17. 
 
 1871 The republic named Colombia. 
 
 1872 INIanuel Murillo Toro president, April 1. 
 1874 Santiago Perez president, April 1. 
 1876 Aquileo Parra president, April 1. 
 
 1878 Trujillo president, proclaimed, April 1. 
 1880 R. Nuilez president, Apr. 1 ; again in Sept., 
 
 1883, and Aug. 7, 1886. 
 1885 Insurrection and civil war, Jan. ; ends, July. 
 
 1894 President Nunez dies Sept. 18. [restored. 
 
 1895 Civil war breaks out ; crushed, and peace 
 Construction on Panama Canal in progress. 
 
 1896 President Caro resigns, March 6. 
 General Quinto Calderon president. 
 
ECUADOR. 137 
 
 ECUADOR. 
 
 280 Foreign tribes said to have founded a king- 
 dom at Quito wliicli lasted 1,200 years. 
 
 1460 Tupac Yupanqui, Inca of Peru, invades Quito, 
 which is subsequently conquered by his 
 son Huaina-Capac. 
 
 1533 Conquered by Pizarro. 
 
 Made a presidency of Peru. 
 
 1710 Attached to viceroyalty of Santa Fe. 
 
 1722 Restored to Peru. 
 
 1809 Attempts to throw off the Spanish yoke fail. 
 
 1822 Independence secured. 
 
 1828 Invaded by Peru ; peace restored, 1829. 
 
 1830 Separates from the Colombian Confederation. 
 Gen. Jose Flores first president. 
 
 1835 Vicente Rocafuerte president. 
 
 1839 Flores pres. ; again in 1843 ; sue. by Roca, who 
 joins with England against slave-trade. 
 
 1850 Diego Noboa president, recalls the Jesuits. 
 
 1856 Francisco Robles president, secures adoption 
 of French system of coinage, weights, and 
 measures. 
 
 1859 Robles abdicates, and leaves the country. 
 
 1861 Dr. Gabriel Garcia Moreno elected president. 
 
 1865 Moreno retires from office. 
 
 Geronimo Carrion president; Spanish sub- 
 jects banished. 
 
 1868 Xavier Espinosa president. 
 
 Great earthquake, many towns destroyed. 
 
138 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1869 Revolution, ]\Ioreno elected pres. for 6 years. 
 
 1875 Moreno assassinated in Quito, Aug. 14. 
 
 1876 Dr. Borrero president, Sept. 
 Insurrection breaks out, Dec, under Veinte- 
 
 milla, who becomes president. 
 
 1877 Eruption of volcano Cotopaxi, June 25. 
 
 1883 Alfaro dictator, Jan. [12. 
 
 1884 Jose Maria Placido Caaniano president, Feb. 
 1886 Revolution at Esmeraldas, Nov. 4. 
 
 1888 Antonio Flores president, June 30. 
 1892 Luis Cordero president, June 30. 
 
 1895 Epidemic of yellow fever at Guayaquil, Feb. 
 Alfaro organizes a government, June 10, 
 
 and proclaims a general amnesty. 
 
 1896 Conspiracy against Alfaro ; crushed, Aug. 12. 
 Jesuits expelled from the country, Nov. 
 
 1898 Pres. Alfaro assumes dictatorship, Dec. 1. 
 
 GUIANA. 
 BRITISH GUIANA. 
 
 1504 Vasco Nunez lands on the coast. 
 
 1580 Dutch said to have settled near River Po- 
 
 meroon. [Dorado. 
 
 1595 Raleigh ascends the Orinoro in search of El 
 1613 A colony of Zealanders on the banks of the 
 
 Essequibo. 
 1652 The English return to Paramaribo. 
 1662 The colony granted to Lord Willoughby. 
 
GUIANA.' 
 
 139 
 
 1669 Dutch Guiana covers all the territory now 
 divided into British, Dutch, and French. 
 
 1712 French attack the settlement, and exact a 
 contribution. [General. 
 
 1732 Berbice receives a constitution from States- 
 
 1763 Formidable insurrection of negro slaves. 
 
 1781 English admiral Rodney takes possession. 
 
 1783 The colonies restored to Holland. 
 
 1796 Surrendered again to the British. 
 
 1802 The Dutch resume authority. 
 
 1803 British Guiana finally acquired. 
 
 DUTCH GUIANA. 
 
 1580 Dutch visit the coasts. [Dutch citizens. 
 
 1614 The States-General grant monopolies to 
 
 1674 The country confirmed to the Dutch by the 
 
 treaty of Westminster. 
 
 1675 Sommelsdijk governor of the colony ; assas. 
 
 in a mutiny of soldiers, June 17, 1688. 
 Troubles with the bush negroes and slaves 
 continue for many years. [plete. 
 
 1786 Pacification with the negroes and tribes com- 
 
 1804 The English take possession of the colony. 
 1807 The slave-trade abolished. 
 
 1815 Dutch authority restored. 
 1828 Surinam joined to Dutch West Indies. 
 1832 Incendiary negroes publicly burned alive. 
 1845 Surinam separated from West Indies. 
 Baron von Raders governor. 
 
 [Tlie suppression of slavery and the organization of 
 immigration are the main events of the recent his- 
 tory of the colony.] 
 
140 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 FRENCH GUIANA. 
 
 1626 Traders from Rouen settle on the Siunamary. 
 
 1634 Settlers take up their quarters at Cayenne. 
 
 1674 Colony passes under direct control of the 
 crown. 
 
 1763 Choiseul, prime minister, sends out 12,000 
 volunteer colonists from Alsace and Lor- 
 raine ; but 918 are alive in 1766. 
 
 1800 Victor Hugues appointed governor. [ish. 
 
 1809 Successful invasion of Portuguese and Brit- 
 
 1814 Territory nominally restored to France, 
 really surrendered by the Portuguese, 1817. 
 
 1823 Attempt to settle French agriculturists; 
 frustrated by fevers. 
 [The principal events of recent years have been the 
 discovery of gold-fields and the introduction of 
 convict establishments.] 
 
 PARAGUAY. 
 
 1528 Sebastian Cabot builds a fort called Santo 
 
 Espiritu. 
 1537 Asuncion founded, Aug. 15. 
 1542 First Christian missions established. 
 1620 Paraguay separated from Buenos Ayres. 
 1776 Placed under jurisdiction of Buenos Ayres. 
 1811 Declares itself independent of Spain. 
 1814 A despotism in the hands of Dr. Francia. 
 1840 Vibal succeeds. 
 
 [From 1814 to 1844 the country was rigidly closed 
 against foreigners.] 
 
PATAGONIA. 141 
 
 1844 C. A. Lopez president. 
 
 1862 Francis S. Lopez president. 
 
 1864 Hostilities between Paraguay and Brazil. 
 
 1865 Lopez invades Argentine Republic ; def . Sept. 
 
 1869 Provisional government installed, Aug. 17. 
 
 1870 Lopez killed near the Aquidaban, Mar. 1. 
 Peace signed with Brazil and Argentine 
 
 Republic. [Dec. 12. 
 
 1871 Salvador Jovellanos elect, pres. for 3 years, 
 1874 Juan Bautista Gill president, Nov. 25. 
 
 1877 Tlie president assassinated, April. 
 Higinio Uriarte president, April 12. 
 
 1878 Candido Bareiro elec. pres. for 4 yrs., Nov. 25. 
 1882 Gen. B. Caballero president. 
 
 1890 J. Gonzales president. 
 
 1891 Revolutionary attempt by Vera sup., Oct. 24. 
 
 1893 Establishment of a Socialistic settlement by 
 
 emigrants from Australia to be named 
 " New Australia," July. 
 
 1894 Coi^y) fZ'e/a^,Marinigo pres., June 11. 
 Senor Egusguiza elected president, Sept. 26. 
 
 PATAGONIA. 
 
 1520 Discovered by Magellan. 
 1577 Drake passes through the strait of Magellan. 
 1669 Taken possession of by Sir John Narborough. 
 1832 Visited by Charles Darwin, the great scientist. 
 1873 Explored by Moreno; 1877 by Rogers; 
 1878-80 by Lista ; 1880 by Moyano. 
 
142 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1881 Eastern Patagonia comes nnder the jurisdic- 
 tion of the Argentine Republic ; Chile 
 retains the western portion. 
 [See Argentine liejmblic] 
 
 PERU. 
 
 1527 The great Inca, Huayna Ccapac, dies. 
 
 Pizarro reaches the coast at Tunibez ; re- 
 turns, 1528. [15. 
 
 1532 Pizarro and his army enter Caxamarca, Nov- 
 
 1533 Re-enforced by Amalgro. 
 
 The Inca Atahualpa murdered. [24. 
 
 1534 Manco, son of Huayna Ccapac, crowned, Mar. 
 
 1535 The city of Lima founded, Jan. 18. 
 
 1536 The PeruAdans besiege the Span, in Cuzco. 
 Amalgro raises the siege. 
 
 1538 Fight between Amalgro and Pizarro ; Amal- 
 gro defeated and executed. 
 
 1541 Pizarro assassinated at Lima, June 26. 
 
 1542 Vac a de Castro governor. 
 
 De Castro defeats Amalgro the Lad, who is 
 
 beheaded at Cuzco, Sept. 
 Blasco Nunez de Vela the first viceroy. [28. 
 1544 Gonzalo Pizarro rebels, and enters Lima, Oct. 
 
 1546 Battle of Anaquito, the viceroy kill'd, Jan. 18. 
 
 1547 Pedro de la Gasca defeats Pizarro near Cuzco, 
 
 and executes him on the field, Aj)ril 8. 
 1551 Don Antonio de Meudoza 2d viceroy. 
 
PERU. 143 
 
 1554 Insurrection of Giron, who is defeated and 
 
 executed, Dec. 7. 
 
 1555 Andres H. de Mendoza 3d viceroy, July 6, 
 
 [The cultivation of wheat, vines, and olives, and Euro- 
 pean domestic animals introduced, good priests pro- 
 vided, and schools established, during Mendoza"s 
 administi'ation.] 
 
 1561 Conde de Meva viceroy ; 1564-69, Lope Gar- 
 cia de Castro governor. 
 1569 Don Francisco de Toledo governor, Nov. 26. 
 1571 Tupac Amaru, the last of the Incas, behead. 
 1581 Between this date and 1776, 59 heretics 
 
 burned at Lima, principally Europeans. 
 1780 Insur. of Peruvians under Tupac Amaru. 
 1814 Mateo Garcia Pumacagua, a Peruvian chief, 
 raises the cry of independence, is defeated 
 and executed, INIarch 12, 1815. 
 1821 San Martin proclaims ind, of Peru, July 28. 
 1824 War against Spain. 
 
 Bolivar made dictator, Feb. 
 Mariano Prado president, Nov. 28. 
 Lidependence secured, Dec. 9. 
 1829 War with Colombia, treaty of peace, Feb. 28. 
 1845 Ramon Castilla president. 
 1860 New Constitution adopted. 
 
 1864 Spanish admiral Pinzon takes Chincha isles 
 
 (guano), April 14. 
 American congress at Lima, Nov. 
 
 1865 Chincha islands restored, Feb. .3. 
 
 1866 Joins Chile in war against Spain. 
 Spanish quit Peruvian waters. May 10. 
 
144 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1868 Severe earthquakes, Aug. 13-15. 
 
 1872 Military insurrection ; Gutierrez, minister of 
 
 war, imprisons President Balta ; is himself 
 killed, and hanged to a lamp-post, July 26. 
 Manuel Pardo elected president, Aug. 2. 
 
 1873 Armed riots in Lima, ]May. 
 
 1874 British ship Talisman seized and condemned 
 
 as a prize, Nov., for supplying rebels. 
 
 1876 Mariano I. Pardo president, Aug. 2. 
 
 1877 Nicolas de Pierolas sails away with iron-clad 
 
 Huascar, May 29 ; is forced by Brit, war- 
 ships to sur. at Lima ; Peruvians resent 
 Brit, interf. and threaten reprisals, June. 
 Pierolas and his adherents amnestied, Aug. 
 
 1878 Ex-president Pardo assas. at Lima, Nov. IG. 
 
 1879 War declared against Chile, April 2. [See 
 
 Chile.^ 
 Revolution at Lima, Pierolas dictator, Dec. 
 22 et seq. 
 
 1881 Lima occupied by the Chileans, Jan. 17. 
 Anarchy in Lima, March. 
 
 1882 Pierolas quits Peru, April 10. 
 
 1883 Lima evacuated by the Chileans, Oct. 23. 
 
 [Constant civil wars for twelve years.] 
 1892 Great fire at Callao, Aug. 21. 
 
 1894 General Caceres president, Aug. 10. 
 
 1895 Revolution ended by compromise, Candamo 
 
 president, March 19. 
 Gen. Nicola Pierola elected pres., July 10. 
 Caceres inaugurated president, Sept. 8. 
 
VENEZUELA. 145 
 
 1896 A revolt breaks out under Col. Seminarios, 
 
 May. 
 Gold mines of great value discovered. 
 A serious Indian uprising in Nov. ; crushed. 
 
 1897 Coinage of silver suspended, April 9. 
 Negotiations for reciprocity with United 
 
 States are begun, Dec. 2. 
 Civil marriage-law promulgated, Dec. 24. 
 
 URUGUAY. 
 
 1512 Visited by Juan Diaz de Solis. 
 
 1516 Solis slain by Charruas in Colonia. 
 
 1603 Natives destroy a veteran force of Spaniards. 
 
 1729 Spaniards estab. themselves in Montevideo. 
 
 1814 Montevideo taken by Gen. Alvear (Buenos 
 
 Ayres). 
 
 1828 Becomes a free and independent state. 
 
 1830 Republic formally constituted. 
 
 1856 G. A. Pereyra president. 
 
 1860 B. P. Berro president. 
 
 [Revolutions and insurrections for the next thirty years.] 
 
 1894 Don Juan Idiarte Borda president. 
 1897 President Borda assassinated, Aug. 25. 
 
 VENEZUELA 
 
 1498 First main land in Amer. seen by Columbus. 
 1550 The territory becomes a Spanish captaiu- 
 generalcy. 
 
146 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1811 Proclaims its independence ; war ensues for 
 
 ten years. 
 1845 Independence recognized by Spain ; civil 
 
 wars follow. [Sept. 
 
 1876 Renunciation of papal authority announced, 
 1886 Gen, A. Guzman Blanco elected pres. Sept. 14. 
 1888 Disputes with Great Britain begin, Feb. 
 
 [Civil wars rage for many years.] 
 
 1894 Gen. Crespo assumes office, March 14. [7. 
 
 1895 French and Belgian consuls dismissed, Mar. 
 Revolutionary plots against President Crespo, 
 
 July-March, 1896. 
 Expatriated citizens return, April. 
 
 1896 Venezuela adopts the gold standard. 
 
 1897 Boundary treaty Mdtli Great Britain ratified, 
 
 April 5. 
 Ignacio Andrade elected president, Sept. 
 
 1898 Hernandez' insurrection subdued. May 19. 
 
AUSTKIA. 147 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 
 [Anciently Noricum and part of Pannonia, inhabited by tlie 
 Taurisci (or Norici), a Celtic race, who were conquered by the 
 Romans 14 B.C. In the 5th and 6th centiirles it was overrun 
 by various Teutonic and Asiatic tribes, and finally became a 
 margraviate under Leopold I., whose dynasty ruled the coun- 
 try 263 years.] 
 
 1246 Frederick II. killed in battle, June 15, 
 
 1308 Albert I. assassinated by his nephew, May 1. 
 
 1315 Austrians defeated by Swiss at Morgarten, 
 
 Nov. 16. 
 
 1363 Tyrol acquired by Austria. 
 
 1437 Albert V. elected emp. of Germany. [Jan. 6. 
 
 1453 Frederick III. creates Archduchy of Austria, 
 
 1477 Low Countries accrue to Austria. 
 
 1496 Philip I. acquires Aragon and Castile. 
 
 1526 Bohemia and Hungary united to Austria. 
 
 1529 Austria har. by Turkish invasions until 1545. 
 
 1556 Charles V. reigns over Austria. [1583. 
 
 1634 Wallenstein assassinated, Feb. 25 ; b. Sept. 
 
 1683 John Sobieski raises siege of Vienna, Sept. 12. 
 
 1701 War of the Spanish Succession until 1714. 
 
 1732 Joseph Haydn b. Mar. 31 ; d. May 31, 1809. 
 
 1740 Charles VL, last sovereign of the male line 
 
 of House of Hapsburg, dies Oct. 20. 
 Maria Theresa empress of Austria. 
 
 1748 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 1756 Seven Years' War until 1763, 
 
148 IMPORTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 1792 War with France until 1797. 
 
 1797 Franz Schubert born ; dies 1828. 
 
 1804 Francis I., emperor of Austria, Aug. 11. 
 
 1809 Vienna captured by the French, May 13. 
 
 1815 Treaty of Vienna, Feb. 25. 
 
 1835 Ferdinand 1. emperor, March 2. 
 
 1848 Insurrection at Vienna, March 13. 
 
 Revolution in Hungary, Sept. 11. 
 
 Francis Joseph emperor, Dec. 2. 
 1854 Austrians enter Danubian principalities, Aug. 
 
 Alliance with England and France, Dec. 2. 
 
 1859 War with France and Sardinia, April. 
 Austrians defeated at Montebello, May 20 ; 
 
 at Magenta, June 4 ; at Melegnano, June 
 8 ; at Solferino, June 24 ; treaty of peace, 
 Nov. 10. 
 Prince Metternich dies June 11, aged 86. 
 
 1860 Jewish disabilities removed, Jan., Feb. 
 
 1861 New constitution for Austrian monarchy, 
 
 Feb. 26. 
 Civil and political rights granted to Protes- 
 tants, Apr. 8. [Nov. 18. 
 
 1862 Amnesty to political offenders in Hungary, 
 1864 Joins Prussia in war with Denmark, Jan. 
 
 1866 War with Prussia and Italy, June. 
 Battle of Koniggratz, or Sadowa, July 3. 
 Archduke Albrecht defeats Italians at Cus- 
 
 tozza, June 24. (See Prussia.) 
 
 1867 Autonomy for Hungary announced, Feb. 7. 
 Czechs protest against absorption, May-July. 
 
AUSTRIA. 149 
 
 1867 Emperor and empress crowned king and 
 
 queen of Hungary at Buda, June 8. 
 Von Beust, chancellor, dies Oct. 24, 1886. 
 
 1868 Civil marriage bill becomes law, May 25. 
 
 1870 Concordat with Rome suspended, July 30. 
 
 1871 New German empire recognized, Jan. 
 Count Andrassy, min. of Foreign Affairs, 
 
 Nov. 13. 
 1873 Reichsrath changed into national i-epresen- 
 
 tative assembly, March 10. 
 1875 New bed of Danube opened. May 80. 
 1878 Austrians enter Bosnia, July 29. 
 
 1882 600th anniv. of House of Hapsburg, Dec. 27. 
 
 1883 Slavonic agitation against Germans and 
 
 Magyars, Aug.-Sept. 
 1886 Army put on a w^ar-footing of 1,500,000 men. 
 
 1889 Crown Prince Rudolph dies Jan. 30. 
 
 1890 Count Andrassy dies Feb. 18. 
 
 1891 Triple alliance renewed, June 28. [6. 
 
 1894 Commercial treaty wdth Russia ratified, July 
 
 1895 Death of Archduke Albrecht, Feb. 18 ; born 
 
 1817. 
 
 Richard Metternich, diplomatist, d. Mar. 1. 
 
 Charter of Vienna suspended. May (granted 
 in 1278). 
 
 Remarkable application of telephone to com- 
 mercial purposes. 
 
 The Anti-Semitic agitation assumes vast pro- 
 portions. 
 
 Young Czechs carry the Bohemian Diet, Nov. 
 
150 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1895 Discovery of " X rays " announced by Prof. 
 
 Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen of Wiirzburg 
 University, Dec. 
 
 1896 Archduke Karl Ludwig, heir to the throne, 
 
 dies May 19. 
 
 " The Iron Gates " barring the egress of the 
 Danube removed, Sept. 27 (one of the 
 great engineering feats of the century). 
 
 Liberal l^arty win in Hungary, but are de- 
 feated in Lower Austria, Oct. 
 
 Millennial exposition in Buda-Pesth. 
 
 1897 Crushing defeat of the Liberals in the 
 
 Reichsrath. 
 University of Vienna confers degree of M. D. 
 
 upon a woman first time in its history. 
 Stormy scenes in the Chamber, Sept. 27. 
 Agreement between Austria and Hungary 
 
 (" Ausgleich ") prolonged for a year, Oct. 
 Riotous scenes continue in the Reichsrath. 
 Francis Joseph's semi-centennial Dec. 2. 
 
 1898 Empress of Austria assassinated by an an- 
 
 archist at Geneva, Sept. 10. 
 Outbreak of bubonic plague in Vienna, Oct. 
 [See Germany, Hungary, France, Italy, etc.] 
 
 BAVARIA. 
 
 895 Margrave Leopold the first duke. 
 1071 Guelf I., an illustrious warrior, duke. 
 1154 Henry the Lion, duke. 
 
BELGIUM. 151 
 
 1231 Otho the Illustrious, duke, assassinated. 
 
 1596 Maximilian the Great, first elector. 
 
 1726 Charles Albert, duke ; elected emperor, 1742. 
 
 1796 The French capture Munich. 
 
 1806 Maximilian-Joseph I., king, deserts Napoleon. 
 
 1848 JNlaximilian-Joseph II., king. 
 
 1866 Supports Austria against Prussia. 
 
 1869 International exhibition at Munich, July 20. 
 
 1870 Joins Prussia in the war with France. 
 Becomes part of German empire, Nov. 22. 
 
 1871 Dr. Dollinger oj^poses Papal infallibility. 
 
 1872 " Old Catholic " ch. opens at Munich, Sept. 
 1879 International exhibition at Munich, July 19. 
 1886 Prince Luitpold regent, June 10. 
 
 King Otho drowns himself, June 13. 
 [See Germany, Austria, etc.] 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 [Belgium, the original seat of the tribes of the Belgse, was 
 finally conquered by Julius Caesar about 54 B.C. It was in- 
 cluded in Gaul, and was known as Gallica Belgse. In the 5th 
 and 6th centuries it was under the rule of the Franks. It was 
 afterwards divided into a number of independent principali- 
 ties, and subsequently passed under the dominion of Austria, 
 Spain, France, and Holland. In 1830 a revolution broke out, 
 when the history of modern Belgium begins.] 
 
 1830 Revolution begins at Brussels, Aug. 25. 
 Provisional government declares ind., Oct. 4. 
 
 1831 Leopold of Saxe-Coburg accepts the crown, 
 
 July 12. 
 
152 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1831 War with Netherlands begins, Aug. 3. 
 1839 Treaty of Holland and Belgium at London, 
 April 19. 
 
 1864 Dissensions of Catholics and Protestants. 
 
 1865 Leopold I. dies Dec. 10 ; Leopold XL king. 
 1868 International Congress of Workingmen at 
 
 Brussels, Nov. 6-13. 
 
 1874 International Conference at Brussels on 
 
 rights of neutrals, July 27. 
 
 1875 Popular opposition to religious processions. 
 Conf. on hygiene at Brussels, Sept. 27. 
 
 1878 Gigantic weir for water-distribution inaugu- 
 
 rated, July 28. [cation. 
 
 1879 Roman Catholic hierarchy oppose mixed edu- 
 
 1880 Permanent International Exhibition opens 
 
 at Brussels, June 1. [June 28. 
 
 Diplomatic intercourse with Vatican susp., 
 
 1883 Parliamentary reform bill passed, Aug. 17. 
 Henri Conscience, national poet and novel- 
 ist, dies Sept. 9, aged 73. [Oct. 19. 
 
 1884 Communal elections, great liberal majority, 
 
 1885 Leopold proc. sov. of Congo Free State, May2. 
 
 1889 Great colliery strike at Charleroi, Dec. 21. 
 
 1890 Castle of Laeken burned ; valuable works of 
 
 art and historical documents lost, Jan. 1. 
 
 1891 Wide-spread strikes of colliers and metallur- 
 
 gists. [3, a. 69. 
 
 1892 Emile de Laveleye, eminent publicist, d. Jan. 
 
 1893 Universal suffrage adopted, April 21. 
 
 1895 Congo State annexed by government, Jan. 4. 
 
BOHEMIA. 153 
 
 1895 Anarchists sentenced to penal servitude for 
 life, Feb. 9. 
 Labor Bureau established by decree, Apr. 30. 
 Religious teaching made compulsory in 
 
 schools, Sept. 17. 
 Brussels declared a seaport, Oct. 19. [Jan. 
 1897 Importation of American cattle prohibited, 
 Cattle to be identified by disk in lobe of ear. 
 Strike of about 12,000 miners, June. 
 Americans exempted from military service 
 by treaty. 
 
 BOHEMIA. 
 
 [Bohemia Avas the seat of the Boii, a Celtic race, who were 
 driven from the country by the Marcomani, who were subse- 
 quently supplanted by the Slavonic i-ace.] 
 
 550 Czechs (Slavonians) conquer Bohemia. 
 
 795 City of Prague founded. 
 
 894 Christianity introduced. 
 
 1041 Bohemia conquered by Emperor Henry III. 
 
 1198 Ottocar I., first king of Bohemia. 
 
 1253 Ottocar 11. rules over Austria; killed at 
 
 battle of Marchfeld, Aug. 26, 1278. 
 
 1346 King John (blind) slain at Crecy. [heresy. 
 
 1415 John Huss, reformer, burned at Prague for 
 
 1416 Jerome of Prague burned for heresy. 
 1419 Ziska, leader of the Hussites, takes Prague. 
 1424 Ziska dies of the plague. 
 
 1437 Albert of Austria receives the crown. 
 
154 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1440 Ladislas of Poland king. 
 
 1458 George Podiebrad king. 
 
 1527 Ferdinand of Austria king. 
 
 1620 Battle of Prague, Nov. 9. 
 
 1648 Bohemia secured to Austria by treaty. 
 
 1744 Prague taken by the Prussians. 
 
 1757 Prussians defeat Austrians at Prague. 
 
 1775 The peasantry revolt. 
 
 1848 Insurrection at Prague, July 12. 
 
 1866 The Prussians enter Bohemia. 
 
 1867 Agitation of the Czechs. [Germans. 
 
 1890 Settlement of disputes between Czechs and 
 
 1891 The " Young Czechs " victorious in the 
 
 elections. 
 
 1892 Fire in the great silver mine at Birkenberg, 
 
 many deaths, May 31. 
 
 [See Austria, Germany, etc.] 
 
 BULGARIA. 
 
 [The Bulgarians were originallj' a people of Ungrian or Fin- 
 nish extraction, and appear for the first time in history about 
 120 B.C., when they settled on the banks of the Araxes. About 
 660 a portion of them crossed the Danube, and settled in Mcesia, 
 and subjugated the Slavonic population. After prolonged 
 struggles with the Byzantines, Hungarians, and Tatars, they 
 Avere finally subjugated by the Turks.] 
 
 1396 Annexed to the Ottoman empire. [13. 
 
 1878 Constituted an autonomous principality, July 
 
 1879 Alexander of Hesse elected prince, April 29. 
 
DENMARK. 155 
 
 1885 Reunited with Roumelia, Oct. 
 
 War with Servia; peace, 1886. [July 7. 
 
 1887 Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg elected prince, 
 
 1891 M. Beltcheff, minister of finance, assassi- 
 
 nated, March 27. 
 
 1892 First Bulgarian exhibition opened, Aug. 27. 
 
 1893 First Bulgarian steamship company inaugu- 
 
 rated, Aug. 29. 
 1895 Rupture with Turkey. 
 
 [See Turkey, Servia. Roumelia, etc.] 
 
 DENMARK. 
 B.C. 
 
 60 Skiold, alleged first king. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 935 Gorm the Old, first authentic king. 
 
 1016 Canute the Great conquers Norway. 
 
 1168 Valdemar I. subjugates the AVends. 
 
 1202 Valdemar II. king ; loses the family conquests. 
 
 1375 Margaret the Great regent and queen until 
 
 1412. 
 
 1397 Denmark, Sweden, and Norway united. 
 
 1440 Copenhagen made the capital. 
 
 1448 Accession of Christian I. 
 
 1527 Lutheranism introduced. 
 
 1545 Tycho Brahe, b. Dec. 9 ; d. Oct. 13, 1601. 
 
 1629 Christian IV. head of the Protestant league. 
 
 1665 Crown made hereditary and absolute. 
 
 1716 Ferdinand IV. drives Swedes from Norway. 
 
156 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1728 Copenhagen nearly destroyed by fire. 
 
 1767 Abolition of serfage begun ; completed 20 
 
 years later. 
 1801 Copenhagen bombarded by Nelson, April 2. 
 1844 Albert Bertel Thorwaldsen, sculptor, dies 
 
 Mar. 24; born Nov. 15, 1770. 
 
 1848 Insurrection in Schleswig-ITolstein, Mar. 23. 
 Danes defeated by the Prussians near Danna- 
 
 werke, April 23. [10. 
 
 1849 Victory over Holsteiners and Germans, Apr. 
 
 1850 Separate peace with Prussia, July 2. [18. 
 1852 Integrity guaranteed by Great Powers, Feb. 
 1855 New constitution adopted, Oct. 1. 
 
 1861 Decimal coinage adopted. 
 
 1862 Agitation for union with Sweden, June. 
 
 1863 Princess Alexandra marries Prince of Wales, 
 
 March 10. [Greece, June 6. 
 
 Prince AVilliam George accepts crown of 
 Accession of Christian IX., Nov. 15. 
 War with Prussia and Austria. 
 
 1864 German troops enter Holstein, Jan. 21. [9. 
 Danes gain naval battle off Heligoland, May 
 Duchies resigned to the Germans, Oct. 30. 
 
 1866 Princess Dagmar marries Alexander of Rus- 
 
 sia, Nov. 9. 
 
 1867 Proposals to sell W. I. to U. S., Oct. 25. 
 1892 Celebration of King Christian's golden wed- 
 ding, May 26. 
 
 [No important event in recent years.] 
 
FRANCE. 157 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 418 Franks settle in Gaul. 
 
 496 Clovis embraces Christianity. 
 
 511 Salique law proclaimed. 
 
 714 Charles Martel rules. 
 
 732 Martel defeats the Saracens, Oct. 10. 
 
 752 Pepin the Short reigns. 
 
 800 Charlemagne crowned emperor of the West. 
 
 911 Invasion and settlement of Normans. 
 
 987 Hugh Capet reigns. 
 
 996 Paris made capital of all Franee. 
 
 1146 Louis VII. joins the Crusades. 
 
 1163 Albigenses persecuted. 
 
 1224 Louis VIII. frees his serfs. 
 
 1249 Louis IX, goes to the Holy Land. 
 
 1307 Knights Templars suppressed. 
 
 1314 Union of France and iSTavarre. 
 
 1323 The House of Valois reigns. 
 
 1346 English invasion ; battle of Crecy, Aug. 26. 
 
 1356 Battle of Poictiers, Sept. 19. 
 
 1407 France under Papal interdict. 
 
 1415 Battle of Agincourt, Oct. 25. 
 
 1429 Siege of Orleans raised, May 8. 
 
 1431 Joan of Arc burned at Rouen, May 30. 
 
 1475 Edward IV. of England invades France. 
 
 1509 John Calvin b. July 10 ; d. May 27, 1564. 
 
 1520 " Field of the Cloth of Gold ; " tournament 
 
 of Francis I. and Henry VIII. of Eng. 
 
 1530 Persecution of Protestants begins. 
 
158 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1531 Royal printing-press established. 
 
 1532 Brittany annexed to France. 
 
 1572 Massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24. 
 
 1576 " Holy Catholic League " established. 
 
 1589 Henry III. assassinated, Aug. 1. 
 
 1590 Battle of Ivry, March 14. 
 
 1593 Henry IV. becomes a Roman Catholic. 
 
 1596 Descartes born Mar. 31 ; dies Feb. 11, 1650. 
 
 1598 Edict of Nantes promulgated, April 13. 
 
 1606 Pierre Corneille born June 6; d. Oct., 1684. 
 
 1610 Henry IV. murdered by Ravaillac, May 14. 
 
 1613 La Rochefoucauld born ; dies 1680. 
 
 1620 Navarre annexed to France. 
 
 1623 Blaise Pascal b. June 19 ; d. Aug. 19, 1662. 
 
 1624 Administration of Richelieu. 
 1628 Siege of Rochelle. 
 
 1634 Academie de France org. by Richelieu. 
 
 1636 Boileau-Despreaux born Nov. 1 ; dies INIar. 
 
 13, 1711. 
 
 1639 Racine born Dec. 21 ; dies April 26, 1699. 
 
 1642 Death of Cardinal Richelieu, Dec. 4, a. 58. 
 
 1643 Accession of Louis XIV., aged 4, May 14. 
 1648 Civil wars of the Fronde. 
 
 1672 War with Holland. 
 
 1685 Edict of Nantes revoked, Oct. 22. 
 
 1689 AVar with William III. of England. 
 
 1694 Voltaire born Feb. 20; dies May 30, 1778. 
 
 1697 Peace of Ryswick, Sept. 20. 
 
 1701 War of the Spanish Succession. 
 
 1704 Battle of Blenheim, defeat of French, Aug. 2. 
 
FRANCE. 159 
 
 1706 French defeated at Ramillies, ]\Iay 23. 
 
 1707 Buffon b. Sept. 7 ; d. April 16, 1788. 
 
 1712 Rousseau born June 28 ; dies July 2, 1778. 
 
 1713 Peace of Utrecht, April 11. 
 Dissensions of Jesuits and Jansenists, Sept. 
 
 1715 Accession of Louis XV., Sept. 1. [schemes. 
 
 1716 Disastrous results of George Law's financial 
 1743 French defeated at Dettingen, June IG. 
 1748 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 18. 
 
 1762 Jesuits banished from France. 
 1768 Chateaubriand b. Sept. 14 ; d. July 4, 1848. 
 1778 France assists America in its struggle. 
 1780 Beranger born Aug. 19; dies July 16, 1857. 
 
 Torture abolished in French Judicature. 
 1783 Peace of Versailles with England, Sept. 3. 
 
 Montgolfier bros. ascend in a balloon, June 5. 
 1785 Diamond Necklace affair. 
 
 1789 Destruction of Bastille, Rev. begins, July 14. 
 
 1790 France declared a limited monarchy, July 14. 
 
 1791 Death of Mirabeau, April 2. 
 
 1792 First coalition against France, June. 
 Massacre in Paris, 100 priests slain, Sept. 2-5. 
 Republic proclaimed, Sept. 22. 
 
 1793 Louis XVL beheaded, Jan. 21. [Feb. 1. 
 War with England and Holland declared. 
 War in La Vendee, March. 
 
 Charlotte Corday stabs INIarat, July 13. 
 Marie Antoinette beheaded, Oct. 16. 
 Worship of Goddess of Reason, Nov. 10. 
 
 1794 Dan ton ex. April 5 ; Robespierre, June 4. 
 
:160 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1795 Louis XVII. dies in prison, June 8. 
 French Directory chosen, Nov. 1. 
 
 1796 Napoleon Bonaparte's campaigns in Italy. 
 Isidore Comte b, Jan. 19 ; d. Sept. 5, 1857. 
 
 1799 European coalition against France. 
 Napoleon declared First Consul, Nov. 10. 
 
 1800 Napoleon defeats the Austrians at Marengo, 
 
 June 14. 
 Bank of France founded. 
 1802 Peace of Amiens, March 25-27. 
 
 Legion of Honor instituted, May 19, 
 Napoleon made Consul for life, Aug. 2. 
 
 1804 Due d'Enghien executed, March 21. 
 Napoleon proclaimed emperor. May 18. 
 
 1805 Napoleon crowned king of Italy, INIay 26. 
 Battle of Austerlitz, French victory, Dec. 2. 
 
 1806 French defeat Prussians at Jena, Oct. 14. 
 
 1807 French defeat Russians at Eylau, Feb. 8. 
 
 1808 War in the Spanish Peninsula. 
 
 1809 Napoleon diA^orced from Josephine, Dec. 16. 
 
 1810 Napoleon marries Maria Louise of Austria, 
 
 April 1. 
 
 1811 King of Rome, Napoleon II., born March 20. 
 
 1812 War with Russia ; battle of Borodino, Sept. 7. 
 Disastrous retreat of French army from 
 
 Russia, Oct. 
 
 1813 War with Russia, Austria, and Prussia, ]\Iar. 
 
 1814 Paris surrenders to the Allies, March 31. 
 Abdication of Napoleon, April 5. 
 Bourbon dynasty restored. May 3. 
 
FRANCE. 161 
 
 1814 Napoleon arrives at Elba, May 4. [Mar. 1. 
 
 1815 Napoleon leaves Elba, and arrives at Cannes, 
 Napoleon abolishes the slave-trade, iSIar. 29. 
 French defeated at Waterloo, June 18. 
 Abdication of Napoleon, June 22. 
 Napoleon arrives at St. Helena, Oct. 15. 
 Marshal Ney shot, Dec. 7. 
 
 1821 Death of Napoleon at St. Helena, May 5. 
 1824 Louis XVIII. dies ; Charles X. king, Sept. 16. 
 
 1830 Algiers taken by the French, July 5. 
 Revolution, July 27. 
 
 Abdication of Charles X., Aug. 2. [7. 
 
 Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, king, Aug. 
 
 1831 Abolition of hereditai'y peerage in France, 
 
 Dec. 27. [Strasburg, Oct. 29. 
 
 1836 Louis Napoleon attempts insurrection at 
 1838 Talleyrand dies May 20 ; born 1754. 
 
 Daguerreotype process discovered. 
 1840 Body of Napoleon deposited in Hotel des 
 
 Invalides, Dec. 15. 
 1844 War with Morocco, ]\Iay. 
 1846 Louis Napoleon escapes from fortress of 
 
 Ham, ]\Iay 25. 
 1848 Abdication of Louis Philippe, Feb. 24. 
 Republic proclaimed, Feb. 26. 
 Rise of the Red Republicans, June. 
 Louis Napoleon elected president, Dec. 11. 
 1851 Electric telegraph between France and Eng- 
 land, Nov. 13. 
 Couj) d'etat of Louis Napoleon, Dec. 2, 
 
162 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1852 Louis Xapoleon declared emperor, Dec. 2. 
 
 1853 Marriage of Louis Xapoleon and Eugenie, 
 
 Jan. 29. [1786. 
 
 Francis Arago, astronomer, dies Oct. 2 ; born 
 
 1854 War declared against Russia, March 27. 
 
 1855 Industrial exhib. at Paris opened, May 15. 
 Attempted assassination of emperor, Sept. 8. 
 
 1856 Birth of the Prince Imperial, March 16. 
 Peace with Kussia signed, March 30. 
 
 1858 Mile. Rachel, tragedienne, dies Jan. 4, a. 38. 
 Orsini conspiracy, Jan. 14, 
 
 1859 War with Austria, May 12 ; battle of IMonte- 
 
 bello, ]\Iay 20 ; Palestro, May 30, 31 ; Ma- 
 genta, June 4 ; Melegnano, June 8 ; Solfe- 
 rino, June 24; peace, July 12. 
 
 1860 Commercial treaty with Eng. signed, Jan. 23. 
 1862 Great distress caused by civil war in Amer- 
 ica, Dec. 
 
 1864 Marshal Pelissier dies May 22 ; born 1794. 
 
 1865 Proudhon dies, Jan. 19 ; born 1809. 
 1867 International Exhibition opened, April 1. 
 
 Imprisonment for debt abolished, July 18. 
 
 1869 Lamartine dies, Feb. 28 ; born Oct., 1792. 
 French Atlantic tel. cable laid, July 23. 
 Pere Hyacinthe protests against Paj)al infal- 
 libility, Sept. 20. 
 
 1870 France declares war against Prussia, July 17. 
 Battles of Woerth and Forbach, Aug. 6. 
 Battle of Mars-la-Tour, Aug. 16. 
 
 Battle of Gravelotte, Aug. 18. 
 
FRANCE. 163 
 
 1870 Battle of Sedan, Sept. 1. 
 Republic proclaimed, Sept. 4. 
 
 Siege of Paris begins, Sept. 15. [Oct. 7. 
 
 Gambetta escapes from Paris in a balloon, 
 Surrender of Metz, Oct. 27. 
 Alexandre Dumas dies Dec. 10, aged 67. 
 
 1871 King William proclaimed Emperor of Ger- 
 
 many at Versailles, Jan. 18, 
 Capitulation of Paris, Jan. 28. 
 Germans enter Paris, March 1. [28. 
 
 Communist revolution at Paris, Mar. 18-May 
 Vendome Column pulled down. May 16. 
 Peace between France and Germany ratified. 
 
 May 18. [31. 
 
 ]\I. Thiers appointed pres. of Republic, Aug. 
 Mont Cenis Tunnel opened, Sept. 17. 
 
 1873 Napoleon III. dies at Chiselhurst, Jan. 9. 
 JMarshal MacMahon president. May 26. 
 Last instalment of Prussian indemnity paid, 
 
 Sept. 5. 
 Bazaine sentenced to death ; commuted to 20 
 years' imprisonment, Dec. 12. 
 
 1874 Vendome Column restored, Aug, 31. 
 
 M. Guizot dies Sept. 12; born Oct. 4, 1787. 
 iM. Ledru-Rollin dies Dec. 31 ; born 1808. 
 1877 ]\I. Thiers dies Sept, 3, aged 80, 
 
 1879 F, P, Jules Grevy elected president, Jan, 30, 
 Prince Louis Napoleon killed in Zululand, 
 
 June 1. 
 
 1880 Tahiti controlled by France, June 29. 
 
164 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1882 Louis Blanc dies Dec. 6 ; born 1813. 
 
 M. Leon Gambetta dies Dec. 31, aged 44. 
 
 1883 Statue of Lafayette unveiled at Lepuy, 
 
 Sept. 6. [unveiled at Par., July 4. 
 
 1884 Bartholdi's statue of Liberty (pres. to U. S.), 
 
 1885 Victor Hugo dies May 22, aged 83. 
 
 1887 M. Sadi-Carnot elected president, Dec. 3. 
 General Boulanger arrested, Oct. 14. 
 
 1888 Louis Pasteur introduces cure for hydropho- 
 
 bia, July 7. 
 
 1889 M. Chevreul, chemist, dies April 9, a. 102. 
 Universal exhibition opened, May 6. 
 Rochefort and Boulanger sentenced to de- 
 portation, Aug. 14. 
 
 1890 War with Dahomey, Feb.-May. 
 
 1892 Ernest Renan, scholar, d. Oct. 2, aged 69. 
 Panama Canal scandals, Nov. 25 et seq. 
 
 1893 H. A. Taine, author, dies, March 5, a. 64. 
 Henri Guy de Maupassant, novelist, dies 
 
 July 6 ; born 1850. 
 Marshal MacMahon dies Oct. 17, aged 85. 
 M. Gounod, musical composer, dies Oct. 18 ; 
 
 born 1818. 
 
 1894 Pres. Carnot assassinated at Lyons, June 24. 
 
 M. Casimir-Perier elected president, June 27. 
 
 Comte de Paris dies Sept. 8. [1805. 
 
 Ferdinand de Lesseps d. Dec. 7 ; b. Nov. 19, 
 
 Capt. A. Dreyfus sentenced to perpetual im- 
 prisonment for betraying military plans, 
 Dec. 23. 
 
GERMANY. 165 
 
 1895 Pres. Casimir-Perier resigns, Jan. 15. 
 
 M. Felix Faure elected pres., Jan. 17 ; d. 1899. 
 Marshal Canrobert dies Jan. 28, aged 86. 
 Important reform in criminal law, May. 
 War against the Hovas in Madagascar, Sept. 
 Prof. Louis Pasteur dies Sept. 28, aged 73. 
 
 1897 Great fire at Charity Bazar in Paris, IMay 4. 
 Duel between Prince Henri d'Orleans and 
 
 Prince Victor Emmanuel of Savoy ; Prince 
 
 Henri wounded, Aug. 15. 
 Deputies fix ten hours as a day's work for 
 
 railway employees, Dec. 17. 
 Panama Canal scandal trials begin, Dec. 18. 
 Alphonse Daudet dies Dec. 16, aged 57. 
 Bill for annexation of Tahiti passed, Dec. 23. 
 
 1898 Trial of M. Zola begins, Feb. 7 ; found guilty, 
 
 and sentenced to imprisonment, Feb. 23. 
 Revision granted in Dreyfus case, Xov. 15. 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 9 Hermann, or Arminius, defeats Yarns; as- 
 sassinated, 19. 
 
 450 Great irruption of Germanic tribes into Gaul. 
 
 772 Charlemagne subdues and Christianizes 
 Saxons. 
 
 800 Charlemagne emperor of West, Dec. 25. 
 
 839 Louis (le Debonnaire) sep. Ger. from Fr. 
 
 911 German princes assert independence. 
 
 918 Henry I. (the Fowler) defeats Huns, etc. 
 
IGG IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 962 Otho I. crowned emperor. 
 
 978 Otho II. conquers Lorraine. 
 
 1042 Henry III. conquers Bohemia. 
 
 1077 Henry IV. humiliated at Canossa. 
 
 1140 Guelph and Ghibelline feuds begin. 
 
 1154 Frederic Barbarossa emperor ; drowned in 
 
 Syria, June 10, 1190. 
 Teutonic order of Icnighthood established. 
 
 1245 Ilanseatic League established. 
 
 1273 Rudolph of Ilapsburg emperor. [monk.(?) 
 
 1320 Invention of gunpowder, by Schwarz, a Ger. 
 
 1356 Charles IV. issues edict called '^ Golden Bull." 
 
 1414 Sigismund of Bohemia emperor. 
 
 1437 Albert of Austria emperor. 
 
 1439 Pragmatic Sanction settles empire. 
 
 1442 John Faust establishes a printing-office at 
 
 Mentz. (?) [type existing. 
 
 1454 Eai-liest specimen of pi-inting from movable 
 
 1455 John Gutenberg invents cut metal type. 
 1457 First book with a printed date, by Schoffer. 
 1462 First Latin Bible by Faust and Schoffer. 
 1471 Albert Diirer born May 20 ; d. April, 1528. 
 1483 Martin Luther b. Nov. 10; d. Feb. 18, 1546. 
 1497 Hans Holbein (the Younger) born ; dies 1543. 
 1502 Peasants' wars; also in 1514, 1524. 
 
 1517 Lutheran Reformation. 
 
 1519 Charles V. emperor. 
 
 1521 Luther excom. by Diet of Worms, April 17. 
 
 1522 German Bible published by Luther. 
 
 1530 Confession of Augsburg published, Jan. 25. 
 
GERMANY. 167 
 
 1531 Protestant League of Smalcalde, Dec. 31. 
 
 1535 Anabaptist war; Jolm Ley den slain, 1536, 
 
 1555 Charles V. abdicates, Oct. 25. 
 
 1570 Hungary joined to empire. 
 
 1618 Thirty Years' War begins ; ends 1648. 
 
 1630 Ger. invaded by Gustavus Adolphus, June. 
 
 1646 Baron Leibnitz b. July 6 ; d. Nov. 14, 171G. 
 
 1674 War with France. 
 
 1697 Peace of Ryswick, Sept. 20. 
 
 1702 Battle of Blenheim, Aug. 13, 1704. 
 
 1713 Peace of Utrecht, April 17. 
 
 1722 Pragmatic Sanction, settling the succession 
 
 of the Empire in the House of Austria. 
 1724 Immanuel Kant b. Apr. 26 ; d. Feb. 12, 1804. 
 1745 Francis I. emperor. 
 
 1749 Goethe born Aug. 28 ; dies March 22, 1832. 
 1756 Seven Years' War between Austria and 
 
 Prussia begins. [1791. 
 
 Wolfgang A. INIozart b. Jan. 27 ; d. Dec. 5, 
 
 1759 Johann von Schiller born Nov. 10 ; dies May 
 
 9, 1805. 
 
 1765 Joseph II. emperor. 
 
 1766 Lorraine ceded to France. 
 1788 War with Turkey. 
 
 1793 AVars with France until 1803. 
 
 1806 German empire dissolved, July 12. [1817. 
 
 1809 Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy b. ; d. Nov. 4, 
 
 1810 North Germany annexed to France. 
 Robert Schumann born ; dies 1856. 
 
 1813 Battle of Leipsic, Oct. 10-19. 
 
168 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1813 Richard Wagner born ; dies 1883. 
 
 1814 Congress of Vienna, Nov. 1 ; 2d, May 25, 1815. 
 
 1815 Germanic Confederation formed, June 8. 
 1818 Zollverein formed. 
 
 1830 Revolution at Brunswick, Sept. 7. 
 
 1848 Insurrections throughout Germany. 
 
 1849 Treaty of Vienna, agreement of Austria and 
 
 Prussia, Sept. 30. 
 
 1850 Treaty of Munich for revision of German 
 
 Confederation, Feb. 27. 
 1863 War with Denmark. (See Deyimark.) 
 1866 War between German States. [June 25. 
 
 1868 Inauguration of Luther Monument at Worms, 
 
 1870 War with France. (See France.^ 
 
 1871 German empire restored ; William of Prus. 
 
 proclaimed emp. at Versailles, Jan. 18. 
 First Reichstag, or imperial council, Mar. 21. 
 Prince Bismarck chancellor, ]\Iay 12. 
 
 1872 Jesuits expelled from empire. 
 1875 Civil-marriage bill passed, Jan. 25. 
 
 1877 Attempted assassination of emp. by Hodel, 
 
 INIay 11. [June 2. 
 
 1878 Emperor wounded by Nobiling, a socialist, 
 Decree for expulsion of Socialists issued, Xov. 
 
 1879 Emperor's golden wedding kept, June 11. 
 
 1882 German colonization society formed, Dec. 6. 
 
 1883 Germania, colossal statue, uncovered by em- 
 
 peror, Sept. 28. [June 8. 
 
 1884 Foundation of new Parliament House laid, 
 1886 Leopold von Ranke, hist., d. May 23, a. 90. 
 
GERMANY. 16\) 
 
 1887 Treaty of alliance with Aus. and It., Mar. 13. 
 
 1888 Emperor William I. dies March 9, aged 91. 
 Frederick III. emperor, March ; d. June 15. 
 William II. emperor. 
 
 1889 Great strike of coal miners in Westphalia, 
 
 May. [men passed. May 21. 
 
 Bill to provide assistance for aged working- 
 
 1890 Resignation of Bismarck, chancellor, Mar. 18. 
 Heligoland trans, to Ger. by Eng,, Aug. 9. 
 International Socialist Congress at Halle, 
 
 Oct. 12-18. 
 
 1891 Field-Marshal Von Moltke d. Apr. 24, a. 90. 
 Triple alliance renewed, June 28. [2. 
 Strike of printers throughout Germany, Xov. 
 
 1892 Rioting at Berlin and other cities through 
 
 distress, Feb. 2d et seq. 
 Cholera rages at Hamburg, Aug.-Oct. 
 
 1893 Seven weeks' drought closed, July 11. 
 Anti-Jesuit law of 1872 repealed, Dec. 1. 
 
 1894 Von Sybel's " The Founding of the German 
 
 Empire " completed ; first vol. pub. 1889. 
 Commercial treaty with Russia for 10 years. 
 Hermann von Helmholtz dies Sept. 8, a. 73. 
 New parliament-house opened at Ber., Dec. 5. 
 
 1895 The Reichstag favors bi-metalism, Feb. 16. 
 Gustav Freytag, author, d. Apr. 30; b. 1816. 
 North Sea and Baltic canal opened, June 20. 
 Rudolf von Gneist, statesman, dies July 21 ; 
 
 born 1816. [1816. 
 
 Tauchnitz, eminent publisher, d. Aug. 13 ; b. 
 
170 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1895 Congress of Social Democrats at Breslaii, 
 
 Oct. 6. 
 Restrictions imposed on American insurance 
 companies. [Nov. 
 
 1896 Convention of Christian Socialists at Erfurt, 
 Codification of the civil code for the empire 
 
 completed. [22. 
 
 1897 Statue of William I. unveiled at Berlin, INIar. 
 
 1898 Defeat of the Agrarian League party (pro- 
 
 tectionist), June. [1813. 
 
 Otto Bismarck-Schoenhausen d. July 30 ; b. 
 
 The emperor visits Constantinople and Jeru- 
 salem, Oct. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 55 Caesar invades Britain. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 43 Expedition of Claudius to Britain. 
 
 47 London founded by A. Plautius. 
 
 51 Caractacus carried captive to Rome, 
 
 61 Insurrections of the Britons under Boadicea. 
 
 78 Agricola commands in Britain. 
 
 95 Danes and Normans invade Ireland. 
 
 120 Hadrian visits Britain. 
 
 208 Invasion of Caledonia by Severus. 
 
 284 Revolt of Carausius in Britain. 
 
 289 Victory of Carausius over Maximian. 
 
 296 Britain recovered by Constant! us. [Scots. 
 
 367 Theodosius aids Britons against Picts and 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 171 
 
 396 War of Britons with Picts and Scots. 
 
 418 Final withdrawal of the Romans. 
 
 448 Arrival of St. Patrick in Ireland. (?) 
 
 449 Landing of the Angles in Britain. 
 457 Kingdom of Kent founded by Hengist. 
 477 Landing of South Saxons in Britain. 
 495 Cerdic and West Saxons land in Britain. 
 593 Kingdom of Northumbria founded. 
 
 597 Arrival of St. Augustine in England. 
 
 604 See of London founded. 
 
 664 Csedmon the great English poet flourishes. 
 
 735 Death of the Venerable Bede. 
 
 795 Danes and Normans invade Ireland. 
 
 800 Dublin and other cities built by Danes. 
 
 827 Egbert " overlord " of all England. 
 
 843 The Picts subdued by Kenneth M'Alpin. 
 
 849 Alfred the Great born ; d. Oct. 21, 901. 
 
 878 Alfred defeats the Danes ; peace of Wedmore. 
 
 959 Dunstan archbishop of Canterbury ; d. 988. 
 
 975 Edward the Martyr, king of England. 
 
 1004 Feudal system established in Scotland. 
 
 1013 Sweyn, king of Denmark, conquers England. 
 
 1014 Brian Boroimhe defeats Danes in Ireland. 
 
 1016 Edmund II. (" Ironside ") king of England. 
 
 1017 Canute the Dane king of England. 
 
 1039 Macbeth murders Duncan king of Scotland. 
 
 1040 The Danes driven out of Scotland. 
 1042 Edward the Confessor king of England. 
 1054 Macbeth, king of Scotland, defeated at Dun- 
 sin ane: killed, 1056. 
 
172 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1066 Harold II. last of the Saxon kings. 
 
 Battle of Hastings, defeat of Harold, Oct. 14. 
 
 William the Norman king of England. 
 
 1070 Lanfranc archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 1080 Anglo-Saxon language introd. into Scotland. 
 
 1087 William II. (Rufus) king of England. 
 
 1100 Henry I. king of England. 
 
 1107 Alexander I. king of Scotland, 
 
 ni7 War with France and Anjou. 
 
 1124 David I. king of Scotland. 
 
 1129 Earthquake in England. 
 
 1135 Stephen of Blois king of England. 
 
 1138 David, king of Scotland, invades England. 
 
 1153 Malcolm IV. king of Scotland. 
 
 1154 Henry II. (Plantagenet) king of England. 
 
 1155 Pope Adrian IV. authorizes invasion of Ire. 
 1165 William I. (" the Lion ") king of Scotland. 
 1167 War between England and France. 
 
 1170 Assassination of Thomas a Becket. 
 
 1171 Henry II. invades Ireland. 
 
 1174 Henry II. does penance at a Becket's tomb. 
 
 1175 The bull of Adrian IV. promulgated in Ire. 
 1177 Ireland partitioned by English invaders. 
 
 1189 Richard I. king of England. Massacre of 
 
 Jews. 
 
 1190 King Richard sets out for the Crusade. 
 1204 France conquers Normandy from the Eng. 
 1208 Eng. placed under interdict by Innocent III. 
 1210 English laws introduced into Ireland. 
 1214 Rooer Bacon born ; dies 1294. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 173 
 
 1215 Magna Charta signed by King John. 
 
 1216 Henry III. king of England. 
 
 1218 Trial by ordeal abolished in England. 
 
 1228 Stephen Langton, archb. of Canterbury, dies. 
 
 1249 Alexander III. king of Scotland. 
 
 University of Oxford founded. 
 
 1252 English laws introduced into Wales. 
 
 1272 Edward I. king of England. 
 
 1286 Margaret of Norway queen of Scotland. 
 
 1290 Expulsion of Jews from England by Edw. I. 
 
 1292 Baliol and Bruce contend for throne of Scot. 
 
 John Baliol king of Scotland. 
 
 1295 Final organization of English parliament. 
 
 1296 Conquest of Scotland by Edward II. 
 
 1297 The Great Charter confirmed by Edward I. 
 1301 Title of Prince of Wales first conferred on 
 
 king's son (afterwards Edward II.) 
 
 1304 Scotland submits to England. 
 
 1305 Wm. Wallace executed by the Eng., Aug. 23. 
 
 1306 Robert Bruce crowned king of Scotland. 
 
 1307 Edward 11. king of England. 
 1314 Battle of Bannockburn, June 24. 
 
 1323 Thirteen years' truce between Eng. and Scot. 
 
 1324 John Wycliffe born; dies Dec. 31, 1384. 
 1327 Edward II. deposed and murdered. 
 
 Edward III. king of England. 
 1329 David II. (Bruce) king of Scotland. 
 
 1332 Edward III. invades Scotland. 
 
 1333 Battle of Halidon Hill ; defeat of Scots. 
 1339 Edward ILL invades France. 
 
174 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1344 First English gold coinage (the florin). 
 
 1350 Order of the Garter instituted. 
 
 1362 Use of English in law pleadings. 
 
 1370 Robert II. (first Stuart) king of Scotland. 
 
 1376 Death of the Black Prince. 
 
 1377 Richard 11. king of England. 
 
 1378 Appearance of Halley's comet. 
 
 1380 Wycliffe's English Xew Testament com- 
 
 pleted; Bible completed, 1384. 
 
 1381 Revolt of the peasantry under Wat Tyler. 
 1388 Battle of Chevy Chase between Percy and 
 
 Douglas. 
 Battle of Otterburn, Douglas killed, Aug. 19. 
 1390 Statute for uniformity of weights and meas- 
 ures in England. 
 
 1399 Richard II. deposed ; assassinated. 
 Henry IV. king of England. 
 
 1400 Death of Chaucer, Oct. 25 ; born 1340 (?). 
 
 1402 Scots defeated at Homildon by Hotspur. 
 
 1403 Battle of Shrewsbury, Hotspur killed, July 23. 
 
 1406 James I. of Scot, captured by Eng., Mar. 30. 
 
 1407 John Risby, Lollard preacher, burned in 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 1413 Henry Y. king of England. 
 
 1414 Lollards persecuted in England. 
 1418 Sir John Oldcastle hung in chains. 
 1422 Henry VI. king of England and France. 
 1424 James I. king of Scotland ; murdered, 1437. 
 1436 War bet. Eng. and Scot. ; 9 years' truce, 1438. 
 1440 Eton College founded. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 1(0 
 
 1443 King's College, Cambridge, founded, 
 
 1450 Insurrection of Jack Cade. 
 
 1451 St. Andrew's University, Glasgow, founded. 
 1455 Wars of the Roses begin. 
 
 1460 James ITT. king of Scotland, 
 
 1461 Edward TV. king of England. 
 1465 Irish adopt surnames. 
 
 1470 Henry YI. restored by Warwick. 
 
 1471 Return of Edward IV. ; battles of Barnet 
 
 and Tewkesbury, deaths of Warw^ick and 
 Henry VI, 
 Cardinal Wolsey born ; dies Nov. 29, 1530. 
 1473 Chevalier Bayard born; dies 1524. 
 
 1475 Edward IV. invades France. 
 
 1476 Caxton sets up printing-press at Westminster. 
 1480 War between England and Scotland. 
 1483 Edward V. king of England ; murdered. 
 
 Richard III. king of England, 
 1485 Battle of Bos worth ; king Richard killed, 
 
 Henry VII. (house of Tudor) king of Eng. 
 1488 James IV. king of Scotland. 
 1492 Henry VIT. invades France. 
 
 1494 University of Aberdeen founded. 
 
 1495 " Perkin Warbeck," impostor, invades Eng- 
 
 land ; executed, 1499. 
 1505 John Knox born ; dies Nov. 24, 1572. 
 1509 Henry VIII. king of England. 
 
 1512 War between England and France. 
 
 1513 Battle of Flodden Field, Sept. 9 ; James IV. 
 
 of Scotland killed. 
 
176 IMPORTANT EVEXTS. 
 
 1515 Roger Ascham born ; dies 1568. 
 1526 Tyndale's New Testament published. 
 1528 James V. of Scot, banishes the Douglases. 
 1531 Gypsies expelled from England. 
 
 1534 Great rebellion of the Fitzgeralds in Ireland. 
 Papal power in Eng. abrogated by Parlia't. 
 
 1535 Coverdale's English Bible published. 
 
 1536 Incorporation of Wales with England. 
 Dissolution of monasteries begins. 
 
 1538 Use of English Bible in churches enjoined; 
 the Great Bible published. 
 
 1540 Order of Knights of St. John suppressed. 
 
 1542 Mary Queen of Scots born, Dec. 7 ; be- 
 headed, Feb. 8, 1587. 
 
 1544 Edinburgh and Leith burnt by the English. 
 First cannon cast in England. [drew's. 
 
 1546 Cardinal Beatoun assassinated at St. An- 
 Christ's Church, Oxford, and Trinity College, 
 
 Cambridge, founded. 
 
 1547 Edward VI. king of England. 
 
 1549 Act of Uniformity passed in England. 
 
 1550 Rise of Protestantism in England. 
 
 1552 Edmund Spenser born; dies 1599. 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh b. ; exec, Oct. 29, 1618. 
 
 1553 Mary queen of England. 
 
 Lady Jane Grey executed, Feb. 12, 1554. 
 
 1554 Sir Philip Sidney b. Nov. 29 ; d. Oct. 7, 1586. 
 1556 Ridley and Latimer burnt at Oxford. 
 
 1558 Elizabeth queen of England. 
 
 1559 English Book of Common Prayer first used. 
 
GREAT BRITAIX AND IRELAND. 177 
 
 1560 The Reformatiou estab. by Scots Parlia't. 
 
 1561 Francis Bacon b. Jan. 22 ; dies Apr. 19, 1626. 
 Rebellion of Shane O'Neal, Earl of Tyrone, 
 
 in Ireland. 
 Tobacco introduced into Great Britain. 
 
 1562 African slave-trade begun by Hawkins. 
 
 1563 Thirty-nine Articles of Eng. Church settled. 
 
 1564 Shakespeare b. April 23 ; d. April 23, 1616. 
 
 1566 Rizzio murdered in Scotland, March 9. 
 
 1567 Murder of Darnley in Edinburgh, Feb. 10. 
 
 1568 Flight of Queen Mary to England. 
 
 1569 Revolt of Catholic earls in England, Xov. 
 
 1570 Assassination of Regent Murray of Scotland. 
 
 1571 Universities of Oxford and Cambridge incor. 
 
 1572 Inigo Jones, architect, born; dies 1652, 
 First English translation of "Euclid" pub. 
 
 1574 Ben Jonson, dramatist, born; dies 1637. 
 1576 John Fletcher, dramatist, born; dies 1625. 
 1578 William Harvey, physician, born April ; dies 
 June, 1657. 
 
 1580 Archbishop Ussher b. Jan. 4; d. Mar. 1656. 
 Rise of the Brownists in England. 
 
 1581 Morton, regent of Scot., executed, June 3. 
 
 1582 University of Edinburgh founded. 
 
 1585 Francis Beaumont, dramatist, b, ; d. 1616. 
 
 1587 John Foxe, martyrologist, dies; b. 1517. 
 
 1588 Spanish armada defeated, July. 
 
 Thomas Hobbes, philosopher, b, ; dies 1679. 
 
 1592 Presbyterianism established in Scotland. 
 
 1593 Izaak Walton b. Aug. 9; d. Dec. 15, 1683. 
 
178 IMPORTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 1593 George Herbert born ; dies 1632. 
 
 1594 Rebellion of Tyrone in Ireland. 
 
 1600 English East India Co. chartered, Dec. 31. 
 
 1601 Earl of Essex executed, Feb. 25. 
 
 1602 Hamlet published. 
 
 1603 James I. king of England, March 24. 
 Union of crowns of England and Scotland, 
 
 1605 Gunpowder Plot of Guy Fawkes, Nov. 5. 
 
 1608 John Milton b. Dec. 9 ; d. Nov. 8, 1674. 
 
 1611 King James's Bible published. 
 
 1614 Logarithms invented by Napier. 
 
 1615 Richard Baxter b. Nov. 12; d. Dec. 8, 1691. 
 
 1616 Circulation of the blood disc, by Harvey. 
 
 1620 Pilgrim Fathers sail in Mayflower, Sept. 6. 
 John Evelyn, diarist, b. Oct. 31 ; d. 1706. 
 
 1621 Eng. Commons claim freedom of discussion. 
 1623 Shakespeare's works, first folio, published. 
 1625 Charles I. king of England, March 27. 
 1628 John Bunyan b. ; d. Aug. 31, 1688. 
 
 1631 John Dryden born Aug. 9 ; d. May 1, 1700. 
 
 1632 John Locke b. Aug. 29 ; d. Oct. 28, 1704. 
 Samuel Pepys, diarist, b. Feb. 23 ; d. May 
 
 26, 1703. 
 Christopher Wren b. Oct. 20; d. Feb. 1723. 
 1636 John Hampden resists imposition of sliip- 
 
 money. 
 1638 Solemn League and Covenant pub., Mar. 1. 
 
 1640 Long Parliament meets, Nov. 3. 
 
 1641 Abolition of Star Chamber. 
 
 Rebellion in Ire. ; great massacre, Oct. 23. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 179 
 
 1641 Terms '' Roundhead " and " Cavalier " first 
 
 used. 
 
 1642 Civil war breaks out in England. 
 
 Battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23. [1727. 
 
 Sir Isaac Xewton b. Dec. 25 ; d. March 20, 
 
 1643 John Hampden killed in battle, June 24. 
 Battle of Newbury, Sept. 20. 
 
 1644 Battle of Marston Moor, July 2. 
 William Penn born Oct. 14 ; dies 1718. 
 
 1645 Archbishop Laud beheaded, Jan. 10. 
 Battle of Naseby, June 14. 
 
 1646 Charles I. surrenders to Scots May 5. 
 
 1647 Charles I. given up by Scots to English Par- 
 
 liament, Jan. 30. 
 George Fox, Quaker, begins to preach. 
 
 1649 Charles I. executed, Jan. 30. 
 
 England declared a Commonwealth, May 19. 
 Cromwell captures Drogheda. 
 
 1650 John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, b. ; d. 
 
 1722. 
 
 1651 Prince Charles Stuart invades England. 
 Victory of Cromwell at Worcester, Sept. 3. 
 Scotland united to Eng. by Cromwell, Sept. 
 
 1652 W^ar between the English and Dutch. 
 Irish rebellion suppressed, May. [20. 
 
 1653 Expulsion of the " Rump " by Cromwell, Apr. 
 Cromwell made Protector, Dec. 16. 
 
 1654 Peace between England and Holland, Apr. .5. 
 1656 General Post-Office, London, established. 
 1658 Oliver Cromwell d., Sept. 3 ; b. Apr. 25, 1599. 
 
 1^ " 
 
180 IMPORT AXT EVENTS. 
 
 1658 Richard Cromwell, Protector ; retires May 
 25, 1659. 
 
 1660 Charles II. proclaimed king, May 8. [1661. 
 Episcopacy restored in England; in Scot., 
 The Royal Society of London founded. 
 
 1661 Charles Rollin, historian, born ; dies 1741. 
 
 1665 The Great Plague in London. 
 The London Gazette established. 
 
 1666 Great Fire in London, Sept. 2-6. 
 
 1667 " Paradise Lost " published. 
 
 Jonathan Swift b. Nov. 30; d. Oct. 19, 1745. 
 
 1668 Triple Alliance between England, Holland, 
 
 and Sweden, Jan. 23, April 25. 
 
 1669 Reflecting telescope constructed by Newton. 
 
 1670 Hudson's Bay Company incorporated. 
 1672 Addison born May 1 ; dies June 17, 1719. 
 
 1674 Isaac Watts born ; dies 1748. 
 
 1675 St. Paul's Cathedral begun ; completed, 1710. 
 Greenwich Observatory founded. 
 
 1676 Motion of the sun proved by Halley. [13. 
 
 1678 Popish plot invented by Titus Oates, Aug. 
 Bunyan's " Pilgrim's Progress " published. 
 
 1679 Terms " Whig " and " Tory " come into use. 
 Archbishop Sharp murdered, May 3. 
 Habeas Corpus Act passed. 
 
 1682 Chelsea Hospital founded. 
 
 1683 Lord William Russell executed, July 21. 
 Algernon Sidney executed, Dec. 7. 
 
 1685 James II. king of England, Feb. 6. 
 Battle of Sedgemoor, July 6. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 181 
 
 1685 Monmouth beheaded, July 15. 
 
 1688 Prince of Orange lands at Torbay, Nov. 5. 
 Catalogue of the stars made by Flamsteed. 
 English Revolution. James II. deposed. 
 Alexander Pope b. May 22 ; dies May, 1744. 
 
 1689 William and Mary declared king and queen, 
 
 Feb. 13. 
 Siege of Londonderry, April 20. [July 27. 
 Battle of Killiecrankie, death of Dundee, 
 
 1690 Sea-fight off Beachy Head, June 80. 
 Battle of the Boyne, July 1 (N. S., July 12). 
 
 1691 Capitulation of Limerick, Oct. 3. 
 
 1692 Massacre of Glencoe, Feb. 13. 
 1694 Queen Mary dies Dec. 28. 
 
 Bank of England incorporated. [1705. 
 
 1696 Greenwich Hospital begun by Wren ; fin., 
 
 1697 AVilliam Hogarth born ; dies Oct. 26, 1764. 
 
 1702 Anne queen of Great Britain, March 8. 
 War against France and Spain, May 4. 
 
 1703 John Wesley born June 17 ; d. March, 1791. 
 
 1704 Gibraltar taken by Admiral Rooke, July 24. 
 Battle of Blenheim, Aug. 13. 
 
 1705 Newcomen's steam-engine patented. 
 Composition of light discovered by Xewton, 
 
 1707 Henry Fielding b. April 22 ; d. Oct. 8, 1754. 
 Act of Union of England and Scotland, 
 
 May 1. [Jiily- 
 
 National flag of Great Britain appointed. 
 First Parliament of Great Britain meets, 
 
 Oct. 23. 
 
182 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1708 William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, born Nov. 
 
 15; dies May 11, 1778. 
 
 1709 Samuel Johnson b. Sept. 18 ; d. Dec. 13, 1784. 
 
 1710 South Sea Company founded. 
 
 1711 David Hume born April 26 ; d. Aug., 1776. 
 
 1712 Duty on advertisenients ; abolished 1855. 
 
 1713 Clarendon Press", Oxford, established. 
 
 1714 George I. king of England, Aug. 1. 
 George Whitefield born ; dies Sept. 1770. 
 
 1715 Jacobite rebellion ; James III. (Pretender) 
 
 proclaimed. 
 Battle of Sheriff muir (Dunblane), Nov. 13. 
 'Battle of Preston, Nov. 12-13. 
 Pope's " Homer's Iliad " published. 
 
 1716 Mississippi Scheme projected by LUw. 
 David Garrick, actor, b. Feb. 20; d. Feb. 1779. 
 Thomas Gray, poet, born ; dies July, 1771. 
 
 1717 Triple Alliance between France, England, 
 
 and Holland, Jan. 4. 
 
 1718 England declares war against Spain, Dec. 27. 
 
 1719 " Robinson Crusoe," by Daniel Defoe, pub. 
 Watts's " Psalms of David " published. 
 
 1720 The South Sea Bubble causes finan. distress. 
 
 1721 Tobias George Smollett, b. ; dies Oct., 1771. 
 
 1722 Jacobite plot in England, May. [1792. 
 
 1723 Sir Joshua Reynolds born July 16 ; d. Feb., 
 Sir "William BlacTvstone b. July 10 ; d. 1780. 
 
 1724 Fahrenheit's thermometer invented. 
 1726 " Gulliver's Travels " published. 
 
 John Howard, philan., born ; dies 1790. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AXD IRELAND. 183 
 
 1727 George II. king of England, July 10. 
 Aberration of light discovered by Bradley. 
 Thomas Gainsborough born ; d. Aug., 1788. 
 
 1728 Rise of Methodism. 
 
 Oliver Goldsmith b. Nov. 10 ; d. Apr. I, 1771. 
 John Hunter, physician, born ; dies 1793. 
 
 1730 Edmund Burke b. Jan. 1 ; dies July 9, 1797. 
 Josiah Wedgwood, potter, born ; dies 1795. 
 
 1731 Eng. language to be used in courts of justice. 
 William Cowper, poet, born Nov. 26 ; dies 
 
 April 25, 1800. 
 
 1735 Harrison's first timepiece constructed, for 
 
 determining longitude at sea. 
 
 1736 Steam-vessel patented by Hulls. 
 
 James Watt, born Jan. 19 ; dies Aug., 1819. 
 
 1737 Edward Gibbon, historian, b. ; d. Jan., 1794. 
 
 1738 Sir William Herschel born Nov. 15 ; dies 
 
 Aug., 1822. 
 
 1739 Foundling Hospital, London, established. 
 
 1742 Handel's " Messiah " produced. 
 
 1743 William Paley, theologian, born ; dies 1805. 
 
 1744 Sea-fight with French and Spanish fleets off 
 
 Toulon, Feb. 22. 
 
 1745 Charles Edw. Stuart lands in Scot, July 23. 
 Battle of Prestonpans, Sept. 21. 
 
 1746 Battle of Culloden, Apr. IG ; end of rebellion. 
 Henry Grattan b. July 3 ; d. May 14, 1820. 
 Highland dress prohibited by Parliament, 
 
 Aug. 12. [1794. 
 
 Sir Wni. Jones, phil., b. Sept. 28 ; d. Apr. 27, 
 
184 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1747 Naval victories of Anson and Hawke, May, 
 
 Oct. 
 Shakers appear about this time. 
 
 1748 Jeremy Bentham b. Feb. 15 ; d. June 6, 1832. 
 
 1749 Charles James Fox, statesman, born Jan. 
 
 24; dies Sept. 13, 1806. 
 
 1750 Westminster Bridge, London, opened. 
 
 1752 New style calendar adopted in Great Britain, 
 
 omitting 11 days after the 2d of Septem- 
 ber, making the next day the 14th. 
 Thomas Chatterton, poet, b. ; d. Aug., 1770. 
 
 1753 British Museum founded. 
 AVesley's " Hymns " published. 
 
 1754 Society of Arts, London, founded. 
 
 1755 Johnson's " Dictionary " published. [1831. 
 Mrs. Siddons, actress, born July ; dies June 8, 
 
 1758 Horatio Nelson b. Sept. 29 ; d. Oct. 21, 1805. 
 
 1759 Rob. Burns b. Jan. 25 ; dies July 21, 1796. 
 
 1760 George HI. king of Great Britain. 
 Eddystone lighthouse completed by Smeatom 
 
 1763 Latent heat discovered by Black. 
 
 1765 Stamp Act passed by British Pari., March 22. 
 Blackstone's " Commentaries " published. 
 
 1766 Death of the " Old Pretender," Jan. 2. 
 " Vicar of Wakefield " published. 
 
 1767 " Nautical Almanac " first published 
 
 1768 Royal Academy of Arts, London, founded. 
 
 1769 Letters of "Junius" begin to appear, Jan. 
 Duke of Wellington born May 1 ; dies Sept. 
 
 14, 1852. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 185 
 
 1769 Sir Thos. Lawrence b. May 4 ; d. Jan. 7, 1830. 
 
 1770 Wm. Wordsworth b. Apr. 7 ; d. Apr. 24, 1850. 
 
 1771 Sir Walter Scott b. Aug. 15 ; d. Sept. 21, 1832. 
 Sydney Smith born ; dies Feb. 22, 1845. 
 
 1772 Samuel T. Coleridge born Oct. 21 ; dies July 
 
 25, 1834. 
 
 1774 Boston Port Bill passed, March. 
 Oxygen discovered by Priestley. 
 
 Daniel O'Connell b. Aug. ; d. May 15, 1847. 
 
 1775 Walter Savage Landor born Jan. 30 ; dies 
 
 Sept. 17, 1864. 
 Charles Lamb born Feb. ; dies 1834. 
 Charles Kemble, actor, b. ; d. Nov. 12, 1854. 
 Joseph M. W. Turner born ; dies 1851. 
 
 1776 Adam Smith's " Wealth of Nations " pub. 
 
 1777 Thomas Campbell, poet, born ; dies 1844. 
 
 1778 Sir Humphry Davy b. Dec. 17 ; d. May, 1829. 
 
 1779 Thomas Moore, poet, born ; d. Feb. 26, 1852. 
 Lord Henr}^ Brougham born Sept. 19 ; dies 
 
 May 7, 1868. [cent, Jan. 16. 
 
 1780 Sea-fight with Spaniards off Cape St. Vin- 
 Dr. Chalmers b. jNIarch 17 ; d. May 31, 1847. 
 Lord George Gordon riots in London, June 2. 
 Elizabeth Fry, phil., born ; d. Oct. 12, 1845. 
 Vaccination suggested by Edward Jenner. 
 
 1781 Sunday-schools originated by Robert Raikes. 
 
 1782 The Royal George sinks at Spithead, Aug. 29. 
 
 1783 Gabriel Rossetti born ; dies 1854. 
 
 1784 Bramah lock patented. 
 
 Lord Palmerston b. Oct. 20 ; d. Oct. 18, 1865. 
 
186 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1785 Royal Irish Academy incorporated. 
 
 1786 Warren Hastings impeached ; acquitted Apr. 
 
 23, 1795. 
 Thos. De Quincey b. Aug. 15 ; d. Dec. 8, 1859. 
 
 1787 Society for suppression of slave-trade formed. 
 Edmund Kean, actor, born ; dies 1833. 
 
 1788 First publication of London Times, Jan. 1. 
 Lord Byron b. Jan. 22 ; dies April 18, 1824. 
 Sir Robert Peel b. Feb. 5 ; d. July 2, 1850. 
 George III. insane; Prince of Wales regent. 
 
 1789 Herschel's great telescope completed. 
 
 1791 Michael Faraday born; dies Aug. 25, 1867. 
 
 1792 Gas first used for lighting. 
 
 John Keble b. April 25; d. March 29, 1866. 
 Sir John Herschel born ; dies May 11, 1871. 
 Percy Bysshe Shelley b. Aug. 4 ; d. July, 1822. 
 Lord John Russell b. Aug. 18 ; dies May 28, 
 1878. 
 
 1793 Dionysius Lardner born ; d. April 29, 1859. 
 
 1794 Thomas Arnold b. June 13 ; d. June 12, 1842. 
 
 1795 Maynooth College, Ireland, founded. 
 Thomas Carlyle b. Dec. 4; d. Feb. 4, 1881. 
 
 1796 John Keats, poet, born ; dies Feb. 24, 1821. 
 1798 Rebellion in Ireland breaks out, May 23. 
 
 Battle of the Nile, victory of Nelson, Aug. 1,2. 
 
 1800 Legislative union of G. B. and Ire., July 2. 
 Thomas B. Macaulay born Oct. 25 ; dies 
 
 Dec. 28, 1859. [meets, Jan. 22. 
 
 1801 First Imperial Parlia't of United Kingdom 
 Victory of Nelson over Danish fleet, Apr. 2. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 187 
 
 1802 Robert Chambers, pub., b. ; d. Mar. 17, 1871. 
 Sir Edwin Landseer born March 7 ; dies Oct. 
 
 1, 1873. 
 Hugh Miller born Oct. 10 ; d. Dec. 24, 1856. 
 
 1803 Rising in Ire. under Rob. Emmett, July 23. 
 Atomic theory propounded by Dalton. 
 Douglas Jerrold born ; dies June 8, 1857. 
 Robert Stephenson, engineer, born Oct. ; dies 
 
 Oct. 12, 1859. 
 
 1804 British and Foreign Bible Society estab. 
 Savings banks originated. 
 
 Richard Cobden b. June; dies Apr. 2, 1865. 
 
 1805 Bulwer Lytton born May; dies Jan., 1873. 
 Victory and death of Nelson at Trafalgar, 
 
 Oct. 21. 
 Benjamin D'Israeli, Lord Beaconsfield, born 
 Dec. 21 ; dies April 19, 1881. 
 
 1806 John Stuart Mill b. May ; dies May 8, 1873. 
 
 1807 Abolition of slave-trade in British Empire, 
 
 March 25. 
 Cardinal York, last of the Stuarts, d. July 13. 
 
 1808 Cardinal Manning born; dies Jan. 14, 1892. 
 
 1809 Elizabeth (Barrett) Browning born ; dies 
 
 June 29, 1861. 
 Alfred Tennyson born; dies Oct. 6, 1892. 
 
 1811 Great comet visible for four months. 
 Daniel Maclise born ; dies April 25, 1870. 
 William M, Thackeray b. ; d. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 John Bright b. Nov. 16 ; d. March 27, 1889. 
 
 1812 War with the U. S. ; peace, Feb. 17, 1815. 
 
188 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1812 Charles Dickens b. Feb.; dies June 9, 1870. 
 Robert Browning born ; dies Dec. 12, 1889. 
 
 1813 Electric light discovered by Davy. 
 
 1815 Safety lamp invented by Davy. 
 
 1816 Electric telegraph invented by Ronalds. 
 Charlotte ^'onte b. Apr. 21 ; d. Dec. 19, 1848. 
 
 1817 Waterloo Bridge, London, opened. 
 The kaleidoscope invented by Brewster. 
 
 1818 The stethoscope invented by Laennec. 
 James A. Froude b. Apr. 23 ; d. Oct. 20, 1894. 
 
 1819 Princess Victoria born ^lay 24. 
 
 Marian Evans (" George Eliot ") born Nov. 
 
 22 ; dies Dec. 22, 1880. 
 Prince Albert born Aug.; dies Dec. 14, 1861. 
 John Ruskin born Feb. 8. 
 
 1820 George IV. king of England, Jan. 29. 
 Astronomical Society of London founded. 
 John Tyndall b. Aug. 21 ; dies Dec. 4, 1893. 
 Herbert Spencer born April 27. 
 
 Florence Nightingale born May. 
 
 1822 Matthew Arnold b. Dec. 24 ; d. Apr. 15, 1888. 
 Calculating rnachine invented by Babbage. 
 
 1823 British Antislavery Society founded. 
 
 1825 First voyage by steam from Eng. to India. 
 Thomas H. Huxley born; d. June 29, 1895. 
 
 1826 Zoological Society of London founded. 
 1828 Test Act and Corporation Act repealed. 
 
 Dante Gabriel Rossetti b. ; d. Apr. 9, 1882. 
 New corn-law in England. 
 London University opened. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 189 
 
 1829 Roman Catholic Emancipation Act passed, 
 
 Apr. 13. 
 William M. Rossetti born Sept. 25. 
 
 1830 William IV. king of England. 
 
 Robert Cecil, Marquis of Salisbury, born. 
 Christina Rossetti born Dec. 5. [Nov. 
 
 1831 First appearance of Asiatic cholera in Eng., 
 
 1832 Lord John Russell's reform bill passed, 
 
 June 7. [Aug. 1. 
 
 1834 Emancipation of slaves in British colonies, 
 
 Charles H. Spurgeon born; d. Jan. 31, 1892. 
 
 1837 Punishment by pillory abolished. 
 
 Father Mathews' temperance missions begin. 
 Algernon Charles Swinburne born April 5. 
 
 1838 Queen Victoria crowned, June 28. 
 International copyright act passed. 
 National Gallery, London, opened, [lantic. 
 First voyage of Great Western across the At- 
 
 1839 Anti-corn-law League formed, March 20. 
 
 1840 Penny postage in G. B. comes into operation. 
 Queen Victoria m. to Prince Albert, Feb. 10. 
 
 1841 Prince of Wales born Nov. 9. 
 
 " Young Ireland " party formed. 
 
 1842 Income and Property tax imposed in G. B. 
 
 1843 Disruption of the Church of Scotland. 
 Daniel O'Connell arrested, Oct. 14. 
 The Thames Tunnel opened. 
 
 1844 Bank of Eng. Charter Act passed, July 19. 
 
 1845 Sir John Franklin sails to the Arctic, May 23. 
 Maynooth College incorporated, June 30. 
 
190 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1845 Failure of potato crop in G. Brit, and Ire. 
 Gun-cotton invented. 
 
 1846 Repeal of English corn-laws, June 26. 
 Evangelical Alliance formed. 
 Planet Neptune discovered Sept. 23. 
 Charles Stewart Parnell b. ; d. Oct. 6, 1891. 
 
 1847 Roman Catholic hierarchy established in 
 
 England, Oct. [10. 
 
 1848 Great Chartist demonstration in Eng., Apr. 
 Insur. in Ire. under Smith O'Brien, July 29. 
 
 1850 First submarine telegraph bet. Eng. and Fr. 
 
 1851 London Great Exhibition opened. May 1. 
 
 1853 Cholera breaks out in England, Sept. 4. 
 Advertising vans prohibited. 
 
 1854 Declaration of war against Russia, Mar. 28 ; 
 
 treaty of alliance with France, April 10. 
 Armstrong gun manufactured. 
 
 1855 Newspaper stamp abolished in G. B., June 15. 
 Bessemer's process for manufacture of steel 
 
 patented. 
 
 1858 First message over Atlantic cable, Aug. 20. 
 Government of India transf . to crown, Sept. 1. 
 
 1859 Darwin's " Origin of Species " published. 
 
 1860 Great Eastern crosses Atlantic, June 17-27. 
 
 1861 Paper duty in G. Brit, abolished, June 12. 
 Spectrum analysis applied in astronomy. 
 Post-Office Savings Banks opened in Eng. 
 
 1862 International Exhibition opened at South 
 
 Kensington, May 1. [July 29. 
 
 Alabama (Confederate) sails from Liverpool, 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 191 
 
 1862 Cotton famine in Lancashire at its height, 
 
 Dec. [mark, March 10. 
 
 1863 Prince of Wales marries Alexandra of Den- 
 
 1864 Appearance of the Fenians in Ireland. 
 Rudyard Kipling born, 
 
 1865 Rinderpest in England, July-Oct. 
 
 Arrest of Fenian leaders in Ireland, Sept. 15. 
 
 1866 Snspension of [Bank of England Charter 
 
 Act, May 11. 
 Successful laying of Atlantic cable, July 27. 
 
 1870 Irilh Land Act passed, Aug. 1. 
 
 1871 Trial of Tichborne case begins. May 11. 
 1873 Payment of Alabama indemnity by England, 
 
 Sept. [May 1. 
 
 1876 Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India, 
 
 1877 Statue of King Alfred unveiled, July 14. 
 
 1882 Queen Victoria shot at, March 10. 
 Charles R. Darwin dies April 19, aged 73. 
 
 1883 Fenian dynamite explosions. 
 
 1884 Prince Leopold dies March 28. 
 
 1886 Colonial and Indian Exhibition at South 
 
 Kensington, May 4. 
 
 1887 Queen's Jubilee. [Aug.-Dec. 
 
 1889 Great labor strikes throughout the country, 
 
 1890 H. M. Stanley returns from Africa. [26. 
 Empress Dock at Southampton opened, July 
 
 1893 Duke of York marries Princess May, July 6. 
 Behring Sea arbitration of G, Britain, Aug. 
 
 1894 Manchester ship-canal opened, Jan. 1. 
 
 1895 Gladstone retires from political life, July 3. 
 
192 IMPORTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 1895 Duke of Cambridge, commander-in-chief of 
 
 British army, retires, Oct. 31. 
 
 1896 Alfred Austin appointed poet laureate, Jan. 1. 
 Thomas Hughes d. Mar. 22; b. Oct., 1823. 
 Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company 
 
 of Boston, Mass., arrives in London, July 8. 
 Sir John Everett Millais d. Aug. 13 ; b. 1829. 
 
 1897 Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee cele- 
 
 brated, June 22. 
 Blackwell Tunnel opened, May 22. 
 William Morris, poet, dies Oct. 3, aged 62. 
 
 1898 Formidable, reported largest war-ship afloat, 
 
 launched, Nov. 17. 
 
 Imperial penny-postage on half -ounce letters 
 announced, Dec. 25. [1809. 
 
 Wm. E. Gladstone d. May 19 ; b. Dec. 29, 
 
 Irish local government bill passed. 
 
 Vaccination bill, modifying compulsory vac- 
 cination, passed. 
 
 GREECE. 
 B.C. [Early dates conjectural.] 
 
 2042 Urantis arrives in Greece. 
 1910 Inachus king of the Argives. 
 1856 Kingdom of Argos begun. 
 1773 Sacrifices to the gods introduced. 
 1764 Deluge of Ogyges. 
 
 1700 Pelasgi in the Peloponnesus ; succeeded by 
 the Hellenes, 1500. 
 
GREECE. 193 
 
 1582 Chronology of the Arundelian marbles be- 
 gins. 
 Cecrops arrives from Egypt. 
 1504 The Areopagus established. 
 1503 Deluge of Deucalion. 
 1495 Panathenaean games instituted. 
 1493 Cadmus, with the Phoenician letters, settles 
 
 in Boeotia, and founds Thebes. 
 1453 First Olympic games at Elis. 
 1356 Eleusinian mysteries institut. by Eumolpus. 
 1326 Isthmian games instituted. 
 1263 Argonautic expedition of Jason. 
 
 Pythian games begun by Adrastus. 
 1235 Theseus reigns in Athens for 30 years. 
 1213 Amazonian war. 
 1198 Abduction of Helen. 
 
 1193 Beginning of Trojan war ; Troy taken, 1184. 
 1044 Settlement of the lonians in Asia Minor. 
 
 Royalty abolished in Athens. 
 1000 Homer, epic poet, flourishes. 
 
 916 The Rhodians begin navigation laws. 
 
 884 Lycurgus, lawgiver, flourishes. 
 
 869 Pheidon, eminent sculptor, flourishes. 
 
 800 Hesiod, epic poet, flourishes. 
 
 776 The first Olympiad. 
 
 743 The Messenian wars ; continue until 669. 
 
 664 First sea-fight on record, which took place 
 between the Corinthians and Corcyrans. 
 
 657 Byzantium built. 
 
 638 Solon, Athenian legislator, born ; d. 558. 
 
194 IMPORTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 621 Laws of Draco published. 
 619 ^sop, fabulist, born ; dies 564. 
 600 Spherical form of the earth taught by Thales. 
 590 Seven sages of Greece (Solon, Periander, Pit- 
 tacus, Chilo, Thales, Cleobulus, and Bias) 
 flourish. 
 560 Anacreon, lyric poet, born ; dies 478. 
 527 Pisistratus, the tyrant, seizes Athens. 
 525 iEschylus, tragic poet, born ; dies 456. 
 514 Themistocles, Athenian gen. and statesman, 
 
 born ; dies 449. 
 510 The law of ostracism established. 
 500 Miltiades, Athenian general and statesman, 
 
 born ; dies 489. 
 490 Battle of Marathon, def . of Persians, Sept. 28. 
 
 First appearance of Aristides ; d. about 468. 
 484 Herodotus, historian, born ; dies 420. 
 483 Aristides, "the Just," banished. 
 480 Euripides, tragic poet, born ; dies 406. 
 
 Athens taken by Xerxes the Persian. 
 
 Myron, eminent sculptor, flourishes. 
 
 Leonidas defends pass of Thermopylae. 
 
 Battle of Salamis, defeat of Persians, Oct. 20. 
 479 Battle of Plat?ea ; Persian fleet destroyed at 
 Mycale. 
 
 Themistocles banished, 
 471 Thucydides, Athenian historian, b. ; d. 401. 
 470 Pythagoras teaches the doctrine of celestial 
 
 motions. 
 469 Pericles takes part in public affairs ; d. 429. 
 
GREECE. . 195 
 
 460 Democritus, " the Laughing Philosopher," b. ; 
 
 dies 361. [flourishes. 
 
 450 Polygnotus, first portrait and historic painter, 
 
 Alcibiades, Athenian orator, born ; dies 404. 
 448 The sacred war begun ; ended by Philip, 346. 
 445 Xenophon, historian and general, b. ; d. 355. 
 444 Agesilaus II., king of Sparta, born ; dies 361. 
 
 Aristophanes, comic poet, born ; d. 380. 
 442 Phidias, greatest of Grecian sculptors, flour. 
 440 Apollodorus, Athenian painter, born. 
 436 Isocrates, Athenian orator, born ; dies 338. 
 431 Peloponnesian war ; lasts until 404. 
 429 Plato b. ; founds the Academy, 388 ; d. 347. 
 412 Diogenes, cynic philosopher, born ; d. 323. 
 411 Governm't of the "Four Hundred " in Athens. 
 403 Rule of the " Thirty Tyrants " in Athens. 
 400 Retreat of the 10,000 under Xenophon. 
 
 Zeuxis and Parrhasius, em. painters, flourish. 
 399 Death of Socrates ; born 468. 
 385 Demosthenes, Athenian orator, born ; d. 322. 
 384 Aristotle, philosopher, born ; dies 322. 
 370 Rise and fall of the Theban power (in 360). 
 362 Battle of IMautinea, death of Epaniinondas. 
 360 Praxiteles, eminent sculptor, flourishes. 
 350 Pausias of Sicyon, inv. of encaustic, flourishes. 
 342 Epicurus, philosoiDher, born ; dies 270. 
 341 Menander, dramatic poet, flourishes. 
 340 Athens and allies declare war against Philip; 
 
 defeated, 338. 
 336 Assassination of Philip of Macedon. 
 
196 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 336 Alexander subdues the Athenians. 
 
 330 Apelles, eminent painter, flourishes. 
 
 328 Lysippus, eminent sculptor, flourishes. 
 
 323 Death of Alexander the Great ; born 356. 
 
 Euclid, geometer, flourishes. 
 
 319 Antipater, regent of Macedonia, dies. 
 
 288 Chares, eminent sculptor, flourishes. 
 
 277 Greece invaded by the Gauls. 
 
 212 Archimedes observes solstices. 
 
 160 Hipparchus disc, precession of equinoxes. 
 
 147 Greece made a Roman province. 
 
 86 Athens conquered by Sylla, Roman general. 
 
 70 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, hist., flourishes. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 50 Plutarch, biographer, flourishes. 
 
 95 Dionysius the Areopagite, Athenian judge, 
 flourishes. 
 
 100 Clemens, Church Father, dies. 
 
 115 Ignatius, Church Father, dies. 
 
 130 Irenseus, Saint, born ; dies 202. 
 
 169 Polycarp, Church Father, dies. 
 
 253 Origen, Church Father, dies. 
 
 296 Athanasius, Church Father, born ; dies 373. 
 
 336 Arius, founder of Arianism, dies. 
 
 340 Eusebius, Church Father, dies. 
 
 347 Chrysostom, Church Father, born ; dies 407. 
 
 395 Rise of Eastern Empire, which see. 
 
 1456 Turks under Mahomet II. conquer Athens. 
 
 1466 The Venetians hold Athens. 
 
 1770 Struggle for independence, helped by Rus. 
 
GREECE. 197 
 
 1790 Marco Bozzaris, patriot, born ; killed Aug. 
 10, 1823. 
 
 1821 Missolonghi taken by Greeks, Nov. 
 
 1822 Independence of Greece proclaimed, Jan. 27. 
 Siege of Corinth by the Turks, Jan. 
 
 1829 Greek National Assembly opens at Argos, 
 
 July 23. [of Greece, Sept. 14. 
 
 The Porte acknowledges the independence 
 
 1832 Otho of Bavaria king of Greece, May 7. 
 
 1837 University at Athens established. 
 
 1843 Bloodless revolution at Athens ; new consti- 
 tution established. 
 
 1863 Prince William of Denmark becomes king 
 
 with title of George L, Oct. 31. 
 
 1864 Alexander Mavrocordato, patriot, d. Aug. 18. 
 1870 Decree suppressing brigandage issued, Oct. 
 1878 Thessaly ceded to Greece, May 24, 1881. 
 
 1882 Cutting of Isthmus of Corinth begins, May 5. 
 
 1883 Coumoundouros, statesman, dies March 9. 
 
 1885 Railway between Athens and Corinth opens, 
 
 April 15. 
 Great discovery of statuary at Athens. 
 
 1886 Electoral reform bill passed, June 17. 
 1888 National Industrial Exhib. at Athens, Nov. 1. 
 1890 Formation of "Young Greek" party at 
 
 Athens, Aug. 
 
 1893 Corinth canal opened, Aug. 6. 
 
 1894 Destructive earthquake at Thebes, April 20. 
 1896 Olympic games revived, April. 
 
 Revolt of Cretans against Turkey. 
 
198 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1897 Greece makes war against Turkey ; defeated, 
 
 April-May ; treaty of peace signed, Dec. 4. 
 
 1898 Revolt of students at Athens, Jan. 
 Attempt to assassinate King George, Feb. 26. 
 
 THE EASTERN EMPIRE. 
 
 [After the division of the Roman Empire the influence and 
 energy of the Greeks will be found manifested in the fortunes 
 of the Eastern Empire, which came to an end by the taking of 
 Constantinople by Mahomet II. May 29, 1453.] 
 
 381 ISTestorius, first patriarch of Constantinople, 
 July 9. [of the East. 
 
 395 The Roman empire divided, Arcadius emp. 
 413 Alaric the Goth ravages the empire. 
 431 First Council of Ephesus ; 2d, 449. 
 451 Council of Chalcedon. 
 529 Justinian code published. 
 
 War with Persia ; victorious career of Beli- 
 sarius, dies 565, aged 84. 
 537 Dedication of St. Sophia. 
 632 Saracens invade the empire. 
 770 The monasteries dissolved. 
 
 1203 The Crusaders take Constantinople, July 19. 
 
 1204 Baldwin, earl of Flanders, elected emperor. 
 1261 The empire re-established by Michael Palae- 
 
 ologus, July 25. 
 1361 The Sultan Amurath takes Adrianople. 
 1390 All the Greek possessions in Asia lost. 
 1402 Greek empire tributary to Timour the Tatar. 
 1448 Constantine XIII. the last emperor. 
 1453 Mahomet II. takes Constantinople. 
 
 [See Italy, Turkey.] 
 
HERZEGOVINA. 199 
 
 HANOVER. 
 
 [The country at present included in the kingdom of Hanover 
 was occupied in remote ages by Saxon tribes, who submitted to 
 Charlemagne, and embraced Christianity. The emperor Lud- 
 vig incorporated it in the Duchy of Saxony, and it subsequently 
 passed to the family of the Guelphs.] 
 
 1535 Protestantism permanently established. 
 
 1714 Elector becomes king of England as Geo. I. 
 
 1745 University of Gottingen founded, [lie. 
 
 1793 Hanoverian troops act against the Fr. repub- 
 
 1810 Becomes a part of kingdom of Westphalia. 
 
 1814 Elevated to the rank of a kingdom. 
 
 1837 Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, king. 
 
 1848 Liberal constitution adopted. 
 
 1851 George V., king ; opposed to reforms. 
 
 1866 Becomes part of the German empire. 
 
 [See Germany .'] 
 
 HERZEGOVINA. 
 
 [Herzegovina, originally a part of Croatia, was united with 
 Bosnia in 1326, and made the Duchy of St. Saba by the emperor 
 Frederic III. in the following century. It was ceded to Turkey 
 in 1699 at the peace of Carlowitz. In December, 1861, an insur- 
 rection against the Turks broke out, fostered by the Prince of 
 Montenegro. It was subdued; and on Sept. 23, 1862, Tucato- 
 vitch, chief of the insurgents, surrendered to Kurschid Pacha, 
 and an amnesty was granted.] 
 
 1875 Insurrection against the Turks, July 1. [22. 
 
 European powers attempt to mediate, Aug. 
 
 Insurgents demand full and real freedom, 
 
 Sept. 12. [suits, Sept.-Nov. 
 
 Sanguinary engagements, with various re- 
 
200 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1876 Insurgents defeated near Trebinje, Jan. 
 
 18-20. 
 1878 Occupied by the Austrians, July 13. 
 1882 Insurrection against Austria, Jan. 16-31 ; 
 
 suppressed, Oct. 26. 
 
 [See Austria, Turkey.] 
 
 HESSE. 
 
 [Hesse, the original seat of the Catti, formed part of tlie 
 empire of Charlemagne. It was joined to Thuringia until 
 about 1263, when Henry I. became landgrave of Hesse.] 
 
 1530 Philip the Magnanimous signs the Augsburg 
 Confession. [stadt. 
 
 1567 Divided into Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-Darm- 
 
 1803 Hesse-Cassel becomes an electorate. 
 
 1806 Hesse-Darmstadt becomes a grand duchy. 
 
 1807 Hesse-Cassel incorporated with Westphalia. 
 1866 Hesse-Cassel annexed to Prussia. 
 
 [See Germany, Priissia.] 
 
 HOLLAND (NETHERLANDS). 
 
 [The oldest inhabitants of Holland were of Celtic origin. In 
 Cfesar's day the whole district between the Rhine and the 
 Scheldt was occupied by Belg£e, while the Betaw (the Insula 
 Batavorum) was peopled by a portion of the Germanic tribe of 
 the Chatti (the Batavi). The Frisians occupied the whole 
 northern portion. From 28 to 47 a.d. a struggle went on be- 
 tween the Romans and the Frisians, which ended in the 
 complete reduction of the tribe. The Batavi and Frisians 
 subsequently became auxiliaries of Rome.] 
 
 70 Rome dismisses her Batavian cohorts. 
 
HOLLAND (NETHERLANDS). 201 
 
 70 Claudius Civilis attacks the Romans ; after 
 an exhaustive struggle, peace made on 
 easy terms. 
 
 481 Clovis, chief of the Franks, possesses Hoi. 
 
 695 Willibrord, first bishop of the Netherlands. 
 
 [From the lOth to the 15th century the country was 
 governed by counts under the German emperors.] 
 
 1299 Holland united to Hainault. 
 
 1347 Civil war bet. " Hooks " and " Codfish." 
 
 1416 Holland united to Brabant. [flourishes. 
 
 1438 Lourens Coster, a reputed inv. of printing, 
 
 1477 Annexed to Austria. 
 
 1555 Philip n. establishes the Inquisition. 
 
 1576 Union of ISTorth and South Provinces. 
 
 1577 Peter Paul Rubens born; dies 1640. 
 
 1584 Assassination of William of Orange, July 10. 
 
 1586 Battle of Zutphen, Sir Philip Sidney killed, 
 
 Sept. 22. 
 
 1587 Maurice, famous gen., becomes stadtholder. 
 1599 Van Dyck born ; dies 1641. 
 
 1605 Albert Cuyp born; dies 1691. 
 
 1608 Paul Rembrandt born ; dies 1669. 
 
 1609 Independence of United Provinces estab. 
 
 1610 David Teniers born ; dies 1694. 
 1613 Gerard Douw born ; dies 1680. 
 
 1617 Sir Peter Lely born; dies 1680. 
 
 1618 Synod of Dort ; persecution of Arminians. 
 
 1619 Execution of Barneveldt, May 14. 
 
 1639 Victories of Van Tromp over Spanish fleet. 
 1647 William IT. stadtholder. 
 
202 IMPORTANT EVENTS. ' 
 
 1652 War with Eiig. ; De Ruyter def. by Blake, 
 Oct. 22. 
 Van Tromp sails through British Channel 
 with broom at his masthead, Nov. 29. 
 1659 Victorious war with Sweden. 
 1665 War with England ; indecisive sea-fights. 
 1668 Triple All. of England, Holland, and Sweden. 
 
 1671 French overrun Holland ; the sluices opened. 
 
 1672 Murder of Cornelius and John De Witt, 
 
 Aug. 20. 
 William III. stadtholder. 
 
 1677 William of Orange marries Mary of England. 
 
 1678 Peace with France (Nimeguen). 
 1689 William becomes king of England. 
 
 War with France ; ends, 1696. 
 1697 Peace of Ryswick, Sept. 20. 
 1702 War against France and Spain. 
 1713 Peace of Utrecht, April 11. [fria. 
 
 1743 Holland supports Maria Theresa. (See Aus- 
 1748 Peace of Aix-la^Chapelle, Oct. 18. 
 1781 War with England for naval supremacy. 
 1787 Civil war in Low Countries. 
 1793 French Republicans march into Holland. 
 1795 Batavian Republic established. 
 1799 Texel fleet surrenders to British, Aug. 30. 
 1806 Louis Bonaparte king of Holland, June 5. 
 1810 Louis abdicates, July 1. 
 
 Holland united to France, July 9. 
 1813 Restored to house of Orange, and Belgium 
 annexed, Nov. 17. 
 
HUNGARY. 203 
 
 1813 William Frederic, Prince of Orange, declared 
 sovereign prince of United Netli., Dec. 6. 
 
 1831 Belgium separated from Holland, July 12. 
 
 1840 William II. king, Oct. 7. 
 
 1849 William III. king, March 17. 
 
 1853 Re-establishment of Roman Catholic hier- 
 archy, Mar. 12. 
 
 1861 Great inundations ; 40,000 acres submerged, 
 Jan.-Feb. 
 
 1863 Slavery ceases in Dutch West Indies, July 1. 
 
 1868 Fortifications of Luxemburg razed, May. 
 
 1869 International Exhibition at Amsterdam. 
 
 1871 Possessions in Guinea ceded to Gr. Br., July 7. 
 
 1872 Death of De Thorbecke, statesman, June 4. 
 1876 Canal between North Sea and Amsterdam 
 
 opened, Oct. 4. 
 1883 International Exhibition at Amsterdam. 
 1890 Death of King William III., Nov. 23. 
 
 Wilhelmina queen (b. 1880), under queen- 
 regent. 
 1894 Insurrection in Dutch East Indies, Aug. 25. 
 1898 Queen Wilhelmina reigns, Sept. 5. 
 
 Wilhelmina betrothed to Prince William of 
 Wied, Oct. 
 
 HUNGARY. 
 
 890 Settled by the Ungri and Magyars. 
 
 997 Stephen, first king, establishes Christianity. 
 1061 Poles overrun Hungary. 
 1174 Bela III. introduces Greek civilization. 
 
204 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1241 Ravaged by the Tatars. 
 1301 Andrew II. dies ; end of Arpad dynasty. 
 1344 Victories of Louis the Great in Bulgaria, etc. 
 1437 Albert of Austria becomes king of Hungary. 
 1442 Victories of John Hunniades over the Turks. 
 1444 King Ladislas defeated and slain at Varna. 
 
 John Hunniades becomes regent. 
 1526 Buda taken by Solyman II. 
 
 Battle of ]Mohatz, Aug. 29, Louis 11. killed. 
 
 Hungary subject to Austria. 
 1683 John Sobieski defeats the Turks, Xov. 12. 
 1686 The Duke of Lorraine retakes Buda. [19. 
 1691 Prince Louis of Baden def, the Turks, Aug. 
 1697 Prince Eugene gains battle of Zenta. 
 1722 Pragmatic Sanction, authorizing female suc- 
 cession to the throne. 
 1740 Hungarians support Maria Theresa. 
 1790 Independence of Hungary guaranteed. 
 1811 Franz Liszt born ; dies 1868. 
 
 1848 Rebellion against Austria. 
 
 1849 Hungary declares itself a free state ; Louis 
 
 Kossuth supreme governor. 
 Russia assists the Austrians. [10. 
 
 Defeat of Hungarian army by Haynau, Aug. 
 Louis Batthyany, patriot, shot, Oct. 6. 
 1851 Count Andrassy sentenced to death, Feb. 23 ; 
 
 subsequently prime minister of Austria. 
 1861 Liberal constitution promulgated, Feb. 26, 
 
 1866 Hungarian legions join the Prussian army. 
 
 1867 Restoration of the constitution of 1848. 
 
ITALY. 205 
 
 1868 Congress of Hungarian Jews, Dec. 14. 
 
 1873 Buda-Pesth constituted the capital. 
 
 1876 Francis Deak, patriot, dies Jan, 28. 
 
 1^83 Violent anti-Jewish riots, July, Aug. 
 
 1885 National exhibition at Buda-Pesth, May 2. 
 
 1889 Count Julius Andrassy dies Feb. 18. 
 
 1892 General Klapka, hero of Komorn, dies about 
 
 May 17. 
 
 1894 Kossuth dies at Turin, March 20 ; b. 1802. 
 
 [See Austria, Turkey .1 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 ROME. 
 
 B.C. [Early dates conjectural.] 
 
 753 Romulus builds Rome. 
 
 750 Romans seize the Sabine women. 
 
 747 Rome taken by the Sabines. 
 
 716 Romulus said to have been killed by senators. 
 
 Calendar of 10 mos. reformed and made 12. 
 
 710 Priesthood, augurs, and vestals instituted. 
 
 615 The Capitol founded. 
 
 510 Rape of Lucretia by Tarquin. 
 
 509 Tarquin IT. expelled for tyranny. 
 
 Junius Brutus and Tarquinius first consuls. 
 
 507 The Capitol dedicated to Jupiter Capitolinus. 
 
 501 Titus Lartius first dictator. 
 
 496 Battle of Lake Regillus ; defeat of Latins. 
 
 494 Secession of Plebeians to Sacred Mount. 
 
206 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 491 Coriolaniis besieges Rome. 
 
 486 First agrarian law passed. 
 
 458 Victory of Ciiiciiiiiatiis over the iEquians. 
 
 456 Mount Aventine allotted to the Plebeians. *■ 
 
 451 Virginias kills his daughter Virginia. 
 
 434 War with the Etruscans. 
 
 390 The Gauls under Brennus sack Rome. 
 
 343 First Samnite war. 
 
 340 Latin war. 
 
 339 Equal political rights granted the Plebeians. 
 
 304 Second Samnite war ; the Samnites sub., 291. 
 
 265 Rome supreme in Italy. 
 
 264 The first Punic war. 
 
 260 First Roman fleet built. 
 
 254 Plautus born ; dies 184. 
 
 235 Temple of Janus closed. 
 
 234 Cato the elder born ; dies 149. 
 
 225 The Gauls invade Rome. 
 
 213 The IMacedonian wars begin. 
 
 207 Second Punic war. 
 
 185 Death of Scipio Africanus the elder. 
 
 Terence born; dies 159. 
 
 168 Macedon annexed. 
 
 167 First public library erected at Rome. 
 
 149 Third Punic war begins. 
 
 132 Plebeian consuls chosen. 
 
 100 Cornelius Nepos flourishes about this time. 
 
 98 Lucretius born ; dies 55. 
 
 94 Catullus born ; dies 54. 
 
 86 Sallust born ; dies 31. 
 
ITALY. 207 
 
 79 Sylla defeats Marius ; becomes dictator. 
 
 73 Revolt of Spartacus the gladiator. 
 
 70 Virgil born ; dies 19. 
 
 65 Horace born ; dies 8. 
 
 63 The Catiline conspiracy suppressed by Cicero. 
 
 60 First triumvirate, — Caesar, Pompey, Crassus. 
 
 59 Livy born ; dies 17 a.d. 
 
 58 Caesar's campaigns in Gaul. 
 
 54 Tibullus born ; dies 19. 
 
 50 War between Pompey and Caesar. 
 
 46 Cato kills himself at Utica; horn 95. 
 Julius Caesar reforms the calendar. 
 
 44 Caesar killed in the Senate House, March 15. 
 
 43 Ovid born; dies 17 a.d. [dus. 
 
 Second triumvirate, — Octavius, Antony, Lepi- 
 Cicero killed, proscribed by Antony ; b. lOG. 
 
 42 Battle of Philippi, death of Brutus and Cassius. 
 
 27 Octavius emperor, as Augustus Caesar. 
 4 The empire at peace with all the world; the 
 
 Temple of Janus shut ; Jesus Christ born. 
 3 Seneca born ; dies 65 a.d. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 14 Tiberius emperor. 
 
 23 Pliny the elder born ; dies 79. 
 
 35 Quintilian born ; dies 96. 
 
 37 Caligula emperor ; murdered by a tribune. 
 
 38 Juvenal born ; dies 120. 
 
 39 Lucan born ; dies 65. 
 
 40 Martial born ; dies 104. [wife. 
 
 41 Claudius I. emp. ; poisoned by Agrippina, his 
 
208 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 54 Nero emperor ; kills himself, 68. 
 
 55 Tacitus b. about this time; d. after 117 (?). 
 
 61 Pliny the younger born ; dies 115. 
 
 62 St. Paul arrives in Rome in bonds. 
 64 Rome burnt under Nero. 
 
 67 Peter and Paul said to have been put to death. 
 
 68 Galba emperor ; slain by the prsetorians. 
 
 69 Otho emperor ; stabs himself. 
 
 . Vitellius emperor ; put to death by Vespasian. 
 Vespasian emperor. 
 
 72 Suetonius iborn ; dies 140. 
 
 75 Coliseum founded by Vespasian. 
 
 79 Titus emperor. 
 
 81 Domitian, last of the 12 Csesars, assassinated. 
 
 86 Dacian war begins ; continues 15 years. 
 
 96 Nerva emperor. 
 
 98 Trajan emperor ; Trajan's column erected, 1 14. 
 
 102 Pliny proconsul in Bithynia. 
 
 117 Adrian, or Hadrian, emperor. 
 
 138 Antoninus Pius emperor. 
 
 161 Marcus Aurelius emperor. 
 
 188 The Capitol destroyed by lightning. 
 
 222 The Goths are paid tribute. 
 
 250 Invasion of the Goths. 
 
 269 Great victory over the Goths ; 300,000 slain. 
 
 284 The era of the martyrs, or of Diocletian, 
 
 312 Constantine the Great favors the Christians. 
 
 321 Seat of empire removed from Rome to 
 
 Byzantium. 
 
 325 First general council of Christians at Nice. 
 
ITALY. 209 
 
 330 Constantine orders the heathen temples to 
 
 be destroyed. 
 
 334 Revolt of 300,000 Sarmatian slaves. 
 
 361 Julian, emperor, abjures Christianity. 
 
 364 Empire divided into Eastern and Western. 
 
 (See Eastern Empire.^ 
 
 410 Rome taken by Alaric. 
 
 455 Pillaged by Genseric. 
 
 475 Boetius born ; dies 525. 
 
 476 Odoacer takes Rome. 
 
 536 Empire recovered for Justinian by Belisarius. 
 
 600 Rome at her lowest state. 
 
 728 Independent under the popes. 
 
 896 Taken by Arnulf and the Germans. 
 
 962 Otho T. crowned at Rome. 
 
 1084 City taken' by Emperor Henry IV. 
 
 1155 Arnold of Brescia put to death as a heretic. 
 
 1309 The pope removes to Avignon. 
 
 1347 Nicola di Rienzi, tribune, establishes a repub, 
 
 1377 Papal court returns to Rome. 
 
 1474 Ludovico Ariosto b. (in Reggio) ; dies 1533. 
 
 1483 Raphael Sanzio born (at Urbino) ; dies 1520. 
 
 1494 Correggio born; dies March 5, 1534. 
 
 1503 Julius II. conquers the Romagna. [May 6. 
 
 1527 Rome captured by Constable de Bourbon, 
 
 1581 Domenichino Zampieri born; dies 1641. 
 
 1626 St. Peter's dedicated, Nov. 18 ; begun, 1450. 
 
 1693 Barometer invented by Torricelli. 
 
 1773 The Jesuits expelled from Rome. 
 
 1792 Gioacchimo Rossini b. Feb. 29 ; d. Nov., 1868. 
 
210 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1798 The French proclaim the Roman Republic, 
 March 20. [of Italy, May. 
 
 1808 Rome annexed by Napoleon to the kingdom 
 1814 Inquisition re-established, Aug. 7. 
 1831 " Young Italy " party establ. by Mazzini. 
 1846 Pius IX. elected pope, June 16. 
 
 1848 Insurrection at Rome, Nov. 16. [24. 
 The pope escapes from Rome to Gaeta, Nov. 
 
 1849 Rome capitulates to the French, June 30. 
 Re-establishment of the pope's authority, 
 
 July 15. 
 1855 Important concordat with Austria. 
 1860 Tuscan volunteers enter the Papal States, 
 
 May 19. 
 
 1864 Encyclical letter of the pope, censuring 80 
 
 errors in religion, philosophy, and politics, 
 Dec. 8. 
 
 1865 The pope denounces secret societies, Sept. 25. 
 
 1866 Law prohibiting Protestant worship enforced, 
 
 Dec. 31. [troops, Sept. et seq. 
 
 1867 Conflicts between Garibaldians and Papal 
 
 1868 The pope summons an (Ecumenical Council, 
 
 Dec. 8. 
 
 1869 (Ecumenical Council opens, Dec. 8. [18. 
 
 1870 Dogma of Papal infallibility adopted, July 
 The Italian troops enter Rome, Sept. 20. 
 Rome and its provinces incorporated with 
 
 the kingdom of Italy, Oct. 9. 
 
ITALY. 211 
 
 MODERN KINGDOM OF ITALY. 
 
 1861 Assembly of first Italian parliament, Feb. 
 
 26 ; Victor Emmanuel declared king of 
 Italy, INIarch 14. [15. 
 
 The pope protests against the kingdom, Apr. 
 
 Comit Cavom' dies June 6, aged 52. 
 
 1862 Triumphant progress of Garibaldi through 
 
 Italy, March ; taken prisoner, Aug. 29 ; 
 receives amnesty, Oct. 5. [mont, June 1. 
 
 1863 Cavour canal opened for irrigation of Pied- 
 
 1864 Franco-Italian convention signed ; Florence 
 
 to be the capital of Italy, Sept. 15. 
 
 1865 600th anniversary of Dante's birth cele- 
 
 brated, May 14. 
 Bank of Italy established, Xov. 7. 
 
 1866 Alliance with Prussia, INIay 12. 
 
 War declared against Austria, June 18. 
 Italian army defeated at Custozza, June 24. 
 Venetia ceded to France by Austria, July 3. 
 Naval bat. near Lissa ; Italians def ., July 20. 
 Treaty of peace with Austria, Oct. 12. 
 
 1867 Garibaldi invades Roman territories ; de- 
 
 feated and captured, Sept. et seq. 
 Italian troops enter Papal territory, Oct. 30. 
 
 1868 Prince Humbert marries his cousin Marghe- 
 
 rita, April 22. 
 1870 Mazzini arrested, Aug. 14 ; included in gen- 
 eral amnesty to political offenders,. Oct. 
 16 ; dies March 10, 1872, 
 
212 IMPORTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 1870 Rome declared the capital of Italy, Dec. 5. 
 
 1871 The king and ministers remove to Rome, 
 
 July 1, 2. [Oct. 
 
 1872 Great inundations in the valley of the Po, 
 
 1873 Jesuits expelled from Italy, Oct. 20. 
 
 1874 Secret assassination societies prevalent. 
 
 1875 Garibaldi takes his seat in the Chamber of 
 
 Deputies, Jan. 24. [Aug. 
 
 Synod of Italian Catholic Church at Naples, 
 
 1876 Discovery of a " black book " recording mis- 
 
 deeds of many officials, June. 
 1878 Victor Emmanuel IT. dies Jan. 9 ; buried in 
 
 the Pantheon at Rome, Jan. 17. 
 Humbert succeeds to the throne. 
 Pope Pius IX. dies Feb. 7 ; Leo XIII. elected, 
 
 Feb. 20. 
 Attempted assassination of the king, Nov. 17. 
 
 1882 Garibaldi dies at Caprera, June 2 ; b. 1807. 
 
 1883 International fine art exhibition at Rome, 
 
 Jan. 21. 
 
 1884 Sig. Sella, great finan. minister, d. Mar. 14. 
 
 1885 Heavy snowstorms in Piedmont, many vil- 
 
 lages destroyed, and great loss of life, 
 Jan. 16-28. 
 War with Abyssinia. [10. 
 
 1886 Marco Minghetti, ex-prime-minister,» d. Dec. 
 
 1887 Destructive earthquakes at Calabria, etc., 
 
 Feb. 2.3 ; Dec. 4. 
 Defensive treaty of alliance with Austria- 
 Hungary and Germany signed, March 13. 
 
ITALY. 213 
 
 1887 M. Crispi becomes prime minister, Aug. 
 
 1888 Fall of vast avalanches in Northern It., .Feb. 
 Capital punishment abolished, June. 
 
 1889 Father Gavazzi, chui'ch reformer, dies Jan. 
 
 9, aged 80. 
 Benedetto Cairoli, patriot, d. Aug. 8, a. 63. 
 Treaty with Abyssinia ratified, Oct. 2. 
 
 1890 Duke of Aosta dies Jan. 18, aged 44. 
 
 1891 Treaty with Great Britain in relation to 
 
 East Africa signed, April 15. 
 The Triple Alliance renewed, June 28. 
 
 1892 Gen. Cialdini, patriot, dies Sept. 8, aged 81. 
 
 1893 The pope's jubilee at Rome, Feb. 
 
 1894 Anarchist riots in Carrara, Jan. 16 et seq. 
 
 1895 Att. Gen. Celli of Milan assassinated, Jan. 7. 
 Tri-centenary of the death of Tasso cele- 
 brated, April 25. 
 
 Humbert bridge over the Tiber op., Sept. 22. 
 
 1896 Peace concluded with Abyssinia, Oct. 26. 
 
 1897 Attempt to assas. King Humbert, Apr. 22. 
 Pope issues encyclical on Manitoba school 
 
 question, Dec. 24. 
 
 1898 Twentieth anniversary of coronation of Leo 
 
 XIIL, March 1. [Apr. 4. 
 
 Pope offers to mediate in Cuban question. 
 Bread riots in many places, April-May. 
 
214 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 FLORENCE. 
 
 [Florence, a portion of the ancient Etruria, formed a part of 
 the Lombard kingdom conquered by Charlemagne. The most 
 important of the Tuscan cities gradually asserted their inde- 
 pendence, and were governed by rulers of their own selection, 
 until finally absorbed by Florence.] 
 
 1198 Becomes an independent republic. 
 
 1215 Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines. 
 
 1240 Giovanni Cimabue born; dies about 1302. 
 
 1265 Dante Alighieri born May 14 ; dies 1321. 
 
 1266 Arts or guilds established. 
 1276 Giotto Bordone born ; dies 1326. 
 1300 Factions of the Bianchi and Nevi. 
 1304 Francesco Petrarch born ; dies 1374. 
 
 1348 Great plague of the Black Death. 
 
 1349 " Decamerone " composed by Boccaccio (born 
 
 in Paris, 1313). 
 1387 Fra Giovanni Angelico born ; dies 1455. 
 1420 The influence of the Medici begins. 
 1452 Leonardo da Vinci born ; dies 1519.. [1517. 
 1469 Baccio della Porta (Fra Bartolomeo) b. ; dies 
 
 Niccolo Machiavelli born ; dies 1527. 
 1493 Republic proclaimed. 
 1498 Xiccolo Machiavelli chief secretary. 
 
 Savonarola burned, May 23 ; born 1452. 
 1860 Florence annexed to Sardinia. 
 1864 Florence becomes the capital of Italy. 
 
ITALY. 21; 
 
 GENOA. 
 
 [Genoa is first mentioned in history during the second Punic 
 war. It was destroyed by Mago, a Carthaginian general, 205 
 B.C., and rebuilt by the Romans 203 B.C. On the dismember- 
 ment of the Latin empire, it fell under the sway of the Lom- 
 bards, Franks, and Germans successively.] 
 
 1000 Genoa becomes a free commercial state. 
 1284 The Genoese destroy the naval power of 
 
 Pisa. 
 1293 Wars between Venice and Genoa. 
 1339 Simon Boccanegra, the first doge. 
 1446 Columbus b. about this time, date uncertain. 
 1522 Sacked by the Spaniards and Italians. 
 1528 Andrew Doria restores the independence of 
 
 Genoa. 
 1797 Genoa becomes the Ligurian Republic. 
 1805 Annexed to the French empire. 
 1814 United to the kingdom of Sardinia. 
 [See Italy.] 
 
 LOMBARDY. 
 
 [The Longobardi (or Langobardi), a Teutonic tribe of obscure 
 origin, descended into Italy about 568, under their king Alboin, 
 and established a kingdom which lasted until 774, when its last 
 king, Desiderius, was dethroned by Charlemagne.] 
 
 774 Becomes part of the Carlo vingian empire. 
 
 843 Created a separate kingdom. 
 
 961 Annexed to the German empire. 
 
 1167 First Lombard League. 
 
 1176 The Lombards defeat Frederic Barbarossa. 
 
 1226 Second Lombard League formed. 
 
216 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1540 Spain obtains possession of Lombardy, 
 
 1748 Comes into the hands of Austria. 
 
 1797 A part of the Cisalpine Republic. 
 
 1815 Restored to Austria. 
 
 1859 Joined to the new kingdom of Italy. 
 
 [See Italy.] 
 
 MILAN. 
 
 [Milan, Mediolanum, capital of the ancient Liguria, now 
 Lombardy, is reputed to have been built by the Gauls, about 
 408 B.C.] 
 
 B.C. 
 
 222 Conquered by the Roman consul Marcellus. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 286 Seat of government of the Western Empire. 
 
 452 Plundered by Attila. 
 
 489 Included in the Ostrogothic kingdom ; in the 
 Lombard kingdom, 569. 
 
 1101 Becomes an independent republic. 
 
 1158 The emperor Frederic I. takes Milan. 
 
 1162 It rebels ; is taken by Frederic. 
 
 1169 Rebuilt and fortified. 
 
 1499 Conquered by Louis XII. of France. 
 
 1540 Annexed to the crown of Spain. 
 
 1714 Ceded to Austria. 
 
 1805 Made the capital of the kingdom of Italy. 
 
 1848 Insurrection against the Austrians. 
 
 1860 Victor Emmanuel enters Milan as king, 
 
 Aug. 8. 
 
ITALY. 217 
 
 PISA. 
 
 [The origin of Pisa is involved in obscurity. Strabo men- 
 tions it as one of tbe bravest of tlie Etruscan cities. In 225 
 B.C. it was the friend of the Romans, became their ally, and 
 was finally subjected to their rule. It was one of the most 
 flourishing Italian cities in the Middle Ages.] 
 
 1004 Attacked by the Saracens; again in 1011. 
 
 1099 Takes part in the second crusade. 
 
 1114 Between this date and 1116 the Pisan fleet 
 attacks the IVIoslenis, and rescues a multi- 
 tude of Christian captives. 
 
 1118 War with Genoa, lasting many years. 
 
 1174 Construction of Campanile (famous leaning 
 tower) begun. 
 
 1222 War with Florence. 
 
 1228 The Pisans defeat Lucca and Florence. 
 
 1260 Defeat the Tuscan Guelfs at Montaperto. 
 
 1284 Sustain crushing defeat from Genoa, Aug. 6. 
 
 [For more than two centuries Pisa was engaged in 
 fierce struggles with other Italian cities, and was 
 finally subdued by Florence in 1509.] 
 
 1564 Galilei (Galileo) b. Feb. 15 ; d. Jan., 1642. 
 1597 Thermometer invented by Galileo. 
 1604 Galileo constructs a telescope. 
 1633 Galileo condemned by the Inquisition. 
 [See Italy, Florence, etc.] 
 
218 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 SARDINIA. 
 
 [Sardinia, an island in the Mediterranean, successively pos- 
 sessed by the Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Romans, 
 Vandals, Saracens, Genoese, Pisans, Aragonese, and Spaniards. 
 Victor Amadeus, duke of Savoy, acquired Sardinia in 1720, 
 with the title of king.] 
 
 1708 Sardinia conquered by English naval forces. 
 
 1720 Victor Amadeus becomes king. 
 
 1849 Charles Albert, king, abdicates, March 23. 
 
 Victor Emmanuel II. king. 
 
 1851 Cavour minister of foreign affairs. 
 
 1855 Convents suppressed, March 2. 
 
 1857 War with Austria; peace, November, 1859. 
 
 [For later history, see Italy.'] 
 
 SICILY AND NAPLES. 
 B.C. 
 
 735 Naxos built by the Greeks from Euboea. 
 
 734 Syracuse founded by Archias from Corinth. 
 
 579 Agrigentum founded by the Dorians. 
 
 405 Dionysius the elder becomes supreme in Sic. 
 
 397 Dionysius declares war against Carthage. 
 
 387 Dionysius plants colonies in Italy. 
 
 343 Timoleon restores the republic. 
 
 317 Agathocles overthrows the republic. 
 
 263 War with the Romans. 
 
 212 Syracuse taken and Archimedes slain. 
 
 210 Sicily becomes a Roman province. 
 
 135 Servile wars, much slaughter. 
 
ITALY. 219 
 
 73 Tyrannical gov. of Verres, accused by Cicero. 
 
 35 Sicily held by Sextus Pompeius. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 79 Eruption of Vesuvius, Pompeii destroyed. 
 
 440 Invasion of the Vandals. 
 
 493 Invasion of the Goths under Theodoric. 
 
 536 Taken by Belisarius for Greek emperors. 
 
 832 Conquered by the Saracens. 
 
 1038 Partly recovered by the Greek emperors with 
 
 assistance of the Normans. 
 
 1061 Roger I. takes title of Count of Sicily. 
 
 1131 Roger II. crowned king of the Two Sicilies. 
 
 1266 Charles of Anjou becomes king. 
 
 1282 Sicilian Vespers, massacre of the French. 
 Sicily conquered by the kings of Aragon. 
 
 1435 Alphonso of Aragon takes pos. of Naples. 
 
 1501 Naples and Sicily united to Spain. 
 
 1544 Torquato Tasso born in Naples ; died 1595. 
 
 1615 Salvator Rosa born ; dies 1673. 
 
 1711 Discovery of buried Herculaneum. 
 
 1713 Victor, duke of Savoy, king of Sicily. 
 
 1735 Charles of Spain becomes king. 
 
 1755 Excavations begun at Pompeii. 
 
 1759 Charles abdicates, and is sue. by Ferdinand. 
 
 1767 The Jesuits expelled. [lost. 
 
 1783 Great earthquake in Messina, 40,000 lives 
 
 1799 The French established a republic, Jan 14. 
 The king restored by aid of the British, June. 
 
 1805 Fearful earthquake in Naples, thousands per. 
 
 1806 Joseph Bonaparte made king, Feb. 
 
220 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1808 Bonaparte abdi. for throne of Spain, June. 
 
 Joachim Murat king, July 15. 
 1815 Kingdom of Two Sicilies restored. 
 
 Murat seized and shot, Oct. 13. 
 
 Ferdinand abolishes the constitution. 
 1821 The Austrians invade the kingdom. 
 
 Fall of the constitutional government. 
 1825 Ferdinand d. Jan. 4, having reigned 66 yrs. 
 1828 Insurrection of the C arbonari in Naples, Aug. 
 
 1848 Revolution, rising of the great cities, Jan. 
 Messina taken by the Neapolitans, Sept. 7. 
 
 1849 Catania, Syracuse, and Palermo taken by 
 
 assault, April-May. 
 1860 Garibaldi lands in Sicily, May 11, and as- 
 sumes dictatorship, May 14 ; defeats the 
 Neapolitans in various engagements, May- 
 July. 
 New Sicilian constitution proclaimed, Aug. 3. 
 The Sicilians vote for annexation to Sar- 
 dinia, Oct. 21. [19. 
 1862 Garibaldi estab. a provisional governm't, Aug. 
 
 1865 First Eng. Prot. church consecrated, Mar. 11. 
 
 1866 Cholera rages in Naples, autumn. 
 
 1867 Great eruption of A^esuvius begins, Nov. 12. 
 
 1871 Maritime exhibition op. at Naples, Apr. 17. 
 
 1872 Revival of brigandage and murder, Aug, 
 1877 National exhibition of fine arts opened at 
 
 Naples, April 8. 
 1891 Italian national exhib. at Palermo, Nov. 15. 
 1893 Increase of socialism. 
 
ITALY. 221 
 
 1894 Frequent bloody conflicts. 
 
 Destructive earthquake at Messina, Nov. 16. 
 
 1895 Disorders cause the suspension of studies in 
 
 the universities, Feb. 
 [See Italy.'] 
 
 VENICE. 
 
 452 Venice founded by families from Aquileia 
 
 and Padua. 
 697 First doge chosen. 
 811 Rialto made the seat of government. 
 997 Becomes independent of the Eastern Empire. 
 1157 Bank of Venice established. 
 1177 Ceremony of wedding the Adriatic instituted. 
 1202 The Venetians aid the Crusaders. 
 1204 Crete purchased. 
 
 1229 The four bronze horses by Lysippus brought 
 from Constantinople and placed in St. 
 Mark's. 
 1263 War with the Genoese; also in 1350-81, 
 
 1377, 1380. 
 1346 Defeats the Hungarians at Zara, July 1. 
 1355 The doge Marino Faliero beheaded, Apr. 17. 
 1404 War with Padua. 
 1428 AVar against Milan ; also 1430. 
 1461 War with the Turks ; loss of .many Eastern 
 
 possessions, 
 1466 The Venetians take Athens ; Cyprus, 1475. 
 1474 Michel- Angelo Buonarotti born (at Chiusi) ; 
 dies 1564. 
 
222 IMPORTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 1477 Giorgione born; dies 1511. 
 
 Titian born (at Capro del Cadora) ; d. 1576. 
 
 1483 Venice excommunicated. 
 
 1494 Aldine Press established. 
 
 1497 Injured by the discovery of America. 
 
 1508 Nearly ruined by the siege of Cambray. 
 
 1571 Takes part in the battle of Lepanto. 
 
 1592 The Rialto Bridge and the Piazza di San 
 
 Marco erected. 
 
 1651 JS'aval victories over the Turks. [39. 
 
 1683 Recovers part of the Morea ; loses it, 1715- 
 
 1775 Antonio Canova b. (at Passagno) ; d. 1822. 
 
 1797 Occupied by Bonaparte. 
 
 1805 Annexed to the kingdom of Italy, Dec. 26. 
 
 1814 Transferred to the empire of Austria. 
 
 1830 Declared a free port, Jan. 24. []Manin. 
 
 1848 Insurrection ; the city defended by Daniel 
 
 1849 Sur. to Austrians after long siege, Aug. 22. 
 1866 Yenetia sur. to France, and transf. to Italy. 
 
 [See Italy.] 
 
 NORWAY. 
 
 630 Olaf Traetelia establ. a colony in Yermeland. 
 
 940 Haco the Good reigns ; dies 963. 
 
 998 Olaf I. establishes Christianity by force. 
 1066 Harold Hardrada invades England ; slain at 
 
 Stamford Bridge. 
 1096 Magnus III. killed in Ireland, 1103. [war. 
 1136 Xunierous competitors for the crown ; civil 
 
POLAND. 223 
 
 1389 Norway united with Denmark, separated 
 
 1448, reunited 1450. 
 1624 Christiania, the modern capital, built. 
 1814 Given to Sweden by the treaty of Kiel. 
 1821 Nobility abolished. 
 1832 Bjornstjerne Bjornson born. 
 1873 King Oscar crowned at Drontheim, July 17. 
 1884 Crown prince of Sweden appointed Viceroy, 
 
 March 19. [June 10. 
 
 1892 Norway desires autonomy in foreign affairs, 
 
 1893 Nansen starts for arctic regions, June 24 ; 
 
 reaches 86° 14' N., April 7, 1895; arrives 
 at Christiania, Sept. 9, 1896. 
 1897 Herr Andree starts in a balloon for the dis- 
 covery of the North Pole, July 11. 
 
 [See Sioeden, Denmark.] 
 
 POLAND. 
 
 842 Piastus, a peasant, elected duke. 
 
 992 Christianity introduced. 
 
 1080 Boleslas II. murders St. Stanislaus. 
 
 1241 Tatar invasion. 
 
 1370 Louis of Hungary elected king. 
 
 1444 Battle of Varna ; Ladislas VI. slain by Turks. 
 
 1410 War against the Teutonic knights. 
 
 1498 The Wallachians carry off 100,000 Poles, 
 
 and sell them to the Turks as slaves. 
 
 1548 Splendid reign of Sigismund II. 
 
224 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1569 Lithuania incorporated with Poland. 
 
 1654 Poland conquered by Swedes and Kussians. 
 
 1660 Recovers its independence. 
 
 1668 John Casiniir abdicates. 
 
 1683 John Sobieski defeats the Turks at Vienna. 
 
 1770 Stanislaus abolishes torture. 
 
 Pestilence destroys 250,000 persons. 
 1772 First partition of the kingdom by Russia, 
 Aust., and Prussia ; second .partition, 1793. 
 1794 Rising under Kosciusko, March. [Nov. 9. 
 
 Warsaw and Praga sacked by Suwarrow, 
 1806 Napoleon enters Warsaw. 
 1815 Central provinces made the kingdom of Pol. 
 
 Cracow a free republic, Nov. 27. 
 
 1830 Revolution at Warsaw. 
 
 1831 Battles with the Russians. 
 
 The insurrection suppressed, Oct. 5. 
 
 1832 Poland becomes integral part of Rus. empire. 
 
 1846 Cracow annexed to Austria. 
 
 1847 Poland declared a Russian province, May. 
 
 1861 Prince Gortschakoff governor of Poland. 
 Great agitation throughout Poland ; reign of 
 
 terror in Warsaw. 
 
 1862 Rigor of Russian government relaxed, April. 
 Grand Duke Constantine appointed gover- 
 nor, May 28. [murdered, Jan. 22. 
 
 1863 Insurrection at Warsaw ; many Russians 
 Fruitless intervention of European powers, 
 
 June. [executions. 
 
 Mouravieff rules with great severity; many 
 
PORTUGAL. 225 
 
 1866 Church property appropriated, Jan. 9. 
 1868 Complete union with Rus. effected, Feb. 29. 
 The Polish language interdicted in public 
 places, July. 
 
 1885 Over 30,000 Poles exp. from Prus. Oct.-Nov. 
 
 1886 Movement for denationalizing Poland, Feb. 
 
 1889 Conciliatory measures towards Polish land- 
 
 owners. 
 
 1890 Congress of Polish historians and archaeolo- 
 
 gists at Leopol, July 17. 
 1892 Emp. William II. of Ger. favors the Poles. 
 1894 Political demonstration in Warsaw; many 
 
 arrests, April 16. 
 
 [See Austria, Prussia, Russia.] 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 137 The Lusitanians submit to the Roman arms. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 472 Settlement of Alains and Visigoths. 
 
 713 Conquered by the Moors. 
 
 1139 Alfonso I. defeats Moors. 
 
 1308 University of Coimbra founded. 
 
 1415 John I., the Great, invades Africa. 
 
 1419 Era of maritime discoveries begins. 
 
 1420 Madeira and the Canaries seized. 
 1433 Lisbon becomes the capital. 
 1460 Prince Henry, the navigator, dies. 
 
226 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1497 Passage to East Indies discovered by Yasco 
 
 da Gama, Nov. 20. 
 
 1524 Luiz de Camoens born ; dies 1579. 
 
 1526 The Inquisition established. 
 
 1531 University of E\'Dra founded. [4. 
 
 1578 King Sebastian slain at Alcazar, Africa, Aug. 
 
 1580 Philip II. of Spain seizes the kingdom. 
 
 1640 Yoke of Spain thrown off ; John IV., Duke 
 
 of Braganza, becomes king, Dec. 
 
 1668 Treaty of Lisbon, with Spain. 
 
 1755 Lisbon destroyed by earthquake, Nov. 1. 
 
 1758 The Jesuits expelled. [by English. 
 
 1762 French and Spanish invade Portugal ; saved 
 
 1792 Queen Maria becomes insane. 
 
 1801 War with Spain, INIarch 3 ; peace, June 6. 
 
 1807 Invaded by France ; the court sail for Brazil. 
 
 1808 Battle of Yimiera ; Wellington defeats Junot, 
 
 Aug. 21. 
 
 1809 Oporto taken by Marshal Soult, March 29. 
 
 1810 Almeida taken by Massena, Aug. 27 ; he is 
 
 defeated at Busaco, Sept. 27 ; at Fuentes 
 de Onoro, May 5, 1811. 
 1815 Union of Portugal and Brazil. [Oct. 1. 
 
 1820 Revolution; Constitutional Junta establ., 
 
 1821 Return of the court, July 4. 
 
 1826 Dom Pedro abdicates the throne, INIay 2. 
 
 1828 Dom Miguel assumes the title of king, July 4. 
 
 1833 Donna INIaria proclaimed queen, July 24. 
 
 1846 Civil war ; the Great Powers assist the queen. 
 
 1853 Maria II. dies ; Pedro Y. succeeds. 
 
PRUSSIA. JJ < 
 
 1861 Pedro V. dies ; Duke of Oporto succeeds, 
 
 Nov. 11. 
 1865 International exhibition at Oporto, Sept. 18. 
 1872 Great fire at Lisbon, June 13. 
 1882 National art exliib. at Lisbon, about Apr. 15. 
 
 1889 Luis I. dies Oct. 19 ; Carlos succeeds. 
 
 1890 Dispute with England in relation to Africa. 
 Anglo-Portuguese difficulties settled, Aug. 20. 
 
 1891 Military revolt at Oporto, Jan. 31. 
 
 1892 Violent cyclones and gales, Feb, 27, Mar, 6. 
 1895 Reconciliation with Brazil. 
 
 Ke-organization of the House of Peers. 
 
 PRUSSIA. 
 
 997 St. Adalbert preaches Christianity ; is slain. 
 
 1018 Boleslas of Poland ravages the country. 
 
 1061 The Prussians renounce Christianity, 
 
 1163 Berlin built by a colony of Netherlanders. 
 
 1283 The Teutonic Knights subjugate Prussia. 
 
 1286 Konigsberg made the capital. 
 
 1415 Frederick IV. of Nuremberg becomes Mar- 
 
 graviate of Brandenburg. 
 
 1473 Copernicus b, Feb. ; d. May 21, 1513. 
 
 1525 Albert of Brandenburg embra. Lutheranism. 
 
 1544 University of Konigsberg founded. 
 
 1608 John Sigismond elector of Brandenburg. 
 
 1648 Sir Godfrey Kneller b. Aug. 8 ; d. Nov. 7, 1723. 
 
 1684 George Frederick Handel born Feb. 21 ; dies 
 April, 1759. 
 
228 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1701 The Order of the Black Eagle instituted. 
 
 1740 Frederick II., the Great, reigns. 
 
 1756 Seven Years' War begins ; ends, 1763. 
 
 1757 Battle of Prague, May 6 ; of Kolin, June 18 ; 
 
 of Rosbach, Nov. 5. 
 
 1760 An Austrian army inarches to Berlin. [War. 
 
 1763 Peace of Hubertsburg ends Seven Years' 
 
 1767 Karl Wilhelm von Humboldt b. ; d. 1835. 
 
 1769 Friederich Alexander Humboldt b. ; d. 1859. 
 
 1770 Ludwig van Beethoven b. ; d. 1827. 
 1786 Frederick the Great dies, Aug. 17. 
 1792 Frederick William II. invades France. 
 
 1805 Kaulbach born Oct. 15 ; dies 1874. 
 
 1806 Prussia joins the allies against France. 
 Battles of Jena and Auerstadt, Oct. 14. 
 
 1807 Peace of Tilsit, July 9. 
 
 Formation of the Tugendbund. [Germany. 
 1813 The people rise to expel the French from 
 1819 Marshal Bliicher d. Sept. 12, aged 77. 
 
 1848 Insurrection in Berlin, March 18. 
 
 1849 The king declines the imper. crown, Apr. 29. 
 Armistice betw. Prus. and Denmark, July 10. 
 
 1850 Hanover withdraws fr. Prus. alliance, Feb. 25. 
 Hesse-Darmstadt withdraws from the Prus- 
 sian League, June 30. 
 
 Treaty of peace with Denmark. 
 1852 Industrial exhibition at Berlin, May 28. 
 
 Repiadiates customs' union with Austria. 
 1858 Prince Frederick William marries Princess 
 Victoria, Jan. 25. 
 
RUSSIA. 229 
 
 1861 William I. ascends the throne, Jan. 2. 
 Attempted assassination of the king, July 14. 
 
 1862 Bismarck-Schonhausen, premier, Sept. 23. 
 
 1863 King resolves to govern without Parliament. 
 
 1864 War with Denmark ; treaty of peace, Oct. 30. 
 
 1865 International exhibition at Cologne, June 2. 
 
 1866 Prussia prepares for war with Austria, Mar. 
 Alliance with Italy, May. [June 14. 
 
 1866 Prussia decl. the Germanic Confed. dissolved, 
 War declared against Hanover and Saxony, 
 
 June 15; against Austria, June 18, 
 Treaty of peace signed at Prague, Aug. 23. 
 North German Confederation formed, Aug. 
 
 1867 North German constitution accepted, May 8. 
 
 1868 Naturalization treaty with U. S., Feb. 22. 
 Workmen's Congress at Berlin, Sept. 26. 
 
 1870 French decl, of war rec'd at Berlin, July 15. 
 North German Parliament engages to sup- 
 port Prussia, July 19. 
 
 1870 Day of general prayer in Prussia, July 27. 
 Strasburg surrenders. Sept, 28. 
 
 1871 The king of Prussia proclaimed emperor of 
 
 Germany, Jan. 18. 
 
 [See Austria, France, Germany, etc.] 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 376 The Huns invade Russia. 
 
 862 Ruric the Norman becomes grand duke, 
 
 907 Oleg successfully invades the Greek empire. 
 
230 IMPORTAi^T EVENTS. 
 
 988 Vladimir tlie Great is baptized. 
 
 1223 The " Golden Horde " of Tatars conquer a 
 large part of Russia. 
 
 1252 The khan of Kaptschak grand duke. 
 
 1300 Moscow made the capital. 
 
 1380 Tatar war. 
 
 1395 Tamerlane invades Russia. 
 
 1462 Ivan the Great founds the present monarchy. 
 
 1475 Fire-arms and cannon introduced. 
 
 1479 Great invasion of the Tatars. 
 
 1481 Gen. Svenigorod annihilates their power. 
 
 1554 Siberia discovered. 
 
 1598 Feodor I., last of the race of Ruric, murdered. 
 
 1613 Michael Fedorovitz, a Romanoff, ascends the 
 throne. 
 
 1617 Finland ceded to Sweden. 
 
 1654 Russian victories in Poland. . 
 
 1671 The Cossacks subjugated. I 
 
 1689 Peter the Great sole ruler. 
 
 1700 The Russians begin their new year Jan. 1, 
 but retain the old style. 
 
 1703 St. Petersburg founded, May 27. 
 
 1711 War with Turkey. 
 
 1715 Peter the Great visits France, Holland, etc. 
 
 1718 The Jesuits expelled. 
 
 1730 Peter II., last of the Romanoffs, deposed. 
 
 1762 Peter III. dethroned and murdered ; Cath- 
 erine IT. reigns. 
 
 1774 Rebellion of the Cossacks ; suppressed, 1775. 
 
 1796 Unsuccessful war with Persia. 
 
 i 
 
RUSSIA. 231 
 
 1801 Emperor Paul murdered, March. 
 1805 Russia joins the coalition against France. 
 1807 Treaty of Tilsit with France, July 7. 
 1812 War with France renewed, June. 
 
 Battle of Smolensko, Aug. 17 ; Borodino, 
 Sept. 7. 
 
 Moscow burnt by the Russians, Sept. 14. 
 1815 The Holy Alliance formed. 
 1826 Nicholas I. crowned at Moscow, Sept. 3. 
 
 War against Persia, Sept. 28 ; peace, 1828. 
 
 1828 War declared against Turkey, April 26. 
 
 1829 Peace of Adrianople, Sept. 14. 
 
 1830 War against Poland. (See Poland.) 
 
 1849 Assists Austria in subduing Hungary. 
 
 1850 Harbor of Sebastopol completed, Feb. 
 
 1853 War declared against Turkey. 
 
 1854 War with France and England. [22. 
 Bombardment of Odessa by allied fleet, Apr. 
 Battle of the Alma, Sept. 20. 
 
 Siege of Sebastopol begins, Oct. 17. 
 
 Battle of Balaklava, " Charge of the Light 
 
 Brigade," Oct. 25. 
 Russian attack at Inkerman, Nov. 5. 
 
 1855 Emperor Nicholas I. dies, March 2. 
 Alexander II. emperor. 
 
 Attack on the MalakhofE and Redan, June 18. 
 The Russians retire from Sebastopol ; the 
 
 allies enter the city, Sept. 8 et seq. 
 Gen. Mouravieff captures Kars, Nov. 26. 
 
 1856 Destruction of Sebastopol docks, Feb. 1. 
 
232 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1856 Treaty of peace concluded at Paris, j\Iar. 30. 
 
 The Crimea evacuated, July 9, 
 1858 Partial emancipation of the serfs, July 2. 
 
 1861 Decree for the total emancipation of the serfs, 
 
 Feb. 19. [20. 
 
 1862 Nesselrode, chancellor of the empire, d. Mar. 
 
 1863 Termination of serfdom, March 3. 
 
 1864 Emigration of Caucasian tribes into Turkey, 
 
 April. [Dec. 
 
 Serfdom abol. in Trans-Caucasian provinces, 
 
 1865 The cesarevitch Nicholas d. at Nice, Apr. 24. 
 
 1866 Inauguration of trial by jury, Aug. 8. 
 War with Bokhara. 
 
 1867 Russian America sold to the U. S., Mar. 13. 
 
 1868 Samarcand taken by Kaufmann, May 26. 
 1871 Schamyl, Circassian chief, dies, April. 
 
 Electric telegraph between Russia and Japan 
 completed, Nov. 
 
 1873 Khiva captured, June 10. [27. 
 Turcomans defeated at Tschandyr, July 25, 
 
 1874 Grand Duchess Marie marries Duke of Edin- 
 
 burgh, Jan. 23. [29. 
 
 1876 Baltic provinces incorp. with the empire, Jan. 
 
 1877 War declared against Tarkey, April 24. 
 Insurrection in the Caucasus, May 18 et seg. 
 
 1878 Treaty of peace signed at San Stef ano ; rati- 
 
 fied at St. Petersburg, Mar. 17. 
 Spread of Nihilism in the empire. 
 
 1879 Prince Demetrius Krapotkine assas., Feb. 21. 
 The poll-tax abolished by ukase, April. 
 
RUSSIA. 233 
 
 1879 Attempted assassination of the Czar, Apr. 14. 
 
 1880 Many Nihilists imprisoned and executed. 
 
 1881 Czar Alexander II. assassinated, March 13. 
 Alexander III. becomes emperor. 
 
 Treaty of peace with China, April. 
 Treaty with Persia signed, Dec. 22. 
 
 1882 Gen. Kaufmann dies May 16, aged 64. 
 General Scobeleff, the hero of Plevna, dies 
 
 July 7, aged 89. 
 Exhib. of Russian arts and manufactures, 
 summer. 
 
 1883 Prince Gortschakoff dies Mar. 11, aged 85. 
 Grand funeral of Tourgenieff, at St. Peters- 
 burg, Oct. 9. 
 
 1884 Gen. Todleben dies July 1 ; born 1818. 
 
 1885 Great discontent among workingmen and 
 
 peasantry, Jan. 
 
 Ship canal from St. Petersburg to Cronstadt 
 opened. May 27. 
 
 Fighting with the Afghans. 
 
 Trouble with the British government ; Den- 
 mark arbitrates. 
 
 Afghan boundaries fixed, Sept. 10. 
 
 1886 Russia interferes in Bulgaria, Sept.-Dec. 
 
 1887 Baron Hirsch gives £2,000,000 to establish 
 
 Jewish primary schools in Russia, Dec. 
 Universities closed ; students in a state of 
 rebellion, Nov.-Dec. 
 
 1888 Central Asian railway opened. May. 
 Great epidemic of influenza, Nov., Dec. 
 
234 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1890 Persecutions of the Jews ; protested against 
 
 by Tolstoi and many literary men. 
 Danilesky, historian and novelist, d. Dec. 24. 
 
 1891 Gontcharoff, popular nov., d. Sept. 27, a. 80. 
 On account of severe famine, czar forbids all 
 
 state balls and festivities, Oct. 
 
 1892 Count Tolstoi, novelist and reformer, active 
 
 in relief of distressed people, March. 
 Provisions to relieve famine received from 
 
 America, etc. 
 Great outbreak of cholera, 260,000 deaths. 
 
 1893 Tariff war bet. Russia and Germany, Aug. 
 Tschaikowsky, nmsical composer, honored 
 
 with state funeral, Nov. 9. 
 
 1894 Alexander III. dies Nov. 1, aged 49. 
 Nicholas II. becomes czar, Nov. 1. 
 Anton Rubinstein dies Nov. 20, aged 65. 
 
 1895 Nicholas II. proclaims his adherence to prin- 
 
 ciple of autocracy, Jan. 29. 
 A scientific expedition sent to Abyssinia, Jan. 
 Diplomatic relations op. with Abyssinia, July. 
 Extensive Nihilist conspiracy disc, Sept. 
 Decision to abolish private liquor saloons 
 
 throughout the empire. 
 Increased persecution of the Jews. 
 
 1896 First official census of the empire, Feb. 10. 
 Czar assumes direct control of Russ. policies. 
 Formal coronation of Nicholas II., May 26. 
 Great disaster on Khodynski PL, over 3,000 
 
 persons crushed to death or wounded. 
 
SAXONY. 
 
 235 
 
 1896 First " strike " in Russ., textile workers, June. 
 
 1897 Exiles to Siberia to go by railway, April. 
 Judicial reform in Siberia, July. [25. 
 
 1898 100 naval officers arrested for bribery, Mar. 
 
 SAXONY. 
 
 [The Saxons, a Teutonic tribe, are first mentioned by Ptolemy 
 as occupying apart of the Cimbrian peninsula, the district now 
 known as Holstein.] 
 
 457 
 531 
 785 
 792 
 843 
 880 
 919 
 
 1073 
 1087 
 1106 
 1125 
 1127 
 1423 
 1429 
 1485 
 
 1486 
 1502 
 
 Saxons under Hengist land in Britain. 
 
 Ger. Saxons join Franks against Thuringians. 
 
 Witikind, the Saxon leader, baptized. 
 
 Second Saxon war breaks out. 
 
 Louis the German governs Saxonj'. 
 
 Otto the Illustrious duke of Saxony. 
 
 Henry the Fowler founds the line of Saxon 
 emperors of Germany. 
 
 Saxons hostile to the Franconian emperors. 
 
 Make peace with Emperor Henry lY. 
 
 Lothair, Count of Supplinburg, duke. 
 
 Lothair placed on the imperial throne. 
 
 Henry the Proud duke of Saxony. 
 
 Frederic, margrave of Meissen, first elector. 
 
 Country ravaged by the Hussites. 
 
 The electorate divided, resulting in the form- 
 ation of two Saxon lines, Ernestine and 
 Albertine. [supporter of Luther, d. 1525. 
 
 Frederic the AYise elector, an illus. prince, 
 
 University of Wittenberg founded. 
 
236 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1517 Luther's theses published, Oct. 31; Saxony 
 
 the cradle of the Reformation. 
 
 1518 Melanchthon prof, in Univ. of Wittenberg. 
 1525 John elector, a leader of Schmalkald League. 
 1542 First coal-mine opened. 
 
 1547 Maurice, of the Albertine line, elector. 
 
 1552 Maurice secures religious freedom through- 
 
 out Germany. 
 
 1553 Augustus I., elector, develops the country. 
 1629 The elector George joins Gustavus Adolphus. 
 1632 Wallenstein enters Saxony. [Nov. 16. 
 
 Battle of Liitzen, Gustavus Adolphus killed, 
 1648 War ends ; population had decreas'd one-half. 
 1691 John George, the last Protestant elector. 
 1697 Frederic Augustus I. becomes king of Po- 
 land ; the connection disastrous to Saxony. 
 1706 Augustus gives up the throne of Poland. 
 1710 Manufacture of porcelain begun at Meissen. 
 1722 Moravian Brethren settle at Hernhut. 
 
 1755 Samuel Hahnemann born April ; dies 1843. 
 
 1756 Saxony suffers in the " Seven Years' War." 
 1763 Fred. Augustus III. elector ; bee. king, 1806. 
 1770 Torture abolished. 
 
 1796 Treaty of neutrality with France. 
 
 1806 Shares the defeat of the Prussians at Jena. 
 Enters the Confederation of the Rhine. 
 
 1810 Hahnemann's " Organum of Medicine " (Ho- 
 moeopathy) published, 
 
 1813 The Saxon troops desert ISTapoleon at the 
 battle of Leipsic, and join the allies. 
 
SERVIA. 237 
 
 1815 The northern portion annexed to Prussia. 
 
 [From the partition of 1815 to the war of 1866 the his- 
 tory of Saxony is mainly a narrative of the slow 
 growth of constitutionalism and popular liberty.] 
 
 1849 Uprising in Dresden, barricades erected, May. 
 
 1852 Von Beiist prime minister ; hostile to Prus. 
 
 1854 John becomes king ; a translator of Dante. 
 
 1866 Joins the Austrians against Prussia ; oc- 
 cupied by Prussia. [eration. 
 Compelled to enter the North Ger. Confed- 
 
 1877 Leipsic chosen the seat of the Supreme Court 
 of Law for the German Empire. 
 
 [See Germany J] 
 
 SERVIA. 
 
 1159 Stephen Nemanya founds the Racian dy- 
 nasty. 
 1336 Stephen Dushan subdues Bulgaria. 
 1371 The Servians defeated by the Turks. 
 1459 Subdued by Sultan Mahomet II. 
 1718 Ceded to Austria; regained by Turkey, 1739. 
 
 1806 Rebels, and captures Belgrade. [1816. 
 
 1807 Kara George estab. a governm't ; executed, 
 1829 Alexander Milosch I. recognized as heredi- 
 tary prince by the sultan, Aug. 15. 
 
 1861 Movement to render Servia independent of 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 1862 Turkey grants liberal concessions. 
 
 1868 Prince Michael assass. in Belgrade, June 10. 
 Milan IV. succeeds. 
 
238 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1876 Servia declares war against Turkey, July 1. 
 
 1877 Peace with Turkey ratified, March 4. 
 Servians again declare war against Turkey, 
 
 Dec. 14. 
 
 1878 Proclamation of peace and national indepen- 
 
 dence at Belgrade, Aug. 22. [6. 
 
 1882 Milan proclaimed king by the Assembly, Mar. 
 
 1885 Panslavist agitation, Sept. 
 
 War declared against Bulgaria, Nov. 13. 
 
 1886 Peace signed, March 3 ; ratified by the sul- 
 
 tan, March 13. 
 
 1888 The king divorced from Queen Natalie on 
 
 political grounds, Oct. [Mar. 6. 
 
 1889 King Milan abdicates ; Alex, proclaimed, 
 
 1893 Keconciliation of king and queen, Jan. 19. 
 
 1894 King Milan's divorce annulled, March 18. 
 
 1895 Queen Natalie returns to Belgrade, May 10. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 B.C. 
 
 360 Carthaginians settle in Spain. 
 212 War between the Romans and Carthaginians. 
 207 The Carthaginians driven out of Spain. 
 60 Pompey governs Spain. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 409 Conquered by the Vandals, Alani, and Suevi. 
 414 Adolphus founds the kingdom of the Visi- 
 goths. 
 452 Theodoric I. vanquishes the Suevi. 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 239 
 
 711 
 
 873 
 1035 
 1091 
 1094 
 
 1099 
 1238 
 1253 
 1274 
 1327 
 1340 
 1474 
 1479 
 1480 
 1492 
 
 1499 
 1503 
 1516 
 1517 
 1519 
 1534 
 1547 
 1554 
 1561 
 1562 
 
 t 
 
 Rodrigo, last of the Gothic kings, killed in 
 
 battle. 
 Establishment of the Saracens at Cordova. 
 Sancho liiigo, count of Navarre. 
 The kingdom of Aragon begins. 
 The Saracens call in the Moors from Africa. 
 Dynasty of the Almoravides at Cordova ; 
 
 ends, 1144. 
 Death of the Cid Rodrigo. [Moors. 
 
 The kingdom of Granada begun by the 
 The Alhambra founded by Mohammed I. 
 The crown of Navarre passes to France. 
 Arrival of 200,000 Moors to assist Granada. 
 Battle of Tarifa ; defeat of the Moors. 
 Las Casas born ; dies 1566. 
 Aragon and Castile united. 
 Establishment of the Inquisition. 
 Persecution and expulsion of the Jews. 
 Columbus sent to explore western world, 
 
 Aug. 3. 
 Mohammedans persecuted and expelled. 
 
 Garcilasso de la Vega born ; dies 1536. 
 
 House of Austria acquires the crown of Spain. 
 
 Cardinal Ximenes dies; born 1431. 
 
 Charles I. elected emp. of Ger. as Charles Y. 
 
 Society of Jesus founded by Loyola. 
 
 Cervantes born; dies 1616. 
 
 Philip II. marries Mary of England, July 25. 
 
 Great persecution of Protestants. 
 
 Carpio Felix Lope da Vega born ; dies 1635. 
 
240 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1571 Victory over the Turks at Lepanto. 
 
 1598 Philip III. banishes the Moors. 
 
 1599 Velasquez born, June ; dies Aug. 6, 1660. 
 1601 Calderon born ; dies 1687. 
 
 1617 Murillo born ; dies April 3, 1682. 
 
 1700 Accession of Philip V., House of Bourbon ; 
 
 gives rise to " War of the Succession." 
 
 1702 War of the Succession begins; ends, 1713. 
 
 1713 Siege of Barcelona. 
 
 1762 War with England. 
 
 1797 Battle off Cape St. Vincent. 
 
 1808 The French take Madrid, March. 
 
 Joseph Bonaparte king. [Jan. 16. 
 
 1809 Battle of Corunna, death of Sir John Moore, 
 1811 Wellington defeats Massena, May 5. 
 
 1813 The French totally def. at Vittoria, June 21. 
 
 Wellington defeats Soult, Oct. 8. 
 1817 Slave-trade abolished for a compensation. 
 1830 Salique law abolished, March 29. 
 
 Carlist and Christina parties formed. 
 1834 Isabella II. sue. to the throne, Apr. 22 ; de- 
 posed, Sept. 29, 1868 ; abdi., June 2.5, 1870. 
 1837 The monasteries dissolved. 
 
 1842 Insurrection at Barcelona. 
 
 1843 Success of the revolutionists. 
 
 1846 Marriage of the queen to the Duke of Cadiz. 
 
 1851 Death of Godoy, " Prince of Peace," Oct. 4. 
 
 1854 Military insur. under O'Donnell, June 28. 
 
 1859 War with Morocco ; peace, March 26, 1860. 
 
 1861 Annexation of St. Domingo ratified. May 19. 
 
spAi]s^. 241 
 
 1861 Intervention in Mexico, Dec. 8. 
 
 1862 Much church property in course of sale, Apr. 
 
 1864 Rupture with Peru, Apr.; peace, Jan. 27, 1865. 
 
 1865 Dispute with Chile. 
 
 Spanish ship Covadonga captured by the 
 Chileans, Nov. 26. 
 
 1866 Military insur. headed by Gen. Prim, Jan. 3. 
 Military revolt in favor of Prim, June ; 
 
 quelled with much bloodshed by Marshals 
 
 O'Donnell and Narvaez. 
 Freedom of the press abolished, Aug.-Sept. 
 Re-estab. of tranquillity declared, Oct. 3. 
 Public instruc. placed under the clergy, Oct. 
 
 1867 Death of Marshal O'Donnell, Nov. 5. 
 
 1868 Death of Marshal Narvaez, April 23. 
 Marshal Serrano and others exiled about 
 
 July 10. 
 Insurrection begins in the fleet, Sept. 18. 
 Prim announces a provisional gov't, Sept. 19. 
 Deposition of the queen declared, Sept. 29. 
 Freedom of religious worship declared, Oct. 
 
 12, 13. 
 Insurrections against the provisional gov. 
 
 1869 The Cortes votes for a monarchy, INlay 21. 
 
 1870 Isabella II. abdicates, June 25. 
 
 Leopold of Hohenzollern nominated king, 
 
 July 6 ; resigns, July 12. [Nov. 17. 
 
 Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, proclaimed king, 
 
 General Prim shot by assassins, Dec. 27 ; 
 
 dies Dec. 30, aged 56. 
 
242 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1871 Sagasta prime minister, Dec. 21. 
 
 1872 Insurrection of Carlists, April et seq. 
 Attempted assas. of king and queen, July 18. 
 Eed Republican rising at Ferrol, Oct. 11. 
 
 1873 King Amadeus resigns, Feb. 11. 
 Risings of the Carlists throughout Spain. 
 The Federal Republic proclaimed, June 8. 
 Castelar virtually dictator, Sept. 15. 
 
 1874 Marshal Serrano president of ministry. 
 Constant battles with the Carlists. 
 Alfonso XII. proclaimed king, Dec. 29. 
 
 1875 Civil war continues throughout the year. 
 
 1876 Don Carlos surrenders, Feb. 27. 
 
 The pope opposes religious toleration, April. 
 Jews (expelled in 1492) petition for re-ad- 
 mission, April. [Sept. 
 Repression of Protestant public worship, 
 
 1878 The king marries his cousin Mercedes, Jan. 
 
 23 ; Queen Mercedes dies June 26. 
 End of insur. in Cuba announced, Feb. 21. 
 
 1879 Espartero, duke of A'ittoria, dies Jan. 8. 
 King m. Maria Christina of Austria, Nov. 29. 
 Attempted assassination of king and queen, 
 
 Dec. 30. 
 1881 Russian Jews permitted to come to Spain. 
 Xew railway between Madrid and Lisbon 
 opened, Oct. 8. 
 
 1883 Sagasta at head of ministry. 
 
 1884 Fall of the Alcudia railway bridge ; great 
 
 loss of life, April 26. 
 
SPAIN. 243 
 
 1884 Severe earthquakes, Dec. 25-31. 
 
 1885 Cholera breaks out at Valencia, May. 
 Alfonso XII. dies Nov. 25. 
 Marshal Serrano dies Nov. 26. 
 
 1886 Bishop of Madrid assassinated, April 19. 
 Alfonso XIII. born May 17. 
 Destructive cyclone at Madrid, May 12. 
 
 1887 Philippine exhibition at Madrid, Oct. 17. 
 
 1888 Republican outbreaks at various places. 
 
 1889 Trial by jury first put in force, May 29. 
 Dispute with Morocco settled, Sept. 29. 
 
 1890 Strike of 40,000 workmen in Barcelona, etc., 
 
 March 30. 
 
 1891 Great floods and inundations, Sept. 11 et seq. 
 
 1892 Anarchist riots at Xeres, etc., Feb. 10. 
 
 1893 Destructive floods, great loss of life, Sept. 15. 
 War with Morocco, Oct. ; ends Feb. 23, 1894. 
 
 1894 Senor Cabrera, first bishop of Spanish Re- 
 
 formed Church, consecrated, Sept. 23. 
 
 1895 Reina Regente, cruiser, sunk, 400 lives lost, 
 
 about March 10. 
 
 1896 Personal fracas in the Senate, May 21. 
 Bomb expl. in crowd in Barcelona, June 7. 
 
 1897 Barcelona anarchists executed, June 7. 
 Assassination of Premier Canovas del Cas- 
 tillo, Aug. 8. 
 
 Senor Sagasta prime minister, Oct. 2. [23. 
 Scheme of Cuban autonomy approved, Nov. 
 
 1898 The cabinet votes an extraordinary war 
 
 credit, April 13. 
 
244 IMPORTAXT EVEXTS. 
 
 1898 U. S. minister Woodford leaves INIadrid, Apr. 
 Declares that war exists with U. S., Apr. 24. 
 Serious food riots, May 5. [Nov. 28. 
 
 Accepts terms of peace proposed by U. S., 
 American and Spanish commissioners sign 
 treaty of peace at Paris, Dec. 10. 
 
 [See Spanish America.'\ 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 1000 Olaf introduces Christianity. 
 
 1168 Waldemar I. of Den. destroys pagan temples. 
 
 1260 Stockholm founded. 
 
 1319 The crown of Sweden made elective. 
 
 1363 Albert of Mecklenbm-g reigns. 
 
 1397 Sweden united to Denmark and N^orway. 
 
 1476 University of Upsal founded. 
 
 1520 Nobility murdered by Christian II. of Den. 
 
 1521 Gustavus A'asa throws off the Danish yoke. 
 1523 Gustavus Yasa ascends the throne. 
 
 1527 Lutheranism introduced. 
 
 1544 The crown made hereditary. 
 
 1611 Gustavus Adolphus becomes king. 
 
 1628 Gustavus heads the Protestants in Germany ; 
 
 killed at battle of Liitzen, Nov. 16, 1632. 
 
 1633 Christina queen ; abdicates, June 16, 1654. 
 
 1660 Arts and sciences begin to flourish. 
 
 1666 University of Lund founded. 
 
 1688 Emanuel Swedenborg born Jan, 29; dies 
 
 March 29, 1772, 
 
SWEDEN. 245 
 
 1699 Charles XII. begins to reign. 
 
 1700 Battle of Narva ; defeat of Riis., Nov. 30. 
 1709 Swedes defeated at Piiltowa. 
 
 1713 Charles a prisoner to the Turks. [Dec. 11. 
 
 1718 Siege of Frederickshald, Charles XII. killed, 
 
 1719 Queen Ulrica abolishes despotism. 
 1741 Royal Academy founded by Linnaeus. 
 1772 Despotism re-established by Gustavus III. 
 1792 Gustavus III. assassinated, March 16. 
 1809 Gustavus IV. dethroned ; Charles XIII. suc- 
 ceeds, March 13. 
 
 Representative constitution estab., June 7. 
 
 1813 Sweden joins alliance against Napo., JNIar. 13 
 
 1814 Xorway ceded to Sweden, Jan. 14. 
 
 1818 Bernadotte, French marshal, king, as Charles 
 
 John XIV. 
 1844 Oscar I. king, March 8. 
 1860 Increased religious toleration. 
 1864 Inauguration of free trade, Jan. 1. 
 
 National Scandinavian Society founded, Dec. 
 1870 Neutrality in the Franco-Prussian war pro- 
 claimed, Aug. 4. [Nordenskjold. 
 1879 Northeast passage discovered by Professor 
 1888 Prince Oscar marries Miss Munck, Mar. 15. 
 
 1893 Celebration of 300th anniversary of Refor- 
 
 mation, Sept. 5-7. 
 
 1894 Birth of Adolphus celebrated throughout 
 
 Sweden, Dec. 9. [19. 
 
 1897 Jubilee celebration of King Oscar, Sept. 18, 
 
 Scandinavian exhibition at Stockholm, Oct. 
 
246 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 SWITZERLAND (HELVETIA). 
 
 909 Helvetia ravaged by the Huns. 
 
 1032 Becomes subject to Germany. 
 
 1191 Berne built. 
 
 1306 Period ascribed to William Tell ; doubtful. 
 
 1307 Confederation against Austria. 
 
 1315 Battle of Morgarten, defeat of Aust., Nov. 15. 
 
 1332 Lucerne joins the Confederacy. 
 
 1350 Zurich becomes head of the League. 
 
 1351 Berne, Glaris, and Zug join the Confederacy. 
 1386 Battle of Sempach, defeat of the Austrians. 
 1388 The Austrians defeated at Nafels, April 9, 
 1400 League of the Grisons ; second League, 1424 ; 
 
 third League, 1436. 
 1444 Battle of St. Jacob's, 1,600 Swiss and 10,000. 
 
 French killed, Aug. 26. 
 1476 The Swiss defeat Charles the Bold, March 5, 
 
 June 22. 
 
 1480 Swiss soldiers first enter service of France. 
 
 1481 Fribourg and Soleure join the Confederacy. 
 1484 Ulrich Zwingli b. Jan. 1 ; killed Oct. 12, 1531. 
 1499 Maximilian I. acknowledges Swiss ind. 
 1501 Schaffhausen and Basle join Confederacy. 
 1519 The Reformation begins at Basle, 
 
 1531 Battle of Cappel, Oct. 12. 
 1544 The Grisons Leagues join Swiss Confederacy. 
 1597 Appenzell joins the Confederacy. 
 1602 Geneva attacked by Charles Emanuel of 
 Savov, who is defeated. 
 
SWITZERLAND. 247 
 
 1648 Independence of Switzerland recognized by 
 
 treaty of Westphalia. 
 
 1712 Peace of Aargau, end of religious war. 
 
 1777 Alliance with France, May 25. [parties. 
 
 1781 Strife in Geneva bet. aristocratic and dera. 
 
 1782 Fugitive Genevese seek asylum in Ireland. 
 1792 Swiss Guards ordered to quit France. 
 
 1798 Helvetic Confederation subjugated by Fr. 
 Helvetian Republic formed. 
 
 1799 Switzerland the seat of European war. 
 The number of cantons increased to 19. 
 Uri, Schweitz, and Underwald separate from 
 
 the Republic. 
 1815 The number of cantons increased to 22. 
 
 Independence and neutrality of Switzerland 
 secured by treaty of Vienna. 
 
 1846 The Roman Catholic cantons form a sepa- 
 
 rate league (Sonderbund). [Oct. 7. 
 
 Insur. at Geneva against Jesuit teaching, 
 
 1847 Civil war, end of the Sonderbund. 
 
 1848 New Federal constitution, Sept. 12. 
 
 1860 Swiss forbidden to enter foreign service 
 
 without permission. 
 
 1861 Territorial disputes with France. [28. 
 1865 Intern. Social Science Cong, at Berne, Aug. 
 1867 AA^orkmen's International Congress at Lau- 
 sanne, Sept. 2-7. 
 
 International Peace and Liberty Congress 
 meets at Geneva, Sept. 9-12 ; at Berne, 
 Sept. 22-26, 1868. 
 
248 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1872 M. Favre engaged to construct tunnel 
 through St. Gothard in 8 years for 
 £2,000,000, Aug. 8. [June. 
 
 1874 Swiss National Catholic Church constituted, 
 Intern. Postal Congress at Berne, Sept. 15. 
 
 1878 James Fazy, eminent statesman, dies Nov. 6. 
 
 1882 Opening of St. Gothard railway from Milan 
 to Lucerne, May 20, 21. 
 
 1884 National exhib. at Zurich, May. 1-Dec. 27. 
 
 1890 Destructive storms and much distress, Aug. 
 18-23. [Aug. 18. 
 
 1892 Great fire at Grindelwald, near Interlachen, 
 
 1895 Carl Schenk, six times president of the Con- 
 federation, dies from accident, July 18. 
 Declares against centralization of the mili- 
 tary power, Nov. 3. [20. 
 
 1898 Votes to take gov. control of railways, Feb. 
 
 TURKEY. 
 
 1299 The Ottoman empire founded by Osman, or 
 
 Othman. 
 
 1330 Turks conquer Nicaea. 
 
 1346 The Morea conquered. 
 
 1361 Adrianople taken by Amurath I. (?). 
 
 1362 Amurath I. remodels the Janissaries. 
 1389 Bajazet I. overruns the Eastern Empire. 
 1396 He defeats the Hungarians at Nicopolis, 
 
 Sept. 28. 
 
TURKEY. 249 
 
 1402 Bajazet I. defeated and made prisoner by 
 
 Tamerlane the Tatar. 
 
 1430 Macedonia annexed. 
 
 1444 Battle of Varna. (See Hungary.) [29. 
 
 1453 Constantinople taken by Mehemet II., May 
 
 1458 Greece subjected to the Turks. 
 
 1480 Otranto taken. 
 
 1515 Selim I. overruns Syria. [Egypt. 
 
 1516 Selim defeats the Mamelukes, and gains 
 1521 Solyraan takes Belgrade; Rhodes, 1522. 
 1571 Battle of Lepanto, maritime power of Turkey 
 
 destroyed. 
 
 1637 AYar with the Cossacks. 
 
 1669 Candia (Crete) taken, after 25 years' siege. 
 
 1683 Mahomet IV. besieges Vienna. 
 
 1703 Mustapha II. deposed by Janissaries. 
 
 1717 The Turks lose Belgrade ; retaken, 1739. 
 
 1745 Defeat of the Turks at Kars. 
 
 1770 Great sea-fight in channel of Scio ; Russian 
 victory. 
 
 1781 The Crimea ceded to Russia, January. 
 
 1787 Disastrous war with Austria and Russia ; 
 ends 1791. 
 
 1798 War with the French in Egypt. 
 
 1803 Insurrection of Mamelukes at Cairo. 
 
 1807 War against Russia and England. 
 
 1809 The Russians defeated at Silistria. 
 
 1821 Greek patriarch put to death in Constanti- 
 nople, April 23. 
 
 1826 Massacre of the Janissaries, June 14-16. 
 
250 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1827 Battle of Navarino, the Turkish fleet de- 
 
 stroyed, Oct. 20. 
 
 1828 AVar with Russia. 
 
 1829 Treaty of peace at Adrianople, Sept. 14. 
 
 1830 Turkey acknowledges the independence of 
 
 Greece, April 25. 
 Treaty with America, May 7. [21. 
 
 1832 Defeated at Konieh by Ibrahim Pacha, Dec. 
 
 1833 The Russians enter Constantinople, April 3. 
 Treaty with Russia, offensive and defensive, 
 
 July 8. 
 1838 Office of Grand Vizier abolished, March 30. 
 1849 Christians admitted to office, June. 
 
 1853 War declared against Russia, Oct. 5. 
 
 1854 Rupture with Greece ; conflicts ensue. 
 
 1856 Free exercise of religion authorized, Feb. 18, 
 Great Britain, France, and Austria guarantee 
 
 integrity of Turkish empire, April 15. 
 
 1857 Austrians quit the principalities, March. 
 
 1858 Massacre of Christians at Jedda, June 15. 
 Indecisive conflicts with the INIontenegrins, 
 
 July. 
 Turkish financial reforms begun, August. 
 First railway op. from Aidan to Smyrna, 
 
 Sept. 19. [Nov. 8. 
 
 The Montenegrin boundaries determined, 
 
 1859 Electric telegraph completed between Aden 
 
 and Suez, May. [destroyed, Sept. 10-14. 
 Great fire at Constantinople, 1,000 houses 
 111 treatment of Christians, May, June. 
 
TURKEY. 251 
 
 1861 Christians revolt in Herzegovina, JNIarch. 
 
 1862 Peace with Montenegro, Sept. 23. [26. 
 
 1863 Exhibition of the produce of the empire, July 
 
 1864 Great immigration of Caucasian tribes, Apr. 
 
 1865 Cholera at Constantinople, nearly 50,000 
 
 deaths, August. ■' [Jan. 1867. 
 
 Revolt of the Maronites, Dec. 30 ; suppressed, 
 
 1866 Revolution in Bucharest. 
 
 1867 Omar Pacha, commander of the Turkish 
 
 army, dies April, 1871. 
 
 1868 Dispute with Greece in relation to Crete. 
 
 1869 System of compulsory education promul- 
 
 gated, Oct. 
 Inauguration of the Suez Canal, Nov. 17. 
 
 1870 Great fire at Pera, over 7,000 houses burned, 
 
 June 5. [Oct. 23. 
 
 1871 Tunis made an integral part of the empire, 
 
 1875 Insurrection in Herzegovina, July-August. 
 
 1876 Insurrection in Bulgaria suppressed. May. 
 Riots in Constantinople, May 10. 
 Declaration of war by Servia and Montene- 
 gro, July 1, 2 ; continued fighting. 
 
 Atrocities in Bulgaria, August. 
 
 1877 First Turkish Parliament opened, March 19. 
 War with Russia, April. [28, 
 Holy war against Russia propounded, May 
 
 1878 Treaty of peace with Russia, March 3. 
 
 1880 Diplomatic negotiations with European pow- 
 
 ers throughout the year. 
 
 1881 Thessaly ceded to Greece, July 2. 
 
252 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1883 Difficulties with Greek Church, Dec-Jan. 
 
 1884. 
 
 1884 Midhat Pacha, statesman, dies May, a. 62. 
 
 1885 Turkey asks assistance of Great Powers to 
 
 settle Roumelian question. [a. 64. 
 
 1886 Hobart Pacha, Turkish admiral, d. June 19, 
 
 1888 Direct railway communication opened be- 
 
 tween Calais and Constantinople, August. 
 
 1889 Troubles in Servia and Armenia. [June 22. 
 
 1890 British yarn-spinning factory op. at Constan,, 
 
 1891 Musurus Pacha, diplomatist, 33 years am- 
 
 bassador at London, d. Feb. 12, a. 84. 
 
 1894 Diplomatic relations suspended with the 
 
 Powers in relation to Armenia, Dec. 9. 
 
 1895 Commission appointed for reforms in Arme- 
 
 nia, June 29. [4 ; treaty ratified, Dec. 16. 
 1898 Final treaty of peace with Greece signed, Dec. 
 
 WURTEMBERG. 
 
 1241 Ulrich the first authentic count. 
 
 1495 Raised to the dignity of an imperial duchy. 
 
 1520 Conquered by Bavaria and sold to Austria. 
 
 1534 Recovers its rank as a duchy. 
 The Reformation introduced. 
 
 1571 Johann Kepler born ; dies 1630. [etc. 
 
 1688 Devastated by French armies, also in 1692, 
 
 1699 Offers a home to the exiled Waldensians. 
 
 1805 Takes arms on the side of France. 
 
WiJRTEMBERG. 253 
 
 1806 Frederic I. assumes the title of king. 
 1813 Deserts France, and joins the allies. 
 1848 A new liberal constitution granted. 
 1851 The constitution of 1819 reinstituted. 
 1864 Enters the German Customs Union. 
 1866 Takes up arms on behalf of Austria. 
 
 Defeated by the Prussians. [France- 
 
 1870 Shares in the German enthusiasm against 
 
 Becomes part of the German empire. 
 
 [See Germany .] 
 
254 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 [The reputed cradle of tlie human raee, about 4004 before 
 Christ ; Noah's deluge is assigned by the old authorities to the 
 year 2348 B.C. Modern science has rejected this chronology, 
 and the subject of the early history of the world is a matter of 
 doubt and mystery.] 
 
 AFGHANISTAN. 
 
 [A large district in Central Asia, the early history of which 
 is very obscure. Native chroniclers claim descent from the lost 
 tribes of Israel. It formed successively parts of the Persian 
 and Greek empires.] 
 
 1200 Early Afghan conquests in India begin. 
 
 1221 Conquests of Genghis Khan ; of Tamerlane, 
 
 1398. 
 
 1525 Sultan Baber conquers Cabul. 
 
 1720 The Afghans invade Persia. 
 
 1738 Nadir Shah of Persia subdues the country. 
 
 1826 Dost Mohammed Khan becomes ameer. 
 
 1838 Dethroned by the Brit. ; Suja Shah restored. 
 
 1841 British occupy Cabul ; revolt of Afghans. 
 
 1842 British army destroyed in the Khyber pass, 
 
 Jan. 6-13. [Sept. 
 
 Sir George Pollock forces the Khyber pass, 
 Dost Mohammed, ameer, friendly to the Brit. 
 1863 Shere Ali becomes ameer. 
 1878 Shere Ali signs a treaty with Kussia, Aug. 
 
 Gen. Roberts gainsvic. at Peiwar pass, Dec. 2. 
 1879 
 
 nous fighting. 
 
ARABIA. 
 
 255 
 
 1880 
 1881 
 
 1888 
 1891 
 
 Constant fighting bet. British and Afghans. 
 
 Civil war bet. the ameer and Ayoob Khan. 
 
 Abdnr-Rahman virtual ruler of all Afghan- 
 istan, Oct. [cand, July. 
 
 Central Asian railroad finished to Samar- 
 
 Great Britain and Russia dis^Dute respecting 
 the Pamir frontier, Sept.-Oct. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 24 
 
 A.D. 
 
 529 
 570 
 610 
 611 
 622 
 
 630 
 
 634 
 656 
 660 
 
 750 
 
 929 
 1171 
 
 ARABIA. 
 
 Invaded by Gallus, Roman gov. of Egypt. 
 
 Abyssinians invade Yemen. 
 Mohammed born at Mecca. 
 The Koran begun ; finished,. 632. 
 Mohammed announces himself as a prophet. 
 He flees to Medina (the " Hegira "), July 15. 
 The Mohammedan Arabs, termed Saracens, 
 
 begin their career of conquest. 
 Mohammed acknowledged as a sovereign ; 
 
 dies June 8, 632., 
 Omar chosen ruler ; assas. 644 ; Othman sue. 
 Othman mur. by Ali, who usurps the throne. 
 Ali assassinated ; succeeded by Muawwyah. 
 Damascus made capital of the empire. 
 Merwan, last of Ommiade caliphs, killed. 
 The good days of Arabia ended. 
 Mecca stormed by Suleyman Abu-Jahir. 
 Last Fatimite caliph dethroned by Saladin. 
 
25G IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1517 Sultan Selim I. receives investiture of Mo- 
 hammedan caliphate. 
 1630 Yemenite chief Khasim expels the Turks. 
 1787 Abd-el-Walihab,founder of the Wahhabees,d- 
 1803 Mecca taken by the Wahhabees. 
 1811 Mehemet Ali begins contest with Wahhabees. 
 
 [The later history of Arabia has been a succession of 
 revolts and massacres.] 
 
 ASSYRIA. 
 
 [Originally Assur, between Mesopotamia and Media, was the 
 seat of the earliest recorded monarchy. The chronologists 
 differ greatly in the dates, many of which are now considered 
 mythical.] 
 
 B.C. 
 
 2245 Nimrod, or Belus, reigns. 
 
 2059 Ninus, king of Assyria, takes Babylon. 
 
 2007 Semiramis usurps the government. 
 
 1446 Belochus, last king of the race of Ninus. 
 
 1140 Tiglath-pileser, the real founder of the As- 
 syrian empire. 
 
 858 Shalmaneser II. makes large conquests. 
 
 823 The empire enlarged by Samas-Rimmon TI. 
 
 763 A solar eclipse recorded. [empire. 
 
 745 Pul usurps the throne, and consolidates the 
 
 705 Sennacherib ascends the throne. [pire. 
 
 680 Esar-haddon reigns, and reorganizes the em- 
 
 606 Assyria becomes a Median province. 
 
 332 Subdued by Alexander the Great. 
 
BABYLONIA. ' 257 
 
 A.B. 
 
 1637 Conquered by the Turks. 
 
 1835 Explored by Col. Chesney. 
 
 1848 Layard's " Discoveries " published. 
 
 1875 " Assyrian Discoveries," by Geo. Smith, pub. 
 
 BABYLONIA. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 2234 Earliest astronomical observations. 
 
 747 Nabonassar governor. 
 
 729 Conquered by Pul, king of Assyria. [king. 
 
 722 Becomes independent, Merodach-baladan J I. 
 
 720 Lunar eclipses observed and recorded by 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 705 Sargon king, expelled by Sennacherib. 
 
 640 Nabopolassar seizes the gov. ; king, 625. 
 
 604 Nebuchadnezzar king; his acts recorded in 
 the Bible. 
 
 551 Nabonadius king. [sians, 538. 
 
 539 Belshazzar king, slain by Medes and Per- 
 
 518 Babylon revolts, and is taken by Darius. 
 
 331 Conquered by Alexander, who dies there, 323. 
 
 312 Seleucus Nicator transfers the seat of gov- 
 ernment to Seleuca ; Babylon is deserted. 
 
 140 Conquered by the Parthians, and becomes 
 part of the Persian empire. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 . 650 Conquered by the Mohammedans, and be- 
 comes seat of the caliphs till 1258, since 
 1638 subject to Turkey. 
 
258 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 2356 Yaou extends the empire. 
 
 1123 The Chow dynasty begins with Woo-Wang. 
 
 1115 Mariner's compass said to have b»en invented. 
 
 551 Confucius born ; dies 478. 
 
 255 Tsin dynasty enthroned. [finished, 204. 
 
 246 Che Hwang-te rules ; builds the " great wall," 
 
 202 Literature and the art of printing encouraged. 
 
 15 The religion of Laot-se begun. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 68 The religion of F6 introduced. 
 
 420 Nankin becomes the capital. 
 
 635 Nestorian Christians permitted to preach. 
 
 845 Christians proscribed and extirpated. 
 
 1260 Seat of government transferred to Peking. 
 
 1275 Marco Polo introduces missionaries. 
 
 Kublai Khan establishes the Mongol dynasty. 
 
 1368 Ming dynasty. 
 
 1517 Europeans first arrive in Canton. 
 
 1616 Manchu Tatars begin conquest of the coun- 
 try; their rule established, 1643. 
 
 1600 Tea first brought to England. 
 
 1662 Earthquake buries 300,000 people at Peking ; 
 100,000 in 1731. [32. 
 
 1692 Jesuit missionaries preach ; expelled, 1724- 
 
 1812 Edict against Christianity. 
 
 1834 Opium dispute begins with Great Britain. 
 
 1839 Hong-Kong taken by the British, Aug. 23. 
 
CHINA. 259 
 
 1840 Edict prohib. trade with Great Britain, Jan. 5. 
 
 1841 Hong-Kong Gazette first published, jNIay 1. 
 
 1842 Continued war with the British ; peace, Aug. 
 
 29. 
 1850 Rebellion of the Tae-pings breaks out, Aug. 
 1857 Chinese fleet destroyed by Com. Elliot, May 
 
 25-27. 
 
 1859 Commercial treaty with America. 
 
 1860 War with the British and French. [Oct. 24. 
 Peking surrenders to the allies, Oct. 15; peace, 
 
 1863 The English Col. Gordon defeats the Tae- 
 pings. 
 
 1868 Burlingame treaty with U. S. signed, July 4. 
 
 1870 Massacre of French consul, priests, Sisters 
 of Mercy, and native converts, June 21 ; 
 French indemnified. 
 
 1876 First railway in China. 
 
 1877 Equal rights granted Chinese Christians, 
 
 Feb. 1. 
 Dreadful famine in Northern provinces. 
 1880 Li-Hung-Chang gov. of metropolitan prov. 
 
 1883 Coup d'etat at Peking; Li-Hung-Chang de- 
 
 posed ; subsequently becomes viceroy. 
 
 1884 War with France ; treaty of peace ratified, 
 
 Nov. 28, 1885. 
 
 1885 Introduction of railways authorized. 
 
 1887 Inundation of the Hoang-Ho ; millions of 
 people perish. 
 
 1891 Formally objects to Henry W. Blair as min- 
 ister from the United States, April 28. 
 
260 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1891 Continued persecution of foreigners. 
 
 1894 War with Japan, July. 
 
 Treaty between China and the U. S., Aug. 
 
 1895 Treaty of peace with Japan, April 17. 
 
 1896 Li-Hung-Chang visits Europe and America. 
 
 1897 German mariners take Kaio Chau, Dec. 3. 
 
 1898 Balance of war indem. paid to Japan, Apr. 17. 
 Forced abdication of the emperor, Sept. 22. 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 1500 Northern India said to have been invaded 
 and conquered by the Aryans between this 
 date and 1000. 
 
 624 Gautama, founder of Buddhism, b.; d.543 (?). 
 
 327 Invasion of Alexander the Great. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1001 Irruption of Mohammedans under Mahmud 
 
 Ghuzni. 
 1186 Extinction of the house of Ghuzni. 
 1219 Invasion of Moguls under Genghis Khan. 
 1397 Timour, the Tatar, captures Delhi. 
 1502 Vasco da Gama estab. a Port. col. at Cochin. 
 1519 Sultan Baber completes conquest of India 
 
 before 1527. [reigns. 
 
 1556 Akbar, the greatest sovereign of Hindustan, 
 
 1600 The Portuguese introduce tobacco. 
 
 1601 The British East India Co. chartered. 
 The Dutch first visit India, 
 
INDIA. 261 
 
 1627 Reign of Shah Jehan ; golden age of Moguls. 
 
 1640 Madras founded ; made a presidency, 1652. 
 
 1658 Aurungzebe reigns. 
 
 1659 Rise of the Mahratta power. 
 1662 Bombay ceded to England. 
 
 1664 French East India Company established. 
 1698 Calcutta purchased by the East India Co. 
 1739 Kouli Khan (Persian) captures Delhi, and 
 
 massacres 150,000 persons. 
 1746 War between the British and French. 
 
 1756 Calcutta taken by Surajah Dowla; suffoca- 
 
 tion of British in " Black Hole," June 20. 
 
 1757 Calcutta retaken by Clive, Jan. 2. 
 1772 Warren Hastings governor in Bengal. 
 1780 Hyder Ali defeats the British, Sept. 10. 
 1782 Death of Hyder ; Tippoo Sahib succeeds, 
 
 killed, 1799. [dies Feb. 13. 
 
 1798 Christian F. Schwartz, " the Apostle of 1.," 
 
 1803 Mahratta war ; victories of Wellesley (Duke 
 of Wellington). 
 
 1824 Burmese war; British take Rangoon, May 
 5 ; peace, Feb. 24, 1826. [Dec. 7. 
 
 1829 Abolition of suttees (burning of widows), 
 
 1838 Slavery abolished. Afghan war. (See Af- 
 ghanistan.) 
 
 1843 Scinde war ; Scinde annexed to Brit. India. 
 
 1845 Danish possessions purchased by G. Britain. 
 Sikh war ; Sikhs unconditionally surrendei', 
 March, 1849. 
 
 1851 Burmese war; ends, June, 1853. 
 
262 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1853 First Indian Kailway opened, April 13. 
 
 1854 Ganges canal opened. 
 
 1857 Great mutiny of the native troops; Delhi 
 
 seized, Cawnpore surrenders to Nana 
 Sahib, Lucknow besieged, etc. 
 
 1858 Government of E. India Co. ceases Sept. 1. 
 War in Oude ; continues through 1859. 
 
 1861 Great famine in the northwest provinces. 
 
 1862 Large increase in cultivation of cotton. 
 
 1863 War with hill-tribes. 
 
 Hindu religion deprived of gov. support, Dec. 
 
 1864 Gold currency to be introduced Dec. 25. 
 1866 Awful famine in Bengal; 1,500,000 persons 
 
 perish. 
 1869 Rise of Brahmo Somaj, religious reformers. 
 1871 AA^ar with the Looshias ; they are subjected, 
 
 1872. 
 
 1875 Naga tribes chastised. 
 
 The Prince of Wales visits India, Nov. 
 
 1876 Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India, 
 
 May 1. 
 1878 War with Afghanistan, which see. [24. 
 
 1882 The Sirhind canal (502 miles) opened, Nov. 
 
 1886 Upper Burmah annexed to Brit. India, Jan.l. 
 
 1887 13,390 miles of railway in India reported. 
 1891 Factory bill for protection of women and 
 
 children passed, March 19. 
 
 1893 Free coinage of silver suspended, June 26. 
 
 1894 First medical Cong, at Calcutta, Dec. 24-29. 
 
 1895 First railway constructed by native capital. 
 
JUDEA. 263 
 
 1898 The bubonic plague epidemic rages in Bom- 
 bay, and continues in 1899. 
 
 JUDEA. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 1921 Call of Abraham to enter Canaan. 
 
 1896 Isaac born to Abraham. 
 
 1837 Birth of Esau and Jacob. 
 
 1822 Death of Abraham. 
 
 1729 Joseph sold into Egypt. 
 
 1571 Moses born; dies 1451. 
 
 1491 The Israelites cross the Red Sea. 
 The law promulgated from Sinai. 
 
 1451 Joshua conquers Canaan. 
 
 1095 Saul made king ; dies 1055. 
 
 1055 David king ; dies 1015. 
 
 1015 Solomon king ; dedicates the Temple, 1001. 
 
 975 Death of Solomon, the kingdom divided. 
 
 KINGDOM OF ISRAEL. 
 
 975 Jeroboam establishes idolatry. 
 901 The Syrians besiege Samaria. 
 896 Elijah translated to heaven. 
 771 The Assyrian invasion under Pul. 
 721 Samaria taken by the Assyrians ; the ten 
 tribes carried into captivity. 
 
 KINGDOM OF JUDAH. 
 
 971 Shishak, king of Egypt, takes Jerusalem. 
 912 Jehoshaphat orders the law to be taught. 
 
264 IMFORTAXT EVENTS. 
 
 884 Usurpation and death of Athaliah. 
 
 741 Pekah, king of Israel, besieges Jerusalem. 
 
 726 Hezekiah abolishes idolatry. [stroyed. 
 
 710 Sennacherib invades Judea; his army de- 
 
 588 Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem. 
 
 587 Babylonish captivity begins. 
 
 536 The Jews return to Jerusalem. 
 
 515 The second Temple finished. 
 
 445 The walls of Jerusalem built by Nehemiah, 
 
 415 Malachi, last of the prophets. [Temple. 
 
 332 Alexander the Great offers sacrifice in the 
 
 320 Jerusalem taken by Ptolemy Soter. 
 
 285 The translation of the Hebrew Bible (the 
 Septuagint) begins about this time. 
 
 250 Sect of the Sadducees formed. 
 
 170 Antiochus takes Jerusalem. 
 
 166 Government of the Maccabees begins, [pey. 
 
 63 Jerusalem taken by the Romans under Pom- 
 
 54 The Temple plundered by Crassus. [29-18. 
 
 40 Herod becomes king; rebuilds the Temple, 
 4 Jesus Christ born. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 26 Pontius Pilate procurator of Judea. 
 
 33 Christ's ministry, miracles, crucifixion, and 
 resurrection, 27-33. 
 
 41 Jews receive the right of Roman citizenship. 
 70 Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus. 
 
 [See Syria.] 
 
JAPAN. 265 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 285 Korean civilization introduced. 
 552 Buddhism introduced from Korea; its hier- 
 archy established, 624. 
 1192 Shogun (tycoon) usurps supreme power. 
 1543 Portuguese establish trading settlements ; 
 expelled, 1637-42. [strictions. 
 
 1600 Dutch settlements tolerated under severe re- 
 
 1853 Commodore Perry visits Jeddo. 
 
 1854 Treaty of commercial alliance with the U. S. 
 1856 Nagasaki and Hakodadi opened to European 
 
 commerce. 
 1860 Japanese embassy visits Wash., etc., May 14. 
 
 1863 Treaty ports closed, June 24. [19. 
 Forts bombarded by foreign ships, July 15- 
 
 1864 Japan refuses to abide by treaties, ports 
 
 bombarded by English, French, and Amer- 
 ican vessels, Sept. 5, 6. 
 
 1867 Jeddo and other ports op. to trade, Apr. 25. 
 
 1868 Insurrection of the daimios, Jan. 27-Feb. ; re- 
 
 bellion ends, and mikado re-estab., July. 
 1870 Feudal system suppressed. 
 1872 First railway opened by mikado, Oct. 
 
 Eng. proposed as the national language, Dec. 
 1875 Mikado decrees a new constitution, April 14. 
 1879 Ex-pres. Grant arrives at Nagasaki, June 21. 
 
 1883 Japan to be opened to foreign trade, Nov. 
 
 1884 Death of the last tycoon, April. 
 National religion disestablished, Aug. 11. 
 
266 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1885 Jap. diet, in Roman characters completed. 
 
 1887 Western dress and habits intro. by Count Ito. 
 
 1888 Complete trans, of the Bible into Jap., Feb. 3. 
 
 1889 New constitution promulgated by the mi- 
 
 kado, Feb. 11. 
 
 1890 First Japanese parliament opened, Nov. 29. 
 
 1891 Destructive earthquake on the Niphon Isl- 
 
 ands, Oct. 28. 
 
 1894 Fighting with the Chinese in Korea. 
 
 War formally declared against China, Aug. 3. 
 Victorious campaign of the Japanese army, 
 
 Sept., etc. 
 Japanese fleet destroy Chinese fleet, Sept. 17. 
 Japanese army invades China, Oct. 25. 
 
 1895 China makes overtures for peace, Jan. ; a 
 
 truce declared in Mar., and treaty of peace 
 
 signed, April 17. 
 Formosa formally transf. to Japan, June 2. 
 Russia recognizes Japan as a modern power, 
 
 June 11. 
 
 1896 A tidal wave sweeps the northeast coast of 
 
 Japan, destroying many thousand people. 
 
 1897 Japan adopts a gold standard, March 1. 
 
 1898 The principle of party gov. adopted, June. 
 
 PERSIA. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 559 Cyrus becomes king of Persia. 
 
 521 Darius Hystaspes king ; conquers Babylon. 
 
PERSIA. 267 
 
 490 Persians defeated by the Greeks at Marathon. 
 
 485 Xerxes king, recovers Egypt, 484 ; defeated 
 by the Greeks, 479 ; murdered, 465. 
 
 465 Artaxerxes I. king, marries Esther, 458. 
 
 399 War with Greece ; Persia invaded, 396. 
 
 334 Alexander the Great defeats the Persians at 
 river Granicus. 
 
 323 Alexander dies ; Persia allotted to Seleucus 
 Nicator, whose successors rule till con- 
 quered by Arsaces I., the Parthian ; his suc- 
 cessors rule till the Persian revolt, a.d. 226. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 226 The Sassanides dynasty founded. 
 
 227 Religion of Zoroaster restored ; Christianity 
 
 persecuted. 
 
 309 Sapor II. king, proscribes Christianity. 
 
 363 The Roman emperor Julian invades Persia. 
 
 428 Armenia again united to Persia. 
 
 430 AYars with Huns, Turks, etc. 
 
 642 Persia invaded by the Arabs ; becomes the 
 seat of the Fatimite Mohammedans. 
 1038 Subdued by the Seljukian Turks. 
 1123 Omar Khayyam, poet, dies about this time. 
 1223 Conquered by Genghis Khan and the Mon- 
 gols. 
 1345 Bagdad made the capital. 
 1388 The poet Hafiz dies about this time. 
 1399 Timour ravages the land. 
 1414 The poet Jami born. 
 1468 Persia conquered by the Turcomans. 
 
268 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1638 The Turks take Bagdad ; great massacre. 
 
 1796 Teheran the capital. 
 
 1826 War with Russia. 
 
 1856 War with England ; peace, April 14. 
 
 1858 The shah reorganizes the government, 
 
 1865 Railways in process of formation ; electric 
 
 telegraphs, 1867. 
 
 1873 The shah visits Europe; again in 1889. 
 
 1889 Imperial bank of Persia established, Oct. 23. 
 
 1892 Tobacco monopoly abolished, Jan. 7. 
 
 1893 Earthquake at Kuchan ; 12,000 deaths re- 
 
 ported. 
 
 1894 Coinage and importation of silver suspended. 
 
 1895 Russo-Persian frontier settled. 
 
 1896 Nasr-ed-Din, shah, assassinated. May 1. 
 
 SYRIA. 
 B.C. 
 
 1049 Alliance of David, king of Israel, with king 
 
 Hiram. 
 1040 Syria conquered by king David. 
 898 Benhadad makes war on the Jews. [syria.* 
 740 Syria subjugated by Tiglath-pileser of As- 
 537 Conquered by Cyrus ; by Alexander, 333. 
 301 Great battle of Ipsus, death of Antigonus. 
 299 The city of Antioch founded. 
 223 Antiochus III. conquers Palestine ; defeated 
 at Raphia, 217. 
 83 Tigranes of Armenia acquires Syria. 
 
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 269 
 
 63 Syria made a Roman province. 
 A.D. [256. 
 
 162 Invaded by the Parthians ; by the Persians, 
 638 Conquered by the Saracens. 
 970 Conquest of Syria by the Fatimite caliphs. 
 1095 Crusades begin ; continue for nearly two 
 centuries ; Christians expelled by the sultan 
 of Egypt, 1291. 
 1400 Syria overrun by Tamerlane. 
 1516 Conquered by the Turks, and held till 1799. 
 1799 Bonaparte overruns the country. 
 1801 The French evacuate Syria. 
 1831 Mehemet Ali conquers Syria. 
 1841 The sultan grants hereditary rights to Me- 
 hemet, who gives up Syria. 
 I860 The Mohammedans massacre Christians at 
 Damascus, July 9 et seq. ; the English and 
 French intervene. 
 Pacification of the country effected, Nov. 
 
 [No important event in recent years.] 
 
 PALMYRA. 
 
 [Supposed to have been the Tadmor of the Bible.] 
 105 Splendid period of Palmyra. 
 130 Hadrian gives it the name of Adrianople. 
 258 Odaenathus wars with Persia. 
 264 Odaenathus supreme commander. 
 272 Zenobia defeated by Aurelian. 
 
270 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 
 
 1521 Discovered by Magellan, who here lost his 
 
 life. 
 1565 Taken possession of by a fleet from Mexico. 
 1570 A settlement effected at the mouth of the 
 Manila river. [nish. 
 
 1762 Captured by the Eng. under Draper and Cor- 
 1764 Restored to Spain. 
 
 1896 Outbreak of rebellion against Spanish rule, 
 
 Aug. 31. 
 
 Aguinaldo becomes leader. [1. 
 
 1898 Com. Dewey destroys the Spanish fleet, May 
 
 Gen. Merritt lands at Cavite, Manila harbor, 
 
 July 26. 
 Manila sur. to the American forces, Aug. 13. 
 
ABYSSINIA. 271 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 ABYSSINIA. 
 
 [Ancient history uncertain.] 
 
 330 Christianity introduced. 
 1490 Visited by the Portuguese. 
 
 Court becomes Catholic. 
 1640 Catholicism suppressed before this date. 
 1855 Theodore takes the title of king, Feb. 11. 
 
 Protestant missionaries received, replacing 
 
 Roman Catholics. [insults, Jan. 
 
 1864 British subjects imprisoned for pretended 
 
 1867 England sends war expedition under Sir 
 
 Robert Napier, Sept. 14. 
 
 1868 Theodore's troops defeated by the British, 
 
 April 10 ; kills himself, April 13. [12. 
 
 1872 Kassa crowned at Axum as Johanni II., Jan. 
 1875 War with Egypt; Ismail Pacha defeated; 
 
 desperate fight at Gonda Gouddi, Oct. 16. 
 1877 Johanni defeats Menelek, king of Shoa, June. 
 1885 War with Italy. [Johanni, Dec. 
 
 1888 Menelek, king of Shoa, rebels against King 
 
 1889 Protectorate of Italy over Abyssinia accepted, 
 
 Oct. 14. 
 Menelek crowned negus of Abyssinia, Nov. 3. 
 1896 King Menelek defeats the Italians, March 1. 
 Italy renounces her claim over Abyssinia, 
 
 Oct. 26. 
 
272 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 BARBARY STATES. 
 ALGIERS. 
 
 935 Algiers founded by the Arabs. 
 
 1509 Algiers, the seat of the Barbary pirates, cai> 
 tured by Ferdinand of Spain. 
 
 1516 JSTominally subject to Turkey. 
 
 1816 Bombarded by a British fleet. [French. 
 
 1830 Barbarian government overtlirown by the 
 
 1833 Abd-el-Kader, an Arab chief, revolts against 
 
 France ; after a long struggle surrenders, 
 
 Dec. 2o, 1847, is reconciled with the 
 
 French, and dies May, 1883, aged 76. 
 
 [The later history of Algiers has heen a series of con- 
 flicts with the French government.] 
 
 MOROCCO. 
 
 1051 Morocco subdued by Fatimite Caliphs. 
 
 1471 Tangiers conquered by Alfonso V. of Por- 
 tugal. 
 
 1516 The Scherifs, pretended descendants of Mo- 
 hammed, reign in Morocco. 
 
 1662 Tangiers given as a dower to Catherine of 
 Portugal on her marriage with Charles 11. 
 of England. 
 
 1844 "War with France; peace. Sept 10. 
 
 1860 A Moorish ambassador in London, the first 
 since the time of Charles II. 
 
 1889 Dispute with Spain ; settled about SejDt, 29. 
 
CARTHAGE. 273 
 
 1892 Rebellion of Angherites, who are defeated, 
 
 July-Sept. [sharp fighting. 
 
 1893 Moors of the Riff tribe attack the Spaniards, 
 
 TRIPOLI. 
 
 1551 Conquered by the Turks. [dent. 
 
 1741 Hamlet Bey, pacha, makes himself indepen- 
 
 1835 Restored to nominal control of Turkey. 
 
 1895 Ismail Bey, governor. 
 
 TUNIS. 
 
 [Tunis stands nearly on the site of Ancient Carthage. It 
 remained under African kings vintil taken by Barbarossa for 
 Solyman the Magnificent.] 
 
 1871 Becomes an integral part of the Turkish 
 empire. [volts. 
 
 1881 Controlled by France ; insurrections and re- 
 1884 French courts of law established. [canal. 
 
 1893 Tunis made a seaport by construction of 
 
 CARTHAGE. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 878 According to legend, founded by Dido ; date 
 
 doubtful. 
 509 First alliance with the Romans. 
 379 The Carthaginians land in Italy. 
 264 The first Punic war begins ; lasts 23 years. 
 247 Hamilcar Barca commands in Sicily. 
 Hannibal the Great born. 
 
274 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 242 Hasdrubal founds New Carthage (Cartha- 
 
 gena). 
 241 Sicily lost by Carthage. 
 
 229 Hamilcar kill'd ; Hasdrubal assassinated, 221. 
 
 219 Hannibal conquers Spain. 
 
 218 The second Punic war begins ; lasts 17 years. 
 
 Hannibal crosses the Alps, and enters Italy. 
 
 Defeats the Romans at the Ticinus and 
 
 Trebia ; at Lake Trasimenus, 217 ; at 
 
 Cannae, 216. 
 210 The Carthaginians expelled from Sicily. 
 206 Expelled from Spain by Scipio. 
 202 Hannibal totally defeated at Zama by Scipio. 
 183 Hannibal, in exile in Bithynia, takes poison. 
 149 Third Punic war. [Roman senate, July. 
 
 146 Carthage taken, and burned by order of the 
 19 Rebuilt by the Romans. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 200 Becomes a Christian bishopric. 
 
 439 Taken by Genseric the Vandal, Oct. 9, 
 
 533 Retaken by Belisarius. 
 
 647 Ravaged by the Arabs. [Egypt. 
 
 698 Destroyed by Hassan, Saracenic gov. of 
 
 1861 Antiquities excavated, and brought to British 
 Museum. 
 
 CENTRAL, EAST, AND WEST AFRICA. 
 
 1768 Bruce begins his travels. 
 
 1787 Sierra Leone settled by the English. 
 
EGYPT. 275 
 
 1795 Mungo Park makes his first voyage to Africa. 
 
 1820 Liberia founded ; independence proclaimed, 
 1847, J. J. Roberts president, 
 
 1849 Lake Ngami discovered by David Living- 
 stone, Aug. 1. 
 
 1856 Du Chaillu travels in Central Africa. 
 
 1857 Territories of Liberia incr. by annexations. 
 
 1858 Second expedition of Livingstone. 
 
 1863 Sj)eke and Grant find a source of the Nile in 
 
 Lake Victoria Nyanza, Feb. 23. 
 Du Chaillu starts on a fresh exped., Aug. 6. 
 
 1864 Sir Samuel Baker discovers Lake Albert 
 
 Nyanza. 
 
 1870 Expedition of Baker to put down slave-trade. 
 
 1871 Henry M. Stanley disc. Livingstone, Nov. 10. 
 1873 Livingstone dies in Ilala, Cent. Afr., May 1. 
 1879 Stanley explores the Congo. 
 
 1886 The German East African Co. founded. 
 
 [Many expeditious from various European countries 
 explored Africa during the succeeding ten years, 
 resulting in the establishment of the Congo State 
 under the protection of Belgium.] 
 
 1895 Congo State annexed to Belgium. 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 [The chronology of Egypt is very conflicting, the difference 
 in dates being that of centuries. Brugsch and Mariette are the 
 authorities most commonly referred to.] 
 B.C. 
 
 5004 INIenes, first known lawgiver (M.), 4155 (B.). 
 4235 Cheops builds the great pyramid (M.), 3733 
 (B.). 
 
276 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 4100 Tlio worslii]) of Ai)is o.stal)Ii8lie(l (B.). 
 2300 O.siriaseii III. excavates Lake Moeri.s, and 
 constnicis the Labyrinth and the Nilo- 
 nieior (P>.). 
 2214 TIk^ Ilylvsos, or Slicplicrd kings, rnlo (M.). 
 1750 Arrival of Josei)h (r>.). [(B-)- 
 
 1703 Arlinics L conqncrs the Jlyksos (M.), 1700 
 1600 Tliotliinos in. rnles; liis exploits recorded 
 
 in his temple at Karnak (B.). 
 1333 lU'ign of Seti ; makes first canal from the 
 
 B^ed Sea to the Nile (B.). 
 1322 Barneses 11. (Sesostris) conquers Ethiopia. 
 1300 Maneptah, prol). the Pharaoh of the Exodus. 
 1288 Bameses III. ciilt-ivaies navigation and com- 
 merce (M.). 
 980 Shisludv (1 7v7//y/.s- xiv.), ruler (M.), OOO (B.). 
 693 l\gypt frequently invaded by Assyrians. 
 665 Bsammetichus I. ((xr.) restores the monarchy. 
 612 Necho IL defeats Josiah, king of Judah, at 
 
 JNIegiddo; defeated by Nebuchadnezzar. 
 527 Cambyses tlie Persian conquers Egypt. 
 424 Egyi)t regains its independence by Armyr- 
 taMis. [Persia,. 
 
 340 Nectanel)cs U. conquered by the king of 
 332 Alexander conq. Egypt; founds Alexandria. 
 323 Ptolemy L, Soter, king of Egypt. 
 283 The museum of Alexandria founded; tln^ 
 
 riiaros comi)l<'tod. 
 269 Ambassadors fii'st sent to Bome. 
 82 Bevolt in Upper Egypt; Thebes destroyed. 
 
EGYPT. 277 
 
 47 Alexandria besieged by Caesar. 
 
 43 Cleopatra poisons her brother, and reigns 
 
 alone. 
 41 Cleopatra fascinates Marc Antony. 
 31 Battle of Actium ; defeat of Antony and 
 
 Cleopatra. 
 30 The kingdom becomes a Roman province. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 122 Alex, restored by Adrian ; by Severus, 200. 
 
 305 Monachism begins in Egypt. [Alex. 
 
 365 Great earthquake ; 50,000 persons perish in 
 
 389 Destruction of temple and worship of Serapis. 
 
 415 Hypatia, neo-Platonic philosopher, murdered 
 by a mob of fanatics in Alexandria. 
 
 616 Egypt conquered by Chosroes of Persia. 
 
 640 Conquest of Alexandria by the Saracens. 
 
 969 Cairo founded by the Saracens. [1691. 
 
 1163 Conquest by the Turks begins ; completed, 
 
 1250 Government of the Mamelukes established. 
 
 1567 Conquered by Selim I., emp. of the Turks. 
 
 1798 Bonaparte seizes greater part of the country. 
 
 1801 Turkish government restored. [1. 
 
 1811 Mehemet Ali massacres the Mamelukes, Mar. 
 
 1816 Belzoni removes statue of Memnon. 
 
 1820 Construction of the Mahmoud canal, connect- 
 ing Alexandria with the Nile. 
 
 1831 Mehemet revolts, and invades Syria. 
 
 1832 Ibrahim takes Acre, May 27 ; defeats the 
 
 Turks at Konieh, Dec. 21. 
 1841 Mehemet made hereditary viceroy of Egypt. 
 
278 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1848 Ibrahim Pacha dies, Nov. 10. 
 
 1858 Suez canal begun by M. de Lesseps. [1. 
 
 1861 Malta and Alexandria telegraph opened, Nov. 
 
 1863 Increased cultivation of cotton ; result of 
 
 American civil war. 
 
 1865 Opening of part of Suez Canal, Aug. 15. 
 
 1869 Suez canal successfully opened, Nov. 17. 
 
 1870 Sir Sam. Baker explores the White Nile, Aug. 
 1872 Slave-trade apparently subdued. 
 
 1875 War with Abyssinia ; peace, 1877. 
 
 1879 The khedive deposed by the sultan ; Prince 
 
 Tewfik proclaimed successor. 
 1882 Insurrection at Alexandria, June 11. 
 
 Forts bombarded by the British, July 11. 
 Battle of Tel-el-Kebir, defeat of Arabi Pacha, 
 Sept. 13. 
 1887 Anglo-Turkish convention respecting Egypt, 
 
 signed July. 
 1892 The Khedive Tewfik d. much lamented, Jan. 
 7 ; his eldest son. Abbas, succeeds, Jan. 8. 
 New railway bridge over the Nile, May 5. 
 
 1894 Prof. Brugsch Pacha, Egyptologist, d. Sept. 9. 
 
 1895 Ismail Pacha, ex-khedive, dies March 2. 
 
 SOUDAN. 
 
 1881 Mahdi declares himself a proi^het, July. 
 
 Defeats the Egyptians. 
 1883 Campaigns of British and Egyptians begin, 
 lasting many years with fierce fighting. 
 
SOUTH AFRICA. 279 
 
 1883 Osman Digna commander for the Mahdi. 
 
 1885 Gen. Gordon killed at Khartoum, Jan. 26. 
 
 1893 Defeat of the dervishes by the Italians. 
 
 1894 Archibald Hunter gov. of frontier prov. 
 1898 Slavery gradually becoming extinct. 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 1650 Cape Town founded by the Dutch. 
 
 1814 Finally ceded to England. 
 
 1820 British emigrants arrive. [nal colony. 
 
 1849 Successful resistance to establishment of pe- 
 
 1851 Orange Kiver territory annexed. 
 
 1854 First parlia't meets at Cape Town, July 1. 
 1860 First railway from Cape Town (58 miles) 
 
 opened, Dec. 
 1867 Rich diamond fields discovered. 
 1871 Colony of Griqualand constituted, Oct. 27. 
 1877 War with the Kaffirs. [pleted, Dec. 25. 
 
 1879 Telegraphic communication with G. B. cora- 
 1885 Railway to Kimberley opened, Nov. 28. 
 1892 Great fire at Cape Town, Feb. 21. [2. 
 
 1895 Mr. Cecil Rhodes made privy councillor, Feb. 
 1898 Cecil Rhodes elected as a representative by 
 
 a large majority. 
 
 TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC. 
 
 1848 Transvaal Republic founded by Dutch Boers. 
 
 1852 Independence declared, Jan. 17. 
 
280 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1876 War with the KafRrs under Cetywayo. 
 
 1877 Annexed to the British dominions. 
 
 1879 The Transvaal declared a crown colony, Dec. 
 
 1880 The Boers claim independence. 
 
 1881 War with the English. 
 
 1883 Paul Kriiger, president ; again in 1888, 
 1885 Johannesburg founded. 
 
 1889 Defensive treaty with the Orange Free 
 State about March 13. 
 
 1893 Paul Kriiger re-elected president. [June 28"! 
 
 1894 Brit, subjects exempt from military service, 
 Revolt of the Kaffirs. 
 
 1895 The Delagoa railway opened, July 8. 
 
 1896 Dr. Jamieson and his raiders defeated, Jan. 
 
 1 ; tried and convicted in London, July 28. 
 1898 Fresh discovery of diamonds near Pretoria. 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 1606 The Dutch discover Australia. 
 1686 William Dampier lands in Australia. 
 
 1787 First transportation of felons to Botany Bay, 
 
 May. 
 
 1788 Sydney founded. [established. 
 1803 Colony of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) 
 1829 West Australia formed into a province. 
 
 1834 South Australia erected into a province. 
 
 1835 Port Phillip (Victoria) colonized. 
 1837 Melbourne founded. 
 
HAWAII. 281 
 
 1839 Transportation of felons suspended. 
 
 1842 City of Sydney incorporated. 
 
 1850 Victoria (Port Phillip) made a province, 
 
 1851 Gold discovered by Mr. Hargreaves. 
 1853 Mints established ; transportation ceases. 
 1859 Queensland made a province, Dec. 
 
 1866 Royal Soc. of New So. Wales founded, May. 
 
 1883 Completion of railway between Melbourne 
 and Sydney, June. 
 
 1885 Federation of Australasian colonies, except 
 New South Wales and New Zealand, com- 
 pleted, Dec. [gration. 
 
 1888 Australasia favors restricting Chinese imrai- 
 
 1891 Uniform colonial postage adopted, Jan. 1. 
 
 Title "Commonwealth of Australia" adopted, 
 April 1 ; Victoria requires " Common- 
 wealth " to be changed to " Federation," 
 July 21. 
 
 1895 The Australasian Federation League meets 
 at Melbourne ; federation of the states 
 approved, Jan. 23. 
 
 1898 " Old Age Pension " bill passes the House of 
 Rep. of New Zealand, Oct. 20. 
 
 HAWAII. 
 
 1778 Disco.vered by Captain Cook, who is killed 
 
 there, Feb. 14, 1779. 
 1789 King Kamehameha rules till 1819. 
 
282 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 
 
 1824 King Kam6hameha II. and queen visit Lon- 
 don, and die there, July. 
 
 1840 Kamehameha III. promulgates constitution. 
 
 1856 Kamehameha IV. mar. Miss Emma Rooker. 
 
 1875 Reciprocity treaty with the United States. 
 
 1876 David Kalakaua elected king, Feb. 12. 
 1887 Queen Kapiolani present at Queen Victoria's 
 
 Jubilee. [ceeds, Jan. 29. 
 
 1891 King Kalakaua d. Jan. 20 ; Liliuokalani suc- 
 
 1893 Liliuokalani deposed ; provis. gov. formed. 
 
 1894 Republic proclaimed, S. B. Dole, j^res., July 4. 
 1898 Annexed to the United States, July 7. 
 
 SAMOA. 
 
 1830 Christianized by Rev. John Williams. 
 
 1880 JNIalietoa king. [by Tamatese. 
 
 1887 JNIalietoa deposed by the Germans j replaced 
 
 1888 Mataafa gains victory over Tamatese. 
 
 1889 Conflicting interests between German, Brit- 
 
 ish, and United States governments. 
 Three United States war vessels, Nipsic, Van- 
 dalia, and Trenton, and three German, 
 wrecked at Apia, March 15-16. 
 
 1893 Mataafa exiled to Kakaofo, Sept. 1. [44. 
 
 1894 Robert Louis Stevenson d. at Apia, Dec. 4, a. 
 1899 Civil war among natives ; British and Amer- 
 ican naval officers killed, April. 
 
INDKX. 
 
 Aargau, peace of, 247. 
 Abbas, khedivc of Egypt, 278. 
 Abbott, Hon. .Toseph C, 23. 
 Abbott, Sir John, 24. 
 Abd-el-Kader, 272. 
 Abd-el-Wahhab, 256. 
 Abdur-Rahniau, 255. 
 Aberdeen, Earl of, 24. 
 Abraham, 263. 
 Abyssinia, 234, 271. 
 Academie de France, org,, 158. 
 Acadia, 26, 28. 
 Acadians, 14, 27, 28. 
 Acha, Jose, pres. of Bol., 130. 
 Achmes I. of Egypt, 276. 
 Aclium, battle, 277. 
 Act of Uniformity, 176. 
 
 Union of Eng. and Scot., 181. 
 Adams, Charles Francis, 51. 
 Adams, John, 11, 38, 40. 42, 45. 
 Adams, John Qiiincy, 16, 62. 
 Adams, Samuel, 10. 
 Adams, Wm. T., 109. 
 Addison, Joseph, 180. 
 Adrian IV., Pope, 172. 
 Adrianople, peace of, 231, 249; 
 
 formerly Palmyra, 269, 
 Adrianople taken, 248. 
 Adrian rest. Alexandria, 277. 
 Advertisements, duty on, 182. 
 Advertiser, Montreal, 19. 
 Advertising vans, 190. 
 ^schylus, 194. 
 ^sop, 194. 
 Afghan, 233, 254. 
 Afghanistan, 254, 255. 
 Africa, 271-280, 
 Agassiz, Louis J. R., 51. 
 Agathocles, 218. 
 Agesilaus II., k. Sparta, 195. 
 Agincourt, battle, 157. 
 Agrarian law, 206. 
 
 Agrarian League party, 170. 
 Agricola in Britain, 170. 
 Agricultural college, first in 
 
 U.S., 76. 
 Agricultural exp. sta., 97. 
 Agrigentum founded, 218. 
 Agrippina, 207. 
 Aguinaldo, 270. 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of, 147, 
 
 159, 202. 
 Akbar rules Hindustan, 260. 
 Alabama, 26, 59,78. 
 Alabama, battle-ship, 112. 
 Alabama (Confed.), 190; award 
 
 paid, 89, 191. 
 Alains in Portugal, 225. 
 Alamo, Tex., massacre, 67. 
 Alani conquer Spain, 238. 
 Alaric the Goth, 198, 209. 
 Alaska, 86, 109. 
 Albany, city of, incor., 8. 
 Albemarle, ram, 83. 
 Alberta, N. W. ter., 22. 
 Albert, k. of Bohemia, 153. 
 Albert of Austria, 166, 204. 
 Albert of Brandenburg, 227. 
 Albert of Mecklenburg, 244. 
 Albert, Prince, 188. 
 Albert I., assassinated, 147. 
 Albert v., emp. of Ger., 147. 
 Albrecht, Archduke, 148, 149. 
 Alcibiades, 195. 
 Alcott, A. Bronson, 47. 
 Alcott, Louisa May, 66. 
 Alcudia R. R. bridge, fall, 242. 
 Aldine Press, 222. 
 Aldrich, Thomas B., 68. 
 Alexander I., k. of Scot., 172. 
 Alexander II., Czar, 233, 
 Alexander III,, emp., 233, 234. 
 Alexander III,, k. of Scot., 173. 
 Alexander Milosch I.. 237. 
 
284 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Alexander, P. of Bulgaria, l.')4. 
 Alexander the Great, 196, 256, 
 
 257, 260, 264, 267, 268. 
 Alexandra, Princess, 156. 
 Alexandria, Museum, 276; be- 
 sieged, 277. 
 Alexis, Grand Duke, 88. 
 Alfaro, dictator, Ecua., 138. 
 Alfonso I. def. Moors, 225. 
 Alfonso v., Portugal, 272. 
 Alfonso XII., 242, 243. 
 Alfonso XIII., 243. 
 Alfred, King, statue of, 191. 
 Alfred the Great, 171. 
 Algiers, 56, 272. 
 Alhambra founded, 239. 
 Alien and sedition laws, 46. 
 Ali rules Arabia, 255. 
 Allan, Sir Hugh, 22. 
 Allan steamship line, 75. 
 Allen, Ethan, 18. 
 Allston, Washington, 34. 
 Alma, battle of the, 231. 
 Almagro, D., Chile, 133. 
 Almoravides, dynasty, 239. 
 Almy, John J., admiral, 105. 
 Alonzo, pres. of Bol., 130. 
 Alphonso of Aragon,219. 
 Aluminum, imp. process, 97. 
 AlvaradosubduesIudians,118; 
 conquers San Salvador, 123. 
 Alvear takes Montevideo, 145. 
 Amadeus.D.of Aosta,241, 242. 
 Amadeus, Vic, Sardinia, 218. 
 Amalgro the Lad, Peru, 142. 
 Amaru, Tupac, inca, 143. 
 Amazonian war, 193. 
 America, Central, 118-124. 
 
 Russian, sold to U. S., 232. 
 America, North, 1-117. 
 America, South, 127-146. 
 America wins race, 74. 
 American — 
 
 Antiquarian Society, 54. 
 
 Antislavery Society, 66, 88. 
 
 army disbanded, 37. 
 
 Bible Society, 57. 
 
 Colonization Society, 57. 
 
 Daily Advertiser^ 37. 
 
 Exposition at N. Orleans, 96. 
 
 Farmer, 58. 
 
 Federation of Labor, 97. 
 
 American — 
 
 Inst, of Elec. Eng., 95. 
 
 Soc. of Mech. Eng., 93. 
 
 Inst, of Min. Eng., 88. 
 
 Philosophical Society, 12. 
 
 ports closed, 51. 
 
 Protective Association, 103. 
 
 Public Health Ass., 89. 
 
 Society of Civil Eng., 74. 
 
 Sunday-school Union, 62. 
 
 University, Washington, 107. 
 
 Woman's Suflrage Asso., 87. 
 Americans evacuate N. Y., 32. 
 Amendments, Constitutional, 
 I.-X., ratilied, 42; XI.. 43; 
 XII., 49; XIII., 85; XIV., 
 87; XV., 88. 
 Ames, Fisher, 15. . 
 Amherst College, 60. 
 Amiens, peace of, 160. 
 Ammen, Daniel, admiral, 112. 
 Amnesty, gen., proc, 85, 86. 
 Amui'ath I., Sultan, 198, 248. 
 Anabaptists bun., 6; war, 167. 
 Anacreon, 194. 
 Anaquito, battle, 142. 
 Anarchists, Chicago, 97, 98; in 
 Barcelona, 243; in Bel- 
 gium, 153. 
 Ancient and Hon. Artillery 
 
 Co., 192. 
 Anderson, Mary, actress, 77. 
 Anderson, Robert, gen., 50. 
 Andersonville prison, 82. 
 Andover Theol. Sem., 52. 
 Andrade,I., pres., Venez., 146. 
 Andrassy, Count, 149, 201, 205. 
 Andre, Major, 35. 
 Andr^e, balloonist, 223. 
 Andrew II., death, 204. 
 Andrew, John A., 58. 
 Andros, Sir Edmund, 7, 8. 
 Angherites, rebellion, 273. 
 Angles iu. Britain, 171. 
 Anglin,T. W.,24. 
 Anglo-Amer. arbit. treaty. 109. 
 Anglo-Saxon language, 172. 
 Anne arr. at Plymouth, 4. 
 Anne, queen of Gt. Brit., 181. 
 Anson and Hawke, 184. 
 Anthracite coal, 22. 
 Anti-corn-law League, 189. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 285 
 
 Antietam, battle, 80. 
 
 Antigonus, death, 268. 
 
 Antigua, W. I., settled, 125. 
 
 Anti-Jesuit law, 169. 
 
 Anti -Masonic Party, 65. 
 
 Antiocti founded, 268. 
 
 Antiochus, 264, 268. 
 
 Antipater, Macedonia, 196. 
 
 Anti-Rent troubles, 44. 
 
 Antislavery Society, first, 18; 
 inN. Y.,66. 
 
 Antoninus Pius, emp., 208. 
 
 Aosta, Duke of, death, 213. 
 
 Apache Indian war, 95. 
 
 Apelles, 196. 
 
 Apis, worship of, 276. 
 
 Apollodorus, 195. 
 
 Appenzell joins Confed'y, 246. 
 
 Appleton's Cyclopaedia, 78. 
 
 Arabia, 255, 256. 
 
 Arago, Francis, 162. 
 
 Aragon, 147, 239. 
 
 Araucanians, 133. 
 
 Arbor Day, origin, 89. 
 
 Arcadius, emperor, 198. 
 
 Arce, pres. of Bol., 130. 
 
 Archaeological Inst, of Am., 92. 
 
 Archibald, Sir A. G., 19. 
 
 Archimedes observes sol- 
 stices, 196; slain, 218. 
 
 Arctic, steamer, lost, 75. 
 
 Areopagus established, 193. 
 
 Argall burns Port Royal, 25. 
 
 Argentine Republic, 127-129. 
 
 Argonautic exp. of Jason, 193. 
 
 Argos, kingdom of, 192. 
 
 Arias, C, dep. Medina, 121. 
 
 Ariosto, Ludovico, 209. 
 
 Aristides " the Just," 194. 
 
 Aristophanes, 195. 
 
 Aristotle, 195. 
 
 Arius, found, of Arianism, 196. 
 
 Arkansas, 67, 78. 
 
 Armstrong gun, 190. 
 
 Arnold, Benedict, 18, 34, 35. 
 
 Arnold, Matthew, 188. 
 
 Arnold of Brescia, death, 209. 
 
 Arnold, Thomas, 186. 
 
 Arnulf takes Rome, 209. 
 
 •• Aroostook war," 69. 
 
 Artaxerxes, king, 267. 
 
 Arthur, Chester A., 64, 93. 
 
 Arundelian marbles, 193. 
 Aryans conquer India, 260. 
 Asbury, Francis, bishop, 13- 
 Ascham, Roger, 176. 
 Ashtabula, R. R. accident, 91. 
 Asia, 2.54-270. 
 Assiniboia, N. W. ter., 22. 
 Assyria, 256, 257. 
 " Assyrian Discoveries," 257. 
 Astor, John Jacob, 15. 
 Astor Library, N. Y., 75. 
 Astronom. observations, 257. 
 Astronom. Soc. of Lond , 188. 
 Asuncion, Par., founded, 140. 
 Atahualpa, inca, mur., 142. 
 Atchison, Topeka, and Santa 
 
 Fe R. R., 105. 
 Athabraska, N. W. ter., 22. 
 Athaliah, death, 264. 
 Athanasius, 196. 
 Atlanta campaign, 83. 
 Atlantic cable, 76, 77, 85, 93, 
 
 190, 191. 
 Atomic theory, 187. 
 Attila plunders Milan, 216. 
 Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, 127. 
 Audubon, John J., 34. 
 Auerstadt, battle, 228. 
 Augsburg Confession, 200. 
 Augustus I., Saxony, 2.36. 
 Augustine, St., in Eng., 171. 
 Aurelian def. Zenobia, 269. 
 Aurungzebe reigns, 261. 
 Austerlitz, battle, 160. 
 Austin, Alfred, 192. 
 Australasian col., fed. of, 280. 
 Australia, 280. 
 Australian ballot system, 99. 
 Austria, 147-150. 
 Avalanches in N. Italy, 213. 
 Avon defeated, 56. 
 AyoobKhan, 255. 
 Aztecs in Mexico, 1. 
 
 Baber, Sultan, 2.54, 260. 
 Babylon, 256, 257. 
 Babylonia, 257. > 
 
 Bache, George M., com., 107. 
 Bacon, Francis, 177. 
 Bacon, Nathaniel, rebellion, 7. 
 Bacon, Roger, 172. 
 Badajos founded, 118. 
 
286 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Baglejr, Ensign, killed, 30. 
 Bahamas, piracy in, 126. 
 Bailey, Theodorus, adm., 50. 
 Bainbridge, Wm., com., 17. 
 Bajazet I., 248, 249. 
 Baker, Sir S., dis. Lake Albert 
 
 Nyanza, 275. 
 Balaklava, battle, 231. 
 Balboa, Vasco de, 2. 
 Baldwin, earl of Flanders, 198. 
 Balfour, William D.. 24. 
 Baliol, John, of Scot., 173- 
 Ball, Thomas, 59. 
 Ballivian, pres. of BoL, 129. 
 Ballou, Hosea, Univ., 17. 
 Ball's Blufl-, battle, 79. 
 Balmaceda, Jos^. Chile, 135. 
 Baltimore American, 47. 
 Baltimore and Ohio R. R., 64. 
 Baltimore laid out, 10; first 
 
 public school, 64. 
 Baltimore, Lord, founds col. ,4. 
 Bancroft, George, 47. 
 Bank of England, 181, 189, 191. 
 Bank of France founded, 160. 
 Bank of Italy estab., 211. 
 Bank of N. America, 35. 
 Bank of Persia, 268. 
 Bank of Venice, 221. 
 Banks, Nathaniel P., 57, 76, 80. 
 Bannockburn, battle, 173. 
 Baptist church, 5, 7, 9. 
 Baptista, M., pres. of BoL, 
 
 130. 
 Barbados, W. L, set., 125. 
 Barbarossa, Frederic, 166, 215. 
 Barbary pirates, 272. 
 Barbary States, 272, 273. 
 Barbuda, W. I., set., 125. 
 Barcelona, siege, 240; strike 
 
 in, 242. 
 Barlow, Francis C, 106. 
 " Barnburners," 71. 
 Barnet, battle, 175. 
 Barneveldt, execution, 201. 
 Barney, Joshua, com., 15. 
 Barnum, Phineas T., 53. 
 Barometer, invention of, 209. 
 Barrios, pres. of Gua., 120. 
 Barrios, pres. of S. Sal., 124. 
 Barron, Com., 16, 60. 
 Bartholdi, stat. of Liberty, 164. 
 
 Barton, Clara, org. Red Cross 
 
 Soc, 65. 
 Bastille, destruction of, 159. 
 Batavian Republic, 202. 
 Bates, Joshua, 40. 
 Baton Rouge, 27, 28, 29. 
 Batthyany, Louis, shot, 204. 
 Bavaria, 150, 151. 
 Baxter, Richard, 178. 
 Bayard, Chevalier, 175. 
 Bayard, Thomas F., 113. 
 Bazaine, 116, 163. 
 Beachy-llead, sea-fight, 181. 
 Beatoun, Cardinal, assas., 176. 
 Beaumont, Francis, 177. 
 Beauregard, Pierre G. T., 57. 
 Beckct, Thomas a, 172. 
 Bede, the Venerable, 171. 
 Beecher, Henrv Ward, 55. 
 Beecher, Lyman, 18. 
 Beethoven, Ludwig von, 228. 
 Behring-Sea, 24, 101, 114, 191. 
 liela III., 203. 
 Belgium, 151-1.^)3, 202, 203. 
 Belgrade captured, 237, 249. 
 Belisarius, 198, 209, 219, 274. 
 Bell, Alexander G., 72, 91. 
 Bellamy, Edward, 73. 
 Belmont, Mo., battle, 79. 
 Belochus, king, 2o6. 
 Belshazzar, 257. 
 Beltcheff, M., Bulgaria, 155. 
 Belzoni removes statue of 
 
 Memnon, 277. 
 Belzu, pres. of Bol., 129. 
 Benhadad, 268. 
 Benham, Admiral, 133. 
 Bennett, James Gordon, 44. 
 Bennington, Vt., settled, 15; 
 
 battle, 32. 
 Bentham, Jeremy, 184. 
 Benton, Thomas H., 76. 
 Beranger, Pierre Jean, 1.59. 
 Berbice, Brit. Guiana, 139. 
 Beresford capt. B. Ayres, 127. 
 Berkeley, Bish., in Berm., 124. 
 Berkeley, Sir Wm., gov., 5. 
 Berlin, 169, 227, 228, 229. 
 Bermuda, 124, 125. 
 Bernabe,L.,Span. min.,111,112. 
 Bernadotte, k. of Sweden, 245. 
 Berne built, 246. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 287 
 
 Berro, B. P., pres. Urug., 145. 
 Bessemer steel, 85, 190. 
 Beust, Von,149, 237. 
 Bianchi and Nevi, 214. 
 Bible, first English, in U. S., 
 35; trans, into Jap., 26(5; 
 use of, in churches, 176. 
 
 Great, published, 176. 
 
 King James's, pub., 178. 
 
 WycIifiTe's, completed, 174. 
 Biddle, Nicholas, com., 13. 
 Bienville in La., 26. 
 Bierstadt, Albert, 63. 
 Big Bethel, fight at, 78. 
 Big Black River, battle, 81. 
 Bismarck, 168, 169, 170, 229. 
 Bjarni on N. E. const, 1. 
 Bjornson.Bjornstjerne, 223. 
 Black Death, 214. 
 " Black Friday," 87. 
 Black Hawk war, 65. 
 " Black Hole," 261. 
 Black Prince, death, 174. 
 Blackstone, Sir Wm., 182; 
 
 •• Commentaries." 184. 
 Blackwell, Elizabeth, 60. 
 Blackwell Tunnel opened, 192. 
 Blaine, James G., 64. 
 Blair, Henry W., 2.59. 
 Blanc, Louis, death, 164. 
 Blanco, Capt.-Gen., 30. 
 Blanco, G., pres. Venez., 146. 
 Bland silver bill, 92, 104. 
 Blenheim, battle, L58, 167, 181. 
 Blizzard in E. States, 98. 
 Blondin, rope-walker, 77. 
 BlUcher, Marshal, 228. 
 Boadicea, insurrections, 170. 
 Boccaccio, 214. 
 
 Boccanegra, Simon, doge, 215. 
 Boers claim independence, 280. 
 Boetius, 209. 
 
 Bogran, pres. of Hon , 121. 
 Bohemia, 147, 1.53, 154. 
 Boileau-Despreaux, 1.58. 
 Boleslas II., mur. St. Stanis- 
 laus, 223. 
 Boleslas of Poland, 227. 
 Bolivar, dictator. Col., Peru, 
 
 136, 143. 
 Bolivia, 129, 130. 
 Bombay, 261, 263. 
 
 Bonaparte, Jos., 219, 220, 240. 
 Bonaparte, Louis, 202. 
 Bonaparte, Nap., 222, 269, 277. 
 Bonds and Treasury notes, 83. 
 Bonilla, Policarpo, pres., 121. 
 Book of Common Prayer, 176. 
 Boone, Daniel, 14. 
 Booth, Edwin T., 66. 
 Booth, Junius Brutus, 45. 
 Booth, J. Wilkes, 84. 
 Borda, J. I., pres. Urug., 145. 
 Bordone, Giotto, 214. 
 Borodino, battle, 160, 231. 
 Boroimhe, Brian, 171. 
 Borrero, Dr., Ecua., 138. 
 Boston, British evacuate, 18. 
 
 Daily Advertiser, 55. 
 
 Daily Globe, 89. 
 
 Daily Post, 65. 
 
 Evening Transcript, 65. 
 
 great fire in, 89. 
 
 Herald, 72. 
 
 Journal established, 66. 
 
 Massacre, 17. 
 
 News Letter, 9. 
 
 Port Bill, 17, 185. 
 
 Recorder, 57. 
 
 settled, 5. 
 
 subway opened, 113. 
 
 University chartered, 87. 
 Bosworth, battle, 175. 
 Botany Bay, felons at, 280. 
 Boucicault, Dion, 100. 
 Houdinot, Elias, 36. 
 Boulanger arrested, 164. 
 Bounty for fishing-vessels, 42. 
 Bourbon, Constable de, 209. 
 Bourbon dynasty restored, 160. 
 Boutvvell, George S., 58. 
 Bowditch, Nathaniel, 17. 
 Boxer captured, 55. 
 Boyne, battle, 181. 
 Bozzaris, Marco, 197. 
 Brabant unit, to Holland, 201. 
 Braddock, Gen., def., 14, 27. 
 Bradford's Pilg. Journal, 109. 
 Bradford, Wm., gov., 4, 6. 
 Bradford, Wm., painter, 102. 
 Bradstreet, Simon, gov., 3. 
 Brahmah lock patented, 185. 
 Brahmo, Somaj, 262. 
 Brainerd, David, miss'y, 9. 
 
288 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Brandywine, battle, 32. 
 Brant, Joseph, Mohawk, 12. 
 Brazil, 130-133. 
 Breckinridge, John C, 60. 
 Brewster, Wm., death, 6. 
 Bridge, Brooklyn, 94. 
 Bridgman, Laura, 64. 
 Brigandage, 197, 220. 
 Bright, John, 187. 
 Bristovv, Benj. H., 108. 
 Britannia, first Cunarder, 69. 
 British and Foreign Bible So- 
 ciety, 187. 
 
 Antislavcry Society, 188. 
 
 army in Phil., 32. 
 
 capture Savannah, 33. 
 
 Columbia, 21. 
 British East India Co., 260. 
 
 evacuate Charleston, S. C , 
 36; Long Island, 37; New 
 Jersey, 32 ; Phil., 33 ; R. 1., 
 34; Savannah, Ga., 30. 
 
 leave Port Royal, S. C, 33. 
 
 Museum, 184, 274. 
 
 Science Association, 25. 
 Brittany an. to h rauce, loS. 
 Broderick, Senator, killed, 77. 
 Bronte, Charlotte, 188. 
 Bronze horses, Venice, 221. 
 Brook Farm, 70. 
 Brooks, Phillips, 67. 
 Brougham, Lord Henry, 185. 
 Brown, John, 47; capt. Har- 
 per's Ferry, 77. 
 Brown University, 15. 
 Browne, Charles F., 67. 
 Browning, Elizabeth B., 187. 
 Browning, Robert, 188. 
 Browuists, rise of, 177. 
 Bruce, Robert, k. of Scot., 173. 
 Bruce, traveller, 274. 
 Brugsch, Pacha, 278. 
 Brunswick, revolution, 168. 
 Bruselas founded, 118. 
 Brutus, death, 207. 
 Bryan, William J., 108. 
 Bryant, Wm. Cullen, 44. 
 Bubonic plague, 150, 263. 
 Buchanan, James, 41, 7G. 
 Bucharest, revolution, 251. 
 Buckner, John, print.-press, 7. 
 Buda-Pesth, 205. 
 
 Buddhism, 265. 
 
 Buell, Don Carlos, gen., 53. 
 
 Buena Vista, battle, 115. 
 
 Buenos Ayres, 127, 128, 140. 
 
 Buffon, Comte de, 159. 
 
 Bulgaria, 154, 155, 251. 
 
 Bull, E. W. (Con. grape), 105. 
 
 Bull Run, battle, 78. 
 
 Bunker HiJl, battle, 18; cen- 
 tenary of, 90. 
 
 Bunker Hill Monument, 62, 70. 
 
 Bunyan, John, 178. 
 
 Buonarotti, Mich. -Angelo, 221. 
 
 Bureau of Navigation, 95. 
 
 Burgoyne, surrender, 32. 
 
 Burke, Edmund, 183. 
 
 Burlingame, Anson, 61. 
 
 Burmese war, 261. 
 
 Burns, Anthony, fug. slave, 
 75. 
 
 Burns, Robert, 184. 
 
 Burnside, Ambrose E., G2, 80. 
 
 Burr, Aaron, 14, 49, 51. 
 
 Burritt, Elihu, 53. 
 
 Butler, Benj. F., 58, 79. 
 
 iiyron. Lord, 186. 
 
 Byzantium, 193, 208. 
 
 Caamano, J. M.C., Ecua., 138. 
 Caballero, B., pres.. Par., 1-tl. 
 Cabanos, pres., exiled, 121. 
 Cabot, John, 2. 
 Cabot, Sebastian, 127, 140. 
 Cabral in Brazil, 130. 
 Cabrera, Senor, bishop, 243. 
 Cabul, British in, 254. 
 Caceres, pres., Peru, 144. 
 Cale, Jack, insurrection, 175. 
 Cadillac, La Motte, 26. 
 Cadmus founds Thebes, 193. 
 Caedmon, Eng. poet, 171. 
 Caesar, Caius Julius, 170, 207. 
 Cairoli, Benedetto, death, 213. 
 Calculating machine, 188. 
 Calcutta, 261, 262. 
 Calderon,240. 
 Calderon, Quinto, Col., 136. 
 Calendar, new style, 184, 205. 
 Calhoun, John C, 36, 66. 
 California. 3, 73, 110. 
 Caligula, emperor, 207. 
 Calviu, John, 157. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 289 
 
 Cambray, siege, 222. 
 Cambyses the Persian, 276. 
 Camden, S. C, battle, 34. 
 Camoens, Luiz de, 226. 
 Campanile, construct, of, 217. 
 Campbell, Alexander, 40. 
 Campbell, Thomas, 185. 
 Campbellites, 63. 
 Campero, pres. of Bol., 130. 
 Campos, Marshal, in Cuba, 29. 
 Canada and U. S, Fishery 
 Com., 21. 
 
 divided, 19. 
 
 exhibition at Regina, 24. 
 
 first railway in, 19. 
 
 oil-wells in, 20. 
 
 royal troops leave, 21. 
 
 surrenders, 28. 
 
 treaty with France, 23. 
 
 Upper and Lower, reun., 20. 
 
 S. Confederates in, 20. 
 Canadian-A raeri. commis. , 114. 
 Canadian clergy reserves, 20. 
 Canadian Pacific R. R., 23. 
 Canadian Parliament, 20. 
 Canal bet. North Sea and Am* 
 
 sterdam, 203. 
 Canal tolls, 23. 
 Canby, Gen., killed, 89. 
 Cannae, Romans def., 274. 
 Cannon, first cast in Eng., 176. 
 Canova, Antonio, 222. 
 Canrobertj Mar., death, 165. 
 Canton, Europeans in, 258. 
 Canute the Great, 155, 171. 
 Cape Breton discovered, 2. 
 Cape St. Vincent, bat., 185, 240. 
 Cape Town founded, 279; first 
 parliament meets at, 279; 
 great fire at, 279. 
 Capet, Hugh, reigns, 157. 
 Capitol, Rome, founded, 205; 
 
 dedicated, 205. 
 Capitol, Wash., burnt, 56. 
 Cappel, battle, 246. 
 Caractacus, captive, 170. 
 Carausius in Britain, 170. 
 Caravels, Span., in N. Y., 102. 
 Carbonari in Naples, 220. 
 Carceres Comayagua, 120. 
 Carey, Henry C. pol.econ.,93. 
 Carleton, WiU,72. 
 
 Carlist and Christina parties, 
 240. 
 
 Carlists, insurrection, 242. 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas, 186. 
 
 Carnot, Pres., assas., 164. 
 
 Caro, pres., Colom., 136. 
 
 Caroline, steamer, burnt, 68. 
 
 Carrara, anarchist riots, 213. 
 
 Carrera achieves ind. of Gua., 
 119; pres., 120; dies, 120. 
 
 Carrio, Geronimo, Ecu., 137. 
 
 Carroll, Chai'les, 11. 
 
 Carteret, Philip, gov., 7. 
 
 Carthage, 273, 274. 
 
 Carthnginians, 238, 273, 274. 
 
 Cartier, Jacques, 2. 
 
 Cartier, Sir Geo. E., 19. 
 
 Carver, .John, gov., 4. 
 
 Cary, Alice, 60. 
 
 Cary, Phoebe, 62. 
 
 Casimir, John, abdicates, 224. 
 
 Casimir-Perier, M., 164, 165. 
 
 Cass, Lewis, 36. 
 
 Cassius, death, 207. 
 
 Castelar, dictator, 242. 
 
 Castile, 147 ; uni. toAragon ,239. 
 
 Castilla, Ramon, Peru, 143. 
 
 Castillo, Canovas del, 243. 
 
 Castillo, pres. of S. Sal., 124. 
 
 Castro, Vaca de, in Peru, 142. 
 
 Catania captured, 220. 
 
 Catherine II., Russia, 230. 
 
 Catherine of Portugal, 272. 
 
 i^atholic earls revolt, 177. 
 
 Catholics in Abyssinia, 271. 
 
 Catiline conspiracy, 207. 
 
 Cato, death, 207. 
 
 Cato the elder, 206. 
 
 Cattle, 2, 86, 153. 
 
 Catullus, 206. 
 
 Caucasians, immigration , 251. 
 
 Caucasus, insu'-rection, 232. 
 
 Cavour, Count, 211, 218. 
 
 Cawnpore surrenders, 262. 
 
 Caxton, VV., print.-press, 175. 
 
 Cecil, Robert, Marquis of Sal- 
 isbury, 189. 
 
 Cecrops in Greece, 193. 
 
 Cedar Creek, Va., battle, F3. 
 
 Cedar Mountain, battle, 80. 
 
 Celli, att.-gen., assas., 213, 
 
 Census Act, 41. 
 
290 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Census in Russia, 234. 
 Census Office, Wash., Are, 107. 
 Centennial Int. Med. Congress 
 
 at Philadelphia, 91. 
 Central America^ steamer, 76. 
 Central Asian railway, 233, 255. 
 Central College incor., .58. 
 Century Dictionary pub., 101. 
 Cerdic in Britain, 171. 
 Cerna, pres. of Gua., 120. 
 Cerro Gordo, battle, 115. 
 Cervantes, 239. 
 Cervera, admiral, 30, 31. 
 Cetywayo, war with. 290. 
 Chalmers, Dr., 185. 
 Chambers, Robert, 187. 
 Champion Hills, Miss., bat., 81. 
 Champlain in Canada, 25. 
 Chancellorsville, battle, 81. 
 Channing, Wm. Ellery, 34. 
 Chantilly, Va., battle, 80. 
 Chapultepec taken, 115. 
 Chares, sculptor, 196. 
 Charity Bazar, Paris, fire, 1C5. 
 Charlemagne, 157, 165. 
 Charles Al., emp. Bav., 151. 
 Charles Albert, king, abd., 218. 
 Charles of Anjou, king, 219. 
 Clmrles of Spain, king, 219. 
 Charles the Bold, 246. 
 Charles I., k. of Eng., 178, 179. 
 Charles II., k. of Eng., 180, 272. 
 Charles IV. of Germany, 166. 
 Charles V., emp. of Ger., 166, 
 
 167, 239. 
 Charles V. rules Austria, 147. 
 Charles VI., Austria, 147. 
 Charles XTI. of Sweden, 245. 
 Charles XIII. of Sweden, 245. 
 Charlotte, N. C, battle, 35. 
 Charruas slays Soils, Uru., 145. 
 Chase, Salmon P., 52. 
 Chateaubriand, 159. 
 Chattanooga, battle, 82. 
 Chatterton, Thomas, 184. 
 Chaucer, Geoffrey dies, 174. 
 Chauncy, Charles, 6. 
 Che Hwang-te rules China, 258. 
 Chelsea Hospital founded, 180. 
 Cheops, pyramid of, 275. 
 Cherry Valley massacre, 33. 
 Cherub captures Essex, 55. 
 
 Chesapeake, V.^. frigate, 51,55. 
 
 Chesapeake and Ohio canal, 63. 
 
 Chesney, Col., in Assyria, 257. 
 
 Chevreul, M., death, 164. 
 
 Chevy Chase, battle, 174. 
 
 Chicago and R. Island R.R., 75. 
 
 Chicago, great fire, 88; intense 
 heat, 109; peace jub., 113. 
 
 Chicago Tribune, 72. 
 
 Chickamauga, battle, 82. 
 
 Child, LvdiaM., 48. 
 
 Childs, (George W., 103. 
 
 Chile, 133-135. 
 
 China, 258-260. 
 
 China, embassy to U. S., 92. 
 
 Chinese, immigration, 92, 98, 
 102,103, 281; massacre of, 
 in Wyoming, 95. 
 
 Chippewa, battle, 55. 
 
 Chloroform discovered, 65. 
 
 Choate, Ruf us, 47. 
 
 Choisenl sends colonists, 140. 
 
 Cholera in U. S., 66; in Gua 
 lemala, 120; in Germany, 
 169; in England, 189, 190; 
 in Naples, 220; in Russia, 
 234; in Spain, 243; in Con- 
 stantinople, 251. 
 
 Christian, King, 156. 
 
 Christian I. of Denmark, 155. 
 
 Christian II. of Denmark, 244. 
 
 Christiania, 223. 
 
 Christianity in Bohemia, 153; 
 in Hungary, 203; Julian 
 abjui-es, 209; in Norway, 
 222; in Poland, 223; in 
 Prussia, 227; in Sweden, 
 244; in Abyssinia, 271. 
 
 Christians, first council, at 
 Nice, 208; ill treatment, 
 250; revolt, 251; Ncstorian, 
 258; rights granted, 259. 
 
 Christian Science, doctrine, 86. 
 Endeavor Society, 93, 110. 
 Socialists, conv. of, 170. 
 
 Christina, Q. of Sweden, 244. 
 
 Christopher Colon wrecked, 30. 
 
 Christ's Church, Oxford, 176. 
 
 Chronicle, San Francisco, 85. 
 
 Chrysostom, 196. 
 
 Churchill, John, Duke of Marl 
 borough, 179, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 291 
 
 Church, first, of Boston, 4. 
 
 Church of Scotland, disrup- 
 tion, 189. 
 
 Churubusco, battle of, 115. 
 
 Cialdini, Gen., death, 213. 
 
 Cicero, 207, 219- 
 
 Cilley, duel with Graves, 68. 
 
 Cimabue, Giovanni, 214. 
 
 Cincinnati and Covington sus- 
 pension bridge, 86. 
 
 Cincinnatus, victory of, 206. 
 
 City of Boston, stmr. lost, 87, 
 
 City of Columbus, steamer, 94. 
 
 Civil kights* Bill, 85. 
 
 Civil service order issued, 91. 
 
 Civil war in Am., last fight, 85. 
 
 Clan-na-Gael, 93. 
 
 Clarendon Press, Oxford, 182. 
 
 Clark, A Ivan G., 52, 105, 109. 
 
 Clay Compromise Bill, 73. 
 
 Clay, Henry, 32; duel with 
 Randolph, 63. 
 
 Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 123. 
 
 Clayton, John M., 45. 
 
 Claudius Civilis, 201. 
 
 Claudius I., emp., 170, 207. 
 
 Clemens, Ch. Father, 196. 
 
 Clemens, Samuel L., 67. 
 
 Cleopatra, 277. 
 
 " Cleopatra's Needle," 93. 
 
 Clermont, steamboat, 51. 
 
 Cleveland, Stephen Grover, 
 68,95,102,104,106,108. 
 
 Cleveland & Toledo K. II., 75. 
 
 Clifton suspension bridge, 21. 
 
 Clingman.T. L.. 110. 
 
 Clinton, De Witt, 16. 
 
 Clinton, Gen., 34. 
 
 Clinton, Geo , 12, 50, 54. 
 
 Clive, capt. Calcutta, 261. 
 
 Clovis, k. Franks, 157, 201. 
 
 Coal, anthracite, 22, 41. 
 
 Coast-survey work, 58. 
 
 Cobden, Richard, 187. 
 
 Cockburn, Sir Geo.. 54. 
 
 Coflin, Charles C, 107. 
 
 Coinage ordinance, 39. 
 
 Cold Harbor, Va., battle, 83. 
 
 Coleridge, Samuel T., 185. 
 
 Colfax, Schuyler, 61. 
 
 Coliseum founded, 208. 
 
 Collins, Jennie, 97. 
 
 Collins steamship line, 73. 
 
 Colombia, 136. 
 
 Colonial Cong., 8; rights, 18. 
 
 Colonial postage, Aus., 281. 
 
 Colorado admitted, 91. 
 
 Colt, Samuel, 55. 
 
 Columbia College, 14, 106. 
 
 Columbian naval review, 102. 
 
 Columbus, 2, 31, 118, 120, 122, 
 125, 136, 145, 215, 239. 
 
 Comet, Donati's, 77; Halley's, 
 174. 
 
 Communist rev. in Paris, 163. 
 
 Compass, mariner's, 258. 
 
 Comte, Isidore, 160. 
 
 Concord, battle, 18. 
 
 Confederate Congress, 84. 
 
 Confederates in Ky., 80. 
 
 Confederation, Art. of, 18, 33. 
 
 Confession of Augsburg, 166. 
 
 Confucius, 258. 
 
 Congo Free State, 152, 275. 
 
 Congress adopts" decimal cur- 
 rency, 37; authorizes pro- 
 visional army, 46; auth. 
 seizing hostile French ves- 
 sels, 46. 
 
 Congress, lib., fire in, 74. 
 
 Congress of Hungarian Jews, 
 205; Peace and Liberty, 
 247; Polish historians, etc., 
 225; Postal, 248; Social 
 Democrats, 170; Social 
 Science, 247; Vienna. 168; 
 Workmen's, 152, 229, 247. 
 
 Conkling, Roscoe, 64. 
 
 Connecticut, settled, 5; first 
 const., 5. 
 
 Conscience, Henri, 152. 
 
 Constantine, Gr. Duke, 224. 
 
 Constantine the Great, 208, 209. 
 
 Constantine XIII., 198. 
 
 Constantinople, 250, 251. 
 
 Constantius rec Brit., 170. 
 
 Constellation, frigate, 47. 
 
 Constellation carries food to 
 Ire., 93. 
 
 Constitution, Atlanta, es., 86. 
 
 Constitution, frigate, 54, 56. 
 
 Continental Congress, first, 17; 
 last, 40. 
 
 Contreras, battle, 115. 
 
292 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cooke, Josiah P., 104. 
 Cooper, James Fenimore, 40. 
 Cooper, Peter, 41. 
 Cooper Union, 76. 
 Copenhagen, 156. 
 Copernicus, 227. 
 Copley, John S., 11. 
 Copyright law, 40, 65. 
 Corday, Charlotte, 159. 
 Cordero, Luis, Ecua., 138. 
 Cordova, Arg. Rep., 129. 
 Cordova, Fernando de, 2. 
 Cordova, f ds Granada, 122. 
 Cordova, pres. Bol., 129. 
 Corean ambassadors, 94. 
 Corinth canal, 197. 
 Corinth, Miss., battle, 80. 
 Coriolanus, bes. Rome, 206. 
 Corneille, Pierre, 158. 
 Corn-laws, Eng., 188, 190. 
 Cornwallis, Lord, 35. 
 Corral, insur. of, 130. 
 Correggio, 209. 
 Corse, John M., 102. 
 Cortereal, Gaspar, 2. 
 Cortes of Spain, 241. 
 Cortez, Hern., 2, 28, 114, 120. 
 Corunna, battle, 240. 
 Cossacks, 230, 249. 
 Costa Rica, 118, 119. 
 Coster Lourens, 201. 
 Cotopaxi, eruption, 138. 
 Cotton famine in Eng., 191. 
 Cotton first sent to Eng., 37; 
 
 first manuf. in U. S., 39. 
 Cotton, John, 6. 
 Couch, Darius N., 109. 
 Coumoundouros, states., 197. 
 Council of Chalcedon, 198. 
 Council of Ephesus, 198. 
 Coup d'etat in Paris, 161. 
 Courier- Journal, Louisv., 87. 
 Covndonga capt., 241. 
 Coverdale's Eng. Bible, 176. 
 Cowpens, S. C, battle, 35. 
 Cowper, William, 183. 
 Coxey's •• army," 104. 
 Cracow, 224. 
 
 Cranch, Christopher P., 55. 
 Crawford, Francis M., 72. 
 Crawford, Thomas, 55. 
 Crecy, battle, 157. 
 
 Credit Mobilier, 89. 
 Cremation in U. S., 91. 
 Cretans, revolt of, 197. 
 Crete (Candia) taken, 249; 
 
 purchased by Venice, 221. 
 Crimea evacuated, 232; ceded 
 
 to Russia, 249. 
 Crispi, M., prime min., 213. 
 Crittenden, John J., 39. 
 Crockett, David, 39. 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 179. 
 Cromwell, Richard, 180. 
 Crown Point surr., 18. 
 Crusaders, 198, 269, 
 Crystal Palace, N. Y., 77. 
 Cuba, 2, 29-31, 111, 112, 114, 242. 
 Cuban sufferers, 109. 
 Culloden, battle, 183. 
 Culver, Helen, gift, 105. 
 Currency Bur. of Treas., 83. 
 Curtis, Geo. Wm., 62. 
 Cushman, Charlotte S., 57. 
 Custer, George A., 69, 90. 
 Custer's troops mas., 90. 
 Custozza, 211. 
 Cuyp, Albert, 201. 
 Cyane captured., 56 
 Cyclone at Madrid, 243. 
 Cyrus, k. of Persia, 266, 268. 
 Czechs, agitation of, 154. 
 
 Dacian war, 208. 
 Da Gama joins insur., 133. 
 Daguerrotypes, 69, 161. 
 Dahlgren, John A., 53. 
 Dahomey, war with, 164.. 
 Daimios, insurrection, 265. 
 Dakota University, 9.5. 
 Dale, Richard, com., 14. 
 Dallas, Ga., battles, 83. 
 Damascus, 255. 
 Dampier, \V., buc, 122, 280. 
 Dana, Charles A., journ., 59. 
 Dana, Richard H., 39. 
 Dana, Richard H., Jr., 56. 
 Danes in Ir. and Sc, 170, Fl. 
 Danilesky, hist., 234. 
 Dannawerke, battle, 156. 
 Dante, Alighieri, 211, 214. 
 Danton executed, 159. 
 Danube, 149, 150. 
 Dare, Virginia, 3. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 293 
 
 Darius Hystaspes, 2n6. 
 
 Darius takes Babylou, 257. 
 
 «• Dark Day," 34. 
 
 Darnley, Henry S., mur., 177. 
 
 Dartmouth College, 17. 
 
 Darwin, Charles li., 141, 191. 
 
 Daudet, Alphonse, 165. 
 
 Daughters of A. K., 101, 108. 
 
 Davenport, John, 7. 
 
 David 1., k. of Scot., 172. 
 
 David II.. k. of Scot., 173. 
 
 David, King, 268. 
 
 Davila explores Nic, 122. 
 
 Davis, Charles H., adm., 82. 
 
 Davis, David, judge, 96. 
 
 Davis, .Jeflfersou, 78, 85, 86. 
 
 Davis, John, discoverer, 3. 
 
 Davy, Sir Humphry, 1S5. 
 
 Dawson, Sir J. VV., 19. 
 
 Day, Judge, sec. of state, 112. 
 
 Daye, Stephen, printer, 3. 
 
 Daza, pres. of Bol., 130. 
 
 Deaf mutes, 58. 
 
 Deak, Francis, death, 205. 
 
 Debs, Eugene V., 105, 
 
 Debt, imprisonment for, 46. 
 
 •' Decamerone," 214. 
 
 Decatur, Stephen, 33, 49, 60. 
 
 Decimal coinage, 20; in Den- 
 mark, 156. 
 
 Declaration of Independence, 
 18; centenary of, 90. 
 
 Delagoa railway, 280. 
 
 Delaware, 5, 6. 
 
 Delaware State College, 88. 
 
 Delhi captured, 260, ^61, 262. 
 
 De Lome, Dupuy, 111. 
 
 De Long, explorer, 94. 
 
 D'^mocratic Nat. Conv., 65. 
 
 Democritus, 195. 
 
 D'^mostheues. 195. 
 
 Deneira, rebel, Chile, 135, 
 
 D'^nraark, 155, 156, 228, 229. 
 
 Dental school in U. S., 69. 
 
 Department of Agriculture, 
 79,98; Education, 86; For- 
 eign Affairs, 40; Interior, 
 73; Justice, 88; Navy, 40; 
 Treasury, 40; War, 40. 
 
 De Quincey, Thomas, 186. 
 
 De Ruyter, Dutch adm., 202. 
 
 Dervishes, defeat of, 279. 
 
 Descartes, Rene, 158. 
 De Souza at S. Vincente, 131. 
 Dessalines orders mas., 126. 
 De Thorbecke, statesman, 203. 
 Dettingen, battle, 159. 
 Deucalion, deluge of, 193. 
 Devens, Charles, gen., 60. 
 Dewey, George, 112, 114, 270. 
 De Witt, Corn, and John, 202. 
 Diamond fields disc, 279, 280. 
 Diamond Necklace affair, 159. 
 Diaz, Porfirio, pros. Mex., 
 
 117. 
 D'Iberville, on Miss, river, 26. 
 Dickens, Charles, 70, 86, 188. 
 Dickinson, Anna E., 70. 
 Dickinson, Daniel S., 47. 
 Dido founds Carthage, 273. 
 Digna, Osman, 279. 
 Dingley, Nelson, 114. 
 Dingley Tariff Bill, 110. 
 Diocletian, era of, 208. 
 Diogenes, 195. 
 Dionysius, Areopagite, 196. 
 Dionysius of Halicarnas., 196. 
 Dionysius the elder, 218. 
 Directory, French, 160. 
 Disciples of Christ, 63. 
 D'lsraeli, Benjamin, 187. 
 Dist. of Columbia, 41. 48, 88, 90. 
 Dix, Dorothea L., 50. 
 Dix, John A., 46. 
 •' Doctor," term first app., 16. 
 Dodge, M. A., 108. 
 Dole, S. B.. pres.. Ill, 282. 
 Dollinger, Dr., 151. 
 Domenichino Zampieri, 209. 
 Dominica, W, I,, 125. 
 Dominion of Canada formed, 
 
 20; currency in, 21. 
 Doniitian assassinated, 208. 
 Dom Miguel, k. Port., 226. 
 Dom Pedro, emp., 90, 131. 
 Dom Pedro, Portugal, 226. 
 Don Carlos, sur., 242. 
 Donna Maria, Fort., 226. 
 Doria, Andrew, 215. 
 Dorrego, pres,, 128. 
 Dorr's Rebellion, 70. 
 Dort, Synod of, 201. 
 Dost Mohammed Khan, 254. 
 Douglas, Stephen A., 55. 
 
294 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Douglass, Frederick, 58, 105. 
 Douw, Gerard, 201. 
 Dow, Neal, 49. 
 Draco, laws of, 194. 
 Draft riots in N. Y., 81. 
 Drake, J. Rodman, 44. 
 Drake, Samuel G., 46. 
 Drake, Sir Francis, 3, 141. 
 Dred Scott case, 76. 
 Dreyfus, Capt, A., 164, 165. 
 Drogheda capt., 179, 
 Drought, seven-weeks', 169. 
 Dryden, John, 178. 
 Dublin built, 171. 
 Du Chaillu, traveller, 275. 
 Due d'Enghien exec, 160. 
 Duel bet. Prince of Orleans 
 
 and Prince of Savoy, 165. 
 Dufferin, Lord, 21, 
 Duke of Cambridge, 192. 
 Duke of Oporto, 227. 
 Duke of York, 191. 
 Dumas, Alexandre, 163. 
 Duncan, k. of Srot., 171. 
 Dunglison, Robley, 46. 
 Dunstan, Archbishop, 171. 
 Dunster, pres. of Harv., 6. 
 Dupont, Sam. F., ada).,49. 
 Duquesue, Marquis, 27. 
 Durer, Albert, 166. 
 Dushan, S,,conq. Bui., 237. 
 Dustin, Mrs. Hannah, 8. 
 Dwight, Timothy, 13. 
 
 Eads, John B., eng., 97. 
 
 Earl of Essex, 178, 
 
 Earthquakes, 85, 87, 97, 110, 
 119, 124, 126, 129, 137, 144, 
 172, 197, 212, 219, 221, 226, 
 243, 258, 266, 268, 
 
 East Indies, Dutch, 203. 
 
 Eastern Empire, 196, 198, 209. 
 
 Eclipses, 2.56, 2.57. 
 
 Ecuador, 137, 138. 
 
 Eddystone lighthouse, 184. 
 
 Edgehill, battle, 179. 
 
 Edict of Nantes, 158. 
 
 Edinb, and Lcith burnt, 176. 
 
 Edison, Thomas A,, 72, 92, 
 
 Edmund II. (" Ironside "),171. 
 
 Education compulsory, 251. 
 
 Edward the Confessor, 171. 
 
 Edward I., k. of Eng„ 173; 
 
 Edward II., 173; Edward 
 
 III., 173; Edward I V„ 175; 
 
 Edward V., 175; Edward 
 
 VI., 176. 
 Edward the Martyr, 171. 
 Edwards, Jonathan, 9. 
 Egan, U. S. minister, 135, 
 Egbert " overlord," 171, 
 Egusguiza, pres. Par., 141. 
 Egypt, 27-5-27S, 
 Elba, Napoleon at, 161. 
 El Caney, light at, 31. 
 Electors vote for first pres,, 40. 
 Electric light, 92; disc, by 
 
 Davy, 188. 
 Electric street railway, 94, 
 Electric telegraph in France, 
 
 161; inv. by Ronalds, 188. 
 Electrical measurement, 103, 
 Electricity, first execution, 99, 
 Eleusinian mvsteries, 193. 
 Elevated R. R„ N, Y., 92. 
 Elijah translated, 263. 
 Eliot, Charles W„ 67, 
 Eliot, John, apostle to Indians, 
 
 3,6,7. 
 Elizabeth, queen of Eng., 176. 
 Ellery, William, 10. 
 Ellet, Col., 82. 
 Elliot, Com., 259. 
 Elliott, Jesse D,, 36. 
 El Moliuo del Key, 115. 
 Kly, R. T., polit. econ,, 75. 
 Emancipation, proc, of, 81. 
 Kmaniiel, Charles, 246, 
 Embargo Act, .52, 
 Embargo on shipping, 43, 
 Embargo on U- S. vessels, .54. 
 Emerson, Ralph Waldo. 49. 
 Emigrant alien labor, 95. 
 Emmanuel II,, Victor, 218. 
 Emmanuel, Vic, 211, 212, 216. 
 Emmett, Robert, 187. 
 Empress of Aust. assas., 150. 
 Endicott, John, gov., 4, 7, 
 Endymion capt. President, 56. 
 Eng, East India Co., 178, 
 English used in law pleadings, 
 
 174 ; in courts of just,, 183. 
 Enterprise and Boxer, 55. 
 Epaminondaa, death, 195. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 295 
 
 Epervier captured, 55. 
 
 Epicurus^ 195. 
 
 Episcopacy in England, ISO. 
 
 Episcopal Church, 8. 
 
 Episcopal ordination, 38. 
 
 Epizootic disease, 89. 
 
 Eric the Red, 1. 
 
 Erie canal, 63. 
 
 Erie railway, 74. 
 
 Ernest Augustus, Duke of 
 Cumberland, 199. 
 
 Errazuriz, pres. Chile, 135. 
 
 Esar-haddon, 256. 
 
 Esau and Jacob, 263. 
 
 Espartero, Duke, 242. 
 
 Espinosa, Xavier, Ecua., 137. 
 
 Esquimaux in Greenland, 2. 
 
 Essex captured, 55. 
 
 Ether, first application, 72. 
 
 Eton College founded, 174. 
 
 Elruscan8,war with Rome, 206. 
 
 Eucharistic Congress, 105. 
 
 "Euclid," Eng. trans., 177. 
 
 Euclid, geometer, 196. 
 
 Eugene, Prince, 204. 
 
 Euripides, 194. 
 
 Eusebius, Ch. Father, 196. 
 
 Eutaw Springs, S. C, bat., 35. 
 
 Evangelical Alliance of U. S., 
 86; in Gt. Brit., 190. 
 
 Evans,Marian(Geo.Eliot), 188. 
 
 Evarts, William M., 58. 
 
 Evelyn, John, 178. 
 
 Evening Star lost, 85. 
 
 Everett, Edward, 43. 
 
 Ewing, Thomas, gen., 106. 
 
 Ex-Confederates, all disabili- 
 ties removed from, 107. 
 
 Exhibitions, 21, 24, 53, 98, 99, 
 152, 155, 162, 164, 190, 191, 197, 
 203, 205, 212, 220, 227, 228, 229, 
 233, 243, 245, 248, 251. 
 
 Expositions, 90, 94, 95, 96, 99, 
 101, 102, 103, 109. 
 
 "Cylau, battle, 160. 
 
 Eyre, Gov., in Jamaica, 126. 
 
 Ezeta, Carlos, pres., 124. 
 
 Fairchild, Lucius, 107. 
 Fair Oaks, Va., battle, 79. 
 Faliero, Marino, beh., 221. 
 Falmouth, Me., settled, 26. 
 
 Famine in Bengal, 262; China, 
 
 259; Mass. Bay Col., 5; 
 
 Russia, 234. 
 " Fanatics," revolt, Bra., 133. 
 F'aneuil, Peter, 12. 
 Faraday, Michael, 186. 
 Farmers' Congress org., 96. 
 Farnham, Ralph, death, 78. 
 Farragut, Adm., 48, 79, 83. 
 Fatimite caliphs, 269, 272. 
 Fatimite Mohammedans, 267. 
 Faure, M. Felix, 165. 
 Faust, John, 166. 
 Favre, M., const, tun., 248. 
 Fawkes, Guy. 178. 
 Fazy, James, states., 248. 
 Febiger, rear-adm., death, 113. 
 Federal Election Laws, 103. 
 Fedorovitz, Michael, 230. 
 Felton, Cornelius C, 51. 
 Fenians in Canada, 20, 21, 85, 
 
 88; in Ireland, 191. 
 Feodor I. murdered, 230. 
 Ferdinand, k. of Boh., 154. 
 Ferdinand, prince of Bui., 155. 
 Ferdinand I., emp., 148. 
 Ferdinand IV., of Den., 155. 
 Fessenden, William P., 51. 
 Feudal system in Scot., 171. 
 Field, Cyrus W., 59. 
 Field, Eugene, 73. 
 Field, David D., jurist, 50. 
 Fielding, Henry, 181. 
 " Field of the Cloth of Gold," 
 
 157. 
 Fields, James T.,58. 
 Fifty-fourth Mass. Inf., 81. 
 Fillmore, Millard, 47. 
 Financial crisis in X. Y., 95. 
 Finland ceded to Sweden, 230. 
 Fires, 21, 23, 24, 67, 74, 77, M, 
 
 85, 88, 89, 99, 103, 107, 109, 
 
 1*4, 152, 1.54, 156, 165, l^•0, 
 
 208, 227, 231, 248, 250, 251, 
 
 279. 
 Fish, Hamilton, 52, 
 Fish, propagation of, 49. 
 Fisher's Hill, Va., bat., 83. 
 Fishery matters, 21, 22, 23, 24, 
 
 25, 42, 49, 92, 101, 107, 110, 
 
 114, 125, 191. 
 Fisk, James, Jr., shot, 88. 
 
296 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Fiske, John, historian, 70. 
 
 Fisk University, 86. 
 
 Fitch, John, inventor, TZ. 
 
 Fitzgeralds, rebel, of, 176. 
 
 Five Forks, Va., bat., 84. 
 
 •' Flag Day," 108. 
 
 Flag of Gt. Brit., 181. 
 
 Flag of U.S., .^8. 
 
 Flanisteed catal. stars, 181. 
 
 Fleet, first Roman, 206. 
 
 Fletcher, John, dram., 177. 
 
 Flodden Field, battle, 175. 
 
 Flogging abolished, 73. 
 
 Floods, 94, 99, 192, 193, 203, 'V2, 
 243, 259. 
 
 Florence, 214. 
 
 Flores, Ant., pres., 138. 
 
 Flores, Jose, Ecua., 137. 
 
 Florida, 2, 3, 28, 71, 78. 
 
 Florida, Conf. priv., 83, 131. 
 
 Florida University, 94. 
 
 F6, religion of, 258. 
 
 Fonseca, of Brazil, 132, 133. 
 
 Food riots in Spain, 244. 
 
 Football, revival of, 77. 
 
 Foote, Andrew H., adm., 51. 
 
 J'oote, Henry S., 47. 
 
 Forbach, battle, 162. 
 
 Ford's Theatre, 102. 
 
 Formidable, war-ship, 192. 
 
 Formosa, 266. 
 
 Forrest, Edwin, 50. 
 
 Fort Amsterdam, 7; Donelson, 
 Tenn.,79; Duqiiesne, 14,27; 
 Erie, 55; Fisher, 84; Fron- 
 tenac, 15, 26, 27; Hatteras, 
 79 ; Henry, 79 ; Niagara, 15 ; 
 Oswego, 14; Pillow, Tenn., 
 82; Rouille,27 ; StonyPoint, 
 33; Sumter, 78, 84; Tlcon- 
 deroga, 18; Wagner, S.C, 
 81; Washington, 32; Wil- 
 liam Henry, 15, 27. 
 
 Fortune arr. at Plymouth, 4. 
 
 Foster, Geo. E., Can., 20. 
 
 Foundling Hosp., London, 183. 
 
 " Four Hundred," gov. of, 195. 
 
 Fox, Charles James, 184. 
 
 Fox, George, Quaker, 7, 179. 
 
 Foxe, John, martyrol., 177. 
 
 Fra Bartolomeo, 214. 
 
 France, 157-165. 
 
 France conq. Normandy, 172. 
 
 Francia, despot. Par,, l40. 
 
 Francis I., emperor, 167. 
 
 Francis Joseph, emp., 148, 150. 
 
 Franco-American cable, 87. 
 
 Francois, Pierre, 28. 
 
 FrankUn, Benjamin, 9, 10, 11, 
 13,33,41. 
 
 Franklin, Sir John, 74, 189. 
 
 Franklin, Tenn., battle, 84. 
 
 Franklin, Wm., gov., 15. 
 
 Franks settle in Gaul, 1.57. 
 
 Eraser, lieut.-gov., 24. 
 
 Fred. Augustus 1., k. of Po- 
 land, 236. 
 
 Fred. Augustus III., elector of 
 Saxony, 236. 
 
 Frederic, elect. Saxony, 235. 
 
 Frederic I., emp., 216. 
 
 Frederick II., of Aust.. 147. 
 
 Frederick II., the Great, 228. 
 
 Frederick III., emp., 169. 
 
 Frederick III., of Aust., 147. 
 
 Frederick IV., of Nurem., 272. 
 
 Frederic the Wise, 235. 
 
 Frederick William H., 228. 
 
 Frederick Wm., Prince, 228. 
 
 Fredericksburg, battle, 80. 
 
 Frederickshald, sie^e of, 245. 
 
 Free coinage bill, 100. 
 
 Freedmen's Bureau, 84. 
 
 Free lodgings abolished, 107. 
 
 Freemasons In America, 11. 
 
 Free schools estab., 6. 
 
 Free silver advocates, 106. 
 
 Free-will Baptist ch., .34. 
 
 Fremont, John C, 54, 70, 76, 79. 
 
 French army in Newport, R. I., 
 34; leaves Boston, .36. 
 
 French Atlantic cable, 162. 
 
 French East India Co., 261. 
 
 French fleet in ^'arragan8ett 
 Bay, 33; in the Chesa- 
 peake, 35. 
 
 Freyta?, Gustav, 169. 
 
 Frias, T., pres. of Bol., 130. 
 
 Frolic captured, 54. 
 
 Fronde, wars of the, 158. 
 
 Frontenac, Count de, 26. 
 
 Frost, great, in U. S., 77. 
 
 Froude, James A., 188. 
 
 Fry, Eliz., philan., 185. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 297 
 
 Fugitive Slave Bill, 73. 
 Fugitive Slave L.aw, 83. 
 Fulton, Robert, 16. 
 " Funding Act" vetoed, 93. 
 Furness, William H., 106. 
 
 Gadsden, James, 40. 
 
 Gadsden Purchase, 75. 
 
 Gainsborough, Thomas, 183. 
 
 Galba, emperor, 208. 
 
 Gale in Gulf of Mex., 97. 
 
 Galileo, death, 217. 
 
 Gallatin, Albert, 15,73. 
 
 Gallaudet, Thomas H., 39. 
 
 Gallissoniere, JMarquis, 27. 
 
 Gallus invades Arabia, 255. 
 
 Gait, Sir Alex., 19. 
 
 Gait, Thomas, judge, 19. 
 
 Galveston, Tex., capt., 81. 
 
 Gambetta, L^on, 163, 164. 
 
 Ganges Canal, 262. 
 
 Garcia, Gen., 31, 107. 
 
 Garfield, James A., 65, 93. 
 
 Garibaldi, 211, 212, 220. 
 
 Garrick, David, 182. 
 
 Garrison, Wm. Lloyd, 50, 65. 
 
 Garter, Order of the, 174. 
 
 Gas, 45, 61, 95, 186. 
 
 Gasca, Pedro de la, 142. 
 
 Gates, Horatio, gen., 10. 
 
 Gauls, 196, 206. 
 
 Gautama, 260. 
 
 Gavazzi, Father, 213. 
 
 Oen. Armstrong, priv., 56. 
 
 General P. O., London, 179. 
 
 Geneva, 246, 247. 
 
 Geneva Tribunal, 89. 
 
 Genevese in Ireland, 247. 
 
 Genghis Khan, 254, 260, 267. 
 
 Genoa, 215. 
 
 Genseric the Vandal, 209, 274. 
 
 George, elector of Saxony, 236. 
 
 George, Henry, 69, 110. 
 
 George I., k. of Eng., 182, 199; 
 George II., 183; George 
 HI., 184, 186; Geo. IV., 188. 
 
 George I., k. of Gr., 197, 198. 
 
 George V., k. of Hanover, 199. 
 
 Georgia, 11, 35, 78. 
 
 Georgia Gazette, 15. 
 
 German colonization soc, 168. 
 
 German Customs Union, 252. 
 
 German E. Africa Co., 275. 
 
 German Lutherans in N. Y., 9. 
 
 German Reformed Church, 42. 
 
 Germania, statue, 168. 
 
 Germanic Confederation, 168. 
 
 Germantown, battle, 32. 
 
 Germany, 165-170. 
 
 Gerry, Elbridge, 13, 55, 56. 
 
 *' Gerrymander," 54. 
 
 Gettysburg, battle, 81. 
 
 Gettysburg Nat. Park, 105. 
 
 Gettysburg, Soldiers' Mouu- 
 meut, 87. 
 
 *' Ghost dance," 100. 
 
 Gibbon, Edward, 183. 
 
 Gibbons, James, cardinal, 07. 
 
 Gibbons, John, gen., 107. 
 
 Gibraltar, 181. 
 
 Giddings, Joshua R., 44. 
 
 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 3. 
 
 Gill, J. B.,pres. Par., 141. 
 
 Gillmore, Q. A., gen., 62. 
 
 Gilmer, sec. of navy, 71. 
 
 Gilmore, Patrick S., 64. 
 
 Giorgione, painter, 222. 
 
 Girard, Stephen, 13. 
 
 Girard College, 72. 
 
 Giron, insur., Peru, 143. 
 
 Gist, Christopher, expl., 13. 
 
 Gladstone, Wm. E., 191, 192. 
 
 Glencoe, massacre, 181. 
 
 Globe, Boston, Mass., 89. 
 
 Globe-Democrat estab., 74. 
 
 Gneist, Rudolf von, 169. 
 
 Goddess of Reason, 159. 
 
 Godoy, " Pri. of Peace," 240. 
 
 Goethe, J. Wolfgang von, 167. 
 
 Goflfe, regicide, 7. 
 
 Gold, 133;i per cent, 81; 285 
 per cent, 83; at par, 92. 
 
 Gold coinage, 74, 174. 
 
 Gold-hunters, emigration, 73. 
 
 Gold in Alaska, 97 ; Australia, 
 281 ; Brazil, 131; California, 
 70, 72; Georgia, 65; Nova 
 Scotia, 20; Utah, 105. 
 
 " Golden Bull," 166. 
 
 " Golden Horde," 230. 
 
 Goldsborough, L. M., 50. 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver, 183. 
 
 Gonda'Gouddi, fight, 271. 
 
 Gontcharoff, novelist, 234. 
 
298 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Gonzalez, pres. of Mex., 117; 
 
 of S.Sal., 124; of Par., 141. 
 Goodrich.S. G., 43. 
 Goodyear, Charles, 47. 
 Gordon, Gen., 259, 279. 
 Gordon, Lord George, 185. 
 Gorges, Thomas, gov., 5. 
 Gorham, Nathaniel, 38. 
 Gorin, k. of Denmark, 155. 
 Gortschakoff, Prince, 224, 233. 
 Gosnold, Bartholomew, 3. 
 Goths, invasion, 208, 219. 
 Gough, John B., .58. 
 Gould, Beuj. A., Jr., 62. 
 Gould, Jay, 68. 
 Gounod, M., death, 164. 
 Graham, Sylvester, veg., 44. 
 Grammar schools, 6. 
 Granada, Nic, founded, 122. 
 Granados deposes Cerna, 120. 
 Grand Army of Republic, 85. 
 Grand Trunk R. R., 20. 
 Grand Visier, Turkey, 250. 
 Granger capt. Mobile, 83. 
 Grangers, org. of, 86. 
 Grant, Ulvsses S., 61, 79, 82, 
 
 84,87,89,109,265. 
 Grasshopper plague, 90. 
 Grattan, Heury, 183. 
 Gravelotte, battle, 162. 
 Graves, duel with Cilley, 68. 
 Gray, Asa, botanist, 98. 
 Gray, Capt. Robert, 41, 42. 
 Gray, Thomas, poet, 182. 
 Great Britain and Ireland, 
 
 170-192. 
 Great Chartist demonst., 190. 
 Great Eastei-n, 1", 190. 
 '• Greater New York," 107, 109, 
 
 111. 
 Greater Republic of Central 
 
 America, 119. 
 Great Fire in London, 180. 
 Great Northern R. R , 102. 
 Great Plague in London, 180. 
 Great Seal, U. S., 36. 
 Great Sioux reservation, 99. 
 Great Wall of China, 25S. 
 Great Western, 68, 189. 
 Greece, 192-198. 
 Greek Church, 251. 
 Greek Nat. Assembly, 197. 
 
 Greek patriarch, d., 249. 
 Greeley, Horace, 53, 70. 
 Greely, A. W.,71, 93, 95. 
 Green, Joseph F., adm., 110. 
 Green, Seth, 57. 
 Greenbacks first issued, 81. 
 Green Bay, Wis., 25. 
 Greene, Nathaniel, 12, 35. 
 '• Green Mountain Bovs," 17. 
 Greenland, 1,2. 
 Greenough, Horatio, 50. 
 Greeuough, Richard »., 59. 
 Greenwich Hospital, 181. 
 Greenwich Observatory, ISO. 
 Gresham, W. Q., 105. 
 Grevy, F. P. Jules, 163. 
 Grey, Lady Jane, 176. 
 Grierson, Gen., raid, 84. 
 Griffin, Cyrus, 39. 
 Grijalva, expedition of, 3. 
 Grindelwald, fire at, 248. 
 Griuuell Arctic exped., 74. 
 "Grip "in U.S., 99. 
 Griqualand, col. of, 279. 
 Grisons, League of the, 246. 
 Guadaloupe, VV. I... 125. 
 Guanaliani, 2. 
 Guantanamo,31. 
 Guardia, pres. C. R., 118. 
 Guardiola, pres. Hon., 121. 
 Guatemala, 119, 120. 
 Guelf 1., d. of Bav., 150. 
 Guelphs and Ghibellines, 166, 
 
 214. 
 Guerriere, 54. 
 Guiana, Brit., 138, 139; Dutch, 
 
 139; French, 140. 
 Guilford C House, bat., 35. 
 Guinea, possess, ceded, 203. 
 Guiteau.C. J.,93, 94. 
 Guizot, M., death, 163. 
 •' Gulliver's Travels," 182. 
 Gun-cotton invented, 190. 
 Gunpowder invented, 166. 
 Gunpowder Plot, 178. 
 Gudtavus Adolphus, 167, 236, 
 
 244, 245. 
 Gustavus III., Sweden, 245. 
 Gustavus IV., Sweden, 245. 
 Gustavus Vasa, 244. 
 Gutenberg, John, 166. 
 Guthrie, Samuel, 65. 
 
INDEX, 
 
 299 
 
 Gutierrez, pres., 124. 
 Gypsies exp. from Eng., 176. 
 
 Habeas corpus, 82, 85, 180. 
 Haco the Good, 222. 
 Hadrian, 170, 208. 
 llaflz, poet, 267. 
 Hahnemann, Samuel, 236. 
 " Hail Columbia " written, 46. 
 Hainault unit, to Hoi., 201. 
 Hakodadi, 265. 
 Hale, Edward Everett, 61. 
 Hale, John P., 51. 
 Haliburton, Thomas C, 19. 
 HalidonHill, battle, 173. 
 Hall, Capt., Arctic exp , 88, 
 Halleck, Fitz-Gi'cene, 41. 
 Halleck, Gen., 57, 80. 
 Halpine, Chai'les G., 64. 
 Hamet, Bey, pacha, 273. 
 Hamilcar Barca, 273, 274. 
 Hamilton, A., 15, 40, 44, 49. 
 " Hamlet " published, 178. 
 Hamlin, Hannibal, 52. 
 Hampden, John, 178, 179. 
 Hancock, John, 11, 38. 
 Hancock, Winlield S., 62. 
 Handel, George F., 227. 
 Handel and Haydn Soc., 56. 
 Handel's " Messiah," 183. 
 Hannibal and St. Jo. 11. K., 77. 
 Hannibal, 273, 274. 
 Hanover, 19y, 228. 
 Hanover C. House, battle, 79. 
 Hanseatic League, 166. 
 Hanson, John, 35. 
 Hapsburg, House of, 149. 
 Harding, Chester, 42. 
 Hardrada, Harold, 222. 
 Har^reaves disc, gold, 281. 
 Harlem Riv., bridge, 98. 
 Harold H., king, 172. 
 Harper, James, 44. 
 Harper's Ferry, 13, 46, 77, 80. 
 Harper's Weekly, 76. 
 Harrison, Benjamin, 66. 
 Harrison, Wm. H., 17, 53. 
 Harte, Francis Bret, 69. 
 Hartford Convention, 56. 
 Harvard College, 5. 
 Harvard, John, 3, 5. 
 Harvesters, automatic, 88. 
 
 Harvey, William, 177, 178. 
 
 Hasdrubal, 274. 
 
 Hassan, gov. of Egypt, 274. 
 
 Hastings, battle, 172. 
 
 Hastings, Warren, 186, 261. 
 
 Hatcher's Run, bat., 83, 84. 
 
 Havana, 28, 30,31. 
 
 Hawaii, 104, 112, 281, 282. 
 
 Hawkins, Sir .John, 177. 
 
 Hawley, Joseph R.,geu., 63. 
 
 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 49. 
 
 Haydn, Joseph, 147. 
 
 Hayes, I. I., explorer, 94. 
 
 Hayes, Rutherford B., 61, 91. 
 
 Haynau def. Hungarians, 204. 
 
 Hayue, Paul H., 65. 
 
 Hayne, Rob. Y., speech, 64. 
 
 Hayti,VV.l., 1-25, 126. 
 
 Heat, latent, disc, 184. 
 
 Hecker, Isaac T., 59. 
 
 '• Hegira," the, 255. 
 
 Helen, abduction of, 193. 
 
 HeUgoland, 169. 
 
 Hellenes in Pelopon., 192. 
 
 " Hell Gate ' blown up, 91. 
 
 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 169. 
 
 Helvetia, 246-248. 
 
 Hendricks, Thomas A.. 60. 
 
 Hengist founds Kent, 171. 
 
 Henry, Patrick, 11, 16. 
 
 Henry, Prince, navigator, 225. 
 
 Henry I., k. of England, 172; 
 Henry II. (Plantagenet), 
 172; Henry III., 173; Henry 
 IV., 174; Henry V., 174; 
 Henry VI., 174, 175; Henry 
 VII., 175; Henry VIII., 175. 
 
 Henry I. of Germany (the 
 Fowler), 165, 235; Henry 
 III., 166; Henry IV., 166, 
 209. 
 
 Henry III. of France, 158; 
 Henry IV., 158. 
 
 Henry the Lion, 150. 
 
 Henry the Proud, 235. 
 
 Herbert, George, 178. 
 
 Herculaneum, dis. of, 219. 
 
 Hermann, or Arminius, 165. 
 
 Hernandez, insur. of, 146. 
 
 Herod, King. 264, 
 
 Herodotus, 194. 
 
 lierschel, Sir John, 1S6. 
 
300 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Herschel, Sir William, 183. 
 Herzegovina, 199, 200, 251. 
 Hesiod, poet, 193. 
 Hesse, 200. 
 Hesse-Cassel, 200. 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, 200, 228. 
 Hezei£iah, Kiug, 264. 
 Hibblns, Anne, witrh, 6. 
 Highland dress prohib., 183. 
 Hildreth, liichard, liist., 51. 
 Hill, Ambrose i*., gen., 62. 
 Hincks, Sir Francis, 19. 
 Hipparchus, astron., 196. 
 Hiram, King, 26S. 
 Hirsch, Baron, 233. 
 Hiichcock, Edward, 43. 
 Hoang-flo., inundation, 259. 
 Hoar, Ebenczer R., 57. 
 Hoar, George F., senator, 63. 
 Hoar, Samuel, 71. 
 Hoe, Richard M., inv., 54, 72. 
 Holbtin, JJjins, 16G. 
 Holland, 200-J03. 
 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 52. 
 Holt, Joseph, 104. 
 Holy Alliance formed, 231. 
 " Holy Catholic League," 158. 
 Holy Cross College, 71. 
 Homer, 193. 
 "Homer's Hiad," 182. 
 Eomildon, Scots def., 174. 
 Honduras, 120, 121. 
 Honduras, British, 122. 
 Hong-Kong, 258. 
 Hong-Kong Gazette, 259. 
 Hood, Gen., 84, i)2. 
 Hooker, Joseph, iie, 81. 
 "Hooks" and "Codfish," 201. 
 Hoosac Tunnel, 89. 
 Hopkins, Esek, com., 9. 
 Hopkins, Mark, 48. 
 Hopkins, Stephen, 9. 
 Hopkinson, Francis, 12. 
 Hopkinson, Joseph, 17. 
 Hopper, Isaac T., Quaker, 17. 
 Hoppin, Augustus, 107. 
 Horace, poet, 207. 
 Horace Mann School, 87. 
 Hornet capt. Peacock, 55; 
 
 capt. Penguin, 56. 
 Hosmer, Harriet G., 64. 
 Hospital at Phil., 14. 
 
 Hotel Windsor burnt, 114. 
 Hotspur killed, 174. 
 Houghton, Dr. Geo. H., 110. 
 Houston, Samuel, 43, 6S. 
 Howard, John, 182. 
 Howard, Oliver O., gen., 64. 
 Howe, British gen., 32. 
 Howe, Ellas, 70, 86. 
 Howe, Julia Ward, 59. 
 Howe, Samuel G., 48. 
 Howe, Sir Joseph, 21. 
 Howells, William D., 68. 
 Huascar sur. to Brit , 144. 
 Huayna Ccapac, inca, 142. 
 Hubertsburg, peace of, 228. 
 Hudson Bay Territory, 21, 26. 
 Hudson, Henry, 3. 
 Hudson River R. R., 74. 
 Hudson's Bay Company, 180. 
 Hughes, Thomas, 192. 
 Hugo, Victor, death, 164. 
 Huguenots in Va., 8. 
 Hugues, Victor, Fr. Gui., UO. 
 Hull, Isaac, com., 18. 
 Hull, John, mintmaster, n. 
 Humbert, Prince, '^1, 212, 213. 
 Humbert br. ov. Tiber, 213. 
 Humboldt, Friederich, 228. 
 Humboldt, Karl W . von, 228. 
 Hume, David, 182. 
 Hungary, 147-150, 107, 203-205. 
 Huuniades, John, 204. 
 Huns, 229, 246. 
 Hunter, Archibald, 279. 
 Hunter, John, physician, 183. 
 Huntington, Samuel, 10, 34. 
 Hiiron wrecked, 92. 
 Huss, John, burnt, 153. 
 Hussites in Saxony, 235. 
 Hutchinson, Anne, 5. 
 Huxley, Thomas H., 188. 
 Hyacinthe, Pere, 162. 
 Hyder All def. Brit., 261. 
 Hygiene, Conf. on, 152. 
 Hyksos, the, 276. 
 Hypatia murdered, 277. 
 
 Ibrahim Pacha, 250, 277, 278. 
 Iceland discovered, 1. 
 Icelanders in N. W. Ter., 21. 
 Idaho admitted, 99. 
 ! Ignatius, Ch. Father, 196. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 301 
 
 IlUnolS, 27, 52, 58. 
 
 JZ^moi?, battleship, 113. 
 
 Illinois State University, 76. 
 
 Illuminating-gas, 62. 
 
 Imperial Pari. Gt. Brit., 186. 
 
 Imprisonment for debt, 162. 
 
 Inachus, k. of Argives, 192. 
 
 Income and Property tax, 189. 
 
 Independence of U. S. rec, 
 36, 37. 
 
 India, gov. tr. to crown, 190. 
 
 Indiana, 47, 57. 
 
 Indiana Stale University, 60. 
 
 Indian railway, first, 262. 
 
 Indian schools, 108. 
 
 Indians, mortality, 3. 
 
 Indians, petition of, 23. 
 
 Influenza in Russia, 233. 
 
 Ingersoll, Robert G., 66. 
 
 Inglesias, pres. C. Rica, 119. 
 
 Inkerman, Russ. attack, 231. 
 
 Inman steamers, 74, 102. 
 
 Innocent III., Pope, 172. 
 
 Inquirer, Phil., 64. 
 
 Inquisition, 201, 210, 226, 239. 
 
 Insurance companies, 170. 
 
 Intercolonial R. R. op., 21. 
 
 Internat. copyright, 100, 189. 
 
 Inundations in Holland, 203. 
 
 lonians in Asia Minor, 193. 
 
 Iowa admitted, 72. 
 
 Ipsus, battle, 268. 
 
 Ireland partitioned by Eng- 
 land, 172; English laws in- 
 troduced, 172. 
 
 Irenaeus, Saint, 196. 
 
 Irish adopt surnames, 175. 
 
 Irish Land Act, 191. 
 
 Irish local gov. bill, 192. 
 
 Iron, galvanized, 74. 
 
 Iron-works, first, 9. 
 
 Iroguois capt. Montreal, 26. 
 
 Irving, Washington, 36. 
 
 Isaac born, 263. 
 
 Isabella II., Spain, 240, 241. 
 
 Ismail Bey, 273. 
 
 Ismail Pacha, 271, 278. 
 
 Isocrates, orator, 195. 
 
 Israel, kingdom, 263. 
 
 Israelites cross Red Sea, 263. 
 
 Isthmian games, 193. 
 
 Italians, massacre of, 100. 
 
 Italy, 205-213. 
 Itata surrenders, 135. 
 Ito, Count, 266. 
 luka. Miss., battle, 80. 
 Ivan the Great, -230. 
 Ivry, battle, 158. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, 16, 56, 58, 60, 
 
 64, 66, 67. 
 Jackson, Charles T , 50. 
 Jackson, Dr. (ether), 72. 
 Jackson, Helen Hunt, 65. 
 Jackson, Thomas J., 62. 
 Jacobite rebellion, 182. 
 Jamaica, 2, 125, 126. 
 James, Henry, Jr., 70. 
 James, Jesse, killed, 94. 
 James I., k. of England, 178; 
 
 James II., 180, 181; James 
 
 III. (Pretender), 182. 
 James I., k. of Scotland, 174; 
 
 James III., 175; James IV., 
 
 175; James v., 176. 
 Jamestown, Va., 3. 
 Jami, poet, 267. 
 Jamieson, Dr., Transvaal, 280. 
 Janissaries, 248, 249. 
 Jansenists, 159. 
 Janus, Temple of, 206, 207. 
 Japan, 265. 266. 
 Japanese Embassy, 88. 
 Java captured, 54. 
 Jay, John, 13, 33, 45. 
 Jeannette, 92, 93, 94. 
 Jedda, mas. of Chris., 250. 
 Jefferson, Joseph, 63. 
 Jefferson, Thomas, 12, 38, 45, 
 
 48, 50. 
 Jehoshaphat, 263. 
 Jena, battle, 160. 
 Jeroboam, 263. 
 Jerome of Prague burnt, 153. 
 Jerrold, Douglas, 187. 
 Jerusalem, 264. 
 Jesuits, 25, 120, 131, 137, 138, 
 
 159, 168, 209, 212, 219, 2i6, 
 
 230, 247, 258. 
 Jesus Christ, birth, 207, 264. 
 Jews. 129, 131, 172, 173, 205, 234, 
 
 239, 242, 268. 
 Joan of Arc, 157. 
 Johanni II., 271. 
 
302 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 John, elector of Saxony, 236. 
 John, King, slain, 153. 
 John George, Sax., 236. 
 John I. the Great, 225. 
 John IV., D. of Braganza, 226. 
 Johns Hopkins Univ., 86. 
 Johnson, Andrew, 52, 84, 86. 
 Johnson, Gen., surr., 85. 
 Johnson, Keverdy, 45. 
 Johnson, Richard M., 35. 
 Johnson, Samuel, 182. 
 Johnson's "Diet.," 184. 
 Johnston, Albert S,, 49. 
 Johnston, Joseph E., 51. 
 Johnston, J. W.,21. 
 Johnstown, Pa., flood, 99. 
 Joliet in Iowa, 26. 
 Jones, Inigo, 177. 
 Jones, Margaret, witch, 6. 
 Jones, Paul, 13, 34. 
 Jones, Sir Vvilliam, 183. 
 Jonson, Ben, 177. 
 Joseph II., emperor, 167. 
 Joseph in Egypt, 263, 276. 
 Josephine divorced, 160. 
 Joshua conq. Canaan, 263. 
 Journal of Education, 63. 
 Jovellanos, Parag., 141. 
 Juan Fernandez, isl., 135. 
 Juarez, B., Mex., 116, 117. 
 Jubilee, Pope's, 213. 
 Judah, kingdom, 263. 
 Judea, 263, 264. 
 Judson, Adoniram, 40. 
 Julian, emperor, 209,267. 
 Julius II. conq. Romagna, 209. 
 Jumbo, elephant, in N. Y., 94. 
 " Junius," Letters of, 184. 
 Junius Brutus, 205. 
 Junot def. in Spain, 226. 
 Justinian code, 198. 
 Juvenal, satirist, 207. 
 
 Kaffirs, revolt of, 280. 
 
 Kaio Chau taken, 260. 
 
 Kalalsaua, D., King, 90, 282. 
 
 Kaleidoscope invented, 188. 
 
 Kam^hameha, King, 281 ; II., 
 visits London, 282; III., 
 proniul. const., 282; IV., 
 marriage of, 282. 
 
 Kane, Dr., 74,76. 
 
 Kansas, 75, 76, 78. 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 75. 
 Kant, Immanuel, 167. 
 Kapiolani, q., in Eng., 282. 
 Kara George, 237. 
 Kars, Turks def., 249. 
 Kauffraann, Gen., d., 233. 
 Kaulbach, Wilhelm von, 228. 
 Kean, Edmund, 186. 
 Kearney, Denis, impris., 93. 
 Kearsai^ge and Alabama, 83. 
 Kearsarge and Kentticky, bat- 
 tleships, launched. 111. 
 Kearsarge wrecked, 103. 
 Keats, John, 186. 
 Keble, Johu, 186. 
 Kelley, W. D., death, 99. 
 Kellogg, Clara L,, 70, 78. 
 Kemble, Charles, 185. 
 Kenesaw IVIountain, bat., 83. 
 Kennedy, John P., 44. 
 Kentucky, 17, 39, 42, 91. 
 Kepler, Johann, 252. 
 Kettle Creek, Ga., bat., 33. 
 Key, Francis S., 33. 
 Khasim, Yemenite chief, 256. 
 Khiva captured, 232. 
 Khodynski, disaster, 234. 
 Khyber pass, 254. 
 Kidd, Capt., hanged, 8. 
 Kieft, William, gov., 5. 
 Killiecraukie, battle, 181. 
 Kilpatrick, Hugh J., 67. 
 King, Horatio, 109. 
 Iving, Ruf us, vice-pres., 14. 
 King, Thomas Starr, 62. 
 King, William R., 38, 74. 
 King Philip's war, 7. 
 King's Col., Camb., 175. 
 King's Col., Windsor, N. S.,19. 
 "King's Daughters," 96. 
 King's Mountain, bat., 35. 
 Kiplinsr, Rudyard, 191. 
 Kirke, Sir David, 25. 
 Kirkland, rear-adm., 113. 
 Klapka, Gen., death, 205. 
 Klondike miners, 110. 
 Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 227. 
 Knights of Labor, Phil., 87. 
 Knights of St. John. 176. 
 Knights Templars, 157. 
 Knox, Henry, gen., 13. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 303 
 
 Knox, John, 175. 
 Kolin, battle, 228. 
 Konieh, battle, 250, 277. 
 Kouiggratz, battle, 148. 
 Koran, 255. 
 Korea, 265, 266. 
 Kosciusko, 224. 
 Kossuth, L., 74, 204, 205. 
 Koszta, Martin, aflair, 75. 
 Kouli Khan, 261. 
 Krapotkine, Demetrius, 232. 
 Kruger, Paul, 280. 
 Kublai Khan, 258. 
 
 Labor bureau, Belgium, 153 
 Labor Day, 104. 
 Labrador discovered, 2. 
 Ladislas, k. of Bohemia, 154. 
 Ladislaa, k. of Hungary, 204. 
 Ladislas VI., slain, 223. 
 Ladrones, U. S. flag at, 112. 
 Laeken, castle of, 152. 
 Lafayette, 32, 62, 67, 91, 164. 
 Lake Champlain, 27, 32. 
 Lake George, battle, 14. 
 Lake Kegillus, battle, 205, 
 Lamar, L. Q. C, death, 102. 
 Lamartine, death, 162. 
 Lamb, Charles, 185. 
 Landor, Walter Savage, 185. 
 Land seer, Sir PZdwin, 187. 
 Lanfranc, archbishop, 172. 
 Laugevin, Sir Hector L., 23. 
 Laugton, Stephen, archb., 173. 
 Lanier, Sidney, 70. 
 Lansdowne, Marquis of, 22. 
 Laot-se, religion of, 258. 
 Larcom, Lucy, 63. 
 Lardoer, Dionysius, 186. 
 La Rochefoucauld, 158. 
 La Senile, 25, 26. 
 Las Casas, 239. 
 Lathrop, George P., 111. 
 Latimer Durnt, 176. 
 Latin Bible, first, 166. 
 Laud, archbishop, 179. 
 Laurens, Col. John, 36. 
 Laurier, Sir Wilfred, 20. 
 Laval, bishop, 25. 
 Laveleye, Emile de, 152. 
 La Vendue, war in, 159. 
 Law, Geo., financier, 159, 182. 
 
 Lawrence, Abbott, 42. 
 Lawrence, Amos, 38. 
 Lawrence, James, com , 35. 
 Lawrence, Kan., capt., 76. 
 Lawrence, Sir Thomas, 185. 
 Lead-mining in Am., 40. 
 Ledru-Rollin, death, 163. 
 Lee, Ann, f'r Shakers, 11. 
 Lee, Arthur, diplom., 12. 
 Lee, Charles, gen., 34. 
 Lee, Fitzhugh, 30,31, 112. 
 Lee, Francis L., 11. 
 Lee, Henry, 14. 
 Lee', Richard Henry, 11. 
 Lee, Robert E., 51, 79, 84. 
 LegalTender Act, 88. 
 Legion of Honor, 160. 
 Leibnitz, Baron, 167. 
 Leif Ericsson, 1. 
 Leipsic, 237 ; battle, 167. 
 Leland Stanford Univ., 101. 
 Lely, Sir Peter, 201. 
 Lenox Public Library, 88. 
 Leo XHl., Pope, 212, 213. 
 Leonidas at Thermopylae, 194. 
 Leopard, Brit, frigate, 51. 
 Leopold, Marg. of Bav., 150. 
 Leopold, Prince, 191. 
 Leopold II., k. of Bel., 152. 
 Leopold of Hohenzollern, 241. 
 Leopold of S.-Coburg, 151, 152. 
 Lepanto, battle, 222, 249. 
 Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 164. 
 Levant captured, 58. 
 Lexington, battle, 18, 90. 
 Lexington, Mo., siege, 79. 
 Lexington, stmr., burnt, 69. 
 Leyden, John, slain, 167. 
 Libei'ator, 65. 
 Liberia founded, 275. 
 Liberty, stat. of, 97. 
 Liberty Party, 69. 
 Librai-y Assoc, of U. S., 91. 
 Lick Observatory, 98. 
 Light, aberration of, 183; com- 
 
 position of, 181. 
 Li-Hung-Chang, 259, 260. 
 Liliuokalani, queen, 282. 
 Limerick, capitulation, 181. 
 Lincoln, A., 52, 78,82, 84. 
 Lincoln Monument, 90. 
 Lind, Jenny, 73. 
 
304 
 
 INDHX. 
 
 Linnneus fd's R. Acad., 245. 
 
 Linotype machine, 98. 
 
 Lisbon, 225,226, 227. 
 
 Lissa, naval bat., 211. 
 
 Liszt, Franz, 204. 
 
 Lithographic printing, 59. 
 
 Lithuania, 224. 
 
 Little Beltf warship, 53. 
 
 Livermore, Mary A., 61. 
 
 Livingston^ Philip, 9. 
 
 Livingston, Robert R., 13. 
 
 Livingstone, David, 275. 
 
 Livy,207. 
 
 Locke, David R., 98. 
 
 Locke, Johfi, 178. 
 
 "Loco-focos," 67. 
 
 Locomotive, first, U. S., 65. 
 
 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 73. 
 
 Logan, John A.. 63, 110. 
 
 Logan, Mary, 45. 
 
 Logan, Sir Wm.E., 19. 
 
 Logarithms inv., 178. 
 
 Lollards, pers. of, 174. 
 
 Lombardy, 215, 216. 
 
 Londonderry, siege, 181. 
 
 London Gazette, ISO. 
 
 J^ondon Times, 186. 
 
 London University, 188. 
 
 Long, John D., 69, 111. 
 
 Longfellow, Henry W., 51. 
 
 Long Parliament, 178. 
 
 Longstreet, James, 60, 82. 
 
 Longworth, Nicholas, 38. 
 
 Lookout Mountain, bat., 82. 
 
 Lopez, N., exped. of, 73. 
 
 Lopez, pres. Par., 141. 
 
 Lopez, v., pres. A. R., 128. 
 
 Lome, Marquis of, 21. 
 
 Lorraine, Duke of, 204. 
 
 Lossing, B. J., hist., 101. 
 
 Lothair, D. of Saxony, 235. 
 
 Louis, Prince, of Baden, 204. 
 
 Louisburg, capt., 13, 27. 
 
 Louis (le Debonnaire), 165. 
 
 Louis of Hungary, 223. 
 
 Louis Philippe, 161. 
 
 Louis the German, 235. 
 
 Louis the Great, 204. 
 
 Louis VII., of France. 157; 
 Louis VIII., 157; Louis IX., 
 157; Louis XII., 216; Louis 
 XIV., 158 ; Louis XVI., 159; 
 
 Louis XVII., 160; Louis 
 XVIII., 161. 
 
 Louisiana, 3, 28, 29, 47, 49, 54, 
 78. 
 
 Louisiana State Lottery, 104. 
 
 L'Ouverture, Toussaint, 126. 
 
 Lovejoy, Elijah P., niur., 68. 
 
 Lovelace, Francis, gov., 7. 
 
 Low Countries, 147, 202. 
 
 Lowell, James Russell, 59. 
 
 Lowell, John, 47. 
 
 Loyola f 'ds Soc. of Jesus, 239. 
 
 Lucan, poet, 207. 
 
 Lucknow besieged, 262. 
 
 Lucretia, rape of, 205. 
 
 Lucretius, poet, 206. 
 
 Ludwig, Archduke Karl, 150. 
 
 Luis I., Portugal, 227. 
 
 Luitpold, Prince, 151. 
 
 Lundy's Lane, battle, 56. 
 
 Lusitanians conquered, 225. 
 
 Luther, Martin, 166; monu- 
 ment at Worms, 168. 
 
 Lutheranism in Sweden, 244. 
 
 Lutheran Reformation, 166. 
 
 Lutzen, battle, 236. 
 
 Luxemburg, 203. 
 
 Lycurgus, lawgiver, 193. 
 
 Lyon, Nathaniel, gen., 59. 
 
 Lysippus, sculptor, 196. 
 
 Lytton, Bulwer, 187. 
 
 INIacaulay, T. B.. 186. 
 Macbeth, k. of Scot., 171. 
 Maccabees, 264. 
 Macdonald, Sir John, 20, 23. 
 Macedon, 206. 
 Macedonian captured, 54. 
 Macedonian wars, 206. 
 Maceo, Gen., 30. 
 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 214. 
 Mackenzie, Alexander, 23. 
 Maclise, Daniel, 187. 
 Macready riot, 72. 
 Madison, James, 13, 52, 55. 
 Madras founded, 2H1. 
 Madrid, bishop, assas., 243. 
 Magellan, 141, 269. 
 Magenta, battle of, 148, 162. 
 Magna Charta, 173. 
 Magnus III. killed, 222. 
 Magyars set. Hungary, 203. 
 
[NDEX. 
 
 305 
 
 Mahan, Alfred T., 69. 
 Mahdi, the prophet, 278. 
 Mahmud Ghuzni, 260. 
 Mahomet II., 196, 198, 237. 
 Mahomet IV., 249. 
 Mahratta pou er, 261. 
 Maine, 3, 7, 8, 26, 59, 60. 
 Maine, battleship, 30, 111. 
 "Maine Law," 74. 
 Malachi, 264. 
 
 Malcolm IV., of Scot., 172. 
 Malietoa, k. of Samoa, 282. 
 Mamelukes, 249, 277. 
 Mammoth Cave, 52. 
 Manassas, battle, 80. 
 Manchester ship-canal, 191. 
 Manchu Tatars, 258- 
 Manco, inca, 142. 
 Maneptah, Pharaoh, 276. 
 Manila, 112, 113, 269, 270. 
 Manin, Daniel, 222. 
 Manitoba, 21, 24. 
 Mann, Horace, 45. 
 Manning, Cardinal, 187. 
 Mantinea, battle, 195. 
 Marauham, col. at, 131. 
 INIarathon, battle, 194, 267. 
 Marat stabbed, 159. 
 Marble quarried in Vt., 9"). 
 Marcellus conq. Mil;in, 216. 
 Marco Polo, 2.58. 
 Marcus Aurellus, 208. 
 Marcy, Wm. L., 39. 
 Marengo, battle, 160. 
 Margaret of Denmark, 155. 
 Margaret of Norway, 173. 
 Maria, Queen, of Port., 226. 
 Maria Christina of Aust., 242. 
 Maria Louise m. Nap., 160. 
 Maria Teresa, cruiser, 113. 
 Maria Theresa, Aust., 147, 202. 
 Marie, Grand Duchess, 232. 
 Marie Antoinette, 159. 
 Marine corps org., 46. 
 Marion, Francis, gen., 11. 
 Maronites, revolt, 251. 
 Maroon war, 126. 
 Marquette, 25, 26. 
 Marsh, Geo. P., philol., 48. 
 Marshall, John, jurist, 14. 
 Mars-la-Tour, battle, 162. 
 Marston Moor, battle, 179. 
 
 Martel, Charles, rules, 157. 
 Mania), poet, 207. 
 Martinique, W. I., 125. 
 Mary, q. of England, 176, 181. 
 Mary, q. of Scots, 176, 177. 
 Maryland, 5, 10. 
 Maryland Hist. Soc, 71. 
 Mason, Capt. John, 5. 
 Mason, Lowell, 42. 
 Mason and Dixon Line, 15. 
 Mason and Sliilell, 79. 
 Massachusetts, 4, 5, 8, 18. 
 Mass. Agricult. Col., 86. 
 Mass. Emigrant Aid Soc, 75. 
 Mass. Inst, of Technology, 85. 
 Massacre in China, 259 ;' Ire- 
 
 land, 178; Paris, 159; St. 
 
 Bartholomew, 158. 
 Massasoit, treaty with, 4. 
 Massena, 226, 240. 
 Mataafa and Tamatese, 282. 
 Matanzas bombarded, 30. 
 Mather, Cotton, 7. 
 Mather, Increase, 5. 
 Mathew, Father, 189. 
 Maupassant, death, 164. 
 Maurice, elector Saxony, 236. 
 Maurice, stadtholder, 201. 
 Maury, Matthew F., 50. 
 Mavrocordato.Alexander, 197. 
 Maximilian, emperor, 116. 
 Maximilian I., 246. 
 Maximilian-Joseph I., 151. 
 Maximilian-Joseph II , 151. 
 Maximilian the Great, 151. 
 Mayfloiver, Pilgrim ship, 4. 
 Mayjioiver wins cup, 97. 
 MaynoothCol.,186, 189. 
 Mazzini,210, 211. 
 M'Alpin, Kennelh, 171. 
 MacMahon, Marshal, 163, 164. 
 MacPherson, Jas. B., 63. 
 McClellan, Geo. B., 63, 78. 
 McClosky, John, car., 96. 
 McCormick reaper, 67. 
 McCosh, James, 105. 
 McCulloch, John,96. 
 McDonald, Alex., 122. 
 McDonald, W.C, 24. 
 McDonough, Com., 56. 
 McDonough, Thomas, 37. 
 McDowell, Irvin, 58. 
 
306 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 McGee, Thos. D'Arcy, 21. 
 McKane, John Y., 104. 
 McKeau, Thomas, 35. 
 McKinley, Wm., 70, 109, 111, 
 
 112, 113. 
 McKinley Tariff Bill, 100. 
 Meade, George G., 57, 81. 
 Mechanical patent, first, 41. 
 Medical Repository , 45. 
 Medical Sdc, first, 16. 
 Medici, influence of, 214. 
 Medill, Joseph, ed., 114. 
 Meheniet Ali, 256, 269, 277. 
 Mehemet II., 249. 
 Mejia, Gen., 115, 116. 
 Melanchthon, Philip, 236. 
 Melbourne founded, 280. 
 Melegnano, battle, 148, 162. 
 Melgarejo, diet. Bol., 130. 
 Memnonites in Kansas, 90. 
 Memorial Day, 86. 
 Menander, poet, 195. 
 Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, 167. 
 Mendoza, Andres H. de, 143. 
 Mendoza, Antonio de, 142. 
 Menelek, k. of Shoa, 271. 
 Menendez, pres., 124. 
 Menes, lawgiver, 275. 
 Mercedes, Queen, 242. 
 Merodach-baladan II., 257. 
 Merrimac and Monitor, 79. 
 Merritt, Gen., 105, 270. 
 Merwan, Caliph, 255. 
 Messcnian wars, 193. 
 Messina, 219, 220. 
 Meteors, great display, 66, 
 Methodism, rise of, 183. 
 Methodist Episc. Ch., 38, 71. 
 Methodist Soc, first, 16. 
 Metternich, Prince, 148. 
 Metternich, Richard, 149. 
 Metz, surrender of, 163. 
 Mexico, 1, 2, 28, 29, 72, 114-117. 
 Michael, Prince, assas., 237. 
 Michigan, 7, 50,68. 
 Middleton, Sir F. D., 25. 
 Midhat Pacha, death, 251. 
 Mifflin, Thomas, 37. 
 Milan, 216, 217. 
 ]\!ilan,Kiug, 237, 238. 
 Miles, Nelson A., 31, 69. 
 Mil. Order of Loy. Leg., 84. 
 
 Militia, 42, 46. 
 Mill, John Stuart, 187. 
 Millais, Sir John E., 192. 
 Miller, Hugh, 187. 
 Miller, Wm. (Millerites), 35. 
 Mill River val. disaster, 90. 
 Mills, Clark, sculptor, 56. 
 Milmore Martin, 72. 
 Miltiades, Gen., 194. 
 Milton, John, 178. 
 Ming dynasty, 258. 
 Minghetti, Marco, death, 212. 
 Minnesota admitted, 76. 
 Mints, 6, 28, 67, 115. 
 Mirabeau, death, 159. 
 Miramon shot, 116. 
 Missolonghi taken, 197. 
 Missouri, 54, 60, 83. 
 Missouri Conip. Bill, 60. 
 Mississippi, 46, 57, 58, 78, 107. 
 Mitchell, Donald G., 61. 
 Mitchell, Maria, 58. 
 Mobile captured, 83. 
 Mobilization U. S. Army, 111. 
 Modoc war in Cal., 89. 
 Moguls, 260, 261. 
 Mohammed, 255. 
 Mohammedans, 239, 257, 260, 
 
 267, 269. 
 Mohammed I., 239. 
 Mohatz, battle, 204. 
 " Molly Maguires," 91. 
 Moltke, von, marshal, 169. 
 Monachism in Egypt, 277. 
 Monasteries, 176, 198, 240. 
 Monck, Lord, viceroy, 20. 
 Mongol dynasty, 258. 
 Mongols, 267. 
 Monitor founders, 80. 
 Monitor launched, 107. 
 Monmouth, battle, 33. 
 Monmouth, Duke of, 181. 
 Monocacy, Md., battle, 83. 
 Monroe, James, 15, 57. 
 " Monroe Doctrine," 61. 
 Montana admitted, 99. 
 Montana University, 100. 
 Montcalm killed, 15. 
 Mont Cenis Tunnel, 163. 
 Montcbello, 148, 162. 
 Montenegro, 250, 251. 
 Monterey surrenders, 115. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 307 
 
 Montevideo, 127, 14.5. 
 Montezuma, 114. 
 Montgolfier bx-os., 159. 
 Montgomery, Gen., 18. 
 Montreal, 15, 18,25. 
 Montserrat, VV.I.,125. 
 Montt, J., pres. Chile, 135. 
 Moody, Dwiglit L., 68. 
 Moore, Richard, gov., 124. 
 Moore, Sir John, 240. 
 Moore, Thomas, 185. 
 Moors, 225, 239, 240. 
 Moraes, Prudente de, 133. 
 Morales, pres. ot Bol., 130. 
 Morales, Prosper©, Gua., 120. 
 Moravian brethren, 236. 
 Morea conquered, 248. 
 Moreno, G. G., Ecua., 137. 
 Morgan, Wm. (Freemason) 
 
 63. 
 Morgarten, bat., 147, 246. 
 Mormon, B. of, 65; Temple, 70. 
 Mormons, 76, 102. 
 Morocco, 161, 243, 272, 273. 
 Morphy, P., chess player, 95. 
 Morrill, Justin S., 114. 
 Morrill, Lot M., 94. 
 Morrill Tarifl' Bill, 77. 
 Morris, Charles, com., 37. 
 Morris, Geo. P., poet, 48. 
 Morris, Gouverneur, 13. 
 Morris, Eobert, 11, 35. 
 Morris, Wm., poet, 192. 
 Morse, Jedidiah, 15. 
 Morse, Samuel F. B., 41. 
 Morton, Dr. (ether), 59, 72. 
 Morton, regent of Scot., 177. 
 Moscow, 230, 231. 
 Moses born, 263. 
 Motley, John L., 55. 
 Moultrie, Wm., gen., 10. 
 Mountain Meadow Mass., 76. 
 Mount Holyoke Coll., 6S. 
 Mount St, JNIary's Coll., 64. 
 Mouravieff, 224, 231. 
 Mozart, Wolfgang A., 167. 
 " Muckers," German, 132. 
 Murat, Joachin,220. 
 Murfreesborough, battle, 80. 
 Murillo, 240. 
 
 Murray, John, Univ., 12. 
 Murray, Lindley, 13. 
 
 Mustapha 11. deposed, 249. 
 Musurus Pacha, 251. 
 Myron, sculptor, 194. 
 
 Nabonadius, King, 257. 
 Nabonassar, 257. 
 Nabopolassar, King, 257. 
 Nadir Shah, 254. 
 Nadodd tne Norseman, 1. 
 Nafels, battle, 246. 
 Nagasaki, 265. 
 Nana Sahib, 262. 
 xNansen, Fridtjof, 223. 
 Napier, Sir Robert, 271. 
 Napoleon, 160, 161. 
 Napoleon II., 160. 
 Napoleon III., 116, 161, 163. 
 Narborough, Sir .lohn, 141. 
 Narva, battle, 245. 
 Narvaez, Marshal, 241. 
 Naseby, battle, 179. 
 Nashville capt. Buena Ven- 
 tura, 30. 
 Nasr-ed-Din, shah, 268. 
 Natalie, Queen, Servia, 238. 
 Natchez, 26, 27. 
 National Acad, of Art, 54. 
 
 Acad, of Science, 81. 
 
 Bank, 66. 
 
 Bankruptcy Bill, 86. 
 
 Board of Health, 92. 
 
 Bureau of Labor, 95. 
 
 Coll. for Deaf Mutes, 82. 
 
 currency provided, 81. 
 
 debt, 67. 
 
 Dep't of Labor, 98. 
 
 Gallery, London, 189. 
 
 Liberty Party, 70. 
 
 Mil. Park at Shiloh, 105. 
 
 Mil. Park at Chickamauga, 
 100. 
 
 Scandinavian Society, 245. 
 
 Soldiers' Home, Togus, 86. 
 Naturalization, 44, 46, 48, 229. 
 " Nautical A Imanac," 184. 
 Navarino, battle, 250. 
 Navarre an. to Fr., 158. 
 Navigation laws, 193. 
 Naxos built, 218. 
 Nebraska admitted, 86. 
 Nebraska Central Coll., 96. 
 Nebuchadnezzar, 257, 264. 
 
308 
 
 Necho II., of Egypt, 276. 
 Nectanebes II., 276. 
 Negroes, enlistment of, 80. 
 Nehemiah, 264. 
 Nelson, Horatio, 184, 186, 187. 
 Nemanya, Stephen, 237. 
 Nepos, Cornelius, 206. 
 Neptune, planet, disc, 190. 
 Nero, em p., 208. 
 Nerva, em p., 208. 
 Nesselrode, chancellor, 232. 
 Nestorian Christians, 258. 
 Nestorius, patriarch, 198. 
 Netherlands, 200-203. 
 Neutrality Act, 43, 44. 
 Neutrals, rights of, 152. 
 Nevada admitted, 83. 
 Nevis, W. I„ set., 125. 
 New Brunswick, 15, 20. 
 Newbury, battle, 179. 
 Newconien, Thomas, 181. 
 Newfoundland, 3, 4, 10, 19, 21, 
 
 22, 23. 
 New Hampshire set., 4. 
 New Haven set., 5. 
 New Jersey, 4, 7. 
 New Mexico, 73. 
 New Netherlands, 7. 
 New Orleans, 27, 49, 79. 
 New Orleans, steamboat, 53. 
 Newspaper stamp abol., 190. 
 Newton, John, gen., 61, 96. 
 Newton, Sir Isaac, 179. 
 New York, 7, 8, 67, 84, 108. 
 
 Daily Tribune, 70. 
 
 Gazette, 10. 
 
 Herald, 67. 
 
 Post, 48. 
 
 Sanitary Com. Fair, 82. 
 
 Stock Exchange, panic, 89. 
 
 Sun, 66. 
 
 Times, 74. 
 
 World, 78. 
 Ney, Marshal, shot, 161. 
 Nez Perces Indians, 91. 
 Ngami, Lake, disc, 275. 
 Niagara Falls, bridges, 20,22; 
 French at, 26; reserva- 
 tion, 95. 
 Nica?a conquered, 248. 
 Nicaragua, 122, 123. 
 Nicaragua Canal Co., 103, 123. 
 
 Nice, council at, 208. 
 Nicholas, cesarevitch, 232. 
 Nicholas I., em p. Kussia, 231. 
 Nicholas II., Czar, 234. 
 Nicolls, Richard, gov., 7. 
 Nieva, Conde de, Feru, 143. 
 Nightingale, Florence, 188. 
 Nihilism,232, 233, 234. 
 Nile, battle of the, 186. 
 Nimeguen, peace of, 202. 
 Nimrod, or Belus, 256. 
 Ninus, k. of Assyria, 256. 
 Nipsic, Vandalia, and Trenton 
 
 wrecked at Samoa, 282. 
 Non-intercouri^e act, 52. 
 Nordenskjold, Prof., 245. 
 Normans, 157, 170, 171. 
 North and South Dakota, 99. 
 North Carolina, 6, 9, 13, 78. 
 North Dakota University, 95. 
 Northeast pass, disc, 245. 
 Northern Pacific R. R., 87, 94. 
 North Sea canal, 169. 
 Northumbria founded, 171. 
 Northwest Ter., 22, 39. 
 Norway, 222, 223. 
 Nunez, R., Colom., 136. 
 Nunez, Vasco,138. 
 Nurses, army, pensioned, 102. 
 Nuttall, Thomas, 38. 
 Nye, Edgar W., 107. 
 
 Gates, Titus, 180. 
 Obligado, gov. B. Ayres, 128. 
 O'Brien, Smith, insur., 190. 
 Observatory, first in U. S., 67. 
 O'Connell, Daniel, 185, 189. 
 Octavius, emp., 207. 
 Odgenathus, 269. 
 Odd Fellows, 60, 113. 
 Odessa bombarded, 231. 
 Odoacer takes Rome, 209. 
 O'Donnell, Mar., 240, 241. 
 (Ecumenical Council, 210. 
 Oglethorpe set. Georgia, 11. 
 Ogyzes, deluge of, 192. 
 Ohio, 27, 49. 
 Ohio River, flood, 94; bridge 
 
 over, 91,97, 100. 
 Ojeda visits Colombia, 130. 
 Oklahoma, 98, 101, 102. 
 Olaf estab. Chris., 222, 244. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 309 
 
 " Old Age " pension, 281. 
 
 Oldcastle, Sir John, 174. 
 
 "Old Pretender," death, 184. 
 
 Old Testament, rev. ver., 95. 
 
 Olmsted, Frederick L., 61. 
 
 Olustee, Fla., battle, 82. 
 
 Olympiad, first, 193. 
 
 Olympic games, 193, 197. 
 
 Omar Khayyam, 267. 
 
 Omar Pacha, 251, 255. 
 
 O'Neal, Shane, 177. 
 
 Oneida Community, 72. 
 
 Ontario, first steamer on Great 
 Lakes, 57. 
 
 Opium, 97, 258. 
 
 Oporto, 226, 227. 
 
 Orange Free State, 2S0. 
 
 Orangemen, riots, 22.^ 
 
 Order of the Black Eagle, 228; 
 of Cincinnati, 37; of Po- 
 cahontas, 70. . 
 
 Oregon, battleship. 111, 112. 
 
 Oregon admitted, 77. 
 
 O'Reilly, John Boyle, 71. 
 
 Origen, Cflurch Father, 196. 
 
 " Origin of Species," 190. 
 
 Orsini conspiracy, 162. 
 
 Oscar I., k. of Swe., 223, 245. 
 
 Osceola, Seminole chief, 68. 
 
 Osirtasen III., 276. 
 
 Ostend Manifesto, 75. 
 
 Ostracism, law of, 191. 
 
 Oswego canal, 63. 
 
 Othman rules Arabia, 255. 
 
 Otho, emperor, 208. 
 
 Otho I. crowned, 166, 209. 
 
 Otho II. conq. Lorraine, 166. 
 
 Otho of Bavaria, 197. 
 
 Otho the Illustrious, 151. 
 
 Otis, James, orator, 10. 
 
 Ottawa, 20. 
 
 Otter burn, battle, 174. 
 
 Ottocar I. of Boh., 153; Otto- 
 car II., 153. 
 
 Ottoman empire founded, 248. 
 
 Otto the Illustrious, 235. 
 
 Oude, war in, 262. 
 
 Ovid, 207. 
 
 Oxygen dis. by Priestley, 185. 
 
 Pacific, steamer, lost, 76, 90. 
 Pacific railway contract, 22. 
 
 Page, Wm., artist, 96. 
 
 Paine, Robert Treat, 10. 
 
 Paine, Thomas, 18. 
 
 Palseologus, Michael, 198. 
 
 Palermo taken, 220. 
 
 Palestro, battle, 162. 
 
 Paley, William, 183. 
 
 Palfrey, John G., 45. 
 
 Palmerston, I^ord, 185. 
 
 Palmyra, 269. 
 
 Palo Alta, battle, 115. 
 
 Pamir frontier dispute, 255. 
 
 Panama canal, 136, 164, 165; 
 railroad, 75; settled, 28. 
 
 Pan-American Congress, 99. 
 
 Pan-Amer. Med. Cong., 103. 
 
 Panathentean games, 193. 
 
 Panic, finan., 68, 76. 
 
 Paper duty abolished, 190. 
 
 Paper-mill, first in Am., 8. 
 
 Paper money, first in Am., 9. 
 
 Papineau rebellion, 20. 
 
 Paraguay, 140, 141. 
 
 Pardo, Manuel, Peru, 144. 
 
 Paris, capitulation of, 163. 
 
 Paris, Comte de, death, 164. 
 
 Park, Mungo, 275. 
 
 Parker, Theodore, 53. 
 
 Parkhurst, Dr. C. H., 103. 
 
 Parkmau, Francis, 61. 
 
 Parliament, English, org., 173; 
 Great Britain, 181; Japa- 
 nese, 266; Turkish, 251. 
 
 Parnell, Charles S., 190. 
 
 Parrhasius, 195. 
 
 Parsons, Theophilus, 45. 
 
 Parsons, Thomas W., 59. 
 
 Parthians, 257, 269. 
 
 Parton, James, death, 101. 
 
 Pascal, Blaise, 158. 
 
 Pasteur, Louis, 164, 165. 
 
 Patagonia, 141, 142. 
 
 Patrick, St., in Ireland, 171. 
 
 Patti, Adelina, 77. 
 
 Paul, emp. Russia, 231. 
 
 Paulding, Hiram, adm., 46. 
 
 Paulding, James K., ,34. 
 
 Pausias of Sicvon, 195. 
 
 Payne, John Howard, 42, 94. 
 
 Peabody, George, 44. 
 
 Peabody Inst., Baltimore, 85. 
 
 Peace Conf. (civ>. war), 84. 
 
310 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Peace Jubilee (musical), 87. 
 Peacock captured, 55. 
 Peale, Rembrandt, 33. 
 Pea Ridge, Ark., bat., 79. 
 Peary, Lieut., 101, 103. 
 Peasants' wars, 166. 
 Pedro I., emp. Brazil, 131. 
 Pedro II., emp. Bra., 131, 133. 
 Pedro v., Port., 226, 227. 
 Peel, Sir Robert, 186. 
 Peei-age ahol. in Fr., 161. 
 Peii'ce, Benjamin, 52. 
 Peiwar pass, 254. 
 Pekah, k. of Israel, 264. 
 Peking, 258, 259. 
 Pelasgi in Peloponnesus. 192. 
 Pelissier, marshal, d., 162. 
 Peloponnesian war, 195. 
 Penibertou Mills, Mass., 77. 
 Penguin captured, 56. 
 Penn, William, 7, 8, 9, 179. 
 Pennsylvania, 6. 
 
 Acad, of Fine Arts, 51. 
 
 Bank of, 34. 
 
 State Capitol burnt, 109. 
 Penny postage, 189, 192. 
 Pension Bill, 99. 
 Pensions, 58, 102. 
 Peonage in New Mex., 86. 
 People's Pai'ty, Kan., 100. 
 Pepin the Short, 157. 
 Pepperell, Sir Wm., 8. 
 Pepys, Samuel, 178. 
 Pequot war, 5. 
 Pera, great fire, 251. 
 Percival, James G., 44. 
 Perez, Santiago, Col., 136. 
 Pericles, 194. 
 Perrv, Com., 55, 115, 265. 
 Perry, Matthew C, 43. 
 Perry, Oliver H., 38. 
 Perryville, Ky., battle, 80. 
 Persia, 266-268. 
 Peru, 129, 142-145. 
 Pestilence in Poland, 224. 
 Peter II. (Russ.) dep.,230. 
 Peter III. (Russ.) mur., 230. 
 Peter the Great, 230. 
 Petersburg, mine expl., 83. 
 Petrarch, Francesco, 214. 
 Petroleum, 72. 
 Pheidon, sculptor, 193. 
 
 Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, 71. 
 Phidias, sculptor, 195. 
 Philadelphia, 9, 36, 71; City 
 
 Directory, 38; Sanitary 
 
 Fair, 83. 
 PMladelphia, frigate, 49. 
 Philip, King, Indian, 7. 
 Philip I., of Spain, 147. 
 Philip II., of Sp., 201, 226, 239. 
 Philip III., ban. Moors, 240. 
 Philip of Macedou, 195. 
 Philip the Magnanimous, 200. 
 Philip v., h. of Bourbon, 240. 
 Philippi, battle, 207. 
 Philippine Islands, 269, 270. 
 Phillips Academy, 35. 
 Phillips, Adelaide, 66. 
 Phillips, Wendell, 53, 68. 
 Philological Cong., Phil., 105. 
 Phipps, Sir Wm., 8. 
 Phcebe capt. Essex, 55. 
 Phanician letters, 193. 
 Phonograph, 81, 92. 
 Piastus, d. of Poland, 223. 
 Piazza di San Mardt), 222. 
 Picts and Scots, 170, 171. 
 Pierce, Franklin, 49, 74. 
 Pierolas, Nicolas de, 144. 
 Pierpont, John, 38. 
 Pilgrim Fathers, 4, 178. 
 "Pilgrim's Progress," 180.' 
 Pillager Indians, 113. 
 Pillory, punish, abol., 189. 
 Pinckney, Charles, 15. 
 PiuQon, Vincent Yanes, 130. 
 Piuzon, admiral, 143. 
 Pioneer Press, St. Paul, 76. 
 Pirates, depredations by, 118. 
 Pisa, 217. 
 
 Pisistratus, the t-yramt, 194. 
 Pitt, William, 182. 
 Pittsburg Landing, battle, 79. 
 Pius IX., Pope, 210, 212. 
 Pizarro, 137, 142. 
 Placilla, battle, 135. 
 Plantaaenet, sea-light, 56. 
 Plataea', battle, 194. 
 Plato, 195. 
 
 Plautius founds London, 170. 
 Plautus, Marcus, 206. 
 Pleasanton, Alfred, 62, 104. 
 Plebeians, 205, 206. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 311 
 
 Pliny the elder, 207. 
 Pliny the younger, 208. 
 Plunger ., torpedo boat, 1 10. 
 Plutarch, 196. 
 Po, inundations, 212. 
 Pocahontas, 3. 
 
 Podiebrad, Geo., k. Boh., 154. 
 Poe, Edgar Allan, 53. 
 Poictiers, battle, 157. 
 Poland, 223-225. 
 Polaris's crew rescued, 89. 
 Poles, 132, 203, 225. 
 Polk, James K., 45, 71. 
 Pollock, Sir George, 254. 
 Polycarp, Church Father, 196. 
 Polygamy, 80, 100. 
 Polyguotus, 195. 
 Pompeii, excavations, 219. 
 Pompey, 207, 2.38, 264. 
 Ponce de Leon, Juan, 2. 
 Pontiac war, 15. 
 Pontius Pilate, 264. 
 Poole, Wm. P., lib., 104. 
 Poor Richard's Almanac, 11. 
 Pope, Alexander, 181. 
 Pope, Gen., 61,80. 
 Poi'celain, manuf. of, 236. 
 Porter, David, com., 34. 
 Porter, David D., adm., 55. 
 Porter, Noah, 53. 
 Port Hudson, siege, 81. 
 Portland, stmr., lost, 114. 
 Porto Rico, 30, 31. 
 Port Royal, 25. 
 Port Royal, Jamaica, 126. 
 Port Royal, N. S., 8, 26. 
 Portugal, 225-227. 
 Portuguese, 265. 
 Postal cards issued, 89. 
 Postal Cong, at Berne, 248. 
 Postal money order, 83. 
 Post-Office, 44, 47, 53. 
 Savings Banks, 190. 
 Potato crop, failure of, 190. 
 Poughkeepsie bridge, 98. 
 Powder, smokeless, 101. 
 Powers, Hiram, 50. 
 Powhatan, sachem, 4. 
 Prado, Mariano, Peru, 143. 
 Praga sacked, 224. 
 Pragmatic Sanction, 166, 204. 
 Prague, battle, 154, 228. 
 
 Prague founded, 153. 
 Praxiteles, 195. 
 Preble, Edward, com., 15. 
 Presbyterianism in Scot., 177. 
 Prescott, Wm., col., 10. 
 Prescott, Wm., historian, 45. 
 President, frigate, 53, 56. 
 President, stmr., lost, 69. 
 Presidential Elect. Com., 91. 
 Presidential succession, 96, 
 Press, freedom abol., 241. 
 Preston, battle, 182. 
 Prestonpans, battle, 183. 
 Price inv. Missouri, 83. 
 Priesthood, augurs, etc., 205. 
 Prim, Gen., 241. 
 Prince, Thomas, divine, 8. 
 Prince Edward Island, 21. 
 Prince of Orange, 181. 
 Prince of Wales, 20, 173, 189, 
 
 191. 
 Princeton, battle, 32. 
 Princeton, explosion on, 71. 
 Princeton College, 13. 
 Princeton Universitv, 107. 
 Printing in China, 258. 
 Printing-press, 8, 158. 
 Privateering, IS, 46. 
 Prize-fighting, 107. 
 Protestant Episc. Cb., 80. 
 Prot. League of Smalcalde,167. 
 Protestantism in Eng., 17P. 
 Protestants in Abyssinia, 271. 
 Proudhon.P. J., 162. 
 Prussia, 227-229. 
 Psammetichus I., 276. 
 Ptolemy 1., k. Egypt, 276. 
 Ptolemy obs. eclipses, 257. 
 Ptolemy Soter, 264. 
 Public Library, Rome, 206. 
 Pu], Assyria, 256, 257, 263. 
 Pulaski, Count, 32. 34. 
 Pullman, George M., 77,110. 
 Pullman Car Co., 104. 
 Pultowa, battle, 245. 
 Pumacagua, Peruv. chief, 143. 
 Punic wars, 206, 273, 274. 
 Puritan wins cup, 96. 
 Putnam, Israel, gen., 9. 
 Putnam, Rufus, gen., 12. 
 Pythagoras, 194. 
 Pythian games, 193. 
 
312 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Quakers in Boston, 6. 
 Quarantine Act, first, 8, 
 Quebec, 25, 27. 
 Quebec, battle, 15. 
 Queen's Jubilee, 191, 192. 
 Queensland a prov., 281. 
 Queenstown, battle, 54. 
 Queen Victoria Niagara Falls 
 
 Park, 95. 
 Quincy, Josiah, 17. 
 Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 13. 
 Quintilian, 207. 
 Quitman, Gen., 116. 
 
 Rachel, Mile., 162. 
 Racine, Jean, 158. 
 Raders, Baron von, 139. 
 Railroads, 63, 73, 85, 197, 248, 
 
 259, 265, 268. 
 Raines liquor law, 107. 
 Rainey, J. H., 88. 
 Rain-making, 100, 101. 
 Raleigh, Walter, 3, 138, 176. 
 Rameses II., 276. 
 Rameses III., 276. 
 Ramillies, def. of Fr., 159. 
 Ramsour's Mills, bat., 34. 
 Randolph, John, 17, 63. 
 Randolph, Peyton, 10. 
 Rangoon taken, 261. 
 Rauke, Leopold von. 168. 
 Rasle, Father Sebastian, 10. 
 Raymond, Henry J., 60. 
 Read, Thomas B., poet, 61. 
 Rebellion in Ireland, 186. 
 Reciprocity, 23, 103. 
 Reconstruction Act. 86. 
 Red Cross Assoc, 93. 
 Red Jacket, Sen. chief, 65. 
 Red Republicans, 161, 242. 
 Reed, Thomas B., 69, 99. 
 Reformation, 177, 236, 245,252. 
 Reformed Dutch Church, 5. 
 Reformed Epis. Church, 89. 
 Registry of vessels, 100. 
 Reichstag, 168, 169. 
 Reid, Samuel C, 37. 
 Reid, Whitelaw, 68. 
 lieina Eegente sunk, 243. 
 lieindeer captured, 55. 
 Reindeer for Alaska, 111. 
 Rembrandt, Paul, 201. 
 
 Remington typewriters, 89. 
 Renan, Ernest, death, 164. 
 Republican Nat. Conv., 76. 
 Resaca de la Palma, bat., 115. 
 Revels, Hiram R., 88. 
 Revere, Paul, 11. 
 Revere R. R, accid., 88. 
 Reynolds, J. F., gen., 60. 
 Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 182. 
 Rhode Island, battle, 33. 
 Rhode Island settled, 5. 
 Rhodes, Cecil, 279. 
 Rhodes taken, 249. 
 Rialto bridge, 222. 
 Rialto seat of gov., 221. 
 Ribault, Jean, 3. 
 Richard I., k. of England, 173; 
 
 Richard II., 174; Richard 
 
 III., 175. 
 Richelieu, Cardinal, 158. 
 Richmond, 12, 84; Capitol, 88. 
 Ridley burnt, 176. 
 Riel, Louis David, 22. 
 Rienzi, Nicola di, 209. 
 Riflf tribe. Moors, 273, 
 Rigaud, Philippe de, gov., 27. 
 Rinderpest in England, 19J. 
 Riots. 20, 22, 71, 72, 81, 91, 96, 
 
 103, 113, 120, 129, 135, 144, 
 
 169, 205, 213, 243, 244, 251. 
 Ripley, George, 48. 
 iiisby, John, Lollard, 174. 
 Ritchie, Sir Wm„ 23. 
 Rivadavia, pres., 127. 
 Riviera founded, 118. 
 Rizzio, David, mur., 177. 
 Roach, John, shipbuilder, 97. 
 Roanoke Island, bat., 79. 
 Robert II., k. of Scot., 174. 
 Roberts, Gen., 254. 
 Robespierre executed, 159. 
 Robinson, John C, 109. 
 " Robinson Crusoe," 182. 
 Roca, pres., 128, 129. 
 Rocafuerte, Vic, Ecua., 137. 
 Rochefort sentenced, 164. 
 Rochelle, siege, 158. 
 Rodgers, George W., 39, 61. 
 Rodgera, John, 17. 
 Rodney, adm., in Guiana, 139. 
 Rodrigo, Cid, 239. 
 Rodrigo, last Gothic k., 239. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 313 
 
 Rodriguez, pi-es., 119. 
 Roger I. Count of Sicily, 219. 
 Roger II. k. Two Sicilies, 219. 
 Rogers, John, sculptor, 64. 
 Rogers, Randolph, 62. 
 Rogers, Wm. A., astron.. 111. 
 Rollin, Charles, hist., 180. 
 Roman C. Enianc. Act, 189. 
 Roman Cath. hier., 190, 203. 
 Rome, 200, 205-210. 
 Romulus builds Rome, 205. 
 Rontgen rays, 24, 150. 
 Roosevelt, Theodore, 77, 113. 
 Rosa, Salvator,219. 
 Rosas, in Arg. Iiep.,r28. 
 Rosbach, battle, 228. 
 Rose, John, jurist, 20. 
 Rosecrans, Gen., 59, 80, 81. 
 Roses, Wars of the, 175. 
 Roslindale R. R. acci., 97. 
 Rossetti, Christina, 189. 
 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 188. 
 Rossetti, Gabriel, 185. 
 Rossetti, William M., 1S9. 
 Rossini, Gioacchimo, 209. 
 Rouen, traders from, 140. 
 Roundhead and Cavalier, 179. 
 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 159. 
 Rowan, Stephen C-, 52. 
 Royal Acad, of Arts, 184. 
 Royal Can. Acad, of Arts, 21. 
 Royal George sunk, 185. 
 Royal Irish Academy, 186. 
 Royal Soc. of London, 180. 
 Roj'al Soc. N. S. Wales, 281. 
 Rubens, Peter Paul, 201. 
 Rubinstein, Anton, 234. 
 Rudolph, Crown Prince, 149. 
 Rudolph of Hapsburg, 166. 
 Rumford, Benj. T., count, 14. 
 " Rump," expulsion of, 179. 
 Rum prohib. in Georgia, 11. 
 Rumsey, James, 12, 38. 
 Rupert's Land, 21. 
 Ruric the Norman, 229. 
 Rush, Richard, 34. 
 Ruskin, John, 188. 
 Russell, John H,, 109. 
 Russell, Lord John, 186, 189. 
 Russell, Lord William, 180. 
 Russell, William E., 108. 
 Russia, 162, 229-235. 
 
 Rutgers College, 17. 
 Ryswick, peace, 158, 167, 202. 
 
 Sabine Cross Roads, bat., 82. 
 
 Sabines take Rome, 205. 
 
 Sacrifices to gods, 192. 
 
 Sadducees, sect of, 264. 
 
 Sadl-Carnot, pre:*., 164. 
 
 Sadowa, battle, 148. 
 
 Saens-Pcna, pres., 129, 
 
 Safety lamp invented, 188. 
 
 Sagasta, prime min., 242, 243. 
 
 St. Adalbert slain, 227. 
 
 St. Andrew's University, 175. 
 
 St. Augustine, 3, 28. 
 
 St. Bartholomew, 125, 126. 
 
 St. Clair, Arthur, 39. 
 
 St. Clair Tunnel, 23. 
 
 St. Domingo, W. I., 126. 
 
 St. Eustatius, W. I., 125. 
 
 St. Gaudens, Augustus, 73. 
 
 St. Gothard Railway, 248. 
 
 St. Gothard Tunnel, 248. 
 
 St. Helena, Napoleon at, 161. 
 
 St. Jacob's, battle, 246. 
 
 St. John, W. I., Danes in. 126. 
 
 St. John's College, Md., 37. 
 
 St. Kitt's, W. I., settled, 125. 
 
 St. Lawrence, bridge over, 22. 
 
 St. Lucia, W. I., 125. 
 
 St. Martin, W. I., set., 125. 
 
 St. Paul in Rome, 208. 
 
 St. Paul's Cathedral, 180. 
 
 St. Peter, death, 208. 
 
 St. Petersburg founded, 230. 
 
 St. Peter's Church, 209. 
 
 St. Regis, fight at, 54. 
 
 St. Sophia dedicated, 198. 
 
 St. Stanislaus murdered, 223. 
 
 St. Thomas, W. I., Danes in, 
 
 126. 
 St. Ursula convent, 67. 
 St. Vincent, W. L, 126. 
 Saladin, 255. 
 Salamis, battle, 194. 
 Salique law, 157,240. 
 Salles, Campos, Brazil, 133. 
 Sallust, historian, 206. 
 Salmon Falls N H., set., 26. 
 Salt, manuf. of 39. 
 Salt Lake City, 72 ; temple, 102. 
 Saltonstall, Sir Richard, 6. 
 
314 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Salvation Army, 92, 102. 
 
 Samarcand taken, 232. 
 
 Samaria besieged, 263. 
 
 Samas-Rimmon II., 256. 
 
 Samnite wars, 206. 
 
 Samoa, 282. 
 
 Samoset, Indian, 4. 
 
 Sampson, Com., 30, 111, 112. 
 
 Sanchez, Gen., Hond., 129. 
 
 Saucho luigo, 239. 
 
 San Francisco, 74, 78. 
 
 San Francisco founders, 75. 
 
 Sanitary Commission, 78. 
 
 San Juan Islands, 89. 
 
 San Salvador, 123, 124. 
 
 Santa Ana, pres., 115, 117. 
 
 Santa Cruz, W. I., 125, 126. 
 
 Santa Cruz rules Bol., 129. 
 
 Sauta Maria, Domingo, 134. 
 
 Santander.consp.of, Col., 136. 
 
 Santiago, 30, 31, 118. 
 
 Sanzio, Raphael, 209. 
 
 Sapor II., king, 267. 
 
 Saracens, 239, 255, 269, 277. 
 
 Saratoga, battle, 32. 
 
 Sardinia, 218. 
 
 Sargon, King, 257. 
 Sarraatian slaves rev., 209. 
 Saskatchewan, N. W. Ter., 22. 
 Sassanides dynasty, 267. 
 Satolli, Mgr.. 106. 
 Saul, King, 263. 
 Sault Ste. JNlarie, 19, 25. 
 Savannah, Ga., founded, 11. 
 Savannah, steamship, 59. 
 Savings banks, 57, 187. 
 Savonarola burnt, 214. 
 Saxe, John G., 57. 
 Saxons in Britain, 235. 
 Saxony, 235-237. 
 Sayle, W., gov., 7. 
 Scandinavian Society, 215. 
 Schaff, Philip, 58. 
 Schamy], Circass. chief, 232. 
 Schenk, Carl, death, 248. 
 Scherifs in Moi'occo, 272. 
 Schiflner, Herr, 129. 
 Schiller, Joh. C. F. von, 167. 
 Schleswig-Holstein, 156. 
 Schlev, Com., Ill, 113. 
 Schoffer, Peter, 166. 
 Schofield, Geu., 65, 98. 
 
 Schoolcraft, Henry R., 43, 66. 
 Schooners first built, 9. 
 Schubert, Franz, 148. 
 Schumann, Robert, 167. 
 Schurz, Carl, 64. 
 Schwartz, Christian F., 261. 
 Scinde war, 261. 
 Scio, sea-tight near, 249. 
 Scipio, 274. 
 Scipio Africanus, 206. 
 Scobeleff, Gen., death, 233. 
 Scotch-Irish in N.H., 9. 
 Scott, Sir Walter, 185. 
 Scott, Winfield, 39, 75, 115. 
 Screw propeller, first, 71. 
 Sea-fight, first recorded, 193. 
 Sebastian, King, death, 226. 
 Sebastopol Harbor, 231. 
 Sedan, battle, 163. 
 Sedgemoor, battle, ISO. 
 Sedgwick, Catherine M., 40. 
 Sedgwick, John, gen., 55. 
 Seleucus, Nicator, 257, 267. 
 Seliml.,249, 256, 277. 
 Sella, Sig., finan. min., 212. 
 Seminarios, Col., Peru, 145. 
 Seminole war, 67. 
 Semiramis, 256. 
 Scmpach, battle, 246. 
 Seneca, Roman stoic, 207. 
 Sennacherib, 256, 257, 264. 
 Sentinel, first paper N. W., 42. 
 Septuagint, 264. 
 Serapis, temple of, 277. 
 Serfs emancipated, 156, 232. 
 Serrano, Marshal, 241, 242, 243. 
 Servia, 237, 238, 251. 
 Seti, reign of, 276. 
 Seven Days' battles, 79. 
 Seven sages of Greece, 194. 
 Seven Years' War, 147, 167, 
 
 2-28, 236. 
 Severus inv. Caledonia , 170. 
 Sewall, Samuel, 6. 
 Seward, William H., 48. 
 SextuB Pompeius, 219. 
 Seymour, Horatio, 96. 
 Shadrach and Sims, f-]aves,74. 
 Shah Jehan, reign of, 261. 
 Shakers, 11, 184. 
 Shakespeare, Wm., 177, 178. 
 Shalmaneser II., 256. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 315 
 
 Shannon capt. Chesapeake, 55 
 Sharp, Archbishop, mur., 180. 
 Shaw, H. W., 96. 
 Shaw, Lemuel, jurist, 35. 
 Shaw, Robert G.,81, 109. 
 Shays, Daniel, rebellion, 39. 
 Sheep, merino, 48. 
 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 186. 
 Shere Ali, ameer, 254. 
 Sheridan, Philip H., 65. 
 Sheriffmuir, battle, 182. 
 Sherman, John, 61, 112. 
 Sherman, Roger, 10. 
 Sherman, Wm. T., gen., 60, 84. 
 Shillaber, Benjamin P., 100. 
 Shishak, k., 263, 276. 
 Shogun (tycoon), 265. 
 Short, Thomas, printer, 9. 
 Shrewsbury, battle, 174. 
 Shubrick, Wm. B., 41. 
 Siamese twins, 90. 
 Siberia, 230; exiles to, 235. 
 Sicilian Vespers, 219. 
 Sicily and Naples, 218-221. 
 Siddons, Mrs., 184. 
 Sidney, Algernon, exec, 180. 
 Sidney, Sir Philip, 176, 201. 
 Siege of Corinth, 197. 
 Sierra Leone settled, 274. 
 Sigismond, John, elector. 227. 
 Sigismund II., reign of, 223. 
 Sigismund of Bohemia, 166. 
 Sigourney, Lydia H. H., 41. 
 Sikh war, 261. 
 Silistria, Russ. def., 249. 
 Silliman, Benjamin, 33. 
 Silliman, Benj., Jr., 57. 
 Silver, Act, 99 ; certificates, 97 ; 
 
 coinage, 145; defeated. 111 ; 
 
 trade dollar, 89, 91. 
 Simms, Wm. G., 51. 
 Sims, Dr. J. Marion, 94. 
 Sinai, law promul., 263. 
 Sioux Indians in Minn., 80. 
 Sirhind canal, 262. 
 Sirius crosses Atlantic, 68. 
 Sitting Bull killed, 100. 
 Six nations, 12. 
 Sixth Mass. Regiment, 78. 
 Skiold, first k. of Den., 155. 
 Slavery, 29, 66, 76, 79, 119, 125, 
 
 126, 129, 132, 203, 261. 
 
 Slaves, 2, 4, 7, 9, 27, 29, 43, 51. 
 
 74, 75, 79, 118, 125, 126, 139, 
 
 189, 209, 223. 
 Slave-trade, 27, 47, 73, 79, 83, 
 
 101, 110, 131, 137, 139, 161, 
 
 177, 187, 240. 
 Slocum, Henry W., 63, 104. 
 Smallpox, 9. 
 Smith, Adam, 185. 
 Smith, Capt. John, 3. 
 Smith, Gerritt, 45. 
 Smith, Joseph (Mormon), 50. 
 Smith, Samuel F., 52. 
 Smith, Sydney, 185. 
 Smith College, 90. 
 Smithson, James L. M., 64. 
 Smithsonian Institution, 72. 
 Smolensko, battle, 231. 
 Smollett, Tobias George, 182. 
 Sobieski, John, 147, 204, 224. 
 Socialistic settl't, Par., 141. 
 Socialists in Germany, 168. 
 Soc. for Prev. Cru. to An., 85. 
 Soc. for sup. slave-trade, 186. 
 Society of Arts, London, 184. 
 Society of Jesus, 239. 
 Socrates, 195. 
 
 Solemn League and Gov., 178. 
 Solferino, battle, 148, 162. 
 Solimoes founders, 133. 
 Soils, Juan de, 127, 145. 
 Solomon, King, 263. 
 Solon, legislator, 193. 
 Solouque, 126. 
 
 Solyman II. takes Buda, 204. 
 Somers, Sir Geo., in Ber., 124. 
 Somers, U. S. brig, 70, 72. 
 Sommelsdijk, gov. of Gui., 139. 
 Sonderbund, end of, 247. 
 Sonora, city disc, in, 117. 
 Sorghum cane, 75. 
 Soto, De, in La., 3. 
 Soto, Marco Aurelio, 121. 
 Soudan, 278, 279. 
 Soult, Marshal, 226, 240. 
 South Africa, 279, 280. 
 Southampton, Empress Dock, 
 
 191. 
 South Carolina, 7, 12, 49, 66, 78, 
 
 103. 
 Southern Union Station, 114. 
 South Dakota, 113. 
 
316 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 South Moimtain, bat., 80. 
 South Saxons in Brit., 171. 
 South Sea Bubble, 182. 
 South Sea Company, 182. 
 Spain, 112, 238-*244. 
 Spalding, Martin J., 88. 
 Spanish Armada, 177. 
 Spanish Fenin., war in, 160. 
 Sparks, Jared, 40, 64. 
 Spartacus the gladiator, 207. 
 Specie payment, 90, 92. 
 Spectrum analysis, 190. 
 Spencer, Herbert, 188. 
 Spenser, Edmund, 176. 
 Spherical form of earth, 194. 
 Spinner, Gen. F. E., 100. 
 Spinning -jenny in U. S., 38. 
 Spiritual rappings, 73. 
 Spottsylvania C. H., bat., 82. 
 Sprague, Chai-les, 42. 
 Springfield, Mo., bat., 79. 
 Spurgeon, Charles H., 189. 
 Stage bet. Boston andN. Y., 11. 
 Stamp Act, 16, 184. 
 Standard silver dollars, 106. 
 Standard time, 22, 94. 
 Standish, Miles, 4. 
 Stanislaus abol. torture, 224. 
 Stanley, Henry M., 191, 275. 
 Stanley, Lord, gov.-gen., 22. 
 Stanton, Edwin M., 56. 
 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 57. 
 Star Chamber, 178. 
 Stark, John, gen., 10. 
 Star-Route trial, 94. 
 " Star-spangled Banner," 56. 
 State Agricult. Coll., Kan., 81. 
 
 University of Iowa, 72. 
 
 University of Minn., 87. 
 
 University of Missouri, 69. 
 
 University of Nebraska, 90. 
 •Statuary dis. at Athens, 197. 
 Steam-ploughs, 74. 
 Steam-vessel patented, 183. 
 Stedman, Edmund C, 66. 
 Stephen, first k. of Hun., 203. 
 Stephen of Blois, 172. 
 Stephens, Alex. H., 54. 
 Stephenson, Robert, 187. 
 Stethoscope invented, 188. 
 Steuben, Baron, 33. 
 Stevens, Thaddeus, 42. 
 
 Stewart, Charles, adm., 33. 
 Stiles, Ezra, Yale Coll., 10. 
 Stockton, Robert F., 44. 
 Stoddard, Richard H., 62. 
 Stone, Lucy, 58. 
 Stoneman, Oeorge, gen., 105. 
 " Stonewall Jackson," 80. 
 Stonington, Conn., bomb., 56. 
 Story, Joseph, 34. 
 Story, William W., 59. 
 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 54. 
 Strasburg surrenders, 229. 
 Strikes, 91, 94, 96, 100, 102, 104, 
 
 106, 110, 152, 153, 169, 191, 
 
 235, 243. 
 Stringham, Silas H., 46. 
 Stuart, Charles Edward, 183. 
 Stuart, James E. B., 65. 
 Stuart, Prince Charles, 179. 
 Students rev. at Athens, 198. 
 Stuyvesant, Peter, gov., 6. 
 Sucre, Gen., gov. Bol., 129. 
 Suetonius, historian, 208. 
 Suevi conquer Spain, 238. 
 Suez Canal, 251, 278. 
 Sugar-cane, 27, 29. 
 Suja Shah, 254. 
 Suleyman Abu-Jahir, 255. 
 Sumner, Charles, 53, 76. 
 Sun, motion of, ISO. 
 Sunday schools, 185. 
 Surajah Dowla, 261. 
 Suttees abolished, 261. 
 Suwarrow sacks Warsaw, 224. 
 Svenigorod, Gen., 230. 
 Sweden, 244, 245. 
 Swedenborg, Emanuel, 244. 
 Sweyn, k. of Denmark, 171. 
 Swift, Jonathan, 180. 
 Swinburne, Algernon C, 189. 
 Swiss Guards, 247. 
 Switzerland, 246-248. 
 Sybel, Von, historian, 169. 
 Sydney, Aus., founded, 280. 
 Sylla, 196, 207. 
 Syracuse, 218, 220. 
 Syria, 268, 269. 
 
 Table Rock, remnant falls, 97. 
 Tacitus, historian, 208. 
 Tae-pings, rebellion, 2.59. 
 Tahiti, 163, 165. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 317 
 
 Taine, H. A., death, 164. 
 Talamanca founded, 118. 
 Talisman^ Brit, ship, 144. 
 Talleyrand, death, 161. 
 Tamerlane, 230, 249, 254, 269. 
 Tammany Society, 40. 
 Taney, Roger B., 32. 
 Tauner, Dr., fasts, 93. 
 Tarifa, battle, 239. 
 Tarquin II., Rome, 205. 
 Tarquiuius, consul, 205. 
 Taschereau, Cardinal, 19. 
 Tasso, Torquato, 213, 219. 
 Tatars, 204, 223, 230. 
 Tauchnitz, Baron, 169. 
 Taylor, Bayard, 62. 
 Taylor, Edward T., 44. 
 Taylor, Gen., Confed., 85. 
 Taylor, Zachary, 37, 73, 115. 
 Tea, first in England, 258; 
 
 thrown overboard, 17. 
 Tecumseh, Indian chief, 16. 
 Telegraph, 68, 71, 190, 232, 268. 
 Tel-el-Kebir, battle, 278. 
 Telephone, 149. 
 Telescope, 105, 180, 1S6, 217. 
 Tell, William, 246. 
 Temple of Solomon, 263, 264. 
 Teniers, David, 201. 
 Tennessee, 45, 78, 109. 
 Tennyson, Alfred, 187. 
 Tenure of Office Act, 97. 
 Terence, poet, 20D. 
 Terry, Alfred H., 63. 
 Terry, Judge, 77. 
 Teutonic knights, 166, 223, 227. 
 Tewflk, khedive, 278. 
 Tewkesbury, battle, 175. 
 Texas, 26, 72, 78, 110, 115. 
 Texel fleet, 202. 
 Thackeray, William M., 187. 
 Thames tunnel, 189. 
 Thanksgiving, first, 4. 
 Thaxter, Ccha, 68. 
 Theatres, 14, 43, 53, 61, 91. 
 Thebau power, 195. 
 Thebes destroyed, 276. 
 Themistocles, 194. 
 Theodore, King, 271. 
 Theodoric, 219. 
 Theodoric I., 238. 
 Theodosius aids Brit., 170. 
 
 Thermometer, 182, 217. 
 Thermopylae, pass of, 194. 
 Theseus in Athens, 193. 
 Thesfcaly. 197, 251. 
 Thiers, M., 163. 
 Thirty-nine Articles, 177. 
 " Thirty Tyrants," rule of, 195. 
 Thirty Years' War, 167. 
 Thomas, Geo. H., 57, 84 
 Thomas, Robert B., 16. 
 Thomas, Theodore, 82. 
 Thompson, I.aunt, 66. 
 Thompson, Sir John S. D., 23. 
 Xhornfinn Karlsefne in K. 
 
 l.,l. 
 Thorwald in Vinland, 1. 
 Thorwaldsen, Albert Bertel, 
 
 156. 
 Thothmes III., Egypt, 276. 
 Thucydides, historian, 194. 
 Thurman, Allen G., 106. 
 Tiberius, emperor, 207. 
 TibuUus, poet, 207. 
 Tichborne case, 191. 
 Ticinus, def . of Romans, 271» 
 Ticknor, George, 41. 
 Tidal wave, Japan, 266. 
 Tiglath-pileser, 256, 268. 
 Tigranes of Armenia, 268. 
 Tilden, Samuel J., 55. 
 Tilley, Sir Leonard, 19. 
 Tilsit, peace of, 228, 231. 
 Timepiece, Harrison's, 183. 
 Times, Hartford, 70. 
 Timoleon, 218. 
 
 Timour the Tatar, 198, 260, 267. 
 Tippoo Sahib, 261. 
 Titian, 222. 
 Titus, 208, 264. 
 
 Titus Lartius, first diet., 205. 
 Tobacco, 177,260. 
 Tobago, W. I., stttled, 125. 
 Todleben, Gen., death, 233. 
 Toledo, Francisco de, 143. 
 Toledo Blade, 72. 
 Tolstoi, Count L^on, 234. 
 Toltecs in Mexico, 1. 
 Tompkins, Daniel, 57. 
 Tonnage tax, 108. 
 Toombs, Robert, 96. 
 Tornadoes, 94. 
 Toro, Mateo, gov. Chile, 134. 
 
318 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Toro, M. Morillo, Col., 136. 
 
 Tortuga, W. I., 125. 
 
 Torture abol., 159, 236. 
 
 Tourgee, Eben, death, 101. 
 
 Tourgeniefl', funeral, 233. 
 
 Trades unions, 97. 
 
 Trading-posts, 53. 
 
 Trtetelia, Olaf , 222. 
 
 Trafalgar, vict. Nelson, 1S7. 
 
 Trajan, emp., 208. 
 
 Transmississippi Com. Cong., 
 101. 
 
 Transvaal Republic, 279. 
 
 Treaties of foreign countries, 
 122, 128, 132, 134, 135, 146, 
 148, 149, 152, 162, 168, 169, 
 190, 211, 212, 213, 223, 226, 
 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 236, 
 244, 247, 250, 251, 259, 260. 
 
 Treaties of United States with 
 foreign countries, 33, 36, 
 37, 38, 39, 44, 45, 47, 50, 51, 
 56, 58, 59, 62, 67, 70, 71, 72, 
 73, 75, 77, 79, 87, 101, 102, 
 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 114, 
 116, 123, 130, 132, 229, 244, 
 259,260,265,282. 
 
 Trebia, def. of Romans, 274. 
 
 Trenton, N. J., battle, 32. 
 
 Trenton and Vandalia wr., 98. 
 
 Trial by jury, Spain, 243. 
 
 Trial by ordeal abol., 173. 
 
 Trinity Coll., Cambridge, 176. 
 
 Triple Alliance, 169, 180, 182, 
 202, 213. 
 
 Tripoli, 48, 273. 
 
 Triumvirate, 1st and 2d, 207. 
 
 Trojan war, 193. 
 
 Trowbridge, John T., 63. 
 
 Trumbull, Jonathan, 12, 16. 
 
 Trumbull, Lyman, 108. 
 
 Truxtun, Thomas, com., 14. 
 
 Tryon, Wm., gov., 17. 
 
 Tschaikowsky, death, 234. 
 
 Tsin dynasty, 258. 
 
 Tudor, Frederic, 57. 
 
 Tugeudbund, formation, 228. 
 
 Tulane University, 95. 
 
 TuUahoma campaign, 81. 
 
 Tunis, 251, 273. 
 
 Tupac Yupanqui, inca, 137. 
 
 Tupper, Sir Charles, 19, 24. 
 
 Turcomans, 232, 267. 
 
 Turkey, 167, 248-252. 
 
 Turkish atrocities, 106; inva- 
 sion, 147. 
 
 Turks def. at Lepanto, 240. 
 
 Turk's Island, 126. 
 
 Turner, Joseph M. W., 185. 
 
 Turner, Nat, insur., 65. 
 
 "Twain, Mark," 67. 
 
 Tweed, Wm. M., death, 92. 
 
 "Tweed Ring " frauds, 88. 
 
 Tycho Brahe, 155. 
 
 Tyler, John, 41. 
 
 Tyler, Rev. Dr. Josiah, 106. 
 
 Tyler, Wat, 174. 
 
 Tyndale's New Testament, 
 176. 
 
 Tyndall, John, 188. 
 
 Tyrol acq. by Austria, 147. 
 
 Tyrone, rebellion of, 178. 
 
 Ulrica, Queen, of Swe., 245. 
 
 Ulrich, Count, 252. 
 
 "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 74. 
 
 Underwood, F. H., 104. 
 
 Union armies, review, 85. 
 
 Union flag, 18, 32. 
 
 Union of Eng. and Scot., 178, 
 
 181. 
 Union of Gt. Brit, and Ire., 
 
 186. 
 Union Pacific R. R., 87. 
 Unitarians and Federals, 127, 
 
 128. 
 United States, frigate, 54. 
 United States — 
 
 army reduced to peace foot- 
 ing, 88. 
 
 Bank, 41, 57, 70. 
 
 Capitol, 43. 
 
 Congress, first, 40. 
 
 declares war, 54, 56. 
 
 exploring expedition, 69. 
 
 forts seizeil, 78. 
 
 Gov. rem. to Wash., 47. 
 
 Mint, 39. 42, 74, 75. 
 
 National Museum, 72. 
 
 Naval Academy, 71. 
 
 Navv, 43. 
 
 tarifi' bill, first, 40. 
 Universalists, first soc, 33. 
 Universal Postal Cong., 109. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 319 
 
 University of Aberdeen, 175; 
 Alabama, 65; Athens, 197; 
 California, 87; Cambridge, 
 177; Coimbra, 225; Edin- 
 burgb,177 ; Evora,226; Got- 
 tingen, 199; Konigsberg, 
 227; Lotiisiana, 75; Lund, 
 244; Michigan, 70; Missis- 
 sippi, 73; North Carolina, 
 44; Oxford, 173, 177; South 
 Carolina, 50 ; State of New 
 York, 37; Tennessee, 44; 
 Texas, at Austin, 94; Up- 
 sal, 244; Vermont, 47; Vir- 
 ginia, 62; Washington at 
 Seattle, 81; Wisconsin, 73; 
 Wittenberg, 235 ; Wyo- 
 ming, 98. 
 
 Upshur, sec. of state, k., 71. 
 
 Uranus ar. in Greece, 192. 
 
 Uriarte, H., pres., 141. 
 
 Uriburu, pres., 129. 
 
 Urquiza, Arg. Rep., mur., 128. 
 
 UrsuUne Convent, 25. 
 
 Uruguay, 145. 
 
 Ussher, Archbishop, 177. 
 
 Utah admitted, 106. 
 
 Utrecht, peace of, 26, 159, 167, 
 202. 
 
 Vaccination, 47, 185, 192. 
 Valdemar I. and II., 155. 
 Valdivia enters Chile, 133. 
 Valley Forge, army at, 33. 
 Valparaiso, American sailors 
 
 in, 101, 135. 
 Van Buren, Martin, 36. 
 Vancouver City, 22. 
 Vandals, 219, 238. 
 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 43. 
 Vanderbilt, W. H., 96. 
 Van Dyck, 201. 
 Van Rensselaer, Stephen, 16. 
 Van Tromp, vict. of, 20L, 202. 
 Van Twiller, Wouter, 5. 
 Varna, battle, 223, 249. 
 Vasco da Gama, 226, 260. 
 Vasquez, pres., 121. 
 Vassar, Matthew, 42. 
 Vega, Carpio Felix, 239. 
 Vega, Garcilasso de la, 239. 
 Velasco, pres. of BoL, 129. 
 
 Velasquez, ^, 240. 
 Vendome Column, 163. 
 Venezuela, 106, 108, 145, 146. 
 Venice, 221, 222. 
 Vera Cruz, siege of, 115. 
 Vermont admitted, 41. 
 Verrazzano in N. Y. bay, 2. 
 Verres, tyrannical gov., 219. 
 Versailles, peace of, 159. 
 Vespasian, emperor, 208. 
 Vespucci, Amerigo, 2, 130. 
 Vesuvius, eruption, 219, 220. 
 Vibal, ruler of Para., 140. 
 " Vicar of Wakefield," 184. 
 Vice-adm., grade, estab., 84. 
 Vicksburg, siege of, 81. 
 Victor, duke of Savoy, 219. 
 Victoria, Princess, 188. 
 Victoria, Queen, 189, 191, 192, 
 
 262. 
 Victoria a province, 281. 
 Victoria R. R. bridge, 20. 
 Victoria sunk, 22. 
 Vienna, 147-150. 
 Vigilance Committee, 74. 
 Vigilant wins cup, 103. 
 Vimiera, battle, 226. 
 Vincent, John H.. 66. 
 Vinci, Leonardo da, 214. 
 Virgil, 207. 
 Virginia, 4, 78. 
 Virginia Company, 124. 
 Virginius captured, 29. 
 Virginius kills Virginia. 206. 
 Viscaya, Spanish cruiser, 111. 
 Visigoths, 225, 238. 
 Vitellius, emperor, 208. 
 Vittoria, battle, 240. 
 Vladimir the Great, 230. 
 Voltaire, 158. 
 
 Volunteers, 78, 80, 82. 83, 84. 
 Volunteer wins cup, 98. 
 Vulcanized rubber, 69. 
 
 Wade, Benjamin F., 47. 
 Wagner, Richard, 168. 
 Wagner's sleeping-cars, 76. 
 Wahhabees, 256. 
 Waite, M. R., 98. 
 Waldemar I., Denmark, 244. 
 Waldensians, 252. 
 Wales, Prince of, 77, 262. 
 
320 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Wales incor. with Eng., 176. 
 
 Walker, Francis A., 69, 108. 
 
 Walker, Robert J., 48. 
 
 Walker, Wm., filibuster, 75, 
 77, 118, 119, 121. 123. 
 
 Wallace, Lewis, 63. 
 
 Wallace, Win., executed, 173. 
 
 Wallachians, 223. 
 
 Walleu stein, 147, 236. 
 
 Walton, Izaak, 177. 
 
 Warbeck, Perkin, exec , 17r). 
 
 Ward, Artemas, gen., 10. 
 
 " Ward. Artemus," 67. 
 
 War of Spanish teuccession, 
 147, 158, 240. 
 
 Warren, Gouverneur K., 64. 
 
 Warren, Joseph, 12. 
 
 Warren, Wm., Jr., 54. 
 
 Warsaw, 224, 225. 
 
 Warwick, Earl of, d., 175. 
 
 Washington, George, 11, IS, 27, 
 32, 37, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 70. 
 
 Washington admitted, 99. 
 
 Washington College, Md., 36. 
 Washingtoniau Temp. See. ,69. 
 Washington incor. as city, 48. 
 Washington Monu't, 73, 91, 95. 
 Washington's Farewell Ad- 
 dress, 37. 
 
 Wasp capt. FroliCf 54; Re.in- 
 
 deer, 55; det- Avon, oli. 
 Water-cures in U. S., 71. 
 Waterloo, battle, 161. 
 Waterloo Bridge, London, 188. 
 Waterville Coll., 60. 
 Watt, James, 183. 
 Watts, Isaac, 180, 182. 
 Wauhatchie, battle. 82. 
 Weather Bureau, 87, 101. 
 Webster, Daniel, 36, 64, 70. 
 Webster, Noah, 15. 
 Webster's Dictionary, 63. 
 Wedgwood , Josiah, 183. 
 Wedmore, peace of, 171. 
 Weed, Thurlow, 46. 
 Weights and measures, 174. 
 Weldon Railroad, bat., 83. 
 Welland canal, 23. 
 Welles, Gideon, 48. 
 Wellesley College, Mass., 90. 
 Wellington, Duke of, 184, 226, 
 240, 261. 
 
 Wells, David A ., 113. 
 Wesley, John, 11, 181, 184.' 
 Wesleyan Female CoU., 68. 
 West, Benjamin, 12. 
 West Indies, 125, 126. 
 West Indies, Dutch, 203. 
 Westminster Bridge, 184. 
 Westphalia, 199, 200, 247. 
 West Saxons in Britain, 171. 
 West Virginia admitted, 81. 
 West Virginia University, 86. 
 Weyler, Gen , 30. 
 Whaling-ships lost, 91. 
 Whalley, regicide, 7. 
 Wheatley, Phillis, 14. 
 Wheaton, Henry, 38. 
 Wheeler, Joseph, 112. 
 Wheeler, William A., 97. 
 " Whig" and " Tory," 180. 
 Whig party, 67. 
 Whiskey, 44, 90. 
 White, John De Haven, 106. 
 White, Peregrine, 4. 
 White, Richard Grant, 61. 
 Whitefield, Geo., 12, 182. 
 White House, 42. 
 White Nile explored, 278. 
 White Pass & Yukon R. R., 113. 
 Whitman, Dr. Marcus, 70. 
 Whitman, Walt, 59. 
 Whitney, Eli, 16,43. 
 Whitney, William D., 104. 
 Whittier, John G., 52. 
 Wilderness, Va., bat., 82. 
 Wilhelmina, Queen, 203. 
 Wilkes, Charles, adm., 46, 69. 
 Willard, Frances E., 69. 
 William and Mary, k., q., 181. 
 William and Mary Coll., 8. 
 Wm. George, k. Greece, 156. 
 William I. of Germany, 163, 
 
 168, 169, 170; William 11., 
 
 169, 225. 
 
 William I., Eng., 172; William 
 II. (Rufus), 172; William 
 IV., 189. 
 
 William I., Prussia, 229. 
 
 William II., king of Holland, 
 203. 
 
 William II., stadtholder, 201. 
 
 William III., k. Holland, 203. 
 
 William III., stadtholder, 202, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 321 
 
 William I. (the Lion), 172. 
 William of Orange assas., 201. 
 Williams, John, miss., 282. 
 Williams, Roger, 5. 
 Williamsburg, Va., bat., 79. 
 WilUamstown, Va., 8. 
 Willibrord, bishop, 201. 
 Willis, Nathaniel P., 5n. 
 Willoiighby in Guiana, 138. 
 Wilmot, D. (Wil. Proviso), 55. 
 Wilmot, R. D., 19. 
 Wilson, Alexander, 16. 
 Wilson-Gorman Tariff Bill, 
 
 104. 
 Wilson, Henry, 54. 
 Wilson, John, 48. 
 Wilson Silver Bill, 103; tariff 
 
 bill, 103. 
 Winchester, Va., bat., 83. 
 Windom, sec. of treas., 100. 
 Winslow, Edward, gov., 5, 6. 
 Winslow, John A., adm., 53. 
 Winsor, Justin, librarian, 110. 
 Winthrop, John, gov., 4, 5. 
 Winthrop, John, Jr., gov., 7. 
 Winthrop, Robert C, 52. 
 Wirt, William, 17. 
 Wirz, Capt., hanged, 85. 
 Wisconsin admitted, 73. 
 Wisconsin, battleship, 113. 
 Witchcraft delusion, 8. 
 Witikind baptized, 235. 
 Woerth, battle, 162. 
 Wolfe killed, 15. 
 Wollaston, Mass., disaster, 
 
 92. 
 Wolsey, Cardinal, 175. 
 Woman perm, to prac. law, 
 
 92. 
 Woman's Chr. Temp. League, 
 
 99. 
 Woman's Chr. Temp. Union, 
 
 101. 
 Woman Suffrage in Wyo- 
 ming, 87. 
 Women vole in Kansas, 98. 
 Wood, Col., explores Ky., 6. 
 Woodbury, Levi, 40. 
 Woodcutters in Hon., 122. 
 Woodford, Minister, 112, 244. 
 Woodworth, Samuel, 38. 
 Woolsey, Theodore D., 48. 
 
 Worcester, Joseph E., 37. 
 
 Worcester's Dictionary, 77. 
 
 Worden, John L., adm. ,110. 
 
 Wordsworth, William, 185. 
 
 Workingmen, aged, 169. 
 
 World's Fair, 75; Pari, of Re- 
 ligions, 103 ; Peace Jubilee, 
 89; W.C. T.U., 25. 
 
 Wren, Christopher, 178. 
 
 Wright, Elizur, 96. 
 
 Wright, Silas, 44. 
 
 Wlirtemberg, 252, 253. 
 
 Wycliffe, John, 173, 174. 
 
 Wyoming admitted, 99. 
 
 Wyoming massacre, 15, 33. 
 
 Xenophon, 195. 
 Xeres, riots at, 243. 
 Xerxes, 194, 267. 
 Ximenes, Cardinal, 239. 
 
 Yakoob Khan, 255. 
 
 Yale, Elihu, 6. 
 
 Yale College, 8. 
 
 Yaou extends empire, 258. 
 
 Yellow fever, 29,92, 110, 113. 
 
 138. 
 Yellowstone Nat. Park, 88. 
 Yemen invaded, 255. 
 York, Cardinal, 187. 
 York, Me., attacked, 26. 
 York (Toronto), 55. 
 Young, Brigham, 48, 76, 88. 
 Young, John R., 114. 
 Young, Sir John, 21. 
 Young, Sir William, 19. 
 " Young Greek " party, 197. 
 "Young Ireland" partv, 189. 
 " Young Italy " party, 210. 
 Yukon gold region, 24, 25. 
 Yupanqui, iuca, 133. 
 
 Zaldivar, pres., 124. 
 Zenta, battle, 204. 
 Zeuxis, 195. 
 
 Ziska, leader Hussites, 153. 
 Zola, M., trial of, 165. 
 Zollverein formed, 168. 
 Zoological Soc, London, 188. 
 Zoroaster, 267. 
 Zutphen, battle, 201. 
 Zwiugli, Ulrich, 246. 
 
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